From 7f60ea012dd2524dae921a2a35adbf7ef21f2bb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: prashantsinalkar Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2017 12:27:19 +0530 Subject: initial commit / add all books --- 1019/CH2/EX2.1/Example_2_1.sce | 15 + 1019/CH2/EX2.10/Example_2_10.sce | 24 + 1019/CH2/EX2.11/Example_2_11.sce | 34 + 1019/CH2/EX2.12/Example_2_12.sce | 21 + 1019/CH2/EX2.13/Example_2_13.sce | 16 + 1019/CH2/EX2.14/Example_2_14.sce | 18 + 1019/CH2/EX2.15/Example_2_15.sce | 15 + 1019/CH2/EX2.16/Example_2_16.sce | 23 + 1019/CH2/EX2.17/Example_2_17.sce | 28 + 1019/CH2/EX2.18/Example_2_18.sce | 24 + 1019/CH2/EX2.19/Example_2_19.sce | 18 + 1019/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce | 21 + 1019/CH2/EX2.20/Example_2_20.sce | 14 + 1019/CH2/EX2.21/Example_2_21.sce | 25 + 1019/CH2/EX2.22/Example_2_22.sce | 24 + 1019/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce | 15 + 1019/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce | 19 + 1019/CH2/EX2.5/Example_2_5.sce | 16 + 1019/CH2/EX2.6/Example_2_6.sce | 21 + 1019/CH2/EX2.7/Example_2_7.sce | 19 + 1019/CH2/EX2.8/Example_2_8.sce | 20 + 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147/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce | 12 + 147/CH13/EX13.6/Result13_6.txt | 2 + 147/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce | 13 + 147/CH13/EX13.7/Result13_7.txt | 2 + 147/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce | 38 + 147/CH13/EX13.8/Result13_8.txt | 2 + 147/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce | 16 + 147/CH14/EX14.10/Result14_10.txt | 2 + 147/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce | 19 + 147/CH14/EX14.12/Result14_12.txt | 2 + 147/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce | 21 + 147/CH14/EX14.13/Result14_13.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce | 17 + 147/CH14/EX14.14/Result14_14.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce | 28 + 147/CH14/EX14.15/Result14_15.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce | 23 + 147/CH14/EX14.16/Result14_16.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.17/Example14_17.sce | 22 + 147/CH14/EX14.17/Result14_17.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.18/Example14_18.sce | 14 + 147/CH14/EX14.18/Result14_18.txt | 4 + 147/CH14/EX14.19/Example14_19.sce | 16 + 147/CH14/EX14.19/Result14_19.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.21/Example14_21.sce | 21 + 147/CH14/EX14.21/Result14_21.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.22/Example14_22.sce | 14 + 147/CH14/EX14.22/Result14_22.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.23/Example14_23.sce | 23 + 147/CH14/EX14.23/Result14_23.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.24/Example14_24.sce | 15 + 147/CH14/EX14.24/Result14_24.txt | 2 + 147/CH14/EX14.25/Example14_25.sce | 53 + 147/CH14/EX14.25/Result14_25.txt | 9 + 147/CH14/EX14.28/Example14_28.sce | 16 + 147/CH14/EX14.28/Result14_28.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.30/Example14_30.sce | 18 + 147/CH14/EX14.30/Result14_30.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.32/Example14_32.sce | 16 + 147/CH14/EX14.32/Result14_32.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.33/Example14_33.sce | 29 + 147/CH14/EX14.33/Result14_33.txt | 3 + 147/CH14/EX14.35/Example14_35.sce | 16 + 147/CH14/EX14.35/Result14_35.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.37/Example14_37.sce | 26 + 147/CH14/EX14.37/Result14_37.txt | 9 + 147/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce | 12 + 147/CH14/EX14.4/Result14_4.txt | 1 + 147/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce | 17 + 147/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt | 1 + 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+//Example 2.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p1=10;//initial pressure in atm +p2=510;//final pressure in atm +R=0.082;// gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300;// temperature in K + +// To determine enthalpy change delH +delH=(0.039-((2*1.34)/(R*T)))*(p2-p1);//using the given equation for joule-thomson coefficient in dm^3 atm mol^-1 +delH1=delH*(1.01325*100);// enthalpy change in joule mol^-1 +mprintf('change in enthalpy = %f Joule mol^-1',delH1); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.10/Example_2_10.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.10/Example_2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d1a69337 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.10/Example_2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +t1=298;// temperature in K +p1=30000;// initial pressure in N m^-2 +p2=10000;// final pressure in N m^-2 +Cv=20.8;// heat capacity of CO at constant volume in J K^-1 mol^-1 +W=0.1;// weight of CO taken in kg + +// To determine t2,w,delH and delE +Cp=Cv+R;//heat capacity at constant pressure +n=W/0.028;//moles of CO +t2=t1*((Cv+((p2/p1)*R))/Cp);//final temperature in K +delE=n*Cv*(t2-t1);//change in internal energy in J +w=delE;//work done in J +delH=n*Cp*(t2-t1);//enthalpy change in J +mprintf('Final Temperature = %f K',t2); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J',delH); +mprintf('\n w = %f J',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.11/Example_2_11.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.11/Example_2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fcf6131f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.11/Example_2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Example 2.11 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +t1=300;// temperature in K +p1=1000;// initial pressure in Mpa +p2=100;// final pressure in Mpa +Cv=1.5*R;// heat capacity at constant volume in J K^-1 mol^-1 +W=0.1;// weight of CO taken in kg +n=1;//moles of the gas + +// To determine q,w,delH and delE +Cp=Cv+R;//heat capacity at constant pressure +//(a) isothermal reversible +w=(-1)*R*t1*log(p1/p2);//work done in J +q=(-1)*w;//heat in J +//(b) isothermal irreversible +w1=(-1)*R*t1*(1-(p2/p1));//work done in J +q1=(-1)*w1;//heat in J +//(c) adiabatic reversible +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^(R/Cp)); +delE=n*Cv*(t2-t1);//change in internal energy in J +delH=n*Cp*(t2-t1);//change in enthalpy in J +//(d) adiabatic irreversible +T2=t1*((Cv+((p2/p1)*R))/Cp);//final temperature in K +delE1=n*Cv*(T2-t1);//change in internal energy in J +delH1=n*Cp*(T2-t1);//change in enthalpy in J +mprintf('(a) w = %f J mol^-1,delH = 0 J mol^-1,q= %f J mol^-1 and delE = 0 J mol^-1',w,q); +mprintf('\n (b) w = %f J mol^-1,delH = 0 J mol^-1,q= %f J mol^-1 and delE = 0 J mol^-1',w1,q1); +mprintf('\n (c) T2 = %f K,w = %f J mol^-1,delH = %f J mol^-1,q= 0 J mol^-1 and delE = %f J mol^-1',t2,delE,delH,delE); +mprintf('\n (d) T2 = %f K,w = %f J mol^-1,delH = %f J mol^-1,q= 0 J mol^-1 and delE = %f J mol^-1',T2,delE1,delH1,delE1); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.12/Example_2_12.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.12/Example_2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001d3070f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.12/Example_2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 2.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;// gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +v1=1;// initial volume in dm^3 mol^-1 +v2=50;// fina volume in dm^3 mol^-1 +T=273;// temperature in K +a=6.5;// van der waals constant inatm dm^6 mol^-2 +b=0.056;//atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1; //moles of given gas + +// To determine t2,w,delH and delE +w=(-1)*101.325*R*T*log(v2/v1);//work done in J mol^-1 +W=101.325*(-1)*((R*T*log((v2-(n*b))/(v1-(n*b))))+(a*n*n*((1/v2)-(1/v1))));//work done in J in terms of van der waals gas +delE=(-1)*101.325*a*((1/v2)-(1/v1));//change in internal energy in J mol^-1 +q=delE-W; +mprintf('(i) For ideal gas, W = %f J mol^-1, delE = 0,q = 0',w); +mprintf('\n (ii) For Van der Waals gas, W = %f J mol^-1,delE = %f J mol^-1,q = %f J mol^-1',W,delE,q); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.13/Example_2_13.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.13/Example_2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58deac87b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.13/Example_2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p1=10;// initial pressure in atm +p2=1;// final pressure in atm +T=300;// temperature in K + +// To determine Wexp and Wcomp +Wexp=R*T*(1-(p2/p1));//work done in J mol^-1 during expansion +Wcomp=(-1)*R*T*(1-(p1/p2));//work done in J mol^-1 during compression +mprintf('(i) Work done by the system in expansion process = %f J mol^-1',Wexp); +mprintf('\n (ii) Work done on the system during compression process = %f J mol^-1',Wcomp); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.14/Example_2_14.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.14/Example_2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60fff1c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.14/Example_2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p1=2;// initial pressure in atm +v1=0.5;// initial volume in dm^3 +v2=2;// final volume in dm^3 +V=1.4;// coefficient of adiabatic expansion (gamma) + +// To determine Work done +p2=p1*((v1/v2)^V);//final pressure in atm +Wad=(-1)*(((p1*101*v1)-(p2*v2*101))/(V-1));//work done in adiabatic process in J +Wiso=p1*v1*101*log(v2/v1);////work done in isothermal process in J +mprintf('(i) Work done in adiabatic process = %f J',Wad); +mprintf('\n (ii) Work done during isothermal process = %f J',Wiso); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.15/Example_2_15.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.15/Example_2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22479de3d --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.15/Example_2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +d1=0.25; //initial gas density in kg mol m^-3 +d2=0.083; //final gas density in kg mol m^-3 +a=138; //van der waals constant in N m^4 mol^-2 +Cv=20.8; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +// To determine the change in temperature +delT=(a/Cv)*(d2-d1);//temperature change in K +mprintf('Change in temperature = %f K',delT); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.16/Example_2_16.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.16/Example_2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdd4ead92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.16/Example_2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 2.16 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p1=5; //initial gas pressure in atm +p2=2; //final gas pressure in atm +Pext=1; //external pressure in atm +Cv=2.5*R; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1.6;//moles of the gas +T1=300; //initial temperature in K + +// To determine q,w,delE and delH +T2=(60+750)/3;//final temperature in K +Cp=Cv+R;//specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delE=n*Cv*(T2-T1);//internal energy change in J +delH=n*Cp*(T2-T1);//enthalpy change in J +mprintf('q = 0 J'); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J',delH); +mprintf('\n w = %f J',delE); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.17/Example_2_17.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.17/Example_2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a18e776e --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.17/Example_2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2.17 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +v1=11.2; //initial gas volume in dm^3 +Cv=2.5*R; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=2;//moles of the gas +T1=273; //initial temperature in K +T2=373; //final temperature in K + +// To determine q,w,delE and delH +Cp=Cv+R;//specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delE=n*Cv*(T2-T1);//internal energy change in J +delH=delE+(n*R*(T2-T1));//enthalpy change in J +q=delE;//heat absorbed in J +w=n*R*(T2-T1);//work done in J +mprintf('(a) For isochoric process,'); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J',delH); +mprintf('\n Heat absorbed,q = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n (b) For isobaric process,'); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J',delH); +mprintf('\n Work done by the system,w = %f J',w); +mprintf('\n Heat absorbed,q = %f J',delE); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.18/Example_2_18.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.18/Example_2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22553e015 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.18/Example_2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2.18 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +q=1675;//heat absorbed in J mol^-1 +Cp=2.5*R; //specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1;//moles of the gas +T1=273; //initial temperature in K +delH=2078.5;//enthalpy change in J mol^-1 +P1=1;//initial pressure in atm + +// To determine P2,w,delE and T2 +Cv=Cp-R;//specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T2=T1+(delH/Cp);//final temperature in K +delE=n*Cv*(T2-T1);//internal energy change in J mol^-1 +w=q-delE;//work done in J mol^-1 +P2=(P1*T2)/(T1*2);//final pressure in atm +mprintf('delE = %f J mol^-1',delE); +mprintf('\n work done = %f J mol^-1',w); +mprintf('\n Final temperature = %f K',T2); +mprintf('\n Final pressure = %f atm',P2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.19/Example_2_19.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.19/Example_2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ef78828 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.19/Example_2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=273; //initial temperature in K +T2=1073; //final temperature in K +w=1;//weight of aluminium taken in kg +mp=931;//melting point of aluminium in K +delHm=362.3;//enthalpy change during melting process in kJ kg^-1 + +// To determine delH +delH1=(0.9121*(mp-T1))+(2.0083*0.00005*((mp+T1)*(mp-T1)))-(2.0083*0.0001*273*(mp-T1));//enthalpy change in 1st step in kJ +delHf=delHm*w;//enthalpy change during melting in kJ +delH3=1.0836*(T2-mp);//enthalpy change in last step in kJ +delH=delH1+delHf+delH3; +mprintf('delH = %f kJ ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..845f54630 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 2.2 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +v1=2.28;//initial volume in m^3 +v2=4.56;//final volume in m^3 +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300.15;// temperature in K +n=1;//moles + +// To determine delH,delE,q,w +w=(-1)*R*T* log(v2/v1);// w in joule mol^-1 +delE=0;//for reversible process +q=delE-w;//by using 1st law +delH=0;//as del(PV)=0 +mprintf('w = %f Joule mol^-1',w); +mprintf('\n q = %f Joule mol^-1',q); +mprintf('\n delH = %f Joule mol^-1',delH); +mprintf('\n delE = %f Joule mol^-1 since it is a reversible process',delE); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.20/Example_2_20.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.20/Example_2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bc3f6b9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.20/Example_2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.20 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=300; //initial temperature in K +T2=400; //final temperature in K +W=1000; //work obtained in J + +// To determine heat withdrawn from the reservoir +n=1-(T1/T2);//efficiency of the engine +q=W/n;//heat absorbed in J +mprintf('heat withdrawn from the reservoir = %f',q); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.21/Example_2_21.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.21/Example_2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c0bc980f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.21/Example_2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2.21 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=300; //initial temperature in K +T2=600; //final temperature in K +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cv=25; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1;//moles of the gas +P1=100; //initial gas pressure in kN m^-2 +P2=1000; //final gas pressure in kN m^-2 + +// To determine net work done and efficiency +w1=R*T1*log(P2/P1);//work done in 1st step in J +w2=Cv*(T2-T1);//work done in 2nd step in J +w3=R*T2*log(P1/P2);//work done in 3rd step in J +q2=(-1)*w3;//heat taken up in J +w4=Cv*(T1-T2);//work done in final step in J +W=-(w1+w2+w3+w4);//total work done step in J +N=W/q2;//efficiency +mprintf('Net work done = %f',W); +mprintf('\n Heat absorbed = %f',q2); +mprintf('\n efficiency = %f',N); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.22/Example_2_22.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.22/Example_2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..145225218 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.22/Example_2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2.22 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=373; //initial temperature in K +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cv=2.5*R; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1;//moles of the gas +V=1.4;// coefficient of adiabatic expansion (gamma) + +// To determine net work done and efficiency +w1=(-1)*R*T1*log(2);//work done in 1st step in J +q=-w1;//heat absorbed in J +T2=T1*((2/3)^(V-1));//final temperature in K +w2=Cv*(T2-T1);//work done in 2nd step in J +w3=(-1)*R*T2*log(1/2);//work done in 3rd step in J +w4=Cv*(T1-T2);//work done in final step in J +W=w1+w2+w3+w4;//total work done in J +N=-100*W/q;//efficiency in percent +mprintf('Net work done = %f',W); +mprintf('\n delE = 0 since it is a cyclic process'); +mprintf('\n efficiency = %f percent',N); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a079f91d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.3 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p1=1013.25;//initial pressure in N m^-2 +p2=101325;//final pressure in N m^-2 +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300;// temperature in K +n=0.5;//moles of oxygen present + +// To determine minimum work required +w=n*R*T* log(p2/p1);// w in joule +mprintf('minimum work required (w) = %f Joule',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..129a9631c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +pH=7.4;//pH of the body fluid +v=3;//volume of gastric juice produced per day in dm^3 +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=310;// temperature in K +ph=1;// pH of the gastric juice produced + +// To determine minimum work required +c1=10^((-1)*pH);// hydrogen ion concentration of body fluid in mol dm^-3 +c2=10^((-1)*ph);//hydrogen ion concentration of the gastric juice in mol dm^-3 +n=c2*v;//moles of hydrogen ions in given volume of gastric juice +w=n*R*T* log(c2/c1);// w in joule +W=w*0.001;//w in kJ +mprintf('minimum work required (w) = %f kJ',W); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.5/Example_2_5.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.5/Example_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a36b5b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.5/Example_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=2;//moles of glucose dissolved +v=1;//volume of glucose solution in dm^3 +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;// temperature in K +c2=0.2;//concentration to which the solution was diluted in mol dm^-3 + +// To determine work done +c1=n/v;;// initial concentration of glucose solution in mol dm^-3 +w=n*R*T*log(c1/c2);// w in joule +mprintf('Work done (w) = %f J',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.6/Example_2_6.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.6/Example_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8cc9319 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.6/Example_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 2.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of benzene +Lv=395;//heat of vapourization of benzene in J g^-1 +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=353.2;// temperature in K +m=78;//molecular weight of benzene in g mol^-1 + +// To determine q,w,delH and DelE +q=Lv*m;//heat supplied in J mol^-1 +w=(-1)*R*T;// w in joule +delE=q+w; +delH=delE-w; +mprintf('w = %f J mol^-1',w); +mprintf('\n q = %f J mol^-1',q); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J mol^-1',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J mol^-1',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.7/Example_2_7.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.7/Example_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc8f98c60 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.7/Example_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=2;//moles of ideal gas +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=273;// temperature in K +p1=10;// initial pressure in atm +p2=0.4;// final pressure in atm + +// To determine q,w,delH and DelE +w=(-1)*n*R*T*(1-(p2/p1));// w in joule +q=(-1)*w; +mprintf('q = %f J',q); +mprintf('\n w = %f J',w); +mprintf('\n delE = 0 J,since it is an isothermal process'); +mprintf('\n delH = 0 J,since it is an isothermal process'); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.8/Example_2_8.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.8/Example_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd1e91f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.8/Example_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.8 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=5;//moles of ideal gas +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300;// temperature in K +p1=10;// initial pressure in atm +p2=4;// final pressure in atm +P=1;// external pressure in atm + +// To determine q,w,delH and DelE +w=(-1)*n*R*T*((P/p2)-(P/p1));// w in joule +q=(-1)*w;//q in J +mprintf('q = %f J',q); +mprintf('\n w = %f J',w); +mprintf('\n delE = 0 J,since it is an isothermal process'); +mprintf('\n delH = 0 J,since it is an isothermal process'); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH2/EX2.9/Example_2_9.sce b/1019/CH2/EX2.9/Example_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bbf918bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH2/EX2.9/Example_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 2.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +t1=298;// temperature in K +p1=303975;// initial pressure in Pa +v1=1.43;//initial volume in dm^3 +v2=2.86;// final volume in dm^3 +Cp=29.1;// heat capacity at constant pressure in J mol^-1 K^-1 + +// To determine t2,p2,w,delH and DelE +Cv=Cp-R;//heat capacity at constant volume +t2=t1*((v1/v2)^(R/Cv));//final temperature in K +p2=p1*((v1/v2)^(Cp/Cv));//final pressure in Pa +n=(p1*v1*0.001)/(R*t1);//number of moles +delE=n*Cv*(t2-t1);//delE in J +w=delE;//work done in J +delH=n*Cp*(t2-t1);//enthalpy change in J +mprintf('Final Temperature = %f K',t2); +mprintf('\n Final Pressure = %f Pa',p2); +mprintf('\n delE = %f J',delE); +mprintf('\n delH = %f J',delH); +mprintf('\n w = %f J',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f34af9008 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delE = -97030;//change in internal energy in Joule +R = 8.314;//R is gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T = 298;//T is temperature in K + +//To determine the heat of reaction +delv= 1-(1+(1/2));//change in moles +delH = delE + (delv*R*T);//H is the heat of the reaction in Joule (1st law of thermodynamics) +mprintf('Heat of the reaction= %f J',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.10/Example_3_10.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.10/Example_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df0cf5b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.10/Example_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfHCl = -92.3;//heat of formation in kJ of HCl +delHfH2O = -285.8;//heat of formation in kJ of water +delHfNaCl = -411.0;//heat of formation in kJ of NaCl +delHfNaOH = -426.7;//heat of formation in kJ of NaOH +delH1 = -75.7;//heat of reaction(i) +delH2 = -40.9;//heat of reaction (ii) +delH3 = 4.26;//heat of reaction (iii) +//To determine delH +delHf1=delH1+delHfHCl;//delH for (i) in kJ +delHf2=delH2+delHfNaOH;//delH for (ii) in kJ +delHf3=delH3+delHfNaCl;//delH for (iii) in kJ +delH=delHf3+delHfH2O-(delHf1+delHf2);//delH in kJ +mprintf('delH = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.11/Example_3_11.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.11/Example_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a1303972 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.11/Example_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.11 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfs = -57.36;//heat of neutralization in kJ of strong acid and strong base +delHfw = -42.02;//heat of neutralization in kJ of weak acid and weak base + +//To determine the heat of ionization of weak acid and weak base +delHi = delHfw-delHfs;//heat of ionization in kJ +mprintf('heat of ionization of weak acid and weak base = %f kJ',delHi); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.12/Example_3_12.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.12/Example_3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4a19fb40 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.12/Example_3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfHCl = -168.0;//heat of formation in kJ of HCl +delHf = 0;//heat of formation of H+ ions in kJ + +//To determine the heat of formation of chloride ions +delHi = delHfHCl-delHf;//heat of formation of chloride ions in kJ +mprintf('heat of formation of chloride ions = %f kJ',delHi); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.13/Example_3_13.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.13/Example_3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bb3f27c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.13/Example_3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfNaOH = -470.7;//heat of formation in kJ of NaOH +delHfOH = -228.8;//heat of formation of OH- ions in kJ + +//To determine the heat of formation of sodium ions +delHNa = delHfNaOH-delHfOH;//heat of formation of sodium ions in kJ +mprintf('heat of formation of sodium ions = %f kJ',delHNa); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.14/Example_3_14.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.14/Example_3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964e117d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.14/Example_3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 3.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHsubLi = 161;//heat of sublimation of Li in kJ +delHsubNa = 109;//heat of sublimation of Na in kJ +delHd = 122;//heat of dissociation of chlorine in kJ +delHaff = -350;//electron affinity of Cl in kJ +delHipLi = 520;// ionization potential of Li in kJ +delHipNa = 496;//ioization potential of Na in kJ +delHfLiCl = -410;//heat of formation of LiCl in kJ +delHfNaCl = -411;//heat of formation of NaCl in kJ +delHLisol= -35.1;//heat of solution of LiCl in kJ +delHNasol= 4.3;//heat of solution of NaCl in kJ + +//To determine the (a) enthalpy change (b) heat of hydration +delHcLiCl = delHsubLi+delHd+delHipLi+delHaff-delHfLiCl;//born haber cycle +mprintf('(a) heat of formation of LiCl crystal = %f kJ',delHcLiCl); +delHcNaCl = delHsubNa+delHd+delHipNa+delHaff-delHfNaCl;//born haber cycle +mprintf('\n heat of formation of NaCl crystal = %f kJ',delHcNaCl); +delHLiCl = delHLisol-delHcLiCl;//heat of hydration of LiCl in kJ +delHNaCl = delHNasol-delHcNaCl;//heat of hydration of NaCl in kJ +mprintf('\n \n (b) heat of hydration of LiCl = %f kJ',delHLiCl); +mprintf('\n heat of hydration of NaCl = %f kJ',delHNaCl); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.15/Example_3_15.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.15/Example_3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c6afd041 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.15/Example_3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 3.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfC2H6=-84.5;//formation enthalpy of ethane in kJ +delHfC2H4=52.6;//formation enthalpy of ethene in kJ +delHfC2H2=226.9;//formation enthalpy of acetylene in kJ +delHfCH3CHO=-166.3;//formation enthalpy of ethanal in kJ +delHfH2Og=-241.8;//formation enthalpy of water(gas) in kJ +delHfCH3OHg=-201.3;//formation enthalpy of methanol(gas) in kJ +DHO2=-249.17;//half of the bond energy in oxygen molecule in kJ +DHH2=217.97;//half of the bond energy in hydrogen molecule in kJ +DHC=716.68;//energy required to obtain free carbon atom from graphite in kJ +DHCH=413;//bond energy of carbon hydrogen bond + +//(i) To determine bond energy of carbon single bond +delHCC=(2*DHC)-delHfC2H6+(6*DHH2)-(6*DHCH);//bond energy of carbon single bond in kJ +mprintf('(i) bond energy of carbon single bond = %f kJ',delHCC); + +//(ii) To determine bond energy of carbon double bond +delHC2C=(2*DHC)-delHfC2H4+(4*DHH2)-(4*DHCH);//bond energy of carbon double bond in kJ +mprintf('\n (ii) bond energy of carbon double bond = %f kJ',delHC2C); + +//(iii) To determine bond energy of carbon triple bond +delHC3C=(2*DHC)-delHfC2H2+(2*DHH2)-(2*DHCH);//bond energy of carbon triple bond in kJ +mprintf('\n (iii) bond energy of carbon triple bond = %f kJ',delHC3C); + +//(iv) To determine the bond energy of O-H bond +delHOH=((2*DHH2)-delHfH2Og-DHO2)/2;//bond energy of O-H bond in kJ +mprintf('\n (iv) bond energy of O-H bond = %f kJ',delHOH); + +//(v) To determine the bond energy of C=O bond +delHC2O=(2*DHC)-(4*DHCH)-delHfCH3CHO+(delHCC*2);//bond energy of C=O bond in kJ +mprintf('\n (v) bond energy of C=O bond = %f kJ',delHC2O); + +//(vi) To determine the bond energy of C-O bond +delHCO=DHC-(3*DHCH)-delHfCH3OHg+delHOH-DHO2;//bond energy of C-O bond in kJ +mprintf('\n (vi) bond energy of O-H bond = %f kJ',delHCO); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.16/Example_3_16.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.16/Example_3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b7ab234a --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.16/Example_3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.16 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +DHOH=463;//bond energy of O-H bond in kJ +DHCO=351;//bond energy of C-O bond in kJ +DHCC=348;//bond energy of C-C bond in kJ +DHCH=413;//bond energy of C-H bond in kJ +DHOO=249.2;//half of the bond energy in oxygen molecule in kJ +DHHH=217.97;//half of the bond energy in hydrogen molecule in kJ +DHC=716.68;//energy required to obtain free carbon atom from graphite in kJ + +//To determine enthalpy of formation of ethyl alcohol +BE=(5*DHCH)+DHCC+DHCO+DHOH;//total bond enthalpy in kJ +EA=(6*DHHH)+(2*DHC)+DHOO;//enthalpy of atomization in kJ +delHf=EA-BE;//enthalpy of formation in kJ +mprintf('Enthalpy change = %f kJ',delHf); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.17/Example_3_17.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.17/Example_3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41de7fdcb --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.17/Example_3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.17 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +DHCC=348;//bond energy of C-C bond in kJ +DHCH=413;//bond energy of C-H bond in kJ +DHHH=436;//half of the bond energy in hydrogen molecule in kJ +DHC2C=610;//bond energy of C=C bond in kJ + +//To determine enthalpy change +delHf=DHC2C+DHHH-(2*DHCH)-DHCC;//enthalpy change in kJ +mprintf('Enthalpy change = %f kJ',delHf); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.18/Example_3_18.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.18/Example_3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..617bb0481 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.18/Example_3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.18 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +DHOH=463;//bond energy of O-H bond in kJ +DHCO=350;//bond energy of C-O bond in kJ +DHCC=348;//bond energy of C-C bond in kJ +DHCH=413;//bond energy of C-H bond in kJ +DHOO=249.17;//half of the bond energy in oxygen molecule in kJ +DHHH=217.94;//half of the bond energy in hydrogen molecule in kJ +DHC=716.7;//energy required to obtain free carbon atom from graphite in kJ + +//To determine enthalpy of formation of dimethyl ether +BE=(6*DHCH)+(2*DHCO);//total bond enthalpy in kJ +EA=(6*DHHH)+(2*DHC)+DHOO;//enthalpy of atomization in kJ +delHf=EA-BE;//enthalpy of formation in kJ +mprintf('Enthalpy of formation of dimethyl ether = %f kJ',delHf); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.19/Example_3_19.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.19/Example_3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09c456cc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.19/Example_3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +CpH2=28.83;//specific heat at constant pressure of hydrogen in J K^-1 mol^-1 +CpO2=29.12;//specific heat at constant pressure of oyygen in J K^-1 mol^-1 +CpH2O=33.56;//specific heat at constant pressure of water in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHdH2O=241750;//heat of dissociation of water at 291 K of water in J +delT=341-291;//change in temperature (K) + +//To determine heat of dissociation of water at 341 K +Cp=CpH2+(CpO2/2)-CpH2O;//specific heat at constant pressure in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHd=delHdH2O+(Cp*delT);//heat of dissociation of water at 341 K in J mol^-1 +mprintf('heat of dissociation of water at 341 K = %f J mol^-1',delHd); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5040abc6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 3.2 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delH1 = -393.5//H1 is the heat of reaction in the formation of CARBON DIOXIDE in kJ (i) +delH2 = -110.5//H2 is the heat of reaction in the formation of CARBON MONOXIDE in kJ (ii) +delH3 = -890.35//H3 is the heat of reaction in the combustion of METHANE in kJ (iii) +delH4 = -85.3//H4 is the heat of reaction in the formation of SILVER CHLORIDE in kJ (iv) +R = 0.008314;//R is gas constant in kJ K^-1 mol^-1 +T = 298;//T is temperature in K + +//To determine the heat of formation +delv1= 1-(1);//change in moles in reaction (i) +delE1 = delH1 - (delv1*R*T);//E1 is the internal energy (i) in kJ (1st law of thermodynamics) +mprintf('(i) change in internal energy = %f kJ',delE1); +delv2=1-(0.5);//change in moles in reaction (ii) +delE2 = delH2 - (delv2*R*T);//E2 is the internal energy (ii) in kJ (1st law of thermodynamics) +mprintf('\n (ii) change in internal energy = %f kJ',delE2); +delv3=1-(1+2);//change in moles in reaction (iii) +delE3 = delH3 - (delv3*R*T);//E3 is the internal energy (iii) in kJ (1st law of thermodynamics) +mprintf('\n (iii) change in internal energy = %f kJ',delE3); +delv4=0-(1);//change in moles in reaction (iv) +delE4 = delH4 - (delv4*R*T);//E4 is the internal energy (iv) in kJ (1st law of thermodynamics) +mprintf('\n (iv) change in internal energy = %f kJ',delE4); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.21/Example_3_21.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.21/Example_3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb12f0451 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.21/Example_3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.21 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delE=-240500;//energy liberated in J mol^-1 +T1=300;//initial temperature in K +Cv=24.15;//specific heat of water at constant volume in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine maximum temperature +T2=(-delE/Cv)+300;//maximum temperature in K +mprintf('The maximum temperature = %i K',T2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.23/Example_3_23.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.23/Example_3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b8b9e4a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.23/Example_3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.23 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfH2O=-286;//enthalpy of formation of liquid water in kJ mol^-1 +delHfCO2=-394;//enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide in kJ mol^-1 +delHfC6H12O6=-1260;//enthalpy of formation of glucose in water in kJ mol^-1 + +//To determine power output of the brain +delH=(6*delHfH2O)+(6*delHfCO2)-(delHfC6H12O6);//heat of combustion in kJ +q=delH/18;//heat supplied by 10 g glucose in kJ +p=-(1000*q)/3600;//power in Watt +mprintf('Power output of the brain = %f W',p); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.25/Example_3_25.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.25/Example_3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecdae6900 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.25/Example_3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 3.25 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delH1=-242;//heat of reaction (i) in kJ mol^-1 +delH2=-640;//heat of reaction (ii) in kJ mol^-1 +delH3=-540;//heat of reaction (iii) in kJ mol^-1 + +//To determine enthalpy changes per kg +nH2=200;//number of moles of hydrogen in 1 kg gas (mol) +nO2=31.25;//number of moles of oxygen in 1 kg gas (mol) +nCH3OH=31.25;////number of moles of methanol in 1 kg (mol) +nF2=26.3;//number of moles of flourine in 1 kg gas (mol) + +delH11=delH1*(2*nO2);//enthalpy of reaction (i) +mprintf('enthalpy of reaction (i) = %i kJ',delH11); + +delH22=delH2*(20.8);//enthalpy of reaction (ii) +mprintf('\n enthalpy of reaction (ii) = %i kJ',delH22); + +delH33=delH3*(nF2);//enthalpy of reaction (iii) +mprintf('\n enthalpy of reaction (iii) = %i kJ',delH33); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.26/Example_3_26.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.26/Example_3_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14692fb39 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.26/Example_3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 3.26 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Cp=4.2;//specific heat at constant pressure in J/K g +delH=10^7;//heat in J +T1=310;//initial temperature (K) +m=70000;//mass of the man in g +delHvap=2405;//latent heat of vapourization of water in J/g +//(a) To determine temterature after 24 hours +T2=(delH+(m*Cp*T1))/(m*Cp);//temperature after 24 hours in Kelvin +t2=T2-273;//temperature in degree Celsius +mprintf('(a) Temperature after 24 hours = %i oC',t2); + +//(b) To determine the amount of water evaporated to maintain temperature +m=(delH*1)/delHvap;//mass of water in g +M=m/1000;//mass of water in kg +mprintf('\n (b) mass of water evaporated to maintain temperature = %f kg',M); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.27/Example_3_27.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.27/Example_3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8149b731 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.27/Example_3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3.27 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +E=-21; +c1=3; +delE = E * 10^6;//evolved energy in J +c = c1 * 10^8;//speed of light in m/s^2 + +//To determine change in mass +delm = delE/(c^2);//change in mass in kg by Einstein equation +m=E/(c1^2); +t=6-(2*8) +mprintf('change in mass = %f*10^%i kg',m,t); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53a61b9c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.3 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delH1 = -78.705;//H1 is the heat of reaction (i) in kJ +delH2 = -3.420;//H2 is the heat of reaction (ii) in kJ + +//To determine the heat change +delH=delH1-delH2;//change in heat in kJ +mprintf('change in heat = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32c8af36b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delH1 = 10.72;//delH1 is the heat of reaction in kJ (i) +delH2 = 4.68;//delH2 is the heat of reaction in kJ (ii) +delH3 = -1.16;//delH3 is the heat of reaction in kJ (iii) + +//To determine the heat of required reaction +delH = delH1-delH2+delH3;//heat of reaction in kJ +mprintf('heat of required reaction = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.5/Example_3_5.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.5/Example_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe28b261 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.5/Example_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delH1 = -890.35;//delH1 is the heat of reaction in kJ (i) +delH2 = -285.84;//delH2 is the heat of reaction in kJ (ii) +delH3 = -393.51;//delH3 is the heat of reaction in kJ (iii) + +//To determine the heat of formation of methane +delH = delH3+(2*delH2)-delH1;//heat of formation of methane in kJ +mprintf('heat of formation of methane = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.6/Example_3_6.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.6/Example_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39734026d --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.6/Example_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfCO2 = -393.5;//heat of formation in kJ of carbondioxide +delHfH2O = -285.8;//heat of formation in kJ of water +delHfC2H6 = -84.5;//heat of formation in kJ ethane +delHfO2 = 0;//heat of formation of oxygen + +//To determine the enthalpy change for given reaction +delH = (2*delHfCO2)+(3*delHfH2O)-(delHfC2H6+(3.5*delHfO2));//enthalpy change in kJ +mprintf('enthalpy change for given reaction = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.7/Example_3_7.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.7/Example_3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75f69d72c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.7/Example_3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfCO2 = -393.5;//heat of formation in kJ of carbondioxide +delHfH2O = -285.8;//heat of formation in kJ of water +delH = -3303;//heat of reaction in kJ + +//To determine the heat of formation of benzene +delHfC6H6 = (3*delHfH2O)+(6*delHfCO2)-(delH);//heat of formation of benzene in kJ +mprintf('heat of formation of benzene = %f kJ',delHfC6H6); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH3/EX3.9/Example_3_9.sce b/1019/CH3/EX3.9/Example_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5124ef82f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH3/EX3.9/Example_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics +//Chapter 3 +//Thermochemistry + +//Example 3.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHf1 = -92.3;//heat of formation in kJ of HCl +delHf2 = -168.0;//heat of formation in kJ of HCl.100 H2O + +//To determine the heat of solution of HCl in 100 H20 +delH = delHf2-delHf1;//heat of solution of HCl in 100 H20 in kJ +mprintf('heat of solution of l in 100 H2O = %f kJ',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.10/Example_4_10.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.10/Example_4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..978b688a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.10/Example_4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cp=2.5*R; //specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +V1=10;//volume of gas in m^3 +T1=300; //initial temperature in K +T2=400;//final temperature in K +P=101000;//pressure in N m^-2 + +//to calculate the entropy change +n=(P*V1*0.001)/(R*T);//moles +delS=n*(Cp*log(T2/T1));//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Change in entropy = %f J K^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.11/Example_4_11.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.11/Example_4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7253d5925 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.11/Example_4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4.11 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300; //initial temperature in K +r=3;//ratio of final volume to initial volume + +//To calculate the entropy +q=R*T*log(r);//r=V2/V1 +n=(P*V1*0.001)/(R*T);//moles +delSsys=q/T;//entropy of system in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delSuniv=R*log(r);//entropy of universe in J K^-1 +mprintf('(a) Entropy of the system = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSsys); +mprintf('\n Entropy of the surrounding = 0 J K^-1 mol^-1'); +mprintf('\n \n (b) Entropy of the system = 0 J K^-1 mol^-1'); +mprintf('\n Entropy of the surrounding = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSuniv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.13/Example_4_13.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.13/Example_4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4396813f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.13/Example_4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;// gas constant in dm^3 atm K^-1 mol^-1 +R1=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T1=298; //initial temperature in K +T2=373; //final temperature in K +V1=0.5;//initial volume in dm^3 +V2=1;//final volume in dm^3 +P1=1;//initial pressure in atm +Cv=12.6;//specific heat of the gas at constant volume in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To calculate the entropy change +n=P1*V1/(R*T1);//moles +delS=(n*Cv*log(T2/T1))+(n*R1*log(V2/V1));//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Entropy change = %f J K^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.14/Example_4_14.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.14/Example_4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dd4ccec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.14/Example_4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 4.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Cpw=75.42;//heat capacity of water in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=363; //temperature of water in K +P=1;//pressure in atm +Cpi=37.20;//heat capacity of ice in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHf=5980;// latent heat of fusion in J mol^-1 +mp=273;//melting point of water in K +n=10/18;//moles of ice taken + +//To calculate the entropy change +T2=306;//since q=0 +q1=n*delHf;//heat in J +q2=n*Cpw*(T2-mp);//heat in J +q3=n*2*Cpi*(T2-T);//heat in J +delS1=q1/mp;//entropy change during 1st step in J K^-1 +delS2=n*Cpw*log(T2/mp);//entropy change during 2nd step in J K^-1 +delS3=2*n*Cpw*log(T2/T);//entropy change during final step in J K^-1 +delS=delS1+delS2+delS3;//total entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Entropy change = %f J K^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.15/Example_4_15.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.15/Example_4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f779b7e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.15/Example_4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 4.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Cpw=75.42;//heat capacity of water in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=263; //temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm +Cpi=37.20;//heat capacity of ice in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHf=6008;// latent heat of fusion in J mol^-1 +mp=273;//melting point of water in K +n=1;//moles of ice taken + +//To calculate the entropy change +delS1=Cpw*log(mp/T);//entropy change during 1st step in J K^-1 +delS2=-delHf/mp;//entropy change during 2nd step in J K^-1 +delS3=Cpi*log(T/mp);//entropy change during final step in J K^-1 +delS=delS1+delS2+delS3;//total entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Entropy change = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +delH1=Cpw*(mp-T);//enthalpy change during 1st step in J +delH2=-delHf;//enthalpy change during 2nd step in J +delH3=Cpi*(T-mp);//entropy change during final step in J +delHsys=delH1+delH2+delH3;//total enthalpy change in J +delSsurr=-delHsys/T;//entropy change of surrounding in J K^-1 +delSuni=delS+delSsurr;//entropy of universe in J K^-1 +mprintf('\n Enthalpy change of the system = %f J mol^-1',delHsys); +mprintf('\n Enthalpy change of the surrounding = %f J',-delHsys); +mprintf('\n Entropy change of the surrounding = %f J K^-1',delSsurr); +mprintf('\n Entropy change of the universe = %f J K^-1',delSuni); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.17/Example_4_17.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.17/Example_4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec59146c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.17/Example_4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=273;//temperature in K +V1=1;//initial volume in dm^3 +V2=50;//final volume in dm^3 +a=6.5;// Van der Waals constant in atm dm^6 mol^-2 +b=0.056;//Van der Waals constant in dm^3 mol^-1 + +//to determine entropy change +qrev=R*T*log((V2-b)/(V1-b)); +delS=qrev/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('Change in entropy = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.18/Example_4_18.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.18/Example_4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef2c0434b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.18/Example_4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +r=2.5;//rato of final volume to initial volume +n=2;//moles of gas + +//To determine entropy change +delSgas=R*n*log(r); +qrev=n*R*T*log(r); +delSsurr=-qrev/T;//entropy of the surrounding +delSt=delSgas+delSsurr;//total entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('(a) delSgas = %f J K^-1 \n delSsurr = %f J K^-1 \n delStotal = %f J K^-1',delSgas,delSsurr,delSt); +delSgas=R*n*log(r); +qirr=qrev-800; +delSsur=-qirr/T;//entropy of the surrounding +delSto=delSgas+delSsur;//total entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('\n (b) delSgas = %f J K^-1 \n delSsurr = %f J K^-1 \n delStotal = %f J K^-1',delSgas,delSsur,delSto); +mprintf('\n (c) delSgas = %f J K^-1 \n delSsurr = 0 J K^-1 \n delStotal = %f J K^-1',delSgas,delSgas); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.19/Example_4_19.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.19/Example_4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe5013fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.19/Example_4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfus=15648;//Latent heat of fusion in J mol^-1 +Tm=386.6;//melting point in K +delHvap=25522;//latent heat of vapourization in J mol^-1 +Cp=81.588;//heat capacity in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Tb=457;//boiling point in K +T=298; + +//To determine the entropy change +delS1=(54.684*log(Tm/T))+(13.431*0.0001*(Tm-T))-(298*13.431*0.0001*log(Tm/T));//entropy change in 1st step in J K^-1 +delS2=delHfus/Tm;//entropy change in 2nd step in J K^-1 +delS3=Cp*log(Tb/Tm);//entropy change in 3rd step in J K^-1 +delS4=delHvap/Tb;//entropy change in final step in J K^-1 +delS=delS1+delS2+delS3+delS4;//total entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Change in entropy = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.20/Example_4_20.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.20/Example_4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fef0bf53 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.20/Example_4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4.20 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +SoC2H5OH=160.7;//So for ethanol +SoC=5.7;//So for graphite +SoH2=130.6;//So for hydrogen +SoO2=205.1;//So for oxygen + +//To determine the standard entropy of formation of ethanol +delSo=SoC2H5OH-((2*SoC)+(3*SoH2)+(0.5*SoO2));//standard entropy of formation of ethanol in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('Standard entropy of formation of ethanol = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.3/Example_4_3.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.3/Example_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef65c4050 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.3/Example_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4.3 (b) +clear; +clc; + +//Given +a=1.24;//alpha at 290K and 1 atm in 10^-3 K^-1 +b=9.3;//beta at 290K and 1 atm in 10^-5 atm^-1 +T=290;//temperature in K +delS=2.1;//entropy change in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//to calculate the change in molar volume +delV=(delS*b)/(a*100*101.325);//change in molar volume in dm^3 mol^-1 +mprintf('change in molar volume = %f dm^3 mol^-1',delV); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4_4.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65deeeacb --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 4.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of ice +Tm=273;//melting temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm; +delHf=6008;// enthalpy of fusion in J mol^-1 +Tb=373;//boiling temperature in K +delHv=40850;// enthalpy of fusion in J mol^-1 + +//to calculate the change in entropy +delSm=delHf/Tm;//entropy change during melting in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('(a) change in entropy during melting = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSm); +delSv=delHv/Tb;//entropy change during boiling in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('\n (b) change in entropy during boiling = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.5/Example_4_5.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.5/Example_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cc247a08 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.5/Example_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 4.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of ice +Ttrans=286;//melting temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm; +delHtrans=2090;// enthalpy of transformation in J mol^-1 +Tb=373;//boiling temperature in K +delHv=40850;// enthalpy of fusion in J mol^-1 + +//to calculate the change in entropy +delSv=delHv/Tb;//entropy change during boiling in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('(a) change in entropy during boiling of water = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSv); +delStrans=delHtrans/Ttrans;//entropy change during transition in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('\n (b) change in entropy during phase transformation of Sn = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delStrans); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.6/Example_4_6.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.6/Example_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce9345d63 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.6/Example_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cv=20.8; //specific heat capacity at constant volume of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +w=0.1;//weight of the gas in kg +T1=298; //initial temperature in K +P1=30;//initial pressure in atm +P2=10;//final pressure in atm + +//to calculate the entropy +Cp=Cv+R;//specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=(w*1000)/28;//moles +T2=T1*((Cv+(R*(P2/P1)))/Cp);//final temperature in K +r=(P1*T2)/(T1*P2);//r=V2/V1 +delS=(n*Cv*log(T2/T1))+(n*R*log(r));//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('Entropy of the system = %f J K^-1',delS); +mprintf('\n final temperature = %f K',T2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.7/Example_4_7.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.7/Example_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28f422771 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.7/Example_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 4.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cp=23.7; //specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=3;//moles of gas +T1=300; //initial temperature in K +T2=1000;//final temperature in K + +//to calculate the entropy +delS=n*Cp*log(T2/T1);//entropy in J K^-1 +mprintf('Change in Entropy of the system = %f J K^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH4/EX4.9/Example_4_9.sce b/1019/CH4/EX4.9/Example_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cedce2d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH4/EX4.9/Example_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cp=20.9; //specific heat capacity at constant pressure of the gas in J K^-1 mol^-1 +n=1;//moles of gas +delSm=146;//molar entropy of the gas at 298 K in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T1=298; //initial temperature in K +T2=500;//final temperature in K + +//to calculate the molar entropy at 500 K +delS=delSm+(Cp*log(T2/T1));//molar entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('Molar Entropy at 500K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1730cf510 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=4;//moles of gas +P1=2.02;//initial pressure in 10^5 N m^-2 +P2=4.04;//final pressure in 10^5 N m^-2 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300//temperature in K + +//To determine the free energy change delG +delG=n*R*T*log(P2/P1);//the free energy change in J +mprintf('Free energy change = %f J',delG); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.10/Example_5_10.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.10/Example_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e44af29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.10/Example_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delG=18660-(14.4*T*log10(T))-(6.07*T)+(8.24*(10^(-3))*(T^2));//delGo in J mol^-1 in terms of temperature T in K +T1=298//temperature in K + +//To determine delGo delSo and delHo +delGo=18660-(14.4*T1*log10(T1))-(6.07*T1)+(8.24*(10^(-3))*(T^2)); +delHo=18660+(6.25*T1)-(8.24*10^(-3)*(T1^2)); +delSo=(delHo-delGo)/T1; +mprintf('(i) delGo = %f J mol^-1',delGo); +mprintf('\n (ii) delSo = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo); +mprintf('\n (iii) delHo = %f J mol^-1',delHo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.11/Example_5_11.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.11/Example_5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..190934397 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.11/Example_5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.11 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +DHoHH=435;//Bond dissociation energy of H-H bond in kJ mol^-1 +DHoClCl=240;//Bond dissociation energy of Cl-Cl bond in kJ mol^-1 +DHoHCl=430;//Bond dissociation energy of H-Cl bond in kJ mol^-1 +SoH2=130.59;//Standard entropy of hydrogen molecule in J K^- mol^-1 +SoCl2=222.95;//Standard entropy of chlorine molecule J K^- mol^-1 +SoHCl=186.68;//Standard entropy of HCl molecule J K^- mol^-1 +T=298;//Temperature in K + +//To determine the free energy change +delHo=DHoHH+DHoClCl-(2*DHoHCl); +delSo=(SoHCl*2)-SoCl2-SoH2; +delGo=delHo-(T*delSo*10^(-3)); +mprintf('Free energy change = %f kJ',delGo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.12/Example_5_12.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.12/Example_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..056a5a6f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.12/Example_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 5.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +HfNH4NO3=-365;//enthalpy of formation of NH4OH in kJ mol^-1 +HfH2=0;//enthalpy of formation of H2 in kJ mol^-1 +HfH2O=-242;//enthalpy of formation of H2O in kJ mol^-1 +HfN2H4=50;//enthalpy of formation of N2H4 in kJ mol^-1 +SoNH4NO3=150;//Standard entropy of NH4NO3 molecule in J K^- mol^-1 +SoH2=130;//Standard entropy of Hydrogen molecule J K^- mol^-1 +SoH2O=189;//Standard entropy of H2O molecule J K^- mol^-1 +SoN2H4=120;//Standard entropy of N2H4 molecule J K^- mol^-1 +T=298;//Temperature in K + +//To determine the free energy change +delHo=(3*HfH2O)+HfN2H4-HfNH4NO3-(3*HfH2); +delSo=(SoH2O*3)+SoN2H4-SoNH4NO3-(3*SoH2); +delGo=delHo-(T*delSo*10^(-3)); +mprintf('Free energy change = %f kJ',delGo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.13/Example_5_13.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.13/Example_5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdc678ded --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.13/Example_5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=300;//temperature in K +delVg=-1.5;//moles of gaseous product-moles of gaseous reactant +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the difference between delG and delA +a=delG-delA;//assume +a=delVg*R*T;//difference between delG and delA in J +mprintf('delG - delA = %f J mol^-1',a); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.14/Example_5_14.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.14/Example_5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d1b03ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.14/Example_5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delGo1=-29.2;//delGo value for hydrolysis of creatine phosphate in kJ +delGo2=-12.4;//delGo value for hydrolysis of glucose phosphate in kJ + +//To determine delGo for given reaction +delGo3=delGo2-delGo1;//gibbs free energy in kJ +mprintf('delGo for the given reaction = %f kJ',delGo3); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.16/Example_5_16.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.16/Example_5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f59ba985 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.16/Example_5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5.16 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delE=-2880;//internal energy in kJ mol^-1 +delS=182.4;//Entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//Temperature in K + +//To determine delA +delA=delE-(T*delS*0.001);//helmoltz free energy in kJ mol^-1 +mprintf('The amount of energy that can be extracted as heat = %f kJ mol^-1',delA); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.17/Example_5_17.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.17/Example_5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8ddc53d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.17/Example_5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5.17 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delGo1=3.0;//delGo value for conversion of malate to fumarate in kJ +delGo2=-15.5;//delGo value for conversion of fumarate to asparate in kJ + +//To determine delGo for given reaction +delGo3=delGo2+delGo1;//net free energy change for the required reaction in kJ +mprintf('delGo for the conversion of malate to asparate = %f kJ',delGo3); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.18/Example_5_18.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.18/Example_5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e0b4581c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.18/Example_5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.18 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHv=40820;//latent heat of vapourization of water in J mol^-1 +Vv=30.199;//volume of vapour in dm^3 mol^-1 +Vl=0.019;//volume of liquid in dm^3 mol^-1 +T=373;//temperature in K + +//To determine the change in boiling point with change in 1 mm pressure +delVm=Vv-Vl; +a=(delHv*760)/(T*delVm*0.001*101325);//a=(dP/dT) +b=a^(-1);//b=(dT/dP) +mprintf('change in boiling point of water per mm change in pressure=%f K mm^-1',b); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.19/Example_5_19.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.19/Example_5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6d9dafee --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.19/Example_5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHf=128.6;//latent heat of fusion of benzene in J g^-1 +Vs=1.06;//volume of solid in cm^3 g^-1 +Vl=1.119;//volume of liquid in cm^3 g^-1 +T=278;//temperature in K + +//To determine the pressure to bring about a change in melting point by 1 K +delVm=Vl-Vs;//change in volume in cm^3 g^-1 +a=(delHf*10)/(T*delVm*1.01325);//a=(dP/dT) +mprintf('To cause an increase of 1K in melting point of benzene,atmospheric pressure change required=%f atm K^-1',a); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f13075a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5.2 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=2;//number of electrons transferred +E=1.1;//cell potential in volt +F=96500;//Farady charge in C + +//To determine the free energy change delG +delG=-n*F*E;//the free energy change in J +mprintf('Free energy change for Daniell Cell = %f J',delG); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.20/Example_5_20.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.20/Example_5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a49afdc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.20/Example_5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.20 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHf=335;//latent heat of fusion in J g^-1 +Vs=1.0908;//volume of solid in cm^3 g^-1 +Vl=1.0002;//volume of liquid in cm^3 g^-1 +T=273;//temperature in K + +//To determine the decrease in melting point with increase in pressure +delVm=Vl-Vs;//volume change in cm^3 g^-1 +a=(delHf*10)/(T*delVm*1.01325);//a=(delP/delT) +b=a^(-1);//b=(delT/delP) +mprintf('An increase in pressure of 1 atm lowers the freezing point by %f K atm^-1',b); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.21/Example_5_21.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.21/Example_5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80ce60377 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.21/Example_5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.21 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHtrans=13.4;//latent heat of fusion in J g^-1 +delVm=0.0126;//change in volume due to transition in cm^3 g^-1 +T=368.5;//temperature in K + +//To determine the increase in the transition point between 2 forms of sulphur for increase in atmospheric pressure +a=(delHtrans*10)/(T*delVm*1.01325);//a=(delP/delT) +b=a^(-1);//b=(delT/delP) +mprintf('The transition point between 2 forms of sulphur should be increased by %f K atm^-1',b); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.22/Example_5_22.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.22/Example_5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..226a97a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.22/Example_5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.22 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +//log10(P)=(-834.13/T)+(1.75*log(T))-(8.375*0.001*T)+5.3234 pressure in mm of Hg as a function og temperature in K +Tb=169.25;//boiling point of ethylene in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine latent heat of vapourization delHv +//delHv=R*(T^2)*(dlogP/dT) by clausius clapeyron equation +delHv=((-R*834.13*2.303)+(1.75*R*Tb*2.303)-(8.375*2.303*0.001*R*(Tb^2)))*0.001;//latent heat of vapourization in kJ +mprintf('The latent heat of vapourization delHv of ethylene = %f kJ mol^-1',delHv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.23/Example_5_23.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.23/Example_5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b47aa79b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.23/Example_5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5.23 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +//log10(P)=-(1246.038/(t+221.354))+6.95926 vapour pressure in mm Hg as a function of temperature in oC +T=298;//temperature in K + +//To determine the delHv +//delHv=R*(T^2)*(dlogP/dT) by clausius clapeyron equation +delHv=((2.303*1246.038*R*(T^2))/((T-51.796)^2))*0.001;//latent heat of vapourization in kJ mol^-1 +mprintf('The latent heat of vapourization delHv of thiophene = %f kJ mol^-1',delHv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.24/Example_5_24.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.24/Example_5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f8c46e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.24/Example_5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 5.24 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p1=10;//vapour pressure of decane in Torr at temperature T1 K +p2=400;//vapour pressure of decane in Torr at temperature T2 K +T1=328.85;//initial temperature in K +T2=423.75;//final temperature in K +T=373;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the delHv,Tb,delSv +delHv=(T1*T2*R*log(p2/p1))/94.9;//integrated form of clausius clapeyron equation +delSv=delHv/T;//entrpoy change during vapourization in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Tb=((((R*2.303*log10(76))/delHv)+(1/T1))^(-1))+186;//boiling temperature in K +mprintf('delHv = %f J mol^-1',delHv); +mprintf('\n delSv = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSv); +mprintf('\n Tb = %f K',Tb); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.25/Example_5_25.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.25/Example_5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3c473480 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.25/Example_5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 5.25 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p1=10;//vapour pressure in mm Hg at temperature T1 K +p2=40;//vapour pressure in mm Hg at temperature T2 K +T1=358.95;//initial temperature in K +T2=392.45;//final temperature in K +Ts=325.75;//surrounding temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +ps=1;// +//To determine the delHv,Tb,delSv +delHv=(T1*T2*R*log(p2/p1))/33.5;//integrated form of clausius clapeyron equation +Tb=((1/T1)-(19.147*log10(76)/delHv))^(-1);//boiling temperature in K +delSv=delHv/Tb;//entropy in vapourization in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('(i) delHv = %f J mol^-1',delHv); +mprintf('\n (ii) Tb = %f K',Tb); +mprintf('\n (iii) delSv = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1d639158 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.3 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=2;//number of electrons transferred +E=1.01463;//cell potential in V +F=96500;//Farady charge in C +T=298;//temperature in K +p=-5*(10^(-5));//p=(delE/delT)p in V K^-1 + +//To determine the free energy change delG +delG=-n*F*E;//the free energy change in J +mprintf('delG for Westron Cell = %f J',delG); +delS=n*F*(p);//entropy change in J mol^-1 +mprintf('\n delS for Westron Cell = %f J K^-1',delS); +delH=delG+(T*delS);//enthalpy change in J +mprintf('\n delH for Westron Cell = %f J',delH); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe910cd37 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 5.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of gas +V1=2;//initial volume in dm^3 +V2=20;//final volume in dm^3 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300//temperature in K + +//To determine q,w,delE,delA,delG and delS +w=-R*T*log(V2/V1);//work done in J +delE=0;//isothermal expansion of ideal gas +q=delE-w;//by 1st Law of thermodynamics +delH=0;//delH=delE+del(n*R*T) and both are 0 +delA=-n*R*T*log(V2/V1);//helmoltz free energy in J +delG=n*R*T*log(V1/V2);//Gibbs free energy in J +delS=q/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('(i) w = %f J mol^-1',w); +mprintf('\n (ii) delE = %f J since it is isothermal expansion of an ideal gas',delE); +mprintf('\n (iii) q = %f J mol^-1',q); +mprintf('\n (iv) delH = %f J mol^-1',delH); +mprintf('\n (v) delA = %f J mol^-1',delA); +mprintf('\n (vi) delG = %f J mol^-1',delG); +mprintf('\n (vii) delS = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dee08ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 5.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of gas +P1=10.1;//initial pressure in 10^5 N m^-2 +P2=1.01;//final pressure in 10^5 N m^-2 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300//temperature in K + +//To determine delE,delH,delA;delG and delS +w=0;//since the gas expands against zero pressure +delG=n*R*T*log(P2/P1);//gibbs free energy in J +delE=0;//isothermal expansion of ideal gas +q=delE-w;//by 1st Law of thermodynamics +delH=0;//delH=delE+del(n*R*T) and both are 0 +delA=n*R*T*log(P2/P1);//Helmoltz free energy in J +delS=R*log(P2/P1);//entropy change in J K^-1 +delSsurr=0;//entropy of the surrounding +delSuniv=delS+delSsurr;//entropy of the universe in J K^-1 +mprintf('(i) delE = %f J mol^-1 since it is isothermal expansion of an ideal gas',delE); +mprintf('\n (ii) q = %f J mol^-1',q); +mprintf('\n (iii) delH = %f J mol^-1',delH); +mprintf('\n (iv) delA = %f J mol^-1',delA); +mprintf('\n (v) delG = %f J mol^-1',delG); +mprintf('\n (vi) delS of system = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +mprintf('\n (vii) delS of universe = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSuniv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.6/Example_5_6.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.6/Example_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1f1a8b55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.6/Example_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 5.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n=1;//moles of toluene +P=1;//pressure in atm +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=384//temperature in K +delHv=363.3;//latent heat of vapourization in J g^-1 + +//To determine q,delH,delG,delE and delS +w=R*T;// work done in J +qp=delHv*(n*92); +delE=qp-w;//internal energy change in J +delH=qp;//enthalpy change in J +delG=0;//gibbs free energy in J +delS=delH/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('(i) delE = %f J mol^-1 ',delE); +mprintf('\n (ii) q = %f J mol^-1',qp); +mprintf('\n (iii) delH = %f J mol^-1',delH); +mprintf('\n (iv) delG = %f J mol^-1',delG); +mprintf('\n (v) delS of system = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delS); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.7/Example_5_7.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.7/Example_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a82bb5ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.7/Example_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +P1=2.15;//vapour pressure of water in mm of Hg +P2=1.95;//vapour pressure of ice in mm of Hg +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=263//temperature in K + +//To determine the free energy change delG +delG=R*T*log(P2/P1);//gibbs free energy in J mol^-1 +mprintf('(i) Free energy change = 0 J mol^-1'); +mprintf('\n (ii) Free energy change = %f J mol^-1',delG); +mprintf('\n (iii) Total Free energy change = %f J mol^-1',delG); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH5/EX5.9/Example_5_9.sce b/1019/CH5/EX5.9/Example_5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4923f89c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH5/EX5.9/Example_5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 5.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Cpl=75.4;//heat capacity of water in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Cpv=33.2;//heat capacity of water vapour in J K^-1 mol^-1 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300//temperature in K +delHv=40850;//latent heat of vapourization in J mol^-1 +Tb=373;//boiling point of water in K +P1=101325;//initial pressure in Pa +P2=10132.5;//final pressure in Pa + +//To determine the free energy change delG +delH1=Cpl*(Tb-T);//enthalpy change during 1st step in J +delS1=Cpl*log(Tb/T);//entropy change during 1st step in J K^-1 +delH2=delHv;//enthalpy change during 2nd step in J +delS2=delHv/Tb;//entropy change during 2nd step in J K^-1 +delH3=Cpv*(T-Tb);//enthalpy change during 3rd step in J +delS3=Cpv*log(T/Tb);//entropy change during 3rd step in J K^-1 +delH4=0;//enthalpy change during final step in J +delS4=R*log(P1/P2);//entropy change during final step in J K^-1 +delH=delH1+delH2+delH3+delH4;//total enthalpy in J +delS=delS1+delS2+delS3+delS4;//total entropy change in J +delG=delH-(T*delS);//gibbs free energy change in J +mprintf('Free energy change = %f J mol^-1',delG); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a69813562 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6.1 +clear; +clc; + +//To calculate the number of ways of distributing distinguishable molecules a,b,c between 3 energy levels +w=(3*2*1)/(1*1*1);//ways of distributing distinguishable molecules a,b,c between 3 energy levels +mprintf('ways of distributing distinguishable molecules a,b,c between 3 energy levels = %i',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_10.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88fd3e22a --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Et=3.716;//transitioal energy in J +T=298;//temperature in K +Ht=6.193;//transitional enthalpy in J +R=8.314;//gas constant in J mol^-1 K^-1 +Cp=20.785;//transitional heat capacity in J K^-1 mol^-1 +h=6.626*10^(34);//plancks constant in Js +NA=6.023*10^(23);//Avogadro number +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 +P=101325;//Pressure in N m^-2 +m=5.313*10^-26;//mass of one molecule of O2 in kg + +//To calculate the transitional entropy,work function,and free energy for oxygen gas +qt=7.906*10^6;//the transitional partion function +St=R*(2.5+log(qt));//transitional entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Gt=-R*T*log(qt);//transitional free energy in J mol^-1 +mprintf('the transitional entropy = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',St); +mprintf('\n the transitional free energy = %f J mol^-1',Gt); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_12.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad2f829fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=300;//temperature in K +s=2;//symmetry number +I=4.59;//moment of inertia in 10^(-47) kg m^2 +h=6.626;//plancks constant in 10^(34) Js +k=1.38;//in (10^(-23)) J K^-1 + +//To determine the rotational partition function +Qr=((8*(%pi^2)*I*k*T)/(s*(h^2)))*0.001;//rotational partition function +mprintf('rotational partition function,qr = %f',Qr); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_13.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f3c9c54b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 6.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm +I=1.9373;//moment of inertia in 10^(-46) kg m^2 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +h=6.626;//plancks constant in 10^(34) Js +k=1.38;//in (10^(-23)) J K^-1 + +//To determine the rotational contributions to entropy and free energy +Qr=(8*(%pi^2)*I*k)/(20*(h^2));//rotational transition function +Sr=R*(1+log(Qr*T));//rotational contributions to entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Gr=((R*T)-(T*Sr))*0.001;//rotational contributions to free energy in J mol^-1 +mprintf('rotational contributions to entropy = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',Sr); +mprintf('\n rotational contributions to free energy = %f kJ mol^-1',Gr); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.14/Example_6_14.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.14/Example_6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caffc36b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.14/Example_6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=300;//temperature in K +w=4405;//vibrational frequency in cm^-1 +h=6.626*10^(34);//plancks constant in Js +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 +c=3*10^8;//speed of light in m s^-2 + +//To determine the vibrational partition function for hydrogen molecule +qv=(1-exp(-(h*c*w)/(k*T)));//the vibrational partition function for hydrogen molecule +mprintf('the vibrational partition function for hydrogen molecule = %f',qv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.15/Example_6_15.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.15/Example_6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1519de93 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.15/Example_6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 6.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +h=6.626;//plancks constant in 10^(34) Js +k=1.3806;//in (10^(-23)) J K^-1 +c=2.997925;//speed of light in 10^8 m s^-2 +w=158020;//vibrational frequency in m^-1 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J mol^-1 K^-1 + +//To determine the vibrational contributions +x=(h*c*w)/(1000*k);//temperature in K +Hv=R*T*((x/T)/(exp(x/298)-1));//the vibrational contributions to enthalpy in J +Sv=R*(((x/T)/(exp(x/298)-1))-log(1)-(exp(-x/T)));//the vibrational contributions to entropy in J K^-1 +Gv=Hv-(T*Sv);////the vibrational contributions to free energy in J mol^-1 +mprintf('the vibrational contributions to enthalpy = %f J',Hv); +mprintf('\n the vibrational contributions to entropy = %f J K^-1',Sv); +mprintf('\n the vibrational contributions to free energy = %f J mol^-1',-Gv); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.2/Example_6_2.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.2/Example_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f9b60e46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.2/Example_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6.2 +clear; +clc; + +//To calculate the number of ways of distributing 4 between 4 energy levels so that there are 2 molecules in e1,1in e2 and 0 in e3 energy level +w=(4*3*2*1)/(2*1*1*1);//number of ways of distributing 4 between 4 energy levels so that there are 2 molecules in e1,1in e2 and 0 in e3 energy level +mprintf('number of ways of distributing 4 between 4 energy levels so that there are 2 molecules in e1,1in e2 and 0 in e3 energy level = %i',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.3/Example_6_3.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.3/Example_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a364dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.3/Example_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.3 +clear; +clc; + +//To calculate the number of ways of distribute +//(i)2 distinguishable objects in two boxes +N=2;//number of objects +l=2;//number of boxes +w=l^N;//number of configurations +mprintf('the number of ways of distribute (i)2 distinguishable objects in 2 boxes = %i',w); + +//(ii)2 distinguishable objects in 3 boxes +N=2;//number of objects +l=3;//number of boxes +w=l^N;//number of configurations +mprintf('\n the number of ways of distribute (ii)2 distinguishable objects in 3 boxes = %i',w); + +//(iii)2 indistinguishable objects in 2 boxes +N=2;//number of objects +l=2;//number of boxes +w=(3*2*1)/(2*1*1);//number of configurations +mprintf('\n the number of ways of distribute (iii)2 indistinguishable objects in 2 boxes = %i',w); +//(iv)2 indistinguishable objects in 3 boxes +N=2;//number of objects +l=3;//number of boxes +w=(4*3*2*1)/(2*1*2*1);//number of configurations +mprintf('\n the number of ways of distribute (iv)2 indistinguishable objects in 3 boxes = %i',w); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.4/Example_6_4.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.4/Example_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfbb530b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.4/Example_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 6.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfus=6.0;//heatoffusion of water in kJ mol^-1 +T=273;//temperature in K +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 +NA=6.023*(10^23);//avogadros number + +//To calculate the number of distinguishable states of water at 273 K +delS=(1000*delHfus)/(NA*T);//entropy change in J mol^-1 K^-1 +w=delS/(2.303*k);//w=log10(W) +W=10^(w);//number of distinguishable states +mprintf('number of distinguishable states = %i',W); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.5/Example_6_5.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.5/Example_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e467af67 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.5/Example_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 6.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=323;//temperature in K +T2=322;//temperature in K +T21=324;//temperature in K +n=2;//moles of water +NA=6.023*(10^23);//avogadros number +Cp=75;//specific heat at constant pressure of water in J K^-1 mol^-1 +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 + +//To calculate the probability +delS=Cp*log(T2*T21/T1^2);//entropy change in J mol^-1 K^-1 +p=exp(delS/k);//probability +mprintf('Probability that 2 moles of water at 323 K will break down into two drops at 322 and 324 K each 1 mole is negligibly small = %f',p); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_6.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19903ccaa --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 6.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfus=6.0;//heatoffusion of water in kJ mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 +N=10;//number of molecules + +//To calculate the probabilty that 10 molecules will be found in half of the container +delS=N*k*log(0.5);//entropy change in J mol^-1 K^-1 +w=delS/(2.303*k);//w=log10(W) +W=10^(w);//probabilty that 10 molecules will be found in half of the container +mprintf('probabilty that 10 molecules will be found in half of the container = %f',W); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_7.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed4c8fe09 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +NA=6.023*(10^23);//avogadros number +W=6;//number of orientations +n=1;//moles present +N=NA;//number of particles +R=8.314;//gas constant in J mol^-1 K^-1 + +//To determine the residual entropy of a crystal in which the molecules can adapt 6 orientations of equal energy at 0 K +S=R*log(W);//residual entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('the residual entropy of a crystal in which the molecules can adapt 6 orientations of equal energy at 0 K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',S); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH6/EX6.8/Example_6_8.sce b/1019/CH6/EX6.8/Example_6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae5a3b400 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH6/EX6.8/Example_6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 6.8 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +V=24.4;//volume in dm^3 +T=298;//temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm +R=8.314;//gas constant in J mol^-1 K^-1 +h=6.62*10^(-26);//plancks constant in J s +m=5.313*10^(-26);//mass of 1 O2 molecule in kg +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//in J K^-1 + +//To calculate the transitional partion function +qt=(((2*%pi*m*k*T)^(3/2))*V)/((h^3)*10^9);//the transitional partion function +mprintf('the transitional partion function = %f * 10^30 ',qt); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4a82673e --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 7.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +w2=4.450;//weight of solute in g +m2=98;//molecular mass of solute in g mol^-1 +W1=0.0822;//weight of solvent in kg +w1=82.2;//weight of solvent in g +m1=18;//molecular mass of solvent in g mol^-1 +p=1.029;//density of solution in g cm^-3 + +//To calculate mass percent,mole fraction,mole percent,molarity,molality,normality +P2=(w2/(w1+w2))*100;//Mass percent +mprintf('(a) Mass percent = %f',P2); +x2=(w2/m2)/((w1/m1)+(w2/m2));//Mole fraction +mprintf('\n (b) Mole fraction = %f',x2); +M=x2*100;//Mole percent +mprintf('\n (c) Mole percent = %f',M); +V=(w1+w2)/p;//volume in cm^3 +c2=(w2/m2)*(1000/V);//Molarity in mol dm^-3 +mprintf('\n (d) Molarity = %f mol dm^-3',c2); +M2=w2/(m2*W1);//Molality in mol kg^-1 +mprintf('\n (e) Molality = %f mol kg^-1',M2); +N=(w2/(m2/2))*((1000/V));//normality +mprintf('\n (f) normality = %f',N); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.10/Example_7_10.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.10/Example_7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359cd58f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.10/Example_7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +To=353;//Equillibrium temperature in K +delHfus=19290;//Latent heat of fusion in J mol^-1 + +//To determine the ideal solubility of napthlene at 298 K +X=(delHfus/R)*((1/To)-(1/T));//X=log(x) +x=exp(X);//x is the solubility +mprintf('The ideal solubility of napthlene at 298 K = %f',x); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.11/Example_7_11.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.11/Example_7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68f1bac5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.11/Example_7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 7.11 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=293;//temperature in K +w2=2;//weight of the solute in g +w1=100;//weight of solvent(benzene) in g +M1=78;//molecular mass of solvent +p1=74.66;//vapour pressure of pure benzene in mm Hg +P1=74.01;//vapour pressure of benzene in the mixture in mm Hg + +//To determine the molecular weight of the hydrocarbon +M2=(w2*M1*p1)/(w1*(p1-P1));//molecular weight of the hydrocarbon in g mol^-1 +mprintf('The molecular weight of the hydrocarbon is = %f g mol^-1',M2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.12/Example_7_12.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.12/Example_7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6270351e --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.12/Example_7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 7.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Tb=353.1;//Boiling temperature in K +delHvap=30.67;//heat of vapourization of benzene in kJ mol^-1 +M1=78;//molecular mass of benzene in gm + +//To determine the molal boiling point elevation constant of benzene +Kb=(R*(Tb^2)*M1)/(10^6*delHvap);//molal boiling point elevation constant of benzene in K kg mol^-1 +mprintf('The molal boiling point elevation constant of benzene is = %f K kg mol^-1',Kb); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.13/Example_7_13.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.13/Example_7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95ccd468c --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.13/Example_7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 7.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Tb=353.1;//temperature in K +w2=13.86;//weight of the solute in g +w1=100;//weight of solvent in g +M1=78;//molecular mass of solvent in g +M2=154;//molecular mass of solute in g +delTb=2.3;//elevation in boiling point in K + +//To determine the Kb and delHvap +m=(w2/M2)*(1000/w1);//molality in mol kg^-1 +Kb=delTb/m;//boiling point elevation constant in K mol^-1 kg +delHvap=(R*(Tb^2)*M1)/(1000*Kb);//heat of vapourization in J mol^-1 +mprintf('The heat of vapourization, delHvap = %f J mol^-1',delHvap); +mprintf('\n The molal boiling point elevation constant of benzene is = %f K kg mol^-1',Kb); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.14/Example_7_14.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.14/Example_7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b71b955b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.14/Example_7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.14 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +Tb=353.1;//temperature in K +w2x=0.5;//weight of the solute x in g +w2y=0.6;//weight of the solute y in g +Mx=128;//molecular mass of solute x in g +w1=50;//weight of solvent in g +delTx=0.4;//elevation in boiling point due to x in K +delTy=0.6;//elevation in boiling point due to y in K + +//To determine My +My=w2y*Mx*delTx/(delTy*w2x);//molecular mass of y in g mol^-1 +mprintf('The molecular mass of y is %f g mol^-1',My); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.15/Example_7_15.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.15/Example_7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d88989cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.15/Example_7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 7.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +To=278.15;//Freezing temperature in K +delHfus=9830;//heat of fusion of benzene in J mol^-1 +M1=78;//molecular mass of benzene in g + +//To determine the molal freezing point depression constant of benzene +Kf=(R*(To^2)*M1)/(1000*delHfus);//molal freezing point depression constant of benzene in K kg mol^-1 +mprintf('The molal freezing point depression constant of benzene = %f K kg mol^-1',Kf); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.16/Example_7_16.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.16/Example_7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..907cdd227 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.16/Example_7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7.16 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delTf=10;//Freezing temperature depression in K +Kf=1.86;//molal freezing point depression constant of water K mol^-1 kg +M2=32;//molecular mass of methyl alcohol in g +w1=100;//mass of water in g + +//To determine the mass of methyl alcohol required +w2=(delTf*M2*w1)/(Kf*1000);//mass of methyl alcohol required in g +mprintf('The mass of methyl alcohol required = %f g',w2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.17/Example_7_17.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.17/Example_7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..883722a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.17/Example_7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.17 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delTf=0.52;//Freezing temperature depression in K +Kf=12;//molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent K mol^-1 kg +w2=0.9;//mass of solute in g +w1=180;//mass of solvent in g +To=282;//freezing point of the solvent in K + +//To determine the molecular formula of solute,H2(CH2)n +M2=(Kf*1000*w2)/(w1*delTf);//molecular mass of solute in g +n=(M2-2)/14; +mprintf('The molecular mass of the hydrocarbon = %f',M2); +mprintf('\n The molecular formula of solute is H2(CH2)%i',n); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.19/Example_7_19.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.19/Example_7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9610fc02 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.19/Example_7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=82;//gas constant in atm ml K^-1 mol^-1 +w2=2;//mass of solute in g +M2=69000;//molecular mass of solvent in g mol^-1 +T=300.15;//temperature in K +V=100;//volume of solution in ml + +//To determine the osmotic pressure in cms of (i)water (ii)mercury +pi=(T*R*w2)/(M2*V);//the osmotic pressure in atm +h1=(pi*1013250)/(980.67);//the osmotic pressure in cms of (i)water +h2=pi*76;//the osmotic pressure in cms of (ii)mercury +mprintf('the osmotic pressure in cms of (i)water = %f cm',h1); +mprintf('\n the osmotic pressure in cms of (ii)mercury = %f cm',h2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..911610274 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7.2 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.08205;//gas constant in dm^3 atm K^-1 mol^-1 +b=0.0391;//Van der Waals constant in dm^3 mol^-1 +T=1273;//Temperature in K +P=1000;//pressure in atm + +//To calculate the fugacity coefficient +k=(b*P)/(R*T);//k=log(f/P) +f=P*exp(k);//fugacity coefficient in atm +mprintf('Fugacity coefficient = %f atm',f); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.20/Example_7_20.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.20/Example_7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e12c607 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.20/Example_7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 7.20 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=82;//gas constant in atm cm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +w2=1.35;//mass of solute in g +h1=9.9;//the osmotic pressure in cm of water +T=300;//temperature in K +V=100;//volume of solution in ml + +//To determine the molecular mass of the polymer +pi=(980.67*h1)/(1013250);//the osmotic pressure in atm +M2=(w2*R*T)/(pi*V);//molecular mass of the polymer in g +mprintf('The molecular mass of the polymer = %f g mol^-1',M2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.21/Example_7_21.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.21/Example_7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a058425bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.21/Example_7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 7.21 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=82;//gas constant in atm cm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +w2=0.45;//mass of solute in g +M2=180;//molecular mass of the solute in g mol^-1 +T=300;//temperature in K + +//To determine the height attained by water inside the tube and the osmotic pressure +h=sqrt((w2*R*T*1013250)/(M2*980.67));//height attained by water inside the tube +pi=(980.67*h)/(1013250);//the osmotic pressure in atm +mprintf('The height attained by water inside the tube = %f cm',h); +mprintf('\n The osmotic pressure = %f atm',pi); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.22/Example_7_22.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.22/Example_7_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a26d352a --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.22/Example_7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 7.22 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +w2=17.1;//mass of sucrose in g +w3=9;//mass of urea in g +w4=6;//mass of urea in g +M2=342;//molecular mass of sucrose in g mol^-1 +M3=180;//molecular mass of glucose in g mol^-1 +M4=60;//molecular mass of urea in g mol^-1 +T=300;//temperature in K +V=3;//volume in dm^3 + +//To determine the osmotic pressure and the weight average and number average molar mass +n2=w2/M2;//moles of sucrose +n3=w3/M3;//moles of glucose +n4=w4/M4;//moles of urea +x2=n2/(n2+n3+n4);//mole fraction of sucrose +x2=n3/(n2+n3+n4);//mole fraction of glucose +x2=n4/(n2+n3+n4);//mole fraction of urea +Mw=((w2*M2)+(w3*M3)+(w4*M4))/(w2+w3+w4);//mass average molar mass in g mol^-1 +n1=n2+n3+n4;//moles of all solutes +pi=(n1*R*T)/V;//the osmotic pressure in atm +Mn=((w2+w3+w4)*R*T)/(pi*V);//number average molar mass in g mol^-1 +mprintf('The mass average molar mass = %f gm mol^-1',Mw); +mprintf('\n The osmotic pressure = %f atm',pi); +mprintf('\n The number average molar mass = %f gm mol^-1',Mn); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.23/Example_7_23.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.23/Example_7_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ada5640a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.23/Example_7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 7.23 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +w2=2;//mass of solute in g +M2=12400;//molecular mass of the solute in g mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +Kf=1.86;//freezing point depression constant for water +w1=100;//weight of solvent in g +Kb=0.52;//boiling point elevation constant for water +p=24;//vapour pressure of water in mm Hg + +//To determine the height attained by water inside the tube and the osmotic pressure +m=(w2/M2)*(1000/w1);//molality in mol kg^-1 +delTf=Kf*m;//depression in freezing point in oC +delTb=Kb*m;//elevation in boiling point in oC +pi=m*R*T*760;//osmotic pressure in mm Hg +delp=(0.0016*18*p)/1000;//lowering of vapour pressure in mm Hg +mprintf('The depression in freezing point = %f oC',delTf); +mprintf('\n The elevation in boiling point = %f oC',delTb); +mprintf('\n The osmotic pressure = %f mm Hg',pi); +mprintf('\n The lowering of vapour pressure = %f mm Hg',delp); + +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.24/Example_7_24.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.24/Example_7_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ad348270 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.24/Example_7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 7.24 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +T=310;//temperature in K +delTf=0.402;//freezing temperature depression in K +Kf=1.86;//freezing point depression constant of waater + +//To determine the osmotic pressure +pi=(R*T*delTf)/(Kf);//the osmotic pressure in atm +mprintf('The osmotic pressure = %f atm',pi); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.25/Example_7_25.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.25/Example_7_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa9da87f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.25/Example_7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 7.25 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +delTf=0.3;//freezing temperature depression in K +Kf=1.86;//freezing point depression constant of waater +m=0.1;//molality of acid solution in mol kg^-1 + +//To determine the degree of dissociation +a=(delTf/(Kf*m))-1;//degree of dissociation +mprintf('The degree of dissociation = %f',a); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.26/Example_7_26.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.26/Example_7_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a9cc7f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.26/Example_7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.26 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +delTf=5.50-0.38;//freezing temperature depression for napthalene in K +delTfo=5.50-1.66;//freezing temperature depression for benzoic acid in K +m=1;//molality of acid solution in mol kg^-1 + +//To determine the degree of dimerization ad the equillibrium constant +Kf=delTf/m;//freezing point depression constant of benzene +delTfc=Kf*m;//freezing temperature depression for benzoic acid (ideal) in K +a=(1-(delTfo/delTfc))*2;//degree of dimerization +K=((1-a)/(1-(a/2)))/((a/2)/(1-(a/2)))^2;//equillibrium constant +mprintf('The degree of dimerization = %f',a); +mprintf('\n The equillibrium constant = %i',K); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.27/Example_7_27.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.27/Example_7_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd6eac733 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.27/Example_7_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 7.27 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +m=0.1;//molality of acid solution in mol kg^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +w1=1000;//mass of water in g + +//To determine the partial molar volume and the density +V2=16.62+(1.5*1.77*sqrt(m))+(2*0.12*m);//partial molar volume in cm^3 mol^-1 +V=1003+(16.62*m)+(1.77*m^(3/2))+(0.12*m^2);//total volume in cm^3 +V1=(V-(m*V2))/55.55;//partial molar volume of water in cm^3 mol^-1 +p1=(w1+5.85)/V;//density of te solution in g cm^-3 +mprintf('The partial molar volume of water = %f cm^3 mol^-1',V1); +mprintf('\n The partial molar volume of sodium chloride = %f cm^3 mol^-1',V2); +mprintf('\n The density = %f g cm^-3',p1); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.28/Example_7_28.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.28/Example_7_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90e047d4e --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.28/Example_7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 7.28 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +w=1;//mass of solution in kg +x1=0.531;//mole fraction of acetone +x2=0.469;//mole fraction of chloroform +M1=58;//molar mass of acetone in g mol^-1 +M2=119.5;//molar mass of chloroform in g mol^-1 +V1=74.166;//partial molar volume of acetone in cm^3 mol^-1 +V2=80.235;//partial molar volume of chloroform in cm^3 mol^-1 +//To determine the volume of the solution +V=((w*1000)*((x1*V1)+(x2*V2)))/((x1*M1)+(x2*M2));//the volume of the solution in cm^3 +n=(w*1000)/((x1*M1)+(x2*M2));//total number of moles +Vm=V/n;//mean molar volume of the solution in cm^3 mol^-1 +mprintf('The mean molar volume of the solution = %f cm^3 mol^-1',Vm); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.30/Example_7_30.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.30/Example_7_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32a747023 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.30/Example_7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.30 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +x1=0.5;//mole fraction of chloroform +x2=0.5;//mole fraction of p-xylene + +//To determine the volume of the solution +V=x1*x2*(0.585+(0.085*(x1-x2))-(0.165*((x1-x2)^2)));;//the volume of the solution in cm^3 mol^-1 +delV2=0.585+0.085-0.165;//in cm^3 mol^-1 +delV1=0.585-0.085-0.165;//in cm^3 mol^-1 +mprintf('The mean molar volume of the solution = %f cm^3 mol^-1',V); +mprintf('\n delV1 = %f cm^3 mol^-1',delV1); +mprintf('\n delV2 = %f cm^3 mol^-1',delV2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.32/Example_7_32.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.32/Example_7_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffc8c2389 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.32/Example_7_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 7.30 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +T=363;//temperature in K +P=734;//pressure in mm Hg +ww=27;//mass percent of water +wA=73;//mass percent of A +Pw=526;//vapour pressure of water in mm Hg + +//To determine the volume of the solution +PA=P-Pw;//partial pressure of A in mm Hg +MA=(Pw*18*wA)/(ww*PA);//molar mass of A in g mol^-1 +mprintf('The molar mass of A = %i g mol^-1',MA); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.4/Example_7_4.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.4/Example_7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7bec8fad --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.4/Example_7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 7.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K + +//To calculate delGmix,delHmix and delSmix +//(i) 10 moles of H + 10 moles of Ne +n1=10;//moles of H +n2=10;//moles of Ne +x1=n1/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of H +x2=n2/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of Ne +delGmix1=R*T*((n1*log(x1))+(n2*log(x2)));//free energy change in J +delSmix1=-delGmix1/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +delHmix1=0;//since all gases are ideal +mprintf('(i) delGmix = %f J \n delHmix = %f J \n delSmix = %f J K^-1',delGmix1,delHmix1,delSmix1); +//(ii) 10 moles of H + 20 moles of Ne +n21=10;//moles of H +n22=20;//moles of Ne +x21=n21/(n21+n22);//mole fraction of H +x22=n22/(n21+n22);//mole fraction of Ne +delGmix2=R*T*((n21*log(x21))+(n22*log(x22)));//free energy change in J +delSmix2=-delGmix2/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +delHmix2=0;//since all gases are ideal +mprintf('\n (ii) delGmix = %f J \n delHmix = %f J \n delSmix = %f J K^-1',delGmix2,delHmix2,delSmix2); +//(iii) 10 moles of Ne + 20 moles of equimolar mixture of Ne and He +delGmix3=delGmix2-delGmix1//free energy change in J +delSmix3=-delGmix3/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +delHmix3=0;//since all gases are ideal +mprintf('\n (iii) delGmix = %f J \n delHmix = %f J \n delSmix = %f J K^-1',delGmix3,delHmix3,delSmix3); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.6/Example_7_6.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.6/Example_7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f95405386 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.6/Example_7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 7.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.08205;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +R1=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=300;//temperature in K +VCH4=4;//initial volume of methane in dm^3 +VAr=1;//initial volume of argon in dm^3 +Vf=3;//final volume +P=1;//Initial Pressure in atm + +//To calculate delGmix,delHmix and delSmix +nCH4=(P*VCH4)/(R*T);//moles of methane taken +nAr=(P*VAr)/(R*T);//moles of Argon taken +xCH4=nCH4/(nCH4+nAr);//mole fraction of methane in the mixture +xAr=nAr/(nCH4+nAr);//mole fraction of Argon in the mixture +pf=(R*T*(nCH4+nAr))/Vf;//final pressure in atm +delGmix=R1*T*((nCH4*log(xCH4*pf))+(nAr*log(xAr*pf)));//free energy change in J +delHmix=0;//since the gases are ideal +delSmix=-delGmix/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('delGmix = %f J \n delHmix = %f J \n delSmix = %f J K^-1',delGmix,delHmix,delSmix); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.7/Example_7_7.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.7/Example_7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e6bc6000 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.7/Example_7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 7.7 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=0.08205;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +R1=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=293;//temperature in K +w1=100;//weight of ethanol taken in g +w2=100;//weight of methanol taken in g +p1=44.5;//vapour preaaure of pure ethanol in mm Hg +p2=88.7;//vapour preaaure of pure methanol in mm Hg + +//To determine the vapour pressure of solution,partial vapour pressures and vapour phase composition +n1=100/46;//moles of ethanol +n2=100/32;//moles of methanol +x1=n1/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of ethanol +x2=n2/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of methanol +P1=p1*x1;//partial pressure of ethanol in mm Hg +P2=p2*x2;//partial pressure of methanol in mm Hg +P=P1+P2;//vapour pressure of the solution in mm Hg +y1=P1/P;//mole fraction of ethanol in the vapour phase +y2=1-y1;//mole fraction of methanol in the vapour phase +mprintf('(i) Vapour pressure of the solution = %f',P); +mprintf('\n (ii) Partial vapour pressure of ethanol is %f mm Hg and that of methanol is %f mm Hg',P1,P2); +mprintf('\n (iii) mole fraction of ethanol in vapour phase is %f and that of methanol is %f',y1,y2); diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.8/Example_7_8.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.8/Example_7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e6193622 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.8/Example_7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7.8 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +n1=1;//moles of toluene +n2=2;//moles of benzene + +//to determine the free energy of mixing +x1=n1/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of toluene +x2=n2/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of benzene +delGmix=R*T*((n1*log(x1))+(n2*log(x2)));//free energy of mixing in J +delSmix=-delGmix/T;//entropy change in J K^-1 +mprintf('The free energy of mixing = %f J',delGmix); +mprintf('\n The entropy of mixing = %f J K^-1',delSmix); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH7/EX7.9/Example_7_9.sce b/1019/CH7/EX7.9/Example_7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180e09f35 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH7/EX7.9/Example_7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 7.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +P=1;//pressure in atm +kO2=4.34*(10^4);//Henrys constant for O2 in atm +kN2=8.57*(10^4);//Henrys constant for N2 in atm + +//To determine the molality of O2 and N2 dissolved in water +xO2=P/kO2;//mole fraction of O2 +xN2=P/kN2;//mole fraction of N2 +mO2=55.5*xO2;//molality of O2 in mol kg^-1 +mN2=55.5*xN2;//molality of N2 in mol kg^-1 +mprintf('Molality of O2 dissolved in water = %f mol kg^-1',mO2); +mprintf('\n Molality of N2 dissolved in water = %f mol kg^-1',mN2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1e003f90 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 8.1 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +Kp=0.10;//equillibrium constant at 300K +Pa=20;// Partial pressure of A in atm +Pm=1.0;///partial pressure of M in atm +T=300;//Temperature in K +R=8.314;// gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +//To determine the free energy +Qp=Pm/Pa;//reaction quotient +delG=R*T*log(Qp/Kp);//free energy change +mprintf('(a) delG = %f J mol^-1',delG); +delG0=-R*T*log(Kp);//standard free energy in J mol^-1 +mprintf('\n (b) standard free energy = %f J mol^-1',delG0); +mprintf('\n (c) Since delG is negetive,the reaction proceeds spontaneously in forward direction') +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.10/Example_8_10.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.10/Example_8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..721a4940b --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.10/Example_8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 8.10 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=298;//initial temperature in K +T2=308;//final temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the value of delHo +delHo=((R*T1*T2*log(2))/(T2-T1))*0.001;//delHo in kJ mol^-1 +mprintf('Enthalpy of reaction,delHo = %f kJ mol^-1',delHo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.12/Example_8_12.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.12/Example_8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20219bac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.12/Example_8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 8.12 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=1225;//initial temperature in K +T2=1200;//final temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHo=216.7;//standard enthalpy of the reaction in kJ +K1=0.00328;//equillibrium constant at temperature T1 + +//To determine equillibrium constant,delSo and delGo at temperature T2 +k=(log(K1)-((1000*delHo/R)*((1/T2)-(1/T1))));//k=log(K2) +K2=exp(k);//equillibrium constant at T2 +delGo=R*T2*k/1000;//delGo in kJ mol^-1 +delSo=1000*((delHo+delGo)/T2);//delSo in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('equillibrium constant at 1200 K = %f',K2); +mprintf('\n delGo at 1200 K = %f kJ mol^-1',delGo); +mprintf('\n delSo at 1200 K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.13/Example_8_13.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.13/Example_8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2781282 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.13/Example_8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.13 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=1225;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delHo=216.7;//standard enthalpy of the reaction in kJ +K=0.00328;//equillibrium constant at temperature T1 + +//To determine delSo and delGo at temperature T +delGo=R*T*log(K)/1000;//delGo in kJ mol^-1 +delSo=1000*((delHo+delGo)/T);//delSo in J mol^-1 K^-1 +mprintf('delGo at 1225 K = %f kJ mol^-1',delGo); +mprintf('\n delSo at 1225 K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.15/Example_8_15.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.15/Example_8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41336e333 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.15/Example_8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 8.15 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGfoH2Ol=-237.2;//standard enthalpy of formation of water in kJ mol^-1 +pH2O=23.7;//vapour pressure of water in mm Hg +P=760;//standard pressure in mm Hg + +//To determine delGfoH2Og +Kp=pH2O/P;//equillibrium constant for given reaction +delGo=(-1)*R*T*log(Kp)/1000;//delGo in kJ mol^-1 +delGfoH2Og=delGo+delGfoH2Ol;//free energy of formation of water vapour in kJ mol^-1 +mprintf('Free energy of formation of water vapour,delGfoH2Og = %f kJ mol^-1',delGfoH2Og); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.16/Example_8_16.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.16/Example_8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..075293b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.16/Example_8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 8.16 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGfoCuO=-127.2;//standard enthalpy of formation of CuO in kJ mol^-1 +pH2O=23.7;//vapour pressure of water in mm Hg +P=760;//standard pressure in mm Hg + +//To determine delGfoH2Og +Kp=pH2O/P;//equillibrium constant for given reaction +delGo=(-2)*delGfoCuO;//delGo in kJ mol^-1 +k=(-1000*delGo)/(R*T);//k=log(Kp) +Kp=exp(k);//equillibrium constant Kp +pO2=Kp*1;//partial pressure of O2 in atm +mprintf('Partial pressure of O2 over CuO and Cu at 298 K = %f atm',pO2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.18/Example_8_18.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.18/Example_8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bafe51699 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.18/Example_8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 8.18 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHo=241.82;//Enthalpy of reaction in kJ mol^-1 +delSo=44.4;//Entropy of the reaction in J K^-1 mol^-1 +K=1;//equillibrium constant for the reaction + +//To determine the temperature +delGo=0;//since delGo=RTlog(k) and log(1)=0 +T=(delHo*1000)/delSo;//temperature in K +mprintf('Temperature at which K=1 is %f K',T); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.19/Example_8_19.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.19/Example_8_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bb038016 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.19/Example_8_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 8.19 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delGo2=-36.7;//standard free energy change in conversion of fumarate to asparate in kJ mol^-1 +delGo3=-2.9;//standard free energy change in conversion of fumarate to malate in kJ mol^-1 +T=310;//Temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the standard free energy change in conversion of malate to asparate and the equillibrium constant +delGo1=delGo2-delGo3;//the standard free energy change in conversion of malate to asparate in kJ mol^-1 +k=(-1000*delGo1)/(R*T);//k=log(K) +K=exp(k);//K is the equillibrium constant +mprintf('Standard free energy change in conversion of malate to asparate = %f kJ mol^-1',delGo1); +mprintf('\n The equillibrium constant at 310 K = %f',K); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bd8c3d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 8.2 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p=0.35; +Kp=p*10^-24;//equillibrium constant at 300K +P0=1.0;//standard pressure in atm +T=300;//Temperature in K +R=0.082;// gas constant in atm dm^3 mol^-1K^-1 +C0=1;//in mol/dm^3 +Kp2=0.157;//Kp for reaction in (b) +P=1;//pressure in atm + +// (a) To determine Kc1 +delv=(2+1)-2; +c=p*((P0/(C0*R*T)))^delv +Kc1=c*10^-24;//equillibrium constant +mprintf('(a) Kc = %f *(10^-24)',c); + +//(b) To determine Kc2 +delv2=2-1; +Kc2=Kp2*((P0/(C0*R*T)))^delv2; +mprintf('\n (b) Kc = %f',Kc2); +Kx=Kp2*(P0/P);//equillibrium constant +mprintf('\n Kx = %f',Kx) +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.20/Example_8_20.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.20/Example_8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60766ffa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.20/Example_8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 8.20 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=313;//1st temperature in K +T2=333;//2nd temperature in K +KT1=0.86;//Value of equillibrium constant at temperature T1 +KT2=0.35;//Value of equillibrium constant at temperature T2 +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the value of delGo,delHo and delSo +delHo=(R*T1*T2*log(KT2/KT1))/(T2-T1);//delHo in J mol^-1 +delGo313=-R*T1*log(KT1);//value of delGo at T1 in J mol^-1 +delGo333=-R*T2*log(KT2);//value of delGo at T2 in J mol^-1 +delSo313=(delHo-delGo313)/T1;//value of delSo at T1 in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delSo333=(delHo-delGo333)/T2;//value of delSo at T2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 +mprintf('delHo = %f J mol^-1',delHo); +mprintf('\n delGo at 313 K = %f J mol^-1',delGo313); +mprintf('\n delGo at 333 K = %f J mol^-1',delGo333); +mprintf('\n delSo at 313 K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo313); +mprintf('\n delSo at 333 K = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo333); + +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.22/Example_8_22.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.22/Example_8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f9c28b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.22/Example_8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 8.22 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//Temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +k=4.814-(2059/T);//k=log(K),where K is the equillibrium constant + +//To determine the values of delGo,delHo and delSo +delSo=4.814*R;//entropy change in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGo=-R*T*k;//free energy change in J mol^-1 +delHo=delGo+(T*delSo);//enthalpy change in J mol^-1 +mprintf('delHo = %f J mol^-1',delHo); +mprintf('\n delGo = %f J mol^-1',delGo); +mprintf('\n delSo = %f J K^-1 mol^-1',delSo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.23/Example_8_23.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.23/Example_8_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5778b4614 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.23/Example_8_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 8.23 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//Temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +R1=0.082;//gas constant in atm dm^3 K^-1 mol^-1 +P=1;//pressure in atm +a=0.167;//degree of dissociation + +//To determine Kp,Kc,delGoP and delGoC +Kp=(4*(a^2)*P)/(1-(a^2));//Equillibrium constant in terms of pressure +Kc=Kp*((R1*T)^(-1));//Equillibrium constant in terms of concentration +delGoP=-0.001*R*T*log(Kp);//standard free energy in kJ +delGoC=-0.001*R*T*log(Kc);//standard free energy in kJ +mprintf('Kc = %f',Kc); +mprintf('\n Kp = %f',Kp); +mprintf('\n delGoP = %f kJ',delGoP); +mprintf('\n delGoC = %f kJ',delGoC); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.27/Example_8_27.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.27/Example_8_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a042973be --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.27/Example_8_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 8.27 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=1300;//Temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p1=1.067*(10^5);//ratio of pressure of CO/CO2 for 1st reaction +p2=1.835*(10^5);//ratio of pressure of CO/CO2 for 2nd reaction + +//To determine the values of delGo for required reaction +Kp1=p1^2;//equillibrium constant for the 1st reaction +Kp2=p2^2;//equillibrium constant for 2nd reaction +delGo1=-0.001*R*T*log(Kp1);//free energy change in kJ +delGo2=-0.001*R*T*log(Kp2);//free energy change in kJ +delGoA=delGo2-delGo1;//delGo for required reaction in kJ +mprintf('delGo for the formation of cobaltous silicate = %f kJ',delGoA); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.28/Example_8_28.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.28/Example_8_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd928ebb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.28/Example_8_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8.28 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGfoO3=163.43;//free energy of formation of O3 in kJ +delGfoO2=0;//free energy of formation of O2 in kJ + +//To determine the value of equillibrium constant +delGo=(2*delGfoO3)-(3*delGfoO2);//delGo in kJ +k=(-1000*delGo)/(2.303*R*T);//k=log10(K) +mprintf('Equillibrium constant,K = 10^%f',k); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..347396e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 8.3 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +p=1.7; +Kp=p*10^12;//equillibrium constant at 300K + +// (i) To determine Kp1 +p1=1/p; +Kp1=1/Kp;//equillibrium constant +mprintf('(i) Kp = %f * 10^-12',p1); + +//(ii) To determine Kc2 +p2=p1^2; +Kp2=Kp1^2;//equillibrium constant +mprintf('\n (ii) Kp = %f * 10^-24',p2); +p3=1/p2; +Kp3=1/Kp2;//equillibrium constant +mprintf('\n (iii) Kp = %f * 10^24',p3) +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.32/Example_8_32.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.32/Example_8_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f75a04df2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.32/Example_8_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 8.32 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +n1=1;//moles of acetic acid and ethanol initially mixed +n2=0.667;//moles of easter and water produced + +//To determine the equillibrium constant +n3=1-0.667;//moles of acid and ethanol remaining +N=2;//total number of moles of reactants taken +Ka=((n2/N)*(n2/N))/((n3/N)*(n3/N)); +mprintf('Equillibrium constant for the reaction = %f',Ka); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59a7c2273 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 8.4 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +v=2; +p=1;//pressure in atm +V=1;//volume in L +R=0.082;// gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298.15;// temperature in K +w=3.176;// weight of N2O4 taken in g + +// To determine degree of dissociation a +m1=(2*14)+(4*16);//molecular mass of N2O4 in g mol^-1 +m2=(w*R*T)/(p*V);//in g mol^-1 +a=(m1-m2)/m2((v-1));//degree of dissociation +mprintf('Degree of dissociation = %f ',a); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93d3f4adc --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 8.5 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +delHfoC=0;//enthalpy of formation of graphite in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoH2=0;//enthalpy of formation of Hydrogen molecule in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoCH4=-74.83;//enthalpy of formation of methane in kJ mol^-1 +delSoC=5.68//standard entropy of graphite in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delSoH2=130.59//standard entropy of Hydrogen in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delSoCH4=186.19//standard entropy of methane in J K^-1 mol^-1 +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +//To determine the change in free energy delGo and Kp,the equillibrium constant +delHo=1000*(delHfoCH4-(delHfoC+(2*delHfoH2)));//Net change in enthalpy in J mol^-1 +delSo=delSoCH4-(delSoC+(2*delSoH2));//Net change in entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGo=delHo-(T*delSo);//delGo in J mol^-1 +k=-1*delGo/(R*T);//k=log(Kp) +Kp=exp(k);//equillibrium constant Kp +mprintf('Change in free energy,delGo=%f J mol^-1',delGo); +mprintf('\n Equillibrium constant,Kp=%f',Kp); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5afde5050 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 8.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p=101325;//pressure in N m^-2 +MoNH3=-16.6;//standard chemical potential of amonia at 298 K in kJ mol^-1 +MoN2=0;//standard chemical potential of nitrogen at 298 K in kJ mol^-1 +MoH2=0;//standard chemical potential of hydrogen at 298 K in kJ mol^-1 + +//To determine the value of equillibrium constant Kp +delGo=MoN2+(3*MoH2)-(2*MoNH3);//delGo in kJ +k=(-1000*delGo)/(R*T);//k=log(Kp) +Kp=exp(k);//equillibrium constant Kp +mprintf('Change in free energy,delGo=%f kJ',delGo); +mprintf('\n Equillibrium constant,Kp=%f',Kp); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.7/Example_8_7.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.7/Example_8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b2d8572 --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.7/Example_8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 8.6 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=673;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +p=101325;//pressure in N m^-2 +Kp=1.64*10^(-4);//Equillibrium constant for the synthesis of amonia at 673 K + +//To determine the value of delGo +delGo=(-1)*R*T*log(Kp);//delGo in J mol^-1 +mprintf('Change in free energy,delGo = %f J mol^-1',delGo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8_8.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2038deeac --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 8.8 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T=298;//temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGfoC2H4=68.12;//standard free energy change in the formation of ethylene in kJ mol^-1 +delGfoC2H6=-32.89;//standard free energy change in the formation of ethane in kJ mol^-1 + +//To determine the value of delGo i.e. heat of hydrogenation of ethylene +delGo=delGfoC2H6-delGfoC2H4;//heat of hydrogenation of ethylene in kJ mol^-1 +mprintf('Heat of hydrogenation of ethylene,delGo = %f kJ mol^-1',delGo); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1019/CH8/EX8.9/Example_8_9.sce b/1019/CH8/EX8.9/Example_8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ef94c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1019/CH8/EX8.9/Example_8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 8.9 +clear; +clc; + +//Given +T1=298;//initial temperature in K +T2=1073;//final temperature in K +R=8.314;//gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 +delGfoH2=0;//standard free energy change in the formation of hydrogen in kJ mol^-1 +delGfoC0=-137.27;//standard free energy change in the formation of CO in kJ mol^-1 +delGfoH2O=-228.59;//standard free energy change in the formation of water in kJ mol^-1 +delGfoC02=-394.38;//standard free energy change in the formation of CO2 in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoH2=0;//standard enthalpy in the formation of hydrogen in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoC0=-110.52;//standard enthalpy in the formation of CO in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoH2O=-241.83;//standard enthalpy in the formation of water in kJ mol^-1 +delHfoC02=-392.51;//standard enthalpy in the formation of CO2 in kJ mol^-1 + +//To determine the value of Kp at T1 and T2 +delGo=delGfoH2+delGfoC02-(delGfoC0+delGfoH2O);//free energy change in kJ mol^-1 +delHo=delHfoH2+delHfoC02-(delHfoC0+delHfoH2O);//standard enthalpy change in kJ mol^-1 +k1=(-1000*delGo)/(R*T1);//k=log(Kp) +Kp1=exp(k1);//equillibrium constant Kp at 298 K +mprintf('Equillibrium constant,Kp at 298 K = %f ',Kp1); +k2=((-1000*delHo/R)*((1/1073)-(1/298)))+k1;//equillibrium constant at 1073 K +Kp2=exp(k2);//equillibrium constant Kp at 1073 K +mprintf('\n Equillibrium constant,Kp at 1073 K = %f ',Kp2); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a.sce b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dfb3c1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-1 Ex1.4.a Pg No. 23 +//Title: Activation energy from packed bed data - I Order Reaction +//========================================================================================================= +clear +clc +clf +//INPUT +L= [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9];//Bed length in feet(ft) +T=[330 338 348 361 380 415 447 458 ] //Temperature Corresponding the bed length given (°C) +R=1.98587E-3;//Gas constant (kcal/mol K) + +//CALCLATION +//Basis is 1mol of feed A(Furfural) X moles reacted to form Furfuran and CO +x=(T-330)./130;//Conversion based on fractional temperature rise +n=length (T); +//6 moles of steam per mole of Furfural is used to decrease temperature rise in the bed +P_mol=x+7;//Total No. of moles in product stream +for i=1:(n-1) + T_avg(i)= (T(i)+T(i+1))/2 + P_molavg(i)= (P_mol(i)+P_mol(i+1))/2 + delta_L(i)=L(i+1)-L(i) + k_1(i)=((P_molavg(i))/delta_L(i))*log((1-x(i))/(1-x(i+1))) + u(i)=(1/(T_avg(i)+273.15)); +end +v=(log(k_1)); +plot(u.*1000,v,'o'); +xlabel("1000/T (K^-1)"); +ylabel("ln k_1"); +xtitle("ln k_1 vs 1000/T" ); +// Least square regression to obtain activation energy and pre-exponential factor +i=length(u); +X=[u ones(i,1) ]; +result= X\v; +k_0=exp(result(2,1)); +E=(-R)*(result(1,1)); + + + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('========================================================================================\n') +mprintf('L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_1') +mprintf('\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mprintf('\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mprintf('\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mprintf('\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_1(i)) +end +mprintf('\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E ); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('E:\Chapter1-Ex4-a-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'========================================================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_1') +mfprintf(fid,'\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mfprintf(fid,'\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mfprintf(fid,'\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_1(i)) +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E ); +mclose(fid); +//=================================================================END OF PROGRAM======================================== +//Disclaimer:The last value of tavg and k_1 corresponding to L=9 in Table 1.6 (Pg No. 25)of the textbook is a misprint. +// The value should be 452.5 and 4.955476 respectively instead of 455 and 18.2 as printed in the textbook. +//Hence there is a change in the activation energy obtained from the code +// The answer obtained is 21.3935 kcal/mol instead of 27 kcal/mol as reported in the textbook. +//Figure 1.8 is a plot between ln k_1 vs 1000/T instead of k_1 vs 1000/T as stated in the solution of Ex1.4.a diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31a8d8816 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +======================================================================================== +L T x T_average (7+x)ave k_1 +(ft) (°C) (°C) +======================================================================================== +1.000000 338.000000 0.061538 334.000000 7.030769 0.446548 +2.000000 348.000000 0.138462 343.000000 7.100000 0.607207 +3.000000 361.000000 0.238462 354.500000 7.188462 0.886905 +4.000000 380.000000 0.384615 370.500000 7.311538 1.558039 +5.000000 415.000000 0.653846 397.500000 7.519231 4.326296 +6.000000 447.000000 0.900000 431.000000 7.776923 9.656708 +9.000000 458.000000 0.984615 452.500000 7.942308 4.955476 + +The activation energy from the slope =21.393545 kcal/mol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Result.pdf b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Result.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7a3d1dd4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.a/Chapter1_Ex4_a_Result.pdf differ diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b.sce b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c89a78537 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-1 Ex1.4.b Pg No. 23 +//Title: Activation energy from packed bed data - II Order Reaction +//========================================================================================================= +clear +clc +clf +//INPUT +L= [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9];//Bed length in feet(ft) +T=[330 338 348 361 380 415 447 458 ] //Temperature Corresponding the bed length given (°C) +R=1.98587E-3;//Gas constant (kcal/mol K) + +//CALCLATION +//Basis is 1mol of feed A(Furfural) X moles reacted to form Furfuran and CO +x=(T-330)./130;//Conversion based on fractional temperature rise +n=length (T); +//6 moles of steam per mole of Furfural is used to decrease temperature rise in the bed +P_mol=x+7;//Total No. of moles in product stream +for i=1:(n-1) + T_avg(i)= (T(i)+T(i+1))/2 + P_molavg(i)= (P_mol(i)+P_mol(i+1))/2 + delta_L(i)=L(i+1)-L(i) + k_2(i)=((P_molavg(i))/delta_L(i))*((x(i+1)-x(i))/((1-x(i+1))*(1-x(i)))) + u(i)=(1/(T_avg(i)+273.15)); +end +v=(log(k_2)); +plot(u.*1000,v,'o'); +xlabel("1000/T (K^-1)"); +ylabel("ln k_2"); +xtitle("ln k_2 vs 1000/T "); +i=length(u); +X=[u ones(i,1) ]; +result= X\v; +k_0=exp(result(2,1)); +E=(-R)*(result(1,1)); + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('========================================================================================\n') +mprintf('L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_2') +mprintf('\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mprintf('\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mprintf('\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mprintf('\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_2(i)) +end +mprintf('\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E ); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter1-Ex4-b-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'========================================================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_2') +mfprintf(fid,'\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mfprintf(fid,'\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mfprintf(fid,'\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_2(i)) +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E ); +mclose(fid); + +//============================================================END OF PROGRAM=========================================== +//Disclaimer: Least Square method is used to find the slope and intercept in this example. +// Hence the values differ from the graphically obtained values of slope and intercept in the textbook. +// Further, intermeidate values for Ex.1.4.b is not available/ reported in textbook and hence could not be compared. +//Figure 1.8 is a plot between ln k_2 vs 1000/T instead of k_2 vs 1000/T as stated in the solution of Ex1.4.b + diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..712170a8a --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +======================================================================================== +L T x T_average (7+x)ave k_2 +(ft) (°C) (°C) +======================================================================================== +1.000000 338.000000 0.061538 334.000000 7.030769 0.461034 +2.000000 348.000000 0.138462 343.000000 7.100000 0.675498 +3.000000 361.000000 0.238462 354.500000 7.188462 1.095644 +4.000000 380.000000 0.384615 370.500000 7.311538 2.280240 +5.000000 415.000000 0.653846 397.500000 7.519231 9.503472 +6.000000 447.000000 0.900000 431.000000 7.776923 55.302564 +9.000000 458.000000 0.984615 452.500000 7.942308 145.608974 + +The activation energy from the slope =43.147788 kcal/mol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Result.pdf b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Result.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d6c4a023 Binary files /dev/null and b/1040/CH1/EX1.4.b/Chapter1_Ex4_b_Result.pdf differ diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Ex4.sce b/1040/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4f83141c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-1 Ex1.4 Pg No. 23 +//Title: Activation energy from packed bed data +//========================================================================================================= +clear +clc +clf +// COMMON INPUT +L= [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9];//Bed length in feet(ft) +T=[330 338 348 361 380 415 447 458 ] //Temperature Corresponding the bed length given (°C) +R=1.98587E-3;//Gas constant (kcal/mol K) + +//CALCLATION (Ex1.4.a) +//Basis is 1mol of feed A(Furfural) X moles reacted to form Furfuran and CO +x=(T-330)./130;//Conversion based on fractional temperature rise +n=length (T);//6 moles of steam per mole of Furfural is used to decrease temperature rise in the bed +P_mol=x+7;//Total No. of moles in product stream +for i=1:(n-1) + T_avg(i)= (T(i)+T(i+1))/2 + P_molavg(i)= (P_mol(i)+P_mol(i+1))/2 + delta_L(i)=L(i+1)-L(i) + k_1(i)=((P_molavg(i))/delta_L(i))*log((1-x(i))/(1-x(i+1))) + u1(i)=(1/(T_avg(i)+273.15)); +end +v1=(log(k_1)); +i=length(u1); +X1=[u1 ones(i,1) ]; +result1= X1\v1; +k_1_dash=exp(result1(2,1)); +E1=(-R)*(result1(1,1)); + +//OUTPUT (Ex1.4.a) +//Console Output +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex1.4.a'); +mprintf('\n========================================================================================\n') +mprintf('L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_1') +mprintf('\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mprintf('\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mprintf('\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mprintf('\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_1(i)) +end +mprintf('\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E1 ); +//===================================================================================================== + + +//Title: II Order Reaction +//========================================================================================================= +//CALCULATION (Ex 1.4.b) +for i=1:(n-1) + T_avg(i)= (T(i)+T(i+1))/2 + P_molavg(i)= (P_mol(i)+P_mol(i+1))/2 + delta_L(i)=L(i+1)-L(i) + k_2(i)=((P_molavg(i))/delta_L(i))*((x(i+1)-x(i))/((1-x(i+1))*(1-x(i)))) + u2(i)=(1/(T_avg(i)+273.15)); +end +v2=(log(k_2)); +plot(u1.*1000,v1,'o',u2.*1000,v2,'*'); +xlabel("1000/T (K^-1)"); +ylabel("ln k_1 or ln k_2"); +xtitle("ln k vs 1000/T "); +legend('ln k_1','ln k_2'); +j=length(u2); +X2=[u2 ones(j,1) ]; +result2= X2\v2; +k_2_dash=exp(result2(2,1)); +E2=(-R)*(result2(1,1)); + +//OUTPUT (Ex 1.4.b) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex1.4.b'); +mprintf('\n========================================================================================\n') +mprintf('L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_2') +mprintf('\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mprintf('\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mprintf('\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mprintf('\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_2(i)) +end +mprintf('\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E2 ); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter1-Ex4-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex1.4.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_1') +mfprintf(fid,'\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mfprintf(fid,'\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mfprintf(fid,'\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_1(i)) +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E1 ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n========================================================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex1.4.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'L \t \t T \t\t x \t\t T_average \t(7+x)ave \tk_2') +mfprintf(fid,'\n(ft) \t \t (°C) \t\t \t\t (°C) \t ') +mfprintf(fid,'\n========================================================================================') +for i=1:n-1 +mfprintf(fid,'\n%f \t %f \t %f ',L(i+1),T(i+1),x(i+1)) +mfprintf(fid,'\t %f \t %f \t %f',T_avg(i),P_molavg(i),k_2(i)) +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\nThe activation energy from the slope =%f kcal/mol',E2 ); +mclose(all); + +//============================================================END OF PROGRAM=========================================== +//Disclaimer (Ex1.4.a):The last value of tavg and k_1 corresponding to L=9 in Table 1.6 (Pg No. 25)of the textbook is a misprint. +// The value should be 452.5 and 4.955476 respectively instead of 455 and 18.2 as printed in the textbook. +//Hence there is a change in the activation energy obtained from the code +// The answer obtained is 21.3935 kcal/mol instead of 27 kcal/mol as reported in the textbook. +//Figure 1.8 is a plot between ln k_1 vs 1000/T instead of k_1 vs 1000/T as stated in the solution of Ex1.4.a +//========================================================================================================= +//Disclaimer (Ex1.4.b): There is a discrepancy between the computed value of activation energy and value reported in textbook +// Error could have been on similar lines as reported for example Ex.1.4.a +// Further, intermeidate values for Ex.1.4.b is not available/ reported in textbook and hence could not be compared. +//Figure 1.8 is a plot between ln k_2 vs 1000/T instead of k_2 vs 1000/T as stated in the solution of Ex1.4.b + + diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5.sce b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ff042cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-1 Ex1.5 Pg No. 29 +//Title: Methods to determine km and vm +//======================================================================================== +clear +clc +clf +//INPUT +S=[2;5;10;15]*10^(-3);//Concentration of substrate [HCO3] +r_reciprocal=[95;45;29;25]*10^(3);//Reciprocal rates (L-sec/mol) + +//CALCULATION +//Plot 1 refer equation 1.24 Pg No.29 +x1=(S).^(-1); +y1=r_reciprocal; +scf(0) +plot(x1,y1*10^(-3),'RED'); +xlabel("1/[S]"); +ylabel("(1/r)*10^-3"); +xtitle("1/r versus 1/S"); +p=length(x1); +X_1=[x1 ones(p,1)]; +R1=X_1\y1; +slope(1)=R1(1,1); +intercept(1)=R1(2,1); +v_m(1)=(1/(intercept(1)));//Maximum Reaction Rate(mol/L-sec) +k_m(1)=slope(1)*v_m(1);//Michaelis-Menton constant + +//Plot 2 refer equation 1.25 Pg No.29 +x2=S; +y2=S.*r_reciprocal; +scf(1) +plot(x2*10^(3),y2); +xlabel("(S)*10^3"); +ylabel("(S)/r"); +xtitle("(S)/r versus (S)"); +q=length(x2); +X_2=[x2 ones(q,1)]; +R2=X_2\y2; +slope(2)=R2(1,1); +intercept(2)=R2(2,1); +v_m(2)=1/(slope(2));//Maximum Reaction Rate (mol/L-sec) +k_m(2)=intercept(2)/(slope(2));//Michaelis-Menton constant + + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n======================================================================================'); +mprintf('\n \t\tMethod_1\tMethod_2'); +mprintf('\n======================================================================================'); +i=1 + mprintf('\n Slope \t%f\t%f',slope(i),slope(i+1)); + mprintf('\n Intercept \t%f\t%f',intercept(i),intercept(i+1)); + mprintf('\n Km (M) \t%f\t%f',k_m(i),k_m(i+1)); + mprintf('\n Vm(mol/L-sec) %f\t%f',v_m(i),v_m(i+1)); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter1-Ex5-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n======================================================================================'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \t\tMethod_1\tMethod_2'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n======================================================================================'); +i=1 + mfprintf(fid,'\n Slope \t%f\t%f',slope(i),slope(i+1)); + mfprintf(fid,'\n Intercept \t%f\t%f',intercept(i),intercept(i+1)); + mfprintf(fid,'\n Km (M) \t%f\t%f',k_m(i),k_m(i+1)); + mfprintf(fid,'\n Vm(mol/L-sec) %f\t%f',v_m(i),v_m(i+1)); +mclose(fid); + +//========================================================================END OF PROGRAM================================= +//Disclaimer: Least Square method is used to find the slope and intercept in this example. +// Hence the values differ from the graphically obtained values of slope and intercept in the textbook. + + diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result1.pdf b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51eb6702c Binary files /dev/null and b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result1.pdf differ diff --git a/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result2.pdf b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82cd15558 Binary files /dev/null and b/1040/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Ex5_Result2.pdf differ diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.1/Chapter10_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH10/EX10.1/Chapter10_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54dbd6722 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.1/Chapter10_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-10 Ex10.1 Pg No. 408 +//Title:Fraction unconverted naphthalene based on model II +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +T_ref=273;//Reference Temperature +T_feed=300+T_ref;//Temperature in (K) +SV_STP=[60000 120000];//Space velocity(Hr-1) +t_cell=0.04;//Thickness(cm) +cell_unit_area=100/(2.54^2);//No of cells per unit area(cells/cm2) +L_inch=6;// Length of monolithic converter (Inches) +Epsilon=0.68;//Porosity +myu=0.0284*(10^-2);//Viscosity of air(Poise) +rho=6.17*10^(-4);//Density of air (g/cm3) + + +//CALCULATION +d=sqrt(1/cell_unit_area)- t_cell; +Epsilon=(d^2/(d+t_cell)^2); + +//Assume the wash coating lowers d to 0.21 cm and Epsilon to 0.68: +d_new=0.21; +Epsilon_new =0.68 +a=4*Epsilon_new/d_new; +SV=SV_STP.*(T_feed/(T_ref*3600));//Refer equation 10.13 +L_cm=L_inch*2.54; +u0=SV.*(L_cm); +u=u0.*(1/Epsilon); +Nu=myu/rho;//Kinematic viscosity +D_CO_N2_1=0.192;//Diffusion coefficients for binary gas mixtures(cm2/sec) at 288K +D_CO_N2_2=D_CO_N2_1*(T_feed/288)^(1.7);////Diffusion coefficients for binary gas mixtures(cm2/sec) at 573K +Sc=Nu/D_CO_N2_2; +for i=1:2 +Re(i)=d_new*u(i)/Nu; +Re_Sc_d_by_L(i)=Re(i)*Sc*(d_new/L_cm); +Sh(i) = 3.66 *(1+0.095*Re_Sc_d_by_L(i))^(0.45);//Refer equation 10.7 +k_c(i)=Sh(i)*D_CO_N2_2/d_new; +X(i)=1-exp((-k_c(i)*a*L_cm*u0(i)^(-1)));//Refer equation10.12 +Percent_X(i)=X(i)*100; +end + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The Conversion expected for the given space velocities '); +mprintf(' \n Space Velocity (hr-1)\t \t Conversion (%%)'); +mprintf('\n ======================================================'); +for i=1:2 + mprintf('\n %.0f \t \t \t \t %.1f',SV_STP(i),Percent_X(i)); +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter10-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Conversion expected for the given space velocities '); +mfprintf(fid,' \n Space Velocity (hr-1)\t \t Conversion (%%)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n ======================================================'); +for i=1:2 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %.0f \t \t \t \t %.1f',SV_STP(i),Percent_X(i)); +end +mclose(fid); + + +//================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================================= + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a.sce b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec130cc50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-10 Ex10.2.a Pg No. 414 +//Title:Conversion as a function of No. of Gauzes +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +M_NH3=17;//Molecular weight NH3 +M_air=29;//Molecular weight air +f_air=0.9;//Fraction of air in feed +f_NH3=(1-f_air);//Fraction of NH3 in feed +myu_air=0.0435*(10^-2);//Viscosity of air (Poise) +P_atm=(100+14.7)/14.7;//Pressure of the system +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure +T_ref=273;//Reference temperature +T_inlet=300+T_ref;//Inlet Temperature +V_ref=22400; +T_surf=700+T_ref;//Surface Temperature +u0=1.8;//Velocity at 300 °C (m/sec) +d=0.076*(10^-1);//Size of wire (cm) +D_NH3_N2=0.23;//Diffusivity at 298 K 1 atm(cm2/s) +N=32;//Gauzes (wires/cm) +n =[1 2 5 10 15 20];//No. of Gauzes + + +//CALCULATION +M_ave =f_air*M_air+f_NH3*M_NH3; +rho =(M_ave*T_ref*P_atm)/(V_ref*T_surf*P_ref); +u0_surf = u0*(T_surf/T_inlet); +Re = rho*u0_surf*100*d/myu_air; +Gamma = [1-32*(d)]^2;//From equation 10.5 +Re_Gamma = Re/Gamma; +D_NH3 = 0.23*(T_surf/298)^(1.7)*(1/7.8);// at 7.8 atm 700 °C +Sc =(myu_air*P_ref)/(rho*D_NH3); +j_D = 0.644*(Re_Gamma)^(-0.57);//Refer equation 10.14 +k_c = j_D*(u0_surf*100/Gamma)*(1/(Sc)^(2/3)); +a_dash = 2*(%pi)*(d)*N +k_c_a_dash_u0 =(k_c*a_dash)/(u0_surf*100); +m = length(n) +for i = 1:m + X(i) = (1-exp(-k_c_a_dash_u0*n(i))); +end + +//OUTPUT +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter10_Ex2_a_Output.txt', 'w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \tThe Ammonia Conversion'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n====================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t Gauzes Conversion'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t (n) (X)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n====================================='); +for i=1:m + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),X(i)); +end +mclose(fid); + +//Console Output +mprintf('\n \tThe Ammonia Conversion'); +mprintf('\n====================================='); +mprintf('\n\t Gauzes Conversion'); +mprintf('\n\t (n) (X)'); +mprintf('\n====================================='); +for i=1:m + mprintf('\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),X(i)); +end +//====================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================================== + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..372e6a1dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.a/Chapter10_Ex2_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + The Ammonia Conversion +===================================== + Gauzes Conversion + (n) (X) +===================================== + 1 0.286 + 2 0.490 + 5 0.814 + 10 0.966 + 15 0.994 + 20 0.999 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b.sce b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6330c42b --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-10 Ex10.2.b Pg No. 414 +//Title:Yield as function of No. of Gauzes +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +M_NH3 = 17;//Molecular weight NH3 +M_air = 29;//Molecular weight air +f_air = 0.9;//Fraction of air in feed +f_NH3 = (1-f_air);//Fraction of NH3 in feed +myu_air = 0.0435*(10^-2);//Viscosity of air (Poise) +P_atm = (100+14.7)/14.7;//Pressure of the system +P_ref = 1;//Reference Pressure +T_ref = 273;//Reference temperature +T_inlet = 300+T_ref;//Inlet Temperature +V_ref = 22400; +T_surf = 700+T_ref;//Surface Temperature +u0 = 1.8;//Velocity at 300 °C (m/sec) +d = 0.076*(10^-1);//Size of wire (cm) +D_NH3_N2 = 0.23;//Diffusivity at 298 K 1 atm(cm2/s) +N = 32;//Gauzes (wires/cm) +frac_N2 = 0.25*(10^(-2));//Fraction of NH3 fed into N2 (Byproduct reaction) +n = [1 2 5 10 15 20];//No. of Gauzes + +//CALCULATION +M_ave = f_air*M_air+f_NH3*M_NH3; +rho = (M_ave*T_ref*P_atm)/(V_ref*T_surf*P_ref); +u0_surf = u0*(T_surf/T_inlet); +Re = rho*u0_surf*100*d/myu_air; +Gamma = [1-32*(d)]^2;//From equation 10.5 +Re_Gamma = Re/Gamma; +D_NH3 = 0.23*(T_surf/298)^(1.7)*(1/7.8);// at 7.8 atm 700 °C +Sc = (myu_air*P_ref)/(rho*D_NH3); +j_D = 0.644*(Re_Gamma)^(-0.57);//Refer equation 10.14 +k_c = j_D*(u0_surf*100/Gamma)*(1/(Sc)^(2/3)); +a_dash = 2*(%pi)*(d)*N +k_c_a_dash_u0 =(k_c*a_dash)/(u0_surf*100); +m = length(n) +for i = 1:m + X(i) = (1-exp(-k_c_a_dash_u0*n(i))); + Yield(i) = X(i)-frac_N2*n(i); +end + +//OUTPUT +//File Output +fid=mopen('.\Chapter10_Ex2_b_Output.txt', 'w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \tThe Ammonia Yield'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t Gauzes Yield'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t (n) (X-%fn)',frac_N2); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================='); +for i=1:m + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),Yield(i)); +end +mclose(fid); +//Console Output +mprintf('\n \tThe Ammonia Yield'); +mprintf('\n=========================================='); +mprintf('\n\t Gauzes Yield'); +mprintf('\n\t (n) (X-%fn)',frac_N2); +mprintf('\n=========================================='); +for i=1:m + mprintf('\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),Yield(i)); +end +//====================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f645347fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.2.b/Chapter10_Ex2_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + The Ammonia Yield +========================================== + Gauzes Yield + (n) (X-0.002500n) +========================================== + 1 0.284 + 2 0.485 + 5 0.802 + 10 0.941 + 15 0.956 + 20 0.949 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH10/EX10.2/Chapter10_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH10/EX10.2/Chapter10_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e803f7a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH10/EX10.2/Chapter10_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-10 Ex10.2 Pg No. 414 +//Title:Conversion as a function of No. of Gauzes +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +M_NH3=17;//Molecular weight NH3 +M_air=29;//Molecular weight air +f_air=0.9;//Fraction of air in feed +f_NH3=(1-f_air);//Fraction of NH3 in feed +myu_air=0.0435*(10^-2);//Viscosity of air (Poise) +P_atm=(100+14.7)/14.7;//Pressure of the system +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure +T_ref=273;//Reference temperature +T_inlet=300+T_ref;//Inlet Temperature +V_ref=22400; +T_surf=700+T_ref;//Surface Temperature +u0=1.8;//Velocity at 300 °C (m/sec) +d=0.076*(10^-1);//Size of wire (cm) +D_NH3_N2=0.23;//Diffusivity at 298 K 1 atm(cm2/s) +N=32;//Gauzes (wires/cm) +frac_N2 = 0.25*(10^(-2));//Fraction of NH3 fed into N2 (Byproduct reaction) +n =[1 2 5 10 15 20];//No. of Gauzes + + +//CALCULATION (Ex 10.2.a) +M_ave =f_air*M_air+f_NH3*M_NH3; +rho =(M_ave*T_ref*P_atm)/(V_ref*T_surf*P_ref); +u0_surf = u0*(T_surf/T_inlet); +Re = rho*u0_surf*100*d/myu_air; +Gamma = [1-32*(d)]^2;//From equation 10.5 +Re_Gamma = Re/Gamma; +D_NH3 = 0.23*(T_surf/298)^(1.7)*(1/7.8);// at 7.8 atm 700 °C +Sc =(myu_air*P_ref)/(rho*D_NH3); +j_D = 0.644*(Re_Gamma)^(-0.57);//Refer equation 10.14 +k_c = j_D*(u0_surf*100/Gamma)*(1/(Sc)^(2/3)); +a_dash = 2*(%pi)*(d)*N +k_c_a_dash_u0 =(k_c*a_dash)/(u0_surf*100); +m = length(n) +for i = 1:m + X(i) = (1-exp(-k_c_a_dash_u0*n(i))); +end +//CALCULATION (Ex 10.2.b) +for i = 1:m + X(i) = (1-exp(-k_c_a_dash_u0*n(i))); + Yield(i) = X(i)-frac_N2*n(i); +end + + +//OUTPUT(Ex 10.2.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex10.2.a'); +mprintf('\n====================================='); +mprintf('\n \tThe Ammonia Conversion'); +mprintf('\n====================================='); +mprintf('\n\t Gauzes Conversion'); +mprintf('\n\t (n) (X)'); +mprintf('\n====================================='); +for i=1:m + mprintf('\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),X(i)); +end + +//OUTPUT(Ex 10.2.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex10.2.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================='); +mprintf('\n \tThe Ammonia Yield'); +mprintf('\n=========================================='); +mprintf('\n\t Gauzes Yield'); +mprintf('\n\t (n) (X-%fn)',frac_N2); +mprintf('\n=========================================='); +for i=1:m + mprintf('\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),Yield(i)); +end +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter10-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex10.2.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n====================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \tThe Ammonia Conversion'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n====================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t Gauzes Conversion'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t (n) (X)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n====================================='); +for i=1:m + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),X(i)); +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex10.2.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \tThe Ammonia Yield'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t Gauzes Yield'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t (n) (X-%fn)',frac_N2); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================='); +for i=1:m + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t %.0f \t \t %.3f',n(i),Yield(i)); +end +mclose(fid); + +//====================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================================== + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0026aeba --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-2 Ex2.1 Pg No.52 +//Title: Effectiveness factor for solid catalyzed reaction +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +clf +//INPUT +// Case: I constant hydrogen pressure: P_H2= 2110 torr +P_B=[70 185 286];// Benzene Pressure (torr) +r_1=1E-3 *[4.27 5.4 6.12];//(mol/hr g) observed rates +P_H2_const=2110;//Constant Hydrogen Pressure (torr) + + +// Case: II Constant benzene pressure P_B_const=70 torr +P_H2=[1050 2105 2988];// Hydrogen Pressure (torr) +r_2=1E-3 * [3.81 4.27 4.5];//(mol/hr g) observed rates +P_B_const=70;//Constant Benzene Pressure (torr) + +//CALCULATION +// Case: I constant hydrogen pressure: P_H2= 2110 torr + +n=length(P_B) +for i=1:n + Y_1(i)=(P_B(i)*P_H2_const/r_1(i))^(1/3); + X_1(i)=P_B(i); +end +coefs_I=regress(X_1',Y_1'); +intercept_1=coefs_I(1) +slope_1=coefs_I(2) + +// Case: II Constant benzene pressure P_B_const=70 torr +m=length(P_H2) +for i=1:n + Y_2(i)=(P_B_const*P_H2(i)/r_2(i))^(1/3); + X_2(i)=(P_H2(i))^0.5; +end +coefs_II=regress(X_2',Y_2'); +intercept_2=coefs_II(1); +slope_2=coefs_II(2); +coef_1=(intercept_1)^0.5; +coef_2=(slope_1*slope_2)^(1/2)*(slope_1/slope_2)*intercept_1; + +function y=funct1(K_H2) + y=coef_2*K_H2^0.5-coef_1*K_H2^(4/3)-1 +endfunction + +[K_H2_res]=fsolve(0,funct1); + +K_B=K_H2_res^(4/3)*(slope_1/slope_2); + +k=(0.635)^(-1/3)*K_B^2/K_H2_res; +scf(0) +plot(X_1,Y_1,'-*-') +xtitle('Benzene Hydrogenation(a)Variable benzene pressure') +xlabel("P_B (torr)"); +ylabel("(P_H2 P_B/10^3 r)^(1/3)"); +legend('T=67.6 °C'); + +scf(1) +plot(X_2,Y_2,'-*-') +xtitle('Benzene Hydrogenation(b)Variable hydrogen pressure') +xlabel("P_H2 (torr)"); +ylabel("(P_H2 P_B/10^3 r)^(1/3)"); +legend('T=67.6 °C'); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Solving for the three parameters gives'); +mprintf('\n K_H2 = %f torr^-1',K_H2_res); +mprintf('\n K_B = %f torr^-1',K_B); +mprintf('\n k = %E ',k); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter2-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Solving for the three parameters gives'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n K_H2 = %f torr^-1',K_H2_res); +mfprintf(fid,'\n K_B = %f torr^-1',K_B); +mfprintf(fid,'\n k = %E ',k); +mclose(fid); + +//=============================================================================================================================================================== +//Disclaimer: Page 53 There is a typo in the equation for Y obtained for Model case I: Constant hydrogen pressure and variable benzene pressure formulation +// From Fig 2.7(a), It is evident that for P_H2 = 2110 torr, three experimental points are considered for linear regression. However, from table 2.1, only two points corresponds to P_H2 = 2110 torr. In comparison with Fig. 2.7(a), the table value corresponding to P_H2 = 2105 is also read as P_H2 = 2110. +//Therefore the values of the constants are different from that obtained in the textbook. Also regression is used to obtain the values of slopes and intercept whereas the textbook considers graphical method for the computation of the codes diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa16b2c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-1 Ex3.1 Pg No.84 +//Title:Time to reach desired conversion for bimolecular batch reaction +//======================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +C_A0=1;//Assuming 1mol basis for the limiting reactant +C_B0_old=1.02;//2% Excess of reactant B is supplied +R_old=C_B0_old/C_A0;//Refer equation 3.7 Pg No. +X_A=0.995;// Conversion interms of limiting reactant +t_old=6.5;//Time required for the given conversion (hr) +C_B0_new=1.05;//5% Excess of reactant B +R_new=C_B0_new/C_A0;//Refer equation 3.7 Pg No.83 + +//CALCULATION +k=(log((R_old-X_A)/(R_old*(1-X_A)))/((R_old-1)*t_old *C_A0)); +t_new=log((R_new-X_A)/(R_new*(1-X_A)))/((R_new-1)*k*C_A0); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nTime required to achieve required conversion for 5%% excess of B= %f hr',t_new); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid=mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nTime required to achieve required conversion for 5%% excess of B= %f hr',t_new); +mclose(fid); +//=================================================END OF PROGRAM================================== diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59c5b9762 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.2.a Pg No. 96 +//Title:Residence time for four STR's in series +//======================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +X_A=0.95;//Given conversion +t_batch=6;//Batch time to reach the desired conversion +N=4//No.of reactors in series + +//CALCULATION +k=log((1/(1-X_A)))/t_batch;//Refer equation 3.29 Pg No. 90 +t_1=((1/(1-X_A))^(1/N)-1)/k;//Refer equation 3.40 Pg No. 94 +t_Tot=N*t_1; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\nThe total residence time of the four reactors in series= %0.2f hr',t_Tot); + +//File Output +fid=mopen('.\Chapter3_Ex2_a_Output.txt', 'w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe total residence time of the four reactors in series= %0.2f hr',t_Tot); +mclose(fid); +//================================================END OF PROGRAM================================= + + diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ae1d2b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.a/Chapter3_Ex2_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The total residence time of the four reactors in series= 8.93 hr \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..895c612f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.2.b Pg No. 96 +//Title:Heat generation in CSTR in Series +//============================================================================================================= +clear +clc +//INPUT +// For a first order reaction +X_final=0.95;//Given final conversion +k=0.5;//Solved in Ex3.2.a +N=4;//Total No.of reactors in series + +//CALCULATION +t_1=((1/(1-X_final))^(1/N)-1)/k;//Refer equation 3.40 Pg No. 94 +for i=1:N + X(i)=1-(1/(1+k*t_1)^(i)); +end + +delQ_by_Q(1)=(X(1))/X_final; // Ratio of heat generated in 1st reactor +for i=1:N-1 + delQ_by_Q(i+1)=(X(i+1)-X(i))/X_final; // Ratio of heat generated in 2nd, 3rd and 4th reactors +end + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output + mprintf('\n==================================================================') + mprintf('\nReactor vessel \t Conversion \t Fraction of total heat released \n') + mprintf('\n==================================================================') +for i=1:N + mprintf('\n %d \t \t %0.3f \t \t \t %0.3f \n',i,X(i),delQ_by_Q(i)) +end +//File Output +fid=mopen('.\Chapter3_Ex2_b_Output.txt', 'w'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n==================================================================') + mfprintf(fid,'\nReactor vessel \t Conversion \t Fraction of total heat released \n') + mfprintf(fid,'\n==================================================================') +for i=1:N + mfprintf(fid,'\n %d \t \t %0.3f \t \t \t %0.3f \n',i,X(i),delQ_by_Q(i)) +end +mclose(fid); +//=============================================================END OF PROGRAM================================ + diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cac16f46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.2.b/Chapter3_Ex2_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +================================================================== +Reactor vessel Conversion Fraction of total heat released + +================================================================== + 1 0.527 0.555 + + 2 0.776 0.262 + + 3 0.894 0.124 + + 4 0.950 0.059 diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4686ddaea --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.2 Pg No. 96 +//Title:Residence time and heat generation for four STR's in series +//======================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +X_A=0.95;//Given conversion +t_batch=6;//Batch time to reach the desired conversion +N=4//No.of reactors in series +X_final=X_A; + +//CALCULATION (Ex3.2.a) +k=log((1/(1-X_A)))/t_batch;//Refer equation 3.29 Pg No. 90 +t_1=((1/(1-X_A))^(1/N)-1)/k;//Refer equation 3.40 Pg No. 94 +t_Tot=N*t_1; + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.2.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex3.2.a'); +mprintf('\n=================================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe total residence time of the four reactors in series= %f hr',t_Tot); + +//======================================================================================= + +//Title:Heat generation in CSTR in Series +//============================================================================================================= +//CALCULATION (Ex3.2.b) +t_1=((1/(1-X_final))^(1/N)-1)/k;//Refer equation 3.40 Pg No. 94 +for i=1:N + X(i)=1-(1/(1+k*t_1)^(i)); +end + +delQ_by_Q(1)=(X(1))/X_final; // Ratio of heat generated in 1st reactor +for i=1:N-1 + delQ_by_Q(i+1)=(X(i+1)-X(i))/X_final; // Ratio of heat generated in 2nd, 3rd and 4th reactors +end + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.2.b) +mprintf('\n========================================================================================\n') +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex3.2.b'); +mprintf('\n=================================================================='); +mprintf('\nReactor vessel \t Conversion \t Fraction of total heat released \n') +mprintf('\n==================================================================') +for i=1:N + mprintf('\n %d \t \t %0.3f \t \t \t %0.3f \n',i,X(i),delQ_by_Q(i)) +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid=mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex3.2.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=================================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe total residence time of the four reactors in series= %f hr',t_Tot); + mfprintf(fid,'\n==================================================================') + mfprintf(fid,'\nReactor vessel \t Conversion \t Fraction of total heat released \n') + mfprintf(fid,'\n==================================================================') +for i=1:N + mfprintf(fid,'\n %d \t \t %0.3f \t \t \t %0.3f \n',i,X(i),delQ_by_Q(i)) +end +mclose(fid); + + +//=============================================================END OF PROGRAM================================ diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c6d5ae52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.3 Pg No. 97 +//Title:Effect of temperature on yield +//================================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +C_A0=1;//Initial concentration of A +C_B0=5;//Initial concentration of B +E1=15;//Activation energy for first reaction(kcal) +E2=20;//Activation energy for second reaction(kcal) +X_A=0.88;// Total conversion of reactant A +Y=0.81;//Yield for the reaction to produce C +R=1.987;//Gas Constant(cal/K^-1 mol^-1) +T_0=350;//Temperature (K) + +//CALCULATION +//Assuming first order by taking concentration of B constant since B is in Excess +C_A= C_A0*(1-X_A);//Unreacted amount of A +C_B=C_B0-Y;//Unreacted amount of B +k1_plus_k2_t=(X_A/(1-X_A)); +S=Y/X_A;//At 350K +k1_by_k2=11.57; +k1_plus_k2_by_k2=k1_by_k2+1;//Refer Ex3.3 for the coded equations +k2_t=k1_plus_k2_t/k1_plus_k2_by_k2; +k1_t=k1_plus_k2_t-k2_t; +T=345; +for i=1:7 +T=T+5; +Temp(i)=T; +k1_dash_t(i)=k1_t*exp(((E1*1000/R)*((1/T_0)-(1/T))));//Arrhenius law +k2_dash_t(i)=k2_t*exp(((E2*1000/R)*((1/T_0)-(1/T))));//Arrhenius law +k1_plus_k2_t_new(i)=k1_dash_t(i)+k2_dash_t(i); +X_A_new(i)=k1_plus_k2_t_new(i)/(1+k1_plus_k2_t_new(i)); +S_new(i)=((k1_dash_t(i)/k2_dash_t(i))/(1+(k1_dash_t(i)/k2_dash_t(i)))); +Y_new(i)=S_new(i)*X_A_new(i); +end + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('======================================='); +mprintf('\n\t T \t X_A \t S \t Y'); +mprintf('\n\t K \t (-) \t (-) \t (-)'); +mprintf('\n======================================'); +for i=1:7 + mprintf('\n\t %d \t %0.3f \t %0.3f \t %0.3f',Temp(i),X_A_new(i),S_new(i),Y_new(i)); +end + maximum=max(Y_new); + mprintf('\n\t\nThe maximum value of yield is %f ',maximum); + mprintf('\n\t\nHigh yield is obtained between 365K to 375K'); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid=mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'======================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t T \t X_A \t S \t Y'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t K \t (-) \t (-) \t (-)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n======================================'); +for i=1:7 + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t %d \t %0.3f \t %0.3f \t %0.3f',Temp(i),X_A_new(i),S_new(i),Y_new(i)); +end + maximum=max(Y_new); + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t\nThe maximum value of yield is %f ',maximum); + mfprintf(fid,'\n\t\nHigh yield is obtained between 365K to 375K'); + mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM=================================================== +//Disclaimer:Refer Ex3.3 in the textbook The Arrhenius law equation has a typo error. Exponential term missing in the textbook + diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Ex4.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4028847d --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.4 Pg No. 101 +//Title:Volume of reactor for Gas Phase isothermal reaction +//================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +//First Order Reaction +//Basis: 1mol of feed +k=0.45;//Rate constant of first order reaction(s-1) +v0=120;//Volumetric flow rate(cm3/s) +C_A0=0.8;//Initial amount of reactant A (mol) +X_A=0.95;//Conversion in terms of reactant A +C_inert=0.2;//Concentration of inert (Nitrogen)in feed + +//CALCULATION +E_A=((2*C_A0+C_inert)-(C_A0+C_inert))/(C_A0+C_inert);//Volume fraction +Tot_mol=(C_A0+C_inert)+(E_A);//Total No. of moles +V=v0*((-(E_A)*X_A)+Tot_mol*(log(1/(1-X_A))))/(k);//Refer Performance Equation equation 3.44 and 3.42 in Pg No. 100 +V_l=V*10^-3;//Volume of reactor in liters + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n\tThe Volume of the reactor required for the given conversion is %.0f cm3 or %0.2f liters',V,V_l); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex4-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe Volume of the reactor required for the given conversion is %.0f cm3 or %0.2f liters',V,V_l); +mclose(fid); +//==============================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================== + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Ex5.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e81ca290 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.5 Pg No. 104 +//Title: Rate Equation to fit Initial Rate data +//========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +clf() +//INPUT (Ex3.5.1) +//Initial Rate Data +B_by_A= [5 7 10 20 37];//B/A Mol Ratio +r_0=[75 65 50 33 18];//Rate (mol/hr g) + +//CALCULATION (Ex3.5.1) +//Assuming Eley Rideal Mechanism for the benzene alkylation with propylene +for i=1:5 + C_B(i)= (B_by_A(i)/(1+B_by_A(i)));//In terms of Mol Fraaction + C_A(i)= (1/(1+B_by_A(i))); + CA_CB(i)=C_B(i)*C_A(i); + C_by_r(i)=CA_CB(i)/r_0(i); +end +coefs=regress(C_A,C_by_r);//The equation ((C_B*C_A)/r_0)= 1/(k*K_A) + (C_A/k) +scf(0) +plot(C_A,C_by_r,'*'); +xtitle('Test of Eley-Rideal model for benzene alkylation'); +xlabel(' CA ,Mol Fraction'); +ylabel('CA CB/r_0'); +intercept=coefs(1); +slope=coefs(2); +K_A=slope/intercept; +k=1/(slope); +K_A_k=k*K_A; + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.5.1) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex3.5.1'); +mprintf('\n=================================================') +mprintf('\nThe rate equation for Eley-Ridely Mechanism is:\n r= %0.0fC_A C_B/(1+%0.2fC_A)',K_A_k,K_A); +//========================================================================================================= + +//Title:Conversion as a function of Space velocity +//========================================================================================================== +//INPUT (Ex3.5.2) +x= [0.16 0.31 0.40 0.75]; +Exp_Inverse_WHSV=(10^-3)*[4 8.2 17 39];//Weight Hourly Space Velocity +Feed_ratio=10; + +//CALCULATION (Ex3.5.2) +//The integrated rate equation in terms of conversion ln(1/(1-X))+0.236X= 60.4/WHSV (Page no. 106) +function [y]=integrated_rate_eqn(x0) + y=log(1 ./(1-x0))+ 0.236.*x0 - 60.4.*Exp_Inverse_WHSV +endfunction + +n=length(x) +x0=0.9*ones(1,n); // Provide guess value for conversion +[x_predicted]=fsolve(x0,integrated_rate_eqn,1d-15); // Using fsolve to determine conversion from integrated rate expression for each operating WHSV + +scf(1) +plot(Exp_Inverse_WHSV,x,'*',Exp_Inverse_WHSV,x_predicted,'--') +xtitle('Integral analysis','Inverse of WHSV','Conversion') +legend('Experimental','Predicted') + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.5.2) +//Console Output +mprintf('\n=================================================\n'); +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex3.5.2'); +mprintf('\n Predicted and Experimental Conversion Values') +mprintf('\n=================================================') +mprintf('\n10^3/WHSV\tX_experimental\tX_predicted') +mprintf('\n=================================================') +for i=1:n + mprintf('\n %0.2f\t\t%0.2f\t\t%0.2f ',Exp_Inverse_WHSV(i)*10^3,x(i),x_predicted(i)) +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex5-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex3.5.1'); +mprintf('\n=================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe rate equation for Eley-Ridely Mechanism is:\n r= %0.0fC_A C_B/(1+%0.2fC_A)',K_A_k,K_A); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=================================================\n') +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex3.5.2'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Predicted and Experimental Conversion Values') +mfprintf(fid,'\n=================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\n10^3/WHSV\tX_experimental\tX_predicted') +mfprintf(fid,'\n=================================================') +for i=1:n + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.2f\t\t%0.2f\t\t%0.2f ',Exp_Inverse_WHSV(i)*10^3,x(i),x_predicted(i)) +end +mclose(fid) + +//===========================================END OF PROGRAM================================= +//Disclaimer:Regression method is used to find the slope and intercept in Ex3.5.2 . +// Hence the rate equation differ from the graphically obtained values of slope and intercept in the textbook. + diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Ex6.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff22274fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-3 Ex3.6 Pg No. 114 +//Title: Optimum reaction temperature +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +del_H=-20*10^3;//Heat of reaction(cal) +T_eq=[500 700];//Equivalent temperatures (K) +R=1.987;//Gas Constant (cal/mol K) +E2_by_E1=2;//Ratio of activation energy + +//CALCULATION +T_opt(1)=T_eq(1)/(1+(log(E2_by_E1)*(R/(-del_H)))*T_eq(1));//Refer equation 3.63 Pg No. 113 +T_opt(2)=T_eq(2)/(1+(log(E2_by_E1)*(R/(-del_H)))*T_eq(2)); +delta_T(1)=T_eq(1)-T_opt(1); +delta_T(2)=T_eq(2)-T_opt(2); + + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n \t \t Temperature_1\t Temperature_2 '); +mprintf('\n \t \t=================================='); +mprintf('\n(T_eq - T_opt)(K): \t%0.0f \t\t%0.0f',delta_T(1),delta_T(2)); +mprintf('\n T_opt(K):\t \t%0.0f\t\t%0.0f', T_opt(1),T_opt(2)); + +fid= mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex6-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \t \t Temperature_1\t Temperature_2 '); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \t \t=================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n(T_eq - T_opt)(K): \t%0.0f \t\t%0.0f',delta_T(1),delta_T(2)); +mfprintf(fid,'\n T_opt(K):\t \t%0.0f\t\t%0.0f', T_opt(1),T_opt(2)); +mclose(fid); + +//=========================================================END OF PROGRAM===================================== +//Disclaimer:There is an arithmetic error in the optimum temperatures obtained in the textbook. +// Based on the values (T_eq - T_opt)1=17 and (T_eq - T_opt)2=32 the optimum temperatures obtained are +// T_opt1=483 K and T_opt2=668 K respectively. diff --git a/1040/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Ex7.sce b/1040/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b13db409 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +//Harriot P,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-3 Ex3.7 Pg No. 115 +//Title:Equilibrium temperature as a function of conversion and Optimum Feed Temperature +//========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +P_opt=1.5; //(atm) Operating pressure of first converter +x=[0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.95];// Conversion of SO2 +k=[2E-06 5.1E-06 10.3E-06 18E-06 27E-06 37.5E-06 48E-06 59E-06 69E-06 77E-06] ; //Rate Constant (gmol/g cat sec atm) +T=420:20:600;// Temperature (°C) +X=0.68; +T_F=700;//Feed Temperature(K) +C_pi_800=[12.53 18.61 8.06 7.51]; +F=100;// (mol) amount of feed +delta_H_700=-23270;//(cal/mol) +percent_SO2_f=11;//(%)Percentage of SO2 in feed + + +//CALCULATION (Ex3.7.a) +n=length(x); +m=length(k); +for i=1:n + K_eq(i)=((x(i)/(1-x(i))))*((100-5.5*x(i))/(10-5.5*x(i)))^0.5*(1/P_opt)^0.5; + T_eq(i)=(11412/(log(K_eq(i))+10.771)); + P_O2(i)=(10*(10-5.5*x(i))*P_opt)/(100-5.5*x(i)); + P_SO3(i)=(11*x(i)*P_opt)/(100-5.5*x(i)); + P_SO2(i)=(11*(1-x(i))*P_opt)/(100-5.5*x(i)); +end + +for i=1:n + for j=1:m + r(j,i)=k(j)*(P_SO2(i)/P_SO3(i))^0.5*(P_O2(i)-(P_SO3(i)/(P_SO2(i)*K_eq(i)))^2) + end + r_max(i)=max(r(j,i)); +end +clf() +scf(0) +plot(x,T_eq-273,'*'); +xtitle('Temperature in Stage 1 of an SO2 converter'); +xlabel('x,SO2 Conversion'); +ylabel('Temperature,°C' ); + +//CALCULATION (Ex3.7.b) +n_SO2=F*percent_SO2_f*10^-2*(1-X); +n_SO3=F*percent_SO2_f*10^-2*X; +n_O2=(10-5.5*X); +n_N2=79; +sigma_n_C_pi=n_SO2*C_pi_800(1)+n_SO3*C_pi_800(2)+n_O2*C_pi_800(3)+n_N2*C_pi_800(4); +Temp_change=(F*percent_SO2_f*10^(-2)*X*(-1)*delta_H_700)/sigma_n_C_pi;//Refer equation 3.60 Pg No.110 +mprintf('\nHeat Capacity evaluated at 800 K :%0.0f (cal/°C)',sigma_n_C_pi); +mprintf('\nTemperature Change to carry out the reaction at T_F,\nusing the energy to heat the product gas :%0.0f °C",Temp_change); +//From graphical procedure (Figure 3.19 ,Pg No.118) the final temperature is obtained as 410 °C +T_F=410;//(°C) Final temperature +//From Figure 3.19 ,Pg No.118 temperature for corresponding conversion is obtained +X_stage=[0.1;0.2;0.3;0.4;0.5;0.6] +T_stage=[441;470;500;540;565;580] +m=length(X_stage); +for i=1:m + K_eq(i)=exp((11412/T_stage(i))-10.771); +end +k=10^-6*[5.25 14.15 27 48 61.5 69];//From Table 3.5 Corresponding to the stage temperature data obtained form Figure 3.19 +for i=1:m + P_SO2(i)=11*(1-X_stage(i))*P_opt/(100-5.5*X_stage(i)) + P_SO3(i)=11*X_stage(i)*P_opt/(100-5.5*X_stage(i)) + P_O2(i)=10*(10-5.5*X_stage(i))*P_opt/(100-5.5*X_stage(i)) + r(i)=k(i)*(P_SO2(i)/P_SO3(i))^0.5*(P_O2(i)-(P_SO3(i)/(P_SO2(i)*K_eq(i)))^2)*10^6; + inverse_r(i)=(1/r(i)); +end +scf(1) + plot(X_stage,inverse_r,'*'); + xtitle('1/r vs x','X (conversion)','10^-6/r'); + + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.7.a) +mprintf('\n\n OUTPUT Ex3.7.a'); +mprintf('\n============================================================================'); +mprintf('\n X\tPhi\t\tT_eq\tT_eq\t\tr_max'); +mprintf('\n -\t(atm^-0.5)\t(K)\t(°C)\t\t(gmol/g cat sec)'); +mprintf('\n============================================================================'); +for i=1:n-1 + mprintf('\n %0.2f\t%0.2f\t %0.0f\t%0.0f\t\t%0.6E',x(i),K_eq(i),T_eq(i),T_eq(i)-273,r_max(i)); +end +mprintf('\n %0.2f\t%0.2f\t\t%0.0f\t%0.0f\t\t%0.6E',x(n),K_eq(n),T_eq(n),T_eq(n)-273,r_max(n)); + +//OUTPUT (Ex3.7.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex3.7.b'); +mprintf('\n============================================================================'); + mprintf('\n==========================================='); + mprintf('\n 10^-6/r\tX (conversion)'); + mprintf('\n (gmol/g cat,s) \t(-)'); + mprintf('\n==========================================='); + for i=1:m + mprintf('\n %0.2f\t\t\t%0.2f',inverse_r(i),X_stage(i)); + end + mprintf('\nFrom graphical procedure (1/r vs x) the optimum temperature obtained is T_opt: 412°C'); + +// FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter3-Ex7-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nHeat Capacity evaluated at 800 K :%0.0f (cal/°C)',sigma_n_C_pi); +mfprintf(fid,'\nTemperature Change to carry out the reaction at T_F,\nusing the energy to heat the product gas :%0.0f °C",Temp_change); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex3.7.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n============================================================================'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n X\tPhi\t\tT_eq\tT_eq\t\tr_max'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n -\t(atm^-0.5)\t(K)\t(°C)\t\t(gmol/g cat sec)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n============================================================================'); +for i=1:n-1 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.2f\t%0.2f\t %0.0f\t%0.0f\t\t%0.6E',x(i),K_eq(i),T_eq(i),T_eq(i)-273,r_max(i)); +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.2f\t%0.2f\t\t%0.0f\t%0.0f\t\t%0.6E',x(n),K_eq(n),T_eq(n),T_eq(n)-273,r_max(n)); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex3.7.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n============================================================================'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================='); + mfprintf(fid,'\n 10^-6/r\tX (conversion)'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n (gmol/g cat,s) \t(-)'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================='); + for i=1:m + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.2f\t\t\t%0.2f',inverse_r(i),X_stage(i)); + end + mfprintf(fid,'\nFrom graphical procedure (1/r vs x) the optimum temperature obtained is T_opt: 412°C'); + mclose(fid); + +//==========================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================== +//Disclaimer: The optimum temperature for each conversion is found by trial at maximum rate and the kinetic data in the textbook is not sufficient to calculate the optimum temperature in the code. + diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34ff568da --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.1.a Pg No. 135 +//Title:Diffusivity of Chlorine at 573K and 1.5atm +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +S_g=235;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.29E-6;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +rho_p=1.41; +D_He=0.0065;//Effective diffusivity of He (cm2/sec) +M_He=4;//Molecular weight of He +M_Cl2=70.09;//Molecular weight of Cl2 +T_ref=293;//Reference temperature +T_degC=300; +T=T_degC+273;//Reaction temperature(K) + +//CALCULATION +r_bar=2*V_g/S_g;//Mean Pore radius +D_Cl2=D_He*((M_He/M_Cl2)*(T/T_ref))^(0.5);//Assuming Knudsen flow at 573K + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('The predicted diffusivity of Chlorine is %0.2E cm2/s ',D_Cl2); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4_Ex1_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'The predicted diffusivity of Chlorine is %0.2E cm2/s ',D_Cl2); +mclose(fid); +//============================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= + + diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..076d782b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.a/Chapter4_Ex1_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The predicted diffusivity of Chlorine is 2.17E-03 cm2/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d35f481e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.1.b Pg No. 135 +//Title: Computation of tortuosity in catalyst pellet +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +S_g=235;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.29;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +D_AB=0.73;// at 1atm and 298K +rho_p=1.41;//Density of particle (g/cm3) +D_He=0.0065;//Effective diffusivity of He (cm2/sec) +T_ref=293;//Reference temperature (K) +M_He=4;//Molecular weight of He +T=298;//Operating temperature + +//CALCULATION +r_bar=2*V_g /(S_g *(10^4)); +D_K=9700*(r_bar)*(T_ref/M_He)^(0.5);//Knudsen flow +D_AB1=D_AB*(293/298)^(1.7)// at 1.5 atm and 293K +D_pore=1/((1/D_K)+(1/D_AB1));//pore diffusion +Epsilon=V_g*rho_p; +tau=(D_pore*Epsilon)/D_He;//Tortusity + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The tortusity value = %0.2f',tau); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4_Ex1_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The tortusity value = %0.2f',tau); +mclose(fid); +//========================================================END OF PROGRAM================================= diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b66731680 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.b/Chapter4_Ex1_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The tortusity value = 1.25 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..714a6cc01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-4 Ex4.1.c Pg No. 135 +//Title: Effective Diffusivity of chlorine at 15 atm +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +S_g=235; +V_g=0.29; +rho_p=1.41; +T_ref=273;//Reference temperature (K) +P_ref=1;//Reference pressure +M_Cl2=70.9;//Molecular weight of Chlorine +T=573;//operating temperature +D_Cl2_CH4=0.15;//at 1atm 273K +P=15;//operating pressure +tau=1.25;//From value calculated in Ex4.1.b Pg. No. 136 + +//CALCULATION +r_bar=2*V_g /(S_g *(10^4)); +D_Cl2_CH4_new=D_Cl2_CH4*(P_ref/P)*(T/T_ref)^(1.7); +D_K_Cl2=9700*r_bar*sqrt(T/M_Cl2); +D_pore=1/((1/D_Cl2_CH4_new)+(1/D_K_Cl2)); +Epsilon=V_g*rho_p; +D_Cl2=D_pore*Epsilon/tau; + + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The Effective diffusivity of Chlorine at %g K and %g atm = %0.2e cm2/sec ',T, P, D_Cl2); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4_Ex1_c_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Effective diffusivity of Chlorine at %g K and %g atm = %0.2e cm2/sec ',T, P, D_Cl2); +mclose(fid); +//=================================================END OF PROGRAM============================================= + diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c_Output.txt b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5dfd6f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1.c/Chapter4_Ex1_c_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The Effective diffusivity of Chlorine at 573 K and 15 atm = 1.87e-03 cm2/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e00945102 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.1 Pg No. 135 +//Title:Diffusivity of Chlorine and tortuosity in catalyst pellet +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc + +// COMMON INPUT +S_g=235;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.29E-6;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +rho_p=1.41;//Density of particle (g/cm3) +D_He=0.0065;//Effective diffusivity of He (cm2/sec) +D_AB=0.73;// at 1atm and 298K +M_He=4;//Molecular weight of He +M_Cl2=70.09;//Molecular weight of Cl2 +T_ref=293;//Reference temperature +T_degC=300; +T_01=T_degC+273;//Reaction temperature(K) (Ex4.1.a) +T_02=298;//Operating temperature (Ex4.1.b) +T_03=573;//operating temperature (Ex4.1.c) +P_ref=1;//Reference pressure +D_Cl2_CH4=0.15;//at 1atm 273K +P=15;//operating pressure +//tau=1.25;//From value calculated in Ex4.1.b Pg. No. 136 + + +//CALCULATION (Ex4.1.a) +r_bar=2*V_g/S_g;//Mean Pore radius +D_Cl2_Ex_a=D_He*((M_He/M_Cl2)*(T_01/T_ref))^(0.5);//Assuming Knudsen flow at 573K + +//CALCULATION (Ex4.1.b) +r_bar=2*V_g*(10^6)/(S_g *(10^4)); +D_K=9700*(r_bar)*(T_ref/M_He)^(0.5);//Knudsen flow +D_AB1=D_AB*(293/298)^(1.7)// at 1.5 atm and 293K +D_pore=1/((1/D_K)+(1/D_AB1));//pore diffusion +Epsilon=V_g*rho_p*(10^6); +tau=(D_pore*Epsilon)/D_He;//Tortusity + +//CALCULATION (Ex4.1.c) +D_Cl2_CH4_new=D_Cl2_CH4*(P_ref/P)*(T_03/T_ref)^(1.7); +D_K_Cl2=9700*r_bar*sqrt(T_03/M_Cl2); +D_pore=1/((1/D_Cl2_CH4_new)+(1/D_K_Cl2)); +Epsilon=V_g*rho_p; +D_Cl2_Ex_c=D_pore*Epsilon/tau; + + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.a'); +mprintf('\n================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe predicted diffusivity of Chlorine is %0.2e cm2/s ',D_Cl2_Ex_a); +mprintf('\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.b'); +mprintf('\n================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe tortusity value = %0.2f',tau); +mprintf('\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.b'); +mprintf('\n=================================================') +mprintf('\nThe Effective diffusivity of Chlorine at %g K and %g atm = %0.2e cm2/sec ',T_03, P, D_Cl2_Ex_c); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe predicted diffusivity of Chlorine is %0.2e cm2/s ',D_Cl2_Ex_a); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe tortusity value = %0.2f',tau); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.1.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Effective diffusivity of Chlorine at %g K and %g atm = %0.2e cm2/sec ',T_03, P, D_Cl2_Ex_c); +mclose(fid) +//============================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= + + diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cde77c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-4 Ex4.2.a Pg No. 140 +//Title:Effective diffusivity of O2 in air +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +S_g=150;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.45;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_i=0.30;//Micropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_a=0.15;// Macropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +rho_P=1.2;//Density of particle (g/cm3) +tau=2.5; +r_bar_i=40*(10^(-8));//Micropore radius +r_bar_a=2000*(10^(-8));//Macropore radius +D_AB=0.49;//For N2–O2 at 1 atm (cm2/s) +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +T=493;//Opereating Temperature (K) + +//CALCULATION +Epsilon=V_g*rho_P; +D_K_i=9700*(r_bar_i)*sqrt(T/M_O2);//Knudsen flow for micropore +D_Pore_i=1/((1/D_K_i)+(1/D_AB)) +D_K_a=9700*(r_bar_a)*sqrt(T/M_O2); +D_Pore_a=1/((1/D_K_a)+(1/D_AB));////Knudsen flow for macropore +D_Pore_Avg=(V_i*D_Pore_i+V_a*D_Pore_a)/(V_i+V_a); +D_e=Epsilon*D_Pore_Avg/tau; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The effective diffusivity of O2 in air = %0.2e cm2/s',D_e); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4_Ex2_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effective diffusivity of O2 in air = %0.2e cm2/s',D_e); +mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM======================================== diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a19e9eed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.a/Chapter4_Ex2_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The effective diffusivity of O2 in air = 2.36e-02 cm2/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3af409740 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-4 Ex4.2.b Pg No.140 +//Title:Computation of surface mean pore radius, Diffusivity and tortusity +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +S_g=150;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.45;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_i=0.30;//Micropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_a=0.15;// Macropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +rho_P=1.2;//Density of particle (g/cm3) +tau=2.5; +r_bar_i=40*(10^(-8));//Micropore radius +r_bar_a=2000*(10^(-8));//Macropore radius +D_AB=0.49;//For N2–O2 at 1 atm +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +T=493;//Opereating Temperature +D_e=0.0235;//Refer Ex4.2a (cm2/s) Pg. No. 141 + +//CALCULATION +Epsilon=V_g*rho_P; +r_bar=2*V_g/(S_g*10^4); +D_K=9700*(r_bar)*sqrt(T/M_O2);//Knudsen Flow +D_Pore=1/((1/D_K)+(1/D_AB)); +tau=D_Pore*Epsilon/D_e; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The calculated surface mean pore radius = %.0e cm',r_bar); +mprintf('\n The predicted pore diffusivity = %0.2e cm2/sec',D_Pore); +mprintf('\n The corresponding tortusity = %0.2f',tau); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4_Ex2_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The calculated surface mean pore radius = %.0e cm',r_bar); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The predicted pore diffusivity = %0.2e cm2/sec',D_Pore); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The corresponding tortusity = %0.2f',tau); +mclose(fid); +//===========================================END OF PROGRAM================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dccc0924 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.2.b/Chapter4_Ex2_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The calculated surface mean pore radius = 6e-07 cm + The predicted pore diffusivity = 2.18e-02 cm2/sec + The corresponding tortusity = 0.50 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32279c58e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.2 Pg No. 140 +//Title:Effective diffusivity of O2 in air +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +S_g=150;//Total surface per gram (m2/g) +V_g=0.45;//Pore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_i=0.30;//Micropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +V_a=0.15;// Macropore volume per gram (cm3/g) +rho_P=1.2;//Density of particle (g/cm3) +tau=2.5;// Tortusity +r_bar_i=40*(10^(-8));//Micropore radius +r_bar_a=2000*(10^(-8));//Macropore radius +D_AB=0.49;//For N2–O2 at 1 atm (cm2/s) +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +T=493;//Opereating Temperature (K) + + + +//CALCULATION (Ex4.2.a) +Epsilon=V_g*rho_P; +D_K_i=9700*(r_bar_i)*sqrt(T/M_O2);//Knudsen flow for micropore +D_Pore_i=1/((1/D_K_i)+(1/D_AB)) +D_K_a=9700*(r_bar_a)*sqrt(T/M_O2); +D_Pore_a=1/((1/D_K_a)+(1/D_AB));////Knudsen flow for macropore +D_Pore_Avg=(V_i*D_Pore_i+V_a*D_Pore_a)/(V_i+V_a); +D_e=Epsilon*D_Pore_Avg/tau; + +//CALCULATION (Ex4.2.b) +Epsilon=V_g*rho_P; +r_bar=2*V_g/(S_g*10^4); +D_K=9700*(r_bar)*sqrt(T/M_O2);//Knudsen Flow +D_Pore=1/((1/D_K)+(1/D_AB)); +tau=D_Pore*Epsilon/D_e; + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex4.2.a'); +mprintf('\n================================================='); +mprintf('\n The effective diffusivity of O2 in air = %0.2e cm2/s',D_e); +mprintf('\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.2.b'); +mprintf('\n================================================='); +mprintf('\n The calculated surface mean pore radius = %.0e cm',r_bar); +mprintf('\n The predicted pore diffusivity = %0.2e cm2/sec',D_Pore); +mprintf('\n The corresponding tortusity = %0.2f',tau); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex4.2.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effective diffusivity of O2 in air = %0.2e cm2/s',D_e); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n OUTPUT Ex4.2.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The calculated surface mean pore radius = %.0e cm',r_bar); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The predicted pore diffusivity = %0.2e cm2/sec',D_Pore); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The corresponding tortusity = %0.2f',tau); +mclose(fid); + + +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM======================================== diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f17446d59 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.3 Pg No. 154 +//Title:Influence of Pore diffusion over rate +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +d_p=1/4;//Spherical Catalyst pellet size(inch) +k=[7.6*10^-3 14*10^-3];//Reaction rates (mol/hr) +f_A=[0.1 0.2];//Feed fraction of reactant A +D_e=0.0085;// Diffusivity of A (cm2/s) +rho_p=1.4 ;// Density of catalyst particle(g/cm3) +V_ref=22400;// reference volume(cm3) +T_ref=273;//Reference Temperature (K) +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure (atm) +P=1.2;//Operating Pressure (atm) +T_C=150; +T=T_C+273;//Operating Temperature (K) + +//CALCULATION +//For 10% of A +C_A(1)=f_A(1)*T_ref*P_ref/(V_ref*T*P); +R=d_p*2.54/2; +k_app(1)=k(1)*rho_p/(3600*C_A(1));//Refer equation 4.53 Pg. No. 153 +phi_app(1)=R*sqrt(k_app(1)/D_e);//Refer equation 4.55 Pg. No. 155 +C_A(2)=f_A(2)*T_ref*P_ref/(V_ref*T*P); +//If C_A is doubled the order is quite close to 1,from the Figure 4.8 Pg. No. 148, refer value of effectiveness +eta_graph=0.42; +k_app(2)=k_app(1)/eta_graph; +phi_app(2)=R*sqrt(k_app(2)/D_e); +eta_calc=(3/phi_app(2))*((1/tanh(phi_app(2)))-(1/phi_app(2))); +eff_rate=(1-eta_graph)*100; + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The effectiveness from graph = %0.2f \n The calculated effectiveness = %0.2f',eta_graph,eta_calc); +mprintf('\n The pore diffusion decreased the rate by %.0f%%',eff_rate); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effectiveness from graph = %0.2f \n The calculated effectiveness = %0.2f',eta_graph,eta_calc); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The pore diffusion decreased the rate by %.0f%%',eff_rate); +mclose(fid); +//==============================================================END OF PROGRAM=============================== diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Ex4.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..942eae0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.4 Pg No.157 +//Title: Effectiveness factor for solid catalyzed reaction +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +D_e_A=0.02;//(cm2/s) +D_e_B=0.03;//(cm2/s) +D_e_C=0.015;//(cm2/s) +X_f_A=0.3; +X_f_B=(1-X_f_A); +eta_assumed=0.68;//Effectiveness factor from Fig.4.8 for first order reaction +T=150;//(deg C) +T_K=T+273;//(K) +r=0.3;//(cm)Radius of catalyst sphere +P_opt=4;//(atm)Operating Pressure +R=82.056;//(cm3 atm/K mol)Gas constant + + +//CALCULATION +//Kinetic equation r= (2.5*10^-5*P_A*P_B)/(1+0.1*P_A+2*P_C)^2 +P_A=X_f_A*P_opt; +P_B=X_f_B*P_opt; +r_star=(2.5*10^-5*P_A*P_B)/(1+0.1*P_A)^2; +C_A=P_A/(R*T_K); +k=r_star/C_A; +Phi= r*(k/D_e_A)^(0.5); +P_A_bar=eta_assumed*P_A; +delta_P_A=P_A*(1-eta_assumed); +delta_P_B=delta_P_A*(D_e_A/D_e_B); +P_B_bar=P_B-delta_P_B; +delta_P_C=delta_P_A*(D_e_A/D_e_C); +P_C_bar=delta_P_C; +r_calc=(2.5*10^-5*P_A_bar*P_B_bar)/(1+0.1*P_A_bar+2*P_C_bar)^2 +eta_calc=r_calc/r_star; +eta_approx=(eta_calc+eta_assumed)/2; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\tBased on average pressures calculated Rate and Effectiveness factor'); +mprintf('\n\t r : %0.2E (mol/s cm3)',r_calc); +mprintf('\n\t eta_calc : %0.3f ',eta_calc); +mprintf('\n The actual value of Effectiveness factor eta_actual :%0.1f',eta_approx); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4-Ex4-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\tBased on average pressures calculated Rate and Effectiveness factor'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t r : %0.2E (mol/s cm3)',r_calc); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t eta_calc : %0.3f ',eta_calc); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The actual value of Effectiveness factor eta_actual :%0.1f',eta_approx); +mclose(fid); +//================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================================================== + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Ex5.sce b/1040/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9595a726c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-4 Ex4.5 Pg No. 164 +//Title:The optimum pore size distribution for a spherical pellet +//============================================================================================================= +clear +clc +//INPUT +d_pellet=5*10^-1;//Catalyst pellet size (cm) +k_cat =3.6;// True Rate Constant (sec-1) +V_g_cat=0.60 ;// Pore Volume of the catalyst(cm3/g) +S_g_cat=300*10^4;//Surface area of catalyst (cm2/g) +dp=0.02;// Size of powdered catalyst(cm) +rho_p=0.8 ;// Density of catalyst particle(g/cm3) +r_bar_narrow= 40*10^(-10)//narrow distribution +D_KA=0.012 ;//(cm2/sec) +D_AB= 0.40 ;//(cm2/sec) +r_macro=2000*10^(-10);//For Macropores +V_cat=1/rho_p;//Total catalyst volume (cm3/g) +eta=1;//For powdered catalyst + +//CALCULATION +epsilon=V_g_cat/V_cat; +r_bar=2*V_g_cat/S_g_cat; +R=dp/2; +R_pellet=d_pellet/2; +D_pore_a=1/((1/D_KA)+(1/D_AB)); +tau=3;//Assumed value +D_e_cat=D_pore_a*epsilon/tau; +Phi_app=R*sqrt(k_cat/D_e_cat);//Refer equation 4.55 Pg. No. 153 +D_KB=D_KA*(r_macro/r_bar_narrow); +D_pore_b=1/((1/D_KB)+(1/D_AB)); +V_a_end=0.35; +del_V_a=-0.05; +V_a=V_g_cat:del_V_a:V_a_end; + for i=1:6 + V_b(i)=V_g_cat-V_a(i);//Refer Equation 4.81 Pg. No. 164 + S_a(i)=2*(V_a(i)/r_bar_narrow)*(10^-6); + S_b(i)=2*(V_b(i)/r_macro)*(10^-6); + S_g(i)=S_a(i)+S_b(i); + k(i)=k_cat*S_g(i)/(S_g_cat*10^-4); + D_e(i)=((D_pore_a*V_a(i)+D_pore_b*V_b(i))/V_g_cat)*(epsilon/tau); + phi(i)=R_pellet*sqrt(k(i)/D_e(i)); + eta(i)=(3/phi(i))*((1/tanh(phi(i)))-(1/phi(i))); + eta_k(i)=eta(i)*k(i) + end + //OUTPUT + mprintf('\n===================================================================================================================') + mprintf('\nV_a \t V_b \t\t S_a \t S_b \t S_g \t k \t D_e \t phi\teta\teta_k'); + mprintf('\nVolume \t cm3/g \t\t Surface Area \t m2/g \t\t s-1 \t cm2/s \t (-)\t(-) \t (-)'); + mprintf('\n===================================================================================================================') + for i=1:6 + mprintf('\n %.2f \t %0.2f \t\t %.0f \t %.1f \t %0.1f \t\t %0.2f \t%0.2e\t%0.2f \t %0.2f \t %0.2f',V_a(i),V_b(i),S_a(i),S_b(i),S_g(i),k(i),D_e(i),phi(i),eta(i),eta_k(i)); + end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter4-Ex5-Output.txt','w'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n===================================================================================================================') + mfprintf(fid,'\nV_a \t V_b \t\t S_a \t S_b \t S_g \t k \t D_e \t phi\teta\teta_k'); + mfprintf(fid,'\nVolume \t cm3/g \t\t Surface Area \t m2/g \t\t s-1 \t cm2/s \t (-)\t(-) \t (-)'); + mfprintf(fid,'\n===================================================================================================================') + for i=1:6 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %.2f \t %0.2f \t\t %.0f \t %.1f \t %0.1f \t\t %0.2f \t%0.2e\t%0.2f \t %0.2f \t %0.2f',V_a(i),V_b(i),S_a(i),S_b(i),S_g(i),k(i),D_e(i),phi(i),eta(i),eta_k(i)); + end +//==============================================================END OF PROGRAM=================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f05fee90e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-5 Ex5.1 Pg No. 185 +//Title: Temperature Profiles for tubular reactor +//========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +clf +//INPUT +delta_H=-25000;//(kcal/mol) Enthalpy +D=2;//(cm)Diameter of Tubular Reactor +C_A0=0.002;//(mol/cm3) Initial concentration of feed +k=0.00142;//(s-1) Rate Constant +E_by_R=15000;//(K-1) +rho=0.8;//(g/cm3) +c_p= 0.5;// (cal/g°C) +U=0.025;//(cal/sec cm2°C ) +u=60;//(cm/s) + + +//CALCULATION +function diffeqn = Simul_diff_eqn(l,y,T_j) + diffeqn(1) =(k*exp(E_by_R*((1/T_initial)-(1/y(2)))))*(1-y(1))/u;// Derivative for the first variable + diffeqn(2) =(C_A0*(k*exp(E_by_R*((1/T_initial)-(1/y(2)))))*(1-y(1))*(-1*delta_H)-U*(4/D)*(y(2)-T_j))/(u*rho*c_p) ; // Derivative for the second variable +endfunction + +// ======================================= + +T_j_data = [ 348 349 350 351]; +m = length(T_j_data); +n = 1; +while n <= m +T_j = T_j_data(n) +T_initial=340;// for rate constant +x0=0; +T0=344; +l0=0; +l=0:0.1E2:70E2; +y = ode([x0;T0],l0,l,list(Simul_diff_eqn,T_j)); +x_data(n,:) = y(1,:); +T_data(n,:) = y(2,:); +n = n + 1; +end +// ================================ +scf(0) +plot(l,T_data(1,:),'r-',l,T_data(2,:),'b-',l,T_data(3,:),'k-',l,T_data(4,:),'g-') +xtitle('Temperature Profiles for a jacketed tubular reactor') +xlabel("Length (cm)") +ylabel("Temperature (K)") +legend(['348';'349';'350';'351']); + +scf(1) +plot(l,x_data(1,:),'r-',l,x_data(2,:),'b-',l,x_data(3,:),'k-',l,x_data(4,:),'g-') +xtitle('Conversion for a jacketed tubular reactor'); +xlabel("Length (cm)") +ylabel("Conversion") +legend(['348';'349';'350';'351']); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The Temperature profiles for four feed temperatures are plotted'); +mprintf('\n For T0:348 K attains its maximum temperature at conversion of about 25%%-30%%'); +mprintf('\n At T0:351 K the temperature increases by 6.5°C high senstivity that the reactor is nearing unstable'); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter5-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Temperature profiles for four feed temperatures are plotted.'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n For T0:348 K attains its maximum temperature at conversion of about 25%%-30%%'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n At T0:351 K the temperature increases by 6.5°C high senstivity that the reactor is nearing unstable'); +mclose(fid); + +//===================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48486f8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-5 Ex5.2 Pg No. 194 +//Title: Maximum internal temperature difference +//============================================================================================================= +clear +format(16) +clc +//INPUT +T_C=200;//Temperature(°C) +P=1.2;//Pressure (atm) +f_ethylene=0.05;//fraction of ethylene +k_s=8*10^(-4);//Solid conductivity (cal/sec cm°C) +D_e=0.02;//Diffusivity for ethylene (cm2/s) +del_H= -32.7*10^(3);//Heat of reaction (cal) +V_ref=22400;// reference volume(cm3) +T_ref=273;//Reference Temperature (K) +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure (atm) +T_K=T_C+273;//Reaction Temperature (K) + +//CALCULATION +C_s=f_ethylene*P*T_ref/(V_ref*T_K*P_ref); +Tc_minus_Ts=D_e*C_s*(-del_H)/k_s;//Refer equation 5.51 Pg No. 194 + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n\tThe maximum internal temperature difference %0.3f °C',Tc_minus_Ts); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter5-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe maximum internal temperature difference %0.3f °C',Tc_minus_Ts); +mclose(fid); + +//=====================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a.sce b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f57a8f8a --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-5 Ex5.3.a Pg No. 209 +//Title:Overall heat transfer coefficients for packed bed reactor +//============================================================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +k_s= 8*10^(-4);//(cal/sec cm°C) +M_air_avg=29.24;// Average Molecular weight of air +Cp_air_mol=7.91;// cal/mol°C; +Cp_air_g=Cp_air_mol/M_air_avg;//cal/g°C +dp=0.4;//Size of the catalyst pellet (cm) +D=3.8;//Diameter of tube (cm) +R_pellet=D/2;//Radius +V_ref=22400;//Reference volume(cm3) +T_ref=273;// Reference Temperature (K) +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure (atm) +P=5;//System Pressure (atm) +T_C=230;//System Temperature (°C) +T=T_C+273;//System Temperature (K) +u_ft=[1.5 3];//Velocity (ft/s) +myu=0.026*(10^(-2));//Viscosity of air (Poise) +M_wt=[28 32 44 28];//Molecular weight +M_fraction=[0.04 0.07 0.06 0.83]; +Cp=[15.3 7.4 10.7 7.4];//(cal/mol°C) +k_g=9.27*10^(-5);//(cal/sec cm°C) +del_H_rxn=[-29.9 -317];//(kcal/mol) + +//CALCULATION +rho=M_air_avg*P*T_ref/(V_ref*P_ref*T); +u=30.533.*u_ft;//Velocity in (cm/s) +Re_p=(rho*dp/myu).*u; +Pr=Cp_air_g*myu/k_g; +ks_by_kg=k_s/k_g; +k0e_by_kg=3.5;//From figure 5.16 Pg. No. 203 +kr_by_kg=2.5;//From equation 5.68 and 5.69 Pg. No. 204 +for i=1:2 + ktd_by_k_air(i)=(0.1*Pr)*Re_p(i); +ke_by_kg(i)=(k0e_by_kg+kr_by_kg)+ktd_by_k_air(i); +k_e(i)=ke_by_kg(i)*k_g; +h_bed(i)=4*k_e(i)/R_pellet; +Nu_w(i)=(1.94*Pr^(0.33))*Re_p(i)^(0.5);//Refer equation 5.83 Pg. No. 208 +h_w(i)=(k_g/dp)*Nu_w(i);//(cal/sec cm2 K) +h_j=100*10^(-3);//Assumed + U(i)=1/((1/h_j)+(1/h_w(i))+(1/h_bed(i))); +end + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\nThe Overall Heat transfer coefficient for given Velocities' ) +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\n u(velocity) U') +mprintf('\n (ft/s) (cal/cm2 sec K)') +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mprintf('\n %0.2f %f',u_ft(i),U(i)) +end + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter5_Ex3_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Overall Heat transfer coefficient for given Velocities' ) +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\n u(velocity) U') +mfprintf(fid,'\n (ft/s) (cal/cm2 sec K)') +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.2f %f',u_ft(i),U(i)) +end +mclose(fid); +//===============================================END OF PROGRAM======================================================= + + diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47dee62ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.a/Chapter5_Ex3_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +The Overall Heat transfer coefficient for given Velocities +========================================================== + u(velocity) U + (ft/s) (cal/cm2 sec K) +========================================================== + 1.50 0.002705 + 3.00 0.004240 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b.sce b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe0def374 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-5 Ex5.3.b Pg No. 209 +//Title:Peak Radial average bed temperature for velocities +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +format(16) +//INPUT +k_s= 8*10^(-4);//(cal/sec cm°C) +M_air_avg=29.24;// +Cp_air_mol=7.91;// cal/mol°C; +Cp_air_g=Cp_air_mol/M_air_avg;//cal/g°C +dp=0.4;//Size of the catalyst pellet (cm) +D=3.8;//Diameter of tube (cm) +R_pellet=D/2;//Radius +f_EO=0.7;//Fraction of ethylene forming ethylene oxide +f_CO2_H2O=1-f_EO;//Fraction of ethylene forming CO2 and H2O +rho_p=2.5;//Density of catalyst particle (g/cm3) +P=5;//System Pressure (atm) +T_C=230;//System Temperature (°C) +T=T_C+273;//System Temperature (K) +u_ft=[1.5 3];//Velocity (ft/s) +myu=0.026*(10^(-2));//Viscosity of air (Poise) +M_wt=[28 32 44 28];//Molecular weight +M_fraction=[0.04 0.07 0.06 0.83]; +del_H_rxn=[-29.9 -317];//Heat of reaction(kcal/mol) +E=18*1000;//Activation Energy (cal) +R=1.987;//Gas Constant (cal/K.mol) +U=[0.00275 0.00431 ];//Overall heat transfer coefficients calculated in Ex5.3.a + +//CALCULATION +minus_delH=f_EO*(-del_H_rxn(1))+f_CO2_H2O*(-del_H_rxn(2)); +T_max=T+20; +del_Tc= R*(T_max)^2/E; +T_new=250 +273; +X_E=0.1; +k250_by_k230=exp((E/R)*((1/T)-(1/T_new))); +P_E=P*(1-X_E)*M_fraction(1); +P_O2=P*(1-f_EO*X_E)*M_fraction(2); +P_CO2=P*(1+f_CO2_H2O*X_E)*M_fraction(3); +r=k250_by_k230*((0.076*P_E*P_O2)/(1+2*P_E+15*P_CO2)); +Q_dash=r*minus_delH*10^3/3600; +epsilon=0.4; +rho_bed=rho_p*(1-0.4); +A_percm3=4/D; +Q=(Q_dash*rho_bed) +for i=1:2 + delta_T(i)=(Q/A_percm3)*(1/U(i)); +end + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\nThe Peak Radial average bed temperature for given Velocities' ) +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\n u(velocity) delta_T') +mprintf('\n (ft/s) (°C)') +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mprintf('\n %0.1f \t \t %0.0f',u_ft(i),delta_T(i)) +end + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter5_Ex3_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Peak Radial average bed temperature for given Velocities' ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n u(velocity) delta_T'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n (ft/s) (°C)'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +for i=1:2 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.1f \t \t %0.0f',u_ft(i),delta_T(i)); +end +mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM======================================== + diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d47e28fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.3.b/Chapter5_Ex3_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +The Peak Radial average bed temperature for given Velocities +========================================================== + u(velocity) delta_T + (ft/s) (°C) +========================================================== + 1.5 25 + 3.0 16 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e94e72a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-5 Ex5.3 Pg No. 209 +//Title:Overall heat transfer coefficients and radial average bed temperature for packed bed reactor +//============================================================================================================= +clear +clc + +// COMMON INPUT +k_s= 8*10^(-4);//(cal/sec cm°C) +M_air_avg=29.24;// Average Molecular weight of air +Cp_air_mol=7.91;// cal/mol°C; +Cp_air_g=Cp_air_mol/M_air_avg;//cal/g°C +dp=0.4;//Size of the catalyst pellet (cm) +D=3.8;//Diameter of tube (cm) +R_pellet=D/2;//Radius +f_EO=0.7;//Fraction of ethylene forming ethylene oxide +f_CO2_H2O=1-f_EO;//Fraction of ethylene forming CO2 and H2O +rho_p=2.5;//Density of catalyst particle (g/cm3) +V_ref=22400;//Reference volume(cm3) +T_ref=273;// Reference Temperature (K) +P_ref=1;//Reference Pressure (atm) +P=5;//System Pressure (atm) +T_C=230;//System Temperature (°C) +T=T_C+273;//System Temperature (K) +u_ft=[1.5 3];//Velocity (ft/s) +myu=0.026*(10^(-2));//Viscosity of air (Poise) +M_wt=[28 32 44 28];//Molecular weight +M_fraction=[0.04 0.07 0.06 0.83]; +Cp=[15.3 7.4 10.7 7.4];//(cal/mol°C) +k_g=9.27*10^(-5);//(cal/sec cm°C) +del_H_rxn=[-29.9 -317];//(kcal/mol) +E=18*1000;//Activation Energy (cal) +R=1.987;//Gas Constant (cal/K.mol) + +//CALCULATION (Ex5.3.a) +rho=M_air_avg*P*T_ref/(V_ref*P_ref*T); +u=30.533.*u_ft;//Velocity in (cm/s) +Re_p=(rho*dp/myu).*u; +Pr=Cp_air_g*myu/k_g; +ks_by_kg=k_s/k_g; +k0e_by_kg=3.5;//From figure 5.16 Pg. No. 203 +kr_by_kg=2.5;//From equation 5.68 and 5.69 Pg. No. 204 +for i=1:2 + ktd_by_k_air(i)=(0.1*Pr)*Re_p(i); +ke_by_kg(i)=(k0e_by_kg+kr_by_kg)+ktd_by_k_air(i); +k_e(i)=ke_by_kg(i)*k_g; +h_bed(i)=4*k_e(i)/R_pellet; +Nu_w(i)=(1.94*Pr^(0.33))*Re_p(i)^(0.5);//Refer equation 5.83 Pg. No. 208 +h_w(i)=(k_g/dp)*Nu_w(i);//(cal/sec cm2 K) +h_j=100*10^(-3);//Assumed + U(i)=1/((1/h_j)+(1/h_w(i))+(1/h_bed(i))); +end + +//CALCULATION (Ex5.3.b) +minus_delH=f_EO*(-del_H_rxn(1))+f_CO2_H2O*(-del_H_rxn(2)); +T_max=T+20; +del_Tc= R*(T_max)^2/E; +T_new=250 +273; +X_E=0.1; +k250_by_k230=exp((E/R)*((1/T)-(1/T_new))); +P_E=P*(1-X_E)*M_fraction(1); +P_O2=P*(1-f_EO*X_E)*M_fraction(2); +P_CO2=P*(1+f_CO2_H2O*X_E)*M_fraction(3); +r=k250_by_k230*((0.076*P_E*P_O2)/(1+2*P_E+15*P_CO2)); +Q_dash=r*minus_delH*10^3/3600; +epsilon=0.4; +rho_bed=rho_p*(1-0.4); +A_percm3=4/D; +Q=(Q_dash*rho_bed) +for i=1:2 + delta_T(i)=(Q/A_percm3)*(1/U(i)); +end + +//OUTPUT ((Ex5.3.a)) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex5.3.a'); +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\nThe Overall Heat transfer coefficient for given Velocities' ) +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\n u(velocity) U') +mprintf('\n (ft/s) (cal/cm2 sec K)') +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mprintf('\n %0.1f %3E',u_ft(i),U(i)) +end + +//OUTPUT ((Ex5.3.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex5.3.b'); +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\nThe Peak Radial average bed temperature for given Velocities' ) +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +mprintf('\n u(velocity) delta_T') +mprintf('\n (ft/s) (°C)') +mprintf('\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mprintf('\n %0.1f \t \t %0.0f',u_ft(i),delta_T(i)) +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter5-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex5.3.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Overall Heat transfer coefficient for given Velocities' ) +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\n u(velocity) U') +mfprintf(fid,'\n (ft/s) (cal/cm2 sec K)') +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.1f %3E',u_ft(i),U(i)) +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex5.3.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Peak Radial average bed temperature for given Velocities' ) +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +mfprintf(fid,'\n u(velocity) delta_T') +mfprintf(fid,'\n (ft/s) (°C)') +mfprintf(fid,'\n==========================================================') +for i=1:2 + mfprintf(fid,'\n %0.1f \t \t %0.0f',u_ft(i),delta_T(i)) +end +mclose(fid); +//===============================================END OF PROGRAM======================================================= + + diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a4e827c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.1.a Pg No.236 +//Title:Power Consumption per unit volume at 300rpm +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +D_a=0.1; +D_t=0.3; +H=0.3; +N_P=5.5; +rho=1000; +n=5; +S_f=6;//Scale up factor in diameter +//CALCULATION +P_unit_vol=(N_P*n^3*D_a^5)/(%pi*(1/4)*D_t^2*H); +P_thousand_gal=P_unit_vol*5.067; +t=(4/n)*(D_t/D_a)^2*(H/D_t); +P_unit_vol_new=S_f^2*P_thousand_gal; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The Power consumption per unit volume at 300rpm = %.2f HP/1000 gal',P_thousand_gal); +mprintf('\n\ The Power consumption scaling up sixfold in diameter = %.0f HP/1000 gal',P_unit_vol_new); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex1_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Power consumption per unit volume at 300rpm = %.2f HP/1000 gal',P_thousand_gal); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\ The Power consumption scaling up sixfold in diameter = %.0f HP/1000 gal',P_unit_vol_new); +mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58a9f999e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.a/Chapter6_Ex1_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The Power consumption per unit volume at 300rpm = 1.64 HP/1000 gal + The Power consumption scaling up sixfold in diameter = 59 HP/1000 gal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce57ebe0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.1.b Pg No.236 +//Title:Speed of stirrer and increase in blending time +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +n=5; +P_by_V_limit=10;//Pressure per unit volume (HP/1000gal) +P_by_V1=59;//Pressure per unit volume from Ex6.1.a +n1=5; + +//CALCULATION +n_limit=(P_by_V_limit/P_by_V1)^(1/3) *n1;//Pressure per unit vol propotional to n3 +t_inc_factor=n1/n_limit;//t inversely propotional to n +rotational_speed=n_limit*60;//Speed in rpm + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The speed of the stirrer = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n_limit,rotational_speed); +mprintf('\n Blending time increases by factor of %.2f ',t_inc_factor); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex1_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The speed of the stirrer = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n_limit,rotational_speed); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Blending time increases by factor of %.2f ',t_inc_factor); +mclose(fid); +//==================================================END OF PROGRAM=================================================== + + diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ef78b982 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.b/Chapter6_Ex1_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The speed of the stirrer = 2.77 sec-1 or 166 rpm + Blending time increases by factor of 1.81 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60aef7524 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.1.c Pg No. 236 +//Title:Speed of stirrer and blending time +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +D_a=0.1; +D_t=0.3; +H=0.3; +Da_by_Dt1=D_a/D_t; +Da_by_Dt2=0.5; +n1=2.76; + +//CALCULATION +n2=(Da_by_Dt1/Da_by_Dt2)^(5/3)*n1; +rotaional_speed=n2*60; +t1=4*(1/Da_by_Dt1)^2*(H/D_t)*(1/n1); +t2=4*(1/Da_by_Dt2)^2*(H/D_t)*(1/n2); + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The new stirrer speed = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n2,rotaional_speed); +mprintf('\n The new blending time for Da/Dt ratio of 0.5 = %.1f sec',t2); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex1_c_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The new stirrer speed = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n2,rotaional_speed); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The new blending time for Da/Dt ratio of 0.5 = %.1f sec',t2); +mclose(fid); +//=============================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================== +// Disclaimer:The answer "11.1 sec" for new blending time given in the book is numerically incorrect. "16/1.4 = 11.4285" and not "11.1" as printed in the textbook. diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29793eec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1.c/Chapter6_Ex1_c_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The new stirrer speed = 1.40 sec-1 or 84 rpm + The new blending time for Da/Dt ratio of 0.5 = 11.4 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9af0bfd8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.1 Pg No.236 +//Title:Power Consumption at 300 rpm,speed of stirrer and blending time +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +D_a=0.1; +D_t=0.3; +H=0.3; +N_P=5.5; +rho=1000; +n=5; +S_f=6;//Scale up factor in diameter +P_by_V_limit=10;//Pressure per unit volume (HP/1000gal) +n1=5; +Da_by_Dt1=D_a/D_t; +Da_by_Dt2=0.5; + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.1.a) +P_unit_vol=(N_P*n^3*D_a^5)/(%pi*(1/4)*D_t^2*H); +P_thousand_gal=P_unit_vol*5.067; +t=(4/n)*(D_t/D_a)^2*(H/D_t); +P_unit_vol_new=S_f^2*P_thousand_gal; + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.1.b) +n_limit=(P_by_V_limit/P_unit_vol_new)^(1/3) *n1;//Pressure per unit vol propotional to n3 +t_inc_factor=n1/n_limit;//t inversely propotional to n +rotational_speed=n_limit*60;//Speed in rpm + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.1.c) +n2=(Da_by_Dt1/Da_by_Dt2)^(5/3)*n_limit; +rotaional_speed=n2*60; +t1=4*(1/Da_by_Dt1)^2*(H/D_t)*(1/n_limit); +t2=4*(1/Da_by_Dt2)^2*(H/D_t)*(1/n2); + +//OUTPUT (Ex6.1.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n The Power consumption per unit volume at 300rpm = %.2f HP/1000 gal',P_thousand_gal); +mprintf('\n\ The Power consumption scaling up sixfold in diameter = %.0f HP/1000 gal',P_unit_vol_new); + + +//OUTPUT (Ex6.1.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n The speed of the stirrer = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n_limit,rotational_speed); +mprintf('\n Blending time increases by factor of %.2f ',t_inc_factor); + +//OUTPUT(Ex6.1.c) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.c'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n The new stirrer speed = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n2,rotaional_speed); +mprintf('\n The new blending time for Da/Dt ratio of 0.5 = %.1f sec',t2); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Power consumption per unit volume at 300rpm = %.2f HP/1000 gal',P_thousand_gal); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\ The Power consumption scaling up sixfold in diameter = %.0f HP/1000 gal',P_unit_vol_new); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The speed of the stirrer = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n_limit,rotational_speed); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Blending time increases by factor of %.2f ',t_inc_factor); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.1.c'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The new stirrer speed = %.2f sec-1 or %.0f rpm',n2,rotaional_speed); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The new blending time for Da/Dt ratio of 0.5 = %.1f sec',t2); +mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= +//Disclaimer: In Ex6.1.c there is an arithematic error in the value of D_a/D_t. The value of D_a/D_t should be 11.4 instead of the value reported in the textbook for D_a/D_t=11.1. diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e8eaf9d --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.2 Pg No. 239 +//Title:Effect of diffusion on conversion for laminar flow +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +D=1*10^(-2);//Diameter of pipeline (m) +R=D/2;//Radius (m) +D_m=10^(-4);//Diffusivity (m2/sec) +k=1;//Reaction rate constant (sec-1) + + +//CALCULATION +alpha=D_m/(k*(R^2));//Refer topic ('Diffusion in laminar flow reactors') Pg No.239 + + +//OUTPUT +if (alpha<=0.01) + then + mprintf('\n The effect of radial diffusion on conversion can be neglected as alpha = %.0f',alpha ) +else + mprintf('\n The effect of radial diffusion makes conversion almost as same as plug flow as alpha = %.0f',alpha) +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +if (alpha<=0.01) + then + mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of radial diffusion on conversion can be neglected as alpha = %.0f',alpha ) +else + mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of radial diffusion makes conversion almost as same as plug flow as alpha = %.0f',alpha) +end +mclose(fid); +//================================================END OF PROGRAM======================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ac62cd56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.3.a Pg No. 248 +//Title:Effect of Axial dispersion on conversion +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +u=1;//Superficial velocity (cm/s) +D=2*10^(-5)//Molecular Diffusivity(cm2/s) +Re=30;//Reynolds No. +Pe_a=0.25;//Peclet No. corresponding Re No. from Fig 6.10 +dp=3*(10^-1);//Particle Size (cm) +L=48;//Length of the bed (cm) +X_A=0.93;//Conversion + +//CALCULATION +Pe_dash=Pe_a*L/dp;//Refer Pg.No.247 +one_minus_X_A=(1-X_A); +k_rho_L_by_u1=2.65;//From Fig6.12 for given Pe_dash +X_A1=1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u1); +//To increase the conversion more catalyst is needed +k_rho_L_by_u2=2.85;//From Fig6.12 +X_A2=1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u2); +Percentage_excess_cat=((k_rho_L_by_u2-k_rho_L_by_u1)/k_rho_L_by_u1)*100; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The effect of axial dispersion is significant and the percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat ); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex3_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of axial dispersion is significant and the percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat ); +mclose(fid); +//==============================================END OF PROGRAM========================================================= + + + diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..322b8f1d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.a/Chapter6_Ex3_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The effect of axial dispersion is significant and the percentage excess of catalyst = 8% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6499e304 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.3.b Pg No. 248 +//Title:Effect of conversion on reducing the length to half +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +L_old=48;// Old bed length (cm) +L_new=L_old/2;//New bed length (cm) +k_rho_L_by_u_old=2.65;//Refer Ex6.3.a +Pe_dash_old=40;//Refer Ex6.3.a + +//CALCULATION +k_rho_L_by_u_new=k_rho_L_by_u_old/2; +X_A_cal=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_new));//Calculated conversion +Pe_dash_new=Pe_dash_old/2; +k_rho_L_by_u_graph=1.3992;//Value obtained from Figure6.12 for the calculated conversion +Percentage_excess_cat=((k_rho_L_by_u_graph-k_rho_L_by_u_new)/k_rho_L_by_u_new)*100; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n The effect of axial dispersion is less on reducing the bed length \n The percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat ); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex3_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of axial dispersion is less on reducing the bed length \n The percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat ); +mclose(fid); +//================================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================== diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0586c7457 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.3.b/Chapter6_Ex3_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The effect of axial dispersion is less on reducing the bed length + The percentage excess of catalyst = 6% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84f6ca10 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.3 Pg No. 248 +//Title:Effect of Axial dispersion and length on conversion +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +u=1;//Superficial velocity (cm/s) +D=2*10^(-5)//Molecular Diffusivity(cm2/s) +Re=30;//Reynolds No. +Pe_a=0.25;//Peclet No. corresponding Re No. from Fig 6.10 +dp=3*(10^-1);//Particle Size (cm) +L=48;//Length of the bed (cm) +X_A=0.93;//Conversion +L_old=48;// Old bed length (cm) +L_new=L_old/2;//New bed length (cm) + + + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.3.a) +Pe_dash=Pe_a*L/dp;//Refer Pg.No.247 +one_minus_X_A=(1-X_A); +k_rho_L_by_u1=2.65;//From Fig6.12 for given Pe_dash +X_A1=1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u1); +//To increase the conversion more catalyst is needed +k_rho_L_by_u2=2.85;//From Fig6.12 +X_A2=1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u2); +Percentage_excess_cat_a=((k_rho_L_by_u2-k_rho_L_by_u1)/k_rho_L_by_u1)*100; + +//CALCULATION(Ex6.3.b) +k_rho_L_by_u_new=k_rho_L_by_u1/2; +X_A_cal=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_new));//Calculated conversion +Pe_dash_new=Pe_dash/2; +k_rho_L_by_u_graph=1.3992;//Value obtained from Figure6.12 for the calculated conversion +Percentage_excess_cat_b=((k_rho_L_by_u_graph-k_rho_L_by_u_new)/k_rho_L_by_u_new)*100; + +//OUTPUT(Ex6.3.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex6.3.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n The effect of axial dispersion is significant and the percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat_a ); + +//OUTPUT (Ex6.3.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.3.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n The effect of axial dispersion is less on reducing the bed length \n The percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat_b ); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex6.3.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of axial dispersion is significant and the percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat_a ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.3.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The effect of axial dispersion is less on reducing the bed length \n The percentage excess of catalyst = %.0f%%',Percentage_excess_cat_b ); +mclose(fid); +//==============================================END OF PROGRAM========================================================= + + + diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82aee0da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.4.a Pg No.251 +//Title:Conversion in packed bed for same superficial velocity +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +L=2.5;//Lendth of bed(ft) +X_A=0.95;//Conversion +L_a=3;//Length of section a (ft) +L_b=2;//Length of section b (ft) + +//CALCULATION +k_rho_L_by_u=log(1/(1-X_A));//First Order reactions +//For Section a +k_rho_L_by_u_a=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_a/L); +X_A_section_a=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_a)); +//For Section b +k_rho_L_by_u_b=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_b/L);//Dimensionless Group based on ideal plug flow for first order reaction +X_A_section_b=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_b)); +X_A_Ave=(X_A_section_b+X_A_section_a)/2; +Percent_X_A_Ave=X_A_Ave*100 + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe average converion when each section has same superficial velocity:%0.1f%%',Percent_X_A_Ave ); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex4_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe average converion when each section has same superficial velocity:%0.1f%%',Percent_X_A_Ave ); +mclose(fid); +//=======================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7971f665 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.a/Chapter6_Ex4_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The average converion when each section has same superficial velocity:94.1% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47bc5b825 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.4.b Pg No.251 +//Title:Overall conversion for different velocities +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +u_oa_by_u0=0.88;//Refer equation 3.64 +u_ob_by_u0=1.12; +X_A=0.95;//Conversion +L=2.5;//(ft) +L_a=3;//Length of section a (ft) +L_b=2;//Length of section b (ft) + +//CALCULATION +k_rho_L_by_u=log(1/(1-X_A));//First Order reaction +//For Section a +k_rho_L_by_u_a=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_a/L)*(1/u_oa_by_u0); +X_A_section_a=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_a)); +delP_a_by_alpha_u0_pow=L_a*(u_oa_by_u0);//Refer equation 3.64 + +//For Section b +k_rho_L_by_u_b=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_b/L)*(1/u_ob_by_u0);//Dimensionless Group based on ideal plug flow for first order reaction +delP_b_by_alpha_u0_pow=L_b*u_ob_by_u0; +X_A_section_b=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_b)); +X_A_avg=(u_oa_by_u0*X_A_section_a+u_ob_by_u0*X_A_section_b)/2; +Percent_X_A_avg=X_A_avg*100; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\nThe overall conversion for different velocities:%0.1f%% ',Percent_X_A_avg ); + +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6_Ex4_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe overall conversion for different velocities:%0.1f%% ',Percent_X_A_avg ); +mclose(fid); +//==================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ce7357ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.4.b/Chapter6_Ex4_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The overall conversion for different velocities:92.7% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Ex4.sce b/1040/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86305a9f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-6 Ex6.4 Pg No.251 +//Title:Conversion in packed bed for same superficial velocity +//==================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//COMMON INPUT +L=2.5;//Lendth of bed(ft) +X_A=0.95;//Conversion +L_a=3;//Length of section a (ft) +L_b=2;//Length of section b (ft) +u_oa_by_u0=0.88;//Refer equation 3.64 +u_ob_by_u0=1.12; +L=2.5;//(ft) + + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.4.a) +k_rho_L_by_u=log(1/(1-X_A));//First Order reactions +//For Section a +k_rho_L_by_u_a=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_a/L); +X_A_section_a=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_a)); +//For Section b +k_rho_L_by_u_b=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_b/L);//Dimensionless Group based on ideal plug flow for first order reaction +X_A_section_b=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_b)); +X_A_Ave=(X_A_section_b+X_A_section_a)/2; +Percent_X_A_Ave=X_A_Ave*100 + +//CALCULATION (Ex6.4.b) +k_rho_L_by_u=log(1/(1-X_A));//First Order reaction +//For Section a +k_rho_L_by_u_a=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_a/L)*(1/u_oa_by_u0); +X_A_section_a=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_a)); +delP_a_by_alpha_u0_pow=L_a*(u_oa_by_u0);//Refer equation 3.64 + +//For Section b +k_rho_L_by_u_b=k_rho_L_by_u*(L_b/L)*(1/u_ob_by_u0);//Dimensionless Group based on ideal plug flow for first order reaction +delP_b_by_alpha_u0_pow=L_b*u_ob_by_u0; +X_A_section_b=(1-exp(-k_rho_L_by_u_b)); +X_A_avg=(u_oa_by_u0*X_A_section_a+u_ob_by_u0*X_A_section_b)/2; +Percent_X_A_avg=X_A_avg*100; + +//OUTPUT(Ex6.4.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex6.4.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe average converion when each section has same superficial velocity:%0.1f%%',Percent_X_A_Ave ); + +//OUTPUT(Ex6.4.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.4.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe overall conversion for different velocities:%0.1f%% ',Percent_X_A_avg ); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter6-Ex4-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex6.4.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe average converion when each section has same superficial velocity:%0.1f%%',Percent_X_A_Ave ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex6.4.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe overall conversion for different velocities:%0.1f%% ',Percent_X_A_avg ); +mclose(fid); +//=======================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae0a8e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.1.a Pg No.260 +//Title:Overall Reaction Rate Coefficient and Percent Resistance +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +k2=8.5;//Reaction rate constant (L/mol-sec) +T=50;//Reaction condition temperature(°C) +P=2;//Reaction Pressure (atm) +H_O2=8*10^4;// Solubility (atm/mol fraction) +F=17000//Feed rate (L/hr) +C_B_feed=1.6;//Feed concentration(M) +C_B_product=0.8;//Product concentration(M) +k_L_a=900;//Liquid film mass transfer coefficient(hr-1) +k_g_a=80;//Gas film mass transfer coefficient(mol/hr L atm) +Epsilon=0.1;//Porosity + + +//CALCULATION +H_O2_conv=H_O2*18/1000;// Convert (atm L/mole O2) +k_L_a_by_H=k_L_a/H_O2_conv; +reaction_resistance=H_O2_conv/(k2*C_B_product*(1-Epsilon)*3600); +Kg_a=1/((1/k_g_a)+(1/k_L_a_by_H)+(reaction_resistance));//Refer equation7.10 +gasfilm_resistance_per=((1/k_g_a)/(1/Kg_a))*100; +liq_film_resistance_per=((1/k_L_a_by_H)/(1/Kg_a))*100; +reaction_resistance_per=((reaction_resistance)/(1/Kg_a))*100; + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\nThe percentage gas-film resistance : %0.1f%%',gasfilm_resistance_per); +mprintf('\nThe percentage liquid-film resistance: %0.1f%%',liq_film_resistance_per); +mprintf('\nThe percentage chemical reaction resistance: %0.1f%%',reaction_resistance_per); + +// File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex1-a-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage gas-film resistance: %0.1f%%',gasfilm_resistance_per); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage liquid-film resistance: %0.1f%%',liq_film_resistance_per); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage chemical reaction resistance: %0.1f%%',reaction_resistance_per); +mclose(fid); +//===================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d58fc7cea --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.a/Chapter7_Ex1_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +The percentage gas-film resistance: 0.7% +The percentage liquid-film resistance: 95.4% +The percentage chemical reaction resistance: 3.9% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..882f08df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.1.b Pg No.260 +//Title:Reaction Volume and Reactor Size +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +k2=8.5;//Reaction rate constant (L/mol-sec) +T=50;//Reaction condition temperature(°C) +P=2;//Reaction Pressure (atm) +H_O2=8*10^4;// Solubility (atm/mol fraction) +F=17000//Feed rate (L/hr) +C_B_feed=1.6;//Feed concentration(M) +C_B_product=0.8;//Product concentration(M) +k_L_a=900;//Liquid film mass transfer coefficient(hr-1) +k_g_a=80;//Gas film mass transfer coefficient(mol/hr L atm) +Epsilon=0.1;//Porosity +Kg_a=0.596;//Refer the overall reaction rate calculated in Ex7.1.a +percent_inc=0.2;//Percentage excess required for reactor volume + +//CALCULATION +delta_C_B=C_B_feed-C_B_product; +mol_O2_needed=F*delta_C_B/4; +N_air=100;//Assuming 100 mole of feed air +f_O2=0.209;//Fraction of O2 +f_N2=1-f_O2;//Fraction of N2 +N_O2_in=N_air*f_O2; +N_N2_in=N_air*f_N2; +N_O2_out=N_O2_in/2;//Half of O2 fed +N_N2_out=N_N2_in; +N_air_out=N_N2_out+N_O2_out; +P_O2_out=P*(N_O2_out/N_air_out); +P_O2_in=P*(N_O2_in/N_air); +P_O2_bar=(P_O2_in-P_O2_out)/(log(P_O2_in/P_O2_out));//Log mean Pressure +volume=mol_O2_needed/(Kg_a*P_O2_bar); +reactor_vol=volume+volume*percent_inc; +volume_gal=volume*0.264; +reactor_vol_gal=reactor_vol*0.264; + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n Reaction volume calculated : %0.0f L ',volume ); +mprintf('\n Reactor size to be chosen : %0.0f L',reactor_vol); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex1_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Reaction volume calculated : %0.0f L ',volume ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Reactor size to be chosen : %0.0f L',reactor_vol); +mclose(fid); +//=============================================END OF PROGRAM============================================================ +// Disclaimer : The numerically calculated value of reaction volume is 18008 L not 18000 L as mentioned in the textbook + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1274ce70d --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.1.b/Chapter7_Ex1_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Reaction volume calculated : 18008 L + Reactor size to be chosen : 21610 L \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3f4bfd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.1 Pg No.260 +//Title:Overall Reaction Rate Coefficient, Percent Resistance, Reaction Volume and Reactor Size +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +k2=8.5;//Reaction rate constant (L/mol-sec) +T=50;//Reaction condition temperature(°C) +P=2;//Reaction Pressure (atm) +H_O2=8*10^4;// Solubility (atm/mol fraction) +F=17000//Feed rate (L/hr) +C_B_feed=1.6;//Feed concentration(M) +C_B_product=0.8;//Product concentration(M) +k_L_a=900;//Liquid film mass transfer coefficient(hr-1) +k_g_a=80;//Gas film mass transfer coefficient(mol/hr L atm) +Epsilon=0.1;//Porosity +percent_inc=0.2;//Percentage excess required for reactor volume + + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.1.a) +H_O2_conv=H_O2*18/1000;// Convert (atm L/mole O2) +k_L_a_by_H=k_L_a/H_O2_conv; +reaction_resistance=H_O2_conv/(k2*C_B_product*(1-Epsilon)*3600); +Kg_a=1/((1/k_g_a)+(1/k_L_a_by_H)+(reaction_resistance));//Refer equation7.10 +gasfilm_resistance_per=((1/k_g_a)/(1/Kg_a))*100; +liq_film_resistance_per=((1/k_L_a_by_H)/(1/Kg_a))*100; +reaction_resistance_per=((reaction_resistance)/(1/Kg_a))*100; + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.1.b) +delta_C_B=C_B_feed-C_B_product; +mol_O2_needed=F*delta_C_B/4; +N_air=100;//Assuming 100 mole of feed air +f_O2=0.209;//Fraction of O2 +f_N2=1-f_O2;//Fraction of N2 +N_O2_in=N_air*f_O2; +N_N2_in=N_air*f_N2; +N_O2_out=N_O2_in/2;//Half of O2 fed +N_N2_out=N_N2_in; +N_air_out=N_N2_out+N_O2_out; +P_O2_out=P*(N_O2_out/N_air_out); +P_O2_in=P*(N_O2_in/N_air); +P_O2_bar=(P_O2_in-P_O2_out)/(log(P_O2_in/P_O2_out));//Log mean Pressure +volume=mol_O2_needed/(Kg_a*P_O2_bar); +reactor_vol=volume+volume*percent_inc; +volume_gal=volume*0.264; +reactor_vol_gal=reactor_vol*0.264; + + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.1.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex7.1.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe percentage gas-film resistance : %0.1f%%',gasfilm_resistance_per); +mprintf('\nThe percentage liquid-film resistance: %0.1f%%',liq_film_resistance_per); +mprintf('\nThe percentage chemical reaction resistance: %0.1f%%',reaction_resistance_per); + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.1.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.1.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n Reaction volume calculated : %0.0f L ',volume ); +mprintf('\n Reactor size to be chosen : %0.0f L',reactor_vol); + + +// FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex7.1.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage gas-film resistance : %0.1f%%',gasfilm_resistance_per); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage liquid-film resistance: %0.1f%%',liq_film_resistance_per); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe percentage chemical reaction resistance: %0.1f%%',reaction_resistance_per); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.1.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Reaction volume calculated : %0.0f L ',volume ); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Reactor size to be chosen : %0.0f L',reactor_vol); +mclose(fid); +//===================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..755c5c982 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.2 Pg No.270 +//Title:The gradient for B in the liquid film +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +C_B0_by_C_Ai=40; +D_A_by_D_B=1.2; +sqrt_M=10; +phi=sqrt_M;//Assume the gradient for A is the same as when the gradient for B is negligible +eff_diff_distA_by_xL=(1/phi); + +//CALCULATION +eff_diff_distB_by_xL=(1-eff_diff_distA_by_xL); +CB0_minus_CBbar_by_CB0=D_A_by_D_B*(1/C_B0_by_C_Ai)*(eff_diff_distB_by_xL/eff_diff_distA_by_xL); +C_Bbar_by_C_B0=(1-CB0_minus_CBbar_by_CB0); +sqrt_kC_B=sqrt(C_Bbar_by_C_B0); +phi_corrected=phi*sqrt_kC_B; +Percent_change=((phi-phi_corrected)/(phi))*100; + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Percentage Decrease in Rate :%0.0f%% ',Percent_change); +mprintf('\n The decrease in rate is significant ,hence the gradient for B is significant in liquid film'); +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Percentage Decrease in Rate :%0.0f%% ',Percent_change); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The decrease in rate is significant ,hence the gradient for B is significant in liquid film'); +mclose(fid); +//================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de11fc593 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-7 Ex7.3 Pg No.274 +//Title:Overall mass transfer coefficient and percent resistance +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +k2=8500;//(L/mol sec) at 25 °C +kg_a= 7.4 //(mol/hr ft3 atm) +k_star_L_a=32;//(hr-1) +a=34;//(ft2/ft3) +H_CO2=1.9*10^(3);//(atm/m f) Henry's Constant +D_CO2=2*10^(-5);//(cm2/sec) +D_OH=2.8*10^(-5);//(cm2/sec) +P_CO2_in=0.04;//(atm) +P_CO2_out=0.004;//(atm) +Caustic_conc=[0.5 0.75];//Cocentration on both the ends of the column bottom and top(M) +n=2; +M_H2O=18;//Molecular Weight +H_H2O=62.3;//(g/ft3) Henry's Constant +H_H2O_dash=H_H2O/M_H2O;//Henry's Constant converted into consistent units with kg_a + + +//CALCULATION +C_Ai=P_CO2_in/H_CO2*(1000/18); +k_star_L=(k_star_L_a/(a*3600))*(30.5); +H_CO2_dash=H_CO2*(1/H_H2O_dash); +for i=1:2 +Phi_a(i)=(1+(Caustic_conc(i)/(n*C_Ai))*(D_OH/D_CO2));//Refer equation7.51 +sqrt_M(i)=sqrt(k2*Caustic_conc(i)*D_CO2)/k_star_L; +Phi(i)=sqrt_M(i);//Refer fig 7.7 +K_ga(i)=(1/((1/kg_a)+(H_CO2_dash/(Phi(i)*k_star_L_a))));//Overall Mass transfer coefficient +Percent_resis_gasfilm(i)=(K_ga(i)/kg_a)*100; +end + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\tTop\t Bottom'); +mprintf('\n Overall mass transfer coefficient (mol/hr ft3 atm): %0.1f\t %0.1f',K_ga(1),K_ga(2)); +mprintf('\n Percenage resistance in gas film: %0.0f%%\t %0.0f%% ',Percent_resis_gasfilm(1) ,Percent_resis_gasfilm(2) ); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\tTop\t Bottom'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Overall mass transfer coefficient (mol/hr ft3 atm): %0.1f\t %0.1f',K_ga(1),K_ga(2)); +mfprintf(fid,'\n Percenage resistance in gas film: %0.0f%%\t %0.0f%% ',Percent_resis_gasfilm(1) ,Percent_resis_gasfilm(2) ); +mclose(fid); +//========================================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================================================= + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Ex4.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b8932178 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-7 Ex7.4 Pg No.279 +//Title:Local selectivity due to mass transfer limitations +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +C_Ai=0.02;//(M) +C_B0=3;//(M) +D_A=10^(-5);//(cm2/sec) +D_B=D_A;//(cm2/sec) +D_C=D_B;//(cm2/sec) +k_1=10^(4);//(L/mol sec) +k_star_l=0.015;//(cm/sec) +n=1; +C_c0=[0 1.4]; +X=[0 0.5]// Conversion +Phi=[33 23];//From figure 7.7 + + +//CALCULATION +k_2=0.09*k_1; +for i=1:2 + C_B(i)=(1-X(i))*C_B0; +sqrt_M(i)=sqrt(C_B(i)*k_1*D_A)/k_star_l; +Phi_a(i)=(1+(C_B(i)/(n*C_Ai))*(D_B/D_A));//Refer equation 7.51 +C_Bbar_by_C_B(i)=(Phi(i)/sqrt_M(i))^2;//Refer equation 7.59 +delta_C_B(i)=(1-C_Bbar_by_C_B(i))*C_B(i);//Refer equation 7.60 +delta_C_c(i)=delta_C_B(i); +C_cbar(i)=delta_C_c(i)+C_c0(i); +C_Bbar(i)=C_Bbar_by_C_B(i)*(C_B(i)); +S(i)=(1-(k_2*C_cbar(i)/(C_Bbar(i)*k_1)))*100;//Refer equation 7.56 +end + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n\tLocal selectivity due to mass transfer limitations '); +mprintf('\n\tThe local selectivity for Zero Conversion : %0.0f%%',S(1)); +mprintf('\n\tThe local selectivity for 50%% Conversion : %0.0f%%',S(2)); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex4-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tLocal selectivity due to mass transfer limitations '); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe local selectivity for Zero Conversion is %0.0f%%',S(1)); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe local selectivity for 50%% Conversion is %0.0f%%',S(2)); +mclose(fid); +//======================================================END OF PROGRAM=================================================== + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ad78a946 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-7 Ex7.5.a Pg No.293 +//Title:Maximum rate of CO absorption +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +P_dash=5;//Partial pressure of acetic acid (atm) +P_total=20;//Total Pressure (atm) +myu=0.19;// Viscosity of acetic acid +T_C=180;//Temperature in (°C) +T_K=T_C+273;//Temperature in (K) +sigma_20=28;//Surface Tension(Dynes/cm) at 20 (°C) +sigma_180=20;//Surface Tension (Dynes/cm)at 180 (°C) +M_CO=28;//Molecular weight of CO +M_B=60.05;//Molecular weight acetic acid +V_A= 30.7;//Molar volume +S_CO=7*10^(-3);//Solubility of CO (mol/L atm) +f_CO=0.75;//Fraction of CO +f_acetic_acid=1-f_CO;//Fraction of Acetic acid +R=82.056*(10^-3);//(cm3 atm/ K  mol) +rho_air=1.21;//(kg/m3)density of air at 20 (°C) +sigma_H2O=72;//Surface tension (Dynes/cm) +myu_H2O=1;//Viscosity of water +k_L_a_air_water=0.051;//(sec-1) +D_O2_water=2.4*(10^-5);//(cm2/sec)diffusivity for oxygen in water at 20(°C) +Conc_Rh=4*10^(-3);//Concentration of Rohdium(M) +Conc_CH3I=1;//Concentration of Methyl Iodide(M) + +//CALCUATION +D_CO=(7.4*10^(-8)*M_B^(1/2)*T_K)/(myu*V_A^(0.6));//Diffusivity of CO (Wilke–Chang equation Eq4.17) +M_ave=f_CO*M_CO+M_B*f_acetic_acid;//Average Molecular weight +rho_g=M_ave*P_total/(R*T_K);//From ideal gas law +epsilon_air_water= 0.12;//At velocity 6(cm/sec) +epsilon=epsilon_air_water*(sigma_H2O/sigma_180)^(0.4)*(myu/myu_H2O)^(0.2)*(rho_g/rho_air)^(0.2);//From equation 7.64 +u_G=6;//From figure 7.12(cm/sec) +k_L_a=k_L_a_air_water*(D_CO/D_O2_water)^(0.5)*(epsilon/epsilon_air_water);//From equation 7.69 +P_CO=P_total-P_dash; +C_CO_Star=S_CO*P_CO; +r_max=C_CO_Star*k_L_a;//Rate of CO absorption at 15 atm +r_test=158.8*(10^(6))*exp(-8684/T_K)*(Conc_Rh)*(Conc_CH3I);//Kinetic rate at 180 (°C) + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe maximum rate of CO absorption at 15 atm : %0.3f (mol/L s)',r_max); +mprintf('\n\tThe kinetic rate of CO absorption at 180(°C) : %0.3f (mol/L s)',r_test); +mprintf('\n\tThe predicted value of k_L_a : %0.2f (s-1)',k_L_a); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex5_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe maximum rate of CO absorption at 20 atm : %0.3f (mol/L s)',r_max); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe kinetic rate of CO absorption at 180(°C) : %0.3f (mol/L s)',r_test); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe predicted value of k_L_a : %0.2f (s-1)',k_L_a); +mclose(fid); +//=================================================END OF PROGRAM=========================================================== + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8a7fc127 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.a/Chapter7_Ex5_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The maximum rate of CO absorption at 20 atm : 0.030 (mol/L s) + The kinetic rate of CO absorption at 180(°C) : 0.003 (mol/L s) + The predicted value of k_L_a : 0.29 (s-1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe7690a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.5.b Pg No.293 +//Title:Dimensions of the bubble column reactor +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +F_product_acetic_acid=0.1;// Rate of acetic acid produced (kmol/sec) +f_CO_reacted=0.8;//80% of CO reacted +f_CO=0.75;//Fraction of CO in feed +T_C=180;//Temperature in (°C) +T_K=T_C+273;//Temperature in (K) +P_total=20;//Total Pressure (atm) +R=82.056*(10^-3);//(cm3 atm/ K  mol) +u_g=0.1;//(m/sec) +Conc_Rh=4*10^(-3);//Concentration of Rohdium(M) +Conc_CH3I=1;//Concentration of Methyl Iodide(M) +Epsilon=0.25;//Value calculated from Ex7.5.a + +//CALCULATION +F_feed_CO=F_product_acetic_acid/f_CO_reacted;//Rate of flow of CO (kmol/sec) +F_total=F_feed_CO/f_CO; +Q=F_total*R*T_K/(P_total); +S=Q/u_g; +D_t=sqrt(4*S/%pi); +r_test=(158.8*(10^(6))*exp(-8684/T_K)*(Conc_Rh)*(Conc_CH3I))*(10^(-3));//Kinetic rate at 180 (°C) +liquid_vol= (F_product_acetic_acid/r_test)*(10^(-3));//liquid volume (m3) +h0=liquid_vol/S;//clear liquid +h=h0/(1-Epsilon);//aerated liquid + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe Dimensions of the reactor are '); +mprintf('\n\tDiameter:%0.0f m',D_t); +mprintf('\n\tHeight:%0.2f m',h); +mprintf('\n\t The upper limit value of reactor height is 15 m and diameter is 2 m'); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex5_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe Dimensions of the reactor are '); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tDiameter:%0.0f m',D_t); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tHeight:%0.2f m',h); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t The upper limit value of reactor height is 15 m and diameter is 2 m'); +mclose(fid); +//================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================================= +//Disclaimer: The numerically calculated value of reactor height is 14.34 m not 14.4 m as mentioned in the textbook diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf37fd4df --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.b/Chapter7_Ex5_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + The Dimensions of the reactor are + Diameter:2 m + Height:14.34 m + The upper limit value of reactor height is 15 m and diameter is 2 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77a59926f --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.5.c Pg No.293 +//Title:Dimension of reactor using lower gas velocity +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +u_g=5*(10^(-2))//Gas Velocity +R=82.056*(10^-3);//(cm3 atm/ K  mol) +T_C=180;//Temperature in (°C) +T_K=T_C+273;//Temperature in (K) +Epsilon_old=0.25;//Value calculated from Ex7.5.a +Epsilon_air_water_new=0.07;//At velocity 3(cm/sec) +Epsilon_air_water_old= 0.12;//At velocity 6(cm/sec) +P_total=20;//Total Pressure (atm) +F_product_acetic_acid=0.1;// Rate of acetic acid produced (kmol/sec) +F_total=0.167;//Value calculated from Ex7.5.b +r_test=3*(10^(-6));//Kinetic rate at 180 (°C) calculated in Ex7.5.a + +//CALCULATION +Q=F_total*R*T_K/(P_total); +S=Q/u_g; +D_t=sqrt(4*S/%pi); +Epsilon_new=(Epsilon_air_water_new/Epsilon_air_water_old)*Epsilon_old; +liquid_vol= (F_product_acetic_acid/r_test)*(10^(-3));//liquid volume (m3) +h0=liquid_vol/S;//clear liquid +h_new=h0/(1-Epsilon_new);//aerated liquid + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe new dimensions of the reactor'); +mprintf('\n\tDiameter:%0.1f m',D_t); +mprintf('\n\tHeight:%0.1f m',h_new); +mprintf('\n\t The upper limit value of reactor height is 7 m and diameter is 2.8 m'); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex5_c_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe new dimensions of the reactor'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tDiameter:%0.1f m',D_t); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tHeight:%0.1f m',h_new); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\t The upper limit value of reactor height is 7 m and diameter is 2.8 m'); +mclose(fid); +//====================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================================== +//Disclaimer: The numerically calculated value of reactor height is 6.3 m not 6.4 m as mentioned in the textbook + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ff2097bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5.c/Chapter7_Ex5_c_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + The new dimensions of the reactor + Diameter:2.8 m + Height:6.3 m + The upper limit value of reactor height is 7 m and diameter is 2.8 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Ex5.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b987b4f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-7 Ex7.5 Pg No.293 +//Title:Maximum rate of CO absorption and Dimensions of Bubble Column Reactor +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +P_dash=5;//Partial pressure of acetic acid (atm) +P_total=20;//Total Pressure (atm) +myu=0.19;// Viscosity of acetic acid +T_C=180;//Temperature in (°C) +T_K=T_C+273;//Temperature in (K) +sigma_20=28;//Surface Tension(Dynes/cm) at 20 (°C) +sigma_180=20;//Surface Tension (Dynes/cm)at 180 (°C) +M_CO=28;//Molecular weight of CO +M_B=60.05;//Molecular weight acetic acid +V_A= 30.7;//Molar volume +S_CO=7*10^(-3);//Solubility of CO (mol/L atm) +f_CO=0.75;//Fraction of CO in feed +f_acetic_acid=1-f_CO;//Fraction of Acetic acid +R=82.056*(10^-3);//(cm3 atm/ K  mol) +rho_air=1.21;//(kg/m3)density of air at 20 (°C) +sigma_H2O=72;//Surface tension (Dynes/cm) +myu_H2O=1;//Viscosity of water +k_L_a_air_water=0.051;//(sec-1) +D_O2_water=2.4*(10^-5);//(cm2/sec)diffusivity for oxygen in waterat 20(°C) +Conc_Rh=4*10^(-3);//Concentration of Rohdium(M) +Conc_CH3I=1;//Concentration of Methyl Iodide(M) +F_product_acetic_acid=0.1;// Rate of acetic acid produced (kmol/sec) +f_CO_reacted=0.8;//80% of CO reacted +u_g=0.1;//(m/sec) +Epsilon_air_water_new=0.07;//At velocity 3(cm/sec) +Epsilon_air_water_old= 0.12;//At velocity 6(cm/sec) +u_g_c=5*(10^(-2));//Gas Velocity Ex7.5.c(m/sec) + + + +//CALCUATION (Ex7.5.a) +D_CO=(7.4*10^(-8)*M_B^(1/2)*T_K)/(myu*V_A^(0.6));//Diffusivity of CO (Wilke–Chang equation Eq4.17) +M_ave=f_CO*M_CO+M_B*f_acetic_acid;//Average Molecular weight +rho_g=M_ave*P_total/(R*T_K);//From ideal gas law +epsilon_air_water= 0.12;//At velocity 6(cm/sec) +epsilon=epsilon_air_water*(sigma_H2O/sigma_180)^(0.4)*(myu/myu_H2O)^(0.2)*(rho_g/rho_air)^(0.2);//From equation 7.64 +u_G=6;//From figure 7.12(cm/sec) +k_L_a=k_L_a_air_water*(D_CO/D_O2_water)^(0.5)*(epsilon/epsilon_air_water);//From equation 7.69 +P_CO=P_total-P_dash; +C_CO_Star=S_CO*P_CO; +r_max=C_CO_Star*k_L_a;//Rate of CO absorption at 15 atm +r_test=158.8*(10^(6))*exp(-8684/T_K)*(Conc_Rh)*(Conc_CH3I);//Kinetic rate at 180 (°C) + +//CALCULATION(Ex7.5.b) +F_feed_CO=F_product_acetic_acid/f_CO_reacted;//Rate of flow of CO (kmol/sec) +F_total=F_feed_CO/f_CO; +Q=F_total*R*T_K/(P_total); +S=Q/u_g; +D_t=sqrt(4*S/%pi); +r_test_b=(158.8*(10^(6))*exp(-8684/T_K)*(Conc_Rh)*(Conc_CH3I))*(10^(-3));//Kinetic rate at 180 (°C) +liquid_vol= (F_product_acetic_acid/r_test_b)*(10^(-3));//liquid volume (m3) +h0=liquid_vol/S;//clear liquid +h=h0/(1-epsilon);//aerated liquid + +//CALCULATION(Ex7.5.c) +Q=F_total*R*T_K/(P_total); +S=Q/u_g_c; +D_t_c=sqrt(4*S/%pi); +Epsilon_new=(Epsilon_air_water_new/Epsilon_air_water_old)*epsilon; +liquid_vol= (F_product_acetic_acid/r_test_b)*(10^(-3));//liquid volume (m3) +h0=liquid_vol/S;//clear liquid +h_new=h0/(1-Epsilon_new);//aerated liquid + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.5.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n\tThe maximum rate of CO absorption at 15 atm : %f (mol/L s)',r_max); +mprintf('\n\tThe kinetic rate of CO absorption at 180(°C) : %f (mol/L s)',r_test); +mprintf('\n\tThe predicted value of k_L_a : %0.2f (s-1)',k_L_a); + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.5.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n\tThe Dimensions of the reactor are '); +mprintf('\n\tDiameter:%0.0f m',D_t); +mprintf('\n\tHeight:%0.2f m',h); + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.5.c) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.c'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n\tThe new dimensions of the reactor'); +mprintf('\n\tDiameter:%0.1f m',D_t_c); +mprintf('\n\tHeight:%0.1f m',h_new); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex5-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe maximum rate of CO absorption at 15 atm : %f (mol/L s)',r_max); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe kinetic rate of CO absorption at 180(°C) : %f (mol/L s)',r_test); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe predicted value of k_L_a : %0.2f (s-1)',k_L_a); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe Dimensions of the reactor are '); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tDiameter:%0.0f m',D_t); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tHeight:%0.2f m',h); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.5.c'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe new dimensions of the reactor'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tDiameter:%0.1f m',D_t_c); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tHeight:%0.1f m',h_new); +mclose(fid); + +//=================================================END OF PROGRAM=========================================================== + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fce8ca2c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Harriot P,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.6.a Pg No.300 +//Title:Fraction of O2 used +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +Vol_reactor=200;//Volume of reactor (m3) +D=4;//Diameter of reactor (m) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) +u_g=3;//Superficial velocity (cm/sec) +T_C=30;//Temperature (°C) +T_K=273+T_C;//Temperature (K) +f_O2=0.21;//Fraction of O2 in air +myu_soln=1.5*(10^(-3));//Viscosity of solution (Pa sec) +R=0.08206;//Gas constant (m3 atm/ K kmol) +r_O2_peak=45*(10^(-3));//Flow rate of O2 at peak demand + +//CALCULATION +S=%pi*(D^2)/4;//Cross section area (m2) +V=S*depth;//Volume of solution(m3) +F_air=(S*u_g*(10^(-2))*3600)/(R*(10^(-3))*T_K); +F_O2=f_O2*F_air;//Feed rate of O2 (mol/hr) +F_O2_used=r_O2_peak*V*(10^(3));//O2 used for aerobic fermentation (mol/hr) +F_O2_left=F_O2-F_O2_used;//O2 left after aerobic fermentation(mol/hr) +f_O2_exitgas=F_O2_left/F_air;//Fraction of O2 in exit gas +Percent_O2_exitgas=(f_O2_exitgas)*(100); +Frac_O2_used=((f_O2-f_O2_exitgas)/f_O2); + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tAt the peak demand, fraction of the oxygen supplied = %.3f ',Frac_O2_used); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex6_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tAt the peak demand, fraction of the oxygen supplied = %.3f ',Frac_O2_used); +mclose('all'); +//===================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== +//Disclaimer: The numerically calculated value of oxygen fraction supplied is 0.592 not 0.591 as mentioned in the textbook + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45f422ad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.a/Chapter7_Ex6_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + At the peak demand, fraction of the oxygen supplied = 0.592 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc1e0f2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.6.b Pg No.300 +//Title:Power of agitator before and after air is on +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +Da_by_Dt=(1/3); +Da=1.333;//(m) +N=120;//(rpm) +N_conv=(N/60);//(sec-1) +Press_top=1;//Pressure at the top of the vessel (atm) +myu_soln=1.5*(10^(-3));//Viscosity of solution (Pa sec) +rho=1000;//Density of water (kg/m3) +ug_sup1=3*(10^(-2));//based on 30(°C) and 1 (atm). +S=12.6;//Value calculated for cross section area in Ex7.6.b + +//CALCULATION +Re=(rho*N_conv*Da^2)/myu_soln; +N_p=6;//For a standard turbine +N_p_pitched=1.7;//For a pitched-blade turbine +P0=(N_p*rho*(N_conv^3)*(Da^5))*(10^(-3));//Refer equation 7.73 (kW) +//If the turbine is 2 m from the bottom, or 10 m below the surface,the pressure is about 2 atm since 1atm= 10.3 m water +Press_bottom=2 +ug_sup2=ug_sup1/Press_bottom; +Q=ug_sup2*S; +N_Ae=Q/(N_conv*(Da^3)); +Pg_by_P0=0.55;//From figure 7.15 based on N_Ae value calculated +Pg=Pg_by_P0*P0;//When aerated +P0_pitched=(N_p_pitched/N_p)*P0; +Pg_by_P0_pitched=0.8;//Solution reaching the upper stirrers is already aerated +Pg_pitched=Pg_by_P0_pitched*P0_pitched; +Tot_Pow_no_air=P0+Press_bottom*P0_pitched;//Total power when no air is presented +Tot_Pow_aerated=Pg+Press_bottom*Pg_pitched;//Total power when it is aerated + +//OUTPUT +//ConsoleOutput +mprintf('\n\tThe total power required for the agitator before the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_no_air); +mprintf('\n\tThe total power required for the agitator after the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_aerated); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex6_b_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe total power required for the agitator before the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_no_air); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe total power required for the agitator after the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_aerated); +mclose('all') +//=========================================================END OF PROGRAM=============================================== + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..360317b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.b/Chapter7_Ex6_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The total power required for the agitator before the air is turned on: 316 kW + The total power required for the agitator after the air is turned on: 203 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eec204ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.6.c Pg No.300 +//Title:k_L_a and the average dissolved oxygen concentration. +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +P_aerated=203;//Total power of agitator when aerated (kW) calculated in Ex7.6.b +V=151;//Volume of solution calculated Ex7.6.a (m3) +ug_sup1=3*(10^(-2));//based on 30(°C) and 1 atm. +Press_top=1;//Pressure at the top of the vessel (atm) +Press_bottom=2;//From Ex7.6.c +ug_sup2=ug_sup1/Press_bottom;// at 2atm superficial velocity (cm/sec) +ug_ave=(ug_sup1+ug_sup2)/2;//Average superficial velocity (cm/sec) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) +one_atm_water=10.3;//1 atm pressure corresponds to 10.3 (m) height of water +k_H_O2=5.2*10^(4)// Henery's law constant for O2 in water for O2 (atm/mol fraction) +r_O2_peak=45*(10^(-3));//Flow rate of O2 at peak demand +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +M_H2O=18;//Molecular weight of water + +//CALCULATION +P_by_V_ave=P_aerated/V; +kLa_O2_sulfite=0.32;//Using figure7.16 based on ave(P/V) value and ug_average value +kLa_soln=0.7*kLa_O2_sulfite;//kLa for this solution is 70% of the value for oxygen absorption in sodium sulfite (sec-1) +y_O2=0.086;//If gas is backmixed +depth_ave=depth/2; +Press_ave=(Press_top+(depth_ave/one_atm_water));//Pressure at average depth (atm) +C_O2_star=(Press_ave*y_O2/k_H_O2)*(1000/M_H2O);//Conversion (mol/L) +r_conv=r_O2_peak/3600;//Rate at peak O2 demand (mol/L sec) +C_ave=(C_O2_star-(r_conv/kLa_soln)) +C_ave_conv=C_ave*M_O2*1000;//Converted value of O2 concentration in(mg/L) +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe calculated value of kLa (mass transfer coefficient) of solution:%0.2f (sec-1)',kLa_soln); +mprintf('\n\tThe calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration: %0.2f (mg/L)',C_ave_conv); +//File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex6_c_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe calculated value of kLa (mass transfer coefficient) of solution:%0.2f (sec-1)',kLa_soln); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration: %0.2f (mg/L)',C_ave_conv); +mclose('all'); +//=================================================END OF PROGRAM=================================================================== +// Disclaimer :The numerically calculated value of dissolved O2 concentration is 2.87 mg/L not 2.8 mg/L as mentioned in the textbook diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9708e9562 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.c/Chapter7_Ex6_c_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The calculated value of kLa (mass transfer coefficient) of solution:0.22 (sec-1) + The calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration: 2.87 (mg/L) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc9e2b7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436 +//Chapter-7 Ex7.6.d Pg No.300 +//Title:Effect on dissolved oxygen concentration. +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +C_O2_critical=1*10^(-3);//Critical O2 Concentration (g/L) +percent_reduction=40/100;//Mass transfer coefficient in the upper region of the reactor is 40% less than the average +kLa_soln=0.22;//Value calculated in Ex7.6.d +r_conv=1.25*10^(-5);//Rate at peak O2 demand (mol/L sec) +C_O2_star=1.45*10^(-4);// Concentration of O2 calculated in Ex7.6.c +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +Press_top=1;//Pressure at the top of the vessel (atm) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) +one_atm_water=10.3;//1 atm pressure corresponds to 10.3 (m) height of water + +//CALCULATION +depth_ave=depth/2; +Press_ave=(Press_top+(depth_ave/one_atm_water));//Pressure at average depth (atm) +kLa_soln_reduced=kLa_soln*(1-percent_reduction); +C_star_minus_C=r_conv/kLa_soln_reduced; +C_O2_new=(C_O2_star-(C_star_minus_C)); +C_O2_new_conv=C_O2_new*M_O2*1000;//Converted value of O2 concentration in(mg/L) +C_O2_star_new=C_O2_star/Press_ave; + + //OUTPUT + //Console Output + mprintf('\n\tThe new calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration %0.1f (mg/L)',C_O2_new_conv); + mprintf('\n\tThe new calculated value of critical dissolved O2 concentration %0.1E (mol/L)',C_O2_star_new); + if(C_star_minus_C>C_O2_star_new) + mprintf('\n\tThe reactor is operated above critical O2 concentration '); + else + mprintf('\n\tThe reactor should be operated at higher air rate otherwise C_O2 would drop to zero') + end + //File Output +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex6_d_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe new calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration %0.1f (mg/L)',C_O2_new_conv); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe new calculated value of critical dissolved O2 concentration %0.1E (mol/L)',C_O2_star_new); + if(C_star_minus_C>C_O2_star_new) + mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe reactor is operated above critical O2 concentration '); + else + mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe reactor should be operated at higher air rate otherwise C_O2 would drop to zero'); + end + mclose('all'); +//====================================================END OF PROGRAM==================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d78b9824b --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6.d/Chapter7_Ex6_d_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The new calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration 1.6 (mg/L) + The new calculated value of critical dissolved O2 concentration 9.2E-05 (mol/L) + The reactor is operated above critical O2 concentration \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Ex6.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46631e743 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,148 @@ +//Harriot P,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc., USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.6 Pg No.300 +//Title:Fraction of O2,Power of agitator, k_L_a and average dissolved oxygen concentration. +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +Vol_reactor=200;//Volume of reactor (m3) +D=4;//Diameter of reactor (m) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) +u_g=3;//Superficial velocity (cm/sec) +T_C=30;//Temperature (°C) +T_K=273+T_C;//Temperature (K) +f_O2=0.21;//Fraction of O2 in air +myu_soln=1.5*(10^(-3));//Viscosity of solution (Pa sec) +R=0.08206;//Gas constant (m3 atm/ K kmol) +r_O2_peak=45*(10^(-3));//Flow rate of O2 at peak demand +Da_by_Dt=(1/3); +Da=1.333;//(m) +N=120;//(rpm) +N_conv=(N/60);//(sec-1) +Press_top=1;//Pressure at the top of the vessel (atm) +rho=1000;//Density of water (kg/m3) +ug_sup1=3*(10^(-2));//based on 30(°C) and 1 (atm) +V=151;//Volume of solution calculated Ex7.6.a (m3) +ug_sup1=3*(10^(-2));//based on 30(°C) and 1 atm. +Press_top=1;//Pressure at the top of the vessel (atm) +Press_bottom=2;//From Ex7.6.c +ug_sup2=ug_sup1/Press_bottom;// at 2atm superficial velocity (cm/sec) +ug_ave=(ug_sup1+ug_sup2)/2;//Average superficial velocity (cm/sec) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) +one_atm_water=10.3;//1 atm pressure corresponds to 10.3 (m) height of water +k_H_O2=5.2*10^(4)// Henery's law constant for O2 in water for O2 (atm/mol fraction) +M_O2=32;//Molecular weight of O2 +M_H2O=18;//Molecular weight of water +C_O2_critical=1*10^(-3);//Critical O2 Concentration (g/L) +percent_reduction=40/100;//Mass transfer coefficient in the upper region of the reactor is 40% less than the average +kLa_soln=0.22;//Value calculated in Ex7.6.d +r_conv=1.25*10^(-5);//Rate at peak O2 demand (mol/L sec) +depth=12;//Depth of reactor (m) + + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.6.a ) +S=%pi*(D^2)/4;//Cross section area (m2) +V=S*depth;//Volume of solution(m3) +F_air=(S*u_g*(10^(-2))*3600)/(R*(10^(-3))*T_K); +F_O2=f_O2*F_air;//Feed rate of O2 (mol/hr) +F_O2_used=r_O2_peak*V*(10^(3));//O2 used for aerobic fermentation (mol/hr) +F_O2_left=F_O2-F_O2_used;//O2 left after aerobic fermentation(mol/hr) +f_O2_exitgas=F_O2_left/F_air;//Fraction of O2 in exit gas +Percent_O2_exitgas=(f_O2_exitgas)*(100); +Frac_O2_used=((f_O2-f_O2_exitgas)/f_O2); + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.6.b ) +Re=(rho*N_conv*Da^2)/myu_soln; +N_p=6;//For a standard turbine +N_p_pitched=1.7;//For a pitched-blade turbine +P0=(N_p*rho*(N_conv^3)*(Da^5))*(10^(-3));//Refer equation 7.73 (kW) +//If the turbine is 2 m from the bottom, or 10 m below the surface,the pressure is about 2 atm since 1atm= 10.3 m water +Press_bottom=2 +ug_sup2=ug_sup1/Press_bottom; +Q=ug_sup2*S; +N_Ae=Q/(N_conv*(Da^3)); +Pg_by_P0=0.55;//From figure 7.15 based on N_Ae value calculated +Pg=Pg_by_P0*P0;//When aerated +P0_pitched=(N_p_pitched/N_p)*P0; +Pg_by_P0_pitched=0.8;//Solution reaching the upper stirrers is already aerated +Pg_pitched=Pg_by_P0_pitched*P0_pitched; +Tot_Pow_no_air=P0+Press_bottom*P0_pitched;//Total power when no air is presented +Tot_Pow_aerated=Pg+Press_bottom*Pg_pitched;//Total power when it is aerated + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.6.c ) +P_by_V_ave=Tot_Pow_aerated/V; +kLa_O2_sulfite=0.32;//Using figure7.16 based on ave(P/V) value and ug_average value +kLa_soln=0.7*kLa_O2_sulfite;//kLa for this solution is 70% of the value for oxygen absorption in sodium sulfite (sec-1) +y_O2=0.086;//If gas is backmixed +depth_ave=depth/2; +Press_ave=(Press_top+(depth_ave/one_atm_water));//Pressure at average depth (atm) +C_O2_star=(Press_ave*y_O2/k_H_O2)*(1000/M_H2O);//Conversion (mol/L) +r_conv=r_O2_peak/3600;//Rate at peak O2 demand (mol/L sec) +C_ave=(C_O2_star-(r_conv/kLa_soln)) +C_ave_conv=C_ave*M_O2*1000;//Converted value of O2 concentration in(mg/L) + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.6.d) +depth_ave=depth/2; +Press_ave=(Press_top+(depth_ave/one_atm_water));//Pressure at average depth (atm) +kLa_soln_reduced=kLa_soln*(1-percent_reduction); +C_star_minus_C=r_conv/kLa_soln_reduced; +C_O2_new=(C_O2_star-(C_star_minus_C)); +C_O2_new_conv=C_O2_new*M_O2*1000;//Converted value of O2 concentration in(mg/L) +C_O2_star_new=C_O2_star/Press_ave; + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.6.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nAt the peak demand, fraction of the oxygen supplied = %.3f ',Frac_O2_used); + +//OUTPUT(Ex7.6.b ) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe total power required for the agitator before the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_no_air); +mprintf('\nThe total power required for the agitator after the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_aerated); + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.6.c ) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.c'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe calculated value of kLa (mass transfer coefficient) of solution:%0.2f (sec-1)',kLa_soln); +mprintf('\nThe calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration: %0.2f (mg/L)',C_ave_conv); + + //OUTPUT (Ex7.6.d) + mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.d'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); + mprintf('\nThe new calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration %0.2f (mg/L)',C_O2_new_conv); + if(C_star_minus_C>C_O2_star_new) + mprintf('\nThe reactor is operated above critical O2 concentration '); + else + mprintf('\nThe reactor should be operated at higher air rate otherwise C_O2 would drop to zero') + end + // FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex6-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nAt the peak demand, fraction of the oxygen supplied = %.3f ',Frac_O2_used); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe total power required for the agitator before the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_no_air); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe total power required for the agitator after the air is turned on: %0.0f kW',Tot_Pow_aerated); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.c'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe calculated value of kLa (mass transfer coefficient) of solution:%0.2f (sec-1)',kLa_soln); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration: %0.2f (mg/L)',C_ave_conv); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.6.d'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe new calculated value of average dissolved O2 concentration %0.2f (mg/L)',C_O2_new_conv); + if(C_star_minus_C>C_O2_star_new) + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe reactor is operated above critical O2 concentration '); + else + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe reactor should be operated at higher air rate otherwise C_O2 would drop to zero') + end + mclose(fid); +//===================================================END OF PROGRAM====================================================== + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b767e3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.7.a Pg No.304 +//Title:Apparent value of kLa and regime of operation +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +Vol_reactor=35;//Volume of reactor(L) +No_reactor=3;//No. of reactor +T_C=155;//Operating Temperature (°C) +T_ref=273;//Reference Temperature (°C) +T_K= T_C+T_ref;//Operating Temperature (K) +P=8.2;//Operating Pressure (atm) +X_conversion=9.5*10^(-2);//Conversion +S=73*10^(-2);//Selectivity +M_cyclohexane=84.16;//Molecular weight of cyclohexane +F_cyclohexane=100;//Feed rate of cyclohexane (L/hr) +F_air=9.9;//Feed rate of air (nm3/hr) +f_O2_air=0.21;//Fraction of O2 in air +V_ref=22400;//Reference volume at STP(cm3/mol) +y_O2=0.002;//O2 in vent gas +f_O2_consumed=0.99;//Fraction of O2 Consumed +rho_cyclohexane=0.779;//Density of cyclohexane at 20 (°C) +main_pdt_ratio=3/2; +by_pdt_ratio=(1-main_pdt_ratio); +stoi_rxn_O2=[0.5 1]; +rho_M=0.650;//Density of Cyclohexane at 155 (°C) +P_dash=5.8;//Vapour Pressure of cyclohexane at 155 (°C) +D_reactor=30;//Diameter of reactor (cm) +h_reactor=50;//Height of reactor (cm) +myu_20=0.98;//(cp) Viscosity at 20(°C) +myu_155=0.2// (cp) Viscosity at 155(°C) + +//CALCULATION +F_O2=(F_air*10^(6)*f_O2_air)/(3600*V_ref); +delta_N_O2=F_O2*f_O2_consumed; +F_C6=(F_cyclohexane*10^(3)*rho_cyclohexane)/(3600*M_cyclohexane) +F_prdts=F_C6*X_conversion*S; +F_O2_prdts=F_prdts*(main_pdt_ratio*stoi_rxn_O2(1)+by_pdt_ratio*stoi_rxn_O2(2)); +F_O2_remain_used=delta_N_O2-F_O2_prdts; +F_O2_prdts_conver=F_O2_prdts/(F_C6*X_conversion*S); +F_O2_remain_used_conver=F_O2_remain_used/(F_C6*X_conversion*(1-S)); +X_O2=10^(0.366*log10(T_K)-3.8385);//O2 solubility from Wild et al. [37]: +PO2_plus_PN2=P-P_dash; +P_O2=y_O2*PO2_plus_PN2; +x_O2=P_O2*X_O2;//Mol fraction of O2 +C_M=rho_M*10^(3)/M_cyclohexane; +C_O2_star=C_M*x_O2; + +//Assume each reactor has 30 L solution +V_soln_n=30;//Volume of solution in each reactor +apparent_kLa=(delta_N_O2)/(V_soln_n*No_reactor*C_O2_star); +F_total=(F_air*10^(6)/3600)*(T_K/T_ref)*(8.2/2.4)*(1/8.2);//The total vapor flow is 8.2/2.4 times the air flow +CSA_reactor=%pi*(D_reactor^2)/4; +u_g=F_total/(CSA_reactor*No_reactor); +//Calculation for predicted value of kLa +kLa_20=0.16;//From Figure 7.16, for O2–C6H12 at 20 (°C), 2 cm/sec, 5 kW/m3 +T_data=20+T_ref;//Temperature at which data is taken from the table +D_155_by_D_20=(T_K/T_data)*(myu_20/myu_155); +Predicted_kLa=kLa_20*(D_155_by_D_20^(0.5))*(u_g/2)^(0.5); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nThe value of apparent kLa: %0.1f (sec-1)',apparent_kLa); +mprintf('\n The value of predicted kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',Predicted_kLa); +if (apparent_kLa>Predicted_kLa) + mprintf('\nThe absorption of oxygen is greatly enhanced by chemical reactions in the liquid film') + mprintf('\nThe kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression,the reaction would fall in the pseudo-first-order regime,\nwhere the rate varies with the square root of the oxygen diffusivity and the rate constant.') +end +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7_Ex7_a_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe value of apparent kLa: %0.1f (sec-1)',apparent_kLa); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The value of predicted kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',Predicted_kLa); +if (apparent_kLa>Predicted_kLa) + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe absorption of oxygen is greatly enhanced by chemical reactions in the liquid film') + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression,the reaction would fall in the pseudo-first-order regime,\nwhere the rate varies with the square root of the oxygen diffusivity and the rate constant.') +end +mclose('all'); +//==========================================================END OF PROGRAM=============================================== + + diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b96d1ff99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.7.a/Chapter7_Ex7_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +The value of apparent kLa: 5.7 (sec-1) + The value of predicted kLa: 0.28 (sec-1) +The absorption of oxygen is greatly enhanced by chemical reactions in the liquid film +The kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression,the reaction would fall in the pseudo-first-order regime, +where the rate varies with the square root of the oxygen diffusivity and the rate constant. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Ex7.sce b/1040/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fe4a5709 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-7 Ex7.7 Pg No.304 +//Title:Apparent value of kLa, regime of operation and selectivity dependency on gas mixing +//====================================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +Vol_reactor=35;//Volume of reactor(L) +No_reactor=3;//No. of reactor +T_C=155;//Operating Temperature (°C) +T_ref=273;//Reference Temperature (°C) +T_K= T_C+T_ref;//Operating Temperature (K) +P=8.2;//Operating Pressure (atm) +X_conversion=9.5*10^(-2);//Conversion +S=73*10^(-2);//Selectivity +M_cyclohexane=84.16;//Molecular weight of cyclohexane +F_cyclohexane=100;//Feed rate of cyclohexane (L/hr) +F_air=9.9;//Feed rate of air (nm3/hr) +f_O2_air=0.21;//Fraction of O2 in air +V_ref=22400;//Reference volume at STP(cm3/mol) +y_O2=0.002;//O2 in vent gas +f_O2_consumed=0.99;//Fraction of O2 Consumed +rho_cyclohexane=0.779;//Density of cyclohexane at 20 (°C) +main_pdt_ratio=3/2; +by_pdt_ratio=(1-main_pdt_ratio); +stoi_rxn_O2=[0.5 1]; +rho_M=0.650;//Density of Cyclohexane at 155 (°C) +P_dash=5.8;//Vapour Pressure of cyclohexane at 155 (°C) +D_reactor=30;//Diameter of reactor (cm) +h_reactor=50;//Height of reactor (cm) +myu_20=0.98;//(cp) Viscosity at 20(°C) +myu_155=0.2// (cp) Viscosity at 155(°C) +x_O2=6.38*(10^(-6));//Mol fraction of O2 +D_B_by_D_A=0.5;//Assumed value (refer Ex7.7) +Phi=20;//Refer Fig. 7.7 +n=1/(0.7); + + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.7.a ) +F_O2=(F_air*10^(6)*f_O2_air)/(3600*V_ref); +delta_N_O2=F_O2*f_O2_consumed; +F_C6=(F_cyclohexane*10^(3)*rho_cyclohexane)/(3600*M_cyclohexane) +F_prdts=F_C6*X_conversion*S; +F_O2_prdts=F_prdts*(main_pdt_ratio*stoi_rxn_O2(1)+by_pdt_ratio*stoi_rxn_O2(2)); +F_O2_remain_used=delta_N_O2-F_O2_prdts; +F_O2_prdts_conver=F_O2_prdts/(F_C6*X_conversion*S); +F_O2_remain_used_conver=F_O2_remain_used/(F_C6*X_conversion*(1-S)); +X_O2=10^(0.366*log10(T_K)-3.8385);//O2 solubility from Wild et al. [37]: +PO2_plus_PN2=P-P_dash; +P_O2=y_O2*PO2_plus_PN2; +x_O2=P_O2*X_O2;//Mol fraction of O2 +C_M=rho_M*10^(3)/M_cyclohexane; +C_O2_star=C_M*x_O2; + +//Assume each reactor has 30 L solution +V_soln_n=30;//Volume of solution in each reactor +apparent_kLa=(delta_N_O2)/(V_soln_n*No_reactor*C_O2_star); +F_total=(F_air*10^(6)/3600)*(T_K/T_ref)*(8.2/2.4)*(1/8.2);//The total vapor flow is 8.2/2.4 times the air flow +CSA_reactor=%pi*(D_reactor^2)/4; +u_g=F_total/(CSA_reactor*No_reactor); +//Calculation for predicted value of kLa +kLa_20=0.16;//From Figure 7.16, for O2–C6H12 at 20 (°C), 2 cm/sec, 5 kW/m3 +T_data=20+T_ref;//Temperature at which data is taken from the table +D_155_by_D_20=(T_K/T_data)*(myu_20/myu_155); +Predicted_kLa=kLa_20*(D_155_by_D_20^(0.5))*(u_g/2)^(0.5); + +//CALCULATION (Ex7.7.b ) +C_M=rho_M*10^(3)/M_cyclohexane; +C_B0=(1-X_conversion)*C_M; +C_Ai=C_M*x_O2; +Phi_a=(1+(C_B0/(C_Ai*n))*(D_B_by_D_A)^(0.5)); +ratio=Phi_a/Phi; + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.7.a ) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex7.7.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe value of apparent kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',apparent_kLa); +mprintf('\n The value of predicted kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',Predicted_kLa); +if (apparent_kLa>Predicted_kLa) + mprintf('\nThe absorption of oxygen is greatly enhanced by chemical reactions in the liquid film') + mprintf('\nThe kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression,the reaction would fall in the pseudo-first-order regime,\nwhere the rate varies with the square root of the oxygen diffusivity and the rate constant.') +end + +//OUTPUT (Ex7.7.b ) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.7.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\nThe value of Phi (enhancement factor) %0.4E ',Phi_a); +mprintf('\nThe value of ratio Phi_a_by_Phi:%0.1E',ratio); +mprintf('\nFrom the ratio value Phi_a is greater than Phi hence there is no significant gradient for cyclohexane'); + +// FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter7-Ex7-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex7.7.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe value of apparent kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',apparent_kLa); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The value of predicted kLa: %0.2f (sec-1)',Predicted_kLa); +if (apparent_kLa>Predicted_kLa) + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe absorption of oxygen is greatly enhanced by chemical reactions in the liquid film') + mfprintf(fid,'\nThe kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression,the reaction would fall in the pseudo-first-order regime,\nwhere the rate varies with the square root of the oxygen diffusivity and the rate constant.') +end +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex7.7.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe value of Phi (enhancement factor) %0.4E ',Phi_a); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe value of ratio Phi_a_by_Phi:%0.1E',ratio); +mfprintf(fid,'\nFrom the ratio value Phi_a is greater than Phi hence there is no significant gradient for cyclohexane'); +mclose(fid); +//==========================================================END OF PROGRAM=============================================== + + diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.1/Chapter8_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH8/EX8.1/Chapter8_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dd99cd18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.1/Chapter8_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-8 Ex8.1 Pg No. 323 +//Title:Gas absorption coefficient and fraction of overall resistance +//============================================================================================================ +clear +clc +//INPUT +rho_oil=0.8;//Density of oil (g/cm3) +IV_init=130;//Iodine Value initial +IV_final=80;//Iodine Value final +P=45;//Pressure of system (psig) +T_C=204;// Temperature of system (°C) +t_run=[26 17];//Time required for hydrogenation run 2; +frac_Ni=[0.005 0.0125]//Fraction of Nickel used for different run + +//CALCULATION +r_ave=((IV_init -IV_final))*(0.039*rho_oil)*(1/60).*(t_run.^(-1));//Relationship between Iodine value and Hydrogen consumption (mol- H2/ L sec) +H_H2= 4*10^(-3);//Solubility of H2 from Fig8.4 Pg No.322 +P_H2=(P/14.7)+1;//Absolute Pressure in (atm) +C_H2=P_H2 *H_H2; +Ci_by_r=C_H2.*(r_ave.^(-1)); +Coeff_R_cat=frac_Ni.^(-1); +equation=[ones(1,2);Coeff_R_cat]//Simultaneous Equation +Resistance= Ci_by_r*inv(equation); +Gas_abs_resistance=(Resistance(1)*100 ).*(Ci_by_r.^(-1)); +Gas_abs_coefficient=(1/Resistance(1)); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nThe Gas absorption coefficient is %f sec-1',Gas_abs_coefficient); +mprintf('\n The Fraction of overall resistance due to gas absorption\n Run 1 %0.0f%% \n Run 2 %0.0f%%',Gas_abs_resistance(1),Gas_abs_resistance(2)); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter8-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe Gas absorption coefficient is %f sec-1',Gas_abs_coefficient); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The Fraction of overall resistance due to gas absorption\n Run 1 %0.0f%% \n Run 2 %0.0f%%',Gas_abs_resistance(1),Gas_abs_resistance(2)); +mclose(fid); +//=======================================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37b9fc4ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-8 Ex8.2 Pg No. 329 +//Title:External Mass Transfer resistance +//=========================================================================================================== + +clear +clc +//INPUT +Chi=1.9; +M_A=2;//Molecular weight of Hydrogen +M_B=32;//Molecular weight of methanol +rho=0.79;//Density of methanol +myu=0.52;//Viscosity of methanol (cP) +V_A=14.3//Molar volume H2 +T_C=30;//Operating Temperature(°C) +T_K=273+T_C//Temperature (K) +Epsilon=0.4;//Porosity +rho_cat_dry=1.2;//Density of dry catalyst (g/cm3) +rho_s=2;//Solid density +g=9.8// Acceleration due to gravity(m/s2) +d_p=10^(-3);//Size of catalyst (cm) +lambda=1.3;//From equation 8.4 Pg. No. 317 +r_vol=2.4;//Measured rate (L/min) +V_mol=22.4;//(L/mol) assuming ideal gas +C_H2=4.1*10^(-3);//From Figure 8.3 (mol/L) Pg. No. 321 + + +//CALCULATION +//Assume D_H2 is three times the value given by the Wilke–Chang Equation +D_H2=3*(7.4*(10^(-8))*(Chi*M_B)^(0.5)*T_K)/(myu*(V_A)^0.6) +Sc=myu*10^-2/(rho*D_H2); +rho_cat_methanol=(1-Epsilon)*rho_s+Epsilon*rho; +delta_rho=rho_cat_methanol-rho; +v_t=(g*10*(d_p)^2*delta_rho)/(18*myu*10^-2);// From Stoke's Law +Re=rho*v_t*d_p/(myu*10^-2); +Sh_star=2+0.6*(Re)^(0.5)*(Sc^(1/3));//Refer equation 8.9 Pg.No.325 +kc_star=Sh_star*D_H2/d_p; +kc=2*kc_star;//With vigorous agitation +a_c=6*lambda/(d_p*rho_cat_dry);//From Equation 8.4 Pg. No. 317 +r_mol=r_vol/(22.4*60);// +delta_C_ext=r_mol*10^3/(kc*a_c); +percent_ext_resistance=(delta_C_ext/C_H2)*100; + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nThe external mass transfer resistance is about %0.0f%% of overall resistance',percent_ext_resistance); +mprintf('\n The external mass transfer resistance is barely significant'); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter8-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe external mass transfer resistance is about %0.0f%% of overall resistance',percent_ext_resistance); +mfprintf(fid,'\n The external mass transfer resistance is barely significant'); +mclose(fid); +//=====================================================END OF PROGRAM========================================= + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a.sce b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3e500ede --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-8 Ex8.3.a Pg No.348 +//Title:Apparent rate constant and consistency +//=========================================================================================================== + +clear +clc +//INPUT +LHSV_inv=[0.75 1.39];//Refer table 8.2 Test Results (Liquid Hourly Space Velocity) +X_S=[0.77 0.83];//Refer table 8.2 Percentage Sulphur removal + +//CALCULATION +for i=1:2 + kapp_rhob(i)=log((1/(1-X_S(i))))*(1/LHSV_inv(i));//Refer Equation 8.21 + +end +L=LHSV_inv(2)/LHSV_inv(1); +kapp_ratio=kapp_rhob(1)/kapp_rhob(2); +n=log10(kapp_ratio)/log10(L); + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe Apparent rate constants are \n\t Run1: %0.2f hr-1 \n\t Run2: %0.2f hr-1 ',kapp_rhob(1),kapp_rhob(2)) +mprintf('\n\tThe exponent value = %0.1f ',n); +mprintf('\n\tExponent value greater than 0.5 hence the Eq.(8.24) is not consistent'); +mprintf('\n\tThe error may be due to error in assuming a first order reaction'); + +//File Output +fid = mopen('E:\Chapter8_Ex3_a_Output.txt', 'w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe Apparent rate constants are \n\t Run1: %0.2f hr-1 \n\t Run2: %0.2f hr-1 ',kapp_rhob(1),kapp_rhob(2)) +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe exponent value %0.1f ',n); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tExponent value greater than 0.5 hence the Eq.(8.24) is not consistent'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe error maybe due to error in assuming a first order reaction'); +mclose(fid); +//============================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= + diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a_Output.txt b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68d89b6cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.a/Chapter8_Ex3_a_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + The Apparent rate constants are + Run1: 1.96 hr-1 + Run2: 1.27 hr-1 + The exponent value 0.7 + Exponent value greater than 0.5 hence the Eq.(8.24) is not consistent + The error maybe due to error in assuming a first order reaction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b.sce b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa1a4122c --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc. USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-8 Ex8.3.b Pg No.348 +//Title:Internal effectiveness factor based diffusion +//=========================================================================================================== + +clear +clc +//INPUT +T_C=365;//Operating Temperature (°C) +rho=0.64;//Density of Sulphur Compounds (g/cm3) +myu=0.5;//Viscosity(cP) +T_K=273+T_C;//Temperature (K) +M_B=374;//For CHS compounds(Refer table8.1) +V_A=M_B/0.6;//Molar volume +Chi=1; +Epsilon_by_tau=0.1; +D_pore_by_D_bulk=0.5;//Hinderance due to large molecules +epsilon_holdup=0.6;// Assuming bed consists 60% catalyst +k_app_rhob=1.96//Refer Ex8.3.a Run 1 +eta=0.74; +R=0.095;//Size of particle +C_H2_incorrect=0.48;//Solubility of H2 at 56 atm +P_incorrect=56;//Incorrect Pressure +P_correct=65;//Correct Pressure +m_feed=640;// Concentration of Feed (g/L); +percent_S=2.04;//Percentage of Sulphur +MW_S=32;//Molecular weight of Sulphur +N_H2=1.5;//Moles of H2 +V_H2=14.3;//Solubility of Hydrogen + +//CALCULATION +//FOR SULPHUR +D_CHS=(7.4*(10^(-8))*(Chi*M_B)^(0.5)*T_K)/(myu*(V_A)^0.6); +D_e_S=Epsilon_by_tau*D_pore_by_D_bulk*D_CHS; +epsilon_holdup=0.6;// Assuming bed consists 60% catalyst +k_app_S=k_app_rhob/(3600*epsilon_holdup);//Refer Ex8.3.a +phi_app_S=R*(k_app_S/D_e_S)^(0.5); +//FOR H2 +C_H2_corrected=C_H2_incorrect*(P_correct/P_incorrect); +C_S_initial=m_feed*percent_S*10^(-2)/MW_S; +Initial_rate=k_app_rhob*C_S_initial; +k_app_H2=N_H2*Initial_rate/(3600*epsilon_holdup*C_H2_corrected); +//Assume D_H2 is three times the value given by the Wilke–Chang Equation +D_H2=3*(7.4*(10^(-8))*(Chi*M_B)^(0.5)*T_K)/(myu*(V_H2)^0.6); +D_e_H2=Epsilon_by_tau*D_H2; +phi_app_H2=R*(k_app_H2/D_e_H2)^(0.5); + +//OUTPUT +//Console Output +mprintf('\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Sulphur and Hydrogen diffusion are %f and %f respectively',phi_app_S,phi_app_H2); +mprintf('\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Hydrogen is negligible'); +//File Output +fid = mopen('E:\Chapter8_Ex3_b_Output.txt', 'w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Sulphur and Hydrogen diffusion are %f and %f respectively',phi_app_S,phi_app_H2); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Hydrogen is negligible') +mclose(fid); + +//============================================END OF PROGRAM================================================== diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b_Output.txt b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac33b6c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.3.b/Chapter8_Ex3_b_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The internal effectiveness factor based on Sulphur and Hydrogen diffusion are 2.064414 and 0.284642 respectively + The internal effectiveness factor based on Hydrogen is negligible \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1040/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Ex3.sce b/1040/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..777d58e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +//Harriot P., 2003, Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition), Marcel Dekker, Inc., USA, pp 436. +//Chapter-8 Ex8.3 Pg No. +//Title:Apparent rate constant and consistency +//=========================================================================================================== + +clear +clc +// COMMON INPUT +LHSV_inv=[0.75 1.39];//Refer table 8.2 Test Results (Liquid Hourly Space Velocity) +X_S=[0.77 0.83];//Refer table 8.2 Percentage Sulphur removal +T_C=365;//Operating Temperature (°C) +rho=0.64;//Density of Sulphur Compounds (g/cm3) +myu=0.5;//Viscosity(cP) +T_K=273+T_C;//Temperature (K) +M_B=374;//For CHS compounds(Refer table8.1) +V_A=M_B/0.6;//Molar volume +Chi=1; +Epsilon_by_tau=0.1; +D_pore_by_D_bulk=0.5;//Hinderance due to large molecules +epsilon_holdup=0.6;// Assuming bed consists 60% catalyst +k_app_rhob=1.96//Refer Ex8.3.a Run 1 +eta=0.74; +R=0.095;//Size of particle +C_H2_incorrect=0.48;//Solubility of H2 at 56 atm +P_incorrect=56;//Incorrect Pressure +P_correct=65;//Correct Pressure +m_feed=640;// Concentration of Feed (g/L); +percent_S=2.04;//Percentage of Sulphur +MW_S=32;//Molecular weight of Sulphur +N_H2=1.5;//Moles of H2 +V_H2=14.3;//Solubility of Hydrogen + +//CALCULATION (Ex8.3.a) +for i=1:2 + kapp_rhob(i)=log((1/(1-X_S(i))))*(1/LHSV_inv(i));//Refer Equation 8.21 + +end +L=LHSV_inv(2)/LHSV_inv(1); +kapp_ratio=kapp_rhob(1)/kapp_rhob(2); +n=log10(kapp_ratio)/log10(L); + +//CALCULATION (Ex8.3.b) +//FOR SULPHUR +D_CHS=(7.4*(10^(-8))*(Chi*M_B)^(0.5)*T_K)/(myu*(V_A)^0.6); +D_e_S=Epsilon_by_tau*D_pore_by_D_bulk*D_CHS; +epsilon_holdup=0.6;// Assuming bed consists 60% catalyst +k_app_S=k_app_rhob/(3600*epsilon_holdup);//Refer Ex8.3.a +phi_app_S=R*(k_app_S/D_e_S)^(0.5); +//FOR H2 +C_H2_corrected=C_H2_incorrect*(P_correct/P_incorrect); +C_S_initial=m_feed*percent_S*10^(-2)/MW_S; +Initial_rate=k_app_rhob*C_S_initial; +k_app_H2=N_H2*Initial_rate/(3600*epsilon_holdup*C_H2_corrected); +//Assume D_H2 is three times the value given by the Wilke–Chang Equation +D_H2=3*(7.4*(10^(-8))*(Chi*M_B)^(0.5)*T_K)/(myu*(V_H2)^0.6); +D_e_H2=Epsilon_by_tau*D_H2; +phi_app_H2=R*(k_app_H2/D_e_H2)^(0.5); + +//OUTPUT (Ex8.3.a) +mprintf('\n OUTPUT Ex8.3.a'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n\tThe Apparent rate constants are \n\t Run1 %0.2f hr-1 \n\t Run2 %0.2f hr-1 ',kapp_rhob(1),kapp_rhob(2)) +mprintf('\n\tThe exponent value = %0.1f hence the difference is not consistent with repect to equations (8.23) and (8.24) for the apparent rate constants obtained',n); +mprintf('\n\tThe error may be due to error in assuming a first order reaction'); + +//OUTPUT (Ex8.3.b) +mprintf('\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex8.3.b'); +mprintf('\n=========================================================='); +mprintf('\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Sulphur and Hydrogen diffusion are %0.2f and %0.2f respectively',phi_app_S,phi_app_H2); +mprintf('\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Hydrogen is negligible'); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter8-Ex3-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n OUTPUT Ex8.3.a'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe Apparent rate constants are \n\t Run1 %0.2f hr-1 \n\t Run2 %0.2f hr-1 ',kapp_rhob(1),kapp_rhob(2)) +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe exponent value = %0.1f hence the difference is not consistent with repect to equations (8.23) and (8.24)for the apparent rate constants obtained',n); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe error may be due to error in assuming a first order reaction'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\n\n OUTPUT Ex8.3.b'); +mfprintf(fid,'\n=========================================================='); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Sulphur and Hydrogen diffusion are %0.2f and %0.2f respectively',phi_app_S,phi_app_H2); +mfprintf(fid,'\n\tThe internal effectiveness factor based on Hydrogen is negligible'); +mclose(fid); +//============================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= + diff --git a/1040/CH9/EX9.1/Chapter9_Ex1.sce b/1040/CH9/EX9.1/Chapter9_Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a43fd6b50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH9/EX9.1/Chapter9_Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-9 Ex9.1 Pg No.376 +//Title:Model II- Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient (K) +//============================================================================================================ + +clear +clc +//INPUT +u0=[ 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.75 0.95 1.15];//Fluid Velocities (m/sec) +X=[0.923 0.872 0.846 0.775 0.728 0.664];//Conversion +h_by_h0=[1.26 1.44 1.66 2.0 2.3 2.7];//Height of bed under fluidized condition by height of packed bed +Epsilon_m=0.456;//Fraction of voids in packed bed +h0=0.75;//Height of packed bed (m) +k_r=4.45 ;//Reaction rate constant(sec-1) +W=5;//Weight of the bed (kg) + + +//CALCULATION +n=length(X); +for i=1:n + K0_L_by_u0(i)=log(1/(1-X(i)));//Refer equation 9.21 Pg No.371 + L(i)=h_by_h0(i)*h0; + one_minus_epsilon(i)=(1-Epsilon_m)/h_by_h0(i); + k_rhob(i)=k_r*one_minus_epsilon(i); + K0(i)=K0_L_by_u0(i)*u0(i)/L(i); + K(i)=1/((K0(i).^(-1))-(1/k_rhob(i))); //Refer equation 9.19 Pg No.371 +end + + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nThe values of K for given velocities') +mprintf('\n u (m/sec) \t K (sec-1) '); +mprintf('\n==================================================================='); +for i=1:n + mprintf('\n %.3g \t \t %0.3f',u0(i),K(i)); +end + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter9-Ex1-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe values of K for given velocities') +mfprintf(fid,'\n u (m/sec) \t K (sec-1) '); +mfprintf(fid,'\n==================================================================='); +for i=1:n + mfprintf(fid,'\n %.3g \t \t %0.3f',u0(i),K(i)); +end + +//==============================================END OF PROGRAM============================================= + diff --git a/1040/CH9/EX9.2/Chapter9_Ex2.sce b/1040/CH9/EX9.2/Chapter9_Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74d4f2779 --- /dev/null +++ b/1040/CH9/EX9.2/Chapter9_Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Harriot P.,2003,Chemical Reactor Design (I-Edition) Marcel Dekker,Inc.,USA,pp 436. +//Chapter-9 Ex9.2 Pg No.389 +//Title: Model II-Fraction unconverted naphthalene +//=========================================================================================================== +clear +clc +//INPUT +D=2.13 ;//Reactor Diameter(m) +L=7.9;//Reactor length (m) +dp_bar= 53*10^(-6);//Particle size (m) +u_mf=0.077;//Minimum fluidzation velocity(cm/s) +u_mb=0.5;//Minimum bubbling velocity(cm/s) +rho_bulk=770;//Bulk density (kg/m3) +rho_b=350;//Density (kg/m3) +Epsilon_m=0.44;//Porosity of bed +T_K=636;//Reaction Temperature (K) +P=266;//Reaction Pressure (kPa) +k_1=1.8;//Reaction rate constant (sec-1) +k_2=k_1; +u0=0.43;//Velocity (m/sec) +C0=2*10^(-2);//Initial concentration (%) + +//CALCULATION +k=k_1+k_2; +one_minus_epsilon=(1-Epsilon_m)*(rho_b/rho_bulk); +k_corrected=k*one_minus_epsilon;//based on bed volume +Nr=k_corrected*L/u0; +K=0.8;//From figure 9.12 at u0=0.43m/sec Pg No.376 +Nm=K*L/u0;//Refer equation 9.21 Pg No.371 +N=1/((1/Nm)+(1/Nr));//Refer equation 9.22 Pg No.371 +X=(1-exp(-N));//Refer equation 9.23 Pg No.371 +C_out=(1-X)*C0; +C_out_ppm=C_out*(10^6); + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\nThe fraction of naphthalene unconverted is %0.0f ppm ',C_out_ppm); + +//FILE OUTPUT +fid= mopen('.\Chapter9-Ex2-Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fid,'\nThe fraction of naphthalene unconverted is %0.0f ppm ',C_out_ppm); +mclose(fid); + + +//===========================================END OF PROGRAM================================================= + + + diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.2.1/EX2_2_1.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.1/EX2_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61a9990d --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.1/EX2_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Exa:2.2.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +I_L=10//line current (in amp) +V_s=20*10^3//supply voltage(in volts) +pf=0.8//lagging +theta=acosd(pf) +V_LN=V_s/sqrt(3) +disp(V_LN*10^-3,'(a)line to neutral voltage(in kv)=') +V_L=V_LN +disp(V_L*10^-3,'(b)output line to line voltage(in kv)=') +kVA=sqrt(3)*V_s*10^-3*I_L +disp(kVA,'(c)kVA=') +kW=kVA*pf +disp(kW,'kW=') +kVAR=kVA*sind(theta) +disp(kVAR,'kVAR=') diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.2.2/EX2_2_2.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.2/EX2_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09ca5c3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.2/EX2_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Exa:2.2.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Z_ph=8+%i*6//impedance per phase (in ohms) +V_AN=400//in volts +I_ph=V_AN/Z_ph +disp(abs(I_ph),'Phase current (in A)=') +disp(atand(imag(I_ph)/real(I_ph)),'phase=') +I_L=sqrt(3)*abs(I_ph) +disp(I_L,'Line current (in A)=') +pf=cosd(atand(imag(I_ph)/real(I_ph))) +disp(pf,'power factor=') +P=sqrt(3)*V_AN*I_L*pf*10^-3 +disp(P,'Power absorbed (in KW)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.2.3/EX2_2_3.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.3/EX2_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b67dcd36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.2.3/EX2_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Exa:2.2.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +V_s=400 //3 phase supply voltage (in volts) +Z_ph=8+%i*6 //impedance per phase(in ohms) +V_AN=V_s/sqrt(3) +I_ph=V_AN/Z_ph +disp(abs(I_ph),'phase current(in A)=') +disp(atand(imag(I_ph)/real(I_ph)),'phase=') +I_L=abs(I_ph) +disp(I_L,'line current(in A)=') +pf=cosd(atand(imag(I_ph)/real(I_ph))) +disp(pf,'power factor=') +kW=sqrt(3)*V_s*I_L*pf*10^-3 +disp(kW,'power(in kW)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.3.1/EX2_3_1.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.1/EX2_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c95af852 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.1/EX2_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Exa:2.3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +V_AB=100*sqrt(3) //phase voltage of AB(in volts) +V_AN=100*(cosd(-30)+%i*sind(-30)) //line voltage of A(in volts) +V_BC=100*sqrt(3)*(cosd(-120)+%i*sind(-120)) //phase voltage of BC(in volts) +V_CN=100*(cosd(90)+%i*sind(90)) //line voltage of C(in volts) +Z_ph=10+%i*10 //impedence per phase(in ohms) +I_A=V_AN/Z_ph +I_C=V_CN/Z_ph +W_A=V_AB*abs(I_A)*cosd(atand(imag(I_A)/real(I_A))) +disp(W_A,'W_A(in W)=') +W_C=abs(V_BC)*abs(I_C)*cosd((atand(imag(I_C)/real(I_C)))-atand(imag(V_BC)/real(V_BC))) +disp(W_C,'W_B(in W)=') +P=W_A+W_C +disp(P,'total power(in W)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.3.2/EX2_3_2.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.2/EX2_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c59ebb74 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.2/EX2_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Exa:2.3.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +V_L=400 //supply voltage(in volts) +W_1=750 //power (in W) +W_2=250 //power (in W) +P_i=W_1+W_2 +disp(P_i,'input power (in W)=') +pf=cosd(atand(sqrt(3)*(W_1-W_2)/(W_1+W_2))) +disp(pf,'power factor=') +I_L=P_i/(sqrt(3)*V_L*pf) +disp(I_L,'line current(in A)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH2/EX2.3.3/EX2_3_3.sce b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.3/EX2_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acf4c03a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH2/EX2.3.3/EX2_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Exa:2.3.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +P=10000;//in watts +I=60;//in amperes +V=400;//in volts +//When the coil is connected between phase A and Neutral; +theta=acosd(P/(V*I/sqrt(3)));//in degrees +alpha=90-theta;//in degrees +W=V*I*cosd(alpha)/1000; +disp(W,'Wattmeter Reading (in watts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.2.1/EX3_2_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.2.1/EX3_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c7c6780e --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.2.1/EX3_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//EXA.3.2.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +//refer to figure3.2.2 +theta=30 //angle of inclination +B=.8 //magnetic field (in T) +I=10 //current (in A) +L=2 //length of conductor(in m) +F=B*I*L*sind(theta) +disp(F, 'force on conductor (in N)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.2.2/EX3_2_2.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.2.2/EX3_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb1fef3bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.2.2/EX3_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//EXA:3.2.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +B=0.5 //magnetic field (in wb/m^2) +S=.04 // area of square loop(in m^2) +theta_1=0 //inclination +flux_1=B*S*cosd(theta_1) +disp(flux_1,'flux_1 (in wb)=') +theta_2=60 +flux_2=B*S*cosd(theta_2) +disp(flux_2,'flux_2 (in wb)=') +theta_3=90 +flux_3=B*S*cosd(theta_3) +disp(flux_3,'flux_3 (in wb)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.3.1/EX3_3_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.3.1/EX3_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2fd558a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.3.1/EX3_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//EXA.3.3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +H=2000 //magnetic field intensity(in A/m) +N=500 //no. of turns +l=.08*%pi //length of ring (in m) +I=H*l/N +disp(I,'required current(in A)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.4.1/EX3_4_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.4.1/EX3_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91db6cce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.4.1/EX3_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Exa:3.4.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +B=1;//in tesla +B1=1.1;//in Tesla +B2=1.45;//in Tesla +H1=1000;//in Ampere/meter +H2=2500;//in Ampere/meter +b=((H1*B2)-(H2*B2))/((H1*H2*B1)-(H1*H2*B2)); +disp(b,'b='); +a=(B1/H1)+(b*B1); +disp(a,'a='); +H=B/(a-(b*B)); +u_r=B/(4*%pi*H*10^-7); +disp(u_r,'Relative Permeablity=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.5.1/EX3_5_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.5.1/EX3_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..447c6d828 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.5.1/EX3_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//EXA:3.5.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +I=1.2 //current (in A) +N=300 //no. of turns +l=20*10^(-2) //circumference of ring(in m) +A=10*10^(-4) //cross-sectional area (in m^2) +u_0=4*%pi*10^(-7) +u_r=500 //permiability +R=l/(u_r*u_0*A) //reluctance(in H^(-1)) +disp(R,'reluctance(in H^(-1))=') +P=1/R //permeance +disp(P,'permeance(in H)=') +mmf=I*N //mmf (in A-t) +phy=mmf/R +disp(phy,'flux(in wb)=') +B=phy/A +disp(B,'flux density(in T)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.7.1/EX3_7_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.7.1/EX3_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c0fffe03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.7.1/EX3_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//EXA:3.7.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +l=10*10^(-2) //circumference of ring(in m) +A=20*10^(-4) //cross-sectional area(in m^2) +u_r=500 //permeability of iron +u_0=4*%pi*10^(-7) +B=0.8 //flux density(in T) +N=100 //no. of turns +R=l/(u_0*u_r*A) +phy=B*A +mmf=phy*R +I_e=mmf/N //exciting current +disp(I_e,'Exciting current (in A)=') +E=mmf*phy/2 +disp(E,'Energy stored(in J)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1094/CH3/EX3.8.1/EX3_8_1.sce b/1094/CH3/EX3.8.1/EX3_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..686f8b4cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1094/CH3/EX3.8.1/EX3_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//EXA:3.8.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +//Refers to figure 3.8.8 +l_g=1*10^(-3) //length (in m) +phy_g=1.1*5*10^(-4) //(in mWb) +phy_l=0.1 //(in mWb) +phy=(phy_g)+(phy_l) +B_g=1.1 //flux density (in T) + +H_g=(B_g)/u_0 +F_g=(H_g)*l_g +//from B-H curve of figure 3.4.2 +F_12=H_1* \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1181/CH1/EX1.1/c1e1.sce b/1181/CH1/EX1.1/c1e1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37cf0d30e --- /dev/null +++ b/1181/CH1/EX1.1/c1e1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculating shear stress +clc; +mu=.048; +sg=.913; +V0= 0 ; //at y=0 +Vi=1.125; //at y=0.075 +//For Linear Velocity Distribution +disp('For Linear Velocity Distribution') +K=1.125/0.075 ; // V=15y so dv/dy= 15 +tau=mu*K; //tau= shear stress +disp ( tau,'Shear stress (N/m2) = ') + +// For parabolic velocity Distribution +disp('For parabolic velocity Distribution') +disp ( 'V = A + By + Cy^2' ) +// Boundary Conditions : V=0 at y=0 , V=1.125 at y=0.075 , dV/dy = 0 at y=0.075 +A=0 ; +A1= [ 0.075 0.075*0.075 ;1 0.15 ] +B1=[-1.125 ; 0 ] +[X,ker]=linsolve(A1,B1) +B=X(1,1); +C=X(2,1) +y = poly(0,'y'); +V=poly([A B C ],'y','c'); +disp(V,' V='); +V1= derivat(V) +disp(V1 , 'dV/dy = ') diff --git a/1205/CH10/EX10.1/S_10_1.sce b/1205/CH10/EX10.1/S_10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH10/EX10.1/S_10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH10/EX10.2/S_10_2.sce b/1205/CH10/EX10.2/S_10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH10/EX10.2/S_10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH10/EX10.3/S_10_3.sce b/1205/CH10/EX10.3/S_10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce6645a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH10/EX10.3/S_10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +m=1000;//kg, mass of krate +theta=60;//degree +theta=theta*%pi/180;//radians, conversion into rad +a=0.70;//m +L=3.20;//m +g=9.81;//m/s^2 +//From theory we get +W=m*g;//N, Weight +W=W/1000;//kN, conversion into kN +S=sqrt(a^2+L^2-2*a*L*cos(theta));//m +F_DH=W*S/L/tan(theta);//kN + +printf("Force exerted by each cylinder is F_DH=%.2f kN",F_DH); diff --git a/1205/CH10/EX10.4/S_10_4.sce b/1205/CH10/EX10.4/S_10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e80d1e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH10/EX10.4/S_10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +m=10;//kg, mass of rim +r=300;//mm, radius of disk +a=0.08;//m +b=0.3;//m +k=4;//kN/m +g=9.81;//m/s^2 gravity +//From theory we get + +//sin(theta)=k*a^2/m/g/b*theta +dif=1; +for theta=0:0.001:1 + dif=sin(theta)-k*a^2/m/g/b*theta; + if dif<=0.001 then printf("theta= %.3f rad or %.1f degrees\n",theta,theta/%pi*180); + end +end + + diff --git a/1205/CH11/EX11.1/S_11_1.sce b/1205/CH11/EX11.1/S_11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..882dce009 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH11/EX11.1/S_11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +function x=displ(t) + x=t^3-6*t^2-15*t+40; + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +function v=vel(t) + v=3*t^2-12*t-15; + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +function a=acl(t) + a=6*t-12; + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +//a0 Time at which V=0 +V=poly([-15,-12,3],'x','coeff');// Velocity polynomial +[t]=roots(V);// Solution for polynomial +printf("When V=0 time should be %.0f s or %.0f s \n",t(1),t(2)); +printf("From this only root %.0f s is valid\n",t(1)); + +//Position and distance traveled when v=0 +x5=displ(t(1));//m, posiyion when V=0 +x0=displ(0);//m, position when t=0 +printf("Position at t=5 s is %.0f m \n and displacement from t=0 to V=0 s is %.0f m \n",x5,x5-x0); +printf("Negative sign shows that displacement is in negative direction \n") +printf("Acceleration when v=0 is %.0f m/s^2 \n",acl(t(1))); +// Diaplacement upto 5 is negative and after that it is positive so we compute it seperately +d45=displ(5)-displ(4);//m, distance travelled from 4 to 5 +d56=displ(6)-displ(5);//m, displacement from 5 to 6 +printf("Total distance travelled is %.0f m \n",d56-d45); diff --git a/1205/CH11/EX11.2/S_11_2.sce b/1205/CH11/EX11.2/S_11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69255df33 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH11/EX11.2/S_11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +a=-9.81;//m/s^2, Acceleration +// By theoritical work we get following functions +function y=displ(t) + y=20+10*t-4.905*t^2;//m + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +function v=vel(t) + v=10-9.81*t;//m/s + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +//At highest elevation v=0, + +t=10/9.81;//s, +// Putting it in displacement function + +printf("When V=0 time should be %.3f s \n",t); +printf("Highest elevation %.1f m\n",displ(t)); + +//Ball hits the ground,then y=0 + + +Y=poly([20,10,-4.905],'x','coeff');// Velocity polynomial +[t]=roots(Y);// Solution for polynomial +//Here only positive value is valid +t=t(1); +printf("Time to reach ground is %.2f s\n",t); +printf("Hitting velocity is %.1f m/s\n",vel(t)); diff --git a/1205/CH11/EX11.3/S_11_3.sce b/1205/CH11/EX11.3/S_11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH11/EX11.3/S_11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH12/EX12.6/S_12_6.sce b/1205/CH12/EX12.6/S_12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH12/EX12.6/S_12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.1/S_13_1.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.1/S_13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f0675746 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.1/S_13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; + +m=1000;//kg, mass of automobile +theta=5;//degree, angle of inclination +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad, Conversion into radian +v=72;//km/h, speed of automobile +v=v*1000/3600;//m/s, conversion into m/s +f=5000;//n, braking force +g=9.81;//m/s^2, Acceleration due to gravity +//Position 1 +T1=1/2*m*v^2;//J, kinetic energy +// Work during displacement +//U12=-f*x+m*g*sin(theta)*x; +T2=0;//J +//By principle of work and energy.. +//T1+U12=T2, gives +x=T1/(f-m*g*sin(theta));//m, distance travelled by the automobile as it comes to stop + +printf("Therfore distance travelled by the automobile as it comes to stop is x= %0.2f m \n",x); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.2/S_13_2.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.2/S_13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5750d7ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.2/S_13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; + +mA=200;//kg, mass of block A +mB=300;//kg, mass of block B +x=2;//m, displacement of block A +uk=0.25;// Coefficient of kinetic friction + +g=9.81;//m/s^2, Acceleration due to gravity +WA=mA*g;//N, Weight of block A +WB=mB*g;//N, Weight of block B +FA=uk*WA;//N, frictional force +//By principle of work and energyon block A +//0+Fc*x-FA*x=1/2*mA*v^2 +//By principle of work and energyon block B +//0+WB*x-Fc*x=1/2mB*v^2 + +//Adding above equations we get + +//WB*x-FA*x=1/2*(mA+mB)*v^2, therefore +v=sqrt((WB*x-FA*x)*2/(mA+mB));//m/s, velocity of block A + +printf("Therfore velocity of block A after it has been moved 2 mm is v= %0.2f m/s \n",v); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.3/S_13_3.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.3/S_13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb4e6bf2b --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.3/S_13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc; +m=60;//kg, mass of package +k=20;//kN/m, spring constant +k=k*1000;//N, conversion into N +xo=120;//mm, initial compression +xo=xo/1000;//m, conversion into meter +x1=600;//mm +x1=x1/1000;//m +v1=2.5;//m/s , velocity of package +delx=40;//mm, additional deflectio of spring +delx=delx/1000;//m, conversion into meter + +//Motion from position 1to 2 +// kinetic energy at 1 +T1=1/2*m*v1^2;//N.m or J + +//Position 2 maximum spring deflection +v2=0;//m/s^2 +T2=0;//J + +//friction force F=uk*N=uk*W +W=m*9.81;//N +x=(x1+delx);//m, +//work is U12f=-F*x=-uk*w*x +//spring force +Pmin=k*xo;//N +Pmax=Pmin+k*delx;//N +// By principle of work and energy +U12e=-1/2*(Pmin+Pmax)*delx;//J +uk=-(T2-T1-U12e)/(W*x);// coefficient of kinetic friction +printf("Coefficient of kinetic friction between package and surface is uk= %.2f \n",uk); +//Motion from position 2 to position 3 +//Position 2 +v2=0;//m/s^2 +T2=0;//J +//Position 3 +//T3=1/2*m*v3^2;//N.m or J +U12f=-uk*W*x;//J, +U23f=U12f;//J + +U23e=-U12e;//J, direction changes + +U23=U12f+U23e;//J Total work done + +//Principle of work and energy + +v3=sqrt((T2+U23)*2/m);//m/s, +printf("Velocity of passage as it again passes through same position is V3= %0.3f m/s \n",v3); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.4/S_13_4.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.4/S_13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db5e7cdf --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.4/S_13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +//Force exerted by track at point 2 +//kinetic energy +T1=0;//J +//T2=1/2*m*v2^2 m/s + +//Work +//U12=W*12m;//J +m=1000;//kg mass of car +//principle of work and energy we get v2^2=24*g +g=9.81;//m/s^2 +W=m*g;//N, weight of car +v2=sqrt(24*g);// m/s + +//Newtons second law at point 2 +p=6;//m radius of curvature at 2 +//sum(Fn)=m*an gives N=W*5 +N=W+m*v2^2/p;//N Force exerted by track on car +N=N/1000;//kN conversion to kN +printf("Force exerted by track on car where radius of curvature is 6 m N= %.2f kN \n",N); + +//Minimum value of rho at point 3 + +//Work and energy principle gives +v3=sqrt(2*g*(12-4.5));//m/s + +//Newtons second law at point 3 +//sum(Fn)=m*an +p=v3^2/g;//m +printf("Minimum safe value radius of curvature at point 3 is %.1f m\n",p); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.5/S_13_5.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.5/S_13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff607aec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.5/S_13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +mD=300;//kg, mass of dumbwaiter and load +mC=400;//kg counterweight +// Uniform motion +g=9.81;//m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity +vD=2.5;//m/s, speed of dumbwaiter +//Free body c +//apply sum(Fy)=0 +T=mC*g/2;//N +//Free body D +//sum(Fy)=0 +F=mD*g-T;//N +power=F*vD;//W + +printf("Power delieverd when dumbwaiter is moving with constant speed of 2.5 m/s is %.0f W\n",power); + +//Accelerated motion +aD=1;//m/s^2 acceleration of dumbwaiter +aC=-1/2*aD;//m/s^2 acceleration of counterweight +//Free body c +//apply sum(Fy)=0 +T=mC*(g+aC)/2;//N +//Free body D +//sum(Fy)=0 +F=mD*(g+aD)-T;//N +power=F*vD;//W +printf("Power delieverd when dumbwaiter is moving with acceleration 1 m/s^2 and having instataneous velocity 2.5 m/s is %.0f W\n",power); + +printf("In book answers are rounded off"); diff --git a/1205/CH13/EX13.6/S_13_6.sce b/1205/CH13/EX13.6/S_13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dc8f8f15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH13/EX13.6/S_13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +m=1.5;//kg, massof collar +Lo=150;//mm, Undeformed length of spring +k=400;//N/m, spring constant +Ldc=175;//mm +Loc=125;//mm, radius + +//Position 1 +//Kinetic energy +vA=0;//m/s +TA=0;//J + +//Potential energy +delLad=Ldc+2*Loc-Lo;//mm, compression of spring +delLad=delLad/1000;//m, conversion to meter +VA=1/2*k*delLad^2;//J + +//Position B +//Kinetic energy +//TB=1/2*m*vB^2; +Lbd=sqrt((Ldc+Loc)^2+Loc^2);//mm +delbd=Lbd-Lo;//mm compression +delbd=delbd/1000;//m, conversion into m +VB=1/2*k*delbd^2;//J + +//Conservation of energy + +vB=sqrt((VA-VB)/(1/2*m));//m/s +printf("Velocity of collar as it passes through B is vB= %.2f m/s \n",vB); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.1/S_14_1.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.1/S_14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..058806112 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.1/S_14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +m=200;//kg, mass of space vehicle +vo=150;//m/s i, relative velocty of vehicle with frame at t=0 +mA=100;//kg, mass of part A +mB=60;//kg, mass of part B +mC=40;//kg, mass of part C + +t=2.5;//s, given time +A=[555,-180,240];//m, Position of A at t=2.5 +B=[255,0,-120];//m, Position of B at t=2.5 + +r=[vo*t,0,0];//m, Position of mass center G + +//recalling 14.12 +//m*r=mA*rA+mB*rB+mC*rC +rA=A;//m, +rB=B;//m + +rC=(m*r-mA*rA-mB*rB)/mC;//m, Position of part c at t=2.5 s +printf("Position of part c at t=2.5 s is rC= (%.0f m)i +(%.0f m)j +(%.0f m)k\n",rC(1),rC(2),rC(3)); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.2/S_14_2.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.2/S_14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b39f21f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.2/S_14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +m=10;//kg, mass of projectile before exploding +v=30;//m/s, velocity of projectile before exploding +mA=2.5;//kg, mass of fragment A of projectile +mB=7.5;//kg, mass of fragment B of projectile +thetaA=45;//degree, direction of fragment A +thetaA=thetaA*%pi/180;//rad, conversion into radian +thetaB=30;//degree, direction of fragment B +thetaB=thetaB*%pi/180;//rad, conversion into radian +//Law of conservation of momentum gives +//mA*vA+mB*vB=m*v +//Taking x and y components of vA and vB we get +A=[mA*cos(thetaA),mB*cos(thetaB);mA*sin(thetaA),-mB*sin(thetaB)];// matrix of coefficients +B=[m*v;0];//matrix B, v is along X axis +X=linsolve(A,-B);//solution matrix +vA=X(1);//m/s, velocity of fragment A +vB=X(2);//m/s, velocity of fragment B +printf("Velocity of fragment A after explosion is %.2f m/s \n Velocity of fragment B after explosion is %.1f m/s with given directions\n",vA,vB); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.3/S_14_3.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.3/S_14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f415e7249 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.3/S_14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +m=200;//kg, mass of space vehicle +vo=150;//m/s i, relative velocty of vehicle with frame at t=0 +mA=100;//kg, mass of part A +mB=60;//kg, mass of part B +mC=40;//kg, mass of part C +vA=[270,-120,160];//m/s, velocity of A +t=2.5;//s, given time +A=[555,-180,240];//m, Position of A at t=2.5 +B=[255,0,-120];//m, Position of B at t=2.5 + +r=[vo*t,0,0];//m, Position of mass center G + +//recalling 14.12 +//m*r=mA*rA+mB*rB+mC*rC +rA=A;//m, +rB=B;//m + +rC=(m*r-mA*rA-mB*rB)/mC;//m, Position of part c at t=2.5 s +//m*vo=mA*vA+mB*vB+mC*vC and 1 +//Ho1=(Ho)2 ....2 gives equation +// Equate i coefficient of 1 and j and k coefficients of 2 to zero as B lies in xz plane +vCy=300;//m/s, y component of velocity of part C +vCz=-420*vCy/450;//m/s, z component of velocity of part C +vCx=(105*vCy-45000)/450;//m/s, x component of velocity of part C +printf("Velocity of part c at t=2.5 s is vC= (%.0f m)i +(%.0f m)j +(%.0f m)k\n",vCx,vCy,vCz); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.4/S_14_4.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.4/S_14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.4/S_14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.5/S_14_5.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.5/S_14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eae86f93a --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.5/S_14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +//By theoritical work, applying law of conservation of momentum and energy we get +//vA=(vB)y=3vc-6, (vB)x=3-vc +//20*vc^2-78*vc+72=0 + +y=poly([72,-78,20],'x','coeff');//Obtained polynomial +vc=roots(y);//m/s, +vc=vc(1);//AS vc(2) gives negative value of vA +vA=3*vc-6;// m/s Velocity with which ball A hits the side of table +vBy=3*vc-6;//m/s, y coefficient Velocity with which ball B hits the side of table +vBx=3-vc;//m/s, x coefficient Velocity with which ball B hits the side of table +vB=[vBx,vBy];//m/s Velocity with which ball B hits the side of table +theta=atan(-vBy/vBx);//rad, angle of velocity B +theta=theta*180/%pi;//degree + +printf("Velocities with which balls hits the sides of table are\n vA= %.1f m/s \n vB= %.3f m/s with theta= %.1f degree \n vC=%.1f m/s\n",vA,norm(vB),theta,vc); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.6/S_14_6.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.6/S_14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bc37ff34 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.6/S_14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +W=3000;//N, force applied at G +delmt=120;//kg/s, rate of falling grains +vA=10;//m/s, velocity with which grains hits chute at A +vB=7.5;//m/s, velocity with which grains hits chute at B +theta=10;//degree,angle with which grains falls +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad +//System formed by the momentum and impulses is equipollent to the momentum del_m*vB + +//putting above values in equations we get + +B=(3.5*W+1.5*delmt*vA+3*delmt*vB*cos(theta)-6*delmt*vB*sin(theta))/6;//N, reaction at roller support B +Cx=delmt*vB*cos(theta);//N, x component of reaction at hinge C +Cy=W-B+delmt*(vA-vB*sin(theta));//N, x component of reaction at hinge C + +printf("Reaction at roller support B is B= %.0f N \n x component of reaction at hinge C is Cx= %.0f N\n y component of reaction at hinge C Cy=%.0f N\n",B,Cx,Cy); + +//Actual solving also shows similar answer as programme shows, book shows rounded value diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.7/S_14_7.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.7/S_14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.7/S_14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH14/EX14.8/S_14_8.sce b/1205/CH14/EX14.8/S_14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH14/EX14.8/S_14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH15/EX15.15/S_15_15.sce b/1205/CH15/EX15.15/S_15_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH15/EX15.15/S_15_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH16/EX16.5/S_16_5.sce b/1205/CH16/EX16.5/S_16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH16/EX16.5/S_16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH17/EX17.3/S_17_3.sce b/1205/CH17/EX17.3/S_17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH17/EX17.3/S_17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH17/EX17.7/S_17_7.sce b/1205/CH17/EX17.7/S_17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH17/EX17.7/S_17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.1/S_18_1.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.1/S_18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.1/S_18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.2/S_18_2.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.2/S_18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.2/S_18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.3/S_18_3.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.3/S_18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c32949177 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.3/S_18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +m=20;//kg, mass pinned At A +L=2;//m, Length of rod AB +w=15;//rad/s, angular velocity +bta=60;//degree, angle made by rod AB with +ve X axis +bta=bta*%pi/180;//radian, conversion into radian +an=-1/2*L*cos(bta)*w^2;//m/s^2, I +ma=m*an;//N I, effective force +g=-9.81;//m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity +W=m*g;//N, weight +//from theory we get, +//H_G=1/12*m*L^2*w^2*sin(bta)*cos(bta) k +H_G=1/12*m*L^2*w^2*sin(bta)*cos(bta);//N.m k, angular momentum +//sum(M_Aeff)=0 and vector product give +T=(-L/2*sin(bta)*ma+H_G-W)/(L*sin(bta));//N, tension in the wire +printf("Tension in the wire is %.0f N\n",T); +//sum(Feff)=0, and equating coefficients we get +Ax=T+ma;//N, I x component of reaction at A +Ay=W;//N, I y component of reaction at A +printf("Reaction at A is A= (%.0f N) I + (%.1f N) I \n Here Ax is accurate. In book there is printing mistake",Ax,Ay); + diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.4/S_18_4.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.4/S_18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfb872caa --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.4/S_18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +m=300;//g, mass of each rod +m=m/1000;//kg, conversion into kg +c=100;//mm, length of each rod +c=c/1000;//m, conversion into meter +//From theoritical work , we got formula for Dy and Dz +w=1200;//rpm +w=w*2*%pi/60;//rad/s, conversion +M=6;//N.m, Couple applied to shaft +Dy=-3/16*M/c-1/4*m*c*w^2;//N, y component of reaction at D +Dz=3/8*M/c-1/8*m*c*w^2;//N, z component of reaction at D +printf("Components of dynamic reaction at D is Dy= %.1f N and Dz= %.1f N\n",Dy,Dz); +//Applying similar theory we get following expressions +Cy=-9/16*M/c-1/4*m*c*w^2;//N, y component of reaction at C +Cz=3/8*M/c-3/8*m*c*w^2;//N, z component of reaction at C +printf("Components of dynamic reaction at C is Cy= %.1f N and Cz= %.1f N\n",Cy,Cz); diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.5/S_18_5.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.5/S_18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.5/S_18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH18/EX18.6/S_18_6.sce b/1205/CH18/EX18.6/S_18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec68e9cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH18/EX18.6/S_18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +m=300;//g, mass of each rod +mom=1/1000;//given mo/m +vo=2000;//m/s, relative velocity +wo=60;//rpm +wo=wo*2*%pi/60;//rad/s, conversion +a=800;//mm, radius of disk +a=a/1000;//m, conversion into meter +//By theorytical work we get +wx=-4/5*mom*vo/a;//rad/s , x component of angular velocity +wy=0;//rad/s , y component of angular velocity +wz=wo;//rad/s , x component of angular velocity +w=norm([wx,wy,wz]);//rad/s +w=w/2/%pi*60;//rpm, conversion into rpm +gama=atan(-wx/wz);//rad, + + +//precession axis + +theta=atan(2*mom*vo/a/wo);//rad, angle forme by precession axis and z axis + +//by law of sines +phi=w*sin(gama)/sin(theta);// rpm, rates of precession +psi=w*sin(theta-gama)/sin(theta);// rpm, rates of spin + +gama=gama*180/%pi;//degree, conversion into degree +theta=theta*180/%pi;//degree, conversion into degree +printf("The angular velocity after impact is w= %.1f rpm with angle gamma= %.1f degree\n",w,gama); +printf("Angle formed by precession axis and z axis is theta= %.1f degree\n",theta); +printf("Rate of precession is psi= %.1f rpm \n rate of spin is psi=%.1f rpm\n",phi,psi) diff --git a/1205/CH19/EX19.1/S_19_1.sce b/1205/CH19/EX19.1/S_19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04c638b00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH19/EX19.1/S_19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +k1=4;//kN/m spring constant of spring 1 +k2=6;//kN/m spring constant of spring 2 +k=k1+k2;//kN/m spring constant of single equivalent spring +k=k*1000;//N/m +Xm=40;//mm displacement +Xm=Xm/1000;//m +m=50;//kg +// period of vibration +Wn=sqrt(k/m);//rad/s angular velocity +Tn=2*%pi/Wn;//s, period of vibration +printf("Period of vibration= %.3f s\n",Tn); + +//maximum velocity +Vm=Xm*Wn;//m/s +printf("Maximum velocity= %.3f m/s\n",Vm); + +//Maximum acceleration +am=Xm*Wn^2;//m/s^2 +printf("Maximum acceleration= %.2f m/S^2\n",am); diff --git a/1205/CH19/EX19.2/S_19_2.sce b/1205/CH19/EX19.2/S_19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH19/EX19.2/S_19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH19/EX19.3/S_19_3.sce b/1205/CH19/EX19.3/S_19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a0cfee32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH19/EX19.3/S_19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +m=10;//kg, mass of disk +r=200;//mm, radius of disk +r=r/1000;//m, conversion into meter +Tn=1.13;//s, Period of torsional vibration for disk +T=1.93;//s, Period of torsional vibration for gear +theta=90;//degrees +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad +//From theory we get +I=1/2*m*r^2;//kg, +K=(2*%pi/Tn)^2*r;//N.m/rad , torsional spring constant +printf("torsional spring constant = %.2f N.m/rad \n",K); +//For gear +Igear=(T/2/%pi)^2*K;//kg.m^2, moment of inertia of gear +printf("moment of inertia of gear = %.3f kg.m^2\n",Igear); +//Wm=Theta*Wn=theta*2*%pi/T + +Wm=theta*2*%pi/T;//rad/s MAximum angular velocity +printf("Maximum angular velocity = %.2f rad/s \n",Wm); + diff --git a/1205/CH19/EX19.4/S_19_4.sce b/1205/CH19/EX19.4/S_19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH19/EX19.4/S_19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH19/EX19.5/S_19_5.sce b/1205/CH19/EX19.5/S_19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..172794156 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH19/EX19.5/S_19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +m=200;//kg, mass of motor +k1=150;//kN/m, constant of one spring +n=4;// No of spring +k=k1*4;//kN/m Equivalent constant +k=k*1000;//N.m conversion +Wn=sqrt(k/m);//rad/s , Resonance speed + + +//Aplitude of vibration at 1200 rpm +W=1200*2*%pi/60;//rad/s +m=0.03;//kg +r=150;//mm , unbalance rotor equivalent distance from axis of rotation +r=r/1000;//m, conversion to meter +Pm=m*r*W^2;//N, Centrifugal force due to unbalance of motor +Wf=W;//rad/s, forced circular frequency +Xm=Pm/k/(1-(Wf/Wn)^2)*1000;//Amplitude of vibration + +Wn=Wn*60/2/%pi;//rpm, conversion to rpm +printf("Resonance speed=%.0f rpm \n",Wn); +printf("Aplitude of vibration at 1200 rpm is %.4f mm \n Negative sign shows it is out of phase",Xm); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.1/S_2_1.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.1/S_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..357f8c861 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.1/S_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; + +//Getting resultant of two vectors + +P=40; // N Magnitude of vector P +Q=60 // N Magnitude of vector Q +// imagine triangle for triangle law of vectors +B=180-25;// degree , Angle between vector P and vector Q + +//R- Resultant vector +B=B*%pi/180;// conversion into radian +//R^2=P^2+Q^2-2*P*Q*cos(B); Cosine Law +R=sqrt(P^2+Q^2-2*P*Q*cos(B));// N + +printf("Maginitude of Resultant is R= %.2f N\n",R); + + +//A- Angle between Resultant and P vector, Unknown + +// sin(A)/Q == sin(B)/R sine law + +A=asin(Q*sin(B)/R);// radian + + +A=A*180/%pi;//// Conversion into degree + +alpha=A+20;// degree +printf("Angle of Resultant vector R with x axis is %.2f Degrees\n",alpha); + + diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.12.1/E2_12_1.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.12.1/E2_12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6cf53915 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.12.1/E2_12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +F=500;//N, Given force +thetax=60;//degree , angle made by F with X axis +thetay=45;//degree , angle made by F with Y axis +thetaz=120;//degree , angle made by F with Z axis + +//conversion into radian +thetax=thetax*pi/180; +thetay=thetay*pi/180; +thetaz=thetaz*pi/180; + +//Calculating component +Fx=F*cos(thetax);//N, Component of F along x axis +Fy=F*cos(thetay);//N, Component of F along y axis +Fz=F*cos(thetaz);//N, Component of F along z axis + +printf("Component of F alongX axis is %.2f N\n",Fx); +printf("Component of F along Y axis is %.2f N\n",Fy); +printf("Component of F along Z axis is %.2f N\n",Fz); +printf("We may write F as \n F = %.2f i + %.2f j + %.2f k",Fx,Fy,Fz); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.12.2/E2_12_2.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.12.2/E2_12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f043f87ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.12.2/E2_12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +//F=700N i +1500N j, given forc + +Fx=100;//N, Comonent along X axis +Fy=-150;// N, Component along Y axis +Fz=300;// N, Component along Z axis + +F=sqrt(Fx^2+Fy^2+Fz^2);// N, magnitude of force F +thetax=acos(Fx/F);// radian , angle with +ve x axis +thetay=acos(Fy/F);// radian , angle with +ve y axis +thetaz=acos(Fz/F);// radian , angle with +ve z axis + +//Conversion of angles into degree +thetax=thetax*180/pi;//degree +thetay=thetay*180/pi;//degree +thetaz=thetaz*180/pi;//degree +printf("Magnitude of F is %.2f N\n",F); +printf("Angle made by F with +ve X axis %.2f degree\n",thetax); + +printf("Angle made by F with +ve Y axis %.2f degree\n",thetay); +printf("Angle made by F with +ve Z axis %.2f degree\n",thetaz); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.2/S_2_2.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.2/S_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d20edfac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.2/S_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; + +R=25; // kN Magnitude of Resultant vector +alpha=45;//degree +// T1 and T2 are tensions in rope 1 and rope 2 respectively +A=30;// degree , Angle between vector T1 and resultant +B=alpha;// degree , Angle between vector T2 and resultant +C=180-(A+B);// degree , Angle between vector T1 and T2 + + +// conversion of angles into radian +A=A*%pi/180; +B=B*%pi/180; +C=C*%pi/180; + + +// sin(A)/T2 == sin(B)/T1 == sin(C)/R .............. sine law + +T1=(R*sin(B))/sin(C);//kN +T2=(R*sin(A))/sin(C);//kN + + +printf("Tension in rope 1 is T1=%.2f kN and in rope 2 is T2=%.2f kN \n",T1,T2); + + +// Minimum value of T2 occcurs when T1 and T2 are perpendicular to each other i.e C=90 degree +C=90;//degree +A=30;// degree +B=180-(A+C);//degrees +alpha=B;//degrees +B=B*%pi/180;// radian +T2=R*sin(B);// kN +T1=R*cos(B);//kN +printf("Minimum tension in rope 2 is T2=%.2f kN \n",T2); +printf("corrosponding T1=%.2f kN \n ",T1); +printf("alpha=%.2f degrees",alpha); + + diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.3/S_2_3.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.3/S_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16c6ab169 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.3/S_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +F1=725;// N +F2=500;// N +F3=780;//N +theta=acos(840/1160);//radian, Angle made by F1 with -X axis +alpha=acos(3/5);//radian, Angle made by F2 with -X axis +beta=acos(12/13);//radian, Angle made by F3 with X axis + +F1x=-F1*cos(theta);//N, Horizontal component of F1 +F2x=-F2*cos(alpha);//N, Horizontal component of F2 +F3x=F3*cos(beta);//N, Horizontal component of F3 + +F1y=F1*sin(theta);//N, Vertical component of F1 +F2y=-F2*sin(alpha);//N, Vertical component of F2 +F3y=-F3*sin(beta);//N, Vertical component of F3 + +Rx=F1x+F2x+F3x;//N Horizontal component of R- resultant +Ry=F1y+F2y+F3y;//N Vertical component of R- resultant + +//R=Rx i +Ry j + +printf("R= %.2f i + %.2f j \n", Rx,Ry); + +alpha=atan(Ry/Rx);//Radian, Angle made by resultant with +ve x axis +alpha=alpha*180/%pi;//Conversion into degrees + +R=sqrt(Rx^2+Ry^2);// N , Magnitude of resultant +printf("alpha= %.2f degrees and R= %.2f N",alpha,R); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.4/S_2_4.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.4/S_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5776956b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.4/S_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; + +W=8000; // N weight of automobile +alpha=2;//degree +// TAB and TAC are tensions in cable AB and cable AC respectively +A=90+30;// degree , Angle between vector T1 and resultant +B=alpha;// degree , Angle between vector T2 and resultant +C=180-(A+B);// degree , Angle between vector T1 and T2 + + +// conversion of angles into radian +A=A*%pi/180; +B=B*%pi/180; +C=C*%pi/180; + + +// sin(A)/TAB == sin(B)/TAC == sin(C)/W .............. sine law + + +TAB=(W*sin(A))/sin(C);//N +TAC=(W*sin(B))/sin(C);//N + +printf("Tension in cable AB is TAB=%.2f N and in Cable AC is TAC=%.2f N \n",TAB,TAC); + + diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.5/S_2_5.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.5/S_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b665d0be --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.5/S_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +mass=30;// kg +W=mass*9.81;// N, Weight of package +alpha=15;//degree +alpha=alpha*%pi/180;// Conversion into radian +F=W*sin(alpha);//N +printf("F= %.2f N",F); + diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.6/S_2_6.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.6/S_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83668de5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.6/S_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +alpha=atan(7/4);//rad +beta=atan(1.5/4);//rad +T_AB=200;//N tension in cable AB +T_AE=-300;//N, tension in cable AE +// R= T_AB+T_AC+T_AE+F_D=0 ...Equillibrium Condition...........1 + + +T_ABx=-T_AB*sin(alpha);// Xcomponent of T_AB +T_ABy=T_AB*cos(alpha);//Y component of T_AB + +// T_ACx=T_AC*sin(beta); Xcomponent of T_AC +// T_ACy=T_AC*cos(beta); Y component of T_AC + +// Sum Fx =0 gives -T_AB*sin(alpha) N + T_AC*sin(beta) +F_D=0..........2 +//Sum Fy=0 gives T_AB*cos(alpha) N +T_AC*cos(beta) +T_AE =0................3 + +T_AC=(-T_AB*cos(alpha)-T_AE)/cos(beta);//N, From 3 + +F_D=T_AB*sin(alpha)-T_AC*sin(beta);//N, From 2 + +printf("Value of drag force is F_D=%.2f N and tension in cable AC is T_AC= %.2f N",F_D,T_AC); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.7.1/E2_7_1.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.1/E2_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00e14d563 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.1/E2_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +F=800 // N , given force +theta=145 // Degrees , angle with posiyive X axis + +theta=theta*%pi/180;// Conversion into radian + +Fx=F*sin(theta);//N, Horizontal component +Fy=F*cos(theta);// N, Vertical Component + +printf("Horizontal component of F is %.2f N\n",Fx); +printf("Vertial component of F is %.2f N\n",Fy); +printf("We may write F as \n F = %.2f i + %.2f j",Fx,Fy); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.7.2/E2_7_2.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.2/E2_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be8584648 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.2/E2_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +F=300 // N , given force +AB=sqrt(8^2+6^2);// m Length of AB +cos_alpha=8/AB; +sin_alpha=-6/AB; +Fx=F*cos_alpha;//N, Horizontal component +Fy=F*sin_alpha;// N, Vertical Component + +printf("Horizontal component of F is %.2f N\n",Fx); +printf("Vertial component of F is %.2f N\n",Fy); +printf("We may write F as \n F = %.2f i + %.2f j",Fx,Fy); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.7.3/E2_7_3.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.3/E2_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964c1647b --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.7.3/E2_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//F=700N i +1500N j, given forc + +Fx=700;//N, Horizontal component +Fy=1500;// N, Vertical Component +tan_theta=Fy/Fx; +theta=atan(tan_theta);// degrees , angle with +ve x axis +F=Fy/sin(theta);// N +printf("Magnitude of F is %.2f N\n",F); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.7/S_2_7.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.7/S_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff95faa36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.7/S_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +clc; +dx=-40;//m +dy=80;//m +dz=30;//m +f=2500;//N, Mafnitude of force F +d=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2);//m, total distance of vector AB +//F=f*lambda, lambda - unit vector= AB/d. So we can calculate each component by multiplying this unit vector +Fx=f*dx/d;//N , X component of F +Fy=f*dy/d;//N , Y component of F +Fz=f*dz/d;//N , Z component of F + +printf("Component of F along X axis is %.2f N\n",Fx); +printf("Component of F along Y axis is %.2f N\n",Fy); +printf("Component of F along Z axis is %.2f N\n",Fz); +printf("We may write F as \n F = %.2f i + %.2f j + %.2f k\n",Fx,Fy,Fz); + +thetax=acos(Fx/f);// radian , angle with +ve x axis +thetay=acos(Fy/f);// radian , angle with +ve y axis +thetaz=acos(Fz/f);// radian , angle with +ve z axis + +//Conversion of angles into degree +thetax=thetax*180/%pi;//degree +thetay=thetay*180/%pi;//degree +thetaz=thetaz*180/%pi;//degree + +printf("Angle made by F with +ve X axis %.2f degree\n",thetax); + +printf("Angle made by F with +ve Y axis %.2f degree\n",thetay); +printf("Angle made by F with +ve Z axis %.2f degree\n",thetaz); diff --git a/1205/CH2/EX2.8/S_2_8.sce b/1205/CH2/EX2.8/S_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cc58eae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH2/EX2.8/S_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +clc; +T_AB=4200;//N , Tension in cable AB +T_AC=6000;//N , Tension in cable AC +// Vector AB=-(5m)i+(3m)j+(4m)k +//Vector Ac= -(5m)i+(3m)j+(5m)k +ABx=-5;//m +ABy=3;//m +ABz=4;//m +ACx=-5;//m +ACy=3;//m +ACz=-5;//m + +AB=sqrt((-5)^2+3^2+4^2);//m, Magnitude of vector AB +AC=sqrt((-5)^2+3^2+5^2);//m, Magnitude of vector AC +//vT_AB=T_AB*lambdaAB, lambdaAB - unit vector= vAB/AB. So we can calculate each component by multiplying this unit vector +T_ABx=T_AB*ABx/AB;//N , X component of T_AB +T_ABy=T_AB*ABy/AB;//N , Y component of T_AB +T_ABz=T_AB*ABz/AB;//N , Z component of T_AB + +printf("Component of T_AB along X axis is %.2f N\n",T_ABx); +printf("Component of T_AB along Y axis is %.2f N\n",T_ABy); +printf("Component of T_AB along Z axis is %.2f N\n",T_ABz); +printf("We may write T_AB as \n T_AB = %.2f i + %.2f j + %.2f k\n",T_ABx,T_ABy,T_ABz); + + +//vT_AC=T_AC*lambdaAC, lambdaAC - unit vector= vAC/AC. So we can calculate each component by multiplying this unit vector +T_ACx=T_AC*ACx/AC;//N , X component of T_AC +T_ACy=T_AC*ACy/AC;//N , Y component of T_AC +T_ACz=T_AC*ACz/AC;//N , Z component of T_AC + +printf("Component of T_AC along X axis is %.2f N\n",T_ACx); +printf("Component of T_AC along Y axis is %.2f N\n",T_ACy); +printf("Component of T_AC along Z axis is %.2f N\n",T_ACz); +printf("We may write T_AC as \n T_AC = %.2f i + %.2f j + %.2f k\n",T_ACx,T_ACy,T_ACz); + +Rx=T_ABx+T_ACx;//N ,X component of R +Ry=T_ABy+T_ACy;//N ,Y component of R +Rz=T_ABz+T_ACz;//N ,Z component of R + +printf("Component of R along X axis is %.2f N\n",Rx); +printf("Component of R along Y axis is %.2f N\n",Ry); +printf("Component of R along Z axis is %.2f N\n",Rz); +printf("We may write R as \n R = %.2f i + %.2f j + %.2f k\n",Rx,Ry,Rz); + +R=sqrt(Rx^2+Ry^2+Rz^2);//N, Magnitude of resultant + +thetax=acos(Rx/R);// radian , angle with +ve x axis +thetay=acos(Ry/R);// radian , angle with +ve y axis +thetaz=acos(Rz/R);// radian , angle with +ve z axis + +//Conversion of angles into degree +thetax=thetax*180/%pi;//degree +thetay=thetay*180/%pi;//degree +thetaz=thetaz*180/%pi;//degree + +printf("Angle made by R with +ve X axis %.2f degree\n",thetax); + +printf("Angle made by R with +ve Y axis %.2f degree\n",thetay); +printf("Angle made by F with +ve Z axis %.2f degree\n",thetaz); diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.1/S_3_1.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.1/S_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3991497ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.1/S_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +// Given data +F=500; // N , Vertical force applied to end of lever +theta=60;// degree, angle made by lever with +ve X axis +theta=theta*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +l=600; // mm , length of lever + +// a ) Momemt about O +d=l*cos(theta);// mm ,perpendicular distance from o to the line of action +d=d/1000; // m, conversion into meter +Mo=F*d;// N.m, Magnitude of moment about O +printf("Magnitude of moment about O of the 500 N is %.2f N.m and it is in clockwise direction as force tends to rotate lever clockwise\n",Mo); + +// b) Horizontal force + +d=l*sin(theta);//mm, perpendicular distance from o to the line of action +d=d/1000; // m, conversion into meter +F=Mo/d;// N, Horizontal Force at A required to produce same Moment about O +printf("Magnitude of Horizontal Force at A required to produce same Moment about O is %.2f N\n",F); + +// c)Smallest force + +// F is smaller when d is maximum in expression Mo=F*d, so we choose force perpendicular to OA +d=0.6;// m ,perpendicular distance from o to the line of action +F=Mo/d;// N, Smallest Force at A required to produce same Moment about O +printf("Magnitude of smallest Force at A required to produce same Moment about O is %.2f N\n",F); + +//d) 1200 N vertical force +F=1200;// N, verical force producing same movement on lever acting at pt B +d=Mo/F;// m, perpendicular distance from o to the line of action of force +OB=d/cos(theta);//m, distance of point B from O +OB=OB*1000;//mm, conversion into millimeter +printf("Verical force of 1200 N must act at %.2f mm far from the shaft to create same moment about O\n",OB); + + diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.10/S_3_10.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.10/S_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..382c4acba --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.10/S_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +BE=[75,-150,50];//mm position vector BE +F_B=700;//N*lambada_BE +lambda_BE=BE/norm(BE);//mm,Unit vector +lambda_BE=lambda_BE/1000;//m, Converting into meter + +// Using meters and newton +r_BA=[0.075,0,0.05];//m +r_CA=[0.075,0,-0.05];//m +r_DA=[0.1,-0.1,0];//m +F_B=[300,-600,200];//N +F_C=[707,0,-707];//N +F_D=[600,1039,0];//N + +//R=sum( F) + +R=F_B+F_C+F_D;//N , Resultant force +printf("Resultant force can be shown as R= (%.2f N)i +(%.2f N)j +(%.2f N)k \n",R(1),R(2),R(3)); + +// Componenets of moment M_BA along X,Y and Z direction respectively +M_BAx=det([r_BA(2),r_BA(3); F_B(2), F_B(3)]);//N.m +M_BAy=-det([r_BA(1),r_BA(3) ; F_B(1),F_B(3)]);//N.m +M_BAz=det([r_BA(1),r_BA(2) ;F_B(1), F_B(2)]);// N.m +M_BA=[M_BAx,M_BAy,M_BAz]; + +// Componenets of moment M_CA along X,Y and Z direction respectively +M_CAx=det([r_CA(2),r_CA(3); F_C(2), F_C(3)]);//N.m +M_CAy=-det([r_CA(1),r_CA(3) ; F_C(1),F_C(3)]);//N.m +M_CAz=det([r_CA(1),r_CA(2) ;F_C(1), F_C(2)]);// N.m +M_CA=[M_CAx,M_CAy,M_CAz]; + +// Componenets of moment M_DA along X,Y and Z direction respectively +M_DAx=det([r_DA(2),r_DA(3); F_D(2), F_D(3)]);//N.m +M_DAy=-det([r_DA(1),r_DA(3) ; F_D(1),F_D(3)]);//N.m +M_DAz=det([r_DA(1),r_DA(2) ;F_D(1), F_D(2)]);// N.m +M_DA=[M_DAx,M_DAy,M_DAz]; + +//M_RA=sum(r*F) +M_RA=M_BA+M_CA+M_DA;//N.m +printf("Resultant moment can be shown as M_RA= (%.2f N)i +(%.2f N)j +(%.2f N)k ",M_RA(1),M_RA(2),M_RA(3)); diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.11/S_3_11.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.11/S_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad0802b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.11/S_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; + +//Cross product i*j=k, k*j=-i, j*j=0.......1 +//Let say cross product r*f as M +r1=[0,0,0];//m +F1=-180;//N, j +M1=[0,0,0];//kN.m + +r2=[3,0,0];//m, i +F2=-54;//N j +M2=[0,0,r2(1)*F2];//kN k + +r3=[3,0,1.5];//m +F3=-36;//N,j +M3=[-r3(3)*F3,0,r3(1)*F3];//kN.m + +r4=[1.2,0,3];//m +F4=-90;//N,j +M4=[-r4(3)*F4,0,r4(1)*F4];//kN.m + +R=F1+F2+F3+F4;//kN, resultant force +M_RO=M1+M2+M3+M4;//kN.m + +//r*R=M_RO +//r=xi+zk +//R*x k-R*z i=M_RO +x=M_RO(3)/R;//m, +z=-M_RO(1)/R;//m + +printf("Resultant of given system of forces is R= %.2f kN at x= %.2f m, z=%.2f m \n",R,x,z); diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.2/S_3_2.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.2/S_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7463f0a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.2/S_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +// Given data +F=800; // N , Force applied on bracket +theta=60;// degree, angle made by lever with +ve X axis +theta=theta*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +r_AB=[-0.2, 0.16];//m vector drawn from B to A resolved in rectangular component +F=[F*cos(theta), F*sin(theta)]//N , vector F resolved in rectangular component +k=1;// Unit vector along Z axis + +// M_B=r_AB * F relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +M_B=det([r_AB; F])*k;// N.m +printf("The moment of force 800 N about B is %.2f N.m . -ve sign shows its acting clockwise\n",M_B); + + diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.3/S_3_3.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.3/S_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dc4bbd80 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.3/S_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +// Given data +P=40; // N , Force applied to shift lever +alpha=25;// degree, angle made by force P with -ve X axis +alpha=alpha*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +x=0.2;//m , Hirizontal distance of A from B +y=0.6;//m, Vertical distance of A from B + + +Px=P*cos(theta);// N , horizontal component +Py=P*sin(theta);//N , Vertical component + +M_B=-x*Px-y*Py//N.m , here negative signs are taken as each component creates moment clockwise +printf("The moment of force P about B is %.2f N.m . -ve sign shows its acting clockwise\n",M_B); + + diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.4/S_3_4.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.4/S_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11d804457 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.4/S_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +// Given data +// M_A=r_CA * F relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +f=200; // N , Magnitude of Force directed along CD +r_CA=[0.3,0, 0.08];//m, vector AC reprecsented in rectangular component +//lambda=CD/norm(CD)-m, Unit vector along CD +//F=f*lambda;//m, Force +CD=[-0.3, 0.24, -0.32];//Vector CD resolved into rectangular component +// norm(CD); m, magnitude of vector CD + +lambda=CD/norm(CD);//m, Unit vector along CD +F=f*lambda;//m, Force +// M_A=r_CA * F relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +//i=1; j=1; k=1; Unit vectors along X, Y and Z direction respectively + +// Componenets of moment M_A along X,Y and Z direction respectively +M_Ax=det([r_CA(2),r_CA(3); F(2), F(3)]);//N.m +M_Ay=-det([r_CA(1),r_CA(3) ; F(1),F(3)]);//N.m +M_Az=det([r_CA(1),r_CA(2) ;F(1), F(2)]);// N.m + +printf("Answer can be written as M_B = %.2f N.m i + %.2f N.m j + %.2f N.m k \n",M_Ax,M_Ay,M_Az); + + + diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.5/S_3_5.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.5/S_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..485f608b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.5/S_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; + +// Mo=r_BO * F_B relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +r_BO=[0,7,0];//m +//F_B=T_AB+T_BC; N , +mT_AB=555;//N, Tension in Cable AB +mT_BC=660;//N, Tension in cable AC +CA=[0.3,0, 0.08];//m, vector AC reprecsented in rectangular component +//lambda=CD/norm(CD)-m, Unit vector along CD +//F=f*lambda;//m, Force +BA=[-0.75,-7,6];//m, Position vector BA resolved into rectangular component +BC=[4.25,-7,1];//m,Position vector BC resolved into rectangular component + +lambda_BA=BA/norm(BA);//m, Unit vector along BA +T_AB=mT_AB*lambda_BA;//m, Force along cable AB + +lambda_BC=BC/norm(BC);//m, Unit vector along Bc +T_BC=mT_BC*lambda_BC;//m, Force along cable BC + +F_B=T_AB+T_BC;// N +// M_A=r_CA * F relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +//i=1; j=1; k=1; Unit vectors along X, Y and Z direction respectively + +// Componenets of moment M_A along X,Y and Z direction respectively +M_Ax=det([r_BO(2),r_BO(3); F_B(2), F_B(3)]);//N.m +M_Ay=-det([r_BO(1),r_BO(3) ; F_B(1),F_B(3)]);//N.m +M_Az=det([r_BO(1),r_BO(2) ;F_B(1), F_B(2)]);// N.m + +printf("Answer can be written as M_B = %.2f N.m i + %.2f N.m j + %.2f N.m k \n",M_Ax,M_Ay,M_Az); + + + diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.6/S_3_6.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.6/S_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..644bfd191 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.6/S_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +//Given data +// Moment arms +x=0.45;//m +y=0.30;//m +z=0.23;//m + +//couple Forces +Fx=-150;//N +Fy=100;//N +Fz=100;//N + +Mx=Fx*x;//N.m, Component of Moment along X axis +My=Fy*y;//N.m, Component of Moment along Y axis +Mz=Fz*z;//N.m, Component of Moment along Z axis +//This three moments represent component of single couple M +printf("Couple M equivalent to two couple can be written as M = %.2f N.m i + %.2f N.m j + %.2f N.m k \n",Mx,My,Mz); diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.7/S_3_7.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.7/S_3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..325348336 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.7/S_3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Mo=-24;//N.m *k, Couple of moment +f=400;//N, Magnitude of force +OB=300;//mm,Distance of force from point O +theta=60;// degree, angle made by lever with +ve X axis +theta=theta*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +// Mo=BC_ * F relation 3.7 from section 3.5 +//BC_ * F=BC*f*cos(theta)------ Defination of cross product +BC=Mo/(-cos(theta)*f);//m +BC=BC*1000;//mm, Conversion into millimeter +OC=OB+BC;//mm, Distance from the shaft to the point of application of this equivalenet force +printf("Distance from the shaft to the point of application of this equivalenet single force is %.2f mm",OC) diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.8/S_3_8.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.8/S_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dfa70479 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.8/S_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; + + +// Given forces with direction shown by sign -ve to downwards, +ve for upwards. j shows that firceis along y direction +f1=150;//N, j +f2=-600;//N, j +f3=100;//N , j +f4=-250;//N,j +//a) force couple system at A +R=f1+f2+f3+f4;//N, j Resultant force, sum of all forces +//M_RA=sum(r*f) +M_RA=1.6*f2+2.8*f3+4.8*f4;//m, k sum of moments by each force +printf("Equivalent force couple system at A is thus R= %.2f N and M_RA= %.2f N.m \n",R,M_RA); +//B) Force couple system at B +BA=-4.8;//m, i +M_RB=M_RA+BA*R;//N.m +printf("Equivalent force couple system at B is thus R= %.2f N and M_RB= %.2f N.m \n",R,M_RB); + +//c)single force or resultant +// r*R=M_RA + +//x.i * (-600N)j=-(1800N.m)k +x=M_RA/R;//m, distance of point of application from A +printf("Equivalent single force is defined as at R= %.2f N and acts at x= %.2f m \n",R,x); diff --git a/1205/CH3/EX3.9/S_3_9.sce b/1205/CH3/EX3.9/S_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a34d218 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH3/EX3.9/S_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +// Resolving forces 125 N and 90 N +f1=125;//N +f2=90;//N +f3=200;//N +theta=45;// degree, angle made by f1 with x axis +theta=theta*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +alpha=30;// degree, angle made by force f2 with y axis +alpha=alpha*%pi/180;// Conversion of angle into radian +f1x=f1*cos(theta);//N, X component of 125 N. +f1y=-f1*sin(theta);//N, Y component of 125 N + +f2x=-f2*sin(alpha);//N, X component of 90N +f2y=-f2*cos(alpha);//N, Y component of 90N + +// Equivalent force at A +Rx=f1x+f2x;//N +Ry=f1y+f2y-f3;//N +R=[Rx,Ry];//N +R=norm(R);//N, magnitude of resultant +theta=atan(Ry/Rx);//radian, angle of resultant with X axis +theta=theta*180/%pi; + +printf("Equivalent force at A is R=%.2fN with angle %.2f Degrees \n ",R,theta); + +//equivalent couple at A +//Clockwise moments are negative +Meq=-550*f2*sin(35*%pi/180)-800*f3*sin(65*%pi/180)-1200*f1*sin(65*%pi/180);//N.mm , sum of all moments +Meq=Meq/1000;// N.m conversion into N.m + + +printf("Equivalent couple at A is Meq= %.2f N.m \n",Meq); + diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.1/S_4_1.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.1/S_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9fb4f379 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.1/S_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +//Determination of B +//At equillibrium +sum(M_A)=0 +//B*1.5m-(9.81kN)(2 m)-(23.5 kN)(6 m)=0, B assumed to be in +ve X direction +B=(9.81*2+23.5*6)/1.5//kN +printf("B=%.2f kN \n +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed ",B); +//Determination of Ax +//Sum Fx=0 +//Ax+B=0 +Ax=-B;//kN +printf("Ax=%.2f kN\n",Ax); +//Determination of Ay +//Sum Fy=0 +//Ay-9.81 kN-23.5kN=0 +Ay=9.81+23.5;//kN +printf("Ay=%.2f kN\n",Ay); +A=[Ax,Ay];//kN Adding component +A=norm(A);//Magnitude of force A +theta=atan(Ay/Ax);//radians +theta=theta*180/%pi;//degrees, conversion into degrees +printf("Reaction at A is A=%.2f kN making angle %.2f degrees with + ve x axis ",A,theta); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.10/S_4_10.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.10/S_4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbeafedea --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.10/S_4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +AC=[3.6,3.6];//m, Position vector of AC +AE=[1.8,3.6,0];//m, Position vector of AE +W=[0,-2000];//N, load +AD=[3.6,3.6,-1.8];//m, Position vector of AD +lambda=AD/norm(AD)//m, Unit vector along AD +ACW=AC(1)*W(2)-AC(2)*W(1);//N.m K Cross product of AC and w +lACW=-lambda(3)*ACW;//N.m,dot product of lambada and ACW +lAET=-lACW;//N.m, by SumM_AD=0,triple product of lambada, AE and T .....1 +lAE=[lambda(2)*AE(3)-lambda(3)*AE(2),lambda(3)*AE(1)-lambda(1)*AE(3),lambda(1)*AE(2)-lambda(2)*AE(1)];//Cross product of lambada and AE +unit=lAE/norm(lAE);// Unit vector of cross product.....2 +T=lAET/(lAE(1)+lAE(2)+lAE(3));//N, by 1 amd 2 +Tmin=unit*T;//N, Vector of minimum tension +printf("Minimum Value of tension vector T=(%.1f N)i +(%.1f N)j +(%.1f N)k is %.0f N \n",Tmin(1),Tmin(2),Tmin(3),norm(Tmin)); + +//Location of G +//EG and Tmin are having same direction, so their component should be in proportion +x=-1.8/Tmin(3)*Tmin(1)+1.8;//m, X co-ordinate of G +y=-1.8/Tmin(3)*Tmin(2)+3.6;//m, Y co-ordinate of G +printf("Co-ordinates of G are x=%.0f m and y= %.1f m",x,y); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.2/S_4_2.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.2/S_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd84c26bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.2/S_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; + +//At equillibrium equations are +-> sum Fx=0, +sum(M_A)=0, +sum(M_B)=0 +//Sum Fx=0 gives +Bx=0;//kN +printf("Bx=%.0f kN \n",Bx); +//+sum(M_A)=0 gives -(70kN)(0.9m)+By(2.7m)-(27kN)(3.3m)-(27kN)(3.9m)=0, B assumed to be in +ve Y direction +By=(70*0.9+27*3.3+27*3.9)/2.7//kN +printf("By=%.2f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",By); + +//+sum(M_B)=0 gives -A(2.7m)+(70kN)(1.8m)-(27kN)(0.6m)-(27kN)(1.2m)=0, A assumed to be in +ve Y direction +A=(70*1.8-27*0.6-27*1.2)/2.7//kN +printf("A=%.2f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",A); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.3/S_4_3.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.3/S_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a99731244 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.3/S_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +//Take x axis parallel to track and Y axis perpendicular to track +W=25;//kN +// Resolving weight +Wx=W*cos(25*%pi/180);//kN +Wy=-W*sin(25*%pi/180);//kN +//At equillibrium equations are +-> sum Fx=0, +sum(M_A)=0, +sum(M_B)=0 + +//+sum(M_A)=0 gives -(10.5kN)(625 mm)-(22.65 kN)(150 mm)+ R2(1250 mm)=0, R2 assumed to be in +ve Y direction +R2=(10.5*625+22.65*150)/1250;//kN +printf("R2=%.0f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",R2); + +//+sum(M_B)=0 gives (10.5kN)(625 mm)-(22.65 kN)(150 mm)+ R1(1250 mm)=0, R1 assumed to be in +ve Y direction +R1=(10.5*625-22.65*150)/1250;//kN +printf("R1=%.1f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",R1); + +//Sum Fx=0 gives, 22.65 N-T=0 +T=22.65;//kN +printf("T=%.2f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",T); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.4/S_4_4.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.4/S_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3f25751 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.4/S_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; + +//At equillibrium equations are +-> sum Fx=0, +sum(M_A)=0, +sum(M_B)=0 + +//Sum Fx=0 gives, +Ax=600*cos(10*%pi/180)-375*cos(20*%pi/180);//N +printf("Ax=%.2f kN \n",Ax); + + +//Sum Fy=0 gives, Ay-1600 N -(375 N)sin(20 degree)-(600 N)sin(10 degree)=0 +Ay=600*sin(10*%pi/180)+375*sin(20*%pi/180)+1600;//N +printf("Ay=%.2f kN \n",Ay); + +A=[Ax,Ay];//N Reaction force at A +A=norm(A);//N Magnitude of A +theta=atan(Ay/Ax);//Radian , Angle made by A with +ve X axis +theta=theta*180/%pi;//Degrees +printf("A=%.0f kN Theta=%.1f\n",A,theta); +//+sum(M_A)=0 gives M_A-(375 N)cos(20 degree)(6 m)+(600 N)cos(10 degree)(6 m)=0, +M_A=-600*cos(10*%pi/180)*6+375*cos(20*%pi/180)*6;//N.m +printf("M_A=%.0f kN +ve sign shows reaction is directed as assumed \n",M_A); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.5/S_4_5.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.5/S_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7243aeec --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.5/S_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; + +//At equillibrium +sum(Mo)=0, +//s=r*theta; +//F=k*s=k*r*theta; +k=45;//N/mm +r=75;//mm +W=1800;//N +l=200;//mm + + +//+sum(Mo)=0 W*l*sin(theta)-r(k*r*theta)=0, +//sin(theta)=k*r^2*theta/(W*l) + +// trial and error +printf("Probable answers by trial and error method are \n"); +for i=0:0.1:%pi/2 // from 0 to 90 degrees + +difference=(sin(i)-k*r^2*(i)/(W*l)); +if difference<0.01 then // Approximation + theta=i; + theta=theta*180/%pi;//Degrees , conversion into degrees +printf("Theta=%.2f degrees\n",theta); +end +end diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.6/S_4_6.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.6/S_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ec437e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.6/S_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; + +m=10;//kg mass of joist +g=9.81;//m/s^2 gravitational acceleration +W=m*g;//N +AB=4;//m +// Three force body +BF=AB*cos(45*%pi/180);//m +AF=BF;//m + +AE=1/2*AF;//m +EF=AE;//m +CD=AE;//m +BD=CD/tan((45+25)*%pi/180);//m +DF=BF-BD;//m +CE=DF;//m +alpha=atan(CE/AE);//radians +alpha=alpha*180/%pi;//degrees + +//From geometry + +G=90-alpha;//degrees +B=alpha-(90-(45+25));//degrees +C=180-(G+B);//Degrees + +//Force triangle +//T/sin(G)=R/sin(C)=W/sin(B)..... sine law + +T=W/sin(B*%pi/180)*sin(G*%pi/180);//N +R=W/sin(B*%pi/180)*sin(C*%pi/180);//N +printf("Tension in cable T= %.1f N\n Reaction At A is R= %.1f N with angle alpha= %.1f degrees with +ve X axis",T,R,alpha); + diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.7/S_4_7.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.7/S_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93142916c --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.7/S_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; + +m1=80;//kg mass of man +m2=20;//kg, mass of ladder +m=m1+m2;//kg +g=9.81;//m/s^2 gravitational acceleration +W=-m*g;//N, j + +//Equillibrium equations +//At equillibrium +sum(F)=0, gives +// Ay j+ Az k+ By k+ Bz k + W j + C k=0 +// i.e. (Ay + By +W)j+(Az+Bz+C)k=0 +//At equillibrium +sum(M_A)=0, sum (r*F)=0 +//1.2i*(By j + Bz k)+ (0.9 i -0.6 k)*(W j)+(0.6 i+3 j-1.2 k)*(C k)=0 +//By rules of vector product it can be simply written as +//1.2Byk-1.2Bzj+0.9Wk+0.6Wi-0.6Cj+3Ci=0 +//i.e (3C+0.6W)i -(1.2Bz+0.6C)j +(1.2By+0.9W)k=0 +// Equating coeeficients of i, jand k to zero + +C=-0.6*W/3;//N +Bz=-0.6*C/1.2;//N +By=-0.9*W/1.2;//N + +printf(" Reaction At B is B= (%.0f) N j +(%.1f N)k\n",By,Bz); +printf(" Reaction At C is C= (%.2f) N j\n",C); +Ay=-W-By;//N +Az=-C-Bz;//N + + +printf(" Reaction At A is A= (%.0f) N j +(%.1f N)k \n",Ay,Az); + diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.8/S_4_8.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.8/S_4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aed83b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.8/S_4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +W=-1200;//N,j Weight +BD=[-2.4,1.2,-2.4];//m, Vector BD +EC=[-1.8,0.9,0.6];//m, Vector EC +//T_BD=norm(T_BD)*BD/norm(BD);// m, vector of tension in BD +//T_EC=norm(T_EC)*EC/norm(EC);// m, vector of tension in EC +// Applying equillibrium conditions we get +// Sum_F=0, and Sum(M_A)=0 and setting co-efficient equal to zero +A=[0.8,0.771;1.6,-0.514];//MAtrix of co-efficient +b=[-1440;0];//matrix b +x=linsolve(A,b);// solution matrix +T_BD=x(1);// N,Tension in BD +T_EC=x(2);//N, Tension in EC +printf("T_BD= (%.0f N) and T_EC= (%.0f N) \n",x(1),x(2)); + +Ax=2/3*T_BD+6/7*T_EC;//N, x component of reaction at A +Ay=-(1/3*T_BD+3/7*T_EC+W);//N, Y component of rection at A +Az=2/3*T_BD-2/7*T_EC;//N, z component of reaction at A + +printf("Reaction at A is A=(%.0f N)i +(%.0f N)j +(%.1f N)k \n",Ax,Ay,Az); diff --git a/1205/CH4/EX4.9/S_4_9.sce b/1205/CH4/EX4.9/S_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80d72ae05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH4/EX4.9/S_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +theta=30;//degree, +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad, Conversion +e_AH=[0,sin(theta),cos(theta)];//Unit vector along AH +r_HC=[-50,250,0]; +r_DC=[300,0,0]; +r_FC=[350,20,0]; + +//Applying theory of Eqyuillibrium equations and equating coefficient to zero we get following equtions for cross product +//by sum(Mc)=0 +// Coefficient of i +T=100*10^3/216.5;//N,Tension wire AH +// Coefficient of j +Dz=-43.3*461.1/300;//N +//coefficient of k +Dy=(140*10^3+25*461.9)/300;//N +printf("Tension wire AH is %.0f N\n",T); +printf("Reaction at D is D=((%.0f N)j +(%.1f N)k \n",Dy,Dz); + +//Applying sumF=0 +Cx=0;//N, Xcomponent of C +Cy=-461.9*0.5-505.1+400;//N, Y component of C +Cz=-461.9*0.866-66.67;//N, Zcomponent of c +printf("Reaction at C is C=(%.0f N)i +(%.0f N)j +(%.0f N)k \n",Cx,Cy,Cz); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.1/S_5_1.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.1/S_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10c279beb --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.1/S_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +n=4; // no of component +A=[120*80,120*60/2,%pi*60*60/2,-%pi*40*40];//mm^2, Areas of Rectangle, triangle, Semicircle, and Circle respectively +x=[60,40,60,60];//mm, x components of centroids of Rectangle, triangle, Semicircle, and Circle respectively +y=[40,-20,105.46,80];//mm, y components of centroids of Rectangle, triangle, Semicircle, and Circle respectively + +sumA=0; +sumxA=0; +sumyA=0; + +for(i=1:n) + sumA=sumA+A(i); + sumxA=sumxA+x(i)*A(i); + sumyA=sumyA+y(i)*A(i); + +end + +// First Moment of area +Qx=sumyA;// About X axis +Qy=sumxA;//About Yaxis +printf("First moments of the area are Qx= %.0f mm^3 and Qy=%.0f mm^3 \n",Qx,Qy); + +//Location of centroid +X=sumxA/sumA;// X co-ordinate +Y=sumyA/sumA;// Y co=ordinate +printf("Co-ordinates of centroid are X= %.1f mm and Y= %.1f mm \n",X,Y); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.10/S_5_10.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.10/S_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb8b5960a --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.10/S_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +t=0.3;//m thickness of dam +g=9.81;// m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity +p1=2400;//kg/m^3, density of concrete +p2=1000;//kg/m^3, density of water +W1=0.5*2.7*6.6*t*p1*g/1000;//kN, Weight of concrete component 1 +W2=1.5*6.6*t*p1*g/1000;//kN, Weight of concrete component 2 +W3=1/3*3*5.4*t*p1*g/1000;//kN, Weight of concrete component 3 +W4=2/3*3*5.4*t*p2*g/1000;//kN, Weight of water +P=0.5*2.7*6.6*t*p1*g/1000;//kN, pressure force exerted by water + +// Applying sum(F_x)=0 +H=42.9;//kN, Horizontal reation at A + +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V=W1+W2+W3+W4;//kN, Vertical Reaction at A + +printf("The horizontal reaction is H=%.1f kN ,Vertical rection at A V=%.1f kN, \n",H,V); +//Applying sum(M_A)=0 +M=W1*1.8+W2*3.45+W3*5.1+W4*6-P*1.8;//kN.m, Moment at A + + +// We can replace force couple system by single force acting at distance right to A +d=M/V;// m Distance of resultant force from A + +printf("The moment about A is M=%.1f kN.m anticlockwise and \n if we replace it by force couple system resultant,s distance from A is d= %0.2f m \n",M,d); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.11/S_5_11.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.11/S_5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23d27e655 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.11/S_5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +n=3; // no of component +r=60;//mm, radius +l=100;//mm length of cylinder +V=[0.5*4/3*%pi*(r)^3,%pi*r*r*l,-%pi/3*r*r*l];//mm^3, Volumes of Hemisphere, cylinder and cone respectively +x=[-3/8*r,l/2,3/4*l];//mm, x components of centroids of Hemisphere, cylinder and cone respectively + +sumV=0; +sumxV=0; + +for(i=1:n) + sumV=sumV+V(i); + sumxV=sumxV+x(i)*V(i); + +end + + + +//Location of centre of gravity +X=sumxV/sumV;// X co-ordinate + +printf("Co-ordinates of centroid are X= %.0f mm \n",X); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.12/S_5_12.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.12/S_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b32e5e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.12/S_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +n=4; // no of component +d=25;//mm, diameter of holes +t=12.5;//mm Thickness +l=100;//mm, length in z direction +r=50;//mm , radius of quarter circle +V=[l*r*t,1/4*%pi*(r^2)*t,-%pi/4*d^2*t,-%pi/4*d^2*t];//mm^3, Volumes of part I,II , III and IV +x=[t/2,(r+t)/2,t/2,t/2];//mm, x components of centroids of part I,II , III and IV respectively +y=[-r/2,-4/3*r/%pi,-r/2,-r/2,r-r/2];//mm, y components of centroids of part I,II , III and IV respectively +z=[56.25,6.25,87.5,37.5];//mm, z components of centroids of part I,II , III and IV respectively +sumV=0; +sumxV=0; +sumyV=0; +sumzV=0; + +for(i=1:n) + sumV=sumV+V(i); + sumxV=sumxV+x(i)*V(i); + sumyV=sumyV+y(i)*V(i); + sumzV=sumzV+z(i)*V(i); + +end + + + +//Location of centre of gravity +X=sumxV/sumV;// X co-ordinate +Y=sumyV/sumV;// Y co-ordinate +Z=sumzV/sumV;// Z co-ordinate + +printf("Co-ordinates of centroid are X= %.2f mm, Y= %.1f mm and Z= %.2f mm \n",X,Y,Z); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.13/S_5_13.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.13/S_5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.13/S_5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.2/S_5_2.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.2/S_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bf079032 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.2/S_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +n=3; // no of segment +L=[600,650,250];//mm, Lengths of segment AB , BC and CA respectively +x=[300,300,0];//mm, x components of centroids of segment AB , BC and CA respectively +y=[0,125,125];//mm, y components of centroids of segment AB , BC and CA respectively + +sumL=0; +sumxL=0; +sumyL=0; + +for(i=1:n) + sumL=sumL+L(i); + sumxL=sumxL+x(i)*L(i); + sumyL=sumyL+y(i)*L(i); + +end + + + +//Location of centre of gravity +X=sumxL/sumL;// X co-ordinate +Y=sumyL/sumL;// Y co=ordinate +printf("Co-ordinates of centroid are X= %.0f mm and Y= %.0f mm \n",X,Y); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.3/S_5_3.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.3/S_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.3/S_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.4/S_5_4.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.4/S_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.4/S_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.5/S_5_5.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.5/S_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.5/S_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.6/S_5_6.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.6/S_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.6/S_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.7/S_5_7.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.7/S_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66dc164b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.7/S_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +p=7850;//kg/m^3, density of steel rim +n=2; // no of component +A=[(20+60+20)*(30+20),-60*30];//mm^2,Cross section Areas of rectangle I and II + +y=[375,365];//mm, y components of centroids of Rectangles I and II respectively + + +sumV=0; + +for(i=1:n) + C(i)=2*%pi*y(i);//mm, Distance travelled by C + V(i)=A(i)*C(i);//mm^3, Volume of 1 component + sumV=sumV+V(i);// mm^3, Total volume of rim + +end +sumV=sumV*10^(-9);//Conversion into m^3 +g=9.81;//m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity +m=p*sumV;//kg, mass +W=m*g;//N, Weight +printf("mass of steel is m= %.0f kg and Wight is W= %.0f N\n",m,W); + diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.8/S_5_8.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.8/S_5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66320c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.8/S_5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH5/EX5.9/S_5_9.sce b/1205/CH5/EX5.9/S_5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f188fb514 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH5/EX5.9/S_5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +n=2; // no of triangle +A=[4.5,13.5];//kN, loads +x=[2,4];//mm, distances of centroid from point A + +sumA=0; +sumxA=0; +for(i=1:n) + sumA=sumA+A(i); + sumxA=sumxA+x(i)*A(i); + +end + + +//Location of centroid +X=sumxA/sumA;// X co-ordinate +W=sumA;//kN, Concentrated load +printf("The equivalent concentrated mass is W= %.0f kN and its line of action is located at a distance X= %.1f m to the right of A \n",W,X); + +// Reactions +// Applying sum(F_x)=0 +Bx=0;//N +//Applying sum(M_A)=0 +By=W*X/6;//kN, Reaction at B in Y direction +//Applying sum(M_B)=0 +A=W*(6-X)/6;//kN, Reaction at B in Y direction + +printf("The rection at A=%.1f kN, At Bx=%.1f kN and By=%.1f kN \n",A,Bx,By); diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.1/S_6_1.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.1/S_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8a9c9bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.1/S_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +//Entire truss +//Applying sum(M_C)=0 +E=(10*12+5*6)/3;//kN + +//Applying sum Fx=0 +Cx=0 + +//Applying sumFy=0 + +Cy=10+5-E;//kN + +//At joint A +//By proportion 10kN/4=F_AB/3=F_AD/5 +F_AB=10/4*3;//kN, force in member AB +F_DA=10/4*5;//kN, force in member AD + +//At joint D +F_DB=F_DA;//kN, force in member DB +F_DE=2*3/5*F_DA;//kN, force in member DE + +//At joint B +//applying sumFy=0 +F_BE=5/4*(-5-4/5*F_DB);//kN, force in member BE +//Applying sumFx=0 + +F_BC=F_AB+3/5*F_DB-3/5*F_BE;//kN, force in member BC + +//At joint E +//Applying sumFx=0 +F_EC=-5/3*(F_DE-3/5*F_BE);//kN, Force in member EC + +printf("The forces in member of truss are \n F_AB= %.1f kN T \n F_AD= %.1f kN C, \n F_DB= %.1f kN T, \n F_DE= %.0f kN C \n F_BE= %.2f kN \n F_BC= %.2f kN \n F_EC= %.2f kN ",F_AB,F_DA,F_DB,F_DE,F_BE,F_BC,F_EC); diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.2/S_6_2.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.2/S_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2197ba4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.2/S_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//Entire truss +v1=140;//kn, verical force 1 +v2=140;//kN, Vertical force 2 +h=80;//kN , Horizontal force +//Applying sum(M_B)=0 +J=(v1*4+v2*12+h*5)/16;//kN + +//Applying sum Fx=0 +Bx=-h;//kN, negative sign shows it is along negative x axis + +//Applying sumFy=0 + +By=v1+v2-J;//kN + +//Force in member EF +//Applying sumFy=0 +F_EF=By-v2;//kN, Force in member EF +printf("Force in member EF is %.0f kN \n Negative sign shows member is in compression \n",F_EF); + +//Force in member GI +F_GI=(-J*4-Bx*5)/5;//kN Force in member GI +printf("Force in member GI is %.0f kN \n Negative sign shows member is in compression \n",F_GI); diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.3/S_6_3.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.3/S_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59849fddb --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.3/S_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +//Entire truss +vB=1;//kN, verical force at B +vD=1;//kN, verical force at D +vF=1;//kN, verical force at F +vH=1;//kN, verical force at H +vJ=1;//kN, verical force at J +vC=5;//kN, verical force at C +vE=5;//kN, verical force at E +vG=5;//kN, verical force at G +h=8;//m, height +v=5;//m, horizontal distance between successive node + +A=12.50;//kN, reaction at A +L=7.50;//kN, reaction at L + +alpha=atan(h/3/v);// rad, angle made by inclined members with X axis +//alpha=alpha/%pi*180;// Conversion of angle into degrees + + + +//Force in member GI +//Applying sum(M_H)=0 +F_GI=(L*2*v-vJ*v)/(2*v*tan(alpha));//kN Force in member GI +printf("Force in member GI is %.2f kN \n ",F_GI); + +//Force in member FH +//Applying sum(M_G)=0 +F_FH=(L*3*v-vH*v-vJ*2*v)/(-h*cos(alpha));//kN, Force in member FH +printf("Force in member FH is %.2f kN \n Negative sign shows member is in compression \n",F_FH); + + +//Force in member GH +be=atan(v/(2*v*tan(alpha)));//rad, as tan(be)=GI/HI +//Applying sum(M_L)=0 +F_GH=(-vH*v-vJ*2*v)/(3*v*cos(be));//kN, Force in member FH +printf("Force in member GH is %.3f kN \n Negative sign shows member is in compression \n",F_GH); diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.4/S_6_4.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.4/S_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a3cfcaee --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.4/S_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//Entire truss +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +Ay=480;//N, Y component of reaction at A +//Applying sum(M_A)=0 +B=480*100/160;//N, reaction at B +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +Ax=-300;//N, X component of reaction at A + +alpha=atan(80/150);//radian + +//Free body member BCD + +//Applying sum(M_C)=0 +F_DE=(-480*100-B*60)/(sin(alpha)*250);//N, Force in link DE +printf("Force in link DE is F_DE=%.0f N\n Negative sign shows force is compressive\n",F_DE); +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +Cx=F_DE*cos(alpha)-B;//N, X component of force exerted at C +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +Cy=F_DE*sin(alpha)+Ay;//N, Y component of force exerted at C +printf("Components of force exerted at C is Cx=%.0f N and Cy=%.0f N \n",Cx,Cy); + + diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.5/S_6_5.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.5/S_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67fb998ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.5/S_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +P=18;//kN, Force applied at D +AF=3.6;//m, Length AF +EF=2;//m, Length EF +ED=2;//m, Length ED +DC=2;//m, Length DC +//Entire frame +//Applying sum(M_F)=0 +Ay=-P*(EF+ED)/AF;//kN, Y component of reaction at A + +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +Ax=-P;//kN, X component of reaction at A +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +F=-Ay;//kN, reaction at B + + +printf("Components of force exerted at A is Ax=%.0f kN and Ay=%.0f kN \n",Ax,Ay); +printf("Force exerted at F is F=%.0f kN \n",F); +//Free body member BE +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +//B=E, and as it is 2 force member +By=0; +Ey=0; + +//Member ABC +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +Cy=-Ay;//kN, Y component of force exerted at C +//Applying sum(M_C)=0 +B=(Ay*AF-Ax*(DC+ED+EF))/(ED+DC);//kN, Force in link DE +printf("Force exerted at B is B=%.0f kN \n",B); +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +Cx=-Ax-B;//kN, X component of force exerted at C + +printf("Components of force exerted at C is Cx=%.0f kN and Cy=%.0f kN \n",Cx,Cy); + +printf("Negative signs shows forces are in negative direction\n") + + diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.6/S_6_6.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.6/S_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8adfcdbd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.6/S_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +P=3;//kN, Horizontal Force applied at A +AB=1;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BD=1;//m, perpendicular distance between D and B +CD=1;//m, perpendicular distance between C and D +FC=1;//m, perpendicular distance between C and F +EF=2.4;//m, perpendicular distance between E and F +//Entire frame +//Applying sum(M_E)=0 +Fy=P*(AB+BD+CD+FC)/EF;//kN, Y component of reaction at F + + +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +Ey=-Fy;//kN, Y component of reaction at E + +//Free body member ACE +//Applying sum(Fy)=0, and sum(M_E)=0 we get 2 equation +A=[-AB/sqrt(AB^2+EF^2),CD/sqrt(CD^2+EF^2);-EF/sqrt(AB^2+EF^2)*(AB+BD+CD+FC),-EF/sqrt(CD^2+EF^2)];// Matrix of coefficients +B=[Ey;-P*(AB+BD+CD+FC)];// Matrix B +X=linsolve(A,B);//kN Solution matrix +F_AB=X(1);//kN, Forec inmember AB +F_CD=X(2);//kN, Forec inmember CD +Ex=-P-EF/sqrt(AB^2+EF^2)*F_AB-EF/sqrt(CD^2+EF^2)*F_CD;//kN, X component of force exerted at E +//Free body : Entire frame +//Applying sum(F_X)=0 +Fx=-P-Ex;//kN, X component of force exetered at F +printf("Components of force exerted at F is Fx=%.1f kN and Fy=%.0f kN \n",Fx,Fy); +printf("Force in member AB is F_AB=%.1f kN \n",F_AB); +printf("Force in member CD is F_CD=%.1f kN \n",F_CD); +printf("Components of force exerted at E is Ex=%.1f kN and Ey=%.1f kN \n",Ex,Ey); + +printf("Negative signs shows forces are in negative direction\n") + + diff --git a/1205/CH6/EX6.7/S_6_7.sce b/1205/CH6/EX6.7/S_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fa50ec95 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH6/EX6.7/S_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +//Part 1 +printf("By theoritical calculation we getb F_DH=W*cos(theta)/sin(theta)\n"); +printf("Therefore result obtained is independant of d\n"); +//Given data + +a=0.70;//m +theta=60;//degree +theta=theta*%pi/180;//radian, conversion into radian +L=3.20;//m +m=1000;//kg, mass of crate +g=9.81;//m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity + +DH=sqrt(a^2+L^2-2*a*L*cos(theta));//m, by cosine rule +W=m*g;//N, wight of crate +W=W/1000;//kN, conversion into kN +//Recalling equation got from theoritical part +EH=L;//m +F_DH=W*DH/EH/tan(theta);//kN, Force exerted by cylinder + +printf("Force exerted by each cylinder is F_DH=%.2f kN \n",F_DH); diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.1/S_7_1.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.1/S_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6c070692 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.1/S_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +P=2400;//N, Vertical Force applied at D +AB=2.7;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BE=2.7;//m, perpendicular distance between E and B +BK=1.5;//m, perpendicular distance between B and K +AJ=1.2;//m, perpendicular distance between A and J +EF=4.8;//m, perpendicular distance between E and F +BD=3.6;//m, perpendicular distance between D and B +//For entire truss +//By free body diagram we get the force at A, B , c +A=1800;//N +B=1200;//N +C=3600;//N +alpha=atan(EF/(AB+BE));//rad +//a. Internal forces at j +//Applying sum(M_J)=0 +M=A*AJ;//N.m,Couple on member ACF at J +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +F=A*cos(alpha);//N, Axial force at J +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V=A*sin(alpha);//N, shearing force at J +printf("Thus, Internal forces at J are equivalent to \n Couple M = %.0f N.m \n Axial force F= %.0f N \n Shearing force V= %.0f N\n",M,F,V); + +//a. Internal forces at K +//Applying sum(M_K)=0 +M=B*BK;//N.m,Couple on frame +//Applying sum(Fx)=0 +F=0;//N, Axial force at J +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V=-B;//N, shearing force at J +printf("Thus, Internal forces at K are equivalent to \n Couple M = %.0f N.m \n Axial force F= %.0f N \n Shearing force V= %.0f N\n",M,F,V); diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.10/S_7_10.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.10/S_7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2984c5dec --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.10/S_7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +AB=150;//m, distance AB +s=30;//m, sag of cable +w=45;//N/m Uniform weigth per unit length of cable + +//Equation of cable, by 7.16 +//Coordinates of B + +xB=AB/2;//m +C=[99,105,98.4,90];//trial values + +for i=1:4 + if ((30/C(i)+1)-cosh(xB/C(i)))<0.0001 then c=C(i); + break; +end +end +yB=s+c;//m + +//Maximum and minimum values of tension +Tmin=w*c;//N, To +Tmax=w*yB;//N TB +printf("Minimum value of tension in cable is Tmin= %.0f N\n",Tmin); +printf("Maximum value of tension in cable is Tmax= %.0f N\n",Tmax); +//Length of cable + +S_CB=sqrt(yB^2-c^2);//m, one halph length by 7.17 +S_AB=2*S_CB;//m, full length of cable + +printf("Fulllength of cable is s_AB= %.0f m\n",S_AB); + diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.2/S_7_2.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.2/S_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..795251925 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.2/S_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc; +//Drawing of shear and bending moment diagram +printf("Given problem is for drawing diagram, this diagram is drawn by step by step manner.\n "); +F_A=-20;//kN, force applied at A +F_C=-40;//kN, force applied at C +AB=2.5;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BC=3;//m, perpendicular distance between C and B +CD=2;//m, perpendicular distance between C and D +//By free body of entire beam +//By sum(m_D)=0 +R_B=-(CD*F_C+(AB+BC+CD)*F_A)/(BC+CD);//kN, Reaction atB +//By sum(m_A)=0 +R_D=-(BC*F_C-(AB)*F_A)/(BC+CD);//kN, Reaction atB +//For section 1 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V1=F_A;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M1=V1*0;//kN.m + +//For section 2 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V2=F_A;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M2=F_A*AB;//kN.m + +//For section 3 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V3=R_B+F_A;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M3=F_A*AB;//kN.m + +//For section 4 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V4=R_B+F_A;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M4=F_A*(AB+BC)+R_B*BC //kN.m + +//For section 5 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V5=R_B+F_A+F_C;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M5=F_A*(AB+BC)+R_B*BC//kN.m + +//For section 6 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V6=R_B+F_A+F_C;//kN +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M6=V6*0//kN.m +X=[0,2.5,2.5,5.5,5.5,7.5] +V=[V1,V2,V3,V4,V5,V6];//Shear matrix +M=[M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M6];//Bending moment matrix +plot(X,V);//Shear diagram +plot(X,M,'r');//Bending moment diagram diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.3/S_7_3.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.3/S_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8c89eef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.3/S_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc; +//Drawing of shear and bending moment diagram +printf("Given problem is for drawing diagram, this diagram is drawn by step by step manner.\n "); +F_AC=7200;//N/m, distributed load applied at A to C +F_E=1800;//N, force applied at E +AC=0.3;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +CD=0.15;//m, perpendicular distance between C and D +DE=0.1;//m, perpendicular distance between E and D +EB=0.25;//m, perpendicular distance between E and B +AB=0.8;//m, length of beam AB +F=F_AC*AC;//N, Force due to districuted load at AC/2 +//By free body of entire beam +//By sum(m_A)=0 +By=(F*AC/2+F_E*(AC+CD+DE))/AB;//N,Y componet of Reaction at B +//By sum(m_B)=0 +A=(F*(AB-AC/2)+F_E*EB)/AB;//N, Reaction at A +//by sum(Fx)=0 +Bx=0;//N, xcomponent of rection at B + +//Diagrams +//For section A to C +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +i=0; +for x=0:.1:0.3 + i=i+1; + X(i)=x; +V(i)=A-F*x;//N +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M(i)=A*x-F/2*x^2;//N.m +end + +//For section Cto D +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +for x=0.3:0.05:0.45 + i=i+1; + X(i)=x; +V(i)=A-F;//N +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M(i)=A*x-F*(x-0.15);//N.m +end +//For section D to B + +for x=0.45:.05:0.8 + +i=i+1; + X(i)=x; + //Applying sum(Fy)=0 + V(i)=A-F-F_E;//N +//Applying sum(M1)=0 +M(i)=A*x-F*(x-0.15)+F_E*DE-F_E*(x-0.045);//N.m +end + + +plot(X,V,'r');//Shear diagram +plot(X,M,'-');//Bending moment diagram diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.4/S_7_4.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.4/S_7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f692a316 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.4/S_7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc; +//Drawing of shear and bending moment diagram +printf("Given problem is for drawing diagram, this diagram is drawn by step by step manner.\n "); +F_B=500;//N, force applied at B +F_C=500;//N, force applied at C. +F_DE=2400;//N/m, distributed load applied at D to E +AB=0.4;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BC=0.4;//m, perpendicular distance between C and B +CD=0.4;//m, perpendicular distance between C and D +DE=0.3;//m, perpendicular distance between E and D +F_E=F_DE*DE;//N, force exerted at DE/2 from E + +//By free body of entire beam +//By sum(m_D)=0 +A=(CD*F_C+(BC+CD)*F_B-F_E*DE/2)/(AB+BC+CD);//N, Reaction at A +//By sum(Fy)=0 +Dy=F_C+F_B+F_E-A;//N,Y component of Reaction at D +//By sum(Fx)=0 +Dx=0;//N,Y component of Reaction at D +//For section 1 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V1=A;//N, shear force from A to B + +//For section 2 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V2=A-F_B;//N, shear force from B to C + +//For section 3 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V3=A-F_B-F_C;//N, shear force from C to D + +//For section 4 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V4=A-F_B-F_C+Dy;//N, shear force At D + +//For section 5 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +V5=0;//N, shear force at A +//Area under bending curve is change in bending moment of that 2 points +MA=0;//N.m +MB=MA+V1*AB;//N.m +MC=MB+V2*BC;//N.m +MD=MC+V3*CD;//N.m +ME=MD+1/2*V4*AB;//N.m + + +X=[0,0.4,0.4,0.8,0.8,1.2,1.2,1.5]; +V=[V1,V1,V2,V2,V3,V3,V4,V5];//Shear matrix, + +plot(X,V);//Shear diagram +X=[0,AB,AB+BC,AB+BC+CD,AB+BC+CD+DE]; +M=[MA,MB,MC,MD,ME];//Bending moment matrix +plot(X,M,'r');//Bending moment diagram diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.5/S_7_5.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.5/S_7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6370eb0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.5/S_7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc; +//Drawing of shear and bending moment diagram +printf("Given problem is for drawing diagram, this diagram is drawn by step by step manner.\n "); + +w=20;//kN/m, distributed load applied at D to E +AB=6;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BC=3;//m, perpendicular distance between C and B + +F_B=w*AB;//kN, force exerted at AB/2 from A + +//By free body of entire beam +//By sum(m_C)=0 +RA=(F_B*(AB/2+BC))/(AB+BC);//kN, Reaction at A + +//By sum(m_A)=0 +RC=(F_B*(AB/2)/(AB+BC));//kN, Reaction at C + +//For section 1 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +VA=RA;//N, shear force just to right to A + +//For section 2 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +VB=VA-F_B;//kN, shear force just left to B + +//For section 3 +//Applying sum(Fy)=0 +VC=VB;//kN, shear force from B to C + + +//Bending moment at each end is zero +// Maximum bending moment is at D where V=0 +VD=0;//kN + +x=-(VD-VA)/w;//m, location of maximum bending moment +printf("Maximum bending moment is at D x= %.0f m from A\n",x); +MA=0;//kN.m +MD=MA+1/2*VA*x;//kN.m, maximum bending moment is at D +MB=MD+1/2*VB*(AB-x);//N.m +MC=MB+VB*BC;//N.m + +printf("Maximum bending moment is at MD= %.0fkN. m from A\n",MD); +X=[0,x,AB,AB+BC];//m, +V=[VA,VD,VB,VC];//kN,Shear matrix, + +plot(X,V);//Shear diagram +X=[0,x,AB,AB+BC];//m +M=[MA,MD,MB,MC];//kN.m,Bending moment matrix +plot(X,M,'r');//Bending moment diagram diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.6/S_7_6.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.6/S_7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.6/S_7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.7/S_7_7.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.7/S_7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.7/S_7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.8/S_7_8.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.8/S_7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70e1c2551 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.8/S_7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +F_B=30;//kN, Vertical Force applied at B +F_C=60;//kN, Vertical Force applied at C +F_D=20;//kN, Vertical Force applied at D +AB=6;//m, perpendicular distance between A and B +BC=3;//m, perpendicular distance between C and B +CD=4.5;//m, perpendicular distance between c and D +DE=4.5;//m, perpendicular distance between D and E +AE=6;//m, vertical perpendicular distance between A and E +AC=1.5;//m, vertical perpendicular distance between A and C +//For entire cable +//Sum(M_E)=0, AB*Ax-Ay*(AB+BC+CD+DE)+F_B*(BC+CD+DE)+F_C*(CD+DE)+F_D*(DE)=0 + +//Free body ABC +//Sum(M_c)=0 gives -Ax*AC-Ay*(AB+BC)+F_B*BC=0 +//we get 2 equations in Ax and Ay +A=[AB,-(AB+BC+CD+DE);-AC,-(AB+BC)];//Matrix of coeficients +B=[-(F_B*(BC+CD+DE)+F_C*(CD+DE)+F_D*(DE));-F_B*BC]; +X=linsolve(A,-B);//kN, Solution matrix +Ax=X(1);//kN, X component of reaction at A +Ay=X(2);//kN, Y component of reaction at A + + +//a. Elevation of points B and D +//Free body AB +//sum(M_B)=0 +yB=-Ay*AB/Ax;//m, below A +printf("Elevation of point B is %.2f m below A\n",yB); +//free body ABCD +//sum(M_D)=0 +yD=(Ay*(AB+BC+CD)-F_B*(BC+CD)-F_C*CD)/Ax;//m, above A +printf("Elevation of point D is %.2f m above A\n",yD); + +//Maximum slope and maximum tension +theta=atan((AE-yD)/DE);//rad +Tmax=-Ax/cos(theta);//kN, maximum tension +theta=theta/%pi*180;//degree + +printf("Maximum slope is theta= %.1f degree and maximum tension in the cable is Tmax= %.1f kN \n",theta,Tmax); + diff --git a/1205/CH7/EX7.9/S_7_9.sce b/1205/CH7/EX7.9/S_7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e443b59d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH7/EX7.9/S_7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +yB=0.5;//m, sag of the cable +m=0.75;//kg/m, mass per unit length +g=9.81;//m/s^2, acceleration due to gravity +AB=40;//m, distance AB +//a. Load P +w=m*g;//N/m , Load per unit length +xB=AB/2;//m, distance CB +W=w*xB;//N, applied at halfway of CB + +//Summing moments about B +//sum(M_B)=0 +To=W*xB/2/yB;//N +//from force triangle +TB=sqrt(To^2+W^2);//N, =P, as tension on each side is same +printf("Magnitude of load P= %.0f N \n",TB); +//slope of cable at B +theta=atan(W/To);//rad +theta=theta*180/%pi;//degree, conversion to degree +printf("Slope of cable at B is theta= %.1f degree\n",theta); +//length of cable +//applying eq. 7.10 +sB=xB*(1+2/3*(yB/xB)^2);//m + +printf("Total length of cable from A to B is Length= %.4f m\n",2*sB); + diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.1/S_8_1.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.1/S_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dfd96856 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.1/S_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; + +h=500;//N, horizontal force +W=1.5;//kN, weight of block +W=W*1000;//N. conversion to N +us=0.25;// Coeffiecient of static friction +uk=0.20;//Co=efficient of kinetic friction + +//Applying sumFx =0 , we get +F=-4/5*h+3/5*W;//N, Force along plane + +//Applying sumFy=0, we get +N=4/5*W+3/5*h;//N, Normal force to the plane + +printf("Force F required to maintain the equillibrium is thus %.0f N, up and to right\n",F); + +// Maximum friction force +Fm=us*N;//N,Maximum friction force +printf("Maximum friction force is %.2f N is less than that of required to maintain equillibrium that is %.2f N \n So, equillibrium will nat maintain and block wil move down\n",Fm,F); +// Actual value of friction force +Fk=uk*N;//N, Actual value of friction force +printf("Actual value of friction force is %.2f N directed up and to the right\n",Fk); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.2/S_8_2.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.2/S_8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8983fac49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.2/S_8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +F=800;//N Firce in verical direction +us=0.35;// Coeffiecient of static friction +uk=0.25;//Co=efficient of kinetic friction +theta=25;//degree, angle of inclination +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad, Conversion into radian +// Force P start block moving up +// At static equillibrium Tan(Theta_s)=us +theta_s=atan(us);//rad +P=F*tan(theta+theta_s);//N,Force P to start block moving up +printf("Force P to start block moving up is %.0f N\n",P); + + +// Force P to keep block moving up +// At kinetic equillibrium Tan(Theta_k)=uk +theta_k=atan(uk);//rad +P=F*tan(theta+theta_k);//N,Force P to keep block moving up +printf("Force P to keep block moving up is %.0f N\n",P); + + +// Force P to prevent block from sliding down + +theta_s=atan(us);//rad +P=F*tan(theta-theta_s);//N,Force P to prevent block from sliding down +printf("Force P to prevent block from sliding down is %.0f N\n",P); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.3/S_8_3.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.3/S_8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491ca4423 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.3/S_8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +us=0.25;// Coeffiecient of static friction +//Applying equillibrium equation we get relation in x +printf("Apply equillibrium equations. It is theoritical part. \n"); +x=150*2-18.75*2+37.5;//mm , Distance at which the applied load can be supported +printf("Minimum distance at which the applied load can be supported is %.0f mm\n",x); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.4/S_8_4.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.4/S_8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781361eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.4/S_8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; + +F=2000;//N, force exerte +us=0.35;// Coeffiecient of static friction +phi=atan(us);//rad, angle of friction +theta=8;//degree, angle of inclination +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad, Conversion into radian + +//Using sine rule +//force p to raise block +//free body , block B +R1=F/sin(%pi/2-2*phi-theta)*sin(%pi/2+phi);//N, +//free body wedge A +P=R1*sin(2*phi+theta)/sin(%pi/2-phi);//N, +printf(" force required to raise block is P=%.0f\n",P); + +//force to lower block +//free body , block B +R1=F*sin(%pi/2-phi)/sin(%pi/2+theta);//N, +//free body wedge A +P=R1*sin(2*phi-theta)/sin(%pi/2-phi);//N, +printf(" force required to lower block is P=%.0f\n",P); + + + diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.5/S_8_5.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.5/S_8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e7e3fb63 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.5/S_8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +pitch=2;//mm, pitch of screw +d=10;//mm, mean diameter of thread +r=d/2;//mm, radius +us=0.30;// Coeffiecient of static friction +M=40;//kN.m , Maximum couple + +//Force exerted by clamp +L=2*pitch;//mm, as screw is double threaded +theta=atan(L/(2*%pi*r));//rad, angle of inclination +phi=atan(us);//rad, angle of friction +Q=M/r*1000;//N, Force applied to block representing screw +Q=Q/1000//kN, Conversion into kN +W=Q/tan(theta+phi);//kN, Magnitude of force exerted on the piece of wood +printf("Magnitude of force exerted on the piece of wood is W= %.2f kN \n",W); +//Couple required to loosen clamp +Q=W*tan(phi-theta);//kN, Force required to loosen clamp +Couple=Q*r;//N.m, Couple required to loosen clamp +printf("Couple required to loosen clamp is %.2f N.m\n",Couple); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.6/S_8_6.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.6/S_8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea651651d --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.6/S_8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; + +d1=100;//mm, diameter of pulley +d2=50;//mm, diameter of shaft +us=0.20;// Coeffiecient of static friction between shaft and pully +W=2.5;//kN , load +W=W*1000;//N, conversio into N +//Vertical Force required to raise load +rf=d2/2*us;//mm, Perpendicular distance from the center Of pully to line of action +//summing moment about B +P=W*(d1/2+rf)/(d1/2-rf);//N , downward Force required to raise load +printf("Force required to raise load is %.0f N in downward direction\n",P); + +//Vertcal Force required to hold load + +//summing moment about C +P=W*(d1/2-rf)/(d1/2+rf);//N , downward Force required to hold load +printf("Force required to hold load is %.0f N in downward direction\n",P); + +//Horizontal force P to start raising the load +OE=rf;//mm, +OD=sqrt((d1/2)^2+(d1/2)^2);//mm, pythagorus theorm +theta=asin(OE/OD);//rad, + +// from force triangle +P=W/tan(%pi/4-theta);//N, Horizontal force P to start raising the load +printf("Horizontal force P required to start raising the load is %.0f N\n",P); + +printf("Answer for this example shows variatio , but actual solving gives answers executed by programme\n"); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.7/S_8_7.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.7/S_8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee1ffb6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.7/S_8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +T1=400;//N, Force on free end of hawser +T2=25;//kN, Force on other end of hawser +T2=T2*1000;//N, conversion + +//a, coefficient of friction +bta=2*2*%pi;//rad, angle of contact, 2 turns +//By equation 8.13 +us=log(T2/T1)/bta;// Co-efficient of static friction +printf("Coefficient of static friction between hawser and ballard is us= %0.3f \n",us); + +//Number of wraps when tension in hawser=75 kN +T2=75;//kN, Tension in hawser +T2=T2*1000;//N, conversion into N +bta=log(T2/T1)/us;//rad, angle of contact +//One turn = 2* pi angle, bta corresponds to +turns=bta/(2*%pi);//Number of turns +printf("Number of wraps when tension in hawser=75 kN are %.2f \n",turns); diff --git a/1205/CH8/EX8.8/S_8_8.sce b/1205/CH8/EX8.8/S_8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35e10a71c --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH8/EX8.8/S_8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +//Given +T2=3000;//N, Tension from side 2 +us=0.25;// Coeffiecient of static friction between pulley and belt +uk=0.20;//Co=efficient of kinetic friction between pulley and belt +theta=60;//degree +theta=theta*%pi/180;//rad, conversion into radian +r=25;//mm, radius of shaft +r1=200;//mm, radius of machine tool +//Pulley B +b=%pi-theta;//rad, angle of contact, +//By equation 8.14 +T1=T2/(exp(us*b));//N, Tension from side 1 + +//Pulley A +//Aumming moment about A +MA=T2*r1-T1*r1;//N.mm, Couple MA applied to pulley which is equal and opposite to torque +MA=MA/1000;//N.m , conversion to N.m +printf("The largest torque which can be exerted by belt on pulley A is MA= %0.0f N.m\n",MA); + diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.1/S_9_1.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.1/S_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.1/S_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.10/S_9_10.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.10/S_9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.10/S_9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.11/S_9_11.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.11/S_9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.11/S_9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.14/S_9_14.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.14/S_9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.14/S_9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.2/S_9_2.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.2/S_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.2/S_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.3/S_9_3.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.3/S_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.3/S_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.4/S_9_4.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.4/S_9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84802b904 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.4/S_9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +//Area of plate + + +A=225*19;//mm^2 +y=1/2*358+1/2*19;//mm, y co-ordinate of centroid of the plate +//All values for flange are from table from book +sumA=A+7230;//mm^2 Total area +sumyA=y*A+0;//mm^3 +Y=sumyA/sumA;//mm + +//Moment of inertia +//For wide flanfe +Ix1=160*10^6+7203*Y^2;//mm^4 +//for plate +Ix2=1/12*225*19^3+4275*(188.5-70)^2;//mm^4 +//For composite area +Ix=Ix1+Ix2;//mm^4 + +printf("Moment of inertia Ix= %.2e mm^4 \n",Ix); + +//Radius of gyration +kx=sqrt(Ix/sumA);//mm +printf("Radius of gyration is kx= %.1f mm\n",kx); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.5/S_9_5.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.5/S_9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f380bcd1c --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.5/S_9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +//Given +r=90;//mm, radius of half circle +b=240;//mm, width +h=120;//mm, height + +//Moment of inertia of rectangle +Ixr=1/3*b*h^3;//mm^4 + +//Moment of inertia of half circle +a=4*r/(3*%pi);//mm + +b=h-a;//mm, Distance b from centroid c to X axis + +I_AA=1/8*%pi*r^4;//mm^4, Moment of inertia of half circle with respect to AA' +A=1/2*%pi*r^2;//mm^2, Area of half circle + +Ix1=I_AA-A*a^2;//mm^4, Parallel axis theorem + +Ixc=Ix1+A*b^2;//mm^4, Parallel axis theorem + +//Moment of inertia of given area +Ix=Ixr-Ixc;//mm^4 + +printf("Moment of inertia of area about X axis is Ix= %2.2e mm^4\n",Ix); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.6/S_9_6.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.6/S_9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.6/S_9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.7/S_9_7.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.7/S_9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f545d1c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.7/S_9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +Ix=4.31*10^6;//mm^4,Moment of inertia about x axis +Iy=2.90*10^6;//mm^4,Moment of inertia about y axis + +n=3; // no of rectangle +b=12.7;//mm, Width of all rectangles +L=[76,102-2*b,76];//mm, Lengths of rectangle I, II and III respectively +x=[-L(1)/2+b/2,0,L(3)/2-b/2];//mm, x components of centroids of segment AB , BC and CA respectively +y=[L(2)/2+b/2,0,-L(2)/2-b/2];//mm, y components of centroids of segment AB , BC and CA respectively + +sumxyA=0; + +for(i=1:n) + A(i)=L(i)*b;//mm^2, Area of rectangle + sumxyA=sumxyA+x(i)*y(i)*A(i);//mm^4, moment of inertia + +end + +Ixy=sumxyA;//mm^4 + +//Principal axes +Theta_m=1/2*atan(-2*Ixy/(Ix-Iy));//rad, +Theta_m=Theta_m*180/%pi;//Degree, conversion into radian,Eqn 9.25 + +printf("Orientation of principle axes of section about O is Theta_m= %.1f degree \n",Theta_m); + +//Principle moment of inertia, eqn 9.27 +Imax=(Ix+Iy)/2+sqrt(((Ix-Iy)/2)^2+Ixy^2);//mm^4 +Imin=(Ix+Iy)/2-sqrt(((Ix-Iy)/2)^2+Ixy^2);//mm^4 + +printf("Principle moment of inertia of section about O are \n Imax= %.2e mm^4 \n Imin= %.0e mm^4\n",Imax,Imin); + diff --git a/1205/CH9/EX9.9/S_9_9.sce b/1205/CH9/EX9.9/S_9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eb56bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1205/CH9/EX9.9/S_9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +clc; +printf("Given problem is theoritical and no mathematical solving required for this problem"); diff --git a/1268/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/1268/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38c51366d --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 1.1") +R=0.12 +// manometer reading in m +densitym= 13600 // of mercury in kg/m^3 +densityw= 1000 // of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.81 // acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +p=R*g*(densitym-densityw) +disp(" Pressure difference is ") +disp(p) +disp(" N/m^2 ") diff --git a/1268/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/1268/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25d67d639 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 1.3") +density= 1200 // in kg/m^3 +r= 0.15 // bowl radius in m +Ri=0.12 // interface position from the bowl axis in m +n= 3500 // rotational speed in rpm +omega= %pi*2*n/60 +p= density*omega*omega*(r^2-Ri^2)/2 +disp(" Gauge pressure is ") +disp(p) +disp(" N/m^2") diff --git a/1268/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/1268/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba85ad71b --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 10.1") +G=50 // in kg/m^2/s +L=100 // length in m +d=0.075 // diameter in m +T=298 // in kelvin +mew=1e-5 //viscosity +p=1.1e5 // pressure of air +m=16 // molecular mass +Re=d*G/mew +f=0.0014+(0.125/(Re^0.32)) +p1=(2*f*L*G*G*8314*T/(d*m)+(p^2))^0.5 +disp(p1,"Pressure is ") +disp(" Pascals") +printf("Pressure is %.2f Pa\n",p1); + diff --git a/1268/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/1268/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fbcea3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 10.2") +G=50 // in kg/m^2/s +L=1000 // length in m +d=0.075 // diameter in m +T=298 // in kelvin +mew=1e-5 //viscosity +p2=1.1e5 // pressure of air +m=16 // molecular mass +Re=d*G/mew +f=0.0014+(0.125/(Re^0.32)) +p1=(2*f*L*G*G*8314*T/(d*m)+(p2^2))^0.5 +if((p1/p2)>1) then + p1=(2*f*L*G*G*8314*T/(d*m)+(p2^2)+(2*G*G*8314*T*log(p1/p2)/m))^0.5 +end +disp(p1,"Pressure is ") +disp(" Pascals") + diff --git a/1268/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/1268/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b56f298ad --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 10.3") +ratio=5 // of the two pressures +T=293 // inn K +gama=1.4 +M=29 // molecular weight +r=8314 // gas constant +y=(ratio^((gama-1)/gama))-1 +w=r*T*gama*y/(M*(gama-1)) +disp(w,"Work done is ") diff --git a/1268/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/1268/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a037d117 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +disp("Example 10.4") +T=298 // temperature in K +R=8314 // gas constant +M=29 // molecular weight +ratio=6 // of pressures +gama = 1.4; +y=(ratio^((gama-1)/gama))-1 +w=r*T*gama*y/(M*(gama-1)) +massrate=300/360 +power=massrate*w +disp(power,"The power drawn is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.1/a_1.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.1/a_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b13af849d --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.1/a_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.1") +g=9.81 +density=1000 // of water in kg/m^3 +densitym=13600 // of mercury in kg/m^3 +h=0.1 // in m +p1=density*g*h +p2=p1+(densitym*g*h) +waterhead=p2/(density*g) +hghead=p2/(g*densitym) + +disp(waterhead,"Head of water is ") +disp(hghead,"Head of mercury is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.10/a_10.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.10/a_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..558103a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.10/a_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.10") +density=1000 // in kg/m^3 +Q=0.1/60 // flow rate in m^3/s +mew=0.001 // viscosity in kg/ms +tau=Q*density/(%pi*2) +Re=4*tau/mew +disp(Re,"Reynolds number is ") +disp("It indicates viscous flow!") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.14/a_14.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.14/a_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1633e2c0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.14/a_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.14") +d=0.025 // diameter in m +density= 1000 // in kg/m^3 +G=4*40/(60*%pi*d*d) // flow rate +U=G/density // velocity in m/s +mew=0.025 +Re=d*G/mew +Q=40/60000 +delP=128*Q*mew/(%pi*d*d*d*d) +disp(delP,"Pressure gradient for the liquid is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.15/a_15.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.15/a_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a74ddcbd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.15/a_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.15") +dratio=4/5 +pratio=dratio^-5 +disp(pratio,"Pressure drop is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.17/a_17.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.17/a_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1445ae25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.17/a_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.17") +d=14e-3 // diameter in m +l=100 // length in m +v=1e-5 // kinematic viscosity in kg/ms +Re=2100 +U=Re*v/d +h=32*v*l*U/(9.81*d*d) +disp(h,"Head loss is ") + diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.19/a_19.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.19/a_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b6fed749 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.19/a_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.19") +n=100 // in rpm +omega=2*%pi*n/60 +r=0.05 // radius in m +u=r*omega // velocity in m/s +gap=0.001 // in m +mew=0.5 // in kg/ms +tau=mew*u/gap +disp(tau,"Shear stress is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.2/a_2.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.2/a_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..315aaa478 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.2/a_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.2") +x=1 +y=5 +z=x/y +theta=asin(z)*180/%pi +disp(theta, "The angle of inclination is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.3/a_3.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.3/a_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..940fa7e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.3/a_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +disp("Example A.3") +d=0.097 // diameter in m +gradp= 16 // pressure gradient in N/m +density=1000 // in kg/m^3 +tau=gradp*d/4 +u=(tau/density)^0.5 +y=0.02 // in m +v=1e-6 // kinematic viscosity iin m^2/s +ydash=y*u/v + +if(ydash>30) then + udash=2.5*log(ydash)+5.5 + ugrad=2.5/ydash + ratio=2*y/d // ratio of ydash/rdash=y/r + x=(1-ratio)/ugrad-1 + disp(x,"Turbulent viscosity to molecular viscosity at 2m is ") +end +rdash=d*u/(2*v) +ydash=rdash/2 +x=(0.5*ydash/2.5)-1 +disp(x,"Turbulent viscosity to molecular viscosity at the point of maximum viscosity is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.6/a_6.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.6/a_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61a321f0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.6/a_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +disp("Example A.6") +d=1e-4 // diameter in m +mew=1e-3 // viscosity in kg/ms +densityp=1200 // of particle in kg/m^3 +density= 1000 // of water in kg/m^3 +t=0.256*densityp*d*d/mew +U=densityp*d*d*9.81*(1-(density/densityp))/(18*mew) +Re=d*U*density/mew +disp(t,"Time is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.7/a_7.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.7/a_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34fd29f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.7/a_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.7") +Q=700000/3600 // in m^3/s +d=0.2 // diameter in m +v=1.2e-5 // kinematic viscosity +Re=4*Q/(%pi*d*v) +ratio=0.0013 +f=0.3313/((log((ratio/3.7)+(5.74/(Re^0.9))))^2) +disp(f,"Friction factor is ") diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.8/a_8.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.8/a_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8ebbf63e --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.8/a_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.8") +Re=90000 +f1=0.3313/((log(5.74/(Re^0.9)))^2) +f2=0.079/(Re^0.25) +if((f1-f2)<0.001) then + disp("Excellent agreement in friction factor is seen") +end + + diff --git a/1268/CH11/EX11.9/a_9.sce b/1268/CH11/EX11.9/a_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a9f92fa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH11/EX11.9/a_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +disp("Example A.9") +dratio=10 +uratio=1/dratio +fratio=uratio*uratio*dratio*dratio +disp(fratio,"The ratio of model force to prototype force is ") diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58873b8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.1") +mew= 5e-3 +//coefficient of viscosity in kg/ms +u=0.1 +// velocity in m/s +b=3.5e-3 +// width in metres +tau= (mew*u)/b // the value of shear stress +disp(" The value of shear stress is ") +disp(tau) diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d47ff5f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.4") +m=0.2 +// thickness in cm +mew=1 // viscosity in poise +w= 10 +// width of the plate in cm +density=1 // density in gm/cc +g=981 // acceleration due to gravity in cm/s^2 +//Q is the liquid flow rate +Q=(density*g*m*m*m*w)/(3*mew) +disp(" The flow rate is ") +disp(Q) +disp(" gm/cc") diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..181dd693e --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.5") +// MAximum velocity is density*g*m^3/2*mew +// avergare velocity is density*g*m^3/3*mew +// hence the ratio is 1.5 + +ratio=3/2 +disp("Mximum velocity/average velocity is ") +disp(ratio) diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13ce70c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.6") +density= 900 +// density of the fluid in kg/m^3 +g=9.81 +// acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +m=0.003 +//thickness of the film in m +mew= 0.2 +// coefficient of friction in ks/m*s +Q= (density*g*m*m*m)/(3*mew)// volumetric flow rate per unit plate width + +Re=(4*Q*density)/mew +disp("Volumetric flow rate is ") +disp(Q) +disp(" m^3/m/s and it is in the laminar regime.") diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edf8ff828 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.7") +// We know the value of volumetric flow rate per unit width from 2.6 which i have copy pasted from the previos example +density= 900 +// density of the fluid in kg/m^3 +g=9.81 +// acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +m=0.003 +//thickness of the film in m +mew= 0.2 +// coefficient of friction in ks/m*s +Q= (density*g*m*m*m)/(3*mew)// volumetric flow rate per unit plate width +U=Q/m +disp("Liquid film velocity is ") +disp(U) +disp(" cm/s") diff --git a/1268/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/1268/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6af5a1848 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 2.8") +m=0.2 +// thickness in cm +mew=1 // viscosity in poise +w= 10 +// width of the plate in cm +density=1 // density in gm/cc +g=981 // acceleration due to gravity in cm/s^2 +//Q is the liquid flow rate +Q=(density*g*m*m*m*w)/(3*mew) +disp(" The flow rate is ") +disp(Q) +disp(" gm/cc") diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea25d989c --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.12") +radiusratio=0.2; +// From the appropriate equation we see the dependence of volumetric flow rate with radius +ratio=1-(0.2^4)+((1-(0.2^2))^2)/log(0.2); +disp("Q2/Q1= "); +disp(ratio); diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d3b5d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.13") +density=1000 // in kg/m^3 +b= 0.005 // gap between plates in m +mew=0.1 // viscosity in kg/ms +q=1/60 // in m^3/s/m +U= q/b +// here the pressure gradient is delP= 12*mew*U/b*b +delP= (12*mew*U)/(b*b) +Re= b*U*density/mew +disp(" Reynolds number is ") +disp(Re) diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3212ffdbd --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.2") +// the formula used is u=2U(1-(r/R)^2) +// In the first part u=U/2 and in second part u=U +// first step +//(r/R)^2=3/4 +R=5; // in cm +r1=5*((0.75)^0.5); +// second step +// (r/R)^2=1/2 +r2=5*((0.5)^0.5); +disp(" At r= ") +disp(r1) +disp(" cm we have half the avergae velocity and at r= ") +disp(r2) +disp(" we have axial velocity equal to avergae velocity.") diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96cada3b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.4") +// flow rate is directly proprtional to radius ratio to the power 4 +radiusratio=2; +volumetricrateratio=radiusratio^4; +disp(" volumetric rate increases by a factor of "); +disp(volumetricrateratio); diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1292494e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.6") +pgrad= 12500; // pressure gardient in dynes/cm^3 +d=0.445; // diameter in metres +mew=8; // viscosity in poise +Q= %pi*pgrad*d*d*d*d/(128*mew); +disp(" Volumetric flow rate is "); +disp(Q); +disp(" cc/s"); diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52a9f9b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.7") +pgrad= 12500; // pressure gardient in dynes/cm^3 +d=0.445; // diameter in metres +mew=0.8; // viscosity in poise +Q= %pi*pgrad*d*d*d*d/(128*mew); +disp(" Volumetric flow rate is "); +disp(Q); +disp(" cc/s and it is ten times the value of the previous question"); diff --git a/1268/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/1268/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6f006813 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 3.9") +d= 0.005 // diameter in metres +density= 900 // in kg/m^3 +mew=0.5 // kg/ms +Q=5e-6 // flow rate in m^3/sec +U= (4*Q)/(%pi*d*d) // volumetric flow rate per area of cross section + +Re= d*U*density/mew +disp(" The Reynolds number is ") +disp(Re) +disp(" . Hence we can apply hagen poiseulli law.") +pgrad=128*mew*Q/(%pi*d*d*d*d) +disp(" Pressure gradient is ") +disp(pgrad) +disp(" N/m^3") diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fcb7a563 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.10") +d=0.05 // diameter in m +density=1000 // density in kg/m^3 +mew= 0.001 // viscosity in kg/ms +flowrate= 100/60 // in kg/s +avgvelo=flowrate*4/(%pi*density*d*d) + +Re= avgvelo*d*density/mew +if Re<50000 then + f=0.079/(Re^0.25) +end +disp(" The friction factor is ") +disp(f) diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8df170c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.11") +d=0.1 // diameter in m +l=25 // length in m +density=1000 // density in kg/m^3 +delP= 14700 // in N/m^2 +mew= 0.001 // in kg/ms +ka= d*density*((delP*d)^0.5)/(((2*density*l)^0.5)*mew) +Re= (ka/0.281)^(8/7) +if(Re<50000) + v1=Re*mew/(d*density) + disp(v1) +end +if(Re>50000) + Re=(ka/0.2145)^(10/9) + v1=Re*mew/(d*density) + disp(v1) +end diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3c1e4b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.12") +mplus= 5 // laminar sublayer thickness in dimensionless form +d= 0.05 // diameter in m +density= 1000 // in kg/m^3 +mu= 0.001 // viscosity in kg/ms +nu = mu/density; +U=1 // velocity in m/s +Re=density*U*d/mew +f= 0.0791/(Re^0.25) +m= (mplus)*nu/(U*((f/2)^0.5)) +disp("Laminar sublayer thickness is ") +disp(m) diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc49d734 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.13") +head= 5 // in m +f= 0.0045 +l= 100 // pipe length in m +d= 0.05 // pipe diameter in m +//delP=f*density*u*2*u*l/d and delP should also be equal to density*9.8*head +// equating these 2 we get a relation for u +u=((head*9.81*d)/(f*2*l))^0.5 +flowrate= %pi*d*d*u/4 +disp("The flow rate is ") +disp(flowrate," m^3/s") diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e87119394 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.14") +h= 5 // in m +f=0.005 +Q=(18200/3600)*0.001 // flow rate in m^3/s +l=50 // in m +//from the formulae used in the last problem as well +d=(((2*f*l*Q*4*Q*4)/(%pi*%pi*h*9.81))^0.2) +disp("The diameter is ") +disp(d) diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cf8e046a --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.15"); +Re= 5e5; +f= 0.046/(Re^0.2) +ratio= 1+(3.75*((f/2)^0.5)); +disp("the ratio is "); +disp(ratio); +disp("Note: The value shown in the book is 1.1453."); diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a496cefb --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.18") +density=850 // in kg/m^3 +mew= 0.0005 // in kg/ms +d= 0.0525 // diameter in m +G= 7620 // in kg/m^2/s +U=G/density +Re=800000 +f= 0.0014+(0.125/(Re^0.32)) +v= mew/density +m= 5*v/(U*((f/2)^0.5)) +disp(m,"Laminar sub layer thickness is") +tau= f*density*U*U/2 +disp(tau,"Wall shear stress is ") diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd00cbbd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.19") +U= 0.5 // in m/s +l= 0.025 // side dimension +area=l*l +perimeter=4*l +rh=area/perimeter +dh=4*rh +v=1e-6 +Re=dh*U/v +f=0.0791/(Re^0.25) +disp(f,"Friction factor is ") diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8c870b36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.20") +d=0.05 // in m +G= 125 // Massflow rate per crosssection area in kg/m^2/s +mew= 0.025 // in kg/ms +Re=d*G/mew +density=800 +V=G/density +Vmax= 2*V +Vgrad= -2*Vmax*2/d +disp(Vgrad,"Velocity gradient on the wall is ") diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56107898a --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.8") +Re=100000 // Reynold number +f=0.079/(Re^0.25) // friction factor according to 1/5th law +ratio= 1+ 3.75*((f/2)^0.5) +disp("The ratio of maximum velocity to the average velocity is ") +disp(ratio) diff --git a/1268/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/1268/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bb51ed61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 4.9") +// Here the required ratio in terms of n is 2n^2/((n+1)(2*n+1)) +// and the value of this ratio is 0.817 +// solving this we get the following quadratic equation +// 0.366n^2-2.451n-0.817=0 +y=[0.366 -2.451 -0.817] +z=roots(y) +// z is a matrix that has the roots of the equation +//since we need the positive value of n +disp(z(1,1)) diff --git a/1268/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1268/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..395114163 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 5.5") +// WE need to calculate the integral of the manipulated expression in terms of y/delta +int= integrate('2*y-(5*y*y)+(4*y*y*y)-(y*y*y*y)','y',2,1) +disp(int, "Momentum thickness is ") diff --git a/1268/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1268/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b0ee33b --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 5.6") +Rex=5e5 +Re=5.5*(Rex^0.5) +disp(Re,"Reynolds number based on boundary layer thickness is approximately ") diff --git a/1268/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/1268/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57d3a9b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 5.7") +U=12 // in m/s +l=1.5 // length of the plate +x=l/8 +v=1.8e-5 +density= 1.2 +Re=U*x/v +m=x*((280/(13*Re))^0.5) +disp(m,"Boundary layer thickness at 1/8th of the plate distance from the leading edge is ") +tau=3*density*v*U/(2*m) +disp(tau,"The wall shear stress is ") diff --git a/1268/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/1268/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92e4a70b --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 6.2") +density= 1200 // in kg/m^3 +mew= 2.25e-5 // viscosity in Pas +g= 9.81 // acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +gasdensity= 1.15 // in kg/m^3 +velocity=0.2 // in m/s +d=(18*mew*velocity/(g*(density-gasdensity)))^0.5 +disp(d, "Maximum particle size is ") diff --git a/1268/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1268/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9be7e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +disp("Example 6.3") +d=0.1 // diameter of sphere in m +velocity= 0.25 // in m/s +mew= 1.9e-5 +density= 1.15 // in kg/m^3 +f=0.44 +area=%pi*d*d/4 +Fd=(f*density*velocity*velocity*area)/2 +disp(Fd,"The drag Force is ") diff --git a/1268/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/1268/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d9f8883b --- /dev/null +++ b/1268/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +disp("Example 6.4") +r=0.5 // radius in cm +volume=4*%pi*r*r*r/3 +mass=0.05 // in g +density=mass/volume +liquiddensity=0.9 // in g/cc +if(density qcond, then T2 will decrease +// if qcond > qconv, then T2 will increase +// for T2 to not go above 100 degree celcius, qcond should be less than equal to qconv , and equality will be when T2 is equal to 100 +//thus qcond = qconv at T2=100 +// qcond = k*(T1-T2)/L = h*(T2-Tf) = qconv +//thus +T2 =100 ;//[degree celsius]maximum permissible temperature of the outer surface + + +h = k*(T1-T2)/(L*(T2-Tf));// [W/m^2 degree celcius] convection heat trasnfer coefficient between insulator's outer surface and air +printf("The minimum convection heat transfer coefficient required to maintain outer surface tempereature below 100 is %f W/m^2 degreee celcius",h); diff --git a/1304/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/1304/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c744e12fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1304/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\t\t\tExample Number 1.9\n\n\n"); +// calculating increasing in emmisive power +// solution + +sigma= 5.6697*10^(-8);// [W/m^2 K^4] Stefan Boltzmann constant +T1=20+273.15;//[K] initial temperature + +T2=100+273.15;//[K] final temperature +//emmissive power E is given as sigma*T^4 +//hence +dE = sigma*((T2)^(4)-(T1)^(4));//[W/m^2] difference in emmissive power + +printf("The increase in emmissive power of the blackbody after heating is %f W/m^2",dE); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3605ee8f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.1 +//Page 3 + +clear; +clc; + +K=0.222; +Qout=2; + + +//Calculation of value of h at which level stabilizes + +printf("The level will stabilize from self regulation when Qout=Qin.Thus the value of h is %.0f ft",((Qout/K)^2)/27); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.1/resultexample1_1.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.1/resultexample1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f5b054e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.1/resultexample1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The level will stabilize from self regulation when Qout=Qin.Thus the value of h is 3 ft \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.10/example1_10.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.10/example1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0d72bf92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.10/example1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.10 +//Page 28 + +clear; +clc; + +Read=27.5; +T_min=4.95; +T_max=5.05; + + +//Calculation of possible temperature values +printf("The range of Transfer function is 4.95 to 5.05 mV per degree celcius \n The possible temperature values that could be inferred from reading of 27.5 degree celcius are %.2f and %.2f",Read/T_min,Read/T_max); + diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.10/resultexample1_10.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.10/resultexample1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b874b4b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.10/resultexample1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + The range of Transfer function is 4.95 to 5.05 mV per degree celcius + The possible temperature values that could be inferred from reading of 27.5 degree celcius are 5.56 and 5.45 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.11/example1_11.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.11/example1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a7bfb34f --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.11/example1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.11 +//Page 29 + +clear; +clc; + +Delta_K=1.5; +Delta_G=0.05; +K=100; +G=20; + +//Calculation of system accuracy of flow process +printf("Here we have direct application of Delta V/V = %.2f \n",(Delta_K/K)+(Delta_G/G)); +printf("If we use more statistically correct rms approach,the system accuracy would be = %.4f",sqrt((Delta_K/K)^2+(Delta_G/G)^2)); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.11/resultexample1_11.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.11/resultexample1_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22fb6898c --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.11/resultexample1_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Here we have direct application of Delta V/V = 0.02 +If we use more statistically correct rms approach,the system accuracy would be = 0.0152 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.12/example1_12.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.12/example1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c22b80cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.12/example1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.12 +//Page 31 + +clear; +clc; + +F=150; +Res_FS=0.1; + + +//Calculation of smallest change in force that can be measured +printf("Hence the smallest measurable change in force which cam be measured is = %.2f N",(Res_FS/100)*F); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.12/resultexample1_12.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.12/resultexample1_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..087472fd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.12/resultexample1_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Hence the smallest measurable change in force which cam be measured is = 0.15 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.13/example1_13.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.13/example1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46d36c187 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.13/example1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.13 +//Page 31 + +clear; +clc; + +TF=5; +Temp_Res=0.2; + +//Calculation of required voltage resolution +printf("The temperature change of 0.2 degree celcius will result in a voltage change of = %.1f mV",TF*Temp_Res); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.13/resultexample1_13.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.13/resultexample1_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56136bd2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.13/resultexample1_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The temperature change of 0.2 degree celcius will result in a voltage change of = 1.0 mV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.14/example1_14.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.14/example1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ee6adef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.14/example1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.14 +//Page 32 + +clear; +clc; + +R_min=100; +R_max=180; +T_min=20; +T_max=120; +m=(R_max-R_min)/(T_max-T_min); +R0=R_min-(T_min*m); + +//Finding a linear euation relating resistance and temperature + +printf("The linear equation would be of the form R=mT+R0 \n"); +printf("Hence the equation relating temperature and resistance is R = %.1f T + %.f",m,R0) diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.14/resultexample1_14.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.14/resultexample1_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4cf3ef5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.14/resultexample1_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + The linear equation would be of the form R=mT+R0 +Hence the equation relating temperature and resistance is R = 0.8 T + 84 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.15/example1_15.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.15/example1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52791bc04 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.15/example1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.15 +//Page 38 + +clear; +clc; + +STF = 33; +t1 = 1.5; +t2 = 0.75; +T1 = 20; +T2 = 41; +bi = STF*T1; +bf = STF*T2; +e = 2.718 +//Finding the error in temperature represents + +printf("The value of b(0.75) is %.1f mV \n",bi+(bf-bi)*[1-e^(-t2/t1)]); +printf("This corresponds to an indicated temperature of %.1f degree celcius\n",(bi+(bf-bi)*[1-e^(-t2/t1)])/STF); +printf("So the error is %.1f degree celcius because the actual temperature is 41 degree celcius \n",T2-((bi+(bf-bi)*[1-e^(-t2/t1)])/STF)); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.15/resultexample1_15.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.15/resultexample1_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30922a2df --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.15/resultexample1_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + The value of b(0.75) is 932.7 mV +This corresponds to an indicated temperature of 28.3 degree celcius +So the error is 12.7 degree celcius because the actual temperature is 41 degree celcius + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.16/example1_16.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.16/example1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a991dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.16/example1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.16 +//Page 40 + +clear; +clc; + +R = 12.5; +I = 2.21; +Scale = 10; +Acc = 0.2; + +//Finding the voltage across resistor +printf("The voltage across resistor is %.1f V",I*R); + diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.16/resultexample1_16.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.16/resultexample1_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b00c45c --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.16/resultexample1_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The voltage across resistor is 27.6 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.17/example1_17.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.17/example1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b4c7f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.17/example1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.17 +//Page 40 + +clear; +clc; + +TF=22.4; +V=412; + +//Finding the value of temperature +printf("The value of temperature is equal to %.6f degree celcius \n",V/TF); +printf("Our result can be significant to 3 places = %.1f degree celcius",V/TF); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.17/resultexample1_17.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.17/resultexample1_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2635145b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.17/resultexample1_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The value of temperature is equal to 18.392857 degree celcius +Our result can be significant to 3 places = 18.4 degree celcius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.18/example1_18.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.18/example1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da47b38df --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.18/example1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.18 +//Page 42 + +clear; +clc; + +t1=21.2; +t2=25; +t3=18.5; +t4=22.1; +t5=19.7; +t6=27.1; +t7=19; +t8=20; +AVE=(t1+t2+t3+t4+t5+t6+t7+t8)/8; + +//Finding the arithmetic mean of the temperature +printf("The arithmetic mean of the temperatue is %f degree celcius \n",AVE); +printf("The standard deviation is %.2f degree celcius",sqrt(((t1-AVE)^2)+((t2-AVE)^2)+((t3-AVE)^2)+((t4-AVE)^2)+((t5-AVE)^2)+((t6-AVE)^2)+((t7-AVE)^2)+((t8-AVE)^2))/sqrt(8-1)); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.18/resultexample1_18.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.18/resultexample1_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a25086f90 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.18/resultexample1_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The arithmetic mean of the temperatue is 21.575000 degree celcius +The standard deviation is 3.04 degree celcius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.19/example1_19.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.19/example1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30cfc0a8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.19/example1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.18 +//Page 42 + +clear; +clc; + +b1=201; +b2=205; +b3=197; +b4=185; +b5=202; +b6=207; +b7=215; +b8=220; +b9=179; +b10=201; +b11=197; +b12=221; +b13=202; +b14=200; +b15=195; +a1=197; +a2=202 +a3=193 +a4=210 +a5=207 +a6=195; +a7=199; +a8=202; +a9=193; +a10=195; +a11=201; +a12=201; +a13=200; +a14=189; +a15=197; +AVE1=(b1+b2+b3+b4+b5+b6+b7+b8+b9+b10+b11+b12+b13+b14+b15)/15; +AVE2=(a1+a2+a3+a4+a5+a6+a7+a8+a9+a10+a11+a12+a13+a14+a15)/15; + +//Finding the arithmetic mean of the temperature +printf("The arithmetic mean samples before is %f g \n",AVE1); +printf("The stbndbrd devibtion of sbmples before is %f g \n",sqrt(((b1-AVE1)^2)+((b2-AVE1)^2)+((b3-AVE1)^2)+((b4-AVE1)^2)+((b5-AVE1)^2)+((b6-AVE1)^2)+((b7-AVE1)^2)+((b8-AVE1)^2)+((b9-AVE1)^2)+((b10-AVE1)^2)+((b11-AVE1)^2)+((b12-AVE1)^2)+((b13-AVE1)^2)+((b14-AVE1)^2)+((b15-AVE1)^2))/sqrt(15-1)); +printf("The arithmetic mean samples before is %f g \n",AVE2); +printf("The standard deviation of samples before is %f g \n",sqrt(((a1-AVE2)^2)+((a2-AVE2)^2)+((a3-AVE2)^2)+((a4-AVE2)^2)+((a5-AVE2)^2)+((a6-AVE2)^2)+((a7-AVE2)^2)+((a8-AVE2)^2)+((a9-AVE2)^2)+((a10-AVE2)^2)+((a11-AVE2)^2)+((a12-AVE2)^2)+((a13-AVE2)^2)+((a14-AVE2)^2)+((a15-AVE2)^2))/sqrt(15-1)); + diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.19/resultexample1_19.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.19/resultexample1_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c0c4f333 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.19/resultexample1_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + The arithmetic mean samples before is 201.800000 g +The stbndbrd devibtion of sbmples before is 11.371644 g +The arithmetic mean samples before is 198.733333 g +The standard deviation of samples before is 5.496319 g + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17860f9e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.2 +//Page 23 + +clear; +clc; + +p=2.1*10^3; + +//Calculation of pressure in pascals + +printf("As we know that 10^2 cm= 1m and 10^5 dyne=1 Newton \n Thus the value of pressure is %.f Pascals",(p*10000)/(100000)); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.2/resultexample1_2.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.2/resultexample1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8714ad5bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.2/resultexample1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + As we know that 10^2 cm= 1m and 10^5 dyne=1 Newton + Thus the value of pressure is 210 Pascals \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5faf08465 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.3 +//Page 23 + +clear; +clc; + +K=5.7; + +//Calculation of number of feets in 5.7m + +printf("As 1m=39.37 in. Thus number of feets in 5.7m is %.1f ft",K*39.37/12); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.3/resultexample1_3.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.3/resultexample1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a51abd96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.3/resultexample1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + As 1m=39.37 in. Thus number of feets in 5.7m is 18.7 ft \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fc625d72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.4 +//Page 23 + +clear; +clc; + +K=6; + +//Calculation of feets in meter +printf("As 1m=39.37 in and 1m=12ft Thus number of meter in 6ft is %.2f m",(K*12)/39.37); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.4/resultexample1_4.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.4/resultexample1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d860bb20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.4/resultexample1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + As 1m=39.37 in and 1m=12ft Thus number of meter in 6ft is 1.83 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..801829d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.5 +//Page 23 + +clear; +clc; + +K=2; + +//Calculation of mass in kg of 2 lb object +printf("As 1 lb=0.454 kg Therefore we have \n m=%.3f kg",K*0.454); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.5/resultexample1_5.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.5/resultexample1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9d3910b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.5/resultexample1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + As 1 lb=0.454 kg Therefore we have + m=0.908 kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18ce19f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.7 +//Page 25 + +clear; +clc; + +T_min=20; +T_max=120; +i_min=4; +i_max=20; +T1=66; +I1=6.5; +m=(i_max-i_min)/(T_max-T_min); +I0=i_min-(T_min*m); + + +//Calculation of current represented by 66 degree celcius +printf("Here the value of current for 66 degree celcius = %.2f mA \n",(m*T1)+I0); +printf("Here the value of temperature for 6.5mA current = %.2f degree celcius",(I1-I0)/m); + + + + + + + diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.7/resultexample1_7.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.7/resultexample1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..155bcb17a --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.7/resultexample1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Here the value of current for 66 degree celcius = 11.36 mA +Here the value of temperature for 6.5mA current = 35.63 degree celcius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781ec4c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.8 +//Page 27 + +clear; +clc; + +T_min=20; +T_max=250; +T=55; +A1=0.5; +A2=0.75; +A3=0.8; + + +//Calculation of Errors for each case +printf("error for accuracy of 0.5 percent of full scale value is = %.2f degree celcius \n",(A1/100)*T_max); +printf("Thus the actual temperature is in range of = %.2f degree celcius to =%.2f degree celcius \n",(T-(A1/100)*T_max),((A1/100)*T_max)+T); +printf("error for accuracy of 0.75 percent of span is = %.3f degree celcius \n",(A2/100)*(T_max-T_min)); +printf("Thus the actual temperature is in range of = %.3f degree celcius to =%.3f degree celcius \n",(T-((A2/100)*(T_max-T_min))),(A2/100)*(T_max-T_min)+T); +printf("error for accuracy of 0.8 percent of reading is = %.2f degree celcius \n",(A3/100)*(T)); +printf("Thus the actual temperature is in range of = %.2f degree celcius to = %.2f degree celcius \n",T-((A3/100)*(T)),((A3/100)*(T))+T); + + + + + diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.8/resultexample1_8.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.8/resultexample1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00e5c3232 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.8/resultexample1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + error for accuracy of 0.5 percent of full scale value is = 1.25 degree celcius +Thus the actual temperature is in range of = 53.75 degree celcius to =56.25 degree celcius +error for accuracy of 0.75 percent of span is = 1.725 degree celcius +Thus the actual temperature is in range of = 53.275 degree celcius to =56.725 degree celcius +error for accuracy of 0.8 percent of reading is = 0.44 degree celcius +Thus the actual temperature is in range of = 54.56 degree celcius to = 55.44 degree celcius + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce b/1316/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebcc9ba14 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.9 +//Page 28 + +clear; +clc; + +TF=5; +A=1; + + +//Calculation of possible range of transfer function +printf("The transfer function will be = %.2f mV per degree celcius \n",((A/100)*(TF))); +printf("Thus the range is %.2f mV per degree celcius to %.2f mV per degree celcius \n",(TF)-((A/100)*(TF)),(TF)+((A/100)*(TF))); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX1.9/resultexample1_9.txt b/1316/CH1/EX1.9/resultexample1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14ed0e92b --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX1.9/resultexample1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + The transfer function will be = 0.05 mV per degree celcius +Thus the range is 4.95 mV per degree celcius to 5.05 mV per degree celcius diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX2.6/example1_6.sce b/1316/CH1/EX2.6/example1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c18f4a835 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX2.6/example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1 +//Example 1.6 +//Page 24 + +clear; +clc; + +K1=0.0000215; +K2=3781000000; + +//expressing numbers in decimal prefix +printf("0.0000215 micro second = %.1f micro second \n",K1*10^6); +printf("3781000000 W=%.3f GW",K2*10^-9); diff --git a/1316/CH1/EX2.6/resultexample1_6.txt b/1316/CH1/EX2.6/resultexample1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8a4c1ebc --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH1/EX2.6/resultexample1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + 0.0000215 micro second = 21.5 micro second +3781000000 W=3.781 GW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7f5357e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.1 +//Page 55 + +clear; +clc; + +Ri = 10; +TF = 0.020; +Ro = 5; +T = 50; + +printf("The unloaded output of sensor is simply ") +//Calculation of Vt +x = TF*T; +printf("Vt = %.1f \n",x) +printf("Since the amplifier has a gain of 10,the output of the amplifier appears to be ") +//Calculation of Vout +y = Ri*x; +printf("Vout = %.0f V \n",y) +printf("But this is wrong because of loading !\n ") +//Correct Analysis +printf("Here we see that there will be a voltage dropped across the \n output resistance of the sensor.The actual amplifier input voltage will be given by ") +//Calculation of Vin +a = x*(1-((Ro)/(Ro+Ri))); +printf("Vin = %.2f V.\n",a) +printf("Thus the output of amplifier is actually Vout = %.1f V \n",Ri*a) + + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.1/resultexample2_1.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.1/resultexample2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2a032eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.1/resultexample2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + The unloaded output of sensor is simply Vt = 1.0 +Since the amplifier has a gain of 10,the output of the amplifier appears to be Vout = 10 V +But this is wrong because of loading ! + Here we see that there will be a voltage dropped across the + output resistance of the sensor.The actual amplifier input voltage will be given by Vin = 0.67 V. +Thus the output of amplifier is actually Vout = 6.7 V + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.10/example2_10.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.10/example2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7417d62b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.10/example2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.10 +//Page 68 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 1000; +R2 = 2000; +R3 = 1000; +C1 = 1; + +printf("Because the bridge is at null , we have \n ") +printf("Z2*Z3 = Z1*Zx \n") +printf("R2(R3-j/wC)=R1(Rx-j/wCx) \n") +printf("The real and imaginary parts must be indpendently equal,so that \n") +printf("Rx-(R2*R3/R1)=0 \n") +//Calculation of value of Rx +x=(R2*R3/R1)/1000 +printf("Rx = %.0f kilo ohm \n",x) +//Calculation of value of Cx +y=(C1*(R1/R2)) +printf("Cx=C(R1/R2) \n Cx = %.1f uF",y) + + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..239adea00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.2 +//Page 58 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 10; +Vs = 5; +R_low = 4; +R_high = 12; + + +printf("a. The solution is given by VsR2/R1+R2.For R2=4k.ohm,we have\n") +//Calculation of Vd +x = (Vs*R_low)/(R1+R_low); +printf("VD = %.2f V\n",x) +printf("For R2=12k.ohm,we have\n") +//Calculation of Vd +y = (Vs*R_high)/(R1+R_high); +printf("VD = %.2f V\n",y) +printf("b. Thus the voltage varies from %.2f to %.2f V",x,y) +printf("c. The range of output impedance is found from the parallel \n combination of R1 and R2 for the minimum and maximum of R2.\n Simple parallel resistance computation shows that this will be from ") +//Calculation of parallel resistances +a = (R1*R_low)/(R1+R_low); +b = (R1*R_high)/(R1+R_high); +printf("%.2f to %.2f k.ohm",a,b) +printf("d. The power dissipated by the sensor can be determined most easily from V^2/R2,as the voltage across R2 has been calculated.The power dissipated varies from ") +c = (Vs^2)/R_high; +d = (Vs^2)/R_low; +printf("%.4f to %.4f W",c,d) + + + + + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.2/resultexample2_2.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.2/resultexample2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4bdafdfc --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.2/resultexample2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +a. The solution is given by VsR2/R1+R2.For R2=4k.ohm,we have +VD = 1.43 V +For R2=12k.ohm,we have +VD = 2.73 V +b. Thus the voltage varies from 1.43 to 2.73 Vc. The range of output impedance is found from the parallel + combination of R1 and R2 for the minimum and maximum of R2. + Simple parallel resistance computation shows that this will be from 2.86 to 5.45 k.ohmd. The power dissipated by the sensor can be determined most easily from V^2/R2,as the voltage across R2 has been calculated.The power dissipated varies from 2.0833 to 6.2500 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edf7d6df7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.3 +//Page 60 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 1000; +R2 = 842; +R3 = 500; + +printf("Because bridge is nulled we find R4 using equation:\n R1R4=R3R2 \n") +//Calculation of R4 +R4=R3*R2/R1; +printf("%.0f ohm",R4) + + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.3/resultexample2_3.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.3/resultexample2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82b35d588 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.3/resultexample2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Because bridge is nulled we find R4 using equation: + R1R4=R3R2 +421 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1b08d7a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.4 +//Page 60 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 120; +R2 = 120; +R3 = 120; +R4 = 121; +V=10; +printf("Assuming detector impedance to be very high , we find the offset as \n") +//Calculation of Delta Vd +Del_Vd = V*(((R3*R2)-(R1*R4))/((R1+R3)*(R2+R4))) +printf("Delta Vd = %f V",Del_Vd) + + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.4/resultexample2_4.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.4/resultexample2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9b08d046 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.4/resultexample2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Assuming detector impedance to be very high , we find the offset as +Delta Vd = -0.020747 V diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d3a3d660 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.5 +//Page 61 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 2000.00; +R2 = 2000.00; +R3 = 2000.00; +R4 = 2050.00; +V = 5.00; +Rg = 50.0; + +//Calculation of Offset Current +printf("From equation the offset voltage is Vth. \n") + +//Calculation of Vth +x = V *(((R3*R2)-(R1*R4))/((R1+R3)*(R2+R4))) +printf("Vth = %f V \n",x) + +//Calculation of Thevenin Resistance +printf("We next find the bridge Thevenin Resistance form equation as : ") +y = ((R1*R2)/(R1+R2))+((R3*R4)/(R3+R4)) +printf("Rth = %f ohm \n",y) + +//Calculation of Current +printf("Finally the current is given by the equation ") +z = x/(y + Rg) +printf("Ig = %f Ampere \n",z) +printf("The negative sign on current simply means that current flows fromright to left.") diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.5/resultexample2_5.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.5/resultexample2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8e003697 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.5/resultexample2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + From equation the offset voltage is Vth. +Vth = -0.030864 V +We next find the bridge Thevenin Resistance form equation as : Rth = 2012.345679 ohm +Finally the current is given by the equation Ig = -0.000015 Ampere +The negative sign on current simply means that current flows fromright to left. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f13b9be6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.7 +//Page 65 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 10000.00; +R2 = 10000.00; +R3 = 1000; +R4 = 950.00; +R5 = 50.00; +Del_R3 = 1; +V =10.00; + +//Calculation of Current required +printf("First,for the nominal resistance values given, \n the bridge is set at anull with I=0,because\n") + +//Calculation of Va +x = (V * R3)/(R1 + R3) +printf("Va = %f V \n",x) + +//Calculation of Vb +printf("With I=0 we get \n") +y = ((V) * (R4+R5))/(R2 + R4 + R5) +printf("Vb = %f V \n",y) + +//Calculation of Va for change in R3 +printf("When R3 increases by 1 ohm to 1001 ohm, Va becomes") +z = (V * (R3+1000))/(R1 + (R3+1000)) +printf("Va = %f V \n",z) +printf("which shows that the voltage at b must increase by 0.0008 V to renull the bridge.\nThis can be proved by current,from equation and Delta V=0,found from \n") +I = 0.0008/50; +printf("I = %f A",I) diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.7/resultexample2_7.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.7/resultexample2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..041ea5956 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.7/resultexample2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + First,for the nominal resistance values given, + the bridge is set at anull with I=0,because +Va = 0.909091 V +With I=0 we get +Vb = 0.909091 V +When R3 increases by 1 ohm to 1001 ohm, Va becomesVa = 1.666667 V +which shows that the voltage at b must increase by 0.0008 V to renull the bridge. +This can be proved by current,from equation and Delta V=0,found from +I = 0.000016 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38bc4c129 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.8 +//Page 66 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 1000.00; +R2 = 1000.00; +R3 = 605.00; +R4 = 500.00; +V =10.00; + +//Finding Unknown Potential +printf("Here simply we use the equation to solve for Vx \n") + +//Calculation of Vx +x = -[(V*R3)/(R3+R1)]+[(V*R4)/(R4+R2)] +printf("Vx = %f V \n",x) + + +printf("The negative sign tells us the polarity of the voltage , Vx.Since Vx numerically \n substracts from Va,we see that its positive terminal must be connected to pointa in figure \n") diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.8/resultexample2_8.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.8/resultexample2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02116a092 --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.8/resultexample2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Here simply we use the equation to solve for Vx +Vx = -0.436137 V +The negative sign tells us the polarity of the voltage , Vx.Since Vx numerically + substracts from Va,we see that its positive terminal must be connected to pointa in figure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.9/example2_9.sce b/1316/CH2/EX2.9/example2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b540a958a --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.9/example2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2.9 +//Page 67 + +clear; +clc; + +R1 = 5000; +R2 = 5000; +R3 = 1000; +R4 = 990; +R5 = 10; +Vx =10; +Pot = 0.012; + +//Finding Current necessary to null the bridge +printf("First an examination of the resistancs show \n that the bridge is nulled when I = 0 and Vx = 0\n from the equation (Vx)+((R3*V)/(R1+R3))-(V*(R4+R5)/(R2+R4+R5))-(I*R5)=0") +x=(R3*Vx)/(R1+R3); +printf("(R3*V)/(R1+R3))=%.3f V\n",x) +y=(Vx*(R4+R5)/(R2+R4+R5)) +printf("(V*(R4+R5)/(R2+R4+R5))=%.3f V",y) +z = Pot/R5*1000; +printf("\n Thus,we can use equation Vx-IR5=0: \n 12mV-10I=0 \n Thus I = %0.1f mA",z) + diff --git a/1316/CH2/EX2.9/resultexample2_9.txt b/1316/CH2/EX2.9/resultexample2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99fb723ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1316/CH2/EX2.9/resultexample2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + First an examination of the resistancs show + that the bridge is nulled when I = 0 and Vx = 0 + from the equation (Vx)+((R3*V)/(R1+R3))-(V*(R4+R5)/(R2+R4+R5))-(I*R5)=0(R3*V)/(R1+R3))=1.667 V +(V*(R4+R5)/(R2+R4+R5))=1.667 V + Thus,we can use equation Vx-IR5=0: + 12mV-10I=0 + Thus I = 1.2 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cd7a68e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// To calculate frequency, instantaneous voltage and time of a voltage wave + +clc; +clear; + +// The volatage eqaution is v= 0.02 sin (4000t + 30(degress)). + + +Vm=0.02; + +deff('a=vol(b)','a=Vm*sind(((4000*b)*(180/%pi))+30)'); // Function for voltage equation + +t=320*(10^-6); + +w=4000; // angular frequency + +// General expression for voltage is given by V=Vm sin ()(2*pi*f*t)+theta) +// Comparing both the eqautions we get 2*pi*f=4000 + +f=w/(2*%pi); + +v=vol(t); + +// 360degress is equal to 1/f s. + +//Refer the diagram with this code to understand better. +// 30degress is + +t30=30/(f*360); + +disp('Hz',f,'The frequency of the voltage wave =') +disp('V',v,'The instantaneous voltage at t= 320 micro seconds =') + +disp('s',t30,'The time represented by 30 degrees phase difference =') + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f57c46c9e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// RLC circuit problems on resonace + +clc; +clear; + +R=6.28; +L=20*(10^-3); +f=5*(10^3); + +w=2*%pi*f; + +C=1/(L*(w^2)); + +Xc=1/(w*C); +Xl=L*w; + +Vc=5; + +Z=Xc+R+Xl; + +I=Vc/Xc // Total current + +V=I*R; + +// frequency is inversely proportional to square root of capacitance +// So if C is halved; f will increase square root of 2 times more. + +fn=sqrt(2)*f; + +Xln=2*%pi*fn*L; + +Q=Xln/R; + +//Note under resonance conditions Vl and Vc are much greater than the supply voltage. + +mprintf('i) The value of capacitor = %f micro F \n',(10^6)*C) +mprintf('ii) The supply voltage = %f V \n',V) +mprintf('iii) The frequency of resonance when C is halved = %f Hz \n',fn) +mprintf(' The Q of the new circuit = %f \n',Q) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..303d207f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// RLC circuit problems with quality factor + +clc; +clear; + +C=320*(10^-12); +Q=50; +f0=175*(10^3); +w0=2*%pi*f0; + +L=1/(C*(w0^2)); + +R=w0*L/Q; + +Xc=1/(C*w0); +Xl=L*w0; + +V=0.85; + +I=V/R; + +Vc=I*Xc; + +bw=f0/Q; + +mprintf('The inductance for resonance =%f m H \n',(10^3)*L); +mprintf('The current flowing in the circuit at resonance =%f m A \n',(10^3)*I); +mprintf('The voltage across the capacitor at resonance =%f V \n',Vc); +mprintf('The bandwidth of the circuit =%f Hz \n',bw); diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d51e94f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// RLC circuit problem to find the resonance frequncy and impedance magnitude + +clc; +clear; + +R=10; +L=100*(10^-3); +C=0.01*(10^-6); + +f0=1/((2*%pi)*(sqrt(L*C))); +// New frequencies according to the problem statement +f1=f0-1000; +f2=f0+1000; + +w1=2*%pi*f1; +w2=2*%pi*f2; + +Xl1=w1*L; +Xc1=1/(w1*C); + +Xl2=w2*L; +Xc2=1/(C*w2); + +Z1=sqrt((R^2)+((Xl1-Xc1)^2)); +Z2=sqrt((R^2)+((Xl2-Xc2)^2)); + +mprintf('The Impedance magnitude at 1KHz below resonance (Capacitive) =%f ohms \n',Z1) +mprintf('The Impedance magnitude at 1KHz above resonance (Inductive) =%f ohms \n',Z2) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..946a65cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Series Resonace of a RLC circuit with 2 coils. + +clc; +clear; + +R1=0.5; +R2=1.5; +R3=0.5; +C1=6*(10^-6); +C2=12*(10^-6); +L1=25*(10^-3); +L2=15*(10^-3); + +// Both the coils are connected in series + +Req=R1+R2+R3; + +Leq=L1+L2; + +Ceq=(C1*C2)/(C1+C2); + +f=1/((2*%pi)*sqrt(Leq*Ceq)); + +Q=2*%pi*f*Leq/Req; + +Q1=2*%pi*f*L1/(R1+R3); +Q2=2*%pi*f*L2/R2; + +mprintf('i) The frequency of resonance = %f Hz or Wo = %f rad/sec \n',f,2*%pi*f) +mprintf('ii) Q of the circuit = %f \n',Q)// The total resistance should be considered, Error in the textbook +mprintf('iii) Q of coil 1 is %f and Q of coil 2 is %f \n',Q1,Q2) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e1c58a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Series Resonance in RLC circuit to find inductance and power + +clc; +clear; + +R=5; +C=50*(10^-6); +f0=100; +w=2*%pi*f0; + +L=1/(C*(w^2)); + +V=200; +Xc=1/(C*w); +Xl=L*w; + +I=V/R; + +P=(I^2)*R; + +Vc=I*Xc; + +Zc=R+(Xl*%i); + +Vz=I*(Zc); + +Q0=Xl/R; + +bw=f0/Q0; + +printf('a) The inductance of the coil = %f mH \n',(10^3)*L) +printf('b) The power delivered to the coil = %f kW \n',(10^-3)*P) +printf('c) The voltage magnitude across the capacitor = %f V \n The voltage magnitude of the coil = %f V \n',Vc,abs(Vz)) // Magnitudes with at most accuracy +printf('d) The bandwidth of the circuit = %f \n',bw) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98294e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Determine the current in parallel branches and supply current + +clc; +clear; + +Xl=%i*100; // Inductance +R=10; // Resistance +V=10; +Xco=-%i*100; + +Q=abs(Xl)/R; + +Z0=Q*abs(Xco); +I0=V/Z0; + +Ic=V/Xco; +Il=V/Xl; + +Pi=V*I0; // Power Input + +Pc=(I0^2)*10; // Copper Loss + +// Frequency reduced to fo/2 + +Xl1=Xl/2; // New Inductive reactance at half the initial frequency +Xco1=Xco*2; // New Capacitative reactance at half the initial frequency + +Z1=R+Xl1; // Net impedance of the branch containing Resistance and inductor + +Znet= Z1*Xco1/(Xco1+Z1); // Net Impedance of the circuit + +I1=V/Znet; // Net Current for reduced frequency + +ti1=atand(imag(I1)/real(I1)); // Phase Angle + +// Frequncy increased to 2fo + +Xl2=2*Xl;// New Inductive reactance at double the initial frequency +Xco2=Xco/2;// New Capacitative reactance at double the initial frequency +Z2=R+Xl2;// Net impedance of the branch containing resistance and inductor + +Zt=Z2*Xco2/(Z2+Xco2);// Net Impedance of the circuit + +I2=V/Zt; // Net Current + +ti2=atand(imag(I2)/real(I2)); + +printf('a) The Current flowing in the inductor =') +disp('mA',Il*1000) +printf(' The current flowing in the capacitor =') +disp('mA',Ic*1000) +printf(' The supply current = %g mA\n \n',I0*1000) +printf('b) The current for half the intial frequency = %g/_%g mA\n',abs(I1)*1000,ti1) +printf(' The current for double the intial frequency = %g/_%g mA\n',abs(I2)*1000,ti2) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ed04a6f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Determine the original and loaded circuit bandwidth + +clc; +clear; + +f0=1000*(10^3); +V=5; +Q=50; +Xl=2*(10^3); +Xc0=2*(10^3); +R1=40*(10^3); // Branch near the source +R2=Q*Xl; // Branch with both the inductor and resitance + +Z0=Q*Xc0; + +bw=f0/Q; // Original Bandwidth + +// Considering loading resistance + +Reff= R1*R2/(R1+R2); +Qd=Reff/Xc0; + +bw1=f0/Qd; // Bandwidth with loading resistance + +printf('The original bandwidth = %g kHz\n',bw/1000) +printf('The loaded circuit bandwidth = %g kHz\n',bw1/1000) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ce177a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Expression for the sum of energy stored by inductor and capacitor connected in series at resonance + +clc; +clear; + +printf(' i= Im*cos(w0)*t\n') +printf(' The energy stored is L*(i^2)/2 = L*(Im^2)*(cos(w0*t)^2) \n\n') + +printf(' The energy stored in the capacitor (q^2)/2C = 1/2C * (Im^2)*[integration of i wrt dt from 0 to t]^2 \n') +printf(' = 1/2C * (Im^2) *[integration of cos(w0*t) wrt dt from 0 to t]^2\n') +printf(' = 1/2C * (Im^2) *[(sin(w0*t)/w0) limits 0 to t]^2\n') +printf(' = (Im^2)/2 * L * (sin(w0*t)^2)\n\n') +printf('Therefore total energy = L*(Im^2)/2 * [(cos(w0*t)^2)+(sin(w0*t)^2)]\n') +printf(' = (Im^2)*L/2\n') +printf(' = L*(I^2)\n') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9005f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Expression for the sum of energy stored by inductor and capacitor connected in parallel at resonance + +clc; +clear; + +printf('v = Vm * cos(w0*t)\n') +printf('The energy stored by the capacitor = C*(Vm^2)*(cos(w0*t)^2)\n') +printf('The energy stored by the inductor = L*(i^2)/2\n\n') +printf('v = L *(di/dt)\n di = v*dt/L\n (i^2) = [integration of (v/L) wrt dt from 0 to t]^2 \n') +printf(' = (Vm^2)/(L^2) * (sin(w0*t)^2)/(w0^2) = (Vm/L)^2 * (sin(w0*t)^2) * LC\n') +printf(' = (Vm^2)*C*(sin(w0*t)^2)/L \n\n') +printf(' Energy = L*(i^2)/2 = (Vm^2)*C*(sin(w0*t)^2)*L/(L*2)\n') +printf(' = C/2 * (Vm^2)*(sin(w0*t)^2)\n\n') +printf(' Therefore total energy = C*(Vm^2)/2 = C*(V^2)\n') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7c39da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// To determine bandwidth and half power frequencies + +clc; +clear; + +R=50; +f=750; // Frequency +w0=(2*%pi*f); +L=10*(10^-3); +I=1; // Maximum Current + +Q=w0*L/R; + +bw=f/Q; + +a=(f^2); // let a = f1*f2 +b= bw; // let b = f2-f1 +c=sqrt((b^2)+(4*a)); // let c = f2+f1 + +f2=(b+c)/2; +f1=(c-b)/2; + +printf('The bandwidth = %g Hz\n',bw) +printf('The half frequencies are f1 = %g Hz and f2 = %g Hz\n)',f1,f2) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505ac5e0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// To find the current and power + +clc; +clear; + +Z=10+20*%i; + +V=120; + +I=V/Z; + +theta=atand(imag(I)/real(I)); + +P=V*abs(I)*cosd(theta); + +disp('A',I,'The current flowing through the given impedance =') +disp('watt',P,'The real power delivered to the impedance =') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dbd3d47d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Determine the frequency of resonance and Max value of Rc at resonance + +clc; +clear; + +Rl=6; +L=1*(10^-3); +Rc=4; +C=20*(10^-6); + +w0=(1/(sqrt(L*C)))*(sqrt(((Rl^2)-(L/C))/((Rc^2)-(L/C)))); + +Rcmax=sqrt(L/C); + +printf(' The frequency of resonance = %g rad/sec\n',w0) +printf(' The Maximum value of Rc = %g ohms \n',Rcmax) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..242ece728 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// To determine Rl for which resonance can take place + +clc; +clear; + +Rl=poly(0,'Rl'); +Rc=5; +Xc=6; +Xl=15; + +x=(((Rl^2)+(Xl^2))*Xc)-(((Rc^2)+(Xc^2))*Xl); + +Rl=roots(x); + +disp(x) + +printf('The above eqaution must be eqauted to zero to get Rl \n') + +disp(Rl) + +printf('The above eqaution leads to imaginary roots which is not possible, hence no value of Rl can bring resonance in the circuit at the given condition \n' ) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c07b80259 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//To find the resistor for a given Q factor + +clc; +clear; + +f0=600*(10^3); +bw=50*(10^3); // Bandwidth + +L=1.3*(10^-3); // Inductance + +Q=30; + +Xl=2*%pi*f0*L; // Inductive Reactance + +Xco=Xl;// At resonance Xl= Xco + +Zto=Q*Xco; + +Qd=f0/bw; // Required Q for the circuit + +Zdto= Qd*Xco; // The equivalent input resistance required + +Rd=poly(0,'Rd'); + +x=(Zdto*(Zto+Rd))-(Zto*Rd); // Characteristic equation to the shunt resistance + +Rd=roots(x); // Shunt resistance + +printf('The resistance that is to be connected across the coil = %g k ohms\n',Rd/1000) + + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99aa77d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Find the flux density + +clc; +clear; + +l=50*(10^-2); // Mean length +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); // Constant (Permeablity of air) +ag=1*(10^-3); // Air Gap +mr=300; // Relative permeability +N=200; // No of turns +I=1; // Current +A=poly(0,'A');// Area + +Rel=l/(m0*mr*A);//Reluctance of the substance + +Relag=ag/(m0*A); // Air gap reluctance + +MMF=N*I; + +Relt=Rel+Relag; // Total reluctance + +phi=MMF/Relt;//Flux + +B=phi/A; + +// To get the numerical value of the flux density as the polynomial denominator doesn't divide + +x=B(2)-A; +x=roots(x); + +y=B(3)-A; +y=roots(y); + +B=x/y; + +printf('The flux density = %g mWb/(m^2)\n',B*1000) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c51153cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Find the number of ampere turns + +clc; +clear; + +l=30*(10^-2); // Length of an iron path +lag=2*(10^-3);//Length of air gap +B=0.8; // Flux density +H=700; +m0=(4*%pi)*(10^-7); +mr=B/(m0*H); + +A=poly(0,'A');//Area of the iron path + +R1=l/(m0*mr*A); +R2=lag/(m0*A); +R=R1+R2; + +phi=B*A;//Flux + +NI=phi*R; + +//To find numerical value +y=NI-A; + +NI=roots(y(2)); + +//The answer in the textbook contains Round off error +printf('The number of turns necessary to produce a flux density of 0.8T in the air gap = %g AT\n',NI) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ff58b51a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//To find current in the 600 turn exciting coil + +clc; +clear; + +N=600; +mr=800; +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); + +phi=100*(10^-6);// Flux in air gap + +l1=10*(10^-2); +l2=18*(10^-2); +lg=2*(10^-3); // Air gap length +Ac=(6.25)*(10^-4);// Central limb area +As=3*(10^-4);// Side limb area + +Ra=lg/(m0*Ac); +Ri=l1/(mr*m0*Ac); + +R=l2/(m0*mr*As); + +Rt=Ra+Ri; // Total reluctacne of the central limb + +AT1=Rt*phi; // MMF or Ampere turns for the central limb +AT2=R*phi/2; // MMF, Two identical limbs hence flux becomes half and only one limb is considered + +AT=AT1+AT2;//Total MMF + +I=AT/N; // Current in the 600 turns + +printf('The current flowing in the 600 turns exciting coil = %g A\n',I) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5d736627 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Find the current required to develop a flux of 1.6 mWb + +clc; +clear; + +B=1; +H=900; +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); +mr=B/(m0*H); + +//lengths +lg=1*(10^-3);// Air gap +lc=24*(10^-2);// Central Limb +la=60*(10^-2);// Side limbs + +//area +A=4*4*(10^-4); + +phi=1.6*(10^-3); // Flux + +//Reluctances +Ra=lg/(m0*A); // Air gap +Rc=lc/(m0*mr*A);// Central limb +Rs=la/(m0*mr*A);// One side limbs + +//mmf +AT1=(Ra+Rc)*phi; // Central limb +AT2=Rs*phi/2;// One of the side limb +AT=AT1+AT2; // Total + +N=680;//Turns + +I=AT/N; + +printf('The current the current required to produce a total flux of 1.6 mWb = %g A\n',I) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6ef2e0ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Determine the inductance of individual winding + +clc; +clear; + +La=15; // Self inductance of first coil +Lb=16;// Self inductance of second coil +M=-8; // Since the flux from both coils oppose each other + +L1=La+M; +L2=Lb+M; + +L=L1*L2/(L1+L2); + +printf('The inductance of the individual windings are %g H and %g H respectively.\n',L1,L2) +printf('The equivalent inductance between the terminals is %g H\n',L) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f698011 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Determine the inductance of a three coil system + +clc; +clear; +//Self inductances of A B C +L1=25; +L2=30; +L3=35; + +//Mutual inductances of AB BC CA +M12=10;//Flux assist each other +M23=-15;//Flux oppose each other +M31=-10;//Flux oppose each other + +La=L1+M12+M31; +Lb=L2+M12+M23; +Lc=L3+M31+M23; + +Leq=1/(((La*Lb)+(Lb*Lc)+(Lc*La))/(La*Lb*Lc)); + +printf('The equivalent inductance for a three coil system = %g H\n',Leq) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afb594f84 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// To determine the parameters of an alternating current of 50Hz frequency + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +Im=20; +w=2*%pi*f; +t=1/100; +It=10; +Irms=Im/(sqrt(2)); +Iav=0;//Full Cycle +t10=asin(It/Im)/w;// time taken to rach 10A + +Ih=Im*sin(w*t);// Current at 1/100 sec + +printf('i) The general ecpression is i(t) = %g sin %gt\n',Im,w) +printf('ii) The instantaneous value at t= 1/100 sec is %g A\n',floor(Ih*10)/10) +printf('iii) The time taken to reach 10A for the first time = %g s\n',t10) +printf('iv) The average and the rms value of current is %g A and %g A respectively\n',Iav,Irms) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85124d512 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To find the current and power of a capacitive circuit + +clc; +clear; + +Z=10-25*%i; + +V=15; + +I=V/Z; + +theta=atand(imag(I)/real(I)); + +Pr=V*abs(I)*cosd(theta); +Pq=V*abs(I)*sind(theta); + +disp('A',I,'The current flowing through the given impedance =') +disp('watt',Pr,'The real power loss of the capacitive impedance =') +disp('Var',-Pq,'The reactive power of the capacitive circuit =')// Negative sign indicates power genrated. diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26198cb29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Determine the resultant current for two alternating currents + +clc; +clear; + +ti1=30; +ti2=45; + +i1=20*(expm(%i*%pi/6)); +i2=40*(expm(%i*%pi/4)); + +i=i1+i2; + +ti=atand(imag(i)/real(i)); + +printf('The resultant current = %g sin(314t + %g(degrees)) A\n',abs(i),ti) +printf(' Or %g/_%g A\n',abs(i),ti) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e1184dff --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//To determine the sum and difference of two alternating voltage sources + +clc; +clear; + +//Phase angles +tv1=0; +tv2=-%pi/6; + +//Taking v1 as reference voltage +v1=110*(expm(%i*tv1)); +v2=80*(expm(%i*tv2)); + +Vs=v1+v2;//Sum +Vd=v1-v2;//Difference + +ts=atand(imag(Vs)/real(Vs)); +td=atand(imag(Vd)/real(Vd)); + +printf('i) The sum = %g sin(wt + (%g(degrees))) V\n',abs(Vs),ts) +printf('i) The difference = %g sin(wt + (%g(degrees))) V\n',abs(Vd),td) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b8592f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Determine the parameters of the circuit and power and pf + +clc; +clear; + +tv=30;//Phase angle for voltage +ti=-30;// Phase angle for current +t=tv-ti;//Phase difference between v and i + +//Keeping i as reference, Voltage leads current by t angle + +i=10*(expm(%i*0)); +v=230*(expm(%i*(%pi*t/180))); + +z=v/i; + +R=real(z); +X=imag(z); + +P=abs(v)*abs(i)*cosd(t)/2; // rms values of voltage and current + +printf('The circuit parameters are \n') +printf('Resistance = %g ohms\nReactance = %g ohms\n\n',R,X) +printf('The Power consumed = %g W\n',P) +printf('p.f of the circuit = %g\n',cosd(t)) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43f721cd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Determine circuit paramters of an iron coil + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; // Frequency +Vdc=40;//DC Voltage source +Idc=5; // Current drawn from DC Voltage source +Vac=200; // AC Voltage Source +Iac=5; // Current drawn form AC Voltage source +P=500; // Power Consumed by ac supply + +R=Vdc/Idc; // Resistance of the coil +Z=Vac/Iac; // Impedance of the coil + +Pc=(Iac^2)*R; //Power loss in ohmic resistance + +Pil=P-Pc; // Iron loss + +Reff=P/(Iac^2); // Effective resistance of the coil + +Xl=sqrt((Z^2)-(Reff^2)); // Reactance of the coil + +L=Xl/(2*%pi*f); // Inductance of the coil + +pf=P/(Vac*Iac); + +printf('i) The impedance = %g ohms\n',Z) +printf('ii) The iron loss = %g W\n',Pil) +printf('iii) The inductance of the coil = %g H\n',L) +printf('iv) p.f of the coil = %g\n',pf) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b8397d8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Determine the phase angle between 220V main and the current + +clc; +clear; + +f=50;//Frequency of AC Mains +Vni=100;//Voltage for non inductive load +Ini=10; // Current drawn by a non inductive load +Rni=Vni/Ini;// Resistance of an non inductive load +Vac=220;// Supply from AC Mains + +Z=Vac/Ini; + +X=sqrt((Z^2)-(Rni^2)); + +phi=atand(X/Rni);// Phase Angle + +L=X/(2*%pi*f);//Inductance + +printf('The inductance of a reactor to be connected in series = %g H\n',L) +printf('The phase angle between the 220V mains and the current = %g degrees\n',phi) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35f09ecdd --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To determine the coil parameters with resistance of 5 ohms + +clc; +clear; +//Parameters of the coil +R=5; // Resistance +I=10; // Current flowing +V=200;// Voltage across +f=50;// Frequency of operation +P=750;//Total Power Dissipated + +Pc=(I^2)*R; // Copper Loss +Pil=P-Pc;// Iron Loss + +Z=V/I;// Impedance + +X=sqrt((Z^2)-(R^2));//Reactance + +L=X/(2*%pi*f);// Inductance + +pf=P/(V*I); // Power Factor + +printf('i The iron loss = %g W\n',Pil) +printf('ii) The inductance at the given value of current = %g H\n',L) +printf('iii) p.f = %g\n',pf) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d45c8ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Determine the resonant frequency and the source current + +clc; +clear; + +L=0.24; // Inductance +Rl=150; +Rc=100; +C=3*(10^-6); // Capacitance +f=50; +w=2*%pi*f; +V=200; // Source voltage + +fs=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)); // Frequency at the time of series connection + +f0=fs*sqrt(((Rl^2)-(L/C))/((Rc^2)-(L/C)))// Resonant frequency + +//Taking voltage as the reference + +Xl=L*w; // Inductive reactance +Xc=1/(C*w); // Capacitive reactance + +Ra=Rl+(%i*Xl); // Effective resistance of inductive branch +Rb=Rc-(%i*Xc);// Effective resistance of capacitive branch + +Reff=Ra*Rb/(Ra+Rb); // Effective Resistance +Tr=atand(imag(Reff)/real(Reff)); // Phase Angle + +I=V/Reff;// Source current +Ti=atand(imag(I)/real(I))// Phase angle + +printf('The resonant frequency = %g Hz\n',f0) +printf('The source current = %g/_%g A\n',abs(I),Ti) +printf('The input impeadance = %g/_%g ohms\n',abs(Reff),Tr) + + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a6ca00b --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Determine Circuit parameters for a circuit with a current source + +clc; +clear; + +I=2.5*(10^-3); // Current Source +R=100; // Resistance of the coil +L=1*(10^-3); // Inductance of the coil +fr=600*(10^3); // Resonance frequency +R2=60*(10^3); // Resistance in parallel with the coil +wr=2*%pi*fr;// Angular Resonance frequency + +Q=wr*L/R; // For the coil + +C=1/((wr^2)*L); // Capcitance in the circuit +Xc0=1/(wr*C); + +Recc=Q*Xc0; // Equivalent resistance of coil and capacitor + +Req=R*Recc/(R+Recc); //Equivalent resistance of the circuit + +Qcir=wr*Req*C; // For the circuit + +bw=fr/Qcir; // Bandwidth of the circuit + +v=I*Req; + +MaxE=C*(v^2); // Maximum energy stored by the capacitor + +Pdr=(I^2)*Req; // Power dissipated in the resistor + + +// Textbook calculation for Equivalent resistance of C and Coil is wrong + +printf('a) Q of the coil = %g\n',Q) +printf('b) Capacitance C = %g pF\n',C*(10^12)) +printf('c) Q of the circuit = %g\n',Qcir) +printf('d) Bandwidth of the circuit = %g kHz\n',bw/1000) +printf('e) Maximum Energy stored in the capacitor = %g pJ\n',MaxE*(10^12)) +printf('f) Power Dissipated in the resistor = %g mW\n',Pdr*1000) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b7979bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// Determine the instantaneous energy stored in the capacitor and inductor + +clc; +clear; + +Vc=20*sqrt(2); +C=2; // Capacitor +L=1; // Inductor +w=poly(0,'w'); + +// Impedances in order from let to right (as a function of w) +R1=%i*w; +R2=1/(2*%i*w); // Top +R3=1;// Bottom + +Rp=R2*R3/(R2+R3); // Effective resistance of the parallel path + +Reff=R1+Rp; // Effective resistance + +Reff(2)=Reff(2)*conj(Reff(3)); +Reff(3)=Reff(3)*conj(Reff(3)); + +R=imag(Reff(2))/Reff(3); // Imaginary part of the above equation + +//From the above equation we get five roots, three are zero and we take the positive value +w=roots(R(2)); +w=abs(w(2)); // Numerical Value + +// Impedances in order from let to right (Numerical Value) +R1=%i*w; +R2=1/(2*%i*w); // Top +R3=1;// Bottom + +Vcrms=Vc/sqrt(2); + +// Taking Vc as reference + +Ic=Vcrms/R2; // Current through Capacitor +Ir=Vcrms/R3; // Current through Resistor + +Il=Ic+Ir; // Rms value of Current through Inductor +tl=atand(imag(Il)/real(Il)); // Phase angle of Inductor Current + +Ilmax=abs(Il)*sqrt(2); // Maximum Current + +Eins=C*(Vc^2)/2; // Magnitude of Instaneous energy stored + +Ein=L*(abs(Ilmax)^2)/2; // Energy through the inductor +Er=(Ir^2)*R3; // Loss in the resistor + +Q0= w*Ein*(1+(1/sqrt(2)))/Er; // Q of the circuit + +printf('a) Instaneous Energy Stored in Capacitor = %g (sin(%gt)^2) \n',Eins,w) +printf(' Instaneous Energy Stored in Inductor = %g (sin( %gt + %g)^2) \n',Ein,w,tl) +printf('b) Q of the circuit = %g \n',Q0) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e54cdc7ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//To determine the current through all the branches of the given network + +clc; +clear; + +L=1; +R=1*(10^3); +C=400*(10^-6); +i=2; // 2 cos 50t + +w0=1/(sqrt(L*C)); + +v=i*R; // Voltage across the source + +Xl=%i*w0*L; // Inductive reactance +Xc=-%i/(C*w0);// Capacitive reactance + +Il=v/Xl; // Inductor current +Ic=v/Xc; // Capacitor Current + +//Condition to check if angle is 90 +if(real(Il)==0) + if(imag(Il)>0) + tl=atand(%inf); + else + tl=-1*atand(%inf); + end + +else + tl=atand(imag(Il)/real(Il)); +end + +//Condition to check if angle is 90 +if(real(Ic)==0) + if(imag(Ic)>0) + tc=atand(%inf); + else + tc=-1*atand(%inf); + end + +else + tc=atand(imag(Ic)/real(Ic)); +end + +printf('The Current through the resistor is %g cos(%g)t A\n',i,w0) +printf('The Current through the inductor is %g cos(%gt + (%g)) A\n',abs(Il),w0,tl) +printf('The Current through the capacitor is %g cos(%gt + (%g)) A\n',abs(Ic),w0,tc) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac7fa06d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// To find the frequency in the RLC Circuit at a phase angle of 45 degrees + +clc; +clear; + +R=100; +L=2; +C=20*(10^-6); + +f1=poly([0 1],'f1','c'); +f2=poly([0 1],'f2','c'); +w1=2*%pi*f1; +w2=2*%pi*f2; + +//To achieve a phase angle of 45 degrees, the difference between Xl and Xc should be equal to R + +// We have two different situations + +Xl1=L*w1; +Xc1=1/(w1*C); + +Xl2=L*w2; +Xc2=1/(w2*C); + +cs1=Xl1-Xc1-R; +cs2=Xc2-Xl2-R; + +f1=roots(cs1(2)); +f2=roots(cs2(2)); + +//To find the suitable roots and to differenciate between positive and negative roots. + +a=sqrt(f1(1)); +b=sqrt(f1(2)); +c=sqrt(f2(1)); +d=sqrt(f2(2)); + +if(imag(a)) + f1=f1(2); +end + +if(imag(b)) + f1=f1(1); +end + +if(imag(c)) + f2=f2(2); +end + +if(imag(d)) + f2=f2(1); +end + +disp('The frequencies at which the phase angle is 45 degress are') + +disp('Hz',f2,'f2 =','Hz',f1,'f1 =') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31999cd20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//To determine parameters to operate the relay + +clc; +clear; + +N=500;// No of turns +l=400*(10^-3); // Mean Core length +lg=1*(10^-3); // Air Gap length +B=0.8; // Flux density required to operate the relay +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); // permeability of free space +H=500; // Magentic Field Intensity + +mmfc=H*l; // mmf for the core +mmfg=2*lg*B/(m0); // mmf of the air gap + +tmmf=mmfc+mmfg; // Total mmf + +Iop=tmmf/N; // Operating current for the relay + +m=B/H; // Permeability + +mr=m/m0; // Relative permeability + +// When gap is zero + +mmf=mmfc; // Total mmf required + +I=mmf/N; // Current when the gap is zero + +printf('i) The current required to operate the relay = %g A\n',Iop) +printf('ii)Wrt the Core, The permeability = %g and Relative permeablity = %g \n',m,mr) +printf('iii) The current required when gap is zero = %g A \n',I) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95aa107a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// To determine the parameters of a toroid + +clc; +clear; + +//Arc length of different materials +lni=0.3; // nickel iron alloy +lss=0.2;//Silicon Steel +lcs=0.1;//Cast steel + +A=1*(10^-3); // Area of cross section of Toroid + +N=100; // Hundred Turns + +phi=6*(10^-4); // Flux +B=0.6; // Flux densities +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); + +//Field intensities +Hni=10; // Ni alloy +Hss=77;// Si Steel +Hcs=270; // CAst steel + +mmf=(Hni*lni)+(Hss*lss)+(Hcs*lcs); // Total mmf + +B=phi/A; + +I=mmf/N; + +//P = Permeability, RP = Relative permeablity + +//For Nickel Alloy +mni=B/Hni; // P +mrni=mni/m0; // RP + +//For Si Steel +mss=B/Hss; //P +mrss=mss/m0; // RP + +//For Cast Steel +mcs=B/Hcs; //P +mrcs=mcs/m0; // RP + +deff('x=rel(y,z)','x=(y*z)/phi'); // Fucntion to find out Reluctance + +//Reluctances +Rni=rel(Hni,lni); +Rss=rel(Hss,lss); +Rcs=rel(Hcs,lcs); + +printf('i) The mmf required to establish a magnetic flux of 6 *(10^-4) Wb = %g AT\n',mmf) +printf('ii) The Current through the coil = %g A\n',I) +printf('iii) Relative permeability and reluctance of each ferro magnetic material\n') +printf(' Nickel Iron alloy is %g and %g ohms \n',mrni,Rni) +printf(' Silicon Steel is %g and %g ohms \n',mrss,Rss) +printf(' Cast Steel is %g and %g ohms \n',mrcs,Rcs) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a2c958e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Determine the magnetic flux for a toriod + +clc; +clear; + +//Arc length of different materials +lni=0.3; // nickel iron alloy +lss=0.2;//Silicon Steel +lcs=0.1;//Cast steel + +//Field intensities +Hni=10; // Ni alloy +Hss=77;// Si Steel +Hcs=270; // Cast steel + +con=6*(10^-4); // Gives Constant reluctances + +deff('x=rel(y,z)','x=(y*z)/con'); // Fucntion to find out Reluctance + +//Reluctances +Rni=rel(Hni,lni); // Note that the textbook has a wrong value calculated for the nickel alloy reluctance +Rss=rel(Hss,lss); +Rcs=rel(Hcs,lcs); + +mmf=35; // Applied mmf + +phi=mmf/(Rni+Rss+Rcs); // Magnetic flux produced + +printf('The approximate magnetic flux produced = %g Wb\n',phi) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dbd2f58e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//To determine the magnetic parameters of a steel ring + +clc; +clear; + +d=30*(10^-2); // Mean diameter +m0=4*%pi*(10^-7); +lg=1*(10^-3); //Air Gap length +r=(2*(10^-2))/2; // radius of the circular part of the air gap +Ag=%pi*r*r; // Area of the air gap +N=600; // No of turns +I=2.5;// Current + +Ip=40/100; // Iron path usage +Agp=1-Ip; // Air gap usage + +mmf=N*I; +mmfs=Ip*mmf; // mmf required for the steel +mmfg=Agp*mmf; // mmf required for the air gap + +Rg=lg/(m0*Ag); // Reluctance of the air gap + +phi=mmfg/Rg; // Flux through the gap + +Rs=mmfs/phi; // Reluctance of steel +Rt=Rs+Rg; // Total reluctance +B=phi/Ag; // Flux density of air + +printf('i) mmf of air gap and steel ring = %gAT and %gAT\n',mmfg,mmfs) +printf('ii) Magnetic flux = %g mWb\n',phi*1000) +printf('iii) Reluctance = %g M ohms \n',Rt/(10^6)) +printf('iv) Flux density = %g T\n',B) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7babac38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// To find the inductance of a choke to operate a 120V 500W lamp at 230V + +clc; +clear; + +V=120; +W=500; +Rl=(V^2)/W; +I=W/V; // Circuit Current + +// Q of a choke means the ratio of its inductive reactance to its resistance + +Q=2; +f=60; +w=2*%pi*f; + +Vs=230; // Supply Voltage + +Xcir=230/I; + +L=poly([0 1],'L','c'); + +Xl=w*L; + +Rc=Xl/2; // Q utilised + +// total resistance + +Rt=Rl+Rc; + + +ind=(Rt^2)+(Xl^2)-(Xcir^2);// Characteristic equation to find L + +L=roots(ind); + +disp(ind,'The Characteristic equation to find L is') + +if(imag(sqrt(L(1)))) + L=L(2); +else + L=L(1); +end + + +disp('H',L,'The inductance of the choke coil = ') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c714e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Determine the value of the circuit components + +clc; +clear; + +Z=10-(30*%i); + +f=1*(10^6); + +Y=1/Z; + +G=real(Y); +B=imag(Y); + +// G= 1/R +// B= wC + + +w=2*%pi*f; + +R=1/G; + +C=B/(w); + +cap=abs((10^9)*C)/(10^9); + +disp('ohms',R,'The resistance of the circuit =') +disp('nF',cap,'The capacitance of the circuit =') diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1ef873aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// To determine circuit impedance and current in a parallel connection of a resistor and capacitor. + +clc; +clear; + +R=4700; +V=240; +f=60; +w=2*%pi*f; +C=2*(10^-6); +Xc=-(1/(C*w))*%i;// Reactance in polar form + +Ir=V/R; +Ic=V/Xc; + +I=Ir+Ic;// Total current + +Z=V/I; + +theta=atand(imag(Z)/real(Z)); + +mprintf('Impedance of the circuit = %f /_ %f ohms',abs(Z),theta) + diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a8dd069 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//To find the current and impedance and admittance of the circuit + +clc; +clear; + +R=25; +Xl=50*%i; +Z1=R+Xl; + +Z2=-40*%i; + +V=100; + +Zeq=(Z1*Z2)/(Z1+Z2); + +Y=1/Zeq; + +I=V*Y; + +mprintf('The Current of the circuit = %f /_ %f A \n',abs(I),atand(imag(I)/real(I))) +mprintf('The Impedance of the circuit = %f /_ %f ohms \n',abs(Zeq),atand(imag(Zeq)/real(Zeq))) +mprintf('The Admittance of the circuit = %f /_ %f siemens \n',abs(Y),atand(imag(Y)/real(Y))) diff --git a/1319/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/1319/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..716cc9de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Maximum current and frequncy at which it occurs and respective voltages + +clc; +clear; + +R=5; +L=4*(10^-3); +C=0.1*(10^-6); +V=10; + +w0=1/(sqrt(L*C)); + +Ir=V/R; + +Vl=w0*L*Ir; + +Vc=Ir/(w0*C); + +mprintf('The Maximum Current at resonance = %f A \n',Ir) +mprintf('The frequency for resonance = %f rad/sec \n',w0) +mprintf('The voltage magnitude across the inductor = %f V \n',Vl) +mprintf('The voltage magnitude across the capacitor = %f V \n',Vc) diff --git a/1319/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/1319/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724b42d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Determine the additional load which can be supplied + +clc; +clear; + +printf('a) D.C two wire: \nPower transmitted by DC two wire = P and Voltage between the wires = V\n') +printf('Copper Loss = 2 *(P/V)^2)*R ; where R is the resistance of each wire\n') +printf('Per Unit Loss = 2*P*R/(V^2)\n\n') +printf('b) 3 phase 3 wire: \nPower transmitted = P''\n ') +printf('I'' = P''/(sqrt(3)*V) for unity p.f\n') +printf('Copper Loss = 3*((P''/(sqrt(3)*V))^2)*R = ((P/V)^2)*R\n') +printf('Per Unit Loss = P''*R/(V^2)\n\n') +printf('Equating the per unit loss we have\n') +printf('2*P*R/(V^2) = P''*R/(V^2) or P'' = 2P\n Which proves that 100 %% aditional pwer can be supplied by 3 phase 3 wire system\n') diff --git a/1319/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/1319/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5e4f6eda --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Pf at which the slow machine will work + +clc; +clear; + +pf1=0.8;//Power Factor Lag (Combined) +Pa=2500*(10^3); // Combined Power +Pr=Pa*(tand(acosd(pf1))); // Combined VAr +Pat=1000*(10^3); // Active power of the turbo alternator unity pf so no VAr +Prt=0; +Pas=Pa-Pat; // Active power of the slow speed alternator +Prs=Pr-Prt; // Reactive power of the slow speed alternator + +theta=atand(Prs/Pas); // Power Factor Angle + +powfac=cosd(theta); // Power factor + +printf('The Power Factor of the slow speed alternator is %g\n',powfac) diff --git a/1319/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/1319/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dfe7ebb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Detemine the load and pf of the other machine + +clc; +clear; + +Pa=3000*(10^3);// Lighting load +Pma=5000*(10^3); // Aggregate Motor load +pfm=0.71; // power factor of motor load + +P1a=5000*(10^3); // One Machine load +pf1=0.8;// Power factor machine 1 (lagging) + +Pta=Pa+Pma; // Total load active power requirement + +// Reactive power + +Pr=0; // Lighting +Pmr=Pma*tand(acosd(pfm)); // Motor +P1r=P1a*tand(acosd(pf1)); // Machine 1 + +P2a=Pta-P1a; // Active power by other machine +P2r=Pr+Pmr-P1r; // Reactive power by other machine + +pf2=cosd(atand(P2r/P2a)); // Power factor of other machine + +printf('The other machine supplies:\n') +printf(' A load of %g kw at a p.f of %g\n',P2a/1000,pf2) + diff --git a/1319/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/1319/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09eff853 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Determine the value of a shunt capacitor + +clc; +clear; + +V=440; // Line to line voltage +f=50; // Frequency of operation +w=2*%pi*f; // Angular frequency +Vph= V/sqrt(3); // Phase voltage +I=40; // Magnitude of current +pfi=0.7; // Lagging power factor of the current +ti=acosd(0.7); + +//Iv=I*(expm(%i*-1*%pi*ti/180)); + +// For pf = 0.7 +Pa=Vph*I*pfi; // Active power +Pr=Vph*I*sind(ti); // Reactive power + +// To gain a pf of 0.9 +pfn=0.9; +Pnr=Pa*tand(acosd(pfn)); // Reactive power at pf of 0.9 + +PRC=Pr-Pnr; // VArs supplied from the capacitor + +C=PRC/((Vph^2)*w); // Capacitance required to meet the condition + +printf('The value of the shunt capacitor should raise the pf to 0.9 = %g mF\n',C*1000) + diff --git a/1319/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/1319/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93f19e3a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Calculate the inductance of a choke to enable the lamp + +clc; +clear; + +P=500; // Power Rating of a discharge lamp +I=4; // Current drawn by the lamp +w=2*%pi*50; // Angular frequency + +Vdl=P/I; // Supply voltage for the proper working of the lamp +V=250; // AC supply voltage + +//According the Voltage triangle + +Vil=sqrt((V^2)-(Vdl^2)); // Voltage drop across inductor + +Xl=Vil/I; //Reactance +L=Xl/w; // Inductor + +Prl=(I^2)*Xl; // Reactive power requirement of the coke + +C=Prl/((V^2)*w); // Capacitor supplying the necessary reactive power + +printf('The inductance that should be connected in series with the lamp to make it work = %g mH\n',L*1000) +printf('The capacitor that should be connected in paralle to make the power factor unity = %g mF \n',C*1000) + + diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.jpg b/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a00b2096 Binary files /dev/null and b/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38f9a48e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Determine the size of the conductor for power and lighting circuit + +clc; +clear; + +P5=3*800; // Load wattage in 5A circuit +P15=2*1500;// Load wattage in 15 A circuit + +Pt=P5+P15; // Total Load + +// Assume a average of 0.8 pf, common for distribution systems + +pf=0.8; + +V=230; // Supply voltage + +I=Pt/(V*pf); // Current at 230 supply + +Isc=1.5*I; // Short Circuit Current + +printf('The Current is %g A and the short circuit current is %g A\n\n',I,Isc) +printf('From the result sheet provided along with this code,\n for aluminium wire the size of the conductor comes out to be 25 mm^2.\nIn fact for 43 A it is 16 mm^2 but we should always go for one higher size of the conductor\n and hence we select conductor of size 25 mm^2 or 7/2.24 mm.') +printf('\n \n Refer the table in the result sheet \n') + diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.jpg b/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a032d2e23 Binary files /dev/null and b/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f43a05e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Determine the size of the conductor at 25 m distance + +clc; +clear; + +V=230; // Supply Voltage +d=25; // Distance between mains and residence +I=5; // Supply current + +pvd=1+((2/100)*V); // Permissible Voltage drop + +// From the table given in the result sheet along with this code, Minimum size of wire for 10A + +A=1.5*(10^-6); + +dm=2.3; +Vd=d/dm; // Voltage drop at 10A + +Vd5=Vd/2; // Voltage drop at 5A + +//According to the table (Refer below) Permissible drop is 5.6 V + +printf('The pemissible voltage drop = %g V\n',pvd) +printf('The voltage drop at 5 A = %g V\n',Vd5) +printf('As the permissible drop is 5.6 volts \nand the conductor with 1.5 mm^2 section gives \nvoltage drop of 5.4 volts hence the suitable size is 1/1.40 mm.') +printf('\n \n Refer the table in the result sheet \n') diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.jpg b/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a032d2e23 Binary files /dev/null and b/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c1bf8e8a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Size of conductor to be used for wiring a 10 kW 400V 3 Phase induction motor + +clc; +clear; + +P=10*(10^3); // Power Rating +V=400; // Voltage Rating +f=50;// Frequency of operation + +// Assumptions Made +eff=85/100; // Efficiency +pf=0.8// Power Factor + +I=P/(sqrt(3)*V*eff*pf); // Current flowing in the conductor + +Is=2*I; //At the time of starting the induction motor may take 2 times the rated current + +printf('The Rated Current = %g A\n\n',I) +printf(' At the time of starting the induction motor may take\n 2 times the rated current and hence starting current = %g A \n\n',Is) + +printf(' From the table corresponding to 42.4 A that is 43 A\n the wire used is 7 /1. 7 mm or 16 mm^2.\n') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.1/i_1.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.1/i_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a20cc6220 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.1/i_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// To Compute the number of electrons. + +clc; +clear; + +I=(25)*(10^-3); +t=(30)*(10^-3); +C=I*t; +// 1C = 6.242*(10^18) +n= 6.242*(10^18); +e_s=C*n; +disp(e_s,'The Number Of Electrons passing through the person is' ) diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.10/i_10.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.10/i_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ece873e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.10/i_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Calculation of Current and power dissipated in resistors connected in series. + +clc; +clear; + +R1=100; +R2=200; +R3=300; + +Rt=R1+R2+R3; + +V=250; + +//Ohm's Law V=I*R + +I=V/Rt; + +// Power Loss Equation P=(I^2)*R + +P1=(I^2)*R1; +P2=(I^2)*R2; +P3=(I^2)*R3; + +Pt=P1+P2+P3; + +P=V*I; + +disp('ohms',Rt,'The total resistance in the circuit =') +disp('amperes',I,'The Current in the circuit =') +disp('watts',P1,'The power loss in the 100 ohms resistor =') +disp('watts',P2,'The power loss in the 200 ohms resistor =') +disp('watts',P3,'The power loss in the 300 ohms resistor =') +disp('watts',Pt,'The total power loss in the circuit =') +disp('watts',P,'The power loss in the circuit (using P=V*I ) =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.11/i_11.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.11/i_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fd86f5b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.11/i_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// To find the value of the unknown resitance in the series of resistances in a circuit. + +clc; +clear; + +R1=20; + +V=220; + +P=50; + +R=poly([0 1],'R','c'); +Rt=R1+R; + +I=V/Rt; + +A=(I^2)*R;// To get the characteristic eqaution to find R. +B=A-50; +C=B(2); + +rts=roots(C);// To find the two resistances + +R=round(10000.*rts)./10000;// Rounding off to four decimal points. + +Rt=R1+R;// Total resistance + +I=V./Rt;// Currents + +pow=(I.^2)*(R)'; + +power=diag(pow); + +disp(B(2),'The Characteristic polynomial to find resistance R equated to zero is') + +disp('ohms',R,'The solution of the above equation yields two resistances') + +disp('Now to check which resistance is suitable by finding out the power dissipated by each of them') + +disp('watts',power,'The Power dissipated by both the resistors are') + +disp('ohms',R(1),'From comparison with the given value (50 watts), We find that the suitable resistance is') + +// The higher resistance is preferred because it limits the amount of current, ( Please see the current ratings of the resistors (Heating effect)) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.12/i_12.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.12/i_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db2b5b2fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.12/i_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To Compute the resistor, when operating voltage is altered. + +clc; +clear; + +V=120; +P=100; + +Rd=(V^2)/P; + +Vr=80; // Reduced voltage + +Ir= Vr/Rd;// Reduced current + +Rt=V/Ir; // The Total Resistance required to circulate the reduced current. + +Re= Rt-Rd; // External resistance required. + +disp('ohms',Re,'The external resistance required to be connected in series to operate at 80V') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.13/i_13.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.13/i_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b02629f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.13/i_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// To Determine the voltage and branch currents in a cicuit with resistors connected in parallel + +clc; +clear; + +R1=750; +R2=600; +R3=200; + +C1=1/R1; +C2=1/R2; +C3=1/R3; + +C= C1+C2+C3;// Total Conductance + +I=1; + +// 1/C is total resistance R, We use Ohm's Law to find the voltage applied. + +V=I/C;// V=I*R + +// Branch Currents +I1=V/R1; +I2=V/R2; +I3=V/R3; + +disp('volts',V,'The applied voltage = ') +disp('amperes',I1,'The Current through 750 ohm Resistor =') +disp('amperes',I1,'The Current through 600 ohm Resistor =') +disp('amperes',I1,'The Current through 200 ohm Resistor =') +disp('amperes, Hence Verified.',(I1+I2+I3),'The Total Current through the circuit =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.14/i_14.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.14/i_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ab7f01be --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.14/i_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// To determine resistances in parallel. + +clc; +clear; + +I=25; +V=200; +P1=1500; + +// Voltage remains the same in both the coils. +// Power Equation and Ohm's Law is being incorporated. + +I1=P1/V; + +R1=V/I1; + +I2=I-I1; + +R2= V/I2; + +disp('ohms',R1,'The resistance of coil 1 =') +disp('ohms',R2,'The resistance of coil 2 =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.15/i_15.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.15/i_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a29f4e0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.15/i_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// To determine the currents in parallel branches of a network. + +clc; +clear; + +I=40; + +R1=20; +R2=60; + +//Current Divider equation I1= I*(R2/(R1+R2)) + +I1=I*(R2/(R1+R2)); +I2=I*(R1/(R1+R2)); + +disp('A',I1,'The Current in the 20 ohm branch =') +disp('A',I2,'The Current in the 60 ohm branch =') + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.16/i_16.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.16/i_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8afc3ba3c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.16/i_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// To determine current through each resistor in series and parallel combinational circuit + +clc; +clear; + +R=10; +R1=20; +R2=30; + +// R is the resistance in series with the parallel combination of R1 and R2. + +V=100; + +Reff=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); + +Rt=R+Reff; + +I=V/Rt; + +V1=I*R; // Voltage drop across 10 ohm resistor. + +I1=I*(R2/(R1+R2)); +I2=I*(R1/(R1+R2)); + +disp('ohms',Rt,'The total resistance of the network =') +disp('A',I,'The current through 10 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',I1,'The current through 20 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',I2,'The current through 30 ohm resistor =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.17/i_17.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.17/i_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf838785f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.17/i_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// To calculate current in each branch of the given network. + +clc; +clear; + + +// Refer diagram (a) in the book + +R1=6;// one of the resistance between a and b +R2=3;// one of the resistance between a and b +R3=8;// resistance between c and a +R4=15;// resistance in the middle branch +R5=4;// resistance between d and e + +V=40; + +Rab=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2);// Effective resistance between a and b + +Rcb= Rab+R3;// Effective resistance of the top branch between c and b + +Reff=(Rcb*R4)/(Rcb+R4); + +Rt=Reff+R5; + +I=V/Rt; + +I1=I*(Rcb/(Rcb+R4)); + +I2=I*(R4/(Rcb+R4)); + +I3=I2*(R2/(R1+R2)); + +I4=I2*(R1/(R1+R2)); + +disp('amperes',I,'The current through 4 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',I1,'The current through 15 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',I2,'The current through 8 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',I4,'The current through 3 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',I3,'The current through 6 ohm resistor =') + + + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.18/i_18.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.18/i_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe0e5d0dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.18/i_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// To determine the current using loop analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations +//6*i1-2*i2=30 +//-2*i1+6*i2=-40 + +R=[6 -2;-2 6]; +E=[30;-40]; + +//The Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; // Matrix Method to solve for two unknowns in two eaquations. + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=i1-i2; + +disp('A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed.') + +if(i1<0); + i1=abs(i1); +end + +if(i2<0); + i2=abs(i2); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 30V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 40V side =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor =') + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.19/i_19.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.19/i_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b113ae9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.19/i_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// To calculate current in each branch using loop analysis. + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations for the given network. +//3*i1-i2+0*i3=11 +//-i1+10*i2-2*i3=0 +//0*i1+-2*i2+5*i3=13 + +//Voltage supplies are 11V and 13V + +R=[3 -1 0;-1 10 -2; 0 -2 5]; +E=[11;0;13]; + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +ia=i1-i2; // Assumed direction from Mesh 1 +ib=i2-i3; // Assumed direction from Mesh 2 + +disp('A',ib,'ib (through 2 resistor between 7 ohm and 3 ohm resistor) =','A',ia,'ia(through 1 ohm resistor) =','A',i3,'i3 =','A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed') + +// To obtain the magnitude of direction. + +if(i1<0) + i1=abs(i1); +end +if(i2<0) + i2=abs(i2); +end +if(i3<0) + i3=abs(i3); +end +if(ia<0) + ia=abs(ia); +end +if(ib<0) + ib=abs(ib); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor on the 11V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 7 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 3 ohm resistor on the 13V side =') +disp('A',ia,'The Current through 1 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',ib,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor between the 7 and 3 ohm resistors =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.2/i_2.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.2/i_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..244083f54 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.2/i_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Compute Average lighting current +clc; +clear; + +q=20; +t=(10)*(10^-3); + +// Coulomb's Law + +I=q/t; + +disp('amperes',I,'The Average Lightning current =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.20/i_20.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.20/i_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2e6cfa8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.20/i_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +// To calculate current in each branch using loop analysis and point voltages in a given network. + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations for the given network. +//3.95*i1-3.75*i2+0*i3=120 +//-3.75*i1+9.5*i2-5.45*i3=0 +//0*i1-5.45*i2+5.55*i3=-110 + +// Positive of 120V DC supply connected to 0.2 ohm resistor +// Positive of 110 DC supply connected to 0.1 ohm resistor + +//Voltage supplies are 120V and 110V + +R=[3.95 -3.75 0;-3.75 9.5 -5.45; 0 -5.45 5.55]; +E=[120;0;-110]; + +R1=abs(R(2)); // Resistor carrying ia +R2=abs(R(8)); // Resistor carrying ib + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +ia=i1-i2; // Assumed direction from Mesh 1 +ib=i2-i3; // Assumed direction from Mesh 2 + +// Using Nodal Analysis to find V1 and V2. +V1=R1*ia; +V2=R2*ib; + +disp('A',ib,'ib (through 2 resistor between 7 ohm and 3 ohm resistor) =','A',ia,'ia(through 1 ohm resistor) =','A',i3,'i3 =','A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed') + +// To obtain the magnitude of direction. + +if(i1<0) + i1=abs(i1); +end +if(i2<0) + i2=abs(i2); +end +if(i3<0) + i3=abs(i3); +end +if(ia<0) + ia=abs(ia); +end +if(ib<0) + ib=abs(ib); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 0.2 ohm resistor on the 120V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 0.3 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 0.1 ohm resistor on the 110V side =') +disp('A',ia,'The Current through 3.75 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',ib,'The Current through 5.45 ohm resistor =') + +disp('V',V1,'The voltage V1 =') +disp('V',V2,'The voltage V2 =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.21/i_21.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.21/i_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca2c552d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.21/i_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// To calculate current from a battery and pd across points A and B + +clc; +clear; + +// Resistances in the given network +R1=4; +R2=2; +R3=3; +R4=6; +R5=8; + +// MESH Equations +//9*i1-5*i2=10 +//-5*i1+19*i2=0 + +// Supply voltage 10V + +R=[(R1+R2+R3) -(R2+R3); -(R2+R3) (R2+R3+R4+R5)]; +V=[10;0]; + +//Loop Currents +I=inv(R)*V; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +i3=i1-i2; // From Mesh 1 + +// Point Voltages +Va=i3*R3; +Vb=i2*R5; + +disp('amperes',abs(i1),'The current through 4 ohm resistor and the battery =') +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The current through 6 ohm and 8 ohm resistors =') +disp('amperes',abs(i3),'The current through 2 ohm and 3 ohm resistors =') + +disp('volts',abs(Va),'The voltage at point A =') +disp('volts',abs(Vb),'The voltage at point B =') +disp('volts',(Va-Vb),'The voltage across Points A and B =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.22/i_22.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.22/i_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..134830d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.22/i_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Determine Current through branch AB of the given network + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations +// 4*i1-2*i2+0*i3=10 +// -2*i1+6*i2-2*i3=0 +//0*i1-2*i2+6*i3=0 + +//Supply Voltage is 10V (Note printing mistake) + +R=[4 -2 0;-2 6 -2; 0 -2 6]; +V=[10;0;0]; + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*V; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The current through branch AB of the network =') + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.23/i_23.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.23/i_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c99e838 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.23/i_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Determine the current in the branches of the network using nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// Supply voltages +V1=30; +V2=40; + +// Resistances in the network +R1=4; +R2=2; +R3=4; + +Vb=poly([0 1],'Vb','c'); + +AD=(V1-Vb)/R1; +BD=(V2-Vb)/R3; +CD=Vb/R2; + +X=AD+BD-CD; + +disp('The Characterictic Equation to find Vb is') + +disp(CD,'=',AD,' +',BD) + +Vb=roots(X);// Stores the numerical value of Vb + +i1=(V1-Vb)/R1; +i2=(V2-Vb)/R3; +i3=Vb/R2; + +disp('amperes',i1,'Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 30V supply side =') +disp('amperes',i2,'Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 40V supply side =') +disp('amperes',i3,'Current through 2 ohm resistor =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.24/i_24.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.24/i_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c24465273 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.24/i_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// To Calculate current in all branches of the network shown using nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// Nodal Equations +//13*Va-4*Vb=300 +//-Va+4*Vb=120 + +X=[13 -4;-1 4]; +V=[300;120]; + +E=inv(X)*V; + +Va=E(1); +Vb=E(2); + +i1=(100-Va)/20; +i2=(Va-Vb)/15; +i3=(Va/10); +i4=(Vb/10); +i5=(80-Vb)/10; + +disp('V',Vb,'Voltage Vb =','V',Va,'Voltage Va =') + +disp('The Branch Currents as calculated are') +disp(i5,'i5',i4,'i4',i3,'i3',i2,'i2',i1,'i1') +disp('amperes respectively') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current must be reveresed') + +disp('amperes',abs(i1),'The Current through 20 ohm resistor on the 100V side =') +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The Current through 15 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',abs(i3),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor (AE) =') +disp('amperes',abs(i4),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor (BE) =') +disp('amperes',abs(i5),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor on the 80V side =') + + diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.3/i_3.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.3/i_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b37ff918 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.3/i_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// To Calculate the average voltage. +clc; +clear; + +W=500; +I=40; +t=15*(10^-3); + +V=W/(I*t); + +disp('volts',V,'The Average volatage across the terminals of the device =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.4/i_4.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.4/i_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..912beb4f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.4/i_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Calculating resistance. +clc; +clear; + +L=2.5*(10^-2); // Length of rectangular cross-section. +B=0.05*(10^-2);// Breadth of rectangular cross-section. +A=L*B; + +l=1*(10^3); + +p=1.724*(10^-8); + +R=p*l/A; + +disp('ohms',R,'The Resistance of the copper strip =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.5/i_5.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.5/i_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0105e964a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.5/i_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Current Calculation using ohm's law. +clc; +clear; + +V=220; +R=80; + +// Using Ohm's Law V=I*R + +I=V/R; + +disp('amperes',I,'The Load Current =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.6/i_6.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.6/i_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfa79aa00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.6/i_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Determination of conductance of a short circuit + +clc; +clear; + +V=120; +I=500; + +G=I/V; + +disp('siemens',G,'The Conductance =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.7/i_7.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.7/i_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2b9785e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.7/i_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Power Rating Calculation + +clc; +clear; + +V=250; +I=15; + +// Power Equation or Watt's Law P=V*I. + +P=V*I; + +disp('watts',P,'The power rating of the device =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.8/i_8.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.8/i_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13dc21584 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.8/i_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//To calculate current ratings and maximum voltage of a rated resistor. + +clc; +clear; + +P=1; +R=10*(10^3); + +// Using Power Equation and Ohm's Law. + +V=sqrt(P*R); + +I=sqrt(P/R); + +disp('volts',V,'The Maximum voltage of the resistor =') + +disp('amperes',I,'The Current rating of the resistor =') diff --git a/1319/CH12/EX12.9/i_9.sce b/1319/CH12/EX12.9/i_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..749b5aabf --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH12/EX12.9/i_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Determine the output of the motor. + +clc; +clear; + +eff=80/100; + +V=220; +I=8; + +// Power Equation P=V*I + +P=V*I;// Input Power + +Pout=eff*P;// Output Power + +disp('watts',Pout,'The output power of the motor =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.1/ii_1.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.1/ii_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08cdeeb8b --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.1/ii_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Computing Induced EMF +clc; +clear; + +l=0.5; +v=50; +b=1; + +// Angles +x=90; +y=30; +z=0; + +// EMFs + +e1=b*l*v*(sind(x)); +e2=b*l*v*(sind(y)); +e3=b*l*v*(sind(z)); + +disp('volts',e1,'i) The Induced EMF perpendicular to the field') +disp('volts',e2,'ii) The Induced EMF at an angle 30 degrees to the field') +disp('volts',e3,'iii)The Induced EMF parallel to the field') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.10/ii_10.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.10/ii_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb2394805 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.10/ii_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Change in Inductance +clc; +clear; + +L=120*(10^-3); +N=1000; +mr=75; +Nr=200; +Nc=N-Nr; + +// Inductance directly proportional to the product of the square of turns and the relative permeability + +Lc= L*((Nc/N)^2)*75; + +disp('H',Lc,'The New value of inductance =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.11/ii_11.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.11/ii_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe2205d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.11/ii_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Compute Current +clc; +clear; + +i=3; +L=10; +t=20*(10^-3); +V=20*(10^3); + +E=L*i*i/2; + +P=E/t; + +I=P/V; + +disp('amperes',I,'The Current in the spark plug =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.12/ii_12.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.12/ii_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2104364cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.12/ii_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// To determine Mutual and Self Inductances + +clc; +clear; + +K=0.8; +I1=3; +flux1=0.4*(10^-3); +E2=85; +t=3*(10^-3); +N1=300; + +L1=N1*flux1/I1; + +M= E2*t/I1; + +L2=(((M/K)^2)/L1); + +flux2=K*flux1; + +N2=(M*I1/flux2); + +disp('H',L1,'The inductance of coil 1'); +disp('H',L2,'The inductance of coil 2'); +disp('H',M,'The inductance between the coils'); +disp('Turns',N2,'The number of turns of coil 2'); diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.13/ii_13.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.13/ii_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddef35f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.13/ii_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Computation of Mutual and self inducatances + +clc; +clear; + +n1=600; +i1=2.5; +flux1=0.4*(10^-3); +flux2=0.8*(10^-3); +n2=2000; +tflux=flux1+flux2; + +L1=n1*tflux/i1; + +K=flux2/tflux; + +M=n2*flux2/i1; + +L2=((M/K)^2)/L1; + +disp('H',L1,'The self inductance of coil 1= ') +disp('H',L2,'The self inductance of coil 2= ') + +disp('(Note the accuracy of the answer.)') +disp('H',M,'The Mutual inductance of both coils= ') +disp(K,'The coupling co-efficient') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.14/ii_14.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.14/ii_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3b6a030c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.14/ii_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// EMF induced in coils parallel to each other + +clc; +clear; + +Nx=1000; +Ix=5; +flux1=0.05*(10^-3); +di=12; +dt=10^-2; +K=60/100; + +Lx= Nx*flux1/Ix; + +// Since two coils are identical, Both will have equal self inductances. + +Ly=Lx; + +M=K*sqrt(Lx*Ly); + +Ey=M*di/dt; + +disp('volts',Ey,'The EMF induced by the coil Y =') +disp('H',Lx,'The Self Inductance of Coil X= ') +disp('H',Ly,'The Self Inductance of Coil X= ') +disp('H',M,'The Mutual Inductance of Coils') + diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.15/ii_15.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.15/ii_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9d85088a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.15/ii_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//To Compute the maximum flux set by an coil. + +clc; +clear; + +L1=0.5; +L2=1; +K=0.8; + +N2=1500; + +M=K*sqrt(L1*L2); +i1=20; + +theta=poly(0,'t'); + +fact=derivat(theta);// Derivative of the time factor(Linear function of 't'). + +omega=314;// The Angular Frequency Factor + +v2=M*fact*omega*i1;// Maximum Coil 2 Voltage + +disp('cos 314t V',v2,'The Voltage Across Coil 2= ') + +dflx=v2/N2; + +Mxflux=(dflx/omega)*(1/fact); + + +disp('sin 314t Wb',Mxflux,'The flux setup by Coil 1= ') + +disp('Wb',Mxflux,'The Maximum Flux Setup by Coil 1= ') + + + diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.16/ii_16.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.16/ii_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..748f0f931 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.16/ii_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Compute Loss of energy + +clc; +clear; + +w=10; +f=50;// 50 cycles in a second. + +ls_vol=250; + +density=7.5;// Density in gm/cm^3 + +d= density*(10^6)/(10^3); + +vol=w/d; + +ls_cycle= ls_vol*vol; + +ls_sec= ls_cycle*50; + +ls_hr= ls_sec*3600; + +disp('joules',ls_hr,'The Loss of energy per hour of an iron loop') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.17/ii_17.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.17/ii_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35da213ba --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.17/ii_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Determining Hysteresis loss +clc; +clear; + +fluxmax=1.5; + +x=15/(10^-2); +y=1; + +f=50; + +a=x*y;// loss for one centimetre square. + +area=0.6;// in centimetre square. + +hy_ls= area*a; + +vol=1500*(10^-6); + +hyls_cycle= vol*hy_ls; + +hyls_sec= hyls_cycle*f; + +disp('watts',hyls_sec,'The Hysteresis loss =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.18/ii_18.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.18/ii_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04c2d8efb --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.18/ii_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Compute the Loss per Kg at a particular frequency. +clc; +clear; + +hy_ls=4.9; +f1=50; +maxflux=1; + +density=7.5; + +d=density*(10^6)/(10^3); + +hy_ls_cycle= hy_ls*d/f1; + +n=hy_ls_cycle/((maxflux)^1.7); + +disp(n,'i) The value of the Co-Efficient= ' ) + +mflux2=1.8; + +f2=25; + +hy_ls2=hy_ls*(f2/f1)*((1.8)^1.7); + +disp('watt/kg',hy_ls2,'ii) The Loss per kg at 25Hz and 1.8 Wb per square metre= ') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.19/ii_19.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.19/ii_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff987658 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.19/ii_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Theory Based Proof relation between self mutual inductances + +clc; +clear; + +disp('L1=((N1)^2)*Mo*A/l') +disp('L2=((N2)^2)*Mo*A/l') +disp('R=l/(Mo*A)') + +disp('L1=((N1)^2)/R)') +disp('L2=((N2)^2)/R)') + +disp('M=K*((L1*L2)^(1/2))') + +disp('(Substituting L1 and L2 in the above equation)') + +disp('M=K*N1*N2/R') +disp('Hence Proved') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.2/ii_2.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.2/ii_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15f6d8916 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.2/ii_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Computing InstantaneousInduced EMF +clc; +clear; + +l=0.2; +n=1000; +b=0.5; +r=l/2; +t=200; + +//Number of conductors +c=2*t; + +//Velocity Equation. +v=2*(%pi)*r*1000/60; + +// Angles +x=90; +y=30; +z=0; + +// EMFs + +e1=c*b*l*v*(sind(90-x)); +e2=c*b*l*v*(sind(90-y)); +e3=c*b*l*v*(sind(90-z)); + +disp('volts',e1,'i) The Induced EMF perpendicular to the field') +disp('volts',e2,'ii) The Induced EMF at an angle 30 degrees to the field') +disp('volts',e3,'iii)The Induced EMF parallel to the field') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.3/ii_3.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.3/ii_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f9c1e8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.3/ii_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// EMF Induced between wing tips. +clc; +clear; + +l=6.1; +vel=800; +v=vel*1000/3600; +b=(50)*(10^-6); +e=b*l*v; + +disp('volts',e,'The EMF induced between the wing tips=') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.4/ii_4.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.4/ii_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57072681a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.4/ii_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// EMF generated due to a bar magnet. +clc; +clear; + +b=(300)*(10^-6); +N=500; +t=(1/10); + +// Faraday's LAW. + +e=b*N/t; + +disp('volts',e,'The EMF generated between the coil ends =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.5/ii_5.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.5/ii_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf98d1492 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.5/ii_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//EMF induced between two coils in a circular iron core +clc; +clear; + +area= 5*(10^-4); +l=0.5; + +na=200; +nb=500; + +dI=15; +dt=(1/10); + +mr=250; +mo= 4*%pi*(10^-7); + +mfa=na*dI; + +H=mfa/l; + +B=mo*mr*H; + +// Flux Linked + +flux=B*area; + +eb=nb*flux/dt; + +disp('volts',eb,'The Induced EMF by coil B =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.6/ii_6.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.6/ii_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e518c8f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.6/ii_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Force on the conductor due to a uniform magentic field +clc; +clear; + +l=0.5; +B=0.12; +I=15; + +F=B*I*l; + +disp('N',F,'The Force on the conductor =') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.7/ii_7.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.7/ii_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9258ec20b --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.7/ii_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// To determine force between single phase bus bars + +clc; +clear; + +eload=10^7; +voltage=15*(10^3); + +mo=4*%pi*(10^-7); + +l=1; +r=0.3; + +//Normally + +I=eload/voltage; +F=mo*I*I*l/(2*%pi*r); + +//Short Circuit + +Isc=10*I; +Fsc=mo*Isc*Isc*l/(2*%pi*r); + +disp('N',F,'i) Force per metre under normal condition =') +disp('N',Fsc,'ii) Force per metre under short circuit condition =') + diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.8/ii_8.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.8/ii_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f14f6b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.8/ii_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// To Compute the Maximum Induced EMF + +clc; +clear; + +T=1/50; +fluxmax=0.02; +N=100; + +flux= fluxmax*(poly([1 -4/T],'t','c'));// Flux Equation under consideration. + +e=N*(-1)*derivat(flux); + +disp('volts',e,'The Maximum induced EMF= ') diff --git a/1319/CH13/EX13.9/ii_9.sce b/1319/CH13/EX13.9/ii_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa37a01dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH13/EX13.9/ii_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Compute Inductance and EMF induced +clc; +clear; + +d=0.25; +l=%pi*d; +n=1000; +area=6.25*(10^-4); +I=200; +mo=4*%pi*(10^-7); + +L=mo*area*n*n/l; + +V=L*I; + +disp('H',L,'The Inductance of toriod') +disp('volts',V,'The Induced EMF in the toriod') + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe0e5d0dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// To determine the current using loop analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations +//6*i1-2*i2=30 +//-2*i1+6*i2=-40 + +R=[6 -2;-2 6]; +E=[30;-40]; + +//The Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; // Matrix Method to solve for two unknowns in two eaquations. + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=i1-i2; + +disp('A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed.') + +if(i1<0); + i1=abs(i1); +end + +if(i2<0); + i2=abs(i2); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 30V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 40V side =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor =') + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3fa84967 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Using thevenin theorem determine current through 2 ohm resistor + +clc; +clear; + +// Characteristic equation to find Vth +// 14i1+12i2 = 2 +// 12i1+16i2 = 4 + +// Resistors in the circuit in order from the 2V side +R1=2; +R2=12; +R3=1; +R4=3; + +// Voltage Sources +V1=2; +V2=4; + +Z=[14 12; 12 16]; // Resistance Matrix +V=[V1; V2]; // Voltage Matrix + +I=inv(Z)*V; // Current Matrix + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +Vth=V2-(i2*R4); + +Reff= R3 +((R1*R2)/(R1+R2)); + +Zth= Reff*R4/(Reff+R4); + +Zl=2; // Resistor Connected between AB + +Current = Vth/(Zth+Zl); // Current Through 2 ohm resistor + +printf('The Current through 2 ohm resistor connected across AB = %g A\n',Current) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b81674ece --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//To find the current through the branch AB + +clc; +clear; + +Zl=2; // Resistor Across AB + +// Voltage Sources +V1=20; +V2=10; + +//Resistances in order as seen from 20 V side exculding the resistance between A and B +R1=2; +R2=2; +R3=2; +R4=4; +R5=4; + +// Characteristic Equation +//10i1-4i2 =10 +//-4i1+8i2 =10 + +Z=[10 -4; -4 8]; // Resistance Matrix +V=[10;10]; // Effective Voltages Matrix +I=inv(Z)*V; // Current Matrix +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +Vth=V1-(i1*(R1+R2)); + +Reff=R4*R5/(R4+R5); // Effective resistance of R4 and R5 (Parallel) +Rt1=Reff+R3; // Effective Resistance on right side of AB +Rt2=R1+R2; // Effective Resistance on left side of AB +Zth=Rt1*Rt2/(Rt1+Rt2); + +Current= Vth/(Zl+Zth); // Current Through branch AB + +printf('The Current through branch AB = %g A\n',Current) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bccde23a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Determine current through various values of RL + +clc; +clear; + +Rl=[0 2 5]; // Resistance Vector + +//Resistances of the circuit in order from the 40V side. +R1=4; +R2=6; +R3=5; + +//Voltage Source +V=40; + +i=V/(R1+R2); + +Vth=i*R2; + +Rth=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)); + +Cur=(Rth+Rl)/Vth; // Reciprocal of current + +printf(' The Current through the Resistance RL = %g, %g, %g ohm is %g A, %g A, %g A respectively \n',Rl(1),Rl(2),Rl(3),1/Cur(1),1/Cur(2),1/Cur(3)) + + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ca763a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Current through AB using Nortons theorem + +clc; +clear; + +// Resitances in order from the 2V side +R1=2; +R2=12; +R3=1; +R4=3; + +// Voltage Sources +V1=2; +V2=4; + +//Using Superposition principle +Iab1=V2/R4; +I1=V1/(R1+(R2*R3/(R2+R3))); // Current drawn from 2V supply +Iab2=I1*R2/(R1+R2); + +Iab=Iab1+Iab2; // Current source + +Reff= R3 +((R1*R2)/(R1+R2)); + +Zth= Reff*R4/(Reff+R4); + +Zl=2; // Resistor Connected between AB + +Current=Iab*(Zth/(Zth+2)); // Current through branch AB + +// Errorless Calculation, In the textbook approximations are done +printf('The Current through 2 ohm resistor in branch AB = %g A\n',Current) + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3ed1bd6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//To determine current in RL using nortons theorem + +clc; +clear; + +//Resistances of the circuit in order from the 40V side. +R1=4; +R2=6; +R3=5; + +//Voltage Source +V=40; + +I=V/(R1+(R2*R3/(R2+R3))); + +Ieq=I*(R2/(R2+R3)); + +Rth=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)); + +Rl=[0 2 5]; + +Req=Rth+Rl; // Sum of resistances of Rth and each of Rl + +//Currents for different values of Rl +I0=Ieq*Rth/Req(1); +I2=Ieq*Rth/Req(2); +I5=Ieq*Rth/Req(3); + +printf('The Current through the resistance RL = %g ohms is %g A\n',Rl(1),I0) +printf('The Current through the resistance RL = %g ohms is %g A\n',Rl(2),I2) +printf('The Current through the resistance RL = %g ohms is %g A\n',Rl(3),I5) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b21544e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// To find current across 2ohm resistor using nortons theorem + +clc; +clear; + +Zl=2; // Resistor Across AB + +// Voltage Sources +V1=20; +V2=10; + +//Resistances in order as seen from 20 V side exculding the resistance between A and B +R1=2; +R2=2; +R3=2; +R4=4; +R5=4; + +Reff=R4*R5/(R4+R5); // Effective resistance of R4 and R5 (Parallel) +Rt1=Reff+R3; // Effective Resistance on right side of AB +Rt2=R1+R2; // Effective Resistance on left side of AB +Zth=Rt1*Rt2/(Rt1+Rt2); + +// Using superpostion theorem +Iab1=V1/(R1+R2); // Current supplied to AB from 20V source +I1=V2/(R4+(R3*R5/(R3+R5)));// Current supplied from 10V source to the network +Iab2=I1*(R5/(R3+R5)); // Current supplied to AB from 10V Source + +Iab=Iab1+Iab2; // Current Source + +I=Iab*(Zth/(Zth+Zl)); + +printf('The current through branch AB flowing in the 2 ohm resistor = %g A\n',I) + + + + + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a21c59c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To determine the current in the 2 ohm resistor using superposition theorem + +clc; +clear; + +// Voltage Sources +V1=5; +V2=10; + +// Since both Voltage sources are connected in parallel and are unequal +R1=%inf; // As seen by 5V Source +R2=%inf; // As seen by 10V Source + +I1=V1/R1; // Current Drawn from 5V supply +I2=V2/R2; // Current Drawn from 10V supply + +I=I1+I2; // Current through 2 ohms resistor + +printf('The Current flowing in the 2 ohm resistor = %g A\n',I) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef0157c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//To determine the value of RL for Max power transfer + +clc; +clear; + +Vs=10/sqrt(2); // RMS Value of Voltage + +//Resistances of the circuit from the Source side +R1=10; +R2=15; +R3=20; +R4=5; +R5=10; + +Ref1=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)); +Ref2=R5+(Ref1*R4/(Ref1+R4)); + +Rab=Ref2; + +// Characteristic Loop Equation of the first two loops for current flowing in clockwise direction +//25i1-15i2 = 10/(2^0.5) +//-15i1+40i2 = 0 + +Z=[10 25;-15 40]; +V=[Vs;0]; +I=inv(Z)*V; +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +Vth=i2*R4; + +Powtrns=(Vth^2)/(4*Rab); + +printf('The value of resistance RL for maximum power transfer = %g ohms\n',Rab) +printf('The value of power transfered = %g mW\n',Powtrns*1000) + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24798079e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Star to delta conversion of a cicuit + +clc; +clear; + +Zp=5; +Zq=10; +Zr=%i*10; + +Zpq=((Zp*Zq)+(Zq*Zr)+(Zr*Zp))/Zr; +Zqr=((Zp*Zq)+(Zq*Zr)+(Zr*Zp))/Zp; +Zrp=((Zp*Zq)+(Zq*Zr)+(Zr*Zp))/Zq; + +printf(' Delta Equivalent : \n') +printf(' Zpq = %g + j(%g) ohm \n',real(Zpq),imag(Zpq)) +printf(' Zqr = %g + j(%g) ohm \n',real(Zqr),imag(Zqr)) +printf(' Zrp = %g + j(%g) ohm \n',real(Zrp),imag(Zrp)) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b43a8bf2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Star Equivalent of the delta circuit + +clc; +clear; + +Z12=%i*5; +Z23=%i*-5; +Z31=%i*5; + +Z1=(Z12*Z31)/(Z12+Z23+Z31); +Z2=(Z12*Z23)/(Z12+Z23+Z31); +Z3=(Z23*Z31)/(Z12+Z23+Z31); + +printf('Star Equivalent :\n') +disp('ohms',Z1,'Z1 =') +disp('ohms',Z2,'Z2 =') +disp('ohms',Z3,'Z3 =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b113ae9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// To calculate current in each branch using loop analysis. + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations for the given network. +//3*i1-i2+0*i3=11 +//-i1+10*i2-2*i3=0 +//0*i1+-2*i2+5*i3=13 + +//Voltage supplies are 11V and 13V + +R=[3 -1 0;-1 10 -2; 0 -2 5]; +E=[11;0;13]; + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +ia=i1-i2; // Assumed direction from Mesh 1 +ib=i2-i3; // Assumed direction from Mesh 2 + +disp('A',ib,'ib (through 2 resistor between 7 ohm and 3 ohm resistor) =','A',ia,'ia(through 1 ohm resistor) =','A',i3,'i3 =','A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed') + +// To obtain the magnitude of direction. + +if(i1<0) + i1=abs(i1); +end +if(i2<0) + i2=abs(i2); +end +if(i3<0) + i3=abs(i3); +end +if(ia<0) + ia=abs(ia); +end +if(ib<0) + ib=abs(ib); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor on the 11V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 7 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 3 ohm resistor on the 13V side =') +disp('A',ia,'The Current through 1 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',ib,'The Current through 2 ohm resistor between the 7 and 3 ohm resistors =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38ba8cf23 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To determine equivalent resistance using star-delta transformation + +clc; +clear; + +Rax=30; +Rcx=30; +Rac=30; +Ray=30; +Rcy=30; + +// Delta to star conversion of the triangle CAX in the circuit +Rx=Rax*Rcx/(Rax+Rcx+Rac); +Ra=Rax*Rac/(Rax+Rcx+Rac); +Rc=Rac*Rcx/(Rax+Rcx+Rac); + +R1=Ra+Ray;// Resistance from the common to Y of the upper limb +R2=Rc+Rcy;// Resistance from the common to Y of the lower limb + +Reff=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // Effective resistance of both the limbs + +Rxy=Rx+Reff; // Effective resistance across X and Y + +printf('The Equivalent resistance = %g ohms\n',Rxy) + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc29e39cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +// Determine current through branch AB using loop and nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +Is=4; // Current Source +//Resistances +Rab=2; +R1=4;// After point B towards the right +R2=1; + +V=10; // Voltage source + +//Using Simple Logic +i1=Is; // Current source connected in series with resistor +i2=10/(R1+R2); + +printf('The Current through branch AB: \n') +printf('i) Simple Logic = %g A\n',i1) + +//Using Loop Analysis + +//Conversion of Current source into voltage source, R tends to infinity + +R=poly(0,'R'); + +Rmat=[R+2 0; 0 5]; +Vmat=[(4*R)-V;V]; +Imat=inv(Rmat)*Vmat; +printf('\nii) Loop Analysis\n') +disp(Imat(1,1),'The current through AB is') +printf('\nWhere R tends to infinity\n') + +R=%inf; +i1=(4-(V/R))/(1+(Rab/R)); +printf('\n = %g A\n',i1) + +// Using Nodal Analysis +// Conversion of voltage source into current source, R then tends to zero + +R=poly(0,'R'); + +// Nodal Eqaution +//0.5V1-0.5V2+0V3 = 4 +//-0.5V1+(0.75+(1/R))V2-0.25V3 = 10/R +//0V1-0.25V2+1.25V3=0 + +Y=[0.5 -0.5 0;-0.5 (0.75+(1/R)) -0.25;0 -0.25 1.25]; // Admittance Matrix +Im=[4; (10/R); 0] ; // Current Matrix +Vm=inv(Y)*Im; // Voltage Matrix +V1=Vm(1,1); +V2=Vm(2,1); +V3=Vm(3,1); + +DiffV=V1-V2; + +printf('\niii) Nodal Analysis:\n') +disp(V2,'V2:',V1,'V1:') +Vdiff=roots(DiffV(2)-R); // To change data type +disp(DiffV,'V1-V2 :') +In=Vdiff/Rab; // Current due to nodal analysis + +printf('\n The Current Through 2 ohm resistor = %g A\n',In ) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9298b47b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Current through 2 ohm resistor given a current source + +clc; +clear; + +Is=2; // Current Source + +//Resistors connected directly to the current source +Rs1=0.5; +Rs2=0.5; + +//Resistors in various branches starting from the top +R1=1; +R2=1; +R3=2; + +//Conversion to voltage sources +V1=Rs1*Is; // Voltage across first half of the branch +V2=Rs2*Is; // Voltage across second half of the branch + +// Voltage sources in the circuit +V3=1; +V4=2; + +//Characteristic Equations +//2.5i1-1i2 = 2 +//-1i1+3.5i2 = 2 + +R=[2.5 -1; -1 3.5]; // Resistor Vector +V=[(V1+V3);(V2+V4-V3)]; // Voltage Vector +I=inv(R)*V; // Current Vector +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +printf('The Current through the 2 ohm resistor = %g A\n',i2) + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..302835de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//To find voltage v and current through 3 ohm resistor using nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +V=poly(0,'V'); + +Va=8-V; +Vb=-6; + +//Resistors in order from the 8V side +R1=1; +R2=2; +R3=3; +R4=4; + +// Nodal Analysis + +X=((8-Va)/R1)+((Vb-Va)/R3)-((Va-(4*V))/R2); // Characteristic equation to find V + +V=roots(X); + +Va=8-V; + +I=(Vb-Va)/3; + +printf('i) The Voltage V (across 1 ohm resistor) is %g V\n',V) + +if(imag(sqrt(I))) // Condition to check for negative sign + printf('ii) The Current through 3 ohm resistor is %g A flowing from A to B\n',abs(I)) +else +printf('ii) The Current through 3 ohm resistor is %g A flowing from B to A\n',abs(I)) +end + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaeac56b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Determine the current through 10 ohm resistor using thevenins circuit + +clc; +clear; + +//Source Voltages +V1=10; +V2=2; + +// Resistances of upper limb +R1=15; +R2=25; + +//Resistances of lower limb + +R3=30; +R4=20; + +//For a thevenin circuit +i1=(V1-V2)/(R1+R2); // Current in upper limb +i2=V1/(R3+R4); // Current in lower limb + +Vac=(i1*R2)+2; +Vbc=(i2*R4); + +Vab=Vac-Vbc; // Thevenin Voltage + +Vth=Vab; +Zl=10; // Load resistance + +Reff1=(R1*R2/(R2+R1)); +Reff2=(R3*R4/(R3+R4)); + +Zth=Reff1+Reff2; + +I=Vth/(Zl+Zth); // Curent through AB + +printf('The current through the 10 ohm resistor = %g mA\n',I*1000) diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2e6cfa8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +// To calculate current in each branch using loop analysis and point voltages in a given network. + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations for the given network. +//3.95*i1-3.75*i2+0*i3=120 +//-3.75*i1+9.5*i2-5.45*i3=0 +//0*i1-5.45*i2+5.55*i3=-110 + +// Positive of 120V DC supply connected to 0.2 ohm resistor +// Positive of 110 DC supply connected to 0.1 ohm resistor + +//Voltage supplies are 120V and 110V + +R=[3.95 -3.75 0;-3.75 9.5 -5.45; 0 -5.45 5.55]; +E=[120;0;-110]; + +R1=abs(R(2)); // Resistor carrying ia +R2=abs(R(8)); // Resistor carrying ib + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*E; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +ia=i1-i2; // Assumed direction from Mesh 1 +ib=i2-i3; // Assumed direction from Mesh 2 + +// Using Nodal Analysis to find V1 and V2. +V1=R1*ia; +V2=R2*ib; + +disp('A',ib,'ib (through 2 resistor between 7 ohm and 3 ohm resistor) =','A',ia,'ia(through 1 ohm resistor) =','A',i3,'i3 =','A',i2,'i2 =','A',i1,'i1 =','The Calculated Loop Currents are') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current should be reveresed') + +// To obtain the magnitude of direction. + +if(i1<0) + i1=abs(i1); +end +if(i2<0) + i2=abs(i2); +end +if(i3<0) + i3=abs(i3); +end +if(ia<0) + ia=abs(ia); +end +if(ib<0) + ib=abs(ib); +end + +disp('A',i1,'The Current through 0.2 ohm resistor on the 120V side =') +disp('A',i2,'The Current through 0.3 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',i3,'The Current through 0.1 ohm resistor on the 110V side =') +disp('A',ia,'The Current through 3.75 ohm resistor =') +disp('A',ib,'The Current through 5.45 ohm resistor =') + +disp('V',V1,'The voltage V1 =') +disp('V',V2,'The voltage V2 =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca2c552d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// To calculate current from a battery and pd across points A and B + +clc; +clear; + +// Resistances in the given network +R1=4; +R2=2; +R3=3; +R4=6; +R5=8; + +// MESH Equations +//9*i1-5*i2=10 +//-5*i1+19*i2=0 + +// Supply voltage 10V + +R=[(R1+R2+R3) -(R2+R3); -(R2+R3) (R2+R3+R4+R5)]; +V=[10;0]; + +//Loop Currents +I=inv(R)*V; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); + +i3=i1-i2; // From Mesh 1 + +// Point Voltages +Va=i3*R3; +Vb=i2*R5; + +disp('amperes',abs(i1),'The current through 4 ohm resistor and the battery =') +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The current through 6 ohm and 8 ohm resistors =') +disp('amperes',abs(i3),'The current through 2 ohm and 3 ohm resistors =') + +disp('volts',abs(Va),'The voltage at point A =') +disp('volts',abs(Vb),'The voltage at point B =') +disp('volts',(Va-Vb),'The voltage across Points A and B =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..134830d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Determine Current through branch AB of the given network + +clc; +clear; + +// MESH Equations +// 4*i1-2*i2+0*i3=10 +// -2*i1+6*i2-2*i3=0 +//0*i1-2*i2+6*i3=0 + +//Supply Voltage is 10V (Note printing mistake) + +R=[4 -2 0;-2 6 -2; 0 -2 6]; +V=[10;0;0]; + +// Loop Currents + +I=inv(R)*V; + +i1=I(1); +i2=I(2); +i3=I(3); + +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The current through branch AB of the network =') + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c99e838 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Determine the current in the branches of the network using nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// Supply voltages +V1=30; +V2=40; + +// Resistances in the network +R1=4; +R2=2; +R3=4; + +Vb=poly([0 1],'Vb','c'); + +AD=(V1-Vb)/R1; +BD=(V2-Vb)/R3; +CD=Vb/R2; + +X=AD+BD-CD; + +disp('The Characterictic Equation to find Vb is') + +disp(CD,'=',AD,' +',BD) + +Vb=roots(X);// Stores the numerical value of Vb + +i1=(V1-Vb)/R1; +i2=(V2-Vb)/R3; +i3=Vb/R2; + +disp('amperes',i1,'Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 30V supply side =') +disp('amperes',i2,'Current through 4 ohm resistor on the 40V supply side =') +disp('amperes',i3,'Current through 2 ohm resistor =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c24465273 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// To Calculate current in all branches of the network shown using nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// Nodal Equations +//13*Va-4*Vb=300 +//-Va+4*Vb=120 + +X=[13 -4;-1 4]; +V=[300;120]; + +E=inv(X)*V; + +Va=E(1); +Vb=E(2); + +i1=(100-Va)/20; +i2=(Va-Vb)/15; +i3=(Va/10); +i4=(Vb/10); +i5=(80-Vb)/10; + +disp('V',Vb,'Voltage Vb =','V',Va,'Voltage Va =') + +disp('The Branch Currents as calculated are') +disp(i5,'i5',i4,'i4',i3,'i3',i2,'i2',i1,'i1') +disp('amperes respectively') + +disp('The Negative sign indicates that the assumed direction of flow of current must be reveresed') + +disp('amperes',abs(i1),'The Current through 20 ohm resistor on the 100V side =') +disp('amperes',abs(i2),'The Current through 15 ohm resistor =') +disp('amperes',abs(i3),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor (AE) =') +disp('amperes',abs(i4),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor (BE) =') +disp('amperes',abs(i5),'The Current through 10 ohm resistor on the 80V side =') + + diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b566d3685 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Conversion to current source and nodal analysis + +clc; +clear; + +// Nodal Equations +// 1.5*Va-0.5*Vb+0*Vc=5 +// 0.5*Va-1.5*Vb+0.5*Vc=0 +// 0*Va-0.5*Vb+1*Vc=0 + +Y=[1.5 -0.5 0;0.5 -1.5 0.5; 0 -0.5 1]; // Admittance matrix +I=[5;0;0]; +V=inv(Y)*I; + +Va=V(1); +Vb=V(2); +Vc=V(3); + +Vab=Va-Vb; + +disp('V',Va,'Voltage at node A =') +disp('V',Vb,'Voltage at node B =') +disp('V',Vc,'Voltage at node C =') + +disp('V',Vab,'The voltage across AB in the circuit =') +disp('A',Vab/2,'The current in branch AB in the circuit =') diff --git a/1319/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/1319/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f0a7c645 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Superposition Principle to determine current in branch + +clc; +clear; + +//Order of resistances from left to right in the circuit +r1=2; +r2=12; +r3=1; +r4=2; +r5=3; + +V1=2; +V2=4; + +// We now short circuit by removing one source and consider the rest of the cicuit +// Hence we will have two cases + +//Case 1 4V supply removed and shorted + +//Resistances between respective nodes. +rab1=(r4*r5)/(r4+r5); +rac1=rab1+r3; +rcd1=(rac1*r2)/(rac1+r2); + +Reff1=rcd1+r1;// Effective resistance in case 1 + +I1=V1/Reff1; // Current from the 2V source + +Iac1=I1*(r2/(r2+rac1)); +Iab1=Iac1*(r5/(r5+r4)); //Current in AB from 2V source + +//Case 2 2V supply removed and shorted + +//Resistances between respective nodes. +rcd2=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2); +rac2=rcd2+r3; +rab2=(rac2*r4)/(rac2+r4); + +Reff2=rab2+r5;//Effective resistance in case 2 + +I2=V2/Reff2; // Current from the 4V source + +Iab2=I2*(rac2/(rac2+r4)); //Current in AB from 4V source + +Iab=Iab1+Iab2;// Combined Current in AB from both the sources + +disp('amperes',Iab,'The Current through AB (2 ohm resistor) =') diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fbd5abc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// To determine the parameters of a balanced 3 phase star connected to a resistive load + +clc; +clear; + +V=208; +Vph=V/sqrt(3); +R=35; + +// Star Conncected load has its line current = phase current + +Ia=Vph/R; +Ib=Ia*(expm(%i*(-2*%pi/3))); +Ic=Ia*(expm(%i*(2*%pi/3))); + +Pperphase= (abs(Ia)^2)*R; + +Pt=3*Pperphase; + +// Resistive Load, p.f is unity + +pf=1; + +printf('The power factor is %g \n',pf) +printf('The total power dissipated = %g W \n',Pt) +printf('The currents of the system are\n Ia = %g /_0 A \n Ib = %g /_-120 A \n Ic = %g /_120 A \n',abs(Ia),abs(Ib),abs(Ic)) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5e3f0cde --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// Two wattmeter power dertermination for a delta system + +clc; +clear; + +V=250; // Phase Voltage + +// Phase Voltage in RYB sequnce +Vry=V*(expm(%i*0)); +Vyb=V*(expm(%i*-2*%pi/3)); +Vbr=V*(expm(%i*2*%pi/3)); + +// Resitances of the RYB limbs +Rry=10+%i*10; +Ryb=20-%i*15; +Rbr=10+%i*20; + +// Phase Currents in RYB + +Iry= Vry/Rry; +Iyb= Vyb/Ryb; +Ibr= Vbr/Rbr; + +// Phase Current Angles wrt to Vr + +ary=atand(imag(Iry)/real(Iry)); +ayb=atand(imag(Iyb)/real(Iyb)); +abr=atand(imag(Ibr)/real(Ibr)); + +// Line Currents in RYB +Ir=Iry-Ibr; +Iy=Iyb-Iry; +Ib=Ibr-Iyb; + +W1=real(-Vbr*conj(Ir)); +W2=real(Vyb*conj(Iy)); + +Wt= W1+W2; // Total Power + +printf('i)\n') +printf(' The Currents in each branch are : \n') +printf(' Branch RY = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Iry),ary) +printf(' Branch YB = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Iyb),ayb) +printf(' Branch BR = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Ibr),abr) + +printf('ii) \n') +printf('The line currents in RYB sequence are : \n') +disp(Ir,' R line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A \n',abs(Ir)) +disp(Iy,' Y line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A\n',abs(Iy)) +disp(Ib,' B line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A\n \n',abs(Ib)) + +// Precision is more, The Text book includes round off error +printf(' W1 = %g W\n',W1) +printf(' W2 = %g W\n',W2) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..062bcb53f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// To determine the parameters of a balanced 3 phase star connected to an impedance + +clc; +clear; + +V=208; +Vph=V/sqrt(3); +Z=15+(%i*20); + +// Star Conncected load has its line current = phase current + +Ia=Vph/Z; +Ib=Ia*(expm(%i*(-2*%pi/3))); +Ic=Ia*(expm(%i*(2*%pi/3))); + +Pperphase= (abs(Ia)^2)*real(Z); + +Pt=3*Pperphase; + +Atheta=atand(imag(Ia)/real(Ia)); +Btheta=atand(imag(Ib)/real(Ib)); +Ctheta=atand(imag(Ic)/real(Ic)); + +pf=cosd(Atheta); + +printf('The power factor is %g lagging \n',pf) +printf('The total power dissipated = %g W \n',Pt) +printf('The currents of the system are \n') +printf('Ia= %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ia),Atheta) +printf('Ib= %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ib),Btheta-180) +printf('Ic= %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ic),Ctheta) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca2e1e9d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//To determine the potential of the star point and line currents + +clc; +clear; + +Zr=10*(expm(%i*%pi/6)); +Zy=12*(expm(%i*%pi/4)); +Zb=15*(expm(%i*2*%pi/9)); + +V=440; +Vph=V/(sqrt(3)); + +//Phase Voltages +Vr=Vph*(expm(%i*0)); +Vy=Vph*(expm(%i*-2*%pi/3)); +Vb=Vph*(expm(%i*2*%pi/3)); + +Vs=((Vr/Zr)+(Vy/Zy)+(Vb/Zb))/((1/Zr)+(1/Zy)+(1/Zb)); + +tvs=atand(imag(Vs)/real(Vs)); // Phase Angle of the star point voltage + +Ia=(Vr-Vs)/Zr; +iat=atand(imag(Ia)/real(Ia)); // Angle of current in phase R +Ib=(Vy-Vs)/Zy; +ibt=atand(imag(Ib)/real(Ib)); // Angle of current in phase Y +Ic=(Vb-Vs)/Zb; +ict=atand(imag(Ic)/real(Ic)); // Angle of current in phase B + +I=Ia+Ib+Ic; +I=ceil(real(I)*1000)+%i*(ceil(imag(I)*1000)); + +printf('The potential of the star point = %g /_%g V \n',abs(Vs),tvs) +printf('The line currents are : \n') +printf('R phase current = %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ia),iat) +printf('Y phase current = %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ib),ibt-180) +printf('B phase current = %g /_%g A \n',abs(Ic),ict) + diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3c5306c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//To determine the line currents if one inductor is short circuited + +clc; +clear; + +V=460; // Line to Line voltage +pf=0.8; // Power Factor +P=8*(10^3); // Power Consumed by the network + +Vph=V/sqrt(3); + +Iph=P/(sqrt(3)*V*pf); + +theta=acos(pf);// Power factor angle +Z=(Vph/Iph)*(expm(%i*theta)); + +Va=V*expm(%i*0); // Voltage of Phase A +Vc=V*expm(%i*-2*%pi/3); // Voltage of Phase C + +Ia=Va/Z; // Current in phase A +Ic=Vc/Z;// Current in phase C + +iat=atand(imag(Ia)/real(Ia)); // Phase angle of Ia +ict=atand(imag(Ic)/real(Ic));// Phase angle of Ic + +tac=iat-ict; // Angle between current Ia and Ic + +Ib=sqrt((abs(Ia)^2)+(abs(Ic)^2)+(2*abs(Ia)*abs(Ic)*cosd(tac))); + +printf('The line currents are : \n') +printf('Phase a = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Ia),iat) +printf('Phase b = %g A \n',abs(Ib)) +printf('Phase c = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Ic),ict) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d0859943 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//To find line current and pf and powers of a balanced delta load + +clc; +clear; + +Z=8+6*%i; // Load +V=230; // Voltage supply + +iR=V/Z; +theta= atand(imag(iR)/real(iR)); + +Il= iR*sqrt(3); // Line current + +Pa=sqrt(3)*V*abs(Il)*cosd(theta); // Active Power +Pr=sqrt(3)*V*abs(Il)*sind(theta); // Reactive Power + +Pt=sqrt(3)*V*abs(Il); // Total Volt amperes + +printf('The line current = %g A \n',abs(Il)) +printf('The power factor = %g lagging \n',cosd(theta)) +printf('The Active Power = %g kW \n',abs(Pa)/1000) +printf('The Reactive Power = %g kV Ar \n',abs(Pr)/1000) +printf('The total volt amperes = %g kVA \n',abs(Pt)/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af27d3316 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//To find Line currents and star connected resistors for the same power + +clc; +clear; + +// Phase Voltages +Vr=400*(expm(%i*0)); +Vy=400*(expm(%i*-2*%pi/3)); +Vb=400*(expm(%i*2*%pi/3)); + +Zry=100; // Impedance between Phase R and Phase Y +Zyb=%i*100;// Impedance between Phase Y and Phase B +Zbr=-%i*100;// Impedance between Phase B and Phase R + +Iry=Vr/Zry; +Iyb=Vy/Zyb; +Ibr=Vb/Zbr; + +Ir=Iry-Ibr; +Iy=Iyb-Iry; +Ib=Ibr-Iyb; + +//Phase angles of the line currents in RYB sequence +tr=atand(imag(Ir)/real(Ir)); + +if(real(Iy)==0) +ty=atand((imag(Iy)/abs(imag(Iy)))*%inf); +else +ty=atand(imag(Iy)/real(Iy)); +end +if(real(Ib)==0) +tb=atand((imag(Ib)/abs(imag(Ib)))*%inf); +else +tb=atand(imag(Ib)/real(Ib)); +end + +P=(Iry^2)*Zry; // Power consumed by the circuit ( Arm RY) + +Vph=Vr/sqrt(3); // Phase voltage in a star connected system + +R=poly([0 1],'R','c'); + +x=(3*(Vph^2))-(P*R); // Characteristic Eqaution to find R + +R=roots(x); + +printf('a) The line currents in RYB sequence are : \n') +printf(' R line = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Ir),tr); +printf(' Y line = %g/_%g A \n',abs(Iy),ty); +// Error in text book answer +printf(' B line = %g/_%g A \n \n',abs(Ib),tb); +printf('b) The value of resistors to draw same power as in problem statement a) = %g ohms \n',R(1)) + diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84d280087 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Reduction in load when one resistor is removed + +clc; +clear; + +// Assuming the variables to be eqaul to unit quantities + +Vph=1; +Vl=sqrt(3)*Vph; +R=1; + +// Star connected + +Pis=3*(Vph^2)/R; // Initial Power + +Pfs=(Vl^2)/(2*R); // Power when one resitor is removed + +pers=(Pis-Pfs)*100/Pis; // Percentage decrease in Load + +// Mesh connected + +Pim=3*(Vl^2)/R; // Initial Power + +Pfm=2*(Vl^2)/R; // Power when one resitor is removed + +perm=(Pim-Pfm)*100/Pim; // Percentage decrease in Load + +printf(' Vl= square root (3) * Vph \n \n') +printf('a) Star Connected Power = 3*(Vph^2)/R \n') +printf(' When one resistor is removed Power = (Vl^2)/2R \n') +printf(' The percentage reduction in load = %g \n \n',pers) + +printf('b) Mesh Connected Power = 3*(Vl^2)/R \n') +printf(' When one resitor is removed, Power = 2*(Vl^2)/R \n' ) +printf(' The percentage reduction in load = %g \n',perm) diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90cf4aec1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//To measure power by two wattmeter method + +clc; +clear; + +pf=0.85 // Power Factor + +Po=37.3*(10^3); // Power Output + +eff=90/100; // Efficiency + +V=500; // Rated Voltage + +Pi=Po/eff; // Power Input + +phi=acosd(pf); // Power Factor angle + +printf('W1 + W2 = %g kW \n',Pi/1000) +printf('tan(phi) = square root (3)*(W2-W1)/(W2+W1) = %g \n',tand(phi)) + +x=Pi; // Let x = W1+W2 + +y= tand(phi)*x/(sqrt(3)); // Let y = W2-W1 + +printf('W1 + W2 = %g kW \n',x/1000) +printf('W2 - W1 = %g kW \n',y/1000) +printf('W2 = %g kW \n',(x+y)/(2*1000)) +printf('W1 = %g kW \n',(x-y)/(2*1000)) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1319/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/1319/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd0aa2516 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//To find power using two wattmeter method of a circuit with non reactive resistances + +clc; +clear; + +V=400; // Line Voltage +Vph=V/(sqrt(3)); // Magnitude of Phase Voltage + +// Phase Voltage in RYB sequnce +Vr=Vph*(expm(%i*0)); +Vy=Vph*(expm(%i*-2*%pi/3)); +Vb=Vph*(expm(%i*2*%pi/3)); + +// Resitances of the RYB limbs +Rr=10; +Ry=15; +Rb=20; + +// Taking Vr as reference +// Millain's Theorem + +Vs= ((Vr/Rr)+(Vy/Ry)+(Vb/Rb))/((1/Rr)+(1/Ry)+(1/Rb)); // Star point voltage + +//Line Currents in RYB sequence +Ir= (Vr-Vs)/Rr; +Iy= (Vy-Vs)/Ry; +Ib= (Vb-Vs)/Rb; + +Vry=Vr-Vy; +Vby=Vb-Vy; + +W1= real(Vry*conj(Ir)); +W2= real(Vby*conj(Ib)); + +Wt= W1+W2; // Total Power + +// Note Iy in the text book there is a error in the sign of the real part of Vy + +printf('The line currents in RYB sequence are : \n') +disp(Ir,' R line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A \n',abs(Ir)) +disp(Iy,' Y line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A\n',abs(Iy)) +disp(Ib,' B line :') +printf(' Magnitude = %g A\n \n',abs(Ib)) +printf(' Total Power = %g kW \n \n',Wt/1000) +printf(' W1 = %g kW\n',W1/1000) +printf(' W2 = %g kW\n',W2/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37d7839bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Torque on the coil at a current of 1mA + +clc; +clear; + +N=60; +B=50*(10^-3); +I=1*(10^-3); + +l=3*(10^-2); + +// w= 2*r; w is the width +w=2*(10^-2); + +Td=N*B*I*l*w; + +printf('The torque on the coil carrying 1mA = %g micro Nm \n',Td*(10^6)) diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57abf1eda --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To find the deflection produced by 200V + +clc; +clear; + +R=10*(10^3); +V=200; +B=80*(10^-3); +N=100; +A=9*(10^-4); // The area of the coil is the product of the length and width (l.2r) +I=V/R; + +Td=N*B*I*A; + +K=30*(10^-7); + +theta=Td/K; + +printf('The deflection produced by 200V = %g degrees \n',theta) diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57cdf0b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Reading on ammeters when their shunts are interchanged + +clc; +clear; + +I=10; +Ra=1000; +Rsa=0.02; + +Rb=1500; +Rsb=0.01; + +deff('x=cur(y,z)','x=I*z/y') + +Ia1=cur(Ra,Rsa); // Initial Current in meter A +Ia2=cur(Ra,Rsb); // Changed Current in meter A + +Ib1=cur(Rb,Rsb); // Initial Current in meter B +Ib2=cur(Rb,Rsa); // Changed Current in meter B + +//Factor by which the current readings change in the two ammeters + +A=Ia2/Ia1; // Ammeter A +B=Ib2/Ib1; // Ammeter A + +printf('The initial current in ammeter A and ammeter B are %g A and %g A respectively. \n \n',I,I) + +printf('The current in ammeter A and ammeter B when the shunt resistances are interchanged are %g A and %g A respectively. \n \n',I*A,I*B) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ef519756 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//To create an instrument that measures voltages and currents upto a rated value + +clc; +clear; + +Rm=10; +Im=50*(10^-3); +V=750; +I=100; + +//To Calculate the required voltage a resistor should be added in series with the internal resistance + +R=poly([0 1],'R','c'); + +sr=Im*(R+Rm)-V; + +R=roots(sr);//Characteristic equation to find R + +// To attain the required current, a resistor should be added in parallel to the internal resistance + +r=poly([0 1],'r','c');// Characteristic equation to find r + +pr=Im*(r+Rm)-(I*r); + +r=roots(pr); + +printf('To Read 750 V a series resitance of %g ohms should be connected to the instrument \n',R) +printf('To Read 100 A a parallel resitance of %g milli ohms should be connected to the instrument \n',r*1000) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c72fa7841 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//To determine the range and current and deflection at various conditions + +clc; +clear; + +I=25; +theta=90; + +// Various conditions +ta=360; // Angle in case a +tb=180; // Angle in case b +Ic=20; // Current in case c + +// theta directly proportional to the square of the current + +Ia=sqrt(ta*(I^2)/theta); + +Ib=sqrt(tb*(I^2)/theta); + +tc=((Ic/I)^2)*theta; + +printf('a) Full Scsle deflection (360) current = %g A \n',Ia) +printf('b) Half Scsle deflection (180) current = %g A \n',Ib) +printf('c) Deflection for a current of 20 A = %g degrees \n',tc) diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..489cab588 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Error calculation + +clc; +clear; + +I=20; //Current +V=230;// Voltage +C=480;// Meter Constant +L=4.6*(10^3);// Load +t=66/3600; // Time in hour + +R=40; //No of revolutions + +Pc=L*t/1000; // Energy Consumed in kWhr + +Pr=R/C; // Energy recorded in kWhr + +err=(Pc-Pr)*100/Pc; + +printf('The Error in the meter is that the disc rotates %g percent slow \n',err) + + diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..077c11f93 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Dynamometer wattmeter power calculation of the load + +clc; +clear; + +P=250; // Power Recorded by the wattmeter + +V=200; // Load voltage + +R=2000; // Resistance of the highly non-inductive pressure coil + +I=V/R; // Ohm's Law + +Pcoil=V*I; // Power Absorbed by the pressure coil + +Pl=P-Pcoil; // Power taken by the load + +printf('The Power taken by the load = %g watts. \n',Pl) + + diff --git a/1319/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/1319/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5508363f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Percentage error calculation in a wattmeter + +clc; +clear; + +//Rated Parameters +I=50; +V=230; + +R=61;// No. of revolutions +t=37/3600; // Time in hours + +C=520; // Normal Disc Speed + +Pfl=I*V;// Power at full load + +Ps=Pfl*t/1000; // Power Supplied in kWhr + +Pr=R/C; //Power recorded in kWhr + +err=(Ps-Pr)*100/Ps; + +printf('The Percentage Error = %g percent slow \n',err) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0781b2be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To find flux density in the core and induced emf in the secondary winding + +clc; +clear; + +E1=500; +A=60*(10^-4); +f=50; +N1=400; +N2=1000; + +// E=4.44*f*N*Bm*A Induced EMF equation + +Bm=E1/(4.44*f*N1*A); + +E2=4.44*f*N2*Bm*A; + +printf('a) The peak value of the flux density in the core = %f tesla \n',Bm) +printf('b) The voltage induced in the secondary winding = %f V \n',E2) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9aef1fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Calculate efficiency on unity pf at different cases + +clc; +clear; + +Pi=25*(10^3); + +E1=2000; +E2=200; + +Pil=350; +Pc=400; + +// Full load efficiency + +nfl=Pi*100/(Pi+Pil+Pc); + +//Half Load efficiency + +Pihl=Pi/2;// Half Load +nhl=Pihl*100/(Pihl+Pil+(Pc/4)); + +// Load at which maximum efficiency occurs + +Piml=sqrt(Pil/Pc)*Pi; +Pcm=Pc*((Piml/Pi)^2); + +printf('a) Efficiency at full load = %f percent \n',nfl) +printf('b) Efficiency at half load = %f percent \n',nhl) +printf('c) Maximum Efficiency will occur at %f KVA and the losses are each %d watt. \n',(Piml/1000),Pcm) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a772cbc98 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calcualte efficiencies at various loads + +clc; +clear; + +P=100*(10^3);// Power Input +Pc=1000;// Copper Loss +Pil=1000;// Iron Loss +pf=0.8; + +deff('y=unity(x)','y=(P*100*x)/((P*x)+Pil+(Pc*(x^2)))')// Unit Power Factor +deff('y=pfactor(x)','y=(P*100*x*pf)/((P*pf*x)+Pil+(Pc*(x^2)))')// 0.8 p.f + +printf('a) Unity power factor efficiencies at \n \n') +printf('i) Half of full load = %f percent \n',unity(1/2)) +printf('ii) Full load = %f percent \n',unity(1)) +printf('iii) (5/4) of full load = %f percent \n \n',unity(5/4)) + + +printf('b) 0.8 power factor efficiencies at \n \n') +printf('i) Half of full load = %f percent \n',pfactor(1/2)) +printf('ii) Full load = %f percent \n',pfactor(1)) +printf('iii) (5/4) of full load = %f percent \n',pfactor(5/4)) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f431998d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// To determine all day efficiency + +clc; +clear; + +p=15*(10^3); +t1=12; +t2=6; +t3=6; + +pf1=0.5; +pf2=0.8; +pf3=0.9; + +x=poly([0 1],'x','c'); + +nm=0.98; // Max Efficiency + +y=(nm*(p+(2*x)))-p; + +x=roots(y); // To find the iron loss or copper loss at unity p.f for maximum efficiency + +Pil=x; // Iron loss + +Pc=x; // Copper Loss at unity p.f for maximum efficiency + +deff('a=culoss(b,c)','a=b*Pc*((c/(p/1000))^2)'); + +Pc1=culoss(12,(2/pf1)); // Total Copper Loss for 12hrs - 2 kW at p.f 0.5 +Pc2=culoss(6,(12/pf2)); // Total Copper Loss for 6hrs - 12 kW at p.f 0.8 +Pc3=culoss(6,(18/pf3)); // Total Copper Loss for 6hrs - 18 kW at p.f 0.9 + +Po=((12*2)+(6*12)+(6*18))*(10^3);// Power Output + +eff=Po*100/(Po+(Pc1+Pc2+Pc3)+(24*Pil)); + +// Note the iron loss has to be considered to calculate the Efficiency, Text Error + +printf('The all day effciency = %f percent \n',eff) + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28b8960f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Calculating Efficiency using Sumpner test + +clc; +clear; + +P=200*(10^3); + +W1= 4*(10^3); // Total iron loss for both the transformers +W2= 6*(10^3); // Total copper loss for both the transformers + +n=P*100/(P+(W1/2)+(W2/2));// Efficiency + +printf('The Efficiency of each transformer at full load = %f percent \n',n) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9aa16254c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// To determine the ratio of weights of copper + +clc; +clear; + +n=3; //transformation ratio + +// Ratio of weights of copper in an ato transformer and a two winding transformer + +roc=(1-(1/n)); + +printf('Ratio of weights of copper in an ato transformer and a two winding transformer = %f \n',roc) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f29e6c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// To find voltage ratio and output + +clc; +clear; + +E1=11500; +E2=2300; + +n1=(E1+E2)/E1; // Voltage ratio of 13.8 kV/11.5 kV auto transformer + +Pi=100*(10^3); + +P1=Pi*n1/(n1-1); + +n2=(E1+E2)/E2; // Voltage ratio of 13.8 kV/2.3 kV auto transformer + +P2=Pi*n2/(n2-1); + +printf('The transformation ratio of the auto transformer is %g and is rated %g / %g kV, %g KVA \n',n1,(E1+E2)/1000,E1/1000,P1/1000) +printf('The transformation ratio of the auto transformer is %g and is rated %g / %g kV, %g KVA \n',n2,(E1+E2)/1000,E2/1000,P2/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a4144ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Determine primary and secondary voltages and current + +clc; +clear; + +R1=100; +R2=40; + +P=2; // Power + +r=sqrt(R2/R1); // n2/n1 Turns ratio + +if(r<1) + printf(' The turns ratio is 1 : %g \n',(1/r)); +else + printf('The turns ratio is %g : 1 \n',r); +end + +V1=sqrt(P*(R1)); +V2=sqrt(P*(R2)); + +I1=V1/R1; +I2=V2/R2; + +printf('\n Voltages are as follows \n') +printf('The primary voltage = %g V \n',V1) +printf('The secondary voltage = %g V \n',V2) +printf('\n Currents are as follows \n') +printf('The primary current = %g A \n',I1) +printf('The secondary current = %g A \n',I2) + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea28b0aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Equivalent resistance and leakage reactance wrt primary + +clc; +clear; + +P=1200; +V=60; +I1=100; +R1eq=P/(I1^2); + +Zeq=V/I1; + +X1eq=sqrt((Zeq^2)-(R1eq^2)); + +// Secondary short circuited there the parameters calculated are wrt to primary itself + +printf('Equivalent Resistance of the transformer w.r.t primary = %g ohms \n',R1eq) +printf('Leakage Reactance of the transformer w.r.t primary = %g ohms \n',X1eq)// Text Book Error Please note diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..700f9fcb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// To determine Input current and voltage during SC test + +clc; +clear; + +Vh=6600; +Vl=250; +V=400; + +a=Vh/Vl; // Turns ratio + +Rh=0.21; +Rl=2.72*(10^-4); + +Xh=1; +Xl=1.3*(10^-3); + +Rt=Rh+Rl*(a^2); // Equivalent resistance w.r.t the primary +Xt=Xh+Xl*(a^2); // Equivalent reactance w.r.t the primary + +ZHeq= sqrt((Rt^2)+(Xt^2)); + +Ih=V/ZHeq; // Current on high voltage side + +Pi=(Ih^2)*Rt; // Power input + +printf('W.R.T High Voltage side the equivalent resistance is %g ohms and the equivalent reactance is %g ohms \n',Rt,Xt) + +printf('The current on the high voltage side is %g A \n',Ih) + +printf('Power Input on the high voltage side is %g kW \n',Pi/1000) + + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..839c9fa8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// To determine the load for max efficiency at two power factors + +clc; +clear; + +P=100*(10^3); // Power Input + +E1=1000; +E2=10000; + +Pil=1200; + +I2=P/E2; // Full load current on the HV side + +Isc=6; // Current for 500W copper loss in HV winding +Psc=500; // Copper Loss for 6A in HV winding + +Pc=((I2/Isc)^2)*Psc; // Copper loss at full load. + +Pmax=sqrt(Pil/Pc)*P; // Is a factor of square root of the ratio of Iron loss and Copper loss at full load. + +deff('x=eff(y,z)','x=(P*y*z)*100/((P*y*z)+Pil+(Pc*(z^2)))')// Function to find the eifficiency for a given power factor(y) and load(z). + +printf('a) The Efficiency at various loads for unity power factor are as follows. \n') +printf('i) At 25 percent load = %f percent \n',eff(1,0.25)) +printf('ii) At 50 percent load = %g percent \n',eff(1,0.5)) +printf('iii) At 100 percent load = %g percent \n',eff(1,1)) + +printf('\n b) The Efficiency at various loads for 0.8 power factor are as follows. \n') +printf('i) At 25 percent load = %g percent \n',eff(0.8,0.25)) +printf('ii) At 50 percent load = %g percent \n',eff(0.8,0.5)) +printf('iii) At 100 percent load = %g percent \n \n',eff(0.8,1)) + +printf('The Load at which efficiency is maximum = %g kVA \n',(Pmax/1000)) + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1f27f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// To calculate the number of turns per limb on the high and low voltage sides + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +A=400*(10^-4); +Bm=1; +V1=3000; +V2=220; + +l=2; // Number of limbs + +//Neglecting the series voltage drop + +// Induced EMF equation +a=V1/(4.44*f*A*Bm); + +b=V2*a/V1; + +if(modulo(round(a),2)==0) // No. of turns is a whole even number as it has 2 limbs + N1=round(a); +else + N1=round(a)+1; +end + +if(modulo(round(b),2)==0) // No. of turns is a whole even number as it has 2 limbs + N2=round(b); +else + N2=round(b)+1; +end + +printf('The number of turns in the high voltage side per limb = %d \n',N1/l) +printf('The number of turns in the low voltage side per limb = %d \n',N2/l) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85b233b04 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To determine the max regulation and the pf at which it occurs + +clc; +clear; + +Vr=2.5; +Vx=5; + +printf('The expression for voltage requlation is y= %g cos(phi) + %g sin(phi) \n',Vr,Vx ) + +printf('Differenciating w.r.t phi and equating it to zero, we get the power factor angle \n') + +printf('We get tan(phi)=> Vr/Vx => 5/2.5 => 2 \n \n') + +phi=atand(Vx/Vr); // power factor angle + +y= Vr*cosd(phi)+Vx*sind(phi); // Max Volatge regulation + +printf('The maximum regulation is %g percent \n and the power factor at which it occurs is %g degrees \n',y,phi) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.jpg b/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690e660fa Binary files /dev/null and b/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.jpg differ diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43248add5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +//To calculate secondary terminal voltage and full load efficiency at unity pf + +clc; +clear; + +P=4*(10^3); +E1=200; +E2=400; + +// O.C Test +V=200; +Pil=70; // Iron Loss +Ioc=0.8; + +R0=(V^2)/Pil; + +Iw=V/R0; +Im=sqrt((Ioc^2)-(Iw^2)); + +X0=V/Im; + +// S.C Test +Vsc=17.5; +Isc=9; +Psc=50; + +R2eq=Psc/(Isc^2); + +Z2eq=Vsc/Isc; + +X2eq=sqrt((Z2eq^2)-(R2eq^2)); + +Is=P/E2; // Full load current + +Pc=((Is/Isc)^2)*Psc; + +fleff=(P*100)/(P+Pil+Pc);// Full load efficiency + +printf('i) The Full load efficiency at unity power factor = %g percent \n \n',fleff) + +// Secondary Terminal voltages cosidering full load secondary current as reference + +Vs=poly([0 1],'Vs','c'); + +Vz=Is*(R2eq+(X2eq*%i)); + +// Using the characteristic equation in polar form, 'Is' as reference +// E = V/_theta + Is/_0 *(Z/_phi) + +// Function to evalulate the right side of the equation in complex form +deff('a=stv(b)','a=Vs*(complex(cosd(b),sind(b)))+Vz') + +case1=stv(acosd(1)); +case2=stv(acosd(0.8)); +case3=stv(-acosd(0.8)); + +// Funtion to calculate the characteristic equation of Vs +deff('x=svol(y)','x=(real(y)^2)+(imag(y)^2)-(E2^2)') + +cs1=svol(case1); +cs2=svol(case2); +cs3=svol(case3); + +// Roots of the characteristic equations + +r1=roots(cs1); +r2=roots(cs2); +r3=roots(cs3); + + +// To find the positive roots +if(imag(sqrt(r1(1)))) + Vs1=r1(2); +else + Vs1=r1(1); +end + +if(imag(sqrt(r2(1)))) + Vs2=r2(2); +else + Vs2=r2(1); +end + +if(imag(sqrt(r3(1)))) + Vs3=r3(2); +else + Vs3=r3(1); +end + +printf('ii) The Secondary terminal voltages for various power factors are as follows \n') +printf('a) At Unity power factor, Vs = %g V \n',Vs1) +printf('b) At 0.8 power factor(Lagging), Vs = %g V \n',Vs2) +printf('c) At 0.8 power factor(Leading), Vs = %g V \n',Vs3) + + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6592dda92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// To calculate resistance of primary interms of secondary and vice versa + +clc; +clear; + +N1=90; +N2=180; + +R2=0.233; +R1=0.067; + +n=N2/N1; // Transformation ratio + +R1w2=(n^2)*R1; +R2w1=R2/(n^2); + +Rt=R1+R2w1; // Total resistance in terms of primary + +printf('a) Resistance of primary in terms of the secondary = %f ohms \n',R1w2) +printf('b) Resistance of secondary in terms of the primary = %f ohms \n',R2w1) +printf('c) Total resistance of the transformer in terms of the primary winding =%f ohms \n',Rt) + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..886ab0e11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Total resitance and total copper loss at full load + +clc; +clear; + +P=40*(10^3); +E1=2000; +E2=250; + +n=E2/E1; //Transformation ratio + +R1=1.15; +R2=0.0155; + +R1w2=R1*(n^2); +R2w1=R2/(n^2); + +Rt=R2+R1w2; + +// Full load currents +I1=P/E1; +I2=P/E2; + +Pc1=(I1^2)*R1; // Primary Loss +Pc2=(I2^2)*R2; // Secondary Loss + +Pc= Pc1+Pc2; // Total Copper loss at full load + +printf('a) The total resitance in terms of the secondary winding = %f ohms \n',Rt) +printf('b) Total copper loss on full load = %f watts',Pc) + + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e641c98e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Voltage regulation at 0.8 pf lagging + +clc; +clear; + +E1=1100; +E2=110; + +P=5*(10^3); + +I=P/E1; // Primary full load current + +I2=P/E2;// Secondary full load current + +V=33; + +pf=0.8; // Power Factor lagging, so the angle is positive + +theta=acosd(pf);// Power factor angle + +Pc=85; + +R=Pc/(I^2); + +Z=V/I; + +V1=E1; + +X=sqrt((Z^2)-(R^2)); + +// Using equation 5.22 to determine V2 + +V2=poly([0 1],'V2','c'); + +x=(V2^2)+(2*V2*I*R*pf)+(2*V2*I*X*sind(theta))+((I^2)*((R^2)+(X^2)))-(V1^2); + +r=roots(x); + +a1=sqrt(r(1)); +a2=sqrt(r(2)); + +if(imag(a1)) + V2=r(2); +else + if(imag(a2)) + V2=r(1); + else + disp('Error') + end +end + +reg=(V1-V2)/V2; // Voltage regulation + +regper=reg*100;// Voltage regulation percent + +disp(x,'The characteristic equation to find V2 equated to zero is') + +disp(regper,'The percentage voltage regulation for a load at 0.8 pf lagging is') + + + diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..252c38319 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Regulation at laggiing leading and unity power factors + +clc; +clear; + +ol=0.01;// Ohmic loss is 1% of the output + +// Output = V*I; Ohmic loss =(I^2)*R + +//(I*R)/V = 0.01 + +rd=0.05; // Reactance drop is 5% of the output voltage + +// Power Factors +pf1=0.8;// lag +pf2=1; // unity +pf3=0.8;// lead + +deff('y=angle(x)','y=acosd(x)');// Function to find out the angle + +// Angles +t1=angle(pf1);// Positive sign as it is lagging +t2=angle(pf2); +t3=-angle(pf3); // Minus sign as it is leading + +deff('a=vr(b)','a=((ol*cosd(b))+(rd*sind(b)))*100');// Function to find out voltage regulation + +printf('The voltage regulation percentages is as follows \n') +printf('a) For 0.8 p.f lag = %f percent \n',vr(t1)) +printf('b) For unity p.f = %f percent \n',vr(t2)) +printf('c) For 0.8 p.f lead = %f percent \n',vr(t3)) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96f5696f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Calculate the circuit parameters of a transformer using OC and SC tests + +clc; +clear; + +E1=200; +E2=400; + +n=E2/E1; // Transformation ratio + +// O.C Calculations +V1=200; +Ioc=0.7; +Pi=70; + +R0=(V1^2)/Pi; + +Iw=V1/R0; + +Im=sqrt((Ioc^2)-(Iw^2)); + +X0=V1/Im; + +//S.C Calculations on HT side + +Pc=80; +I=10; +V=15; + +Rth= Pc/(I^2); +Z=V/I; + +Xth=sqrt((Z^2)-(Rth^2)); + +// Both these value are referred to HT side, but the answer is required to be referred to LT side + +Xtl=Xth/(n^2); // Reactance referred to LT side +Rtl=Rth/(n^2); // Resistance referred to LT side + +printf('The Circuit parameters referred to LT side is as follows \n') + +printf('Ro = %f ohms \n Xo = %f ohms \n Rt = %f ohms \n Xt = %f ohms \n',R0,X0,Rtl,Xtl) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40f7123df --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// To calculate terminal voltage and current and efficiency + +clc; +clear; + +n=10; // Transformation ratio + +E1=200; + +R0=400; +X0=251*%i; + +R1=0.16; +X1=0.7*%i; + +R2=5.96; // As referred to the primary side +X2=4.44*%i; // As referred to the primary side + +I1=E1/(R1+R2+X1+X2); + +t1=atand(imag(I1)/real(I1));// Angle for primary current + +Iw=E1/R0; +Im=E1/X0; + +Ip=Iw+Im+I1; + +Zl=R2+X2; + +V2p=I1*Zl;// Secondary terminal voltage referred to primary side + +V2=n*V2p; + +t2=atand(imag(V2)/real(V2)); // Angle for V2 + +Po= (abs(I1)^2)*R2; // Output power + +Pc=(abs(I1)^2)*R1;// Copper Loss + +Pil=(abs(Iw)^2)*R0;// Iron Loss + +eff= Po*100/(Po+Pc+Pil)// Efficiency + +printf('a) The secondary terminal voltage = %f /_%f V \n',abs(V2),t2) +printf('b) The primary current = %f /_%f A \n',abs(I1),t1) +printf('c) The efficiency is %f percent \n',eff) diff --git a/1319/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/1319/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4d14fb83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Regulation at full load p.f 0.8 lag + +clc; +clear; + +Pi=500*(10^3);// Power Input +Meff=97/100;// Max Efficiency +pf1=1; + +E1=3300; +E2=500; + +Po=Pi*pf1*3/4; + +// Iron loss = Copper loss at maximum efficiency + +x=poly([0 1],'x','c'); + +Pin=Po+(2*x); + +xx=(Pin*Meff)-Po; + +x=roots(xx); // Iron Loss = Copper Loss + +I2=Po/E2; + +R=x/(I2^2); + +I2fl=Pi/E2; + +Rfl=E2/I2fl; + +// Per unit values +Rpu=R*100/Rfl; +Zpu=10; +Xpu=sqrt((Zpu^2)-(Rpu^2)); + +pf2=0.8; // Lagging + +ang=acosd(pf2);// Positive Angle as it is lagging + +perreg=(Rpu*cosd(ang))+(Xpu*sind(ang)); + +printf('The regulation at full load, p.f 0.8 lag = %f percent\n',perreg) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1347f514f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To Determine the useful flux per pole + +clc; +clear; + +E=600; +N=1200; +Z=250; +A=2; +P=6; + +// EMF Equation + +phi=E*A*60/(N*Z*P);// Flux developed + +printf('The useful flux per pole = %g Wb \n',phi) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f5a1982d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Number of conductors of compensating winding + +clc; +clear; + +P=8; // No of Poles +Z=960; // No of conductors +ep=70/100; // Effective pole pitch + +Zp=Z/P; // No os conductors per pole + +AZp= ep*Zp; // No of actice armature conductors + +Zpc=ceil(AZp/P); // Conductors in compensating winding + +printf('The number of conductors of compensating winding = %g conductor/pole \n',Zpc) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d8ae3b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +//Swinburne test on a dc shunt motor + +clc; +clear; + +V=500; +I=5; +Rf=250; +Ra=0.5; + +P=V*I; +If=V/Rf; + +Ia=I-If; + +Pfc=(If^2)*Rf;// Field Copper Loss + +Pac=(Ia^2)*Ra; // Armature Copper Loss + +Pil=P-Pfc-Pac;// Iron loss + +// Generator + +Vg=500; +Ig=100; + +Pog=Vg*Ig; // Power Output + +Iag=Ig+If; //Armature current + +Pgac=(Iag^2)*Ra; // Armature Copper loss + +slg=0.01*Pog;//stray loss + +Pgtl=Pgac+Pfc+slg+Pil; // Total losses + +effg=Pog*100/(Pog+Pgtl); + +// Motor + +Vm=500; +Im=100; + +Pim=Vm*Im; // Power input to the motor + +Iam=Ig-If; // Armature current + +Pmac=(Iam^2)*Ra; // Armature Copper Loss + +Pom=Pim-Pmac-Pil-Pfc;// Ouput of the motor +slm=0.01*Pom;// Stray loss + +Pmtl=Pmac+Pil+Pfc+slm; // Total loss of the motor + +effm=(Pom-slm)*100/(Pim); + + +printf('i) The Efficiency of the machine as a generator delivering 100A at 500V = %g percent \n',effg) + +printf('ii) The Efficiency of the machine as a motor having a line current 100A at 500V = %g percent \n',effm) + + + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b89a2f789 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Speed of a belt driven shunt generator + +clc; +clear; + +Pg=100*(10^3);// Power output of the generator +Pm=10*(10^3); // Power input of the motor +V=220; +Ng=300; // Running speed of the generator +Ra=0.025; // Armature resistance +Rf=60; // Field Resistance +Vb=2;// Voltage drop due to brushes + +Im=Pm/V; // Current taken by the motor +Ig=Pg/V; // Current delivered by the generator + +Eg=V+(Ig*Ra)+Vb; // Induced EMF of generator + +Eb=V-(Im*Ra)-Vb; // Back EMF of the motor + +Nm=Eb*Ng/Eg; + +printf('The Speed under motoring condition = %g rpm \n',Nm) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..704b3a0e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Voltage between feeder and bus bar in a series generator + +clc; +clear; + +V=50; +I=200; + +Rf=0.3; // Feeder resistance + +//Various Currents +I1=160; +I2=50; + +deff('y=vol(x)','y=(x*Rf)-(V*x/I)') // Function to calculate the voltages + +Va=vol(I1); +Vb=vol(I2); + +printf('The voltage between the far end of the feeder and the bus bar at a current of \n') +printf('a) 160A = %g V \n',Va) +printf('b) 50A = %g V \n',Vb) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a68abb02 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Induced EMF and Armature current in a long shunt compound generator + +clc; +clear; + +Il=50; // Load Current +Vl=500; // Load Voltage +Ra=0.05; // Armature Resistance +Rfs=0.03; // Series Field Resistance +Rfp=250; // Shunt Field Resistance +Vb=2; // Contact drop + +Ish=Vl/Rfp; + +Ia=Il+Ish; + +E=Vl+(Ia*(Ra+Rfs))+Vb; // Induced EMF + +printf('The Induced EMF and Armature Current is %g V and %g A respectively \n',E,Ia) + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5473c9ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Speed at 50A considering armature reaction of a shunt motor + +clc; +clear; + +N=1000; // Speed at No load +I=5; // Current at no load +V=250; +Ra=0.2; // Armature Resistance +Rf=250;// Field Resistance + +Ish=V/Rf; // Field Current + +Ia=I-Ish; //Armature Current at no load +Eb=V-(Ia*Ra); // Back EMF at no load +Il=50; // Curent taken when loaded + +Ebl=V-(Il-Ish)*Ra;// Back EMF when loaded + +Nl=Ebl*N/(0.97*Eb) + +printf('The Speed at 50A considering weakening of the field due to armature reaction = %g rpm \n',ceil(Nl) ) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1cc43f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Speed of shunt motor taking 50kW input + +clc; +clear; + +Pog=50*(10^3);// Power ouput of the generator +Ng=400; // Speed of the generator +Vg=250; +Ra=0.02; +Rf=50; + +Pim=50*(10^3); // Power Input of motor +Vm=250; + +Vb=2;// Contact drop + +// Generator + +Ish=Vg/Rf; // Field Current +Ilg=Pog/Vg; // Load Current +Iag=Ish+Ilg; // Armature Current + +Eg=Vg+(Iag*Ra)+Vb; + +// Motor + +Ilm=Pim/Vm; // Input Current +Ish=Vm/Rf; // Field Current +Iam=Ilm-Ish; // Armature Current + +Eb=Vm-(Iam*Ra)-Vb; // Back EMF + +Nm=Eb*Ng/Eg; + +printf('The speed of shunt generator as a motor = %g rpm',ceil(Nm)) + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ebb1781a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Useful torque and efficiency of a shunt motor + +clc; +clear; + +Po=10.14*735; // 1 HP is 735 W, Power Developed +N=600/60;// Speed in rotations per sec +I=18; +V=500; +Pi=V*I; // Power input + +eff=Po*100/Pi; + +T=Po/(2*%pi*N); + +printf('The Efficiency and the useful torque of the shunt motor are %g percent and %g Nm respectively \n',eff,T) + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fce20bec --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Total torque developed in a 4 pole shunt motor + +clc; +clear; + +P=4; +A=4;// Lap Winding +Z=60*20; // Slots * no of comductors in each slot +phi=23*(10^-3); +Ia=50; // Armature current + +printf('The eqaution to find out torque is given by \n \n 2*pi*N*T = phi*Z*P*N/(60*A) * Ia \n\n') +T=((phi*Z*P*Ia)/(60*A))/(2*%pi/60); + +printf('Total torque developed = %g Nm \n',T) + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40f868c89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//EMF and copper losses of a Shunt Motor + +clc; +clear; + +V=250; +I=200; +Ra=0.02; // Armature Resistance +Rf=50; // Field Resistance +Pil=950; // Iron and frictional losses + +Ish=V/Rf; // Field Current +Ia=Ish+I; // Armature Current + +Pac=(Ia^2)*Ra; // Armature copper loss +Pfc=(Ish^2)*Rf;// Field copper loss + +Pc=Pac+Pfc; + +E=V+(Ia*Ra); + +Prime=(V*I)+Pil+Pc;// Ouput of prime mover is the input to the generator + +eff=(V*I*100)/Prime; + +printf('i) The EMF generated = %g V \n',E) +printf('ii) Total Copper Loss = %g watts \n',Pc) +printf('iii) Output of the prime mover is %g watts and the efficiency is %g percent \n',Prime,eff) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0451ba92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Determine the EMF generated + +clc; +clear; + +phi=40*(10^-3); +A=8; //Lap Winding +P=8; +N=400; +Z=960; + +E=P*N*Z*phi/(60*A); // EMF equation of a DC machine + +printf('The EMF generated = %g volts \n',E) + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec966a582 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Current taken by a motor at 90 percent efficiency + +clc; +clear; + +V=500; +N=400/60;// Speed in rotations per sec +eff=90/100; +T=195 + +Pd=2*%pi*N*T; // Power developed by the motor + +Pi=Pd/eff; // Power input to the motor + +I=Pi/V; + +printf('The Current taken by the motor = %g A \n',I) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4cbf3bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.21/6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Rated torque calculation by resistance addition + +clc; +clear; + +V=240; +I=40; +Ra=0.3; +N1=1500/60;// speed in rotations per sec +N2=1000/60; + +Pi=V*I;// Power input + +Pc=(I^2)*Ra; // Copper loss + +Po=Pi-Pc; + +T=Po/(2*%pi*N1);// Rated torque + +R1=V/I; // Back EMF is zero + +Rex1=R1-Ra; + +//Eb directly to N(speed) + +Eb1500=V-(I*Ra); +Eb1000=N2*Eb1500/N1; + +R=poly([0 1],'R','c'); + +x=(V-Eb1000)-(I*(R+Ra)); // Characteristic equation to find external resistance + +Rex2=roots(x); + +printf('The value of the resistance to be added to obtain rated torque \n') +printf('a) At starting = %g ohms\n',Rex1) +printf('b) At 1000 rpm = %g ohms\n',Rex2) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.22/6_22.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.22/6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015a386b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.22/6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Efficiency at full load + +clc; +clear; + +V=400; +Inl=5; // No load current +Ra=0.5; // Armature Resistance +Rf=200; // Field Resistance +Ifl=40; // Full load current + +Ish=V/Rf; // Field Current + +Psc=(Ish^2)*Rf; // Field copper loss + +Prs=(V*Inl)-Psc; // Stray losses assuming no armature losses + +Ia=Ifl-Ish; // Armature Current + +Pc=(Ia^2)*Ra;// Armature copper loss + +Pi=Ifl*V; // Power input + +Po=Pi-Psc-Prs-Pc; + +eff=Po*100/Pi; + +printf('The efficiency at full load = %g percent \n',eff) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bad52550a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Determine the EMF generated in a wave winding + +clc; +clear; + +phi=40*(10^-3); +A=2; //Wave Winding +P=8; +E=400; +Z=960; + +N=E*60*A/(phi*Z*P) // EMF equation of a DC machine + +printf('The speed generated = %g rpm \n',N) + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd66ac87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Ratio of speeds of a generator and motor + +clc; +clear; + +V=250; +Il=80; +Ra=0.12; +Rf=100;// Field Resistance + +Ish=V/Rf;// Field Current + +Ia1=Il+Ish;// Machine Current genrated +Ia2=Il-Ish;// Motor Current taken by the motor + +E=V+(Ia1*Ra);// Generator Induced EMF + +Eb=V-(Ia2*Ra);// Motor Operating EMF + +//Speeds are directly proportional to the EMFs + +Nr=E/Eb; // Ratio of speeds + +printf('The ratio of Generator speed to motor speed = %g \n',Nr) + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce90b45d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Calculate Load Current in a shunt generator + +clc; +clear; + +E=127; +V=120; +Ra=0.02; +Rf=15;// Field Resistance + +Ish=V/Rf; + +Ia=(E-V)/Ra; + +Il=Ia-Ish; + +printf('The load current = %g A \n',Il) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfbc66093 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Useful Flux per pole on no load shunt motor + +clc; +clear; +V=250; +Z=2*110;// One turn is two conductors +Ia=13.3; +N=908; +Ra=0.2; +A=2; //Wave Winding +P=6; + +Eb=V-(Ia*Ra);// Back EMF + +phi=Eb*60*A/(N*Z*P); + +printf('The useful flux per pole on no load of a 250V, 6 pole shunt motor = %g mWb \n',phi*1000) + + + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ae323c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//To find efficiency and useful torque + +clc; +clear; + +V=500; +N=600/60;// Rotation per second +I=18; +Hp=735.5; // The Value of one horse power is 735.5 W +Pd=10*Hp;// Power Output + +Pi=V*I; // Power input + +eff=Pd*100/Pi;// Efficiency + +//Power ouput electrical = Power mechanical = Po= 2*pi*N*T +T=Pd/(2*%pi*N); + +printf('The efficiency of the shunt motor = %g percent \n',eff) +printf('Useful torque = %g Nm \n',T) + + diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdc2f0cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Speed calculation of series motor + +clc; +clear; + +N1=800;// Speed in Case 1 +Ra=1; +I=15; +V=200; +Rs=5; // Series resistance + +Eb1=V-(I*Ra);// Back Emf in Case 1 +Eb2=V-(I*(Ra+Rs));// Back Emf in case 2 + +//Speed directly proportional to EMF + +N2=Eb2*N1/Eb1; + +printf("The speed of the motor when connected in series to a resistance of 5 ohms = %g rpm \n",N2) diff --git a/1319/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/1319/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31b028e7e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Parameters calculated due to armature reaction + +clc; +clear; + +P=8; +Z=960; +A=2;//Wave Winding + +Ia=100; + +cmti=Ia*Z/(2*A*P);// Total number of magnetising turns + +deff('y=dm(x)','y=cmti*2*x/180')// Function to find out demagnetising ampere turns + +// The demagnetising and cros magnetising ampere turns of the three cases respectively + +DM1=ceil(dm(0)); +CM1=cmti-DM1; + + +DM2=ceil(dm(10)); // To avoid decimal error ceil is used +CM2=cmti-DM2; + + +DM3=ceil(dm(10*4)); // Mechanical degree * no of pair of poles = Electrical degree +CM3=cmti-DM3; + +printf('i) Brushes along GNP. \n Demagnetising and cross magnetising ampere turns are %g AT/pole and %g AT/pole respectively \n\n',DM1,CM1) + +printf('ii) Brushes are shifted by 10 electrical degress. \n Demagnetising and cross magnetising ampere turns are %g AT/pole and %g AT/pole respectively \n\n',DM2,CM2) + +printf('iii) Brushes are shifted by 10 mechanical degress. \n Demagnetising and cross magnetising ampere turns are %g AT/pole and %g AT/pole respectively \n\n',DM3,CM3) + diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68b3e0b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Power delivered to 3 phase synchronous motor + +clc; +clear; + +Vl=2300; +Il=8.8; +pf=0.8// Lead Power Factor +theta=acosd(pf) + +P=sqrt(3)*Vl*Il; // Power delivered by the pump + +I=P/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf); // Increase in Current + +Pr=sqrt(3)*Vl*I*sind(theta); // kVAr supplied + +printf('The Power delivered by the pump = %g kW \n',P/1000) +printf('The Rheostat should be decreased such that the ammeter reads %g A \n',I) +printf('The kVAr supplied by the motor = %g kVAr',Pr/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f65ab20c --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//New plant pf and percent decrease in line current + +clc; +clear; + +Pmp=5000*(10^3); // Electrical load +pfmp=0.8; // Lag + +Pim=500*735;// One horse power is 735W +Effim=96/100; // Efficiency of the motor +pfim=0.9; // Lag +pfsm=0.8; // Lead + +Pime=Pim/Effim;// Effective power delivered by the induction motor + +deff('x=com(y,z)','x=y+(%i*y*tand(acosd(z)))')// Function to find the complex powers + +//Complex Powers +Pcmp=com(Pmp,pfmp); // Manufacturing Plant Load +Pcim=com(Pime,pfim);// Induction Motor +Pcsm=com(Pime,-pfsm);// Synchronous Machine, Minus Sign indicates Lead + +Pr=Pcmp-Pcim+Pcsm; // Plant Requirement after replacement + +pfar=real(Pr)/abs(Pr); // New Power Factor of the plant + +Pnp=abs(Pr); + +Vl=poly([0 1],'Vl','c'); + +Io=Pmp/(pfmp*sqrt(3)*Vl); +In=Pnp/(sqrt(3)*Vl); // Improved Factor Value =1; + +red=(Io-In)*100/Io; // Reduction percent in fractions + +redeq=Vl-red;// Reduction percent in decimal characteristic equation + +redper=roots(redeq(2)); + +printf('The New Power Factor of the plant = %g lag \n',pfar ) +printf('The Percentage decrease in line current that will result in improved p.f = %g percent \n',redper) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fb843214 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//kVAr rating of a synchronous condenser + +clc; +clear; + +P=5000*(10^3); // Power delivered to the load +pfo=0.8;// Original Power Factor +pfn=0.9;// New Power Factor +Pcomo=P+%i*(P*tand(acosd(pfo)));//Original Complex Power +Pcomn=P+%i*(P*tand(acosd(pfn)));//New Complex Power + +Psc=abs(imag(Pcomo-Pcomn)); // Difference in kVAr; + +printf('The kVAr rating of the synchronous condenser to correct the original p.f to 0.9 = %g kVAr \n',Psc/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1049d83c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Calculate E per phase and Current and pf + +clc; +clear; + +V=2300; +delta=20; +Pd=255*735.5; // Power delivered converted to W from HP +Xs=10; +eff=90/100; //Efficiency + +P=Pd/eff; + +E=poly([0 1],'E','c'); + +x=(sqrt(3)*E*V*sind(delta))-(P*Xs); // Characteristic Equation to find E + +E=roots(x); + +Vph=V/(sqrt(3));// Phase Voltage + +I=((Vph*expm(%i*0))-(E*expm(%i*(-%pi/9))))/(%i*Xs);// Current Eqaution + +[Im,phi]=polar(I); // Angle in radians and magnitude + +phid=(abs(phi)/%pi)*180;// Power Factor Angle in Degrees + +pf=cosd(phid); + +// High Precision Answers +printf('a) E per phase = %g V \n',E) +disp('amperes',I,'b) I =') +printf('\n c) p.f = %g lead \n',pf) + diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb839751a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Voltage Regulation of a 3 Phase alternator + +clc; +clear; + +Ra=0.093; +Xs=8.5; +Z=(Ra+(%i*Xs)); // Total Impedance + +P=1500*(10^3); // Power delivered at full load +V=6.6*(10^3); // Voltage per line +Vph=V/(sqrt(3)); // Voltage per phase + +Il=P/(sqrt(3)*V); // Full Load Current + + +// Taking voltage as reference +//Power Angles +theta1=-acos(0.8); // Negative Sign as It is lagging +theta2=acos(0.8); + +deff('a=pot(b)','a=Vph+((Il*expm(%i*b))*Z)')// Function to find out the output phase voltage + +E1=pot(theta1); +E2=pot(theta2); + +deff('y=vg(x)','y=(abs(x)-Vph)*100/Vph') // Function to find out the voltage regulation using the formuala + +Vreg1=vg(E1); +Vreg2=vg(E2); + +printf('The Voltage regulation of a 3-Phase 1500 kVA, 6.6 kV alternator at \n') +printf('i) 0.8 lag = %g percent \n',Vreg1) +printf('ii) 0.8 lead = %g percent \n',Vreg2) diff --git a/1319/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/1319/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0d89d3a --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Internal Voltage drop in an alternator + +clc; +clear; + +If=10; +Voc=900; // Open Circuit Voltage + +Isc=150; // Short Circuit Current + +Zs=Voc/Isc; + +I=60; // Load current + +Vd=I*Zs; // Internal Voltage Drop + +printf('The internal voltage drop with a load current of 60 A = %g V \n',Vd) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75bf78051 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Find the percentage slip and poles of the motor + +clc; +clear; + +p=12; +n=500; +nlim=1440; +f=p*n/120; +c=1; + +while(c>0) // Used to find out the poles of the motor nearest to the full load slip + P=2*c; + N=120*f/P; + g=(5/100)*N; + if((N-nlim)>(0.05*N)) + c=c+1; + else + c=0; + end +end + +slip=(N-nlim)*100/N; + +printf('The Number of poles of the induction motor is %g \n',P) +printf('The percentage slip is %g percent \n',slip) + + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03f7b85c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//To determine parameters of an 3 phase delta connected 4 pole induction motor + +clc; +clear; + +V=440; +f=50; +p=4; +E2=150; +Nr=1450; + +Ns=120*f/p; + +s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns; + +rf=s*f; // Rotor frequency + +Eir=s*E2; // Rotor induced EMF per phase +gc=1; + +// To find the GCD of both the voltages +for i=E2:-1:1 + a=modulo(V,i); + b=modulo(E2,i); + if(a==0&b==0) + gc=gc*i; + break; + end +end + +printf('The parameters for a motor running at 1450 rpm are \n') +printf('i) The slip = %g percent \n',s) +printf('ii) The frequency of the rotor induced EMF =%g Hz \n',rf) +printf('iii) The rotor induced EMF per phase = %g V \n',Eir) +printf('iv) Stator to rotor turn ratio = %g : %g \n',V/gc,E2/gc) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92abc9545 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Determine the shaft power of 6 pole Induction Motor + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +p=6; +rf=120/60; // Rotor Frequency +T=150; // Full Load torque + +s=rf/f; + +Ns=120*f/p; + +Nr=Ns*(1-s); + +Ps=2*%pi*Nr*T/60; // Shaft power + +printf('The shaft power of the motor = %g kW \n',Ps/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e8c87979 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Motor parameters at a load power factor + +clc; +clear; + +p=4; +f=50; +V=400; +pf=0.8; +Nr=1440; +Pm=20*(10^3); // Mechanical Power Developed +Ns=120*f/p; +s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns; + +rf=s*f; // Rotor frequency + +Pstat=1000; //Stator Loss + +// Power input to the rotor = Mechanical Power Developed / (1-s) + +Pirot=Pm/(1-s); // Rotor Power Input + +Pi=Pirot+Pstat; // Power input to stator + +Il=Pi/(sqrt(3)*V*pf); // Line Current + +printf('For a 4 pole motor running at 1440 rpm and 0.8 p.f \n') +printf('i) Rotor Current frequency = %g Hz \n',rf) +printf('ii) Total input if stator loss is 1000W = %g kW \n',Pi/1000) +printf('iii) The line current = %g A \n',Il) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d6332655 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To determine the auto tranformer ratio and starting torque + +clc; +clear; + +V=400; +f=50; +p=4; +sfl=4/100; + +Ria=2.5; // Ratio of starting current to full load current (Auto transformer) +Rir=4; // Ratio of starting current to full load current ( For the Rated Voltage) + +x=sqrt(Ria/Rir); + +Rt=((x*Rir)^2)*sfl; // Ratio of starting torque to full load torque; + +printf('The auto-transformer ratio = %g \n',x) +printf('The starting torque at the above transformer ratio = %g percent of full load torque \n',100*Rt) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ec3cb21 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//To determine the starting torque in terms of full load torque + +clc; +clear; + +sfl=4/100; + +Rir=5; // Ratio of starting current to the full load current at rated voltage + +x=70.7/100; // Auto transformer tapping + +Rsd=((Rir)^2)*sfl/3; // Ratio of the starting load to full load torque for a star -delta starter + +Ra=((x*Rir)^2)*sfl; // Ratio of the starting load to full load torque for an 70.7% tapped auto transformer + +printf('The starting torque in terms of full load torque by \n') +printf('i) Star-Delta starter = %g Tfl \n',Rsd) +printf('ii) An auto-tranformer starter with 70.7 percent tapping = %g Tfl \n',Ra) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba5f4d806 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Stator input of 3 phase 4 pole induction motor + +clc; +clear; + +p=4; +f=50; +Pd=4000; // Power Developed +Nr=1440; +Ps=320;// Stator loss + +Ns=120*f/p; + +s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns; + +Pir=Pd/(1-s); // Power to the rotor + +Pi=Pir+Ps; // The input to the stator + +printf('The stator input of a 440V 3 phase 4 pole induction motor = %g W \n',ceil(Pi)) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eb9e5832 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Motor parameters of a 6 pole motor with 40 hp mechanical power + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +p=6; +Pd=40*735.5; // Mechanical Power developed +V=500; +Nr=960; +pf= 0.8; // Lag +Pm=1500; // Mechanical Loss + +Ns=120*f/p; + +s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns; +Ps=1800; // Stator Loss + +Po=Pd-Pm; // Power Output + +Pir=Pd/(1-s); // Power input to rotor + +Prc=s*Pir; // Copper Loss of the Rotor + +Pi=Pir+Ps; // Power input to the stator + +eff=Po*100/Pi; + +Il=Pi/(sqrt(3)*V*pf);// Line Current + +printf('For a 6 pole 3 phase motor at 500V with a power factor of 0.8 lag \n') +printf('i) Rotor Copper Loss = %g W \n',Prc) +printf('ii) Total input to stator if the stator loss is 1500W = %g W \n',Pi) +printf('iii) The line Current = %g A \n',Il) +printf('iv) Efficiency = %g percent \n',eff) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfa9d003f --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//To determine parameters of 4 pole induction motor considering circuit parameters + +clc; +clear; + +R1=0.5; +R2=0.35; +X1=1.2; +X2=X1; +Xm=25; +f=50; +p=4; + +Pd=25*735.5; // Power Developed +Prl=800;// Rotational Losses +V=400; +Vph=V/sqrt(3); + +Ns=120*f/p; +s=2.5/100; +Nr=(1-s)*Ns; +rf=s*f; // Rotor Frequency + +Z1=R1+(%i*X1); +Z2=(R2/s)+(%i*X2); +Zm=%i*Xm; + +Z2m=(Zm*Z2)/(Zm+Z2); + +Zeff=Z1+Z2m; // Effective Impedance + +Is= Vph/Zeff; // Stator Current + +Psc= 3*(abs(Is)^2)*R1; // Copper Loss in the Stator +Ztheta= atand(imag(Zeff)/real(Zeff)); // Phase angle of impedance +Ctheta= atand(imag(Is)/real(Is)); // Phase angle of current + +pf= cosd(Ctheta);// Lagging Power Factor +Ir=Is*(Zm/(Zm+Z2));// Rotor Current + +Prc= 3*(abs(Ir)^2)*R2; // Rotor Copper Loss + +Pim= sqrt(3)*V*abs(Is)*cosd(Ctheta); // Power input to the motor +Pom= Pim-Prc-Psc-Prl; // Power Output to the motor + +eff=Pom*100/Pim; // Efficiency + +printf('For a rotor slip of 2.5 percent at rated voltage and frequency \n'); +printf('i) The motor speed = %g rpm \n',Nr) +printf('ii) The stator Current = %g /_%g A \n',abs(Is),Ctheta) +printf('iii) The p.f = %g lagging \n',pf) +printf('iv) The efficiency = %g percent \n',eff) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fd725e0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Stator Current and pf and efficiency of a motor operating at 0.03 slip + +clc; +clear; + +V=400; +Vph=V/sqrt(3); +R1=0.2; +R2=0.15; +X1=%i*0.5; +X2=%i*0.3; + +s=3/100; + +Ptl=2000; // Total Losses + +Z1=R1+X1; +Z2=(R2/s)+X2; +Zt=Z1+Z2; // Total Impedance of the circuit + +Is= Vph/Zt; // Stator Current + +Ctheta=atand(imag(Is)/real(Is)); // Phase angle of stator current + +pf= cosd(Ctheta); // Power factor lagging + +Pi=sqrt(3)*V*abs(Is)*cosd(Ctheta); + +Po=Pi-Ptl; // Power Output + +eff=Po*100/Pi; + +printf('For a 3 phase, 4 pole, 400V Induction Motor operating at 3 percent slip \n') +printf('i) The Stator current = %g /_%g A \n',abs(Is),Ctheta) +printf('ii) The p.f = %g lagging \n',pf) +printf('iii) The efficiency = %g percent \n',eff) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5011b1189 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To calculate motor speed and its slip + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +sf=3/2; +s=sf/f; + +p=8; +N=120*f/8; + +Nr=poly([0 1],'Nr','c'); // Actual Speed Variable + +x=(750*s)-(750-Nr); // Equation To find the Actual Speed + +Nr=roots(x); // Actual Speed Constant + +printf('The motor runs at a speed of %g rpm and has a slip of %g \n',ceil(Nr),s) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a50431a0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// To Calculate Parameters of a 3 phase 4 pole induction machine. + +clc; +clear; + +V1=200; +R2=0.1; +X2=0.9; +f=50; +p=4; +s=4/100; +a=0.67; // The Ratio of rotor to stator turns + +P=((a*V1)^2)*R2*(1-s)*s/(((R2)^2)+((s*X2)^2)); // Power Delivered referred to the rotor side ( Mechanical Power) + +N=120*f/p;// Rated Speed + +N1=N*(1-s);// Speed at 4% slip + +T4=P*60/(2*%pi*N1); // Total Torque at 4% slip + +sm=floor((R2/X2)*1000)/1000; // Condition for Maximum Torque + +Pmax=((a*V1)^2)*R2*(1-sm)*sm/((R2^2)+((sm*X2)^2));// Power at maximum torque + +Nmax=ceil(N*(1-sm)); // Speed at Maximum Torque + +Tmax=Pmax*60/(2*%pi*Nmax); // Maixmum Torque + +// Please Note that the answers are accurate and no quantities are neglected as in the text book. +printf('a) Total torque at 4 percent slip = %g Nm \n',T4) +printf('b) Total Mechanical Power at 4 percent slip = %g watts or %g H.P \n',P,(P/735)) +printf('c) Maximum Torque = %g Nm \n',Tmax) +printf('d) Speed at maximum torque = %g rpm \n',Nmax) +printf('e) Maximum Mechanical Power = %g watt or %g H.P \n',Pmax,(Pmax/735)) + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c27ddbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Calculation of slip from losses + +clc; +clear; + +eff=0.9; // Efficiency +P=50*735; // Load in watts +x=poly([0 1],'x','c'); // Rotor Copper Loss Variable + +tx=(x+x+x+(x/3)); // Total loss + +loss=((P+tx)*eff)-P; // Equation to calculate x + +x=roots(loss); // Rotor Copper Loss Constant + +s=poly([0 1],'s','c'); // Variable for slip +slip=(P*s)-(x*(1-s));// Gives the variable equation of slip + +s=roots(slip); // Numerical Value of slip + +printf('The slip of an induction motor of 0.9 efficiency at 50 HP load = %g \n',s) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a2915010 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Tapping of an auto transformer to limit current in squirrel cage motor + +clc; +clear; + +V=400; // Line to line voltage +Vph=V/sqrt(3); // Phase voltage +Z=1.54; // Standstill impedance +Ifl=30;// Full Load Current +Imax=75; // Max current which can be taken by the line +s=4/100; // Full load slip + +t=poly([0 1],'t','c'); // Variable for tapping percent of normal voltage + +Is=t*(Vph/(100*Z)); // Starting current in the motor + +Ias=(t/100)*Is; // Current on supply side of the auto transformer + +Tap=Ias-Imax; // Equation to find t + +t=roots(Tap);// Numerical Value for t + +if(imag(sqrt(t(1)))) + t=t(2); +else + t=t(1); +end + + +Ism=Imax*100/t; // Starting current in the motor (Numerical Value) + +st=((Ism/Ifl)^2)*s; // Starting torque to full load torque ratio + +printf('The tapping provided to the auto transformer = %g percent of Normal Voltage \n',t) + +printf('The starting torque available is %g times the full load torque \n',st) + + + diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..971a09443 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//To find the total mechannical power and rotor copper loss + +clc; +clear; + +P=60*(10^3); // Power input +Pstat=1*(10^3);// Stator Losses +Pirot=P-Pstat;// Rotor Input +s=3/100;// Running slip + +Prc=poly([0 1],'Prc','c'); // Variable for rotor copper loss +// Prc = I2^2 * R2 + +rloss=(Pirot*s)-(3*Prc); + +Prc=roots(rloss); // Numerical Value of rotor loss per phase; + +Pm=Pirot-(3*Prc); // Mechanical power developed + +printf('The rotor loss per phase = %g W \n',Prc) +printf('The Mechanical Power developed = %g kW \n',Pm/1000) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e08e89f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// To determine the starting torque and current using different starters + +clc; +clear; + +// Rated Parameters of the motor +V=400; // Delta connected +P=50*735.5; // Power developed +N=750; // Speed + +Ifl=50; // Full Load current +Z=2.5; // Impedance per phase +sf=4.5/100; // Slip +f=50; + +Tfl=P*60/(2*%pi*N); + +deff('y=curr(x)','y=(sqrt(3))*x/Z'); + +deff('a=stor(b)','a=((b/Ifl)^2)*sf*Tfl'); + +//Case 1 +I1=curr(V); +T1=stor(I1); + +//Case 2 +I3=curr(70*V/100); +T3=stor(I3); + +T2=Tfl*((1/sqrt(3))^2); // Case 2 torque +I2=I1; + +printf('The starting torque and the starting current using different starters are : \n') + +printf('i) D.O.L starter = %g Nm and %g A \n',T1,I1) +printf('ii) Star-delta starter = %g Nm and %g A \n',T2,I2) +printf('iii) An auto transformer starter with 70 percent tapping = %g Nm and %g A \n',T3,I3) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdba08319 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// To actual rotor speed and the rotor frequency at 3 percent slip + +clc; +clear; + +P=2; +f=50; +V=400; +Vph=V/sqrt(3); +s=3/100; + +Ns=120*f/P; + +Nr=Ns*(1-s); + +rf=s*f; // Rotor Frequency + +printf('The Actual rotor speed = %g rpm \n',Nr) +printf('The rotor frequency = %g Hz \n',rf) diff --git a/1319/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce b/1319/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e755e1a07 --- /dev/null +++ b/1319/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// To determine the various parameters of a 3 phase 400V 6 poles Induction Motor + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +p=6; +s=3/100; +V=400; + +N=120*f/p; // Synchronous speed +Ns=0; // Speed of stator +rf=s*f; // Rotor Frequency +Nr=N*(1-s); // Rotor speed +Nrs=N-Ns; // Speed of Rotor field wrt stator +Nrr=120*rf/6; // Speed of rotor field wrt rotor +Nrmsm=0; // Speed of rotor field wrt stator field + +printf('i) The speed of the rotor = %g rpm \n',Nr) +printf('ii) The frequency of rotor current = %g Hz \n',rf) +printf('iii) The Speed of the rotor magnetic field w.r.t the stator = %g rpm \n',Nrs) +printf('iv) The speed of the rotor magnetic field w.r.t the rotor = %g rpm \n',Nrr) +printf('v) The speed of the rotor magnetic field w.r.t the stator magnetic field = %g rpm \n',Nrmsm) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cff240e51 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2afff4e9d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//To find pitch diameter +clc +//given +Teeth=48 +pitch=.75 //in +D=Teeth*pitch/%pi +printf("The pitch diameter is %.3f in",D) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3c208707 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e639b50f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//To find pitch diameter and the circular pitch +clc +//given +T=48//teeth +pd=4//diametral pitch +D=T/pd//pitch diameter +p=%pi/pd//the circular pitch +printf("\nThe pitch diameter = %.f in\nThe circular pitch = %.4f in\n",D,p) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937c65dcc Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a82ca058e --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Find pitch diameter and pitch module +clc +//given +T=48 +m=6//mm ; module +D=m*T +p=%pi*m +dia=D/10//cm +P=p*0.0393700787//inches +printf("\nPitch diameter = %.1f cm\nCircular pitch = %.4f in\n",dia,P) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d15cb9cfa Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de06f8dc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To find the smallest number of teeth +clc +//given +phi=20*%pi/180 +//Solution a) +ar=1 +t1=2*ar/sin(phi)^2//from equation 10.7 +T1=ceil(t1) +//Solution b) +aw=1 +t2=2*aw/((1+3*sin(phi)^2)^(1/2)-1)//from euation 10.6 +T2=ceil(t2) +//solution c) +t=1 +T=3 +A=(t/T)*(t/T+2) +t3=2*aw*(t/T)/((1+A*sin(phi)^2)^(1/2)-1)//from 10.5 +T3=ceil(t3) +printf("\nSmallest number of teeth theoretically required in order to avoid interference on a pinion which is to gear with\na) A rack , t= %.f\nb) An equal pinion , t= %.f\nc) A wheel to give a ratio of 3 to 1 , t= %.f\n",T1,T2,T3) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5de659026 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d427f8609 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//To find the addendum required +clc +//given +t=25 +phi=20*%pi/180 +//let pitch be 1 +R=t/(2*%pi)//R=t*p/(2*%pi) +Larc=1.6//1.6*p +//AB=Larc*cos(phi) +AB=Larc*cos(phi) +Ra=(4.47+13.97)^(1/2)//by simplifying AB+2{(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)-R*sin(phi)} and using p =1 +Addendum=Ra-R +//writing p in place of p=1 +printf("\nAddendum required = %.2fp",Addendum) diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.PNG b/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40f390ef7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d93319c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//to find thelength of path of contact and the length of arc of contact +clc +//let module be 1 +m=1 +t1=28 +t2=45 +r=t1*m/2 +R=t2*m/2 +ra=r+m +Ra=R+m +phi1=14.5*%pi/180 +//10.8 => AB =(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)+(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)-(r+R)*sin(phi) +//AB=A+B-C +A=m*(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi1)^2)^(1/2) +B=m*(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi1)^2)^(1/2) +C=m*(r+R)*sin(phi1) +AB=A+B-C +p=%pi*m +ABp=AB/%pi +arc1=ABp/cos(phi1)//length of arc of contact +phi2=20*%pi/180 +//10.8 => AB =(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)+(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)-(r+R)*sin(phi) +a=m*(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi2)^2)^(1/2) +b=m*(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi2)^2)^(1/2) +c=m*(r+R)*sin(phi2) +ab=a+b-c +abp=ab/%pi +arc2=abp/cos(phi2)//length of arc of contact +printf("\nLength of path of contact\nWhen phi = 14.5 degrees = %.3fm\nWhen phi = 20 degrees = %.2fm\nLength of arc of contact\nWhen phi = 14.5 degrees = %.2fp\nWhen phi = 20 degrees = %.3fp\n",AB,ab,arc1,arc2) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1168950fb Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a5c1348 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find gear train suitable for connecting the spindle +clc +//given +Ns=26//rpm of spindle +N1=4//rpm of lead screw +//the only wheel in the set of which 13 is a factor is that with 65 teeth +T1=65 +T2=25//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +T3=75//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +T4=T1*T3*N1/(Ns*T2) +//solution b +Ns1=35 +N1=4 +Tb1=105//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb2=30//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb3=100//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb4=Tb1*Tb3*N1/(Ns1*Tb2) +printf("\na) The change wheel used will have %.f, %.f, %.f and %.f teeths\nb) The change wheel used will have %.f, %.f, %.f and %.f teeths",T1,T2,T3,T4,Tb1,Tb2,Tb3,Tb4) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc036ff9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a7cab17 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//To find the ratio of engine speed to propeller shaft speed and the tooth loads for the third gear +clc +//given +s1=26 +s2=24 +s3=23 +sr=31 +i1=70 +i2=72 +i3=61 +ir=71 +t=1500//lb in +k1=-i3/s3//Ns3-Ni2/(Ni3-Ni2)=k +//S3 is fixed thus +k2=1-(1/k1)//k2=Ni3/Ni2 +k3=-i2/s2//k3=Ns2-Ni3/(Ni2-Ni3) +k4=(1/k2-1)*k3+1//k4=Ns2/Ni3 ; reducing using k2 and k3 +k5=-i1/s1//Ns1-Nf/(Ni1-Nf) +k6=(1-k5)/(1-k5/k4)//k6=Ns1/Nf +printf("\n Ns1/Nf = %.2f",k6) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d49b6579 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be690e308 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//To find the overall speed ratio +clc +//given +v=15//ft/min +d=2//ft +N=450//rpm +N1=d*v/(2*%pi)//rpm of barrel +s=N/N1//total reduction speed required +//With a minimum number of teeth = 20 +T=20 +T1=T*(s)^(1/3) +R=(T1/T)^3 +printf("\nIf the minimum number of teeth is fixed at 20, the might be as follow ( %.f / 20 )^3 = %.1f\nThis is sufficiently close to the required ratio\n",T1,R) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb97df3fc Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..941a40c6d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//To find number of teeth on each of the four wheels +clc +//given +d=7//in; central distance +k1=2*7*7//T1+t1/(2*7)=7 +k2=2*7*5//T2+t2/(2*5)=7 +G=9/1 +t1=(-(k1+k2)+((k1+k2)^2+4*(G-1)*(k1*k2))^(1/2))/(2*(G-1)) +a=ceil(t1) +b=floor(t1) +T1=k1-a +T2=k2-a +T3=k2-b +G1=T1*T2/(a*a) +G2=T1*T3/(a*b) +dp=a/d +//case b) +tb1=23//let t1 = 23 +Tb1=k1-tb1 +Gb1=Tb1/tb1 +Gb2=G/Gb1 +tb2=k2/(Gb2+1) +p=ceil(tb2) +Tb2=k2-p +l=Tb1-1 +m=tb1+1 +n=Tb2+1 +o=p-1 +Gb2=l*n/(m*o) +printf("\na) No of teeth = %.f, %.f, %.f, %.f\nG = %.2f\n\nb) No of teeth = %.f, %.f, %.f, %.f\nG = %.2f\n\n",T1,T2,a,b,G2,l,m,n,o,Gb2) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c0b9ff14 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fb9e55a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//to find ratio of the speed of the driving shaft to the speed of the driven shaft +clc +//given +Tb=27 +Tc=30 +Td=24 +Te=21 +k=Te*Tb/(Tc*Td)//k=Nd/Ne +//by applying componendo and dividendo, using Ne=0 and reducing we get +a=(1-k)//where a = Nd/Na +b=1/a +printf("\nThe ratio of the speed of driving shaft to the speed of driven shaft\n\nNa/Nd = %.2f",b) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab73021a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07ed9a83f --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//to find the speed of driven shaft +clc +//given +Tb=75 +Tc=18 +Td=17 +Te=71 +N1=500//rpm +k=Tb*Td/(Tc*Te)//k=Ne/Nb +//case a) +//using componendo and dividendo , Nb=0 and reducing we get +a=1-k//a=Ne/Na +Na=N1 +Ne=Na*a +//case b) +Na1=500//given +Nb1=100//given +Ne1=k*(Nb1-Na1)+Na1 +printf("\ncase a) Ne= %.3f rpm\ncase b) Ne= %.1f rpm\n",Ne,Ne1) diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.PNG b/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fba1490d Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce b/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9be1d8ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find diameter of bicycle wheel +clc +//given +Td=23 +Ta=19 +Tb=20 +Tc=22 +k=Td*Ta/(Tb*Tc) +//using componendo and dividendo, Nc=0 and reducing we get +a=1/k-1//a=Nd/Ne +b=1/a//- denotes opposite direction +d=5280*12/(%pi*5*b) +p=ceil(d) +printf("\nThe diameter must be = %.1f in\nThe numbers of teeths are therefore suitable for a cyclometer for bicycle with %.f inches wheels",d,p) + diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9d1428c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..934336068 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//to find the moment of inertia of the flying wheel +clc +//given +ihp=25 +N=300//rpm +Ks=2/100//given +u=2.3//work done by gases during expansion is u(2.3) times that during compression +E=ihp*33000/N//indicated work done per revolution +E1=E*2//indicated work done per cycle +We=E1/(1-1/u)//work done by gases during expansion +AB=We*2/%pi//the maximum torque from fig 290 +AC=E/(2*%pi)//mean turning moment +CB=AB-AC//maximum excess turning moment +Ef=(CB/AB)^2*We//fluctuation of energy +Ke=Ef/E +w=%pi*N/30//angular speed +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +moi=g*Ef/(w^2*Ks)//moment of inertia +printf("Moment of inertia of the flywheel = %.f lb ft^2",moi) + +//answer is not EXACT due to the approximations in calculations done by the author of the book diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc3d38b1c Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f427e81a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To estimate the percentage variation from the mean speed +clc +//given +N=100//rpm +ke=1.93//As per given figure +l=15//1 inch of fig = 15 ton ft +x=40//degrees; 1 inch = 40 degree +I=150//ton ft^2 +w=%pi*N/30//angular speed +E=l*x*%pi/180//energy +Ef=E*ke//fluctuation energy +Ks=Ef*g/(w^2*I)//from equation 12.14 +p=Ks*100/2//dummy variables +q=p*2//dummy variables +printf("The total fluctuation of speed is %.2f percent and the variation in speed is %.2f percent on either side of the mean speed",q,p) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db0b465ed Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17e61b4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To find torque exerted on driven shaft +clc +//given +ne=31 +na=25 +nb=90 +nc=83 +Ta=10 //lbft +//Ne-Nf/(Nc-Nf)=-83/31 +k=114/83//k=Nc/Nf As Ne = 0, on simplification we get Nc/Nf= 114/83 +j=-90/25//j=Na/Nb +//Nc=Nb, Thus Na/Nc=-90/25 +//Na/Nf=(Na/Nc)*(Nc/Nf) ie Na/Nf=k*j +//Tf*Nf=Ta*Na +Tf=Ta*k*j +printf("\nTorque exerted on driven shaft = %.1f lb.ft\n",Tf) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebcfb8d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67f54f1ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Find the torque exerted on the crankshaft +clc +//given +D=9//in +stroke=24//in +d=2//in +l=60//in +CP=l +N=120 +theta=40//degrees +x=theta*%pi/180 +P1=160//lb/in^2 +P2=32//lb/in^2 +OC=stroke/2 +F=%pi*(D/2)^2*P1-%pi*(D/2)^2*P2+%pi*(d/2)^2*P2 +//Ft*Vc=F*Vp; Where Vc and Vp are velocities of crank and pin respectively +//Vp/Vc=IP/IC=OM/OC - From similar triangles ; fig 274 +n=CP/OC +OM=OC*(sin(x) + (sin(2*x)/(2*n)))//from 3.11 +T=F*OM/12//torque exerted on crankshaft +Torque=floor(T) +printf("The torque exerted on crankshaft= F*OM = %.f lb ft",Torque) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e04d2b2c1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5981534c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//To find the total forces applied at point A and B +clc +//given +AB=12.5//in +IB=10.15//in +IA=10.75//in +IX=2.92//in +IY=5.5//in +w=3//lb +Fi=5//lb +Fa1=9//lb +Fb1=(Fa1*IA-w*IY-Fi*IX)/IB +//From the polygon of forces +Fa2=7.66//lb +Fb2=3.0//lb +Fa=(Fa1^2+Fa2^2)^(1/2) +Fb=(Fb1^2+Fb2^2)^(1/2) +printf("\nThe total force applied to the link AB at the pin A = Fa = %.2f lb\nThe total force applied to the link AB at the pin B = Fb = %.2f lb\n",Fa,Fb) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9316f4168 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..852af91b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//To find the inertia torque on the crankshaft +clc +//given +CP=60//in +l=CP/12 +a=41 +cg=19 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +m1=580//lb +Mr=500//lb +n=5//from example 12.3 +x=40*%pi/180 +N=120 +r=1//ft +k=25 +w=N*%pi/30 +Rm=m1+(cg/CP)*Mr +fp=w^2*r*(cos(x)+cos(2*x)/n) +Fp=-Rm*fp/g +OM=0.7413//ft -from example 12.3 +Tp=Fp*OM//from 12.6 +L=a+k^2/a//length for simple equivalent pendulum +L1=L/12 +Tc=-Mr*(a/12)*(l-L1)*w^2*sin(2*x)/(g*2*n^2)//from 12.10 +Tw=-Mr*a*cos(x)/(n*12) +T=Tp+Tc+Tw +printf("\nTp= %.f lbft\nTc = %.1f lbft\nTw = %.1f lbft\nTotal torque exerted on the crankshaft due to the inertia of the moving parts = Tp+Tc+tw = %.1f lbft",Tp,Tc,Tw,T) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51baf2958 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06b3948e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//To find the torque exerted on AB to overcome the inertia of the links and the forces which act on the pins B and C +clc +//given +AB=2.5//in +BC=7//in +CD=4.5//in +AD=8//in +ED=2.3//from figure +N=180 +w=N*%pi/30 +m=3//lb +k=3.5//radius of gyration +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +QT=1.35//inches from figure +alpha=w^2*(QT/CD) +Torque=m*(k/12)^2*alpha/g +Torque1=Torque*12 +Tadd=m*ED//additional torque +Tc=Tadd+Torque1//total torque +Fc1=Tc/CD +//link BC +M=5//lb +gA=1.8//in +fg=w^2*(gA/12) +F=M*fg/g +OaG=5.6//in +Kg=2.9//in +GZ=Kg^2/OaG +//scaled from figure +IB=9//in +IC=5.8//in +IX=2.49//in +IY=1.93//in +Fb1=(Fc1*IC+F*IX+M*IY)/IB +Tor=Fb1*AB +//from force polygon +Fc2=1//lb +Fb2=15.2//lb +Fb=(Fb1^2+Fb2^2)^(1/2) +Fc=(Fc1^2+Fc2^2)^(1/2) +printf("\nThe torque which must be exerted on AB in order to overcome the inertia of the links = Fb1*AB = %.1f lb.in\nThe total force applied to the link BC \nAt pin C = %.2f lb\nAt pin B = %.1f lb\n",Tor,Fc,Fb) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d62a37f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ad67dd87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//To find the actual speed, the number of poles on the alternator and the required value of Ks +clc +//given +N=210//rpm +w=N*%pi/30 +F=50 +p1=F*120/(N*2)//N*p=F*120 +p2=floor(p1)//no of poles must be a whole number ; P2=P/2 +p=2*p2 +N1=F*120/p +n=3//no of impulse per second +Ks=n/(6*p)//equation 12.13 +printf("\nKs = %.4f\n\nActual speed = %.1f rpm\nNumber of poles = %.f",Ks,N1,p) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311e3b6e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..163de9066 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//to find the weight of flywheel +clc +//given +N=120//rpm +k=3.5//ft +Ef=2500//ft lb +Ks=.01 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +w=%pi*N/30//angular velocity +W=g*Ef/(w^2*k^2*Ks*2240)//Weight of flying wheel +printf("\nWeight of flying wheel, W = %.2f tons",W) diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.PNG b/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73aa6020d Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce b/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..300e9e1cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To find the fluctuation of speed +clc +//given +N=270//rpm +ihp=35.8 +k=2.25//ft +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +ke=1.93//from table on p 440 +E=ihp*33000/N +Ef=ke*E +w=%pi*N/30 +W=1000//lb +MOI=2*W*k^2//moment of inertia of both wheel +ks=Ef*g/(MOI*w^2)//formula for ks +p=ks/2 +printf("The fluctuation speed is therefore %.4f or %.3f on either side of the mean speed",ks,p) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..055cc2089 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0160eb230 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//to find equilibrium speed +clc +//given +//all lengths are in inches +W=120//lb +w=15//lb +AB=12 +BF=8 +BC=12 +BE=6.5 +g=35230//inches rpm +//at Minimum radius +AF=(AB^2-BF^2)^(1/2) +CE=(BC^2-BE^2)^(1/2) +k2=(BE*AF)/(CE*BF) +N2=(((W/2)*(1+k2)+w)*g/(w*AF))^(1/2) +//At MAximum radius +BF1=10 +BE1=8.5 +AF1=(AB^2-BF1^2)^(1/2) +CE1=(BC^2-BE1^2)^(1/2) +k1=(BE1*AF1)/(CE1*BF1) +N1=(((W/2)*(1+k1)+w)*g/(w*AF1))^(1/2) +printf("\nN1 (corresponding maximum radius) = %.1f rpm\nN2 (corresponding minimum radius) = %.1f rpm",N1,N2) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f9350e7e Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54d8fbba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Find the coefficient of insensitiveness at the extreme radii of rotaion +clc +//given +fs=3//lb +W=90//lb +w=15//lb +//fb=(fs/2)*(1+k)*(r/h) From equation 13.31 +k=1//All the arms are of equal length +//fb=fs*(r/h) +//comparing the above result with the one obtained from example 8 , F=(W+w)*(r/h), we get coefficient of insensitiveness = k = (N1-N2)/N = fs/(W+w) +k=fs/(W+w) +K=k*100 +printf("Coefficient of insensitiveness = %.3f",k) + + diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d51e5bd Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dea2af6a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//find the coefficient of insensitiveness at their extereme radii of rotation +clc +//given +a=4.5//in +b=2//in +r1=2.5//in +r2=4.5//in +F2=12.25//lb +F1=25.4//lb +fs=1.5//lb +fb=(fs/2)*(b/a) +//At minimum radii +k1=fb/F2 +//At maximum radii +k2=fb/F1 +printf("Coefficient of insensitiveness\nAt minimum radii = %.4f\nAt maximum radii = %.4f\n",k1,k2) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d556f0b80 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2635e037b --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//to find the weight of ball required and maximum equilibrium speed +clc +//given +BG=4//in +//solution a +w=15//lb +W=120//lb +k=.720 +BD=10.08//in +CE=BD +DG=BD+BG +//by equating quations 13.2 and 13.10 and reducing, we get +w1=(W/2*(1+k))/(((W/2*(1+k)+w)*DG/(BD*w))-1) +printf("\nWeight of ball = %.3f lb\n",w1) +//solution b +CD=6.5//in +BC=12//in +BF=10//in +AB=12//in +CG=(DG^2+CD^2)^(1/2) +gama=atan(CD/DG) +bita=asin(CD/BC) +alpha1=asin(BF/AB) +bita1=asin(8.5/BC) +gama1=gama+bita1-bita +F=((w1+W/2)*8.471*(tan(alpha1)+tan(bita1)))/(CG*cos(gama1))-(w1*tan(gama1)) +printf("F1= %.1f lb",F) +r1=CG*sin(gama1)+1.5//radius of rotation +N1=(30/%pi)*(F*32.2*12/(w1*r1))^(1/2) +printf("\nr1= %.2f in\nN1= %.1f rpm",r1,N1) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..265ad2f67 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69add3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//to find the rate of stiffness of the spring and the equilibrium speed +clc +//given +w=3//lb +g=32.2 +N2=300 +w2=(N2*%pi/30) +r2=3/12//ft +N1=1.06*N2 +r1=4.5/12//ft +a=4//in +b=2//in +ro=3.5/12//ft +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +F1=F2*N1^2*r1/(N2^2*r2) +p=2*a^2*(F1-F2)/(b^2*(r1-r2)) +Fc=F2+(F1-F2)*(.5/1.5) +N=(Fc*g/(ro*w))^(1/2)*30/%pi +Ns=ceil(N) +printf("N = %.f rpm",Ns) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2fa74f9a Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56373e6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//to find the equivalent stiffness of the auxiliary spring referred to the sleeve +clc +//given +w=5//lb +g=32.2 +N2=240//rpm +w2=(N2*%pi/30) +r2=5/12//ft +N1=1.05*N2 +r1=7/12//ft +a=6//in +b=4//in +pb=3/2 +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +F1=F2*N1^2*r1/(N2^2*r2) +p=2*(a/b)^2*((F1-F2)/(r1*12-r2*12)-4*pb) +printf("Equivalent stiffness; p = %.f lb/in",p) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35d5c9be6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c7f18d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//to find the stiffness of the governor spring +clc +//given +w=3//lb +W=15//lb +g=32.2 +r2=2.5/12//ft +N2=240//rpm +w2=N*%pi/30 +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +a=4.5//in +b=2//in +sleevelift=0.5 +r1=r2*12+a*sleevelift/b//the increase of radius for a scleeve lift is 0.5 in +N1=1.05*N2 +F1=(N1/N2)^2*(r1/(r2*12))*F2 +//a) at minimum radius +S2=(F2*a/b-w)*2-W +//b) At maximum radius +DB=r1-r2*12 +BI=1.936//in +AD=a +BI=b +S1=2*(F1*AD/BI-w*(DB+BI)/BI)-W +k=(S1-S2)/sleevelift +printf("Stiffness of the spring is %.1f lb/in",k) diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aff25f473 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44cf551a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//To find governor effort and power +clc +//given +c=0.01 +W=120//lb +w=15//lb +k=.720 +h=8.944//in +Q=c*(W+2*w/(1+k)) +x=(2*c/(1+2*c))*(1+k)*h +P=Q*x +printf("Governor power = Q*x = %.3f in lb",P) + diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.PNG b/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..736032191 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce b/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b3eae35a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find governor power +clc +//given +r=6//in +a=6//in +b=4//in +//from example 4(using conditions and calculating constants A and B) we get F=11.1r-14.6 +//when r=6 , F= 52 +F=52//lb +inc=2*.01*52//increase neglecting very small values +F1=F+inc +F2=2*a*inc/b//Force required to prevent the sleeve from rising +F3=F2/2//Force is uniformly distributed +r2=-14.6/(F1/r-11.1)//from equation 1 +x=r2-r//increase in radius of rotation +lift=b*x/a//sleeve lift +P=F3*lift//governor power +printf("Governor power = %.3f in lb",P) diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.PNG b/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e26609002 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dd2dbd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find balance weights +clc +//given +W=200//lb +r=9//in +b1=15//in +bm=b1 +l=10//in +d=50//in +//case a +ma=d+l +Bm1=W*r*l/(d*bm)//From 14.2 +B11=W*r*ma/(d*b1)//from 14.3 +//case b +mb=d-l +Bm2=W*r*l/(d*bm)//from 14.2 +B12=W*r*mb/(d*b1)//from 14.3 +printf("\na) Bm= %.f lb ; B1= %.f lb\nb) Bm= %.f lb ; B1= %.f lb",Bm1,B11,Bm2,B12) diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.PNG b/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..866428c5b Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce b/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b327e23cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find the resultant primary and secondary force +clc +//given +N=1500 //rpm +R=4//lb +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +w=%pi*N/30 +stroke=5//in +r=stroke/2 +l=9//in +b=3.5//in +B=(3/2)*R*r/b//primary force +n=l/r +F=(3/2)*R*w^2*r/(g*12*n)//secondary force +printf("\nResultant primary force = %.2f lb\nResultant secondary force = %.f lb",B,F) diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.PNG b/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..013f7ac86 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce b/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2fa10375 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//To find maximum and minimum secondary force +clc +//given +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +n=2000//rpm +R=6//lb +r=3//in +L=11//in +w=%pi*n/30 +n=L/r +//minimum secondary force +F1=2*R*w^2*r/(g*n*12) +a=floor(F1) +//maximum secondary force +F2=6*R*w^2*r/(g*n*12) +b=floor(F2) +printf("\nMinimum secondary force = %.f lb\nMaximum secondary force = %.f lb",a,b) diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.PNG b/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ef9f1a8d Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22762df48 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//to find the position and magnitude of the balance weight required +clc +//given +Wa=200//lb +Wb=300//lb +Wc=240//lb +W1=260//lb +ra=9//in +rb=7//in +rc=10//in +r1=12//in +R=24//in +alpha=45*%pi/180 +bita=75*%pi/180 +gama=135*%pi/180 +Hb=Wa*ra+Wb*rb*cos(alpha)-Wc*rc*cos(gama-bita)-W1*r1*cos(bita)//horizontal component after resolving +Vb=Wb*rb*sin(alpha)+Wc*rc*sin(gama-bita)-W1*r1*sin(bita)//vertical component after resolving +Bb=(Hb^2+Vb^2)^(1/2) +B=Bb/R +theta=atand(Vb/Hb) +printf("\nBalance weight required = %.1f lb\ntheta = %.2f degrees",B,theta) diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.PNG b/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f11d0015 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26624ab7a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find the balance weight required and the residual unbalanced force +clc +//given +W=180//lb +R=150//lb +c=.5 +N=300//rpm +r=7.5/12//ft +Bb=(W+c*R)*r*12 +b=6//in +B=Bb/b +w=(%pi*N)/30 +Uf=(1/2)*(R/g)*w^2*r +a=floor(Uf) +printf("Balance weight required = %.1f lb\n The resultant unbalanced force = %.f lb\n",B,a) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea5469f2d Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e983bc7c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//to find the frequencies of the free longitudinal, transverse and torsional vibrations +clc +//given +W=.3*2240//lb +l=36//in +D=3//in +k=15//in +A=%pi*(D/2)^2 +E=30*10^6//youngs modulus +C=12*10^6 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +d=W*l/(A*E) +Fl=187.8/(d)^(1/2) +I=%pi*(d/2)^4 +d1=W*(l^3)*64/(3*E*%pi*(3^4)) +Ft=187.8/(d1)^(1/2) +j=%pi*3^4/32 +q=C*j/l +Ftor=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(W*k^2))^(1/2) +F1=Ftor*60 +printf("\na) Frequency of Longitudinal vibrations = %.f per min\nb) Frequency of the transverse vibrations = %.f per min\nc) Frequency of the torsional vibration = %.f per min",Fl,Ft,F1) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a94d2d2c Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9be8a056d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//to find the natural frequencies of the torsional vibration of the system when inertia is neglected and when it is taken into account +clc +//given +g=32.3//ft/s^2 +l2=25.5//in +d1=2.75//in +d2=3.5//in +C=12*10^6//modulus of rigidity +G=1/0.6//given speed ratio +Ib=54//lb in^2 +Ic=850//lb in^2 +Id=50000//lb in^2 +Id1=Id/G^2//15.62 +Ia=1500//lb in^2 +la=Id1/(Id1+Ia)*66.5 +J=%pi*d1^4/32 +q=C*J/la//torsional stiffness +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/Ia)^(1/2) +nf=n*60//for minutes +//case b) +Ib1=Ib+Ic/(G^2) +a=63.15//in; distance of the node from rotor A (given) +b=3.661//in; distance of the node from rotor A (given) +N1=n*(la/a)^(1/2) +N2=n*(la/b)^(1/2) +N1f=N1*60//for minutes +N2f=N2*60//for minutes +printf("\na) The frequency of torsional vibrations n = %.1f per sec or %.f per min\nb) The fundamental frquency = %.1f per sec or %.f per min\n and the two node frequency = %.f per sec or %.f per min",n,nf,N1,N1f,N2,N2f) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1913f0ec1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8e933c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//To find the natural frequencies of the longitudinal, transverse and torsional vibration of the system +clc +//given +l1=3//ft +l2=2//ft +l=l1+l2//ft +W=.5*2240//lb +k=20//in +d=2//in +Wa=2*W/5 +E=30*10^6 +A=%pi*(d/2)^2 +d1=Wa*l1*12/(A*E) +N1=187.8/(d1)^(1/2) +I=%pi*(d)^4/64 +d2=W*(l1*12)^3*(l2*12)^3/(3*E*(l*12)^3*I) +N2=187.8/(d2)^(1/2) +C=12*10^6//given +g=32.2//given +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J*((1/(l1*12))+(1/(l2*12))) +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(W*k^2))^(1/2) +N3=n*60 +printf("\na)Longitudinal vibration = %.f per min\nb)Transverse Vibration = %.f per min\nc)Torsional Vibration = %.f per min\n",N1,N2,N3) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ab75a7c1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03cf93309 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//to find frequency of the natural transverse vibration +clc +//given +l=10//ft +d=4//in +E=30*10^6//youngs modulus +d1=0.0882//inches; maximum deflection as shown in the figure +N=207/(d1)^(1/2)//From 15.20 +printf("\nFrequency of natural transverse vibration = %.f per min",N) + diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b204f02c5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517438f67 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//To find the resistance offered by the dashpot +clc +//given +m=50//lb +k=100//lb/in +g=32.2//ft/s +d=m/k//static deflection +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(g*12/d)^(1/2) +//part 2 +b=g*12/d +a=(b/20.79)^(1/2) +nd=(1/(2*%pi))*((b-(a/2)^2))^(1/2) +A=nd/n +printf("\nFrequency of free vibrations = %.3f per sec\nFrequency of damped vibrations = %.3f per sec \nThe ratio of the frequencies of damped and free vibrationsis %.3f \n",n,nd,A) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78dd674bc Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c525fa5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//To find the ratio nd/n +clc +//given +//damping torque is directly proposrtional to the angular velocity +C=12*10^6//Modulus of rigidity +l=3//ft +d=1//in +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +I=500//lb ft^2 ; moment of inertia +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J/(l*12) +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(I*12^2))^(1/2) +//part 2 +b1=(q*g*12/(I*12^2)) +a1=(b1/10.15)^(1/2)//by reducing equation 15.28 +nd=(1/(2*%pi))*(b1-(a1/2)^2)^(1/2) +A=nd/n +printf("\nThe frequency of natural vibration = %.2f per sec\nThe frequency of damped vibration = %.2f per sec\nThe ratio nd/n = %.3f\n",n,nd,A) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85bdcde90 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e62ef86d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find the amplitude if the period of the applied force coincided with the natural period of vibration of the system +clc +//given +m=20//lb +k=50//lb/in +F=30//lb +w=50//sec^-1 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +d=m/k +x=F/k//extension of the spring +b=g*12/d +a=(b/30.02)^(1/2)//from equation 15.28 +D=1/((1-w^2/b)^2+a^2*w^2/b^2)^(1/2) +Af=D*x//amplitude of forced vibration +D=(b/a^2)^(1/2)//At resonance +A=D*x//amplitude at resonance +printf("\nAmplitude of forced vibrations = %.3f in\nAmplitude of the forced vibrations at resonance = %.2f in",Af,A) + diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f95a6e9b Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..840abf0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//to find the fraction of the applied force transmitted at 1200 rpm and the amplitude of forced vibrations of the machines at resonance +clc +//given +e=1/30 +n=1200//rpm +w=%pi*n/30 +m=3//lb +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +stroke=3.5//in +r=stroke/2 +k=(1+1/e)^(1/2)//nf/n=k +d=(k/187.7)^2 +W=200//lb ; given +s=W/d//combined stiffness +p=1/14.1//As a^2/b=1/198 +T=((1+p^2*k^2/((1-k^2)^2+p^2*k^2)))^(1/2)//actual value of transmissibility +F=(m/g)*w^2*r/12//maximum unbalanced force transmitted on the machine +Fmax=F*T//maximum force transmitted to the foundation +//case b +E=((1+p^2)/(p^2))^(1/2) +Nreso=215.5//rpm +Fub=F*(Nreso/n)^2 +Ftmax=E*Fub +D=E//dynamic magnifier +del=Fub/152//static deflection +A=del*D +printf("\na) Maximum force transmitted at 1200 rpm = %.f lb\nb) The amplitude of the forced vibrations of the machine at resonance = %.3f in\n Force transmitted = %.f lb\n",Fmax,A,Fub) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14a885501 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7b64e5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//To find the frequency of the natural torsional oscillations of the system +clc +//given +l1=11//in +l2=10//in +l3=15//in +l4=4//in +l5=10//in +d1=3//in +d2=5//in +d3=3.5//in +d4=7//in +d5=5//in +I1=1500//lb ft^2 +I2=1000//lb ft^2 +leq=3//in from 15.49 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +C=12*10^6 +J=%pi*leq^4/32 +l=l1+l2*(leq/d2)^4+l3*(leq/d3)^4+l4*(leq/d4)^4+l5*(leq/d5)^4 +la=I2*l/(I1+I2) +qa=C*J/la +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(qa*g*12/(I1*12^2))^(1/2) +printf("\nThe frequency of the natural torsional oscillation of the system = %.1f per sec",n) diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.PNG b/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c67de9a Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce b/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84df93a92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To find the frequencies of the free torsional vibrations of the system +clc +//given +Ia=2.5//ton ft^2 +Ib=7.5//ton ft^2 +Ic=3//ton ft^2 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +AB=9.5//ft +BC=25//ft +d=8.5//in +C=11.8*10^6//lb/in^2 +k=Ic/Ia//la/lc=k +lc1=(25.6+(25.6^2-4*114.1)^(1/2))/2//from 1 and 2 , reducing using quadratic formula +lc2=(25.6-(25.6^2-4*114.1)^(1/2))/2//from 1 and 2 , reducing using quadratic formula +la1=lc1*k +la2=lc2*k +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J/(lc1*12)//torsional stiffness +IC=Ic*2240*12^2/(g*12)//moment of inertia +nc=(1/(2*%pi))*(q/IC)^(1/2)//fundamental frequency of vibration +a1=nc*60 +a=floor(a1) +n=16*(lc1/lc2)^(1/2) +b=n*60 +printf("\nFundamental frequency of vibration = %.f per min\nTwo node frequency = %.f per min\n",a,b) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1382aabc4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..130dbf689 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//to find velocity and change in kinetic energy when impact between two spheres moving in a same line is a) INELASTIC , b) ELASTIC , c) e = 0.6 +clc +//a) INELASTIC +//for sphere 1 ,mass=m1 and initial velocity=u1 +//for sphere 2 ,mass=m2 and initial velocity=u2 +m1=100//lb +u1=10//ft/s +m2=50//lb +u2=5//ft/s +v=(m1*u1+m2*u2)/(m1+m2) +//change in kinetic energy +//initial kinetic energy = ke1 +ke1=(m1*(u1^2)+m2*(u2^2))/(2*32.2) +//Kinetic Energy after inelastic colision = ke2 +ke2=((m1+m2)*8.333^2)/(2*32.2) +//Change in Kinetic Energy =l +l=ke1-ke2 +//b) Elastic +// for a very short time bodies will have a common velocity given by v=8.333 ft/s +// for a very short time bodies will have a common velocity given by v=8.333 ft/s +//immidiately after impact ends the velocities for both the bodies are given by v1 and v2 +v1=2*v-u1 +v2=2*v-u2 +//c) Coeeficient of Restitution=0.6 +e=0.6 +ve1=(1+e)*v-e*u1 +ve2=(1+e)*v-e*u2 +ke3=(m1*(ve1^2)+m2*(ve2^2))/(2*32.2) +loss=ke1-ke3 +printf("kinetic energy before collisio0n is %f ft lb\n",ke1) +printf("\n") +printf("a) INELASTIC\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity after collision is %f ft/s\n",v) +printf("the Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",ke2) +printf("the change in Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",l) +printf("\n") +printf("b) ELASTIC\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity of 1 after collision is %f ft/s\n",v1) +printf("velocity of 2 after collision is %f ft/s\n",v2) +printf("there is no loss of kinetic energy in case of elastic collision\n") +printf("\n") +printf("c) e=0.6\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity of 1 after collision is %f ft/s\n",ve1) +printf("velocity of 2 after collision is %f ft/s\n",ve2) +printf("the Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",ke3) +printf("the change in Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",loss) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1e993b2e Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfbf4826a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//to find the acceleration if mass is allowed to fall freely and when efficiency of the gearing were 90% +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +//given +Ia=200//lb ft2 +Ib=15//lb ft2 +G=5//wb==5*wa +m=150//lb +r=8//in +printf("\n") +//the equivalent mass of the geared system referred to the circumference of the drum is given by +//Me=(1/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)) +Me=(12/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)) +M=m+Me +a=(m/M)*32.2//acceleration +//if efficiency of gearing is 90% then Me=(1/r^2)*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)/n) +n=.9 +Me1=(12/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)/n) +M1=Me1+m +a1=(m/M1)*32.2 +printf("acceleration = %.2f ft/s2\n",a) +printf("acceleration when gear efficiency is 0.9= %.2f ft/s2\n",a1) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c238d61a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359a2b030 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//to find the maximum acceleration of car on each gear +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +printf("\n") +//let +//S=displacement of car from rest with uniform acceleration a, the engine torque T assumed to remain ocnstant +//v=final speed ofcar +//G=gear ratio +//r=effective radius +//n=efficiency of transmission +//M=mass of the car +//Ia and Ib=moments of inertia of road whels and engine +//formulas => F=29.5nG ; Me= 1648+$.54nG^2 ; a=32.2 F/Me +//given +G1=22.5 +G2=12.5 +G3=7.3 +G4=5.4 +n=.82//for 1st ,2nd and 3rd gear +n4=.9//for 4th gear +F1=29.5*n*G1 +F2=29.5*n*G2 +F3=29.5*n*G3 +F4=29.5*n4*G4 +//on reduction and putting values we get +Me1=1648+4.54*n*G1^2 +Me2=1648+4.54*n*G2^2 +Me3=1648+4.54*n*G3^2 +Me4=1648+4.54*n4*G4^2 +a1=32.2*F1/Me1 +a2=32.2*F2/Me2 +a3=32.2*F3/Me3 +a4=32.2*F4/Me4 +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on top gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a4) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on third gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a3) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on second gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a2) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on first gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a1) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eade451e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8282be87b --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//to find the couple supplied to shaft +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +printf("\n") +//given +I=40//lb ft2 +n=500//rpm +w=%pi*n/30//angular velocity +wp=2*%pi/5//angular velocity of precession +I1=I/32.2 +T=I1*w*wp//gyroscopic couple +printf("the couple supplied to the shaft= %.2f lb ft\n",T) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..442f75d2f Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e764705d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//to find the gyroscopic reaction of the airscrew on the aeroplane when it has a) three blades and b)two blades +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +//given +printf("\n") +I=250//lb ft2 +n=1600//rpm +v=150//mph +r=500//ft +w=%pi*160/3//angular velocity of rotation +wp=(150*88)/(60*500)//angular velocity of precession +//a) with three bladed screw +//T=I*w*wp +T=(250/32.2)*%pi*(160/3)*wp +//b)with two bladed air screw +//T1=2*I*w*wp*sin(o) +printf("The magnitude of gyroscopic couple is given by %.0f lb ft\n",T) +//Tix=T(1-cos(2o)) lb ft +//T1y=Tsin(2o)) lb ft +printf("The component gyroscopic couple in the vertical plane =%.0f(1-cos(2x)) lb ft\n",T) +printf("The component gyroscopic couple in the horizontal plane =%.0f(sin(2x)) lb ft\n",T) +// for direction refer the book example diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52b96bdab Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4c24527f --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//to find speed of truck immidiately after collision and the maximum deflection of spring during impact. Moreover if k=0.5 then determine hoe the final speedsw will be affected and amount of dissipated energy +clc +//given +m1=15//tons +u1=12//m/h +m2=5//tons +u2=8//m/h +k=2//ton/in +e1=0.5//coefficient of restitution +printf("\n") +//conservation of linear momentum +v=(m1*u1+m2*u2)/(m1+m2) +printf("velocity at the instant of collision is %.2f mph",v) +e=(m1*m2*(88/60)^2*(u1-u2)^2)/(2*32.2*(u1+u2)) +printf("\n") +printf("The difference between the kinetic energy before and during the impact is %.2f ft tons\n",e) +//energy stored in spring equals energy dissipated +//s=(1/2)*k*x^2 +//s=e +//since there are 4 buffer springs ,4x^2=24 inches (2 ft=24 inches) +x=((e*12)/4)^.5 +printf("Maximum deflection of the spring is %.2f in\n",x) +// maximum force acting between pair of buffer = stiffness of spring*deflection +f=k*x +printf("Maximum force acting between each buffer is %.2f tons\n",f) +//assuming perfectly elastic collision +//for loaded truck +v1=2*11-12 +//for unloaded truck +v2=2*11-8 +printf("Speed of loaded truck after impact %.2f mph\n",v1) +printf("speed of unloaded truck after impact %.2f mph\n",v2) +//if coefficient of restitution =o.5 +//for loaded truck +ve1=(1+.5)*11-.5*12 +//for unloaded truck +ve2=(1+.5)*11-.5*8 +printf("Speed of loaded truck after impact when e=0.5 %.2f mph\n",ve1) +printf("Speed of unloaded truck after impact when e=0.5 %.2f mph\n",ve2) +//net loss of kinetic energy=(1-e^2)*energy stored in spring +l=(1-(e1^2))*2//ft tons +printf("Net loss of kinetic energy is %.2f ft tons\n",l) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f2e09edc Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..091910bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//to find maximum twist,apeed of flywheels when twist is maximum and when springs regains its shape +clc +//given +m1=500//lb ft^2 +m2=1500//lb ft^2 +k=150//lb ft^2 +w1=150//rpm +//angular momentum will be conserved as net external force is zero +//let final angular velocity be N then (m1+m2)N=w1*m1 +N=(w1*m1)/(m1+m2) +printf("Angular velocity at the instant when speeds of the flywheels are equalised is given by %.2f r.p.m\n",N) +//kinetic energy at this instance +ke1=(1/2)*((m1+m2)/32.2)*((%pi*N)/30)^2 +printf("The kinetic energy of the system at this instance is %.2f ft lb\n",ke1) +printf("which is almost equal to 480 ft lb \n") +//initial kinetic energy +ke0=(1/2)*((m1)/32.2)*((%pi*w1)/30)^2 +printf("The initial kinetic energy of the system is %.2f ft lb\n",ke0) +printf("which is almost equal to 1915 ft lb \n") +//strain energy = s +s=ke0-ke1 +printf("strain energy stored in the spring is %.2f ft lb which is approximately 1435 ft lb\n",s) +//if x is the maximum anglular displacement of wheel and the mean torque applied by spring is i/2*k*x then work done or strain energy is given by 1/2 *k*x^2 +x=((1435*2)/150)^.5 +printf("Maximum angular displacement is %.2f in radians which is equal to 250 degrees\n",x) +//na1 and na are initial and final speeds of the flywheel 1 and same nb1 and nb for flywheel 2 +na=2*N-w1//w1=na1 +nb=2*N-0//nb1=0 +printf ("Speed of flywheel a and b when spring regains its unstrained position are %.2f rpm and %.2f rpm respectively\n",na,nb) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10921a480 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0f9e39dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find length of equivalent simple pendulum +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +//given +m1=150 //lb +l=3//ft +//number of oscillation per second is given by n +printf("\n") +n=(50/92.5) +printf ("number of oscillation per second = %.2f\n",n) +//length of simple pendulum is given by L=g/(2*%pi*n)^2 +L=32.2/(2*%pi*n)^2 +printf ("length of simple pendulum = %.2f ft\n",L) +// distance of cg from point of suspension is given by a +a=25/12 +k=(a*(L-a))^.5//radius of gyration +moi=m1*k^2 +printf("The moment of inertia of rod is %.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93d992588 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a075a31cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//to find moment of inertia and distance of cg from small end centre +clc +//let l1 and l2 be length of equivalent simple pendulum when axis coincides with small end and big end respectively +//n1 and n2 =corresponding frequencies of oscillation per second +n1=50/84.4 +n2=50/80.3 +//let a1 and a2 = distances of cg from small end and big end centers respectively +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +//L=g/(2*%pi*n) +L1=(32.2*12)*(84.4/(100*%pi))^2 +L2=(32.2*12)*(80.3/(100*%pi))^2 +//a1(L1-a1)=k^2=a2(L2-a2) and a1+a2=30 inches +//substituting and solving for a we get +a1=141/6.8 +a2=30-a1 +k=(a1*(L1-a1))^.5 +moi=90*(149/144)//moi=m*k^2 +printf("length of equivalent simple pendulum when axis coincides with small end and big end respectively-\n") +printf("L1=%.1f in\n",L1) +printf("L2=%.1f in\n",L2) +printf("distances of cg from small end and big end centers respectively are-\n") +printf("a1=%.1f in\n",a1) +printf("a2=%.1f in\n",a2) +printf("Moment of inertia of rod =%.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06f59b237 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..800f4f6be --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//to find radius of gyration about the mass centre +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +//given +printf("\n") +m1=150 +l=8.5 +g=32.2 +a=83.2 +n=25 +//k=(a/2*%pi*n)*(g/l)^0.5 +k=(14*a*((g)^0.5))/(2*%pi*n*(l^0.5)) +k1=14.5/12 +printf("radius of gyration is %.2f inches which is equal to %.2f ft \n",k,k1) +moi=m1*(k1^2) +printf("moment of inertia=%.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eb72ebde Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeb018df4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//to find the equivalent dynamical system +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +printf("\n") +//given +m=2.5//lb +a=6//in +k=3.8//in +l=9//in +c=3//in +w=22500 +//k^2=ab +//case a) to find equivalent dynamic system +b=(k^2)/a +ma=(2.5*6)/8.42//m*a/a+b +mb=m-ma +printf("Mass ma =%.2f lb will be situated at 6 inches from cg and mb =%.2f lb will be situated at %.2f inches from cg in the equivalent dynamical system",ma,mb,b) +printf("\n") +//if two masses are situated at the bearing centres +ma1=(2.5*6)/9 +mb1=m-ma1 +k1=(a*c)^.5 +//t=m*((k1^2)-(k^2))*w +t=((2.5*(18-3.8^2))*22500)/(32.2*12*12) +printf("correction couple which must be applied in order that the two mass system is dynamically equivalent to the rod is given by %.2f lb ft\n",t) + diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a36f35853 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a7fb5f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//to find forces throught pin A and B in order to accelerate the link +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +printf("\n") +m=20//lb +g=32.2 +a=200//ft/s^2 +w=120//rad/s^2 +k=7//in +f=(m/g)*a//effective force appllied to the link +//this force acts parallel to the acceleration fg +t=(m/g)*(k/12)^2*w//couple required in order to provide the angular acceleration +//the line of action of F is therefore at a distance from G given by +x=t/f +printf("Effective force applied to the link is %.3f lb and the line of action of F is therefore at a distance from G given by %.3f ft \n",f,x) +printf("F is the resultant of Fa and Fb, using x as shown in figure.25 , the force F may then be resolved along the appropriate lines of action to give the magnitudes of Fa and Fb\n") +printf("From the scaled diagram shown in figure we get,Fa=65 lb and Fb=91 lb\n") diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.PNG b/1325/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29081ea64 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce b/1325/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a79a83e --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//to find force that must be exerted in oeder to give an acceleration of 3ft/s^2 and smallest value of u(friction coefficient) +//gravitaional force (g)=32.2 ft/s^2 +clc +printf("\n") +//given +m=10//ton +m2=1000//lb +a=3//ft/s^2 +//the addition to actual mass in order to allow for the rotational inertia of the wheels and axles +m1=2*(1000/2240)*(15/21)^2//m1=m2*k^2/r^2 and 1 ton=2240 lbs +M=m+m1 +F=3*(10.46/32.2)//F=M.a +f=F*2240//lb +Fa=(2*1000/2240)*(3/32.2)*(15/21)^2//total tangential force required in order to provide the angular acceleration of the wheels and axles +//Limiting friction force =uW +//u*10>0.042 +u=0.042/10 +printf("The total tangential force required in order to provide the angular acceleration of the wheels and axles is %.4f ton\n",Fa) +printf("If there is to be pure rolling ,u>%.4f",u) + diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b300293c Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb7bd3682 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To find velocities of point p, x and y +clc +//Given +OC=6//in +CP=24//in +N=240//rpm +X=45//degrees +XP=19//in +XC=6//in +YP=32//in +YC=9//in +//Scalling off lenghts from fig , we have +CI=2.77//in +PI=2.33//in +XI=2.33//in +YI=3.48//in +//Solution +Vc=((%pi*N)/30)*(OC/12)//changing OP into feets +printf("\nw=%.2f ft/s\n",Vc) +//w=Vc/CI=Vp/PI=Vx/XI=Vy/YI +w=Vc/CI +Vp=w*PI +Vx=w*XI +Vy=w*YI +printf("velocity of points P, X and Y are %.2f ft/s, %.2f ft/s and %.1f ft/s respectively",Vp,Vx,Vy) diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd3210507 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b06a8be98 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//To find accelerations of point p and x and angular acceleration of rod +clc +printf("\n") +//Given +OC=9//inches +CP=36//inches +XC=12//inches +X=40//degrees +CM=6.98//from the scaled figure +N1=240//rpm +N2=240//rpm (instantaneous) with angular aceleration (ao) 100 rad/s^2 +ao=100 //rad/s^2 +w=(%pi*N1/30) +a=w^2*(OC/12) +printf("Centripetal acceleration = %.f ft/s^2\n",a) +Wr=w*CM/CP//rad/s^2 +f1=Wr^2*(CP/12)//centripetal component of acceleration of p realtive to C +//Solution a) +//given from fig 58(a) +tp=296 +cp=306 +ox=422 +f2=tp //Tangential component of acceleration of p realtive to C +f3=cp//acceleration of p realtive to C +fx=ox//acce;eration of x +ar=f2/(CP/12)//angular acceleration of rod +printf("Case a) \nap= %.f ft/s^2,\nax= %.f ft/s^2 and\nar= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",f3,fx,ar) +//Solution b) +//given from fig 58(b) +oc1=474 +oc=480 +pt=238 +pc=246 +xo=452 +f4=pt//Tangential component of acceleration of p realtive to C +f5=pc//acceleration of p realtive to C +Ar=f4/(CP/12)//angular acceleration of rod +f6=ao*(OC/12)//tangential component of acceleration realtive to C +Fx=xo//acce;eration of x +printf("Case b) \nap= %.f ft/s^2,\nax= %.f ft/s^2 and\nar= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",f4,Fx,Ar) diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58a01f4e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d122645 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//To find angular acceleration of CD and BC +clc +//Given +AB=2.5//inches +BC=7//inches +CD=4.5//inches +DA=8//inches +N=100//rpm +X=60//degrees +w=(%pi*N)/30 +//From triangle ABM we have +AM=0.14//feet +BM=0.12//feet +Vb=w*AB/12//ft/s +Vc=w*AM//ft/s +Vcb=w*BM//ft/s +fb=w^2*(AB/12)//ft/s^2 +bt=Vcb^2/(BC/12)//ft/s^2 +os=Vc^2/(CD/12)//ft/s^2 +//By measurement from acceleration diagram +sc=19.1//ft/s^2 +tq=14.4//ft/s^2 +Acd=sc/(CD/12) +Abc=tq/(BC/12) +printf("\n") +printf("Vb=%.2f ft/s \nVc=%.2f ft/s\nVcb=%.2f ft/s\nfb=%.2f ft/s^2\nbt=%.2f ft/s^2\nos=%.2f ft/s^2\n",Vb,Vc,Vcb,fb,bt,os) +printf("Angular acceleration of CD(counter-clockwise)= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",Acd) +printf("Angular acceleration of BC(counter-clockwise)= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",Abc) diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b4f0b611 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6143ffdf --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To find the acceleration of P realative to the fixed point O +clc +//Given +printf("\n") +OP=2//ft +f=4//ft/s^2 +w=2 //rad/s (anticlockwise) +a=5 //rad/s^2 (anticlockwise) +Vpq=3 //ft/s +r=OP +os=w^2*r//component 1 +sq=a*r//component 2 +qt=f//component 3 +tp=2*w*Vpq//component 4 +Aqo=(os^2+sq^2)^1/2//vector addition of component(a,b) +Apq=(qt^2+tp^2)^1/2//vector addition of component(c,d) +//Apo=Apq+Aqo (vector addition) +Apo=((os-qt)^2+(sq+tp)^2)^(1/2) +printf("Acceleration of P realative to fixed point O is %.1f ft/s^2",Apo) diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2dea696 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fdca8a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//to find velocity and acceleration of ram R +clc +printf("\n") +//GIVEN +OC=8//inches +CP=4//inches +N=60//inches +ON=15//inches +RN=6//inches +X=120//degrees +OP=10.6 +OQ=OP +//from fig 65(a) +Vq=1.56//ft/s +Vrn=0.74//ft/s +//from fig 65(b) +ftq=3.74//ft/s^2 +ftrn=2.03//ft/s^2 +w1=(%pi*N)/30 +w=Vq/(OQ/12) +wrn=Vrn/(RN/12) +a=ftq/(OP/12)//Angular acceleration of ON +a1=ftrn/(RN/12)//angular acceleration of RN +printf("W=%.2f rad/s\nWrn=%.2f rad/s\n",w,wrn) +printf("Angular acceleration of ON= %.2f rad/s^2\nAngular acceleration of RN=%.2f rad/s^2\n",a,a1) + diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.PNG b/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73a34b777 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..639bd9610 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//to find the velocity and acceleration of the piston along the cylinder, the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod cp and the coriolis component of the acceleration of P +clc +//given +OC=3//inches +CP=9//inches +N=1200 //rpm (clockwise) +X=55 //degrees +//from the figure 66 +OP=10.35//inches +PM=10.74//inches +OM=2.95//inches +PC=12.84//inches +PR=PC +RV=2.49//inches +UV=1.29//inches +OU=5.90//inches +PV=13.05//inches +OV=6.06//inches +OQ=OP +//Solution +w=(%pi*N)/30//the angular velocity of the cylinder line OP +Vq=w*(OP/12)//the velocity of Q +Vp=w*(PM/12)//The velocity of P +w1=Vp/(CP/12)//The angular velocity of CP +Vpq=w*(OM/12)//the velocity of sliding of the piston along the cylinder +fq=w^2*(OQ/12)//the centripetal acceleration of Q +Acp=w1^2*(PC/12)//The centripetal component of acceleration of P +Atp=w^2*(RV/12)//The tangential component of acceleration of P +acp=Atp/(CP/12)// The angular acceleration of the connecting rod CP +f=w^2*(UV/12)//component c +d=2*w*Vpq//component d +Ap=w^2*PV//the resultant acceleration of P +Apq=w^2*OV//the acceleration of P realative to Q +printf("\nThe velocity and acceleration of the piston along the cylinder are %.1f ft/s and %.f ft/s^2 respectively\nThe angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod cp are %.1f rad/s and %.f rad/s^2 respectively\nAnd the coriolis component of the acceleration of P is %.f ft/s^2\n",Vpq,f,w1,acp,d) diff --git a/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.PNG b/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c74e936c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d3094bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//To find the extreme angular velocities of the driven shaft and its maximum acceleration +clc +//given +rpm=1000 +angle=20//degree +ang=(angle*%pi)/180 +printf("\n") +w=2*%pi*rpm/60 +printf("The angular velocity of the driving shaft is %.1f rad/s \n",w) +//maximum value of w1=w/cos(angle) and minimum value w2=w*cos(angle) +w1=w/cos(ang) +w2=w*cos(ang) +printf("Extreme angular velocities :-\n") +printf("maximum value of angular velocity w1=%.1f rad/s \nminimum value of angular velocity w2=%.1f rad/s\n",w1,w2) +//using equation 4.11, cos(2x)=(2*sin(angle)^2)/(2-sin(angle)^2) +x=acos((2*sin(ang)^2)/(2-sin(ang)^2))*180/(%pi) +y=360-x//for cosine inverse, angle and 360-angle are same and must be considered +x1=x/2 +y1=y/2 +printf("The acceleration of driven shaft is a maximum when theta =%.2f or %.2f degrees\n",x1,y1) +amax=(w^2*cos(ang)*(sin(ang)^2)*sin(x*%pi/180))/((1-((cos(x1*%pi/180)^2)*(sin(ang)^2)))^2)//maximum angular acceleration, numerically +printf("Maximum angular acceleration is %.f rad/s^2\n",amax) + diff --git a/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.PNG b/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2007adcb9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7ae85202 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//to find theta at admission, cut-off, release and compression +clc +//given +s=1.125//inch +e=0.25//inch +t=2.25//inch +alpha=35//degrees +//from 5.2, we know theta+alpha=sininverse(s/t) +x=asind(s/t) +y=180-x//sin(x)=sin(180-x)=sin(y) +//at admission +p=x-alpha +//at cutoff +q=y-alpha +//from 5.3, theta+alpha=sininnverse(-e/t) +ang=asind(-e/t) +angle=abs(ang) +a=180+angle//lies in the negative region of sine curve +b=360-angle//lies in hte negative region of sine curve +//at release +r=a-alpha +//at compression +s=b-alpha +printf("Angle theta at admission, cut-off, release and compression are %.2f, %.2f, %.2f and %.2f degrees respectively",p,q,r,s) + + diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8907ace28 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2179abc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//to find the maximum efficiency +clc +//given +theta=60//degrees +u1=0.15//between surfaces A annd B +u2=0.10//for the guides +phi=atand(u1) +phi1=atand(u2) +alpha=(theta+phi+phi1)/2//from 6.22, maximum efficiency is obtained at alpha +//from 6.23, maximum efficiency is given by nmax=(cos(theta+phi+phi1)+1)/(cos(theta-phi-phi1)+1) +nmax=(cos((theta+phi+phi1)*%pi/180)+1)/(cos((theta-phi-phi1)*%pi/180)+1) +printf("Maximum efficiency = %.4f and it is obtained when alpha = %.2f degrees",nmax,alpha) + diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2c041891 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c32d224 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//to find power absorbed and number of collars required +clc +//from equation 6.36 we know, M=(2/3)*u*W*(ri^3-r2^3)/(r1^2-r2^2) +//given +u=0.04 +W=16//tons +w=W*2240//lbs +r1=8//in +r2=6//in +N=120 +P=50//lb/in^2 +M=(2/3)*u*w*(r1^3-r2^3)/(r1^2-r2^2) +hp=M*2*%pi*N/(12*33000)//horse power absorbed +//from fig 137,effective bearing surface per pad is calsulate from the dimensions to be 58.5 in^2 +A=58.5//in^2 +n=w/(A*P) +x=floor(n) +printf("\n") +printf("Horsepower absorbed = %.2f\nNumber of collars required = %.f\n",hp,x) diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3274ea05 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15f2ec96e --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To find the dimensions of the clutch plate and the total axial pressure which must be exerted by the springs. +clc +//given +ratio=1.25 +u=.675 +P=12//hp +//W=P*%pi*(r1^2-r2^2); Total axal thrust. +//M=u*W*(r1+r2); Total friction moemnt +//reducing the two equations and using ratio=1.25(r1=1.25*r2) we get, M=u*21.2*r2^3 +ReqM=65//lb ft +RM=ReqM*12//lb in +r2=(RM/(u*P*%pi*(1.25^2-1)))^(1/3) +r1=1.25*r2 +d1=r1*2 +d2=r2*2 +printf("The dimensions of the friction surfaces are:\nOuter Diameter= %.1f in\nInner Diameter= %.1f in\n",d1,d2) diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eb586c11 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8851954 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//to find the number of plates required +clc +P=20//lb/in^2 +u=0.07//friction coefficient +N=3600//rpm +H=100//hp +r1=5//in +r2=0.8*r1//given +A=%pi*(r1^2-r2^2)//the area of each friction surface +W=A*P//total axial thrust on plates +M=(1/2)*u*W*(r1+r2)//friction moment for each pair of contacts +T=H*33000*12/(2*%pi*N)//total torque to be transmitted +x=(T/M)//effective friction surfaces required +printf("\nNumber of effective friction surfaces required= %.f\n",x) + diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebe05086a Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6a3e95dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//to find the turning moment on the cranckshaft when a) friction at the bearing is neglected b)when u=0.5 +clc +//given +P=6 //tons +u=0.05 +theta=60//degrees +CP=80 +Stroke=16//in +OC=Stroke/2 +r1=7//in +r2=15//in +r3=4.4//in +//Radius of friction circle +ro=u*r1 +rc=u*r2 +rp=u*r3 +phi=asind(OC*sin((theta)*%pi/180)/CP) +alpha=asind((rc+rp)/CP) +//a) without friction +Qa=P/cos((phi)*%pi/180) +Xa=OC*cos((30-phi)*%pi/180)//tensile force transmitted along the eccentric rod when friction is NOT taken into account +Ma=Qa*Xa/12 +//b) with friction +Qb=P/cos((phi-alpha)*%pi/180)//tensile force transmitted along the eccentric rod when friction is taken into account +Xb=OC*cos((30-(phi-alpha))*%pi/180)-(rc+ro) +Mb=Qb*Xb/12 +n=Mb/Ma +printf("Turning moment applied to OC:\na)Without friction= %.2f ton.ft\nb)With friction(u=0.05)= %.2f ton.ft",Ma,Mb) +printf("\nThe efficiency of the mechanism is %.2f ",n) diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.PNG b/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9ab06a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3f0a0919 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To find maximum horizontal force that can be transmitted to the pump +clc +stroke=4//in +d=11.5//in +ds=4//in +dp=14//in +theta=%pi +u1=.25 +T=350//lb +u2=0.1 +k=%e^(u1*theta) +T2=T1/k +Tor=(T1-T2)*(dp/2)//total resisting torque +//total resisting torque is also given by P*(r+2*(cos%pi/6))+u2*R*(ds/2) +//equating and putting values we get the following quadratic equation +p=[1 -1.163D3 3.342D5] +a=roots(p) +printf("\nP=%.1f",a) +printf("\nThe larger of two values is inadmissible. It corresponds to a negative sign in front of the second term on the right hand side of equation (1)") diff --git a/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.PNG b/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9112884df Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd0731f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find maximum horsepower which belt can transmit +clc +//given-belt is perfectly elastic and massless +u=0.3 +v=3600//ft/min +V=v/60//ft/sec +theta=165//degrees +x=theta*%pi/180 +k=%e^(u*x)//k=T1/T2=e^(u*x) +To=500//lb +T1=2*k*To/(k+1) +T2=T1/k +T=T1-T2//effective tension +H=T*V/550//horsepower transmitted +printf("\nThe horse-power transmitted = %.2f\n",H) diff --git a/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.PNG b/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c989cb9cd Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a1e56237 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//to find maximun horsepower when drive is a) Vertical b) Horizontal +clc +w=1.2//lb/ft^2 +u=0.3 +v=3600//ft/min +V=v/60//ft/sec +theta=165//degrees +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +x=theta*%pi/180 +k=%e^(u*x)//k=T1/T2=e^(u*x) +To=500//lb +//Solution a)Vertical drive +Tc=w*V^2/g//equation 7.5 +//solution a) +H=2*(k-1)*(To-Tc)*V/((k+1)*550) +Vmax=(To*g/(3*w))^(1/2) +Hmax=2*(k-1)*(To-Tc)*Vmax/((k+1)*550) +//Solution b) +To1=To+Tc +//from equation 7.15 2/To1^2=1/Tt^2+1/Ts^2 +//T1/T2=k +T2=367 //lb - from trail and error +T1=k*T2 +Tt=T1+Tc +Ts=T2+Tc +HP=(T1-T2)*V/550 +printf("\nSolution a)\nHorsepower transmitted= %.1f\nMaximum Horsepower transmitted= %.1f (at velocit = %.1f ft/s^2)Solution b)\nTt=%.f lb\nTs=%.f lb\nHorsepower transmitted= %.1f",H,Hmax,Vmax,Tt,Ts,HP) + diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbae5cf83 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a769fa12f --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Find the braking torque applied to the drum +clc +//given +dia=12//in +r=dia/2 +CQ=7//in +OC=6//in +OH=15//in +u=0.3 +P=100//lb +phi=atan(u) +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +a=5.82//from figure +Tb=P*OH*x/a//braking torque +printf("\nThe braking torque of the drum Tb= %.2f lb in\n",Tb) diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b196d539 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d24caee55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//To find braking torque applied to the drum +clc +//given + +OH=15//in +l=OH +u=0.3 +P=100//lb +phi=atan(u) +//according to fig 170(b) +//for clockwise rotation +a=6//from figure +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +Tb=P*l*x/a//braking torque on the drum +//for counter clockwise rotation +a1=5.5//in +Tb1=P*l*x/a1//braking torque on the drum +//according to figure 172(a) +//for clockwise rotation +a2=6.48//from figure +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +Tb2=P*l*x/a2//braking torque on the drum +//for counter clockwise rotation +a3=6.38//in +Tb3=P*l*x/a3//braking torque on the drum +T1=ceil(Tb1) +T2=ceil(Tb2) +T3=ceil(Tb3) +printf("\nbraking torque on drum\nWhen dimensions are measured from fig 170(b)\nFor clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nFor counter clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nWhen dimensions are measured from fig 171(a)\nFor clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nFor counter clockwise rotation= %.f lb in",Tb,T1,T2,T3) + + + diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1123e050a Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..017cc168a --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//To find a) magnitude of P b) magnitude of force at Hd +clc +//given +u=.35 +Tb=500//lb.ft +rd=10//in +phi=atan(u) +x=rd*sin(phi) +//F*OD=R*a=R1*a +//R=R1 +//2*R*x=Tb +OD=24//in +a=11.5//inches; From figure +F=Tb*a*12/(OD*2*x) +//from figure +HG=4//in +GK=12//in +HL=12.22//in +P=F*HG/GK +Fhd=HL*P/HG +printf("\na) Magnitude of P = %.f lb",P) +printf("\nb) Magnitude of Fhd = %.f lb",Fhd) diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..605f9715f Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c052e3d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find the least force required in order to support load of .5 tons +clc +//given +u=.3 +theta=270*%pi/180 +l=18//in +a=4//in +Di=15//in +Do=21//in +w=.5//tons +W=w*2204//lb +Q=W*Di/Do//required tangential braking force on the drum +k=%e^(u*theta)//k=T1/T2 +p=Q*a/(l*(k-1)) +printf("Least force required, P = %.f lb",p) diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92c3fc658 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aed6d06a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To find the least effort applied at the end of the lever which will provide a braking torque of 4000 lb ft +clc +//given +n=12 +u=.28 +a=4.5//in +b=1//in +l=21//in +r=15//in +Tb=4000//lb +theta=10*%pi/180 +//k=Tn/To +k=((1+u*tan(theta))/(1-u*tan(theta)))^n +Q=Tb*(12/r) +P=Q*(a-b*k)/(l*(k-1))//from combining 8.6 with k=e^u*theta +printf("The least effort required = P = %.1f lb",P) diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.PNG b/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fce9b101 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7630ffed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//To find the minimum distance in which the car may be stopped +clc +//given +w=9.5 //ft +h= 2 //ft +x=4 //ft +v=30//mph +V=1.46667*v//ft/s +u1=.1 +u2=.6 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +//a) rear wheels braked +fa1=(u1*(w-x)*g)/(w+u1*h) +fa2=(u2*(w-x)*g)/(w+u2*h) +sa1=V^2/(2*fa1) +sa2=V^2/(2*fa2) +//b) front wheels braked +fb1=u1*x*g/(w-u1*h) +fb2=u2*x*g/(w-u2*h) +sb1=V^2/(2*fb1) +sb2=V^2/(2*fb2) +//c) All wheels braked +fc1=u1*g +fc2=u2*g +sc1=V^2/(2*fc1) +sc2=V^2/(2*fc2) +k1=(x+u1*h)/(w-x-u1*h)//Na/Nb +k2=(x+u2*h)/(w-x-u2*h)//Na/Nb +printf("\nCoefficient of friction = 0.1\na) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the rear brakes are applied = %.f ft\nb) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the front brakes are applied = %.f ft\nc) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when all brakes are applied = %.f ft\nCoefficient of friction = 0.6\na) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the rear brakes are applied = %.f ft\nb) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the front brakes are applied = %.f ft\nc) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when all brakes are applied = %.f ft\n",sa1,sb1,sc1,sa2,sb2,sc2) +printf("Required ration of Na/Nb\nFor u1 = 0.1 -> %.3f\nFor u2 = 0.6 -> %.2f\n",k1,k2) diff --git a/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.PNG b/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24f8ac2d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb6aa297 --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//To draw complete displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams +clc +//given +alpha=55*%pi/180 +N=1200//rpm +lift=.5//in +rn=.125//in ; noseradius +rmin=1.125//in ; minimum radius +OQ=rmin+lift-rn +OP=(OQ^2-1)/(2*(1-OQ*cos(alpha)))//from triangle opq fig 201(a) +PQ=OP+rmin-rn +phi=asin(OQ*sin(alpha)/PQ) +x1=[0:.0001:phi] +x2=[phi:.0001:alpha] +y1=4.477*(1-cos(x1))//from 9.6 +y2=1.5*cos(alpha-x2)-1//from 9.9 +v1=%pi*N*4.477*sin(x1)/(30*12)//from 9.7 +v2=15.71*sin(alpha-x2)//from 9.10 +f1=(%pi*N/30)^2*(4.477/12)*cos(x1)//from 9.8 +f2=-1974*cos(alpha-x2)//from 9.11 +a=[0:.0001:phi] +b=[phi:.0001:alpha] +p=[0:.0001:phi] +q=[phi:.0001:alpha] +subplot(3,1,3) +subplot(311) +plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) +xtitle("","angle","displacement") +subplot(312) +plot(a,v1,b,v2) +xtitle("","angle","velocity") +subplot(313) +plot(p,f1,q,f2) +xtitle("","angle","acceleration") + diff --git a/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.PNG b/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85a5336f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.PNG differ diff --git a/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8677e50d --- /dev/null +++ b/1325/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//to find the angular velocity and the angular acceleration of the follower +clc +//given +N=600//rpm +BC=3//in +rmin=1.125//in +rf=39/8//in +OP=rf-rmin +OM1=0.79//in;given +NZ1=2.66//in +w=N*%pi/30 +vb=w*OM1 +Vang=vb/BC +at=w^2*NZ1 +fBC=at/BC +OM2=.52//in +NZ2=3.24//in +af=w*OM2/BC +angf=w^2*NZ2/BC +printf("\nWhen theta = 25 degrees\nangular velocity = %.1f rad/s\nangular acceleration = %.f rad/s^2\nWhen theta = 45 degrees\nangular velocity = %.1f rad/s\nangular acceleration = %.f rad/s^2",Vang,fBC,af,angf) diff --git a/1328/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/1328/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fe8afdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +printf("\t example 10.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=250; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=95; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=145; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=16000; // lb/hr +w=410; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for crude \n"); +c=0.485; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for crude is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=945.5; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +printf("\t On the assumption that the fluids are mixed between passes, each pass must be solved independently. Since only two passes are present in this exchanger, it is simply a matter of assuming the temperature at the end of the first pass. More than half the heat load must be transferred in the first pass; therefore assume ti at the end of the first pass is 125°F \n"); +ti=125; // F +tc=((t1)+(ti))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,steam \n"); +ho=(1500); // condensation of steam Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,crude \n"); +Nt=86; +n=2; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.594; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(.177)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=2.95*2.42; // at 145F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.87/12); // ft +Ret1=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0f \n",Ret1); +mu3=4.8*2.42; // at 110F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.87/12); // ft +Ret2=((D)*(Gt)/mu3); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0f \n",Ret2); +c=0.485; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 120F,from fig.2 +k=0.0775; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu3)/k); // prandelt number +printf("\t prandelt number is : %.1f \n",Pr); +Hi=((1.86)*(k/D)*((Ret2*(D/L)*Pr)^(1/3))); // using eq.6.1,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +muw=1.2*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr),at 249F from fig.14 +phyt=(mu3/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phyt is : %.1f \n",phyt); // from fig.24 +hi=(Hi)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hi to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +tp=(tc)+(((ho)/(hi+ho))*(T1-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tp is : %.0f F \n",tp); +delt=tp-tc; //F +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +Ai1=0.228 // internal surface per foot of length,ft +Ai=(Nt*L*Ai1/2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.1f ft^2 \n",Ai); +delt3=((hi*Ai*delt)/(W*c)); // delt3=ti-t1, F +printf("\t delt3 is : %.1f F \n",delt3); +ti=t1+delt3; // F +printf("\t ti is : %.1f F \n",ti); +printf("\t The oil now enters the second pass at 126.9°F \n"); +// end + + diff --git a/1328/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/1328/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21a235c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +printf("\t example 10.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=250; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=95; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=145; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=16000; // lb/hr +w=423; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for kerosene \n"); +c=0.5; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for kerosene is : %.0f Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=945.5; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,steam \n"); +ho=(1500); // condensation of steam Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,kerosene \n"); +Nt=86; +n=2; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.594; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(.177)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=1.36*2.42; // at 145F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.87/12); // ft +Ret1=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0f \n",Ret1); +mu3=1.75*2.42; // at 120F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.87/12); // ft +Ret2=((D)*(Gt)/mu3); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret2); +Z1=331; // Z1=(L*n/D) +jH=3.1; // from fig 24 +mu4=1.75; // cp and 40 API +Z2=0.24; // Z2=((k)*(c*mu4/k)^(1/3)), from fig 16 +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z2)); // using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.2f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=0.87; // ft +OD=1; //ft +Hio=(Hi*(ID/OD)); //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from eq.6.5 +printf("\t Hio is : %.2f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(Hio+ho))*(T1-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +muw=1.45; // lb/(ft)*(hr),at 249F from fig.14 +phyt=(mu3/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phyt is : %.1f \n",phyt); // from fig.24 +hio=(Hio)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +delt=tw-tc; //F +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +printf("\t Since the kerosene has a viscosity of only 1.75 cp at the caloric temperature and delt=129F, free convection should be investigated. \n"); +s=0.8; +row=50; // lb/ft^3, from fig 6 +s1=0.810; // at 95F +s2=0.792; // at 145F +bita=((s1^2-s2^2)/(2*(t2-t1)*s1*s2)); // /F +printf("\t beta is : %.6f /F \n",bita); +G=((D^3)*(row^2)*(bita)*(delt)*(4.18*10^8)/(mu3^2)); +printf("\t G is : %.1e \n",G); +psy=((2.25)*(1+(0.01*G^(1/3)))/(log10(Ret2))); +printf("\t psy is : %.2f \n",psy); +hio1=(hio*psy); +printf("\t corrected hio1 is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio1); +Uc=((hio1)*(ho)/(hio1+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.2f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +// end + diff --git a/1328/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/1328/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..389fa7413 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +printf("\t example 10.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=250; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=105; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=130; // outlet cold fluid,F +w=50000; // lb/hr +W=622; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for gas oil \n"); +c=0.47; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for gas oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=945.5; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((W)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,steam \n"); +ID=15.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=15; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2, eq 7.1 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(6220/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2), calculation mistake +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.0314; // at 250F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +De=0.060; // from fig.29,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number, calculation mistake +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +ho=1500; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,crude oil \n"); +d1=0.5; // in +d2=0.87; // in +at1=((3.14*(d2^2-d1^2))/4); +printf("\t at1 is : %.1f in^2 \n",at1); +Nt=86; +n=2; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +De=(d2^2-d1^2)/(12*d2); +printf("\t De is : %.4f ft \n",De); +mu2=16.7; // at 117F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((De)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=3.1; // from fig.24 +Z=0.35; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft), at mu3=6.9cp and 28 API +Hi=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=0.87; // ft +OD=1; //ft +Hio=((Hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +muw=4.84; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phyt=(mu2/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phyt is : %.2f \n",phyt); // from fig.24 +hio=(Hio)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(hio+ho))*(T1-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A=270; // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0016; // friction factor for reynolds number 25300, using fig.29 +s=0.00116; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +Ds=15.25/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(19600^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +dt=(d2-d1)/(12); // ft +printf("\t dt is : %.4f ft \n",dt); +Ret2=(dt*Gt/mu2); +printf("\t Ret2 is : %.0f \n",Ret2); +f=0.00066; // friction factor for reynolds number 8220, using fig.26 +phyt=1.35; // fig 6 +printf("\t phyt is : %.2f \n",phyt); +s=0.85; +delPt=((f*(420000^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(0.0309)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t delPr is negligible \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/1328/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84daa1b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +printf("\t example 10.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +t1=100; // F +t2=0; // F +T1abs=100+460; // R +T2abs=460; //R +delt=t1-t2; +printf("\t delt is : %.f F \n",delt); +hc=0.3*(delt^0.25); // convection loss, Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(°F) +printf("\t convection loss is : %.2f Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) \n",hc); +e=0.8; // emissivity +hr=((0.173*e*((T1abs/100)^4-(T2abs/100)^4))/(T1abs-T2abs)); // radiation rate, from 4.32, Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) +printf("\t radiation loss is : %.2f Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) \n",hr); +hl=hc+hr; // combined loss, Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) +printf("\t combined loss is : %.1f Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) \n",hl); +D=5; // ft +L=12; // ft +A1=((2*3.14*D^2)/(4))+(3.14*D*L); // total tank area +printf("\t total tank area is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A1); +Q=(hl*A1*delt); // total heat loss +printf("\t total heat loss : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t This heat must be supplied by the pipe bundle,Assuming exhaust steam to be at 212°F \n"); +d0=1.32; +X=(delt/d0); +tf=((t1+212)/2); // F +printf("\t X is : %.0f \n",X); +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +hio=48; // from fig 10.4, Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) +ho=1500; // condensation of steam,Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.02; // dirt factor, (hr)(ft^2)(F)/Btu +UD=((Uc)/((1)+(Uc*Rd))); // design overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A2=((Q)/((UD)*(212-100))); // total surface,ft^2 +printf("\t total surface is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A2); +A3=2.06; // area/pipe +N=(A2/A3); +printf("\t number of pipes are : %.0f \n",N); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/1328/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4f325cc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +printf("\t example 11.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=340; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=240; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=200; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=230; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=29800; // lb/hr +w=103000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for straw oil \n"); +c=0.58; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for straw oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for naphtha \n"); +c=0.56; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for naphtha is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.885 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.885*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",X); +L=16; +Fc=0.405; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.23; // crude oil controlling +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +UD1=70; // assume, from table 8a +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(delt))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(16*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=124; // assuming two tube passes, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.1e ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,straw oil \n"); +ID=15.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=3.5; // minimum baffle spacing,from eq 11.4,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=3.63; // at 280.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.95/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0e \n",Res); +jH=46; // from fig.28 +Z=0.224; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft), at mu3=1.5cp and 35 API +Ho=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +phys=1; +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,naphtha \n"); +Nt=124; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=1.31; // at 212F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=102; // from fig.24 +Z=0.167; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft), at mu4=0.54cp and 48 API +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +Hio=((Hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +phyt=1; +hio=(Hio)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.00225; // friction factor for reynolds number 7000, using fig.29 +s=0.76; // for reynolds number 7000,using fig.6 +Ds=15.25/12; // ft +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.0002; // friction factor for reynolds number 31300, using fig.26 +s=0.72; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t The first trial is disqualified because of failure to meet the required dirt factor \n"); +printf("\t Proceeding as above and carrying the viscosity correction and pressure drops to completion the new summary is given using a 17.25in. ID shell with 166 tubes on two passes and a 3.5in. baffle space \n"); +UD1=60; // assumption for 2 tube passes,3.5 baffle spacing and 17.25in ID +UC1=74.8; +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC1); +UD2=54.2; +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD2); +Rd1=0.005; +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +delPs1=4.7; +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs1); +delPt1=2.1; +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/1328/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce967d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +printf("\t example 11.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=350; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=160; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=100; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=295; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=84438; // lb/hr +w=86357; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for lean oil \n"); +c=0.56; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Qh=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for lean oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qh); +printf("\t for rich oil \n"); +c=0.53; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Qc=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for rich oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qc); +Q=(Qh+Qc)/(2); +printf("\t Q is : %.2e V \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.3f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.2f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.875 \n"); // for 4-8 exchanger,from fig 21 +delt=(0.875*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.2f \n",X); +Fc=0.48; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.32; // crude oil controlling +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f \n",tc); +UD1=50; // assume, from table 8a +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(delt))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(16*a1*2)); // 2-4 exchanger in series +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=580; // assuming six tube passes,31in ID, from table 9 +A2=(N2*16*a1*2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,lean oil \n"); +Nt=580; +n=6; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=2.13; // at 212F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=36.5; // from fig.24 +Z=0.185; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft), at mu4=0.88cp and 35 API +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +Hio=((Hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +phyt=1; +hio=(Hio)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,rich oil \n"); +ID=31; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=12; // minimum baffle spacing,from eq 11.4,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT))/(2); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(w/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=3.15; // at 193.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.95/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=45; // from fig.28 +Z=0.213; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft), at mu3=1.3cp and 35 API +Ho=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +phys=1; +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00027; // friction factor for reynolds number 10100, using fig.26 +s=0.77; +delPt=((2*f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.024; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*2*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0023; // friction factor for reynolds number 6720, using fig.29 +s=0.79; // for reynolds number 6720,using fig.6 +Ds=31/12; // ft +De=0.0792; +N=(4*12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t The initial assumptions have provided an exchanger which very nearly meets all the requirements. Eight-pass units would meet the heat-transfer requirement but would give a tube-side pressure drop of 14 psi. The trial exchanger will be somewhat less suitable when the value of Q, is also taken into account. If the minimum dirt factor of 0.0040 is to be taken literally, it will be necessary to try the next size shell \n"); +printf("\t Assume a 33 in. ID shell with six1 tube passes and baffies spaced 12-in. apart, since the pressure drop increases with the diameter of the shell for a given mass velocity. \n"); +UC1=52.3; +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC1); +UD2=42; +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD2); +Rd1=0.0047; +printf("\t calculated Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +Rd2=0.004; +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd2); +delPs1=4.4; +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs1); +delPT1=7.9; +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPT1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/1328/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06cc1fb3d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +printf("\t example 11.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=190; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=120; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=100000; // lb/hr +w=154000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for caustic \n"); +c=0.88; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for caustic is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.815 \n"); // for 4-8 exchanger,from fig 21 +delt=(0.815*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f \n",tc); +UD1=250; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(delt))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.2618; // ft^2/lin ft +L=16; +N1=(A1/(16*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=140; // assuming four tube passes,19.25in ID, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,caustic \n"); +ID=19.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=7; // minimum baffle spacing,from eq 11.4,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.84; // at 155F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.72/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=75; // from fig.28 +Z=0.575; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft) +Ho=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +phys=1; // low viscosity +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=140; +n=4; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.546; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=Gt/(3600*62.5); +printf("\t V is %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.74; // at 100F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0695; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=1240*0.94; // from fig 25 +printf("\t Hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.834; // ft +OD=1; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0019; // friction factor for reynolds number 17400, using fig.29 +s=1.115; // for reynolds number 17400,using fig.6 +Ds=19.25/12; // ft +De=0.06; +N=(12*L/B)+1; // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.0f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00018; // friction factor for reynolds number 46300, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.18; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t Adjustment of the baffie space to use the full 10 psi will still not permit the exchanger to make the 0.002 dirt factor. The value of UD has been assumed too high \n"); +printf("\t Try a 21.25in.ID shell with four tube passes and a 6in.baffie·space.This corresponds to 170 tubes \n"); +UC1=390; +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC1); +UD2=200; +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD2); +Rd1=0.0024; +printf("\t calculated Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +Rd2=0.002; +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd2); +delPs1=9.8; +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs1); +delPT1=4.9; +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPT1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/1328/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d56fc055d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +printf("\t example 11.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=225; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=225; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=200; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=10350; // lb/hr +w=115000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=962; // Btu/(lb) +Qh=((W)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qh); +printf("\t for alcohol \n"); +c=0.72; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Qc=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for alcohol is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qc);Q=(Qh+Qc)/(2); +Q=(Qh+Qc)/(2); +printf("\t Q is : %.2e V \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +Tc=((T2)+(T1)); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2)); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f \n",tc); +L=12; +UD1=200; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.2618; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(12*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=232; // assuming two tube passes,23.25in ID, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,steam \n"); +Nt=232; +n=2; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.546; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=0.0314; // at 225F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0695; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret); +hio=1500; // condensation of steam +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,alcohol \n"); +ID=23.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=7; // minimum baffle spacing,from eq 11.4,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(w/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.45; // at 193.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.72/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Res); +jH=83; // from fig.28 +Z=0.195; // Z=(K*(c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft) +Ho=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +phys=1; +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000175; // friction factor for reynolds number 52000, using fig.26 +s=0.00076; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(1)))/(2); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.2f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t delPr is negligible \n"); +printf("\t allowable delPa is negligible \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0018; // friction factor for reynolds number 21000, using fig.29 +s=0.78; // for reynolds number 21000,using fig.6 +Ds=1.94; // ft +De=0.06; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.6f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t This is clearly an instance in which UD was assumed too high.It is now a question of how much too high. With the aid of the summary it is apparent thatin a larger shell a clean overall coefficient of about 200 may be expected \n"); +printf("\t Assume a 27in. ID shell with 2 tube passes,334 tubes and baffies spaced 7in. apart, since the pressure drop increases with the diameter of the shell for a given mass velocity. \n"); +UC1=214; +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC1); +UD2=138.5; +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD2); +Rd1=0.0025; +printf("\t calculated Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +Rd2=0.002; +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd2); +delPs1=0.23; +printf("\t delPs is : %.2f psi \n",delPs1); +delPT1=7.1; +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPT1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/1328/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1584c2556 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +printf("\t example 11.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=125; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=41300; // lb/hr +w=64500; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for gas \n"); +c=0.25; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for gas is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.935 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.935*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +UD1=15; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(delt))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.2618; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(12*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=358; // assuming 12 tube passes, from table 9 +L=12; +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t When solved in a manner identical with the preceding examples and using the smallest integral number of bundle crosses (five) corresponding to a 28.8in.spacing \n"); +UC1=22.7; +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC1); +UD2=14; +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD2); +Rd1=0.027; +printf("\t calculated Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +Rd1=0.005; +printf("\t required Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd1); +delPs1=5.2; +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs1); +delPt1=1.0; +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt1); +printf("\t The first trial is disqualified because of failure to meet the required dirt factor and the the pressure drop is five times greater than the allowable \n"); +printf("\t This would be unsatisfactory, since gases require large inlet connections and the flow distribution on the first and third bundle crosses would be poor and the conditions of allowable pressure drop would still not be met \n"); +UD1=15; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(delt))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.2618; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(12*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=340; // assuming eight tube passes, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,gas \n"); +ID=31; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=24; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as)/(2); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.0e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.050; // at 187.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +De=0.99/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Res); +jH=105; // from fig.28 +k=0.015; // Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(°F/ft) +Z=0.94; // Z=((c*mu3/k)^(1/3)),Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft) +Ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +phys=1; +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,crude oil \n"); +Nt=340; +n=12; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.546; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.96; // at 90F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0695; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=667; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.83; // ft +OD=1; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); // calculation mistake +phyt=1; +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0017; // friction factor for reynolds number 33000, using fig.29 +s=0.0012; // for reynolds number 33000,using fig.6 +Ds=31/12; // ft +N=(3); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00022; // friction factor for reynolds number 21300, using fig.26 +s=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.052; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a52aecc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +printf("\t example 12.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=244; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=244; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=60000; // lb/hr +w=488000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for propanol \n"); +l=285; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((W)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for propanol is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +UD1=100; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +N1=(A1/(8*a1)); +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=766; // assuming 4 tube passes, from table 9 +A2=(N2*8*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,propanol \n"); +ID=31; // in +C=0.1875; // clearance +B=31; // baffle spacing,in +PT=0.937; +L=8; // ft +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +G1=(W/(L*N2^(2/3))); // from eq.12.43 +printf("\t G1 is : %.1f lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=766; +n=4; // number of passes +L=8; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.74; // at 102.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=1300; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); // calculation mistake +ho=200; // assumption +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.1f F \n",tf); +kf=0.094; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +sf=0.8; // from table 6 +muf=0.62; // cp, from fig 14 +ho=172; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t Based on h=172 instead of the assumed 200 a new value of tw,and tf could be obtained to give a more exact value of h based on fluid properties at a value of tf more nearly correct \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +mu1=0.0242; // lb/(ft)*(hr), fir 15 +De=0.0458; // fig 28 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +f=0.00141; // friction factor for reynolds number 84600, using fig.29 +s=0.00381; // for reynolds number 84600,using fig.6 +Ds=31/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(3); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq.12.47,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00019; // friction factor for reynolds number 36200, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.2; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)),using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a5f9b178 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +printf("\t example 12.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=244; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=244; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=60000; // lb/hr +w=488000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for propanol \n"); +l=285; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((W)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for propanol is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +UD1=70; // assume, from table 8 +A1=((Q)/((UD1)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t A1 is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A1); +N2=766; // assuming 4 tube passes, from table 9 +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +L=(A1/(N2*a1)); +printf("\t L is : %.1f ft \n",L); +A2=(N2*12*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,propanol \n"); +Do=0.0625; // ft +G1=(W/(3.14*N2*Do)); // from eq.12.36 +printf("\t G1 is : %.0f lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=766; +n=4; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.74; // at 102.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=1300; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +ho=100; // assumption +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.1f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +kf=0.0945; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +sf=0.76; // from table 6 +muf=0.65; // cp, from fig 14 +ho=102; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +ID=31; // in +C=0.1875; // clearance +B=29; // baffle spacing,in +PT=0.937; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,from eq 7.1,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,from eq 7.2,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.0242; // lb/(ft)*(hr), fig 15 +De=0.0458; // fig 28 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Res); +f=0.0014; // friction factor for reynolds number 91000, using fig.29 +s=0.00381; // for reynolds number 91000,using fig.6 +Ds=31/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(5); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq.12.47,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00019; // friction factor for reynolds number 36200, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.2; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)),using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,eq 6.38,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // eq 6.13,(hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.5f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d013e3f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +printf("\t example 12.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=200; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=130; // outlet hot fluid,F +T3=125; // after condensation +t1=65; // inlet cold fluid,F +t3=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=27958; // lb/hr +w=135500; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for butane \n"); +c=0.44; // Btu/(lb)(F) +qd=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for desuperheating of butane is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",qd); +HT2=309; // enthalpy at T2, Btu/lb +HT3=170; // enthalpy at T3, Btu/lb +qc=(W*(HT2-HT3)); // for condensation +printf("\t total heat required for condensing of butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qc); +Q=qd+qc; +printf("\t total heat required for butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t3-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +deltw=(qc/w); +printf("\t deltw is : %.1f F \n",deltw); +t2=t1+deltw; +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2) +printf("\t for desuperheating \n"); +delt1=T2-t2; //F +delt2=T1-t3; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTDd=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTDd); +w1=(qd/LMTDd); +printf("\t w1 is : %.3e lb/hr \n",w1); +printf("\t for condensing \n"); +delt3=T3-t1; //F +delt4=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt3); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt4); +LMTDc=((delt4-delt3)/((2.3)*(log10(delt4/delt3)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTDc); +w2=(qc/LMTDc); +printf("\t w1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",w2); +delt=(Q/(w1+w2)); +printf("\t delt is : % .1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T3)+(T2))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t3))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,butane \n"); +ID=23.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=12; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +printf("\t desuperheating \n"); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.0242; // at 165F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +De=0.73/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=239; // from fig.28 +k=0.012; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 5 +Z=0.96; // Z=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3) +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=352; +n=4; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=2.11; // at 82.5F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=800; // fig 25,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Ud=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,eq 6.38,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ud); +Ad=(qd/(Ud*LMTDd)); +printf("\t clean surface required for desuperheating : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ad); +printf("\t for condensaton \n"); +Lc=16*0.6; // condensation occurs 60% of the tube length +G1=(W/(Lc*Nt^(2/3))); // from eq.12.43 +printf("\t G1 is : %.1f lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +ho=200; // assumption +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +kf=0.075; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +sf=0.55; // from table 6 +muf=0.14; // cp, from fig 14 +ho=207; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Ac=(qc/(Uc*LMTDc)); +printf("\t clean surface required for desuperheating : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ac); +AC=Ad+Ac; +printf("\t total clean surface : %.0f ft^2 \n",AC); +lc=(Ac/(Ac+Ad)); +printf("\t assumed condensing length percentage : %.2f \n",lc); +UC=((Ud*Ad)+(Uc*Ac))/(AC); +printf("\t weighted clean overall coefficient : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((UC-UD)/((UD)*(UC))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +printf("\t desuperheating \n"); +Ld=6.4; //ft +De=0.0608; // fig 28 +f=0.0013; // friction factor for reynolds number 145000, using fig.29 +Ds=1.94; // ft +phys=1; +N=(12*Ld/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +row=(58.1/((359)*(625/492)*(14.7/99.7))); +printf("\t row is %.3f lb/ft^3 \n",row); +s=(row/62.5); +printf("\t s is %.4f \n",s); +delPsd=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPsd); +printf("\t condensation \n"); +N=(12*Lc/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPsc=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq 12.47,psi +printf("\t delPsc is : %.1f psi \n",delPsc); +delPS=delPsd+delPsc; +printf("\t delPS is : %.0f psi \n",delPS); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00023; // friction factor for reynolds number 17900, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.0f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.075; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)),using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e787f4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +printf("\t example 12.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=130; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=125; // outlet hot fluid,F +T3=100; // after sucooling +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t3=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=21000; // lb/hr +w=167000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for pentane \n"); +HT1=315; // enthalpy at T1, Btu/lb +HT2=170; // enthalpy at T2, Btu/lb +qc=(W*(HT1-HT2)); // for condensation +printf("\t total heat required for condensing of pentane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qc); +c=0.57; // Btu/(lb)(F) +qs=((W)*(c)*(T2-T3)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for subcooling of pentane is : %.0e Btu/hr \n",qs); +Q=qs+qc; +printf("\t total heat required for pentane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t3-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +deltw=(qc/w); +printf("\t deltw is : %.1f F \n",deltw); +t2=t3-deltw; +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2) +printf("\t for condensing \n"); +delt1=T2-t2; //F +delt2=T1-t3; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTDc=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTDc); +w1=(qc/LMTDc); +printf("\t w1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",w1); +printf("\t subcooling \n"); +delt3=T3-t1; //F +delt4=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt3); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt4); +LMTDs=((delt4-delt3)/((2.3)*(log10(delt4/delt3)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTDs); +w2=(qs/LMTDs); +printf("\t w1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",w2); +delt=(Q/(w1+w2)); +printf("\t delt is : % .1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T1)+(T2))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t3))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,pentane \n"); +printf("\t for condensaton \n"); +Do=0.0625; // ft +Nt=370; // number of tubes +G1=(W/(3.14*Nt*Do)); // from eq.12.42 +printf("\t G1 is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +n=4; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.98; // at 90F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=940; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +ho=125; // assumption +tw=(tc)+(((ho)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +kf=0.077; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), table 4 +sf=0.6; // from table 6 +muf=0.19; // cp, from fig 14 +ho=120; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Ac=(3040000/(104*36.4)); +printf("\t clean surface required for dcondensation : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ac); +printf("\t subcooling \n"); +ID=25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=12; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.46; // at 112.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.95/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=46.5; // from fig.28 +k=0.077; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Z=1.51; // Z=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3) +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)); // using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Us=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Us); +As=(qs/(Us*LMTDs)); +printf("\t clean surface required for desuperheating : %.1f ft^2 \n",As); +AC=As+Ac; +printf("\t total clean surface : %.0f ft^2 \n",AC); +UC=((Us*As)+(Uc*Ac))/(AC); +printf("\t weighted clean overall coefficient : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((UC-UD)/((UD)*(UC))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +printf("\t condensation \n"); +Lc=13.4; //ft +De=0.0792; // fig 28 +f=0.0012; // friction factor for reynolds number 193000, using fig.29 +mu3=0.0165; // at 127.5F +Ds=2.08; // ft +phys=1; +Res1=(De*Gs/mu3); +printf("\t reynolds number is %.2e \n",Res1); +rowvap=(72.2/((359)*(590/492)*(14.7/25))); +printf("\t rowvapour is %.3f ld/ft^3 \n",rowvap); +s=(rowvap/62.5); +printf("\t s is %.5f \n",s); +N=(12*Lc/B)+(1); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPsc=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq.12.47,psi +printf("\t delPsc is : %.1f psi \n",delPsc); +printf("\t delPss is negligible \n"); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00022; // friction factor for reynolds number 22500, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.1; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)),using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc92d09fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,132 @@ +printf("\t example 12.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=130; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=125; // outlet hot fluid,F +T3=100; // after subcooling +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t3=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=21000; // lb/hr +w=167000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for pentane \n"); +c=0.57; // Btu/(lb)(F) +qs=((W)*(c)*(T2-T3)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for subcooling of pentane is : %.0e Btu/hr \n",qs); +HT1=315; // enthalpy at T1, Btu/lb +HT2=170; // enthalpy at T2, Btu/lb +qc=(W*(HT1-HT2)); // for condensation +printf("\t total heat required for condensing of pentane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qc); +Q=qs+qc; +printf("\t total heat required for pentane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t3-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +deltw=18.2; +printf("\t deltw is : %.1f F \n",deltw); +t2=t3-deltw; +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2) +printf("\t for condensing \n"); +delt1=T2-t2; //F +delt2=T1-t3; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTDc=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTDc); +w1=(qc/LMTDc); +printf("\t w1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",w1); +printf("\t subcooling \n"); +delt3=T3-t1; //F +delt4=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt3); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt4); +LMTDs=((delt4-delt3)/((2.3)*(log10(delt4/delt3)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTDs); +w2=(qs/LMTDs); +printf("\t w1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",w2); +delt=(Q/(w1+w2)); +printf("\t delt is : % .1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T1)+(T2))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t3))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,pentane \n"); +C1=0.198; // for 0.3Ds +Ds=25; // in +L=16; // ft +N=370 +a=(C1*Ds^2); +printf("\t a is : %.0f in^2 \n",a); +N1=((N*a*4)/(3.14*Ds^2)); +printf("\t number of submerged tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +Nt=N-N1; +printf("\t number of tubes for condensation are : %.0f \n",Nt); +Af=(N1/N); +printf("\t flooded surface : %.2f \n",Af); +printf("\t for condensaton \n"); +G1=(W/(L*Nt^(2/3))); // from eq.12.43 +printf("\t G1 is : %.1f lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +n=4; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.98; // lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=940; //Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +ho=251; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Ac=(qc/(Uc*LMTDc)); +printf("\t clean surface required for dcondensation : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ac); +printf("\t subcooling \n"); +ho=50; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Us=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Us); +As=(qs/(Us*LMTDs)); +printf("\t clean surface required for desuperheating : %.0f ft^2 \n",As); +AC=As+Ac; +printf("\t total clean surface : %.0f ft^2 \n",AC); +UC=((Us*As)+(Uc*Ac))/(AC); +printf("\t weighted clean overall coefficient : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC); +A=1160; // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((UC-UD)/((UD)*(UC))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +printf("\t condensation \n"); +printf("\t It will be necessary to spread the batHes to a spacing of 18in.to compensate for the reduction in crossfiow area due to the flooded subcooling zone. The tube-side pressure drop will be the same as before. Assume bundle flooded to 0.3Ds.\n"); +As=0.547; // ft^2 +Gs=(W/(As)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +De=0.0792; // fig 28 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/0.0165); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +f=0.00121; // friction factor for reynolds number 193000, using fig.29 +s=0.00454; // for reynolds number 193000,using fig.6 +Ds=2.08; // ft +B=18 +phys=1; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPsc=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys)))/(2); // using eq.12.47,psi +printf("\t delPsc is : %.1f psi \n",delPsc); +printf("\t delPss is negligible \n"); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc414e96b --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +printf("\t example 12.6 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=176; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=176; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=30000; // lb/hr +w=120000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for carbon disulfide \n"); +l=140; // Btu/(lb) +Q=((W)*l); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for carbon disulfide is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.0f Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +Tc=((T2)+T1)/2; // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,carbon disulfide \n"); +hio=300; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,water \n"); +ID=17.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=6; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(w/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.7; // at 280F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.0792; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Res); +jH=103; // from fig.28 +k=0.36; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from fig.1 +Z=1.68; // Z=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)); // using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +tw=(tc)+(((hio)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.1f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.1f F \n",tf); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,carbon disulfide \n"); +kf=0.09; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from fig 14 +sf=1.26; // from table 6 +rowf=78.8; // lb/ft^3 +muf=0.68; // cp, from fig 24 +Nt=177; +D=0.0517; // ft +G1=(W/(3.14*Nt*D)); +printf("\t G1 is : %.f lb/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",G1); +Ret=((4)*(G1)/muf); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0f \n",Ret); +hi=(0.251*(((kf^3)*(rowf^2)*(4.17*10^8))/(muf^2))^(1/3)); // hi*(((kf^3)*(rowf^2)*(4.17*10^8))/(muf^2))^(-1)=0.251, from fig 12.12 +printf("\t hi is : %.0e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=.75; //ft +hio1=((hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio1 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio1); +Uc=((hio1)*(ho)/(hio1+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +L=16; +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.5f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +n=1; // number of passes +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(30000/(0.372)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=0.029; // at inlet,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +row=(76.1/((359)*(636/492)*(14.7/39.7))); +printf("\t row is %.3f ld/ft^3 \n",row); +s=(row/62.5); +printf("\t s is %.4f \n",s); +f=0.000138; // friction factor for reynolds number 143000, using fig.26 +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(16)*(1))/(5.22*(10^10)*(0.0517)*(s)))/(2); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t allowable delPa is negligible psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0017; // friction factor for reynolds number 31000, using fig.29 +s=1; // for reynolds number 31000,using fig.6 +Ds=17.25/12; // ft +B=6; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce b/1328/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01eca0da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +printf("\t example 12.7 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +V=7.5; // fps +W=250000; +CCl=0.85; +CT=1; +CL=1; +Ct=263; +UD=(CCl*CT*CL*Ct*(V^(1/2))); +printf("\t design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=(W/8); +printf("\t area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +a1=0.229; // ft^2/ft, table 10 +at=0.475; // in^2, table 10 +t1=70; +Ts=91.72; //F +n=2; +L=26; +t2=(Ts)-((Ts-t1)/((10)^(0.000279*UD*L*n*a1/(V*at)))); +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2); // calculation mistake in book +Go=(W*950)/((t2-t1)*500); +printf("\t circulation rate is : %.0f gpm \n",Go); +// end + diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18e1019e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ +printf("\t example 13.1 \n"); +// at atmospheric pressure,Pt=760 mm Hg +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +x(1)=0.077; // mole fraction of C4 +x(2)=0.613; // mole fraction of C5 +x(3)=0.310; // mole fraction of C6 +printf("\t for T 100 F \n"); +Pp(1)=3170; // vapour pressure of C4, from fig 13.3 +Pp(2)=790; // vapour pressure of C5,from fig 13.3 +Pp(3)=250; // vapour pressure of C6,from fig 13.3 +i=1; +while(i<4) + p(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)); + printf(" \n x(i) Pp(i) p(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(Pp(i))+" "+string(p(i))+" \n"); +i=i+1; +end +pt=p(1)+p(2)+p(3); +printf("\t total pressure is : %.1f mm Hg \n",pt); +printf("\t pressure is too high \n"); +printf("\t for T 96 F \n"); +Pp(1)=2990; // vapour pressure of C4, from fig 13.3 +Pp(2)=725; // vapour pressure of C5,from fig 13.3 +Pp(3)=229; // vapour pressure of C6,from fig 13.3 +i=1; +while(i<4) + p(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)); + printf(" \n x(i) Pp(i) p(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(Pp(i))+" "+string(p(i))+" \n"); +i=i+1; +end +pt=p(1)+p(2)+p(3); +printf("\t total pressure is : %.1f mm Hg \n",pt); +printf("\t pressure is too low \n"); +printf("\t for T 97 F \n"); +Pp(1)=3040; // vapour pressure of C4, from fig 13.3 +Pp(2)=740; // vapour pressure of C5,from fig 13.3 +Pp(3)=234; // vapour pressure of C6,from fig 13.3 +i=1; +while(i<4) + p(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)); + printf(" \n x(i) Pp(i) p(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(Pp(i))+" "+string(p(i))+" \n"); +i=i+1; +end +pt=p(1)+p(2)+p(3); +printf("\t total pressure is : %.1f mm Hg \n",pt); +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)/pt); + printf("\n x(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t solution for b \n"); +// Similarly at what temperature will the mixture start to boil if the system is under a pressure of 35 psia +printf("\t for T 150 F \n"); +Pp(1)=6100; // vapour pressure of C4, from fig 13.3 +Pp(2)=1880; // vapour pressure of C5,from fig 13.3 +Pp(3)=680; // vapour pressure of C6,from fig 13.3 +i=1; +while(i<4) + p(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)); + printf(" \n x(i) Pp(i) p(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(Pp(i))+" "+string(p(i))+" \n"); +i=i+1; +end +pt=p(1)+p(2)+p(3); +printf("\t total pressure is : %.0f mm Hg \n",pt); +printf("\t pressure is too high \n"); +printf("\t for T 149F \n"); +Pp(1)=6050; // vapour pressure of C4, from fig 13.3 +Pp(2)=1850; // vapour pressure of C5,from fig 13.3 +Pp(3)=670; // vapour pressure of C6,from fig 13.3 +i=1; +while(i<4) + p(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)); + printf(" \n x(i) Pp(i) p(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(Pp(i))+" "+string(p(i))+" \n"); +i=i+1; +end +pt=p(1)+p(2)+p(3); +printf("\t total pressure is : %.0f mm Hg \n",pt); +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(Pp(i)*x(i)/pt); + printf("\n x(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t solution for c \n"); +printf("\t for T 95F \n"); +K(1)=3.13; // fig 7 +K(2)=0.92; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.30; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(K(i)*x(i)); + printf("\n x(i) K(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +printf("\t yt is too low \n"); +printf("\t for T 100F \n"); +K(1)=3.35; // fig 7 +K(2)=1; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.335; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(K(i)*x(i)); + printf("\n x(i) K(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +printf("\t yt is too low \n"); +printf("\t for T 102F \n"); +K(1)=3.45; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.02; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.35; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(K(i)*x(i)); + printf("\n x(i) K(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +printf("\t solution for d \n"); +// The use of K values gives y, directly and permits use of the total mol fraction of yt = 1.00 as the criterion for equilibrium +printf("\t for T 150F \n"); +K(1)=2.8; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.01; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.4; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(K(i)*x(i)); + printf("\n x(i) K(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +printf("\t yt is too low \n"); +printf("\t for T 153F \n"); +K(1)=2.90; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.06; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.415; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(K(i)*x(i)); + printf("\n x(i) K(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +printf("\t solution for e at pt=760mm Hg \n"); +y(1)=0.077; // mole fraction of C4 +y(2)=0.613; // mole fraction of C5 +y(3)=0.310; // mole fraction of C6 +printf("\t for T 130F \n"); +K(1)=5; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.65; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.62; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + x(i)=(y(i)/K(i)); + printf("\n y(i) K(i) x(i) \n "+string(y(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(x(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +xt=x(1)+x(2)+x(3); +printf("\t xt is : %.3f \n",xt); +printf("\t xt is too low \n"); +printf("\t for T 120F \n"); +K(1)=4.4; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.4; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.51; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + x(i)=(y(i)/K(i)); + printf("\n y(i) K(i) x(i) \n "+string(y(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(x(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +xt=x(1)+x(2)+x(3); +printf("\t xt is : %.3f \n",xt); +printf("\t xt is high \n"); +printf("\t for T 123F \n"); +K(1)=4.6; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.49; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.545; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + x(i)=(y(i)/K(i)); + printf("\n y(i) K(i) x(i) \n "+string(y(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(x(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +xt=x(1)+x(2)+x(3); +printf("\t xt is : %.3f \n",xt); +printf("\t dew point at 760mm is 123F \n"); +printf("\t dew point at 35psia \n"); +printf("\t for T 174F \n"); +K(1)=3.7; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.38; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.58; // fig 7 +i=1; +while(i<4) + x(i)=(y(i)/K(i)); + printf("\n y(i) K(i) x(i) \n "+string(y(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(x(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +xt=x(1)+x(2)+x(3); +printf("\t xt is : %.3f \n",xt); +printf("\t dew point is 174F \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..387a23df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +printf("\t example 13.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t bubble point at 95F and 14.7psia \n"); +x(1)=0.077; // mole fraction of C4 +x(2)=0.613; // mole fraction of C5 +x(3)=0.310; // mole fraction of C6 +K(1)=3.13; // fig 7 +K(2)=0.92; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.3; // fig 7 +a(1)=3.4; // a= alpha +a(2)=1; +a(3)=0.326; +i=1; +while(i<4) + Z(i)=(a(i)*x(i)); + i=i+1; +end +Zt=Z(1)+Z(2)+Z(3); +printf("\t Zt is : %.3f \n",Zt); +i=1; +while(i<4) + y(i)=(a(i)*x(i)/(Zt)); + printf(" \n x(i) K(i) a(i) Z(i) y(i) \n "+string(x(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(a(i))+" "+string(Z(i))+" "+string(y(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +yt=y(1)+y(2)+y(3); +printf("\t yt is : %.3f \n",yt); +K2=(y(2)/x(2)); +printf("\t K2 is : %.3f \n",K2); +printf("\t bubble point is 102 \n"); // from fig 7 , comparing K2 value +printf("\t dew point at 130F and 14.7psia \n"); +y(1)=0.077; // mole fraction of C4 +y(2)=0.613; // mole fraction of C5 +y(3)=0.310; // mole fraction of C6 +K(1)=5; // fig 7 +K(2)=1.65; // fig 7 +K(3)=0.62; // fig 7 +a(1)=3.03; // a= alpha +a(2)=1; +a(3)=0.376; +i=1; +while(i<4) + Z(i)=(y(i)/a(i)); + i=i+1; +end +Zt=Z(1)+Z(2)+Z(3); +printf("\t Zt is : %.3f \n",Zt); +i=1; +while(i<4) + x(i)=(Z(i)/Zt); + printf(" \n y(i) K(i) a(i) Z(i) x(i) \n "+string(y(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(a(i))+" "+string(Z(i))+" "+string(x(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +xt=x(1)+x(2)+x(3); +printf("\t xt is : %.0f \n",xt); +K2=(y(2)/x(2)); +printf("\t K2 is : %.2f \n",K2); +printf("\t dew point is 122F \n"); // from fig 7, comparing K2 value +// end diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50166d3e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +printf("\t example 13.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t for condensing range \n"); +V(1)=170.5; // volume of C3,Mol/hr +V(2)=284; // volume of C4,Mol/hr +V(3)=56.8; // volume of C6,Mol/hr +V(4)=341.1; // volume of C7,Mol/hr +V(5)=284; // volume of C8,Mol/hr +Tw=283; // dew point assumption +Tb=120; // bubble point assumption +K(1)=13.75 // at 283F +K(2)=6.18 // at 283F +K(3)=1.60 // at 283F +K(4)=0.825 // at 283F +K(5)=0.452 // at 283F +i=1; +while(i<6) + Z(i)=(V(i)/K(i)); + i=i+1; +end +Vt=V(1)+V(2)+V(3)+V(4)+V(5); +Zt=Z(1)+Z(2)+Z(3)+Z(4)+Z(5); +L(1)=170.5; // volume of C3,Mol/hr +L(2)=284; // volume of C4,Mol/hr +L(3)=56.8; // volume of C6,Mol/hr +L(4)=341.1; // volume of C7,Mol/hr +L(5)=284; // volume of C8,Mol/hr +Kl(1)=4.1 // at 283F +Kl(2)=1.39 // at 283F +Kl(3)=0.17 // at 283F +Kl(4)=0.06 // at 283F +Kl(5)=0.023 // at 283F +i=1; +while(i<6) + Zl(i)=(L(i)*Kl(i)); + printf(" \n V(i) K(i) Z(i) L(i) Kl(i) Zl(i) \n "+string(V(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(Z(i))+" "+string(L(i))+" "+string(Kl(i))+" "+string(Zl(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +Lt=L(1)+L(2)+L(3)+L(4)+L(5); +Zlt=Zl(1)+Zl(2)+Zl(3)+Zl(4)+Zl(5); +printf("\t total volume in vapour phase : %.1f \n",Vt); +printf("\t total Zt in vapour phase : %.1f \n",Zt); +printf("\t total volume in liquid phase : %.1f \n",Lt); +printf("\t total Zlt in liquid phase : %.1f \n",Zlt); +// Range: 283 to 270°F +// Trial: Assume V /L = 4.00. +R=4; // R=(V/L), assumption +K(1)=12.75 // at 270F +K(2)=5.61 // at 270F +K(3)=1.40 // at 270F +K(4)=0.705 // at 270F +K(5)=0.375 // at 270F +i=1; +Y(i)=V(i); +while(i<6) + P(i)=(K(i)*R); + L1(i)=(V(i)/(1+P(i))); // V(i)=Y(i) + printf(" \n Y(i) K(i) P(i) L1(i) \n "+string(V(i))+" "+string(K(i))+" "+string(P(i))+" "+string(L1(i))+" \n"); + i=i+1; +end +L1t=L1(1)+L1(2)+L1(3)+L1(4)+L1(5); +V1t=(Vt-L1t); +R1=(V1t/L1t); +printf("\t total liquid at 270F : %.0f \n",L1t); +printf("\t total vapour at 270F : %.0f \n",V1t); +printf("\t R1 is : %.0f \n",R1); +// If the assumed and calculated values of V /L had not checked, a new value would have been assumed. +printf("\t for condensing curve \n"); +R270=4; // V/L at 270, from table 13.2 +R270=1.567; // V/L at 250, from table 13.2 +R270=0.916; // V/L at 230, from table 13.2 +R270=0.520; // V/L at 200, from table 13.2 +R270=0.226; // V/L at 160, from table 13.2 +H270=30835500; // 4th table in solution ,enthalpies calculated from fig 10 +printf("\t heat load at 270F is : %.0f Btu/hr \n",H270); +H250=27042400; // 5th table in solution ,enthalpies calculated from fig 10 +printf("\t heat load at 250F is : %.0f Btu/hr \n",H250); +Q=H270-H250; +printf("\t heat load for interval 270-250F : %.0f Btu/hr \n",Q); +qt=21203000; // 6th table in solution, calculated from fig 10 +printf("\t heat load for entire range is : %.0f Btu/hr \n",qt); +M=210410; // M=sum(U*A), 6th table in solution, calculated from fig 10 +w=(qt/(120-80)); +printf("\t water flow rate : %.1e lb/hr \n",w); +W=95450; // flow rate of feed,lb/hr +delt=(qt/M); +printf("\t weighted delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +q1=[0 3.4765 7.2696 10.109 13.468 17.399 21.203]; +T1=[283 270 250 230 200 160 120]; +plot2d(q1,T1,style=3,rect=[0,0,25,300]); +q2=[0 21.203]; +T2=[283 120]; +plot2d(q2,T2,style=5,rect=[0,0,25,300]); +xtitle("condensing curve","heat load,Btu/hr","temperature,F"); +legend("green-differential vapour","red-vapour"); +printf("\t calculation of the exchanger \n"); +T1=283; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=120; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +L=16; +Nt=774; +n=4; +row=62.5; +Qs=21203000; // Btu/hr +Qw=(w*1*(120-80)); +printf("\t heat absorbed by water : %.4e Btu/hr \n",Qw); +Mavg=84; // This corresponds very closely to hexane (mol. Wt. = 86.2) whose properties will be used throughout. +Qc=W*(0.6/2)*(283-120); +printf("\t condensate sensible heat load: %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qc); +S=(Qc*(100/Qs)); +printf("\t submergence : %.0f \n",S); +Tc=((T1+T2)/2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1+t2)/2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shellside,vapour \n"); +Nts=(774*(1-.22)); // as submergence is 22% +printf("\t unmerged tubes : %.0f \n",Nts); +Gs=(W/(L*(Nts^(2/3)))); // eq 12.43 +printf("\t Gs is : %.1f \n",Gs); +Ho=200; // assumption +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*row)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +hi=1355; // fig 25 +ID=0.62; +OD=0.75; +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +tw=(tc)+(((Ho)/(hio+Ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +tf=(Tc+tw)/(2); // from eq 12.19 +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +kf=0.077; //table 4, Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +sf=0.60; // from table 6 +muf=0.21; // cp, from fig 14 +ho=206; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), from fig 12.9 +printf("\t Correct ho to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Ac=(Qw/(174*delt)); +printf("\t clean surface required for condensation : %.2e ft^2 \n",Ac); +As=1210*0.22; +printf("\t clean surface required for subcooling : %.0f ft^2 \n",As); +AG=As+Ac; +printf("\t total clean surface : %.0f ft^2 \n",AG); +UC=(Qw/(AG*delt)); +printf("\t weighted clean overall coefficient : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Qw)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((UC-UD)/((UD)*(UC))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.5f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +B=30; +as=33*0.25*(30/144)*1; // eq 7.1 +printf("\t as is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); +printf("\t Gs is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); // eq 7.2 +mu1=0.0218; // at 283F +De=0.0608; // ft, from fig 15 +Res=(De*Gs)/(mu1); +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +f=0.00125; // fig 29 +N=(12*L/B); // eq 7.43 +printf("\t number crosses : %.0f \n",N); +row1=0.527; //lb/ft^3 +s=0.00844; +Ds=2.75; // ft +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(1)))/(2); // using eq 12.47,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +mu2=1.74; // fig 14 +D=0.0517; // ft +s=1; +Ret=(D*Gt/mu2); +printf("\t reynolds number : %.2e \n",Ret); +f=0.00019; // ft^2/in^2 +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(1)*(1))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.23; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)),using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03e5d39b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +printf("\t example 13.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +vA=2*3.7+(7.4); // for steam +vB=14.8+(2*7.4); // for CO2 +MA=18; +MB=44; +T=403; // K +Pt=3.04; // atm +kd=(0.0166)*(((403^(3/2))/(3.04*(14.8^(1/3)+29.6^(1/3))^(2)))*((1/18)+(1/44))^(1/2)); // eq 13.31 +printf("\t diffusivity is : %.2f ft^2/hr \n",kd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..308dd8fa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +printf("\t example 13.5 \n"); +// for a Basis of one Hour +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +c(1)=1544; // Flow rate of CO2, Lb/hr +h(1)=4500; // Flow rate of H20, Lb/hr + +c(2)=35; //Flow rate of CO2, Mol/hr +h(2)=250;//Flow rate of H20, Mol/hr + +t(1)=c(1)+h(1); //Total flow rate , Lb/hr +t(2)=c(2)+h(2); //Total flow rate, Mol/hr + +Pt = (30+14.7)/(14.7); //Total Pressure in atm +printf("\t Pt is %.2f\n",Pt); +Pw = ( h(2)/t(2) )*Pt; //Partial pressure of Water in atm + +printf("\t Partial Pressure of Water: %.2f atm \n",Pw); + +Tw = 267; // from table 7 at 2.68atm +Mm = (t(1)/t(2)); + +printf("\t mean molecular weight : %.1f \n",Mm); +// weighted temperature difference +// overall balance +//for Inlet +Pv=2.68; // water vapour pressure, atm +Pg=Pt-Pv; // Inert pressure +//for Exit +Pw1 = 0.1152 // Partial pressure of water at 120 F +Pv1 = 0.115; // Water vapor pressure +Pg1 = 2.935; // Inert pressure + +w1 = 250; //Pound mols steam inlet +w2 = c(2)*(Pv1/Pg1); +printf("\tPound mols steam exit:%.2f\n",w2); +w3 = w1 - w2; +printf("\tPound mols steam condessed:%.2f\n",w3); +//Assume points at 267, 262, 255,225,150,120 deg F +//For the interval from 267 to 262 F + +Pv2 = 2.49; // From table 7 at 262 F +Pg2 = Pt - Pv2; //Inert pressure +printf("\tPg is %.2f",Pg2); + +w4 = c(2) * (Pv2/Pg2); //Mol steam remaining +w5 = h(2) - w4; //Mol steam condensed + +printf("\tMol steam remaining:%.0f\n",w4); +printf("\tMol steam condensed:%.0f\n",w5); + +h1 = (w5*18*937.3) + (0.46*(267-262) * w5 * 18); //Heat of condensation +h2 = (w4 * 18 * 0.46*(267-262)); //Heat from uncondensed steam +h3 = c(1)*0.22*5.0; //Heat from noncondensable + +printf("\tHeat of condensation:%.2e\n",h1); +printf("\tHeat from uncondensed steam:%.2e\n",h2); +printf("\tHeat from noncondensable:%.1e\n",h3); + +ht = h1+h2+h3;//Total heat +printf("\tTotal heat:%.0f\n",ht); + +//Similarily calculating the Heat balance for other intervals +printf("\tInterval,F\tTotal Heat\n\t267-262\t1,598,000\n\t262-255\t1,104,000\n\t255-225\t1,172,000\n\t225-150\t751,000\n\t150-120\t177,000\n\tTotal\t4,802,000\n"); + +w=4802000/(115-80); //Total water +printf("\tTotal water: %.2e\n",w); +//Water coefficient +Nt = 246; +at1 = 0.302; +n = 4; + +at = Nt * (at1/(144*n)); // From eq 7.48 +printf("\tat is %.3f ft^2\n",at); +Gt = w/at; +printf("\tGt is %.2e lb/(hr)(ft^2)\n",Gt); +ro = 62.5; +V = Gt/(3600*ro); +printf("\tV is %.2f fps\n",V); +hi = 1120; // From fig. 25 +ID = 0.62; +OD = 0.75; +hi0= hi *(ID/OD); //From eq 6.5 +printf("\thi0 is %.0f\n",hi0); +//Mean properties at 267 F +c = ((c(1)*0.22)+(h(1)*0.46))/t(1); // Calculation mistake in Book +printf("\tMean c:%.3f Btu/(lb)(F)\n",c); + +k = ((c(1)*0.0128)+(h(1)*0.015))/t(1); // Calculation mistake in Book +printf("\tMean k:%.4f Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft)\n",k); + +mu = (((c(1)*0.019)+(h(1)*0.0136))/t(1))* 2.42; // Calculation mistake in Book +printf("\tMean mu:%.4f lb/(hr)(ft)\n",mu); + +ID1 = 21.25; +C = 0.25; +B = 12; +PT = 1.0; + +as = ID1 * C * (B/(144*PT)); //From eq 7.1 +printf("\tas is %.3f ft^2\n",as); +Gs = t(1)/as //From eq 7.2 +printf("\tGs is %.3e lb/(hr)(ft^2)\n",Gs); +Ds = 0.0792; // From Fig 28 +Res = Ds * (Gs/0.0363); // From eq 7.3 +printf("\tRes is %.2e\n",Res); +jH = 102; // From Fig 28 +x = ((c*mu)/k)^(1/3); +printf("\t(c.mu/k)^1/3 is %.0f\n",x); +h0 = jH * 0.0146 * (x/Ds); //From eq 6.15b +printf("\th0 is %.0f\n",h0); +y = 0.62 // y = (mu/ro * kd)^(2/3) +z = 1.01; // z = ((c*mu)/k)^(2/3) + +K = (h0*z)/(0.407*Mm*y); //KG = K/p0f +printf("\tK is %.2f\n",K); +//at point 1 +Tg = 244; // F +tW = 115; +delt=(Tg-tW); +printf("\t delt is %.0f F \n",delt); + diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.6a/13_6a.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.6a/13_6a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dde88f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.6a/13_6a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,265 @@ +printf("\t example 13.6a \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); + +ds=[0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100]; +tmp=[90 145 180 208 234 260 286 312 338 367 400]; +clf(); +subplot(3,2,1); +plot2d(ds,tmp,style=2,rect=[0,80,100,400]); +xtitle("Plot of ASTM curve",boxed=1); +xlabel("Per cent distilled off"); +ylabel("Temperature °F"); + +//From the plotted ASTM curve and reference line +s = (312-145)/60; // (70% - 10%)/60% +printf("\tSlope of ASTm = %.2f °F\n",s); +ap = (180+260+338)/3; // (20% +50% +80%)/3 +printf("\tAverage 50prcnt point = %.1f °F\n",ap); + +fc = 38; //°F, from Fig.13.8 +printf("\t50prcnt point ASTM = 50prcnt point flash curve = %.0f °F\n",fc); +fc1 = ap - fc; //°F, fixing first point on EFC +printf("\t50prcnt on EFC = %.0f °F\n",fc1); + +s1 = 1.65; // (°F/%) from fig 13.10, upper curve +ten = 221 - 40*s1; // +printf("\t10prcnt on EFC = 50prcnt - 40prcnt = %.0f °F\n",ten); +sty = 221 + 20*s1; // +printf("\t70prcnt on EFC = 50prcnt + 20prcnt %.0f °F\n",sty); + +//Draw this line as a reference through the 50% point. Calculate the flash curve for different percentages off + +//0% off +printf("\n\t0 prcnt off:\n"); +dela = 90 - 117; // Step (8) +printf("\t\tDelT ASTM = %.0f °F\n",dela); +delE = dela * 0.50; // Step (9) +printf("\t\tDelT EFC = %.1f °F\n",delE); +FE = 139 - delE; // Step (10) +printf("\t\t°F EFC = %.1f\n",FE); +//end +ov=13300; //lb/hr +ng=90;//lb/hr +mng=50;// mol. wt +st=370;//lb/hr +avG=50;//°F API +//For 80% +ouc=ov*0.80;//lb/hr +printf("\toil uncondensed = %.0f lb/hr\n",ouc); +avB=269;//°F,from Fig. 13.13 +printf("\tAverage boiling point from the EFC at 1 atm = %.0f°F\n",avB); +avB1=avB+17;//°F,from Fig. 13.13 +printf("\tAverage boiling point from the EFC at 19.7 psia = %.0f°F\n",avB1); +mwt=113;//mol. wt +mtoc=ouc/mwt; +printf("\tThe moles of oil still to be condensed = %.1f\n",mtoc); +mg1=ng/mng; +ms1=st/18; +tm=mg1+ms1+mtoc; +printf("\t\tMols gas = %.2f\n\t\tMols steam = %.1f\n",mg1,ms1); +printf("\t\t\t -----\n\t\tMols total = %.1f\n",tm); +tp=19.7;//psia +poil=(mtoc/tm)*tp;//psia +printf("\tPartial pressure of oil = %.1f psia\n",poil); +pgas=(mg1/tm)*tp;//psia +printf("\tPartial pressure of NC gas = %.3f psia\n",pgas); +tm(1)=95;//°F +tm(2)=127;//°F +tm(3)=163;//°F +tm(4)=205;//°F +tm(5)=240;//°F +pp(1)=6.73; +pp(2)=9.40; +pp(3)=12.25; +pp(4)=14.64; +pp(5)=15.65; +psat(1)=0.815;//From steam table +psat(2)=2.050;//From steam table +psat(3)=5.09;//From steam table +psat(4)=12.77;//From steam table +psat(5)=24.97;//From steam table +printf("\n\t\tCALCULATION OF DEW POINT OF THE STEAM\n"); +printf("\tT,°F\t[pt - (poil+pNC)] = psteam\tpsat(steam tables)\n"); +i=1; +while(i<6) + ps=tp-pp(i); + printf("\t"+string(tm(i))+"\t%.1f\t %.2f\t\t%.2f\t%.3f\n",tp,pp(i),ps,psat(i)); + i=i+1; +end +subplot(3,2,2); +plot2d(psat,tm,style=3,rect=[0,25,90,250]); +xtitle("Computed pressure of steam",boxed=1); +xlabel("Pressure of steam, psi"); +ylabel("Temperature °F"); + +ds=6.417;//psia,at 173°F, +printf("\tAt 173°F, the dew point of steam, psat = %.3f psia\n",ds); +pd1=tp-ds;//psia +printf("\tpoil + pNC = %.2f psia\n",pd1); +x=((tp*ms1)/ds)-(ms1+mg1);// mols oil +printf("\tOil = %.2f mols oil\n",x); +mw=85;//From fig. 13.14 +printf("\tThe molecular weight of the vapors is %.0f\n",mw); +lv=x*mw;//lb +printf("\tLb/hr vapor = %.0f\n",lv); +prc=((ov-lv)*100)/ov;//% +printf("\tpercent Condensed = %.0f\n",prc); +printf("\n\t\t\tOIL CONDENSING CURVE\n"); +printf("\tprcnt\tCondensables\t\tAv BP on EFC\t\t50° API\t\tMol oil\t\tMol NC gas\tMol steam\tMol total\tTotal pressure\tPartial pressure\tPartial pressure\tCond temp,°F\n\t\tlb.hr\t\t14.7 psia °F\t19.7 psia,°F\tmol.wt\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tpsia\t\toil,psia\t\tNC gas, psia\n"); +mo(1)=107.5; +mo(2)=94.3; +mo(3)=77.7; +mo(4)=57.4; +mo(5)=31.8; +mo(6)=17.1; +mo(7)=8.9; +i=1; +while(i<8) + mt(i)=mo(i)+mg1+ms1; + ppo(i)=(mo(i)/mt(i))*tp; + ppg(i)=(mg1/mt(i))*tp; + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t100\t13330\t\t300\t\t317\t\t124\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t305\n",mo(1),mt(1),ppo(1),ppg(1)); +printf("\t80\t10664\t\t269\t\t286\t\t113\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t277\n",mo(2),mt(2),ppo(2),ppg(2)); +printf("\t60\t7998\t\t239\t\t256\t\t103\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t240\n",mo(3),mt(3),ppo(3),ppg(3)); +printf("\t40\t5332\t\t207\t\t224\t\t93\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t205\n",mo(4),mt(4),ppo(4),ppg(4)); +printf("\t20\t2666\t\t178\t\t195\t\t84\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t163\n",mo(5),mt(5),ppo(5),ppg(5)); +printf("\t10\t1333\t\t155\t\t172\t\t78\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t127\n",mo(6),mt(6),ppo(6),ppg(6)); +printf("\t5\t667\t\t141\t\t158\t\t75\t\t%.1f\t\t1.8\t\t20.6\t\t%.1f\t\t19.7\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.3f\t\t\t95\n",mo(7),mt(7),ppo(7),ppg(7)); + +//Trail 1: +m=78;//50° API mol. wt. for condesables 1333 +vap=(ov*0.10)/78;//Mol/hr +printf("\n\t\t\t\tMol/hr\n\tOil vapor\t\t%.1f\n\tNC gas\t\t\t%.1f\n\tSteam\t\t\tX\n\tTotal\t\t\t18.9+X\n",vap,mg1); +vap1=vap+mg1;//Mol/hr +psteam=5.09;//psia, For 163°F +x1=(psteam*vap1)/(tp-psteam);//mols steam +printf("\tX = %.2f mols steam\n",x1); +tv=vap1+x1; +printf("\n\t\t\tMol/hr\tmf\tmf*pt = p-partial\n"); +mf1=vap/(tv); +ppar1=mf1*tp; +printf("\tOil vapor\t%.1f\t%.3f\t%.2f\n",vap,mf1,ppar1); +mf2=mg1/tv; +ppar2=mf2*tp; +printf("\tNC gas\t\t%.1f\t%.3f\t%.2f\n",mg1,mf2,ppar2); +mf3=x1/tv; +ppar3=mf3*tp; +printf("\tSteam\t\t%.2f\t%.3f\t%.2f\n",x1,mf3,ppar3); +tot1=vap+mg1+x1; +tot2=mf1+mf2+mf3; +tot3=ppar1+ppar2+ppar3; +printf("\tTotal\t\t%.2f\t%.3f\t%.2f\n",tot1,tot2,tot3); +//Error was found. So trail 2 is done in a similar way +printf("\n\tSimilarly,\n\tT,°F\tOil cond, prcnt\tOil cond, lb\tSteam cond,lb\n"); +printf("\t173\t74\t\t9863\t\t0\n\t163\t85\t\t11350\t\t204\n\t127\t97.5\t\t13000\t\t357\n\t95\t100\t\t13330\t\t370\n"); +//Condensing curve +printf("\n\t\t\tOil\t\t\t\tSteam\n\t-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\tTc,°F\tHv,vapor\tHl,liquid\tHg or Hv,\tHl,liquid\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgas or vapor\n"); +printf("\t-----------------------------------------------------------------\n") +printf("\t305\t368\t\t242\t\t1197.0\t\tSuperheated\n\t277\t359\t\t225\t\t1184.1\t\tSuperheated\n\t240\t337\t\t204\t\t1167.0\t\tSuperheated\n\t205\t322\t\t185\t\t1150.6\t\tSuperheated\n\t173\t310\t\t168\t\t1135.4\t\t140.9\n");//From fig.11 in Appendix and steam tables +//Heat load +//305°F: +hvv=368; +hvg=1197.0; +olv=ov*hvv; +stm=st*hvg; +ncg=ng*(0.46*273); +thh=olv+stm+ncg; +printf("\n\t\t\t\tH\t\tq\n"); +printf("\tOil vapor\t\t%.2e\n\tSteam\t\t\t%.2e\n\tNC gas\t\t\t%.2e\n\t\t\t\t--------\n\t\t\t\t%.4e\t0\n",olv,stm,ncg,thh); +//Similarily at other temperatures +ttp(1)=305;//°F +ttp(2)=277;//°F +ttp(3)=240//°F +ttp(4)=205;//°F +ttp(5)=173;//°F, Dew point of steam +ttp(6)=163;//°F +ttp(7)=127;//°F +ttp(8)=95;//°F + +hld(1)=0;//million Btu +hld(2)=0.55;//milllion Btu +hld(3)=1.2;//million Btu +hld(4)=1.75;//million Btu +hld(5)=2.3;//million Btu +hld(6)=2.73;//million Btu +hld(7)=3.3;//million Btu +hld(8)=3.66;//million Btu +subplot(2,2,3); +plot2d(hld,ttp,style=6,rect=[0,60,3.8,320]); +xtitle("Condensation of mixed hydrocarbons with gas and steam",boxed=1); +xlabel("Heat load, million Btu"); +ylabel("Temperature °F"); +//summary +dp=3042800;//Btu/hr +ttt=3638400;//Btu/hr +i2s=thh-dp;//Btu/hr +printf("\tInlet to steam dew point = %.4eBtu/hr\n",i2s); +so=dp-1735900;//Btu/hr +printf("\tSteam dew point to outlet = %.4e Btu/hr\n",so); +totl=i2s+so;//Btu/hr +printf("\tTotal\t\t\t= %.4e Btu/hr\n",totl); +twa=ttt/(120-85); +printf("\tTotal water = %.2e lb/hr\n",twa); +wt=85+((1306900/ttt)*35);//°F +printf("\tWater temperature at dew point of steam = %.0f°F\n",wt); +//Weighted true temperature difference, delT: + //Inlet to dew point of steam: +delq=2331500; +delt1=122.2; +UA1=delq/delt1; +printf("\tUA = %.0f\n",UA1); +printf("\n\tDew point of steam to oulet\n"); +printf("\tq\tdelq\tTc\ttw\tdelTav\t(delq/delTav) = UA\n"); +printf("\t----------------------------------------------------------\n"); +q(1)=2331500; +q(2)=2500000; +q(3)=2750000; +q(4)=3000000; +q(5)=3250000; +q(6)=3500000; +q(7)=3638000; +i=1; +while(i<7) + dq(i)=q(i+1)-q(i); + i=i+1; +end +dpt(1)=173; +dpt(2)=169; +dpt(3)=161; +dpt(4)=149; +dpt(5)=134; +dpt(6)=112; +dpt(7)=95; +dtw(1)=97.5; +dtw(2)=96; +dtw(3)=93; +dtw(4)=91; +dtw(5)=89; +dtw(6)=86; +dtw(7)=85; +i=1; +tua=0; +while(i<7) + dpdelt(i)=((dpt(i+1)-dtw(i+1))+(dpt(i)-dtw(i)))/2; + UA(i)=dq(i)/dpdelt(i); + tua=tua+UA(i); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t2331500\t......\t173\t173\t97.5\n"); +i=1; +while(i<7) + printf("\t"+string(q(i+1))+"\t"+string(dq(i))+"\t"+string(dpt(i+1))+"\t"+string(dtw(i+1))+"\t"+string(dpdelt(i))+"\t%.0f\n",UA(i));//from Fig. 13.16 +i=i+1; +end + +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t%.0f\tUA = sigma{delq/delt}\n",tua); +wdt=1306900/tua;//°F +printf("\tWeighted delt = %.1f°F\n",wdt); +owdt=ttt/(tua+UA1);//°F +printf("\tOverall weighted temperature difference = %.1f °F\n",owdt); +printf("\tThe uncorrected LMTD is 60.1°F\n"); +//end + diff --git a/1328/CH13/EX13.6b/13_6b.sce b/1328/CH13/EX13.6b/13_6b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb334647e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH13/EX13.6b/13_6b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +printf("\t example 13.6b \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); + +// EXCHANGER +//Shell side +Id = 27; // inches +Bs = 16; // inches +Ps = 1; // passes + +//Tube side +N = 286; // number +l = 12; // inches +Od = 1; // inch +BWG = 14; // bWG +Ptc = 1.25; //inches +Ps1 = 8; // passes + +//Clesan surface requirements + +//Head load inlet to dew point of steam +st = 2331500; // Btu/hr +delT = 122.2 // °F +hio = 700; // Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) for water + +//From table 13.4 at inlet +NC = 1.8; //NC gas, mol/hr +sm = 20.6;// steam, mol/hr +tt = NC + sm;// mol/hr +printf("\tNC gas + steam is %.1f mol/hr\n",tt); +pN = tt/129.9; // mol/hr +printf("\tpercentage NC gas is %.4f\n",pN); + +//From Fig 13.17 +hn = 205; //Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) +//At dew point of steam +No=40.75; // Mol/hr +t1 = tt + No; // Mol/hr, total +pN1 = tt/t1; // Mol/hr, %NC +printf("\tpercentage NC is %.3f\n",pN1); + +//From fig 13.7 +hn1 = 140; //Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) +lm = 136.5; //Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) +delT = 122.2; // °F +Ac1 = st/(lm * delT); // ft^2 +printf("\tAc1 = Q/(U * delT) is %.1f ft^2\n",Ac1); + +//At dew point of steam to oulet +sm1 = 20.64; // Mol/hr , Steam +t2 = NC + sm1; // total, Mol/hr +printf("\tNC gas + steam is %.1f mol/hr\n",t2); +pN1 = NC/t2; // % NC gas +printf("\tpercentage NC gas is %.3f \n",pN1); + +Uc = 212; // From Fig 13.17, weighted for oil and steam + +//At outlet, steam = negligible + +Uc = 15;//From Fig 13.17 + +//Log mean overall coefficient +lm = 74.5; // Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) , From Fig 13.17 +delT = 44.8; // °F +Ac2 = 1306900/(lm * delT); +printf("\tAc2 is %.0f ft^2\n",Ac2); + +hl = 770000; // Btu/hr +printf("\tHeat of Liquid(50°API) is %.1ef\n",hl); +wr = (hl/3638400)*35; // °F +printf("\tWater rise = %.1f °F\n",wr); + +LMTD = 66.3; //°F +U1=50 //for free convection +As = hl/(U1*LMTD);// ft^2 +printf("\tAs = %.1f ft^2\n",As); +Ac = Ac1 + Ac2 + As; //ft^2 +printf("\tTotal clean surface %.0f ft^2\n",Ac); + +Uc = 3638400/(Ac * 75.5); // Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) +printf("\tClean overall coefficient Uc = %.1f Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F))\n",Uc); + +x = 0.2618; // ft, from table 10 +A = N * l * x; //ft^2 +Ud = 3638400/(A * 75.5); +printf("\tDesign coefficient Ud is %.1f\n",Ud); +Rd =(Uc - Ud)/(Uc * Ud); // ((hr)(ft^2)(°F))/Btu +printf("\tDirt factor Rd is %.4f ((hr)(ft^2)(°F))/Btu\n",Rd); + +yo = (As/Ac)*A; // ft^2 +printf("\tSubmerge = %.0f ft^2 of surface\n",yo); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0baf073b --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +printf("\t example 14.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); + +t1 = 300; //°F +t2 = 226; //°F +bs = 700; // Btu/((hr)(ft^2)(°F)) +//Heat Balance +Qv = 10000 * 961; // Btu/hr +printf("\tQevap is %.2e Btu/hr\n",Qv); +Q3 = 10550 * 910; //Btu/hr +printf("\tQ300°F is %.2e Btu/hr\n",Q3); + +delT = t1-t2; //°F +printf("\tTemperature head = %.0f °F\n",delT); +Ud = bs * 0.865; +printf("\tOverall coefficient %.0f\n",Ud); +A = Qv/(Ud * delT); //ft^2 +printf("\tSurface required is %.0f ft^2\n",A); //Wrong calculation in book +//end diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d21acd6d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +printf("\t example 14.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); + +wf = 50000; // lb/hr +sf = wf * 0.10; // lb/hr +tp = sf/0.50; // lb/hr +printf("\tTotal product is %.0f lb/hr\n",tp); +te = wf - tp; +printf("\tTotal evaporation is %.0f lb/hr\n",te); +cf = 1.0; +tF = 100; // °F +T1 = 244; // °F +T2 = 125; // °F +U1=600; // Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +U2=250; // Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +U3=125; // Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) + +T = T1-T2; +printf("\tTotal temperature difference is delT%.0f °F\n",T); +df = (26.70- 1.95)/3; // psi/effect +printf("\tAverage pressure difference is delP%.2f psi/effect \n",df); + +printf("\n\t\t\t\t\tPressure, psia\t\t delP, psi \t Steam or vapor, °F \t lambda, Btu/lb\n\tSteam chest, 1st effect \t 26.70 \t\t\t .... \t\t Ts = 244 \t\t ls = 949 \n\tSteam chest, 2nd effect \t 18.45 \t\t\t 8.25 \t\t t1 = 224 \t\t l1 = 961 \n\tSteam chest, 3rd effect \t 10.20(20.7 in. Hg) \t 8.25 \t\t t2 = 194 \t\t l1 = 981 \n\tVapor to condenser \t\t 1.95(26 in. Hg) \t 8.25 \t\t t2 = 125 \t\t l1 = 1022 \n"); + +printf("\t949*Ws + 50000*(100-224) = 961*w1\n\t961*w1 + (50000 - w1)*(224-194) = 981 * w2\n\t981*w2 + (50000-w1-w2)(194-125) = 1022 * w2\n\tw1+w2+w3 = 40000\n"); +printf("\tSolving simultaneously\n"); +w1=12400; +printf("\tw1 = %.2e \n",w1); +w2=13300; +printf("\tw2 = %.2e \n",w2); +w3=14300; +printf("\tw3 = %.2e \n",w3); + +Wt = w1+w2+w3; +printf("\tW1-3 is %.0e \n",Wt); +Ws = 19100; +lms = 949; +lm1 = 961; +lm2 = 981; +lm3 = 1022; +Ts = 244; +t1 = 224; +t2 = 194; +t3 = 125; + +A1 = (Ws * lms)/(U1*(Ts-t1)); //ft^2 +printf("\tA1 is %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +A2 = (w1*lm1)/(U2*(t1-t2)); //ft^2 +printf("\tA2 is %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +A3 = (w2 * lm2)/(U3*(t2-t3)); //ft^2 +printf("\tA3 is %.0f ft^2 \n",A3); + +hc = w3 * lm3; // Btu/hr, WRONG CALCULATION IN TEXT BOOK +printf("\tHeat to condenser is %.3e Btu/hr\n",hc); +wr = hc/(120-85); //lb/hr +printf("\tWater requirement is %.1e lb/hr\n",wr); +wr1 = wr/500; +printf("\t= %.0f gpm \n",wr1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eeaf8da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +printf("\t example 14.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +//Same conditions as example 14.2 +U1 = 400; //Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +U2 = 250; //Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +U3 = 175; //Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) + +w1 = 50000; // lb/hr From example 14.2 +wt = 40000; // lb/hr From example 14.2 +cf = 1; // From example 14.2 + +printf("\t981*w2 + 50000*(100-125) = 1022*w3\n\t961*w1 + (50000 - w3)*(125-194) = 981 * w2\n\t949*Ws + (50000-w3-w2)(194-224) = 961 * w1\n\tw1+w2+w3 = 40000\n"); +printf("\tSolving simultaneously\n"); +w1 = 15950; +w2 = 12900; +w3 = 11150; +lms = 949; +lm1 = 961; +lm2 = 981; +lm3 = 1022; + +wt = w1+w2+w3; +printf("\tw1-3 = %.0f \n",wt); +Ws = 16950; +A1 = (Ws*lms)/(U1*20); //ft^2 +printf("\tA1 is %.0f ft^2\n",A1); +A2 = (w1*lm1)/(U2*30); //ft^2 +printf("\tA2 is %.0f ft^2\n",A2); +A3 = (w2*lm2)/(U3*69); //ft^2 +printf("\tA3 is %.0f ft^2\n",A3); + +Avs = (A1 + A2 + A3)/3; //ft^2 +printf("\tAverage surface is %.0f ft^2\n",Avs); +Av1 = 3 * Avs; //ft^2 +printf("\n\tWith a better distribution temperatures and pressure, Average surface is %.0f ft^2\n",Av1); +printf("\tRecalculation\n"); +Av2 = 1500; //ft^2, assume +dT1 = 28; //°F +A4 = (20/dT1)*A1; //ft^2 +printf("\tA1 is %.0f ft^2\n",A4); +dT2 = 41; //°F +A5 = (30/dT2)*A2; //ft^2 +printf("\tA2 is %.0f ft^2\n",A5); +dT3 = 50; //°F +A6 = (69/50)*A3; //ft^2 +printf("\tA3 is %.0f ft^2\n",A6); +del1 = 119; //°F +printf("\tTs-t3 is %.0f °F\n",del1); +printf("\t\t\t\t\tPressure, psia\t\t Steam or vapor, °F \t lambda, Btu/lb\n\tSteam chest, 1st effect \t 26.70 \t\t\tTs = 244 \t\t 949 \n\tSteam chest, 2nd effect \t 16.0 \t\t\t t1 = 216 \t\t 968 \n\tSteam chest, 3rd effect \t 16.4 in. Hg) \t\t t2 = 175 \t\t 992 \n\tVapor to condenser \t\t 26 in. Hg \t\t t3 = 125 \t\t l1 = 1022 \n"); + +w1 = 15450; //Solving again for +printf("\tw1 is %.0f\n",w1); +w2 = 13200; +printf("\tw2 is %.0f\n",w2); +w3 = 11350; +printf("\tw3 is %.0f\n",w3); +Ws = 16850; +printf("\tWs is %.0f\n",Ws); +Hc = w3 * 1022; +printf("\tHeat to condenser is %.2e Btu/hr\n",Hc); +wr = Hc/(120-85); //lb/hr +printf("\tWater requirement %.2e lb/hr\n",wr); +wr1 = wr/500; +printf("\t\t\t= %.0fgpm\n",wr1); +ec = wt/Ws; +printf("\tEconomy, lb evaporation/lb steam %.2f\n",ec); + +//comparision of forward and backward feed +printf("\t\t\t\tForward\t\tBackward\n\tTotal steam, lb/hr\t19100\t\t16850\n\tCooling water, gpm\t840\t\t664\n\tTotal surface, ft^2\t4800\t\t4500"); + diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bedd1d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +printf("\texample 14.4 \n"); +printf("\tapproximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +//Assumed that 37500 lb/hr of 15 psig vapor is bled from the first effect for use in thevaccum pans +printf("\n\tAVERAGE EVAPORATION PER SQUARE FOOT HEATING SURFACE FOR SUGAR EVAPORATORS\n"); +printf("\tEffects\t\tWater evaporated(lb/(hr)*(ft^2))\n"); +printf("\t1\t\t14-16\n\t2\t\t6-8\n\t3\t\t5-6\n\t4\t\t4-5\n\t5\t\t3-4\n"); +printf("\n\tEVAPORATOR SUMMARY\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tItem\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffects\nt\t\t\t\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\t\t\t\t\t1A\t\t1B\t\t2\t\t3\t\t4\t\t5\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t1.Steam flow, lb/hr\t\t42600\t\t38000\n\t2.Steam pressure, psi/in.Hg\t30\t\t30\t\t15\t\t5\t\t4\t\t14.5\n"); +printf("\t3.Steam temp,°F\t\t\t274\t\t274\t\t250\t\t227\t\t205\t\t181\n"); +printf("\t4.delT,°F\t\t\t23\t\t23\t\t21\t\t20\t\t20\t\t27\n\t5.Liquor temp, °F\t\t251\t\t251\t\t229\t\t207\t\t185\t\t164\n\t6.BPR, °F\t\t\t1\t\t1\t\t2\t\t2\t\t4\t\t7\n\t7.Vapor temp, °F\t\t250\t\t250\t\t227\t\t205\t\t181\t\t147\n\t8.Vapor pressure, pis/in.Hg\t15\t\t15\t\t5\t\t4\t\t14.5\t\t23\n\t9.Lambda, Btu/lb\t\t946\t\t946\t\t960\t\t975\t\t990\t\t1010\n\t10.Liquor in, lb/hr\t\t229000\t\t190200\t\t154000\t\t117100\t\t87800\t\t64000\n\t11.Liqour out, lb/hr\t\t190200\t\t154000\t\t117100\t\t87800\t\t64000\t\t49600\n\t12.Evaporation,lb/hr\t\t38800\t\t36200\t\t36900\t\t29300\t\t23800\t\t14400\n\t13.°Brix(out)\t\t\t15.7\t\t19.4\t\t25.5\t\t34.4\t\t46.5\t\t50.0\n\t14.A,ft^2\t\t\t3500\t\t3500\t\t5000\t\t5000\t\t5000\t\t3500\n\t15.UD,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)\t478\t\t425\t\t310\t\t264\t\t219\t\t138\n\t16.UD delT,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)\t11000\t\t9780\t\t6520\t\t5270\t\t4390\t\t3740\n");//BPR values from fig 14.34a +//Saturate vapor pressure above the liquour determined from Table 7 +//Saturated steam pressure in the following effect determined from Table 7 + +t1 = 274; //°F +t2 = 147; //°F +t = t1-t2; //°F +printf("\tTotal temperature difference in the evaporator system = %.0f °F\n",t); +bpr1 = 1; //°F +bpr2 = 2; //°F +bpr3 = 2; //°F +bpr4 = 4; //°F +bpr5 = 7; //°F +bpr = bpr1 + bpr2 + bpr3 + bpr4 + bpr5; //°F +printf("\tThe sum of all the BPR(from effect 1B to the fifth effect inclusive) = %.0f °F\n",bpr); +tf = t-bpr; //°F +printf("\tTotal EFFECTIVE temperature difference = %.0f °F\n",tf); +lbh = 229000; //lb/hr +tp1=212; //°F +tp2=184; //°F +tp3=144; //°F +tp4=82; //°F +tj1=243; //°F +tj2=220; //°F +tj3=200; //°F +Ud1=231; +Ud2=243; +Ud3=230; +Ud4=214; +Ud5=217; +printf("\n\t\t\t\tSUGAR-JUICE HEATERS\n"); +printf("\tRaw-juice heaters\t\t\t\tClear=juice heaters\n\t-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +rj1=lbh*(tp1-tp2)*(0.91); //Btu/hr +printf("\t1.%.0f(%.0f-%.0f)(0.91) = %.2e Btu/hr",lbh,tp1,tp2,rj1); +rj2=lbh*(tj1-tj2)*(0.91); //Btu/hr +printf("\t1.%.0f(%.0f-%.0f)(0.91) = %.1e Btu/hr\n",lbh,tj1,tj2,rj2); +printf("\tVapor temp. = 227°F\tdelT=26.6°F\t\tVapor temp. = 250°F\tdelT=15.8°F\n"); +printf("\tUD=%.0f\t\t\t\t\t\tUD=%.0f\n",Ud1,Ud2); +A1=rj1/(26.6*Ud1);//ft^2 +A2=rj2/(15.8*Ud2);//ft^2 +printf("\tSurface,A=%.0f ft^2\t\t\t\tSurface,A=%.0f ft^2\n\n",A1,A2); + +rj3=lbh*(tp2-tp3)*(0.90);//Btu/hr +printf("\t2.%.0f(%.0f-%.0f)(0.91) = %.2e Btu/hr",lbh,tp2,tp3,rj3); +rj4=lbh*(tj2-tj3)*(0.90);//Btu/hr +printf("\t2.%.0f(%.0f-%.0f)(0.91) = %.2e Btu/hr\n",lbh,tj2,tj3,rj4); +printf("\tVapor temp. = 205°F\tdelT=37.6°F\t\tVapor temp. = 227°F\tdelT=14.8°F\n"); +printf("\tUD=%.0f\t\t\t\t\t\tUD=%.0f\n",Ud3,Ud4); +A3=rj3/(37.6*Ud3);//ft^2 +A4=rj4/(14.8*Ud4);//ft^2 +printf("\tSurface,A=%.0f ft^2\t\t\t\tSurface,A=%.0f ft^2\n\n",A3,A4); + +rj5=lbh*(tp3-tp4)*(0.90);//Btu/hr +printf("\t2.%.0f(%.0f-%.0f)(0.91) = %.2e Btu/hr",lbh,tp3,tp4,rj4); +printf("\t(Use 2 heaters at 1300 ft^2 each plus 1\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\theater at 1300 ft^2 as spare)\n"); +A5=rj5/(62.2*Ud5);//ft^2 +printf("\tVapor temp. = 181°F\tdelT=62.2°F\n\tSurface,A=%.0f\n",A5); +printf("\t(Use 3 heaters at 100 ft^2\n\teach plus 1 heater as spare)\n\n"); + +v1=42600;//lb/hr +tt1=251;//°F +printf("\t\t\t\tHEAT BALANCE\n"); +printf("\tEffect\t\t\tBtu/hr\t\tEvaporation,l/hr\n"); +printf("\t----------------------------------------------------\n"); +hia=v1*929*0.97;//Btu/hr +printf("\t1A.Heat in steam........%.2e\n",hia); +hla=lbh*(tt1-tj1)*0.91;//Btu/hr +hh=hia-hla;//Btu/hr +lb1=946;//Btu/lb +dif=hh/lb1;//lb/hr +printf("\t Heating liquor.......%.2e\n\t\t\t\t%.3e\t%.0f\n",hla,hh,dif); +ltob=lbh-dif;//lb/hr +printf("\t Liqour to 1B\n\t = %.0f lb/hr\n",ltob); +hia1=dif*929*0.97;//Btu/hr +printf("\t1B.Heat in steam........%.2e\n",hia1); +hla1=ltob*(tt1-tt1)*0.91;//Btu/hr +hh1=hia1;//Btu/hr +dif1=hh1/lb1;//lb/hr +printf("\t Heating liquor........%.0f\n\t\t\t\t%.3e\t%.0f\n",hla1,hh1,dif1); +dif2=ltob-dif1;//lb/hr +printf("\t Liqour to 2d \n\t effect=%.0f lb/hr\n",dif2); +//Similarily the values in the table are calculated + +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLb/hr\n"); +aa=179400;//lb/hr +bb=145500;//lb/hr +cc=19700;//lb/hr +dd=30600;//lb/hr +ee=17900;//lb/hr +ff=13100;//lb/hr +tto=aa+bb+cc+dd+ee+ff;//lb/hr +printf("\t(a) Actual evaporation..................................%.0f\n",aa); +printf("\t(b) Equivalent evaporation from vapors of \n\t 1st effect used for vaccum pans.....................%.0f\n",bb); +printf("\t(c) Equivalent evaporation from 1st effect \n\t vapors used for clarified-juice heaters.............%.0f\n",cc); +printf("\t(d) Equivalent evaporation from 2d effect \n\t vapors used for clarified-and raw-juice heaters.....%.0f\n",dd); +printf("\t(e) Equivalent evaporation from 3d effect \n\t vapors used for raw-juice heaters...................%.0f\n",ee) +printf("\t(f) Equivalent evaporation from 4th effect \n\t vapors used for raw-juice heaters...................%.0f\n",ff); +printf("\t -----\n") +printf("\t Extrapolated evaporation...........................%.0f\n",tto); +esq=tto/5;//lb/hr +printf("\t\tEstimated steam quantity = %.0f lb/hr\n",esq); +aesq=80600;//lb/hr +err = esq-aesq;//lb/hr +printf("\t\tActual steam required from final heat balance = %.0f lb/hr\n",aesq); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\tError = %.0f lb/hr\n",err); +ta=15; +Q=14575000; //Btu/hr Total hourly evaporation +Gpm=Q/(500*(t2-tp4-ta));//From equation 14.4 +printf("\tGallons per minute of Water required = %.0f gpm",Gpm); diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..661d42715 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +printf("\texample 14.5\n"); +printf("\tapproximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +st1=280; //°F +vt6=125; //°F +odT=st1-vt6; //°F +printf("\tOverall temperature difference = %.0f °F\n",odT); //corresponding to 35 psig and 26 in. Hg +bpr(1)=10; //°F +bpr(2)=8; //°F +bpr(3)=7; //°F +bpr(4)=6; //°F +bpr(5)=5; //°F +bpr(6)=5; //°F +i=1; +tbpr=0; +while(i<7) + tbpr=tbpr+bpr(i); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\tThe estimated total BPR = %.0f °F\n",tbpr); //from fig. 14.36a +edT=odT-tbpr; +printf("\tEffective temperature difference = %.0f °F\n",edT); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tEVAPORATOR SUMMARY\n\tAll bodies will consist of 300 2 in. OD, 10 BWG tubes 24 long\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tItem\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEffects\n\t\t\t\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\t\t\t\t\t1A\t\t1B\t\t2\t\t3\t\t4\t\t5\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t1.Steam flow, lb/hr\t\t20000\n\t2.Steam pressure, psi/in.Hg\t35\t\t14.5\t\t4\t\t7\t\t16.5\t\t22\n\t3.Steam temp,°F\t\t\t280\t\t249\t\t224\t\t199\t\t174\t\t151\n\t4.delT,°F\t\t\t21\t\t17\t\t18\t\t19\t\t18\t\t21\n\t5.Liquor temp, °F\t\t259\t\t232\t\t206\t\t180\t\t156\t\t130\n\t6.BPR, °F\t\t\t10\t\t8\t\t7\t\t6\t\t5\t\t5\n\t7.Vapor temp, °F\t\t259\t\t232\t\t206\t\t180\t\t156\t\t130\n\t8.Vapor pressure, pis/in.Hg\t14.5\t\t4\t\t7\t\t6\t\t5\t\t5\n\t9.Lambda, Btu/lb\t\t946\t\t962\t\t978\t\t994\t\t1008\t\t1022\n\t10.Liquor in, lb/hr\t\t73400\t\t88300\t\t101000\t\t113000\t\t72000\t\t72000\n\t11.Liqour out, lb/hr\t\t56200\t\t73400\t\t88300\t\t101100\t\t58300\t\t54700\n\t12.Evaporation,lb/hr\t\t17200\t\t14900\t\t12800\t\t11900\t\t13700\t\t17300\n\t13.Total solids, \t\t38.9\t\t29.8\t\t24.7\t\t21.6\t\t18.7\t\t20.0\n\t14.A,ft^2\t\t\t3250\t\t3250\t\t3250\t\t3250\t\t3250\t\t3250\n\t15.UD,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)\t262\t\t295\t\t252\t\t251\t\t221\t\t221\n\t16.UD delT,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)\t5510\t\t5000\t\t4530t\t\t4770\t\t3980\t\t4650\n");//BPR values from fig 14.36a +//Specific-heat data are given in Fig. 14.36b +ev(1)=17200; //lb/hr +ev(2)=14900; //lb/hr +ev(3)=12800; //lb/hr +ev(4)=11900; //lb/hr +ev(5)=13700; //lb/hr +ev(6)=17300; //lb/hr +i=1; +tev =0; +while(i<7) + tev = tev+ev(i); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\n\tTotal amount of water evaporated = %.0f lb/hr\n",tev); +ttev=tev/6;//lb/hr +printf("\tTheoretical amount of steam for a six-effect evaporator = %.0f lb/hr\n",ttev); +tev2=tev/(6*0.75); //lb/hr . order of 75 percent of theoretical +printf("\tSteam used for trail balance = %.0f lb/hr\n",tev2); +lq=(tev/6); +lq=lq+(lq*0.15); +printf("\tEstimate of the amount of evaporation in the first effect = %.0f lb/hr\n",lq); +lout6=54000;//lb/hr +lq2=lout6+lq+2200;//lb/hr +printf("\tEstimated discharge from second effect = %.0f lb/hr\n",lq2); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tHEAT BALANCE\n"); +cw = 17750000/(500*(125-15-60)); //gpm, values from table 14.6 +printf("\t\tCooling water at 60 °F = %.0f gpm\n",cw); +printf("\t--------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tEffect\t\t\tBtu/hr\t\tEvaporation,l/hr\n"); +printf("\t--------------------------------------------------------\n"); +sf=20000;//lb/hr +lqi=73400;//lb/hr +lqi2=88300 +lt1=259;//°F +lt2=232;//°F +lt3=206;//°F +ev=17200;//lb/hr +his=sf*924*0.97;//Btu/hr +printf("\t1.a.Heat in steam \t%.2e\n",his); +hl=lqi*(lt1-lt2)*0.82;//Btu/hr +printf("\t b.Heating liquor \t%.2e\n",hl); +hh=his-hl; +ev1=(hh)/946;//lb/hr +printf("\t c.Evaporation\t\t\t\t%.0f\n",ev1); +dif=lqi-ev1; +tft=(dif)*(lt1-209)*0.78; +printf("\t d.To flash tank\t%.1e",tft); +ev2=tft/978;//lb/hr +printf("\t\t%.0f\n",ev2); +printf("\t e.Flashed vapor=%.0f\n",ev2); +p=dif-ev2; +printf("\t f.product %.1e\n",p); +printf("\n\t2.a.Heat in 1st vapors\t%.3e\n",hh); +hl2=lqi2*(lt2-lt3)*0.85; +printf("\t b.Heating liqour\t%.2e\n",hl2); +ev3=(hh-hl2)/962; +printf("\t c.Evaporation=%.0f",ev3); + +printf("\t\t\t%.0f\n",ev3); +lto1=lqi2-ev3; +printf("\t d.Liquor to 1b=%.0f\n",lto1); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef420e9af --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +printf("\texample 14.6\n"); +printf("\tapproximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +st1=274; //°F +vt6=115; //°F +odT=st1-vt6; //°F +printf("\tTotal temperature difference = %.0f °F\n",odT); //corresponding to 35 psig +eb1=77;//°F, From fig.14.38 +eb2=26;//°F, From fig.14.38 +etd=odT-(eb1+eb2);//°F +printf("\tThe effective temperature difference is %.0f °F\n",etd); +printf("\n\t\t\tCAUSTIC EVAPORATOR MATERIAL BALANCE\n"); +//Basis: 1 ton/hr NaOH +printf("\tCell liquour at 120°F \t\tWash at 80°F\n"); +printf("\t---------------------------------------------\n"); +l1=2000;//Lb +l2=3800;//Lb +l3=17050;//Lb +lq=l1+l2+l3;//Lb +w1=340;//Lb +w2=1020;//Lb +w=w1+w2;//Lb +printf("\t8.75 prcnt NaOH = %.0f\n\t16.6 prcnt NaCl = %.0f\t\t25 prcnt NaCl = %.0f\n",l1,l2,w1); +printf("\t74.65 prcnt H20 = %.0f\t\t75 prcnt H20 = %.0f\n",l3,w2); +printf("\tTotal cell liquor = %.0f\tTotoal wash = %.0f\n",lq,w); +printf("\n\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\tNaOH\t\tNaCl\t\tH20,Lb\tTotal,Lb\n\t\t\t\tprcnt\tLb\tprcnt\tLb\n"); +printf("\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tOverall operation:\n\t Cell liquor.......... 8.75\t"+string(l1)+"\t16.60\t"+string(l2)+"\t"+string(l3)+"\t"+string(lq)+"\n"); +printf("\t Wash................. ....\t....\t25.00\t"+string(w1)+"\t"+string(w2)+"\t"+string(w)+"\n"); +wl1=l2+w1;//Lb +wl2=l3+w2;//Lb +wlt=lq+w; +printf("\t Total in............. ....\t"+string(l1)+"\t....\t"+string(wl1)+"\t"+string(wl2)+"\t"+string(wlt)+"\n"); +prn=110;//Lb +prh=1890;//Lb +prt=4000;//Lb +printf("\t Product.............. 50.00\t"+string(l1)+"\t2.75\t"+string(prn)+"\t"+string(prh)+"\t"+string(prt)+"\n"); +r1=wl1-prn;//Lb +r2=wl2-prh;//Lb +r3=wlt-prt;//Lb +gain=3200;//gpm +printf("\t Removed.............. ....\t....\t....\t%.0f\t%.0f\t%.0f\n",r1,r2,r3); +//Rest of the table is calculated similarily +printf("\n\t\t\t\t\tCAUSTIC EVAPORATOR SUMMARY\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tItem\t\t\t\t\tEffects\nt\t\t\t\t\t--------------------\t\tFlash Tank\n\t\t\t\t\t\I\t\tII\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t1.Steam pressure, psi/in.Hg\t30\n\t2.Steam temperature,°F\t\t274\t\t169\n\t3.delT,°F\t\t\t28\t\t28\n\t4.Liquor temperature, °F\t246\t\t141\t\t192\n\t5.BPR, °F\t\t\t77\t\t26\t\t77\n\t6.Vapor temperature, °F\t\t169\t\t115\t\t115\n\t7.Lambda, Btu/lb\t\t997\t\t1027\t\t1027\n\t8.Feed, lb/hr\t\t\t22788\t\t50602\t\t13367\n\t9.Product, lb/hr\t\t13367\t\t40352\t\t12813\n\t10.Evaporation,lb/hr\t\t9421\t\t10250\t\t554\n\t11.Heat flow, Btu/hr\t\t11890000\t11020000\n\t12.UD,Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F))\t700\n\t13.A,ft^2\t\t\t683\t\t683\n\t14.Tubes, OD, in. and BWG\t1,16\t\t1,16\n\t15.Tube length, ft\t\t7\t\t7\n\t16.No. tubes\t\t\t432\t\t432\n\t17.Circulating pump. gpm\t3200 at 20 ft\t3200 at 20ft\t167 at 45 ft\n\t18.Apparent efficiency, prcnt\t54\t\t64\n\t18.BHP\t\t\t\t38\t\t35\t\t8.2\n\t20.Motor,hp\t\t\t40\t\t40\t\t10.0\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +V=8; +s=1.5; +G=V*s*62.5*3600;//lb/((hr)*(ft^2)) +printf("\tG = V(s*62.5*3600) = %.1e lb/((hr)*(ft^2))\n",G); +UD=700;//Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +//Combining with a steam film coefficient of approximately 1500 +printf("\tUC or UD = %.0f Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F))\n",UD); +printf("\n\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"); +printf("\n\ttx,°F\tw,lb/hr\t\tdelT\tUC\tA,ft^2\tat,flow area\tGcalc\t\tUcalc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tper pass, ft^2\n"); +printf("\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t251\t2970000\t\t25.4\t700\t670\t0.87\t\t3420000\n\t252\t2480000\t\t25.0\t700\t680\t0.88\t\t2820000\n\t252.5\t2290000\t\t24.7\t700\t685\t0.89\t\t2570000\t\t700\n\t253\t2120000\t\t24.5\t700\t695\t0.90\t\t2520000\n"); +printf("\tThee gain per minute is %.0f gpm\n",gain); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tCAUSTIC EVAPORATION HEAT BALANCE\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t(Basis = 1ton/hr NaOH)\n"); +printf("\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t\tEFFECT\t\t\tBtu/hr\t\tEvaopration, lb/hr\n"); +hi=10500*930*0.974;//Btu/hr +hl=18230*(246-150)*0.83;//Btu/hr +rh=hi-hl;//Btu/hr +hc=300000;//Btu/hr +hv=rh-hc;//Btu/hr +evv=hv/997;//lb/hr +printf("\t1.a.Heat in steam\t\t%.1e\n\t b.Heating liquor\t\t%.2e\n\t c.Resultant heat\t\t%.2ef\n\t d.Heat of concentrate\t\t%.0e\n\t e.Heat of vapors\t\t%.2e\t%.0f\n",hi,hl,rh,hc,hv,evv); +s1=1.35; +G1=V*s1*62.5*3600;//lb/((hr)*(ft^2)) +printf("\n\tG = V(s*62.5*3600) = %.2e lb/((hr)*(ft^2))\n",G1); +UD1=700;//Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F)) +//Using thermal characteristics for this solution +printf("\tUD = %.0f Btu/((hr)*(ft^2)*(°F))\n",UD1); +//As for effect I: +printf("\n\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"); +printf("\n\ttx,°F\tw,lb/hr\t\tdelT\tUC\tA,ft^2\tat,flow area\tGcalc\t\tUcalc\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tper pass, ft^2\n"); +printf("\t-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t146\t2400000\t\t25.4\t700\t620\t0.80\t\t2790000\t\t700\n\t146.5\t2160000\t\t25.2\t700\t683\t0.89\t\t2430000\n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/1328/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..495b40714 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +printf("\texample 14.7\n"); +printf("\tapproximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +M2=14300;//From fig.14.43 and heat balance above +M1=32200-14300;//From fig.14.43 and heat balance above +printf("\tM1 = %.0f lb\n",M1); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tEVAPORATOR SUMMARY\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tEffects\t\t\t\t\tStraight triple effect\t\t\t\tThermocompression\nt\t\t\t\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t2\t\t3\t\t1\t\t2\t\t3\n"); +printf("\t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tSteam flow, lb/hr\t\t22400\t\t\t\t\t\t17900\n\tSteam pressure, psi in.Hg\t20\t\t9\t\t2\t\t20\t\t9\t\t2\n\tSteam temp,°F\t\t\t258\t\t237\t\t217\t\t258\t\t237\t\t217\n\ttdelT,°F\t\t\t20\t\t18\t\t22\t\t20\t\t18\t\t22\n\tLiquor temp, °F\t\t\t238\t\t219\t\t195\t\t238\t\t219\t\t195\n\tBPR, °F\t\t\t\t1\t\t2\t\t3\t\t1\t\t2\t\t3\n\tVapor temp, °F\t\t\t237\t\t217\t\t192\t\t237\t\t215\t\t192\n\tVapor pressure, pis/in.Hg\t9\t\t2\t\t10\t\t9\t\t2\t\t10\n\tLambda, Btu/lb\t\t\t954\t\t965\t\t983\t\t954\t\t965\t\t983\n\tLiquor in, lb/hr\t\t100000\t\t79400\t\t56900\t\t109000\t\t70000\t\t52400\n\tLiqour out, lb/hr\t\t79400\t\t56900\t\t33300\t\t70000\t\t52400\t\t33300\n\tEvaporation,lb/hr\t\t20600\t\t22500\t\t23500\t\t30000\t\t17600\t\t19100\n\t°Brix(out)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30\n\tCondenser water, gpm\t\t\t\t455\t\t\t\t\t\t365\n"); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tHEAT BALANCE-STRAIGHT TRIPLE EFFECT\n\t\t\t\tCondenser water = 455 gpm\n"); +printf("\t--------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\tEffect\t\t\tBtu/hr\t\tEvaporation,l/hr\n"); +printf("\t--------------------------------------------------------\n"); +sf=22400;//lb/hr +lc=100000;//lb/hr +t1=238;//°F +t2=230;//°F +his=sf*940*0.97;//Btu/hr +hlq=lc*(t1-t2)*0.92;//Btu/hr +hd=his-hlq;//Btu/hr +eva=(hd)/954;//lb/hr +l2d=lc-eva; +printf("\t1.a.Heat in steam\t%.2e\n\t b.Heating liquor\t%.2e\n\t c.Evaporation\t\t%.4e/954\t%.0f\n\t d.Liquor to 2d = %.0f",his,hlq,hd,eva,l2d); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f15d6e44b --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +printf("\t example 15.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +ts=250; +T1=400; +T2=300; +w=10000; // lb/hr +W=150000; // lb/hr +l=945.3; // Btu/(lb) , table 7 +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +C=0.63; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(C)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for kerosene is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-ts; //F +delt2=T1-ts; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +UD=100; +A=(Q/(UD*LMTD)); +printf("\t A : %.2e ft^2 \n",A); +WC=94500; // Btu/F +vl=0.017; // ft^3/lb, from table 7 +vv=13.75; // ft^3/lb, from table 7 +printf("\t By the law of mixtures \n"); +// Assume 80 per cent of the outlet fluid is vapor +v2=(0.8*vv)+(.2*vl); +printf("\t v2 : %.0f ft^3/lb \n",v2); +vav=(WC*(v2-vl)/(UD*A))-((WC*(T2-ts)/(l*w))*(vv-vl))+vl; +printf("\t vav : %.2f ft^3/lb \n",vav); +printf("\t By the approximate method \n"); +vav1=(vl+v2)/(2); +printf("\t vav : %.2f ft^3/lb \n",vav1); +row=62.5; +rowac=(1/vav); +s=(rowac/row); +printf("\t actual density : %.3f lb/ft^3 \n",rowac); +printf("\t s : %.4f \n",s); +rowap=(1/vav1); +s=(rowap/row); +printf("\t approximate density : %.3f lb/ft^3 \n",rowac); +printf("\t s : %.4f \n",s); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8524e1e2d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +printf("\t example 15.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +t1=108; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=235; // outlet cold fluid,F +Ts=338; +Wp=24700; // lb/hr +Wv=19750; // lb/hr +w=4880; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +Ht1=162; // enthalpy at t1, Btu/lb, fig 9 +Ht2=248; // enthalpy at t2, Btu/lb, fig 9 +qp=(Wp*(Ht2-Ht1)); // for preheat +printf("\t total heat required for preheat of butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qp); +Ht3=358; // enthalpy of vapour at t2, Btu/lb, fig 9 +qv=Wv*(Ht3-Ht2); +printf("\t total heat required for vapourisation of butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qv); +Q=qp+qv; +printf("\t total heat required for butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=880.6; // Btu/(lb), table 7 +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +deltp=158.5; // F, from eq 5.14 +deltv=103; // F eq 5.14 +Wp1=(qp/deltp); +printf("\t Wp1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",Wp1); +Wv1=(qv/deltv); +printf("\t Wv1 is : %.2e lb/hr \n",Wv1); +W=(Wp1+Wv1); +printf("\t W is : %.2e lb/hr \n",W); +delt=(Q/W); +printf("\t weighted delt is : % .1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((Ts)+(Ts))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,steam \n"); +Nt=76; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.594; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu1=0.0363; // at 338F, fig 15,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0725; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret); +hio=1500; // condensing steam,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hio is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,butane \n"); +printf("\t preheating \n"); +ID=15.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=5; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(Wp/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu2=0.278; // at 172F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.0825; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=159; // from fig.28 +Z=0.12; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +hop=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); //using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hop); +Up=((hio)*(hop)/(hio+hop)); // clean overall coefficient,eq 6.38,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient for preheating : %.0e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Up); +Ap=(qp/(Up*deltp)); +printf("\t clean surface required for preheating : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ap); +printf("\t for vapourisation \n"); +mu2=0.242; // at 172F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=170; // from fig.28 +Z=0.115; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +hov=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); //using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hov); +Uv=((hio)*(hov)/(hio+hov)); // clean overall coefficient,eq 6.38,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient for vapourisation : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uv); +Av=(qv/(Uv*deltv)); +printf("\t clean surface required for vapourisation : %.0f ft^2 \n",Av); +Ac=Ap+Av; +printf("\t total clean surface : %.1e ft^2 \n",Ac); +UC=((Up*Ap)+(Uv*Av))/(Ac); +printf("\t weighted clean overall coefficient : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UC); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +// A total of 170 ft2 are required of which 103 are to be used for vaporization. For the total surface required 318 ft2 will be provided. It can be assumed, then, that the surface provided for vaporization is 193ft^2 +// then flux is Q/A=10700, which is with in satisfactory levels. +Rd=((UC-UD)/((UD)*(UC))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000165; // friction factor for reynolds number 62000, using fig.26 +s=0.00413; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt)))/(2); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.2f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t allowable delPa is negligible \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +printf("\t preheating \n"); +f=0.00145; // friction factor for reynolds number 69200, using fig.29 +Lp=(L*Ap/Ac); //ft +printf("\t length of preheat zone : %.1f ft \n",Lp); +N=(12*Lp/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +s=0.5; // for reynolds number 69200,using fig.6 +Ds=1.27; // fig 28 +phys=1; +delPsp=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPsp is : %.1f psi \n",delPsp); +printf("\t vapourisation \n"); +f=0.00142; +Lv=9.7; // Lv=L-Lp +Nv=(12*Lv/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",Nv); +s=0.28; +delPsv=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(Nv))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(1))); // using eq 12.47,psi +printf("\t delPsv is : %.1f psi \n",delPsv); +delPS=delPsp+delPsv; +printf("\t delPS is : %.1f psi \n",delPS); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 5 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e4711306 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +printf("\t example 15.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +ts=400; +T1=575; +T2=475; +W=28100; // lb/hr +w=34700; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +HT1=290; // enthalpy at T1, Btu/lb, fig 11 +HT2=385; // enthalpy at T2, Btu/lb, fig 11 +Q=(W*(HT2-HT1)); // for preheat +printf("\t total heat required for gasoline is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=0.77; // Btu/(lb), table 7 +Q=((w)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for gasoil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt=118; // F eq 5.14 +S=((T2-ts)/(T1-ts)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +Kc=0.37; // fig 17 +Fc=0.42; +Tc=(T2+(0.42*(T1-T2))); +printf("\t Tc is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,gasoil \n"); +Nt=68; +n=6; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.546; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu1=0.65; // at 517F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0694; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=220; // from fig.24 +Z=0.118; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z)); //hi/phyt, Hi=()using eq.6.15d,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +Hio=((Hi)*(0.834/1)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.9 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +// (mu1/muw)^(0.14) is negligible +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,gasoline \n"); +ho=300; // assumption +tw=(ts)+(((Hio)/(Hio+ho))*(Tc-ts)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +deltw=(tw-ts); +printf("\t deltw : %.0f F \n",deltw); +// from fig 15.11, ho>300 +Uc=((Hio)*(ho)/(Hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +// check for max. flux=Q/A=12500.(satisfactory) +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00015; // friction factor for reynolds number 85700, using fig.26 +s=0.71; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.09; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10psi \n"); +printf("\t delPs is negligible \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b4bde2be --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +printf("\t example 15.4\n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +t1=315; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=335; // outlet cold fluid,F +T1=525; +T2=400; +Wv=29000; // lb/hr +Ws=38500; // lb/hr +w=51000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +Ht1=238; // enthalpy at t1, Btu/lb, fig 9 +Ht2=252; // enthalpy at t2, Btu/lb, fig 9 +Ht3=378; // enthalpy of vapour at t2 +qv=(Wv*(Ht3-Ht2)); // for preheat +printf("\t qv is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qv); +qs=Ws*(Ht2-Ht1); +printf("\t qs is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qs); +Q=qs+qv; +printf("\t total heat required for naphtha is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=0.66; // Btu/(lb)(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for gasoil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.97 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.97*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); // fig 17 +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",X); +Fc=0.41; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.42; +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side,steam \n"); +Nt=116; +n=8; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.546; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu1=1.09; // at 451F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0695; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=168; // from fig.24 +Z=0.142; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z)); //, Hi=(hi/phyt)using eq.6.15d,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +Hio=((Hi)*(0.834/1)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.9 +printf("\t Correct Hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,naphtha \n"); +ho1=200; // assumption +tw=(tc)+(((Hio)/(Hio+ho1))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31, calculation mistake +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +deltw=(tw-tc); +printf("\t deltw : %.0f F \n",deltw); +// from fig 15.11, hv>300, hs=60 +Av=(qv/300); +As=qs/60; +printf("\t qv/hv : %.3e \n",Av); +printf("\t qs/hs : %.0e \n",As); +A1=As+Av; +printf("\t A : %.3e \n",A1); +ho=(Q/A1); +printf("\t ho : %.0f \n",ho); +Uc=((Hio)*(ho)/(Hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +// check for max. flux=Q/A=11500.(satisfactory) +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000168; // friction factor for reynolds number 59200, using fig.26 +s=0.73; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.11; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPa is negligible \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +Af=(3.14*(21.25^2-(116))/8); +printf("\t flow area : %.0f in^2 \n",Af); +as=0.917; // ft^2 +p=(3.14*21.25/2)+(3.14*1*116/2)+(21.25); +printf("\t wetted perimeter : %.1f in \n",p); +De=0.186; // ft +Gs=(Ws/(2*as)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu2=0.435; // at 315F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +f=0.00028; // using fig.26 +row=0.337; // fig 13.14 +// soutlet max=0.071, +s=0.35; // using fig.6 +phys=1; +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(L))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.4f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is .25 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9607778b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +printf("\t example 15.5\n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +W=40800; // lb/hr +w=4570; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +Ht1=241; // enthalpy of liquid at 228F, Btu/lb, fig 9 +Ht2=338; // enthalpy of vapourat 228F, Btu/lb, fig 9 +Q=(W*(Ht2-Ht1)); +printf("\t total heat required for butane is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +l=868; // Btu/(lb), table 7 +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt=125; // delt=LMTD, isothermal boiling, eq 5.14 +// Tc and tc: Both streams are isuthermal +printf("\t trail 1 \n"); +A1=((Q)/((12000))); // Q/A1 =12000, first trial should always be taken for the maximum allowable flux +printf("\t A1 is : %.1e ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +L=16; +N1=(A1/(L*a1)); // table 10 +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=109; // assuming one tube passes, 13.25-in ID, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +// Assume 4: 1 recirculation ratio +rowv=(58/(359*(688/492)*(14.7/290))); // eq 15.18 +printf("\t vapour density : %.2f lb/ft^3 \n",rowv); +Vv=0.44; +Vl=0.0372; // fig 6 +W1=4*W; +printf("\t weight flow of recirculated liquid : %.3e lb/hr \n",W1); +VL=W1*Vl; +VV=W*Vv; +printf("\t volume of liquid : %.2e ft^3 \n",VL); +printf("\t volume of vapour : %.3e ft^3 \n",VV); +V=VL+VV; +printf("\t total volume out of reboiler : %.3e ft^3 \n",V); +vo=(V/(W1+W)); +printf("\t vo is : %.4f ft^3/lb \n",vo); +Pl=((2.3*16)/(144*(vo-Vl)))*(log10(vo/Vl)); +printf("\t pressure leg : %.1f psi \n",Pl); +printf("\t frictional resistance \n"); +Nt=109; +n=1; // number of passes +at1=0.302; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=((W1+W)/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu1=0.242; // at 228F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret); +f=0.000127; // using fig.26 +s=0.285; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.2f psi \n",delPt); +P=Pl+delPt; +printf("\t total resisitance : %.2f psi \n",P); +F=(16*0.43*62.5/144); +printf("\t driving force : %.2f psi \n",F); +// The resistances are greater than the hydrostatic head can provide; hence the recirculation ratio will be less than 4: 1 +printf("\t trial 2 \n"); // Assume 12'0" tubes and 4:1 recirculation ratio +A1=((Q)/((12000))); // Q/A1 =12000, first trial should always be taken for the maximum allowable flux +printf("\t A1 is : %.1e ft^2 \n",A1); +a1=0.1963; // ft^2/lin ft +L=12; +N1=(A1/(L*a1)); // table 10 +printf("\t number of tubes are : %.0f \n",N1); +N2=151; // assuming one tube passes, 15.25-in ID, from table 9 +A2=(N2*L*a1); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(delt))); +printf("\t correct design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Pl=((2.3*12)/(144*(vo-Vl)))*(log10(vo/Vl)); +printf("\t pressure leg : %.1f psi \n",Pl); +printf("\t frictional resistance \n"); +Nt=151; +n=1; // number of passes +at1=0.302; // flow area,table 10, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=((W1+W)/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu1=0.242; // at 228F, fig 14,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.0517; // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +f=0.000135; // using fig.26 +s=0.285; +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(12)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.2f psi \n",delPt); +P=Pl+delPt; +printf("\t total resisitance : %.2f psi \n",P); +F=(12*0.43*62.5/144); +printf("\t driving force : %.2f psi \n",F); +// Since the driving force is slightly greater than the resistances, a recirculation ratio better than 4:1 is assured. +printf("\t hot fluid : shell side,steam \n"); +ho=1500; // condensing steam +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side, butane \n"); +jH=330; // from fig.24 +Z=0.115; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +Hi=((jH)*(1/D)*(Z)); //, Hi=(hi/phyt)using eq.6.15d,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +Hio=((300)*(0.62/0.75)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.9 +printf("\t Correct Hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +Uc=((Hio)*(ho)/(Hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +UD=89; +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90f25d19c --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +printf("\t example 15.6\n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +//20000=WD+WB; +//0.99*WD+(0.05*WB)=(20000*.5); +// solving above two eq. we get WD and WB +WD=9570; // lb/hr +WB=10430; // lb/hr +HBl=108; // fig 3 and 12 +HDl=85.8; //fig 3 and 12 +HDv=253.8; // fig 3 and 12 +HFl=92; // fig 3 and 12 +l=153; // fig 3 and 12 +QR=((2.54+1)*WD*(HDv))-(2.54*WD*HDl)+(WB*HBl)-(20000*HFl); +printf("\t total heat duty : %.1e Btu/hr \n",QR); +Q=QR/153; +printf("\t total heat duty : %.2e lb/hr \n",Q); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0a41c96d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +printf("\t example 15.7 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); + +//Basis: One hour +//20000=WD+WB , material balance +//0.99*WD+(0.05*WB)=(20000*0.5) , Benzene balance +// solving above two eq. we get WD and WB +WD=9570; // lb/hr +WB=10430; // lb/hr + +//Compositions and Boiling Points +//Feed +l1 = 10000; //Lb/hr , C6H4 +l2 = 10000; //Lb/hr , C7H8 +lb = l1+l2; //Lb/hr +printf("\ttotal Lb/hr is %.0f\n",lb); +mo1 = 78.1; //Mol. wt., C6H6 +mo2 = 93.1; //Mol. wt , C7H8 +mh1 = 128.0; //Mol/hr , C6H6 +mh2 = 107.5; //Mol/hr , C7H8 +mh = mh1 + mh2; // Mol/hr +printf("\ttotal Mol/hr is %.1f\n",mh); +x1 = mh1/mh; +printf("\tx1 of C6H6 is %.3f\n",x1); +x2 = mh2/mh; +printf("\tx1 of C7H8 is %.3f\n",x2); +x = x1+x2; +printf("\tTotal x1 is %.3f\n",x); +Pp1= 1380; // 214°F +Pp2=575; // 214°F +xp1 = x1*Pp1; +printf("\tx1Pp1 of C6H6 is %.0f\n",xp1); +xp2 = x2*Pp2; +printf("\tx1Pp1 of C7H8 is %.0f\n",xp2); +sxp = xp1 + xp2; +printf("\tTotal x1Pp1 is %.0f\n",sxp); +y1 = xp1/sxp; +printf("\ty1 of C6H6 is %.3f\n",y1); +y2 = xp2/sxp; +printf("\ty1 of C7H8 is %.3f\n",y2); +y = y1+y2; +printf("\tTotal y1 is %.3f\n",y); + + +w1 = 0.558; //from eq 15.42 +printf("\t(WR`/V =((xD - yF)/.(xD - xF))) = %.3fmol/mol\n",w1); +wD=1; +xD = 0.992; +//V = WR' + WD +// WR'/V = 0.558 +//Solving, WR' = (WR' * 0.558) + (0.558 * WD) +Wr = 1.27; // mol reflux/mol distillate +printf("\tWR` = %.2f (mol reflux)/(mol distillate)\n",Wr); +Wr1 = Wr * 2; // mol/ mol distillate +printf("\tAssumed 200 percent of the theoretical minimum reflux as economic\n\tWR = %.2f(mol)/(mil distillate)\n",Wr1); +in = (wD * xD)/(Wr1 + 1); //intercept for the upper operating line +printf("\tThe intercept for the upper operating line = %.3f\n",in); +p = 13; // From fig. 15.23, connecting the corresponding lines +printf("\tConnecting the corresponding line in Fig. 15.23, plates required: %.0f\n",p); +fp = 7; // From fig. 15.23, connecting the corresponding lines +printf("\tFeed plate is %.0fth(from top)\n",fp); +d=122.5; +tf = Wr1 * d; +printf("\tTotal reflux is %.1f\n",tf); +printf("\t\t\t\t\tHeat balances"); + +//Heat Balances +l1 = 33900; +l2 = 9570; +l3 = 24330; +b1 = 253.8; +b2 = 85.8; +b3 = 85.8; +bt1 = b1*l1; +bt2 = b2*l2; +bt3 = b3*l3; +bt4 = 5688000; +printf("\n\t\t\t\tMol/hr\tMol.wt.\tLb/hr\tTemp,°F\tBtu/lb\tBtu/hr\n\t________________________________________________________________________\n\tHeat balance \n\taround condenser:\n"); +printf("\t Heat in:\n\t Top plate vapor.......433\t87.3\t%.0f\t195\t%.1f\t%.0f\n",l1,b1,bt1); +printf("\t Heat out:\n\t Distillate............"); +printf("122.5\t78.3\t%.0f\t195\t%.1f\t%.0f\n",l2,b2,bt2); +printf("\t Reflux................"); +printf("310.5\t78.3\t%.0f\t195\t%.1f\t%.0f\n",l3,b3,bt3); +printf("\t Condenser duty, by\n\t difference........... ..... .... ...... .."); +printf(". ..... 5688000\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t_______\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8600000\n\n"); + +lam = 153; // At 246 °F, Btu/hr +rv = 5800000/153; //Lb/hr +printf("\tReboiler vapor is %.2e lb/hr\n",rv); +to = rv + 10430; //Lb/hr +printf("\tTrapout is %.3e lb/hr\n",to); + +printf("\n\t\t\t\tMol/hr\tMol.wt.\tLb/hr\tTemp,°F\tBtu/lb\tBtu/hr\n\t________________________________________________________________________\n"); +printf("\tHeat in:\n\t Trapout...............522\t92.8\t%.0f\t246\t108.0\t5230000\n",to); +printf("\t Reboiler duty, \n\t by difference....... .... .... ..... ... ..... 5800000\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t_______\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11030000\n\n"); +printf("\n\tReboiler requirements are\n"); +printf("\t\tTotal liquid to reboiler\t48330 lb/hr\n\t\tVaporization\t\t\t37900 lb/hr\n\t\tTemperature(nearly isothermal)\t246°F\n\t\tPressure\t\t\t5 psig\n\t\tHeat load\t\t\t5800000 Btu/hr\n") +//end diff --git a/1328/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/1328/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00ece1613 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +printf("\t example 15.8 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +//Dew point of Overhead +vc(1) = 6.4; // Mol/hr +vc(2) = 219.7; //Mol/hr +vc(3) = 2.3; //Mol/hr + +K(1) = 2.8; //at 148°F and 40 psia +K(2) = 1.01; //at 148°F and 40 psia +K(3) = 0.34; //at 148°F and 40 psia + +i=1; +while(i<4) + v(i)=vc(i)/K(i); + i=i+1; +end + +printf("\n\t\tDEW POINT OF OVERHEAD"); +printf("\n\t\tMol/hr\t\tK(148°F,40 psia)\tV/K\n"); +printf("\t\t--------------------------------------------\n"); +i=1; +while(i<4) + printf("\tC"+string(i+3) + "\t%.1f\t\t%.1f\t\t\t%.1f\n",vc(i),K(i),v(i)); + i = i+1 +end + + +bc(1)=4.1; //Mol/hr +bc(2)=49.3; //Mol/hr +bc(3)=71.9; //Mol/hr +bc(4)=52.5; //Mol/hr +bc(5)=54.7; //Mol/hr +bc(6)=82.5; //Mol/hr +bc(7)=76.6; //Mol/hr +bc(8)=22.4; //Mol/hr +tbc = 0; +i=1; +while(i<9) + tbc = tbc+bc(i); + i=i+1; +end + +bK(1)=5.8; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(2)=3.0; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(3)=1.68; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(4)=0.98; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(5)=0.57; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(6)=0.35; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(7)=0.21; //at 330°F, 40 psia +bK(8)=0.13; //at 330°F, 40 psia + +KL(1)=23.8; +KL(2)=148.0; +KL(3)=120.8; +KL(4)=51.4; +KL(5)=31.2; +KL(6)=28.9; +KL(7)=16.1; +KL(8)=2.9; +tk =0; +i=1; +while(i<9) + tk = tk + KL(i); + i=i+1; +end + +l(1)=1700; //Lb/hr +l(2)=13900; //Lb/hr +l(3)=13030; //Lb/hr +l(4)=6260; //Lb/hr +l(5)=4240; //Lb/hr +l(6)=4330; //Lb/hr +l(7)=2640; //Lb/hr +l(8)=520; //Lb/hr + +tl=0; +i=1; +while(i<9) + tl = tl+l(i); + i=i+1; +end + +printf("\n\t\tBUBBLE POINTS OF BOTTOMS\n"); +printf("\t\tMol/hr\t\tK(330°F,40psia)\t\tKL\t\tLb/hr\n"); +printf("\t\t--------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +i=1; +while(i<9) + printf("\tC"+string(i+4)+"\t%.1f\t\t%.2f\t\t\t%.1f\t\t%.0f\n",bc(i),bK(i),KL(i),l(i)); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t\t____\t\t\t\t\t____\t\t____\n"); +printf("\t\t%.1f\t\t\t\t\t%.1f\t\t%.0f\n",tbc,tk,tl); +av = tl/tk; +printf("\tAverage mol. wt. %.1f\n",av); + +lh(1)=48894;//Lb/hr +lh(2)=16298;//Lb/hr +lh(3)=32596;//Lb/hr +bl(1)=286;//Btu/hr +bl(2)=129;//Btu/hr +bl(3)=129;//Btu/hr +i=1; +while(i<4) + bh(i)=lh(i)*bl(i); //Btu/hr + i=i+1; +end + +//Heat Balances +printf("\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHEAT BALANCES:"); +printf("\n\t\t\t\tMol/hr\t\tMol.wt.\t\tLb/hr\t\tTemp,°F\t\tBtu/lb\t\tBtu/hr\n\t"); +printf("\t\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"); +printf("\n\tHeat Balance onCondeser\n\t Heat in:\n\t Top plate vapor......"); +printf("685.2\t\t71.3\t\t" + string(lh(1)) + "\t\t148\t\t" +string(bl(1)) + "\t\t" + string(bh(1)) + "\n"); +printf("\t Heat out:\n\t Distillate..........."); +printf("228.4\t\t71.3\t\t" + string(lh(2)) + "\t\t124\t\t" +string(bl(2)) + "\t\t" + string(bh(2)) + "\n"); +printf("\t Reflux, (2-1)........"); +printf("456.8\t\t71.3\t\t" + string(lh(3)) + "\t\t129\t\t" +string(bl(3)) + "\t\t" + string(bh(3)) + "\n"); +printf("\t Condenser duty, by\n\t difference......... "); +printf(".....\t\t.....\t\t.....\t\t.....\t\t......\t\t7680000\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t________\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t"+string(bh(1))+"\n"); +//Heat Balances on reboiler +//Assume 30° difference between reboiler and bottom plate giving bottom-plate temperature of 300°F +//Mol/hr from Eq. 15.47 +rl(1)=78177;//Lb/hr +rl(2)=22700;//Lb/hr +rl(3)=55477;//Lb/hr +rb(1)=234;//Btu/lb +rb(2)=369;//Btu/lb +rb(3)=256;//Btu/lb + +i=1; +while(i<4) + rr(i)=rl(i)*rb(i);//Btu/hr + i=i+1; +end +tt = rr(1)+4280000;// Btu/hr +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\tHEAT BALANCES on reboiler:"); +printf("\n\tHeat in:\n\t Trapout..............."); +printf("619.7\t\t126.6\t\t"+string(rl(1))+"\t\t300\t\t"+string(rb(1))+"\t\t%.2e\n",rr(1)); +printf("\t Reboiler duty........"); +printf(" .....\t\t.....\t\t......\t\t...\t\t...\t\t4280000\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t________\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t%.3e",tt); +printf("\n\tHeat out:\n\t Reboiler vapor........"); +printf("205.7\t\t110.3\t\t"+string(rl(2))+"\t\t330\t\t"+string(rb(2))+"\t\t%.2e\n",rr(2)); +printf("\t Reboiler vapor........"); +printf("414.0\t\t134.0\t\t"+string(rl(3))+"\t\t330\t\t"+string(rb(3))+"\t\t%.2e\n",rr(3)); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t________\n"); +printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t%.3e",rr(2)+rr(3)); + +//y* +pc(1)=0.056; +pc(2)=0.350; +pc(3)=0.285; +pc(4)=0.122; +pc(5)=0.074; +pc(6)=0.068; +pc(7)=0.038; +pc(8)=0.007; + +//K(300°F,40psia) +pK(1)=4.5; +pK(2)=2.25; +pK(3)=1.20; +pK(4)=0.66; +pK(5)=0.38; +pK(6)=0.22; +pK(7)=0.13; +pK(8)=0.07; + +printf("\n\n\t\tCALCULATION OF BOTTOM PLATE TEMPERATURE\n"); +printf("\t\ty*\t\t\tReboiler vapor\t\t\t\tK(300°F,40psia)\tMol*K\n\t\t\t\tV = y*205.7 +\tBottoms\t=\tTrapout\n"); +printf("\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); + +i=1; +pcs=0; +pc2=0; +bcs=0; +tcs=0; +gg=0; +while(i<9) + temp = pc(i)*205.7; + temp2 = temp + bc(i); + printf("\tC"+ string(i+4)+ "\t" +string(pc(i))+ "\t\t%.1f\t\t" + string(bc(i))+"\t\t%.1f\t\t"+string(pK(i))+"\t\t%.2f\n",temp,temp2,temp2*pK(i)); + + pcs=pcs+pc(i); + pc2=pc2+temp; + bcs=bcs+bc(i); + tcs=tcs+temp2; + gg=gg+(temp2*pK(i)); + i=i+1; +end +printf("\t\t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); +printf("\t\t%.3f\t\t%.1f\t\t%.1f\t\t%.1f\t\t\t\t%.1f\n",pcs,pc2,bcs,tcs,gg); +printf("\n\tReboiler requirements are\n"); +printf("\t\tVaporization\t\t\t22700 lb/hr\n\t\tTotal liquor to reboiler\t78177 lb/hr\n\t\tHeat load\t\t\t4280000 Btu/hr\n\t\tTemperature range\t\t300-330°F\n\t\tOperating pressure\t\t40psia") +//end diff --git a/1328/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce b/1328/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94d8f7383 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +printf("\t example 16.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Af=(20*0.75*12*2)/(144); +Ao=((3.14*1.25)-(20*0.035))*(12/144); +printf("\t fin surface is : %.1f ft^2/lin ft \n",Af); +printf("\t bare tube surface is : %.3f ft^2/lin ft \n",Ao); +A=(Af+Ao); +printf("\t total outside surface : %.2f ft^2/lin ft \n",A); +Ai=(3.14*1.06*12)/(144); +printf("\t total inside surface : %.3f ft^2/lin ft \n",Ai); +printf("\t fin efficiencies \n"); +b=0.0625; // ft +hf=4; // from table in solution +m=(5.24*(hf^(1/2))); // m=((hf*P)/(Kax))^(1/2), eq 16.8 +n=(tanh(m*b))/(m*b); // efficiency , eq 16.26 +printf("\n hf m n \n "+string(hf)+" "+string(m)+" "+string(n)+" \n"); +// similarly efficiencies values are calculated at different hf values +printf("\t weighted efficiency curve \n"); +hfi=((n*Af)+(Ao))*(hf/Ai); // eq 16.34 +printf("\n hf hfi \n "+string(hf)+" "+string(hfi)+" \n"); +// similarly efficiencies values are calculated at different hf values +hf=[4 16 36 100 400 625 900]; // from 2nd table in the solution +hfi=[35.4 110.8 193.5 370 935 1295 1700]; // from 2nd table in the solution +plot2d("oll",hf,hfi); +xtitle("weighted fin efficiency curve","heat transfer coefficient to fin,Btu/(ft^2)*(hr)","coefficient hf referred to the tube ID"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/1328/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0594ebde2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +printf("\t example 16.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Ts=302; // F +t1=151; +t2=185; +w=15200; // lb/hr +// The dropwise condensation of steam was promoted with oil. +aa=(3.14*(3.068^2-1.25^2))/(4*144)-((20*0.035*0.75)/(144)); +printf("\t annulus flow area : %.4f ft^2 \n",aa); +p=(3.14*(1.25/12))-(20*0.035/12)+(20*0.75*2/12); +printf("\t wetted perimeter : %.2f ft \n",p); +De=(4*aa/p); +printf("\t equivalent diameter : %.3f ft \n",De); +Q=w*0.523*(t2-t1); +printf("\t heat load : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=Ts-t1; //F +delt2=Ts-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +Ai=0.277; // ft^2/ft +n=20; // number of fins +Ui=(Q/(Ai*n*LMTD)); +printf("\t Ui : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ui); +hi=3000; // assumed value for dropwise condensation of steam +hfi=(Ui*hi)/(hi-Ui); +printf("\t hfi : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hfi); +hf=120; // from fig 16.7 for hfi=418 +mu=1.94; // lb/(ft*hr) +k=0.079; +Z=2.34; // Z=((c*mu)/k)^(1/3) +jf=(hf*De/(Z*k)); // eq 16.36 +printf("\t jf : %.0f \n",jf); +Ga=(w/aa); +printf("\t Ga : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Ga); +Rea=(De*Ga/mu); +printf("\t Rea : %.2e \n",Rea); +// end + + diff --git a/1328/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce b/1328/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb505be8a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +printf("\t example 16.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=200; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=18000; // lb/hr +w=11950; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n") +C=0.53; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(C)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for gas oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.2f \n",X); +Fc=0.47; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.27; +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,gas oil \n"); +ID=3.068; // in, table 11 +OD=1.9; // in, table 11 +af=0.0175; // fin cross section,table 10 +aa=((3.14*ID^2/(4))-(3.14*OD^2/(4))-(24*af))/(144); +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",aa); +p=(3.14*(OD))-(24*0.035)+(24*0.5*2); +printf("\t wetted perimeter : %.2f in \n",p); +De=(4*aa*12/(p)); +printf("\t De : %.4f ft \n",De); +Ga=(W/aa); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Ga); +mu1=2.5*2.42; // at 224F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +Rea=((De)*(Ga)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Rea); +jf=18.4; // from fig.16.10 +Z=0.25; // Z=k*((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig 16 +Hf=((jf)*(1/De)*(Z)); // Hf=(hf/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hf); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +D=0.134; // ft +row=62.5; +at=(3.14*D^2/(4)); +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*row)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.72*2.42; // at 99F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret); +hi=(970*0.82); // fig 25 +printf("\t hi : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +printf("\t calculation of tfw \n"); +// Tc-tfw=40F assumption from fig 14 +tfw=184; +mufw=3.5; // cp, at 184F +phya=(2.5/mufw)^0.14; +printf("\t phya is : %.2f \n",phya); // from fig.24 +hf=(Hf)*(phya); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct hf to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hf); +Rdo=0.002; +Rf=(1/hf); +printf("\t Rf : %.4f \n",Rf); +hf1=(1/(Rdo+Rf)); // eq 16.37 +printf("\t hf1 : %.1f \n",hf1); +hfi1=255; // fig 16.9 +hfi2=(hf1*5.76); // eq 16.38 and fig 16.9,((Af+Ao)/(Ai))=5.76 from previous prblm +printf("\t hfi2 : %.0f \n",hfi2); +Rmetal=(hfi2-hfi1)/(hfi2*hfi1); // eq 16.39 +printf("\t Rmetal : %.5f \n",Rmetal); +phyt=1; // for cooling water +Rdi=0.003; +Ri=(1/hi); +printf("\t Ri : %.5f \n",Ri); +hi1=(1/(Rdi+Ri)); // eq 16.40 +printf("\t hi1 : %.1f \n",hi1); +UDi=(hi1*hfi1)/(hi1+hfi1); // eq 16.41 +printf("\t UDi : %.0f \n",UDi); +// To obtain the true flux the heat load must be divided by the actual heat-transfer surface.For a 1}2-in. IPS pipe there are 0.422 ft2/lin foot, from table 11 +// trial +Ai=(Q/(UDi*LMTD)); // LMTD=delt +printf("\t Ai : %.1f ft^2 \n",Ai); +L=(Ai/0.422); +printf("\t length of pipe required : %.1f lin ft \n",L); +// Use two 20-ft hairpins = 80 lin ft +Ai1=(80*0.422); // ft^2 +r=(Q/Ai1); +printf("\t Q/Ai1 : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",r); +deltf=(r/hfi2); +deltdo=(r*Rdo/5.76); +printf("\t annulus film : %.1f \n",deltf); +printf("\t annulus dirt : %.1f \n",deltdo); +d=deltf+deltdo; // d=Tc-tfw +deltmetal=(r*Rmetal); +deltdi=(r*Rdi); +delti=(r/hi); +printf("\t Tc-tfw : %.1f \n",d); +printf("\t fin and tube metal : %.1f \n",deltmetal); +printf("\t tube side dirt : %.1f \n",deltdi); +printf("\t tubeside film : %.1f \n",delti); +Td=deltf+deltdo+deltmetal+deltdi+delti; +printf("\t total temperature drop : %.1f F \n",Td); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=0.0359; // ft +Rea1=(De1*Ga/mu1); +printf("\t reynolds number : %.2e \n",Rea1); +f=0.00036; // fig 16.10 +s=0.82; //using fig.6 +delPs=((f*(Ga^2)*(80))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De1)*(s)*(phya))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000192; // friction factor for reynolds number 65000, using fig.26 +s=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(80))/(5.22*(10^10)*(0.134)*(s)*(1))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/1328/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d40926e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +printf("\t example 16.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=100; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=30000; // lb/hr +w=50500; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n") +C=0.225; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(C)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for oxygwn is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.4f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.87 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.87*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=(T2+T1)/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,oxygen \n"); +ID=19.25; // in, table 11 +OD=1; // in, table 11 +as=((3.14*ID^2/(4))-(70*3.14*OD^2/(4))-(70*20*0.035*0.5))/(144); +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +p=(70*3.14*(OD))-(70*20*0.035)+(70*20*0.5*2); +printf("\t wetted perimeter : %.2e in \n",p); +De=(4*as*12/(p)); +printf("\t De : %.3f ft \n",De); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.0545; // at 175F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.3e \n",Res); +jH=59.5; // from fig.16.10a +k=0.0175; +Z=0.89; // Z=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig +hf=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)); //using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hf); +Rdo=0.003; +hdo=(1/Rdo); +hf1=(hdo*hf)/(hdo+hf); // eq 16.37 +printf("\t hf1 : %.1f \n",hf1); +hfi1=142; // fig 16.9 +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +at1=0.479; // table 10 +L=16; +Nt=70; +n=4; +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +D=0.0652; // ft +row=62.5; +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*row)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=1.94; // at 90F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=(940*0.96); // fig 25 +printf("\t hi : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +Rdi=0.003; +hdi=(1/Rdi); +hi1=(hdi*hi)/(hdi+hi); +printf("\t hi1 : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi1); +UDi=((hfi1)*(hi1)/(hi1+hfi1)); // eq 16.41,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UDi); +A2=0.2048; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UDi1=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UDi1); +Re=(1/UDi1)-(1/UDi); +printf("\t excess fouling factor : %.5f \n",Re); +Ro=9.27; //Adding to the outside fouling factor +Rdo1=Rdo+(Re*Ro); +printf("\t Rdo : %.4f \n",Rdo1); +hf2=(hf/(1+(hf*Rdo1))); +printf("\t hf2 : %.1f \n",hf2); +hfi2=113; +UDi2=((hfi2)*(hi1)/(hi1+hfi2)); // eq 16.41,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UDi2); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=0.0433; // ft +Res1=(De1*Gs/mu1); +printf("\t reynolds number : %.2e \n",Res1); +f=0.00025; // fig 16.10 +s=0.00133; +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(L))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De1)*(s)*(1))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00021; // friction factor for reynolds number 29100, using fig.26 +s=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(0.0625)*(s)*(1))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.0f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce b/1328/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f563ea2f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +printf("\t example 16.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=200; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=150; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=190; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=100000; // lb/hr +w=31200; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n") +C=0.25; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(C)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for air is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.4f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.985 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.985*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=(T2+T1)/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +Af=(3.14*2*8*12*(1.75^2-1^2))/(4); +Ao=((3.14*1*12)-(3.14*1*8*0.035*12)); +printf("\t fin surface is : %.0f in^2/lin ft \n",Af); +printf("\t bare tube surface is : %.1f in^2/lin ft \n",Ao); +A=(Af+Ao); +printf("\t total outside surface : %.1f ft^2/lin ft \n",A); +p=(2*3*2*8*12/8)+(((12)-(8*0.035*12))*(2)); +printf("\t projected perimeter : %.1f in/ft \n",p); +De=(2*A/(3.14*p*12)); // eq 16.104 +printf("\t De : %.3f ft \n",De); +// 21 tubes may be fit in one :vertical bank (Fig. 16.19b) ,20 tubes in alternating banks for triangular pitch +as=((4^2*12^2)-(21*1*48)-((21)*(2*0.035*3*8*48/8)))/(144); // fig 16.19 +printf("\t flow area : %.1f ft^2 \n",as); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,oxygen \n"); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.052; // at 225F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jf=157; // from fig.16.18a +k=0.0183; +Z=0.89; // Z=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3), fig +phys=1; +hf=((jf)*(k/De)*(Z)); //using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hf); +Rdo=0.003; +hdo=(1/Rdo); +hf1=(hdo*hf)/(hdo+hf); // eq 16.37 +printf("\t hf1 : %.1f \n",hf1); +hfi1=142; // fig 16.9 +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +at1=0.546; // table 10 +L=4; +Nt=21; +n=1; +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +D=0.0695; // ft +row=62.5; +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*row)); +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.895; // at 170F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=(710*0.94); // fig 25 +printf("\t hi : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +Rdi=0.003; +hdi=(1/Rdi); +hi1=(hdi*hi)/(hdi+hi); // 16.40 +printf("\t hi1 : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi1); +k1=60; // table 3 , for brass +// yb=0.00146 ft +X=((0.875-0.5)/12)*(21.5/(60*0.00146))^(1/2); +printf("\t X :%.2f \n",X); +nf=0.91; // from fig 16.13a , by comparing X value +Ai=0.218; // ft^2/ft +hfi2=((nf*Af/144)+(Ao/144))*(hf1/Ai); // eq 16.34 +printf("\t hfi2 : %.0f \n",hfi2); +UDi=((hfi2)*(hi1)/(hi1+hfi2)); // eq 16.41,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UDi); +A=(21*4*Ai); // ft^2 +printf("\t inside surface per bank is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); +Ai1=(Q/(UDi*delt)); +printf("\t Ai1 : %.0f ft^2 \n",Ai1); +Nb=(Ai1/A); +printf("\t number of banks : %.0f \n",Nb); +Vn=(4*4*1.95/12)-(41*3.14*1*4/(2*4*144))-((41*3.14*0.035*8*4/(144*2*4))*(1.75^2-1^2)); // fig 16.19b +printf("\t net free volume : %.2f ft^3 \n",Vn); +Af1=(41*2.34*4/2); +printf("\t frictional surface : %.0f ft^2 \n",Af1); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=(4*Vn/Af1); // ft +printf("\t De1 : %.2f ft \n",De1); +Res1=(De1*Gs/mu1); +printf("\t reynolds number : %.2e \n",Res1); +f=0.0024; // fig 16.18b +s=0.000928; +Lp=1.95; +R1=0.538; // R1=(De1/ST)^(0.4) +R2=1; // R2=(SL/ST)^0.6 +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Lp)*(R1)*(R2))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De1)*(s)*(1))); +printf("\t delPs is : %.2f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.0002; // friction factor for reynolds number 30400, using fig.26 +s=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(Nb))/(5.22*(10^10)*(0.0695)*(s)*(1))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.2f psi \n",delPt); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e5bc6be --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +printf("\t example 17.1 \n"); +pw=0.4298; // psia, at 75F, table 7 +pt=14.696; // psia +t=75; +Mw=18; +Ma=29; +X=(pw/(pt-pw))*(Mw/Ma); +printf("\t humidity is : %.4f lb water/lb air \n",X); +H=(X*t)+(1051.5*X)+(0.24*t); // eq 17.54 +printf("\t enthalpy at 75F is : %.1f Btu/lb dry air \n",H); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4283e5ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +printf("\t example 17.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t by numerical integration \n"); +T1=85; +T2=120; +A=576; // ground area, from fig 17.12 +L=1500*(500/576); +G=1400; +R=(L/G); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +H1=39.1; // fig 17.12 +H2=H1+(R*(T2-T1)); +printf("\t H2 is : %.1f Btu \n",H2); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=85F +Hs=50; // fig 17.12 +d1=(Hs-H1); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=90 +Hs=56.7; // fig 17.12 +H=43.7; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.1f \n",d); +dT=5; // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.70; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +printf("\t log mean enthalpy difference \n"); +dt=49.9; // diff. of enthalpies at top of the tower, from table in solution +db=10.9; // diff of enthalpies at bottom of the tower,from table in solution +LME=(dt-db)/(2.3*log10(dt/db)); +printf("\t log mean of enthalpy : %.1f Btu/lb \n",LME); +nd=(T2-T1)/(LME); +printf("\t number of diffusing units are : %.2f \n",nd); +// The error is naturally larger the greater the range +//end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b8d77ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +printf("\t example 17.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +// Since the loading is based on 1 ft2 of ground area +nd=1.7; +L=1302; +Kxa=115; +Z=(nd*L)/(Kxa); +printf("\t Z is : %.1f ft \n",Z); +HDU=(Z/nd); +printf("\t height of diffusion unit : %.1ff ft \n",HDU); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39675bc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +printf("\t example 17.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=79.3F +Hs=43.4; // fig 17.12 +H=30.4; // fig 17.12 +d1=(Hs-H); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=85 +Hs=50; // fig 17.12 +H=35.7; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.2f \n",d); +dT=(85-79.3); // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.72; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b5774818 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +printf("\t example 17.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=85; +T2=120; +R=0.93; // R=(L/G), for 1500 gpm +printf("\t for 120percent of design \n"); +R1=1.2*R; +printf("\t R is : %.3f \n",R1); +H1=39.1; // at 87.2F +H2=H1+(R1*(T2-T1)); +printf("\t H2 is : %.1f Btu \n",H2); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=87.2F +Hs=53.1; // from table in the solution +d1=(Hs-H1); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=90 +Hs=56.7; // fig 17.12 +H=42; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.1f \n",d); +dT=(90-87.2); // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.53; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +printf("\t for 80 percent of design \n"); +R2=0.8*R; +printf("\t R is : %.3f \n",R2); +H1=39.1; // at 87.2F +H2=H1+(R2*(T2-T1)); +printf("\t H2 is : %.0f Btu \n",H2); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=82.5F +Hs=47.2; // from table in the solution +d1=(Hs-H1); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=85 +Hs=50; // fig 17.12 +H=40.8; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.1f \n",d); +dT=(85-82.5); // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.92; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +X=[1.115 0.93 0.74]; +Y=[1.53 1.70 1.92]; +plot2d(X,Y,style=3,rect=[0.7,1.4,1.3,2]); +xtitle("KxaV/L vs L/G","L/G","nd"); +printf("\t trial 1 \n"); +R3=1.1; +printf("\t R is : %.3f \n",R3); +H1=34.5; // at 87.2F +H2=H1+(R3*(T2-T1)); +printf("\t H2 is : %.0f Btu \n",H2); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=85F +Hs=50; // from table in the solution +d1=(Hs-H1); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=90 +Hs=56.7; // fig 17.12 +H=40; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.1f \n",d); +dT=(90-85); // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.48; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +R3=1.19; // from fig 17.14 +printf("\t L/G is : %.2f \n",R3); +printf("\t trial 2 \n"); +R4=1.2; +printf("\t R4 is : %.3f \n",R4); +H1=34.5; // at 87.2F +H2=H1+(R4*(T2-T1)); +printf("\t H2 is : %.1f Btu \n",H2); +// The area between the saturation line and the operating line represents the potential for heat transfer +// at T=85F +Hs=50; // from table in the solution +d1=(Hs-H1); +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d1); +//at t=90 +Hs=56.7; // fig 17.12 +H=40.5; // fig 17.12 +d2=Hs-H; +printf("\t difference is : %.1f \n",d2); +d=(d1+d2)/(2); +printf("\t average of difference is : %.1f \n",d); +dT=(90-85); // F +nd1=(dT/d); +printf("\t nd1 is : %.3f \n",nd1); +// similarly calculating nd at each temperature and adding them will give you total nd value +nd=1.56; +printf("\t number of diffusing units : %.2f \n",nd); +R3=1.08; // from fig 17.14 +printf("\t L/G is : %.2f \n",R3); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f8e7d2ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +printf("\t example 17.6 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +// basis 1ft^2 ground area +//Assumption: 20 per cent of the initial vapor content of the gas enters the water body +X1=(1.69/(14.7-1.69))*(18/29); +printf("\t X1 : %.4f lb/lb \n",X1); +G=1500; +w1=G*X1; +printf("\t total water in inlet gas : %.2f lb/hr \n",w1); +// The inlet gas is at 300F and a 120F dew point. Use 0.25 Btu/(lb)(°F) for the specific heat of nitrogen +H1=(0.0807*120)+(0.0807*1025.8)+(0.45*0.0807*(300-120))+(0.25*300); // eq 17.55 +printf("\t H1 : %.0f Btu/lb dry air \n",H1); +X2=(w1*(1-.2)/G); +printf("\t outlet gas humidity : %.5f lb/lb \n",X2); +pw=(X2*29*14.7/18)/(1+(X2*29/18)); +printf("\t pw : %.3f psia \n",pw); +Tw=112.9; // F, from table 7 for above pw +// The outlet gas has a temperature of 200°F and a 112.9°F dew point +H2=(X2*Tw)+(X2*1029.8)+(X2*0.45*(200-Tw))+(0.25*200); // eq 17.55 +printf("\t H2 : %.1f Btu/lb dry air \n",H2); +q=G*(H1-H2); +printf("\t total heat load : %.2e Btu/hr \n",q); +w2=q/(120-85); +printf("\t water loading : %.2e lb/hr \n",w2); +printf("\t interval 1 \n"); +// (Kxa*delV/L)= 0 t0 0.05 +nd=0.05; // nd=Kxa*V/L +Le=0.93; // fig 17.4 at 300F +C=(0.25)+(0.45*X1); +printf("\t C : %.3f Btu/(lb)*(F) \n",C); +haV=(nd*w2*Le*C); +printf("\t haV : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(F) \n",haV); +qc=(haV*(300-120)); +printf("\t qc : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qc); +delT=(qc/(C*G)); +printf("\t delT : %.1f F \n",delT); +T1=(300-delT); +printf("\t T(0.05) : %.1f F \n",T1); +delt=(qc/w2); +printf("\t delt : %.2f F \n",delt); +t1=(120-delt); +printf("\t t(0.05) : %.1f F \n",t1); +printf("\t interval 2 \n"); +// (Kxa*delV/L)= 0.05 to 0.15 +nd1=0.1; +haV1=(nd1*w2*Le*C); +printf("\t haV1 : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(F) \n",haV1); +qc1=(haV1*(T1-t1)); +printf("\t qc1 : %.1e Btu/hr \n",qc1); +delT1=(qc1/(C*G)); +printf("\t delT1 : %.1f F \n",delT1); +T2=(T1-delT1); +printf("\t T(0.15) : %.2f F \n",T2); +X3=0.0748; // at 117.6F +w3=(nd1*w2*(0.0807-X3)); +printf("\t water diffused during interval : %.3f lb/hr \n",w3); +w4=(w1-w3); +printf("\t water remaining : %.2f lb/hr \n",w4); +l1=1027; // Btu/lb, l1= lamda at 117.6F +qd=(w3*l1); +printf("\t qd : %.0f Btu/hr \n",qd); +q1=(qd+qc1); +printf("\t q1 : %.0f Btu/hr \n",q1); +delt1=(q1/w2); +printf("\t delt1 : %.2f F \n",delt1); +t2=(t1-delt1); +printf("\t t(0.15) : %.1f F \n",t2); +X4=0.0640; // at 112.5 +X5=(w4/G); +printf("\t X(112.5F) : %.4f lb/lb \n",X5); +printf("\t interval 3 \n"); +// (Kxa*delV/L)= 0.15 to 0.25 +nd1=0.1; +haV1=(nd1*w2*Le*C); +printf("\t haV1 : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(F) \n",haV1); +qc2=(haV1*(T2-t2)); +printf("\t qc2 : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qc2); +delT2=(qc2/(C*G)); +printf("\t delT2 : %.1f F \n",delT2); +T3=(T2-delT2); +printf("\t T(0.25) : %.1f F \n",T3); +w5=(nd1*w2*(X5-X4)); +printf("\t water diffused during interval : %.3f lb/hr \n",w5); +w6=(w4-w5); +printf("\t water remaining : %.2f lb/hr \n",w6); +l2=1030; // Btu/lb, l1= lamda at 112.5F +qd1=(w5*l2); +printf("\t qd1 : %.2e Btu/hr \n",qd1); +q2=(qd1+qc2); +printf("\t q2 : %.3e Btu/hr \n",q2); +delt2=(q2/w2); +printf("\t delt2 : %.2f F \n",delt2); +t3=(t2-delt2); +printf("\t t(0.25) : %.1f F \n",t3); +X6=0.0533; // at 106.5 +X7=(w6/G); +printf("\t X(106.5F) : %.4f lb/lb \n",X7); +// The calculations of the remaining intervals until a. gas temperature of 200°F is reached are shown in Fig. 17.17 +w7=21.92; // total water diffused from table in solution +d=(w7/w1)*100; +printf("\t calculated diffusion : %.0f \n",d); +printf("\t Using some standard low-pressure-drop data \n"); +// For G = 1500, extrapolate to L = 2040 on logarithmic coordinates. Kxa = 510. +ndt=.54; // from 1st table in solution +Kxa=510; // from 2nd table in solution +Z=(ndt*w2/Kxa); +printf("\t tower height : %.2f ft \n",Z); +A=(50000/G); +printf("\t cross section : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); +// end + + + diff --git a/1328/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce b/1328/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a75eaabbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +printf("\t example 17.7 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +C=0.28; // assumption +w=50000; // lb/hr +G=1500; +Qs=(w*C*(500-200)); +Qd=(w/G)*(22685); // qd=22685, from previous prblm +printf("\t sensible heat : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Qs); +printf("\t approximate diffusion : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qd); +Q=(Qs+Qd); +printf("\t total heat : %.3e Btu/hr \n",Q); +// an allowance as high as 30 per cent of the sensible load can be made and the excess water compensated for by throttling when the tower is in operation +w1=(Q/(120-85)); +printf("\t total water quantity : %.2e lb/hr \n",w1); +// If the maximum liquid loading is taken as 2040 lb/(hr)(ft'!), the required tower cross section +A=(w1/2040); +printf("\t tower cross section : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); +w3=(w/A); +printf("\t new gas rate : %.0f lb/(hr)(ft^2) \n",w3); +// The two terminal temperature differences are (200 - 85) and (500 - 120). +LMTD=((500-120)-(200-85))/(log((500-120)/(200-85))); +printf("\t LMTD : %.0f \n",LMTD); +dt=35; +N=(dt/LMTD); // eq 17.88 +printf("\t haV/L : %.2f \n",N); +Le=0.93; +nd=(N/(C*Le)); +printf("\t number diffusion units : %.2f \n",nd); +// By extrapolation for G = 718 and L = 2040,Kxa=215 +L=2040; +Kxa=215; +Z=(nd*L/Kxa); // calculation mistake +printf("\t height of tower : %.1f ft \n",Z); +di=(A)^(1/2); +printf(" ground dimensions : %.1f ft \n",di); +// ground dimensions are 5.8*8.3*8.3 ft +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d31d4ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +printf("\t example 18.1 \n"); +// specific gravity of benzene is 0.88 +// specific heat of benzene is 0.48 Btu/(lb)*(F) +U=50; +A=400; +T1=400; +t1=100; +t2=300; +c=0.48; +w=40000; +C=0.60; +W=10000; +printf("\t values are approximately mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t for a \n"); +M=(7500*8.33*0.88); +printf("\t weight of benzene is : %.1e lb \n",M); +Q1=(w*c); +printf("\t Q1 is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(F) \n",Q1); +Q2=(W*C); +printf("\t Q2 is : %.0e Btu/(hr)*(F) \n",Q2); +Ks=((%e)^(U*A*((1/Q1)-(1/Q2)))); // eq 18.16 +printf("\t Ks is : %.3f \n",Ks); +Z=log((T1-t1)/(T1-t2)); +printf("\t Z is : %.3f \n",Z); +theta=((M*(Z)*(Ks*6000-(19200)))/((Ks-1)*40000*6000)); +printf("\t theta is : %.1f hr \n",theta); +printf("\t for b \n"); +R=(Q1/Q2); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +KT=((%e)^(U*(A/Q1)*(1+R^2)^(1/2))); +printf("\t KT is : %.0f \n",KT); +S=((2*(KT-1))/((KT*(R+1+(1+R^2)^(1/2)))-(R+1-(1+R^2)^(1/2)))); // eq 18.24 +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +theta1=((M*Z)/(0.266*40000)); // eq 18.25 +printf("\t theta1 is : %.2f hr \n",theta1); +printf("\t for c \n"); +U1=100; +A1=200; +K8=((%e)^(U*(A/(2*Q1))*(1+R^2)^(1/2))); // eq 18.32 +S1=((2*(K8-1)*(1+((1-0.266)*(1-(3.2*0.266)))^(1/2)))/(((K8-1)*(3.2+1))+((K8+1)*(1+3.2^2)^(1/2)))); // eq 18.31 +printf("\t K8 is : %.2f \n",K8); +printf("\t S1 is : %.3f \n",S1); +theta2=((M*Z)/(0.282*40000)); // eq 18.25 +printf("\t theta2 is : %.2f hr \n",theta2); +printf("\t for d \n"); +K9=((%e)^(U*(A/(Q1))*(R-1))); +S2=((K9-1)/((K9*R)-1)); // eq 18.36 +printf("\t K9 is : %.2f \n",K9); +printf("\t S2 is : %.2f \n",S2); +t=100; +t1=t+(S2*(T1-t)); // 18.37 +printf("\t t1 is : %.0f F \n",t1); +t2=t1+(S2*(T1-t1)); +printf("\t t2 is : %.0f F \n",t2); +t3=t2+(S2*(T1-t2)); +printf("\t t3 is : %.0f F \n",t3); +t4=t3+(S2*(T1-t3)); +printf("\t t4 is : %.0f F \n",t4); +x=0.23; +printf("\t fractional circulation is : %.2f \n",x); +N=3+x; +printf("\t total fractional circulation : %.2f \n",N); +theta3=(N*(M/w)); +printf("\t theta3 is : %.2f \n",theta3); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ed2ebc5d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +printf("\t example 18.2 \n"); +tav=500; // F +Ts=1000; +t0=100; +c=0.12; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +k=24; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +row=488; // lb/ft^3 +alpha=0.41; // alpha=(k/(c*row)), ft^2/hr +x=0.333; // ft +theta=4; +printf("\t values are approximately mentioned in the book \n"); +X=(x/(2*(alpha*theta)^(1/2))); +printf("\t X is : %.2f \n",X); +Y=0.142; // Y=f1(X) from fig 18.7 +t=Ts+(t0-Ts)*(Y); // eq 18.43 +printf("\t t si : %.0f F \n",t); +q=((k*(Ts-t0))/(3.14*alpha*theta)^(1/2)); // q=(Q/A),from eq 18.47 +printf("\t q is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",q); +q1=(2*k*(Ts-t0)*(theta/(3.14*alpha))^(1/2)); // q=(Q1/A). eq 18.49 +printf("\t The total heat which flowed through a square foot of wall in the 4 hr is : %.1e Btu/ft^2 \n",q1); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1efed0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +printf("\t example 18.3 \n"); +Ts=1000; +t0=100; +alpha=0.41; // alpha=(k/(c*row)), ft^2/hr +theta=15/60; +l=1; // ft +X=(4*alpha*theta)/(l^2); +printf("\t X is : %.2f \n",X); +Y=0.155; // Y=f3*(X)from fig 18.9 when L=infinity +t=Ts+(t0-Ts)*(Y); // eq 18.52 +printf("\t t si : %.1e F \n",t); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca2c87da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +printf("\t example 18.4 \n"); +T1=1100; // F +T2=70; // F +t1=T1+460; // R +t2=T2+460; // R +k=27; // from appendix +c=0.14; // from appendix +row=490; // from appendix +alpha=0.394; +theta=4; +l=10/12; // ft +x=0.173*10^(-8); // stefan constant +e=0.7; // emmisivity +printf("\t values are approximately mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t for a \n"); +// Assume the temperature is 500°F after 4 hr. The coefficient from plate to air is the· sum of the radiation and convection coefficients +hri=(e*x*(t1^4-t2^4))/(T1-T2); +printf("\t radiation coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hri); // eq 4.32 +hci=(0.3*(T1-T2)^(1/4)); // eq 10.10 +printf("\t convection coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hci); +hti=hri+hci; +printf("\t total intial coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hti); +// For the 4-hr coefficient at 500°F +hr=2.2; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +hc=1.35; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +ht=hr+hc; +printf("\t total intial coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ht); +h=(hti+ht)/2; +printf("\t mean coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",h); +X=(4*alpha*theta)/(l^2); +Y=(h*l)/(2*k); +printf("\t X is : %.1f \n",X); +printf("\t Y is : %.3f \n",Y); +Z=0.42; // Z=f3(X,Y), from fig 18.10 +t=T2+((T1-T2)*Z); // eq 18.53 +printf("\t t is : %.0f F \n",t); +printf("\t for b \n"); +Z1=0.43; // Z=f4(X,Y), from fig 18.11 +t1=T2+((T1-T2)*Z1); // eq 18.53 +printf("\t temperature of center plane is : %.0f F \n",t1); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aaaedb89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +printf("\t example 18.5 \n"); +Ts=400; +t0=200; +k=25; // from appendix +c=0.12; // from appendix +row=490; // from appendix +alpha=0.45; // alpha=(k/(c*row)) +theta=15/60; +l=8/12; // ft +h=50; +X=(4*alpha*theta)/(l^2); +Z=(2*k)/(h*l); +printf("\t X is : %.2f \n",X); +printf("\t Z is : %.1f \n",Z); +Y=0.31; // Y=(Ts-t)/(Ts-t0), from fig 18.13 +t=Ts+(t0-Ts)*(Y); // eq 18.43 +printf("\t t is : %.0f F \n",t); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..382778d6a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +printf("\t example 18.6 \n"); +Ts=300; +t0=70; +c=0.25; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +k=0.3; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +row=103; // lb/ft^3 +alpha=0.01164; // alpha=(k/(c*row)), ft^2/hr +theta=1; +lx=9/12; +ly=4.5/12; +lz=2.5/12; +h=4.1; +printf("\t values are approximately mentioned in the book \n") +X1=(4*alpha*theta)/(lx^2); +Z1=(2*k)/(h*lx); +printf("\t X1 is : %.4f \n",X1); +printf("\t Z1 is : %.3f \n",Z1); +X2=(4*alpha*theta)/(ly^2); +Z2=(2*k)/(h*ly); +printf("\t X2 is : %.4f \n",X2); +printf("\t Z2 is : %.3f \n",Z2); +X3=(4*alpha*theta)/(lz^2); +Z3=(2*k)/(h*lz); +printf("\t X3 is : %.3f \n",X3); +printf("\t Z3 is : %.3f \n",Z3); +printf("\t at centre (2*x/l) is zero \n"); +Yx=0.98; // fig 18.12 +Yy=0.75; // fig 18.12 +Yz=0.43; // fig 18.12 +printf("\t at surface (2*x/l) is one \n"); +Yx1=0.325; // fig 18.12 +Yy1=0.29; // fig 18.12 +Yz1=0.245; // fig 18.12 +printf("\t center of brick \n"); +t1=Ts-(Yx*Yy*Yz*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t1 is : %.1f F \n",t1); +printf("\t corner of brick \n"); +t2=Ts-(Yx1*Yy1*Yz1*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2); +printf("\t center of 9 by 4.5in face \n"); +t3=Ts-(Yx*Yy*Yz1*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t3 is : %.1f F \n",t3); +printf("\t center of 9 by 2.5in face \n"); +t4=Ts-(Yx*Yy1*Yz*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t4 is : %.0f F \n",t4); +printf("\t center of 4.5 by 2.5in face \n"); +t5=Ts-(Yx1*Yy*Yz*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t5 is : %.1f F \n",t5); +printf("\t middle of long edge \n"); +t6=Ts-(Yx*Yy1*Yz1*(Ts-t0)); +printf("\t t6 is : %.0f F \n",t6); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda06e521 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +printf("\t example 18.7 \n"); +t=20; // min +alpha=0.40; // ft^2/hr +delx=0.167; // ft +// From the conditions of Eq. (18.61) take time increments such that alpha(deltheta/delx^2)=1/2 +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +deltheta=(delx^2/(2*alpha)); +printf("\t deltheta is : %.3f hr \n",deltheta); +N=(t/(deltheta*60)); +printf("\t number of steps required : %.1f \n",N); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03350bed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +printf("\t example 18.8 \n"); +k=0.3; +row=103; +c=0.25; +alpha=0.01164; +f=1/24; +t1=120; +t2=60; +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t temperature lag 6in below the surface \n"); +x=6/12; +theta=(x/2)*(1/(3.14*f*alpha))^(1/2); // eq 18.65 +printf("\t theta is : %.2f hr \n",theta); +printf("\t amplitude \n"); +deltom=(t1-t2)/2; +printf("\t deltom is : %.0f F \n",deltom); +delt=(deltom)*(%e)^(-x*(3.14*f/alpha)^(1/2)); // eq 18.67 +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); // calculation mistake in book +printf("\t temperature deviation after 2 hr \n"); +theta1=2; // hr +deltx=(deltom)*((%e)^(-x*(3.14*f/alpha)^(1/2)))*cos((2*3.14*f*theta1)-(x*(3.14*f/alpha)^(1/2))); // eq 18.69 +printf("\t deltx is : %.1f F \n",deltx); +printf("\t heat flow during the half period \n"); +q=(k*deltom*(2/(3.14*f*alpha))^(1/2)); // eq 18.70 +printf("\t heat flow is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",q); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce b/1328/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2aa3e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +printf("\t example 18.9 \n"); +G=60; // lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +De=1/12; // ft +theta=6; // hr +cs=41.3; // Btu/(ft^3)*(F) +c=0.0191; // Btu/(ft^3)*(F) +f=0.45; // void fraction +T=90; +T1=200; +t0=50; +h=(0.79*(G/De)^0.7); // eq 18.90 +printf("\t h is : %.1f \n",h); +X=(h*theta/(cs*(1-f))); +Y=(T-t0)/(T1-t0); +printf("\t X is : %.0f \n",X); +printf("\t Y is : %.3f \n",Y); +row=0.0807; // lb/(ft^3) air +Z=24.5; // Z=(h*x*row/(c*G)), by comparing X an Y in fig 18.21 +x=24.5*(c*G/(h*row)); +printf("\t x is : %.1f ft \n",x); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce b/1328/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0d9851d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +printf("\t example 19.1 \n"); +// For orientation purposes, one can make an estimate of the number of tubes required in the radiant section by assuming avg flux is 12000 Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) +// from Fig.19.14 it can be seen that with a tube temperature of 800"F, an exit-gas temperature of l730°F will be required to effect such a flux. +printf("\t approxiate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Q=50000000; // Btu/hr +QF=(Q/0.75); // efficiency of tank is 75% +printf("\t heat liberated by the fuel : %.3e Btu/hr \n",QF); +w1=(QF/17130); // heating value of fuel is 17130Btu/lb +printf("\t fuel quantity : %.2e lb/hr \n",w1); +w2=(w1*17.44); // lb of fuel fired with 17.44lb of air +printf("\t air required : %.2e lb/hr \n",w2); +w3=(w1*0.3); // 0.3 lb of air is used for atomizing lb of fuel +printf("\t steam for atomizing : %.2e lb/hr \n",w3); +QA=(w2*82); // heating value at 400F is 82Btu/lb +printf("\t QA is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",QA); +printf("\t QS is negligible \n"); +QW=(0.02*QF); +printf("\t QW is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",QW); +Qnet=(QF+QA-QW); +printf("\t Qnet is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qnet); +//Heat out m gases at 1730°F, 25 per cent excess air, 476 Btu/lb of flue gas +QG=(476*(w1+w2+w3)); +printf("\t QG is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",QG); +Q1=(Qnet-QG); +printf("\t Q1 is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); // calculation mistake in book +A=(3.14*38.5*(5/12)); // area of tube +printf("\t area of tube is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); +Nt=(Q1/(12000*A)); // 12000 is avg flux +printf("\t estimated number of tubes : %.0f \n",Nt); +// The layout of the cross section of the furnace may be as shown m Fig. 19.16. +// center to center distance is 8(1/2)in +Acp=(8.5*38.5/12); +printf("\t cold plane surface per tube : %.1f ft^2 \n",Acp); // calculation mistake in book +a=0.937; // a=alpha, from fig 19.11 as Ratio of center-to-center/OD is 1.7 +Acp1=(Acp*a); +printf("\t Acp1 is : %.0f ft^2 \n",Acp1); +Acpt=(Acp1*Nt); +printf("\t total cold plane surface is : %.1e ft^2 \n",Acpt); +A1=(2*20.46*14.92); // from fig 19.16 +printf("\t surface of end walls : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +A2=(38.5*14.92); // from fig 19.16 +printf("\t surface of side wall : %.0f ft^2 \n",A2); +A3=(38.5*9.79); // from fig 19.16 +printf("\t surface of bridge walls : %.0f ft^2 \n",A3); +A4=(2*20.46*38.5); // from fig 19.16 +printf("\t surface of floor and arch : %.0f ft^2 \n",A4); +AT=(A1+A2+A3+A4); +printf("\t AT is : %.0f ft^2 \n",AT); +AR=(AT-Acpt); +printf("\t AR is : %.0f ft^2 \n",AR); +Ar=(AR/Acpt); +printf("\t ratio of areas is : %.2f \n",Ar); +printf("\t dimension ratio is 3:2:1 \n"); +L=((2/3)*(38.5*20.46*14.92)^(1/3)); +printf("\t length is : %.0f ft \n",L); +printf("\t gas emissivity \n"); +// From the analysis of the fuel, the steam quantity, and the assumption that the humidity of the air is 50 per cent of saturation at 60F, the partial pressures of CO2 and H2O in the combustion gases with 25 per cent excess air are +pCO2=0.1084; +pH2O=0.1248 +pCO2L=1.63; // pCO2L=(pCO2*L) +pH2OL=1.87; +P=((pCO2)/(pCO2+pH2O)); +printf("\t percentage correction at P : %.3f \n",P); +Pt=pCO2L+pH2OL; +printf("\t Pt is : %.2f \n",Pt); +// %correction estimated to be 8% +eG=(((6500+14500)-(650+1950))/(39000-4400))*((100-8)/100); // values from fig 19.12 and 19.13, eq 19.5 +printf("\t eG is : %.3f \n",eG); +f=0.635; // from fig 19.15 as (AR/Acpt)=1.09 and eG=0.496 +printf("\t overall exchange factor : %.3f \n",f); +Z=(Q1/(Acpt*f)); +printf("\t Z is : %.2e \n",Z); +printf("\t TG required (at Ts = 800F) = 1670F compared with 1730°F assumed in heat balance) \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce b/1328/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79bf17152 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +printf("\t example 19.2 \n"); +QF=50000000; +G=22.36; +Acpt=1500; +printf("\t approxiate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Q=(QF/(1+(G/4200)*(QF/Acpt)^(1/2))); // eq 19.15 +printf("\t Q is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t The radiant-section average rate will be 8350 Btu/(hr) (ft2), and the exit-flue-gas temperature 1540°F by heat balance. \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce b/1328/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70aeb18eb --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +printf("\t example 19.3 \n"); +Qr=1.5; // Qr=(QF2/QF1) +Cr=1.5; // Cr=(CR2/CR1) +Gr=140/125; // Gr=(G2/G1) +Qr1=0.38; // Qr1=(Q1/QF1) +printf("\t approxiate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +a1=1.63; // a1=(G1*(CR1/27)^(1/2)), from eq 19.17 +printf("\t a1 is : %.2f \n",a1); +a2=1.37*(a1); // a2=(G2*(CR2/27)^(1/2)) +printf("\t a2 is : %.2f \n",a2); +Qr2=(1/(1+a2)); // Qr2=(Q2/QF2),from eq 19.15 +printf("\t Qr2 is : %.2f \n",Qr2); +Q21=(Qr2/Qr1)*(Qr); // Q21=(Q2/Q1) +printf("\t ratio of heats is : %.2f \n",Q21); +printf("\t Hence the radiant absorption will be increased only 22 per cent for an increase of 50 per cent in the heat liberated. \n"); +// end + diff --git a/1328/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce b/1328/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c7e195d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +printf("\t example 19.4 \n"); +eS=0.9; // assumed +TG=1500; +TS=650; +pCO2=0.1084; +pH2O=0.1248; +printf("\t approxiate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +L=(0.4*8.5)-(0.567*5); // table 19.1 +printf("\t L is : %.3f ft \n",L); +pH2OL=0.1248*L; +pCO2L=0.1084*L; +printf("\t pH2OL is : %.4f atm-ft \n",pH2OL); +printf("\t pCO2L is : %.4f atm-ft \n",pCO2L); +qH2O=1050; // at TG, from fig 19.12 ana 19.13 +qCO2=1700; // at TG, from fig 19.12 ana 19.13 +qTG=(qH2O+qCO2); +printf("\t qTG is : %.0f \n",qTG); +qsH2O=165; // at TS, from fig 19.12 ana 19.13 +qsCO2=160; // at TS, from fig 19.12 ana 19.13 +qTS=(qsH2O+qsCO2); +printf("\t qTG is : %.0f \n",qTS); +q=(0.9*(qTG-qTS)); // q=(QRC/A) +printf("\t q is : %.1f \n",q); +P=((pCO2)/(pCO2+pH2O)); +printf("\t percentage correction at P : %.3f \n",P); +Pt=pCO2L+pH2OL; +printf("\t Pt is : %.4f \n",Pt); +// %correction estimated to be 2% +q1=(q*0.98); // // q1=(QRC/A) +printf("\t q1 is : %.2e \n",q1); +hr=(q1/(TG-TS)); +printf("\t radiation coefficient is : %.2f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hr); +//end + + diff --git a/1328/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce b/1328/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf416bcf --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +printf("\t example 19.5 \n"); +Q=500000; +printf("\t approxiate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +a=(3.5+(3.14*4*(120/360)))/(2); // a=(alpha*Acp) from fig 19.17 +AR=(3+3.6+3); +printf("\t a is : %.2f ft^2/ft \n",a); +printf("\t AR is : %.1f ft^2/ft \n",AR); +// Arbitrarily neglecting end wa.lls and also .the side wall refractory over 3'0" above the floor +R=(AR/a); +printf("\t ratio of two areas is : %.2f \n",R); +eG=0.265; +TG=1174; // F +TS=500; // F +f=0.56; // from fig 19.15 as (AR/Acpt)=2.49 and eG=0.265 +q=15300; // at TG and TS,q=(Q/(a*f)) +// However, the convection coefficient is small, 1.0 ± Btu/(hr)(ft2)("F), and AR/a is not 2.0 as in the assumptions for the Lobo and Evans equation. +q1=(q)-(7*(TG-TS)); // q1=(Q/(a*f)) +printf("\t q1 is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",q1); +q2=(q1*f); // q2=(Q/(a)) +printf("\t q2 is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",q2); +printf("\t convection rate basis \n"); +q3=(1*(TG-TS)*(4.2/a)); // q2=(Q/(a)) +printf("\t q3 is : %.1e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",q3); // calculation mistake in book +qt=(q2+q3); // qt=(Q/(a)) +printf("\t qt is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",qt); +ar=(Q/qt); +printf("\t required a is : %.0f ft^2 \n",ar); +L=(ar/a); +printf("\t length required is : %.1f ft \n",L); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1328/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c134c4e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +printf("\t Example 2.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Tavg=900; // average temperature of the wall,F +k=0.15; // Thermal conductivity at 932 F,Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F/ft) +T1=1500; // hot side temperature,F +T2=300; // cold side temperature,F +A=192; // surface area,ft^2 +L=0.5; // thickness,ft +Q=(k)*(A)*(T1-T2)/L; // formula for heat,Btu/hr +printf("\t heat is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/1328/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca133d6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +printf("\t Example 2.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +La=8/12; // Thickness of firebrick wall,ft +Lb=4/12; // Thickness of insulating brick wall,ft +Lc=6/12; // Thickness of building brick wall,ft +Ka=0.68; // themal conductivity of firebrick,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +Kb=0.15; // themal conductivity of insulating brick,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +Kc=0.40; // themal conductivity of building brick,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +A=1; // surface area,ft^2 +Ta=1600; // temperature of inner wall,F +Tb=125; // temperature of outer wall.F +Ra=La/(Ka)*(A); // formula for resistance,(hr)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t resistance offered by firebrick : %.2f (hr)*(F)/Btu \n",Ra); +Rb=Lb/(Kb)*(A); // formula for resistance,(hr)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t resistance offered by insulating brick : %.2f (hr)*(F)/Btu \n",Rb); +Rc=Lc/(Kc)*(A); // formula for resistance,(hr)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t resistance offered by buildingbrick : %.2f (hr)*(F)/Btu \n",Rc); +R=Ra+Rb+Rc; // total resistance offered by three walls,(hr)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t total resistance offered by three walls : %.2f (hr)*(F)/Btu \n",R); +Q=(1600-125)/4.45; // using formula for heat loss/ft^2,Btu/hr +printf("\t heat loss/ft^2 : %.0f Btu/hr \n",Q); +// T1,T2 are temperatures at interface of firebrick and insulating brick, and insulating brick and building brick respectively,F +delta=(Q)*(Ra); // formula for temperature difference,F +printf("\t delta is : %.0f F \n",delta); +T1=Ta-((Q)*(Ra)); // temperature at interface of firebrick and insulating brick,F +printf("\t temperature at interface of firebrick and insulating brick :%.0f F \n",T1); +deltb=Q*(Rb); +printf("\t deltb is : %.0f F \n",deltb); +T2=T1-((Q)*(Rb)); //temperature at interface of insulating brick and building brick,F +printf("\t temperature at interface of insulating brick and building brick :%.0f F \n",T2); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/1328/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c05db8979 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +printf("\t example 2.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Lair=0.25/12; // thickness of air film,ft +Kair=0.0265; // thermal conductivity of air at 572F,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)(F/ft) +A=1; // surface area,ft^2 +Rair=Lair/(Kair*(A)); // resistance offered by air film, (hr)(F)/Btu +printf("\t resistance offered by air film %.2f (hr)(F)/Btu \n",Rair); +R=4.45; // resistance from previous example 2.2,(hr)(F)/Btu +Rt=(R)+Rair; // total resistance,(hr)(F)/Btu +printf("\t total resistance %.2f (hr)(F)/Btu \n",Rt); +Ta=1600; // temperature of inner wall,F +Tb=125; // temperature of outer wall,F +Q=(1600-125)/Rt; // heat loss, Btu/hr +printf("\t heat loss %.2f Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t It is seen that in a wall 18 in. thick a stagnant air gap only .25 in. thick reduces the heat loss by 15 percent \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1328/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0f4ef99e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +printf("\t example 2.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +k=0.63; // thermal conductivity of pipe, Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +Do=6; // in +Di=5; // in +Ti=200; // inner side temperature,F +To=175; // outer side temperature,F +q=(2*(3.14)*(k)*(Ti-To))/(2.3*log10(Do/Di)); // formula for heat flow,Btu/(hr)*(ft) +printf("\t heat flow is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft) \n",q); // caculation mistake in book +// end diff --git a/1328/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1328/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74052be15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +printf("\t example 2.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +t1=150; // assume temperature of outer surface of rockwool,F +ta=70; // temperature of surrounding air,F +ha=2.23; // surface coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +q=(3.14)*(300-70)/(((2.3/(2*0.033))*log10(3.375/2.375))+(1/((2.23)*(3.375/12)))); // using formula for heat loss,Btu/(hr)*(lin ft), calculation mistake +printf("\t heat loss for linear foot is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",q); +printf("\t Check between ts and t1, since delt/R = deltc/Rc \n"); +t1=300-(((104.8)*((2.3)*(log10(3.375/2.375))))/((2)*(3.14)*(.033))); // using eq 2.31,F +printf("\t t1 is : %.1f F \n",t1); +t1=125; // assume temperature of outer surface of rockwool,F +ha=2.10; // surface coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +q=((3.14)*(300-70))/(((2.3/(2*0.033))*log10(3.375/2.375))+(1/((2.10)*(3.375/12)))); // using formula for heat loss,Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) +printf("\t heat loss for linear foot is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",q); +printf("\t Check between ts and t1, since delt/R = deltc/Rc \n"); +t1=300-(((103)*((2.3)*(log10(3.375/2.375))))/((2)*(3.14)*(.033))); // using eq 2.31,F +printf("\t t1 is : %.1f F \n",t1); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9961be355 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +printf("\t example 20.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T=150; // F +L=0.6; // ft +N=7500; // rev/hr +row=62.5; // lb/ft^3 +mu=1.06; // at 150 F and from fig 14, lb/ft*hr +k=0.38; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Rej=(L^2)*(N)*(row)/(mu); +printf("\t Rej is : %.1e \n",Rej); +Z=1; // Z=(mu/muw)^(0.14), regarded as 1 for water +Dj=1.01; // ft, from table 11 +j=1100; // fig 20.2 +hi=((j)*(k/Dj)*((c*mu/k)^(1/3))*(Z)^(0.14)); +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +hoi=1500; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +Uc=((hi*hoi)/(hi+hoi)); // from eq 6.38 +printf("\t Uc is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.005; +hd=(1/Rd); +printf("\t hd is : %.0f \n",hd); +UD=((Uc*hd)/(Uc+hd)); +printf("\t UD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=3.43; // ft^2 +Q=32600; +delt=(Q/(UD*A)); +printf("\t temperature difference is : %.0f F \n",delt); +Ts=(T+delt); +printf("\t temperature of the steam : %.0f F \n",Ts); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08184b50d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +printf("\t example 20.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=150; // F +T2=220; // F +L=0.6; // ft +N=7500; // rev/hr +row=62.5; // lb/ft^3 +mu=1.06; // at 150 F and from fig 14, lb/ft*hr +k=0.38; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Rej=(L^2)*(N)*(row)/(mu); +printf("\t Rej is : %.1e \n",Rej); +Z=1; // Z=(mu/muw)^(0.14), regarded as 1 for water +Dj=1.01; // ft, from table 11 +j=1700; // fig 20.2 +hi=((j)*(k/Dj)*((c*mu/k)^(1/3))*(Z)^(0.14)); +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +hoi=1500; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +Uc=((hi*hoi)/(hi+hoi)); // from eq 6.38 +printf("\t Uc is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.005; +hd=(1/Rd); +printf("\t hd is : %.0f \n",hd); +UD=((Uc*hd)/(Uc+hd)); +printf("\t UD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Q=32600; +A=(Q/(UD*(T2-T1))); +printf("\t Area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",A); +a=0.1309; // ft^2/ft +a1=(3.14*0.8*a); +printf("\t area per turn is : %.3f ft^2 \n",a1); +n=(A/a1); +printf("\t number of turns : %.1f \n",n); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36aac87e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +printf("\t example 20.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=675; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=200; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=120; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=140; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=33100; // lb/hr +w=510000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for oil \n"); +c=0.64; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=230; +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side, oil \n"); +at=0.0458; // flow area, ft^2, table 11 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=5.56; // at 400F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.242; // ft, table 11 +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=100; // from fig.24 +Z=0.245; // Z=(k(c*mu/k)^(1/3)), Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft), fig 16 +hi=((jH)*(Z/D)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=2.9; // ft +OD=3.5; // ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +ho=150; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) +tw=(tc)+(((hio)/(hio+ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +tf=(tw+tc)/2; +printf("\t tf is : %.0f F \n",tf); +delt=110; // F +d0=3.5; // in, fig 10.4 +Uc=((ho*hio)/(ho+hio)); // from eq 6.38 +printf("\t Uc is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.01; +hd=(1/Rd); +printf("\t hd is : %.0f \n",hd); +UD=((Uc*hd)/(Uc+hd)); +printf("\t UD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=(Q/(UD*(LMTD))); +printf("\t Area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +a=0.917; // ft^2/ft, table 11 +L=(A/(a*24)); +printf("\t pipe length : %.0f \n",L); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9986bb99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +printf("\t example 20.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=450; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=150; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=3360; // lb/hr +w=11100; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for SO2 \n"); +c=0.165; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for SO2 is : %.3e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.3e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +R=20; +S=0.0412; +FT=0.98; // fig 18 +delt=(FT*LMTD); +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/(2); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/(2); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:inner tube side, SO2 \n"); +at=0.0512; // flow area, ft^2, table 11 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(W/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=0.041; // at 300F,lb/(ft)*(hr), fig 15 +D=0.256; // ft, table 11 +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Ret); +jH=790; // from fig.24 +Z=0.006831; // Z=(k(c*mu/k)^(1/3)), Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft) +hi=((jH)*(Z/D)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=3.068; // ft +OD=3.5; // ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t cold fluid water \n"); +L=8; // ft +G=(w/(2*L)); +printf("\t G : %.0f lb/(hr)*(ft) \n",G); +mu1=1.94; // at 92.5F, lb/(ft)*(hr) +Re=(4*G/mu1); +printf("\t Re is : %.2e \n",Re); +Do=0.292; // ft +ho=(65*(G/Do)^(1/3)); +printf("\t ho is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((ho*hio)/(ho+hio)); // from eq 6.38 +printf("\t Uc is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.01; +hd=(1/Rd); +printf("\t hd is : %.0f \n",hd); +UD=((Uc*hd)/(Uc+hd)); +printf("\t UD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=(Q/(UD*(LMTD))); +printf("\t Area is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); // calculation mistake in book +a=0.917; // ft^2/ft, table 11 +l=(A/(a*8)); +printf("\t pipe length : %.2f \n",l); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c44f9f35 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +printf("\t example 20.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Nt=25; // number of tubes +A=50; // total projected area +Tav=100; // F +s=28; // assumption spray, lb/(min)*(ft^2) +Do=0.0833; // ft +PH=0.1562; +Y=0.874; +Z=0.466; +E=(0.171*(Do*Y*Z)^0.1); // (E/(Do*Y*Z)^0.1)=0.171, from fig 20.10 +printf("\t evaporation percentage is : %.2f \n",E); +Q=(295*500*(143-130)); +printf("\t heat load is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +Q1=(Q*(1-0.12)); +printf("\t sensible heat is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); +t2=(90)+(Q1/(28*60*50)); +printf("\t final spray temperature is : %.0f F \n",t2); +w=(s*60*50); +printf("\t total spray : %.1e lb/hr \n",w); +m=(w/(2*4*12)); +printf("\t m is : %.0f lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",m); +mu=1.84; // lb/(ft)*(hr) +Z=((m^0.3)*Do*Y*Z/(mu*0.125)); +printf("\t Z is : %.2f \n",Z); +N=3; // assume 3 horizontal rows +ho=300*(N^0.05); // (ho/(N^0.05))=300, from fig 20.11 +printf("\t ho is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t tube side coefficient \n"); +printf("\t assuming even number of passes and tube side velocity about 8fps \n"); +at=0.0775; // ft^2 +Gt=(295*500/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t velocity is : %.2f fps \n",V); +hi=2140; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F), fig 25 +ID=0.87; // ft +OD=1; // ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((ho*hio)/(ho+hio)); // from eq 6.38 +printf("\t Uc is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +a=0.2618; // ft^2, table 11 +A1=(2*3*25*12*a); +printf("\t total surface is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A1); +T1=143; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=130; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=90; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=110; // outlet cold fluid,F +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); // calculation mistake in book +R=0.65; +S=0.377; +FT=0.97; // fig 18 +delt=(FT*LMTD); +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +UD=(Q/(A1*(delt))); +printf("\t UD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t The assumption of three horizontal rows is satisfactory, since a dirt factor of 0.004 was required \n"); +// end + + + diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..680b0a98a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +printf("\t example 20.6 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=200; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=100; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=50; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=100; // outlet cold fluid,F +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +V=((T1+T2-t1-t2)/(t2-t1))/(2); +printf("\t V is : %.1f \n",V); +u=120; +U=60; +F=((u*1)/(U*2)); +printf("\t F is : %.0f \n",F); +E=1.1; // In Fig.20.18b for R = 2.0and F = l.O,the abscissa and ordinate intersect at E =1.10. +Z=(E/V); +printf("\t Z is : %.3f \n",Z); +deltD=0.783*V; // deltD/V=0.783, from fig 20.17 +printf("\t deltD is : %.3f \n",deltD); +delt=(deltD*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t delt is : %.1f \n",delt); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7197becd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +printf("\t example 20.7 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=284; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=104; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=86; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=104; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=1000; // lb/hr +k=0.15; // thermal conductivity +L=10; +Beta=((2*k)/(500*(2/12))); // hoi=500Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) for water +printf("\t beta is : %.4f \n",Beta); +printf("\t for sand \n"); +C=0.2; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(C)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for sand is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q); +c=1; +w=(Q/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t w is : %.0e lb/hr \n",w); +R=((W*C)/(w*c)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((T2-T1)/(t1-T1)); +printf("\t S is : %.2f \n",S); +W1=(8.33*(k*L)/C); // ((W1*C)/(k*L))=8.33 from fig 20.20b for Beta=0 +printf("\t rate per tube is : %.1f lb/hr \n",W1); +N1=(W/W1); +printf("\t number of tubes : %.0f \n",N1); +printf("\t for air assume hoi=9 and Beta=0.2 \n"); +c1=0.25; +w1=(Q/(c1*(t2-t1))); +printf("\t w1 is : %.0e lb/hr \n",w1); +W2=(5.23*(k*L)/C); // ((W1*C)/(k*L))=5.23 from fig 20.20b for Beta=0.2 +printf("\t rate per tube is : %.0f lb/hr \n",W2); +N2=(W/W2); +printf("\t number of tubes : %.0f \n",N2); +// end + + + + + + + diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.8a/20_8a.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.8a/20_8a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c04df6e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.8a/20_8a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +printf("\t example 20.8a \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +L=3; // ft +B=2; // ft +h=18/12; // ft , height of water present in tank +printf("\t unsteady state \n"); +m=(L*B*h*62.5); +printf("\t Lb of water is : %.1f lb \n",m); +t1=50; +t2=150; +c=1; +Q=(m*c*(t2-t1))/(2*3412); // kwhr +printf("\t heat to be supplied : %.2f kwhr \n",Q); +printf("\t losses \n"); +Q1=(L*B*260)/(1000); // from fig 20.25c +printf("\t from surface of water : %.2f kwhr \n",Q1); +Q2=(5.5*((2*B*2)+(2*L*B))/(1000)); // from fig 20.25c +printf("\t from sides of vessel : %.2f kwhr \n",Q2); +printf("\t losses from bottom are negigible \n"); +Qt=(Q+Q1+Q2); +printf("\t total requirement : %.2f kwhr \n",Qt); +printf("\t steady state \n"); +m1=8; // gal/hr +Qs=(m1*8.33*c*(t2-t1))/(3412); // kwhr +printf("\t heat to be supplied : %.2f kwhr \n",Qs); +Qts=(Qs+Q1+Q2); +printf("\t total requirement : %.2f kwhr \n",Qts); +// end + diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.8b/20_8b.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.8b/20_8b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..595276f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.8b/20_8b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +printf("\t example 20.8b \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +m=100; // lb +t1=70; +t2=370; +L=4; +B=3; +n=4; // number of air changers +c1=0.12 +Q1=(m*c1*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t heat to steel charge : %.1e Btu \n",Q1); +c2=0.25 +Q2=(n*L*B*2*0.075*c2*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t heat to air : %.1e Btu \n",Q2); +printf("\t From Fig. 20.25a for 52ft^2 of oven outside·surface and a temperature rise of 300F the loss is 5kw for 1 in.thick insulations.For 2 in.thick insulation the loss is 2.5kw \n"); +Qt=((Q1+Q2)/(3412))+(2.5); +printf("\t total requirement : %.2f kw \n",Qt); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.8c/20_8c.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.8c/20_8c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e049b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.8c/20_8c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +printf("\t example 20.8c \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +m=270; // cfm +t1=70; +t2=120; +L=1.5; // ft +B=1.5; // ft +c=0.25 +row=0.075; // lb/ft^3 +Q=(m*row*60*c*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t heat : %.2e Btu \n",Q); +V=(m/(L*B*60)); // fps +printf("\t velocity is : %.0f fps \n",V); +printf("\t Refer to Fig.20.22a.The air is capable of removing 33watts/in which is the maximum dissipation which may be expected. Any group of heaters providing 5 kw which do not require a dissipation of more than 33 w/in. and which will fit into the duct will be satisfactory \n"); +printf("\t Thus in Table 20.3 elements of 350 watts with a total length each of 18 in. each are satisfactory \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH20/EX20.8d/20_8d.sce b/1328/CH20/EX20.8d/20_8d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faaf31509 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH20/EX20.8d/20_8d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +printf("\t example 20.8d \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +t1=70; +t2=300; +L=26; // in +B=12; // in +H=1; // in +c1=0.13 +// specific gravity of cast iron is 7.2 +printf("\t unsteady state \n"); +m=(L*B*H*62.5*7.2/1728); // lb +printf("\t weight of plate : %.0f lb \n",m); +Q1=(m*c1*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t heat : %.1e Btu \n",Q1); +printf("\t From Figure 20.25b for a black body the radiation is 1.5w/in^2.The radiation from the top is actually 110 per cent of this value, and from the bottom of the plate it is 55 per cent for an average of 82.5 per cent is taken \n"); +Q2=(2*26*12*1.5*0.825/1000); // ke +printf("\t radiation loss : %.1f kw \n",Q2); +Qt=((Q1)/(3412))+(Q2); +printf("\t total requirement : %.1f kw \n",Qt); +printf("\t staedy state \n"); +m2=70; +c2=0.22; +Qs=(m2*c2*(t2-t1)); +printf("\t heat : %.2e Btu \n",Qs); +Ql=0.8; // kw +Qts=((Qs)/(3412))+(Ql); +printf("\t total requirement : %.2f kw \n",Qts); +printf("\t The steady state is controlling.The requirements are satisfied, by four 24-in. strip heaters, but the sheath temperature must now be checked. Since the temperature drop per unit flux density is 14 to 19F, assume an average of 16.5°F. For clamp-on strips 24 in. long the watts per square inch deliverable are 16 \n"); +delt=(16*16.5); +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +printf("\t The sheath temperature is then 300 + 264 = 564°F, which is satisfactory for steel sheathed elements with a 750F maximum. \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/1328/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8d16b39e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +printf("\t example 4.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=1000+460; // R +T2=800+460; // R +Q=((0.173)*((14.6)^4-(12.6)^4)); // using eq.4.24,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t heat removed from colder wall per unit area is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Q); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/1328/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9f9666f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +printf("\t example 4.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=1000+460; // R +T2=800+460; // R +e1=0.6; // emissivity of hotter wall +e2=0.8; // emissivity of colder wall +Q=(((0.173)/((1/0.6)+(1/0.8)-1))*((14.6)^4-(12.6)^4)); // using eq.4.26,heat loss per unit area,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t heat removed from colder wall per unit area is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Q); +printf("\t For perfect black bodies the value was 3500 Btu/(hr)(ft^2) \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/1328/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f760d99a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +printf("\t example 4.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=125+460; // R +T2=70+460; // R +e=0.9; // emissivity,using table 4.1B +A=(%pi)*(3.375/12)*(1); // area,ft^2/lin ft +printf("\t area is : %.2f ft^2/lin ft \n",A); +Q=(0.9)*(0.88)*(0.173)*((T1/100)^4-(T2/100)^4); // heat loss using eq.4.32,Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) +printf("\t heat loss is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",Q); +hr=(Q)/((A)*(T1-T2)); // fictitious film coefficient,using eq 4.33,Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) +printf("\t fictitious film coefficient is : %.2f Btu/(hr)(ft^2)(F) \n",hr); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/1328/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e1fb6c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +printf("\t example 4.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=300+460; // R +T2=75+460; //R +A1=0.622; // area from table 11 in the appendix A,ft^2/lin ft +A2=4*(1*1); // surface area of duct,ft^2/lin ft +e1=0.79; // emissivity of oxidized steel from table 4.1 +e2=0.276; // emissivity of oxidized zinc from table 4.1 +printf("\t surface area of pipe is : %.3f ft^2/lin ft \n",A1); +printf("\t surface area of duct is : %.0f ft^2/lin ft \n",A2); +printf("\t The surface of the pipe is not negligible by comparison with that of the duct, and(f) of Table 4.2 applies most nearly \n"); +Fa=1; // from table 4.2 +Fe=((1)/((1/e1)+((A1/A2)*((1/e2)-1)))); // from table 4.2 +printf("\t Fe is : %.2f \n",Fe); +Q=(0.173*10^-8)*(Fa)*(Fe)*(A1)*((T1)^4-(T2)^4); // heat loss due to radiation,Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) +printf("\t heat loss due to radiation is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(lin ft) \n",Q); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad15d4da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +printf("\t example 5.1 \n"); +T1=300; // hot fluid inlet temperature,F +T2=200; // hot fluid outlet temperature,F +t1=100; // cold fluid inlet temperature,F +t2=150; // cold fluid outlet temperature,F +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t2; //F +delt2=T2-t1; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +printf("\t for parallel flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t1; // F +delt2=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb0a355fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +printf("\t example 5.2 \n"); +T1=300; // hot fluid inlet temperature,F +T2=200; // hot fluid outlet temperature,F +t1=150; // cold fluid inlet temperature,F +t2=200; // cold fluid outlet temperature,F +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t2; //F +delt2=T2-t1; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +printf("\t for parallel flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t1; // F +delt2=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +if(delt2==0); + printf("\t denominator becomes infinity so LMTD becomes Zero \n"); + printf("\t LMTD is Zero \n"); +else + LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); + end +//end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..892178e0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +printf("\t example 5.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=300; // hot fluid inlet temperature,F +T2=200; // hot fluid outlet temperature,F +t1=100; // cold fluid inlet temperature,F +t2=275; // cold fluid outlet temperature,F +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +deltc=T2-t1; //F +delth=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delth is : %.0f F \n",delth); +printf("\t deltc is : %.0f F \n",deltc); +LMTD=((delth-deltc)/((2.3)*(log10(delth/deltc)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c431850fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +printf("\t example 5.4 \n"); +printf("\t process is isothermal with hot fluid so temperature of hot fluid remains constant \n"); +T1=300; // hot fluid inlet temperature,F +T2=300; // hot fluid outlet temperature,F +t1=100; // cold fluid inlet temperature,F +t2=275; // cold fluid outlet temperature,F +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t2; //F +delt2=T2-t1; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +printf("\t for parallel flow \n"); +delt1=T1-t1; // F +delt2=T2-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +if(delt2==0); + printf("\t denominator becomes infinity so LMTD becomes Zero \n"); + printf("\t LMTD is Zero \n"); +else + LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); + end +printf("\t these are identical \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b0dcdd0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +printf("\t example 5.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t for inlet \n"); +t1=99.1; // temperature of inlet,F +t2=129.2; // temperature of outlet,F +c=.478; // Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft) +mu=2.95*2.42; // lb/(ft)(hr) +k=0.078; // Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft) +G=854000; // mass velocity,lb/(ft^2)(hr) +D=0.622/12; // diameter,ft +Re=((D)*((G)/(mu)))^(0.9); +printf("\t Re is : %.2e \n",Re); +Pr=((c)*(mu)/k)^(1/3); // prandtl number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.2f \n",Pr); +Nu=0.0115*(Re)*(Pr); // formula for nusselt number +printf("\t nusselt number is : %.0f \n",Nu); +hi=((k)*(Nu)/(D)); // heat transfer coefficient +printf("\t heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f \n",hi); // caculation mistake in book +printf("\t for outlet \n"); +c=.495; // Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft) +mu=2.20*2.42; // lb/(ft)(hr) +k=0.078; // Btu/(hr)*(ft)*(F/ft) +G=854000; // mass velocity,lb/(ft^2)(hr) +D=0.622/12; // diameter,ft +Re=((D)*((G)/(mu)))^(.9); // reynolds number raised to poer 0.9, calculation mistake in book +printf("\t Re is : %.2e \n",Re); +Pr=((c)*(mu)/k)^(1/3); // prandtl number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.2f \n",Pr); +Nu=0.0115*(Re)*(Pr); // formula for nusselt number +printf("\t nusselt number is : %.0f \n",Nu); +hi=((k)*(Nu)/(D)); // heat transfer coefficient +printf("\t heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f \n",hi); // caculation mistake in book +//end diff --git a/1328/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1328/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d008f66e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +printf("\t example 5.6 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=300; // hot fluid inlet temperature,F +T2=200; // hot fluid outlet temperature,F +t1=80; // cold fluid inlet temperature,F +t2=120; // cold fluid outlet temperature,F +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +delT=T1-T2; // temperature difference for crude oil,F +printf("\t temperature difference for crude oil is : %.0f F \n",delT); +Kc=0.68; // from fig.17 +delt=t2-t1; // temperature difference for gasoline,F +printf("\t temperature difference for gasoline is : %.0f F \n",delt); +Kc<=0.10; // from fig.17 +printf("\t The larger value of K. correspQnds to the controlling heat transfer coefficient which is assumed to establish the variation of U with temperature \n"); +deltc=T2-t1; //F +delth=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t deltc is : %.0f F \n",deltc); +printf("\t delth is : %.0f F \n",delth); +A=((deltc)/(delth)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",A); +Fc=0.425; // from fig.17 +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +// end + diff --git a/1328/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1328/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d43b8d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +printf("\t example 6.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=160; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=100; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=80; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +w=9820; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for benzene \n"); +tav=((t1+t2)/2); // F +printf("\t average temperature of benzene is : %.0f F \n",tav); +c=0.425; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for benzene is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for toulene \n"); +Tav=((T1+T2)/2); //F +printf("\t average temperature of toulene is : %.0f F \n",Tav); +c=0.44; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +W=((Q)/((c)*(T1-T2))); // lb/hr +printf("\t W is :%.2e lb/hr \n",W); +printf("\t 2.LMTD \n"); +printf("\t for counter current flow \n"); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +printf("\t 3.caloric temperatures \n"); +printf("\t both streams will show that neither is viscous at the cold terminal (the viscosities less than 1 centipoise) and the temperature ranges and temperature difference are moderate. The coefficients may accordingly be evaluated from properties at the arithmetic mean, and the value of (mu/muw)^0.14 may be assumed equal to 1.0 \n"); +tav=((t1+t2)/2); // F +printf("\t average temperature of benzene is : %.0f F \n",tav); +Tav=((T1+T2)/2); //F +printf("\t average temperature of toulene is : %.0f F \n",Tav); +printf("\t hot fluid:annulus,toulene \n"); +D1=0.138; // ft +D2=0.1725; // ft +aa=((%pi)*(D2^2-D1^2)/4); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.5f ft^2 \n",aa); +De=(D2^2-D1^2)/D1; // equiv diameter,ft +printf("\t equiv diameter is : %.4f ft \n",De); +Ga=(W/aa); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Ga); +mu1=0.41*2.42; // at 130 F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Rea=((De)*(Ga)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Rea); +jH=167; // from fig.24 +c=0.44; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 130F +k=0.085; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)*(1^0.14)); // using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner pipe,benzene \n"); +D=0.115; // ft +ap=((%pi)*(D^2)/4); // flow area, ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",ap); +Gp=(w/ap); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gp); +mu2=0.5*2.42; // at 130 F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Rep=((D)*(Gp)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Rep); +jH=236; // from fig.24 +c=0.425; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 130F +k=0.091; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu2)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +hi=((jH)*(k/D)*(Pr)*(1^0.14)); // using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=1.38; // ft +OD=1.66; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.002; // required by problem,(hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +UD=((Uc)/((1)+(Uc*Rd))); // design overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=((Q)/((UD)*(LMTD))); // required surface,ft^2 +printf("\t required surface is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A); +A1=0.435; // From Table 11 for 1(1/4)in IPS standard pipe there are 0.435 ft2 of external surface per foot length,ft^2 +L=(A/A1); // required length;lin ft +printf("\t required length is : %.0f lin ft \n",L); +printf("\t This may be fulfilled by connecting three 20-ft hairpins in series \n"); +A2=120*0.435; // actual surface supplied,ft^2 +printf("\t actual surface supplied is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=(D2-D1); //ft +printf("\t De1 is : %.4f ft \n",De1); +Rea1=((De1)*(Ga)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Rea1); +f=(0.0035)+((0.264)/(Rea1^0.42)); // friction factor, using eq.3.47b +printf("\t friction factor is : %.4f \n",f); +s=0.87; +row=62.5*0.87; // from table 6 +delFa=((4*f*(Ga^2)*L)/(2*4.18*(10^8)*(row^2)*(De1))); // ft +printf("\t delFa is : %.1f ft \n",delFa); +V=((Ga)/(3600*row)); //fps +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +Fl=((3*(V^2))/(2*32.2)); //ft +printf("\t Fl is : %.1f ft \n",Fl); +delPa=((delFa+Fl)*(row)/144); // psi +printf("\t delPa is : %.1f psi \n",delPa); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=(0.0035)+((0.264)/(Rep^0.42)); // friction factor, using eq.3.47b +printf("\t friction factor is : %.4f \n",f); +s=0.88; +row=62.5*0.88; // from table 6 +delFp=((4*f*(Gp^2)*L)/(2*4.18*(10^8)*(row^2)*(D))); // ft +printf("\t delFp is : %.1f ft \n",delFp); +delPp=((delFp)*(row)/144); // psi +printf("\t delPp is : %.1f psi \n",delPp); +printf("\t allowable delPp is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/1328/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a46a354d --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +printf("\t example 6.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=300; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=200; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=190; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=220; // outlet cold fluid,F +n=6; // number of parallel streams +P=((T2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t P is : %.3f \n",P); +R=((T1-T2)/((n)*(t2-t1))); +printf("\t R is : %.3f \n",R); +gama=((1-P)/((2.3)*((n*R)/(R-1))*log10(((R-1)/R)*(1/P)^(1/n)+(1/R)))); // using eq.6.35a +printf("\t gama is : %.3f \n",gama); +delt=(gama*(T1-t1)); // true temperature difference,F +printf("\ true temperature difference is : %.1f F \n",delt); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1328/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdc6bb37a --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +printf("\t example 6.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=450; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=350; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=300; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=310; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=6900; // lb/hr +w=72500; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for lube oil \n"); +c=0.62; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for lube oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for crude oil \n"); +c=0.585; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q1=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for crude oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); // calculation mistake in book +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +A=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",A); +Fc=0.395; // from fig.17 +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.1f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:annulus,lube oil \n"); +D1=0.199; // ft +D2=0.256; // ft +aa=((%pi)*(D2^2-D1^2)/4); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",aa); +De=(D2^2-D1^2)/D1; // equiv diameter,ft +printf("\t equiv diameter is : %.2f ft \n",De); +Ga=(W/aa); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Ga); +mu1=3*2.42; // at 389.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +Rea=((De)*(Ga)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.0e \n",Rea); +jH=20.5; // from fig.24 +c=0.615; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 130F +k=0.067; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +Ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner pipe,crude oil \n"); +D=0.172; // ft +ap=((%pi)*(D^2)/4); // flow area, ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",ap); +Gp=(w/(2*ap)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gp); +mu2=0.83*2.42; // at 304 F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Rep=((D)*(Gp)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Rep); +jH=320; // from fig.24 +c=0.585; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 304F,from fig.4 +k=0.073; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from fig.1 +Pr=((c)*(mu2)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +Hi=((jH)*(k/D)*(Pr)*(1^0.14)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=2.067; // ft +OD=2.38; //ft +Hio=((Hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +muw=0.77*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phyp=(mu2/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phyp is : %.0f \n",phyp); // from fig.24 +hio=(Hio)*(1); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hio to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +tw=(tc)+(((Ho)/(Hio+Ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +muw=6.6*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phya=(mu1/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phya is : %.1f \n",phya); // from fig.24 +ho=(Ho)*(phya); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +Rd=0.006; // required by problem,(hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +UD=((Uc)/((1)+(Uc*Rd))); // design overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +A=((Q)/((UD)*(LMTD))); // required surface,ft^2 +printf("\t required surface is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +A1=0.622; // From Table 11,ft^2 +Lr=(A/A1); // required length;lin ft +printf("\t required length is : %.0f lin ft \n",Lr); +printf("\t Since two parallel streams are employed, use eight 20 ft hairpins or 320 lin. feet \n"); +L=320; +A2=320*0.622; // actual surface supplied,ft^2 +printf("\t actual surface supplied is : %.1f ft^2 \n",A2); +UD=((Q)/((A2)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=.058; //ft +printf("\t De1 is : %.3f ft \n",De1); +Rea1=((De1)*(Ga)/7.25); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Rea1); +f=(0.0035)+((0.264)/(2680^0.42)); // friction factor, using eq.3.47b +printf("\t friction factor is : %.4f \n",f); +s=0.775; +row=62.5*0.775; // from fig 6 +delFa=((4*f*(Ga^2)*L)/(2*4.18*(10^8)*(row^2)*(De1))); // ft +printf("\t delFa is : %.1f ft \n",delFa); +V=((Ga)/(3600*row)); //fps +printf("\t V is : %.1f fps \n",V); +delFl=((8*(V^2))/(2*32.2)); //ft +printf("\t delFl is : %.2f ft \n",delFl); +delPa=((delFa+delFl)*(row)/144); // psi +printf("\t delPa is : %.1f psi \n",delPa); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=(0.0035)+((0.264)/(Rep^0.42)); // friction factor, using eq.3.47b +printf("\t friction factor is : %.5f \n",f); +s=0.76; +row=62.5*0.76; // from table 6 +Lp=160; +delFp=((4*f*(Gp^2)*Lp)/(2*4.18*(10^8)*(row^2)*(D))); // ft +printf("\t delFp is : %.1f ft \n",delFp); +delPp=((delFp)*(row)/144); // psi +printf("\t delPp is : %.1f psi \n",delPp); +printf("\t allowable delPp is 10 psi \n"); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54b1aebd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +printf("\t example 7.1 \n"); +PT=1; // square pitch,in +do=0.75; // outer diameter,in +de=((4*(PT^2-(3.14*do^2/4)))/(3.14*do)); +printf("\t equivalent diameter is : %.2f in \n",de); +De=(de/12); // ft +printf("\t De is : %.3f in \n",De); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9fe79bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +printf("\t example 7.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +printf("\t considering 50F approach \n"); +T1=350; //F +T2=250; //F +t2=T2-50; // formula for approach,f +printf("\t t2 is : %.0f F \n",t2); +printf("\t fluids are with equal ranges,so \n"); +t1=t2-(T1-T2); // F +printf("\t t1 is : %.0f F \n",t1); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.2f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.925 \n"); // from fig 18 +printf("\t considering 0F approach \n"); +T1=300; //F +T2=200; //F +t2=T2-0; // formula for approach,f +printf("\t t2 is : %.0f F \n",t2); +printf("\t fluids are with equal ranges,so \n"); +t1=t2-(T1-T2); // F +printf("\t t1 is : %.0f F \n",t1); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.2f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.80 \n"); // from fig 18 +printf("\t considering 20F cross \n"); +T1=280; //F +T2=180; //F +t2=T2+20; // formula for approach,f +printf("\t t2 is : %.0f F \n",t2); +printf("\t fluids are with equal ranges,so \n"); +t1=t2-(T1-T2); // F +printf("\t t1 is : %.0f F \n",t1); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.64 \n"); // from fig 18 +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c5e7dc86 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +printf("\t example 7.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=390; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=200; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=100; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=170; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=43800; // lb/hr +w=149000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for kerosene \n"); +c=0.605; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q1=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for kerosene is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q1); // calculation mistake in problem +printf("\t for crude oil \n"); +c=0.49; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for mid continent crude is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q); // calculation mistake in problem +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.905 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.905*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.0f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",X); +Fc=0.42; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.20; // crude oil controlling +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,kerosene \n"); +ID=21.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=5; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.40*2.42; // at 280F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.99/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=93; // from fig.28 +c=0.59; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 280F,from fig.4 +k=0.0765; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from fig.1 +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +Ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,crude oil \n"); +D=0.0675; // ft +Nt=158; +n=4; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.515; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=3.6*2.42; // at 129F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=31; // from fig.24 +c=0.49; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 304F,from fig.4 +k=0.077; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from fig.1 +Pr=((c)*(mu2)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +Hi=((jH)*(k/D)*(Pr)*(1^0.14)); //Hi=(hi/phyp),using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t Hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hi); +ID=0.81; // ft +OD=1; //ft +Hio=((Hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct Hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Hio); +muw=1.5*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phyt=(mu2/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phyt is : %.2f \n",phyt); // from fig.24 +hio=(Hio)*(phyt); // from eq.6.37 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +tw=(tc)+(((Ho)/(Hio+Ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +muw=0.56*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phys=(mu1/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phys is : %.2f \n",phys); // from fig.24 +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.5f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.00175; // friction factor for reynolds number 25300, using fig.29 +s=0.73; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +Ds=21.25/12; // ft +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPa is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000285; // friction factor for reynolds number 8220, using fig.26 +s=0.83; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.15; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046cd5410 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +printf("\t example 7.4 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=93; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=85; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=75; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=80; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=175000; // lb/hr +w=280000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for distilled water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for distilled water is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for raw water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for raw water is : %.1e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.945 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.945*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.2f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",X); +Fc=0.42; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.20; // crude oil controlling +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/2; // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,distilled water \n"); +ID=15.25; // in +C=0.1875; // clearance +B=12; // baffle spacing,in +PT=0.9375; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2,using eq.7.1 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2),using eq.7.2 +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.81*2.42; // at 89F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.55/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=73; // from fig.28 +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 89F,from fig.table 4 +k=0.36; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)); // using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.2e Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,raw water \n"); +Nt=160; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.334; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.3e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is %.1f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.92*2.42; // at 77.5F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=0.65/12; //ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=1350*0.99; //using fig.25,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +ID=0.65; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +printf("\t ·when both. film coefficients are high the thermal resistance of the tube metal is not necessarily insignificant as assumed in the derivation of Eq. (6.38). For a steel 1.8 BWG tube Rm= 0.00017 and for copper Rm= 0.000017 \n"); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0019; // friction factor for reynolds number 16200, using fig.29 +s=1; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +Ds=15.25/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00019; // friction factor for reynolds number 36400, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +D=0.054; // ft +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.33; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5d3b4c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +printf("\t example 7.5 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=175; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=150; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +delt1=T2-t1; //F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +U=15; // assumption,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +theta=8000; // operating hours,hr +CW=(0.01/8300); // water cost,$/lb +printf("\t For annual charges assume 20 per cent repair and maintenanc.e and 10 per cent depreciation \n"); +CF=(0.3*4); // annual fixed charges/ft^2 +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +X=((U)*(theta)*(CW)/(CF*c)); +printf("\t X is : %.4f \n",X); +Y=((T1-T2)/delt1); +printf("\t Y is : %.2f \n",Y); +A=0.96; // A=(delt2/delt1), from fig 7.24 +delt2=0.96*delt1; +printf("\t delt2 is : %.1f F \n",delt2); +t2=T1-delt2; // F +printf("\t t2 is : %.1f F \n",t2); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b79c9742 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +printf("\t example 7.6 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=150; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=90; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=68; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=90; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=20160; // lb/hr +w=41600; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for solution \n"); +c=(0.3*0.19)+(0.7*1); // Btu/(lb)*(F), bcoz of 30 percent of solution +Q1=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for solution is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.81 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.81*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/2; // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.1f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,phosphate solution \n"); +ID=10.02; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=2; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2,using eq.7.1 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2),using eq.7.2 +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.20*2.42; // at 120F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.95/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.3e \n",Res); +jH=71; // from fig.28 +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 120F,from fig.table 4 +k=0.33; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((0.757)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)); // using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,raw water \n"); +Nt=52; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); +printf("\t V is %.1f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.91*2.42; // at 79F,lb/(ft)*(hr),from table 14 +D=(0.62/12); // from table 10 +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=800*1; //using fig.25,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.5f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.0019; // friction factor for reynolds number 15750, using fig.29 +s=1.3; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +Ds=10.02/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00023; // friction factor for reynolds number 17900, using fig.26 +s=1; +phyt=1; +D=0.0517; // ft +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.08; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56c20bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +printf("\t example 7.7 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +U=50; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +TP=328; // F +TE=228; // F +CP=(0.30/(888.8*1000)); +CE=(0.05/(960*1000)); +CF=1.20; +theta=8000; // annual hours +X=((CF*(TP-TE))/((CP-CE)*U*theta)); // from eq 7.53 +printf("\t X is : %.9f \n",X); +a=(1); // coefficient of t^2 +b=(-556); // coefficient of t +c=(74784-X); // constant +printf("\t coefficient of t^2 is : %.2f \n",a); +printf("\t coefficient of t is : %.2f \n",b); +printf("\t constant term is : %.9f \n",c); +P=poly([c b a], 't','c'); +t=roots(P); +printf("\t t is :%.0f \n",t); +printf("\t t cannot be greater than 328F \n \t t is 218F \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1475bda9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +printf("\t example 7.8 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=228; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=228; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=100; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=122; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=200000; // lb/hr +w=3950; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for solution \n"); +c=(0.2*0.30)+(0.8*1); // bcoz of 20 percent solution,Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q1=((W)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for solution is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); +printf("\t for steam \n"); +l=960.1; // latent heat of condensation,Btu/(lb) +Q=((w)*(l)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for steam is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +delt=(LMTD); // when R=0,F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +printf("\t The steam coefficient will be very great compared with that for the sugar solution, and the tube wall will be considerably nearer 228°F than the caloric temperature of the fluid. Obtain Fc from U1 and U0 Failure to correct for wall effects, however, will keep the heater calculation on the safe side.\n"); +ta=111; //F +Ta=228; //f +printf("\t hot fluid:tube side,steam \n"); +Nt=76; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2elb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=0.0128*2.42; // at 228F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.62/12); // from table 10,ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hio=1500; // for condensation of steam +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +printf("\t cold fluid:shell side,sugar solution \n"); +ID=12; // in +d=0.75/12; // diameter of tube,ft +Nt=76; // number of tubes +as=((3.14*(12^2)/4)-(76*3.14*(0.75^2)/4))/144; // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.30*2.42; // at 111F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=((4*as)/(Nt*3.14*d)); // from eq.6.3,ft +printf("\t De is : %.3f ft \n",De); +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=61.5; // from fig.24, tube side data +c=0.86; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 111F,from fig.4 +k=0.333; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft) +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.0f \n",Pr); +Ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)); // H0=(h0/phya),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +muw=0.51*2.42; // at 210F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phys=(mu1/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phys is : %.2f \n",phys); // from fig.24 +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +tw=(ta)+(((hio)/(hio+Ho))*(Ta-ta)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(LMTD))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000155; // friction factor for reynolds number 82500, using fig.26 +s=0.0008; +phyt=1; +D=0.0517; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(2))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt)))/2; // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +De1=((4*as)/((Nt*3.14*d)+(3.14*1))); // from eq.6.4,ft +printf("\t De1 is : %.3f ft \n",De1); +Res1=(De1*Gs/mu1); // from eq 7.3 +printf("\t Res1 is : %.2e \n",Res1); +f=0.00025; // friction factor, using fig.26 +s=1.08; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(L)*(1))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De1)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.2f psi \n",delPs); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce b/1328/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915e8f1ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +printf("\t example 7.9 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=390; // F +t1=100; // F +U=69.3; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +A=662; // ft^2 +W=43800; // lb/hr +w=149000; // lb/hr +C=0.60; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +c=0.49; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +X=((U*A)/(w*c)); +printf("\t X is : %.2f \n",X); +R=((w*c)/(W*C)); +printf("\t R is : %.2f \n",R); +S=0.265; // from fig 7.25, by comparing X an R +t2=(t1)+((0.265)*(T1-t1)); // S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)) +printf("\t t2 is : %.0f F \n",t2); +T2=((T1)-((R)*(t2-t1))); // R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)) +printf("\t T2 is : %.0f F \n",T2); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1328/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c90bd47e --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +printf("\t example 8.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=358; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=100; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=90; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=120; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=49600; // lb/hr +w=233000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for oil \n"); +c=0.545; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for oil is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.0f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.93 \n"); // from fig 19 for 2-4 exchanger +delt=(0.93*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +X=((delt1)/(delt2)); +printf("\t ratio of two local temperature difference is : %.3f \n",X); +Fc=0.25; // from fig.17 +Kc=0.47; // crude oil controlling +Tc=((T2)+((Fc)*(T1-T2))); // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+((Fc)*(t2-t1))); // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,oil \n"); +ID=35; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=7; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1.25; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT))/2; // flow area,ft^2,from eq 7.1 +printf("\t flow area is : %.2f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2),from eq 7.2 +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=1.12*2.42; // at 165F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.99/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.1e \n",Res); +jH=52.5; // from fig.28 +Z=0.2; // Z=(k)*(Pr*(1/3)) prandelt number +Ho=((jH)*(1/De)*(Z)); // H0=(h0/phys),using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=454; +n=6; // number of passes +L=12; //ft +at1=0.455; // flow area, in^2 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); // fps +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.73*2.42; // at 98F,lb/(ft)*(hr),from fig 14 +D=(0.76/12); // ft,from table 10 +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=1010*0.96; // using fig 25,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.76; // ft +OD=1; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +tw=(tc)+(((Ho)/(hio+Ho))*(Tc-tc)); // from eq.5.31 +printf("\t tw is : %.0f F \n",tw); +muw=1.95*2.42; // lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +phys=(mu1/muw)^0.14; +printf("\t phys is : %.2f \n",phys); // from fig.24 +ho=(Ho)*(phys); // from eq.6.36 +printf("\t Correct h0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.2618; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +Q=6980000; // taking rounded value,Btu/hr +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.00215; // friction factor for reynolds number 8900, using fig.29 +s=0.82; // for reynolds number 25300,using fig.6 +Ds=35/12; // ft +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(2*N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.0f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000195; // friction factor for reynolds number 34900, using fig.26 +s=1; +D=0.0633; //ft +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.13; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1328/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..542173a86 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +printf("\t example 8.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=250; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=100; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=90; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=150; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=60000; // lb/hr +w=168000; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for acetone \n"); +c=0.57; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for acetone is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); // calculation mistake in problem +printf("\t for acetic acid \n"); +c=0.51; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q1=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for acetic acid is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q1); // calculation mistake in problem +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.1f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.3f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.88 \n"); // from fig 20,for 3-6 exchanger +delt=(0.88*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/2; // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,acetone \n"); +ID=21.25; // in +C=0.25; // clearance +B=5; // baffle spacing,in +PT=1; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.20*2.42; // at 175F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.14 +De=0.95/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +phys=1; +jH=137; // from fig.28 +c=0.63; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 175F,from fig.2 +k=0.095; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +Pr=((c)*(mu1)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Pr)*1); // using eq.6.15b,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,acetic acid \n"); +Nt=270; +n=2; // number of passes +L=16; //ft +at1=0.268; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.1e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +mu2=0.85*2.42; // at 120F,lb/(ft)*(hr) +D=(0.584/12); // ft +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +jH=56; // from fig.24 +c=0.51; // Btu/(lb)*(F),at 120F,from fig.2 +k=0.098; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft), from table 4 +phyt=1; +Pr=((c)*(mu2)/k)^(1/3); // prandelt number raised to power 1/3 +printf("\t Pr is : %.3f \n",Pr); +hi=((jH)*(k/D)*(Pr)*(1^0.14)); // using eq.6.15a,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.584; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); //Hio=(hio/phyp), using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=3*(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.2e ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.4f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.00155; // friction factor for reynolds number 52200, using fig.29 +s=0.79; // for reynolds number 25300,using table.6 +Ds=21.25/12; // ft +N=(12*L/B)+1; // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(3*N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.1f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 10 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.00024; // friction factor for reynolds number 158000, using fig.26 +s=1.07; +D=0.0487; // ft +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n*3))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.063; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=(3)*((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/1328/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0055f724 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +printf("\t example 9.1 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +T1=245; // inlet hot fluid,F +T2=95; // outlet hot fluid,F +t1=85; // inlet cold fluid,F +t2=95; // outlet cold fluid,F +W=9872; // lb/hr +w=78500; // lb/hr +printf("\t 1.for heat balance \n"); +printf("\t for ammonia gas \n"); +c=0.53; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((W)*(c)*(T1-T2)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for ammonia gas is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Q); +printf("\t for water \n"); +c=1; // Btu/(lb)*(F) +Q=((w)*(c)*(t2-t1)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t total heat required for water is : %.2f Btu/hr \n",Q); +delt1=T2-t1; //F +delt2=T1-t2; // F +printf("\t delt1 is : %.0f F \n",delt1); +printf("\t delt2 is : %.0f F \n",delt2); +LMTD=((delt2-delt1)/((2.3)*(log10(delt2/delt1)))); +printf("\t LMTD is :%.1f F \n",LMTD); +R=((T1-T2)/(t2-t1)); +printf("\t R is : %.0f \n",R); +S=((t2-t1)/(T1-t1)); +printf("\t S is : %.4f \n",S); +printf("\t FT is 0.837 \n"); // from fig 18 +delt=(0.837*LMTD); // F +printf("\t delt is : %.1f F \n",delt); +Tc=((T2)+(T1))/2; // caloric temperature of hot fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of hot fluid is : %.0f F \n",Tc); +tc=((t1)+(t2))/2; // caloric temperature of cold fluid,F +printf("\t caloric temperature of cold fluid is : %.0f F \n",tc); +printf("\t hot fluid:shell side,ammonia at 83psia \n"); +ID=23.25; // in +C=0.1875; // clearance +B=12; // baffle spacing,in +PT=0.937; +as=((ID*C*B)/(144*PT)); // flow area,ft^2,from eq 7.1 +printf("\t flow area is : %.3f ft^2 \n",as); +Gs=(W/as); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2),from eq 7.2 +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gs); +mu1=0.012*2.42; // at 170F,lb/(ft)*(hr), from fig.15 +De=0.55/12; // from fig.28,ft +Res=((De)*(Gs)/mu1); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Res); +jH=118; // from fig.28 +k=0.017; // Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F/ft),from table 5 +Z=0.97; // Z=(Pr*(1/3)) prandelt number +ho=((jH)*(k/De)*(Z)*1); // using eq.6.15,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t individual heat transfer coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",ho); +printf("\t cold fluid:inner tube side,water \n"); +Nt=364; +n=8; // number of passes +L=8; //ft +at1=0.302; // flow area, in^2,from table 10 +at=((Nt*at1)/(144*n)); // total area,ft^2,from eq.7.48 +printf("\t flow area is : %.4f ft^2 \n",at); +Gt=(w/(at)); // mass velocity,lb/(hr)*(ft^2) +printf("\t mass velocity is : %.2e lb/(hr)*(ft^2) \n",Gt); +V=(Gt/(3600*62.5)); // fps +printf("\t V is : %.2f fps \n",V); +mu2=0.82*2.42; // at 90F,lb/(ft)*(hr),from fig 14 +D=(0.62/12); // ft,from table 10 +Ret=((D)*(Gt)/mu2); // reynolds number +printf("\t reynolds number is : %.2e \n",Ret); +hi=900; // using fig 25,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t hi is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hi); +ID=0.62; // ft +OD=0.75; //ft +hio=((hi)*(ID/OD)); // using eq.6.5 +printf("\t Correct hi0 to the surface at the OD is : %.0f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",hio); +Uc=((hio)*(ho)/(hio+ho)); // clean overall coefficient,Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) +printf("\t clean overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",Uc); +A2=0.1963; // actual surface supplied for each tube,ft^2,from table 10 +A=(Nt*L*A2); // ft^2 +printf("\t total surface area is : %.0f ft^2 \n",A); +UD=((Q)/((A)*(delt))); +printf("\t actual design overall coefficient is : %.1f Btu/(hr)*(ft^2)*(F) \n",UD); +Rd=((Uc-UD)/((UD)*(Uc))); // (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu +printf("\t actual Rd is : %.3f (hr)*(ft^2)*(F)/Btu \n",Rd); +printf("\t pressure drop for annulus \n"); +f=0.00162; // friction factor for reynolds number 40200, using fig.29 +Ds=23.25/12; // ft +phys=1; +N=(12*L/B); // number of crosses,using eq.7.43 +printf("\t number of crosses are : %.0f \n",N); +rowgas=0.209; +printf("\t rowgas is %.3f lb/ft^3 \n",rowgas); +s=rowgas/62.5; +printf("\t s is %.5f \n",s); +delPs=((f*(Gs^2)*(Ds)*(N))/(5.22*(10^10)*(De)*(s)*(phys))); // using eq.7.44,psi +printf("\t delPs is : %.0f psi \n",delPs); +printf("\t allowable delPs is 2 psi \n"); +printf("\t pressure drop for inner pipe \n"); +f=0.000225; // friction factor for reynolds number 21400, using fig.26 +s=1; +D=0.0517; //ft +phyt=1; +delPt=((f*(Gt^2)*(L)*(n))/(5.22*(10^10)*(D)*(s)*(phyt))); // using eq.7.45,psi +printf("\t delPt is : %.1f psi \n",delPt); +X1=0.090; // X1=((V^2)/(2*g)), for Gt 1060000,using fig.27 +delPr=((4*n*X1)/(s)); // using eq.7.46,psi +printf("\t delPr is : %.1f psi \n",delPr); +delPT=delPt+delPr; // using eq.7.47,psi +printf("\t delPT is : %.1f psi \n",delPT); +printf("\t allowable delPT is 10 psi \n"); +//end diff --git a/1328/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/1328/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51ce9a0db --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +printf("\t example 9.2 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +V1=4670; // inlet air volume,cfm +Pp=0.8153; // Saturation partial pressure of water at 95F,psi,from table 7 +Ps=404.3;// Saturation specific volume of water at 95F,ft^3/lb, from table 7 +printf("\t The air and water both occupy the same volume at their respective partial pressures \n"); +Vw1=(V1*60/Ps); // water entering per hr,lb +printf("\t volume of water entering is : %.0f lb \n",Vw1); +printf("\t for first stage \n"); +c=2.33; // compression ratio +P1=14.7; // psi +P2=(P1*c); // (c=(P2/P1)),psi +printf("\t P2 is : %.1f psi \n",P2); +gama=1.4; // for air +T1abs=95; // F +T2absr=((T1abs+460)*(P2/P1)^((gama-1)/gama)); +printf("\t T2absr is : %.0f R \n",T2absr); +T2abs=(T2absr-459.67); // F +printf("\t T2abs is : %.0f F \n",T2abs); +printf("\t for intercooler \n"); +V2=(V1*60*P1/P2); // ft^3/hr +printf("\t final gas volume is : %.1e ft^3/hr \n",V2); +Vw2=(V2/Ps); // water remaining in air, lb/hr +printf("\t water remaining in air is : %.0f lb/hr \n",Vw2); +C=(Vw1-Vw2); // condensation in inter cooler, lb/hr +printf("\t condensation in inter cooler is : %.0f lb/hr \n",C); +Vs=14.8; // Specific volume of atmospheric air,ft^3/lb +printf("\t Specific volume of atmospheric air is : %.1f ft^3/lb \n",Vs); +Va=(V1*60/Vs); // air in inlet gas, lb/hr +printf("\t air in inlet gas is : %.2e lb/hr\n",Va); +printf("\t heat load(245 to 95F) \n)"); +printf("\t sensible heat \n"); +Qair=((Va)*(0.25)*(245-T1abs)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t Qair is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qair); +Qwaters=(Vw1*0.45*(245-T1abs)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t Qwaters is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qwaters); +printf("\t latent heat \n"); +l=1040.1; // latent heat +Qwaterl=(C*l); // Btu/hr +printf("\t Qwater1 is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qwaterl); +Qt1=Qair+Qwaters+Qwaterl; +printf("\t total heat is : %.3e Btu/hr \n",Qt1); +printf("\t for second stage \n"); +c=2.33; // compression ratio +P3=(P2*c); // (c=(P3/P1)),psi +printf("\t P3 is : %.1f psi \n",P3); +V3=(V1*60*P1/P3); // ft^3/hr +printf("\t final gas volume is : %.2e ft^3/hr \n",V3); +Vw3=(V3/Ps); // water remaining in air, lb/hr +printf("\t water remaining in air is : %.1f lb/hr \n",Vw3); +C1=(297-Vw3); // condensation in inter cooler, lb/hr +printf("\t condensation in inter cooler is : %.1f lb/hr \n",C1); +printf("\t heat load(245 to 95F) \n)"); +printf("\t sensible heat \n"); +Qair=(Va*0.25*(245-T1abs)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t Qair is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qair); +Qwaters=(Vw2*0.44*(245-T1abs)); // Btu/hr +printf("\t Qwater is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qwaters); +printf("\t latent heat \n"); +l=1040.1; // latent heat +Qwaterl=(C1*l); // Btu/hr, calculation mistake in book +printf("\t Qwater is : %.2e Btu/hr \n",Qwaterl); +Qt1=Qair+Qwaters+Qwaterl; +printf("\t total heat is : %.3e Btu/hr \n",Qt1); +// end diff --git a/1328/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/1328/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb0c061e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1328/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +printf("\t example 9.3 \n"); +printf("\t approximate values are mentioned in the book \n"); +Va=18900; // air in inlet gas +Vw1=692; // water entering +Ma=(Va/29); // moles +Mw=(Vw1/18); // moles +M=(Ma+Mw); // moles +printf("\t total number of moles re : %.1f \n",M); +printf("\t Moles of air is : %.0f \n",Ma); +printf("\t Moles of water is : %.1f \n",Mw); +printf("\t after compression \n"); +P=34.2; // pressure,psi +pw=(Mw/M)*(P); // partial pressure +printf("\t partial pressure is :%.1f psi \n",pw); +Td=124; // F, table table 7 +printf("\t dew point is : %.0f F \n",Td); +// end diff --git a/1409/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/1409/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6f78b5f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +//Page no:1-21 +//Example-1.1 +//Given bandwidth of each message is 4kHz, number of quantum levels are 256 and pulse allocation width of 0.625 micro sec +//Let no of quantum levels be Q +//Number of pulses used in one group is denoted by P +Q=256; +P=log2(Q); +//Let time for each pulse group be T +//Let pulse duration is denoted by d +d=0.625; +T=d*P; +//Let sampling frequency be S +fm=4; +S=2*fm; +//Time period between two samples be t +t=(1*10^3)/S; +//Total number of messages be tot +tot=t/T; +disp(P,'Number of pulses used in one group='); +disp(+'micro sec',T,'Time for each pulse group='); +disp(+'kHz',S,'Sampling frequency='); +disp(+'micro sec',t,'Time period between two samples='); +disp(tot,'Total number of messages which can be transmitted='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cedc95b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//page 2-5 +//Example 2.1 +//The value of inductor is 40*10^(-6) Henry and the value of capacitor is 12*10^(-9) Farad. Given frequency is 5*10^3 Hz +L=40*10^(-6); +C=12*10^(-9); +fm=5000; +fc=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)); +disp(+'kHz',fc/10^3,'fc='); +disp(+'kHz',(fc+fm)/10^3,'Upper Sideband frequency is '); +disp(+'kHz',(fc-fm)/10^3,'Loweer Sideband frequency is '); +fusb=234.72037; +flsb=224.72037; +disp(+'kHz',fusb-flsb,'Bandwidth is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e034b369 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-26 +//Example-2.11 +//Given radiated power is 50kW +Pc=50; +u=0.85; +ptotal=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'kW',ptotal,'Radiated power is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..903043dfe --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-26 +//Example-2.12 +//Given modulation percentage is 75 and power is 10kW +//we know that ptotal=pc*(1+(u^2/2)) +ptotal=10; +u=0.75; +pc=ptotal/(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'kW',pc,'Carrier power is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..494cc973a --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-26 +//Example-2.13 +//Goven carrier frequency is 1000kHz +fc=1000000; +fm1=300; +fm2=800; +fm3=1000; +fusb1=(fc+fm1)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',fusb1,'fusb1 is '); +flsb1=(fc-fm1)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',flsb1,'flsb1 is '); +fusb2=(fc+fm2)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',fusb2,'fusb2 is '); +flsb2=(fc-fm2)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',flsb2,'flsb2 is '); +fusb3=(fc+fm3)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',fusb3,'fusb3 is '); +flsb3=(fc-fm3)/1000; +disp(+'kHz',flsb3,'flsb3 is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2de0d29a --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-27 +//Example:2.14 +//Given carrier power is 360W and two modulation percentages are 55 and 65 +u1=0.55; +u2=0.65; +ut=sqrt(u1^2+u2^2); +disp(ut,'ut='); +pc=300; +Ut=0.85; +Psb=(pc*[Ut^2])/2; +disp(+'W',Psb,'Total sideband power is'); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e7f1ff55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-27 +//Exmaple-2.15 +//Given modulation index is 0.5 and antenna current is 12A +u=0.5; +It=12; +Ic=It/sqrt(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'A',Ic,'Ic='); +U=0.9; +Ic=11.31; +It=Ic*sqrt(1+(U^2/2)); +disp(+'A',It,'Antenna current is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..108f633ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-28 +//Example-2.16 +//Given output current of 60% modulated wave is 1.5A. +It=1.5; +u=0.6; +Ic=It/sqrt(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'A',Ic,'Ic=' ); +u1=0.6; +u2=0.7; +ut=sqrt(u1^2+u2^2); +disp(ut,'ut=' ); +//Now current rise with modulation index 0.922 is calculated +u3=0.922; +Ic1=1.38; +It=Ic1*sqrt(1+(u3^2/2)); +disp(+'A',It,'It=' ); +//Ptotal=Pc+(Pc*u^2/4)+(Pc*u^2/4); +//Perceentage of power saving is to be calculated if the carrisideband and one of the sideband are suppressed +//P=(Pc+(Pc*u3^2/4))/(Pc+(Pc*u3^2/4)+(Pc*u3^2/4))*100; +P=(1+(u3^2/4))/(1+(u3^2/4)+(u3^2/4))*100; +disp(+'%', P, 'Percentage Power Saving='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fdcb1ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//Page No:2-30 +//Example-2.18 +//Given maximum amplitude value is 15V and minimum value is 5V +Amax=15; +Amin=5; +u=(Amax-Amin)/(Amax+Amin); +disp(u,'u='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30b72cebd --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-30 +//Example-2.19 +//Given modulation index increases by 20% +//we know that u=sqrt(2*[(It/Ic)^2-1]) +//Let It/Ic denoted as I +I=1.2; +u=sqrt(2*[(I)^2-1]); +disp(u,'u=' ); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a830ec4ba --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-31 +//Example-2.20 +L1=5; +L2=2; +u=(L1-L2)/(L1+L2); +disp(u,'u= '); + diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc759bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-31 +//Example-2.21 +//Given antenna current is 12A when only carrier is sent. It is increased to 15A when carrier is modulated by 1kHz sine wave +It=15; +Ic=12; +u=sqrt(2*[(It/Ic)^2-1]); +disp(u,'u='); +u1=u*100; +disp(+'%',u1,'i.e'); +u2=0.7; +Itot=Ic*sqrt(1+(u2^2/2)); +disp(+'Amp',Itot,'It='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c823ecbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-31 +//Example-2.22 +//There are two antennas, therefore power delivered by each antenna is Pt=I^2*R +//Pt'=I^2'*R and Pt'=Pt/2 +//I^2*R/2=I^2'*R +//I^2'=I^2/2=2 +//I'=sqrt(2)A +//Let I' is denoted by I1 +//Total current required for two antennas is given as +I1=sqrt(2); +Itotal=I1*2; +Itot=2; +u=0.6; +//Itot=Ic*sqrt(1+(u^2/2)) +Ic=Itot/sqrt(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(Ic,'Ic='); +//Keeping Ic constant we calculate modulation index to get Itotal=2*sqrt(2) +u1=sqrt([(Itotal/Ic)^2-1]*2); +disp(u1,'u='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f37400518 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +//Page No:2-32 +//Exmaple-2.23 +//Power required for double sideband with full carrier (AM wave) transmission is given by +//PDSBFC=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)) +//for u=1 +//Lets assume Pc=1 +Pc=1; +u=1; +PDSBFC=1.5*Pc; +//Power required for single suppressed carrier transmission is given by PSSB=(Pc*u^2)/4 +//for u=1 +PSSB=0.25*Pc; +Psaving=([PDSBFC-PSSB]/PDSBFC)*100; +disp(+'%',Psaving,'% Power saving when u=1 is'); +//for u=0.5 +u1=0.5; +//PDSBFC=Pc*[1+(0.25/2)] +PDSBFC1=1.125*Pc; +PSSB1=0.0625*Pc; +Psaving1=([PDSBFC1-PSSB1]/PDSBFC1)*100; +disp(+'%',Psaving1,'% Power saving when u=0.5 is'); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2281e0fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-33 +//Example:2.24 +//given fc+fm=6.854 MHz +//fc-fm=6.824 MHz +fc=13.678/2; +disp(+'MHz',fc,'fc='); +//Amplitude(sideband)=(u*Ac)/2; +Amplitudesideband=50; +u=0.4; +Ac=(Amplitudesideband*2)/u; +disp(+'V',Ac,'Ac='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e2da35ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-34 +//Example-2.26 +//Given carrier power=400W and modulation index=0.75 +Pc=400; +u=0.75; +PDSBFC=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)); +PDSBSC=(Pc*u^2)/2; +PSSB=(Pc*u^2)/4; +disp(+'W',PDSBFC,'PDSBFC='); +disp(+'W',PDSBSC,'PDSBSC='); +disp(+'W',PSSB,'PSSB='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.27/2_27.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.27/2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..871e0357d --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.27/2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-34 +//Example-2.27 +u=0.75; +//PDSBFC=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)) +PDSBFC=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)); +PSSB=(Pc*u^2)/4; +Psaving=((PDSBFC-PSSB)/PDSBFC)*100; +disp(+'%',Psaving,'Percentage power saving='); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2fdc81f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//page 2-10 +//Example 2.3 +//assume modulation index=0.2, given frequency signal is 10*sin(2*%pi*500*t) and given carrier signal is 50*sin(2*%pi*10^5) +//Given +wm=2*%pi*500; +fm=500; +wc=2*%pi*10^5; +fc=100000 +disp(+'Hz',fc+fm,'Upper sideband frequency is '); +disp(+'Hz',fc-fm,'Lower sideband frequency is '); +Ec=50; +mu=0.2; +disp(+'V',(mu*Ec)/2,'Amplitude of upper and lower sidebands is ') +fusb=100500; +flsb=99500; +disp(+'Hz',fusb-flsb, 'Bandwidth is '); +//given load=600 ohms +//from carrier signal we know that Ac=50 +Ac=50; +R=600; +ptotal=(Ac^2/(2*R))*(1+(mu^2/2)); +disp(+'watts',ptotal,'Total power delivered is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.30/2_30.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.30/2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..538c88f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.30/2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-39 +//Example-2.30 +Am=20; +Ac=50; +u=0.75; +fm=1; +fc=50; +//we know the equation for AM wave is Ac*[1+u*cos(2*%pi*t)]*cos(2*%pi*fc*t) +disp("s(t)=50[1+0.75*cos(2*%pi*t)]*cos(2*%pi*50*t)"); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..346a87ebc --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no 2-11 +//example: 2.4 +//Given carrier power=400 watt and modulation depth as 80% +u=0.8; +Pc=400; +ptotal=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'watts',ptotal, 'Total power delivered is ') diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f2e1e31f --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//page no:2-12 +//Example 2.5 +//Given power= 20 kilowatts and modulation % =75 +Ptotal=20; +u=0.75; +ptotal=Pc*(1+(u^2/2)); +Pc=Ptotal/(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'kW',Pc,'Carrier Power is '); +Pc=15.6; +Psb=Pc*(u^2/4); +disp(+'kW',Psb,'Sideband power is '); +//As the power in both sidebands is equal +disp(+'kW',Psb,'Upper Sideband power is '); +disp(+'kW',Psb,'Lower Sideband power is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a972f55a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//page no: 2-14 +//Example-2.6 +//Given Total antenna current is 5A, and modulation index is 0.6 +Itotal=5; +u=0.6; +//Itotal=Ic*sqrt(1+(u^2/2)); +Ic=Itotal/sqrt(1+(u^2/2)); +disp(+'A',Ic,'Antenna current when only carrier is sent is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..080e5a75e --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no: 2.7 +//Example-2.7 +//Given that Itotal=1.15*Ic +Itotal=1.15*Ic; +u=sqrt(2*[(Itotal/Ic)^2-1]); +disp(u,'Modulation index is '); + diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e420f749f --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//page no:2-17 +//Example:2.8 +clc; +//given modulation indices are 0.6, 0.3 and 0.4 +u1=0.6; +u2=0.3; +u3=0.4; +ut=sqrt(u1^2+u2^2+u3^2); +disp(ut,'Total Modulation index is '); diff --git a/1409/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/1409/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95cea753d --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +//Page no:2-17 +//Example-2.9 +//power is 10kW with carrier unmodulated and 11.8kW with carrier sinusoidally modulated +ptotal=11.8; +pc=10; +u=sqrt(2*[(ptotal/pc)-1]); +disp(u,'Modulation index is '); +//with 30% modulation of another modulation signal +u1=0.6; +u2=0.3; +ut=sqrt(u1^2+u2^2); +disp(ut,'Total modulation index'); +//rounding ut to 0.67 +ut1=0.67; +PTotal=pc*(1+(ut1^2/2)); +disp(+'kW',PTotal,'Total radiated power is '); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e72902fc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-18 +//Example 5.10 +//Given modulating voltage is 5V and frequency deviation constant is 1kHz/V +amp=5;//Carrier amplitude in V +fd=1;//in kHz/V +fm=15;//in kHz +Fd=fd*amp;//frequency deviation +disp(+'kHz',Fd,'Frequency deviation is'); +beta1=Fd/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index is'); +//For beta1=0.333, from the table of bessel functions we have +J0=0.96; +J1=0.18; +J2=0.02;//these values are for unmodulated carrier +//Values for modulated carrier are +j0=J0*amp; +j1=J1*amp; +j2=J2*amp; +disp(j0,'J0='); +disp(j1,'J1='); +disp(j2,'J2='); + diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bbe00182 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-22 +//Example 5.11 +//Given frequency deviation is 50kHz and maximum modulating frequency is 15kHz +fd=50;//in kHz +fm=15;//in kHz +beta1=fd/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index='); +//Using Carson's rule +BW=2*(beta1+1)*fm; +disp(+'kHz',BW,'Transmission bandwidth is'); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d11d4e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-23 +//Example 5.12 +//Given s(t)=10*sin[(5.7*10^8*t)+5*sin(12*10^3*t)] +//Comparing it with standard FM: s(t)= Ac(wc*t+beta*sin(wm*t)) +Ac=10; +wc=5.7*10^8; +wm=12*10^3; +beta1=5; +fc=(wc/(2*%pi))*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',fc,'Carrier frequency='); +fm=(wm/(2*%pi))*10^(-3); +disp(+'kHz',fm,'Modulating frequency='); +disp(beta1,'Modulation index='); +fd=beta1*fm; +disp(+'kHz',fd,'Frequency deviation='); +R=100;//in ohms +p=[(Ac/sqrt(2))^2]/R; +disp(+'W',p,'Power dissipated='); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfe1d3e86 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-25 +//Example 5.13 +//Given frequency deviation is 10kHz at modulation frequency of 5kHz +fd=10;//in kHz +fm=5;//in kHz +//At the output of first frequency doubler +fd1=2*fd; +disp(+'kHz',fd1,'Frequency deviation at the output of first frequency multiplier is'); +fd2=2*fd1; +disp(+'kHz',fd2,'Frequency deviation at the output of second frequency multiplier is'); +beta1=fd2/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index is'); +//Separation between adjacent side frequencies is equal to the moulating frequency i.e. 5kHz diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5939e7593 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-51 +//Example 5.17 +//Given maximum value of frequency deviation is 75kHz and modulation frequency is 15kHz +fd=75;//in kHz +fm=15;//in kHz +//Bandwidth using carson's rule +beta1=fd/fm; +Bw=2*(beta1+1)*fm; +disp(+'kHz',Bw,'Bandwidth of FM signal is'); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d14f3b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-11 +//Example 5.4 +//Given amplitude of the wave as 5V and frequency as 1kHz +amp=5; +fs=50;//frequency sensitivity +fd=amp*fs;//frequency deviation +disp(+'Hz',fd,'Frequency Deviation='); +fm=1*10^3;//in Hz +mod=fd/fm; +disp(mod,'Modulation index='); + diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..426a0a020 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-11 +//Example 5.5 +//The modulating voltage of 2.5V produces frequency deviation of 5kHz +f=500;//Modulation frequency in Hz +f2=250;//in Hz +fd=5;//in kHz +amp=2.5;//in V +kf=fd/amp;//frequency deviation constant in kHz/V +disp(+'kHz/V',kf,'Frequency deviation constant is '); +//modulating voltage is 7.5V +amp1=7.5;//in V +fd1=kf*amp1;//in kHz +disp(+'kHz',fd1,'Frequency deviation produced when modulating voltage is 7.5V is '); +//When modulating voltage is 10V +amp2=10;//in V +fd2=kf*amp2; +disp(+'kHz',fd2,'Frequency deviation when modulating voltage is 10V is '); +//Modulation index be denoted by beta +beta1=(fd*10^3)/f; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index 1 is '); +beta2=(fd1*10^3)/f; +disp(beta2,'Modulation index 2 is '); +beta3=(fd2*10^3)/f2; +disp(beta3,'Modulation index 3 is'); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6651c15e --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-12 +//Example 5.6 +//Given carrier frequency is 93.2MHz and frequency of modulated wave is 5kHz and the frequency deviation is 40kHz +fc=93.2*10^6;//in Hz +fm=5*10^3;//in Hz +fd=40*10^3; +cs=2*fd*10^(-3); +disp(+'kHz',cs,'Carrier swing is '); +Hf=(fc+fd)*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',Hf,'The highest frequency reached is '); +Lf=(fc-fd)*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',Lf,'The lowest frequency reached is '); +beta1=fd/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index is'); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec311d521 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-13 +//Example 5.7 +//Given carrier frequency is 50.4MHz and th highest freuency reached is 50.405 MHZ +Hf=50.405*10^6;//in Hz +fc=50.4*10^6; +fd=(Hf-fc)*10^(-3);//in kHz +disp(+'kHz',fd,'Frequency deviation= '); +Cs=2*fd; +disp(+'kHz',Cs,'Carrier swing= '); +Lf=[fc-(fd*10^(3))]*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',Lf,'Lowest frequency attained= '); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e01f1bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-13 +//Example 5.8 +//Given carrier swing is 70kHz and frequency of modulating signal is 7kHz +Cs=70;//in kHz +fm=7;//in kHz +//Carrier swing=2*frequency deviation +fd=Cs/2; +disp(+'kHz',fd,'Frequency deviation is'); +beta1=fd/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index is'); diff --git a/1409/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/1409/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2ffede7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//page no 5-13 +//Example 5.9 +//Given maximum and minimum frequency as 99.047MHz and 99.023MHz respectively. Frequency of modulating signal is 7kHz +Hf=99.047*10^6;//in Hz +Lf=99.023*10^6;//in Hz +fm=7;//in kHz +Cs=(Hf-Lf)*10^(-3); +disp(+'kHz',Cs,'Carrier swing is'); +fd=Cs/2; +disp(+'kHz',fd,'Frequency deviation is'); +fc=(Hf-(fd*10^3))*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',fc,'Carrier frequency is'); +beta1=fd/fm; +disp(beta1,'Modulation index is'); diff --git a/1409/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1409/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80782a13f --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +//page no 6-9 +//Example 6.1 +u=input("Enter the value of modulation index="); +fom=u^2/(2+u^2); +disp(fom,'Figure of merit is '); diff --git a/1409/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1409/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..692b5b4df --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no 6-15 +//Example 6.3 +//Given FM signal s(t)=10*cos((2*%pi*10^8*t)+6*sin(2*%pi*10^3*t)) +//Comparing with the standard FM s(t)=Ac*cos[(2*%pi*fc*t)+mf*sin(2*%pi*10^3*t)] +mf=6; +FoM=(3/2)*mf^2 +disp(FoM,'Figure of merit='); diff --git a/1409/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/1409/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12e91c60c --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +//page no 7-17 +//Example 7.1 +//Given +fc=15;//in MHz +fd=10;//in kHz +fo=45;//in MHz +//At point 1 in Fig 7.16 +fc1=4*fc; +fd1=4*fd; +fmax1=fc1+(fd1*10^(-3)); +fmin1=fc1-(fd1*10^(-3)); +disp(+'MHz',fc1,'Carrier frequency at point 1 is'); +disp(+'kHz',fd1,'frequency deviation at point 1 is'); +disp(+'MHz',fmax1,'fmax='); +disp(+'MHz',fmin1,'fmin='); +//At point 2, mixer gives difference frequency with fo=45MHz +fc2=fc1-fo; +fmax2=fmax1-fo; +fmin2=fmin1-fo; +fd2=(fc-fmin2)*10^3; +disp(+'MHz',fc2,'Carrier frequency at point 2 is'); +disp(+'MHz',fmax2,'fmax='); +disp(+'MHz',fmin2,'fmin='); +disp(+'kHz',fd2,'Frequency deviation at point 2 is'); diff --git a/1409/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/1409/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293100dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +//page no 7-18 +//Example 7.2 +//Given +fc=13.5;//in MHz +fd=8.5;//in kHz +//At point 1 +disp("At point 1"); +fc1=2*fc; +fd1=2*fd; +disp(+'MHz',fc1,'Carrier frequency is'); +disp(+'kHz',fd1,'Frequency deviation is'); +//At point 2 +disp("At point 2"); +fc2=3*fc1; +fd2=3*fd1; +fmax2=(fc2+fd2*10^(-3)); +fmin2=(fc2-fd2*10^(-3)); +disp(+'MHz',fc2,'Carrier frequency is'); +disp(+'kHz',fd2,'Frequency deviation is'); +disp(+'MHz',fmax2,'fmax='); +disp(+'MHz',fmin2,'fmin='); +//At poiint 3 +disp("At point 3"); +//Oscillator frequency is 20MHz +Of=20;//in MHz +fc3=fc2+Of; +fmax3=fmax2+Of; +fmin3=fmin2+Of; +fd3=(fmax3-fc3)*10^3;//in kHz +disp(+'MHz',fc3,'Carrier frequency is'); +disp(+'MHz',fmax3,'fmax='); +disp(+'MHz',fmin3,'fmin='); +disp(+'kHz',fd3,'Frequency deviation is'); diff --git a/1409/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/1409/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c5894406 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +//page no 7-21 +//Example 7.4 +//Given transmitter frequency is 160MHz with a maximum deviation of 5.1kHz at a minimum audio frequency of 100Hz, initial phase modulation deviation is to be kept to less than 12 degrees +ft=160;//transmitter frequency in MHz +fd=5.1;//maximum frequency deviation in kHz +fmin=100;//minimum audio frequency in Hz +Of=100;//oscilltor frequency in kHz +pd=12;//phase deviation in degrees +pdmax=(12*%pi)/180; +disp(+'rad',pdmax,'Maximum phase deviation of the modulator is '); +fdmax=pdmax*fmin; +disp(+'Hz',fdmax,'Maximum frequency deviation of the modulator is '); +N=(fd*10^3)/fdmax; +disp(N,'Frequency deviation increase required is '); +//2^5=243; Therefore, the modulated waveform should be passed through a chain of 5 tripler stages to give final deviation of 5.1kHz +//at a frequency of 100kHz*243-24.3MHz +mixOf=ft-24.3;//Mixer oscillator frequency +disp(+'MHz',mixOf,'Mixer oscillator signal is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b721f23e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-6 +//Example 8.1 +//Given +L=15*10^(-6);//in H +C=67.6*10^(-12);//in F +R=25;//in ohm +//Resonant frequency of the LC tuned circuit is given by +fr=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)))*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',fr,'Resonant frequency of LC tuned circuit is '); +XL=(2*%pi*(fr*10^6)*L); +Q=XL/R; +disp(Q,'Q of the tuned circuit is '); +//Rounding fr to 5MHz and Q to 18.85 +fr1=5; +Q1=18.85; +Bw=(fr1*10^6)/Q1; +disp(+'Hz',Bw,'Bandwidth of the tuned circuit is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36055ca55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.10/8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-50 +//Example 8.10 +R=60;//in ohms +fr=2*10^6;//in Hz +C=50*10^(-12);//in farads +//we know that fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)); +L=1/((2*%pi*fr)^2*C); +L1=L*10^(6); +disp(+'micro H',L1,'L='); +Q=(2*%pi*fr*L1*10^(-6))/R; +disp(Q,'Q of tuned circuit is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e59a9a5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.11/8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-51 +//Exmaple 8.11 +L=20*10^(-6);//in Henry +C=100*10^(-12);//in Farads +Bw=200*10^3;//in Hz +fr=[1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C))]*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',fr,'Resonant frequency is '); +Q=(fr/Bw)*10^6; +disp(Q,'Q for the tuned circuit is'); +R=((2*%pi*fr*L)/Q)*10^6; +disp(+'ohms',R,'Resistance required is '); + + diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9fe59db --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.12/8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-51 +//Example 8.12 +fi=455*10^3;//in Hz +fsi=2000*10^3;//in Hz +Q=50; +fs=[(fsi-(2*fi))/1000];//in kHz +disp(+'kHz',fs,'Signal frequency is '); +rho=(fsi/[fs*10^3])-([fs*10^3]/fsi); +disp(rho,'rho='); +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho^2)); +disp(alpha,'Image frequency ratio is '); + diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cd3bd666 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.13/8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-52 +//Example 8.13 +fs=1500*10^3;//in Hz +fi=455*10^3;//in Hz +alpha=75; +fsi=[fs+(2*fi)]*10^(-3); +disp(+'kHz',fsi,'Image frequency is '); +rho=([fsi*10^3]/fs)-(fs/[fsi*10^3]); +//Rounding of rho to 0.984 +rho1=0.984; +//We know that image frequency is given as alpha=sqrt(1+Q^2*rho^2) +//alpha^2-1=Q^2*rho^2 +Q=sqrt([alpha^2-1]/rho1^2); +disp(Q,'Q of the tuned circuit is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa566fbf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.14/8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-52 +//Example 8.14 +//Let Csmax/Csmin be denoted by C +fmin=500;//in kHz +fmax=1600;//in kHz +IF=465;//in kHz +C=(fmax/fmin)^2; +fomin=fmin+IF; +fomax=fmax+IF; +disp(C,'Csmax/Csmin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +//Let Comax/Comin be denoted by C1 +C1=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(C1,'Comax/Comin='); +Csmax=350//in pF +Csmin=Csmax/C; +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +//We know that +//C=[Csmax(Csmin+Cp)/Csmin(Csmax+Cp)] +//4.58=350/34.2*((34.2+Cp)/(350+Cp)) +Cp=221.3;//in pF +Comax=(Csmax*Cp)/(Csmax+Cp); +Comin=(Csmin*Cp)/(Csmin+Cp); +disp(+'pF',Comax,'Comax='); +disp(+'pF',Comin,'Comin='); +//Rounding Comax +Comax1=135.5; +//The oscillator coil frequency can be calculated as +Lo=[1/[(2*%pi*(fomin*10^3))^2*(Comax1*10^-12)]]*10^6;//Answer was given wrong in the text book +disp(+'microHenry',Lo,'Oscillator coil frequency is'); +//At 1000 kHz +f=1000;//in kHz +fomid=f+IF; +Comid=Comax/(fomax/fomid)^2; +Comid1=68.2; +disp(+'pF',Comid,'Comid='); +Csmid=1/[(1/Comid1)-(1/Cp)]; +disp(+'pF',Csmid,'Csmid='); +fsmid=fmax/sqrt(Csmax/Csmid); +disp(+'kHz',fsmid,'fs"'mid="); +Terr=fsmid-f; +disp(+'kHz',Terr,'Tracking error is'); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee439bce --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.15/8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-54 +//Example 8.15 +fsmax=1650; +fsmin=525;//in kHz +SFR=fsmax/fsmin; +disp(SFR,'Signal frequency ratio is'); +//Rounding off SRF to 3.14 +SFR1=3.14; +C=(SFR1)^2; +disp(C,'Capacitance ratio is'); +Comin=50; +Comax=450;//in pF +//For trimmer capacitor +//Comax/Comin=(Csmax+CT)/(Csmin+CT) +//450/50=(Csmax+CT)/(Csmin+CT) +//By solving this +//Csmax-9*Csmin=200 +//Csmax-9.86*Csmin=0 +//Solving we get +Csmin=232.55; +Csmax=2293; +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +disp(+'pF',Csmax,'Csmax='); +//For padder capacitor +//Comax/Comin=(Csmax/Csmin)*(Csmin+Cp)/(Csmax+Cp) +//9=9.86*(232.55+Cp)/(2293+Cp) +//Solving this +Cp=21330; +disp(+'pF',Cp,'Padder Capacitor vlue is'); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ccde1404 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.16/8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-55 +//Example 8.16 +fsmin=450;//in kHz +fsmax=1600;//in kHz +IF=455;//in kHz +f=1000;//in kHz +fomin=fsmin+IF; +fomax=fsmax+IF; +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +//Let Comax/Comin be denoted by C +C=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(C,'Comax/Comin='); +//Let Csmax/Csmin=C1 +C1=(fsmax/fsmin)^2; +Csmax=300;//in pico Farads +Csmin=(Csmax/C1); +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +//Trimmer capacitor is connected in parallel with tuning capacitor +//Comax/Comin=(Csmax+CT)/(Csmin+CT) +//5.156=(300+CT)/(23.730+CT); +CT=42.745;//in pF +disp(+'pF',CT,'CT='); +Comax=Csmax+CT; +Comin=Csmin+CT; +disp(+'pF',Comax,'Comax='); +disp(+'pF',Comin,'Comin='); +//The oscillator coil value can be calculated as +Lo=[1/[(2*%pi*(fomin*10^3))^2*(Comax*10^(-12))]]*10^6; +disp(+'microHenry',Lo,'Oscillator coil value is'); +fomid=f+IF; +Comid=Comax/(fomax/fomid)^2; +disp(+'pF',Comid,'Comid='); +Comid1=171.82; +Lo1=90.234; +fomid1=[1/(2*%pi*sqrt(Lo1*10^-6*Comid1*10^-12))]*10^-3; +disp(+'kHz',fomid1,'Actual value of fomid='); +Terr=fomid1-fomid; +disp(+'kHz',Terr,'Tracking error is'); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c91b0f749 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.17/8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-57 +//Example 8.17 +fo=1010;//in kHz +fs=555;//in kHz +Q=40; +fi=fo-fs; +disp(+'kHz',fi,'Intermediate frequency is '); +fsi=fs+(2*fi); +disp(+'kHz',fsi,'Image frequency is '); +rho=(fsi/fs)-(fs/fsi); +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho^2)); +disp(alpha,'Image frequency rejection ratio is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7fd03d11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.18/8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-58 +//Example 8.18 +Q=100; +IF=455;//in kHz +fs=1000;//in kHz +fsi=fs+(2*IF); +disp(+'kHz',fsi,'fsi='); +rho=(fsi/fs)-(fs/fsi); +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho^2)); +disp(alpha,'Rejection ratio='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.19/8_19.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.19/8_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d15f070 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.19/8_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-58 +//Example 8.19 +fmin=500;//in kHz +fmax=1600;//in kHz +IF=465;//in kHz +//Let Csmax/Csmin=C +C=(fmax/fmin)^2; +disp(C,'Csmax/Csmin='); +fomin=fmin+IF; +fomax=fmax+IF; +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +//Let Comax/Comin be denoted by C1 +C1=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(C1,'Comax/Comin='); +Csmax=350;//in pF +Csmin=Csmax/C; +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +//C=[Csmax(Csmin+Cp)/Csmin(Csmax+Cp)] +//4.58=(350/34.2)*[(34.2+Cp)/(350+Cp)] +Cp=221.3; +disp(+'pF',Cp,'Cp='); +Comax=(Csmax*Cp)/(Csmax+Cp); +Comin=(Csmin*Cp)/(Csmin+Cp); +disp(+'pF',Comax,'Comax='); +disp(+'pF',Comin,'Comin='); +//Rounding Comax to 135.5 +Comax1=135.5; +Lo=[1/[(2*%pi*fomin*10^3)^2*(Comax1*10^(-12))]]*10^6;//Answer was given wrong in the text +disp(+'microHenry',Lo,'Lo='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9a662fff --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//Page no 8-6 +//Example 8.2 +//fr value is taken from the previous example +fr=5*10^6; +Bw=50*10^3; +Q=fr/Bw; +disp(Q,'Q of the tuned circut is '); +L=15*10^(-6); +XL=2*%pi*5*10^6*15*10^(-6); +R=XL/Q; +disp(+'ohm',R,'Resistance of the coil is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.20/8_20.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.20/8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c72c9cce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.20/8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-60 +//Example 8.20 +fo=1126;//in kHz +fs=670;//in kHz +V=68;//in micro volts +Q=50; +fi=fo-fs; +disp(+'kHz',fi,'Frequency of the other station fi='); +//Log alpha=20/20 +alpha=10^1; +rho=sqrt((alpha^2-1)/Q^2) +disp(rho,'rho='); +//rho=(fsi/fs)-(fs/fsi); +//fsi=fs+2*fi; fs+2*456 +//rho=[(fs+912)/fs]-[fs/(fs+912)] +//0.199=[(fs+912)/fs]-[fs/(fs+912)] +//Solving for fs, we get +fs=8500;//in kHz +S=V/alpha; +disp(+'micro Volt',S,'Strength of the signal='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.21/8_21.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.21/8_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af866dfb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.21/8_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-61 +//Example 8.21 +C=0.01*10^(-6);//in farads +Rc=5*10^3;//in ohms +fm=1*10^3;//in Hz +Mmax=1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*fm*C*Rc)^2); +disp(Mmax,'Mmax='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.22/8_22.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.22/8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..011e75d3d --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.22/8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-61 +//Example 8.22 +fm=10*10^3;//in Hz +Rc=50*10^3;//in ohms +C=0.01*10^(-6);//in farads +Mmax=1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*fm*C*Rc)^2); +disp(Mmax,'Mmax for modulating frequecy 10kHz is '); +fm1=5*10^3;//in Hz +Mmax1=1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*fm1*C*Rc)^2); +disp(Mmax1,'Mmax for modulating frequecy 5kHz is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.23.1/8_23_i.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.23.1/8_23_i.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1ffbfb9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.23.1/8_23_i.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-62 +//Example 8.23 +Q=125; +fi=465;//in kHz +disp("Image frequencies and rejection at 1MHz"); +fs=1000;//in kHz +fsi=[fs+(2*fi)]*10^-3; +disp(+'MHz',fsi,'Image frequency is'); +rho=(fsi/(fs*10^-3))-((fs*10^-3)/fsi); +disp(rho,'rho='); +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho^2)); +//rounding alpha to 176.48 +alpha1=176.48; +alphadB=20*log10(alpha1); +disp(+'dB',alphadB,'Image frequency rejection ratio is'); +disp("Image frequencies and rejection at 30MHz") +fs1=30;//in MHz +fsi1=fs1+(2*fi*10^-3); +disp(+'MHz',fsi1,'Image frequency is'); +rho1=(fsi1/fs1)-(fs1/fsi1); +disp(rho1,'rho='); +alpha2=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho1^2)); +alphadB1=20*log10(alpha2); +disp(+'dB',alphadB1,'Image frequency rejection ratio is'); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.23.2/8_23_ii.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.23.2/8_23_ii.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..737981c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.23.2/8_23_ii.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-62 +//Example 8.23_ii +//To calculate fi such that alpha at 30MHz is 44.9 dB or 176.48 +alpha=176.48; +Q=125; +rho=sqrt((alpha^2-1)/Q^2) +disp(rho,'rho='); +//rho=(fsi'/fs')-(fs'/fsi') +//1.412=(fsi'/fs')-(fs'/fsi')=(1.93/1)-(1/1.93) +//fs'/fsi'=1/1.93 +//fs'/(fs'+2*fi)=1/1.93 +fi=[(30*1.93)-30]/2;//Answer was slightly wrong +disp(+'MHz',fi,'IF required='); + diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.24/8_24.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.24/8_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e59e03c0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.24/8_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-64 +//Example 8.24 +C=0.01*10^(-6);//in Farads +Rc=5*10^3;//in ohms +fm=10*10^3;//in Hz +Mmax=1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*fm*C*Rc)^2); +disp(Mmax,'Mmax='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.25/8_25.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.25/8_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45237aef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.25/8_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-64 +//Example 8.25 +fi=450;//in kHz +Q=65; +disp("For incoming frequency of 1200kHz"); +fs=1200;//in kHz +fsi=fs+(2*fi); +disp(+'kHz',fsi,'Image frequency is'); +P=(fsi/fs)-(fs/fsi); +P1=1.178; +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*P^2)); +disp(alpha,'Image frequency rejection ratio is'); +//Answer given in book was wrong +disp("For incoming frequency of 20MHz"); +fs1=20000;//in kHz +fsi1=fs1+(2*fi); +disp(+'kHz',fsi1,'Image frequency is'); +rho=(fsi1/fs1)-(fs1/fsi1); +alpha1=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho^2)); +disp(alpha1,'Image frequency rejection ratio is') diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.26/8_26.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.26/8_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ca9e492c --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.26/8_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-65 +//Example 8.26 +fmax=1600;//in kHz +fmin=550;//in kHz +IF=455;//in kHz +Csmax=350;//in pF +//Let Csmax/Csmin=C +C=(fmax/fmin)^2; +disp(C,'Csmax/Csmin='); +fomin=fmin+IF; +fomax=fmax+IF; +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +//Let Comax/Comin be denoted by C1 +C1=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(C1,'Comax/Comin='); +Csmin=(Csmax/C); +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +//C=[Csmax(Csmin+Cp)/Csmin(Csmax+Cp)] +//4.18=[350*(41.37+Cp)]/[41.37*(350+Cp)] +Cp=260; +disp(+'pF',Cp,'Cp='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.27/8_27.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.27/8_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ba76ff31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.27/8_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-66 +//Example 8.27 +R=10*10^3;//in ohm +C=1000*10^(-12);//in farads +fm=10*10^3;//in Hz +Mmax=1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*fm*C*R)^2); +disp(Mmax,'Mmax='); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..300de1acf --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-9 +//Example 8.3 +disp("at 1000kHz"); +Q=80; +fi=455*10^3;//in Hz +fs=1000*10^3;//in Hz +fsi=[fs+(2*fi)]*10^(-3); +disp(+'kHz',fsi,'fsi='); +rho=[(fsi*10^3)/fs]-[fs/(fsi*10^3)]; +disp(rho,'rho='); +//Rounding rho to 3 digits +rho1=1.386; +alpha=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho1^2)); +disp(alpha,'Rejection ratio is'); +disp("at 50MHz"); +fs2=50*10^6; +fsi2=(fs2+2*fi)*10^(-6); +disp(+'MHz',fsi2,'fsi='); +rho2=[(fsi2*10^6)/fs2]-[fs2/(fsi2*10^6)]; +disp(rho2,'rho='); +//rounding rho2 to 0.036 +rho3=0.036; +alpha2=sqrt(1+(Q^2*rho3^2)); +disp(alpha2,'Rejection ratio is'); + diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47c12c8a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-10 +//Example 8.4 +fs=1500;//in kHz +IF=465;//in kHz +fs1=fs-(2*IF); +disp(+'kHz',fs1,'The frequency at another dialing station is '); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa9c4aba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-16 +//Example 8.5 +fsmin=400;//in kHz +fsmax=1650;//in kHz +IF=455;//in kHz +Csmax=300;//in pico Farads +f=1000;//in kHz +//Step:1 Calculate fomin,fomax, and oscillator capacitance ratio +fomin=fsmin+IF; +fomax=fsmax+IF; +//Let Comax/Comin be denoted by C +C=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +disp(C,'Comax/Comin='); +//Step:2 We know that, calculate Csmin +//Let Csmax/Csmin=C1 +C1=(fsmax/fsmin)^2; +Csmin=(Csmax/C1); +disp(+'pF',Csmin,'Csmin='); +//Step:3 We know that, calculate padder capacitance +//C=[Csmax(Csmin+Cp)/Csmin(Csmax+Cp)] +//6.06=(5295+300*Cp)/(5295+17.65*Cp) +//193.041*Cp=26792.7 +Cp=26792.7/193.041; +disp(+'pF',Cp,'Cp='); +//Lets round off Csmin to 17.65 +Csmin1=17.65; +//Step:4 Now calculate Comax and Comin +Comax=(Csmax*Cp)/(Csmax+Cp); +Comin=(Csmin1*Cp)/(Csmin1+Cp); +disp(+'pF',Comax,'Comax='); +disp(+'pF',Comin,'Comin='); +//Step:5 Calculate Oscillator inductance +Lo=[1/[(2*%pi*(fomin*10^3))^2*(Comax*10^(-12))]]*10^3; +disp(+'mH',Lo,'Oscillator coil value='); +//Step:6 Calculate tracking error +//At 1 MHz +fomid=f+IF; +Comid=Comax/(fomax/fomid)^2; +disp(+'pF',Comid,'Comid='); +//Rounding off Lo and Comid values +Lo1=365*10^-6; +Comid1=45.4*10^-12; +//Actual value of fomid1 is +fomid1=[1/(2*%pi*sqrt(Lo1*Comid1))]*10^-3; +disp(+'kHz',fomid1,'Actual value of fomid='); +Terr=fomid1-fomid; +disp(+'kHz',Terr,'Tracking error is'); diff --git a/1409/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/1409/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b24f6fd84 --- /dev/null +++ b/1409/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +//page no 8-19 +//Example 8.6 +//Given +fsmin=530;//in kHz +fsmax=1650;//in kHz +IF=455;//in kHz +disp("For fo>fs"); +fomin=fsmin+IF; +fomax=fsmax+IF; +disp(+'kHz',fomin,'fomin='); +disp(+'kHz',fomax,'fomax='); +TR=(fomax/fomin)^2; +disp(TR,'Comax/Comin='); +disp("Therfore, tuning range for oscillator capacitor is 4.567:1"); +disp("For fo0 | t<=3) then +y=1.5*t^2-t+1.5; +elseif(t>3 | t<=5) then +y=46*t-126; +end +endfunction + +disp('jan.2005:') +t=1; +y=n(t)//calling function +mprintf("the facebook memberships in the year 2005 are %d",y);//prinitng the value of the year 2005 +disp('jan.2007:') +t=3; +y=n(t)//calling function +mprintf("the facebook memberships in the year 2007 are %d",y);//prinitng the value of the year 2007 +disp('jan.2008:') +t=4.5; +y=n(t)//calling function +mprintf("the facebook memberships in the year 2005 are %d",y);//prinitng the value of the year 2008 +t=[0 1 2 3 ]//assigning values to t +y=n(t)//finding the values of the function n(t) +plot(t,y,'blue')//plotting on the graph +t=([3 3.5 4 4.5 5]) +y=n(t) +plot(t,y,'red')//plotting on the graph +xtitle('Graph of n','Year','facebook members (in millions)'); diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f964038a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8362ff3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.1.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Example 3 Page 48 +clc +clear +//defining the function +function y=f(x) +if(x >= -4 & x < -1) then//check value of x +y=-1; +elseif(x >= -1 & x <= 1) then//check value of x +y=x; +elseif(x > 1 & x <= 2) then//check value of x +y=x^2-1; +end +endfunction + +disp('a)') +x=-2;//assigning value to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) +x=-1;//assigning value to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) +x=0;//assigning value to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) +x=1;//assigning value to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) +x=2;//assigning value to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) + +disp('b)') +x=[-4 -3 ]//assigning values to x +y=f(x)//function calling +disp(y) +plot(4,4,x,y,'green')//plotting on graph +x=[-1 0 1]//assigning values to x +y=f(x)//function calling +plot(4,4,x,y,'red')//plotting on graph +x=[1.1 1.3 1.5 2]//assigning values to x +y=f(x)//function calling +plot(4,4,x,y,'blue')//plotting on graph +xtitle('','x','y'); diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b54171ee Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ee7ed082 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 1 Page 57 +clc +clear +//defining the function +function y=C(x) + y=1.6*x+1.9 +endfunction + +disp('a)') +//for cost of 1-mile trip +x=1 +y=C(x)//function calling +mprintf("1-mile trip %f dollars\n",y) +//for cost of 2-mile trip +x=2 +y=C(x)//function calling +mprintf("2-mile trip %f dollars\n",y) +//for cost of 3-mile trip +x=3 +y=C(x)//function calling +mprintf("3-mile trip %f dollars\n",y) +//so the cost of x-mile trip is +x=poly([1.9 1.6],'x','coeff') +disp(x) +//the cost function is sum of two terms is the variable cost that depends on x, and the other is fixed cost which is independent +disp('Cost=VariableCost + FixedCost') + +disp('b)') +//cost of 40-mile trip is +x=40 +y=C(x) +mprintf("the cost of 40-mile trip is %f dollars",y)//displaying the cost of 40-mile trip + +disp('c)') +//to calculate the cost of second mile +x=1 +c1=C(x)//function calling +x=2 +c2=C(x)//function calling +cost=(c2-c1)//calculating the cost of second mile +mprintf("cost of second mile is %f dollars",cost) + +disp('d)') +x=[0 1 2] +disp(x) +y=C(x)//function calling +disp(y) +plot(7,5,x,y,'blue')//plotting the graph +xtitle(' ','Miles','Dollars'); diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b8839a37 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2daea230 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.2/ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 2 Page 59 +clc +clear +//creating C(x) function +function y=C(x) + y=100000+160*x-0.2*x^2 +endfunction + +//the variable cost is the part of the cost function that depends on x +VariableCost=poly([0 160 -0.2],'x','c')//variablecost polynomial +disp(VariableCost,'VariableCost in dollars=') +FixedCost=100000 +disp(FixedCost,'FixedCost in dollars=') +x=poly(0,'x')//x polynomial creation +Rx=800*x//annual revence of x members +//for the profit we use the formula +Px=Rx-C(x)//displaying the P(x) value by subtracting C(x) from Rx +disp('P(x)=R(x)-C(x)') +disp(Px) +r=roots(Px)//finding the roots of the quadratic equation obtained in P(x) +disp(r) +disp('since members cannot be in negative value we consider the positive value') + +x=[0 250]//taking random variables of x for graph +y=C(x)//function calling +plot(400,350000,x,y,'red')//plotting graph +//creating the P(x) function +function y=P(x) + y=-100000+640*x+0.2*x^2 +endfunction +x=([0 150 350])//taking values of x for graph +y=P(x) +plot(x,y,'blue')//plotting graph +xtitle(' ','x','y'); + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237184e82 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81c171e8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 3 Page no 60 +clc +clear +//creating function +function q=f(p) + q=77.8*p^(-0.11) +endfunction + +disp('a)') +//plotting demand function +disp('the demand curve is as in the graph') +p=([200 400 500 800 1200 1600 2000 2200]) +y=f(p) +plot(2400,50,p,y,'blue')//plotting graph + +disp('b)') +//the demand at tuition costs of $1000 and $1500 +disp('the demand at tuition costs of $1000 and $1500') +q=f(1000)//funcition calling +mprintf("\t%f thousand students\n",q) +q=f(1500)//funcition calling +mprintf("\t%f thousand students\n",q) +//the change in demand is therefore given as +disp('the change in demand is therefore given as') +change=(f(1500)-f(1000))//funcition calling +mprintf("\t%f thousand students\n",change) +xtitle('Technology formula','p','q'); diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9385a84 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b14bc9345 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.4/ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 4 Page 62 +clc +clear +function q1=f(p1) + q1=77.8*(p1^(-0.11)) +endfunction + +function q2=g(p2) + q2=30.4+0.006*p2 +endfunction +disp('a)') +p1=([200 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2200]) +q1=f(p1) +plot(2400,50,p1,q1,'blue') + +p2=([200 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2200]) +q2=g(p2) +plot(2400,50,p2,q2,'red') + +disp('the lines cross at $1000 at Equilibrium point') +disp(f(1000),'Demand:') +disp(g(1000),'Supply:') +disp('so 36400 students') + +disp('b)') +disp('If tuition is, say, $1,800, then the supply will be larger thandemand and there will be a surplus of available openings at private schools. Similarly, iftuition is less—say $400—then the supply will be less than the demand, and there willbe a shortage of available openings.') + +disp('c)') +//tuition fee set at &1200 +disp(f(1200),'Demand in thousand seats') +disp(g(1200),'Supply in thousand seats') +disp(g(1200)-f(1200),'Surplus is given in thousand seats as:') +xtitle('Demand and Supply','p','q'); diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/1.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b4c340eb Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/1.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/3.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa3aabf00 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/3.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/ex5.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7323e28ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.2.5/ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 5 Page 64 +clc +clear +//function for linear model +function y=r1(t) +y=57*t+607 +endfunction +//function for quadratic model +function y=r2(t) + y=-9*t^2+110*t+560 +endfunction +//function for exponential model +function y=r3(t) + y=608*(1.08)^t +endfunction +//function for logistic model +function y=r4(t) + y=930/(1+0.67*(1.7)^-t) +endfunction + +disp('a)') +t=([0 1 2 3 4 5 6])//assigning values of t +y1=r1(t)//function caling r1(t) +disp(t) +disp(y1)//displaying values of y1 +y2=r2(t)//function calling r2(t) +disp(t) +disp(y2)//displaying values of y2 +y3=r3(t)//function calling r3 +disp(t) +disp(y3)//displaying value sof y3 +y4=r4(t)//function calling r4 +disp(y3)//displaying y4 values +plot(6,1000,t,y1,'red')//plotting linear graph +xtitle('Linear Model','x','y')//given title and other labes +scf//setting current graphic window +plot(6,1000,t,y2,'blue')//plotting qudratic graph +xtitle('quadratic','x','y')//setting labels +scf//setting current graphic window +plot(6,1000,t,y3,'blue')//plotting exponential graph +xtitle('Exponential Model','x','y')//setting labels +scf//setting current graphic window +plot(6,1000,t,y2,'blue')//plotting logistic graph +xtitle('Logistic Model','x','y')//setting labels + +disp('b)') +t=10//assigning value of t +y1=r2(t)//function calling r2 +disp(y1,'Quadratic Model for 2010')//displaying result +y2=r4(t)//function calling r4 +disp(y2,'Logistic Model for 2010')//displaying result + + + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05a2c1c48 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c1c68ede --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 1 Page 78 +clc +clear +//The function f cannot be linear.If it were, we would have delta f=m*deltax// +disp(-4/2,'the ratio deltag/deltax is the same each time namely -4/2=') +disp('hence g is linear with slop m=-2.By the table g(0)=3 hence b =3') +disp('g(x)=-2x+3'); +x=[0 2 4 6 8 10 12]// taking the x values as in the example +disp(x,'x')//displaying the same +f=[3 -1 -3 -6 -8 -13 -15]//taking the f(x) values +disp(f,'f(x)')//displaying the same +plot(x,f,'blue')//plotting the f(x) graph with 'blue' colour// +xtitle('f(x) Graph','x','f(x)')//xtitle gives the title to the graph first parameter is the title, the other two specify the axes names +g=[3 -1 -5 -9 -13 -17 -21] +disp(x,'x');//displaying x values +disp(g,'g(x)')//displaying g(x) values +plot(x,g,'red')//plotting the graph with colour red +xtitle('g(x) Graph','x','g(x)')////xtitle gives the title to the graph first parameter is the title, the other two specify the axes names + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.2/ex2.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.2/ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83d591c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.2/ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 2 Page 81 +clc +clear +disp('a)') +disp('two write the equation we need the two values one is the slope m and other is y intercept b') +disp('the given points are') +disp('(1,2),(3,-1)') +y2=-1;//assigning the values +y1=2;//assigning the values +x1=1;//assigning the values +x2=3;//assigning the values +m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);//calculating m value +mprintf("the slope of the line m = %f",m);//printing the valye m +disp('we now find the y intercept b') +b=y1-m*x1;//calculating the value b +mprintf("the value of b = %f",b);//printing the valye b +disp('substituting the values m and b in the equation we get the equation of the line is') +disp('y=3x/2+7/2') + +disp('b)') +// we dont have the two points here but we have the parallel line +disp('the line parallel has the same slope ') +//the given line is 3x+4y=5 +m=-3/4//assigning the slope value +disp('we now have the slope and also the point (2,-2)') +x1=2//assigning the value of x1 +y1=-2//assigning the value of y1 +b=y1-m*x1;//calculating b value +disp(b,'b=-2-(-3/4)(2)=') +disp('substituting the values m and b in the equation y=mx+c, we get' ) +disp('y=-3x/4-7/2') + + +disp('c)') +//since the line is horizontal it means that the slope m = 0 +disp('the point is (-9,5)') +m=0//since the line is horizontal +x1=-9//assigning the valye +y1=5//assigning the value +b=y1-m*x1;//calculating b value + disp(b,'5-(0)(-9)=')//displaying the value of b + disp('the line is y=5')//displaying line quation + + +disp('d)') +//since the line is vertical the slope is undefined +disp('the line can be any solution so we take it as x=-9') diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..962b3114c Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a274c10f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 3 Page 82 +clc +clear +C1=25000//assigning C1 value +x1=30//Assigning x1 value +C2=30000//assigning C2 value +x2=40//assigning x2 value +m=((C2-C1)/(x2-x1));//Finding the slopw +disp(m,'the slope is')//displaying the slope value +b=C1-m*x1;//Finding the intercept value +disp(b,'the intercept b is')//dislaying the intercept value +//therefore the function is C(x) +function y=C(x)//function C(x) + y=500*x+10000 +endfunction + +x=[0 10 20 30 40 50]//assigning values of x for graph +y=C(x)//function calling +disp(x,'x:')//displaying x +disp(y,'y:')//displaying y +plot(x,y,'blue')//plotting graph in blue colour +xtitle('','Number of Refrigerators','Cost(dollars)')//naming the axes + + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.4/ex4.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.4/ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77f34bb8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.4/ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 4 Page 83 +clear +clc + +disp('a)') +q2=350//assigning the q2 value +q1=400//assigning the q1 value +p2=0.75//assigning the p2 value +p1=0.50//assigning the p1 value +m1=((q2-q1)/(p2-p1));//finding the slope value +disp(m1,'the slope m is')//displaying the slope value +b1=q1-m1*p1//finding the intercept value +disp(b1,'the intercept value b')//displaying the intercept value +mprintf("so the demand equation is q=%dp+%d",m1,b1);//displaying the demand function + +q2=500//assigning the q2 value +q1=300//assigning the q1 value +p2=0.75//assigning the p2 value +p1=0.50//assigning the p1 value +m2=((q2-q1)/(p2-p1));//finding the slope value +disp(m2,'the slope m is')//displaying the slope value +b2=q1-m2*p1;//finding the intercept value +disp(b2,'the intercept value b')//displaying the intercept value +mprintf("so the supply equation is q=%dp%d",m2,b2);//displaying the supply curve + +disp('b)') +disp('In deamnd equation the slope m = -200, since m is negative, we see that the number of cans sold decreases as the price increases') +disp('In supplyequation the slope m = 800, since we conclued that the weekly supply increases by 800 cans per $1 increase') + +disp('c)') +p=600/1000;//finding the p value +disp(p,'the p value is(dollars):')//displaying the p value +q=m1*p+b1;//fincind the q value +disp('the corresponding demand is:")//displaying the q value +mprintf(" %d cans per week",q)//printing the q value + + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.5/ex5.sci b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.5/ex5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e097bdffd --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.5/ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6 Page 86 +clc +clear + +disp('a)') +s2=530//Assigning s2 values +s1=50//Assigning s1 values +t2=8//Assigning t2 values +t1=0//Assigning t1 values +m=((s2-s1)/(t2-t1));//calculating m value +disp(m,'the slope is:')//displaying m value +b=s1-m*t1;//calculating b value +disp(b,'the intercept value is')//displaying b value +mprintf( "So, %dt+%d million units ",m,b);//printing the s equation + +disp('b)') +mprintf( "So, %dt+%d million units\n ",m,b);//printing the s equation +//since value of s=440 +s=440//Assigning s values +m=60//Assigning m values +b=50//Assigning b values +t=(s-b)/60;//calculting time +mprintf("\nAnnual sales of mobile portable devices will reah 440 millions when s=440 or t=%f years",t);//displaying the time in years diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..664e2fc69 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.sci b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..718953fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.3.6/ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6 Page 86 +clc +clear + +function s=S(t)//function for s(t) + s=54*t+20 +endfunction +t=[0 0.5 1 1.5 2]//values of t given in question +disp(t,'time(h)')//displaying the t values +s=S(t);//function calling +disp(s,'marker(mi)')//displaying the s values +plot(t,s,'blue')//plotting the graph +xtitle('','Time(hours)','Location(miles)')//naming the axes diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/1.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d2779b07 Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/1.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/2.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec16593ca Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/2.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/ex1.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660d25bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 1 Page 96 +clc +clear +function y1=Y1(t)//function for y=0.5t+8 + y1=0.5*t+8 +endfunction + +function y2=Y2(t)//function for y=0.25+9 + y2=0.25*t+9 +endfunction + +t=[0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14]//t values as given in question +disp(t,'Year:')//displaying t values +y=[9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13]//y values as given in question +disp(y,'observed:')//displaying y values +y1=Y1(t)//function calling +disp(y1,'Predicted:')//printing predicted values +disp(y-y1,'Residual:')//printing residual values +disp((y-y1)^2,'Residual square')//printing residual square values + +t=[0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14]//t values as given in question +disp(t,'Year:')//displaying t values +y=[9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13]//y values as given in question +disp(y,'observed:')//dispalying observed values +y2=Y2(t)//function valling +disp(y2,'Predicted:')//printing predicted values +disp(y-y2,'Residual:')//printing residual values +disp((y-y2)^2,'Residual square')//printing residual square values + + +plot(t,y1)//plotting graph between t and y +xtitle('y=0.5t+8','t','y')//naming the axes +scf;//setting the current graphic window +plot(t,y2)//plotting the graph between t and y +xtitle('y=0.25t+9','t','y')//naming the axes + + + diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.jpg b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5542e2e1c Binary files /dev/null and b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.jpg differ diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.sci b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2de9e56e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.2/ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2 Page 98 +clc +clear + +x=[0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14]//assigning x values as given +disp(x,'Years:')//displaying the x values +y=[9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13]//assigning the y values +disp(y,'Per capital GDP:')//displaying y values +xy=x.*y//calculating xy values +disp(xy,'xy:')//displaying xy values +x2=x^2//calculating x^2 values +disp(x2,'square of x')//displaying x^2 values +n=8;//given n=8 data points +disp(sum(x),'sumof x:')//finding the sum of x +disp(sum(y),'sumof y:')//finding the sum of y +disp(sum(xy),'sumof xy:')//finding the sum of xy +disp(sum(x2),'sumof xsquare:')//finding the sum of x2 +m=((n*(sum(xy)))-((sum(x))*(sum(y))))/((n*(sum(x2)))-(sum(x)^2));//calculating m value +disp(m,'m value is:')//displaying m values +b=(sum(y)-(m*sum(x)))/n//calculating b value +disp(b,'b value is:')//displaying b value + +function y=f(x)//function for regression line + y=m*x+b +endfunction +y=f(x)//calling function +plot(x,y)//plotting graph between x and y +xtitle('data point and regression line','x','y')//naming the axex diff --git a/1415/CH1/EX1.4.3/ex3.sce b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9053c2ed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1415/CH1/EX1.4.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 3 Page 100 +clc +clear + +x=[0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14]//assigning the values of x +y=[9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13]//assigning the values of y +disp(x,'x:')//displaying x values +disp(y,'y:')//displaying y values +xy=x.*y//calculating xy +disp(xy,'xy:')//displaying xy values +x2=x^2;//calculating x^2 values +disp(x2,'x square:')//displaying x^2 values +y2=y^2;//calculating y^2 values +disp(y2,'y square:')//displaying y^2 values +sumx=sum(x)//calculating sum of x +disp(sumx,'sum(x)')//displaying x values +sumy=sum(y)//calculating sum of y +disp(sumy,'sum(y)')//displaying y values +sumxy=sum(xy)//calculating sum of xy +disp(sumxy,'sum(xy)')//displaying xy values +sumx2=sum(x2)//calculating sum of x^2 +disp(sumx2,'sum(x2)')//displaying x^2 values +sumy2=sum(y2)//calculating sum of y^2 +disp(sumy2,'sum(y2)')//displaying y^2 values +n=8//given as n=8 +r=(((n*(sumxy))-(sumx*sumy))/((sqrt((n*sumx2)-((sumx)^2)))*(sqrt((n*sumy2)-((sumy)^2)))))//calculating r value +disp(r,'the value of r is :')//displaying r value diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0a8bd17 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.sce b/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f06c51a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH25/EX25.1/EX25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//EXAMPLE 25.1 +//ENERGY STORED IN THE AIR GAP + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +scod=15;...........//Statot-core outer diameter in Centi Meter +scid=10.05;........//Stator-core inner diameter in Centi Meter +rcod=10;............//Rotor-core outer diameter in Centi meter +rcid=5;...........//Rotor-core inner diameter in Centi Meter +Al=8;............//Axial length of the machine in Centi Meter + +Vsc=(3.14/4)*(scod^2-scid^2)*Al;........//Volume of stator-core in Centi Meter^3 +y=round(Vsc);......................//Rounding of decimmal places +Vrc=(3.14/4)*(rcod^2-rcid^2)*Al;.........//Volume of rotor-core in Centi Meter^3 +Vag=(3.14/4)*(scid^2-rcod^2)*Al;..........//Volume of air gap in the machine in Centi Meter^3 +y1=round(Vag*10)/10;.......................//Rounding of decimal places + +disp(y,"Volume of stator-core in Centi Meter^3:"); +disp(Vrc,"Volume of rotor-core in Centi Meter^3:"); +disp(y1,"Volume of air gap in the machine in Centi Meter^3:"); diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2.sce b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b110bb6dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//EXAMPLE 25.2 +//ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +T=800;..........//Total number of turns +CA=5*5;..........//Cross sectional area in Centi Meter^2 +x1=0.5;..........//Air gap length in Centi Meter +Li=1.25;.............//Coil current in Amperes + +Pag=(4*3.14*10^-7*CA*10^-4)/(agl*10^-2);........//Permeance at airgap +Lx1=T^2*Pag;.....................................//Coil Inductance at x1 in Henry +y=round(Lx1*1000)/1000;...........................//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y,"(a).(i).Coil Inductance in Henry:"); +E=(0.5*y*Li^2);.....................//Energy stored in magnetic field in Joules +y1=round(E*1000)/1000;...........//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y1,"(ii).Energy stored in magnetic field in Joules:"); + +x=poly(0,"x"); +Wfd=(1/2)*T^2*4*3.14*10^-7*CA*10^-4*Li^2/(x);............//Function for mechanical energy in terms of air gap +y=derivat(Wfd); +disp(y,"(b).Mechanical Energy :"); +Wfd1=-(1/2)*T^2*4*3.14*10^-7*CA*10^-4*Li^2/(x1^2*10^-4);..............//Mechanical energy at x1=0.5 in Joules +disp(Wfd1,"Mechanical Energy when evaluated at x=0.5*10^-2 in NW:"); + +x2=0.25;....................//Air gap in Centi Meter +Lx2=2*Pag*T^2;................//Coil inductance at x2 in Henry +r=round(Lx2*1000)/1000;.......//Rounding of decimal places +Eei=(Li^2)*(Lx2-Lx1);.........//Electrical input during change over of the operating point in Joules +dWfd=1/2*Eei;..............//Additional stored energy in field in Joules +Me=Eei-dWfd;................//Mechanical energy based on forced calculation and mechaical displacement in Joules +disp(Me,"(c).Mechanical energy based on forced calculation and mechaical displacement in Joules:"); + +Pm2=2*Pag;.........//Slope of OC +Pm1=Pag;...........//Slope of OH +BK=1/2*(T*Li);.....//mmf required for establishing a flux with an air-gap of 0.25 in Ampere Turns +KHC=1/4*Eei;........//Eei=Area of rectangle BDCH in Joules +Eef=Eei-KHC;........//Electrical energy being fed during the process in Joules +Ife=Me-KHC;...........//Me=Area of triangle OHC in Joules, Increase in field energy stored +meo=Eef-KHC;.........//Mechanical energy output in Joules +disp(BK,"mmf required for establishing a flux with an air-gap of 0.25 in Ampere Turns:"); +disp(KHC,"Area of triangle KHC"); +disp(Eef,"Electrical energy being fed during the process in Joules:"); +disp(Ife,"Increase in field energy stored in Joules:"); +disp(meo,"Mechanical energy output in Joules:"); + +if Me==meo then +end +printf(" Mechanical energy remains unaffected by fast or slow movements of armature"); + + + + + + + diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_a.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec6d9fbae Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_a.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_b.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61a126dc5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.2/EX25_2_b.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb91a58bf Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.sce b/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68c57c1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH25/EX25.4/EX25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//EXAMPLE 25.4 +//INDUCTOR WITH VARYING DISPLACEMENT + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +Lo=50;..........//Inductance in Mili Henry +xo=0.05;........//Displacement in Centi Meter +Rc=0.5;..........//Coil resistance in 0.5 Ohms +i1=3;............//Current in Amperes +//(a) +x1=0.075;..........//Displacement held constant in Centi Meter +L1=(2*Lo)/(1+(x1/xo));.......//Inductance at x1 in Mili Henry +y1=L1*i1;..............//Flux linkage at x1 +Wfd1=(1/2)*L1*(i1^2)*10^-3;.......//Resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor in Joules +disp(Wfd1,"(a).Resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor at x1 in Joules:"); + +//(b) +x2=0.15;....................//Displacement held constant in Centi Meter +L2=(2*Lo)/(1+(x2/xo));.......//Inductance at x2 in Mili Henry +y2=L2*i1;..............//Flux linkage at x2 +Wfd2=(1/2)*(y1-y2)*(i1)*10^-3;.......//Resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor in Joules +disp(Wfd2,"(b).Resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor at x2 in Joules:"); + diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82470dd16 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.sce b/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..776178561 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH25/EX25.5/EX25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//EXAMPLE 25.5 +//INDUCTOR WITH VARYING DISPLACEMENT + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +V=3;.............//Voltage provided by voltage source connected to the inductor in Volts +Rc=0.5;...........//Coil resistance in Ohms +ic=6;.............//Coil current in Amperes +L1=40*10^-3;......//Inductance at x1 in EX25_4 in Henry +Wfd3=(1/2)*L1*ic^2;...//Energy stored in Joules +L2=25*10^-3;..........//Inductance at x2 in EX25_4 in Henry + +Wfd4=(1/2)*L2*ic^2;....//Change in the field energy stored in Joules +Wfd=Wfd3-Wfd4;.........//Change in energy stored in the field in Joules +y3=L1*ic;..............//Leakage flux at x1 +y4=L2*ic;...............//Leakage flux at x2 +dWfd=(1/2)*ic*(y3-y4);.......//Change in energy stored in the field in Joules +disp(dWfd,"Change in energy stored in the field in Joules:"); diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.jpg b/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517eda8f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.sce b/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43a4a05d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH25/EX25.7/EX25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//EXAMPLE 25.7 +//COUPLED COILS + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +x=poly(0,"x"); +L11=1+(1/x); +L22=0.5+(1/x); +L12=1/x; +L21=1/x; +ic1=20;.........//First coil is excited by constant current in Amperes +ic2=-10;.........//Second coil is excited by constant current in Amperes +x1=0.5;........//Displacement in Centi Meter +x2=1;...........//Displacement in Centi Meter + +Wfd=((1/2)*L11*ic1^2)+(L12*ic1*ic2)+((1/2)*L22*ic2^2);........//Function of mechanical work done +F1=(-1)*derivat(Wfd);..........//Function for energy stored +disp(F1,"Energy stored :"); +deff('y=f(x)','y=50/(x^2)'); +dWmech=intg(0.5,1,f);.................//Mechanical work if x ranges from 0.5 to 1.0cm in Joules +disp(dWmech,"(a).Mechanical work if x ranges from 0.5 to 1.0cm in Joules:"); + +y1=(L11*ic1)+(L12*ic2);........//Leakage flux for coil 1; +disp(y1,"(b).Function for leakage flux for coil 1"); +y1x1=20+10/(x1);....//at x1 +y1x2=20+10/(x2);....//at x2 +dwelec1=ic1*(y1x2-y1x1);........//Energy supplid by coil 1 in Joules +disp(dwelec1,"Energy supplid by coil 1 in Joules:"); + + +y2=(L12*ic1)+(L22*ic2);.......//Leakage flux for coil 2; +disp(y2,"Leakage flux for coil 2"); +y2x1=-5+10/(x1);....//at x1 +y2x2=-5+10/(x2);....//at x2 +dwelec2=ic2*(y2x2-y2x1);........//Energy supplid by coil 1 in Joules +disp(dwelec2,"Energy supplid by coil 2 in Joules:"); diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91c9d5891 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54a031ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.10/EX26_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26.10 +//DC SHUNT GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +Vi=127;...............//Induced voltage on open circuit in Volts +V1=120;...............//Terminal voltage on load in Volts +Rf=15;............//Field circuit resistance in Ohms +Ra=0.02;..........//Armature resistance in Ohms +Ia=8.47;..........//Armature current in Amperes +If=8;.............//Field current in Amperes + +//Generator on no load +Eg=Vi+(Ia*Ra);..........//EMF generated in the armature in Volts +y=round(Eg*100)/100; +disp(y,"EMF generated in the armature in Volts:"); + +//Generator on load +Ia=(Eg-V1)/Ra; +y=round(Ia*10)/10;.............//Armature current in Amperes +Il=y-If;.........//Load current in Amperes +disp(Il,"Load current in Amperes:"); + + + + + diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc74b3d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce5ac9ceb --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.a/EX26_11a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26.11(a) +//8-POLE DC SHUNT GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +P=8;.....................//Number of poles +Z=778;.....................//Number of conductors +N=500;..................//Speed of the generator in rpm +Rl=12.5;................//Load resistance in Ohms +Ra=0.24;.................//Armature resistance in Ohms +Rf=250;..................//Field resistance in Ohms +V=250;...................//Terminal voltage in Volts +Aw=2;....................//Number of parallel paths for wave winding + +Il=V/Rl;....................//Load current in Amperes +Ish=V/Rf;...................//Shunt current in Amperes +Ia=Il+Ish;.................//Armature current in Amperes +Eg=V+(Ia*Ra);...............//Induced EMF in Volts +Phi=Eg*60*Aw/(Z*N*P);...........//Flux per pole in Webers +y=Phi*1000;.....................//Flux per pole in Mili Webers +y1=round(y*100)/100;...........//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y1,"Flux per pole in Mili Webers:"); diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..974fa5203 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87ebf1e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.11.b/EX26_11b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26.11(b) +//4-POLE DC SHUNT GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +P=4;.....................//Number of poles +Z=120;.....................//Number of conductors +N=1000;..................//Speed of the generator in rpm +Ra=0.2;.................//Armature resistance in Ohms +Rf=250;..................//Field resistance in Ohms +V=250;...................//Terminal voltage in Volts +Vb=1*2;.................//Brush drop in Volts +Al=P;....................//Number of parallel paths for lap winding +Pg=5*10^3;.................//Output power of geyser in Watts +Pli=2.5*10^3;...............//Output power of lighting load in Watts + +Ig=Pg/V;.......................//Geyser current in Amperes +Ili=Pli/V;.......................//Lighting current in Amperes +It=Ig+Ili;......................//Total current in Amperes +If=V/Rf;.......................//Field current in Amperes +Ia=If+It;......................//Armature current in Amperes +Va=Ia*Ra;.....................//Armature drop in Volts +Eg=V+Va+Vb;...................//Generated EMF in Volts +Phi=Eg*60*Al*1000/(Z*N*P);......//Flux per pole in Mili Webers +disp(Phi,"Flux per pole in Mili Webers:"); +Iap=Ia/Al;....................//Armature current per parallel path in Amperes +disp(Iap,"Armature current per parallel path in Amperes:"); diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e9205f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1746aaef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.12/EX26_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26.12 +//SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +N=1000;.................//Speed of the generator in rpm +V=125;..................//Terminal voltage in Volts +I=200;..................//Load current at 1000 rpm in Amperes +N1=800;.................//Speed of the generator dropped in rpm +Ra=0.04;...............//Armature resistance in Ohms +Vb=1*2;................//Brush drop in Volts + +R=V/I;.................//Load resistance in Ohms +Eg1=V+(I*Ra)+Vb;...........//Generated EMF at 1000 rpm in Volts +Eg2=Eg1*(N1/N);............//Generated EMF at 800 rpm in Volts +I1=(Eg2-Vb)/(R+Ra);.........//Load current at 800 rpm in Amperes +y=round(I1*10)/10;..........//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y,"Load current at 800 rpm in Amperes:"); diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e55cbbeec Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3850f26d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.13/EX26_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26.13 +//4-POLE DC GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +N=900;.................//Speed of the generator in rpm +P=4;....................//Number of poles +V=220;..................//Terminal voltage in Volts +E=240;..................//Induced voltage at rated speed in Volts +Ra=0.2;...............//Armature resistance in Ohms +Phi=10*10^-3;..........//Air gap flux per pole in Mili Webers +T=8;.................//Armature turns per coil +Aw=2;.................//Number of parallel paths for wave winding + +if E>V then printf("The machine is working as a generator as induced voltage is greater than terminal voltage \n"); + else printf("The machine is working as a generator as induced voltage is less than terminal voltage \n"); +end + +Ia=(E-V)/Ra;..........................//Armature current in Amperes +Z=E*Aw*600/(Phi*N*P);.................//Number of conductors +disp(Z,"Number of conductors:"); +C=T*2;........................//Conductors per coil +Co=Z/C;........................//Total number of armature coils + +disp(Co,"Total number of armature coils:"); diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.jpg b/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45dc3fc96 Binary files /dev/null and b/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.jpg differ diff --git a/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.sce b/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6610d9966 --- /dev/null +++ b/1418/CH26/EX26.14/EX26_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//EXAMPLE 26_14 +//COMPOUND GENERATOR + +clc; +funcprot(0); + +//Variable Initialisation +V=120;.............//Terminal voltage in Volts +Rsh=25;............//Resistance of shunt field in Ohms +Ra=0.06;...........//Resistance of armature in Ohms +Rse=0.04;.........//Resistance of series field in Ohms +I=100;.............//Load current in Amperes +Rd=0.1;.............//Diverter resistance in Ohms + +//Induced EMF when the machine is connected as long shunt +Ish=V/Rsh;..........//Current through shunt field in Amperes +Ia=I+Ish;...........//Armature current in Amperes +disp(Ia,"Armature current in Amperes if the machine is connected as long shunt:"); +Vse=Ia*Rse;.........//Voltage drop in series winding in Volts +y=round(Vse*100)/100;......//Rounding of decimal places +Va=Ia*Ra;...........//Armature voltage drop in Volts +y1=round(Va*100)/100;.......//Rounding of decimal places +E=V+Va+Vse;.............//Induced EMF in Volts +y2=round(E*10)/10;.......//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y2,"Induced EMF in Volts if the machine is connected as long shunt:"); + +//Induced EMF when the machine is connected as short shunt +Vse=I*Rse;.........//Voltage drop in series winding in Volts +Vsh=V+Vse;...........//Armature voltage drop in Volts +Ish=Vsh/Rsh;..........//Current through shunt field in Amperes +y3=round(Ish); +Ia1=I+Ish;.............//Armature current in Amperes +y3=round(Ia1);..........//Rounding of decimal places +disp(y3,"Armature current in Amperes if the machine is connected as short shunt:"); +Va=y3*Ra;..............//Armature voltage drop in Volts +E1=V+Va+Vse;...........//Induced EMF in Volts +disp(E1,"Induced EMF in Volts if the machine is connected as short shunt:"); + +//Diverted connected in parallel with the series winding +Ised=Ia*Rd/(Rd+Rse);....................//Current through series windin when diverter is connected in parallel in Amperes +y4=round(Ised*100)/100;...................//Rounding of decimal places + +if y4 M/2 +printf("Alkalinity due to Carbonate anions is %.0f ppm and due to Hydroxide anions is %d ppm.",2*(M-P),2*P-M); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7073037f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-1.21 +//Determining type and amount of alkalinity +clc +V=100;//volume of water sample (in mL) +v1=4;//volume of acid required to phenolphthalein end-point (in mL) +v2=16;//volume of acid required to methyl orange end-point (in mL) +N=1/50;//normality of sulphuric acid +P=v1*N*(1000/V)*50;//strength of alkanlinity upto phenolphthalein end-point (in ppm) +M=(v1+v2)*N*(1000/V)*50;//strength of alkanlinity upto methyl orange end-point (in ppm) +//P < M/2 +printf("Alkalinity due to Carbonate anions is %.0f ppm and due to Hydrogen carbonate anions is %d ppm.",2*P,M-2*P); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4dfdbd31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-1.22 +//Finding hardness of given water sample +clc +V=10000;//volume of water teated (in L) +v1=200;//volume of HCl required by cationic resin (in L) +v2=200;//volume of NaOH required by anionic resin (in L) +N=0.1;//normality of HCl and NaOH +h=v1*N*(1000/V)*50;//hardness (in ppm) +printf("Hardness of given sample is %d ppm.",h); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f25bdf5c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-1.23 +//Calculating hardness of given water sample +clc +V=100;//volume of water (in mL) +v1=20;//volume of sodium carbonate used (in mL) +n1=0.1;//normality of sodium carbonate solution +v2=30;//volume of sulphuric acid used (in mL) +n2=0.05;//normality of sulphuric acid used +f=v2*(n2/n1);//Filtrate +h=(v1-f)*n1*(1000/V)*50;//hardness (in ppm) +printf("Hardness of water sample is %d ppm.",h); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3019c2abb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-1.3 +//Calculating temporary and permanent hardness of a sample of water +clc +A=7.3;//content of Magnesium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +B=16.2;//content of Calcium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +C=9.5;//content of Magnesium chloride (in mg/L) +D=13.6;//content of Calcium sulphate (in mg/L) +a1=(A/146)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A +a2=(B/162)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B +a3=(C/95)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C +a4=(D/136)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of D +t=a1+a2;//temporary hardness (in ppm) +p=a2+a4;//permanent hardness (in ppm) +printf("Temporary and Permanent hardness of the given sample are %d ppm and %d ppm respectively.",t,p); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73b48e0e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-1.4 +//Calculating temporary and total hardness in given sample of water +clc +A=73;//content of Magnesium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +B=162;//content of Calcium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +C=95;//content of Magnesium chloride (in mg/L) +D=136;//content of Calcium Sulphate (in mg/L) +a1=(A/146)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a2=(B/162)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B (in mg/L) +a3=(C/95)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C (in mg/L) +a4=(D/136)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of D (in mg/L) +temp=a1+a2;//temporary hardness (in ppm) +total=a1+a2+a3+a4;//total hardness (in ppm) +printf("Temporary hardness of given sample is %d ppm and Total hardness is %d ppm.",temp,total); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af2edcb74 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-1.5 +//Calculating amount of lime required +clc +A=25;//content of Calcium carbonate in water (in ppm) +B=144;//content of Magnesium carbonate in water (in ppm) +C=95;//content of Magnesium chloride in water (in ppm) +V=50000;//volume of water given (in L) +a1=(A/100)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in ppm) +a2=(B/84)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B (in ppm) +a3=(C/95)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C (in ppm) +lime=(a1+2*a2+a3)*V*(74/100);//lime requirement (in mg) +printf("Lime required for softening is %.3f kg.",lime/1000000); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7edca988b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ques-1.6 +//Calculating amount of lime and soda required +clc +A=8.1;//content of Calcium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +B=7.5;//content of Magnesium hydrogencarbonate (in mg/L) +C=13.6;//content of Calcium sulphate (in mg/L) +D=12;//content of Magnesiu sulphate (in mg/L) +E=2;//content of Magnesium chloride (in mg/L) +V=50000;//volume of water sample given (in L) +a1=(A/162)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a2=(B/146)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B (in mg/L) +a3=(C/136)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C(in mg/L) +a4=(D/120)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of D (in mg/L) +a5=(E/95)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of E (in mg/L) +lime=(a1+2*a2+a4+a5)*(74/100)*V;//lime required (in mg) +soda=(a3+a4+a5)*(106/100)*V;//soda required (in mg) +printf("Lime and Soda required for %d L are %.4f kg and %.4f kg repectively.",V,lime/1000000,soda/1000000); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc2cf901d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-1.7 +//Calculating amount of lime and soda required for softening hard water +clc +A=20;//content of Calcium cation (in ppm) +B=18;//content of Magnesium cation (in ppm) +C=183;//content of Hydrogen carbonate anion (in ppm) +a1=(A/40)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in ppm) +a2=(B/24)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B (in ppm) +a3=(C/122)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C (in ppm) +lime=(a2+a3)*(74/100);//lime required (in ppm) +soda=(a1+a2-a3)*(106/100);//soda required (in ppm) +//soda < 0, therefore +printf("Lime required for softening hard water is %.1f ppm and Soda required is nil.",lime); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bd5740f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//ques-1.8 +//Calculating amount of lime and soda required for softening water +clc +A=7.3;//content of HCl (in mg/L) +B=34.2;//content of Aluminium sulphate (in mg/L) +C=9.5;//content of Magnesium chloride (in mg/L) +V=100000;//volume of water used (in L) +p1=90;//Purity precentage of lime +p2=98;//Purity precentage of soda +e=10;//Percentage of excess chemicals used +a1=(A/73)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a2=(B/114)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of B (in mg/L) +a3=(C/95)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of C (in mg/L) +lime=(a1+a2+a3)*(74/100)*(1+e/100)*(100/p1)*V;//lime required (in mg) +soda=(a1+a2+a3)*(106/100)*V*(1+e/100)*(100/p2);//soda required (in mg) +printf("Lime required for softening %d L of water is %.3f kg and Soda required is %.3f kg.",V,lime/1000000,soda/1000000); diff --git a/1427/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/1427/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b007aead --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ques-1.9 +//Calculating amount of lime and soda required to soften one million litres of water +clc +A=30;//content of Calcium cation (in mg/L) +B=24;//content of Magnesium cation (in mg/L) +C=24;//content of CO2 (in mg/L) +D=50;//content of HCl (in mg/L) +V=1000000;//volume of water sample (in L) +p1=90;//Purity percentage of lime +p2=94;//Purity percentage of soda +a1=(A/40)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a2=(B/24)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a3=(C/44)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +a4=(D/73)*100;//CaCO3 equivalent of A (in mg/L) +lime=(a2+a3+a4)*(74/100)*V*(100/p1);//lime required (in mg) +soda=(a1+a2+a4)*(106/100)*V*(100/p2);//soda required (in mg) +printf("Lime required to soften one mllion litres of given water is %.1f kg and Soda required is %.1f kg.",lime/1000000,soda/1000000); diff --git a/1427/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/1427/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..672e49c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-10.1 +//Calculating viscosity index of the oil sample +clc +L=774;//low viscosity standard +H=414;//high viscosity standard +U=564;//saybolt universal viscosity +V_I=((L-U)/(L-H))*100;//viscosity index +printf("viscosity index of oil sample is %.2f.",V_I); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efe458799 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-15.1 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a reaction +clc +a=15;//moles of H2 +b=5.2;//moles of I2 +c=10;//moles of HI +x=c/2; +Kc=(4*x^2)/((a-x)*(b-x));//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.0f.",Kc); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f3607a13 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.10/15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-15.10 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a reaction +clc +P=1000;//pressure (in atm) +//a/b=1/3 (Volume ratio) +a=1;//volume of N2 +b=3;//volume of H2 +c=0.2491;//mole fraction of ammonia +//c=(2*x)/(4-2*x) +x=0.9964/2.4982;//degree of dissociation +Kp=(16*x^2*(2-x)^2)/(27*P^2*(1-x)^4);//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.9f atm^-2.",Kp); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e11bab9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.11/15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-15.11 +//Calculating total pressure to be applied +clc +//N2/H2 = 1/3 +a=1;//moles of N2 +b=3;//moles of H2 +Kp=1.64*10^-4;//equilibrium constant (in atm^-2) +c=10/100;//content of ammonia +//c = (2*x)/(4-2*x) +x=0.4/2.2; +Z=(16*x^2*(2-x)^2)/(27*Kp*(1-x)^4); +P=sqrt(Z);//pressure +printf("Pressure to be applied is %.2f atm.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5792cdd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.12/15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-15.12 +//Calculating both equilibrium constants +clc +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +x=80/100;//degree of dissociation +T=523;//temperture (in K) +R=0.0831;//L-atm/K/mole +Kp=(P*x^2)/(1-x^2); +Kc=Kp/(R*T); +printf("The value of Kp and Kc are %.4f atm and %.4f mole/L respectively.",Kp,Kc); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d6e48d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-15.2 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a dissociation reaction +clc +x=22;//percentage of dissociation +a=2;//moles of HI +c1=(x/100)/2;//content of H2 +c2=(x/100)/2;//content of I2 +c3=(2-(2*x/100))/2;//content of HI +Kc=(c1*c2)/c3^2//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.4f.",Kc); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5e5a99c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-15.3 +//Determining composition of equilibrium mixture +clc +a=1;//moles of acid +b=8;//moles of alcohol +Kc=4;//equilibrium constant +//Solving, 3*x^2-36*x+32 = 0 +D=36^2-4*3*32;//discriminant +x=(36-sqrt(D))/(2*3); +printf("Final content of acid, alcohol, salt and water are %.3f, %.3f, %.3f and %.3f moles respectively.",a-x,b-x,x,x); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a41fc194 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-15.4 +//Calculating equilibrium concentration of hydrogen and iodine and hydrogen iodide +clc +m1=12;//mass of hydrogen (in g) +m2=762;//mass of iodine (in g) +Kc=64;//equilibrium constant +a=m1/2;//moles of H2 +b=m2/254;//moles of I2 +//Kc=(4*x^2)/((a-x)*(b-x)) +//Solving, 60*x^2-576*x+1152 = 0 +D=576^2-4*60*1152; +x=(576-sqrt(D))/(2*60); +printf("Equilibrium concentrations of hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide are %.2f, %.2f and %.0f g respectively.",(a-x)*2,(b-x)*254,(2*x)*128); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3363e025 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-15.5 +//Calculating equilibrium constant +clc +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +x=25;//percentage of dissociation +x=x/100; +Kp=((x^2)*P)/(1-x^2);//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.4f atm.",Kp); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6934be7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-15.6 +//Calculating pressure +clc +Kp=1.06*10^-2;//equilibrium constant (in atm) +x=1/100;//degree of dissociation +P=(Kp*(1-x^2))/(4*x^2);//pressure +printf("Pressure required is %.2f atm.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1ea5bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-15.7 +//Calculating degree of dissociation +clc +Kp=3*10^-2;//equilibrium constant (in atm) +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +//Kp=(P*x^2)/(1-x^2) +//Solving, x^2 + Kp*x - Kp = 0 +x=(-Kp+sqrt(Kp^2+4*Kp))/2;//degree of dissociation +printf("Degree of dissociation required is %.4f.",x); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d034d030a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-15.8 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a reaction +clc +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +x=20/100;//degree of dissociation +Kp=(4*P*x^2)/(1-x^2);//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.4f atm.",Kp); diff --git a/1427/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce b/1427/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac105da91 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-15.9 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a reaction +clc +P=10;//pressure (in atm) +x=0.96;//degree of dissociation +Kp=(27*P^2*x^4)/(16*((1-x)^2)*(1+x)^2);//equilibrium constant +printf("Equilibrium constant required is %.2f atm^2.",Kp); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..398822c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.1/16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ques-16.1 +//Calculating rate constant of a reaction +clc +//t = Time in minutes +//c = KMnO4 in mL +t1=0; c1=37; +t2=5; c2=29.8; +t3=15; c3=19.6; +t4=25; c4=12.3; +t5=45; c5=5; +a=c1; +k2=(2.303/t2)*log10(a/c2); +k3=(2.303/t3)*log10(a/c3); +k4=(2.303/t4)*log10(a/c4); +k5=(2.303/t5)*log10(a/c5); +k=(k2+k3+k4+k5)/4; +printf("The reaction is of First order with average value of rate constant being %.6f /min.",k); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fab6ef6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.10/16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-16.10 +//Calculating rate constant and half life and time required to complete 75 percent of reaction +clc +a=0.1;//initial concentration (in mol/L) +x1=(20/100)*a;//mol/L +t1=40;//time (in minutes) +//2nd order reaction +k=x1/(a*t1*(a-x1));//rate constant (in L/mol/min) +t_h=1/(a*k);//half-life (in min) +x2=(75/100)*a;//mol/L +t2=x2/(a*k*(a-x2));//time required (in min) +printf("The rate constant is %.4f L/mol/min, half-life is %.0f min and time required to complete 75 percent of reaction is %d min.",k,t_h,t2); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34d098aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.11/16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ques-16.11 +//Calculating amount of A and B left unreacted after 2 hours in two given conditions +clc +a=1;//say +t1=1;//time (in hours) +x1=(75/100)*a; + +//Part (i) - 1st order in A +k=(2.303/t1)*log10(a/(a-x1));//rate constant (in /h) +//k=(2.303/t)*log10(a/(a-x)) +t2=2;//(in h) +x2=(15/16)*a; +printf("(i) Amount of A and B left unreacted are %.2f and 100 percent respectively.\n",(a-x2)*100); + +//Part (ii) - 1st order in A and B +k=x1/(a*t1*(a-x1));//rate constant (in L/mol/h) +//k=x/(a*t*(a-x)) +x2=(6/7)*a; +printf(" (ii) Amount of A and B left unreacted is %.3f percent.",(a-x2)*100); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bbbc2db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.12/16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-16.12 +//Calculating order with respect to A and B and rate constant +clc +//A,B in mol/L +A1=2.5*10^-4; B1=3*10^-5; k1=5*10^-4; +A2=5*10^-4; B2=6*10^-5; k2=4*10^-3; +A3=10^-3; B3=6*10^-5; k3=1.6*10^-2; +//r=k*[A]^x*[B]^y +x=log10(1/4)/log10(0.5); +y=log10(1/2)/log10(1/2); +k=k1/(A1^x*B1^y); +printf("Order with respect to A is %d, B is %d and rate constant is %d L^2/mol^2/s.",x,y,k); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee9a02f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.13/16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-16.13 +//To show that the reaction is of first order +clc +a=24.09+10.74;//(in degrees) +//t in min; r in degrees +t2=6.18; r2=21.4; +t3=18; r3=17.7; +t4=27.05; r4=15; +r=10.74; +k2=(2.303/t2)*log10(a/(r2+r)); +k3=(2.303/t3)*log10(a/(r3+r)); +k4=(2.303/t4)*log10(a/(r4+r)); +printf("As values of k are nearly same, so reaction is of first order."); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f27fc3822 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.14/16_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-16.14 +//Calculating energy of activation of the reaction +clc +T1=300; T2=350;//temperature (in K) +t1=20; t2=5;//time (in min) +//1st order reaction +k1=0.6932/t1; k2=0.6932/t2//(in /min) +Ea=(log10(k2/k1)*2.303*8.314*T1*T2)/(T2-T1);//energy of activation +printf("Energy of activation of the reaction is %d J/mol.",Ea); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdb6ab637 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.15/16_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-16.15 +//Calculating activation energy for the reaction +clc +k2=5.16*10^4; k1=3.76*10^3; +T2=1125; T1=1085;//temperature (in K) +Ea=(log10(k2/k1)*2.303*8.314*T1*T2)/(T2-T1);//activation energy +printf("Activation energy for the reaction is %d J/mol.",Ea); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5f7658fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.16/16_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-16.16 +//Calculating energy of activation of the reaction +clc +k1=7*10^-7; k2=9*10^-4;//rate constant +T1=280; T2=330;//temperature (in K) +Ea=(log10(k2/k1)*2.303*1.987*T1*T2)/(T2-T1);//energy of activation +printf("Energy of activation of the reaction is %.3f kcal/K.",Ea/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c8228e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.17/16_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-16.17 +//Finding temperature at which half life becomes 10 minutes +clc +A=4*10^13;//arrhenius constant (in /s) +Ea=98.6;//energy of activation (in kJ/mol) +t=10;//half-life (in min) +k=0.693/(t*60);//rate constant +T=(Ea*1000)/(2.303*8.314*log10(A/k));//temperature +printf("Temperature required is %.2f K.",T); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3d011151 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.18/16_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-16.18 +//Finding temperature at which k is 10000 per s +clc +k1=4.5*10^3;//rate constant (in /s) +T1=1;//temperature (in degree celsius) +Ea=58;//activation energy (in kJ/mol) +k2=10^4;//new rate constant (in /s) +//logk = logA - (Ea/(2.303*R*T)) +z=14.71;//logA +T2=(Ea*1000)/(2.303*8.314*(z-log10(k2)));//temperature (in K) +printf("Temperature required is %.0f K.",T2); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.19/16_19.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.19/16_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7380209ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.19/16_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-16.19 +//Finding temperature at which given half life is achieved +clc +T1=274;//temperature (in K) +Ea=58;//activation energy (in kJ/mol) +t2=6.93*10^-5;//half-life (in /s) +k1=4.5*10^3; k2=0.693/t2;//rate constant +//log10(k2/k1) = (Ea*1000*(T2-T1))/(2.303*8.314*T1*T2) +T2=T1/0.9686; +printf("Temperature required is %.1f K.",T2); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d90aea8b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-16.2 +//Calculating required concentration after 30 minutes +clc +//1st order reaction +k=1.35*10^-4;//rate constant (in /s) +t=30;//time (in minutes) +a=0.03;//initial concentration (in mol/L) +//k = (2.303/t)*log10(a/a-x) +x=(a*0.274)/1.274; +printf("The concentration required after %d minutes is %.5f mol/L.",t,a-x); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.20/16_20.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.20/16_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d30bc4b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.20/16_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-16.20 +//Calculating activation energy and k at 670 K +clc +//logk = 14.34 - 1.25*10^4/T +Ea=1.25*10^4*2.303*8.314;//activation energy +T=670;//temperature (in K) +k=4.8*10^-5;//rate constant (in /s) +printf("Activation energy is %d kJ/mol and k at 670K is %.6f /s.",Ea/1000,k); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.21/16_21.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.21/16_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eff28f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.21/16_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-16.21 +//Determining percent decomposition in a 30 percent solution +clc +Ea=70;//activation energy (in kJ/mol) +a=100;//say +x1=(25/100)*a; +t=20;//time (in min) +k1=(2.303/t)*log10(a/(a-x));//rate constant (in /min) +T1=298; T2=313;//temperature (in K) +//log10(k2/k1) = (Ea*(T2-T1))/(2.303*R*T1*T2) +k2=5.554*10^-2;//rate constant (in /min) +//k2 = (2.303/t)*log10(a/(a-x2)) +x2=66.97; +printf("Percent decomposition required is %.2f.",x2); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.22/16_22.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.22/16_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64eecd046 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.22/16_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-16.22 +//Determining order of the reaction +clc +r1=0.76; r2=1.07;//rate of reaction (in torr/s) +x1=5; x2=20;//percentage of decomposition +a1=1-(x1/100); a2=1-(x2/100); +n=log10(r2/r1)/log10(a1/a2);//order +printf("The order of the reaction is %.0f.",n); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.25/16_25.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.25/16_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..252018ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.25/16_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-16.25 +//Calculating relaxation time and equilibrium constant +clc +ka=1.5*10^4; kb=3*10^5;//rate constants (in /s) +R_T=1/(ka+kb);//relaxation time +K=ka/kb;//equilibrium constant +printf("Relaxation time is %.10f s and equilibrium constant is %.2f.",R_T,K); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.26/16_26.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.26/16_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9356f1002 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.26/16_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-16.26 +//Calculating values of rate constants +clc +K=0.1;//equilibrium constant +R_T=10^-5;//relaxation time (in s) +//R_T = 1/(ka+kb) +//K=ka/kb +ka=1/(11*10^-5); +kb=10*ka; +printf("The value of ka is %d /s and kb is %d /s.",ka,kb); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2295c5cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.3/16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-16.3 +//Finding initial concentration of the reactants +clc +//2nd order reaction +t=60;//time (in minutes) +k=5.2*10^-3;//rate constant (in L/mol/minute) +//k = x/(t*a*(a-x)) +//where, x = a/2 +a=1/(t*k); +printf("Initial concentration of reactants is %.1f mol/L.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bde0ca8df --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-16.4 +//Determining rate law and order with respect to A and B +clc +//R=k*[A]^x*[B]^y +//2R=k*[A]^x*[2*B]^y +//8*R=k*[2*A]^x*[2*B]^y +x=log10(4)/log10(2); +y=log10(2)/log10(2); +printf("Order with respect to A is %d and B is %d and rate law is k*[A]^2*[B].",x,y); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48300f050 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-16.5 +//To show a relation at two different times +clc +//1st order reaction +t1=0.693/k;//time for half reaction +a=1; +x=0.999; +t2=(2.303/k)*log10(a/(a-x));//time for 99.9% of reaction +z=t2/t1; +printf("Time required for 99.9 percent of reaction to take place is about %.0f times that is required for half the reaction.",z); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e08302bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-16.6 +//Calculating order of a reaction +clc +t1=50;//half-life initially(in minutes) +t2=25;//new half-life (in minutes) +//a2=a1/2 +//t1/t2=(a2/a1)^n-1 +n=0; +printf("Reaction is of %d order.",n); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ff3b557b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-16.7 +//Calculating time required +clc +t1=50;//initial half-life (in s) +t2=25;//new half-life (in s) +a2=1;//concentration (in mol/L) +a1=0.5;//concentration (in mol/L) +n=1+(log10(t1/t2)/log10(a2/a1)); +//n=2; 2nd order reaction +k=1/(t1*a1); +p=20;//percentage reduction +x=a1*(1-(p/100));//concentration left after reduction (in mol/L) +t=x/(a1*k*(a1-x)); +printf("Time required is %d s.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e1d9ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.8/16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-16.8 +//Calculating time required for 80 percent completion of a reaction +clc +a=1;//concentration (in mol/L) +x1=0.2;//percentage dissociation +x2=0.8;//percentage dissociation +t1=500;//time (in s) +t2=(x2/(a*(a-x2)))*((a*t1*(a-x1))/x1); +printf("Time required is %d s.",t2); diff --git a/1427/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce b/1427/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03e9c918a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH16/EX16.9/16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ques-16.9 +//Finding order of reaction and velocity constant +clc +//t=time in minutes; y=volume of HCl (in mL) +a=61.95;//initial volume (in mL) +t2=4.89; y2=50.59; +t3=10.37; y3=42.40; +t4=28.18; y4=29.35; +k2=(a-y2)/(a*t2*y2);//(in /conc/min) +k3=(a-y3)/(a*t3*y3);//(in /conc/min) +k4=(a-y4)/(a*t4*y4);//(in /conc/min) +//As values of k are identical +//2nd order reaction +k=(k2+k3+k4)/3;//velocity constant (in /conc/min) +printf("The reaction is of 2nd order with velocity constant being %.6f /conc/min.",k); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..833a292b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.1 +//Calculating heat of formation of ethyl alcohol +clc +h1=-333;//heat of combustion of ethyl alcohol (in kcal) +h2=-94.3;//heat of formation of carbon dioxide (in kcal) +h3=-68.5;//heat of formation of water (in kcal) +H=2*h2+3*h3-h1;//heat of formation of ethyl alcohol (in kcal) +printf("Heat of formation of ethyl alcohol is %.1f kcal.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b84440e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.10 +//Calculating work done and heat rejected and efficiency +clc +T1=0; T2=100;//temperature (in degree celsius) +q2=840;//energy absorbed (in J) +q1=q2*((T1+273)/(T2+273));//heat rejected (in J) +W=q2-q1;//work done (in J) +n=(T2-T1)/(T2+273);//efficiency +printf("The work done is %.1f J, heat rejected is %.1f J and efficiency is %.3f.",W,q1,n); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da5e0a394 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-18.11 +//Calculating heat to be withdrawn from reservoir +clc +n=0.42;//efficiency +w=203;//work done (in cal) +q2=w/n;//heat withdrawn (in cal) +printf("Heat withdrawn from reservoir is %.1f cal.",q2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.12/18_12.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.12/18_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52326a158 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.12/18_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-18.12 +//Determining required percentage for a heat engine +clc +n=0.1;//(T2-T1)/T2 +r=0.9;//T1/T2 +printf("Required percentage of T1/T2 is %d.",r*100); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.13/18_13.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.13/18_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4aeb396c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.13/18_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.13 +//Calculating change in entropy for an isothermal expansion +clc +n=5;//moles of gas +//r=V2/V1 +r=6; +S=2.303*8.314*n*log10(r);//change in entropy +printf("The change in entropy is %.1f J/K.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.14/18_14.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.14/18_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e84aabb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.14/18_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.14 +//Calculating increase in entropy in evaporation of water +clc +n=1;//moles of water +L=540;//latent heat of vapourosation (in cal/g) +T=100;//temperature (in degree celsius) +q=L*n*18;//heat (reversible) +S=q/(T+273);//increase in entropy +printf("The increase in entropy is %.3f cal/mol/K.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.15/18_15.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.15/18_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d9e8eaf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.15/18_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.15 +//Calculating entropy of mixing per mole of the mixture +clc +n1=1;//mole sof hydrogen +n2=9;//moles of nitrogen +x1=n1/(n1+n2); +x2=n2/(n1+n2); +S=-8.314*2.303*(x1*log10(x1)+x2*log10(x2));//entropy of mixing +printf("The entropy of mixing is %.3f J/K/mol.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.16/18_16.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.16/18_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e1b7a81a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.16/18_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.16 +//Calculating increase in entropy +clc +v1=2.8;//volume of O2 (in L) +v2=19.6;//volume of H2 (in L) +n1=v1/22.4; n2=v2/22.4;//(in moles) +x1=n1/(n1+n2); x2=n2/(n1+n2); +S=-8.314*2.303*(x1*log10(x1)+x2*log10(x2)); +printf("The increase in entropy is %.3f J/K.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.18/18_18.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.18/18_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a90e0dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.18/18_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.18 +//Calculating entropy change and free energy change of the reaction +clc +T1=300; T2=330;//temperature (in K) +G1=-16;//free energy change (in kcal) +H=-10;//enthalpy change (in kcal) +S=(H-G1)/T1;//entropy change (in kcal/K) +G2=H-T2*S;//free energy change (in kcal) +printf("The entropy change is %d cal/K and free energy change at 330K is %.1f kcal.",S*1000,G2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.19/18_19.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.19/18_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce0d427d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.19/18_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.19 +//Calculating enthalpy change for the process +clc +G1=-85.77; G2=-83.68;//free energy change (in kJ) +T1=273+25; T2=273+35;//temperature (in K) +//G=H-T*S +//On comparing, (G1-H)/T1 = (G2-H)/T2 +H=-148;//enthalpy change (in kJ) +printf("The enthalpy change for the process is %d kJ.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b56d906d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.2 +//Calculating enthalpy of formation of benzene +clc +h1=-3273;//heat of combustion of benzene (in kJ) +h2=-394;//heat of formation of carbon dioxide (in kJ) +h3=-286;//heat of formation of water (in kJ) +H=6*h2+3*h3-h1;//enthalpy of formation of benzene (in kJ) +printf("Enthalpy of formation of benzene is %.0f kJ/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.20/18_20.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.20/18_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c55838f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.20/18_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-18.20 +//Calculating standard heat of formation and total change in heat capacities at constant pressure +clc +T1=273+25; T2=273+20;//temperature (in K) +//C = molar heat capacities at constant pressure (in cal/degree/mole) +C1=6.89;//hydrogen +C2=6.97;//oxygen +C3=8;//water +H1=-68.3;//enthalpy change (in kcal/mol) +Cp=C3-C1+C2/2; +H2=H1*1000+(T2-T1)*Cp;//enthalpy change (in kcal/mol) +printf("The standard heat of formation is %d kcal/mol and total change in heat capacities at constant pressure is %.3f kcal/mol.",H1,H2/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.21/18_21.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.21/18_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed531fd9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.21/18_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.21 +//Determining heat of formation at constant volume +clc +H=-74.85;//heat of formation of methane at constant pressure (in kJ/mol) +n=1-2;//change in gaseous moles +T=273+25;//temperature (in K) +U=H*1000-n*8.314*T;//heat of formation at constant volume +printf("Heat of formation at constant volume is %.2f kJ/mol.",U/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.22/18_22.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.22/18_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7201cea7c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.22/18_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-18.22 +//Calculating enthalpy change and entropy change and free energy change and internal energy change +clc +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +L=540;//latent heat of vapourisation of water (in cal/g) +T1=273+0; T2=273+100;//temperature (in K) +n=1;//moles of water +H=n*18*L;//enthalpy change (in cal) +S=H/T2;//entropy change (in cal/K) +G=H-T2*S;//free energy change (in cal) +V1=18;//volume of water at T1 (in mL) +V2=(V1*T2)/T1;////volume of water at T2 (in mL) +U=H-P*(V2-V1);//internal energy change (in cal) +printf("The enthalpy change is %.2f kcal, entropy change is %.2f cal/K, free energy change is %d and internal energy change is %.4f kcal.",H/1000,S,G,U/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.23/18_23.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.23/18_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..277ea561a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.23/18_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.23 +//Calculating standard free energy change for the reaction +clc +//G = free energy (in kJ/mol) +G1=-16.8;//ammonia +G2=-86.7;//NO +G3=-237.2;//water +G=G2+G3*(1.5)-G1;//free energy change +printf("The free energy change required is %.1f kJ/mol.",G); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.24/18_24.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.24/18_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebaa7a33f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.24/18_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-18.24 +//Finding vapour pressure of benzene at 300 K +clc +Hv=7413;//latent heat of vapourization (in cal/mol) +T1=273+80; T2=273+27;//temperature (in K) +P1=760;//mm Hg +R=1.987;//cal/mol/K +//On solving, log(P2/P1) = (Hv*(T2-T1))/(2.303*R*T1*T2) +P2=P1/6.467; +printf("The required vapour pressure is %.2f mm Hg.",P2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.25/18_25.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.25/18_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c74e2157 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.25/18_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-18.25 +//Calculating pressure at which water must be heated to produce superheated steam +clc +Hv=540;//latent heat of vapourization (in cal/g) +T1=273+100; T2=273+150;//temperature (in K) +P1=1;//in atm +R=1.987;//cal/mol/K +//On solving, log(P2/P1) = (Hv*(T2-T1))/(2.303*R*T1*T2) +P2=P1*4.709 +printf("The required vapour pressure is %.3f atm.",P2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.26/18_26.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.26/18_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..871b9b48a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.26/18_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-18.26 +//Calculating free energy change at 298 K +clc +T=298;//temperature (in K) +S=-10.5;//entropy change (in cal/K) +U=-2500;//internal energy change (in cal/K) +R=1.987;//cal/mol/K +n=2-(2+1);//difference in moles of gases +//G=H-T*S +//H=U+n*R*T +G=U+n*R*T-T*S;//free energy change +printf("The free energy change is %.0f cal.",G); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.27/18_27.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.27/18_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..170c55eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.27/18_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-18.27 +//Finding partial pressure of hydrogen at which free energy change is zero +clc +G=-10.1;//free energy change (in kJ/mol) +T=500;//temperature (in K) +p1=10;//partial pressure of HI (in atm) +p2=0.001;//partial pressure of I2 (in atm) +//On solving, log10(K) = (-G)/(2.303*8.314*T) +K=11.36; +p3=(p1/(K*sqrt(p2)))^2; +printf("The partial pressure of hydrogen is %.0f atm.",p3); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.28/18_28.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.28/18_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..540ba6898 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.28/18_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.28 +//Calculating heat of reaction in terms of calories +clc +K1=1.64*10^-4; K2=0.144*10^-4;//equilibrium constant (in atm) +T1=273+400; T2=273+500;//temperature (in K) +R=1.987;//cal/mol/K +H=(log10(K2/K1)*2.303*R*T1*T2)/(T2-T1); +printf("The heat of the reaction is %.2f kcal/mol.",H/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.29/18_29.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.29/18_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02926a1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.29/18_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.29 +//Determining temperature at which water will boil when atmospheric pressure is 528mm Hg +clc +P1=528; P2=760;//pressure (in mm Hg) +H=545.5;//latent heat of vapourisation (in cal/g) +T2=273+100;//temperature (in K) +T1=1/((log10(P2/P1)*2.303*1.987)/(H*18)+(1/T2)); +printf("The temperature required is %.0f K.",T1); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a07a4d88f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.3 +//Calculating heat of a reaction +clc +h1=-110.5;//heat of formation of carbon monoxide (in kJ) +h2=-393.8;//heat of formation of carbon dioxide (in kJ) +h3=-241.8;//heat of formation of water (in kJ) +H=h1-h2+h3;//heat of reaction (in kJ) +printf("Heat of the given reaction is %.1f kJ.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.30/18_30.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.30/18_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d37a6decb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.30/18_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-18.30 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for the given reaction +clc +T=278;//temperature (in K) +S=-333.3;//entropy change (in J/K/mol) +R=8.31;// J/K/mol +h1=-110.5;//heat of formation for CO (in kJ/mol) +h2=-74.8;//heat of formation for methane (in kJ/mol) +h3=-286;//heat of formation for water (in kJ/mol) +H=h2+h3-h1;//enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) +G=(H*1000)-T*S;//free energy change (in kJ/mol) +//On solving, log10(K) = -G/(2.303*R*T) +K=2.97;//(*10^26) +printf("The equilibrium constant required is %.2f*10^26.",K); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.31/18_31.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.31/18_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82aa1ca8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.31/18_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-18.31 +//Calculating entropy change in given state of system +clc +n=1;//moles of ideal gas +Cv=12.55;//calorific volume (in J/K/mol) +T1=298; T2=233;//temperature (in K) +P1=2; P2=0.4;//pressure (in atm) +R=8.314;//in J/K/mol +S=n*Cv*log(T2/T1)-n*R*log(P2/P1); +printf("The entropy change is %.3f J/K/mol.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.32/18_32.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.32/18_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0d705d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.32/18_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-18.32 +//Calculating entropy change when pressure is kept constant and when volume is kept constant +clc +n=1;//moles of ideal gas +Cv=12.471;//calorific volume (in J/K/mol) +T1=300; T2=600;//temperature (in K) +R=8.314;//in J/K/mol +//Pressure is constant +Cp=Cv+R;//calorific pressure (in J/K/mol) +S_P=2.303*n*Cp*log10(T2/T1); +//Volume is constant +S_V=2.303*n*Cv*log10(T2/T1); +printf("The entropy change when pressure is kept constant is %.3f J/K/mol and when volume is kept constant is %.3f J/K/mol.",S_P,S_V); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.34/18_34.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.34/18_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a8c3838 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.34/18_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.34 +//Computing free energy change +clc +n=5;//moles of ideal gas +T=273+27;//temperature (in K) +V1=50; V2=1000;//volume (in L) +G=2.303*n*8.314*T*log10(V1/V2); +printf("The free energy change is %.3f kJ.",G/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.35/18_35.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.35/18_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3ba76ede --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.35/18_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-18.35 +//Calculating q w U H G and A +clc +n=1;//moles of ideal gas +V1=5; V2=10;//volume (in L) +T=300;//temperature (in K) +U=0;//for isothemal and reversible process +H=0;//for isothemal and reversible process +G=-n*8.314*T*log(V2/V1); +A=G; +w=-G; +q=w; +printf("q=w=%.0f J/mol, U=H=0, G=A=%.0f J/mol.",q,A); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.36/18_36.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.36/18_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9938dc2d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.36/18_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ques-18.36 +//Calculating w q U H G A and S +clc +T=373;//boiling point of water (in K) +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +L=40.67;//latent heat of vapourisation (in kJ/mol) +R=8.314;//in J/K/mol +w=-R*T/1000; +H=-L; +q=H; +U=H-w; +G=0; +A=-w; +S=-(q*1000)/T; +printf("w=%.1f kJ/mol, q=H=%.2f kJ/mol, U=%.2f kJ/mol, G=%d; A=%.1f kJ/mol and S=%.0f J/K/mol.",w,q,U,G,A,S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.37/18_37.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.37/18_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fb61c2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.37/18_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.37 +//Calculating final temperature of the gas +clc +q=1.42; +r=20;//ratio = P2/P1 +T1=273;//initial temperature (in K) +T2=T1/(r^((1-q)/q)); +printf("Final temperature is %.1f K.",T2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.38/18_38.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.38/18_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffc0dc063 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.38/18_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-18.38 +//Calculating S and A and G for vaporization of benzene +clc +n=2;//moles of benzene +T=273+80.2;//boiling point (in K) +g=78;//molar weight of benzene (in g) +Lv=101;//latent heat of vaporization (in cal/g) +U=n*g*Lv; +H=U; +S=H/T; +G=H-T*S; +A=G; +printf("The entropy change is %.1f cal/K and A=G=%d.",S,A); + diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.39/18_39.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.39/18_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963c1976d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.39/18_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-18.39 +//Calculating values of q and w and U for conversion of water to steam +clc +n=1;//moles of water +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +L=540;//latent heat of steam (in cal/g) +T1=273; T2=373;//temperature (in K) +V1=22.4;//volume (in L) +q=n*18*L; +V2=(V1*T2)/T1; +w=-P*V2;//neglecting V1 (in L atm) +w=w*24.2;//(in cal) +U=q+w; +printf("q=%.2f kcal, w=%.1f cal and change in internal energy is %.4f kcal.",q/1000,w,U/1000);0 diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4777a51bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.4 +//Calculating enthalpy of formation of sucrose +clc +h1=-393.5;//heat of combustion of carbon (in kJ/mol) +h2=-286.2;//heat of combustion of carbon (in kJ/mol) +h3=-5644;//heat of combustion of carbon (in kJ/mol) +H=12*h1+11*h2-h3;//enthalpy of formation (in kJ/mol) +printf("Enthalpy of formation of sucrose is %.1f kJ/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.40/18_40.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.40/18_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e3c8dbdd --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.40/18_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-18.40 +//Calculating final pressure and temperature on expansion of a dry gas +clc +T1=273;//temperature (in K) +r=3;//ratio = V2/V1 +P1=760;//pressure (in mm Hg) +q=1.4; +T2=T1/(r^(q-1)); +P2=P1/(r^q); +printf("Final pressure is %.1f atm and final temperature is %.0f K.",P2,T2); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.41/18_41.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.41/18_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b259f0f25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.41/18_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-18.41 +//Calculating final temperature and w and q and change in internal energy for the process +clc +V1=6; V2=2;//volume (in L) +T1=273+27;//temperature (in K) +Cv=20.91;//(in J/K/mol) +q=1.4; +T2=T1*((V1/V2)^(q-1)); +U=Cv*(T2-T1); +w=-U; +q=0;//adiabatic process +printf("Final temperature is %.0f K, w=%.4f kJ, q=%d and change in internal energy is %.4f kJ.",T2,w/1000,q,U/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.42/18_42.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.42/18_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cdb181b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.42/18_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.42 +//Finding value of Kp at 500 K +clc +G=4.833;//free energy change (in kJ/mol) +T=500;//temperature (in K) +//On solving, G = -2.303*R*T*log(Kp) +Kp=0.3128; +printf("The value of Kp is %.4f.",Kp); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.43/18_43.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.43/18_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024e0254e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.43/18_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-18.43 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for dissociation of acetic acid +clc +T=298;//temperature (in K) +R=8.314;//(in J/mol/K) +//G = free energy change for formation (in kJ/mol) +G1=-396.6;//acetic acid +G2=-369.4;//acetate ion +G3=0;//proton +G=G2+G3-G1;//dissociation reaction +c=-(G*1000)/(2.303*R*T); +//On solving, log10(K) = c; +K=1.72*10^-5; +printf("The equilibrium constant for the reaction is %.7f.",K); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.44/18_44.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.44/18_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05412eac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.44/18_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.44 +//Calculating enthalpy of the reaction and free energy change and entropy change at 925 K +clc +T1=925; T2=1000;//temperature (in K) +K1=18.5; K2=9.25;//equikibrium constant +H=(log10(K2/K1)*2.303*8.314*T1*T2)/(T2-T1);//enthalpy (in J/mol) +G=-2.303*8.314*T1*log10(K1); +S=(H-G)/T1; +printf("The enthalpy of the reaction is %.1f kJ/mol, free energy change is %.1f kJ/mol and entropy change is %.1f J/K/mol.",H/1000,G/1000,S); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.45/18_45.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.45/18_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8148a134 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.45/18_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-18.45 +//Calculating change in chemical potential of a substance +clc +P1=1; P2=0.5;//partial pressure (in atm) +T=298;//temperature (in K) +C_P=8.314*T*log(P2/P1); +printf("The change in chemical potential is %.4f kJ/mol.",C_P/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.46/18_46.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.46/18_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d776715b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.46/18_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.46 +//Calculating decrease in chemical potential of benzene +clc +T=298;//temperature (in K) +x_s=0.1;//mole-fraction of solute +x_b=1-x_s;//mole-fraction of benzene +C_P=8.314*T*log(x_b); +printf("The decrease in chemical potential is %.2f J/mol.",C_P); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..876aac0a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.5 +//Calculating standard heat of formation of actylene +clc +h1=-1300;//heat of combustion of acetylene (in kJ) +h2=-395;//heat of combustion of graphite(C) (in kJ) +h3=-286;//heat of combustion of hydrogen (in kJ) +H=2*h2+h3-h1;//heat of formation of actylene (in kJ) +printf("Heat of formation of actylene is %d kJ/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e46ea47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.6/18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.6 +//Calculating standard heat of formation of n heptane +clc +E1=-1150;//internal energy change at constant volume (in kcal) +h2=-94;//heat of formation of carbon dioxide (in kcal) +h3=-68;//heat of formation of carbon dioxide (in kcal) +H=7*h2+8*h3-E1;//heat of formation +printf("Heat of formation of n-heptane is %d kcal/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce22e8a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-18.7 +//Calculating heat of the given reaction +clc +h1=-26.4;//heat of formation of carbon monoxide (in kcal/mol) +h2=-94.1;//heat of formation of carbon monoxide (in kcal/mol) +h3=-57.8;//heat of formation of carbon monoxide (in kcal/mol) +H=h1-h2+h3;//required heat (in kcal/mol) +printf("Heat of the reaction is %.1f kcal/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21431e5a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.8/18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-18.8 +//Calculating heat of combustion of ethene at constant pressure +clc +T=17;//temperature (in degree celsius) +E=-332.19;//heat of combustion at constant volume (in kcal) +R=0.001987;//in kcal/K/mol +n=2-(1+3);//difference in gaseous vapours +H=E+n*R*(T+273);//heat of combustion at constant pressure +printf("Heat of combustion of ethene at constant pressure is %.3f kcal/mol.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce b/1427/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d73421f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-18.9 +//Comparing theoretical efficiencies of system of engine operating at 1 and 50 atm +clc +T1=45;//temperature (in degree celsius) +//Part (i) +T2=100;//boiling temperature (in degree celsius) +n1=(T2-T1)/(T2+273);//efficiency +//Part (ii) +T2=265;//boiling temperature (in degree celsius) +n2=(T2-T1)/(T2+273);//efficiency +printf("The two theoretical efficiencies required are %.4f and %.4f.",n1,n2); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23d187aac --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.1/19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.1 +//Calculating de Broglie wavelength of alpha particles +clc +E=100;//energy (in Mev) +h=6.626*10^-27;//erg sec +c=3*10^8;//speed of light (in m/s) +w=(h*c)/(E*1.602*10^-6); +printf("The wavelength of alpha particles is %.7f nm.",w*10^9); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74040b994 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.10 +//Calculating wavelength of radiation emitted +clc +E=1.76*10^-18;//energy absorbed (in J) +c=3*10^8;//speed of light (in m/s) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +w=(h*c)/E; +printf("The wavelength of the radiation emitted is %.1f nm.",w*10^9); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c0128b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.11 +//Calculating wavelength of a tennis ball +clc +m=6*10^-2;//mass of ball (in kg) +v=62;//velocity (in m/s) +h=6.63*10^-34;//(in Js) +w=h/(m*v); +printf("The wavelength of the tennis ball is %.2f*10^-34 m.",w*10^34); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac0f46225 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.12 +//Calculating de Broglie wavelength of a moving electron +clc +KE=4.9*10^-25;//kinetic energy (in J) +m=9.1*10^-31;//mass of electron (in kg) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +w=h/sqrt(2*KE*m); +printf("The de-Broglie wavelength of the moving electron is %.0f nm.",w*10^9); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5f269e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-19.13 +//Calculating uncertainity in momentum of an electron +clc +x=10^-10;//uncertainity in position (in m) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +p=h/(4*%pi*x); +printf("The uncertainity in momentum is %.2f*10^-25 kg m/s.",p*10^25); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.14/19_14.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.14/19_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981228ac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.14/19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-19.14 +//Determining minimum error in finding position of an electron +clc +v=600;//speed of electron (in m/s) +a=0.005;//percentage accuracy in speed +dv=v*(a/100);//uncertainity in speed +m=9.1*10^-31;//mass of electron (in kg) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +dx=h/(4*%pi*m*dv); +printf("The uncertainity in determining position of the electron is %.5f m.",dx); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.15/19_15.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.15/19_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e56f9e7c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.15/19_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-19.15 +//Calculating uncertainity in velocity of an electron +clc +m=9.11*10^-31;//mass of electron (in kg) +dx=10;//uncertainity in position (in pm) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +dv=h/(4*%pi*m*dx*10^-12); +printf("The uncertainity in velocity of the electron is %d m/s.",dv); + diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.16/19_16.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.16/19_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13d4d1080 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.16/19_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.16 +//Calculating uncertainity in velocity of a cricket ball +clc +m=0.1;//mass of ball (in kg) +dx=100;//uncertainity in position (in pm) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +dv=h/(4*%pi*m*dx*10^-12); +printf("The uncertainity in velocity of the ball is %.2f*10^-24 m/s.",dv*10^24); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.17/19_17.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.17/19_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41c301fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.17/19_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.17 +//Calculating mass of a particle +clc +dx=9.54*10^-10;//uncertainity in position (in m) +dv=5.5*10^-20;//uncertainity in velocity (in m/s) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +m=h/(4*%pi*dx*dv); +printf("The mass of the particle is %d mg.",m*10^6); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed31af4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-19.2 +//Calculating energy per photon for a radiation +clc +w=650;//wavelength (in pm) +E=(6.626*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w*10^-12); +printf("The energy per photon for the radiation is %.3f*10^-16 J.",E*10^16); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdec24abb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-19.3 +//Calculating momentum of a particle +clc +v=6.5*10^7;//velocity (in m/s) +w=5*10^-11;//wavelength (in m) +p=(6.625*10^-34)/w; +printf("The momentum of the particle is %.2f*10^-23 kg m/s.",p*10^23); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abe8afb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-19.4 +//Calculating momentum of a particle +clc +w=10^-10;//wavelength (in m) +p=(6.625*10^-34)/w; +printf("The momentum of the particle is %.3f*10^-24 kg m/s.",p*10^24) diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61fa79dac --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.5/19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-19.5 +//Calculating wavelength of a moving electron +clc +KE=4.55*10^-25;//kinetic energy (in J) +v=sqrt((2*KE)/(9.1*10^-31)); +w=(6.6*10^-34)/(9.1*10^-31*v); +printf("The wavelength of the electron is %.0f nm.",w*10^9); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e017c6f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-19.6 +//Determining number of photons of light required +clc +w=400;//wavelength (in nm) +E1=1;//energy required (in J) +E=(6.63*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w*10^-9);//energy of 1 photon (in J) +n=E1/E; +printf("The number of photons of light are %.2f*10^18.",n*10^-18); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d37a7457 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-19.7 +//Calculating ionization energy of sodium atom +clc +w=242;//wavelength (in nm) +c=3*10^8;//speed of light (in m/s) +h=6.626*10^-34;//(in Js) +Na=6.023*10^23;//(in atom/mol) +IE=(h*c)/(w*10^-9);//IE in J/atom +IE=IE*Na;//IE in J/mol +printf("The ionization energy of sodium atom is %d kJ.",IE/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.8/19_8.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.8/19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85a8b3610 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.8/19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-19.8 +//Calculating frequency of a particle wave +clc +KE=5.85*10^-25;//kinetic energy (in J) +h=6.6*10^-34;//(in Js) +f=(2*KE)/h; +printf("The frequency of the particle wave is %d Hz.",f); diff --git a/1427/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce b/1427/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5217da38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-19.9 +//Calculating kinetic energy of a moving electron +clc +w=4.8;//wavelength (in pm) +m=9.11*10^-31;//mass of electron (in kg) +h=6.63*10^-34;//(in Js) +v=h/(m*w*10^-12);//velocity of electron (in m/s) +KE=(1/2)*m*v^2; +printf("The kinetic energy of the electron is %.3f*10^-14 J.",KE*10^14); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38022bbd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-2.1 +//Calculating gross and net calorific value +clc +C=85;//Pecentage of Carbon in coal +H=8;//Pecentage of Hydrogen in coal +S=1;//Pecentage of Sulphur in coal +L=587;//Latent heat of steam +O=0;//Nothing is given +GCV=(8080*C+34500*(H-O/8)+2240*S)/100;//Gross calorific value +NCV=GCV-(0.09*H*L);//Net calorific value +printf("The gross and net calorific values are %.1f kcal/kg and %.1f kcal/kg reapectively.\n",GCV,NCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7d1bb64f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-2.10 +//Calculating percentage results of the analysis +clc +W=2.5;//Weight of sample (in g) +w1=2.415;//Mass of residue after step-1 (in g) +w2=1.528;//Mass of residue after step-2 (in g) +w3=0.245;//Mass of ash (in g) +m1=W-w1;//Mass of moisture in coal sample (in g) +m2=w1-w2;//Mass of volatile matter (in g) +p1=(m1/W)*100;//Percentage of moisture +p2=(m2/W)*100;////Percentage of volatile matter +p3=(w3/W)*100;//Percentage of ash +C=100-(p1+p2+p3);//Percentage of fixed carbon +printf("The percentage of moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon are %.1f, %.2f, %.1f and %.2f respectively.\n",p1,p2,p3,C); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0f2d8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-2.11 +//Calculating weight and volume of air required for combustion of Carbon +clc +m=3;//Mass of carbon used for combustion (in kg) +W=m*(100/23)*(32/12);//Weight of air used (in kg) +V=W*(22.4/28.94);//Volume of air used (in L) +printf("The weight and volume of air required for combustion is %.3f kg and %.2f kL respectively.\n",W,V); + diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea9f576b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-2.12 +//Finding volume of air required for combustion of a gas +clc +V=1;//Volume of gas (in kL) +H=45;//Percentage of Hydrogen in gas +N=4;//Percentage of Nitrogen in gas +M=36;//Percentage of Methane in gas +C=15;//Percentage of Carbo monoxide in gas +v1=(H/100)*0.5;//Volume of Oxygen required for hydrogen (in kL) +v2=(M/100)*2;//Volume of Oxygen required for methane (in kL) +v3=(C/100)*0.5;//Volume of Oxygen required for carbon monoxide (in kL) +V=(v1+v2+v3)*(100/21);//Volume of air required (in kL) +printf("The volume of air required for combustion of gas is %.3f kL.\n",V); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d090fe842 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-2.13 +//Calculate mass of air needed for combustion of 5kg of coal +clc +m=5;//Mass of coal (in kg) +H=15;//Percentage of Hydrogen +C=80;//Percentage of Carbon +O=100-(C+H);//Percentage of Oxygen +m1=(H/100)*m;//Mass of hydrogen in coal +m2=(O/100)*m;//Mass of oxygen in coal +W=(5*(32/12)+m1*(16/2)-m2)*(100/23);//Amount of air +printf("The amount of air required is %.2f kg.\n",W); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c5130892 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-2.14 +//Calculating amount of minimum air required for combustion +clc +C=80;//Percentage of Carbon in coal +H=5;//Percentage of Hydrogen in coal +O=1;//Percentage of Oxygen in coal +m=1;//Mass of coal taken(in kg) +m1=(C/100)*m;//Mass of carbon in coal (in kg) +m2=(H/100)*m;//Mass of hydrogen in coal (in kg) +m3=(O/100)*m;//Mass of oxygen in coal (in kg) +W=(m1*(32/12)+m2*(16/2)-m3)*(100/23);//Mass of air (in kg) +printf("The amount of air required for combustion of coal sample is %.3f kg.",W); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efcad3bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ques-2.15 +//Calculating volume of air supplied for fuel +clc +M=5;//Percentage of Methane in gaseous fuel +H=20;//Percentage of Hydrogen in gaseous fuel +CM=25;//Percentage of Carbon Monoxide in gaseous fuel +CD=6;//Percentage of Carbon dioxide in gaseous fuel +N=100-(M+H+CM+CD);//Percentage of Nitrogen in gaseous fuel +e=20;//Percentage of excess air supplied +v1=(M/100)*2;//Volume of oxygen required for methane (in kL) +v2=(H/100)*0.5;//Volume of oxygen required for hydrogen (in kL) +v3=(CM/100)*0.5;//Volume of oxygen required for carbon monoxide (in kL) +v4=CD/100;//Volume of oxygen required for carbon dioxide (in kL) +v5=N/100;//Volume of oxygen required for nitrogen (in kL) +V=(v1+v2+v3)*(100/21);//Volume of air for gaseous fuel (in kL) +V=V*(1+e/100);//Volume of air for gaseous fuel using excess (in kL) +v6=M/100+CM/100+v4;//Final volume of carbon dioxide as dry product (in kL) +v7=(e/100)*(v1+v2+v3);//Final volume of oxygen as dry product (in kL) +v8=v5+V*(77/100);//Final volume of nitrogen as dry product (in kL) +V_T=v6+v7+v8;//Total volume (in kL) +P_C=(v6/V_T)*100;//Percentage of carbon dioxide as dry product +P_O=(v7/V_T)*100;//Percentage of oxygen as dry product +P_N=(v8/V_T)*100;//Percentage of nitrogen as dry product +printf("The volume of air required for gaseous fuel is %.3f kL.\n",V); +printf(" Percentage of carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen as dry product are %.3f, %.3f and %.2f respectively.",P_C,P_O,P_N); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c81d064d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ques-2.16 +//Calculating percentage of dry product obtained +clc +H=0.194;//Volume of hydrogen (in kL) +CM=0.205;//Volume of carbon monoxide (in kL) +N=0.501;//Volume of nitrogen (in kL) +M=0.042;//Volume of methane (in kL) +CD=0.06;//Volume of carbon dioxide (in kL) +e=30;//Percentage of excess air supplied +V=(H*0.5+CM*0.5+M*2)*(100/21)*(1+e/100);//Volume of air (with excess) required for combustion +v1=CD+CM+M;//Final volume of carbon dioxide (in kL) +v2=N+V*(79/100);//Final volume of nitrogen (in kL) +v3=V*(21/100);//Final volume of oxygen (in kL) +V_T=v1+v2+v3;//Total volume of dry products +c=(v1/V_T)*100;//Percentage of carbon dioxide +n=(v2/V_T)*100;//Percentage of nitrogen +o=(v3/V_T)*100;//Percentage of oxygen +printf("The percentages of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen as dry products are %.2f, %.2f and %.2f respectively.",c,n,o); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23896674b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ques-2.17 +//Calculating quantities of dry products of combustion +clc +C=662;//Mass of carbon in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +H=42;//Mass of hydrogen in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +O=61;//Mass of oxygen in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +N=14;//Mass of nitrogen in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +S=29;//Mass of sulphur in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +moist=97;//Mass of moisture in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +ash=95;//Mass of ash in 1kg of coal sample (in g) +e=25;//Percentageof excess air used +min_O=C*(32/12)+H*(16/2)+S-O;//Minimum weight of oxygen required (in g) +min_air=min_O*(100/23);//Minimum weight of air required for complete combustion (in g) +m_C=C*(44/12);//Weight of carbon dioxide (with excess air) (in g) +m_S=S*(64/32);//Weight of sulphur dioxide (with excess air) (in g) +m_N=N+min_air*(1+e/100)*(77/100);//Weight of nitrogen (with excess air) (in g) +m_O=min_O*(e/100);//Weight of excess oxygen (in g) +Total=m_C+m_S+m_N+m_O;//Total weight of dry products (in g) +printf("The total weight of dry products is %.3f kg.",Total/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c87974163 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//ques-2.18 +//Calculating weight of air and oxygen and weight of air when excess air is supplied and GCV and NCV +clc +C=750;//Weight of carbon in coal (in g) +H=52;//Weight of hydrogen in coal (in g) +O=121;//Weight of oxygen in coal (in g) +N=32;//Weight of nitrogen in coal (in g) +e=40;//Percentage of excess air supplied + +//Part (i) +min_O=C*(32/12)+H*(16/2)-O;//Minimum weight of oxygen required (in g) +min_air=min_O*(100/23);//Minimum weight of air required for complete combustion (in g) +printf("The minimum amount of air and oxygen required are %.3f kg and %.3f kg respectively.\n\n",min_air/1000,min_O/1000); + +//Part (ii) +W=min_air*(1+e/100);//Weight of air with excess air supplied (in g) +printf(" The weight of air when excess air is supplied is %.3f kg.\n\n",W); + +//Part(iii) +GCV=(8080*C+34500*(H-O/8))/1000;//Gross calorific value (in kcal/kg) +NCV=GCV-0.09*(H/10)*587;//Net calorific value (in kcal/kg) +printf(" The gross and net calorific values are %d kcal/kg and %d kcal/kg respectively.",GCV,NCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe429a48c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.19/2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//ques-2.19 +//Calculating amount of air for combustion and amount of dry products in fuel gas +clc +C=90;//Percentage of carbon in fuel +H=6;//Percentage of hydrogen in fuel +S=2.5;//Percentage of sulphur in fuel +O=1;//Percentage of oxygen in fuel +ash=0.5;//Percentage of ash in fuel +M=1;//Mass of fuel given (in kg) +e=25;//Percentage of excess air used + +//Part (i) +m1=(C/100)*M*1000;//mass of carbon in fuel (in g) +m2=(H/100)*M*1000;//mass of hydrogen in fuel (in g) +m3=(2.5/100)*M*1000;//mass of sulphur in fuel (in g) +m4=(O/100)*M*1000;//mass of oxygen in fuel (in g) +m5=(ash/100)*M*1000;//mass of ash in fuel (in g) +W=(m1*(32/12)+m2*(16/2)+m3*(32/32)-m4)*(100/23);//Weight of air for complete combustion (in g) +printf("The amount of air required for complete combustion of 1kg of fuel is %.3f kg.\n",W/1000); + +//Part (ii) +//When excess air is being used +w1=m1*(44/12);//weight of carbon dioxide (in g) +w2=m2*(64/32);//weight of sulphur dioxide (in g) +w3=W*(77/100)*(1+e/100);//weight of nitrogen (in g) +w4=m4+W*(23/100)*(1+e/100);//weight of oxygen (in g) +total=w1+w2+w3+w4;//total weight of dry products (in g) +p1=(w1/total)*100;//Percentage of carbon dioxide +p2=(w2/total)*100;//Percentage of sulphur dioxide +p3=(w3/total)*100;//Percentage of nitrogen +p4=(w4/total)*100;//Percentage of oxygen +printf(" The percentages of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen in dry products are %.2f, %.2f, %.2f and %.2f respectively.",p1,p2,p3,p4); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf8d1cba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-2.2 +//Calculating percentage of hydrogen and Higher calorific value +clc +C=90;//Percentage of Carbon in coal +O=3;//Percentage of Oxygen in coal +S=0.5;//Percentage of Sulphur in coal +NCV=8490.5;//Net calorific value (in kcal/kg) +//HCV=NCV+0.09*H*587; +//HCV=(8080*C+34500*(H-O/8)+2240*S)/100; +//Solving for H +H=1335.7/292.2;//Percentage of hydrogen +HCV=NCV+0.09*H*587;//Higher calorific value +printf("The pecentage of Hydrogen is %.3f and Higher calorific value is %.1f kcal/kg.\n",H,HCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74ea96e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//ques-2.20 +//Calculating theoretical quantity of air required and percentage of products of combustion and percentage of dry products when excess air is used and weight of dry gas on burning producer gas +clc +M=3.5;//Percentage of methane in producer gas +CM=25;//Percentage of carbon monoxide in producer gas +H=10;//Percentage of hydrogen in producer gas +CD=10.8;//Percentage of carbon dioxide in producer gas +N=50.7;//Percentage of nitrogen in producer gas +v1=(M/100)*2;//volume of oxygen for methane (in kL) +v2=(CM/100)*0.5;//volume of oxygen for carbon monoxide (in kL) +v3=(H/100)*0.5;//volume of oxygen for hydrogen (in kL) +V1=(M/100+CM/100)*1;//Volume of carbon dioxide as product (in kL) +V2=(M/100)*2+(H/100)*1;//Volume of water as product (in kL) +e=25;//Percentage of excess air used + +//Part (i) +a=(v1+v2+v3)*(100/21);//theoretical amount of air +printf("Theoretical quantity of air required is %.2f kL.\n",a); + +//Part (ii) +V_CD=V1+CD/100;//Total volume of carbon dioxide (in kL) +V_W=V2;//Total volume of water (in kL) +V_N=a*(79/100)+N/100;//Total volume of nitrogen (in kL) +V_T=V_CD+V_W+V_N;//Total volume (in kL) +p1=(V_CD/V_T)*100;//Percentage of carbon dioxide +p2=(V_W/V_T)*100;//Percentage of water +p3=(V_N/V_T)*100;//Percentage of nitrogen +printf(" The percentages of carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen in products of combustion are %.1f, %.2f and %.2f respectively.\n",p1,p2,p3); + +//Part (iii) (with excess air) +V_N=a*(79/100)*(1+e/100)+N/100;//Total volume of nitrogen (in kL) +V_O=(v1+v2+v3)*(25/100);//Total volume of oxygen (in kL) +total=V_CD+V_N+V_O;//Total volume (in kL) +p1=(V_CD/total)*100;//Percentage of carbon dioxide +p2=(V_N/total)*100;//Percentage of nitrogen +p3=(V_O/total)*100;//Percentage of oxygen +printf(" The percentages of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen as dry products of combustion whenexcess air is used are %.1f, %.1f and %.2f respectively.\n",p1,p2,p3); + +//Part (iv) +W=V_CD*1000*(44/22.4)+V_N*1000*(28/22.4)+V_O*1000*(32/22.4);//Weight of dry products (in g) +printf(" The weight of dry products of combustion on burning producer gas is %.3f kg.",W/1000); + diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c837eb1e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.21/2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ques-2.21 +//Calculating GCV and NCV of coal and minimum theoretical air required for combustion and composition of dry products with excess air +clc +C=75;//Percentage of carbon in coal +H=9;//Percentage of hydrogen in coal +S=2;//Percentage of sulphur in coal +O=4;//Percentage of oxygen in coal +N=3;//Percentage of nitrogen in coal +ash=7;//Percentage of ash in coal +L=587;//Latent heat of steam (in kcal/kg) +e=25;//Percentage of excess air used + +//Part (i) +GCV=(8080*C+34500*(H-O/8)+2240*S)*(1/100);//Gross calorific value (in kcal/kg) +NCV=GCV-0.09*H*L;//Net calorific value (in kcal/kg) +printf("The Gross and net calorific values are %.1f kcal.kg and %.1f kcal/kg.\n",GCV,NCV); + +//Part (ii) +min_W=((C/100)*(32/12)+(H/100)*(16/2)+(S/100)*(32/32)-O/100)*(100/23);//minimum weight of air required (in kg) +min_V=min_W*(22.4/28.94);////minimum volume of air required (in kg) +printf(" Minimum weight and volume of air required for combustion are %.3f kg and %.3f kL.\n",min_W,min_V); + +//Part (iii) (with excess air) +m1=(C/100)*1000*(44/12);//weight of carbon dioxide as dry product (in g) +m2=min_W*1000*(77/100)*(1+e/100)+(N/100)*1000;//weight of nitrogen as dry product (in g) +m3=min_W*1000*(23/100)*(e/100);//weight of oxygen as dry product (in g) +total=m1+m2+m3;//total weight (in g) +p1=(m1/total)*100;//percentage of carbon dioxide +p2=(m2/total)*100;//percentage of nitrogen +p3=(m3/total)*100;//percentage of oxygen +printf(" The percentages of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen as dry product are %.2f, %.2f and %.2f respectively.",p1,p2,p3); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58bf4d58d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.22/2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//ques-2.22 +//Calculating weight of air theoretically required and weight of dry flue gas per kg of fuel and weight of air actually used +clc +C=624;//weight of carbon in coal (in g) +H=41;//weight of hydrogen in coal (in g) +O=69;//weight of oxygen in coal (in g) +N=12;//weight of nitrogen in coal (in g) +S=8;//weight of sulphur in coal (in g) +moisture=151;//weight of moisture in coal (in g) +ash=97;//weight of ash in coal (in g) +w1=129;//weight of carbon dioxide in dry fuel gas (in g) +w2=2;//weight of carbon monoxide in dry fuel gas (in g) +w3=61;//weight of oxygen in dry fuel gas (in g) +w4=808;//weight of nitrogen in dry fuel gas (in g) + +//Part (i) +W=(C*(32/12)+H*(16/2)+S*(32/32)-O)*(100/23);//theoretical amount of air (in g) +printf("Theoretical weight of air required for combustion of 1kg coal is %.3f kg.\n",W/1000); + +//Part (ii) +m1=w2*(16/28);//weight of oxygen to convert CO to CO2 (in g) +m2=w3-m1;//excess weight of oxygen/kg of flue gas (in g) +m3=w1*(12/44)+w2*(12/28);//weight of C/kg of flue gas (in g) +W_F=C/m3;//weight of flue gas/kg of coal burnt (in g) +printf(" The weight of flue gas per kg of coal burnt is %.3f kg.\n",W_F); + +//Part (iii) +W_O=W_F*(m2/1000);//weight of excess oxygen in flue gas (in kg) +e=W_O*(100/23);//excess air/kg coal burnt (in kg) +W_A=W/1000+e;//weight of actual air (in kg) +printf(" The weight of air actually used is %.3f kg.",W_A); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c7dd66bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.23/2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//ques-2.23 +//Calculating percentage of excess air used for combustion of coal +clc +C=540;//weight of carbon in coal (in g) +H=65;//weight of hydrogen in coal (in g) +S=32;//weight of sulphur in coal (in g) +O=60;//weight of oxygen in coal (in g) +N=18;//weight of nitrogen in coal (in g) +moisture=173;//weight of moisture in coal (in g) +M=20;//total weight of dry products/kg of coal burnt (in kg) +m1=C*(32/12);//weight of oxygen for carbon (in g) +m2=H*(16/2);//weight of oxygen for hydrogen (in g) +m3=S*(32/32);//weight of oxygen for sulphur (in g) +total=m1+m2+m3;//total weight of oxygen required (in g) +net=total-O;//net oxygen required (in g) +W1=net*(100/23);//corresponding weight of air (in g) +w1=C*(44/12);//weight of carbon dioxide in dry flue gas (in g) +w2=S*(64/32);//weight of sulphur dioxide in dry flue gas (in g) +w3=N;//weight of nitrogen in dry flue gas (in g) +W2=w1+w2+w3;//total weight of dry flue gas (in g) +T=W1*(77/100)+W2;//total weight of dry products (in g) +W3=M-T/1000;//weight of excess air (in kg) +P=(W3/W1)*100*1000;//percentage of excess air +printf("The percentage of excess air used is %.1f.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb391ffe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.24/2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ques-2.24 +//Finding percentage composition of dry products of combustion +clc +C=900;//weight of carbon in fuel (in g) +H=6;//weight of hydrogen in fuel (in g) +p=90;//Percentage of air used for combustion +W_Th=(C*(32/12)+H*(16/2))*(100/23);//theoretical weight of air used (in g) +W=W_Th*(p/100);//actual weight of air (in g) +x1=(W_Th-W)/5.797;//weight of C oxidised to CO (in g) +x2=C-x1;//weight of C oxidised to CO2 (in g) +w1=x1*(28/12);//weight of CO (in g) +w2=x2*(44/12);//weight of CO2 (in g) +w3=W*(77/100);//weight of N2 (in g) +T=w1+w2+w3;//total weight (in g) +p1=(w1/T)*100;//percentage of CO in dry products +p2=(w2/T)*100;//percentage of CO2 in dry products +p3=(w3/T)*100;//percentage of N2 in dry products +printf("The percentages of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in dry product are %.2f, %.2f and %.2f respectively.",p1,p2,p3); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.25/2_25.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.25/2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5acecf3ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.25/2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//ques-2.25 +//Calculating minimum air for combustion of 1kg petrol and actual air supplied per kg of petrol and calorific values of petrol sample +clc +C=840;//weight of carbon in petrol sample (in g) +H=160;//weight of hydrogen in petrol sample (in g) +v1=0.121;//volume of CO2 in flue gas (in m^3) +v2=0.011;//volume of CO in flue gas (in m^3) +v3=0.013;//volume of O2 in flue gas (in m^3) +v4=0.855;//volume of N2 in flue gas (in m^3) + +//Part (i) +w1=C*(32/12);//weight of oxygen for C (in g) +w2=H*(16/2);//weight of oxygen for H (in g) +m1=C*(44/12);//weight of CO2 as dry product (in g) +t=w1+w2;//total oxygen required (in g) +min_air=t*(100/23);//minimum weight of air (in g) +printf("The minimum weight of air required for complete combustion of 1kg petrol is %.3f kg.\n",min_air/1000); + +//Part (ii) +a1=v1*44;//VxM for CO2 in flue gas +a2=v2*28;//VxM for CO in flue gas +a3=v3*32;//VxM for O2 in flue gas +a4=v4*28;//VxM for N2 in flue gas +T=a1+a2+a3+a4;//total +f1=a1/T;//Mass/kg of CO2 +f2=a2/T;//Mass/kg of CO +f3=a3/T;//Mass/kg of O2 +f4=a4/T;//Mass/kg of N2 +M_O=a3-a2*(16/28);//mass of excess O2/kg of flue gas (in kg) +M_C=a1*(12/44)-a2*(12/28);//mass of C/kg of flue gas (in kg) +M_F=(C/1000)/M_C;//mass of flue gas/kg of petrol (in kg) +E_O=M_O*M_F;//excess O2/kg of petrol burnt (in kg) +E_air=E_O*(100/23);//excess air/kg of petrol burnt (in kg) +actual=(min_air/1000)+E_air;//actual air used (in kg) +printf(" Actual amount of air required is %.3f kg.\n",actual); + +//Part (iii) +HCV=(8080*(C/10)+34500*(H/10))/100;//HCV of fuel (in kcal/kg) +printf(" Higher calorific value of fuel is %d kcal/kg.",HCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f736f2d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.26/2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//ques-2.26 +//Calculating minimum weight of air required for combustion of 1kg fuel and composition of dry product of combustion by volume if excess air is used +clc +C=900;//weight of C in fuel (in g) +H=35;//weight of H in fuel (in g) +O=30;//weight of O in fuel (in g) +N=10;//weight of N n fuel (in g) +S=5;//weight of S in fuel (in g) +e=50;//Percentage of excess air being used + +//Part (i) +min_O=(C*(32/12)+H*(16/2)+S*(64/32)-O)*(100/23);//minimum weight of air/kg of fuel (in g) +printf("The minimum weight of air required for combustion of 1kg fuel is %.3f kg.\n",min_O/1000); + +//Part (ii) +w1=C*(44/12);//weight of CO2 as dry product (in g) +w2=S*(64/32);//weight of SO2 as dry product (in g) +w3=N+min_O*(77/100)*(1+e/100);//weight of N2 as dry product (in g) +w4=min_O*(50/100);//weight of O2 as dry product (in g) +v1=w1/44;//volume of CO2 as dry product +v2=w2/64;//volume of CO2 as dry product +v3=w3/28;//volume of CO2 as dry product +v4=w4/32;//volume of CO2 as dry product +T=v1+v2+v3+v4;//total +p1=(v1/T)*100;//percentage of CO2 +p2=(v2/T)*100;//percentage of SO2 +p3=(v3/T)*100;//percentage of N2 +p4=(v4/T)*100;//percentage of O2 +printf(" The percentages of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen in dry products (by volume) are %.3f, %.3f, %.3f and %.3f respectively.",p1,p2,p3,p4); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcd5cfaff --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-2.3 +//Calculating HCV of fuel +clc +x=0.72;//Weight of fuel (in g) +C=80;//Percentage of Carbon +t1=27.3;//Initial temperature +t2=29.1//Final temperature +W=250;//Water of water in calorimeter (in g) +w=150;//Water equivalent (in g) +HCV=((W+w)*(t2-t1))/x;//HCV of fuel (in kcal/kg) +HCV=HCV*4.2;//HCV of fuel (in kJ/kg) +printf("The HCV of the fuel is %d kJ/kg.\n",HCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3b60d68c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-2.4 +//Calculating Gross and net calorific value +clc +x=0.83//Mass of fuel (in g) +W=3500;//Weight of water (in g) +w=385;//Water equivalent of calorimter (in g) +t1=26.5;//Initial temperature +t2=29.2;//Final temperature +L=587;//Latent heat of steam (in cal/g) +H=0.7;//Percentage of Hydrogen +GCV=((W+w)*(t2-t1))/x;//Gross calorific value +NCV=GCV-0.09*H*L;//Net calorific value +printf("Gross calorific value is %.1f cal/g and Net calorific value is %.1f cal/g.\n",GCV,NCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..756fe491c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-2.5 +//Calculating calorific value of coal sample +clc +m=0.6;//Mass of coal sample +S=4.187;//Specific heat of water (in kJ/kg) +t=6.52;//Rise in temperature +w=2200;//Water equivalent (in g) +heat=(w*S*t)/1000;//Heat liberated by burning coal (in kJ) +CV=heat/m;//Calorific value (in kJ/g) +printf("The calorific value of coal sample is %.1f kJ/g.\n",CV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7897c686 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-2.6 +//Calculating Gross and net calorific value of coal +clc +x=0.92;//Weight of coal sample (in g) +W=550;//Weight of water (in g) +w=2200;//Water equivalent (in g) +t=2.42;//Rise in temperature +a=50;//Acid corrections +f=10;//Fuse wire corrections +H=6;//Percentage of Hydrogen +L=580;//Latent heat of steam (in cal/g) +GCV=((W+w)*t-(a+f))/x;//Gross calorific value +NCV=GCV-0.09*H*L;//Net calorific value +printf("Gross calorific value is %.1f cal/g and Net calorific value is %.1f cal/g respectively.\n",GCV,NCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e37b012e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-2.7 +//Calculating Higher and Lower calorific value +clc +V=0.1;//Volume of gas used (in kL) +W=25;//Weight of water heated (in kg) +t1=20;//Inlet temperature +t2=33;//Outlet temperature +m=0.025;//Weight of steam condensed (in kg) +L=580;//Latent heat of condensation (in kcal/kg) +HCV=(W*(t2-t1))/V;//Higher calorific value +LCV=HCV-(m/V)*L;//Lower calorific value +printf("Higher calorific value is %d kcal/kL and Lower calorific value is %d kcal/kL.\n",HCV,LCV); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67edfacb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-2.8 +//Calculating percentage of Sulphur in coal sample +clc +M=32;//Molar mass of Sulphur (in g) +W=0.5;//Weight of coal sample (in g) +w=0.05;//Weight of precipitate formed (in g) +p=(w*M*100)/(233*W);//Percentage of Sulphur +printf("The percentage of Sulphur in coal sample is %.4f.\n",p); diff --git a/1427/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/1427/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e57d5229 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-2.9 +//Determining percentage of Nitrogen in given coal sample +clc +w=1;//Weight of coal sample taken (in g) +v1=25;//Volume of sulphuric acid used (in mL) +n=1/10;//Normality of sulphuric acid +v2=15;//Volume of Sodium hydroxide used (in mL) +N=((v1-v2)*n*1.4)/w;//Percentage of coal sample +printf("The percentage of Ntrogen in coal sample is %.1f \n",N); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c27583121 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-20.10 +//Calculating binding energy of alpha particles +clc +mp=1.00758;//mass of proton (in amu) +mn=1.00897;//mass of neutron (in amu) +M=4.0082;//atomic mass of He (in amu) +dm=2*mp+2*mn-M;//mass defect +BE1=dm*931;//BE (in Mev) +BE2=BE1*10^6*1.6*10^-12;//BE (in ergs) +printf("The binding energy of alpha particles is %.4f Mev or %.6f erg.",BE1,BE2); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc9924004 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-20.11 +//Calculating binding energy for He +clc +mp=1.007825;//mass of proton (in amu) +me=0.0005852;//mass of electron (in amu) +mn=1.008668;//mass of neutron (in amu) +M=4.0039;//atomic mass of He (in amu) +dm=2*mp+2*mn+2*me-M;//mass defect +BE=dm*931; +printf("The binding energy for He is %.4f Mev.",BE); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94a09d004 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-20.12 +//Calculating mass defect and binding energy per nucleon for sodium atom +clc +mh=1.008;//mass of hydrogen (in amu) +mn=1.0072;//mass of neutron (in amu) +M=23.0092;//atomic mass of sodium (in amu) +dm=11*mh+12*mn-M;//mass defect +BE=(dm*931)/23; +printf("The mass defect is %.4f amu binding energy per nucleon for Sodium atom is %.3f Mev.",dm,BE); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..101573dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-20.13 +//Calculating binding energy per nucleon for Krypton +clc +M=83.9115;//atomic mass of Krypton (in amu) +mp=1.00727;//mass of proton (in amu) +mn=1.008665;//mass of neutron (in amu) +me=0.000548;//mass of electron (in amu) +dm=36*mp+48*mn+36*me-M;//mass defect +BE=(dm*931)/84; +printf("The binding energy per nucleon for Krypton is %.6f Mev.",BE); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab460b8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-20.14 +//Calculating age of a wooden article +clc +No=15.2; N=2;//initial and final counts/min/g in wood +th=5760;//half-life (in years) +T=0.693/th;//decay constant +t=(2.303/T)*log10(No/N); +printf("The age of the wooden article is %.0f years.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd3d7ec29 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-20.4 +//Calculating time for required decomposition +clc +th=14.3;//half-life (in days) +No=10; N=0.3;//initial and final amount of P-32 (in mg/L) +T=0.693/th; +t=(2.303/T)*log10(No/N); +printf("The time required is %.3f days.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3708cfa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-20.5 +//Calculating activity of a sample after 80 years +clc +th=20;//half-life (in years) +Ai=8000;//initial activity (in dis/min) +t=80;//time given (in years) +n=t/th; +Af=Ai*(1/2)^n; +printf("The final activity of the sample is %d dis/min.",Af); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75bf88979 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-20.6 +//Calculating time for required decomposition +clc +th=3.8;//half-life (in days) +r=1/20;//= N/No +T=0.693/th;//decay constant +t=(2.303/T)*log10(1/r); +printf("The time required is %.2f days.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dca62bd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.7/20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-20.7 +//Calculating decay constant and time for required decomposition +clc +th=5.25;//half-life (in years) +No=1; N=0.1;//initial and final amount of isotope (in g) +T=0.693/th;//decay constant +t=(2.303/T)*log10(No/N); +printf("The decay constant is %.3f /y and time required is %.2f y.",T,t); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f7ca845c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-20.8 +//Calculating binding energy per nucleon of Ca +clc +M=39.975;//atomic mass of Ca (in amu) +mp=1.0078;//mass of proton (in amu) +mn=1.0086;//mass of neutron (in amu) +dm=20*mp+20*mn-M; +BE=(dm*931)/40; +printf("The binding energy per nucleon for Ca is %.3f Mev.",BE); diff --git a/1427/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce b/1427/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16f655a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-20.9 +//Calculating energy released in given fission reaction +clc +U=235.124;//atomic mass of U (in amu) +n=1.0099;//mass of neutron (in amu) +Kr=94.945;//atomic mass of Kr (in amu) +Ba=138.954;//atomic mass of Ba (in amu) +dm=U+n-(Kr+Ba+2*n);//mass defect +E=dm*931; +printf("The energy released is %.3f Mev.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31afab4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.1/22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.1 +//Calculating volume of a cubic unit cell +clc +a=0.3;//edge length (in nm) +V=a^3;//volume +printf("The volume of the unit cell is %.0f*10^-30 m^3.",V*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd7433554 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.10 +//Finding density of chromium +clc +a=300*10^(-10);//edge length (in pm) +Na=6.023*10^23;//avogadro number (in /mol) +M=52;//molar mass of Cr (in g/mol) +z=2;//BCC structure +den=(z*M)/(Na*a^3);//density +printf("The density of chromium is %.3f g/mL.",den); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1187df39b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-22.11 +//Calculating value of avogadro number +clc +den=2.165;//density (in g/mL) +d=281*10^(-10);//interionic distance (in cm) +a=2*d;//edge length +z=4;//FCC +M=58.5;//molar mass (in g/mol) +Na=(z*M)/(den*a^3); +printf("The avogadro number calculated is %.3f*10^23 /mol.",Na*10^(-23)); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.12/22_12.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.12/22_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05843d094 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.12/22_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.12 +//Calculating atomic mass of an element +clc +den=10.3;//density (in g/mL) +a=314*10^-10;//cell edge (in cm) +Na=6.023*10^23;//(in /mol) +z=2;//BCC +M=(den*Na*a^3)/z; +printf("Atomic mass required is %.2f g/mol.",M); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44ae9c546 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.13 +//Calculating edge length of a unit cell +clc +M=60.2;//molar mass (in g/mol) +den=6.2;//density (in g/mL) +Na=6.02*10^23;//(in /mol) +z=4;//FCC +a=((z*M)/(den*Na))^(1/3); +printf("The edge length of the given unit cell is %.0f pm.",a*10^10); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5aae37a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-22.14 +//To show that KBr has a FCC structure +clc +den=2.73;//density (in g/mL) +a=654*10^-10;//edge length (in cm) +Na=6.023*10^23;//(in /mol) +m1=39;//molar mass of K (in g/mol) +m2=80;//molar mass of Br (in g/mol) +M=m1+m2; +z=(den*Na*a^3)/M; +printf("As z = %.0f, therefore KBr has a FCC structure.",z); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6da25b7d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-22.15 +//Calculating electron affinity of iodine +clc +S=25.9;//entropy (in kcal/mol) +H=-68.8;//enthalpy change (in kcal/mol) +D=25.5; IE=118.4; Uo=-165.4;//(in kcal/mol) +EA=H-S-D-IE-Uo; +printf("The electron affinity of iodine is %.1f kcal/mol.",EA); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01478c09d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.16 +//Calculating lattice energy of KCl crystal +clc +S=90.9; IE=418.7; EA=-348.7; D=240; H=-440.3;//(in kJ/mol) +Uo=H-S-IE-D/2-EA; +printf("The lattice energy of KCl crystal is %.1f kJ/mol.",Uo); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df708fb6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.17 +//Calculating glancing angle required +clc +w=154;//wavelength (in pm) +d=315;//(in pm) +c=w/(2*d); +//For, Sind(ang) = c +ang=14.1; +printf("The galancing angle is %.1f degrees.",ang); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..214350c0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-22.18 +//Calculating edge length of a unit cell +clc +w=154;//wavelength (in pm) +ang=16; +d=w/(2*sind(16)); +a=2*d; +printf("The edge length of the unit cell is %d pm.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c4b68d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-22.19 +//Calculating distance between planes of a crystal +clc +ang=30; +w=200;//wavelength (in pm) +d=w/(2*sind(ang)); +printf("The distance between planes of the crystal is %.0f pm.",d); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.2/22_2.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.2/22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57785106d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.2/22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.2 +//Calculating interionic distance in NaCl +clc +a=564;//edge length (in pm) +d=a/2;//=Rc+Ra +printf("The interionic distance is %d pm.",d); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93562aafe --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-22.20 +//Calculating glancing angle required +clc +a=305;//edge length (in pm) +w=150;//wavelength (in pm) +d=a/sqrt(2); +c=w/(2*d); +//For sind(ang) = c +ang=20.35; +printf("The glancing angle is %.2f degrees.",ang); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72aa2484 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.21 +//Calculating radius of spherical molecule +clc +a=800;//edge length (in pm) +r=a/(2*sqrt(2));//FCC +printf("The radius of the spherical molecule is %.1f pm.",r); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbc437b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-22.22 +//Calculating ratio of interionic distance in cases 111 and 220 +clc +d111=a/sqrt(3);//interionic distance for plane 111 +d220=a/sqrt(8);//interionic distance for plane 220 +ratio=d111/d220; +printf("The required ratio is %.3f.",ratio); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6dbe18a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.23 +//Calculating separations of 123 planes +clc +a=820; b=950; c=750;//(in pm) +d=sqrt(1/((1/a)^2+(2/b)^2+(3/c)^2)); +printf("The required separation is %.2f pm.",d); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f30b943d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.24 +//Determining interplanar spacing between the 220 planes of a cubic lattice +clc +a=450;//edge length (in pm) +d=a/sqrt(2^2+2^2+0); +printf("Therequired interplanar spacing of the cubic lattice is %.0f pm.",d); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.25/22_25.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.25/22_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5b9528b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.25/22_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-22.25 +//Determining interplanar spacing of 200 and 220 planes +clc +r=174.6;//radius (in pm) +a=r*sqrt(8);//edge length in FCC (in pm) +d200=a/sqrt(2^2+0+0); +d220=a/sqrt(2^2+2^2+0); +printf("The interplanar spacing of plane 200 is %.1f pm and for plane 220 is %.1f pm.",d200,d220); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.27/22_27.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.27/22_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f69e3888 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.27/22_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-22.27 +//Calculating angle required for reflection +clc +a=315.2;//edge length (in pm) +d=a/sqrt(1^2+0+0);//for plane 100 +w=153.7;//wavelength (in pm) +c=w/(2*d); +//For Sind(ang) = c +ang=14.12; +printf("The angle required for reflection is %.2f degrees.",ang); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f060c5dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.3 +//Determining coordination number of Cs and Br +clc +Rc=169;//radii of Cs+ (in pm) +Ra=195;//radii of Br- (in pm) +x=Rc/Ra; +//As x>0.732 +c=8;//coordination number +printf("The coordination number of Cs and Br both is %d.",c); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a78ac0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.4 +//Calculating edge length of a cube of NaCl +clc +d=281;//interionic distance (in pm) +a=2*d;//edge length (in pm) +printf("The edge length is %d pm.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c728fd5ad --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-22.5 +//Calculating radius of an anion +clc +a=508;//edge length (in pm) +Rc=110;//radius of cation (in pm) +Ra=a/2-Rc;//radius of anion (in pm) +printf("The radius of the anion is %d pm.",Ra); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.6/22_6.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.6/22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d272ec79 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.6/22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-22.6 +//Calculating ionic radius of chloride ion +clc +a=514;//edge length (in pm) +d=a/2;//interionic distance (in pm) +r=sqrt(2*d^2)/2;//radius (in pm) +printf("Ionic radius of chloride ion is %.0f pm.",r); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60387e69e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-22.7 +//Calculating interionic distance and radius of cation +clc +a=387;//unit distance (in pm) +Ra=181;//radius of anion (in pm) +//BCC structure +d=sqrt(3)*(a/2);//interionic distance (in pm) +Rc=d-Ra;//radius of cation (in pm) +printf("The interionic distance is %.2f pm and radius of ammonium cation is %.2f pm.",d,Rc); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.8/22_8.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.8/22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8906abb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.8/22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-22.8 +//Calculating radius of sodium atom +clc +a=429;//cell edge /(in pm) +r=sqrt(3)*(a/4);//atomic radius +printf("The radius of sodium atom is %.0f pm.",r); diff --git a/1427/CH22/EX22.9/22_9.sce b/1427/CH22/EX22.9/22_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7091bda8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH22/EX22.9/22_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-22.9 +//Finding density of NaCl +clc +a=0.564*10^(-7);//edge length (in cm) +V=a^3;//volume +M=58.5;//molar mass of NaCl (in g/mol) +den=(4*M)/(6.023*V*10^23);//density +printf("The density of NaCl is %.3f g/mL.",den); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a252d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-24.1 +//Calculating molality and mole fraction of sugar +clc +w=34.2;//mass of sugar (in g) +W=214.2-w;//mass of water (in g) +n=w/342;//moles of sugar +N=W/18;//moles of water +m=n/(W/1000);//molality +x=n/(n+N);//mole fraction of sugar +printf("The molality of the solution %.3f mol/kg and mole fraction of sugar is %.4f.",m,x); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8685c93d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-24.11 +//Calculating degree of dissociation of acid +clc +C1=0.72/500;//concentration of acid in ether layer (in g/mL) +C2=6/500;//concentration of acid in aqueous layer (in g/mL) +K=0.16;//partition coefficient +deg=1-C1/(C2*K); +printf("The degree of dissociation of acid is %.2f.",deg); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.12/24_12.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.12/24_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d05e4d05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.12/24_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-24.12 +//Calculating quantity of iodine left behind in the aqueous layer +clc +xo=4;//initial amount of iodine (in mg) +v=50;//volume of solution (in mL) +V=10;//volume of Carbon tetrachloride (in mL) +K=85;//partition coefficient +n=1;//1st extraction +x1=xo*(v/(v+K*V))^n; +printf("The amount of iodine left in aqueous layer is %.3f mg.",x1); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.15/24_15.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.15/24_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b180215 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.15/24_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-24.15 +//Calculating amount of a substance extracted by ether +clc +w1=16;//weight of solute in 1L aqueous solution (in g) +w2=12;//amount extracted by 100 mL ether (in g) +w3=w1-w2;//amount left in 1L (in g) +K=(w2/100)/(w3/1000);//partition coefficient +//K = (x/100)/((4-x)/1000) +x=(w3*K)/(10*w3); +printf("The amount of substance extracted by 100mL ether during 2nd extraction is %d g.",x); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.16/24_16.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.16/24_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..768ab2999 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.16/24_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ques-24.16 +//Calculating amount of a substance left in water after 4 shakings and left in chloroform after single extraction +clc +K=10;//partition coefficient +xo=1;//initial amount of the substance (in g) +v=100;//volume of water (in mL) + +//Case-I +V=10;//volume of chloroform (in mL) +n=4;//4 extractions +x1=xo*(v/(v+K*V))^n; + +//Case-II +V=40;//volume of chloroform (in mL) +n=1;//single extraction +x2=xo*(v/(v+K*V))^n; +printf("The amount of a substance left in water after 4 shakings is %.4f g and left in chloroform after single extraction is %.1f g.",x1,x2); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.18/24_18.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.18/24_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b26d658b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.18/24_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-24.18 +//Calculating solubility of iodine in carbon tetrachloride +clc +C1=0.0516;//concentration of iodine in aqueous solution (in g/L) +C2=4.412;//concentration of iodine in CCl4 solution (in g/L) +S1=0.34;//solubility of iodine in water (in g/L) +S2=S1*(C2/C1); +printf("The solubility of iodine in carbon tetrachloride is %.2f g/L.",S2); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.19/24_19.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.19/24_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beae188ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.19/24_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-24.19 +//Calculating hydrolysis constant of a salt +clc +T1=0.00693;//total amount of base in system (in mol) +T2=0.05035;//total amount of HCl in system (in mol) +K=9;//partition coefficient +w=0.2165;//amount of free base in 50mL of benzene layer (in g) +F1=(w/138)*(60/50);//free base in 60mL of benzene layer (in mol) +F=F1*(1000/60);//free base in benzene layer (in mol) +F2=F/K;//free base in water layer (in mol) +C1=T1-(F1+F2);//salt in water layer (in mol/L) +C2=T2-C1;//amount of free HCl in water layer (in mol) +Kh=(F2*C2)/C1; +printf("The hydrolysis constant of the salt is %.4f.",Kh); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74dca4c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-24.2 +//Calculating mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample +clc +w=46;//weight of ethanol (in g) +W=100-w;//weight of water (in g) +n=w/46;//moles of ethanol +N=W/18;//moles of water +x=n/(n+N); +printf("The mole farction of ethanol is %.2f and for water is %.2f.",x,1-x); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de8e16924 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-24.3 +//Finding molality of a solution +clc +x=2/100;//mole fraction of solute +X=1-x;//mole fraction of solvent +m=x/(X*18/1000); +printf("The molarity of the solution is %.3f mol/kg.",m); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d3672947 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-24.4 +//Calculating vapour pressure of a mixture of benzene and toluene +clc +po1=150;//vapour pressure of pure benzene (in mm Hg) +po2=50;//vapour pressure of pure toluene (in mm Hg) +n1=92;//moles of benzene +n2=78;//moles of toluene +X1=n1/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of benzene +X2=n2/(n1+n2);//mole fraction of toluene +p1=po1*X1;//vapour pressure of benzene (in mm Hg) +p2=po2*X2;//vapour pressure of toluene (in mm Hg) +P=p1+p2;//total vapour pressure (in mm Hg) +printf("The vapour pressure of the mixture is %.1f mm Hg.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e9fbf92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-24.5 +//Calculating Henrys constant +clc +n=2*10^-2/28;//moles of nitrogen +N=1000/18;//moles of water +X2=n/(n+N); +p2=1;//pressure (in atm) +KH=p2/X2; +printf("The value of Henrys constant is %d atm.",KH); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19b6df4d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-24.6 +//Calculating amount of oxygen dissolved in 1L of water +clc +KH=4.58*10^4;//Henry's constant (in atm) +p2=0.2;//gas pressure (in atm) +X2=p2/KH; +n=(X2*1000)/18; +oxy=n*32; +printf("The amount of oxygen dissolved in 1L of water is %.2f mg.",oxy*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a4fde729 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-24.7 +//Calculating concentration of an ethereal solution +clc +//1st case +C1=0.07/10;//concentration of water (in g/mL) +C2=0.013/10;//concentration of ether (in g/mL) +K=C1/C2;//partition coefficient +//2nd case +C1=0.024/10;//concentration of water (in g/mL) +C2=C1/K; +printf("The concentration of the ethereal solution is %.7f g/mL.",C2); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..197b09ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-24.8 +//Calculating moles of succinic acid extracted +clc +n=0.025*(100/1000);//moles of succinic acid +K=0.3;//partition coefficient +//x mole of it pass to 10mL of ether layer +//K = ((n-x)/100)/(x/10) +x=n/4; +printf("Moles of succinic acid extracted by ether are %.6f.",x); diff --git a/1427/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce b/1427/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95d5ad07d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-24.9 +//Calculating concentration of a compound in water and volume of chloroform which will contain 10g of this compound +clc +K=4.2;//partition coefficient +m=2;//mass of compound taken (in g) +x=(m/(K/2+1))/100;//concentration of solute in aqueous layer (in g/mL) +a=m-(x*100);//amount of solute in 50mL chloroform (in g) +v=50*(10/a);//volume of chloroform required (in mL) +printf("The concentration of the compound in water is %.5f g/mL and volume of chloroform which will contain 10g of this compound is %.0f mL.",x,v); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a8758ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-25.1 +//Finding pressure exerted in a vessel +clc +m1=2;//mass of ethane given (in g) +m2=3;//mass of CO2 given (in g) +M1=30;//molar mass of ethane (in g/mol) +M2=44;//molar mass of CO2 (in g/mol) +V=5;//volume of vessel (in L) +T=273+50;//temperature (in K) +R=0.0821;//(in atm L/K/mol) +n=m1/M1+m2/M2;//moles of gas +P=(n*R*T)/V;//pressure +printf("The pressure exerted in the vessel is %.4f atm.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f20fbc01d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.10 +//Calculating temperatures required for Carbon dioxide +clc +C=900;//velocity (in m/s) +M=44;//molar mass of CO2 (in g/mol) +T1=(C^2*%pi*M/1000)/(8*8.314);//Cavg +T2=(C^2*M/1000)/(2*8.314);//Cmp +printf("The required temperatures are %d K and %d K.",T1,T2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3f5a12fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0717d890e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-25.12 +//Calculating rms velocity of oxygen molecules +clc +T=273+27;//temperature (in K) +M=32;//molar mass of O2 (in g/mol) +Crms=sqrt((3*8.314*T)/(M/1000)); +printf("The rms velocity of oxygen molecules is %.2f m/s.",Crms); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.13/25_13.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.13/25_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e227c33a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.13/25_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-25.13 +//Calculating pressure using van der Waals equation +clc +n=2;//moles of ammonia +T=300;//temperature (in K) +V=5*10^-3;//volume (in kL) +a=0.417;//(in Nm^4/mol^2) +b=0.037*10^-3;//(in kL/mol) +P=((n*8.314*T)/(V-n*b))-((a*n^2)/(V^2)); +printf("The pressure required is %d N/m^2.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.14/25_14.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.14/25_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49b5f7482 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.14/25_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-25.14 +//Calculating pressure for ammonia gas using ideal gas equation and van der Waals equation +clc +n=0.6;//moles of NH3 +V=3;//volume (in L) +T=273+25;//temperature (in K) +a=4.17;//(in L^2 atm/mol^2) +b=0.0371;//(in L/mol) +//Van der Waal's +P1=(n*0.0821*T)/(V-n*b)-(a*n^2)/V^2; +//Ideal Gas' +P2=(n*0.0821*T)/V; +printf("The value of pressure according to ideal gas equation is %.3f atm and according to van der Waals equation is %.3f atm.",P2,P1); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.15/25_15.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.15/25_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3a68c181 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.15/25_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.15 +//Calculating Boyles temperature for Carbon monoxide gas +clc +a=3.59;//(in L^2 atm/mol^2) +b=0.0427;//(in L/mol) +R=0.0821;//(in L atm/mol/K) +Tb=a/(R*b); +printf("Boyles temperature required is %d K.",Tb); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.16/25_16.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.16/25_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5559adc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.16/25_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-25.16 +//Calculating average and rms and most probable velocities of a gas +clc +n1=5; n2=10; n3=4;//number of molecules +v1=2; v2=3; v3=6;//corresponding velocities (in m/s) +Cavg=(n1*v1+n2*v2+n3*v3)/(n1+n2+n3);//average velocity +Crms=sqrt((n1*v1^2+n2*v2^2+n3*v3^2)/(n1+n2+n3));//rms velocity +Cmp=sqrt(2/3)*Crms;//most probable velocity +printf("The average, rms and most probable velocities of the gas are %.2f m/s, %.2f m/s and %.0f m/s.",Cavg,Crms,Cmp); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.17/25_17.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.17/25_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..771787855 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.17/25_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//ques-25.17 +//Calculating pressure for carbon dioxide using ideal gas equation and van der Waals equation +clc +V=8;//volume (in L) +m=88;//mass of CO2 (in g) +M=44;//molar mass of CO2 (in g/mol) +T=273+27;//temperature (in K) +a=3.6;//(in L^2 atm/mol^2) +b=0.043;//(in L/mol) +R=0.0821;//(in L atm/K/mol) +n=m/M;//moles of CO2 +//Ideal Gas equation +P1=(n*R*T)/V; +//Van der Waals equation +P2=(n*R*T)/(V-n*b)-(a*n^2)/V^2; +printf("The pressure for carbon dioxide using ideal gas equation is %.2f atm and using van der Waals equation is %.3f atm.",P1,P2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.18/25_18.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.18/25_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78e35f2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.18/25_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-25.18 +//Calculating volume occupied by oxygen using ideal gas equation and van der Waals equation +clc +n=3;//moles of oxygen +P=50;//pressure (in atm) +T=373;//temperature (in K) +a=1.36;//(in L^2 atm/mol^2) +b=0.0318;//(in L/mol) +//Ideal Gas equation +V1=(n*0.0821*T)/P; +//Van der Waals equation +V2=n*b+(n*0.0821*T)/(P+a*n^2/V^2); +printf("The volume occupied by oxygen calculated using ideal gas equation is %.2f L and using van der Waals equation is %.2f L.",V1,V2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.19/25_19.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.19/25_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9f27cd89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.19/25_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.19 +//Calculating mean free path of oxygen +clc +dia=3.61*10^-10;//collision diameter (in m) +T=273+25;//temperature (in K) +N_V=(6.023*10^23)/(0.0224*T/278); +w=1/(sqrt(2*%pi)*N_V*dia^2); +printf("The value of mean free path is %.2f nm.",w*10^9); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81d4b6181 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-25.2 +//Determining molecular weight of a gas +clc +m1=0.184;//mass of H2 given (in g) +M1=2;//molar mass of H2 (in g/mol) +m2=3.7;//mass of another gas (in g) +T1=273+17;//temperature for H2 (in K) +T2=273+25;//temperature for the gas (in K) +M2=(m2*T2*M1)/(m1*T1); +printf("The molar mass of the given gas is %.2f g/mol.",M2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.21/25_21.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.21/25_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30dc95aeb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.21/25_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-25.21 +//Calculating pressure using van der Waals equation +clc +n=2;//moles of ammonia +T=300;//temperature (in K) +V=5*10^-3;//volume (in kL) +a=0.417;//(in N M^4/mol^2) +b=0.037*10^-3;//(in m^3/mol) +P=(n*8.314*T)/(V-n*b)-(a*n^2)/V^2; +printf("The pressure required is %.1f N/m^2.",P); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.22/25_22.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.22/25_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a96eb74d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.22/25_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.22 +//Calculating collision number for hydrogen +clc +Crms=1.83*10^5;//rms velocity (in cm/s) +mfp=1.78*10^-5;//mean free path (in cm) +Cavg=0.9213*Crms;//average velocity +C_N=Cavg/mfp;//collison number +printf("The collosion number of hydrogen is %.0f /s.",C_N); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.23/25_23.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.23/25_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b2a5a25f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.23/25_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-25.23 +//Calculating volume occupied by ideal gas equation and compressibility factor +clc +Z=0.2007;//compressibility factor +T=273;//temperature (in K) +P=101.325*10^5;//pressure (in N/m^2) +n=0.1;//moles of CO2 +//Ideal Gas equation +V1=(n*8.314*T)/P; +//Compressibility factor +V2=(Z*n*8.314*T)/P; +printf("The volume calculated using ideal gas equation is %.04f L and using compressibility factor is %.4f L.",V1*1000,V2*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.24/25_24.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.24/25_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9ddc1c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.24/25_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.24 +//Calculating mean free path for hydrogen gas +clc +visc=8.41*10^-6;//coefficient of viscosity (in Pas) +den=9*10^-2;//density (in kg/kL) +Cavg=1.69*10^3;//average velocity (in m/s) +mfp=(2*visc)/(den*Cavg); +printf("The mean free path required is %.2f*10^-7 m.",mfp*10^7); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.25/25_25.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.25/25_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38feebb4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.25/25_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ques-25.25 +//Calculating number of collisions for each molecule and total number of collisions in 1kL in one second and mean free path for a Nitrogen molecule +clc +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +T=298;//temperature (in K) +dia=3.74*10^-10;//collision diameter (in m) +N_V=(6.023*10^23*P)/(T*0.0821/1000); +Cavg=sqrt((8*8.314*T)/(%pi*28/1000));//average speed +//Number of collisions per second +z1=sqrt(2)*%pi*Cavg*N_V*dia^2; +//Total number of collisions per unit volume per second +z2=(1/2)*N_V*z1; +//Mean free path +mfp=1/(sqrt(2)*%pi*N_V*dia^2); +printf("The Number of collisions per second are %.2f*10^9, Total number of collisions per unit volume per second are %.2f*10^34 and mean free path is %.3f*10^-8 m.",z1*10^-9,z2*10^-34,mfp*10^8); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.26/25_26.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.26/25_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86dcecd5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.26/25_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-25.26 +//Calculating diameter of oxygen molecules +clc +b=0.0318;//(in L/mol) +r=((b*1000)/(4*6.023*10^23*(4/3)*%pi))^(1/3); +printf("The diameter of oxygen molecule is %.4f*10^-8 cm.",2*r*10^8); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.27/25_27.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.27/25_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c7bb7e00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.27/25_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-25.27 +//Calculating coefficient of viscosity of benzene +clc +t1=46;//time taken by benzene (in s) +t2=68;//time taken by water (in s) +den1=0.8;//density of benzene (in g/mL) +den2=0.998;//density of water (in g/mL) +visc2=1.008;//coefficient of viscosity of water (in centipoise) +visc1=(den1*t1*visc2)/(den2*t2); +printf("The coefficient of viscosity of benzene is %.4f centipoise.",visc1); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.28/25_28.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.28/25_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7c2a6543 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.28/25_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-25.28 +//Calculating surface tension of a liquid +clc +r=0.01;//radius of capillary tube (in cm) +h=6;//height (in cm) +d=0.8;//density of liquid (in g/mL) +g=981;//(in dynes/cm^2) +st=(1/2)*r*h*d*g; +printf("The surface tension of the liquid is %.2f dynes/cm.",st); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.29/25_29.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.29/25_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8702870d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.29/25_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-25.29 +//Calculating surface tension of liquid A and how many times is the water drop heavier than a drop of A +clc +n1=25;//drops of water +n2=55;//drops of A +den1=0.996;//density of water (in g/mL) +den2=0.8;//density of A (in g/mL) +st1=72;//surface tension of water (in dynes/cm) +st2=(st1*n1*den2)/(n2*den1);//surface tension of A (in dynes/cm) +ratio=st1/st2; +printf("The surface tension of A is %.1f dynes/cm and water drop is %.2f times heavier than drop of A.",st2,ratio); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808649fb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-25.3 +//Calculating root mean square velocity and average velocity of gas molecules +clc +den=1.2504;//density (in kg/kL) +T=273+0;//temperature (in K) +P=1;//pressure (in atm) +R=8.314; +M=den*22.4;//molar mass (in g/mol) +Crms=sqrt((3*R*T)/(M/1000)); +Cavg=sqrt((8*R*T)/(%pi*M/1000)); +printf("The rms velocity is %d m/s and average velocity is %d m/s.",Crms,Cavg); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8c86d06 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.4 +//Calculating kinetic energy of an ideal gas and temperature required +clc +T1=273;//temperature (in K) +n1=1; n2=3;//number of moles +KE=(3/2)*n1*8.314*T1; +T2=KE/((3/2)*8.314*n2); +printf("The kinetic energy of the ideal gas is %.3f kJ/mol and the temperature required for 3 moles of gas is %d K.",KE/1000,T2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c89a71b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-25.5 +//Calculating rms velocity at 392 K +clc +C1=1.8*10^3;//rms velocity at 288 K (in m/s) +T1=273+15; T2=273+119;//temperature (in K) +C2=C1*sqrt(T2/T1); +printf("The rms velocity at 392 K is %d m/s.",C2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bd13025d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-25.6 +//Calculating total random kinetic energy of helium at 200 K +clc +T=200;//temperature (in K) +M=4;//molar mass of He (in g/mol) +Rand=(3*8.314*T)/(2*M); +printf("Total random kinetic energy of Helium at 200 K is %.1f J.",Rand); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d767452b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-25.7 +//Calculating rms velocity of a gas and temperature required +clc +M1=16; M2=30;//molar masses of two gases (in g/mol) +T1=298;//temperature for 1st gas (in K) +Crms=sqrt((3*8.314*T1)/(M1/1000)); +T2=(T1*M2)/M1; +printf("The rms velocity of the gas is %.2f m/s and temperature of 2nd gas is %.2f K.",Crms,T2); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e53f288e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-25.8 +//Calculating kinetic energy per molecule for Carbon dioxide +clc +Na=6.023*10^23;//(in molecules/mol) +T=273;//temperature (in K) +KE=(3*8.314*T)/(2*Na); +printf("The kinetic energy per molecule for carbon dioxide is %.2f*10^-21 J/molecule.",KE*10^21); diff --git a/1427/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce b/1427/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ddc1c0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-25.9 +//Calculating number of molecules in a mole of gas +clc +KE=5.621*10^-21;//KE/molecule (in J) +T=273+0;//temperature (in K) +Na=(3*8.314*T)/(2*KE); +printf("The number of molecules in a mole of gas are %.2f*10^23.",Na*10^-23); diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cad54dff --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-3.1 +//Calculating weight average and number average molecular mass of polymer +clc +n1=10; m1=5000; //Type-1 +n2=20; m2=7500; //Type-2 +n3=20; m3=10000; //Type-3 +n4=25; m4=15000; //Type-4 +n5=20; m5=20000; //Type-5 +n6=5; m6=25000; //Type-6 +N_avg=(n1*m1+n2*m2+n3*m3+n4*m4+n5*m5+n6*m6)/(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5+n6);//Number-average +W_avg=(n1*m1^2+n2*m2^2+n3*m3^2+n4*m4^2+n5*m5^2+n6*m6^2)/(n1*m1+n2*m2+n3*m3+n4*m4+n5*m5+n6*m6);//Weight average +printf("The number-average and weight-average molecular mass of polymer are %d and %d repectively.",N_avg,W_avg); + diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efc0f09c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-3.2 +//Calculating number of molecules of ethene in sample and number of molecues of polyethene produced +clc +m=28;//mass of ethene (in g) +deg=1000;//average degree of polymerisation + +//Part (i) +n1=(m/28)*6.023;//number of molecules of ethene (x10^23) +printf("The number of molecules of ethene in sample are %.3f x 10^23.\n",n1); + +//Part (ii) +n2=n1/deg;//number of molecules of polyethene (x10^23) +printf(" The number of polyethene molecules produced are %.3f x 10^20.",n2*1000); + diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c2ee0d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-3.3 +//Calculating maximum percentage of Sulphur possible in vulcanized rubber +clc +//2 units of isoprene = 2 S atoms +// 2x68g of isoprene = 2x32g S +//(68+32)g vulcanized rubber = 32g of S +m=(32/100)*100;//Maximum percentage of S +printf("Maximum percentage of sulphur possible in vulcanized rubber is %d.",m); diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91ba3b32c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-3.5 +//Calculating weight of HCHO required +clc +m=100;//weight of novolac given (in g) +//2 molecules of novolac = 1 molecule of HCHO +//2x96g of novolac = 30g of HCHO +w=(30*m)/(2*96);//weight of HCHO +printf("Weight of HCHO required for %dg of novolac is %.3fg.",m,w); diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79e481b73 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-3.6 +//Calculating number of polyethylene molecules formed +clc +m=28;//mass of ethylene polymerised (in g) +deg=500;//average degree of polymerisation of PE +n=(28*(6.023/28))/deg;//number of PE molecules (x10^23) +printf("The number of polyethylene molecules formed are %.4f x 10^21.",n*100); diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3dd969f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-3.7 +//Calculating average degree of polymerisation of a polymer sample +clc +//Polymers of DP +a1=400; p1=10;//Percentage of Type-1 +a2=500; p2=15;//Percentage of Type-2 +a3=600; p3=35;//Percentage of Type-3 +a4=800; p4=15;//Percentage of Type-4 +a5=1000; p5=25;//Percentage of Type-5 +Avg_deg=(a1*p1+a2*p2+a3*p3+a4*p4+a5*p5)/(p1+p2+p3+p4+p5);//Average degree +printf("Average degree of polymerisation is %d.",Avg_deg); diff --git a/1427/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/1427/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70603e74e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ques-3.8 +//Calculating weight average and number average molecular mass of polymer +clc +//n=number of repeat units +M=42;//Molar mass +//N=number of molecules in 100 +n1=400; N1=25;//Type-1 +n2=800; N2=35;//Type-2 +n3=600; N3=40;//Type-3 +m1=n1*M;//Mass of Type-1 +m2=n2*M;//Mass of Type-2 +m3=n3*M;//Mass of Type-3 +N_avg=(n1*m1+n2*m2+n3*m3)/(n1+n2+n3);//Number-average +W_avg=(n1*m1^2+n2*m2^2+n3*m3^2)/(n1*m1+n2*m2+n3*m3);//Weight-average +printf("Number-average and weight-average molecular masses of polymer are %d and %d respectively.",N_avg,W_avg); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1833fcc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-34.1 +//Calculating frequency of radiations +clc +w=5000*10^-8;//wavelength (in cm) +c=2.996*10^10;//speed of light (in cm/s) +f=c/w; +printf("The frequency of the radiations is %.0f*10^14 /s.",f*10^-14); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.10/34_10.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.10/34_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ecdc0b3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.10/34_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-34.10 +//Calculating absorbance and molar absorption coefficient and percentage transmittancy +clc +ratio=100/19.2;//= Io/I +l1=1; l2=10;//thickness of cell (in cm) +C=5*10^-4;//concentration of cell (in M) +A=log10(ratio); +EC=A/(C*l1); +//On solving, log10(tran) = EC*C*l2 +tran=56.2; +printf("The absorbance is %.3f, molar absorption coefficient is %d M/cm and percentage transmittancy for 10cm thick cell is %.1f.",A,EC,tran); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.11/34_11.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.11/34_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47a9d29ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.11/34_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//ques-34.11 +//Calculating optical density of incident light +clc +ratio=100/10;//= Io/I +A=log10(ratio); +printf("The optical density of incident light is %d.",A); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.12/34_12.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.12/34_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9280e6b74 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.12/34_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.12 +//Calculating concentration of a solution +clc +ratio=100/20;//= Io/I +EC=12000;//(in L/mol/cm) +l=2.5;//thickness (in cm) +C=log10(ratio)/(EC*l); +printf("The concentration of the solution is %.7f mol/L.",C); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.13/34_13.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.13/34_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebf52f7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.13/34_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.13 +//Calculating molar absorptivity of a solution +clc +C=10^-4;//concentration (in M) +A=0.2;//absorbance +l=2.5;//thickness (in cm) +EC=A/(C*l/10); +printf("The molar absorptivity of the solution is %d L/mol/cm.",EC); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.14/34_14.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.14/34_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1577e171 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.14/34_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-34.14 +//Determining transmittance of a solution +clc +ratio1=100/80;//= Io/I1 +ratio2=100/60;//= Io/I2 +A1=log10(ratio1); +A2=log10(ratio2); +A=A1+A2; +//For, log10(tran) = A +tran=0.48; +printf("The percentage transmittance of the solution is %d.",tran*100); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.15/34_15.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.15/34_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abfd864e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.15/34_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-34.15 +//Calculating percentage of light absorbed by a solution +clc +C1=30.1; C2=15.05;//concentration (in g/L) +l=1;//thickness (in cm) +ratio=100/50;//=Io/I1 +z=log10(ratio)/(C1*l);//= EC/M +//On solving, log10(tran) = EC/M*C2*l +tran=1.4144; +I2=100/tran; +ab=100-I2; +printf("The percentage of light absorbed by the solution is %.1f.",ab); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.16/34_16.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.16/34_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b4c1155 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.16/34_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.16 +//Determining moles of HCl produced in given reaction +clc +w=480;//wavelength (in nm) +QY=10^6;//quantum yield +E=(6.023*10^23*6.626*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w*10^-9); +n=QY/E; +printf("The moles of HCl produced are %.3f.",n); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.17/34_17.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.17/34_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..210af373d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.17/34_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-34.17 +//Calculating quantum yield of a reaction +clc +w=440;//wavelength (in nm) +I=1.5*10^-3;//intensity of light (in J/s) +t=20;//time of exposure (in min) +ab=80;//percentage absorption of light +n=0.075*10^-3;//moles of bromine +E=(6.626*10^-34.*3*10^8)/(w*10^-9);//energy given (in J) +E1=I*t*60*(ab/100);//energy absorbed (in J) +N1=E1/E;//number of quanta absorbed +QY=(n*6.023*10^23)/N1; +printf("The quantum yield of the reaction is %.2f.",QY); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.18/34_18.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.18/34_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48f3c41b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.18/34_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-34.18 +//Calculating moles of CO formed +clc +w=302;//wavelength (in nm) +QY=0.54; +E1=15000;//energy absorbed (in erg/mol) +E=(1.196*10^15)/w;//energy of 1 einstein (in erg/mol) +n=E1/E;//number of einsteins absorbed +N=QY*n; +printf("Moles of CO formed are %.2f*10^-9.",N*10^9) diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.19/34_19.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.19/34_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f32e2de3c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.19/34_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-34.19 +//Calculating energy of light required to decompose 1g of ammonia +clc +w=200;//wavelength (in nm) +QE=0.14;//quantum efficiency (in molecule/photon) +m=1;//mass of ammonia given +n=m/17;//moles of ammonia given +q=(n/QE)*(2.859/w)*10^7; +q1=q*4.184; +printf("The energy of light required is %d cal or %d J.",q,q1); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5127a09af --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-34.2 +//Calculating energy per mole of light for given wavelengths +clc +w1=85; w2=300;//wavelengths (in nm) +E1=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w1*10^-9);//E=nhc/w +E2=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w2*10^-9); +printf("The energy of light for 85nm is %.0f kJ/mol and for 300nm is %.0f kJ/mol.",E1/1000,E2/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.21/34_21.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.21/34_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd4aa4be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.21/34_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.21 +//Calculating calories of sunlight required to synthesise 1kg of carbohydrate +clc +QY=1/20;//molecules/photon +n=1000/30;//moles of carbohydrate +w=600;//wavelength (in nm) +q=(n*2.859*10^7)/(QY*w); +printf("The calories of sunlight required are %d.",q); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.22/34_22.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.22/34_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4559c5a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.22/34_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-34.22 +//Calculating quantum yield of a reaction +clc +w=424;//wavelength (in nm) +t=20;//time (in min) +V=36.7;//volume of Sodium sulphite solution used (in mL) +N=0.00564;//normality of Sodium sulphite solution +I=9.13*10^3;//intensity (in erg/s) +n=(V/1000)*N/2;//moles of ethylene iodine decomposed +q=I*t*60;//(in ergs) +QY=(n*1.196*10^15)/(q*w); +printf("The quantum yield of the reaction is %.2f.",QY); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.23/34_23.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.23/34_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da8e8e145 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.23/34_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-34.23 +//Calculating quantum yield of a reaction +clc +c1=0.0506; c2=0.0394;//initial and final concentration of oxalic acid (in M) +q=8.81*10^8;//(in ergs) +w=245;//wavelength (in nm) +n=(c1-c2)/100;//moles of oxalic acid decomposed +QY=(n*1.196*10^15)/(q*w); +printf("The quantum yield of the reaction is %.3f.",QY); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.24/34_24.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.24/34_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..666e10485 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.24/34_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-34.24 +//Calculating percentage of transmission +clc +ratio=1/0.7;//=Io/I1 +l1=2; l2=0.05;//thickness (in mm) +x=(l2/l1)*log10(ratio); +//On solving, log10(tran) = x +tran=1.009; +printf("The percentage of transmittance is %.1f.",100/tran); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.25/34_25.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.25/34_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e803d0ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.25/34_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.25 +//Calculating concentration of a substance +clc +EC=14000;//molar absorptivity +l=1;//thickness (in cm) +A=0.85;//absorbance +C=A/(EC*l); +printf("The concentration of the given substance is %.7f M.",C); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.26/34_26.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.26/34_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5b76d6ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.26/34_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.26 +//Calculating Ionization energy for nitrogen +clc +e=1.711*10^5;//(in /cm) +KE=5.63;//kinetic energy (in ev) +e=e/8065.5;//(in ev) +IE=e-KE; +printf("The ionization energy for nitrogen is %.2f ev.",IE); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.3/34_3.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.3/34_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05d4b2904 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.3/34_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.3 +//Calculating energy and frequency and wave number +clc +w=200;//wavelength (in nm) +E=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w*10^-9); +f=(3*10^8)/(w*10^-9); +wn=1/(w*10^-9); +printf("The energy required is %.1f kJ/mol, frequency is %.1f*10^15 Hz and wave number is %d /cm.",E/1000,f*10^-15,wn/100); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.4/34_4.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.4/34_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f596e9cea --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.4/34_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-34.4 +//Calculating wavelength and frequency and wave number of light +clc +E=30;//energy (in kcal/mol) +E=E*4.184;//(in kJ/mol) +f=E/(6.023*10^23*6.626*10^-34); +w=(3*10^8)/f; +wn=1/w; +printf("The energy is %.1f kJ/mol, wavelength is %.0f nm, frequency is %.3f*10^14 Hz and %.2f*10^-8 /m.",E,w*10^6,f*10^-11,wn); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.5/34_5.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.5/34_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feea01979 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.5/34_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-34.5 +//Calculating energy associated with one photon and one einstein +clc +w=530;//wavelength (in nm) +E1=(6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(530*10^-9);//energy of photon +E2=6.023*10^23*E1;//energy of einstein +printf("The energy of one photon is %.2f*10^-19 J and energy of one einstein is %.0f kJ.",E1*10^19,E2/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.6/34_6.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.6/34_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21c711a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.6/34_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.6 +//Calculating quantum yield of a reaction +clc +n=0.002;//moles of X reacted +t=20*60+4;//time (in s) +N=2*10^6;//photons of radiation absorbed per second +QY=(n*6.02*10^23)/(N*t); +printf("The quantum yield required is %.0f*10^11.",QY*10^-11); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.7/34_7.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.7/34_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ede1c1bca --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.7/34_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-34.7 +//Calculating concentration of compound X in a solution +clc +EC=245;//molar extinction coefficient (in m^2/mol) +Io=100;//original intensity percentage +l=0.01;//length (in m) +reduction=25;//percentage reduction in intensity +I=Io-reduction; +C=log10(Io/I)/(EC*l); +printf("The concentratino o fcompound X is %.3f mol/kL.",C); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.8/34_8.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.8/34_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c9a5d932 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.8/34_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-34.8 +//Calculating absorbance and molecular absorption coefficient of sample +clc +ratio=1/0.16;//ratio = Io/I +C=0.05;//concentration of benzene solution (in M) +l1=0.1; l2=0.2;//length (in cm) +EC=log10(ratio)/(C*l1); +A=EC*C*l1; +//On solving, log10(tran) = EC*C*l2 +tran=0.025; +printf("The absorbance is %.1f, molecular absorption coefficient is %d M/cm and transmittance through 2mm cell is %.3f.",A,EC,tran); diff --git a/1427/CH34/EX34.9/34_9.sce b/1427/CH34/EX34.9/34_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45116f68d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH34/EX34.9/34_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-34.9 +//Calculating concentration of a solution +clc +ratio=1/0.4;//= Io/I +EC=6000;//(in L/mol/cm) +l=2;//thickness (in cm) +C=log10(ratio)/(EC*l); +printf("The concentration of the solution is %.8f mol/L.",C); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f05aed7f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.1 +//Calculating frequency of radiations +clc +w=500;//wavelength (in nm) +c=2.996*10^10;//speed of light (in cm/s) +f=c/(w*10^-7); +printf("The frequency of the radiations is %.0f*10^14 Hz.",f*10^-14); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c453feb78 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-35.10 +//Calculating fundamental frequency of DCl +clc +f1=2890;//fundamental frequency of HCl (in /cm) +r_m1=((1*35)/(1+35))*(10^-3/(6.023*10^23));//reduced mass of HCl +r_m2=((2*35)/(2+35))*(10^-3/(6.023*10^23));//reduced mass of DCl +f2=f1*sqrt(r_m1/r_m2); +printf("The fundamental frequency of DCl is %.0f /cm.",f2); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09512fcb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.11 +//Calculating force constant of CO molecule +clc +f=2140;//fundamental frequency (in /cm) +C=1.99*10^-26;//atomic mass of C (in kg) +O=2.66*10^-26;//atomic mass of O (in kg) +r_m=(C*O)/(C+O);//reduced mass +k=4*(%pi*3*10^10*f)^2*r_m; +printf("The force constant of CO molecule is %.0f N/m.",k); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.13/35_13.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.13/35_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b19e5056f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.13/35_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.13 +//Calculating force constant of a Br Br bond +clc +w_n=323.2;//wave number (in /cm) +m1=78.9183;//mass of Br(79) (in amu) +m2=80.9163;//mass of Br(81) (in amu) +r_m=(m1*m2)/((m1+m2)*6.023*10^23);//reduced mass +k=4*(%pi*3*10^10*w_n)^2*r_m; +printf("Thr required force constant is %.3f N/m.",k/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6635fba4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-35.14 +//Calculating bond length for HBr molecule +clc +s=16.94;//spacing between lines in rotational spectra (in /cm) +H=1;//molar mass of H (in g/mol) +Br=80;//molar mass of Br (in g/mol) +r_m=(H*Br/1000)/((H+Br)*6.023*10^23);//reduced mass (in kg) +B=s/2; +I=(6.625*10^-34)/(8*%pi^2*B*100*3*10^8); +r=sqrt(I/r_m); +printf("The bond length for HBr molecule is %.1f pm.",r*10^12); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.16/35_16.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.16/35_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7173c9ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.16/35_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.16 +//Calculating internuclear distance of HCl molecule +clc +s=20.7;//interspacing (in /cm) +B=s/2; +I=(6.625*10^-34)/(8*%pi^2*B*100*3*10^8); +r_m=(1*35.5/1000)/((1+35.5)*6.023*10^23);//reduced mass (in kg) +r=sqrt(I/r_m); +printf("The internuclear distance for HCl molecule is %.1f pm.",r*10^12); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.17/35_17.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.17/35_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ef2013a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.17/35_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.17 +//Calculating frequency for a given transition in CO +clc +r=112.81;//bond length (in pm) +r_m=(12*16/1000)/((12+16)*6.23*10^23);//reduced mass (in kg) +B=(6.625*10^-34)/(8*%pi^2*r_m*(r*10^-12)^2*3*10^10); +printf("The frequency for the given transition in CO is %.2f /cm.",6*B); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.18/35_18.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.18/35_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..381e71c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.18/35_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.18 +//Calculating corresponding energy for a NMR spectra +clc +f=60;//frequency used (in MHz) +E=(6.023*10^23)*(6.625*10^-34)*f*10^6;//energy (in J/mol) +E=(E/1000)/4.184;//energy (in kcal/mol) +printf("The energy required is %.9f kcal/mol.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.19/35_19.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.19/35_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b09762d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.19/35_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.19 +//Calculating frequency shift from TMS required +clc +R=1;//resonance order +f=500;//frequency (in MHz) +shift=R*(f*10^6)*10^-6; +printf("The frequency shift required is %d Hz.",shift); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9793b1b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.2 +//Calculating energy per mole of light +clc +w1=85; w2=300;//wavelengths (in nm) +E1=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w1*10^-9); +E2=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w2*10^-9); +printf("The energy for 85 nm is %.0f kJ/mol and for 300 nm is %.0f kJ/mol.",E1/1000,E2/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.24/35_24.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.24/35_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..056ea951e --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.24/35_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.24 +//Calculating wavelength at which anti Stokes line appear +clc +w1=4358*10^-10;//sample wavelength (in m) +w2=4447*10^-10;//wavelength for Raman shift (in m) +v_raman=(1/w1)-(1/w2); +v_anti=(1/w1)+v_raman; +w=10^10/v_anti; +printf("The wavelength required is %.0f armstrong.",w); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.27/35_27.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.27/35_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47f42dba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.27/35_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-35.27 +//Calculating magnetic field strength required +clc +f=60;//precessional frequency (in Hz) +g=5.585; +Bn=5.0508*10^-31;//(in J/G) +h=6.6262*10^-34;//(in Js) +Ho=(h*f*10^6)/(g*Bn); +printf("The magnetic field strength required is %.0f G.",Ho); + diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.28/35_28.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.28/35_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1ae92c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.28/35_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.28 +//Calculating precessional frequency of electrons in a magnetic field +clc +Ho=15000;//magnetic field (in G) +g=5.585; +Bn=5.0508*10^-31;//(in J/G) +h=6.6262*10^-34;//(in Js) +f=(g*Bn*Ho)/h; +printf("The precessional frequency of electrons is %d MHz.",f*10^-4); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea4b6b344 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-35.3 +//Calculating energy per mole and frequency and wave number +clc +w=200;//wavelength (in nm) +E=(6.023*10^23*6.625*10^-34*3*10^8)/(w*10^-9); +f=(3*10^8)/(w*10^-9); +w_n=1/(w*10^-9); +printf("The energy for 200 nm is %.1f kJ/mol, frequency is %.1f*10^15 Hz and wave number is %d /m.",E/1000,f*10^-15,w_n); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74985f65 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-35.4 +//Calculating reduced mass of CN molecule +clc +C=12.011;//atomic weight of C (in amu) +N=14.0067;//atomic weight of N (in amu) +r_m=(C*N)/((C+N)*6.023*10^23); +printf("The reduced mass of CN molecule is %.4f*10^-26 kg.",r_m*10^23); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..939276f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-35.5 +//Calculating reduced mass and moment of inertia of NaCl +clc +r=2.36*10^-10;//internuclear distance (in m) +m1=23*10^-3;//molar mass of Na (in kg/mol) +m2=35*10^-3;//molar mass of Cl (in kg/mol) +r_m=(m1*m2)/((m1+m2)*6.023*10^23); +m_i=r_m*r^2; +printf("The reduced mass of NaCl is %.3f*10^-26 kg and moment of inertia is %.3f*10^-45 kg m^2.",r_m*10^26,m_i*10^45); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4592c426 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-35.6 +//Calculating force constant for CO molecule +clc +w_n=2.143*10^5;//wave number (in /m) +r_m=1.139*10^-26;//reduced mass (in kg) +c=3*10^8;//speed of light (in m/s) +k=4*(%pi)^2*c^2*w_n^2*r_m; +printf("The value of force constant for CO is %d N/m.",k); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37dcaa4d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-35.8 +//Calculating frequency of oxygen and hydrogen bond +clc +k=770;//force constant (in N/m) +r_m=1.563*10^-27;//reduced mass (in kg) +f=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt(k/r_m); +w_n=f/(3*10^8); +printf("The frequency required is %.3f*10^14 Hz and wave number is %d /cm.",f*10^-14,w_n/100); diff --git a/1427/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce b/1427/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994e4ae3c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-35.9 +//Calculating fundamental frequency and wave number for HCl +clc +k=480;//force constant (in N/m) +m1=1*10^-3;//molar mass of H (in kg/mol) +m2=35*10^-3;//molar mass of Cl (in kg/mol) +r_m=(m1*m2)/((m1+m2)*6.023*10^23);//reduced mass +f=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt(k/r_m);//frequency +w_n=f/(3*10^8);//wave number +printf("The wave number for HCl is %d /cm and fundamental frequency is %.3f*10^13 Hz.",w_n/100,f*10^-13); diff --git a/1427/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/1427/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36584fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-4.1 +//Calculating total pollution load of sample air +clc +c1=5;//Content of sulphur dioxide (in ppm) +c2=20;//Content of nitrogen dioxide (in ppm) +m3=8;//Content of carbon monoxide (in micrograms/m^3) +c3=(m3/1000)*(22.4/28);//Content of carbon monoxide (in ppm) +T=c1+c2+c3;//total +printf("Total pollution load of sample air is %.4f ppm.",T); diff --git a/1427/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/1427/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55cc2579d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-4.2 +//Calculating COD of given sample +clc +v1=5.5;//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate(FAS) required by unreacted dichromate (in mL) +v2=26;//volume of FAS in sample (in mL) +n=0.1;//normality of FAS +V=25;//volume of distilled water (in mL) +//1000mL of 1N FAS = 8g of oxygen +O=(8*n*(v2-v1))/1000;//oxygen in 25mL sample (in g) +O=O*(1000/25);//oxygen in 1L sample (in g) +printf("COD of the given sample is %d ppm.",O*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/1427/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf70424fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-4.3 +//Calculating COD of effluent sample +clc +V=25;//volume of effluent (in mL) +v=8.3;//volume of dichromate (in mL) +M=0.001;//molarity of dichromate +//1000mL of 0.001M dichromate = 6x8x0.001g of oxygen +O=(6*8*M*v)/1000;//oxygen in 25mL sample (in g) +O=O*(1000/25);//oxygen in 1L sample (in g) +printf("COD of effluent sample is %.2f ppm.",O*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/1427/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a11c22f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-4.4 +//Calculating BOD of sample +clc +o1=920;//Initial dissolved oxygen (in ppm) +o2=260;//Final dissolved oxygen (in ppm) +v1=100;//Waste water (in mL) +v2=100;//Distilled water (in mL) +ans=(o1-o2)*((v1+v2)/v1);//BOD +printf("BOD of given sample is %d ppm.",ans); diff --git a/1427/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/1427/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ef9683e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-4.5 +//Determining BOD of given sample +clc +V=25;//Volume of water sample (in mL) +v1=30;//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate(FAS) in blank (in mL) +v2=18;//volume of FAS in sample (in mL) +n=0.1;//normality of FAS +//1000mL of 1N FAS = 8g oxygen +O=(8*(v1-v2)*n)/1000;//Oxygen in 25mL of water (in g) +O=O*(1000/25);//Oxygen in 1L of water (in g) +printf("COD of given sample is %d ppm.",O*1000); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d74279b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.1 +//Calculating cell constant +clc +s=0.0002765;//specific conductivity (in mhos/cm) +R=500;//resistance (in ohms) +c=R*s;//cell contant (in /cm) +printf("The cell constant is %.3f /cm.",c); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..864c8d93c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.10 +//Calculating pH of ammonium hydroxide +clc +c=0.002;//normality of NH4OH +d=2.3;//Percentage dissociation +c1=c*(d/100);//hydroxide content +c2=10^-14/c1;//hydrogen content +p=-log10(c2);//pH +printf("pH of ammonium hydroxide is %.4f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a57e30d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.11 +//Finding dissociation constant of acid +clc +pH=4.87;//pH of propionic acid +//a = antilog(-pH) +a=0.0000134;//hydrogen concentration +Ka=a;//dissociation constant +printf("The dissociation constant of acid is %.7f.",Ka); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f88f8d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.12 +//Calculating pH of a mixture +clc +Ka=1.85*10^-5; +v1=50;//volume of scetic acid (in mL) +v2=50;//volume of sodium acetate ion (in mL) +M1=0.2;//molarity of acetic acid +M2=0.2;//molarity of acetate ion +pH=-log10(Ka)+log10((v1*M1)/(v2*M2)); +printf("The pH of the mixture is %.3f.",pH); + diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94f2b0745 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ques-5.13 +//Calculating pH of buffer solution +clc +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +v1=30;//volume of NaOH (in mL) +M1=0.1;//molarity of NaOH +v2=100;//volume of acetic acid (in mL) +M2=0.1;//molarity of acetic acid +t=v1+v2;//total volume (in mL) +v3=v2-v1;//volume of actic acid unreacted (in mL) +c1=(v1*M1)/t;//content of acetate ion +c2=(v3*M2)/t;//content of acetic acid unreacted +p=-log10(Ka)+log10(c1/c2); +printf("The pH of the buffer solution is %.4f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9ea55b70 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.14 +//Calculating pH of the solution +clc +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +x1=0.2;//moles of HCl added +x2=1;//moles of acetic acid +x3=1;//moles of acetate ion +p=-log10(Ka)+log10((x2+x1)/(x3-x1)); +printf("The pH of the solution is %.4f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e6cc5bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.15/5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.15 +//Calculating solubility product of AgCl +clc +S=0.00179;//solubility of AgCl (in g/L) +S=(S/170)*100000;//solubility (in mol/L x10^-5) +K=S^2;//solubility product (x10^-10) +printf("The solubility product of given AgCl is %.4f x 10^-10 mol^2/L^2.",K); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9d25ff6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.16/5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.16 +//Calculating solubility of Calcium fluoride +clc +K=3.45*10^-11;//solubility product +//K = 4*S^3 +S=(K/4)^(1/3);//solubility +printf("The solubility of Calcium floride is %.6f mol/L.",S); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf50d9d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.17/5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.17 +//Calculating solubility product of a salt +clc +S=7.5;//solubility of Silver chromate (in mol/L x10^-5) +K=4*S^3;//solubility product (in mol^3/L^3 x10^-15) +printf("The solubility product of the salt is %.4f*10^-12 mol^3/L^3.",K/1000); + diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f07a1a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.18/5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.18 +//Calculating solubility of Strontium fluoride +clc +K=8;//solubility product (x10^-12) +c=0.1;//content of NaF (in M) +S=K/c^2;//solubility (x10^-12) +printf("The required solubility is %.0f*10^-10 mol/L.",S/100); + diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc00a9de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.19/5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.19 +//Calculating pH of Calcium hydroxide +clc +M=0.005;//molarity of calcium hydroxide +c1=2*M;//content of hydroxide ion (in mol/L) +c2=10^-14/c1;//content of hydrogen ion (in mol/L) +p=-log10(c2); +printf("the pH required is %.0f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c8b8d893 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.2 +//Calculating cell constant and specific conductance of solution +clc +A=1.25;//area of plates (in cm^2) +l=10.5;//distance between plates (in cm) +R=2000;//resistance (in ohms) +c=l/A;//cell constant (in /cm) +k=c/R;//specific conductance (in mho/cm) +printf("The cell constant is %.1f /cm and specific conductance of solution is %.4f mho/cm.",c,k); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f04fdbf6a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.20/5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.20 +//Calculating pH of HCl solution +clc +M=10^-8;//molarity of HCl +D=M^2+4*(10^-14);//discriminant +x=(-M+sqrt(D))/2; +c=M+x;//content of hydrogen ion +p=-log10(c); +printf("pH value for given HCl is %.2f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34f374a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.21/5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.21 +//Calculating pH of given NaOH solution +clc +M=10^-8;//molarity of NaOH +D=M^2+4*(10^-14);//discriminant +x=(-M+sqrt(D))/2;//content of hydrogen ion +p=-log10(x); +printf("pH of given NaOH sample is %.2f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.22/5_22.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.22/5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f94961b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.22/5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.22 +//Calculating dissociation constant for HCN +clc +p=5.2;//pH of HCN +M=0.1;//molarity of HCN +//x = antilog(-p) +x=6.31;//content of H3O+ (*10^-6) +Ka=x^2/M;//dissociation constant (*10^-12) +printf("Dissociation constant of HCN is %.2f*10^-10.",Ka/100); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.23/5_23.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.23/5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa16b60c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.23/5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.23 +//Calculating concentration of acetic acid solution +clc +a=0.02;//degree of ionization +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +c=(Ka*(1-a))/a^2;//concentration required +printf("The concentration of given actic acid solution is %.3f mol/L.",c); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.24/5_24.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.24/5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0796edd58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.24/5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.24 +//Calculating percentage ionization of acetic acid +clc +Ka=1.74*10^-5; +M=0.1;//molarity of acetic acid +x=sqrt(Ka*M);//content of acetate ion +a=(x/M)*100;//percentage ionization +printf("Percentage ionization of acetic acid is %.1f.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.25/5_25.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.25/5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10a14aead --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.25/5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.25 +//Calculating pH of a buffer solution +clc +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +m1=0.2;//moles of acetic acid +m2=0.1;//moles of sodium acetate +p=-log10(Ka)+log10(m2/m1); +printf("pH of the given buffer is %.4f.",p); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.26/5_26.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.26/5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b488ab0e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.26/5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.26 +//Calculating amount of Ammonia and Ammonium chloride required +clc +pH=9;//pH of buffer +t=0.6;//total concentration of buffer (in mol/L) +pOH=14-pH; +pKb=4.7;//for ammonia +a=pOH-pKb;//a=log10(x/0.6-x); x=[NH4Cl] +x=1.2/3; +printf("Amount of ammonia required is %.1f mol/L and ammonium chloride required is %.1f mol/L.",x/2,x); + diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.27/5_27.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.27/5_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..394191034 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.27/5_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-5.27 +//Calculating pH of acetic acid and volume required +clc +M=1;//molarity of acetic acid +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +v=10;//volume of acetic acid (in L) +a1=sqrt(Ka*v);//degree of dissociation +pH=-log10(a1/v); +p1=2*pH;//new pH +//a2 = antilog(-p1) +a2=1.8*10^-6;//new degree of dissociation +V=Ka/a2^2;//volume required (in L) +printf("pH of acetic acid is %.4f and volume required is %d L.",pH,V); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.28/5_28.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.28/5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2bb0a91a --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.28/5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.28 +//Calculating hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis of sodium acetate solution +clc +c=0.1;//molarity of sodium acetate solution +Kw=1.1*10^-4;//ionic product of water (*10^-10) +Ka=1.8*10^-5;//dissociation constant +Kh=Kw/Ka;//hydrolysis constant (*10^-10) +h=sqrt(Kh/c);//degree of hydrolysis (*10^-5) +printf("Hydrolysis constant of acetate solution is %.2f*10^-10 and degree of hydrolysis is %.2f*10^-5.",Kh,h); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.29/5_29.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.29/5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecbcd593d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.29/5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.29 +//Calculating hydrolysis constant and degree of hydrolysis of Ammonium chloride +clc +c=0.001;//molarity of ammonium chloride solution +Kw=10^-4;//(*10^-10) +Ka=1.8*10^-5; +Kh=Kw/Ka;//hydrolysis constant (*10^-10) +h=sqrt(Kh/(100*c));//degree of hydrolysis (*10^-4) +printf("Hydrolysis constant of Ammonium chloride solution is %.2f*10^-10 and degree of hydrolysis is %.2f*10^-4.",Kh,h); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acabd28cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.3 +//Finding specific and equivalent conductance of acid +clc +R1=225;//resistance of KCl (in ohms) +k1=0.00141;//specific conductance of KCl (in mho/cm) +R2=80;//resistance of acid solution (in ohms) +N=0.02;//normality of acid +c=k1*R1;//cell constant (in /cm) +k2=c/R2;//specific conductance of acid solution (in mho/cm) +e=1000*(k2/N);////equivalent conductance of acid solution (in cm^2 mho/eq) +printf("The equivalent conductance of acid is %.2f cm^2 mho/eq and specific conductance is %.6f mho/cm.",e,k2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.30/5_30.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.30/5_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b1a1e61c --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.30/5_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.30 +//Calculating hydrolysis constant and dissociation constant of acetic acid +clc +Kb=1.8*10^-5; +Kw=10^-14; +h=5.5*10^-3;//degree of hydrolysis +Kh=h^2;//hydrolysis constant +Ka=Kw/(Kh*Kb);//dissociation constant +printf("Hydrolysis constant of acetic acid is %.2f*10^-5 and Dissociation constant is %.2f*10^-5.",Kh*100000,Ka*100000); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.31/5_31.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.31/5_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00bfedb69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.31/5_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-5.31 +//Calculating dissociation constant of HCN +clc +c=0.02//molarity of KCN +h=4.9;//percentage of hydrolysis +Kw=10^-14; +Kh=(h/100)^2*c;//hydrolysis constant +Ka=Kw/Kh;//dissociation constant +printf("Dissociation constant for HCN is %.2f*10^-10.",Ka*10000000000); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.32/5_32.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.32/5_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f186e85b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.32/5_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//ques-5.32 +//Calculating pH of different salt solutions +clc +Kw=10^-14; +//(i)0.02M NH4Cl +Kb=1.8*10^-5; +c=0.02; +p1=(-log10(Kw)+log10(Kb)-log10(c))/2; +printf("pH of Ammonium chloride solution is %.2f.\n",p1); + +//(ii)0.01M CH3COONa +Ka=Kb; +c=0.01; +p2=(-log10(Kw)-log10(Ka)+log10(c))/2; +printf(" pH of Sodium acetate solution is %.2f.\n",p2); + +//(iii)CH3COONH4 +p3=(-log10(Kw)-log10(Ka)+log10(Kb))/2; +printf(" pH of Ammonium acetate solution is %.1f.",p3); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.33/5_33.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.33/5_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..035ebf360 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.33/5_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.33 +//Finding transport number of silver and nitrate ions +clc +x=0.916; +y=1; +t1=x/(x+y);//transport number of silver ions +t2=1-t1;////transport number of nitrate ions +printf("Transport number of silver and nitrate ions are %.3f and %.3f respectively.",t1,t2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.34/5_34.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.34/5_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7918b3ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.34/5_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.34 +//Calculating transport number of silver and nitrate ions +clc +x=0.06227;//Siver nitrate contained in 20g anode solution after electrolysis(in g) +y=0.001788;//Siver nitrate contained in 1g anode solution before electrolysis(in g) +y=y*20;//Siver nitrate contained in 20g anode solution before electrolysis(in g) +m=0.0322;//mass of Ag deposited on voltameter (in g) +z=(m*170)/108;//total weight of Silver nitrate electrolysed (in g) +t1=(z-(x-y))/z;//transport number of silver ions +t2=1-t1;//transport number of nitrate ions +printf("Transport number of silver and nitrate ions are %.3f and %.3f respectively.",t1,t2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.35/5_35.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.35/5_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8f538931 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.35/5_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-5.35 +//Calculating transport number of Copper and sulphate ions +clc +x=0.6236;//weight of Cu in anodic solution after electrolysis (in g) +y=0.635;//weight of Cu in anodic solution before electrolysis (in g) +m=0.1351;//mass of Ag deposited in voltameter (in g) +z=(m*(63.6/2))/107.88;//equivalent of Cu deposited in voltameter (in g) +t1=(y-x)/z;//transport number of copper ions +t2=1-t1;//transport number of sulphate ions +printf("Transport number of Copper and sulphate ions are %.3f and %.3f respectively.",t1,t2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.36/5_36.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.36/5_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2f8996b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.36/5_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.36 +//Finding transport number of copper ion +clc +a=0.42;//loss of Cu in anode compartment (y-x)(in g) +z=1.058;//mass of Cu deposited in voltameter (in g) +t=a/z;//transport number of Cu ion +printf("Transport number of copper ion is %.3f.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.37/5_37.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.37/5_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e19971cf --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.37/5_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.37 +//Calculating transport number of Copper and sulphate ions +clc +p=2.84;//percentage strength of CuSO4 +m=54.7;//mass of cathode solution (in g) +x=0.409;//weight of Cu in cathode solution after electrolysis (in g) +y=(p/100)*m*((63.5/2)/(159.6/2));//weight of Cu in cathode solution before electrolysis (in g) +z=0.804;//increase in weight of cathode (in g) +t2=(y-x)/z;//transport number of sulphate ions +t1=1-t2;//transport number of copper ions +printf("Transport number of copper and sulphate ions are %.3f and %.3f respetively.",t1,t2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.38/5_38.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.38/5_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d86e447c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.38/5_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-5.38 +//Calculating transport number of Potassium ions in KCl +clc +m1=3.654;//mass of KCl/100g (in g) +m2=122.93;//mass of cathode solution (in g) +x=5.136;//KCl contained in cathode solution after electrolysis (in g) +y=(m1/100)*m2;//KCl contained in cathode solution before electrolysis (in g) +m3=1.978;//weight of Ag deposited (in g) +z=(m3*74.5)/108;//weight of KCl electrolysed (in g) +t=(x-y)/z;//transport number of K ions +printf("Transport number of potassium ions is %.3f.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.39/5_39.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.39/5_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff4746383 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.39/5_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-5.39 +//Determining transport number of Silver ions in Silver nitrate +clc +p=0.80;//Percentage strength of AgNO3 solution +x=0.519;//AgNO3 in anode solution after electrolysis (in g) +m=51;//weight of anode solution (in g) +y=(p/100)*m;//AgNO3 in anode solution before electrolysis (in g) +i=1;//current passes (in A) +time=2;//time for current (in minutes) +z=((i*time*60)/96500)*170;//weight of AgNO3 deposited (in g) +t=1-((x-y)/z);//transport number of Ag ions +printf("Tranport number of silver ions is %.3f.",t); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2862e4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.4 +//Calculating dissolution constant of acetic acid +clc +e1=48.15;//equivalent conductance (in cm^2 mho/eq); +e2=390.6;//equivalent conductance at infinite dilution (in cm^2 mho/eq); +d=e1/e2;//dissolution constant +printf("The dissolution constant of acetic acid is %.4f.",d); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44f1bf87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.5 +//Calculating activity of solution +clc +C=0.992;//molarity of NaCl +y=0.782;//activity coefficient +a=y*C;//activity +printf("The activity of solution is %.3f M.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d8687fb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-5.6 +//Calculating equivalent conductance of solution +clc +C=0.01;//normality of solution +k1=126.5//equivalent conductance at infinite dilution (in L^2 mho/eq) +k2=k1-(60.2+0.229*k1)*sqrt(C);//equivalent conductance (in L62 mho/eq) +printf("The equivalent conductance of solution is %.3f L^2 mho/eq.",k2); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebcf7779 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-5.7 +//Calculating concentration of acetate ion and degree of ionization +clc +m=3;//weight of acetic acid added (in g) +Ka=0.000018;//for acetic acid +N=m/60;//normality of acetic acid +//Ka = x^2/N +x=sqrt(N*Ka);//content of acetate ion +deg=(x/N);//degree of ionization +printf("The concentration of acetate ion is %.6f mol/L and degree of ionization is %.3f.",x,deg); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3fc8964 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-5.8 +//Calculating pH of NaOH +clc +N=0.01;//normality of NaOH +a=0.01;//hydroxide in NaOH +b=10^-14/a;//hydrogen in NaOH +pH=-log10(b);//pH of NaOH +printf("pH value of given NaOH is %.0f.",pH); diff --git a/1427/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/1427/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f21d901d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-5.9 +//Calculating pH of two samples +clc + +//Part (i) +c=0.001;//molarity of HCl +p1=-log10(c);//pH of HCl + +//Part (ii) +c=0.04;//molarity of HNO3 +p2=-log10(4*10^12);//pH of HNO3 +printf("pH value of HCl is %.0f and pH of nitric acid is %.3f.",p1,p2); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83cb19d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-6.1 +//Calculating reduction potential for a half cell +clc +e1=-2.48;//reduction of Ce(4+) (in V) +e2=1.61;//reduction of Ce(3+) (in V) +E=e1+e2; +printf("The reduction potential of the half-cell is %.2f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da6133b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-6.10 +//Calculating pH of a solution +clc +E=0.48;//emf of the cell (in V) +Es1=0.34;//standard emf of copper (in V) +pH=(E-Es1)/0.0592; +printf("The pH of the solution is %.3f.",pH); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9127bdfdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-6.11 +//Calculating emf of a concentration cell +clc +C2=0.1; C1=0.01;//concentration of Zn(2+) ion (in M) +n=2;//number of electrons +E=(0.0592/n)*log10(C2/C1); +printf("The emf required is %.4f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6120a7a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-6.12 +//Calculating valency of mercurous ion +clc +C2=0.01; C1=0.001;//content of mercurous nitrate (in N) +E=0.029;//emf of cell (in V) +F=96500; +T=273+18;//temperature (in K) +n=(2.303*8.314*T*log10(C2/C1))/(E*F); +printf("The valency of mercurous ion is %.0f.",n); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3023b459 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-6.13 +//Calculating emf of the cell and determining activity of HCl +clc +E=0.15;//emf of the cell (in V) +e1=-0.2224;//emf for Ag/Ag+ (in V) +E1=-e1; +pH=(E+e1)/(-0.0592); +//On taking antilog(pH) +H=0.06; +printf("The emf required is %.4f V and acticity of HCl is %.2f mol/L.",E1,H); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f26e7f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ques-6.14 +//Calculating equilibrium constant for a reaction at 300 K +clc +e1=0.355; e2=0.3704;//emf of reduction reactions (in V) +T=300;//temperature (in K) +E=e2-e1; +n=1;//number of electrons used +F=96500;//(in C) +G=-n*F*E; +z=-G/(2.303*8.314*T); +//On solving, log10(K) = z +K=1.8; +printf("The equilibrium constant for the given reaction is %.1f.",K); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81bde2bc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-6.15 +//Determining solubility of AgCl at 298 K +clc +e1=2.415;//emf of SCE (in V) +e2=0.7991;//emf of Ag+/Ag (in V) +E=0.2621;//emf of cell (in V) +n=2;//number of electrons involved +//On solving, E=e2-e1+(0.0592/n)*log10(C^2); +C=10^-5;//concentration of Ag+ +Ksp=C*C; +printf("The solubility of AgCl is 10^-10 mol^2/L^2."); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0f535fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-6.16 +//Finding enthalpy change for a reaction +clc +G=-3.138;//free energy change (in kcal) +T=300;//temperature (in K) +z=-14.39;//free energy change w.r.t time (in cal/deg) +H=G-T*(z/1000); +printf("The enthalpy change required is %.3f kcal.",H); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78cec5eca --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-6.17 +//Calculating heat of the reaction at 298 K +clc +E1=0.6915;//emf of cell at 273 K (in V) +E2=0.6753;//emf of cell at 298 K (in V) +F=96500;//(in C) +T=298;//temperature (in K) +n=2;//electrons involved +z=(E2-E1)/(T-273);//change in emf w.r.t temperature +H=2*F*(T*z-E2); +printf("The heat of the reaction is %.3f kJ.",H/1000); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..873b78832 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ques-6.18 +//Calculating enthalpy change and free energy change and entropy change for the given cell +clc +E1=0.6753;//emf at 298 K +E2=0.6915;//emf at 273 K +n=2;//electrons involved +T=298;//temperature (in K) +z=(E1-E2)/T;//change in emf w.r.t temperature +H=n*96500*(-E1+T*z); +G=-n*96500*E1; +S=(H-G)/T; +printf("The enthalpy change is %.3f kJ, free energy change is %.3f kJ and entropy change is %.2f J/K.",H/1000,G/1000,S); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca073cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-6.3 +//Calculating emf of a concentration cell +clc +C1=0.01; C2=0.1;//concentration of Zn(2+) ions (in M) +n=2;//number of electrons +E=(0.0592/n)*log10(C2/C1); +printf("The emf of the given concentration cell is %.4f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce44d837d --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ques-6.4 +//Calculating emf of a daniel cell +clc +Es=1.1;//standard potential of cell (in V) +C1=0.001;//concentration of Zn(2+) (in M) +C2=0.1;//concentration of Cu(2+) (in M) +n=2;//number of electrons +E=Es+(0.0592/n)*log10(C2/C1); +printf("The emf of the given daniel cell is %.4f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..731172c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ques-6.5 +//Finding emf of a given cell reaction +clc +e1=-0.76;//emf for Zn(2+)/Zn (in V) +e2=0.34;//emf for Cu(2+)/Cu (in V) +E=e2-e1; +printf("The emf of the given cell is %.1f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..875745e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-6.6 +//Calculating concentration of nickel ions in the cell +clc +e1=-0.25;//emf for Ni(2+)/Ni (in V) +e2=0.34;//emf for Cu(2+)/Cu (in V) +C1=0.75;//concentration of Cu(2+) (in M) +E=0.601;//emf of cell (in V) +n=2;//number of electrons +//On solving, E = e2-e1+(0.0592/n)*log(C1/C2) +C2=C1/2.3529;//concentration of Ni(2+) (in M) +printf("The concentration of nickel ions is %.4f M.",C2); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac8ec62d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-6.7 +//Calculating reduction potential for reduction of oxygen +clc +pH=7; +p=0.2;//partial pressure of O2 (in bar) +Es=1.229;//standard emf (in V) +H=10^(-pH);//concentration of hydrogen ion +n=2;//number of electrons +E=Es-(0.0592/n)*log10(1/(H^2*sqrt(p))); +printf("the reduction potential required is %.3f V.",E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8d162576 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-6.8 +//Calculating standard emf and emf generated +clc +e1=1.7; e2=-0.31;//emfs of two half-cell reactions (in V) +C1=0.1;//concentration of hydrogen ion (in M) +C2=2;//concentration of sulphate ion (in M) +n=2;//number of electrons +Es=e1-e2;//standard emf (in V) +E=Es-(0.0592/n)*log10(1/(C1^4*C2^2)); +printf("The standard emf is %.2f V and emf generated is %.2f V.",Es,E); diff --git a/1427/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/1427/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c79a2d047 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ques-6.9 +//Calculating equilibrium constant of a reaction +clc +e1=0.77;//emf for Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) (in V) +e2=0.8;//emf for Ag+/Ag (in V) +Es=e2-e1; +n=2;//number of electrons +//On solving, log10(K) = (n*Es)/0.0592 +K=3.31;//(*10^26) +printf("The value of equilibrium constant is %.2f*10^26.",K); diff --git a/1427/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/1427/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe9d10124 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-8.1 +//Calculating acid value of a lubricating oil +clc +m=100;//mass of oil used (in g) +v=5;//volume of KOH (in mL) +n=1/20;//normality of KOH +a=(v*10*n*5.6)/m;//acid value +printf("Acid value required is %.2f.",a); diff --git a/1427/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/1427/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b81d8985 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ques-8.2 +//Calculating saponification of oil +clc +m=10;//mass of oil taken (in g) +v1=25;//volume of N/2 KOH (in mL) +v2=15;//volume of N/2 HCl (in mL) +s=((v1-v2)*28)/m;//saponification value +printf("Saponification value of oil is %d.",s); diff --git a/1427/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/1427/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..390d615d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//ques-8.3 +//Calculating iodine value of linseed oil +clc +m=0.15;//mass of linseed oil (in g) +v1=10;//volume of N/10 sodium thiosulphate solution for main titration (in mL) +v2=30;//volume of N/10 sodium thiosulphate solution for blank titration (in mL) +v=v2-v1;//difference in volume (in mL) +//20ml of N/10 sodium thiosulphate = 20mL of N/10 iodine solution +//1L of N/10 iodine solution = 12.7g iodine +i_v=(v/1000)*12.7*(100/m);//iodine value (for100g of oil) +printf("Iodine value of linseed oil is %.2f.",i_v); diff --git a/1427/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/1427/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adcd9f927 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex1 +//Calculating mass of eutetic in alloy +clc +M=1;//Mass of alloy given (in kg) +P1=73;//Percentage of tin in alloy +M=M*1000;//Mass of alloy given (in g) +w1=(P1/100)*M;//Mass of tin in given alloy (in g) +w2=M-w1;//Mass of lead in given alloy (in g) +p1=64;//Percentage of tin in eutectic composition +p2=100-p1;//Percentage of lead in eutectic composition +w3=(w2*p1)/p2;//Mass of tin in eutectic corresponding to w2 of lead (in g) +total=w2+w3;//Total mass of eutectic in alloy (in g) +printf("Total mass of eutectic in alloy = %d g.",total); diff --git a/1427/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/1427/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7f740a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ex-2 +//Calculating mass of eutectic +clc +M=1;//Mass of alloy given (in kg) +P1=25;//Percentage of Cd in the alloy +M=M*1000;//Mass of alloy given (in g) +m1=(P1/100)*M;//Mass of Cd in alloy (in g) +p1=40;//Pecentage of Cd in eutectic system +p2=100-p1;//Pecentage of Bi in eutectic system +mass=(m1*p2)/p1;//Mass of Bi corresponding to m1 of Cd (in g) +total_mass=m1+mass;//Total mass of eutectic in the alloy (in g) +printf("Total mass of eutectic in 1kg of alloy = %d g.",total_mass); diff --git a/1427/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/1427/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7de24e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex3 +//Calculating mass of eutectic formed and lead separated out +clc +//Part (i) +M=1000;//Mass of argentiferrous lead sample given (in kg) +p1=0.1;//Percentage of silver in lead +p2=2.6;//Percentage of silver in eutectic +m1=(p1/100)*M;//Mass of Ag in the lead sample (in kg) +m2=(m1/p2)*100;//Mass of eutectic (in kg) +printf("Mass of eutectic = %.2f kg.",m2); +//Part (ii) +m3=M-m2;//Mass of Pb separated (in kg) +printf("\n Mass of Pb separated = %.2f kg.",m3); diff --git a/1427/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/1427/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a79e94f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1427/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ex-4 +//Calculating amount of an element formed from an alloy +clc +M=10;//Mass of alloy AB given (in g) +p=25;//Percentage of A in AB +w1=(p/100)*M;//Weight of A in AB (in g) +w2=M-w1;//Weight of B in AB (in g) +w3=w2/3;//Weight of B separated out on cooling in eutectic (in g) +ans=w2-w3;//Original amount-Amount in eutectic (in g) +printf("Amount of B formed = %.1f g.",ans); diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af113a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1.1 +// charge Transfer and Average Current +function[i]=f(t) + i=10*sin(%pi*t/2) +endfunction // Current as a function of time +q_T=intg(0,6,f); // Total charge is given by integrating area under the curve of // current vs time +i_av=q_T/6; +disp(q_T,"total charge Transfer is(in coulombs) =") +disp(i_av,"Average current is (in Amps)=") + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79b375c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.1/exa1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + -->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.1.sce', -1) + + total charge Transfer is(in coulombs) = + + 12.732395 + + Average current is (in Amps)= + + 2.1220659 + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a657319ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1.10 +// Design of a Biasing Circuit +// from figure 1.34, Applying KVL in left loop we get, +v_a=12-4-5;//Voltage drop across R_a +R_a=v_a/(20*10^-3);// Value of resistor R_a +// Current through R_b +i_b=(20-16)*(10^-3); +R_b=5/i_b;//Value of resistor R_b +disp(R_a,"Value of Resistor R_a(in Ohms)=") +disp(R_b,"Value of Resistor R_b(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96739659 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.10/exa1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.10.sce', -1) + + Value of Resistor R_a(in Ohms)= + + 150. + + Value of Resistor R_b(in Ohms)= + + 1250. + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20ee7bda4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 1.2 +// Capacity of a Battery +p=12*4; // Instantaneous power consumed by the headlight (in Watt) +w_T=48*60; // Energy supplied in one minute (in joule) +q_T=w_T/12; // Total charge passing through the headlight in one minute(in coulombs) +w_stored= 5*10^6;// Energy stored in battery(in Joules) +q_stored=w_stored/12; +Capacity=q_stored/3600; +disp(w_T,"Energy supplied in one minute(in Joule)=") +disp(q_T,"Charge transfer in one minute(in Coulumbs)=") +disp(q_stored,"Total charge stored in Battery(in Coulumbs)=") +disp(Capacity,"Capacity of Battery (in Ah)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70f166fe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.2/exa1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.2.sce', -1) + + Energy supplied in one minute(in Joule)= + + 2880. + + Charge transfer in one minute(in Coulumbs)= + + 240. + + Total charge stored in Battery(in Coulumbs)= + + 416666.67 + + Capacity of Battery (in Ah)= + + 115.74074 + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d00f33f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 1.3 +// Magnitude Manipulations +P_max=20; // Maximum power rating of the device +V_max=50; // Maximum voltage rating of the device in kV +i_max=P_max/(V_max*10^3);// Maximum current that can be drawn from the device +disp(P_max,"Maximum power rating of the device(in Watt)=") +disp(V_max,"Maximum voltage rating of the device(in kV)=") +disp(i_max,"Maximum current through the device(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff1a60a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.3/exa1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.3.sce', -1) + + Maximum power rating of the device(in Watt)= + + 20. + + Maximum voltage rating of the device(in kV)= + + 50. + + Maximum current through the device(in Amps)= + + 0.0004 + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fea2ed7bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// Example 1.4 +// Current and power calculation with help of i-v curve +i=5; // i-v curve of Headlight and battery intersects at a point where i=5A +v=12; //i-v curve of headlight and battery intersects at a point where v=12V +p=v*i;//Power comsumed by the Headlight +disp(p,"Power consumed by the Headlight (in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbc246f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.4/exa1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.4.sce', -1) + + Power consumed by the Headlight (in Watt)= + + 60. + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b87f41402 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 1.5 +// Voltage and Power Calculation +i=4*10^-3; // Value of Current source +R=5*10^3;// Value of series resistor +// from ohm's law +v=R*i; // Voltage across the Resistor +p=v*i;// Power dissipated by the resistor +disp(v,"Voltage across the resistor(in Volts)=") +disp(p,"Power dissipated by the resistor(in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1983181d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.5/exa1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + -->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.5.sce', -1) + + Voltage across the resistor(in Volts)= + + 20. + + Power dissipated by the resistor(in Watt)= + + 0.08 + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49bb7e8e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 1.6 +// A Strain Gauge +function[delta_R]=Change_in_Resistance(R,delta_l,l) // R= Unstrained Resistance,delta_l= Change in length,l= Original Length + delta_R=2*R*(delta_l/l) +endfunction +// Exercise 1.10 to demonstrate example 1.6 +L=100; +delta_L=0.1; +Radius=0.002; +delta_R=Change_in_Resistance(Radius,delta_L,L); +disp(delta_R,"Change in Resistance(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f82d773b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.6/exa1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.6.sce', -1) + + Change in Resistance(in Ohms)= + + 0.000004 + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..634c13691 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 1.7 +// A Transistor Circuit +// Enclosing the Transistor with a supernode and using KCL we get i_b as +i_b=(10.5*10^-3)-(10*10^-3); +// Applying KVL for the Loop CEBC we get +v_ce=1+6; +i_4=10*10^-3; // from the figure 1.29 +v_3=1; // from the figure 1.29 +// at node D +i_1=i_4+(2*10^-3); +// at node A +i_3=(2*10^-3)-i_b; +// Loop DCEFD +v_4=9-v_ce +// Loop AFDA +v_2=v_3-9; +disp(i_b,"Current in the Base of the Transistor,i_b(in Amps)=") +disp(v_ce," Volatge across Collector-Emitter terminal,v_ce(in Volts)=") +disp(i_4,"current through the Branch DC, i_4(in Amps)=") +disp(v_3,"Voltage across the branch AF,v_3(in Volts)") +disp(i_1,"Current through the Voltage source,i_1(in Amps)=") +disp(i_3,"current through the branch AF,i_3(in Amps)=") +disp(v_4,"Voltage across the Branch DC,v_4(in Volts)=") +disp(v_2,"Voltage across the Current Source,v_2(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34e1c1fdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.7/exa1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.7.sce', -1) + + Current in the Base of the Transistor,i_b(in Amps)= + + 0.0005 + + Volatge across Collector-Emitter terminal,v_ce(in Volts)= + + 7. + + current through the Branch DC, i_4(in Amps)= + + 0.01 + + Voltage across the branch AF,v_3(in Volts) + + 1. + + Current through the Voltage source,i_1(in Amps)= + + 0.012 + + current through the branch AF,i_3(in Amps)= + + 0.0015 + + Voltage across the Branch DC,v_4(in Volts)= + + 2. + + Voltage across the Current Source,v_2(in Volts)= + + - 8. + + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ec9b7864 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 1.8 +// Series and Parallel Source Connections +// From figure 1.32(a) +v_x=10; // Voltage across two terminal passive device +i_x=2.5;// Current across two terminal passive device +// Applying KVL around the loop +v_r=12-v_x;// Voltage across the Series resistor +//Since Series resistor carries the same current as carried by unknown two terminal +//device we get, +R_ser=v_r/i_x; +// from figure 1.32(b) +i_R=3-i_x; // Current through the Parallel Resistor +R_par=v_x/i_R; +disp(R_ser,"Value of Series connected resistor(in Ohms)=") +disp(R_par,"Value of Parallel connected resistor(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c2941f08 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.8/exa1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.8.sce', -1) + + Value of Series connected resistor(in Ohms)= + + 0.8 + + Value of Parallel connected resistor(in Ohms)= + + 20. + diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.sce b/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d9cf20eb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 1.9 +//Calculating Branch Variables +// From fig 1.33 +v_4=24; +i_4=v_4/8; // current through 8 Ohm resistor +v_3=7*i_4; +// Applying KVL around the Loop on the right +v_2=v_3+v_4;// Voltage across Current source +v_1=v_2-25;// voltage across 10 Ohm resistor +i_2=v_2/9;//Current across 9 Ohm resistor +i_1=-v_1/10;// Current across 10 Ohm resistor +p_v=25*i_1;// Power supplied by the Voltage Source +i_s=i_2+i_4-i_1;// Current supplied by current source +// Power supplied by Current source is given by, +p_i=v_2*i_s; +// Power Dissipated aross various Resistors +p_r=10*(i_1)^2+9*(i_2)^2+7*(i_4)^2+8*(i_4)^2; +disp(i_s,"Current supplied by Current source(in Amps)=") +disp(p_v,"Power supplied by Voltage source(in Watt)=") +disp(p_i,"Power supplied by Current source(in Watt)=") +disp(p_r,"Power Dissipated across various Resistors(in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.txt b/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa201b9a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH1/EX1.9/exa1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 1\exa1.9.sce', -1) + + Current supplied by Current source(in Amps)= + + 10. + + Power supplied by Voltage source(in Watt)= + + - 50. + + Power supplied by Current source(in Watt)= + + 450. + + Power Dissipated across various Resistors(in Watt)= + + 400. + diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.sce b/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e72853269 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 10.1 +// A complex-Frequency Waveform +// we want the complex frequency waveform representation of +// i(t)=200*exp(-5*t).*cos(30*t+60)mA +// Examining the above expression +I_m=200*10^-3; +sigma=-5; +omega=30; +phase_i=60; // In degree +x_I=I_m*cos(phase_i*(%pi/180)); +y_I=I_m*sin(phase_i*(%pi/180)); +I=complex(x_I,y_I); // Current Phasor +s=complex(sigma,omega); +disp("Complex-frequency representation") +disp(I,"Current phasor(Amps)=") +disp(s,"Complex-frequency") diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.txt b/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e6a54efe --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.1/exa10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 10\exa10_1.sce', -1) + + Complex-frequency representation + + Current phasor(Amps)= + + 0.1 + 0.1732051i + + Complex-frequency + + - 5. + 30.i + + diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.sce b/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d30c60cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 10.11 +// Scaling Calculations +C=25*10^-9; +R=2000; +L=40*10^-3; +s=%s; +Z=s*L+1/(s*C+1/R); +// H=I_L/V_s =1/Z ; // Required Network function +H=1/Z; +// since resistance is affected only by the magnitude of scale factor k_m is choosen such that R_cap will be a small integer value +k_m=0.005; +R_cap=0.005*(2000);// Scaled Resistance +// L_cap=(k_m/k_f)*L , this equation is suggesting to choose k_f= k_m*L +k_f=k_m*L; +L_cap=(k_m*L)/k_f; // Scaled inductance +C_cap=C/(k_m*k_f); // Scaled Capacitance +// Network function for the scaled network calculated on the same base as above +s_c=poly(0,'s_c') +num=(s_c+4); +den=(s_c^2+4*s_c+40); +H_cap=num/den; +K_cap=1; +z_cap=roots(num); +p_cap=roots(den); +//hence poles and zeros for original network function will be +z_1=z_cap/k_f; +p_1=p_cap/k_f; +// Gain factor is given by +K=k_m/k_f; +disp(K,"Gain for original tranfer function=") +disp(z_1,"Zeros for original transfer function=") +disp(p_1,"Poles for original transfer function=") diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.txt b/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa6b9e399 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.11/exa10_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 10\exa10_11.sce', -1) + + Gain for original tranfer function= + + 25. + + Zeros for original transfer function= + + - 20000. + + Poles for original transfer function= + + - 10000. + 30000.i + - 10000. - 30000.i + + diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.jpg b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dca3f2192 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.sce b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7eeffde1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 10.2 +// Calculations with Complex Frequency +L=1; +R=5; +C=1/10; +omega=4; +V=complex(0,20);// Voltage phasor +s=complex(-2,4);// complex frequency +//from s-domain diagram , figure 10.2(b) +Z=s*L+R/(s*C*R+1); // Terminal impedance +Y=1/Z; // Terminal Admittance +I=Y*V; // Current phasor +I_m=abs(I); +phase_I=atan(imag(I),real(I)); // in radian +t=0:0.1:10 +i=I_m*exp(real(s)*t).*cos(omega*t-phase_I) +disp(I,"Current Phasor(Amps)=") +plot(t,i) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i(t)') +title("Current Waveform") diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.txt b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a455698 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.2/exa10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 10\exa10_2.sce', -1) + + Current Phasor(Amps)= + + 4.8 - 6.4i diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.sce b/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ae2c7320 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 10.8 +// Pole-Zero Pattern of a Fifth Order Network +s=poly(0,'s') +num=s^4+16*s^3+164*s^2; +K=-5; +den=(s+32)*(s^2+36)*(s^2+40*s+400) +H=(num*K)/den;// transfer functions +z=roots(num); // zeros of network +p=roots(den);// poles of network +disp(z,"Zeros of network functions=") +disp(p,"Poles of network functions=") diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.txt b/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..354058b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.8/exa10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 10\exa10_8.sce', -1) + + Zeros of network functions= + + - 8. + 10.i + - 8. - 10.i + 0 + 0 + + Poles of network functions= + + - 32. + - 20. + 0.0000009i + - 20. - 0.0000009i + 1.332D-15 + 6.i + 1.332D-15 - 6.i + diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.sce b/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3d3fd2bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 10.9 +// Calculations with s-plane Vectors +s=%s; +num=-6*s; // Numerator of transfer +den=s^2+12*s+45; // Denominator +X=complex(10,0); // Input signal phasor +s_0=complex(-4,3)// complex frequency +H_s=(num)/(den)// Transfer-function of the network +H_s_0=horner(H_s,s_0); +Y=H_s_0*X; // forced response phasor +disp(Y,"Forced response phasor") diff --git a/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.txt b/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8543463d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH10/EX10.9/exa10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 10\exa10_9.sce', -1) + + Forced response phasor + + - 7.5 - 22.5i + diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.jpg b/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..054a44c0f Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b9ee28b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.1/exa11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 11.1 +// A Frequency-Selective Network +// v_in(t)=10*cos(20*t)+10*cos(300*t) +R=8; +L=0.2; +s=%s; +H_s= R/(s*L+R); // H(s)=V_out/V_in , applying KVL in figure 11.1 +// Selecting input frequency to +omega1= 20; +H_omega1= horner(H_s,%i*omega1); +a_omega1=abs(H_omega1);// amplitude ratio +theta1_r=atan(imag(H_omega1),real(H_omega1)); // Phase shift in radian +theta1_d=atan(imag(H_omega1),real(H_omega1))*(180/%pi); // Phase shift in degree +// Selecting input frequency to +omega2=300; +H_omega2= horner(H_s,%i*omega2); +a_omega2=abs(H_omega2);// amplitude ratio +theta2_d=atan(imag(H_omega2),real(H_omega2))*(180/%pi);// Phase shift in degree +theta2_r=atan(imag(H_omega2),real(H_omega2));// Phase shift in radians +t=0:0.001:5 +v_out=a_omega1*10*cos(omega1*t+theta1_r)+a_omega2*10*cos(omega2*t+theta2_r) +plot(t,v_out); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('v_out(t)') +title('Steady State Output Voltage Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.jpg b/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fcef4082 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f97adc3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.10/exa11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 11.10 +//Bode Plot of a Narrowband Filter +s=%s; +num=20*s; +den=(s^2+20*s+10^4) +H_s=num/den; // Transfer function of given filter +h1=syslin('c',H_s); +bode(h1); diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..403359989 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 11.13 +// Op-Amp Circuit for a Lowpass Filter +f_co=15.9*10^3; // Hertz +Q3=0.618; +Q5=1.618; +K=80; // Overall gain +// Approximately equal distribution of total gain +K1=5; +K3=4; +K5=4; +R_mu=1000; // assume +R_F1=(5-1)*R_mu; // VAlues of feedback Resistors +R_F3=(4-1)*R_mu; +R_F5=R_F3; +C=10^-9; // Appropriate choice +R=1/(2*%pi*f_co*C); // For 1st order stage +// For 2nd stage +r=R; +K_i=4; +// Thus the resistor for the stage with Q3 +R1=2*Q3*r/(1+sqrt(4*Q3^2*(K_i-2)+1)); +R2=r^2/R1; +// Thus the resistor for the stage with Q5 +R3=2*Q5*r/(1+sqrt(4*Q5^2*(K_i-2)+1)); +R4=r^2/R3; +disp(C,"Capacitor for all the stages(Farad)=") +disp(R,"Resistor for the 1st order stage(Ohms)=") +disp(R1,"Resistor for the 2nd order stage with Q3(Ohms)=") +disp(R2,"Resistor for the 2nd order stage with Q3(Ohms)=") +disp(R3,"Resistor for the 3rd order stage with Q5(Ohms)=") +disp(R4,"Resistor for the 3rd order stage with Q5(Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.txt b/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd7080db0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.13/exa11_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 11\exa11_13.sce', -1) + + Capacitor for all the stages(Farad)= + + 1.000D-09 + + Resistor for the 1st order stage(Ohms)= + + 10009.745 + + Resistor for the 2nd order stage with Q3(Ohms)= + + 4105.1307 + + Resistor for the 2nd order stage with Q3(Ohms)= + + 24407.26 + + Resistor for the 3rd order stage with Q5(Ohms)= + + 5698.3433 + + Resistor for the 3rd order stage with Q5(Ohms)= + + 17583.179 + + diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.jpg b/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65fbc881c Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7a756bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.3/exa11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 11.3 +// Frequency-Response Calcuations +s=%s; +num=20*(s+25) +den=s^2+20*s+500; +omega=[0:1:1000]; // diffrent value of frequency for frequency respose plot +H_s=num/den; // Given transfer function +H_omega=horner(H_s,%i*omega); +a_omega=abs(H_omega); +theta=atan(imag(H_omega),real(H_omega))*(180/%pi); +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(omega,a_omega,'-g') +xlabel('omega') +ylabel('a_omega') +title('Frequency-response curve') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(omega,theta,'-r') +xlabel('omega') +ylabel('theta') diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..590bc8ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 11.4 +// Parallel Filter Network +// From figure 11.9 ,Let us assume values for R ,omega and C for illustration +R=50; +C=0.01*10^-6; +omega=50; +s=%s; +H_s= R/(R+1/(s*C)); // H(s)=I_C/I_in, can be found using current divider +H_omega=horner(H_s,%i*omega) +// Comparing this transfer function with first-order highpass filter we get +K=1; +omega_cutf=1/(R*C); +disp(K,"Gain=") +disp(omega_cutf,"Cutoff Frequency(rad/s)=") diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.txt b/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a8cf2bd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.4/exa11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 11\exa11_4.sce', -1) + + Gain= + + 1. + + Cutoff Frequency(rad/s)= + + 2000000. + + + + diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.jpg b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87d1e8f24 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de7387c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 11.5 +// Design of a Lowpass Filter +f_co=4000; // In Hertz +R_L=200; +R_s=50; +// Using node equation in figure 11.10 +// (1/R_s+1/R_L+s*C)*V_out=(1/R_s)*V_s; +// V_out/V_s=H(s)=(K*omega_co)/(s+omega_co)---equation (1) +// Comparing equation (1) with low pass filter equation we get, +K=(1/R_s)/(1/R_s+1/R_L); +omega_co=2*%pi*f_co; +C=1/(omega_co*(1/R_s+1/R_L)); +R_eq=(R_s*R_L)/(R_s+R_L); +tau=R_eq*C; +// design testing +// Model for voice signal is 3kHz sinusoid with V_m=5V +// so total input signal will become +// v_s(t)=5*cos(omega1*t)+0.5*cos(omega2*t) +omega1=2*%pi*3000; +omega2=2*%pi*16000; +// using equation for Low pass filter we get +H_omega1=(K*omega_co)/(%i*omega1+omega_co); +H_omega2=(K*omega_co)/(%i*omega2+omega_co); +a_omega1=abs(H_omega1); +theta1_r=atan(imag(H_omega1),real(H_omega1)); +a_omega2=abs(H_omega2); +theta2_r=atan(imag(H_omega2),real(H_omega2)); +t=0:0.0001:0.01; +v_out=a_omega1*5*cos(omega1*t+theta1_r)+a_omega2*0.5*cos(omega2*t+theta2_r); +v_s=5*cos(omega1*t)+0.5*cos(omega2*t) +plot(t,v_out,t,v_s,'-g') +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v_out(t)') +title('Voltage Waveform') +h1=legend(['v_out';'v_s']) +disp("waveform Shows that whistle amplitude has been cut down to 3% of the voice signal at the input") diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.txt b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..170746317 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.5/exa11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + -->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 11\exa11_5.sce', -1) + + waveform Shows that whistle amplitude has been cut down to 3% of the voice signal at the in + put + + diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..276d86b99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 11.6 +// Design of a Bandpass filter +L=1*10^-3; +R_w=1.2; +B=2*%pi*2*250; // Bandwidth +omega_0=2*%pi*20*10^3; +Q=omega_0/B; // quality factor +f_l=20000-250; +f_u=20000+250; +f_0=sqrt(f_l*f_u); +Q_par=Q; +C=1/(omega_0^2*L); // Required value of Capacitor +R_par=L/(C*R_w); // Parallel equivalent of winding resistance +R_eq=Q*omega_0*L; +R=(R_eq*R_par)/(R_par-R_eq); +disp(C,"Required value of C (Farad)=") +disp(R,"Required value of R(Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.txt b/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b88384550 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.6/exa11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 11\exa11_6.sce', -1) + + Required value of C (Farad)= + + 6.333D-08 + + Required value of R(Ohms)= + + 8133.2029 + + diff --git a/1430/CH11/EX11.7/exa11_7.sce b/1430/CH11/EX11.7/exa11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d2451d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH11/EX11.7/exa11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 11.7 +// Design of an Active Filter +f_l=200; +f_u=4000; +// f_l=1/(2*%pi*R1*C1) and f_u=1/(2*%pi*R_F*C_F) +// which limits the value of capacitance to +// 5nF0 ,figure 13.13(b) + +//Applying Mesh equation for I_L_s +I_L_s=(12+120/s)/(2*s+20+100/s); +// I_L_s has the form (Bs+C)/(s^2+2*alpha*s+omega_0^2) comparing these equations +// we get +B=6; +C=60; +alpha=5; +omega_o=50 +beta=5; +K=complex(6,-6); +K_m=abs(K); +phase_K=atan(imag(K),real(K)) +t=0:0.001:5; +i_L=K_m*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(beta*t+phase_K); // t>=0 +plot(t,i_L) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i_L(t)') +title('Current Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e20cd4694 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f29e103d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.13/exa13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 13.13 +// Calculating a Complex Response +L=0.5; +R=5; +C=1/40; +s=%s; +v_s1=20; //t<0 +v_s2=-20; // t>=0 +// from figure 13.14(a), for t<0 +i_L_bef=v_s1/R; +v_C_bef=20; +// Laplace transform of the input signal for t>=0 +V_s=-20/s; + +// Inspection of figure 13.13(b) yields the systematic node equation +// (s/40+1/5+1/(0.5*s))*V_C_s=(2-20/s)/(0.5*s)+0.5 +num=20*(s^2+8*s-80); +den=(s*(s^2+8*s+80)); +V_C_s=num/den; // Voltage across capacitor +pfe=pfss(V_C_s); // Partial fraction expansion +t=0:0.001:10 +// inverse Laplace tranform of pfe(1) +v_C1=-20; +// inverse Laplace transform of pfe(2) +v_C2=20*sqrt(5)*exp(-4*t).*cos(8*t-(%pi/180)*(26.6)); +v_C=v_C1+v_C2; // t>0 +plot(t,v_C) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v_C(t)') +title("Capacitor Voltage Waveform") diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9579b68c Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e91b4760 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.16/exa13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 13.16 +// Impulsive Zero -State Response +C_1=1/20; +C_2=1/20; +R=5; +L=1; +s=%s; +Z_s=1/(s*C_1)+1/((s*C_2)+1/R+1/(s*L)); // Overall impedance of the circuit +V_s=80/s; +I_s=V_s/Z_s; +t=0:0.01:10 +pfe=pfss(I_s); +// Taking inverse Laplace transfrom we get +// Inverse laplace transform of pfe(1) +i_1=4.80*exp(-t).*cos(3*t-((%pi*33.7)/180)); +//inverse laplace of pfe(2) +i_2=2; +i=i_1+i_2; +plot(t,i) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i(t)') +title("Current waveform") diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac03a39ac Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70ab20b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.5/exa13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 13.5 +// Inversion of a Third-order Function +R=12; +L=1; +C=1/20; +I_1=-2; +I_2=2; +s=%s; +num=I_1*s^2+(R/L)*I_1*s+I_2/(L*C); +den=s*(s^2+(R/L)*s+1/(L*C)); +I_s=num/den; +pfe=pfss(I_s); +// From partial fraction expansion +A_1=2; +A_2=-5; +A_3=1; +s=roots(den); +// Taking the inverse Laplace transform we get +t=0:0.001:10 +i=2*exp(s(3)*t)+A_2*exp(s(2)*t)+A_3*exp(s(1)*t) +plot(t,i) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i(t)') +title('Current Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64df3be12 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0456e7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.6/exa13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 13.6 +// Inversion with complex Poles +s=%s; +t=0:0.001:10 +num=15*s^2-16*s-7; +den=(s+2)*(s^2+6*s+25); +F_s=num/den; +pfe=pfss(F_s); // partial fraction of the transfer function +// from pfe(1) we get +B=10; +C=-66; +alpha=3;// from pfe(1) +beta=sqrt(25-9);//Comparing the denominator of pfe(1) with standard 2nd orderequation +// Now +K=B+(%i*(alpha*B-C))/beta; +// From inverse Laplace Transfrom of pfe(2) we get +f1=5*exp(-2*t) +K_m=abs(K); // Magnitude of K +phase_K=atan(imag(K),real(K)); +g=K_m*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(beta*t+phase_K); +f=f1+g; +plot(t,f) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('f(t)') +title('Function Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39de9871e Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a126e2e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.7/exa13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 13.7 +// Inversion with a Triple pole +s=%s; +num=-s^2-2*s+14; +den=(s+4)^3*(s+5); +F=num/den; +pfe=pfss(F) +t=0:0.001:10 +// Inverse Laplace transform of pfe(2) +f1=1*%e^(-5*t); + +// Inverse Laplace transform of pfe(1) +f2=-exp(-4*t)+3*(t.*t).*exp(-4*t); + +f=f1+f2;// t>=0; +plot(t,f); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('f(t)'); +title("Function Waveform") + diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.jpg b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c2a26755 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.sce b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0ad8cb85 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 13.8 +// Inversion with Time delay +s=%s; +// x(t)=20*u(t)40*u(t-3) +// time domain analysis for the response y(t) yields the DE +// y'(t)-5*y(t)=-x(t)=-20*u(t)+40*u(t-3)--equation (1) +// after taking Laplace transform of equation (1) +disp("Y(s)=(-20+40*exp(-3*s))/(s*(s-5)"); +disp("=> Y(s)= F1_s-2*F1_s*exp(-3*t)") +F1_s= -20/(s*(s-5)); +pfe=pfss(F1_s); + +// Taking inverse Laplace of pfe, we get +f1=4-4*exp(5*t); + +t=0:0.001:5; +//from expansion of Y(s) +y=4-4*exp(5*t)-(8-8*exp(5*(t-3))); // Using Time delay property , t>=0 +plot(t,y) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y(t)') +title('Function Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.txt b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..971ca0be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH13/EX13.8/exa13_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 13\exa13_8.sce', -1) + + Y(s)=(-20+40*exp(-3*s))/(s*(s-5) + + => Y(s)= F1_s-2*F1_s*exp(-3*t) + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db0c51e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 14.1 +// From figure 14.7(a) +// Let us assume some Values to R's and C for illustration purpose +R=5; +C=0.1*10^-6; +s=%s; +// Conductance matrix from figure 14.7(b) +Y_11=s*C+1/R; +Y_12=-s*C; +Y_21=Y_12; +Y_22=Y_11; +Y=[Y_11,Y_12;Y_21,Y_22]; +delta=det(Y); +// Solving matrix equation +// Y*[V_1;V_2]=[I_1;I_2] +// On application of Cramer's Rule we get +// V_1=(Y_22/delta)*I_1-(Y_12/delta)*I_2 ----equqtion(1) +//V_2=-(Y_21/delta)*I_1+(Y_11/delta)*I_2 ----equation(2) +// comparing above equations with z-parameter matrix equation +z_11=Y_11/delta; +z_22=z_11; +z_12=-Y_12/delta; +z_21=z_12; +Z=[z_11,z_12;z_21,z_22]; +disp(Z,"Z-Parameters=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be7439385 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.1/exa14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_1.sce', -1) + + Z-Parameters= + + 0.2 + 1.000D-07s 1.000D-07s + ---------------- ---------------- + 0.04 + 4.000D-08s 0.04 + 4.000D-08s + + 1.000D-07s 0.2 + 1.000D-07s + ---------------- ---------------- + 0.04 + 4.000D-08s 0.04 + 4.000D-08s + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fde52cd0c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 14.10 +// A Mid- frequency Transistor Amplifier +H=[1000,10^-3;50,0.1*10^-3]; // Given H-parameter matrix +delta_h=det(H); +A_i=-25 +// Working with impedances and admittances given in figure 14.22 we get, +R_L=poly(0,'R_L'); +Z_i_s=(0.05*R_L+1)/(0.1*R_L+1); +H_i_s=50/(0.1*R_L+1); +R_s=2000; +r=-(R_s*H_i_s)/(R_s+Z_i_s); +p=r+25; +// solving for p we get the value for R_L +R_L=4000; +disp(R_L,"Required Value of Laod resistance(Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb7143d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.10/exa14_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_10.sce', -1) + + Required Value of Laod resistance(Ohms)= + + 4000. + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ab2aa8e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 14.11 +// A Cascode Amplifier +R_s=2000; +R_L=4000; +T_a=[-10^-3 ,-20;-2*10^-6,-0.02]; // Given H parameters for Transistor a +T_b=T_a; // Given H parameters for Transistor b +T_ab=T_a*T_b; +Z_i=(T_ab(1)*R_L+T_ab(3))/(T_ab(2)*R_L+T_ab(4)); +H_i=-1/(T_ab(2)*R_L+T_ab(4)); +A_i= (-R_s*H_i)/(R_s+Z_i); +disp(A_i,"Gain of Cascade amplifier=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8452d668 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.11/exa14_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_11.sce', -1) + + Gain of Cascade amplifier= + + 1111.1111 + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69c8c99a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 14.2 +//z Parameter by the Direct Method +// From figure 14.8(b) +// We set i_2=0 +// v_1=(10+50)*i_1 ---equation(1) +// v_x=50*i_1 ---equation(2) +// v_2=v_x-3*v_x=-2*50*i_1---equation(3) +// z_11=v_1/i_1 and z_21=v_2/i_1 +z_11=60; +z_21=-100; +// Now we set i_1=0 +//v_1=v_x=50*i_2 +//v_2=v_x-3*v_x=-2*50*i_2; thus +z_12=50; +z_22=-100; +Z=[z_11,z_12;z_21,z_22]; +disp(Z,"Z-parameter by direct method=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ebd297d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.2/exa14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_2.sce', -1) + + Z-parameter by direct method= + + 60. 50. + - 100. - 100. + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79430e7c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 14.4 +// Y parameter by the indirect method +// from figure 14.15(a) let us assume values for R's and C for illustration +R=50; +G=1/R; +C=0.1*10^-6; +s=%s; + +// From figure 14.15(b),Applying KCL at both the nodes we get, +disp("I_1=V_1/R+(V_1-V_2)/(1/(s*C))") +disp("=>I_1=(G+s*C)*V_1-s*C*V_2 -----equation(1)") +disp("I_2=V_2/R+(V_2-V_1)/(1/(s*C))") +disp("=>I_2=-s*C*V_1+(G+s*C)*V_2-----equation(2)") + +// Comapring above equations with these equations, +// I_1=y_11*V_1+y_12*V_2 +// I_2=y_21*V_1+y_22*V_2 + +// On comparison we get +y_11=G+s*C; +y_22=y_11; +y_12=-s*C; +y_21=y_12; +Y=[y_11,y_12;y_21,y_22]; +disp(Y,"Required Y Parameters=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9271c7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.4/exa14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_4.sce', -1) + + I_1=V_1/R+(V_1-V_2)/(1/(s*C)) + + =>I_1=(G+s*C)*V_1-s*C*V_2 -----equation(1) + + I_2=V_2/R+(V_2-V_1)/(1/(s*C)) + + =>I_2=-s*C*V_1+(G+s*C)*V_2-----equation(2) + + Required Y Parameters= + + 0.02 + 1.000D-07s - 1.000D-07s + + - 1.000D-07s 0.02 + 1.000D-07s + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26a8d8087 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 14.5 +// Y Parameters by the Direct Method +R=10; +C=1/40; +s=%s; +// From figure 14.16(b) ,V_2=0; +disp("I_1=(s*C)*V_1---equation(1)") +disp("I_2=2(s*C)*V_1--equation(2)") +// From equation 1 & 2 we get +y_11=s*C; +y_21=2*s*C; + +// From figure 14.16(c),V_1=0; +disp("I_1=-(s*C)*V_2---equation(3)") +disp("I_2=3*I_1-I_1+V_2/10---equation(4)") +// From equation 3 & 4 we get +y_12=-s*C; +y_22=(2-s)/20; +Y=[y_11,y_12;y_21,y_22]; +disp(Y,"Required Y parameter=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b81e25e86 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.5/exa14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_5.sce', -1) + + I_1=(s*C)*V_1---equation(1) + + I_2=2(s*C)*V_1--equation(2) + + I_1=-(s*C)*V_2---equation(3) + + I_2=3*I_1-I_1+V_2/10---equation(4) + + Required Y parameter= + + 0.025s - 0.025s + + 0.05s 0.1 - 0.05s + + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..002700c64 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Examples 14.6 +//Calculating h parameter +// From figure 14.18(a) +R=10; +C=1/40; +s=%s; +// for calculating h-parameter ,with V_2=0; +disp("V_1=(1/(s*C))*I_1---equation(1)") +disp("I_2=3*I_1-I_1--- equation(2)") +//From equation 1 & 2 +h_11=1/(s*C); +h_21=2; + +// Now I_1=0; +disp("V_1=V_2---equation(3)") +disp("V_2=R*I_2---equation(4)") +// form equation(3)& (4) +h_12=1; h_22=0.1; +H=[h_11,h_12;h_21,h_22]; +disp(H,"Required H-Parameter=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..980848fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.6/exa14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_6.sce', -1) + + V_1=(1/(s*C))*I_1---equation(1) + + I_2=3*I_1-I_1--- equation(2) + + V_1=V_2---equation(3) + + V_2=R*I_2---equation(4) + + Required H-Parameter= + + 1 1 + ----- - + 0.025s 1 + + 2 0.1 + - --- + 1 1 + diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98b0ede1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 14.7 +// Calculating ABCD Parameters +R=10; +C=1/40; +s=%s; +// from figure 14.19(a), +I_2=0; +disp("I_1-3*I_1=V_2/10") +disp("=> I_1=-0.005*V_2---equation(1)") +disp("V_1=V_2+(1/(s*C)*I_1)") +disp("=> V_1=(1-2/s)*V_2---equation(1)") +//from equation 1 & 2 +A=1-2/s; +C=-0.05; + +//with V_2=0 +disp("I_1-3*I_1=-I_2") +disp("=> I_1=0.5*I_2---equation(3)") +disp("V_1=(1/(s*C))*I_1") +disp("=> V_1=(20/s)*I_2---equation(4)") +// from equation 3 & 4 +B=-20/s; +D=-0.5; +T=[A,B;C,D]; +disp(T,"Required ABCD Parameters=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b701de6ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.7/exa14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + ans = + + 1. + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_7.sce', -1) + + I_1-3*I_1=V_2/10 + + => I_1=-0.005*V_2---equation(1) + + V_1=V_2+(1/(s*C)*I_1) + + => V_1=(1-2/s)*V_2---equation(1) + + I_1-3*I_1=-I_2 + + => I_1=0.5*I_2---equation(3) + + V_1=(1/(s*C))*I_1 + + => V_1=(20/s)*I_2---equation(4) + + Required ABCD Parameters= + + - 2 + s - 20 + ----- --- + s s + + - 0.05 - 0.5 + ---- --- + 1 1 + +-->diary(0) diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.sce b/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f39952c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 14.9 +// Calculating a Transfer Function +// From figure 14.21 and ABCD parameters that we found in example 14.7 we have, + +// since V_1=V_s +// Z_s=0; +s=%s; +disp("H(s)=I_2/V_1") +disp("=> H(s)=-1/A*Z_L+B") +A=1-2/s; +B=-20/s; +Z_L=2.5*s// Assume +H_s=-1/(A*Z_L+B); +P_s=(s^2-2*s-8); // denominator of H_s +p=roots(P_s); +disp(H_s,"Transfer function=") +disp(P_s,"Characteristic polynomial=") +disp(p,"Poles of transfer function=") diff --git a/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.txt b/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bce56c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH14/EX14.9/exa14_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 14\exa14_9.sce', -1) + + H(s)=I_2/V_1 + + => H(s)=-1/A*Z_L+B + + Transfer function= + + - s + ------------- + 2 + - 20 - 5s + 2.5s + + Characteristic polynomial= + + 2 + - 8 - 2s + s + + Poles of transfer function= + + 4. + - 2. + + diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.jpg b/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99662efc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.sce b/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c0177269 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH15/EX15.7/exa15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 15.7 +// Calculating the Zero-Input Response +t=0:0.01:10; +s=%s; +n=2; +r=2; +A=[-8,-5;3,0]; +C=[6,10;0,-2]; +q_1_bef=2; //q_1(0^-) +q_2_bef=-4;//q_2(0^-) +q_bef=[2;-4]; // q(0^-) +I=eye(2,2) +W=s*I-A; +// Taking adjoint of W i.e. adj[s*I-A] +W_adj=[s,-5;3 ,s+8] +P_s=det(W); +phi_s=W_adj/P_s // Resolvent matrix +// Transform of the state vector +Q_s=phi_s*q_bef; +// Writing down two elements of Q_s +Q_s1=(2*s+20)/P_s; +q_1=7*exp(-3*t)-5*exp(-5*t);// inverse laplace transform of Q_s1 +Q_s2=(-4*s-26)/P_s; +q_2=-7*exp(-3*t)+3*exp(-5*t); // inverse laplace transform of Q_s2 +// y=C*q=[6,10;0,-2]*[q_1;q_2]=[6*q1+10*q2;-2*q2] +y_1=6*q_1+10*q_2; +y_2=-2*q_2; +plot(t,y_1,'-g',t,y_2,'-r') +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('y'); +title('Signal Waveform') +h1=legend(['y_1';'y_2']); + diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.jpg b/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fac2c37ed Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.sce b/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562f6923e --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH15/EX15.8/exa15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 15.8 +// Calculating the Complete Response +// Considering the circuit of example 15.7 +k=2; +t=0:0.001:5; +s=%s; +B=[-8,0;3,1]; +D=[0,0;2,0]; +E=[0]; +W_adj=[s,-5;3,s+8]; // adj[s*I-A] +P_s=(s+3)*(s+5); // characteristic polynomials +q_1_bef=2;//q_1(0^-) +q_2_bef=-4;//q_2(0^-) +x_2=0; +// x_1=10*t; +q_bef=[2;-4]; +X_s=[10/s^2;0]; +//The Transformed state vector is +Q_s=(1/P_s)*(W_adj)*{q_bef+B*X_s}; +// Writing down two elements of Q_s +Q_s1=(2*s^3+20*s^2-80*s-150)/((s^2)*(s+3)*(s+5)); +//inverse laplace transform of Q_s1 +q_1=-10*t+12*exp(-3*t)-10*exp(-5*t); +Q_s2=(-4*s^2-26*s+30)/(s*(s+3)*(s+5)); +// inverse laplace transform of Q_s2 +q_2= 2-12*exp(-3*t)+6*exp(-5*t); + +// Since E=0, the resulting output are given by +// y=C*q+D*x , from which +y_1=6*q_1+10*q_2; +y_2=-2*q_2+20*t; +plot(t,y_1'-r',t,y_2,'-g') +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y(t)') +title("Siganl Waveform") +h1=legend(['y_1';'y_2']) diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.jpg b/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c2f22114 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.sce b/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7d059c5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH15/EX15.9/exa15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 15.9 +// Calculating the Zero-State Response +s=%s; +t=0:0.001:5; +// From Transfer function Matrix equation i.e. +//P(s)*H(s)=C*adj[s*I-A]*B+P(s)*[D+s*E] +// Substituting various Matrices into the above equations we get +P_s= (s+3)*(s+5) +W=[6,10;0,-2]*[s,-5;3,s+8]*[-8,0;3,1]+(P_s)*[0,0;2,0]; +H_s=W/P_s; + +//To obtain the Zero-state outputs produced by x1(t)=u(t) and x2(t)=0 +X_s=[1/s;0]; // Laplace transform of input matrix +Y_s=H_s*X_s; +// Writing down two elements of Y_s +Y_1=-18/(s*(s+3)); +// taking inverse laplace of Y_1 +y1= -6+6*exp(-3*t); +Y_2=(2*s^2+10*s+30)/(s*(s+3)*(s+5)); +// taking inverse laplace of Y_2 +y2=2-3*exp(-3*t)+exp(-5*t); +plot(t,y1,'-r',t,y2,'-g') +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y(t)') +title('Signal Waveform') +h1=legend(['y1';'y2']); diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d08cd6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 2.1 +// Audio Volume Control +// It is given that amplifier draws no input current i.e i_W= 0 +// From figure 2.4, v_in(t) is related to v_s(t) by voltage divider expression +R_AW=poly(0,'R_AW'); +p=R_AW/(5000)-0.6 +R_AW=roots(p); +// v_in=(R_AW*v_s(t))/5000, it is required that v_out(t)=60v_s(t) +// from above two relation we get v_in(t)=0.6v_s(t), using this relation we get R_AW +disp(R_AW,"Value of potentiometer resistance(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3c3878ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.1/exa2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.1.sce', -1) + + Value of potentiometer resistance(in Ohms)= + + 3000. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25ed65f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 2.10 +// Superposition Calculations +// First we find the contibution to i_1 from 30-V Source +// From Figure 2.21(b) +i_1_1=30/(6+4+2);// Ohm's Law +// From Figure 2.22(c) +i_1_2=(4*3)/((6+2)+4); // Current Divider +// From Figure 2.22(d) +i_1_3=-(6*8)/(6+(2+4)); // Current Divider +i_1= i_1_1+i_1_2+i_1_3; // Net Current when all the Sources are active +disp(i_1,"Net Current when all the sources are active(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54a45b453 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.10/exa2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.10.sce', -1) + + Net Current when all the sources are active(in Amps)= + + - 0.5 + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dffa28d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 2.11 +// Superposition with a Controlled Source +// From figure 2.22(b) +i_1_1=30/(6*9+(4+2));// Contribution of 30-V Source +// From figure 2.22(c), Applying KVL in bottom Loop we get, +// 6*(9i_1_2)+4(i_1_2-3)+2*i_1_2=0 +i_1_2=0.2; +// When Both independent sources active,the value of i_1 is given by the sum +i_1=i_1_1+i_1_2; +disp(i_1,"The Value of i_1 is(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6728597a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.11/exa2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.11.sce', -1) + + The Value of i_1 is(in Amps)= + + 0.7 + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b39c5f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 2.12 +// Thevenin Parameter from a v-i Curve +// From v-i curve obtained from Pspice simulation we get two equations, +x=[1 0.981;1 0.128]\[-0.491;-6.395]//Matrix Method for solving simultaneous equations +v_oc=x(1,1);// Open-Circuit Voltage +R_t=x(2,1);// Thevinin Resistance +i_sc=v_oc/R_t;// Short Circuit Current +disp(v_oc,"Open Circuit Voltage(in Volts)=") +disp(i_sc,"Short Circuit Current(in Amps)=") +disp(R_t,"Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05638aee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.12/exa2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.12.sce', -1) + + Open Circuit Voltage(in Volts)= + + - 7.2809461 + + Short Circuit Current(in Amps)= + + - 1.0519389 + + Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)= + + 6.9214537 + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b9dc8676 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 2.13 +// Equivalent Source Networks +//From Figure 2.28(b) +v_oc= (20*50)/(5+20);// Open Circuit Voltage =======> equation 1 +//From Figure 2.28(c) +i_sc=50/5; // Short Circuit Current ========> equation 2 +// From equation 1 & 2 +R_t=v_oc/i_sc;// Thevenin Resistance +v=24;// Voltage across R_l_1 +// From figure 2.28(d) +// Using Voltage Divider, (R_l_1*40)/(4+R_l_1)=24. +R_l_1=6; +//From figure 2.28(e) +// Using Current Divider , (4*10)/(4+R_l_2)=8. +R_l_2=1; +disp(R_l_1,"Design Value of R_1 when v=24 (in Ohms)=") +disp(R_l_2,"Design Value of R_1 when i=8(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cbba4e26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.13/exa2_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.13.sce', -1) + + Design Value of R_1 when v=24 (in Ohms)= + + 6. + + Design Value of R_1 when i=8(in Ohms)= + + 1. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11ca11be --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.14 +// Calculating Thevenin Parameters +// From Figure 2.31(b) +v_x_1=0; // Applying KVL in Middle loop +i_x_1=0;// From Ohm's Law +i_sc=3*10^-3; // From KCL +// For Calculating R_t +// From figure 2.31(c) +// v_x=-0.25v_t +//i_x=-0.125v_t +//i_t=i_x + v_t/40=-0.1v_s +// R_t=v_t/i_t +R_t=-(1*10^3)/0.1; // From equations mentioned above +v_oc=R_t*i_sc; // Relation between thevenin Parameters +disp(i_sc,"Short Circuit Current of Thevenin Network(in Amps)=") +disp(R_t,"Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)=") +disp(v_oc,"Open Circuit Voltage of Thevenin Network(in Volts)=") + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b5a28606 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.14/exa2_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.14.sce', -1) + + Short Circuit Current of Thevenin Network(in Amps)= + + 0.003 + + Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)= + + - 10000. + + Open Circuit Voltage of Thevenin Network(in Volts)= + + - 30. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e44fee2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 2.15 +// Circuit Reduction by Source Conversion +//From Figure 2.34(b) +i_s=18; // Value of Current Source +g_m=0.25; // Transconductance of VCCS +G_eq=1/4+1/6+1/12; +R_eq=1/G_eq; // Equivalent Resistance +// Using KCL at Upper Node +// v_2=2(18-0.25v_2) +v_2=36/1.5; +disp(v_2,"Voltage across 6-Ohm Resistor(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1329c0ac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.15/exa2_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.15.sce', -1) + + Voltage across 6-Ohm Resistor(in Volts)= + + 24. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe0ccee1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 2.16 +// Thevenin Network via Source Conversions +// After Applying all Source conversion,Series & Parallel Reductions +v_oc=-6;// Open Circuit Voltage , from figure 2.35(b) +R_t=10;// Thevenin Resistance +R_l=2; // Load Resistance +i=6/(10+2); // Ohm's Law +disp(v_oc,"Open Circuit Voltage of Thevenin Network(in Volts)=") +disp(R_t,"Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)=") +disp(i,"Load Current(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7176a56cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.16/exa2_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa.2.16.sce', -1) + + Open Circuit Voltage of Thevenin Network(in Volts)= + + - 6. + + Thevenin Resistance(in Ohms)= + + 10. + + Load Current(in Amps)= + + 0.5 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ffe31320 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 2.2 +// Parallel Resistance Calculations +// From Figure 2.6(a) +i_x=2; // Current through unknown resistance R_x +G_par= 1/12+ 1/24+1/8 ; // Equivalent conductance for three resistors of value 12ohms, // 24ohms & 8ohms. +R_par=1/G_par; // Equivalent Resistance of those three resistors. +// Using Ohm's Law and KCL +v= R_par*(10-i_x); +R_x= v/i_x;// Ohm's law +disp(v,"Voltage across unknown Resistor(in Volts)=") +disp(R_x,"Resistance across unknown Resistor(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69b4c8291 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.2/exa2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.2.sce', -1) + + Voltage across unknown Resistor(in Volts)= + + 32. + + Resistance across unknown Resistor(in Ohms)= + + 16. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eb367cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 2.3 +// Available Ohmic Heating Power in Electric Grill unit +// From figure 2.7 we know, +R_1=12; // Resistive element 1 +R_2=24; // Resistive element 2 +v_s=120; // Voltage source +// Switch allows one of the four resistance values given below, +R_par= (R_1*R_2)/(R_1+R_2); // Parallel Combination +// Individual Values of Resiators and their series combination given below +R_ser=R_1+R_2; +P_min=v_s^2/(R_ser); // Minimum power dissipation +P_max=v_s^2/(R_par);// Maximum power dissipation +// Intermediate Values of Power consumption +P_1=v_s^2/R_1; // Power dissipated in R_1 +P_2=v_s^2/R_2; // Power dissipated in R_2 +disp(P_min,"Minimum power dissipated in Grill(in Watt)=") +disp(P_max,"Maximum power dissipated in Grill(in Watt)=") +disp(P_1,"&",P_2,"Intermediate values of power dissipation(in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c76498ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.3/exa2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.3.sce', -1) + + Minimum power dissipated in Grill(in Watt)= + + 400. + + Maximum power dissipated in Grill(in Watt)= + + 1800. + + Intermediate values of power dissipation(in Watt)= + + 600. + + & + + 1200. + + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e8a342a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2.4 +// Ladder Calculations +//From figure 2.8(a) +v_s=40; // Value of Voltage source +R_par=((20*20)/(20+20))*10^3;//Equivalent resistance of two parallel 20k ohms resistors +R_ser=(4+5+6)*10^3;//Equivalent resistance of three series resistances. +//from figure 2.8(b) +R_eq= 2*10^3+ ((10*15)/(10+15))*10^3; +//The entire ladder reduces to single equivalent resistance R_eq +// From figure 2.8(c) +i=v_s/R_eq;// Terminal Current +p=v_s*i;// total Power dissipated +// from figure 2.8(b), using KVL in Left loop +v_x=40-(2*10^3)*i; // Voltage across 20k ohm resistor +// form figure 2.8(a),Using three-resistor voltage divider +v_y=(5*v_x)/(4+5+6);// Voltage across 5k ohm resistor +disp(i,"Terminal Current(in Amps)=") +disp(p,"Total Power dissipated in Circuit(in Watt)=") +disp(v_x,"Voltage across 20k ohm resistor(in Volts)=") +disp(v_y,"Voltage across 5k ohm resistor(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..787cdb686 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.4/exa2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.4.sce', -1) + + Terminal Current(in Amps)= + + 0.005 + + Total Power dissipated in Circuit(in Watt)= + + 0.2 + + Voltage across 20k ohm resistor(in Volts)= + + 30. + + Voltage across 5k ohm resistor(in Volts)= + + 10. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68cc244fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.6 +// Amplifier with a Field-Effect Transistor +//g_m=5*(10^-3); // Transconductance of voltage controlled current source + +function[v_out]=FET(v_in) +g_m=5*(10^-3); +v_g=(5/6)*v_in;// from figure 2.15,using Voltage divider in Left loop +i_out=-g_m*v_g;// Using KCL in right Loop node +v_out=(6*10^3)*i_out;// Output voltage of Amplifier +endfunction + +// For Example take v_in= 1 volt +V_in=1; +V_out=FET(V_in); +disp(V_out,"Output Voltage of this amplifier(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..514f61cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.6/exa2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.6.sce', -1) + + Output VOltage of this amplifier(in Volts)= + + - 25. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e73a2edd --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 2.7 +// Analysis with a VCVS(Voltage controlled Voltage Source) +// From Figure 2.16(a) +disp("Call the function VCVS with input argument v_s") +function[i_1]=VCVS(v_s) +// Applying KVL on Right-hand loop we get v_2=3*i_1 +//Applying KCL at Upper node yields, i=1.5i_1 +// Using KVL in Left Loop +i_1=v_s/(4*(1.5)+3);// v_s=4*i+v_2 +endfunction +// For Example let us assume the value of v_s= 9 volts +V_s=9; +I_1=VCVS(V_s); +disp(I_1,"Current through 10-ohm resistance(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db27567bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.7/exa2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.7.sce', -1) + + Call the function VCVS with input argument v_s + + Current through 10-ohm resistance(in Amps)= + + 1. + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..244103d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 2.8 +// Equivalent Resistance with a VCCS(Voltage controlled Current Source) +function[R_eq]=VCCS(R,g_m) +// From figure 2.19, applying KCL at upper node +// i= i_R - i_c= (v/R)-(g_m*v) = ((1-g_m*R)*v )/R +if R*g_m == 1 then + R_eq= %inf; // Circuits behaves like an open circuit + else +R_eq= R/(1-g_m*R);// Equivalent Resistance of the circuit +end +endfunction +// For Example take g_m= 2 and R = 0.5 +funcprot(0); +g_m= 2; +R= 0.5; +R_eq= VCCS(R,g_m); +disp(R_eq,"Equivalent Resistance of the circuit(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cad5a95c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.8/exa2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.8.sce', -1) + + Equivalent Resistance of the circuit(in Ohms)= + + Inf diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.sce b/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64912a997 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.9 +// Analysis of Ladder Network Using Proportionality Principle +// From figure 2.20 +i_1=1; // Assumption +v_1=12*i_1; +// Working backward toward the source using Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws, +v_2=v_1/4; // Virtual Voltage across 6 ohm resistor +i_2=v_2/6; // Virtual Current through 6 ohm resistor +i=i_1+i_2; // Virtual Current through Independent Voltage source +v_3=4*i;// Virtual Voltage across 3 Ohm resistor +v_s= v_3+v_2;// Virtual Value of Independent Voltage source +v_s_cap=72;// Actual Value of Independent Voltage source +K=v_s_cap/v_s; +// Actual Values of Variables are +i_cap=K*i; +v_2_cap=K*v_2; +i_1_cap=K*i_1; +R_eq= v_s_cap/i_cap; //Equivalent resistance of teh Ladder Network +disp(i_cap,"Current through Independent Voltage Source(in Amps)=") +disp(v_2_cap,"Voltage across 6 Ohm Resistor(in Volts)=") +disp(i_1_cap,"Current through 12 Ohm Resistor(in Amps)=") +disp(R_eq,"Equivalent Resistance of the Network(in Ohms)=") + diff --git a/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.txt b/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..990764c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH2/EX2.9/exa2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 2\exa2.9.sce', -1) + + Current through Independent Voltage Source(in Amps)= + + 12. + + Voltage across 6 Ohm Resistor(in Volts)= + + 24. + + Current through 12 Ohm Resistor(in Amps)= + + 8. + + Equivalent Resistance of the Network(in Ohms)= + + 6. + + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..302bfc505 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 3.1 +// Model of a Battery +v_s=6; // Terminal voltage of Battery when i=0 +R_s= -(6.0-5.8)/(0-0.05);// Slope Resistance from v-i curve +// Setting v>= 0.9v_s=5.4 V +// Using Ohm's Law and above mentioned conditions we get +// 5.4=(6*R_L)/(4+R_L) +R_L=(5.4*4)/0.6;// Minimum value of Load resistance for treating Battery as a +// ideal voltage source +// R_L >=36 Ohms +disp(R_L,"Minimum value of Load Resistance(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74bccbf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.1/exa3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.1.sce', -1) + + Minimum value of Load Resistance(in Ohms)= + + 36. + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf2b9b3bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.10 +// Analog Multimeter Design +V_fs=120*10^-3; // d'Arsonval Parameter +I_fs=200*10^-6; // d'Arsonval Parameter +// Movement's Resistance +R_m=V_fs/I_fs; +R_v=((5000-120)*(600))/120;// Multiplier Resistance +R_a=600/((30000/200)-1); // Shunt Resistance +disp(R_v,"Design Value for Multiplier resistor(in Ohms)=") +disp(R_a,"Design Value for Shunt resistor(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2523202d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.10/exa3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + -->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.10.sce', -1) + + Design Value for Multiplier resistor(in Ohms)= + + 24400. + + Design Value for Shunt resistor(in Ohms)= + + 4.0268456 + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c0eb0f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 3.11 +// Estimating Voltage Measurement Error +V_u_min=7.40-0.03*10; // Minimum value of measured voltage +V_u_max=7.40+0.03*10;// Maximum value of measured voltage +R_vm=20000*10; // Total input resistance of voltmeter +// thevenin equivalent resistance R= (R_x*5000)/(R_x+5000)<=5000 +R=5000; // Maximum value of thevenin resistance +// Upper bound on the actual voltage is +V_act_u=(1+R/R_vm)*7.70; +// Lower bound on the actual voltage corresponds to R/R_vm=0 +V_act_l=(1+0)*7.10; +disp(V_act_u,"Upper bound on the actual Voltage reading(in Volts)=") +disp(V_act_l,"Lower bound on the actual voltage readind(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae1f6e6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.11/exa3_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.11.sce', -1) + + Upper bound on the actual Voltage reading(in Volts)= + + 7.8925 + + Lower bound on the actual voltage readind(in Volts)= + + 7.1 + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34aba89dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3.12 +// Strain Measurement with a Wheatstone Bridge +// form Figure 3.41 +R_1=1000; +R_2=100; +R=625; +delta_R=0; +// R_u=(R_2/R_1)*R +R_u=(100/1000)*625; +// After strain is applied , the bridge is rebalanced by ajusting th esecond potentiometer to delta_R=2.4 +delta_R_u=(100/1000)*2.4; +// Strain is defined as s=delta_l/l +s=delta_R_u/(2*R_u); // Strain meaasured with the help of Wheatstone Bridge +disp(s,"Strain Measured with the help of wheatstone Bridge=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbd377381 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.12/exa3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.12.sce', -1) + + Strain Measured with the help of wheatstone Bridge= + + 0.00192 + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8eed010e --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// Example 3.2 +// A Paradox Resolved +// From figure 3.4(c) +i=((40+20)*(10^-3))/(5+10);// Applying KVL in figure 3.4(c) +disp(i,"Circuit Current(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46d0cc33f --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.2/exa3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.2', -1) + + Circuit Current(in Amps)= + + 0.004 + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f5b5ece2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 3.3 +// Calculating Power Transfer and Efficiency +v_s=120; // Open Circuit Voltage +R_s=0.2+4.8;// Source resistance +R_L=5; // From Maximum Power transfer theorem +P_max=(120)^2/(4*5); // Maximum Power Transfered +P_hp=P_max/746;// Maximum Power in Horsepower +i=120/(5+4.8+0.2);// Current in circuit +P_s=(i)^2*5;// Power dissipated in Source +Eff=P_max/(P_max+P_s); // Power Transfer Efficiency +disp(P_max,"Maximum Power Transfered(in Watt)=") +disp(P_hp,"Maximum Power Transfered(in Horsepower)=") +disp(Eff,"Power Transfer Efficiency =") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6380f37b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.3/exa3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.3', -1) + + Maximum Power Transfered(in Watt)= + + 720. + + Maximum Power Transfered(in Horsepower)= + + 0.9651475 + + Power Transfer Efficiency = + + 0.5 + + diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.sce b/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf2b9b3bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.10 +// Analog Multimeter Design +V_fs=120*10^-3; // d'Arsonval Parameter +I_fs=200*10^-6; // d'Arsonval Parameter +// Movement's Resistance +R_m=V_fs/I_fs; +R_v=((5000-120)*(600))/120;// Multiplier Resistance +R_a=600/((30000/200)-1); // Shunt Resistance +disp(R_v,"Design Value for Multiplier resistor(in Ohms)=") +disp(R_a,"Design Value for Shunt resistor(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.txt b/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7057f5b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH3/EX3.4/exa3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 3\exa3.4.sce', -1) + + Design Value for Multiplier resistor(in Ohms)= + + 24400. + + Design Value for Shunt resistor(in Ohms)= + + 4.0268456 + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4501bd5da --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4.1 +// Node Analysis with One Unknown +// From figure 4.3 +G_11=1/6+1/(5+7)+1/4; // Sum of all conductance connected at node 1 +i_s1=18/6+(-60/4); // Net equivalent source current into node 1 + // From node equation G_11*v_1=i_s1 + v_1=i_s1/G_11; // Node voltage v_1 + // Using Ohm's Law + i_a=(18-v_1)/6; //Current through 6-Ohm resistor + i_b=v_1/(5+7);// Current through 5-Ohm resistor + i_c=(v_1-(-60))/4; // Current through 4-Ohm resistor + disp(v_1,"Node Voltage(in Volts)=") + disp(i_a,"Branch Current through 6-Ohms(in Amps)=") + disp(i_b,"BRanch Current through 5-Ohms(in Amps)=") + disp(i_c,"Branch Current through 4-Ohms(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1131cfba --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.1/exa4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.1.sce', -1) + + Node Voltage(in Volts)= + + - 24. + + Branch Current through 6-Ohms(in Amps)= + + 7. + + BRanch Current through 5-Ohms(in Amps)= + + - 2. + + Branch Current through 4-Ohms(in Amps)= + + 9. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cdb677ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4.10 +// Mesh Analysis with a CCCS +// By inspection of figure 4.34,we find the resistance matrix to be +R=[10+4,-4;-4,4+7+3]; +// i_a= i_1-i_2 +//v_s=[6;(-24*i_1+24*i_2)] +//v_s=[6;0]+[0,0;-24,24]*[i_1;i_2] -------equation 1 +// Comparing Equation 1 with , [v_s]=[v_s_tilda]+[R_tilda]*[i] +v_s_tilda=[6;0]; +R_tilda=[0,0;-24,24]; +// using Equation [R-R_tilda]*[i]=[v_s_tilda] +i=(R-R_tilda)\v_s_tilda; +i_1=i(1,1); +i_2=i(2,1); +disp(i_1,"Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)=") +disp(i_2,"Current in Mesh 2(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e054b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.10/exa4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.10.sce', -1) + + Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)= + + 1. + + Current in Mesh 2(in Amps)= + + 2. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a0b5f521 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4.11 +// Mesh Analysis of a Current Amplifier +R=[37 -1 0;-1 41 -4;0 -4 19]; // Resistance matrix +//v_a=6*i_1 , v_b=4*(i_3-i_2) +// [v_s]=[30*i_s;0;0]+[0 0 0;-864 0 0 ; 0 96 -96]*[i_1;i_2;i_3] +i_s=10^-3; // Assumption +R_tilda=[0 0 0;-864 0 0;0 96 -96]; +v_s_tilda=[30*i_s;0;0]; +// Using Equation, [R-R_tilda][i]=[v_s_tilda] +i=(R-R_tilda)\v_s_tilda +i_1=i(1,1); +i_2=i(2,1); +i_3=i(3,1); +A_i=i_3/i_s; // Gain Of Current Amplifier +disp(A_i,"Gain of Current Amplifier is=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..460cf4438 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.11/exa4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.11.sce', -1) + + Gain of Current Amplifier is= + + - 10. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaecd40e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4.16 +// Transformation of a Resistive Bridge +// From figure 4.49(b) +R_a=3;// Resistances of Wye Network +R_b=12; +R_c=4; +R_2=(R_a*R_b)+(R_c*R_b)+(R_a*R_c); +// Equivalent Delta Resistances are, +R_ab=R_2/R_c; +R_bc=R_2/R_a; +R_ca=R_2/R_b; +// From Figure 4.49(c) +R_par_1=(R_bc*8)/(R_bc+8);// Combining R_bc & 8 +R_par_2=(R_ca*2)/(R_ca+2);// Combining R_ca & 2 +R_eq=(24*(R_par_1+R_par_2))/(24+R_par_2+R_par_1);// Equivalent Resistance +disp(R_eq,"Equivalent Resistance of the network(in Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da513ee90 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.16/exa4_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.16.sce', -1) + + Equivalent Resistance of the network(in Ohms)= + + 6. diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75238a12b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 4.2 +// Matrix Node Analysis with two Unknowns +// From figure 4.6 +G_11= 1/6+1/15+1/12+1/60; // Sum of conductance connected to node 1 +G_22=1/5+1/12+1/60;// Sum of conductance connected to node 2 +G_12=1/12+1/60; +G_21=G_12; //Equivalent conductance connecting node 1 & 2 +// Conductance matrix is given by +G=[G_11,-G_12;-G_21,G_22]; +i_s11=30/6+1;// Net Equivalent source current into node 1 +i_s21=50/5-1;// Net Equivalent source current into node 2 +i_s=[i_s11;i_s21]; // Current Vector +// Using Matrix node Equation G*v=i +v=G\i_s; +v_1=v(1,1); +v_2=v(2,1); +v_12=v_1-v_2; // Voltage across current source +i_a=(30-v_1)/6;// Current through 30 source +i_b=(50-v_2)/5; // Current through 50V source +p_50= 50*i_b;// Power supplied by 50V source +p_30=30*i_a;// Power supplied by 30V source +p_1=v_12*1;// Power supplied by 1A current source +disp(p_50,"Power supplied by 50V source(in Watt)=") +disp(p_30,"Power supplied by 30V source(in Watt)=") +disp(p_1,"Power supplied by 1A source(in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d51b6d15b --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.2/exa4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.2.sce', -1) + + Power supplied by 50V source(in Watt)= + + 100. + + Power supplied by 30V source(in Watt)= + + 0. + + Power supplied by 1A source(in Watt)= + + - 10. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea0cad621 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 4.3 +// Matrix Node Analysis with Three Unknown +// From Figure 4.7 +G_11= 1/4+1/2+1/10; // Sum of Conductance at node 1 +G_12=1/10// Equivalent Conductance connecting node 1 & 2 +G_13= 0; // Equivalant Conductance connecting node 1 & 3 +G_21=G_12; // Symmetry Property of Conductance Matrix +G_22= 1/10+1/5; // Sum of conductance at node 2 +G_23=1/5; // Equivalent Conductance connecting node 2 & 3 +G_31=G_13; // Symmetry Property of Conductance Matrix +G_32=G_23; // Symmetry Property of Conductance Matrix +G_33=1/5+1/20; // Sum of Conductance at node 3 +G=[G_11,-G_12,-G_13;-G_21,G_22,-G_23;-G_31,-G_32,G_33]; // Conductance Matrix +i_s11= 30/2+3; // Net Equivalent source current into node 1 +i_s21= -1; // Net Equivalent source current into node 2 +i_s31=-3; // Net Equivalent source current into node 3 +i_s=[i_s11;i_s21;i_s31]; // Current Vector +v=G\i_s; +v_1=v(1,1); +v_2=v(2,1); +v_3=v(3,1); +disp(v_1," Voltage at node 1(in Volts)=") +disp(v_2,"Voltage at node 2(in Volts)=") +disp(v_3," Voltage at node 3(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f55ccf33d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.3/exa4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.3.sce', -1) + + Voltage at node 1(in Volts)= + + 20. + + Voltage at node 2(in Volts)= + + - 10. + + Voltage at node 3(in Volts)= + + - 20. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19e46e7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 4.4 +// Matrix Node Analysis with source Conversion +// From figure 4.11(a), The floating 48V source with series resistance has been converted into a current source with parallel resistance +// From figure 4.11(b), +G_11=1/4+1/2+1; // Sum of conductance at node 1 +G_12=1; // Equivalent conductance between node 1 & 2 +G_21=G_12; // Symmetry Property of Conductance matrix +G_22=1/3+1+1/6; // Sum of conductance at node 2 +G=[G_11,-G_12;-G_21,G_22]; // Conductance Matrix +i_s11=-24/4; // Equivalent source current at node 1 +i_s21=15/3+(-24)/6+48/6;// Equivalent source current at node 2 +i_s=[i_s11;i_s21]; // Current Matrix +// Using Matrix Node Equation +// G*v=i +v=G\i_s; +v_1=v(1,1); +v_2=v(2,1); +i_a=(15-v_2)/(3*10^3);// Current through 3-kOhm resistor +i_b=-v_1/(2*10^3); // Current through 2-kOhm resistor +disp(v_1,v_2) +disp(i_a,"Current through 3-kOhm resistor(in Amps)=") +disp(i_b,"Current through 2-kOhm resistor(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1e32e7a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.4/exa4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ + ans = + + 1. + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.4.sce', -1) + + Current through 3-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 0.0005385 + + Current through 2-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 0.0055385 + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.4.sce', -1) + + 13.384615 + + - 11.076923 + + Current through 3-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 0.0005385 + + Current through 2-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 0.0055385 + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.4.sce', -1) + + 6. + + - 5.075D-16 + + Current through 3-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 0.003 + + Current through 2-kOhm resistor(in Amps)= + + 2.538D-19 + +-->exit +-->exec('SCI/etc/scilab.quit','errcatch',-1);quit; diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f6da522 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4.5 +// Node analysis with a Supernode +// From figure 4.15, Applying KCL at Supernode +disp("((v_1-30)-v_2)/2-1+(v_1-v_2)/10+(v_1-50)/5=0 -------- Equation 1") +//Applying KCL at node 2 +disp("(v_2-v_1)/10+(v_2-(v_1-30))/2+v_2-7=0 --------- Equation 2") +disp("Rearrangement then yields a pair of equations in standard form,") +disp("0.8v_1-0.6v_2=26") +disp("-0.6v_1+1.6v_2=-8") +G=[0.8,-0.6;-0.6,1.6]; // Conductance Matrix +i=[26;-8]; // Current Matrix +v=G\i; +v_1=v(1,1); +v_2=v(2,1); +disp(v_1,"Voltage at Node 1(in Volts)=") +disp(v_2,"Voltage at Node 2(in Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03f5dbb40 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.5/exa4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.5.sce', -1) + + ((v_1-30)-v_2)/2-1+(v_1-v_2)/10+(v_1-50)/5=0 -------- Equation 1 + + (v_2-v_1)/10+(v_2-(v_1-30))/2+v_2-7=0 --------- Equation 2 + + Rearrangement then yields a pair of equations in standard form, + + 0.8v_1-0.6v_2=26 + + -0.6v_1+1.6v_2=-8 + + Voltage at Node 1(in Volts)= + + 40. + + Voltage at Node 2(in Volts)= + + 10. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd315c1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 4.6 +// Matrix Mesh Analysis with Two Unknowns +// From Figure 4.22(a) +R_11=6+15; // Sum of Resistance around the mesh 1 +R_12=15;// Equivalent Resistance shared by mesh 1 & 2 +R_21=R_12; // Symmetry Property of Resistance Matrix +R_22=15+5+(60*12)/(60+12); // Sum of Resistance around the mesh 2 +R=[R_11,-R_12;-R_21,R_22]; // Resistance Matrix +v_s_11=30; // Net Equivalent source Voltage that drives i_1 in mesh 1. +v_s_21=-50-(60*12)/(60+12); // Net Equivalent source Voltage that drives i_2 in mesh 2 +v_s=[v_s_11;v_s_21]; // Voltage Vector +// Form Matrix Mesh Equation R*i=v +i=R\v_s; // Current Vector +i_1=i(1,1); +i_2=i(2,1); +p_50=50*(-i_2);// Power supplied by 50V source +p_30=30*i_1;// Power supplied by 30V source +v_a=(60*12*(1+i_2))/(60+12); // Voltage across 1A current source +disp(i_1,"Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)=") +disp(i_2,"Current in mesh 2(in Amps)=") +disp(p_50,"Power supplied by 50V source(in Watt)=") +disp(p_30,"Power supplied by 30V source(in Watt)=") +disp(v_a,"Voltage across Current source(in Volts=") + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17b6d6637 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.6/exa4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.6.sce', -1) + + Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)= + + 0. + + Current in mesh 2(in Amps)= + + - 2. + + Power supplied by 50V source(in Watt)= + + 100. + + Power supplied by 30V source(in Watt)= + + 0. + + Voltage across Current source(in Volts= + + - 10. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05ca4903 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 4.7 +// Matrix Mesh Analysis with Three Unknown +// From Figure 4.23 +R_11= 10+8+3; // Sum of Resistance around mesh 1 +R_12=3; // Equivalent Resistance shared by mesh 1 & 2 +R_13=0; // Equivalent resistance shared by mesh 1 & 3 +R_21=R_12; // Symmetry Property of Resistance Matrix +R_22=3+6;// Sum of resistance around mesh 2 +R_23=6; // Equivalent Resistance shared by mesh 2 & 3 +R_31=R_13;// Symmetry Property of Resistance Matrix +R_32=R_23;// symmetry Property of Resistance Matrix +R_33=6+1;// Sum of resistance around mesh 3 +R=[R_11,-R_12,-R_13;-R_21,R_22,-R_23;-R_31,-R_32,R_33]; // Resistance Matrix +v_s_11= 20+10*4;// Net Equivalent Source Voltage Driving current i_1 in Mesh 1 +v_s_21=12;// Net Equivalent Source Voltage Driving current i_2 in Mesh 2 +v_s_31=-20;// Net Equivalent Source Voltage Driving current i_3 in Mesh 3 +v_s=[v_s_11;v_s_21;v_s_31];// Voltage Vector +// Using Matrix Node Equation, R*i=v +i=R\v_s; // Current Vector +i_1=i(1,1); +i_2=i(2,1); +i_3=i(3,1); +disp(i_1*10^-3,"Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)=") +disp(i_2*10^-3,"Current in Mesh 2(in Amps)=") +disp(i_3*10^-3,"Current in Mesh 3(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b5e62db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.7/exa4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.7.sce', -1) + + Current in Mesh 1(in Amps)= + + 0.003 + + Current in Mesh 2(in Amps)= + + 0.001 + + Current in Mesh 3(in Amps)= + + - 0.002 + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe4f7238c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Rxample 4.8 +// Matrix Mesh Analysis with Source Conversion +// From figure 4.27(c) +R_11=4+2+8; // Sum of resistance around mesh 1 +R_12=2; // Equivalent Meshes shared by mesh 1 & 2 +R_21=R_12; // Symmetry Property of Reistance matrix +R_22=6+2+10; // Sum of reistance around mesh 2 +R=[R_11,-R_12;-R_21,R_22]; // Resistance Matrix +v_s_11=20+8*7; // Net Equivalent Source Voltage that drives current i_1 in Mesh 1 +v_s_21=18+6*7; // Net Equivalent Source Voltage that drives current i_2 in Mesh 2 +v=[v_s_11;v_s_21]; // Voltage Vector +// Using Matrix Mesh Equation, R*i=v +i=R\v; // Current Vector +i_1=i(1,1); +i_2=i(2,1); +v_a=8*(7-i_1);// Ohm's Law +i_x=3-i_2; //from KCL +i_b=7+i_x; // from KCL +disp(v_a,"Voltage across 8-Ohm Resistor(in Volts)=") +disp(i_b,"Current through 6-Ohm Resistor(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff24ffa74 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.8/exa4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.8.sce', -1) + + Voltage across 8-Ohm Resistor(in Volts)= + + 8. + + Current through 6-Ohm Resistor(in Amps)= + + 6. + diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.sce b/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00debd3c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 4.9 +// Mesh Analysis with a Supernode +// From figure 4.31, Applying KVL in Supermesh we get, +disp("6*(i_1-5)+10*i_1+3*(i_1+4)-20=0") +// Rearrangements gives +disp("(6+10+3)*i_1=6*5-(3*4)+20") +i_1=linsolve((6+10+3),-((6*5)-(3*4)+20))// Linear equation solver +disp(i_1,"Current through the Upper Portion of the Supermesh(in Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.txt b/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d830d694a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH4/EX4.9/exa4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 4\exa4.9.sce', -1) + + 6*(i_1-5)+10*i_1+3*(i_1+4)-20=0 + + (6+10+3)*i_1=6*5-(3*4)+20 + + Current through the Upper Portion of the Supermesh(in Amps)= + + 2. diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.jpg b/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6a667b17 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c28f64d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.1/exa5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 5.1 +// Capacitor Waveforms +t_1= 0:0.001:0.01; +t_2= 0.01:0.001:0.03; +t_3= 0.03:0.001:0.06; +v_1= 20*sin(50*%pi*t_1); +v_2=20; +v_3=-20*sin(50*%pi*t_3); +// Current Equations Can be obtained by using the relation i = C(dv/dt) +i_1=3*%pi*cos(50*%pi*t_1)*10^-3; +i_2=0; +i_3=-3*%pi*cos(50*%pi*t_3)*10^-3; +// Power Equations can be obtained by using the relation p=v*i +p_1=v_1.*i_1; +p_2=20*0; +p_3=v_3.*i_3; +// Energy stored can be obtained by using the relation w=0.5*C*v^2 +C=60*10^-6; +w_1=0.5*C*[20*sin(50*%pi*t_1)]^2; +w_2=0.5*C*400; +w_3=0.5*C*[20*sin(50*%pi*t_3)]^2; +subplot(2,2,1) +plot(t_1,v_1,'-r',t_2,v_2,'-r',t_3,v_3,'-r') +xlabel('t(ms)'); +ylabel('V'); +title("Voltage"); +subplot(2,2,2) +plot(t_1,i_1,'-g',t_2,i_2,'-g',t_3,i_3,'-g') +xlabel('t(ms)'); +ylabel('i(mA)'); +title("Current"); +subplot(2,2,3) +plot(t_1,p_1,'-y',t_2,p_2,'-y',t_3,p_3,'-y') +xlabel('t(ms)'); +ylabel('P(mW)'); +title("Power"); +subplot(2,2,4) +plot(t_1,w_1,'-m',t_2,w_2,'-m',t_3,w_3,'-m') +xlabel('t(ms)'); +ylabel('w(mJ)'); +title("Stored Energy"); diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.jpg b/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83197380b Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e047825 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.12/exa5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 5.12 +// Complete response calculations +// From figure 5.21(b) +R=4; +L=0.1; +function i_dot= fun(t,i) + i_dot= 4000*sin(280*t)-40*i; +endfunction +i_0=0; +t_0=0; +t=0:0.001:0.225; +i=ode(i_0,t_0,t,fun); +plot(t,i); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('i(t)') +title("Complete response i(t)") diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.jpg b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..243e97aad Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d380e3be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 5.2 +// Waveform Generation in a Hazard Blinker +// From figure 5.7(a) and(b) +// Lamp will remain OFF initially and draws no current as long as v < 80V +t_1=poly(0,'t_1'); +v_1=(1*10^-3)/(50*10^-6)*(t_1);// Using Current-Voltage relation +// When v_1 becomes 80 V The lamp then goes ON. +p_1=-80+v_1; +t_1=roots(p_1); +t_2=poly(0,'t_2'); +// This dischrge continues till v_2=40 +v_2=80-80*(t_2-t_1); +p_2=-40+80-80*(t_2-t_1); +t_2=roots(p_2); +//With the lamp OFF,the capacitor is again charged by current source but starting form 40V +t_3=poly(0,'t_3'); +v_3=40+((1*10^-3)/(50*10^-6))*(t_3-t_2); +p_3=-80+v_3; +t_3=roots(p_3); +t_11=0:0.10:t_1; +v_11=horner(v_1,t_11); +t_22=t_1:0.10:t_2; +v_22=horner(v_2,t_22); +t_33=t_2:0.10:t_3; +v_33=horner(v_3,t_33); +plot(t_11,v_11,'-g',t_22,v_22,'-g',t_33,v_33,'-g') +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('v(t)') +title('Waveform of Hazard blinker') +disp("This Waveform will continues periodically thereafter") diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.txt b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8087a3227 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.2/exa5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 5\exa5.2.sce', -1) + + This Waveform will continues periodically thereafter + diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a217a2949 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 5.4 +// Calculation for Series Capacitors +// Following Conditions at t=0 +C_1=3*10^-6; +C_2=6*10^-6; +v_1=10; +q_1=C_1*v_1; +v_2=-10; +q_2=C_2*v_2; +v=v_1+v_2; +// We will calculate the new conditions at t1 > 0 When a source is connected to +// the terminals establishes v(t1)=30V +C_ser=(3*6)/(3+6)*(10^-6); +v_1_t1= 10 +(C_ser/C_1)*(30-0); // Voltage Divider Relation +q_1_t1=C_1*v_1_t1;// Charge voltage relationship +v_2_t1=-10+(C_ser/C_2)*(30-0); +q_2_t1=C_2*v_2_t1; +disp(v_1_t1,"Voltage across 3-micro farad capacitor(in Volts)="); +disp(q_1_t1,"Charge on 3-micro farad capacitor(in Coulomb)="); +disp(v_2_t1,"Voltage across 6-micro farad capacitor(in Volts)="); +disp(q_2_t1,"Charge across 6-micro farad capacitor(in Coulomb)="); diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.txt b/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09a0b8999 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.4/exa5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 5\exa5.4.sce', -1) + + Voltage across 3-micro farad capacitor(in Volts)= + + 30. + + Charge on 3-micro farad capacitor(in Coulomb)= + + 0.00009 + + Voltage across 6-micro farad capacitor(in Volts)= + + 0. + + Charge across 6-micro farad capacitor(in Coulomb)= + + 0. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.jpg b/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5b08ab3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbdcfcdb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.5/exa5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 5.5 +// Inductor Waveform +t=poly(0,'t'); +i=-(2*10^4)*t+2; +t_1=0:10^-7:10^-6; +i_1=horner(i,t_1); +// Form the current voltage relation of inductor +v=(50*10^-3)*(-2/10^-4); +p=v*i_1; // Instantaneous power delivered to the load +subplot(3,1,1) +plot(t_1,i_1,'-r') +xlabel('t(sec)') +ylabel('i(Amps)') +title('Current Wavefrom') +subplot(3,1,2) +plot(t_1,v,'-r') +xlabel('t(sec)') +ylabel('v(volts)') +title('Voltage Wavefrom') +subplot(3,1,3) +plot(t_1,p,'-r') +xlabel('t(sec)') +ylabel('P(Watts)') +title('Power Wavefrom') diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca6526fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.6 +// DC Steady-state Analysis +// Under DC steady-state means inductor acts as a short circuit while the +// Capacitor acts as an open circuit +//Form figure 5.17(b) +i_l=30/(20+40);// Ohm's Law +v_c= (40*30)/(20+40); // Voltage divider relationship +//Energy stored in capacitor +w_c=0.5*(5*10^-6)*400; +//Energy stored in Inductor +w_l=0.5*(16*10^-3)*(0.5)^2; +// total energy stored in the circuit is +w=w_l+w_c; +disp(i_l,"Current through the inductor(in Amps)="); +disp(v_c,"Voltage across the capacitor(in Volts)="); +disp(w_l,"Energy stored in inductor(Joules)="); +disp(w_c,"Energy stored in Capacitor(Joules)="); diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.txt b/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ebe8f713 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.6/exa5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 5\exa5.6.sce', -1) + + Current through the inductor(in Amps)= + + 0.5 + + Voltage across the capacitor(in Volts)= + + 20. + + Energy stored in inductor(Joules)= + + 0.002 + + Energy stored in Capacitor(Joules)= + + 0.001 + diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.jpg b/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64c508e56 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.sce b/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9090fb256 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH5/EX5.9/exa5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 5.9 +// Capacitor discharge +// From Figure 5.25 +R=2*10^6; +C=300*10^-6; +v_0=1000; // Initial condition +i_0=0; // Initial condition +function v_n_dot=f(t,v_n) + v_n_dot= -v_n/(C*R); +endfunction +t=0:5000; +v_n=ode(v_0,i_0,t,f); +plot(t,v_n); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('v_n(t)') +title('Decaying Exponential waveform v_n(t)=1000*exp(-t/600)'); diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d9f887b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 6.11 +// Application of an AC Norton Network +// from figure 6.25(a) +V_m=10; // Voltage phasor Magnitude +omega=5000; // Radian Frequency (rad/s) +V=complex(10,0); // Voltage Phasor in rectangular form +Z_R=280; // Ohms +Z_C=-%i*20; +Z_L=%i*40; +Z_t=(Z_L*Z_R)/(Z_L+Z_R)+Z_C; // thevenin resistance +V_oc= (Z_R*V)/(Z_R+Z_L); +I_sc= V_oc/Z_t; // Relation Between thevenin's parameter +Y_t=1/Z_t; // Admittance +// Let Y= G + i*B +// Y_eq= Y_t+Y= (0.014+G)+i(B-0.048) +// for |Y_eq| to be minimum +G=0; +B=0.048; +Y=G+%i*B; +Z=1/Y; +Y_eq= Y_t+Y; +V=I_sc/Y_eq; +disp(V,"Resultant terminal Voltage in rectangular form(Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2138663b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.11/exa6_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.11.sce', -1) + + Resultant terminal Voltage in rectangular form(Volts)= + + 5. - 35.i + + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d351c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6.12 +// systematic AC Mesh Analysis +V_m=30;// Voltage Phasor magnitude +phase_v=60; +I_m=1; // current Phasor magnitude +phase_i=0; +Z_R=10; +omega=10; // Radian frequency (rad/s) +L=2; // Henry +C=0.01;//Farad +Z_L=%i*omega*L; +Z_C=1/(%i*omega*C); +Z=(Z_R*Z_L)/(Z_R+Z_L)+Z_C; // Sum of the impedance around the mesh +x_v=V_m*cos((%pi/180)*phase_v); +y_v=V_m*sin((%pi/180)*phase_v); +V=complex(x_v,y_v);// Voltage Phasor in Rectangular form +V_s=V-I_m*Z_C; +I_1= V_s/Z; // Ohm's Law +I_1_m=abs(I_1); +phase_i_1=atan(imag(I_1),real(I_1))*(180/%pi); +disp("Current in Polar form(Amps)") +disp(I_1_m,"Magnitude=") +disp(phase_i_1,"Phase(in Degree)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5272f588 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.12/exa6_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.12.sce', -1) + + Current in Polar form (Amps) + + Magnitude= + + 3.8982243 + + Phase(in Degree)= + + 104.23916 diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4496c7d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6.15 +// Series Resonance Design +// From the given Design specification +V_m=100; +omega_0=5000; +Q_ser=10; +L=0.4; // Henry +V_C_m=Q_ser*V_m; +C=1/(omega_0^2*L)// From the condition of series resonance +R=(omega_0*L)/Q_ser; +// When we build the circuit with this specifications we find that that Q_ser=8 +// So there must have some significant winding resistance R_w +R_w=250-200; +// So we need to replace 200-Ohm resistor with 150-Ohm so as to get 1kV sinusoid +disp(R_w,"Winding Resistance(Ohms)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08fdc7f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.15/exa6_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.15.sce', -1) + + Winding Resistance(Ohms)= + + 50. + + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2820437e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 6.16 +// Parallel Resonance Calculations +omega_0=5000; // Parallel resonant frequency +L=10^-2; // Henry +R_w=2.5;// Ohms +R=250;// Ohms +C=1/(omega_0^2*L); +R_par=L/(C*R_w); +// from figure 6.39(b) +R_eq= (R*R_par)/(R+R_par); +I=complex(40*10^-3,0); +V=R_eq*I; +I_1=V/R_par; +Q_par=R_eq/(omega_0*L); +I_C=%i*Q_par*I; +I_2=I_1-I_C; +disp(V,"Voltage phasor in rectangular form(Volts)=") +disp(I_1,"Source current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)=") +disp(I_C,"Current phasor(through Capacitor)in rectangular form(Amps)=") +disp(I_2,"Current phasor(through inductor)in rectangular form(Amps)=") + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6e45764 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.16/exa6_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.16.sce', -1) + + Voltage phasor in rectangular form(Volts)= + + 8. + + Source current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)= + + 0.008 + + Current phasor(through Capacitor)in rectangular form(Amps)= + + 0.16i + + Current phasor(through inductor)in rectangular form(Amps)= + + 0.008 - 0.16i + + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.jpg b/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f2acc81f Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c7282760 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.17/exa6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 6.17 +// AC Superposition Calculations +// from figure 6.40(b),apply node equation we get +V_c1=poly(0,'V_c1'); +P_1=(1/50+%i/10-%i/20)*V_c1-60/(%i*20); // Node equation +V_c1=roots(P_1); +// Now from figure 6.40(c) +V_c2=poly(0,'V_c2'); +P_2=(1/50+%i/25-%i/8)*V_c2-(%i*3); // Node equation +V_c2=roots(P_2); +V_c1_m=abs(V_c1); +phase_v_c1=atan(imag(V_c1),real(V_c1))*(180/%pi); +V_c2_m=abs(V_c2); +phase_v_c2=atan(imag(V_c2),real(V_c2))*(180/%pi); +omega_1=5; +omega_2=2; +t=0:0.01:10; +v_c=V_c1_m*cos(omega_1*t+phase_v_c1)+V_c2_m*cos(omega_2*t+phase_v_c2); +plot(t,v_c,'r'); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('v_c(t)') +title('Voltage Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f14941def --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6.2 +// Calculations with Complex Numbers +A=complex(8,3); +B=complex(0,100); +C=complex(3,-4); +// Since we need to compute D= A+B/C +T=B/C; +D=A+T; +mag= abs(D); +theta_d=atan(imag(D),real(D)) +disp(D,"In rectangular form="); +disp("In polar form="); +disp(mag,"Magnitude"); +disp((theta_d*180)/%pi,"Phase angle(in degree)="); // Conversion from radian to +// degree diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15f29a2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.2/exa6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.2.sce', -1) + + In rectangular form= + + - 8. + 15.i + + In polar form= + + Magnitude + + 17. + + Phase angle(in degree)= + + 118.07249 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46ccd2994 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 6.3 +// Parallel Network with an AC Voltage Source +v_m=30; // Magnitude of voltage phasor +omega=4000; // radian frequency +phase_v=20; // Phase angle in degree +Z_r= 5; // Impedance of Resistance +C= 25*10^-6; // Capacitance +Z_c= 1/(%i*omega*C);// Impedance of Capacitance +i_r=v_m/Z_r; // Ohm's Law in Phasor form +i_c=v_m/abs(Z_c); // Ohm's Law in Phasor form +phase_r= phase_v; +phase_c=phase_v-(-90); +x_r=i_r*cos((%pi/180)*phase_r); +y_r=i_r*sin((%pi/180)*phase_r); +I_r=complex(x_r,y_r); +x_c=i_c*cos((%pi/180)*phase_c); +y_c=i_c*sin((%pi/180)*phase_c); +I_c=complex(x_c,y_c); +I=I_r+I_c; +disp(I,"Resultant Steady-state input current in rectangular form(Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37257a7c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.3/exa6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.3.sce', -1) + + Resultant Steady-state input current in rectangular form(Amps)= + + 4.6120953 + 4.8711987i + + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf58d9fee --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 6.4 +// Parallel Network with an AC Current source +// Let us assume that voltage phasor is being represent by V, Its magnitude by +// V_m and its phase by 'phase' variable. +I=complex(3,0);// Current source phasor +R=5; //Ohms +C=25*10^-6;// Farads +omega=4000; // (rad/s) +Z_r=5; +Z_c=1/(%i*omega*C); +Z_par=(Z_r*Z_c)/(Z_r+Z_c); +V=I*Z_par; // Voltage phasor in rectangular form +V_m=abs(V); +phase=(atan(imag(V),real(V))*180)/%pi; +disp(V,"Voltage phasor in rectangular form(Volts)=") +disp("Voltage phasor in polar form") +disp(V_m,"Magnitude=") +disp(phase,"Phase (in degree)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..594e0d7f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.4/exa6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.4.sce', -1) + + Voltage phasor in rectangular form(Volts)= + + 12. - 6.i + + Voltage phasor in polar form + + Magnitude= + + 13.416408 + + Phase (in degree)= + + - 26.565051 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b05ef6260 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 6.5 +// Capacitor Calculation +C=25*10^-6;// Farad +omega= 4000;// Radian frequency (rad/s) +V_m=30;// Magnitude of voltage phasor +phase_v=20; // Phase of the voltage source +Z_c=1/(%i*omega*C);// Impedance of the capacitor +Y_c=1/Z_c; // Admittance of the capacitor +I_m=abs(Y_c)*V_m; // Ohm's Law,Magnitude of current phasor +phase_c=atan(imag(Y_c),real(Y_c))*(180/%pi); +phase_i=phase_c+phase_v; +x_i=I_m*cos((%pi*phase_i)/180);// X-component of current phasor +y_i=I_m*sin((%pi*phase_i)/180);//Y-component of current phasor +I_c=complex(x_i,y_i); // Rectangular form of current through capacitor +disp(I_c,"Current phasor in Rectangular form(Amps)=") +disp("Current phasor in Polar form") +disp(I_m,"Magnitude=") +disp(phase_i,"Phase(in degree)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c52677603 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.5/exa6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.5.sce', -1) + + Current phasor in Rectangular form(Amps)= + + - 1.0260604 + 2.8190779i + + Current phasor in Polar form + + Magnitude= + + 3. + + Phase(in degree)= + + 110. + + diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da2eab1fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 6.6 +// Impedance Analysis of a parallel RC Circuit +// From figure 6.17 +R=5; // Ohms +C=25*10^-6; // Farad +omega=4000; // radian frequency +V_m=30; // Magnitude of voltage phasor +phase_v=20; // In degree +Z_r=5; // Impedance of Resistor +Z_c=1/(%i*omega*C); +Z_par=(Z_r*Z_c)/(Z_r+Z_c); +Y_par=1/Z_par; // Equivalent Admittance +x_v=V_m*cos((%pi*phase_v)/180); +y_v=V_m*sin((%pi*phase_v)/180); +V=complex(x_v,y_v); +I=V*Y_par;// Current phasor in rectangular form +I_m=abs(I); // Current phasor magnitude +phase_i=atan(imag(I),real(I))*(180/%pi); // Phase angle of current phasor +disp(I,"Current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)=") +disp("In polar form=") +disp(I_m,"Magnitude=") +disp(phase_i,"Phase angle(in degree)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078efc238 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.6/exa6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.6.sce', -1) + + Current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)= + + 4.6120953 + 4.8711987i + + In polar form= + + Magnitude= + + 6.7082039 + + Phase angle(in degree)= + + 46.565051 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.jpg b/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd8805895 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0063d1d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.8/exa6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 6.8 +// AC Ladder Calculations +I_m=10; // Magnitude of current phasor +phase_i=0; // Phase angle of current phasor +omega=50000; // Radian frequency (rad/s) +L= 200*10^-3;//Henry +C=2*10^-9; // Farad +Z_R1=40000; +Z_R2=5000; +Z_L= %i*omega*L; +Z_C=1/(%i*omega*C); +Z_eq1=(Z_R2*Z_C)/(Z_R2+Z_C); +Z_eq2= Z_L+Z_eq1; +Z_eq=(Z_R1*Z_eq2)/(Z_R1+Z_eq2); +I=complex(I_m,0); // current phasor in Rectangular form +V=Z_eq*I;// Voltage phasor +V_L=(Z_L*V)/(Z_L+Z_eq1);// Voltage phasor across inductor +V_C=(Z_eq1*V)/(Z_L+Z_eq1);// Voltage phasor across capacitor +V_m=abs(V); +phase_v=atan(imag(V),real(V))*(180/%pi); +V_L_m=abs(V_L); +phase_v_l=atan(imag(V_L),real(V_L))*(180/%pi); +V_C_m=abs(V_C); +phase_v_c=atan(imag(V_C),real(V_C))*(180/%pi); +t=0:0.5:10; +v=V_m*cos(omega*t+atan(imag(V),real(V))); +v_l=V_L_m*cos(omega*t+atan(imag(V_L),real(V_L))); +v_c=V_C_m*cos(omega*t+atan(imag(V_C),real(V_C))); +plot(t,v,'-r',t,v_l,'-g',t,v_c,'b') +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v') +title('Voltage Waveform') +h1=legend(['v(t)';'v_l(t)';'v_c(t)']); +disp(V,"Voltage Phasor in rectangular form(Volts)=") +disp(V_L,"Voltage Phasor across inductor in rectangular form(Volts)=") +disp(V_C,"Voltage Phasor across capacitor in rectangular form(Volts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.jpg b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88fd33964 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.sce b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81df6c32d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.9 +// AC Network With a Controlled Source +// Form figure 6.22(b) +V_m=20; // Voltage phasor magnitude +phase_v=0; // voltage phasor phase +omega=1000; // Radian frequency (rad/s) +Z_R1=6; +Z_R2=12; +C=250*10^-6; // Farad +L=8*10^-3; // Henry +Z_C=1/(%i*omega*C); +Z_L=%i*omega*L; +// Using Proportionality Method +I_2=complex(1,0); // Assumption +V_x=Z_L*I_2; // Ohm's law in phasor form +V_1=(Z_L+Z_R2)*I_2; // Ohm's law in phasor form +I_1=V_1/Z_C; +I_assumed=I_1+I_2; // KCL +V_assumed=Z_R1*I_assumed-3*V_x+V_1 +// Hence input impedance +Z=V_assumed/I_assumed; +V=complex(V_m,0); // Actual Voltage phasor +I=V/Z; +I_1_actual=(I_1/I_assumed)*I; +I_1_actual_m=abs(I_1_actual); +phase_i_1_actual=atan(imag(I_1_actual),real(I_1_actual)); // Phase in radian +t=0:0.1:10; +plot(t,I_1_actual_m*cos(omega*t+phase_i_1_actual)) +xlabel("t") +ylabel("i_1(t)") +title('Current Waveform') +disp(I_1_actual,"Current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)=") diff --git a/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.txt b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e994b52f --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH6/EX6.9/exa6_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 6\exa6.9.sce', -1) + + Current phasor in rectangular form(Amps)= + + - 3. + 11.i + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3b3db530 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 7.1 +// AC Power Calculations +// From Example 6.8 we already found that, +Z=complex(4.8,6.4); +V_m=80; +V_c_m=40; +I_m=10*10^-3; +// The total average power supplied by the source is, +R_omega=4.8*10^3; +R1=40*10^3; +R2=5*10^3; +P=0.5*R_omega*I_m^2; // Average Power +// This power is actually dissipated by 40kohm and 5kohm resistor +P_R1= V_m^2/(2*R1); +P_R2=V_c_m^2/(2*R2); +disp(P,"Total Average Power Dissipation(in Watt)=") +disp(P_R1,"Power dissipated across 40kohm(in Watt)=") +disp(P_R2,"Power dissipated across 5kohm(in Watt)=") +if P==(P_R1+P_R2) then +disp("This shows average power dissipation in the due to all resistors") +end diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcd452fb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.1/exa7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.1.sce', -1) + + Total Average Power Dissipation(in Watt)= + + 0.24 + + Power dissipated across 40kohm(in Watt)= + + 0.08 + + Power dissipated across 5kohm(in Watt)= + + 0.16 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caf788de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 7.10 +// Calculation of Wattmeter Readings +// Assuming phase_a= 0; +V_ab_m= 780; // Line voltage +phase_ab= 30; // in degree +I_a_m=30; // in Amphere +phase_a=-36.9;//in degree +V_cb_m= 780; +phase_cb=90; +I_c_m=30; +phase_c=83.1; +x_ab=V_ab_m*cos(phase_ab*(%pi/180)) +y_ab=V_ab_m*sin(phase_ab*(%pi/180)) +V_ab=complex(x_ab,y_ab); // Line voltage a-b in rectangular form +x_a=I_a_m*cos(phase_a*(%pi/180)) +y_a=I_a_m*sin(phase_a*(%pi/180)) +I_a=complex(x_a,y_a); // Line current in rectangular form +x_cb=V_cb_m*cos(phase_cb*(%pi/180)) +y_cb=V_cb_m*sin(phase_cb*(%pi/180)) +V_cb=complex(x_cb,y_cb); +x_c=I_c_m*cos(phase_c*(%pi/180)) +y_c=I_c_m*sin(phase_c*(%pi/180)) +I_c=complex(x_c,y_c); +P_1=real(V_ab*I_a'); +P_2=real(V_cb*I_c'); +// So +P=P_1+P_2; +Q=sqrt(3)*abs(P_2-P_1); +disp(P,"Total Average power supplied by generator(in Watts)=") +disp(Q,"Reactive power supplied by the generator(in VAr)=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8926749ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.10/exa7_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.10.sce', -1) + + Total Average power supplied by generator(in Watts)= + + 32411.21 + + Reactive power supplied by the generator(in VAr)= + + 24335.025 + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d389d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 7.11 +// Calculation for an Unbalanced Delta Load +// From figure 7.29(a) , Given Parameters +V_l=900; +Z_aA=5; +Z_bB=5; +Z_cC=5; +Z_AB=30; +Z_BC=complex(60,60); +Z_CA=complex(0,30); +// Applying Delta-wye Transform equations +Z_sum= Z_AB +Z_BC+Z_CA; +Z_A= (Z_AB*Z_CA)/Z_sum; +Z_B= (Z_BC*Z_AB)/Z_sum; +Z_C= (Z_BC*Z_CA)/Z_sum; +// Adding 5-Ohm series resistance in each line gives the total equivalent wye +// Impedance +Z_a=Z_A+5; +Z_b=Z_B+5; +Z_c=Z_C+5; +// V_ab is taken as a phase reference +V_ab=complex(V_l,0); +V_bc_m=V_l; +phase_bc=-120; +x_bc=V_bc_m*cos(phase_bc*(%pi/180)); +y_bc=V_bc_m*sin(phase_bc*(%pi/180)); +V_bc=complex(x_bc,y_bc); +Z=[Z_a+Z_b,-Z_b;-Z_b,Z_b+Z_c]; +V=[V_ab;V_bc]; +I=Z\V; +I_1=I(1); +I_2=I(2); +// From equation 7.54(b) in textbook +I_a=I_1; +I_b=I_2-I_1; +I_c=-I_2; +P=real(Z_a)*abs(I_a)^2+real(Z_b)*abs(I_b)^2+real(Z_c)*abs(I_c)^2; +Q=imag(Z_a)*abs(I_a)^2+imag(Z_b)*abs(I_b)^2+imag(Z_c)*abs(I_c)^2; +pf=P/sqrt(P^2+Q^2); +disp(I_a,"Line current in branch a(in Amps)=") +disp(I_b,"Line current in branch b(in Amps)=") +disp(I_c,"Line current in branch c(in Amps)=") +disp(P,"Real power supplied by generator(in Watts)=") +disp(Q,"Reactive Power supplied by generator(in VAr)=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a14e3fbb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.11/exa7_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.11.sce', -1) + + Line current in branch a(in Amps)= + + 4.656319 - 16.749055i + + Line current in branch b(in Amps)= + + - 30.787662 - 5.768358i + + Line current in branch c(in Amps)= + + 26.131343 + 22.517413i + + Real power supplied by generator(in Watts)= + + 33500.377 + + Reactive Power supplied by generator(in VAr)= + + 25308.679 + + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3860f4df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 7.3 +// Power Transfer from an Oscillator +V_rms=1.2; +Z_s=complex(6,8)*10^3; +Z=conj(Z_s); // Matched Load Impedance +P_max=V_rms^2/(4*real(Z));// Maximum availble power +// If load has a fixed ratio X/R= -7/24 then, +c=poly(0,'c'); +Z_1= complex(24,-7)*c;// New value of +// Since |Z_1|=|Z_s| +q=abs(Z_1)-abs(Z_s); +c=roots(q); +Z_1=horner(Z_1,c); +// Resulting Load Power +P= real(Z_1)*V_rms^2/(abs(Z_s+Z_1))^2; +Eff= real(Z_1)/(real(Z_s)+real(Z_1)) +disp(P,"Resulting Load Power(in Watt)=") +disp(Eff,"Transfer Efficiency=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06ac63299 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.2/exa7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.3.sce', -1) + + Resulting Load Power(in Watt)= + + 0.0000511 + + Transfer Efficiency= + + 0.6153846 + + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56c441e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 7.4 +// Power-Transfer Efficiency +// from figure 7.8 +V_rms=300; // Volts +R_s=2;// Ohms +Z_R= 20; +Z_C= -%i*10; +Z_RC=(Z_C*Z_R)/(Z_C+Z_R); +// Total impedance seen by source +Z=R_s+Z_RC; +I_rms=V_rms/(abs(Z)); // RMS value of current +P=real(Z)*I_rms^2;// Real Power +Q= imag(Z)*I_rms^2; // Reactive Power +P_s= R_s*I_rms^2; +P_L=real(Z_RC)*I_rms^2; +// Power transfer efficiency +Eff=P_L/P; +disp(I_rms,"RMS valur of current(in Amps)=") +disp(P,"Real Power(in Watts)=") +disp(Q,"Reactive Power(in VAr)=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c30efeaa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.4/exa7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.4.sce', -1) + + RMS valur of current(in Amps)= + + 30. + + Real Power(in Watts)= + + 5400. + + Reactive Power(in VAr)= + + - 7200. + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f902f6b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 7.5 +// Designing Power-Factor Correction +// From figure 7.10(a) +V_rms=500; // Volts +f=60; // Radian Frequency (rad/s) +omega=377; // (rad/s) +P_1=48*10^3; // Watts +pf_1=0.60; // Lagging +P_2=24*10^3;// Watts +pf_2=0.96; // Leading +// For Load 1 +S_1= P_1/pf_1; // apparent power +Q_1=sqrt(S_1^2-P_1^2); // Reactive power +I_1= S_1/V_rms; // RMS current drawn by load 1 +// For Load 2 +S_2=P_2/pf_2; // apparent power +Q_2=-sqrt(S_2^2-P_2^2); // Reactive power +I_2= S_2/V_rms; // RMS current drawn by load 2 +P_12= P_1+P_2; +Q_12=Q_1+Q_2; +S_12= sqrt(P_12^2+Q_12^2); +I_12=S_12/V_rms; +pf_12=P_12/abs(S_12); +// With reference to table 7.3 +P_C=0; +Q_C=-Q_12; +V_C=V_rms; +C=-Q_C/(omega*abs(V_C)^2); +disp(C,"Value of Capacitance for unity power factor(in Farad)=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c74a23516 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.5/exa7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.5.sce', -1) + + Value of Capacitance for unity power factor(in Farad)= + + 0.0006048 + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9938e212c --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 7.6 +// Improving Power-Transfer Efficiency +// From figure 7.12 +Z1= complex(4,15); // Impedance of Transmission line +Z2=complex(20,40); // Load Impedance +// Total series impedance without power-factor correction +Z_1= Z1+Z2; +V_rms_s=4800; // RMS value of Voltage source +I_rms= V_rms_s/(abs(Z_1));// RMS load current +V_rms= abs(Z2)*I_rms;// RMS load voltage +S=Z_1*I_rms^2; // Complex power supplied by the source +Eff_1=real(Z2)/(real(Z2)+real(Z1)); +// Let us assume the susceptance of Capacitor be S=omega*C +S= poly(0,'S'); +Y_eq= %i*S+1/Z2; +A=imag(Y_eq); +S=roots(A); +Y_eq=horner(Y_eq,S); +Z_eq=1/Y_eq; +// Impedance seen by source, +Z_2=Z_eq+Z_1; +I_rms1=V_rms_s/(abs(Z_2)); // New RMS Load Current +V_rms1=Z_2*I_rms; // New RMS Load Voltage +S=Z_2*I_rms^2; // New Complex power supplied by th source +Eff_2=real(Z_eq)/(real(Z1)+real(Z_eq)); +disp(Eff_1,"Power Transfer Efficiency before pf correction=") +disp(Eff_2,"Power Transfer Efficiency after pf correction=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..315339105 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.6/exa7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.6.sce', -1) + + Power Transfer Efficiency before pf correction= + + 0.8333333 + + Power Transfer Efficiency after pf correction= + + 0.9615385 + + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.jpg b/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e742c0b Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6feedc6b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.7/exa7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 7.7 +// Calculating Line Voltage +V_a_m=15*10^3;// Volts +phase_a=90; // Degree +V_l=sqrt(3)*V_a_m; // The RMS line voltage +// From figure 7.19(c) +phase_ab=phase_a+30; +phase_bc=phase_ab-120; +phase_ca=phase_ab+120; +V_peak=sqrt(2)*V_l; // converting RMS value to peak value +// for omega= 10; +omega=100; +t=0:1:50; +v_ab=V_peak*cos(omega*t+phase_ab); +v_bc=V_peak*cos(omega*t+phase_bc); +v_ca=V_peak*cos(omega*t+phase_ca); +plot(t,v_ab,'-r',t,v_bc,'-g',t,v_ca,'-y'); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('v(t)'); +title('Voltage Waveform'); +h1=legend(['v_ab';'v_bc';'v_ca']); diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64a153be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 7.8 +// Three-Phase Circuit with Line Impedance +V_ab_m=45*10^3; // Volts +Z_l=complex(0.5,3); // Each transmission line impedance +Z=complex(4.5,9); // Load impedance +V_l_m=V_ab_m // Line voltage +V_phi=V_ab_m/sqrt(3); // Phase voltage +Z_Y=Z_l+Z; // total phase impedance +I_l=V_phi/(abs(Z_Y)); +P= 3*real(Z_Y)*(I_l)^2; // Real power generated by source +Q= 3*imag(Z_Y)*(I_l)^2; // Reactive power generated by source +P_L=3*real(Z)*I_l^2; // Real power that reaches the load +Eff=P_L/P; +disp(I_l,"RMS line current(in Amps)=") +disp(P,"Real power generated by source(in Watt)= ") +disp(Q,"Reactive power generated by source(in VAr)=") +disp(P_L,"Real power that reaches the load(in Watt)=") +disp(Eff,"Power transfer Efficiency=") diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b475cebec --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.8/exa7_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.8.sce', -1) + + RMS line current(in Amps)= + + 1998.5202 + + Real power generated by source(in Watt)= + + 59911243. + + Reactive power generated by source(in VAr)= + + 1.438D+08 + + Real power that reaches the load(in Watt)= + + 53920118. + + Power transfer Efficiency= + + 0.9 + diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.sce b/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1504575ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 7.9 +// Power-Factor Correction with Parallel Loads +V_l=780; // Generator Line voltage +f=60; // Cyclic frequency (Hz) +Z1_del= complex(30,60); // Load 1; balanced delta impedance +Z2_wye=complex(30,0);// Load 2; balanced wye with impedance +// Equivalent wye impedance of the delta load is , +Z1_wye=Z1_del/3; +// Potential at equivalent neutral N1 of the delta load equals the potential at +// N2 in the wye load +// Hence from figure 7.24(b) +Z_wye=(Z1_wye*Z2_wye)/(Z1_wye+Z2_wye);// Equivalent wye impedance per phase +V_phi= V_l/sqrt(3); // Phase voltage from line voltage +I_rms=V_phi/abs(Z_wye); // RMS current for one phase of the combined load +P_phi=real(Z_wye)*I_rms^2; // Real power +Q_phi=imag(Z_wye)*I_rms^2; // Reactive power +// For balanced condition ,the three capacitor must be equal and arranged in a +// delta or wye configuration +C_del=Q_phi/(2*%pi*f*V_l^2); // For delta configuration +C_wye= 3*C_del; // For wye configuration +Q_C=-Q_phi; // Condition for connecting capacitor +// Total Average power supplied by the generator +P=3*P_phi; +I_l=P/(sqrt(3)*V_l);// RMS line current +disp(C_del,"Capacitance for power factor correction in delta configuration(in farad)=") +disp(C_wye,"Capacitance for power factor correction in wye configuration(in farad)=") +disp(P,"Total average power supplied by the generator(in Watt)=") +disp(I_l,"RMS line current(in Amps)=") +// NOTE- Computed Values for C_del and C_wye in Textbook is wrong. diff --git a/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.txt b/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a6b86e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH7/EX7.9/exa7_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 7\exa7.9.sce', -1) + + Capacitance for power factor correction in delta configuration(in farad)= + + 0.0000354 + + Capacitance for power factor correction in wye configuration(in farad)= + + 0.0001061 + + Total average power supplied by the generator(in Watt)= + + 32448. + + RMS line current(in Amps)= + + 24.017771 + + diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.sce b/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b9c250aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 8.1 +// Analysis of a Transformer Circuit +// Form figure 8.4(a) +N=3; // Ideal step-up transformer +V=complex(60,0); +omega=5000;// Radian frequency (rad/s) +Z_R=90; // Ohms +C=10*10^-6; // Farad +Z_C=1/(%i*omega*C); +// From frequency domain diagram 8.4(b) +V_1=V; +V_2=3*V; +I_R=(3*V_1)/Z_R; // Ohm's law for AC circuits +I_C=(V_1-V_2)/Z_C // Ohm's Law +I_2=I_C-I_R; // KCL +I=I_C-3*I_2;// KCL +Z=V/I; +P=0.5*real(Z)*abs(I)^2; +P_R=0.5*Z_R*abs(I_R)^2; +disp(P,"Average power supplied by the source(in Watts)=") +disp(P_R,"Average power dissipated by 90-Ohm resistor(in Watts)=") +disp("All the power from source is transferrd to the resistor") + diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.txt b/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17e1d43b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.1/exa8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 8\exa8.1.sce', -1) + + Average power supplied by the source(in Watts)= + + 180. + + Average power dissipated by 90-Ohm resistor(in Watts)= + + 180. + + All the power from source is transferrd to the resistor + diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.sce b/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e8d8cb42 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 8.2 +// Power Transmission with Transformers +// From figure 8.8(a) +P=15000; // Watts ; Objective of the problem +R_S=2;//source resistance +R_L=3;// Load resistance +I_out_m=sqrt(2*P/3); +V_out_m=R_L*I_out_m; +I_m=I_out_m; // Line current +V_s_m=(R_L+R_S)*I_m; // Ohm's Law +Eff=R_L/(R_L+R_S); +P_S=0.5*2*I_m^2; // Power waste in transmission line +// Now Form modified circuit 8.8(b) +phase_i_out=0; // in degree +I_out=complex(I_out_m,0); +V_out=complex(V_out_m,0); +// Now we will refer both th source and the load into the middle section with transmission line +R_L_ref=4^2*R_L;// Load resistance referred to the primary +Eff_new=R_L_ref/(R_L_ref+R_S); +N=poly(0,'N') +I_m_new=(V_s_m*N)/(R_L_ref+R_S); +a=I_m_new-I_out_m/4; +N=roots(a); +I_m_new=horner(I_m_new,N) +P_S_new=0.5*2*I_m_new^2; +phase_I_new=phase_i_out; +I_in=complex(I_m_new,0)*N; +disp(Eff,"Power transfer efficiency without transformer(in Watt)=") +disp(Eff_new,"Power transfer efficiency with transformer(in Watt)=") diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.txt b/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..727527092 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.2/exa8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 8\exa8.2.sce', -1) + + Power transfer efficiency without transformer(in Watt)= + + 0.6 + + Power transfer efficiency with transformer(in Watt)= + + 0.96 + diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.jpg b/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24f0a879d Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.sce b/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6315b07e --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.3/exa8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 8.3 +// Transformer-coupled Oscillator +// From figure 8.9(a) +V_m=12;//Magnitude of voltage source +omega=50000;// radial frequency (rad/s) +R_s=1000;// +V_s=20;// DC source +Z_C=1/(%i*omega*0.1*10^-6); +R=500; +// from figure 8.9(b) +// referring the ac source to the secondary ,as shown in figure 8.9(b) +N=1/2; +R_s_new=N^2*R_s; +I=complex((N*12)/(N^2*R_s),0); +// using node equations +V_out=I/(1/R+1/Z_C+1/R_s_new); +I_out=(1/Z_C+1/R)*V_out; +I_in1=N*I_out;// Ac component of primary current +I_in2=-V_s/R_s; // DC component of primary current +I_in1_m=abs(I_in1); +phase_I_in1=atan(imag(I_in1),real(I_in1))*(180/%pi); +// by superposition total primary current will be +t=0:0.5:100 +I_in=I_in1_m*cos(omega*t+phase_I_in1) + I_in2; +plot(t,I_in) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i_in(t)') +title('Current Waveform') diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.sce b/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..351c7e6da --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 8.4 +// Impedance Matching with a Transformer +omega=10^5; +R_L=500 ; +I_s_m=100*10^-3; +Z_s=(400*(-%i*200))/(400-%i*200); // from figure 8.10(a) +V_s_m=abs(Z_s)*I_s_m; +// From figure 8.10(b),load impedance referred to the primary +// Turn ratio +N=sqrt(500/80); // from condition of impedance matching +L=(160*N^2)/omega;// from condition of impedance matching +P_max=(V_s_m/sqrt(2))^2/(4*real(Z_s)); +// Load reactance will be +X_L=%i*omega*L; +disp(X_L,"Load reactance for maximum power transfer(Ohms)=") +disp(N,"Turn ratio for maximum power transfer=") +disp(P_max,"Maximum power transferred(Watts)=") diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.txt b/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..091a5635a --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.4/exa8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 8\exa8_4.sce', -1) + + Load reactance for maximum power transfer(Ohms)= + + 1000.i + + Turn ratio for maximum power transfer= + + 2.5 + + Maximum power transferred(Watts)= + + 0.5 + + diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.sce b/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5977e2455 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 8.6 +// Comparison of a real and ideal Transformer +// form figure 8.21 +omegaL_1=100; +omegaM=490; +omegaL_2=2500; +Z=200; +N=sqrt(omegaL_2/omegaL_1) +// since omegaL_2>>|Z| and k=0.98 the transformer will act almost like an ideal transformer +k=omegaM/sqrt(omegaL_1*omegaL_2); +// Let us denote I_out/I_in = I_gain +// V_out/V_in=V_gain +I_gain=(%i*omegaM)/(%i*omegaL_2+Z); +Z_in=(%i*omegaL_1*Z+(omegaM)^2-(omegaL_1*omegaL_2))/(%i*omegaL_2+Z); +V_gain=(%i*omegaM*Z)/(%i*omegaL_1*Z+(omegaM)^2-(omegaL_1*omegaL_2)); +disp(I_gain,"Current gain=") +disp(Z_in,"Input impedance(Ohms)=") +disp(V_gain,"Voltage gain=") diff --git a/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.txt b/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..120b822d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH8/EX8.6/exa8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + +-->exec('C:\Users\sangeet\Documents\Scilab\Circuits\Chapter 8\exa8_6.sce', -1) + + Current gain= + + 0.1947536 + 0.0155803i + + Input impedance(Ohms)= + + 7.6343402 + 4.5707472i + + Voltage gain= + + 3.9356639 - 1.9481537i + + diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.jpg b/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9aa3a6d32 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.sce b/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e11a0e9d --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH9/EX9.1/exa9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 9.1 +// Zero-Input Response of an RL circuit +// From figure 9.5 +L=60*10^-3; +R_eq=40+10;// Equivalent resistance +tau=L/R_eq; // Time constant +// Let us denote y(0^-) by y_bef and y(0^+) by y_aft +i_bef= 25/10; // t<0 , under steady state conditions +// form the continuity equation of inductor current we get +i_aft=i_bef; +v_bef=25; +t=0:0.0001:0.01; +i=i_aft*%e^(-t/tau); // t>0 +v=-40*i; // t>0 +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,i,'r'); +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i(t)') +title('Current Waveform of inductor') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(t,v,'-g') +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v(t)') +title('Voltage Waveform across 40-Ohm resistance') + diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.jpg b/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1178d5523 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.sce b/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c60fcea --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH9/EX9.11/exa9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 9.11 +// Underdamped Zero-Input Response +// form figure 9.25 +L=0.1; +R=5; +C=1/640; +alpha=R/(2*L); +omega_0=sqrt(1/(L*C)); +//Characteristic Values +p1=-alpha+sqrt(alpha^2-omega_0^2); +omega_d=sqrt(omega_0^2-alpha^2); +p2=p1'; // Complex conjugate +V_s1=30; // t<0 +V_s2=0;//t>0 +// using initial conditions we find +i_L_aft=0;// i(0^+)=0 +i_L_aft_d=-30/L; // i'(0^+)=0 +I_ss= 0; // when capacitor becomes fully charge before t<0 +//Using complex matrix equation +P=[1,1;p1,p2]; +I=[i_L_aft-I_ss;i_L_aft_d] +A=P\I +A_1=A(1); +A_1_m=abs(A_1); +phase_A_1=atan(imag(A_1),real(A_1))*(180/%pi); +t=0:0.001:0.5 +i_L=2*A_1_m*exp(-alpha*t).*cos(omega_d*t+phase_A_1); +plot(t,i_L) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i_L(t)') +title('Current Waveform') + diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.jpg b/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74a421fa Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.sce b/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9005a8d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH9/EX9.12/exa9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 9.12 +// Step Response with variable damping +V_s1=0; // Voltage source value for t<0 +V_s2=30;//Voltage source value for t>0 +L=0.1; +C=1/640; +omega_0=sqrt(1/(L*C)); +v_C_aft=0; // v_C(0^+)=0; +v_C_aft_d=0; // v_C'(0^+)=0; +V_ss=30; +// for Overdamped Response +// Let +R=34; +alpha=R/(2*L); +p1=-alpha+sqrt(alpha^2-omega_0^2) +p2=-alpha-sqrt(alpha^2-omega_0^2) +P=[1,1;p1,p2];// coefficients of A's matrix +V=[v_C_aft-V_ss;v_C_aft_d];// initial conditions and excitations +A=P\V; +A_1=A(1); +A_2=A(2); +t=0:0.001:0.5 +v_C=V_ss+A_1*exp(p1*t)+A_2*exp(p2*t);// t>0 +// for Underdamped Response +// Let +R1=5; +alpha1=R1/(2*L); +p3=-alpha1+sqrt(alpha1^2-omega_0^2); +p4=-alpha1-sqrt(alpha1^2-omega_0^2); +omega_d=sqrt(omega_0^2-alpha1^2); +P1=[1,1;p3,p4]; +V1=[v_C_aft-V_ss;v_C_aft_d]; +A1=P1\V1 +A_3=A1(1); +v_C1=V_ss+2*abs(A_3)*exp(-alpha1*t).*cos(omega_d*t+atan(imag(A_3),real(A_3))); +// for Critically Damped Response +R2=sqrt(6400/25); +alpha2=R2/(2*L); +A_4=v_C_aft-V_ss; +A_5=v_C_aft_d+alpha2*A_4; +v_C2=V_ss+A_4*exp(-alpha2*t)+A_5*t.*exp(-alpha2*t); +plot(t,v_C,t,v_C1,t,v_C2) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v_c(t)') +title('Step Response with variable damping') +h1=legend(['Overdamped';'Underdamped';'Critically damped']) diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.jpg b/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f355c8068 Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.sce b/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe2aa6625 --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH9/EX9.2/exa9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 9.2 +// Step response of an RC circuit +C=50*10^-6; +R_eq=(3000*6000)/(3000+6000); // From figure 9.10(a) +v_oc=(6*12)/(3+6); +tau=R_eq*C; +t=0:0.0001:1 +v=v_oc*(1-exp(-t/tau)); // t>0 +i=(v_oc-v)/(R_eq); // t>0 +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,v,) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('v(t)') +title('Voltage waveform across capacitor') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(t,i) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('i(t)') +title('Current waveform across capacitor') diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.jpg b/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808e99fdf Binary files /dev/null and b/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.sce b/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe74a9bed --- /dev/null +++ b/1430/CH9/EX9.3/exa9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 9.3 +// Analysis of a Relay Driver +R_eq=10+15; // from figure 9.13(a) +L=400*10^-3; +tau=L/R_eq; +V=5; // DC voltage source +I_ss=5/25; // steady state value of current in the circuit +t=0:10^-3:30*10^-3; +i_L1=I_ss*(1-%e^(-t/tau)); // 0v2) then +I=(v1-v2)/r5; +disp(sprintf("By Nodal analysis, the current through 1Ω resistor is %f A",I)); +else +I=(v2-v1)/r5; +disp(sprintf("By Nodal analysis, the current through 1Ω resistor is %f A",I)); +end; + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.34/ch1_ex_34.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.34/ch1_ex_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41b4663ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.34/ch1_ex_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 34 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 34"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=10; //current source in Amperes +v=10; //voltage source in Volts +r1=4; //top resistance in Ohms +r1=4; //right resistance in Ohms +r3=4; //bottom resistance in Ohms +r4=6; //left resistance in Ohms +r5=1; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//activating the current source +//(17)v1+(-12)v2=120.......eq (1) +//(-4)v1+(6)v2=0...........eq (2) +//solving the equations by matrix method +A=[17 -12;-4 6]; +b=[120;0]; +x=inv(A)*b; +v1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +v2=x(2,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +if(v1>v2) then +I1=(v1-v2)/r5; +else +I1=(v2-v1)/r5; +end; + +//activating the voltage source +//(17)v1+(-12)v2=30.......eq (1) +//(-4)v1+(6)v2=10...........eq (2) +//solving the equations by matrix method +A=[17 -12;-4 6]; +b=[30;10]; +x=inv(A)*b; +v3=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +v4=x(2,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +if(v3>v4) then +I2=(v3-v4)/r5; +else +I2=(v4-v3)/r5; +end; + +I_tot=I1+I2; +disp(sprintf("By Superposition Theorem, the current through 1Ω resistor is %f A",I_tot)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.35/ch1_ex_35.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.35/ch1_ex_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08039d13a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.35/ch1_ex_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 35 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 35"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=10; //current source in Amperes +v=10; //voltage source in Volts +r1=4; //top resistance in Ohms +r2=4; //right resistance in Ohms +r3=4; //bottom resistance in Ohms +r4=6; //left resistance in Ohms +r5=1; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +res=I+(v/r1); +va=res/((1/r4)+(1/r1)); +vb=(v/r2)/((1/r2)+(1/r3)); +vth=va-vb; +req1=(r1*r4)/(r1+r4); +req2=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3); +rth=req1+req2; +Ith=vth/(rth+r5); +disp(sprintf("By Thevenin Theorem, the current through 1Ω resistor is %f A",Ith)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.36/ch1_ex_36.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.36/ch1_ex_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b032eb5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.36/ch1_ex_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 36 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 36"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=10; //current source in Amperes +v=10; //voltage source in Volts +r1=4; //top resistance in Ohms +r2=4; //right resistance in Ohms +r3=4; //bottom resistance in Ohms +r4=6; //left resistance in Ohms +r5=1; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//(1)v1+(12/5)In=30........eq (1) +//(2)v1+(-4)In=10..........eq (2) +A=[1 12/5;2 -4]; +b=[30;10]; +x=inv(A)*b; +v1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +In=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd element of 2X1 matrix +req1=(r1*r4)/(r1+r4); +req2=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3); +rn=req1+req2; +I1=(rn*In)/(rn+r5); +disp(sprintf("By Norton Theorem, the current through 1Ω resistor is %f A",I1)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.37/ch1_ex_37.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.37/ch1_ex_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..398178bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.37/ch1_ex_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 37 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 37"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=90; //voltage source in Volts +r1=8; //in Ohms +r2=6; //in Ohms +r3=5; //in Ohms +r4=4; //in Ohms +r5=8; //diagonal resistance in Ohms +r6=8; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//using Thevenin's Theorem +//(3)v1+(-2)v2=90...........eq (1) +//(-2)v1+(4)v2=-90..........eq (2) +A=[3 -2;-2 4]; +b=[90;-90]; +x=inv(A)*b; +v1=x(1,:); +v2=x(2,:); +vth=v1; +req1=(r1*r5)/(r1+r5); +req2=req1+r4; +req3=(req2*r6)/(req2+r6); +rth=req3+r2; +vab1=(vth*r3)/(rth+r3); +disp(sprintf("By Thevenin Theorem, the value of V_ab is %f V",vab1)); + +//using Norton's Theorem +//(13)v1+(-7)v2=270.........eq (1) +//(7)v1+(-13)v2=0...........eq (2) +A=[13 -7;7 -13]; +b=[270;0]; +x=inv(A)*b; +v1=x(1,:); +v2=x(2,:); +req1=(r1*r5)/(r1+r5); +req2=req1+r4; +req3=(req2*r6)/(req2+r6); +rn=req3+r2; +if(v1>v2) then +In=(v1-v2)/r2; +else +In=(v2-v1)/r2; +end; +vab2=(r3*In)*(rn/(rth+r3)); +disp(sprintf("By Norton Theorem, the value of V_ab is %f V",vab2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.38/ch1_ex_38.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.38/ch1_ex_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bad64aec --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.38/ch1_ex_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 38 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 38"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=2; //current source in Amperes +r1=2; //in Ohms +r2=1; //in Ohms +r3=1; //in Ohms +r4=2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//Thevenin Equivalent circuit +I1=1; //since there is equal resistance of 3Ω, hence, current=1A +vth=(I1*r2)+(-I1*r4); +req1=r1+r2; +req2=r3+r4; +rth=(req1*req2)/(req1+req2); +disp("THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT IS-"); +disp(sprintf(" Thevenin voltage= %d V",vth)); +disp(sprintf(" Thevenin resistance= %f Ω",rth)); + +//Norton Equivalent circuit +v1=I/((1/r2)+(1/r4)); +v2=-I/((1/r3)+(1/r1)); +req1=r1+r2; +req2=r3+r4; +rn=(req1*req2)/(req1+req2); +Isc=(v1/r4)+v2; +disp("NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT IS-"); +disp(sprintf(" Norton current= %f A",Isc)); +disp(sprintf(" Norton resistance= %f Ω",rn)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.39/ch1_ex_39.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.39/ch1_ex_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237e65eb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.39/ch1_ex_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 39 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 39"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=2; //in Volts +r=2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +z_star=r/3; +req1=(r/3)+r; +req2=(r/3)+r; +req3=(req1*req2)/(req1+req2); +req4=(r/3)+req3; +req5=(req4*r)/(req4+r); +I=v/req5; +disp(sprintf("The value of I is %d A",I)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.4/ch1_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.4/ch1_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aa57e8de --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.4/ch1_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=1; //LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=3; //in Ohms +r4=4; //in Ohms +r5=5; //in Ohms +r6=6; //in Ohms +r7=7; //in Ohms +r8=8; //RHS resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//To find resistance between a and b +req1=r1+r2; +req2=(req1*r3)/(req1+r3); +req3=req2+(r4+r5); +req4=(req3*r6)/(req3+r6); +req5=req4+r7; +req6=(req5*r8)/(req5+r8); +disp(sprintf("The eqiuvalent resistance between points a and b is %f Ω",req6)); + +//To find resistance between c and d +req7=r7+r8; +req8=(req7*r6)/(req7+r6); +req9=req2+r5+req8; +req10=(req9*r4)/(req9+r4); +disp(sprintf("The eqiuvalent resistance between points c and d is %f Ω",req10)); + +//To find resistance between d and e +req11=req2+r4+r5; +req12=(req11*r6)/(req11+r6); +req13=(req12*req7)/(req12+req7); +disp(sprintf("The eqiuvalent resistance between points d and e is %f Ω",req13)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.40/ch1_ex_40.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.40/ch1_ex_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09fde3e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.40/ch1_ex_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 40 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 40"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=20; //in Volts +v2=10; //in Volts +r1=5; //top resistance in Ohms +r2=10; //bottom resistance in Ohms +r3=5; //in Ohms +r4=5; //in Ohms +r5=10; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//(5)I1+(10)I3+(-10)I4=20............eq (1) +//(0)I1+(10)I3+(10)I4=-50............eq (2) +//(5)I1+(20)I3+(0)I4=-30.............eq (3) (eq(1) + eq(2)) +//Since the determinant of matrix A is 0, hence, the set of these equations cannot be solved by matrix method +//So, solving them directly, + +I3=-15/25; +I1=-3-(3/5); +I4=-5-(-3/5); +I=I1+3+5; +disp("The currents (in Amperes) flowing in different branches are:"); +disp(I1); +disp(I3); +disp(I4); +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f A",I)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.41/ch1_ex_41.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.41/ch1_ex_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..441c9075e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.41/ch1_ex_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 41 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 41"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +vs=6; //in Volts +Is=4; //in Amperes +r1=5; //in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=2; //in Ohms +r=2/3; //in Ohms +r4=3; //in Ohms +r5=1; //in Ohms +r6=2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +req1=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3); +req2=req1+r1; //resistance across vs +va=vs/req2; +rth1=(req1*r1)/(req1+r1); +I1=Is*(r2/req2); //current in 3Ω +vb=I1*r4; +rth2=(r4*r4)/(r4+r4); //since r4 is also 3Ω +I=(vb-va)/(rth1+r+rth2); +disp(sprintf("The value of the current is %d A",I)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.42/ch1_ex_42.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.42/ch1_ex_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ca60c3ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.42/ch1_ex_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 42 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 42"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=10; //in Volts +I=0.5; //in Amperes +r1=4; //top LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //top RHS resistance in Ohms +r3=2; //first resistance in Ohms +r4=2; //second resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//using Thevenin theorem +rth=(r1*r3)/(r1+r3); +vth=v*(r3/(r1+r3)); +//solving for R directly, +R=(40-(56*I))/(24*I); +disp(sprintf("(i) By Thevenin Theorem, the value of R is %d Ω",R)); + +//using nodal analysis +//solving the quadratic equation formed by comparing eq(1) and eq(2) +//(3)R^2+(-3)R+(0)=0 +a=3; +b=-3; +c=0; +D=(b^2)-(4*a*c); //discriminant +R1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +R2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +if(R1==1) then +disp(sprintf("(ii) By Nodal analysis, the value of R is %d Ω",R1)); +else +disp(sprintf("(ii) By Nodal analysis, the value of R is %d Ω",R1)); +end; + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.43/ch1_ex_43.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.43/ch1_ex_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6582237e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.43/ch1_ex_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 43 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 43"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I1=2; //in Amperes +I2=4; //in Amperes +v=2; //in Volts +r1=200; //in Ohms +r2=100; //in Ohms +r3=4; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +req1=34; +Ia=I2*(r3/req1); +req2=24; +Iab=I1*(req2/req1); +I=Ia+Iab; +vab=I*10; +disp(sprintf("The voltage V_ab is %f V",vab)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.44/ch1_ex_44.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.44/ch1_ex_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd1019bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.44/ch1_ex_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 44 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 44"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=40; //in Amperes +r=5; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +v=I*r; +disp(sprintf("The voltage required is %d V",v)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.45/ch1_ex_45.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.45/ch1_ex_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed9fa8ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.45/ch1_ex_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 45 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 45"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p=5*1000; //in Watts +v=200; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +r=(v^2)/p; +disp(sprintf("Value of resistance is %d Ω",r)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.46/ch1_ex_46.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.46/ch1_ex_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4623527b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.46/ch1_ex_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 46 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 46"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=240; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +//case1: p=60W +p1=60; //in Watts +r1=(v^2)/p1; +disp(sprintf("Resistance of the metal filament lamp is %d Ω",r1)); + +//case2: p=100W +p2=100; //in Watts +r2=(v^2)/p2; + +if(r1>r2) then +disp(sprintf("Resistance of %d W lamp will be greater",p1)); +else +disp(sprintf("Resistance of %d W lamp will be greater",p2)); +end; + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.47/ch1_ex_47.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.47/ch1_ex_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b53f1882 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.47/ch1_ex_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 47 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 47"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +lc=20; //length of copper wire in m +dc=0.015/100; //diameter of copper wire in m +rhoc=1.7; //specific resistance for copper +lp=15; //length of platinum silver wire in m +dp=0.015/100; //diameter of platinum silver wire in m +rhop=2.43; //specific resistance for platinum silver + +//SOLUTION + +//for copper wire +sc=(%pi/4)*(dc^2); //area +rc=rhoc*(lc/sc); + +//for platinum silver +sp=(%pi/4)*(dp^2); //area +rp=rhop*(lp/sp); + + +if(rc>rp) then +disp("Copper wire has greater resistance"); +else +disp("Platinum silver wire has greater resistance"); +end; + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.48/ch1_ex_48.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.48/ch1_ex_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3955c327 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.48/ch1_ex_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 48 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 48"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=2.05; //1st cell in Volts +v2=2.15; //2nd cell in Volts +r1=0.05; //in Ohms +r2=0.04; //in Ohms +r3=1; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//(r3+r1)I1+(r3)I2=v1......eq (1) +//(r3)I1+(r3+r2)I2=v2......eq (2) +req1=r3+r1; +req2=r3+r2; +A=[req1 r3;r3 req2]; +b=[v1;v2]; +x=inv(A)*b; +I1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +I2=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd element of 2X1 matrix +I=I1+I2; +pd=I*r3; +disp(sprintf("Current through B1 is %f A",I1)); +disp(sprintf("Current through B2 is %f A",I2)); +disp(sprintf("Potential difference across AC is %f V",pd)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.49/ch1_ex_49.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.49/ch1_ex_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f4945fa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.49/ch1_ex_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 49 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 49"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=110; //voltage source in Volts +v2=80; //voltage source in Volts +v3=50; //voltage source in Volts +r=2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I1=4; //charging +I2=6; //charging +r1=((v1-v2)-((I1+I2)*r))/I1; +r2=((v1-v3)-((I1+I2)*r))/I2; +disp(sprintf("(a) R1= %f Ω",r1)); +disp(sprintf(" R2= %f Ω",r2)); + +//solution (b) +I1=2; //discharging +I2=20; //charging +r1=((v1-v2)-((I2-I1)*r))/(-I1); +r2=((v1-v3)-((I2-I1)*r))/I2; +disp(sprintf("(b) R1= %f Ω",r1)); +disp(sprintf(" R2= %f Ω",r2)); + +//solution (c) +I1=0; +I2=(v1-v2)/r; +r2=((v1-v3)-(I2*r))/I2; +disp(sprintf("(c) I1=0 when R2= %d Ω",r2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.5/ch1_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.5/ch1_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e42921133 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.5/ch1_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=2; //in Ohms +r2=4; //in Ohms +r3=8; //in Ohms +r4=8; //in Ohms +r5=2; //middle resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//To find resistance between a and c +req1=r1+r2; +req2=r1+r4; +req3=(req1*r1)/(req1+r1); +req4=(req3*req2)/(req3+req2); +disp(sprintf("The eqiuvalent resistance between points a and c is %f Ω",req4)); + +//To find resistance between b and d +//converting delta abc into star +//delta values +rab=r1; +rbc=r2; +rac=6; +//star values +r=rab+rbc+rac; +ra=(rab*rbc)/r; +rb=(rab*rac)/r; +rc=(rbc*rac)/r; +req5=rb+rac; +req6=rc+8; +req7=ra+((req5*req6)/(req5+req6)); +disp(sprintf("The eqiuvalent resistance between points b and d is %f Ω",req7)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.50/ch1_ex_50.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.50/ch1_ex_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..694ba8a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.50/ch1_ex_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 50 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 50"); + +//SOLUTION +//(5)I1+(-3)I2=10..........eq (1) +//(-3)I1+(34)I2=40.........eq (2) +A=[5 -3;-3 34]; +b=[10;40]; +x=inv(A)*b; +I1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 2X1 matrix +I2=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd element of 2X1 matrix +I=I2-I1; +disp(sprintf("Current i1 is %f A (loop EFAB)",I1)); +disp(sprintf("Current i2 is %f A (loop BCDE)",abs(I))); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.51/ch1_ex_51.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.51/ch1_ex_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..769c71b81 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.51/ch1_ex_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 51 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 51"); + +//SOLUTION +//(9)I1+(-5)I2+(-3)I3=5..........eq (1) +//(-5)I1+(8)I2+(-1)I3=5..........eq (2) +//(-3)I1+(-1)I2+(6)I3=3..........eq (3) +A=[9 -5 -3;-5 8 -1;-3 -1 6]; +b=[5;5;3]; +x=inv(A)*b; +I1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 3X1 matrix +I2=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd element of 3X1 matrix +I3=x(3,:); //to access the 3rd element of 3X1 matrix +disp(sprintf("Current i1 is %f A (loop ABGH)",I1)); +disp(sprintf("Current i2 is %f A (loop BCDH)",I2)); +disp(sprintf("Current i3 is %f A (loop GDEF)",I3)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.52/ch1_ex_52.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.52/ch1_ex_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eba623ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.52/ch1_ex_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 52 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 52"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=20; //LHS voltage source in Volts +v2=12; //RHS voltage source in Volts +r1=5; //LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=8; //in Ohms +r4=10; //RHS resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//by Thevenin's Theorem +rth=r3+((r1*r2)/(r1+r2)); +v=v1*(r2/(r1+r2)); //by voltage divider law +vab=-v2+(r3*0)+(rth*0)+v; +I1=vab/(rth+r4); +Isc=vab/rth; +disp(sprintf("By Thevenin Theorem, the value of current is %f A",I1)); + +//verification by Norton's Theorem +//7I1+2I2=20.................eq (1) +//2I1+10I2=12................eq (2) +//solving the equations using matrix method +A=[7 2;2 10]; +b=[20;12]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); //to access 1st element of 2X1 matrix +x2=x(2,:); //to access 2nd element of 2X1 matrix and Isc=-x2 +Isc=-x2; +I2=Isc*(rth/(rth+r4)); +if(I1==I2) +disp(sprintf("By Norton Theorem, the value of current is %f A",I2)); +disp(sprintf("Hence, answer is confirmed by Norton Theorem")); +else +disp(sprintf("The answer is not confirmed by Norton Theorem")); +end; + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.53/ch1_ex_53.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.53/ch1_ex_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20596387d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.53/ch1_ex_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 53 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 53"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=10; //LHS voltage source in Volts +v2=4; //RHS voltage source in Volts +r1=2; //LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=3; //in Ohms +r3=10; //in Ohms +r4=3; //in Ohms +r5=1; //RHS resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +van=v1*(r2/(r1+r2)); //by voltage divider law +vbn=-v2*(r4/(r5+r4)); //by voltage divider law +ran=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2); +rbn=(r4*r5)/(r4+r5); +vab=(ran*0)+van-vbn+(rbn*0); +vth=vab; +disp(sprintf("The Thevenin voltage is %d V",vth)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.54/ch1_ex_54.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.54/ch1_ex_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92c5e6fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.54/ch1_ex_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 54 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 54"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=5; //voltage source in Volts +r1=1; //LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=5; //in Ohms +r3=1; //in Ohms +r4=1; //RHS resistance in Ohms +I=10; //current source in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//on deactivating the current source, current I1 flows in the circuit +req1=r1+r3+r4; +I1=v/req1; +vab1=v-(I1*r1); //(I1*r1) is voltage drop across 1Ω resistance +I2=I/req1; +vab2=vab1+(I2*r1); //(I2*r1) is voltage drop across 1Ω resistance +rth=r1+((r3*r4)/(r3+r4)); +Ith=vab2/(rth+r2); +Rth=(6/5)+(3/4); +req2=10+2; +I3=9/12; +disp(sprintf("The value of the current is %f A",I3)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.55/ch1_ex_55.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.55/ch1_ex_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0557dd4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.55/ch1_ex_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 55 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 55"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=50; //voltage source in Volts +v2=100; //voltage source in Volts +r1=40; //in Ohms +r2=50; //in Ohms +r3=20; //in Ohms +r4=10; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +diff=(v1/r2)-(v2/r3); +vp=diff/((1/r2)+(1/r3)+(1/r4)); +vba=vp+v2; +disp(sprintf("The voltage between A and B is %f V",vba)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.56/ch1_ex_56.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.56/ch1_ex_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ec8eff3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.56/ch1_ex_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 56 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 56"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r=1; //this is an assumption +r1=r*1; //in Ohms +r2=r*2; //in Ohms +r3=r*3; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +ra=r1+r2+((r1*r2)/(r1+r2)); +rb=r2+r3+((r2*r3)/(r2+r3)); +rc=r1+r3+((r1*r3)/(r1+r3)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent delta values are %f Ω, %f Ω and %f Ω",ra,rb,rc)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.57/ch1_ex_57.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.57/ch1_ex_57.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56df93750 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.57/ch1_ex_57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 57 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 57"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=10; //voltage source in Ohms +r1=2; //RHS resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=4; //in Ohms +r4=4; //in Ohms +I=20; //current source in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +r=r1+r2; +//deactivating voltage source of 10Ω +v1=-I/((1/r)+(1/r3)+(1/r4)); //from equation +I1=v1/r3; + +//deactivating current source of 20A +v2=(v/r)/((1/r)+(1/r3)+(1/r4)); +I2=v2/r3; + +I_tot=I1+I2; +if(I_tot>0) +disp(sprintf("The value of I is %f A (upward)",I_tot)); +else +disp(sprintf("The value of I is %f A (downward)",-I_tot)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.58/ch1_ex_58.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.58/ch1_ex_58.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f077490a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.58/ch1_ex_58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 58 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 58"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=20; //LHS voltage source in Volts +v2=5; //RHS voltage source in Volts +r1=100; //LHS resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=1; //in Ohms +r4=4; //in Ohms +r5=1; //RHS resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//applying Thevenin's Theorem +//Thevnin's equivalent resistance, r_th is same as r_AB +r_th=((r3+r5)*r2)/((r3+r5)+r2); +v_th=(v1-v2)/2; //from the equation +I1=v_th/(r4+r_th); +v1=I1*r4; +disp(sprintf("By Thevenin Theorem, the value of V is %d V",v1)); + +//applying Norton's Theorem +//Norton's equivalent resistance, r_n is same as r_AB +r_n=((r3+r5)*r2)/((r3+r5)+r2); +I_n=(v1-v2)/r2; //since v_A=0 +I2=r_n*(I_n/(r4+r_n)); +v2=I2*r4; +disp(sprintf("By Norton Theorem, the value of V is %d V",v2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.59/ch1_ex_59.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.59/ch1_ex_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..907d3074d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.59/ch1_ex_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 59 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 59"); + +//SOLUTION + +//I1+I2=20...............eq (1) +//-I1+I2=10..............eq (2) +//solving the simultaneous equations by matrix method + +A=[1 1;-1 1]; +b=[20;10]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); //to access 1st element of 2X1 matrix +x2=x(2,:); //to access 2nd element of 2X1 matrix +disp(sprintf("Current I1= %d A",x1)); +disp(sprintf("Current I2= %d A",x2)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.6/ch1_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.6/ch1_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db39be0af --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.6/ch1_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +non=4; //number of nodes +nob=6; //number of branches + +//SOLUTION +nome=nob-non+1; //number of mesh equations +disp(sprintf("Number of mesh equations are %d",nome)); +none=non-1; +disp(sprintf("Number of node equations are %d",none)); + +//(5/2)I1+(-2)I2+(-1/2)I3=4.....eq (1) +//(0)I1+(0)I2+(1)I3=-2..........eq (2) +//(-2)I1+(10/3)I2+(-1/3)I3=0....eq (3) +//using matrix method to solve the set of equations +A=[5/2 -2 -1/2;-2 10/3 -1/3;0 0 1]; +b=[4;0;-2]; +x=inv(A)*b; +I=x(1,:); //to access the 1st element of 3X1 matrix +disp(sprintf("The current from the source V is %d A",I)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.7/ch1_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.7/ch1_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6f477eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.7/ch1_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I1=1; //current source in Amperes +v1=4; //voltage source in Volts +v2=3; //voltage source in Volts +v3=6; //voltage source in Volts +r1=2; //resistance in Ohms +r2=2; //resistance in Ohms +r3=1; //resistance in Ohms +r4=3; //resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//converting all the voltage sources into current souces +I2=v1/r1; +I3=v2/r3; +I4=v3/r4; +disp(sprintf("The four current sources are %d A, %d A, %d A and %d A",I1,I2,I3,I4)); + +req1=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2); // 2Ω and 2Ω are in parallel +req2=(r3*r4)/(r3+r4); // 3Ω and 1Ω are in parallel +v2=(I1+I4)*req1; +v3=(I3-I2)*req2; +req=req1+req2; +v=v2+v3; +I=v/req; +disp("VOLTAGE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:"); +disp(sprintf(" Voltage source= %f V",v)); +disp(sprintf(" Equivalent resistance(in series)= %f Ω",req)); +disp("CURRENT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:"); +disp(sprintf(" Current source= %f A",I)); +disp(sprintf(" Equivalent resistance(in parallel)= %f Ω",req)); + +//END + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.8/ch1_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.8/ch1_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe06ea422 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.8/ch1_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=2; //current source in Amperes +r1=1/2; //in Ohms +r2=1/2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//current source 2 A is converted into two 1V sources +v1=I*r1; +v2=I*r2; +disp(sprintf("The voltage sources after conversion are %d V and %d V",v1,v2)); +//(5/2)I1+(-1)I2=0........eq (1) +//(-1)I1+(7/2)I2=2........eq (2) +//using matrix method to solve the set of equations +A=[5/2 -1;-1 7/2]; +b=[2;2]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x=x(2,:); +disp(sprintf("The current in 2Ω resistor is %f A",x)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH1/EX1.9/ch1_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH1/EX1.9/ch1_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b32b2f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH1/EX1.9/ch1_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 1- D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND NETWORK THEOREMS +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 1"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=1; //in Ohms +r2=2; //in Ohms +r3=3; //in Ohms +r4=1; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//delta values +rab=r1; //between points a and b +rac=r2; //between points a and c +rbc=r3; //between points b and c +//coverting delta abc into star +//star values +r=rab+rbc+rac; +ra=(rab*rac)/r; +rb=(rab*rbc)/r; +rc=(rbc*rac)/r; + +req1=r1+r4; +req2=rb+r2; +req3=(req1*req2)/(req1+req2); +req4=ra+req3; +disp(sprintf("The equivalent input resistance is %f Ω",req4)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.10/ch10_ex_10.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.10/ch10_ex_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce8d85e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.10/ch10_ex_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 10 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 10"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=6; //number of poles +f=60; //in Hertz +p=48; //stator input in Watts +N_r=1140; //in rpm +cu_loss=1.4; //stator copper loss in Watts +cr_loss=1.6; //stator core loss in Watts +me_loss=1; //rotor mechanical loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION +N_s=(120*f)/P; +s=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; +p_g=p-(cu_loss+cr_loss); //rotor input +p_m=p_g*(1-s); //output mechanical power +p_sh=p_m-me_loss; //shaft power +eff=p_sh/p; +disp(sprintf("The motor efficiency is %f %%",eff*100)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.11/ch10_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.11/ch10_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2164770 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.11/ch10_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P1=4; //number of poles +s=5/100; //slip +f=60; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +N_s=(120*f)/P1; +N_r=N_s*(1-s); +N_r=round(N_r); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(a) The speed of the motor is %d rpm",N_r)); + +//solution (b) +P2=6; +N_s=(120*f)/P2; +disp(sprintf("(b) The speed of the generator is %d rpm",N_s)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.12/ch10_ex_12.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.12/ch10_ex_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2ab1d370 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.12/ch10_ex_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 12 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 12"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=440; //in Volts +I=1200; //in Amperes +eff=0.85; //full load efficiency +pow_fact=0.8; //full load power factor + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I_fl1=I/5; //starting current at rated voltage is 5 times the rated full-load current +p1=sqrt(3)*v*I_fl1*pow_fact*eff; +disp(sprintf("(a) The maximum rating when the motor starts at full voltage is %f kW",p1/1000)); + +//solution (b) +I_fl2=I/((0.8^2)*5); +p2=sqrt(3)*v*I_fl2*pow_fact*eff; +disp(sprintf("(b) The maximum rating when the motor is used with an auto-transformer is %f kW",p2/1000)); + +//solution (c) +I_fl3=I/((0.578^2)*5); +p3=sqrt(3)*v*I_fl3*pow_fact*eff; +disp(sprintf("(c) The maximum rating when the motor is used with star-delta starter is %f kW",p3/1000)); + +//The answers are slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.13/ch10_ex_13.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.13/ch10_ex_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2450a5569 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.13/ch10_ex_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 13 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 13"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +f=50; //in Hertz +N_r=1440; //full-load speed in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +function N=speed(pole); +N=(120*f)/pole; +endfunction; + +pole=2; +N=speed(pole); +if(N>N_r & N<2000) +P=pole; +N_s1=N; +disp(sprintf("(a) The number of poles is %d",P)); +end; +pole=4; +N=speed(pole); +if(N>N_r & N<2000) +P=pole; +N_s1=N; +disp(sprintf("(a) The number of poles is %d",P)); +end; +pole=6; +N=speed(pole); +if(N>N_r & N<2000) +P=pole; +N_s1=N; +disp(sprintf("(a) The number of poles is %d",P)); +end; + +//solution (b) +s=(N_s1-N_r)/N_s1; +f_r=s*f; +disp(sprintf("(b) The slip is %f %% and rotor frequency is %d Hz",s*100,f_r)); + +//solution (c) +w1=(2*%pi*N_s1)/60; +disp(sprintf("(c(i)) The speed of stator field w.r.t. stator structure is %f rad/s",w1)); +N_s2=N_s1-N_r; +w2=(2*%pi*N_s2)/60; +disp(sprintf("(c(ii)) The speed of stator field w.r.t. rotor structure is %f rad/s",w2)); + +//solution (d) +factor=(2*%pi)/60; //converting factor from rpm to radian/second +N_r1=(120*f_r)/P; +disp(sprintf("(d(i)) The speed of rotor field w.r.t. rotor structure is %f rad/s",N_r1*factor)); +N_r2=N_r+N_r1; +disp(sprintf("(d(ii)) The speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator structure is %f rad/s",N_r2*factor)); +N_r3=N_s1-N_r2; +disp(sprintf("(d(iii)) The speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator structure is %d rad/s",N_r3)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.14/ch10_ex_14.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.14/ch10_ex_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9dddcdad --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.14/ch10_ex_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 14 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 14"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p=10*1000; //in Watts +I_nl=8; //no load line current in Amperes +p_ni=660; //input power at no load in Watts +I_fl=18; //full load current in Amperes +p_fi=11.20*1000; //input power at full load in Watts +r=1.2; //stator resistance per phase in Ohms +loss=420; //friction and winding loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I1=I_nl/sqrt(3); +i_sq_r1=(I1^2)*r*3; //stator (I^2*R) loss at no load +s_loss=p_ni-loss-i_sq_r1; +disp(sprintf("(a) The stator core loss is %f W",s_loss)); + +//solution (b) +I2=I_fl/sqrt(3); +i_sq_r2=(I2^2)*r*3; +p_g=p_fi-s_loss-i_sq_r2; +r_loss=p_g-p; +disp(sprintf("(b) The total rotor loss at full load is %f W",r_loss)); + +//solution (c) +o_loss=r_loss-loss; +disp(sprintf("(c) The total rotor ohmic loss at full load is %f W",o_loss)); + +//solution (d) +s_fl=o_loss/p_g; //full load slip +N_s=1500; +N_r=N_s*(1-s_fl); +disp(sprintf("(d) The full load speed is %f rpm",N_r)); + +//solution (e) +w=(2*%pi*N_s)/60; +T_e=p_g/w; +disp(sprintf("(e) The internal torque is %f N-m",T_e)); +T_sh=p/(w*(1-s_fl)); +disp(sprintf(" The shaft torque is %f N-m",T_sh)); +eff=p/p_fi; +disp(sprintf(" The motor efficiency is %f %%",eff*100)); + +//The answers may be slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.15/ch10_ex_15.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.15/ch10_ex_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8797d77be --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.15/ch10_ex_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 15 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 15"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +f_s=50; //in Hertz +f_l=20; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +N1=(120*f_s)/P; //speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator structure +N2=(120*f_l)/P; //speed of rotor field w.r.t. rotor structure +N_r1=N1-N2; +N_r2=N1+N2; +disp("(a) The prime mover should should drive the rotor at two speeds-"); +disp(sprintf("At %d rpm in the direction of stator field",N_r1)); +disp(sprintf("At %d rpm against the direction of stator field",N_r2)); + +//solution (b) +s1=(N1-N_r1)/N1; +s2=(N1-N_r2)/N1; +ratio=s1/s2; //all other parameters in the expressions of the two voltages are equal +disp(sprintf("(b) The ratio of the two voltages at the two speeds is %d",ratio)); + +//solution (c) +disp("(c) The poles sequence of -3Φ rotor voltage do not remain the same"); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.16/ch10_ex_16.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.16/ch10_ex_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2fd39150 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.16/ch10_ex_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 16 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 16"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +ratio1=1.5; //ratio of T_est and T_efl +ratio2=2.5; //ratio of T_em and T_efl + +//SOLUTION +s=1; + +//solution (a) +//directly solving the quadratic equation +a=1; +b=-3.333; +c=1; +D=(b)^2-(4*a*c); //discriminant +sm1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +sm2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +if(sm1<=0 & sm2<=0) then +disp("The value of the slip at maximum torque is not valid"); +else if(sm1>0 & sm1<1) +disp(sprintf("The slip at maximum torque is %f",sm1)); +else if(sm2>0 & sm2<1) +disp(sprintf("The slip at maximum torque is %f",sm2)); +end; + +//solution (b) +//directly solving the quadratic equation +a=1; +b=-1.665; +c=0.111; +D=(b)^2-(4*a*c); +ans1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +ans2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +if(ans1>0 & ans1<1) +disp(sprintf("The full load slip is %f",ans1)); +sfl=ans1; +else if(ans2>0 & ans2<1) +disp(sprintf("The full load slip is %f",ans2)); +sfl=ans2; +end; + +//solution (c) +I=sqrt(ratio1/sfl); +disp(sprintf("The rotor current at the starting in terms of full load current is %f A",I)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.2/ch10_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.2/ch10_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..220675f0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.2/ch10_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=6; //number of poles +f1=60; //frequency in Hertz +N_r1=1140; //in rpm + +//SOLUTION +N_s=(120*f1)/P; +s1=(N_s-N_r1)/N_s; //slip at full load + +//solution (a) +N_r2=0; +s2=(N_s-N_r2)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("(a) At standstill, the slip is %f %%",s2*100)); +if(s2>1) +disp("Since the slip is greater than 100%, the motor operates as brake"); +end; +if(s2<0) +disp("Since the slip is negative, the motor operates as generator"); +end; +f2=s2*f1; +disp(sprintf("And the frequency is %d Hz",f2)); +if(f2<0) +disp("Since frequency is negative, phase sequence of voltage induced in rotor winding is reversed"); +end; + +//solution (b) +N_r3=500; +s3=(N_s-N_r3)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("(b) At %d rpm, the slip is %f %%",N_r3,s3*100)); +if(s3>1) +disp("Since the slip is greater than 100%, the motor operates as brake"); +end; +if(s3<0) +disp("Since the slip is negative, the motor operates as generator"); +end; +f3=s3*f1; +disp(sprintf("And the frequency is %d Hz",f3)); +if(f3<0) +disp("Since frequency is negative, phase sequence of voltage induced in rotor winding is reversed"); +end; + +//solution (c) +N_r4=500; +s4=(N_s+N_r4)/N_s; //as motor runs in opposite direction +disp(sprintf("(c) At %d rpm, the slip is %f %%",N_r4,s4*100)); +if(s4>1) +disp("Since the slip is greater than 100%, the motor operates as brake"); +end; +if(s4<0) +disp("Since the slip is negative, the motor operates as generator"); +end; +f4=s4*f1; +disp(sprintf("And the frequency is %d Hz",f4)); +if(f4<0) +disp("Since frequency is negative, phase sequence of voltage induced in rotor winding is reversed"); +end; + +//solution (d) +N_r5=2000; +s5=(N_s-N_r5)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("(d) At %d rpm, the slip is %f %%",N_r5,s5*100)); +if(s5>1) +disp("Since the slip is greater than 100%, the motor operates as brake"); +end; +if(s5<0) +disp("Since the slip is negative, the motor operates as generator"); +end; +f5=s5*f1; +disp(sprintf("And the frequency is %d Hz",f5)); +if(f5<0) +disp("Since frequency is negative, phase sequence of voltage induced in rotor winding is reversed"); +end; + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.3/ch10_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.3/ch10_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11806edbe --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.3/ch10_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N_r=1140; //full load speed in rpm +f=60; //in Hz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +P=(120*f)/N_r; +P=round(P); +disp(sprintf("(i) The number of poles is %d",P)); + +//solution (ii) +N_s=(120*f)/P; +s=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The slip at full load is %d %%",s*100)); + +//solution (iii) +f_r=s*f; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The frequency of the rotor voltge is %d Hz",f_r)); + +//solution (iv) +N1=(120*f_r)/P; //speed of rotor field w.r.t stator +N1=round(N1); +disp(sprintf("(iv) The speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor is %d rpm",N1)); + +//solution (v) +N2=N_r+N1; //speed of stator field w.r.t stator field +N3=N_s-N2; //speed of rotor field w.r.t stator field +disp(sprintf("(v) The speed of rotor field w.r.t stator field is %d rpm",N3)); +disp("Hence, the rotor field is stationary w.r.t stator field"); + +//solution (vi) +ratio=10/100; //10% slip +N_r=N_s*(1-ratio); +N_r=round(N_r); +disp(sprintf("(vi) The speed of rotor at 10%% slip is %d rpm",N_r)); +s1=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; +fr=s1*f; +disp(sprintf(" The rotor frequency at this speed is %f Hz",fr)); + +//solution (vii) +v=230; +ratio1=1/0.5; +E_rotor=v*(1/ratio1); +E_rotor_dash=ratio*E_rotor; +disp(sprintf("(vii) The rotor induced emf is %f V",E_rotor_dash)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.4/ch10_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.4/ch10_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e81b21b5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.4/ch10_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r2=0.2; //in Ohms +X2=2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +s_m=r2/X2; + +//solution (a) +s=1; +ratio1=2/((s/s_m)+(s_m/s)); //ratio of T_starting and T_max +ratio2=2*ratio1; //ratio of T_starting and T_full-load (T_max=2*T_full-load) +disp(sprintf("(a) If the motor is started by direct-on-line starter, the ratio of starting torque to full load torque is %f",ratio2)); + +//solution (b) +ratio3=(1/3)*ratio2; //In star-delta starter, T_starting=(1/3)*T_starting_of_DOL +disp(sprintf("(b) If the motor is started by star-delta starter, the ratio of starting torque to full load torque is %f",ratio3)); + +//solution (c) +ratio4=0.7*2*ratio2; //due to 70% tapping +disp(sprintf("(c) If the motor is started by auto-transformer, the ratio of starting torque to full load torque is %f",ratio4)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.5/ch10_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.5/ch10_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7a59dae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.5/ch10_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P1=12; //number of poles of alternator +N_s1=500; //synchronous speed of alternator in rpm +P2=8; //number of poles of motor +s=0.03; //slip of the motor + +//SOLUTION +f=(N_s1*P1)/120; +N_s2=(120*f)/P2; +N_r=N_s2*(1-s); +N_r=round(N_r); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The speed of the motor is %d rpm",N_r)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.6/ch10_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.6/ch10_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d32ab7468 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.6/ch10_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +f_r=2; //rotor frequency in Hertz +f_s=50; //stator frequency in Hertz +v=400; //in Volts +ratio=1/0.5; //stator to rotor turn ratio + +//SOLUTION +s=f_r/f_s; +N_s=(120*f_s)/P; +N_r=N_s*(1-s); +N_r=round(N_r); +disp(sprintf("The speed of the motor is %d rpm",N_r)); +E_s=v/sqrt(3); +E_r=E_s*(1/ratio); +E_r_dash=s*E_r; +disp(sprintf("The rotor induced emf above 2 Hz is %f V",E_r_dash)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.7/ch10_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.7/ch10_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0199f014c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.7/ch10_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +f=50; //in Hz +r2=0.1; //rotor resistance in Ohms +X2=2; //standstill reactance in Ohms +E1=100; //induced emf between slip ring in Volts +N_r=1460; //full load speed in rpm + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +N_s=(120*f)/P; +s_fl=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("(i) The slip at full load is %f %%",s_fl*100)); +s_m=r2/X2; +disp(sprintf("The slip at which maximum torque occurs is %f %%",s_m*100)); + +//solution (ii) +E2=E1/sqrt(3); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf induced in rotor per phase is %f V",E2)); + +//solution (iii) +X2_dash=s_fl*X2; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The rotor reactance per phase is %f Ω",X2_dash)); + +//solution (iv) +z=sqrt((r2^2)+(X2_dash)^2); +I2=(s_fl*E2)/z; +disp(sprintf("(iv) The rotor current is %f A",I2)); + +//solution (v) +pow_fact_r=r2/z; +disp(sprintf("(v) The rotor power factor is %f (lagging)",pow_fact_r)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.8/ch10_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.8/ch10_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab32dcaa --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.8/ch10_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N_s=1200; //in rpm +p_in=80; //in kW +loss=5; //copper and iron losses in kW +f_loss=2; //friction and windage loss in kW +N=1152; //in rpm + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p_rotor=p_in-loss; +disp(sprintf("(a) The active power transmitted to rotor is %d kW",p_rotor)); + +//solution (b) +s=(N_s-N)/N_s; +cu_loss=s*p_rotor; +disp(sprintf("(b) The rotor copper loss is %d kW",cu_loss)); + +//solution (c) +p_m=(1-s)*p_rotor; +disp(sprintf("(c) The mechanical power developed is %d kW",p_m)); + +//solution (d) +p_shaft=p_m-f_loss; //output power +disp(sprintf("(d) The mechanical power developed to load is %d kW",p_shaft)); + +//solution (e) +eff=p_shaft/p_in; +disp(sprintf("(e) The efficiency of the motor is %f %%",eff*100)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH10/EX10.9/ch10_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH10/EX10.9/ch10_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83153991b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH10/EX10.9/ch10_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//CHAPTER 10- THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 10"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p=150*1000; //in Watts +v=3000; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +P=6; //number of poles +ratio=3.6; //ratio of stator turn to rotor turn +r2=0.1; //rotor resistance in Ohms +L=3.61/1000; //leakage inductance per phase in Henry + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +X2=2*%pi*f*L; +E1=v/sqrt(3); +E2=E1*(1/ratio); +z1=sqrt((r2^2)+(X2^2)); +I2=E2/z1; //rotor current +I_s=I2/ratio; //stator current +N_s=(120*f)/P; +w=(2*%pi*N_s)/60; +T_s1=(3*E2^2*r2)/(w*z1^2); +disp(sprintf("(a) The starting current is %f A and torque is %f N-m",I_s,T_s1)); + +//solution (b) +I_s1=30; +I_r=ratio*I_s1; +r=sqrt(((E2/I_r)^2)-(X2^2)); +r_ext=r-r2; +z2=sqrt((r_ext^2)+(X2^2)); +T_s2=(3*E2^2*r)/(w*z2^2); +disp(sprintf("(b) The external resistance is %f Ω and torque is %f N-m",r_ext,T_s2)); + +//There answers are different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH11/EX11.1/ch11_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH11/EX11.1/ch11_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b32400c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH11/EX11.1/ch11_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 11- SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR +//Examle 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 11"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=6; //number of poles +f=50; //frequency in Hz +pow_fd=160; //gross power absorbed by forward field in W +pow_bd=20; //gross power absorbed by backward field in W +N_r=950; //rotor speed in rpm +loss=75; //no load frictional loss in W + +//SOLUTION +P_g=pow_fd-pow_bd; //air-gap power +N_s=(120*f)/P; //synchronous speed +S=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; //slip +P_m=P_g*(1-S); //mechanical power +P_o=P_m-loss; //output or shaft power +w=(2*%pi*N_r)/60; +T=P_o/w; +disp(sprintf("The shaft torque is %f N-m",T)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH11/EX11.2/ch11_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH11/EX11.2/ch11_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c097fb6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH11/EX11.2/ch11_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 11- SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR +//Examle 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 11"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //numbre of poles +f=60; //frequency on Hz +N_r=1710; //rotor speed in rpm +r=12.5; //in ohms + +//SOLUTION + +N_s=(120*f)/P; + +//solution (a) +disp("Solution (a)"); +S_f=(N_s-N_r)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("The slip in forward direction is %f %%",S_f*100)); +r_f=0.5*(r/S_f); +disp(sprintf("The forward effective rotor resistance is %f Ω",r_f)); + +//solution (b) +disp("Solution (b)"); +S_b=(N_s+N_r)/N_s; +disp(sprintf("The slip in backward direction is %f %%",S_b*100)); +r_b=0.5*(r/S_b); +disp(sprintf("The backward effective rotor resistance is %f Ω",r_b)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dbc6b6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//SOLUTION + +//average value +v_av=(integrate('sin(x)','x',0,%pi))/(2*%pi); + +//rms value +v_rms=(integrate('sin(x)^2','x',0,%pi))/(2*%pi); +v_rms=sqrt(v_rms); + +ff=v_rms/v_av; +disp(sprintf("The form factor is %f",ff)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.10/ch2_ex_10.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.10/ch2_ex_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d34c9759 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.10/ch2_ex_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 10 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 10"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=230; //in Volts +z1=3+(%i*4); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +z2=6+(%i*8); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +z=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; + +[z1,angle1]=rect2pol(3,4); +[z2,angle2]=rect2pol(6,8); + +z=(z1*z2)/(z1+z2); +I=v/z; +angle=-angle1; //as angle1=angle2 +p=v*I*cos(angle*%pi/180); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +disp(sprintf("The power drawn from the source is %f kW",p/1000)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.11/ch2_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.11/ch2_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc8e0b84c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.11/ch2_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +vdc=100; //DC voltage in Volts +vac=100; //AC voltage in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +I1=10; //in Amperes +I2=5; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +r=vdc/I1; +z=vac/I2; +xl=sqrt((z^2)-(r^2)); +L=xl/(2*%pi*f); +pf=r/z; +disp(sprintf("The inductance of the coil is %f H",L)); +disp(sprintf("The power factor of the coil is %f (lagging)",pf)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.13/ch2_ex_13.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.13/ch2_ex_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf3c2766c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.13/ch2_ex_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 13 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 13"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=1+(%i*1); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +v=20*sqrt(2); //amplitude of rms value of voltage in Volts + +//SOLUTION +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +z=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; + +//solution (i) +[z,angle]=rect2pol(1,1); +v=v/sqrt(2); +angle_v=100; //v=(20/sqrt(2))*sin(ωt+100) +I=v/z; //RMS value of current +angle_I=angle_v-angle; +Im=I*sqrt(2); +disp(sprintf("(i) The current in load is i = %d sin(ωt+%d) A",Im,angle_I)); + +//solution (ii) +pr=(v/sqrt(2))*(I*sqrt(2))*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The real power is %f W",pr)); + +//solution (iii) +pa=(v/sqrt(2))*(I*sqrt(2)); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The apparent power is %f VAR",pa)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.14/ch2_ex_14.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.14/ch2_ex_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d3da2eff --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.14/ch2_ex_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 14 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 14"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=100; //amplitude of rms value of voltage in Volts +I=20; //amplitude of rms value of current in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//solution(i) +w=314; //angular frequency in radian/sec +f=w/(2*%pi); //as w=2*(%pi)*f +f=ceil(f); +disp(sprintf("(i) The frequency is %d Hz",f)); + +//solution (ii) +E=v/sqrt(2); +angle_E=-45; //in degrees +I=I/sqrt(2); +angle_I=-90; //in degrees +z=E/I; +angle=angle_E-angle_I; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The impedance is %d Ω, %d degrees",z,angle)); + +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle1); +x=mag*cos(angle1*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radian +y=mag*sin(angle1*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[r,x]=pol2rect(z,angle); +L=x/(2*%pi*f); +disp(sprintf(" The inductance is %f H",L)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.15/ch2_ex_15.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.15/ch2_ex_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09182c5ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.15/ch2_ex_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 15 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 15"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=2; //in Amperes +angle_I=60; //in degrees +v1=200; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION +z1=v1/I; +disp(sprintf("The impedance is %d Ω, %d degrees",z1,angle_I)); +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[r,x1]=pol2rect(z1,angle_I); +disp(sprintf("The resistance is %d Ω",r)); +L=x1/(2*%pi*f); +disp(sprintf("The inductance is %f H",L)); + +v2=100; +f2=25; +x2=2*%pi*f2*L; +z2=sqrt((r^2)+(x2^2)); +angle=atan(x2/r); +I1=v2/z2; +p=v2*I1*cos(-angle); +disp(sprintf("The power consumed is %f W",p)); + +//Answer may be slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.16/ch2_ex_16.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.16/ch2_ex_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0acf18c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.16/ch2_ex_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 16 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 16"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=5; //in Ohms +r2=10; //in Ohms +L1=0.04; //in Henry +L2=0.05; //in Henry +v=200; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +xl1=L1*(2*%pi*f); +xl2=L2*(2*%pi*f); +z1=r1+(%i*xl1); +z2=r2+(%i*xl2); +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +z=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[z1,angle1]=rect2pol(r1,xl1); +[z2,angle2]=rect2pol(r2,xl2); +Y1=1/z1; //admittance +Y2=1/z2; +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[G1,B1]=pol2rect(Y1,angle1); +[G2,B2]=pol2rect(Y2,angle2); +disp("......................................"); +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("Conductance of 1st coil is %f S",G1)); +disp(sprintf("Conductance of 2nd coil is %f S",G2)); +disp(" "); +disp(sprintf("Susceptance of 1st coil is %f S",B1)); +disp(sprintf("Susceptance of 2nd coil is %f S",B2)); +disp(" "); +disp(sprintf("Admittance of 1st coil is %f S",Y1)); +disp(sprintf("Admittance of 2nd coil is %f S",Y2)); +disp("......................................"); + +//solution (ii) +G=G1+G2; +B=B1+B2; +[Y,angle]=rect2pol(G,B); +I=v*Y; +pf=cos((angle)*(%pi/180)); +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("Total current drawn by the circuit is %f A, %f degrees",I,-angle)); +disp(sprintf("Power factor of the circuit is %f (lagging)",pf)); +disp("......................................"); + +//solution (iii) +p=v*I*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (iii)"); +disp(sprintf("Power absorbed by the circuit is %f kW",p/1000)); +disp("......................................"); + +//solution (iv) +z=v/I; +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[r,x]=pol2rect(z,angle); +L=x/(2*%pi*f); +disp("SOLUTION (iv)"); +disp(sprintf("Resitance of single coil is %f Ω",r)); +disp(sprintf("Inductance of single coil is %f H",L)); +disp("......................................"); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.17/ch2_ex_17.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.17/ch2_ex_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba82080a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.17/ch2_ex_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 17 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 17"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +e=141.4; //in Volts +E=141.4/sqrt(2); //in Volts +angle_E=0; //in degrees +//i(t)=(14.14<0)+(7.07<120) +i1=14.14; //in Amperes +angle_i1=0; //in degrees +i2=7.07; //in Amperes +angle_i2=120; //in degrees + +//SOLUTION +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[i1_x,i1_y]=pol2rect(i1,angle_i1); +[i2_x,i2_y]=pol2rect(i2,angle_i2); +i=(i1_x+i2_x)+(%i*(i1_y+i2_y)); +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[I,angle_I]=rect2pol((i1_x+i2_x),(i1_y+i2_y)); +I=I/sqrt(2); + +//solution (i) +z=E/I; +angle_z=angle_E-angle_I; +[r,xc]=pol2rect(z,angle_z); +f=50; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*(-xc)); +disp(sprintf("(i) The value of resistance is %f Ω",r)); +disp(sprintf(" The value of capacitance is %f μF",c*10^6)); + +//solution (ii) +pf=cos(angle_z*(%pi/180)); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The power factor is %f ",pf)); + +//solution (iii) +p=E*I*pf; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The power absorbed by the source is %f W",p)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.18/ch2_ex_18.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.18/ch2_ex_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ccb56cde --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.18/ch2_ex_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 18 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 18"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r=10; //in Ohms +v=200; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +I=10; //in Amperes +rc=2; //resistance of coil in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +z=v/I; +xl=sqrt((z^2)-((r+rc)^2)); +L=xl/(2*%pi*f); +disp(sprintf("(i) The inductance of the coil is %f H",L)); + +//solution (ii) +pf=(r+rc)/z; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The power factor is %f",pf)); + +//solution (iii) +vl=I*(rc+(%i*xl)); +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[vl,angle_vl]=rect2pol(real(vl),imag(vl)); +disp(sprintf("(iii) The voltage across the coil is %f V, %f degrees",vl,angle_vl)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.19/ch2_ex_19.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.19/ch2_ex_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbac96db8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.19/ch2_ex_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 19 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 19"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=4+(%i*3); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +z2=6-(%i*8); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +z3=1.6+(%i*7.2); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +v=100 //in volts +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +//Admittance of each parallel branch Y1 and Y2 +Y1=1/z1; +Y2=1/z2; +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("Admittance parallel branch 1 is %3f %3fj S", real(Y1), imag(Y1))); +disp(sprintf("Admittance parallel branch 2 is %3f+%3fj S", real(Y2), imag(Y2))); +disp(" "); + +//solution (ii) +//Total circuit impedance Z=(Z1||Z2)+Z3 +z=z3+(z2*z1)/(z1+z2) +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("Total circuit impedance is %3f %3fj S", real(z), imag(z))); +//solution in the book is wrong as there is a total mistake in imaginery part 7.2+0.798=11.598 +// +//solution (iii) +//Supply current I=V/Z +i=v/z; +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +z0=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[z, angle]=rect2pol(real(i), imag(i)); +//disp(sprintf("%f, %f",z,angle)); +//disp(sprintf("%f, %f",real(i), imag(i))); +pf=cos(angle*%pi/180); + +disp("SOLUTION (iii)"); +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f",pf)); +//solution (iv) +//Power supplied by source = VI cosΦ or I^2 . R +P=v*real(i)*pf; + +disp("SOLUTION (iv)"); +disp(sprintf("The power supplied by source is %f watt",P)); +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.20/ch2_ex_20.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.20/ch2_ex_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79c18d219 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.20/ch2_ex_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 20 // read it as example 19 in the book on page 2.72 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 20"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +L=0.5 //in Henry +C=5 //in mf, multiply by 10^-6 to convert to f +R=25 //in ohms +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +//Resonance frequency f = (1/2π)sqrt((1/LC)-R^2/L^2) +fr=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt((1/(L*C*10^-6))-(R^2)/(L^2)); +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("For parallel circuit,Resonant frquency is %3f Hz", fr)); +disp(" "); + +//solution (ii) +//Total circuit impedance at resonance is Z=L/RC +z=L/(R*C*10^-6); +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("Total impedence at resonance is %3f kΩ", z/1000)); +// +//solution (iii) +//Bandwidth (f2-f1)=R/(2.π.L) +bw=R/(2*%pi*L); +disp("SOLUTION (iii)"); +disp(sprintf("Bandwidth is %3f Hz", bw)); +// +//solution (iv) +//Quality factor Q=1/R.sqrt(L/C) +Q=(1/R)*sqrt(L/(C*10^-6)); +disp("SOLUTION (iv)"); +disp(sprintf("Quality Factor is %3f", Q)); +//solution in the book is wrong as there is a total mistake in imaginery part 7.2+0.798=11.598 +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.22/ch2_ex_22.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.22/ch2_ex_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de0004d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.22/ch2_ex_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 22 // read it as example 21 in the book on page 2.75 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 22"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +L=0.1 //in Henry +C=8 //in mf, multiply by 10^-6 to convert to f +R=10 //in ohms +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +//Resonance frequency for a series RLC circuitf = 1/2.π.sqrt(LC) +fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C*10^-6)); +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("For series circuit,Resonant frquency is %3f Hz", fr)); +disp(" "); + +//solution (ii) +//Q-factor is Q=w.L/R= 2.π,fr.L/R +w=2*%pi*fr; +Q=w*L/R; +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The Q-factor at resonance is %3f kΩ", Q)); +// +//solution (iii) +//Bandwidth (f2-f1)=R/(2.π.L), f1,f2 half power frequencies +bw=R/(2*%pi*L); +f1=fr+bw/2; +disp("SOLUTION (iii)"); +disp(sprintf("half frequency 1 is %3f Hz", f1)); +disp(sprintf("half frequency 2 is %3f Hz", fr)); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.23/ch2_ex_23.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.23/ch2_ex_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84c47176 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.23/ch2_ex_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 22 // read it as example 22 in the book on page 2.76 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 23"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +A=100 //Amplitude in Amps +f=50 //frquency in Hz +t1=1/600 //sec after wave becomes zero again +a1=86.6 //amplitude at some time t after start +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +//RAmplitude at 1/600 second after it becomes zero +w=f*2*%pi; //angular speed +hp=1/(2*f); //half period, the point where sine beomes zero again after origin +t=hp+t1; +a2=A*sin(w*t); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("Amplitude after 1/600 sec is %3f A", a2)); +disp(" "); +//solution (b) +//since A=A0.sinwt, t=asin(A/A0)/w +t2=(asin(a1/A))/w; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The time at which amp would be %fis %3f sec", a1,t2)); +// +//solution (iii) +//Bandwidth (f2-f1)=R/(2.π.L), f1,f2 half power frequencies +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.24/ch2_ex_24.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.24/ch2_ex_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d18a4021 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.24/ch2_ex_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 22 // read it as example 23 in the book on page 2.77 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 24"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +V=200 //Amplitude in Volts +w=314 //angular spped +R=20 //in ohms +//SOLUTION + +//solution +//comparing with standard equation +Im=V/R; // in Amps +rms=Im/2; +Iav=Im/%pi; //average current +ff=rms/Iav; +disp("SOLUTION"); +disp(sprintf("RMS value of current is %3f A", rms)); +disp(sprintf("Average value of current is %3f A", Iav)); +disp(sprintf("Form Factor of current is %3f A", ff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.25/ch2_ex_25.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.25/ch2_ex_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0562848e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.25/ch2_ex_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 25 // read it as example 24 in the book on page 2.78 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 25"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +V=350 //Amplitude in Volts +f=50 //frquency in Hz +t1=0.005 //sec after wave becomes zero again +t2=0.008 //sec after waves passes tgrough 0 in -ve direction +//SOLUTION +//e=Esinwt +//solution (a) +//RAmplitude at 1/600 second after it becomes zero +w=f*2*%pi; //angular speed +v1=V*sin(w*t1); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("Voltage after %f sec is %3f A", t1,v1)); +disp(" "); +//solution (b) +//since wave will pass in -ve direction after half period +hp=1/(2*f); //half period, the point where sine beomes zero again after origin +t=hp+t2; +v2=V*sin(w*t); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The voltage would be %f V %3f sec", v2,t)); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.26/ch2_ex_26.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.26/ch2_ex_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bc21dc90 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.26/ch2_ex_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 26 // read it as example 25 in the book on page 2.79 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 26"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +A=100 //Amplitude in Amps +f=25 //frquency in Hz +a1=20 //svalue in Amps to be achieved in certain time +a2=100 //in Amps + +//SOLUTION +//i=Isinwt +//solution (a) +//RAmplitude at 1/600 second after it becomes zero +w=f*2*%pi; //angular speed +t1=(asin(a1/A))/w; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The time to reach value %f A is %3f sec", a1,t1)); +disp(" "); +//solution (b) +//since wave will pass in -ve direction after half period +t2=(asin(a2/A))/w; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The time to reach value %f A is %3f sec", a2,t2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.27/ch2_ex_27.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.27/ch2_ex_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dda7dbc6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.27/ch2_ex_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 27 // read it as example 26 in the book on page 2.79 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 27"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +V=250; //Amplitude in Volts +w=314; //angular spped +pv=-10; //phase angle in degrees +I=10; //Amplitude in Amps +pi=50 //phase angle in degrees + +//SOLUTION +//v=Vsin(wt+pv) +//i=Isin(wt+pi) +//solution +//representing V in polar format as V=V0/sqrt(2) <θ, we get +v1=V/sqrt(2); +i1=I/sqrt(2); +//converting polar to rect +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*%pi/180); // angle convert in radians +y=mag*sin(angle*%pi/180); +endfunction; +[x,y]=pol2rect(v1,pv); +V=x+y*%i; +[x,y]=pol2rect(i1,pi); +I=x+y*%i; +Z=V/I; +//convert back into angles in deg +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(Z),imag(Z)); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The impedance is %f < %3f Deg", mag,angle)); +//disp(" "); +//power factor=cos(angle) +pf=cos(-1*angle*%pi/180); //convert to radians and change sign +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f", pf)); +//Z=R-jXc by comparing real and imag paarts we get +disp(sprintf("The resistance is %fΩ and Reactance is %3fΩ", real(Z), imag(Z))); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.28/ch2_ex_28.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.28/ch2_ex_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b48dddce --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.28/ch2_ex_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 28 // read it as example 27 in the book on page 2.80 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 28"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=2+(%i*3); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +z2=1-(%i*5); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +z3=4+(%i*2); //impedance in rectangular form in Ohms +v=10; //in volts +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +//Total impedance +//Total circuit impedance Z=(Z1||Z2)+Z3 +z=z1+(z2*z3)/(z2+z3); +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("Total circuit impedance is %3f %3fj S", real(z), imag(z))); +//Total supply current I=V/Z +//solution (b) +i=v/z; +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[mag, angle]=rect2pol(real(i), imag(i)); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("Total current is %f<%f Amp",mag,angle)); +//solution (c) +//Vbc=I.Zbc where Zbc=(z2*z3)/(z2+z3) +Vbc=i*((z2*z3)/(z2+z3)); +[mag1, angle1]=rect2pol(real(Vbc), imag(Vbc)); +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across the || circuit is %f<%f",mag1, angle1)); +disp(sprintf("The voltage Vbc lags circuit by %f Deg",angle-angle1)); +//solution (d) +//i2=Vbc/z2, i3=Vbc/z3 +i2=Vbc/z2; +i3=Vbc/z3; +[mag2, angle2]=rect2pol(real(i2), imag(i2)); +[mag3, angle3]=rect2pol(real(i3), imag(i3)); +disp(sprintf("The current across fist branch of || circuit is %f<%f",mag2, angle2)); +disp(sprintf("The current across second branch of || circuit is %f<%f",mag3, angle3)); +//solution (e) +pf=cos(-1*angle*%pi/180); +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f",pf)); +//solution (iv) +//Apparent power s=VI, True Power, tp I^2R, Reactive Power, rp=I^2X or VISSin(angle) +s=v*mag; +tp=mag*mag*real(z); +rp=v*mag*sin(-1*angle*%pi/180); +disp("SOLUTION (f)"); +disp(sprintf("The Apparent power is %f VA, True power is %f W , Reactive power is %f vars",s,tp,rp)); +disp(" "); +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.29/ch2_ex_29.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.29/ch2_ex_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6af15f135 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.29/ch2_ex_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 29 // read it as example 28 in the book on page 2.83 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 29"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=120; //Amplitude in Amps +f=60; //Hz +t1=1/360; //in sec time to find amplitude +i2=96; //in Amps ,2 to find time taken to reach this +//SOLUTION +//i=Isin(wt) +//solution (a) +w=2*%pi*f; +i=I*sin(w*t1); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The amplitude at time %f sec is %f Amp", t1,i)); +//solution (b) +t2=(asin(i2/I))/w; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The time taken to reach %f Amp is %f Sec", i2,t2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21882fc33 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_m=5; //peak value of voltage in Volts + +//SOLUTION +v_av=(integrate('v_m*sin(x)','x',0,%pi))/(%pi); +v_rms=(integrate('(v_m*sin(x))^2','x',0,%pi))/(%pi); +v_rms=sqrt(v_rms); +disp(sprintf("Average value of full wave rectifier sine wave is %f V",v_av)); +disp(sprintf("Effective value of full wave rectifier sine wave is %f V",v_rms)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.30/ch2_ex_30.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.30/ch2_ex_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9edd798c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.30/ch2_ex_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 30 // read it as example 29 in the book on page 2.83 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 30"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +f=50; //Hz +rms=20; //in Amp +t1=0.0025; //in sec time to find amplitude +t2=0.0125; //in sec, to find amp after passing through +ve maximum +i3=14.14; //in Amps, to find time when will it occur after passing through +ve maxima +//SOLUTION +//i=Isin(wt) +//solution (a) +w=2*%pi*f; +Im=rms*sqrt(2); +disp(sprintf("The equation would be i=%f. sin(%f.t)", Im,w)); +t0=(asin(1)/w); //time to reach maxima in +ve direction +i=Im*sin(w*t1); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The amplitude at time %f sec is %f Amp", t1,i)); +//solution (b) +tx=t0+t2; +i2=Im*sin(w*tx); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The amplitude at time %f sec is %f Amp", t2,i2)); +//solution (c) +ty=(asin(i3/Im))/w; +t3=t0-ty; //since ty is the time starting from 0, the origin needs to be shifted to maxima +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The amplitude of %f Amp would be reached in %f Sec", i3,t3)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.31/ch2_ex_31.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.31/ch2_ex_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cafecf9d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.31/ch2_ex_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 31 // read it as example 30 in the book on page 2.84 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 31"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +//function of the waveform is deduced to be y=10+10.t/T +//SOLUTION +//Yav=(1/T).Integral(ydt) from 0 to T +//say +T=1; // 1 sec +Yav=(1/T)*integrate('(10+10*t/T)', 't', 0, 1); +disp(sprintf("The average value of waveform is %f", Yav)); +//RMS value Yrms=(1/T).Integral(y^2.dt) from 0 to T +Yms=(1/T)*integrate('(10+10*t/T)^2', 't', 0, 1); +disp(sprintf("The RMS value of waveform is %f", sqrt(Yms))); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.32/ch2_ex_32.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.32/ch2_ex_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..326b61017 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.32/ch2_ex_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 32 // read it as example 31 in the book on page 2.85 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 32"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +//function of the waveform is deduced to be i=Im.sinΘ +//SOLUTION +//Iav=(1/2.π).Integral(ydΘ) from 0 to π, and π to 2.π is zero, interval is 2.π +// +//say +Im=1; // in Amp +Iav=(1/(2*%pi))*integrate('(Im*sin(th))', 'th', 0, %pi); +//disp(sprintf("The average value of waveform is %f", Iav)); +//RMS mean square value (1/π).Integral(y^2.dΘ) from 0 to π +Ims=(1/(2*%pi))*integrate('(Im*sin(th))^2', 'th', 0, %pi); +//disp(sprintf("The RMS value of waveform is %f", sqrt(Ims))); +ff=sqrt(Ims)/Iav; +disp(sprintf("The form factor of waveform is %f",ff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.33/ch2_ex_33.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.33/ch2_ex_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..502902d56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.33/ch2_ex_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 33 // read it as example 32 in the book on page 2.86 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 33"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=20; //in Ω +r2=30; // +r3=40; // +l1=0.5; //in Henry +l2=0.3; // +l3=0.2; // +V=230; // volts +f=50; //Hz +//coils connected in series +// +//SOLUTION +R=r1+r2+r3; +L=l1+l2+l3; +XL=2*%pi*f*L; +//impedence Z=sqrt(R*2 +XL^2) +Z=sqrt(R^2 +XL^2); +I=V/Z; +pf=R/Z; +pc=V*I*pf; +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f Amp", I)); +disp(sprintf("The Power Factor is %f lagging", pf)); +disp(sprintf("The Power consumed in the circuit is %f W", pc)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.34/ch2_ex_34.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.34/ch2_ex_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..263cf0ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.34/ch2_ex_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 34 // read it as example 33 in the book on page 2.87 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 34"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r=100; //in Ω +c=40*10^(-6); // +V=400; // volts +f=50; //Hz +// +//SOLUTION +XC=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +//impedence Z=sqrt(R^2 +XL^2) +Z=sqrt(r^2 +XC^2); +I=V/Z; +pf=r/Z; +pc=V*I*pf; +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f Amp", I)); +disp(sprintf("The Power Factor is %f leading", pf)); +disp(sprintf("The Power consumed in the circuit is %f W",pc)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.35/ch2_ex_35.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.35/ch2_ex_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc78f2b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.35/ch2_ex_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 35 // read it as example 34 in the book on page 2.88 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 35"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +R=100; //in Ω +L=0.2; //in Henry +C=20*10^(-6); //farads +V=240; // volts +f=50; //Hz +// +//SOLUTION +//Solution (a) +XL=2*%pi*f*L; +XC=1/(2*%pi*f*C); +//impedence Z=sqrt(R^2 +XL^2) +X=XL-XC; +Z=sqrt(R^2 +X^2); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The total impedence is %f Ω", Z)); +I=V/Z; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f Amp", I)); +Vr=I*R; +Vi=I*XL; +Vc=I*XC; +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across resistance is %f V",Vr)); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across inductance is %f V",Vi)); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across capacitance is %f V",Vc)); +pf=R/Z; +pc=V*I*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The Power Factor is %f leading", pf)); +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The Power consumed in the circuit is %f W",pc)); +//XL=XC +f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)); +disp("SOLUTION (f)"); +disp(sprintf("Resonance will occur at %f Hz",f0)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.36/ch2_ex_36.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.36/ch2_ex_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46766b0e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.36/ch2_ex_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 36 // read it as example 35 in the book on page 2.90 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 36"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +R1=10; //in Ω +XL=15; //in +R2=12; // +C=20; //capacitative reactance in Ω +V=230; // volts +f=50; //Hz +// +//SOLUTION +//Solution (a) +//conductance g, susceptance b +Z12=(R1^2 +XL^2); //squared impedance Z^2 for branch 1 +Z22=(R1^2 +C^2); //squared impedance Z^2 for branch 2 +g1=R1/Z12; +g2=R2/Z22; +b1=-XL/Z12; +b2=C/Z22; +g=g1+g2; +b=b1+b2; +Y=sqrt(g^2+b^2); +I=V*Y; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f Amp", I)); +pf=g/Y; + +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f", pf)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.37/ch2_ex_37.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.37/ch2_ex_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93ee733a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.37/ch2_ex_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 37 // read it as example 36 in the book on page 2.93 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 37"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +R1=20; // +XL=15; // in ohms +R2=0; //assumed +C=50; //in ohms capacitative reactance +V=200; +f=60; //Hz +// +//SOLUTION +//Solution (a) +//conductance g, susceptance b +Z1=sqrt(R1^2 +XL^2); //squared impedance Z^2 for branch 1 +Z2=sqrt(R2^2 +C^2); //squared impedance Z^2 for branch 2 +i1=V/Z1; +i2=V/Z2; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The current in Branch 1 is %f Amp", i1)); +disp(sprintf("The current in Branch 2 is %f Amp", i2)); +phi1=atan(XL/R1); +phi2=%pi/2; //atan(C/R2); //R2=0, output is infinity +Icos=i1*cos(phi1)+i2*cos(phi2); // phi in radians +Isin=-i1*sin(phi1)+i2*sin(phi2); // phi in radians +I=sqrt(Icos^2+Isin^2); +// +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The total current is %f Amp", I)); +// +pf=Icos/I; +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f ", pf)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.38/ch2_ex_38.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.38/ch2_ex_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d66e8d49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.38/ch2_ex_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 38 // read it as example 37 in the book on page 2.93 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 38"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=10+15*%i; +z2=12-20*%i; +V=230; +//invZ=1/z1+1/z2; +Z=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +magZ=sqrt(real(Z)^2+imag(Z)^2); +I=V/magZ; +pf=real(Z)/magZ; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The current is %f Amp", I)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The Power factor is %f", pf)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.39/ch2_ex_39.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.39/ch2_ex_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e16ecd91c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.39/ch2_ex_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 39 // read it as example 38 in the book on page 2.94 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 39"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=2.5+1.5*%i; +z2=4+3*%i; +z3=3-4*%i; +V=200; +f=50; +E=V+0*%i; // representing as a vector +//invZ=1/z1+1/z2; +Z23=z2*z3/(z2+z3); +Z=z1+Z23; +I=E/Z; +magI=sqrt(real(I)^2+imag(I)^2); //total current +phi=atan(-imag(I)/real(I)); //total phase +// +//Voltages across the branches +e12=I*z1; //voltage across series branch +mage12=sqrt(real(e12)^2+imag(e12)^2); +phi12=atan(imag(e12)/real(e12)); +// +e23=E-e12; //voltage across parallel branch +mage23=sqrt(real(e23)^2+imag(e23)^2); +phi23=atan(-imag(e23)/real(e23)); +// +//current in branch 1 upper +i1=e23/z2; +magi1=sqrt(real(i1)^2+imag(i1)^2); +phii1=atan(-imag(i1)/real(i1)); +// +//current in branch 2 lower +i2=e23/z3; +magi2=sqrt(real(i2)^2+imag(i2)^2); +phii2=atan(imag(i2)/real(i2)); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The current in Upper branch is %f Amp",magi1)); +disp(sprintf("The current in Lower branch is %f Amp",magi2)); +disp(sprintf("The Total current is %f Amp",magI)); +// +pf=cos(phi); // +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The Power factor is %f", pf)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across series branch is %f V", mage12)); +disp(sprintf("The voltage across parallel branch is %f V", mage23)); +// +tp=V*magI*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The total power absorbed in circuit is %f W", tp)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a61e3642 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_m=10; //peak value of voltage in Volts +angle=60*(%pi/180); //delay angle in radians + +//SOLUTION +v_av=(integrate('v_m*sin(x)','x',angle,%pi))/(%pi); +v_rms=(integrate('(v_m*sin(x))^2','x',angle,%pi))/(%pi); +v_rms=sqrt(v_rms); +disp(sprintf("Average value of full wave rectifier sine wave is %f V",v_av)); +disp(sprintf("Effective value of full wave rectifier sine wave is %f V",v_rms)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.40/ch2_ex_40.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.40/ch2_ex_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9879f458 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.40/ch2_ex_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 40 // read it as example 39 in the book on page 2.98 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 40"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +V=100; // max amplitude of wave +w=314; //angular speed +phiV=5; //phase angle in degrees +I=5; //max current amplitude +phiI=-40; //phase angle in current in deg + +// +//SOLUTION +phi=phiI-phiV; +pf=cos(phi*%pi/180); //convert to radians +p=(V/sqrt(2))*(I/sqrt(2))*pf; +// +disp(sprintf("The Power factor is %f lagging", pf)); +disp(sprintf("The Power delivered is %f W", p)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.41/ch2_ex_41.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.41/ch2_ex_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a2bb77e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.41/ch2_ex_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 41 // read it as example 40 in the book on page 2.99 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 41"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +lampV=100; //Volts +lampW=60; //watts +V=250; +f=50; +// +//SOLUTION +lampI=lampW/lampV; +lampR=lampW/lampI^2; //W=I^2.R +// +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The resistance of the lamp is t is %f Ohms", lampR)); +// +//in purely resistive / non inductive circuit,V=IR applies, and R=lampR+R +R=V/lampI-lampR; +disp(sprintf("The value value of resistor to be placed in series with the lamp is %f Ohms", R)); +// +//in case of inductance +//XL=2*%pi*f*L; +//V=Z.I where Z^2=R^2+XL^2 +//L=sqrt((V^2/I^2-R^2)/2*%pi*f) +L=sqrt((V/lampI)^2-lampR^2)/(2*%pi*f); +disp(sprintf("The inductive resistance to be placed is %f H",L)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.42/ch2_ex_42.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.42/ch2_ex_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20eabe132 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.42/ch2_ex_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 42 // read it as example 41 in the book on page 2.100 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 42"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=10; // max amplitude of wave in Amp +rms1=5; +rms2=7.5; +rms3=10; +phi1=30; +phi2=-60; +phi3=45; +f=50; //Hz +w=2*%pi*f; +// +//SOLUTION +av1=rms1/1.11; +av2=rms2/1.11; +av3=rms3/1.11; +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The average value of 1st current is %f Amp", av1)); +disp(sprintf("The average value of 2nd current is %f Amp", av2)); +disp(sprintf("The average value of 3rd current is %f Amp", av3)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 1st current is %f sin(%f*t+%f) Amp", rms1*sqrt(2), w,phi1)); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 2nd current is %f sin(%f*t%f) Amp", rms2*sqrt(2), w,phi2)); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 3rd current is %f sin(%f*t+%f) Amp", rms3*sqrt(2), w,phi3)); +// +//instantaneous values of current at t=100msec=0.1 sec +t=0.1; +i1=(rms1*sqrt(2))*(sin(w*t+phi1*%pi/180)); +i2=(rms2*sqrt(2))*(sin(w*t+phi2*%pi/180)); +i3=(rms3*sqrt(2))*(sin(w*t+phi3*%pi/180)); +disp("SOLUTION (iv)"); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 1st current is %f Amp at %f Sec", i1, t)); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 2nd current is %f Amp at %f Sec", i2, t)); +disp(sprintf("The instantaneous value of 3rd current is %f Amp at %f Sec", i3, t)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.43/ch2_ex_43.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.43/ch2_ex_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42fe8c0cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.43/ch2_ex_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 43 // read it as example 42 in the book on page 2.102 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 43"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=5; // max amplitude of wave in Amp +f=50; //Hz +//wave for is to be obtained by adding the two waves +//i=5+5.sin(wt)=5+5.sin(theta) +// +//SOLUTION +Iav=(1/(2*%pi))*integrate('5+5*sin(th)', 'th',0,2*%pi); +Ims=(1/(2*%pi))*integrate('(5+5*sin(th))^2', 'th',0,2*%pi); +// +disp(sprintf("The average value of resultant current is %f Amp", Iav)); +disp(sprintf("The RMS value of resultant current is %f Amp", sqrt(Ims))); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.44/ch2_ex_44.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.44/ch2_ex_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6de089188 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.44/ch2_ex_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 44 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 44"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r=20; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +p0=(4^2)*r; +p1=((5/sqrt(2))^2)*r; +p2=((3/sqrt(2))^2)*r; +p=p0+p1+p2; +I=sqrt(p/r); +disp(sprintf("The power consumed by the resistor is %d W",p)); +disp(sprintf("The effective value of current is %f A",I)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.45/ch2_ex_45.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.45/ch2_ex_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..524c2f5a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.45/ch2_ex_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 45 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 45"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +L=1.405; //in Henry +r=40; //in Ohms +c=20/(10^6); //in Farad +v=100; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +f0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*c)); +disp(sprintf("The frequency at which the circuit resonates is %d Hz",f0)); + +I0=v/r; +disp(sprintf("The current drawn from the supply is %f A",I0)); + +xl0=2*%pi*f0*L; +z0=sqrt((r^2)+(xl0^2)); +vl0=I0*z0; +disp(sprintf("The voltage across the coil is %f V",vl0)); + +xc0=1/(2*%pi*f0*c); +disp(sprintf("The capcitative reactance is %f Ω",xc0)); + +Q0=(2*%pi*f0*L)/r; +disp(sprintf("The quality factor is %f", Q0)); + +bw=r/L; +disp(sprintf("The bandwidth is %f Hz",bw)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.46/ch2_ex_46.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.46/ch2_ex_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a895c7d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.46/ch2_ex_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 46 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 46"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=120-(%i*(50)); //in Amperes +v=8+(%i*(2)); //in Volts + +//SOLUTION + +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[v,angle_v]=rect2pol(real(v),imag(v)); +[I,angle_I]=rect2pol(real(I),imag(I)); + +//solution (i) +z=v/I; +angle_z=angle_v-angle_I; +disp(sprintf("(i) The impedance is %f Ω, %f degrees",z,angle_z)); + +//solution (ii) +phi=angle_z; +pf=cos(phi*(%pi/180)); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The power factor is %f (lagging)",pf)); + +//solution (iii) +s=v*I; +angle_s=angle_v-angle_I; +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[p,q]=pol2rect(s,angle_s); +disp(sprintf("(iii) The power consumed is %f W",p)); +disp(sprintf(" The reactive power is %f VAR",q)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.47/ch2_ex_47.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.47/ch2_ex_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..807493965 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.47/ch2_ex_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 47 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 47"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r=10; //in Ohms +xl=8.66; //in Ohms +I=5-(%i*10); //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +z=r+(%i*(xl)); +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[z,angle_z]=rect2pol(real(z),imag(z)); +[I,angle_I]=rect2pol(real(I),imag(I)); + +//solution(i) +v=I*z; +angle_v=angle_I+angle_z; +disp(sprintf("(i) The applied voltage is %f V, %f degrees",v,angle_v)); + +//solution (ii) +phi=angle_I-angle_v; +pf=cos(phi*(%pi/180)); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The power factor is %f (lagging)",pf)); + +//solution(iii) +s=v*I; +angle_s=angle_v-angle_I; +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[p,q]=pol2rect(s,angle_s); +disp(sprintf("(iii) The active power is %f W",p)); +disp(sprintf(" The reactive power is %f VAR",q)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.48/ch2_ex_48.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.48/ch2_ex_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e437781f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.48/ch2_ex_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 48 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 48"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +pf1=0.8; //power factor of 1st circuit +pf2=0.6; //power factor of 2nd circuit +z=1; //this is an assumption + +//SOLUTION +angle1=acos(pf1)*(180/%pi); //in degrees +angle2=acos(pf2)*(180/%pi); //in degrees +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[z1_x,z1_y]=pol2rect(z,angle1); +[z2_x,z2_y]=pol2rect(z,angle2); +nr=angle1+angle2; //numerator +z_x=z1_x+z2_x; +z_y=z1_y+z2_y; + +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +I=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[z,angle]=rect2pol(z_x,z_y); +angle_z=nr-angle; +pf=cos(angle_z*(%pi/180)); +disp(sprintf("The power factor of the combination is %f",pf)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.49/ch2_ex_49.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.49/ch2_ex_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b42d9858 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.49/ch2_ex_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 49 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 49"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=200; //in Volts +angle_v=30; //in degrees +I1=20; //in Amperes +angle_I1=60; //in degrees +I2=40; //in Amperes +angle_I2=-30; //in degrees + +//SOLUTION +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[v_x,v_y]=pol2rect(v,angle_v); +[I1_x,I1_y]=pol2rect(I1,angle_I1); +[I2_x,I2_y]=pol2rect(I2,angle_I2); +s1=v*I1; +angle_s1=-angle_v+angle_I1; +disp(sprintf("The apparent power in 1st branch is %d kVA",s1/1000)); +[s1_x,s1_y]=pol2rect(s1,angle_s1); +disp(sprintf("The true power in 1st branch is %f kW",s1_x/1000)); + +disp(" "); + +s2=v*I2; +angle_s2=angle_v-angle_I2; +disp(sprintf("The apparent power in 2nd branch is %d kVA",s2/1000)); +[s2_x,s2_y]=pol2rect(s2,angle_s2); +disp(sprintf("The true power in 2nd branch is %d kW",s2_x/1000)); +I=(I1_x+I2_x)+(%i*(I1_y+I2_y)); disp(I); + +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [I,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +I=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[I,angle]=rect2pol(real(I),imag(I)); +disp(I); +s=v*I; +angle_s=angle_v-angle; +disp(sprintf("The apparent power in the main circuit is %f kVA",s/1000)); +[p,q]=pol2rect(s,angle_s); +disp(sprintf("The true power in the main circuit is %f kW",p/1000)); + +//END + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea3f932de --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I1=0.75; //in Amperes +v=240; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +p=80; //in Watts + +//SOLUTION +res=p/v; +pf1=res/I1; //1st power factor = cos(Φ1) +phi1=acos(pf1); +res1=tan(phi1); //result1 = tan(Φ1) +w=2*%pi*f; + +//solution (a) +res2=0; //result2 = tan(Φ2) +Ic1=res*(res1-res2); +c1=Ic1/(v*w); +disp(sprintf("(a) When power factor is unity, the value of capacitance is %f μF",c1*(10^6))); + +//solution (b) +pf2=0.95; //given +phi2=acos(pf2); +res2=tan(phi2); +Ic2=res*(res1-res2); +c2=Ic2/(v*w); +disp(sprintf("(b) When power factor is 0.95(lagging), the value of capacitance is %f μF",c2*(10^6))); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.50/ch2_ex_50.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.50/ch2_ex_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a577b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.50/ch2_ex_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 50 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 50"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +z1=6+(%i*5); //impedance in Ohms +z2=8-(%i*6); //impedance in Ohms +z3=8+(%i*10); //impedance in Ohms +I=20; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +Y1=1/z1; +Y2=1/z2; +Y3=1/z3; +Y=Y1+Y2+Y3; +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [Y,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +Y=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[Y_tot,angle]=rect2pol(real(Y),imag(Y)); +v=I/Y_tot; +angle_v=-angle; +[z1,angle1]=rect2pol(real(z1),imag(z1)); +[z2,angle2]=rect2pol(real(z2),imag(z2)); +[z3,angle3]=rect2pol(real(z3),imag(z3)); +I1=v/z1; +angle_I1=angle_v-angle1; +I2=v/z2; +angle_I2=angle_v-angle2; +I3=v/z3; +angle_I3=angle_v-angle3; +disp("The current in each branch in polar form is-"); +disp(sprintf(" %f A, %f degrees",I1,angle_I1)); +disp(sprintf(" %f A, %f degrees",I2,angle_I2)); +disp(sprintf(" %f A, %f degrees",I3,angle_I3)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.51/ch2_ex_51.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.51/ch2_ex_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..665dbfdc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.51/ch2_ex_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 51 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 51"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +Y1=0.4+(%i*0.6); //admittance of 1st branch in Siemens +Y2=0.1+(%i*0.4); //admittance of 2nd branch in Siemens +Y3=0.06+(%i*0.23); //admittance of 3rd branch in Siemens + +//SOLUTION +Y=Y1+Y2+Y3; +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [Y,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +Y=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[Y1,angle]=rect2pol(real(Y),imag(Y)); +disp(sprintf("The total admittance of the circuit is %f S, %f degrees",Y1,angle)); +z=1/Y1; +disp(sprintf("The impedance of the circuit is %f Ω, %f degrees",z,-angle)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.52/ch2_ex_52.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.52/ch2_ex_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8b6c5c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.52/ch2_ex_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 52 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 52"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=7; //in Ohms +L1=0.015; //in Henry +r2=12; //in Ohms +c2=180*(10^(-6)); //in Farad +r3=5; //in Ohms +L3=0.01; //in Henry +v=230; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solition (a) +xl1=2*%pi*f*L1; +xc2=1/(2*%pi*f*c2); +xl3=2*%pi*f*L3; +Z1=r1+xl1*%i; //complex representations +Z2=r2-xc2*%i; +Z3=r3+xl3*%i; +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(r,x); +z=sqrt((r^2)+(x^2)); +angle=atan(x/r)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[z1,angle1]=rect2pol(r1,xl1); +[z2,angle2]=rect2pol(r2,xc2); +[z3,angle3]=rect2pol(r3,xl3); +//to obtain rectangular form of (Z1+Z2) +req1=r1+r2; +xeq1=xl1-xc2; +//to obtain polar form of (Z1+Z2) +[zeq1,angle_eq1]=rect2pol(req1,-xeq1); +zp=(z1*z2)/(zeq1); +angle_p=(angle1-angle2)+angle_eq1; +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [r,x]=pol2rect(z,angle); +r=z*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +x=z*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[rp,xp]=pol2rect(zp,angle_p); +[req,xeq]=pol2rect(z3,angle3); +r_tot=req+rp; +x_tot=xeq+xp; +[z_tot,angle_tot]=rect2pol(r_tot,x_tot); +Z=r_tot+x_tot*%i; //complex representation +disp(sprintf("(a) The total impedance is %f Ω, %f degrees",z_tot,angle_tot)); + +//solution (b) +I=v/Z; //complex division +angle_I=-angle_tot; +[I_x,I_y]=pol2rect(I,angle_I); +disp(sprintf("(b) The total currrent is (%f-j%f) A",real(I),imag(I))); + +//solution (c) +//Voltage drop across Z3 +Vab=I*Z3; +disp(sprintf(" The Voltage between AB is (%f-j%f) A",real(Vab),imag(Vab))); +//since we know that V=Vab+Vbc +Vbc=v-Vab; +disp(sprintf(" The Voltage between BC is (%f-j%f) A",real(Vbc),imag(Vbc))); +I1=Vbc/Z1; //Branch 1 current +I2=Vbc/Z2; //branch 2 current +//I3=I, main branch current +[mag1,angle1]=rect2pol(real(I1),imag(I1)); +[mag2,angle2]=rect2pol(real(I2),imag(I2)); +disp(sprintf("(c) Current in branch 1 is %f A, %f degrees",mag1,angle1)); +disp(sprintf(" The currrent in branch 1 is (%f-j%f) A",real(I1),imag(I1))); +disp(sprintf(" The current in branch 2 is %f A, %f degrees",mag2,angle2)); +disp(sprintf(" The currrent in branch 2 is (%f-j%f) A",real(I2),imag(I2))); +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.53/ch2_ex_53.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.53/ch2_ex_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f4e4908 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.53/ch2_ex_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 53 Read Example 52 of the Text Book + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 53"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=230; //in Volts +angle_v=30; //in degrees +I1=20; //in Amperes +angle_I1=60; //in degrees +I2=40; //in Amperes +angle_I2=-30; //in degrees + +//SOLUTION +//function to convert from polar form to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[x1,y1]=pol2rect(I1,angle_I1); +[x2,y2]=pol2rect(I2,angle_I2); +X=x1+x2; +Y=y1+y2; + +//function to convert from rectangular form to polar form +function [I,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +I=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[I,angle]=rect2pol(X,Y); + +//solution (i) +z=v/I; +angle_z=angle_v-angle; +disp(sprintf("(i) The total impedance of the circuit is %f Ω, %f degrees",z,angle_z)); + +//solution (ii) +//disp(sprintf("The value of I is %f and angle is %f",I, angle_z)); +pf=cos(angle_z*(%pi/180)); +p=v*I*pf; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The power taken is %f W",p)); +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.54/ch2_ex_54.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.54/ch2_ex_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c975c627 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.54/ch2_ex_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 54 Read example 53 of the Book + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 54"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +C=2.5/(10^6); //capcaitance in Farads +R=15; //in Ohms +L=260/1000; //in Henry + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +f_r=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt((1/(L*C)-(R^2/L^2))); +f_r=round(f_r); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(i) The resonant frequency is %d Hz",f_r)); + +//solution (ii) +q_factor=(2*%pi*f_r*L)/R; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The Q-factor of the circuit is %f",q_factor)); + +//solution (iii) +Z_r=L/(C*R); +disp(sprintf("(iii) The dynamic impedance of the circuit is %f Ω",Z_r)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078b110aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +f=50; //in Hertz +I1=20; //in Amperes +pf1=0.75; //power factor +v=230; //in Volts +pf2=0.9; //power factor(lagging) + +//SOLUTION +phi1=acos(pf1); +res1=tan(phi1); //result1 = tan(Φ1) +phi2=acos(pf2); +res2=tan(phi2); //result2 = tan(Φ2) +Ic=I1*pf1*(res1-res2); +w=2*%pi*f; +c=Ic/(v*w); +disp(sprintf("The value of capacitance is %f μF",c*(10^6))); +Qc=v*Ic; +disp(sprintf("The reactive power is %f kVAR",Qc/(10^3))); +I2=I1*(pf1/pf2); +disp(sprintf("The new supply current is %f A",I2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7437159b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +s1=300; //apparent power in kVA +pf1=0.65; //power factor(lagging) +pf2=0.85; //power factor(lagging) + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p=s1*pf1; //active power +q1=sqrt((s1^2)-(p^2)); +disp(sprintf("(a) To bring the power factor to unity, the capacitor bank should have a capacity of %f kVAR",q1)); + +//solution (b) +s2=p/pf2; +q2=sqrt((s2^2)-(p^2)); +disp(sprintf("(b) To bring the power factor to 85%% lagging, the capacitor bank should have a capacity of %f kVAR",q2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.8/ch2_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.8/ch2_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..042588a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.8/ch2_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=300/sqrt(2); //in Volts +angle_v=110; //in degrees +I=15/sqrt(2); //in Amperes +angle_I=80; //in degrees + +//SOLUTION +Z=v/I; +angle_Z=angle_v-angle_I; +disp(sprintf("The circuit impedance is %d Ω",Z)); +disp(sprintf("The phase angle is %d degrees",angle_Z)); +p_av=v*I*cos(angle_Z*(%pi/180)); //to convert angle_z from degrees to radians +disp(sprintf("The average power drawn is %f W",p_av)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH2/EX2.9/ch2_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH2/EX2.9/ch2_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e68bc680 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH2/EX2.9/ch2_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//CHAPTER 2- STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 2"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=120; //voltage of lamp in Volts +p=100; //in Watts +v2=220; //supply voltage in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION +vl=sqrt((v2^2)-(v1^2)); +xl=(v1*vl)/p; +L=xl/(2*%pi*f); +disp(sprintf("The pure inductance should have a value of %f H",L)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.1/ch3_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.1/ch3_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..559b4579b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.1/ch3_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_l=400; //line voltage in Volts +r=15; //resistance in Ohms +xc=10; //capacitive resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +v_ph=v_l/sqrt(3); +disp(sprintf("(i) The phase voltage is %f V",v_ph)); + +//solution (ii) +z_ph=sqrt((r^2)+(xc^2)); +I_l=v_ph/z_ph; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The line current is %f A",I_l)); + +//solution (iii) +//phase current = line current since connection is star +disp(sprintf("(iii) The phase current is %f A",I_l)); + +//solution (iv) +pow_fact=r/z_ph; +disp(sprintf("(iv) The power factor of the circuit is %f (leading)",pow_fact)); + +//solution (v) +p=sqrt(3)*v_l*I_l*pow_fact; +disp(sprintf("(v) The total power absorbed is %f W",p)); + +//solution (vi) +va=sqrt(3)*v_l*I_l; +disp(sprintf("(vi) The apparent power is %f VA",va)); +var=sqrt((va^2)-(p^2)); +disp(sprintf("The reactive power is %f VAR",var)); + +//Answers (v) and (vi) are different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.11/ch3_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.11/ch3_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b93227926 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.11/ch3_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//SOLUTION +function power_sum=p1(phi); +power_sum=20*cos(phi); //power_sum=p1+p2=20*cos(phi) and in KiloWatts +endfunction; +function power_diff=p2(phi); +power_diff=(20*sin(phi))/sqrt(3); //power_diff=p1-p2=(20*sin(phi))/sqrt(3) and in KiloWatts +endfunction; + +//solution (a): when phi=0 +power_sum=20*cos(0); //eq(i) +power_diff=(20*sin(0))/sqrt(3); //eq(ii) +//solving eq(i) and eq(ii) to get values of p1 and p2 +A=[1 1;1 -1]; +b=[power_sum;power_diff]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st row of 2X1 matrix +x2=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd row of 2X1 matrix +disp("Solution (a)"); +disp(sprintf("P1 + P2 = %d kW",power_sum)); +disp(sprintf("P1 - P2 = %d kW",power_diff)); +disp(sprintf("The two wattmeter readings are %d kW and %d kW",x1,x2)); + +//solution (b): when phi=30 or %pi/6 (lagging) +power_sum=20*cos(%pi/6); +power_diff=(20*sin(%pi/6))/sqrt(3); +A=[1 1;1 -1]; +b=[power_sum;power_diff]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); +x2=x(2,:); +disp("Solution (b)"); +disp(sprintf("P1 + P2 = %f kW",power_sum)); +disp(sprintf("P1 - P2 = %f kW",power_diff)); +disp(sprintf("The two wattmeter readings are %f kW and %f kW",x1,x2)); + +//solution (c): when phi=60 or %pi/3 +power_sum=20*cos(%pi/3); +power_diff=(20*sin(-(%pi/3)))/sqrt(3); //leading +A=[1 1;1 -1]; +b=[power_sum;power_diff]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); +x2=x(2,:); +disp("Solution (c)"); +disp(sprintf("P1 + P2 = %f kW",power_sum)); +disp(sprintf("P1 - P2 = %f kW",power_diff)); +disp(sprintf("The two wattmeter readings are %f kW and %f kW",x1,x2)); + +//solution (d): when phi=90 or %pi/2 +power_sum=20*cos(%pi/2); +power_diff=(20*sin(%pi/2))/sqrt(3); //leading +A=[1 1;1 -1]; +b=[power_sum;power_diff]; +x=inv(A)*b; +x1=x(1,:); +x2=x(2,:); +disp("Solution (d)"); +disp(sprintf("P1 + P2 = %f kW",power_sum)); +disp(sprintf("P1 - P2 = %f kW",power_diff)); +disp(sprintf("The two wattmeter readings are %f kW and %f kW",x1,x2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.12/ch3_ex_12.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.12/ch3_ex_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb646dc3a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.12/ch3_ex_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 12 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 12"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_l=400; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +w1=2000; //in Watts +w2=800; //in Watts + +//SOLUTION +//solution (a) +p1=w1+w2; +p2=w1-w2; +phi=atan((sqrt(3)*p2)/p1); +pow_fact=cos(phi); +disp(sprintf("(a) The power factor of the circuit is %f (leading)",pow_fact)); + +//solution (b) +I_l=p1/(sqrt(3)*v_l*pow_fact); +disp(sprintf("(b) The line current is %f A",I_l)); + +//solution (c) +v_ph=v_l/sqrt(3); +z_ph=v_ph/I_l; //phase current=line current +r_ph=z_ph*pow_fact; +disp(sprintf("(c) The resistance of each phase is %f Ω",r_ph)); +xc=sqrt((z_ph^2)-(r_ph^2)); +c=1/(2*%pi*f*xc); +disp(sprintf("The capacitance of each phase is %E F",c)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.2/ch3_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.2/ch3_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1781e58fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.2/ch3_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_l=400; //in Volts +I_l=30; //in Amperes +I_ph=30; //since in star connection line current=phase current +p=12*1000; //in Watts + +//SOLUTION +v_ph=v_l/sqrt(3); +z_ph=v_ph/I_ph; +pow_fact=p/(sqrt(3)*v_l*I_l); //p=sqrt(3)*v_l*I_l*pow_fact +r_ph=z_ph*pow_fact; //from impedance tringle +disp(sprintf("The resisatnce of each impedance is %f Ω",r_ph)); +x_ph=sqrt((z_ph^2)-(r_ph^2)); +disp(sprintf("The ractance of each impedance is %f Ω",x_ph)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.3/ch3_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.3/ch3_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b85385282 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.3/ch3_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_ph=30; //in Ohms +l=0.07; //inductance in Henry +v_l=400; //in Volts +v_ph=400; //since in delta connection line voltage=phase voltage +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +x_ph=2*(%pi)*f*l; //inductive reactance +z_ph=sqrt((r_ph^2)+(x_ph^2)); +I_ph=v_ph/z_ph; +disp(sprintf("(a) The phase current is %f A",I_ph)); + +//solution (b) +I_l=sqrt(3)*I_ph; +disp(sprintf("(b) The line current is %f A",I_l)); + +//solution (c) +pow_fact=r_ph/z_ph; +disp(sprintf("(c) The power factor is %f (lagging)",pow_fact)); + +//solution (d) +p=sqrt(3)*v_l*I_l*pow_fact; +disp(sprintf("(d) The power absorbed is %f W",p)); + +//Answer is different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.4/ch3_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.4/ch3_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75f660c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.4/ch3_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_l=866; //in Volts +z_delta=177-(%i*246); //in Ohms +z_wire=1+(%i*2); //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +v_ph=v_l/sqrt(3); +z_star=z_delta/3; +z=z_wire + z_star; +I=v_ph/z; // I_na in rectangular form +//I_na, I_nb and I_nc are same in magnitude and are the line currents for delta connection +//I_na +I_na=sqrt((real(I))^2+(imag(I))^2); //I_na from rectangular to polar form +a=atan(imag(I)/real(I)); //angle in radians +a=a*(180/%pi); //radians to degrees +//I_nb +I_na=sqrt((real(I))^2+(imag(I))^2); +b=a-120; //lags by 120 degrees +//I_nc +I_na=sqrt((real(I))^2+(imag(I))^2); +c=a-240; // lags by another 120 degrees ie.,240 degrees +disp(sprintf("The line currents are %f A (%f degrees), %f A (%f degrees) and %f A (%f degrees)",I_na,a,I_na,b,I_na,c)); + + +//line current lags phase current by 30 degrees, hence (-30) +//I_AB +I_AB=I_na/sqrt(3); +a1=a-(-30); +//I_BC +I_BC=I_na/sqrt(3); +b1=b-(-30); +//I_AC +I_AC=I_na/sqrt(3); +c1=c-(-30); +disp(sprintf("The phase currents are %f A (%f degrees), %f A (%f degrees) and %f A (%f degrees)",I_AB,a1,I_BC,b1,I_AC,c1)); + +//converting z_delta from polar form to rectangular form +z=sqrt((real(z_delta))^2+(imag(z_delta))^2); +angle=atan(imag(z_delta)/real(z_delta)); +angle=angle*(180/%pi); + +//line voltages for load or phase voltages for the delta load- +//v_AB +v_AB=I_AB*z; +a2=a1+angle; +//v_B +v_BC=I_BC*z; +b2=b1+angle; +//v_AC +v_AC=I_AC*z; +c2=c1+angle; +disp(sprintf("The phase voltages for the delta load are %f A (%f degrees), %f A (%f degrees) and %f A (%f degrees)",v_AB,a2,v_BC,b2,v_AC,c2)); + +p_AB=(I_AB^2)*real(z_delta); +p_load=3*p_AB; +disp(sprintf("The power absorbed by the load is %f W",p_load)); +p_l=3*(I_na^2)*real(z_wire); +disp(sprintf("The power dissipated by the line is %f W",p_l)); +p=p_load+p_l; +disp(sprintf("The total power supplied by 3-ϕ source is %f W",p)); + +//Answers may be slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.5/ch3_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.5/ch3_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc38bd18e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.5/ch3_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +w1=5000; //reading of 1st wattmeter in Watts +w2=-1000; //reading of 2nd wattmeter in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p1=w1+w2; +disp(sprintf("(a) The total power is %d W",p1)); + +//solution (b) +p2=w1-w2; +phi=atan((sqrt(3)*p2)/p1); +pow_fact=cos(phi); +disp(sprintf("(b) The power factor of the load is %f", pow_fact)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.6/ch3_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.6/ch3_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60adf0c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.6/ch3_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_l=3300; //in Volts +p_out=1500*735.5; //in Watts as 1 metric horsepower= 735.498W +eff=0.85; +pow_fact=0.81; + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p_in=p_out/eff; +disp(sprintf("(a) The motor input is %f kW",p_in/1000)); + +//solution (b) +I=p_in/(sqrt(3)*v_l*pow_fact); +disp(sprintf("(b) The line and phase current of the alternator is %f A",I)); + +//solution (c) +I_l=I; +I_ph=I_l/sqrt(3); +disp(sprintf("(c) The line current of the motor is %f A",I_l)); +disp(sprintf("The phase current of the motor is %f A",I_ph)); + +//Answers may be different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.7/ch3_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.7/ch3_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e06ddee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.7/ch3_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_ph=200; //in Volts +r1=5; //in Ohms +r2=8; //in Ohms +r3=10; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +I1=v_ph/r1; +I2=v_ph/r2; +I3=v_ph/r3; +disp(sprintf("The current in the three phases are %d A, %d A and %d A",I1,I2,I3)); + +I_x=0+I2*(sqrt(3)/2)-I3*(sqrt(3)/2); //x-component of the three currents =>I_x = I1*cos(90) + I2*cos(30) + I3*cos(30) +I_y=I1-I2*0.5-I3*0.5; //y-component of the three currents =>I_y = I1*sin(90) + I2*sin(30) + I3*sin(30) +I=sqrt((I_x^2)+(I_y^2)); +disp(sprintf("The neutral current is %f A",I)); + +p1=v_ph*I1; +p2=v_ph*I2; +p3=v_ph*I3; +disp(sprintf("The power consumed in the three phases are %d W, %d W and %d W",p1,p2,p3)); + +p=p1+p2+p3; +disp(sprintf("The total power is %d W",p)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.8/ch3_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.8/ch3_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a060c12ad --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.8/ch3_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_ph=230; //in Volts and in polar form +z=8+(%i*6); //in Ohms and in rectanglar form + +//SOLUTION +//converting z from rectangular form to polar form +z_mag=sqrt(real(z)^2+imag(z)^2); +phi=atan(imag(z)/real(z)); //atan() gives output in radians + +I_ph=v_ph/z_mag; +I_l=sqrt(3)*I_ph; +disp(sprintf("The line current is %f A",I_l)); + +pow_fact=cos(phi); +disp(sprintf("The power factor is %f",pow_fact)); + +p=sqrt(3)*v_ph*I_l*pow_fact; //phase volt=line volt in delta connection(v_l=v_ph) +disp(sprintf("The power is %f W",p)); + +var=sqrt(3)*v_ph*I_l*sin(phi); +var=var/1000; //from VAR to kVAR +disp(sprintf("The reactive power is %f kVAR",var)); + +va=sqrt(3)*v_ph*I_l; +va=va/1000; //from VA to kVA +disp(sprintf("The total volt amperes is %f kVA",va)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69339a32f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 9 + +clc; +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_ab=400; //in Volts +v_bc=400; //in Volts +v_ac=400; //in Volts +z_ab=100; //in Ohms +z_bc=100; //in Ohms +z_ac=100; //in Ohms + +//solution (a) + +//function to convert from polar to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle); +y=mag*sin(angle); +endfunction; + +I_AB=v_ab/z_ab; +mag1=abs(real(I_AB)); +ang1=0; //I_AB is represented as mag1∠ang1 +I_BC=v_bc/z_bc; +ang2=-210*(%pi/180); //I_BC is represented as mag1∠ang2 +I_AC=v_ac/z_ac; +ang3=210*(%pi/180); //I_AB is represented as mag1∠ang3 +[x1,y1]=pol2rect(I_AB,ang1); +[x2,y2]=pol2rect(I_BC,ang2); +[x3,y3]=pol2rect(I_AC,ang3); +//let us consider values X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3 and Y3 for the ease of calculation (these are not mentioned in the book) +X1=x1-x3; +Y1=y1-y3; +X2=x2-x1; +Y2=y2-y1; +X3=x3-x2; +Y3=y3-y2; +I_A=X1+(%i*Y1); +I_B=X2+(%i*Y2); +I_C=X3+(%i*Y3); + +//function to convert from rectangular to polar form +function [z,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +z=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +if(x==0 & y>0) then angle=90; //in case atan=∞ +elseif(x==0 & y<0) then angle=-90 //in case atan=-∞ +else +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +end; +endfunction; + +[mag4,ang4]=rect2pol(X1,Y1); +[mag5,ang5]=rect2pol(X2,Y2); +[mag6,ang6]=rect2pol(X3,Y3); +disp(sprintf("(a) The line current I_A is %f∠%f A",mag4,ang4)); +disp(sprintf("The line current I_B is %f∠%f A",mag5,(180+ang5))); +disp(sprintf("The line current I_C is %f∠%f A",mag6,ang6)); + +//solution (b) +//since power is consumed only by 100Ω resistance in the arm AB +r1=100; +p1=(I_AB^2)*r1; +p2=160000; +r2=p2/p1; +disp(sprintf("(b) The star connected balanced resistance is %d Ω",r2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH3/EX3.9/ch3_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH3/EX3.9/ch3_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db81e1061 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH3/EX3.9/ch3_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//CHAPTER 3- THREE-PHASE A.C. CIRCUITS +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 3"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_ab=400; //in Volts +v_bc=400; //in Volts +v_ac=400; //in Volts +z_ab=100; //in Ohms +z_bc=100; //in Ohms +z_ac=100; //in Ohms + +//solution (a) + +//function to convert from polar to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle1); +x=mag*cos(angle1); +y=mag*sin(angle1); +endfunction; + +I_AB=v_ab/z_ab; +mag1=abs(real(I_AB)); +ang1=0; +I_BC=v_bc/z_bc; +ang2=-210*(%pi/180); +I_AC=v_ac/z_ac; +ang3=210*(%pi/180); +[x1,y1]=pol2rect(I_AB,ang1); +[x2,y2]=pol2rect(I_BC,ang2); +[x3,y3]=pol2rect(I_AC,ang3); +I_A=(x1-x3)+(%i*(y1-y3)); +I_B=(x2-x1)+(%i*(y2-y1)); +I_C=(x3-x2)+(%i*(y3-y2)); +disp(sprintf("(a) The line current I_A in rectangular form is (%f + j%d) A",real(I_A),imag(I_A))); +disp(sprintf("The line current I_B in rectangular form is (%f + j%d) A",real(I_B),imag(I_B))); +disp(sprintf("The line current I_C in rectangular form is (%d - j%d) A",real(I_C),-imag(I_C))); + +//solution (b) +//since power is consumed only by 100Ω resistance in the arm AB +r1=100; +p1=(I_AB^2)*r1; +p2=160000; +r2=p2/p1; +disp(sprintf("(b) The star connected balanced resistance is %d Ω",r2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.1/ch4_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.1/ch4_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df7e6aede --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.1/ch4_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N=10; //number of turns +I=5; //in amperes +B=500; //flux density in Wb/m^2 +ar=15/10000; //area in m^2 + +//SOLUTION +T_d=N*B*I*ar; +disp(sprintf("The deflecting torque exerted on the coil is %f N-m",T_d)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.10/ch4_ex_10.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.10/ch4_ex_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60ae7828 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.10/ch4_ex_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 10 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 10"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=2; //in Ohms (r1=2 is an assumption) +r2=2; //in Ohms (since r1=r2) +v=100; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +v1=(v*r1)/(r1+r2); //voltage divider law +v2=(v*r2)/(r1+r2); //voltage divider law +disp(sprintf("Reading of the 1st voltmeter is %d V",v1)); +disp(sprintf("Reading of the 2nd voltmeter is %d V",v2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.11/ch4_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.11/ch4_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c52886b03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.11/ch4_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r1=30000; //in Ohms +r2=20000; //in Ohms +v=600; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +v1=(r1*v)/(r1+r2); //voltage divider law +v2=(r2*v)/(r1+r2); //voltage divider law +disp(sprintf("Reading of the 1st voltmeter is %d V",v1)); +disp(sprintf("Reading of the 2nd voltmeter is %d V",v2)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.12/ch4_ex_12.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.12/ch4_ex_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b5b1249e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.12/ch4_ex_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 12 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 12"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I1=1; //full scale current in 1st ammeter in mA +I2=10; //full scale current in 2nd ammeter in mA +r1=100; //internal resistance of 1st ammeter in Ohms +r2=25; //internal resistance of 2nd ammeter in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +R1=r2/(r1+r2); //resistance for 1st ammeter +R2=r1/(r1+r2); //resistance for 2nd ammeter +I=I1/R1; //by current divider law I1=(I*r2)/(r1+r2) =>I1=I*R1 =>I=I1/R1 +A2=I*R2; //A2=reading of second ammeter +disp(sprintf("The total current that the two ammeters can carry is %d mA",I)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.2/ch4_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.2/ch4_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8d23720 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.2/ch4_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +G=10; //resistance in Ohms +S=1; //shunt resistance in Ohms +r=12; //total resistance in Ohms +emf=2; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +I=emf/r; +I_g=(S*I)/(S+G); +disp(sprintf("The current through the galvanometer is %f A",I_g)); + +//END + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.3/ch4_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.3/ch4_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeca30d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.3/ch4_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=1; //in Amperes (I=1 is an assumption) +I_g=I/100; //in Amperes +G=2970; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +S=(G*I_g)/(I-I_g); //since I_g=(S*I)/(S+G); + +disp(sprintf("The wire should have a resistance of %f Ω",S)); + +//END + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.4/ch4_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.4/ch4_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e99e441b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.4/ch4_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_A=10; //in Ohms +I_A=15/1000; //from mA to A +I=100; //in A +V=500; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +R_sh=r_A/((I/I_A)-1); //(I/I_A) is the multiplying factor of the shunt + +disp(sprintf("The required shunt resistance is %f Ω",R_sh)); + +//solutuion (b) +r=V/I_A; //total resistance required +R_se=r-r_A; +disp(sprintf("The required resistance to be added in series is %f Ω",R_se)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.5/ch4_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.5/ch4_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d19487bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.5/ch4_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +m_c=100; //meter constant in rev/kWh +I=20; //in Amperes +v=230; //in Volts +pow_fact=0.8; +rev_act=360; //actual revolution + +//SOLUTION +E=(v*I*pow_fact)/1000; //from Wh to kWh +rev=m_c*E; //number of revolutions for true energy +disp(sprintf("The number of revolutions made by the meter is %f",rev)); +err=(rev_act-rev)/rev; +err=err*100; //percentage error +disp(sprintf("The percentage error is %f %%",err)); +if(err<0) then +disp("The negative sign indicates that the meter will run slow"); +end + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.6/ch4_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.6/ch4_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8906b37ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.6/ch4_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I_m=20/1000; //from mA to A +v_m=50/1000; //from mV to V +v=500; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +r_m=v_m/I_m; +r_s=(v/I_m)-r_m; +disp(sprintf("The series resistance to measure 500 V on full scale is %f Ω",r_s)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.7/ch4_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.7/ch4_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82962fd60 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.7/ch4_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +m_c=100; //meter constant in rev/kwh +I=20; //in Amperes +v=210; //in Volts +pow_fact=0.8; //leading +rev_act=350; //actual revolution + +//SOLUTION +E=(v*I*pow_fact)/1000; //from Wh to kWh +rev_true=m_c*E; +disp(sprintf("The number of revolutions made by the meter is %f",rev_true)); +err=(rev_act-rev_true)/rev_true; +err=err*100; //percentage error +disp(sprintf("The percentage error is %f %%",err)); +if(err<0) then +disp("The negative sign indicates that the meter will run slow"); +end + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.8/ch4_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.8/ch4_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5c95a2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.8/ch4_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I_m=15/1000; //from mA to A +r_m=5; //in Ohms +I=2; //in Amperes +v=30; //in Volts + +//SOLUTION +R_sh=(I_m*r_m)/I; //I_m=I*(R_sh/(R_sh+r_m)) if R_sh<<5Ω, then I_m=I*(R_sh/r_m) neglecting R_sh in the denominator +disp(sprintf("In order to read upto 2A, a shunt of %f Ω has to be connected in parallel",R_sh)); + +R_se=(v-(I_m*r_m))/I_m; +disp(sprintf("In order to read upto 30V, a resistance of %f Ω has to be connected in series",R_se)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH4/EX4.9/ch4_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH4/EX4.9/ch4_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4699a6038 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH4/EX4.9/ch4_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 4- MEASURING INSTRUMENTS +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 4"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I=50; //in Amperes +v=230; //in Volts +rev=61; //revolutions +t=37/3600; //from seconds to hours +m_c=500; //in rev/kwh +pow_fact=1; //since load is purely resistive + +//SOLUTION +E1=(v*I*t*pow_fact)/1000; //energy consumed in 37 seconds +E2=rev/m_c; +err=(E2-E1)/E1; +err=err*100; //percentage error +disp(sprintf("The percentage error is %f %%",err)); +if(err<0) then +disp("The negative sign indicates that the meter will run slow"); +end + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..758205da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//CHAPTER 6- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 6"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +lA=17/100; //length of part A in m +l=3/100; //in m +lg=2/1000; //length of air-gap in m +N=1000; //number of turns +AB=10/100; //in m +BC=20/100; //in m +CD=10/100; //in m +I=1; //exciting current in Amperes +murA=1000; //relative permeability of part A +murB=1200; //relative permeability of part B +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); //absolute permeability in Henry/m + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +ar=l*l; +rA=lA/(mu0*murA*ar); +disp(sprintf("(i) Reluctance of part A is %E AT/Wb",rA)); + +lB=(AB-(l/2))+(BC-l)+(CD-(l/2)); +rB=lB/(mu0*murB*ar); +disp(sprintf("Reluctance of part B is %E AT/Wb",rB)); + +//solution (ii) +lg=2*lg; +murg=1; +rg=lg/(mu0*murg*ar); +disp(sprintf("(ii) Reluctance of the two air gaps is %E AT/Wb",rg)); + +//solution (iii) +rT=rA+rB+rg; +disp(sprintf("(iii) Total reluctance is %E AT/Wb",rT)); + +//solution (iv) +mmf=N*I; +disp(sprintf("(iv) MMF is %d AT",mmf)); + +//solution (v) +totFlux=mmf/rT; +disp(sprintf("(v) Total flux is %E Wb",totFlux)); + + +//solution (vi) +b=totFlux/ar; +disp(sprintf("(vi) Flux density is %f Wb/m^2",b)); + +//Answers of (v) and (vi) do not match due to calculation mistake in the book + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c6bd3b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//CHAPTER 6- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 6"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +dr=25/100; //diameter of steel ring in m +ds=3/100; //diameter of circular section in m +lg=1.5/1000; //length of air-gap in m +N=700; //number of turns +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); //absolute permeability in Henry/m +I=2; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +mmf=N*I; +disp(sprintf("(i) MMF is %d AT", mmf)); + +//solution (ii) +netMMF=(mmf-(0.35*mmf)); //mmf taken by iron path is 35% of total mmf +b=(mu0*netMMF)/lg; //phi=b*area, r=lg/(mu0*area) & mmf=phi*r => mmf=(b*lg)/mu0 => b=(mmf*mu0)/lg +disp(sprintf("(ii) The flux density of the air gap is %E Wb/m^2", b)); + +//solution (iii) +ar=%pi*((ds/2)^2); //area of cross-section of circular section +phi=ar*b; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The magnetic flux is %E Wb",phi)); + +//solution (iv) +rt=mmf/phi; +disp(sprintf("(iv) The total reluctance is %E AT/wb",rt)); + +//solution (v) +rg=lg/(mu0*ar); //reluctance of air gap +rs=rt-rg; //reluctance of steel +lr=%pi*dr; //circumference of ring +mur=lr/(mu0*rs*ar); +disp(sprintf("(v) The relative permeability of the steel ring is %E",mur)); + +//solution (vi) +disp(sprintf("(vi) Reluctance of steel is %E AT/Wb",rs)); + +//END + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f17dfaefc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//CHAPTER 6- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 6"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +lg1=0.025/100; //length of 1st air-gap in m +a1=(1*1)/10000; //in m^2 +lg2=0.02/100; //length of 2nd air-gap in m +a2=(1*1)/10000; //in m^2 +lg3=0.02/100; //length of 3rd air-gap in m +a3=(2*1)/10000; //in m^2 +phi=0.75/1000; //in Wb +lc1=0.5; //length through outer limb in m +lc2=0.5; //length through outer limb in m +lc3=0.2; //length through central limb in m +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); //absolute permeability in Henry/m + +//SOLUTUION + +//solution (a): when mur=infinity i.e., no mmf drops in any member of the core +rg1=lg1/(mu0*a1); //reluctance of 1st air-gap +rg2=lg2/(mu0*a2); //reluctance of 2nd air-gap +rg3=lg3/(mu0*a3); //reluctance of 3rd air-gap +rgeq=(rg1*rg2)/(rg1+rg2); //rgeq=rg2||rg3 +mmf1=phi*(rgeq+rg3); +mmf1=round(mmf1); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(a) MMF of the exciting coil when permeability is infinity is %d AT",mmf1)); + +//solution (b): when mur=5000 i.e., reluctance of magnetic core must be considered +mur=5000; +rc1=lc1/(mu0*mur*a1); //reluctance of first path in the core +rc2=lc2/(mu0*mur*a2); //reluctance of second path in the core +rc3=lc3/(mu0*mur*a3); //reluctance of third path in the core +r1=rg1+rc1; +r2=rg2+rc2; +r3=rg3+rc3; +req=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2); +totr=req+r3; +mmf2=phi*totr; +mmf2=round(mmf2); +disp(sprintf("(b) MMF of the exciting coil when permeability is 5000 is %d AT",mmf2)); + +//END + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957c97a28 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//CHAPTER 6- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 6"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +di=10; //diameter of iron ring in cm +dr=1.5; //diameter of iron rod in cm +mui=900; //relative permeability of rod +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); //absolute permeability in Henry/m +lg=5/10; //length of air-gap in cm +N=400; //number of turns +I=3.4; //current through the winding in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +li=(di*%pi)-lg; //length of iron path +area=((dr^2)*%pi)/4; //area of iron cross-section + +//solution (a) +mmf=(4*%pi*N*I)/10; //in gilberts, since 1 AT=(4*pi)/10 +mmf=round(mmf); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(a) MMF is %d Gilberts",mmf)); + +//solution (b) +//tot reluctance = iron reluctance + air gap reluctance(mur=1 for air) +totR=(li/(area*mu0*mui))+(lg/(area*mu0*1)); +disp(sprintf("(b) The total reluctance is %E Gilberts/Maxwell",totR)); + +//solution (c) +phi=mmf/totR; +disp(sprintf("(c) The flux in the circuit is %f Maxwell",phi)); + +//solution (d) +b=phi/area; +disp(sprintf("(d) The flux density in the circuit is %f Gauss",b)); + +//Answers of (b), (c) & (d) are different because absolute permeability is not included in (b) + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1c1e5afc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 6- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 6"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +li=100/100; //length of iron part in m +ls=200/100; //length of steel part in m +lg=1/100; //length of air gap in m +ai=20/10000; //cross-sectional area of iron in m^2 +as=10/10000; //cross-sectional area of steel in m^2 +ag=20/10000; //cross-sectional area of air-gap in m^2 +muRi=300; //relative permeability of iron +muRs=900; //relative permeability of steel +muRg=1; //relative permeability of air +N=170; //number of turns +phi=9000*10^(-8); //flux in Wb (1 line = 10^(-8) Wb) +lkg=1.2; //leakage coefficient +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); //absolute permeability in Henry/m + +//SOLUTION +rg=lg/(mu0*muRg*ag); +mg=rg*phi; +mg=round(mg); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("MMF of the air gap is %d AT",mg)); + +ri=li/(mu0*muRi*ai); +mi=lkg*ri*phi; +mi=round(mi); +disp(sprintf("MMF of iron is %d AT",mi)); + +rs=ls/(mu0*muRs*as); +ms=lkg*rs*phi; +ms=round(ms); +disp(sprintf("MMF of cast steel is %d AT",ms)); + +totMMF=mg+mi+ms; +I=totMMF/N; +disp(sprintf("Current through the coil is %f A",I)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c326044f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +I_0=10; //no load current in Amperes +pf=0.25; //power factor +v1=400; //in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +theta=acos(pf); +I_phi=I_0*sin(theta); +disp(sprintf("(a) The magnetizing component of no load current is %f A",I_phi)); + +//solution (b) +p_c=v1*I_0*pf; +disp(sprintf("(b) The iron loss is %d W",p_c)); + +//solution (c) +N1=500; +phi_m=v1/(sqrt(2)*%pi*f*N1); +disp(sprintf("(c) The maximum value of flux in the core is %f mWb",phi_m*1000)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_ex_10.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_ex_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8409d82ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_ex_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 10 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 10"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=6600; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=220; //secondary voltage in Volts +coreA=0.05; //core section m^2 +fluxD=1.2; //flux density in wm/m^2 +f=50; //Hz + +//SOLUTION +//E1=4.44.f.N1.φm +phiM=coreA*fluxD; +N1=v1/(4.44*f*phiM); +N1=round(N1); +// +//N2=N1.E2/E1 +N2=N1*(v2/v1); +N2=round(N2); +disp(sprintf("The no. of turns on HT side is %f",N1)); +disp(sprintf("The no. of turns on LT side is %f",N2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.11/ch7_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.11/ch7_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c41d49e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.11/ch7_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=44000; // +v1=2200; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=220; //secondary voltage in Volts +N2=50; //turns in secondary coil + +//SOLUTION +// N1/N2=V1/V2 +N1=N2*(v1/v2); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The no. of turns on HT side is %f",N1)); +// +//since losses are negligible, input=output, V1I1=V2I2 +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The primary full load current is %f Amp",I1)); +disp(sprintf("The secondary full load current is %f Amp",I2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.12/ch7_ex_12.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.12/ch7_ex_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee0c6f904 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.12/ch7_ex_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 12 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 12"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=400; //primary voltage in Volts +f=50; //Hz +Io=10; //in Amp no load current +pf =0.25; //lagging +N1=500; //given + +//SOLUTION +// N1/N2=V1/V2 +phi0=acos(pf); +Iphi=Io*sin(phi0); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The magnetic component of no load current is %f Amp",Iphi)); +// +ironLoss=v1*Io*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The iron loss on no load is %f W",ironLoss)); +// +//E1=4.44.f.N1.φm +phiM=v1/(4.44*f*N1); +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of flux in the core is %f Wb",phiM)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.13/ch7_ex_13.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.13/ch7_ex_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c217cb56d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.13/ch7_ex_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 13 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 13"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=230; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=115; +f=50; //Hz +Io=2; //in Amp no load current +pf0 =0.28; //lagging +I2=20; // +pf2=0.8; //lagging + +//SOLUTION +// +phi0=acos(pf0); +phi2=acos(pf2); +I_dash_2=I2*v2/v1; +Ix=Io*sin(phi0)+I_dash_2*sin(phi2); +Iy=Io*cos(phi0)+I_dash_2*cos(phi2); +I1=sqrt(Ix^2+Iy^2); +disp(sprintf("The current taken by primary is %f Amp",I1)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.14/ch7_ex_14.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.14/ch7_ex_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3771b28b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.14/ch7_ex_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 14 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 14"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=22000; //apparent power +v1=1100; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=110; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=2; //in Ohms +R2=0.02; //in Ohms +X1=5; //in Ohms +X2=0.045; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +//N1byN2=v1/v2; + +R_dash_2=R2*((v1/v2)^2); +X_dash_2=X2*((v1/v2)^2); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance of secondary referred to primary is %fΩ",R_dash_2)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent reactance of secondary referred to primary is %f Ω",X_dash_2)); +// +R_e1=R_dash_2+R1; +X_e1=X_dash_2+X1; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The total resistance referred to primary is %f Ω",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The total reactance referred to primary is %f Ω",X_e1)); +// +R_dash_1=R1*((v2/v1)^2); +X_dash_1=X1*((v2/v1)^2); +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance of secondary referred to secondary is %f Ω",R_dash_1)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent reactance of secondary referred to secondary is %f Ω",X_dash_1)); +// +R_e2=R_dash_1+R2; +X_e2=X_dash_1+X2; +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The total resistance referred to secondary is %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp(sprintf("The total reactance referred to secondary is %f Ω",X_e2)); +// +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +copperLoss=R1*I1^2+R2*I2^2; +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The total copper loss is %f W",copperLoss)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.15/ch7_ex_15.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.15/ch7_ex_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..309cbc524 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.15/ch7_ex_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 15 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 15"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=20000; //apparent power +v1=2000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=200; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=2.5; //in Ohms +R2=0.04; //in Ohms +X1=8; //in Ohms +X2=0.07; //in Ohms +pf2=0.8; + +//SOLUTION +//N1byN2=v1/v2; +I2=va/v2; +phi2=acos(pf2); +// +R_dash_1=R1*((v2/v1)^2); +X_dash_1=X1*((v2/v1)^2); +// +R_e2=R_dash_1+R2; +X_e2=X_dash_1+X2; +//disp(sprintf("The total resistance referred to secondary is %f Ω",R_e2)); +//disp(sprintf("The total reactance referred to secondary is %f Ω",X_e2)); +// +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R +V2=v2-(I2*R_e2*pf2+I2*X_e2*sin(phi2)); +%reg=(v2-V2)*100/v2; +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal voltage is %f V",V2)); +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load is %f",%reg)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.16/ch7_ex_16.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.16/ch7_ex_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b878ffd23 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.16/ch7_ex_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 16 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 16"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=20000; //apparent power +v1=2000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=200; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=2.5; //in Ohms +R2=0.04; //in Ohms +X1=8; //in Ohms +X2=0.07; //in Ohms +pf2=0.8; + +//SOLUTION +//N1byN2=v1/v2; +I2=va/v2; +phi2=acos(pf2); + +// +R_dash_1=R1*((v2/v1)^2); +X_dash_1=X1*((v2/v1)^2); +// +R_e2=R_dash_1+R2; +X_e2=X_dash_1+X2; +//disp(sprintf("The total resistance referred to secondary is %f Ω",R_e2)); +//disp(sprintf("The total reactance referred to secondary is %f Ω",X_e2)); +// +//power factor angle at which regulation is zero is given by tan.phi2=-Re2/Xe2 +phi2=atan(-R_e2/X_e2); +disp(sprintf("The PF at which the regulation is zero is %f",cos(phi2))); +// +//power factor angle at which regulation is maximum is given by tan.phi2=Xe2/Re2 +phi2=atan(X_e2/R_e2); +disp(sprintf("The PF at which the regulation is maximum is %f",cos(phi2))); +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R + +V2=v2-(I2*R_e2*cos(phi2)+I2*X_e2*sin(phi2)); +%reg=(v2-V2)*100/v2; +disp(sprintf("The maximum value of percent regulation is %f ",%reg)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.17/ch7_ex_17.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.17/ch7_ex_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42758d943 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.17/ch7_ex_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 17 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 17"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=200000; // +ironLoss=1000; // Watts +cuLoss=2000; //Watts +pf=0.8; +// +//SOLUTION +// +Pout=va*pf; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +// +//at half load +Pout=va*pf/2; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss*(1/2)^2; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +// +//fraction x of copperloss=ironloss for maximum efficiency +//x^2.cuLoss=ironLoss +x=sqrt(ironLoss/cuLoss); +Pout=x*va*pf; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss*x^2; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at %f load is %f ",x,eff)); + +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.18/ch7_ex_18.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.18/ch7_ex_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d60c214e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.18/ch7_ex_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 18 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 18"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=400000; // +ironLoss=1500; // Watts +cuLoss=4000; //Watts +//during the day frommidnight to midnight is as below: +h1=6; //first 6 hours from midnight to 6 hrs +load1=0; +pf1=0; +h2=6; //next 6 hours from 6 am to noon +load2=100000; //kVA converted to VA +pf2=0.8; +h3=5; //next from noon to 5 pm +load3=400000; +pf3=0.8; +h4=3; //next from 5 pm to 8 pm +load4=300000; +pf4=0.7; +h5=4; //next from 8 pm to midnight +load5=200000; +pf5=0.85; +// +//SOLUTION +// +//energy loss at any load=(VA output/VA rated)^2 .Full load cuLoss +loss1=h1*load1; +loss2=h2*(load2/va)^2*cuLoss; +loss3=h3*(load3/va)^2*cuLoss; +loss4=h4*(load4/va)^2*cuLoss; +loss5=h5*(load5/va)^2*cuLoss; +//loss in 24 hours +loss24=loss1+loss2+loss3+loss4+loss5; +//disp(sprintf("The all day loss is %f ",loss24)); +Pout=h1*load1*pf1+h2*load2*pf2+h3*load3*pf3+h4*load4*pf4+h5*load5*pf5; +//disp(sprintf("The all day energy output is %f ",Pout)); +Pin=Pout+ironLoss*24+loss24; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The all day percent efficiency is %f ",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.19/ch7_ex_19.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.19/ch7_ex_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03fc658d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.19/ch7_ex_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 19 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 19"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=10000; //apparent power +v1=500; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=250; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//open circuit parameters +Voc=500; +Io=2; +Wi=100; // watts HT side +Woc=Wi; //just another nomenclature +//short circuit test +Vsc=25; +Isc=20; +Wc=90; // watts HT side +// +pf=0.8; +//SOLUTION +//open circuit +phi0=acos(Woc/(v1*Io)); +Ic=Io*cos(phi0); +Iphi=Io*sin(phi0); +Rc=v1/Ic; +X=v1/Iphi; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ic is %f Amp",Ic)); +disp(sprintf("The value of IΦ is %f Amp",Iphi)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Rc is %f Ohm",Rc)); +disp(sprintf("The value of X is %fΩ",X)); +// +//short circuit +phisc=acos(Wc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pf1=cos(phisc); +R_e1=Vsc*pf1/Isc; +Z_e1=Vsc/Isc; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +disp(sprintf("The value of Power factor is %f",pf1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f Ohm",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ze1 is %f Ohm",Z_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Xe1 is %fΩ",X_e1)); +// +I1=va/v1; +phi=acos(pf); +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R +%reg=(Isc*R_e1*pf+Isc*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; +disp("SOLUTION (c(i))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load is %f",%reg)); +// +//full load output at pf=0.8 +Pout=va*pf; +ironLoss=Wi; +cuLoss=Wc; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (c(ii))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac414b445 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=400; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=200; //secondary voltage in Volts +I0=1; //in Amperes +pf1=0.4; //power factor in degrees +I2=50; //secondary current in Amperes +pf2=0.8; //lagging power factor in degrees + +//SOLUTION + +//function to convert from polar to rectangular form +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle1); +x=mag*cos(angle1); +y=mag*sin(angle1); +endfunction; + +phi_0=acos(pf1); +phi=acos(pf2); +I2_dash=(v2*I2)/v1; +[x0,y0]=pol2rect(I0,-phi_0); +[x2_dash,y2_dash]=pol2rect(I2_dash,-phi); +I1_x=x0+x2_dash; //x-component of I1 +I1_y=y0+y2_dash; //y-component of I1 +disp(sprintf("The primary current in reactangular form is (%f-j%f) A",I1_x,-I1_y)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.20/ch7_ex_20.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.20/ch7_ex_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a1e8bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.20/ch7_ex_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 20 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 20"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=4000; //apparent power +v1=200; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=400; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +R_e1=0.15; +Pi=60; //core losses iron core +pf1=0.9; +pf2=0.8; + +//SOLUTION +R_e2=(v2/v1)^2*R_e1; +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +Pcu=I2^2*R_e2; //cu losses +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Copper Losses at full load is %f W",Pcu)); +// +Pout=va*pf1; +Pin=Pout+Pi+Pcu; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load %f PF is %f",pf1,eff)); +// +//at half load +Pout=va*pf2/2; +Pin=Pout+Pi+Pcu*(1/2)^2; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load %f PF is %f",pf2,eff)); + +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.21/ch7_ex_21.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.21/ch7_ex_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62f944d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.21/ch7_ex_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 21 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 21"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=5000; //apparent power +v1=250; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=125; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=0.2; +X1=0.75; +R2=0.05; +X2=0.2; +pf=0.8; //leading + +//SOLUTION +R_e2=(v2/v1)^2*R1+R2; +X_e2=(v2/v1)^2*X1+X2; +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +// +//at full load leading +phi=acos(pf); +%reg=(I2*R_e2*pf-I2*X_e2*sin(phi))*100/v2; +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load is %f",%reg)); +// +//%R=(E2-V2).100/E2 +V2=v2-%reg*v2/100; +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal at full load is %f V",V2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.22/ch7_ex_22.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.22/ch7_ex_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105b35b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.22/ch7_ex_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 22 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 22"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=6600; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=400; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=2.5; +R2=0.01; +X2=0.2; +pf=0.8; //leading + +//SOLUTION +//transfer R2 resistance to R'2 +R_dash_2=R2*(v1/v2)^2; +R_e1=R1+R_dash_2; +// +R_dash_1=R1*(v2/v1)^2; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +// +disp(sprintf("The total equivalent resistance referred to primary is %f Ω",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The total equivalent resistance referred to secondary is %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.23/ch7_ex_23.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.23/ch7_ex_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a725cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.23/ch7_ex_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 23 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 23"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=33000; +v1=2200; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=220; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +R1=2.4; +X1=6; +R2=0.03; +X2=0.07; + +//SOLUTION +// +R_dash_2=R2*(v1/v2)^2; +R_e1=R1+R_dash_2; +X_dash_2=X2*(v1/v2)^2; +X_e1=X1+X_dash_2; +// +R_dash_1=R1*(v2/v1)^2; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +X_dash_1=X1*(v2/v1)^2; +X_e2=X2+X_dash_1; + +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The primary resistance referred to secondary %f Ω",R_dash_1)); +disp(sprintf("The primary leakage reactance referred to secondary %f Ω",X_dash_1)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The secondary resistance referred to secondary %f Ω",R_dash_2)); +disp(sprintf("The secondary leakage reactance referred to secondary %f Ω",X_dash_2)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (C(i))"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to primary %f Ω",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary %f Ω",X_e1)); +// +disp("SOLUTION (C(ii))"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to secondaryy %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to secondary %f Ω",X_e2)); +// +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +oLoss=I2^2*R_e2; +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The ohmic loss at full load %f W",oLoss)); +// +Z_e1=sqrt(R_e1^2+X_e1^2); +//voltage to be applied on HV side +V=160*(v2/v1)*Z_e1; +P=(160*(v2/v1))^2*R_e1; +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The voltage to be applied on HV side is %f V",V)); +disp(sprintf("The power input is %f W",P)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.24/ch7_ex_24.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.24/ch7_ex_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46b03988a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.24/ch7_ex_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 24 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 24"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=10000; +v1=2500; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=250; //secondary voltage in Volts +R1=4.8; +X1=11.2; +R2=0.048; +X2=0.112; + +//SOLUTION +// +R_dash_2=R2*(v1/v2)^2; +R_e1=R1+R_dash_2; +X_dash_2=X2*(v1/v2)^2; +X_e1=X1+X_dash_2; +// +R_dash_1=R1*(v2/v1)^2; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +X_dash_1=X1*(v2/v1)^2; +X_e2=X2+X_dash_1; +//leakage impedence +z0=R_e2+X_e2*%i; +//applied load +Zl=5+3.5*%i; +//total impedence in series +Z=z0+Zl; +magZ=sqrt(real(Z)^2+imag(Z)^2); +magZl=sqrt(real(Zl)^2+imag(Zl)^2); +I2=v2/magZ; +V2=I2*magZl +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal voltage is %f V",V2)); +// +//part (b) of the problem cannot be solved mathematically alone. +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.25/ch7_ex_25.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.25/ch7_ex_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaae0cb77 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.25/ch7_ex_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 25 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 25"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=25000; +v1=2200; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=110; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +R1=1.75; +X1=2.6; +R2=0.0045; +X2=0.0075; + +//SOLUTION +// +R_dash_2=R2*(v1/v2)^2; +R_e1=R1+R_dash_2; +X_dash_2=X2*(v1/v2)^2; +X_e1=X1+X_dash_2; +// +R_dash_1=R1*(v2/v1)^2; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +X_dash_1=X1*(v2/v1)^2; +X_e2=X2+X_dash_1; +// +Z_e1=R_e1+X_e1*%i; +Z_e2=R_e2+X_e2*%i; +magZ_e1=sqrt(real(Z_e1)^2+imag(Z_e1)^2); +magZ_e2=sqrt(real(Z_e2)^2+imag(Z_e2)^2); +// +disp("SOLUTION (C(i))"); +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to primary %f Ω",R_e1)); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to secondaryy %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary %f Ω",X_e1)); +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to secondary %f Ω",X_e2)); +disp("SOLUTION (e)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent impedance referred to primary %f Ω",magZ_e1)); +disp("SOLUTION (f)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent impedance referred to secondary %f Ω",magZ_e2)); +// +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +Pcu=I2^2*R_e2; +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The copper loss at full load %f W",Pcu)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.26/ch7_ex_26.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.26/ch7_ex_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71049f9d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.26/ch7_ex_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 26 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 26"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=10000; //apparent power +v1=500; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=250; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//open circuit parameters +Voc=500; +Io=2; +Wi=100; // watts HT side +Woc=Wi; //just to keep symbology +//short circuit test +Vsc=25; +Isc=20; +Wc=90; // watts HT side +// +pf=0.8; +//SOLUTION +//open circuit +phi0=acos(Woc/(v1*Io)); +Ic=Io*cos(phi0); +Iphi=Io*sin(phi0); +Rc=v1/Ic; +X=v1/Iphi; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ic is %f Amp",Ic)); +disp(sprintf("The value of IΦ is %f Amp",Iphi)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Rc is %f Ohm",Rc)); +disp(sprintf("The value of X is %fΩ",X)); +// +//short circuit +phisc=acos(Wc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pf1=cos(phisc); +R_e1=Vsc*pf1/Isc; +Z_e1=Vsc/Isc; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +disp(sprintf("The value of Power factor is %f",pf1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f Ohm",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ze1 is %f Ohm",Z_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Xe1 is %fΩ",X_e1)); +// +I1=va/v1; +phi=acos(pf); +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R +%reg=(Isc*R_e1*pf+Isc*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; +disp("SOLUTION (c(i))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load is %f",%reg)); +// +//full load output at pf=0.8 +Pout=va*pf; +ironLoss=Wi; +cuLoss=Wc; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (c(ii))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.27/ch7_ex_27.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.27/ch7_ex_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed201edae --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.27/ch7_ex_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 27 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 27"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=200000; //apparent power +v1=11000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=400; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//open circuit parameters +V3=400; +I3=9; +W3=1500; // watts HT side +//short circuit test +Vsc=350; +Isc=20; +Wc=2100; // watts HT side +// +pf=0.8; +//SOLUTION +Voc=V3/sqrt(3); +Io=9; +Wi=W3/3; // watts HT side +Pc=Wi; //core losses +//open circuit +phi0=acos(Wi/(Voc*Io)); +Ic=Io*cos(phi0); +Iphi=Io*sin(phi0); +Rc=Voc/Ic; +X=Voc/Iphi; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ic is %f Amp",Ic)); +disp(sprintf("The value of IΦ is %f Amp",Iphi)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Rc is %f Ohm",Rc)); +disp(sprintf("The value of X is %fΩ",X)); +// +//core loss resistance referred to hv side +Rch=Rc*(v1/Voc)^2; +XphiH=X*(v1/Voc)^2; +disp(sprintf("The value of Rch is %f kΩ",Rch/1000)); +disp(sprintf("The value of XΦh is %f KΩ",XphiH/1000)); +//short circuit +//first find rated current +Isc=va/(3*v1); +Psc=Wc/3; //ohmic loss per phase +phisc=acos(Wc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pf1=cos(phisc); +R_e1=Psc/Isc^2; +Z_e1=Vsc/Isc; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +disp(sprintf("The value of Power factor is %f",pf1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f Ohm",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ze1 is %f Ohm",Z_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Xe1 is %fΩ",X_e1)); +// +//efficiency at half load +pf=1; //unity power factor +Pout=(va/3)*(1/2)*pf; +//core losses=Pc +//cuLosses ohmic loss =Psc +Pin=Pout+Pc+(1/2)^2*Psc; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The efficiency at half load is %f",eff)); + +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.28/ch7_ex_28.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.28/ch7_ex_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d9b3185f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.28/ch7_ex_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 28 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 28"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=10000; //apparent power +v1=2500; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=250; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//open circuit parameters +Voc=250; +Io=0.8; +Wi=50; // watts HT side +//short circuit test +Vsc=60; +Isc=3; +Wc=45; // watts HT side +// +//loads +pf=0.8; +//SOLUTION +I1=va/v1; //full rated current on hv side +Psc0=Wc*(I1/Isc)^2; //ohmic loss/ cu loss at full load rated current +Pc=Wi; // core losses +// 1/4 load +Psc=(1/4)^2*Psc0; +Pout=va*pf*(1/4); +Pin=Pout+Pc+Psc; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The efficiency at 1/4 load is %f",eff)); +// +// 1/2 load +Psc=(1/2)^2*Psc0; +Pout=va*pf*(1/2); +Pin=Pout+Pc+Psc; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The efficiency at 1/2 load is %f",eff)); +// +// full load +Psc=(1/1)^2*Psc0; +Pout=va*pf*(1/1); +Pin=Pout+Pc+Psc; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +// +// 1 1/4 = 5/4 load +Psc=(5/4)^2*Psc0; +Pout=va*pf*(5/4); +Pin=Pout+Pc+Psc; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The efficiency at 1 1/4 or 5/4 load is %f",eff)); +// +//maximum efficiency at x, but then ohmic loss=core loss +x=sqrt(Pc/Psc0); +Pout=va*x*pf; +Pin=Pout+Pc+Pc; //Ohmic losses = core losses at max efficiency +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The maximum efficiency is %f",eff)); +// +//short circuit +phisc=acos(Wc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pf1=cos(phisc); +R_e1=Vsc*pf1/Isc; +Z_e1=Vsc/Isc; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f Ohm",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ze1 is %f Ohm",Z_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Xe1 is %fΩ",X_e1)); +// +//ee, ex; +er=I1*R_e1/v1; +ex=I1*X_e1/v1; +disp(sprintf("The value of Er is %f pu",er)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ex is %f",ex)); +// +phi=acos(pf); +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R +%reg=(I1*R_e1*pf+I1*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; //same as using er and ex +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load lagging is %f",%reg)); +%reg1=(I1*R_e1*pf-I1*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; //same as using er and ex +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load leading is %f",%reg1)); +V21=(1-%reg/100)*v2; +V22=(1-%reg1/100)*v2; +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal voltage at full load lagging is %f",V21)); +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal voltage at full load leading is %f",V22)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.29/ch7_ex_29.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.29/ch7_ex_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a0def33d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.29/ch7_ex_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 29 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 29"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=200000; //apparent power +v1=4000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=1000; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//loads +pf=1; +eff=0.97; // at full load and at 60% of full load +nlpf=0.5; //no load pf +lpf=0.8 //lagging pf +reg=0.05; //%regulation at 0.8 pf +// +//SOLUTION +loss=(1-eff)*va/eff; //=Pc+Pcu losses +//simultaneous equation to be solved +//eq 1: Pc+Pcu=loss; +//fractipon of copper/ ohmic losses +f=(0.6)^2; // 60% of full load +//the 2nd equation is Pc+f*Pcu=loss +//now the matrix +M=[1,1;1,f]; +A=[loss,loss*0.6]; +Mi=inv(M); +Ans=A*inv(M); +Pc=Ans(1,1); +Pcu=Ans(1,2); +//disp(sprintf("The Pc is %f",Pc)); +//disp(sprintf("The Pcu is %f",Pcu)); +//LV side +R_e2=Pcu/va; +//from %reg find X_e2 +phi=acos(lpf); +X_e2=(reg-R_e2*cos(phi))/sin(phi); +//in oms units +R_e2=R_e2*v2^2/va; // in ohms +X_e2=X_e2*v2^2/va; // in ohms +disp(sprintf("The Re2 is %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp(sprintf("The Xe2 is %f Ω",X_e2)); +// +Rc=v2^2/Pc; +Ie2=Pc/(v2*0.25); +Ic=Pc/v2; +Iphi=sqrt(Ie2^2-Ic^2); +Xphi=v2/Iphi; +disp(sprintf("The Rc is %f Ω",Rc)); +disp(sprintf("The Ie2 is %f A",Ie2)); +disp(sprintf("The Ic is %f A",Ic)); +disp(sprintf("The Iphi is %f A",Iphi)); +disp(sprintf("The Xphi is %f Ω",Xphi)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..980731a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=2300; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=230; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +R1=0.286; +X1=0.73; +R_dash_2=0.319; +X_dash_2=0.73; +Rc=250; +Xphi=1250; +Zl=0.387+0.29*%i; +// +//SOLUTION +Z_e1=(R1+R_dash_2)+(X1+X_dash_2)*%i; +Z_dash_l=(v1/v2)^2*Zl; +// +I_dash_1=v1/(Z_dash_l+Z_e1); +//[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(I_dash_1),imag(I_dash_1)); +//disp(sprintf("The current is %f <%f A",mag,angle)); +//impedance of shunt branch +Zm=Rc*(Xphi*%i)/(Rc+Xphi*%i); +//[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(Zm),imag(Zm)); +//disp(sprintf("The Zm is %f <%f A",mag,angle)); +I0=v1/Zm; +//[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(I0),imag(I0)); +//disp(sprintf("The I0 is %f <%f A",mag,angle)); +// +//primary current +I1=I0+I_dash_1; +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(I1),imag(I1)); +theta1=angle; +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The primay current is %f%f A",real(I1),imag(I1))); +disp(sprintf("The primay current is %f <%f A",mag,angle)); +// +//input power +Pin=v1*I1; ; //=I1.cos(theta1) +disp(sprintf("The input power is %f W",Pin)); +//output power +V_dash_2=I_dash_1*Z_dash_l; +[mag,angle]=rect2pol(real(V_dash_2),imag(V_dash_2)); +theta2=angle; +disp(sprintf("The V_dash_2 is %f <%f A",mag,angle)); +// +Pout= V_dash_2*I_dash_1; //I_dash_1.cos(theta1) +disp(sprintf("The output power is %f W",real(Pout))); +Pc=v1*I0; //core loss +loss=Pin-Pout; +Pcu=loss-Pc; //copper loss +disp(sprintf("The core loss is %f W",Pc)); +disp(sprintf("The copper loss is %f W",Pcu)); +//efficiency +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency is %f W",eff)); +disp(" "); +// The answers from V_dash_2 calculation onward do not match with the book on page 7.21 and 7.22 +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.30/ch7_ex_30.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.30/ch7_ex_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad002b39f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.30/ch7_ex_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 30 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 30"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=6600; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=440; //secondary voltage in Volts +e_r=0.02; //equivalent resistance +e_x=0.05; //equivalent reactance +pf=0.8; +// +//SOLUTION +phi=acos(pf); +reg=e_r*cos(phi)+e_x*sin(phi); +V2=v2*(1-reg); +disp(sprintf("The secondary terminal voltage is %f V",V2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.31/ch7_ex_31.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.31/ch7_ex_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94c6252e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.31/ch7_ex_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 31 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 31"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N1=400; +N2=1000; +coreA=60; //net core area in cm^2 +v1=500; //primary voltage in Volts +f=50; // + +// +//SOLUTION +//v1=E1=4.44.Φm.N1.f Volts +phiM=v1/(4.44*N1*f); +//flux density Bm=Φm/area +Bm=phiM/coreA; //lines per cm +//voltage per turn +vpt=v1/N1; +v2=N2*vpt; +// +disp(sprintf("The maximum flux density is %f10^-5 Wb per cm^2",Bm*10^5)); +disp(sprintf("The secondary voltage is %f V",v2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.32/ch7_ex_32.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.32/ch7_ex_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d5a8be92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.32/ch7_ex_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 32 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 32"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=50000; +v1=4400; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=220; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +R1=3.45; +X1=5.2; +R2=0.0009; +X2=0.015; + +//SOLUTION +// +R_dash_2=R2*(v1/v2)^2; +R_e1=R1+R_dash_2; +X_dash_2=X2*(v1/v2)^2; +X_e1=X1+X_dash_2; +// +R_dash_1=R1*(v2/v1)^2; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +X_dash_1=X1*(v2/v1)^2; +X_e2=X2+X_dash_1; +// +Z_e1=R_e1+X_e1*%i; +Z_e2=R_e2+X_e2*%i; +magZ_e1=sqrt(real(Z_e1)^2+imag(Z_e1)^2); +magZ_e2=sqrt(real(Z_e2)^2+imag(Z_e2)^2); +// +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to primary %f Ω",R_e1)); +disp("SOLUTION (ii)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent resistance referred to secondaryy %f Ω",R_e2)); +disp("SOLUTION (iii)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to primary %f Ω",X_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent leakage reactance referred to secondary %f Ω",X_e2)); +disp("SOLUTION (iv)"); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent impedance referred to primary %f Ω",magZ_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The equivalent impedance referred to secondary %f Ω",magZ_e2)); +// +I1=va/v1; +I2=va/v2; +Pcu=I2^2*R_e2; +disp("SOLUTION (d)"); +disp(sprintf("The copper loss at full load %f W",Pcu)); +disp(" "); +//The answers in the book on page 7.77 are wrong for all but Xe1 and Xe2 values. +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.33/ch7_ex_33.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.33/ch7_ex_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeedc8524 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.33/ch7_ex_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 33 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 33"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=5000; //apparent power +v1=400; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=200; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//no load parameters +Voc=400; +Io=1; +Woc=50; // watts HT side +//short circuit test +Vsc=12; +Isc=10; +Wc=40; // watts HT side +// +pf=0.8; +//SOLUTION +//no load condition +phi0=acos(Woc/(v1*Io)); +Ic=Io*cos(phi0); +Iphi=Io*sin(phi0); +Rc=v1/Ic; +X=v1/Iphi; +disp("SOLUTION (i)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ic is %f Amp",Ic)); +disp(sprintf("The value of IΦ is %f Amp",Iphi)); +//disp(sprintf("The value of Rc is %f Ohm",Rc)); +//disp(sprintf("The value of X is %fΩ",X)); +// +//short circuit +phisc=acos(Wc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pf1=cos(phisc); +R_e1=Vsc*pf1/Isc; +Z_e1=Vsc/Isc; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f Ohm",R_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Ze1 is %f Ohm",Z_e1)); +disp(sprintf("The value of Xe1 is %fΩ",X_e1)); +// +I1=va/v1; +phi=acos(pf); +//R=ercosphi2+vx.sinphi2 +//E2=V2+I2.R +%reg=(I1*R_e1*pf+I1*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; +disp("SOLUTION (c(i))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load is %f",%reg)); +// +//full load output at pf=0.8 +Pout=va*pf; +ironLoss=Woc; +cuLoss=Wc; +loss=ironLoss+cuLoss; +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp("SOLUTION (c(ii))"); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.34/ch7_ex_34.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.34/ch7_ex_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c15489d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.34/ch7_ex_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 34 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 34"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=50000; //apparent power +I2=200; //secondary full load current +R1=0.55; +R2=0.023; +pf=0.8; +//turn ratio +K=1/5; +//SOLUTION +R_dash_1=K^2*R1; +R_e2=R2+R_dash_1; +Pcu=I2^2*R_e2; +//cu loss at 2/3 of the load +Pcu23=(2/3)^2*Pcu; +Pc=Pcu23; //at maximum efficiency Pc=Pcu +//full load output +Pout=va*pf; +loss=Pc+Pcu; //at full load +Pin=Pout+loss; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.35/ch7_ex_35.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.35/ch7_ex_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a7cfb05b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.35/ch7_ex_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 35 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 35"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=200000; //apparent power +v1=11000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=230; //secondary voltage in Volts +Woc=1600; //watts also equals core losses +Wc=2600; //watts, also equals cu losses +f=50; +//no load parameters +//day cycle given +h1=8; +load1=160000; +pf1=0.8; +h2=6; +load2=100000; +pf2=1; +h3=10; +load3=0; +pf3=0; +//SOLUTION +//24 hr energy output +Pout=load1*h1*pf1+load2*h2*pf2+load3*h3*pf3; +Pc24=Woc*24; // 24 hours Pc loss +//cu loss= hours.(kva output/kva rated)^2.Full load Cu loss +Pcu24=h1*(load1/va)^2*Wc+h2*(load2/va)^2*Wc+h3*(load3/va)^2*Wc; +Pin=Pout+Pc24+Pcu24; +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +//disp(sprintf("The value Pout is %f",Pout)); +//disp(sprintf("The value Pc is %f",Pc24)); +//disp(sprintf("The value Pcu is %f",Pcu24)); +disp(sprintf("The percent efficiency at full load is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.36/ch7_ex_36.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.36/ch7_ex_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aa003af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.36/ch7_ex_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 36 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 36"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=100000; //apparent power +v1=440; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=11000; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//loads +pf=1; +eff1=0.985; // at full load at 0.8pf +eff2=0.99; //at half full load at unity pf +pf1=0.8; // +pf2=1; // +// +//SOLUTION +loss1=(1-eff1)*va*pf1/eff1; //=Pc+Pcu losses +loss2=(1-eff2)*va*(1/2)*pf2/eff2; //=Pc+Pcu losses +//simultaneous equation to be solved +//eq 1: Pc+Pcu=loss; +//fractipon of copper/ ohmic losses +f=(1/2)^2; // 60% of full load +//the 2nd equation is Pc+f*Pcu=loss +//now the matrix +M=[1,1;1,f]; //Pc+Pcu=loss1; Pc+(1/2)^2*Pcu=loss2: 1,1,; 1,f +A=[loss1,loss2]; +Mi=inv(M); +Ans=A*inv(M); +Pc=Ans(1,1); +Pcu=Ans(1,2); +disp(sprintf("The Pc is %f W",Pc)); +disp(sprintf("The Pcu is %f W",Pcu)); +// +//maximumefficiency at farction x times the full load;and then f.Pcu=Pc +x=sqrt(Pc/Pcu); +disp(sprintf("The maximum efficiency would occur at a load of %f VA",x*va)); +I1=va/v1; +I1maxEff=I1*x; +disp(sprintf("The current at maximum efficeincy is %f A",I1maxEff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.37/ch7_ex_37.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.37/ch7_ex_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..585ba6fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.37/ch7_ex_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 37 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 37"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=500000; //apparent power +v1=3300; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=500; //secondary voltage in Volts +f=50; +//loads +pf=1; +eff=0.97; // at 3/4 full load at unity pf +pf2=0.8; +// +//SOLUTION +I1=va/v1; +loss=(1-eff)*va*(3/4)*pf/eff; //=Pc+Pcu losses at 3/4 load +//since the eff value is maximum, Pcu=Pc; therefore, 2*Pc=loss +Pc=loss/2; +//(3/4)^2*Pcu=Pc; +f=(3/4)^2; //3/4 load +//Pcu=Pc/f +Pcu=Pc/f; +//disp(sprintf("The Pc is %f W",Pc)); +//disp(sprintf("The Pcu is %f W",Pcu)); +// +R_e1=Pcu/I1^2; +disp(sprintf("The value of Re1 is %f W",R_e1)); +//10% impedance +Z_e1=v1*0.1/I1; +X_e1=sqrt(Z_e1^2-R_e1^2); +phi=acos(0.8); +%reg=(I1*R_e1*cos(phi)+I1*X_e1*sin(phi))*100/v1; +disp(sprintf("The percent regulation at full load 0.8 pf is %f W",%reg)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.38/ch7_ex_38.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.38/ch7_ex_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9988b934 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.38/ch7_ex_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 38 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 38"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=220; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=115; //secondary voltage in Volts +f1=25; +f2=50; +//loads +V=440 +We1=100; //in Watts at 220 V, eddy losses +Pc1=2*We1; //Total iron losses which equals We+Wh due to eddy and hysteresis +Wh1=Pc1-We1; +// +//SOLUTION +//since we know that We=kh.f.B^1.6 and Wh=Ke.Kf^2.f^2.B^2 +//since all being constant exept frequency, we may take We2/We1=f2^2/f1^2 +//and Wh2/Wh1=f2/f1 +//find values for We2 and Wh2, whence Pc2=We2+Wh2 +We2=f2^2*We1/f1^2; +Wh2=f2*Wh1/f1; +Pc2=We2+Wh2; +disp(sprintf("The total no load losses at 400 V is %f W",Pc2)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.39/ch7_ex_39.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.39/ch7_ex_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c63aff2d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.39/ch7_ex_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 39 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 39"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=220; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=440; //secondary voltage in Volts +f1=50; +f2=25; +//loads +V=110 +//say, else computation may not be possible using computer +Pout1=100; //in watt, just assumed for computational purposes for the 220V supply +We1=0.01*Pout1; //in Watts at 220 V, eddy losses which are 1% of the output at 220V +Wh1=0.01*Pout1; //in Watts at 220 V, hysteresis losses which are 1% of the output at 220V +//Pc1=We1+Wh1; //Total iron losses which equals We+Wh due to eddy and hysteresis +Pcu1=0.01*Pout1; //copper losses +// +//SOLUTION +//since on connecting to half the power ie 110V, the output would get halved +Pout2=Pout1/2; +xPcu=Pcu1/Pout2; +disp(sprintf("The copper losses at 110 V would be %f percent of the output",xPcu*100)); +//now coming to frequency dependant losses ie eddy and hysteresis +//since we know that We=kh.f.B^1.6 and Wh=Ke.Kf^2.f^2.B^2 +//since all being constant exept frequency, we may take We2/We1=f2^2/f1^2 +//and Wh2/Wh1=f2/f1 +//find values for We2 and Wh2, whence Pc2=We2+Wh2 +We2=f2^2*We1/f1^2; +Wh2=f2*Wh1/f1; +xWe=We2/Pout2; +xWh=Wh2/Pout2; +disp(sprintf("The eddy losses at 110 V would be %f percent of the output",xWe*100)); +disp(sprintf("The hysteresis losses at 110 V would be %f percent of the output",xWh*100)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e99861b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=10*1000; //apparent power +N1=50; //number of turns on primary side +N2=10; //number of turns on secondary side +v1=440; //primary voltage in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +v2=v1*(N2/N1); +disp(sprintf("(a) The secondary voltage on no load is %d V",v2)); + +//solution (b) +I1=va/v1; +disp(sprintf("(b) The full load primary current is %f A",I1)); +I2=va/v2; +disp(sprintf("The full load secondary current is %f A",I2)); + +//solution (c) +phi_m=v2/(4.44*N1*N2); +disp(sprintf("(c) The maximum value of the flux is %f mWb",phi_m*1000)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.40/ch7_ex_40.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.40/ch7_ex_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f74fecc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.40/ch7_ex_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 40 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 40"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +loss=50; //core loss in Watts +I0=2; //no load current in Amperes +v0=220; //induced emf in Volts + +//SOLUTION +pf=loss/(v0*I0); +I_c=I0*pf; //core loss component +I_phi=I0*sin(acos(pf)); //magnetizing component +disp(sprintf("The magnetizing component, I_c= %f A, is plotted along x-axis",I_phi)); +disp(sprintf("& the core loss component, I_Φ= %f A, is plotted along y-axis",I_c)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.41/ch7_ex_41.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.41/ch7_ex_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..555aa3969 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.41/ch7_ex_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 41 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 41"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=550; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=440; //secondary voltage in Volts +p=400*1000; //in Watts +pf=0.8; //power factor(lagging) + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I2=p/(sqrt(3)*v2*pf); +I1=I2*(v2/v1); //since I1:I2=N2:N1 +I=I2-I1; //in sections Oa, Ob and Oc +disp(sprintf("(a) The current flowing in sections Oa, Ob and Oc is %f A",I)); +disp(sprintf("The current flowing in sections aA, bB and cC is %f A",I1)); + +//solution (b) +p_o=p*(1-(v2/v1)); //k=v2/v1 +disp(sprintf("(b) The power transferred by transformer action %f kW",p_o/1000)); + +//solution (c) +p_d=p-p_o; +disp(sprintf("(c) The power conducted directly %d kW",p_d/1000)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50142bcc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N1=350; //number of turns on primary side +N2=1050; //number of turns on secondary side +v1=400; //primary voltage in Volts +f=50; //in Hertz +ar=50/10000; //cross-sectional area in m^2 + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +B=v1/(4.44*ar*f*N1); +disp(sprintf("(i) The maximum flux density is %f Wb/m^2",B)); + +//solution (ii) +ratio=N2/N1; +v2=ratio*v1; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The induced emf in the secondary winding is %d V",v2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6d3cb9af --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=2200; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=220; //secondary voltage in Volts +I=0.6; //exciting current in Amperes +p_c=361; //core loss in Watts +I2=60; //load current in Amperes +pf=0.8; //power factor + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I1=p_c/v1; //vertical component of I0 +I_phi=sqrt((I^2)-(I1^2)); //horizontal component of I0 +disp(sprintf("(a) The core loss component is %f A",I1)); +disp(sprintf("And the magnetising component is %f A",I_phi)); + +//solution (b) +I1_dash=(v2/v1)*I2; +theta=acos(pf); +I1_x=I1_dash*sin(theta)+I_phi; //horizontal component of I0 +I1_y=I1_dash*pf+I1; //vertical component of I0 +I1_res=sqrt((I1_x^2)+(I1_y^2)); //primary current +pf_p=I1_y/I1_res; //primary power factor +disp(sprintf("(b) The primary current is %f A",I1_res)); +disp(sprintf("And the power factor is %f A",pf_p)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e85c1cc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +va=23000; //apparent power +v1=2300; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=230; //secondary voltage in Volts +r1=4; //in Ohms +r2=0.04; //in Ohms +X1=12; //in Ohms +X2=0.12; //in Ohms +pf=0.866; //power factor(leading) + +//SOLUTION +r1_dash=r1*((v2/v1)^2); +r_e2=r1_dash+r2; +X1_dash=X1*((v2/v1)^2); +X_e2=X1_dash+X2; +// +//disp(sprintf("The value of Re2 %f and Xe2 %f",r_e2,X_e2)); +I2=0.75*(va/v2); //since transformer operates at 75% of its rated load +// +function [x,y]=pol2rect(mag,angle); +x=mag*cos(angle*(%pi/180)); //to convert the angle from degrees to radians +y=mag*sin(angle*(%pi/180)); +endfunction; +[x,y]=pol2rect(I2,-30); +I_dash_2=x+y*%i; +//disp(sprintf("The value %f %f",real(I_dash_2),imag(I_dash_2))); +// +Z_e2=r_e2+X_e2*%i; //in rect coordinates +//disp(sprintf("The value %f %f",real(Z_e2),imag(Z_e2))); +// +V_dash_1=v2+I_dash_2*Z_e2; +//disp(sprintf("The value %f %f",real(V_dash_1),imag(V_dash_1))); +// +function [mag,angle]=rect2pol(x,y); +mag=sqrt((x^2)+(y^2)); //z is impedance & the resultant of x and y +angle=atan(y/x)*(180/%pi); //to convert the angle from radians to degrees +endfunction; +// +[magV1,angleV1]=rect2pol(real(V_dash_1),imag(V_dash_1)); +//disp(sprintf("The value %f <%f",magV1,angleV1)); +// +Pin=magV1*I2*cos((30+angleV1)*%pi/180); +Pout=v2*I2*cos(30*%pi/180); +eff=Pout*100/Pin; +// +disp(sprintf("The efficiency of the transformer is %f",eff)); +disp(" "); +// +//END diff --git a/1445/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6796c2715 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 7- SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 7"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v1=11000; //primary voltage in Volts +v2=400; //secondary voltage in Volts +Io=1; //primary current +pf=0.24 //power factor lagging + +//SOLUTION +Ic=Io*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of core loss current is %f Amp",Ic)); +// +Iphi=sqrt(Io^2-Ic^2); +disp("SOLUTION (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The value of core loss current is %f Amp",Iphi)); +// +IronLoss=v1*pf; +disp("SOLUTION (c)"); +disp(sprintf("The iron loss is %f W",IronLoss)); +disp(" "); +// +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.1/ch8_ex_1.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.1/ch8_ex_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b02f8d679 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.1/ch8_ex_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 1 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 1"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //terminal voltage in Volts +I_l=500; //load current in Amperes +r_a=0.04; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=50; //shunt field resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l+I_f; +E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a); //here E_a=emf of generator +disp(sprintf("The generated emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.10/ch8_ex_10.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.10/ch8_ex_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ecea55db --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.10/ch8_ex_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 10 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 10"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=6; //number of poles +I=80; //current per conductor in Amperes +Z=400; //tottal number of conductors +phi=0.020; //flux per pole in Wb +N=1800; //in rpm + +//SOLUTION + +//soluion (a): for wave connected +disp("(a) For Wave connected"); + +//(i) +A=2; //A=number of parallel paths +I_a=I*A; +disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %f A",I_a)); + +//(ii) +E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//(iii) +p=E_a*I_a; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %f kW",p/1000)); +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; +T_e=p/w; +disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e)); + + +//soluion (b): for lap connected +disp("(b) For Lap connected"); + +//(i) +A=P; +I_a=I*A; +disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %f A",I_a)); + +//(ii) +E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//(iii) +p=E_a*I_a; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %f kW",p/1000)); +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; +T_e=p/w; +disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.11/ch8_ex_11.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.11/ch8_ex_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a2478738 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.11/ch8_ex_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 11 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 11"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=20*1000; //output in W +v_t=250; //in Volts +r_a=0.05; //aramture resistance in Ohms +r_se=0.025; //series resistance in Ohms +r_sh=100; //shunt resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +I_t=p_o/v_t; +v_se=I_t*r_se; //for series winding +v_sh=v_t+v_se; //for shunt winding +I_sh=v_sh/r_sh; +I_a=I_sh+I_t; +E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a)+v_se; +disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %f V",E_a)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.12/ch8_ex_12.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.12/ch8_ex_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96cd57019 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.12/ch8_ex_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 12 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 12"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +N=750; //in rpm +r_a=0.4; //in Ohms +r_f=200; //in Ohms +Z=720; +phi=2.895*(10^6)*(10^(-8)); //in Wb (1 line=10^(-8) Wb) +r_l=10; //load resistance in Ohms +A=2; //for wave winding + +//SOLUTION +E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A); +disp(sprintf("The induced emf is %f V",E_a)); +// E_a=v+(I_a*r_a) but I_a=I_l+I_f and I_l=v/r_l, I_f=v/r_f =>I_a=(v/r_l) + (v/r_f) +// =>E_a=v+(((v/r_l) + (v/r_f))*r_a) +// taking v common, the following equation is obtained +v=E_a/(1+(r_a/r_f)+(r_a/r_l)); +disp(sprintf("The terminal voltage of the machine is %f V",v)); + +//The answer is slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.13/ch8_ex_13.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.13/ch8_ex_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9f1555de --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.13/ch8_ex_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 13 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 13"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +v_t=220; //in Volts +I_l=42; //load current in Amperes +r_a=0.1; //in Ohms +r_f=110; //in Ohms +drop=1; //contact drop per brush +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +A=P; //for lap winding +I_f=v_t/r_f; //I_f is same as I_sh +I_a=I_l+I_f; +I_c=I_a/A; //conductor current +disp(sprintf("The current in each conductor of the armature is %d A",I_c)); + +//solution (ii) +v_a=I_a*r_a; //armature voltage drop +v_b=2*drop; //brush drop +emf=v_t+v_a+v_b; +disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %f V",emf)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.14/ch8_ex_14.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.14/ch8_ex_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dedf26ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.14/ch8_ex_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 14 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 14"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=220; //in Volts +I_l=196; //in Amperes +s_loss=720; //stray loss in Watts +r_f=55; //shunt field ressitance in Ohms +eff=88/100; //efficiency + +//SOLUTION +p_o=v_t*I_l; +p_i=p_o/eff; //electrical input +tot_loss=p_i-p_o; +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l+I_f; +cu_loss=v_t*I_f; //shunt field copper loss +c_loss=cu_loss+s_loss; //constant loss +arm_loss=tot_loss-c_loss; //armature copper loss +r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2); +disp(sprintf("The armature resistance is %f Ω",r_a)); + +//for maximum efficiency, armature loss = constant loss =>(I_a^2)*r_a=c_loss +I_a=sqrt(c_loss/r_a); +disp(sprintf("The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %f A",I_a)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.15/ch8_ex_15.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.15/ch8_ex_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7909058b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.15/ch8_ex_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 15 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 15"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=230; //in Volts +I_a1=3.33; //in Amperes +N1=1000; //in rpm +r_a=0.3; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=160; //field resistance in Ohms +I_l=40; //in Amperes +phi1=1; //in Wb (phi=1 is an assumption) +phi2=(1-(4/100)); //in Wb (phi2=0.96 of phi1) + +//SOLUTION + +//At no load +E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a); +I_f=v_t/r_f; + +//At full load +I_a2=I_l-I_f; +E_a2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a); +N2=(E_a2/E_a1)*(phi1/phi2)*N1; +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The full load speed is %d rpm",N2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.16/ch8_ex_16.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.16/ch8_ex_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef76b6ef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.16/ch8_ex_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 16 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 16"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +P=4; //number of poles +Z=500; //number of conductors +r_a=0.25; //in Ohms +r_f=125; //in Ohms +phi=0.02; //in Wb +I_l=14; //in Amperes +A=2; +rot_loss=300; //rotational loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l-I_f; +E_a=v_t-(I_a*r_a); +N=(E_a*A*60)/(phi*Z*P); +N=round(N); //to round off the value of N +disp(sprintf("(i) The speed is %d rpm",N)); +p_e=E_a*I_a; +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; +T1=p_e/w; +disp(sprintf("The internal torque developed is %f N-m",T1)); + +//solution (ii) +p_o=p_e-rot_loss; +disp(sprintf("(ii)The shaft power is %f W",p_o)); +T2=p_o/w; +disp(sprintf("The shaft torque is %f N-m",T2)); +p_i=v_t*I_l; +eff=(p_o/p_i)*100; +disp(sprintf("The efficiency is %f %%",eff)); + +//END + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.17/ch8_ex_17.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.17/ch8_ex_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c9b4413 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.17/ch8_ex_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 17 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 17"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=200; //in Volts +I_l=22; //in Amperes +N1=1000; //in rpm +r_a=0.1; //in Ohms +r_f=100; //in Ohms +N2=800; //in rpm + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a1=I_l-I_f; +E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a); +//on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get, +r_s1=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a1)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("(i) When the load torque is independent of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s1)); + +//solution (ii) +I_a2=(N2/N1)*I_a1; +//on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get, +r_s2=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("(ii)When the load torque is proportional to speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s2)); + +//solution (iii) +I_a2=(N2^2/N1^2)*I_a1; +//on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get, +r_s3=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("(iii)When the load torque varies as the square of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s3)); + +//solution (iv) +I_a2=(N2^3/N1^3)*I_a1; +//on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get, +r_s4=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("(iv)When the load torque varies as the cube of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s4)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.18/ch8_ex_18.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.18/ch8_ex_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba0966842 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.18/ch8_ex_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 18 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 18"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=460; //in Volts +p_o=10*736; //in Watts (1 metric H.P=735.5 W) +ratio=85/100; //as given in the question +eff=84/100; +I_f=1.1; //in Amperes +r_a=0.2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +p_i=p_o/eff; +I_l=p_i/v_t; +I_a=I_l-I_f; +E1=v_t-(I_a*r_a); +E2=E1*ratio; //E2:E1=N2:N1=ratio +v=v_t-E2; //voltage drop across r_a and r_s (r_s is the series resistance to be inserted) +r_s=(v/I_a)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("The resistance required is %f Ω",r_s)); + +//The answer is different because ratio equals 85/100 and not 75/100 + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.19/ch8_ex_19.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.19/ch8_ex_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66ce6423f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.19/ch8_ex_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 19 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 19"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +r_a=0.5; //in Ohms +r_f=250; //in Ohms +N1=600; //in rpm +I=21; //in Amperes +r_s=250; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +I_f1=v_t/r_f; +I_f2=v_t/(r_f+r_s); +I_a1=I-I_f1; +// T is directly proportional to (Φ*I_a) +// I_f is directly proportional to Φ +// => I_f1*I_a1=I_f2*I_a2, therefore, +I_a2=(I_f1*I_a1)/I_f2; +E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a); +E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a); +// E_b is directly proportional to (Φ*N) +// (Φ*N) is directly proportinal to (I_f*N) +// =>E_b1:E_b2=(I_f1:I_f2)*(N1:N2) +N2=(I_f1/I_f2)*(E_b2/E_b1)*N1; +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The new speed of the motor is %d rpm",N2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.2/ch8_ex_2.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.2/ch8_ex_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1c419419 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.2/ch8_ex_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 2 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 2"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALZATION +v_t=230; //terminal voltage in Volts +r_a=0.5; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=115; //shunt field resistance in Ohms +I_l=40; //line current in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//for generator +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l+I_f; +E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a); //here E_a=emf of generator + +//for motor +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l-I_f; +E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a); //here E_b=emf of motor + +ratio=E_a/E_b; //E_a:E_b=(k_a*flux*N_g):(k_a*flux*N_m) =>E_a:E_b=N_g:N_m (as flux is constant) +disp(sprintf("The ratio of speed as a generator to the speed as a motor i.e. N_g:N_m is %f",ratio)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.20/ch8_ex_20.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.20/ch8_ex_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54ce57258 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.20/ch8_ex_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 20 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 20"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +I_a1=20; //in Amperes +N1=1000; //in rpm +r_a=0.5; //in Ohms +drop=1; //brush contact drop in Volts +ratio=1.5; //N2:N1=1.5 +phi1=1; //it is an assumption + +//SOLUTION +E_1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a)-(2*drop); +//solving the quadratic equation directly, +a=1; +b=-496; +c=14280; +D=b^2-(4*a*c); +x1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +x2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +if(x1<40) +I_a2=x1; +else if(x2<40) +I_a2=x2; +end; +phi2=(I_a1/I_a2)*phi1; +phi=(1-phi2)*100; +disp(sprintf("The flux to be reduced is %f %% of the main flux",phi)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.21/ch8_ex_21.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.21/ch8_ex_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ba71e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.21/ch8_ex_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 21 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 21"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=10*1000; //in Watts +P=6; //number of poles +E_g=200; //in Volts +N=1500; //in rpm +A=P; //since the armature is lap connected +B=0.9; //flux density in Tesla +l=0.25; //length of armature in m +dia=0.2; //diameter of armature in m + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +area=2*%pi*(dia/2)*l; +phi=B*area; +disp(sprintf("(a) The flux per pole is %f Wb",phi)); + +//solution (b) +Z=(60*E_g)/(phi*N); +disp(sprintf("(b) The total number of active conductors is %d",Z)); + +//solution (c) +I_a=50; +p=E_g*I_a; +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; +T=p/w; +disp(sprintf("(c) The torque developed when armature current is 50 A is %f N-m",T)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.22/ch8_ex_22.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.22/ch8_ex_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6864da4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.22/ch8_ex_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 22 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 22"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +N1=600; //in rpm +v=230; //in Volts +I_l1=50; //line current in Amperes +r_a=0.4; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=104.5; //field resistance in Ohms +drop=2; //brush drop in Volts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +I_l2=5; +I_a1=I_l1-(v/r_f); +E_b1=v-(I_a1*r_a)-drop; +I_a2=I_l2-(v/r_f); +E_b2=v-(I_a2*r_a)-drop; +N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1; +N2=round(N2); +disp(sprintf("(i) The speed at no load is %d rpm",N2)); + +//solution (ii) +I_l2=50; +N2=500; +E_b2=(N2/N1)*E_b1; +dif=v-drop; //difference +I_a2=I_l2-(v/r_f); +r_se=((dif-E_b2)/I_a2)-r_a; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The additional resistance is %f Ω",r_se)); + +//solution (iii) +phi1=1; //it is an assumption +I_a3=30; +N2=750; +E_b3=v-(I_a3*r_a)-drop; +phi2=(E_b3/E_b1)*(N1/N2)*phi1; +red=((1-phi2)*100*phi1)/phi1; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The percentage reduction of flux per pole is %f %%",red)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.23/ch8_ex_23.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.23/ch8_ex_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b53553d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.23/ch8_ex_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 23 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 23"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=230; //in Volts +r_a=0.4; //in Ohms +r_f1=115; //in Ohms +I_a=20; //in Amperes +N1=800; //in rpm +N2=1000; //in rpm + +//SOLUTION +I_f1=v/r_f1; //redundant step +E_b1=v-(I_a*r_a); +//rearranging the equation, we get, +r_f2=((E_b1*N2)/((v*N1)-(N1*I_a*r_a)))*r_f1; +r_f2_dash=r_f2-r_f1; +disp(sprintf("The external resistance is %f Ω",r_f2_dash)); + +//The answer is slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.24/ch8_ex_24.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.24/ch8_ex_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e330f4a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.24/ch8_ex_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 24 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 24"); + +//This example is same as example 19 + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v=250; //in Volts +r_a=0.5; //in Ohms +r_f=250; //in Ohms +N1=600; //in rpm +I_l=21; //in Amperes +r=250; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +I_f1=v/r_f; +I_a1=I_l-I_f1; +I_a2=2*I_a1; +E_b1=v-(I_a1*r_a); +E_b2=v-(I_a2*r_a); +ratio=(r+r_f)/r_f; +N2=(ratio*N1*E_b2)/E_b1; +N2=round(N2); +disp(sprintf("The new speed is %d rpm",N2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.25/ch8_ex_25.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.25/ch8_ex_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ab814ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.25/ch8_ex_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 25 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 25"); + + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +slot=24; //number of slots +P=2; //number of poles +N=18; //number of turns per coil +B=1; //in Webers +l=20/100; //effective length in meters +rad=10/100; //radius in meters +w=183.2; //angular velocity in rad/s + +//SOLUTION +A=2; +Z=slot*P*N; //total number of conductors +ar1=(2*%pi*rad*l)/P; +ar2=ar1*0.8; //since the magnetic poles 80% of the armature periphery +phi=B*ar2; //effective flux per pole + +//solution (a) +E_a=(P*Z*phi*w)/(2*%pi*A); +disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//solution (b) +coil=slot/P; //number of coils in each path +E_coil=E_a/coil; +disp(sprintf("(b) The induced emf per coil is %f V",E_coil)); + +//solution (c) +E_turn=E_coil/N; +disp(sprintf("(c) The induced emf per turn is %f V",E_turn)); + +//solution (d) +E_cond=E_turn/A; +disp(sprintf("(d) The induced emf per conductor is %f V",E_cond)); + +//The answers are slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.27/ch8_ex_27.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.27/ch8_ex_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c74876c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.27/ch8_ex_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 27 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 27"); + + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=200; //in volts +r_a=0.06; //in Ohms +r_se=0.04; //in Ohms +p_i=20*1000; //in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I_a=p_i/v_t; +E_b=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se); +disp(sprintf("(a) The counter emf of the motor is %d V",E_b)); + +//solution (b) +p_a=E_b*I_a; +p_a=p_a/1000; //from W to kW +disp(sprintf("(b) The power developed in the armature is %d kW",p_a)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.28/ch8_ex_28.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.28/ch8_ex_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..318634584 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.28/ch8_ex_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 28 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 28"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +E_a=120; //in Volts +r_se=0.03; //in Ohms +r_a=0.02; //in Ohms +v1=240; //in Volts +r=0.25; //in Ohms +I=300; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +v=I*(r_se+r_a+r); +disp(sprintf("The voltage drop across the three resistances is %d V",v)); +v_t=v1+E_a-v; +disp(sprintf("The voltage between far end and the bus bar is %d V",v_t)); +disp(sprintf("The net increase of %d V may be beyond the desired limit",v_t-v1)); +disp("Hence, a field diverter resistance may be necessary to regulate the far-end terminal voltage"); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.29/ch8_ex_29.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.29/ch8_ex_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee4e53e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.29/ch8_ex_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 29 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 29"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_a=1; //in Ohms +N1=800; //in rpm +v_t=200; //in Volts +I_a=15; //in Amperes +r_s=5; //series resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION +E_b1=v_t-(I_a*r_a); +E_b2=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_s); +N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1; +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The speed attained after connecting the series resistance is %d rpm",N2)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.3/ch8_ex_3.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.3/ch8_ex_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198d7214a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.3/ch8_ex_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 3 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 3"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=10*1000; //output of generator in Watts +v_t=250; //terminal voltage in Volts +N=1000; //speed in rpm +r_a=0.15; //armature resistance in Ohms +I_f=1.64; //field current in Amperes +rot_loss=540; //rotational loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +I_l=p_o/v_t; +I_a=I_l+I_f; +E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a); +disp(sprintf("(i) The armature induced emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//solution (ii) +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; //in radian/sec +T_e=(E_a*I_a)/w; +disp(sprintf("(ii) The torque developed is %f N-m",T_e)); + +//solution (iii) +arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_a; //armature loss +fld_loss=v_t*I_f; //field loss +tot_loss=rot_loss+arm_loss+fld_loss; +p_i=p_o+tot_loss; +eff=(p_o/p_i)*100; +disp(sprintf("(iii) The efficiency is %f %%",eff)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.30/ch8_ex_30.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.30/ch8_ex_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c80b3dd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.30/ch8_ex_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 30 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 30"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p=5*735.5; //in Watts (1 metric H.P.=735.5 W) +N=1000; //in rpm +I=30; //in Amperes +I_s=45; //starting current in Amperes + +//SOLUTION +T=(p*60)/(2*%pi*1000); +T_s=(T*(I_s^2))/(I^2); +disp(sprintf("The starting torque is %f N-m",T_s)); + +//The answer is slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.31/ch8_ex_31.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.31/ch8_ex_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc0fecfb --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.31/ch8_ex_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 31 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 31"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_a=0.1; //combined resistance of armature & field resistance in Ohms +v_t=230; //in Volts +I_a1=100; //in Amperes +N1=1000; //in rpm +I_a2=200; //in Amperes +ratio=1.2; //ratio of Φ2:Φ1=1.2 + +//SOLUTION +E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a); //numerator of LHS according to the book +E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a); //denominator of LHS according to the book +N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*(1/ratio)*N1; +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The new speed of the armature is %d rpm",N2)); + +//END + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.32/ch8_ex_32.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.32/ch8_ex_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e072ece81 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.32/ch8_ex_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 32 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 32"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +I=20; //in Amperes +N1=1000; //in rpm +P=4; //number of poles +r_p=0.05; //resistance of field coil on each pole in Ohms +r_a=0.2; //in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +r_se=P*r_p; +r_m=r_a+r_se; //resistance of motor +E_b1=v_t-(I*r_m); +T1=I^2; + +//solution (a) +//solving the quadratic equation directly, +r=10; //in Ohms +a=1.02; +b=-25; +c=-400; +D=b^2-(4*a*c); +x1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +x2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +//to extract the positive root out of the two +if (x1>0 & x2<0) +I1=x1; +else (x1<0 & x2>0) +I1=x2; +end; +I_a=((10.2*I1)-v_t)/r; +E_b2=v_t-(I_a*r_a); +N2=((E_b2/E_b1)*I*N1)/I1; +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(a) The speed with 10 Ω resistance in parallel with the armature is %d rpm",N2)); + +//solution (b) +//solving the quadratic equation directly, +a=5/7; +b=0; +c=-400; +D=b^2-(4*a*c); +y1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a); +y2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); +//to extract the positive root out of the two +if (y1>0 & y2<0) +I2=y1; +else (y1<0 & y2>0) +I2=y2; +end; +E_b3=v_t-(I2*r_a); +N3=((E_b3/E_b1)*I*N1)/(I2*a); +N3=round(N3); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("(b) The speed with 0.5 Ω resistance in parallel with series field is %d rpm",N3)); + +//The answers are slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.33/ch8_ex_33.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.33/ch8_ex_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28ccd4097 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.33/ch8_ex_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 33 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 33"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=230; //in Volts +N1=1500; //in rpm +I_a1=20; //in Amperes +r_a=0.3; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_se=0.2; //series field resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +E_b=0; //at starting +nr1=v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_se); //value of numerator +r_ext=nr1/I_a1; +disp(sprintf("(a) At starting, the resistance that must be added is %f Ω",r_ext)); + +//solution (b) +I_a2=I_a1; +N2=1000; +ratio=N2/N1; +nr2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_se); +r_ext=((ratio*nr1)-nr2)/(-I_a2); +disp(sprintf("(b) At 1000 rpm, the resistance that must be added is %f Ω",r_ext)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.34/ch8_ex_34.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.34/ch8_ex_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4695c56c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.34/ch8_ex_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 34 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 34"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_a=0.06; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_se=0.04; //series resistance in Ohms +r_sh=25; //shunt resistance in Ohms +v_t=110; //in Volts +I_l=100; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I_sh=v_t/r_sh; +I_a=I_sh+I_l; +E_g=v_t+I_a*(r_a+r_se); +disp("(a) When the machine is connected as long shunt compound generator-"); +disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g)); + +//solution (b) +I_sh=(v_t/r_sh)+(I_l*r_se/r_sh); +I_a=I_sh+I_l; +E_g=v_t+(I_a*r_a)+(I_l*r_se); +disp("(b) When the machine is connected as short shunt compound generator-"); +disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.35/ch8_ex_35.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.35/ch8_ex_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e387ab83e --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.35/ch8_ex_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 35 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 35"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +r_a=0.06; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_se=0.04; //series resistance in Ohms +r_sh=25; //shunt resistance in Ohms +v_t=110; //in Volts +I_l=100; //in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I_sh=v_t/r_sh; +I_a=I_l-I_sh; +E_g=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se); +disp("(a) When the machine is connected as long shunt compound generator-"); +disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g)); + +//solution (b) +I_sh=(v_t/r_sh)-(I_l*r_se/r_sh); +I_a=I_l-I_sh; +E_g=v_t-(I_a*r_a)-(I_l*r_se); +disp("(b) When the machine is connected as short shunt compound generator-"); +disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.36/ch8_ex_36.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.36/ch8_ex_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ed702c6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.36/ch8_ex_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 36 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 36"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +I_l=150; //in Amperes +loss1=1200; //core loss at full load in Watts +loss2=800; //mechanical loss in Watts +r_b=0.08; //brush resistance in Ohms +r_sh=62.5; //shunt field resistance in Ohms +r_se=0.03; //series field resistance in Ohms +r_ip=0.02; //interpole resistance in Ohms + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p_o=v_t*I_l; +I_sh=v_t/r_sh; +I_a=I_l+I_sh; +r_tot=r_b+r_se+r_ip; +arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_tot; //armature circuit copper loss +cu_loss=v_t*I_sh; //shunt field copper loss +c_loss=cu_loss+loss1+loss2; //constant loss +disp(sprintf("(a) The constant loss is %f W",c_loss)); + +//solution (b) +tot_loss=arm_loss+c_loss; //total loss +p_i=p_o+tot_loss; +eff=(p_o/p_i)*100; +disp(sprintf("(b) The full load efficiency is %f %%",eff)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.37/ch8_ex_37.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.37/ch8_ex_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cea8b20c --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.37/ch8_ex_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 37 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 37"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=50*1000; //in Watts +v_t=250; //in Volts +loss1=5000; //total core loss in Watts +loss2=2000; //total core loss in Watts (when speed is reduced to half) +speed=125/100; + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) + +//W_h=A*N, where W_h=hysteresis loss, A=constant and N=speed +//W_e=B*(N^2), where W_e=eddy current loss, B=constant and N=speed +//W_h+(W_e^2)=loss1 =>W_h+W_e=5000 +//(W_h/2)+(W_e/4)=loss2 =>(0.5*W_h)+(0.25*W_e)=2000 (when speed reduces to half) +//So, we get two equations +//W_h+W_e=5000.......................eq(i) +//(0.5*W_h)+(0.25*W_e)=2000..........eq(ii) +//solving the equations by matrix method +A=[1 1;0.5 0.25]; +b=[5000;2000]; +x=inv(A)*b; +W_h1=x(1,:); //to access the 1st row of 2X1 matrix +W_e1=x(2,:); //to access the 2nd row of 2X1 matrix +disp("Solution (a)"); +disp(sprintf("The hysteresis loss at full speed is %d W",W_h1)); +disp(sprintf("The eddy current loss at full speed is %d W",W_e1)); + +//solution (b) +W_h2=speed*W_h1; +W_e2=(speed^2)*W_e1; +disp("Solution (b)"); +disp(sprintf("The hysteresis loss at 125%% of the full speed is %d W",W_h2)); +disp(sprintf("The eddy current loss at 125%% of the full speed is %d W",W_e2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.38/ch8_ex_38.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.38/ch8_ex_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d7543dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.38/ch8_ex_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 38 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 38"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=215; //in Volts +r_a=0.4; //in Ohms +p=5*1000; //in Watts +N_g=1000; //speed as generator in rpm +ratio=1.1; //according to the solution, Φ_b:Φ_a=1.1 + +//SOLUTION + +//As generator +I_ag=p/v_t; +E_a=v_t+(I_ag*r_a); + +//As motor +I_am=p/v_t; +E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a); +N_m=(1/ratio)*N_g*(E_b/E_a); +N_m=round(N_m); //to round off the value +disp(sprintf("The speed of the machine as motor is %d rpm",N_m)); + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.4/ch8_ex_4.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.4/ch8_ex_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74fed07cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.4/ch8_ex_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 4 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 4"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=240; //in Volts +I_l=200; //full load current in Amperes +r_f=60; //shunt field resisatnce in Ohms +eff=90; //percentage full load efficiency +s_loss=800; //stray(iron + friction) loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +p_o=v_t*I_l; //output +eff=eff/100; +p_i=p_o/eff; +tot_loss=p_i-p_o; //since input=output+loss +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_a=I_l+I_f; +cu_loss=(I_f^2)*r_f; //copper loss +c_loss=cu_loss+s_loss; //constant loss +arm_loss=tot_loss-c_loss; //armature loss ((I_a^2)*r_a) +r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2); +disp(sprintf("(a) The armature resisatnce is %f Ω",r_a)); + +//solution (b) +//for maximum efficiency, armature loss = constant loss =>(I_a^2)*r_a=c_loss +I_a=sqrt(c_loss/r_a); +disp(sprintf("(b) The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %f A",I_a)); + +//END diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.5/ch8_ex_5.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.5/ch8_ex_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cfbaaa8a --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.5/ch8_ex_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 5 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 5"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=200; //in Volts +I_l=50; //in Amperes +r_a=0.1; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=100; //field resistance in Ohms +s_loss=500; //core and iron loss in Watts + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (a) +I_f=v_t/r_f; //I_sh is same as I_f and r_sh is same as r_f +I_a=I_f+I_l; +E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a); +disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %f V",E_a)); + +//solution (b) +arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_a; //armature copper loss +sh_loss=(I_f^2)*r_f; //shunt field copper loss +tot_loss=arm_loss+sh_loss+s_loss; +p_o=v_t*I_l; //output power +p_i=p_o+tot_loss; //input power +bhp=p_i/735.5; //1 metric horsepower= 735.498W +disp(sprintf("(b) The Break Horse Power(B.H.P.) of the prime mover is %f H.P.(metric)",bhp)); + +//solution (c) +c_eff=(p_o/p_i)*100; +p_EE=E_a*I_a; //electrical power +m_eff=(p_EE/p_i)*100; +e_eff=(p_o/p_EE)*100; +disp(sprintf("(c) The commercial efficiency is %f %%, the mechanical efficiency is %f %% and the electrical efficiency is %f %%",c_eff,m_eff,e_eff)); + +//END + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.6/ch8_ex_6.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.6/ch8_ex_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e4aebbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.6/ch8_ex_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 6 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 6"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=20*746; //output power from H.P. to Watts (1 H.P.=745.699 or 746 W) +v_t=230; //in Volts +N=1150; //speed in rpm +P=4; //number of poles +Z=882; //number of armature conductors +r_a=0.188; //armature resistance in Ohms +I_a=73; //armature current in Amperes +I_f=1.6; //field current in Amperes + +//SOLUTION + +//solution (i) +E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a); +w=(2*%pi*N)/60; //in radian/sec +T_e=(E_b*I_a)/w; +disp(sprintf("(i) The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e)); + +//solution (ii) +A=P; //since it is lap winding, so A=P and A=number of parallel paths +phi=(E_b*60*A)/(P*N*Z); +disp(sprintf("(ii) The flux per pole is %f Wb",phi)); + +//solution (iii) +p_rotor=E_b*I_a; //power developed on rotor +p_rot=p_rotor-p_o; //p_shaft=p_out +disp(sprintf("(iii) The rotational power is %f W",p_rot)); + +//solution (iv) +tot_loss=p_rot+((I_a^2)*r_a)+(v_t*I_f); +p_i=p_o+tot_loss; +eff=(p_o/p_i)*100; +disp(sprintf("(iv) The efficiency is %f %%",eff)); + +//solution (v) +T=p_o/w; +disp(sprintf("(v) The shaft torque is %f N-m",T)); + +//The answers are slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.7/ch8_ex_7.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.7/ch8_ex_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..510984fa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.7/ch8_ex_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 7 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 7"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +p_o=20*746; //output power from H.P. to Watts (1 H.P.=745.699 or 746 W) +v_t=230; //in Volts +N1=1150; //speed in rpm +P=4; //number of poles +Z=882; //number of armature conductors +r_a=0.188; //armature resistance in Ohms +I_a1=73; //armature current in Amperes +I_f=1.6; //field current in Amperes +ratio=0.8; //phi2:phi1=0.8 (here phi=flux) + +//SOLUTION + +E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a); +I_a2=I_a1/ratio; //(phi2*I_a2)=(phi1*I_a1) +E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a); +N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*(1/ratio)*N1; //N2:N1=(E_b2/E_b1)*(phi1/phi2) +N2=round(N2); //to round off the value of N2 (before rounding off N2=1414.695516 rpm) +disp(sprintf("The new operating speed is %d rpm",N2)); + +//The answer is slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers + +//END + + + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.8/ch8_ex_8.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.8/ch8_ex_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8370c62fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.8/ch8_ex_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 8 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 8"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +v_t=250; //in Volts +r_a=0.1; //armature resistance in Ohms +r_f=125; //field resistance in Ohms +p_o=20*1000; //output power in Watts +N_g=1000; //speed as generator in rpm + +//SOLUTION + +//machine as a generator +I_l=p_o/v_t; +I_f=v_t/r_f; //I_f is same as I_sh +I_ag=I_l+I_f; +E_a=v_t+(I_ag*r_a); //induced emf = E_a = E_g + +//machine as a motor +I_l=p_o/v_t; +I_f=v_t/r_f; +I_am=I_l-I_f; +E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a); //back emf = E_b = E_m + +//solution (a) +N_m=(N_g*E_b)/E_a; +N_m=round(N_m); //to round off the value of N_m +disp(sprintf("(a) The speed of the same machine as a motor is %d rpm",N_m)); + +//solution (b) + +//(i) +p1=(E_a*I_ag)/1000; //to express the answer in kW +disp(sprintf("(b) (i) The internal power developed as generator is %f kW",p1)); + +//(ii) +p2=(E_b*I_am)/1000; +disp(sprintf("(b) (ii) The internal power developed as motor is %f kW",p2)); + +//END + diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.9/ch8_ex_9.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.9/ch8_ex_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..464608dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.9/ch8_ex_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES +//Example 9 + +disp("CHAPTER 8"); +disp("EXAMPLE 9"); + +//VARIABLE INITIALIZATION +P=4; //number of poles +v_t=230; //in Volts +I_l=52; //in Amperes +Z=600; //tottal number of conductors +r_f=115; //in Ohms +d=30/100; //airgap diameter from cm to m +l=20/100; //effective length of pole +B=4100/10000; //flux density from Gauss to Wb/m^2 + +//SOLUTION +I_f=v_t/r_f; //I_f is same as I_sh +I_a=I_l-I_f; +ar=(%pi*d*l)/P; //area of pole +phi=ar*B; //phi = flux +A=P; +T=(phi*Z*I_a)/(2*%pi*A); +disp(sprintf("The torque developed in the motor is %f N-m",T)); + +//The answer is different as 'A' has not been included in the denominator(in the book) + +//END + diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe77d781c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R1' at 'T1' degree C,resistance 'R2' at 'T2' temperature +T1 = 20; //degree C +T2 = 80; //degree C +R1 = 4; //ohm +R2 = 4.52; //ohm +A = [1 T1;1 T2]; +C = [R1;R2]; +B = inv(A)*C; +//temperature coefficient of resistance of material 'a' +aRo = B(2,1); //a*Ro +Ro = B(1,1); +a = aRo / Ro; +mprintf("(a) Temperature coefficient of resistance of the material, a = %0.2e per degree C\n\n",a); +//Resistance of coil at 100 degree C +R100 = Ro*(1 + 100*a); //ohm +mprintf("(b) Resistance of coil at 100 degree C, R100 = %0.2f ohm",R100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc0068f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) Temperature coefficient of resistance of the material, a = 2.26e-003 per degree C + +(b) Resistance of coil at 100 degree C, R100 = 4.69 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3f215fd --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Inductance L, Current i, Time after which current reverses its direction T +close(); +clear; +clc; +L = 0.05;//H +i = 5;//A +T = 25;//ms +vavg = L*(i-(-i))/(T*10^(-3)); +mprintf('Average voltage induced in the inductance, vavg = %0.0f V',vavg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.10/Result1_10.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.10/Result1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d4343c9e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.10/Result1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average voltage induced in the inductance, vavg = 20 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..720aba908 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Capacitance C, Energy stored in capacitor1 Ui +close(); +clear; +clc; +C1 = 40 * 10^(-6);//F +Ui = 0.2;//J +C2 = 60*10^(-6);//F +//Initial charge on C1 +Q1 = (2*Ui*C1)^(1/2); +//Final Voltage +V = Q1/(C1+C2); +Uf1 = 1/2*C1*V^2; +Uf2 = 1/2*C2*V^2; +//Final Energy +Uf = Uf1+Uf2; +mprintf('Final energy of the system, U = %0.2f J',Uf); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.14/Result1_14.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.14/Result1_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66dc5ac57 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.14/Result1_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Final energy of the system, U = 0.08 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c752ea45 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +exec 'symbolic.sce' +syms R1 R2 R3 I +V1 = I*R1; +V2 = I*R2; +V3 = I*R3; +V = V1 + V2 + V3; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.15/Result1_15.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.15/Result1_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3389c7f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.15/Result1_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +V = V1+V2+V3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67db58c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +I1 = -1; //A +I2 = 3; //A +I3 = 5; //A +I4 = -4; //A +I5 = -2; //A +I6 = -6; //A +//current assumed out of the node +I = (I1+I2+I3+I4+I5+I6); +mprintf("I = %d A",I); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.17/Result1_17.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.17/Result1_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ccb7c1f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.17/Result1_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +I = -5 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..304cb5de0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Resistance R1,R2 and R3 connected in series, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 5;//ohm +R2 = 7; +R3 = 8; +V = 100; +//Total Resistance 'Res' +Res = R1+R2+R3; +I = V/Res; +//Voltage across R1 'V1' +V1 = R1*I; +V2 = R2*I; +V3 = R3*I; +mprintf('Current, I = %0.0f A \nVoltage across the 5 ohm = %0.0f V\nVoltage across the 7 ohm = %0.0f V\nVoltage across the 8 ohm = %0.0f V',I,V1,V2,V3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee6196b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Current, I = 5 A +Voltage across the 5 ohm = 25 V +Voltage across the 7 ohm = 35 V +Voltage across the 8 ohm = 40 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47adb0e1f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Resistance R, Current I +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 15;//ohm +R2 = 25;//ohm +I = 5;//A +I1 = R2/(R1+R2)*I; +I2 = R1/(R1+R2)*I; +P1 = I1^2*R1; +P2 = I2^2*R2; +mprintf('Power consumed by Resistance R1, P1 = %0.1f W \nPower consumed by Resistance R2, P2 = %0.1f W',P1,P2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.22/Result1_22.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.22/Result1_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51d4f4d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.22/Result1_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Power consumed by Resistance R1, P1 = 146.5 W +Power consumed by Resistance R2, P2 = 87.9 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07cdc106e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Voltage of battery E, Current through bd i5 +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 10;//ohm +R2 = 20; +R3 = 30; +E = 45; +i5 = 0; +R4 = R2*R3/R1; +//Effective Resistance 'Re' +Re = (R1+R2)*(R3+R4)/(R1+R2+R3+R4); +Ibattery = E/Re; +mprintf('(a): R4 = %0.0f ohm\n(b): Current supplied by battery, I = %0.1f A',R4,Ibattery); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.24/Result1_24.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.24/Result1_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051a0dea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.24/Result1_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(a): R4 = 60 ohm +(b): Current supplied by battery, I = 2.0 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1619bf590 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +R = 2; //ohm +//Applying KVL in two loops +//25 - 15*I1 - 10 + 3*I2 - 3*I1 = 0 +//20 - 3*I2 + 3*I1 - 2*I2 = 0 +//Solving the two equations +A =[18 -3;-3 5]; +C = [15;20]; +B = inv(A)*C; +I1 = B(1,1); +I2 = B(2,1); +//voltage across R +Vab = R*I2; //V +mprintf("Current through 2 ohm resistor, I2 = %d A\nVoltage across 2 ohm resistor, Vab = %d V",I2,Vab); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.27/Result1_27.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.27/Result1_27.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1087a1db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.27/Result1_27.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Current through 2 ohm resistor, I2 = 5 A +Voltage across 2 ohm resistor, Vab = 10 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0502dc7ac --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//Three resistances in parallel 'R1', 'R2', 'R3', Voltage source 'V' +R1 = 5; //ohm +R2 = 10; //ohm +R3 = 20; //ohm +V = 100; //V + +//(a) +//current through R1 'I1' +I1 = V/R1; //A +//current through R2 'I2' +I2 = V/R2; //A +//current through R3 'I3' +I3 = V/R3; //A + +mprintf("Current through %d ohm resistor, I1 = %d A\n\n",R1,I1); +mprintf("Current through %d ohm resistor, I2 = %d A\n\n",R2,I2); +mprintf("Current through %d ohm resistor, I3 = %d A\n\n",R3,I3); + +//(b) +//Total current drawn from source 'I' +I = I1 + I2 + I3; //A +//Power supplied by source 'P' +P = V*I; //W + +mprintf("Current drawn from the source, I = %d A\nPower supplied by source, P = %d W",I,P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2ed74229 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +(a) Current through 5 ohm resistor, I1 = 20 A + Current through 10 ohm resistor, I2 = 10 A + Current through 20 ohm resistor, I3 = 5 A + +(b) Current drawn from the source, I = 35 A + Power supplied by source, P = 3500 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87ab958f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Resistance R +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 1;//ohm +R2 = 2; +R3 = 3; +R4 = 6; +R5 = 6; +R6 = 16; +R7 = 8; +//Resistance between cd 'Rcd' +Rcd = (R2*R3*R4)/(R2*R3+R3*R4+R4*R2); +Raes = R1+Rcd+R5; +Rae = Raes*R7/(Raes+R7); +//Resistance between ab 'Rab' +Rab = Rae+R6; +mprintf('Rab = %0.0f ohm',Rab); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eac5b9771 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rab = 20 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a3df5212 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R1' rated at 'P1' and so on +V = 110; //V +P1 = 25; //W +P2 = 60; //W +P3 = 75; //W +P4 = 100; //W +R1 = V^2/P1; //ohm +R2 = V^2/P2; //ohm +R3 = V^2/P3; //ohm +R4 = V^2/P4; //ohm + +mprintf("\nResistance %d ohm is rated at %d W\nResistance %0.2f ohm is rated at %d W\nResistance %0.1f ohm is rated at %d W\nResistance %d ohm is rated at %d W",round(R1),P1,R2,P2,R3,P3,round(R4),P4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19c0e6a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Resistance 484 ohm is rated at 25 W +Resistance 201.67 ohm is rated at 60 W +Resistance 161.3 ohm is rated at 75 W +Resistance 121 ohm is rated at 100 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97dcfd1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Rating of electric heating pad Vr,Pr +//Rating of bulbs Vbr,Pr +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vr = 110;//V +Pr = 55;//W +V = 220; +Vbr = 110; +Pr1 = 25; +Pr2 = 60; +Pr3 = 75; +Pr4 = 100; +//Resistance of heating pad 'Rp' +Rp = Vr^2/Pr; +R1 = Vbr^2/Pr1; +R2 = Vbr^2/Pr2; +R3 = Vbr^2/Pr3; +R4 = Vbr^2/Pr4; +Rb = R4 + 1/2*R2; +Ip = V/(Rp+Rb); +H = Ip^2*Rp; +mprintf('The possible combination is 100W bulb in series with parallel combination of two 60 W bulbs \nRate of heat produced by pad, H = %0.2f W',H); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9e19c34f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rate of heat produced by pad, H = 54.54 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8176855 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R1', 'R2', 'R3', 'R4' connected in series +V = 100; //V +R1 = 5; //ohm +R2 = 10; //ohm +R3 = 15; //ohm +R4 = 20; //ohm +//Voltage across R1 'V1' +V1 = R1*V/(R1+R2+R3+R4); +//Voltage across R2 'V2' +V2 = R2*V/(R1+R2+R3+R4); +//Voltage across R3 'V3' +V3 = R3*V/(R1+R2+R3+R4); +//Voltage across R4 'V4' +V4 = R4*V/(R1+R2+R3+R4); +mprintf("\nVoltage across %d ohm resistor is %d V\nVoltage across %d ohm resistor is %d V\nVoltage across %d ohm resistor is %d V\nVoltage across %d ohm resistor is %d V",R1,V1,R2,V2,R3,V3,R4,V4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e28a1ee3f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Voltage across 5 ohm resistor is 10 V +Voltage across 10 ohm resistor is 20 V +Voltage across 15 ohm resistor is 30 V +Voltage across 20 ohm resistor is 40 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce b/147/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06574a6d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//temperature coefficients of resistances 'R1', 'R2' are 'a1', 'a2' +a1 = 0.004; +a2 = 0.005; +t1 = 10; //degree C +t2 = 60; //degree C +//At t1 +//R12 = Ro1/Ro2 +R12 = (1+t1*a2)/(1+t1*a1); +//At t2 +//power ratio 'p' +p = R12*(1+t2*a1)/(1+t2*a2); +mprintf("Ratio of power consumed in R2 to that in R1 at %d degree C, p = %0.3f",t2,p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt b/147/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b99e71341 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Ratio of power consumed in R2 to that in R1 at 60 degree C, p = 0.963 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce b/147/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..767c18831 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//input impedance Rd, Open loop voltage gain Aol, Feedback resistance Rf +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 1000; +Rf = 10000; +Rd = 1000; +Aol = -10^(4); +Av = Aol/(1+R1/Rf*(1-Aol)+R1/Rd); +Avideal = -Rf/R1; +//Percent error 'E' +E = (Av-Avideal)/Av*100; +mprintf('Av = %0.3f \nAvideal = %0.0f\nand percent error is %0.2f %%',Av,Avideal,E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt b/147/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcac4e9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Av = -9.979 +Avideal = -10 +and percent error is -0.21 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce b/147/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f19db771 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//voltage gain 'Av' +Aol = -10^(6); +Av = 1; +Rd = 1*10^(6); //ohm + +//(a) +//writing a loop equation +//let vs be any constant +vs = 1; +vo = vs/(1-(1/Aol)); +if(vs==round(vo)) then + mprintf("Prooved that vo=vs\n\n"); +end + +//(b) +//amplifier input impedance 'Zin' +Zin = (1-Aol)*Rd; //ohm +mprintf("Zin = %d Tohm",Zin/(10^12)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH10/EX10.5/Result10_5.txt b/147/CH10/EX10.5/Result10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9fb29311 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH10/EX10.5/Result10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Prooved that vo=vs + +Zin = 1 Tohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce b/147/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e926bf13 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vcc = 5;//V +Vcesat = 0.2; +Rc = 640; +Icsat = (Vcc-Vcesat)/Rc; +P = 2*Vcc*Icsat; +mprintf('Power dissipated by RTL P = %0.0f mW',P*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH11/EX11.10/Result11_10.txt b/147/CH11/EX11.10/Result11_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ef0c5b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH11/EX11.10/Result11_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Power dissipated by RTL P = 75 mW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce b/147/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c447e2d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vcc = 5; //V +Vb = 3.5; //V +Rc = 640; //ohm +Rb1 = 450; //ohm +Rb2 = Rb1; +Vcesat = 0.2; //V +B = 50; +Ibsat = (Vcc-Vcesat)/(B*Rc); +//number of gates that can be attached to v +n = (Vcc-Vb)/(Rc*Ibsat); +mprintf("number of gates that can be attached to v without risk of error in logic, n < %d",n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH11/EX11.9/Result11_9.txt b/147/CH11/EX11.9/Result11_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc168ce8a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH11/EX11.9/Result11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +number of gates that can be attached to v without risk of error in logic, n < 15 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a313909e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//number of turns 'N', leakage flux 'phi1', flux density in air gap 'Bg' +N = 100; +l1 = 0.40; //m +l2 = l1/4; +A1 = 10*10^(-4); //m^2 +A2 = A1/2; +lg = 2*10^(-3); //m +phi1 = 0.01 * 10^(-3); //Wb +Bg = 0.6; //t +uo = 4*%pi * 10^(-7); +//for Bg corresponding value of +Hg = Bg/uo; //A/m +taug = Hg*lg; +B1 = Bg; +H1 = 100; //A/m +tau1 = H1*(l1+l1); +phig = Bg*A1; +//total flux produced by coil 'phic' +phic = phig+phi1; +//flux density in l2 'B2' +B2 = phic/A2; //T +//for 'B2', corresponding 'H2' +H2 = 410; //A/m +tau2 = H2*l2; +//total mmf 'tau' +tau = taug + tau1 + tau2; +I = tau/N; //A +mprintf("Current I required = %0.2f A",I); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..763b85e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Current I required = 10.76 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18c7983b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Turn ratio a, Resistance of primary winding R1,Resistance of secondary winding R2 +//Primary leakage reactance X1, Secondary leakage reactance X2 +//Magnetizing reactance Xm, Resistance accounting for core loss Rc +close(); +clear; +clc; +a = 5; +R1 = 0.5;//ohm +R2 = 0.021; +X1 = 3.2; +X2 = 0.12; +Rc = 350; +Xm = 98; +//For circuit reffered to primary +Rp = R1 + a^2*R2; +Xp = X1 + a^2*X2; +Rcp = Rc; +Xmp = Xm; +//For cicuit reffered to secondary +Rs = R1/a^2 + R2; +Xs = X1/a^2+X2; +Rcs = Rc/a^2; +Xms = Xm/a^2; +mprintf('For circuit reffered to primary:\nR'' = %0.3f ohm\nX'' = %0.1f ohm\nR''c = %0.0f ohm\nX''m = %0.0f ohm\nFor circuit reffered to secondary:\nR'' = %0.3f ohm\nX'' = %0.3f ohm\nR''''c = %0.0f ohm\nX''''m = %0.2f ohm',Rp,Xp,Rcp,Xmp,Rs,Xs,Rcs,Xms); diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.10/Result13_10.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.10/Result13_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89bcae332 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.10/Result13_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +For circuit reffered to primary: +R' = 1.025 ohm +X' = 6.2 ohm +R'c = 350 ohm +X'm = 98 ohm +For circuit reffered to secondary: +R' = 0.041 ohm +X' = 0.248 ohm +R''c = 14 ohm +X''m = 3.92 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..687197178 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Rated Power Pr, Turn ratio a, Open cicuit Voltage, Current and Power Vo, Io and Po +//Short cicuit Voltage, current and power Vs, Is and Ps +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 25000;//VA +a = 2; +Vo = 220; +Io = 9.6; +Po = 710;//W +Vs = 42; +Is = 57; +Ps = 1030; +Rc2 = Vo^2/Po; +Ic2 = Vo/Po; +Im2 = (Io^2-Ic2^2)^(1/2); +Xm2 = Vo/Im2; +Zs1 = Vs/Is; +Rs1 = Ps/Is^2; +Xs1 = (Zs1^2 - Rs1^2)^(1/2); +Rs2 = Rs1/a^2; +Xs2 = Xs1/a^2; +mprintf('Values of cicuit constants are:\nRc2 = %0.1f ohm\nXm2 = %0.2f ohm\nRs2 = %0.3f ohm \nXs2 = %0.3f ohm',Rc2,Xm2,Rs2,Xs2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.12/Result13_12.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.12/Result13_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c28db495 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.12/Result13_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Values of cicuit constants are: +Rc2 = 68.2 ohm +Xm2 = 22.93 ohm +Rs2 = 0.079 ohm +Xs2 = 0.166 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.15/Example13_15.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.15/Example13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5353e3d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.15/Example13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//rated power 'Pr' +Pr = 100*1000; //VA +V1 = 11000; //V +V2 = 2300; //V +f = 60; //Hz + +//(a) +//load on open-delta 'Pl' +Pl = sqrt(3)*Pr; //VA +mprintf("(a) Total load that can be supplied = %0.1f kVA\n\n",Pl/1000); +//(b) +Pr = 120*1000; //VA +Iab = 1/3 * (Pr/V2); +//from phasor diagram +Ia = (sqrt(3)*Iab); +//transformation ratio 'a' +a = V1/V2; +//current in V1 winding 'Iline' +Iline = Ia/a; //A +mprintf("(b) Line current on high-voltage side, Iline = %0.1f A",Iline); diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.15/Result13_15.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.15/Result13_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05fbe1f59 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.15/Result13_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) Total load that can be supplied = 173.2 kVA + +(b) Line current on high-voltage side, Iline = 6.3 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.16/Example13_16.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.16/Example13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957097c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.16/Example13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Transformer frequency fr, Source frequency fs +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 500;//VA +ft = 25;//Hz +fs = 60; +V1 = 120; +V2 = 30; +//Maximum permissible primary voltage 'V1max' +V1max = fs/ft*V1; +V2r = fs/ft*V2; +I2r = Pr/V2; +mprintf('Maximum primary voltage = %0.0f V\nrated V2 = %0.0f V\nrated I2 = %0.2f A',V1max,V2r,I2r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.16/Result13_16.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.16/Result13_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68e41df9d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.16/Result13_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Maximum primary voltage = 288 V +rated V2 = 72 V +rated I2 = 16.67 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.17/Example13_17.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.17/Example13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35d8c5ac --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.17/Example13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//rated power 'P' +P = 10000; //VA +V1 = 2400; +V2 = 240; +//from open circuit test +Vo = 240; //V +Io = 0.8; //A +Po = 80; //W +//from short circuit test +Vs = 80; //V +Is = 5.1; //A +Ps = 220; //W +//converting all data into per unit values +I1 = P/V1; +I2 = P/V2; +//in per unit , open circuit data are +Vo = Vo/V2; //pu +Io = Io/I2; //pu +Po = Po/P; //pu +//in per unit, short circuit data are +Vs = Vs/V1; //pu +Is = Is/I1; //pu +Ps = Ps/P; //pu +//equivalent resistance 'Rs' +Rs = Ps/(Is^2); //pu +mprintf("Series equivalent resistance in per unit, Rs = %0.4f pu",Rs); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.17/Result13_17.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.17/Result13_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..752c98bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.17/Result13_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Series equivalent resistance in per unit, Rs = 0.0147 pu \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.18/Example13_18.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.18/Example13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbcd46931 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.18/Example13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Rated Power Pr,Open cicuit Voltage, Current and Power Vo, Io and Po +//Short cicuit Voltage, current and power Vs, Is and Ps +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 75000; +V1 = 230; +V2 = 115; +Vs = 9.5; +Is = 326; +Ps = 1200; +Vo = 115;//V +Io = 16.3;//A +Po = 750;//W +Zs = Vs/Is; +//Vs per unit 'Vsp' +Vsp = Vs/V1; +I1 = Pr/V1; +Isp = Is/I1; +Zsp = Vsp/Isp; +Psp = Ps/Pr; +Rsp = Psp/Isp^2; +Xsp = (Zsp^2-Rsp^2)^(1/2); +//For Pf= 0.8 +V2 = 1; +Pf = 0.8; +theta = -acos(Pf); +V = 1; +I = Isp*cos(theta)+Isp*sin(theta)*%i +Z = Rsp + %i*Xsp; +Vo = V + I*Z; +Vor = polar(Vo); +V_reg = (Vor-V2)/V2*100; +nrated_load = Pr*Pf/(Pr*Pf+Po+Ps)*100; +nhalf = (Pr/2)/(Pr/2+Po+Ps/4)*100; +mprintf('Equivalent impedance in high voltage terms Zs = %0.3f ohm\nPer unit Zs = %0.4f pu\nVoltage regulation = %0.1f %%\nEfficiency at rated load = %0.2f %%\nEfficiency at half load = %0.2f %%',Zs,Zsp,V_reg,nrated_load,nhalf); diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.18/Result13_18.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.18/Result13_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e1c3af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.18/Result13_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Equivalent impedance in high voltage terms Zs = 0.029 ohm +Per unit Zs = 0.0413 pu +Voltage regulation = 3.6 % +Efficiency at rated load = 96.85 % +Efficiency at half load = 97.28 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.20/Example13_20.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.20/Example13_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d79f36a79 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.20/Example13_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Input voltage Vin, Output voltage Vout, Output current Iout +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vin = 220;//V +V1 = Vin; +Vout = 110; +V2 = Vout; +Iout = 10;//A +I2 = Iout; +a = V1/V2; +//weight_auto/weight_trans = 'weightr' +weightr = 1 - (2/a)/2;//since N1/N2 = I2/I1 = a +mprintf('We have %0.0f %% saving in copper',weightr*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.20/Result13_20.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.20/Result13_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddf768a2f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.20/Result13_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +We have 50 % saving in copper \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.22/Example13_22.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.22/Example13_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8009bf12 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.22/Example13_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Rated Power Pr, Primary voltage V1, Secondary voltage V2 +//Resistance and reactance of primary winding R1 and X1 +//Resistance and reactance of secondary winding R12 and X2 +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 5000;//VA +V1 = 440; +V2 = 220; +R1 = 0.25; +X1 = 0.75; +R2 = 0.06; +X2 = 0.25; +a = V1/V2; +//Resistance and reactance reffered to secondary winding 'Rs2' and 'Xs2' +Rs2 = R2 + R1/a^2; +Xs2 = X2 + X1/a^2; +//Full load current 'I' +I = Pr/V2; +//Part (i) +Pf = 0.8;//lagging +theta = acos(Pf); +V_reg1 = (I*Rs2*cos(theta)+I*Xs2*sin(theta))/V2*100; +//Part (ii): +Pf = 1; +theta = acos(Pf); +V_reg2 = (I*Rs2*cos(theta)+I*Xs2*sin(theta))/V2*100; +//Part (iii) +Pf = 0.8;//leading +theta = acos(Pf); +V_reg3 = (I*Rs2*cos(theta)-I*Xs2*sin(theta))/V2*100; +mprintf('Voltage regulation on full load at p.f of (i): 0.8 lagging = %0.3f %%\n(ii): unity = %0.4f %%\n(iii): 0.8 leading = %0.3f %%',V_reg1,V_reg2,V_reg3); + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.22/Result13_22.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.22/Result13_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96b41de8e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.22/Result13_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Voltage regulation on full load at p.f of (i): 0.8 lagging = 3.724 % +(ii): unity = 1.2655 % +(iii): 0.8 leading = -1.699 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.23/Example13_23.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.23/Example13_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c137ec68 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.23/Example13_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//high voltage winding ratio 'R1', leakage reactance 'X1', low voltage winding resistance 'R2', low voltage leakage resistance 'X2' +X2 = 0.042; //ohm +V1 = 2400; //V +V2 = 120; //V +X1 = 0.22; //ohm +R1 = 0.1; //ohm +R2 = 0.035; //ohm +a = V1/V2; +P = 30*10^3; //VA +//resistance referred to HV winding 'R1_' +R1_ = R1 + (a^2)*R2; //ohm +//leakage reactance referred to HV side 'X1_' +X1_ = X1 + (a^2)*X2; //ohm +//impedance referred to HV side 'Z_' +Z_ = sqrt(R1_^2 + X1_^2); //ohm +//primary full load current 'I1' +I1 = P/V1; //A +//total copper loss 'Pc' +Pc = (I1^2)*Z_; +mprintf("Equivalent winding resistance = %0.1f ohm\n\n",R1_); +mprintf("Impedance referred to high voltage side = %0.3f ohm\n\n",Z_); +mprintf("Total copper loss of transformer = %0.4f kW",Pc/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.23/Result13_23.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.23/Result13_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e20709cea --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.23/Result13_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Equivalent winding resistance = 14.1 ohm + +Impedance referred to high voltage side = 22.102 ohm + +Total copper loss of transformer = 3.4534 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..522947cd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//from solved example 13.1 +phic = 0.61*10^(-3); //Wb +phi1 = 0.01*10^(-3); //Wb +I = 10.77; //A +N = 100; //A +//total self inductance 'L' +L = N*phic/I; +mprintf("Total self-inductance, L = %0.2f mH\n\n",L*1000); +//leakage inductance of coil 'L1' +L1 = N*phi1/I; +mprintf("Leakage inductance of coil, L1 = %0.3f mH",L1*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.3/Result13_3.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.3/Result13_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5208a9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.3/Result13_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Total self-inductance, L = 5.66 mH + +Leakage inductance of coil, L1 = 0.093 mH \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bce8e613 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//operating voltage 'V', operatinf frequency 'f' of transformer, core flux 'phi' +phi = 4.13 * 10^(-3); //Wb +f = 60; //Hz +E1 = 110; //V +//number of turns on primary +N1 = E1/(4.44*phi*f); +mprintf("Required number of turns on primary, N1 = %d",round(N1)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.5/Result13_5.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.5/Result13_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e263e25c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.5/Result13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Required number of turns on primary, N1 = 100 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9db22ba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Input Power Pi, Primary current I1, Primary winding resistance R1 +//Primary terminal voltage V1 +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pi = 75;//W +I1 = 1.5;//A +V1 = 120;//V +R1 = 0.4;//ohm +Pc = Pi - I1^2*R1; +Pfo = Pi/(V1*I1); +mprintf('Core loss, Pc = %0.1f W\nNo-load power factor = %0.3f lagging',Pc,Pfo); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.6/Result13_6.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.6/Result13_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8732f47a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.6/Result13_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Core loss, Pc = 74.1 W +No-load power factor = 0.417 lagging \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..873fdbbd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//from solved example 13.6 +V = 120; //V +Pc = 75; //W +Rc = V^2/Pc; +I = 1.5; //A +pf = 0.417; +Im = sqrt(I^2 - (I*pf)^2); //A +Ic = V/Rc; //A +Xm = V/Im; //ohm +mprintf("Rc = %d ohm\nXm = %d ohm",Rc,Xm); diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.7/Result13_7.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.7/Result13_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2819fbc64 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.7/Result13_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Rc = 192 ohm +Xm = 88 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce b/147/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..571864d8c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Rated Power Pr, Resistance of primary winding R1,Resistance of secondary winding R2 +//Primary leakage reactance X1, Secondary leakage reactance X2 +//Magnetizing reactance Xm, Resistance accounting for core loss Rc +//Secondary terminal voltage V2 +close(); +clear; +clc; +Po = 150;//kVA +R1 = 0.2;//ohm +R2 = 2/1000; +X1 = 0.45;//ohm +X2 = 4.5/1000; +Rc = 10000; +Xm = 1550; +V2 = 240; +a = 10; +Pf = 0.8; +theta2 = -acos(Pf); +I2r = Po*1000/V2; +I2 = I2r*cos(theta2)+I2r*sin(theta2)*%i; +E1 = a*V2+ I2/a*(R1+%i*X1); +E1r = polar(E1); +E1_arg = atan(imag(E1),real(E1))*180/%pi; +Im = E1/(%i*Xm); +Ic = E1/Rc; +Icr = polar(Ic); +Io = Ic+Im; +I1 = Io+I2/a; +I1r = polar(I1); +I1_arg = atan(imag(I1),real(I1))*180/%pi; +V1 = E1 + I1*(R1+%i*X1); +V1r = polar(V1); +V1_arg = atan(imag(V1),real(V1))*180/%pi; +per_regulation = (V1r - a*V2)/(a*V2)*100; +output = Po*1000*Pf; +losses = I1r^2*R1+Icr^2*Rc+I2r^2*R2; +n = output/(output+losses)*100; +mprintf('Voltage regulation = %0.1f %%\nEfficiency = %0.1f %%',per_regulation,n); diff --git a/147/CH13/EX13.8/Result13_8.txt b/147/CH13/EX13.8/Result13_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11e48b5da --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH13/EX13.8/Result13_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Voltage regulation = 2.3 % +Efficiency = 98.2 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3abcee4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Power P, Voltage V, Armature resistance Ra, Field Resistance Rf +close(); +clear; +clc; +P = 50000;//W +V = 250; +Ra = 0.06;//ohm +Rse = 0.04; +Rf = 125; +Vb = 2; +Il = P/V; +Vf = V + Il*Rse; +If = Vf/Rf; +Ia = Il + If; +E = V+ Ia*Ra +Il*Rse+ Vb; +mprintf('Induced armature voltage E = %0.2f V\nTerminal Voltage V = %0.0f V',E,V); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.10/Result14_10.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.10/Result14_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb0e2f2a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.10/Result14_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Induced armature voltage E = 272.12 V +Terminal Voltage V = 250 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66b42afaf --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Power P, Voltage V, Armature Resistance Ra,Field Resistance Rf +//Total mechanical and core losses Pc +close(); +clear; +clc; +P = 100;//kW +V = 230;//V +Ra = 0.05;//ohm +Rf = 57.5;//ohm +Pc = 1.8;//kW +If = V/Rf; +Il = P*1000/V; +Ia = Il+If; +total_losses = If^2*Rf+Ia^2*Ra+Pc; +Pi = P + total_losses/1000; +n = P/Pi*100; +//Prime mover output 'pmo' +pmo = Pi*1000/746; +mprintf('Generator efficiency at full load = %0.0f %%\nPrime mover output = %0.1f hp',n,pmo); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.12/Result14_12.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.12/Result14_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fe2dd7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.12/Result14_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Generator efficiency at full load = 90 % +Prime mover output = 148.2 hp \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdbb0734f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//(a) +//from solved example 14.12 and 14.9 +Ra = 0.05; //ohm +V = 230; //V +Pc = 920 + 1800; //W +If = 4; //A +Ia = sqrt(Pc/Ra); +Il = Ia - If; +mprintf("(a) At load of %0.2f A ,the generator achieves maximum efficiency\n\n",Il); +//(b) +//output power 'Po' +Po = Il*V; //W +Pa = Ia^2 * Ra; +//input power 'Pi' +Pi = 2*Pa + Po; //W +//maximum efficiency 'n' +n = Po/Pi; +mprintf("(b) Maximum efficiency, n = %0.1f %%",n*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.13/Result14_13.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.13/Result14_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f96fe5420 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.13/Result14_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) At load of 229.24 A ,the generator achieves maximum efficiency + +(b) Maximum efficiency, n = 90.6 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e54ed953 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Voltage V, Armature resistance Ra, Field resistance Rf +//Armature current Ia, Line current Il, flux is reduced by phir +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 250;//V +Ra = 0.22;//ohm +Rf = 170; +N = 1200;//rpm +Ia = 3;//A +Il = 55; +phir = 0.06; +E_noload = V - Ia*Ra; +If = V/Rf; +E_fullload = V - (Il-If)*Ra; +nm_fullload = N*(E_noload/E_fullload)*(1/1-phir); +mprintf('Full load speed = %0.0f rpm',nm_fullload); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.14/Result14_14.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.14/Result14_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f88d4c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.14/Result14_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Full load speed = 1181 rpm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757a86dd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//power of shunt motor 'P', full load line current 'I', armature resistance 'Ra', field resistance 'Rf', brush contant drop 'Vb', core and friction loss 'Pc' +Vb = 2; //V +Ra = 0.25; //ohm +Rf = 230; //ohm +P = 10; //hp +V = 230; //V +I = 40; //A +Pc = 380; //W +//input power 'Pi' +Pi = I*V; //W +//field-resistance loss 'Pf' +Pf = (V/Rf)^2 * Rf; //W +//armature resistance loss 'Pa' +Pa = (I-1)^2*Ra; //W +//stray-load loss 'Ps' +Ps = (1/100)*P*746; //W +//brush-contact losses 'Pb' +Pb = Vb*(I-1); //W +//total loss 'loss' +loss = Pf+Pa+Ps+Pb+Pc; +//output power 'Po' +Po = Pi-loss; //W +//efficiency 'n' +n = Po/Pi; +mprintf("Efficiency of motor, n = %0.1f %%",n*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.15/Result14_15.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.15/Result14_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c185eae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.15/Result14_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Efficiency of motor, n = 87.6 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aec7f4da --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Armature resistance Ra, Field resistance Rg, Speed of generator N +//Rating of Generator and Motor Pr,V +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 10000;//W +V = 250;//V +Ra = 0.1;//ohm +Rf = 250; +N = 800; +//As generator +If = V/Rf; +Il = Pr/V; +Ia = If+Il; +Eg = V + Ia*Ra; +//As a motor +Il = Pr/V; +If = V/Rf; +Ia = Il - If; +Em = V - Ia*Ra; +ng = Em/Eg*N; +mprintf('Speed of the motor = %0.1f rpm',ng); + diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.16/Result14_16.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.16/Result14_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..190ed76d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.16/Result14_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Speed of the motor = 774.8 rpm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.17/Example14_17.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.17/Example14_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c97ba48f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.17/Example14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//input current 'I', and voltage 'V', speed of armature 'N', Armature resistance 'Ra', field resistance 'Rf' +Ia1 = 20; //A +V1 = 400; //V +N1 = 250; //rpm +Ra = 0.6; //ohm +Rf = 0.4; //ohm +N2 = 350; //rpm + +//(i) +//current ot run the device at N2 +Ia2 = N2*Ia1/N1; //A + +//(ii) +//Ea at N1 +Ea1 = V1 - Ia1*(Ra+Rf); +//Applied voltage to run the device at N2 +V2 = Ia2*(Ra+Rf) + Ea1*(Ia2*N2/(Ia1*N1)); +mprintf(" Applied voltage to run the device at %d rpm = %0.1f V\n\n",N2,V2); +mprintf("Applied current to run the device at %d rpm = %d A",N2,round(Ia2)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.17/Result14_17.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.17/Result14_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..144d10de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.17/Result14_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Applied voltage to run the device at 350 rpm = 772.8 V + +Applied current to run the device at 350 rpm = 28 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.18/Example14_18.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.18/Example14_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11b50cabf --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.18/Example14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//No of poles p, frequency of supply f1, slip s +close(); +clear; +clc; +p = 4; +f1 = 60;//Hz +s = 0.03; +ns = 120*f1/p; +n = (1-s)*ns; +f2 = s*f1; +nr = 120*f2/p; +ns_dash = nr+n; +nr_s = ns_dash - ns; +mprintf('Rotor speed = %0.0f rpm\nRotor current frequency = %0.1f Hz \nSpeed of rotor''s rotating magnetic field with respect to the stator frame = %0.0f rpm\nSpeed of rotor''s rotating magnetic field with respect to the stator''s magnetic field = %0.0f ',n,f2,ns_dash,nr_s); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.18/Result14_18.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.18/Result14_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32fcc5f66 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.18/Result14_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Rotor speed = 1746 rpm +Rotor current frequency = 1.8 Hz +Speed of rotor's rotating magnetic field with respect to the stator frame = 1800 rpm +Speed of rotor's rotating magnetic field with respect to the stator's magnetic field = 0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.19/Example14_19.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.19/Example14_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61aea3224 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.19/Example14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//frequency of induction motor 'f', number of poles 'p', speed of motor 'n' +n = 3510; //rpm +f = 60; //Hz +p = 2; + +//(a) +//synchronous speed 'ns' +ns = 120*f/p; //rpm +mprintf("(a) The synchronous speed, ns = %d rpm\n\n",ns); +//(b) +//percent slip 's' +s = (ns-n)/ns; +mprintf("(b) The percent slip, s = %0.1f %%",s*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.19/Result14_19.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.19/Result14_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad35d20a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.19/Result14_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) The synchronous speed, ns = 3600 rpm + +(b) The percent slip, s = 2.5 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.21/Example14_21.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.21/Example14_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbf75c692 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.21/Example14_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//frequency of induction motor 'f', number of poles 'p' +f1 = 60; //Hz +p = 4; +P = 120*1000; //W +f2 = 3; //Hz +s = f2/f1; +//synchronous speed 'ns' +ns = 120*f1/p; //rpm + +//(a) +//rotor speed 'n' +n = (1-s)*ns; //rpm +mprintf("(a) The rotor speed, n = %d rpm\n\n",round(n)); + +//(b) +//rotor copper losses 'Pc' +Pc = s*P; //W +mprintf("(b) The rotor copper losses, Pc = %d kW",Pc/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.21/Result14_21.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.21/Result14_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56e68ded --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.21/Result14_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) The rotor speed, n = 1710 rpm + +(b) The rotor copper losses, Pc = 6 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.22/Example14_22.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.22/Example14_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74eda78c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.22/Example14_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Stator copper loss Pcs, Mechanical loss Pr, Stator core loss Pms +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pcs = 3;//kW +Pr = 2;//kW +Pms = 1.7;//kW +//From previous question +Pir = 120;//kW +Pcr = 6;//kW +Pom = Pir - Pcr - Pr; +Pim = Pir + Pcs + Pms; +n = Pom/Pim*100; +mprintf('Motor Output = %0.0f kW\nMotor Input = %0.1f kW \nEfficency = %0.1f %%',Pom,Pim,n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.22/Result14_22.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.22/Result14_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c90233811 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.22/Result14_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Motor Output = 112 kW +Motor Input = 124.7 kW +Efficency = 89.8 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.23/Example14_23.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.23/Example14_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbb7b74f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.23/Example14_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//number of poles 'p', frequency of induction motor 'f', stator input power 'Pi', speed of motor 'n', stator copper loss 'Pc', stator core loss 'Pco', mechanical loss 'Pm' +p = 6; +f = 60; //Hz +n = 1140; //rpm +Pi = 48*1000; //W +Pc = 1.4*1000; //W +Pco = 1.6*1000; //W +Pm = 1*1000; //W +//synchronous speed 'ns' +ns = 120*f/p; //rpm +s = (ns-n)/ns; +//rotor input 'Pri' +Pri = Pi-(Pc+Pco); +//rotor output 'Pro' +Pro = (1-s)*Pri; +//motor output 'Po' +Po = Pro-Pm; +//motor efficiency 'eff' +eff = Po/Pi; +mprintf("Motor efficiency = %d %%",round(eff*100)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.23/Result14_23.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.23/Result14_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51474202c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.23/Result14_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Motor efficiency = 87 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.24/Example14_24.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.24/Example14_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ef0107c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.24/Example14_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Synchronous speed of induction motor N, Input Power Ps, Current Is +//Stator resistance per phase R1, Transformation ratio a +close(); +clear; +clc; +N = 900;//rpm +Ps = 45000/3;//W +Is = 193.6;//A +R1 = 0.2;//ohm +a = 2; +R2 = (Ps/Is^2 - R1)/a^2; +R2dash = a^2*R2; +//Starting Torque 'Ts' +Ts = 3*Is^2*R2dash/(2*%pi*N/60); +mprintf('Rotor resistance per phase = %0.2f ohm\nStarting Torque = %0.1f N.m',R2,Ts); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.24/Result14_24.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.24/Result14_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61119ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.24/Result14_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Rotor resistance per phase = 0.05 ohm +Starting Torque = 238.9 N.m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.25/Example14_25.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.25/Example14_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9159422d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.25/Example14_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 400; //V +f = 60; //Hz +p = 4; +R1 = 0.2; //ohm +X1 = 0.5; //ohm +Xm = 20; //ohm +X2_ = 0.2; //ohm +R2_ = 4; //ohm +loss = 800; //W +n = 1755; //rpm + +ns = 120*f/p; +s = (ns-n)/ns; +Z = R1 + %i*X1 + (%i*Xm)*(R2_ + %i*X2_)/(R2_ + %i*(Xm+X2_)); +Zr = real(Z); +Zi = imag(Z); +Zarg = 180/%pi * atan(Zi/Zr); +Z = sqrt(Zr^2 + Zi^2); + +//phase volatge 'Vp' +Vp = V/sqrt(3); //V + +//(a) +//input current 'I' +I = Vp/Z; +mprintf("(a) Input current, I = %0.2f A\n\n",I); + +//(b) +//total input power 'Pi' +Pi = sqrt(3)*I*cos(Zarg*%pi/180); //kW +mprintf("(b) Input power, Pi = %0.2f kW\n\n",Pi); + +//(c) +R = 3.77; //ohm +Ps = 3*(I^2)*R; //kW +//total power developed 'Pd' +Pd = (1-s)*Ps; //kW +//total output power 'Po' +Po = Pd - loss; +mprintf("(c) Output power, Po = %0.2f kW\n\n",Po/1000); + +//(d) +w = 2*%pi*n/60; +//output torque 'T' +T = Po/w; //Nm +mprintf("(d) Output torque, T = %0.1f N.m\n\n",T); +//(e) +//efficiency 'eff' +eff = Po/(Pi*1000); +mprintf("(e) Efficiency = %0.1f %%",eff*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.25/Result14_25.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.25/Result14_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79955d310 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.25/Result14_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +(a) Input current, I = 54.62 A + +(b) Input power, Pi = 88.91 kW + +(c) Output power, Po = 32.10 kW + +(d) Output torque, T = 174.7 N.m + +(e) Efficiency = 36.1 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.28/Example14_28.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.28/Example14_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b44eb53d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.28/Example14_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Rated Power Pr, Synchronous reactance Xs, Armature resistance Ra +//Power factor Pf +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 10000;//VA +V = 230;//V +Xs = 1.2;//ohm per phase +Ra = 0.5;//ohm +Pf = 0.8;//lagging +Vt = V/sqrt(3); +theta = acos(Pf); +Ia = (Pr/3)/Vt; +Vo = sqrt((Vt*cos(theta) + Ia*Ra)^2 + (Vt*sin(theta) + Ia*Xs)^2); +reg = (Vo - Vt)/Vt*100; +mprintf('Percent voltage = %0.1f%%',reg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.28/Result14_28.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.28/Result14_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..523ec169c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.28/Result14_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Percent voltage = 21.8% \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.30/Example14_30.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.30/Example14_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e8186c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.30/Example14_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Rated Power Pr, Synchronous reactance Xs, Armature resistance Ra +//Power factor Pf +close(); +clear; +clc; +Pr = 10000;//VA +V = 230;//V +Xs = 1.2;//ohm per phase +Ra = 0.5;//ohm +Pf = 0.8;//lagging +Vt = V/sqrt(3); +theta = acos(Pf); +Ia = (Pr/3)/Vt; +Zs = Ra + %i*Xs; +theta = atan(imag(Zs),real(Zs)); +phi = acos(-polar(Ia*Zs)^2/(2*polar(Ia*Zs)*Vt)) - theta; +Pf2 = cos(phi); +mprintf('Power factor for zero regulation = %0.3f leading',Pf2); diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.30/Result14_30.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.30/Result14_30.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75ef0313b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.30/Result14_30.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Power factor for zero regulation = 0.869 leading \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.32/Example14_32.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.32/Example14_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94493e1b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.32/Example14_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//From previous question +Vo = 309.8;//V +Vt = 127; +Xd = 4; +Xq = 2; +delta = 20.25//Deg +phi = 45;//Deg +Pr = 20000;//VA +Pf = 0.707;//lagging +Pd = Vo*Vt/Xd*sin(delta*%pi/180)+Vt^2/Xq*(1/Xq-1/Xd)*sin(2*delta*%pi/180); +Pl = Pr*Pf/3; +Ps = 3*Vt^2/Xq*(1/Xq-1/Xd)*sin(2*delta*%pi/180); +mprintf('Power developed by generator = %0.1f W\nPower supplied to the load = %0.1f W\nPower due to saliency = %0.0f W',Pd,Pl,Ps); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.32/Result14_32.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.32/Result14_32.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60b2131c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.32/Result14_32.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Power developed by generator = 4713.8 W +Power supplied to the load = 4713.3 W +Power due to saliency = 3928 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.33/Example14_33.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.33/Example14_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8593ac97 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.33/Example14_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Il = 50; //A +pf1 = 0.707; +V1 = 220; //V +Xs = 1.27; //ohm +P2 = 33*1000; //kV +phia = 30; //degree +phia_rad = phia*%pi/180; //rad +//(a) +//power developed per phase 'Pd' +Pd = P2/3; +Vo = sqrt(3)*Pd*Xs*sin(phia_rad)/V1; //V +//by parallel connections +Vt = V1/sqrt(3); +//from isosceles triangle +d = (90-phia)/2; +//motor reactive power 'Q' +Q = 3*(Vt^2)*sin(phia_rad)/Xs; //VAr +mprintf("(a) Reactive power of motor, Q = %d kVAr\n\n",Q/1000); + +//(b) +Ia = Vt/Xs; +phil = -45; //degree +phil_rad = phil*%pi/180; //rad +//overall power factor 'pf' +pf = cos(atan((Ia*sin(phia_rad) + Il*sin(phil_rad))/(Ia*cos(phia_rad) + Il*cos(phil_rad)))); +mprintf("(b) The overall power factor = %0.3f",pf); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.33/Result14_33.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.33/Result14_33.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..431857020 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.33/Result14_33.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) Reactive power of motor, Q = 19 kVAr + +(b) The overall power factor = 0.993 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.35/Example14_35.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.35/Example14_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e2d02053 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.35/Example14_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//armature resistance 'Ra', synchronous reactance 'Xs', rated power 'P', load 'Pl', power factor 'pf' +Ra = 1; //ohm +Xs = 20; //ohm +P = 11*1000; //V +Pl = 1500*1000; //W +pf = 0.8; +//terminal voltage per phase 'Vt' +Vt = P/sqrt(3); //V +Ia = Pl/(Vt*3); //A +Vo = sqrt((Vt*pf + Ia*Ra)^2 + (Vt*sqrt(1-pf^2) - Ia*Xs)^2); //V +//percent voltage regulation 'reg' +reg = (Vo-Vt)/Vt; +mprintf("Voltage regulation = %0.2f %%",reg*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.35/Result14_35.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.35/Result14_35.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fc3e18c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.35/Result14_35.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Voltage regulation = -11.46 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.37/Example14_37.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.37/Example14_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c5fc84e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.37/Example14_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +f1 = 50; //Hz +p = 6; +Pi = 80*1000; //W +n = 100; //rpm +f2 = n/60; //Hz +// slip 's' +s = f2/f1; +mprintf("(i) slip, s = %0.4f\n\n",s); +ns = 120*f1/p; //rpm +//rotor speed 'n' +n = ns*(1-s); +mprintf("(ii) motor speed, n = %0.2f rpm\n\n",n); +//mechanical power developed 'Pd' +Pd = Pi*(1-s); +mprintf("(iii) mechanical power developed, Pd = %0.3f kW\n\n",Pd/1000); +//rotor copper loss 'Pc' +Pc = s*Pi; +mprintf("(iv) rotor copper loss, Pc = %0.3f kW\n\n",Pc/1000); + +w = 2*%pi*n/60; +//torque developed 'Td' +Td = Pd/w; +mprintf("(v) Torque developed, Td = %0.2f Nm",Td); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.37/Result14_37.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.37/Result14_37.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8aaf5f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.37/Result14_37.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +(i) slip, s = 0.0333 + +(ii) motor speed, n = 966.67 rpm + +(iii) mechanical power developed, Pd = 77.333 kW + +(iv) rotor copper loss, Pc = 2.667 kW + +(v) Torque developed, Td = 763.94 Nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e86e19c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Speed n, Flux per pole phi, Total number of conductors z +close(); +clear; +clc; +p = 4; +n = 1800;//rpm +z = 728; +phi = 30*10^(-3);//Wb +//Since armature is lap wound p=a +a = p; +E = phi*n*z/60*p/a; +mprintf('Voltage induced in armature winding, E = %0.1f V',E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.4/Result14_4.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.4/Result14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..702bf7e15 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.4/Result14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Voltage induced in armature winding, E = 655.2 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcd28e990 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//from example 14.4 +//number of conductors 'n' +z = 728; +//rotating speed of armature 'N' +N = 1800; //rpm +//flux per pole 'phi' +phi = 30*10^(-3); //Wb +//number of poles 'p' +p = 4; +//for wave wound armature +a = 2; +//voltage induced in armature 'E' +E = phi*N*z*p/(60*a); //V +mprintf("Voltage induced in the armature, E = %0.1f V",E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..601501d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Voltage induced in the armature, E = 1310.4 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..890f5f562 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Speed n, Flux per pole phi, Total number of conductors z +//Maximum line current Ia +close(); +clear; +clc; +p = 4; +n = 1800;//rpm +z = 728; +Ia = 100;//A +phi = 30*10^(-3);//Wb +//Since armature is lap wound p=a +a = p; +E = phi*n*z/60*p/a; +P = E*Ia; +mprintf('Maximum Power developed by the armature P = %0.1f kW',P/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..647d84f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Maximum Power developed by the armature P = 65.5 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f303455de --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//using the result of example 14.6 +Pd = 65.5 * 1000; //W +N = 1800; +w = 2*%pi*N/60; +//electromagnetic torque developed 'T' +T = Pd/w; +mprintf("Electromagnetic torque developed, T = %0.1f N-m",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.7/Result14_7.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.7/Result14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc420b243 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.7/Result14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Electromagnetic torque developed, T = 347.5 N-m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce b/147/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84d0e2f11 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//No of poles p, No of slots 'slots', Number of coil sides per slot cps +//Number of turns in each coil nc +close(); +clear; +clc; +p = 4; +a = p; +n = 720; +phi = 0.020; +slots = 144; +cps = 2; +nc = 2; +z = slots*cps*nc; +E = phi*n*z/60*(p/a); +mprintf('Inductor Voltage E = %0.2f V',E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH14/EX14.8/Result14_8.txt b/147/CH14/EX14.8/Result14_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c44040c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH14/EX14.8/Result14_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Inductor Voltage E = 138.24 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a16713681 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//meter resistance 'rm', meter current 'Ifs', Maximum current to be measured 'I', Maximum voltage measured 'V' +rm = 5; //ohm +Ifs = 0.015; //A + +//(i) +I = 2; //A +//resistance of shunt required 'Rsh' +Rsh = Ifs*rm/(I-Ifs); //ohm +mprintf("(i) Resistance of shunt, Rsh = %0.6f ohm\n\n",Rsh); + +//(ii) +V = 100; //V +//series resistance 'Rse' +Rse = V/Ifs - rm; //ohm +mprintf("(ii) The value of series resistance, Rse = %0.3f ohm",Rse); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.1/Result18_1.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.1/Result18_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c770aab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.1/Result18_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(i) Resistance of shunt, Rsh = 0.037783 ohm + +(ii) The value of series resistance, Rse = 6661.667 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55f6fa2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Dimension of coil lxb +l = 15*10^(-3);//m +b = 12*10^(-3);//m +Ba = 1.8*10^(-3);//Wb/m^2 +k = 0.14*10^(-6);;//Nm/rad +theta = %pi/2; +I = 5*10^(-3); +N = k*theta/(Ba*l*b*I); +mprintf('Number of turns required N = %0.0f',N); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.2/Result18_2.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.2/Result18_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f266e01f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.2/Result18_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Number of turns required N = 136 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f730846f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance of moving coil voltmeter 'R', potential difference across terminals 'V', dimensions of moving coil 'l*d', number of turns 'N', flux density in gap 'B', final deflection 'theta' +R = 200; //ohm +V = 100*10^(-3); //V +l = 30*10^(-3); //m +d = 25*10^(-3); //m +N = 100; +B = 0.2; //Wb/m^2 +theta = 100; //degree +//current in instrument for full scale deflection 'I' +I = V/R; //A +//control constant of spring 'K2' +K2 = N*B*l*d*I/theta; //Nm/degree +mprintf("Control constant of spring, K2 = %0.1e Nn/degree",K2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.3/Result18_3.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.3/Result18_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ff9e20cf --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.3/Result18_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Control constant of spring, K2 = 7.5e-008 Nn/degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34eaa4bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Resistance of moving coil instrument R, Full deflection current I +close(); +clear; +clc; +R = 10;//ohm +I = 0.05;//A +//Part (i) +V = 750; +Rse = V/I - R; +//Part(ii) +Ii = I; +I = 100; +Ish = I-Ii; +Rsh = R*Ii/Ish; +mprintf('(i)Rse = %0.2f k ohm\n(ii)Rsh = %0.0f m ohm',Rse/1000,Rsh*1000); diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.4/Result18_4.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.4/Result18_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd2f35697 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.4/Result18_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(i)Rse = 14.99 k ohm +(ii)Rsh = 5 m ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76b3a7122 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//time taken 't' for 'rev' revolutions, non-inductive load 'I', voltage 'V' and frequency 'f' of single phase energy meter with constant 'k' +k = 200; //rev/kWh +t = 180; //seconds +rev = 10; +I = 4.4; //A +V = 230; //V +f = 50; //Hz +//pf = cos(phi) +pf = 1; //for non-inductive load +//Energy consumed 'E' +E = V*I*t*pf/(1000*3600); //kWh +//Energy registered by meter 'Eg' +Eg = rev/k; //kWh +//percentage error 'per_error' +per_error = (Eg-E)*100/E; +mprintf("Percentage error of the instrument = %0.3f %%",per_error); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.5/Result18_5.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.5/Result18_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4a3d78a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.5/Result18_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Percentage error of the instrument = -1.186 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce b/147/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56fba1fae --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Number of revolutions per kWh N1 at V and I, Time t for revolutions N2 +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 230;//V +I = 10;//A +N1 = 900;//revolution +t = 69;//seconds +N2 = 20; +theta = 0; +//Energy consumed 'E' +E = V*I/2*cos(theta)*t/3600*10^(-3); +//Number of revolutions meter should have of running correct 'N' +N = E*N1; +Error = (N2-N)/N*100; +mprintf('Error = %0.4f %%',Error); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH18/EX18.6/Result18_6.txt b/147/CH18/EX18.6/Result18_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3671eb205 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH18/EX18.6/Result18_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Error = 0.8192 % diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8cd05b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//Three resistances 'R1', 'R2', 'R3' connected in parrallel +R1 = 2100; //ohm +R2 = 2100; //ohm +R3 = 2100; //ohm +V = 210; //V +Req = 1/((1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)); + +//(a) +//total current 'I' +I = V/Req; +mprintf("The total current, I = %0.1f A\n\n",I); + +//(b) +//current through each resistor +I1 = V/R1; +I2 = V/R2; +I3 = V/R3; +mprintf("The current through %d ohm resistor is %0.1f A\nThe current through %d ohm resistor is %0.1f A\nThe current through %d ohm resistor is %0.1f A\n\n",R1,I1,R2,I2,R3,I3); + +//(c) +//total power dissipated in resistors 'P' +P = V*I; +mprintf("Total power dissipated in resistors, P = %d W",round(P)); + diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.1/Result2_1.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.1/Result2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dc07842e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.1/Result2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +(a) The total current, I = 0.3 A + +(b) The current through 2100 ohm resistor is 0.1 A + The current through 2100 ohm resistor is 0.1 A + The current through 2100 ohm resistor is 0.1 A + +(c) Total power dissipated in resistors, P = 63 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d37d6959c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 110;//V +//From previous question +Rao = 1.5;//ohm +Rbo = 1; +Rco = 3; +Rcd = 3; +Rth = Rao + Rbo*(Rco+Rcd)/(Rbo+Rco+Rcd); +//For maximum power +Rad = Rth; +mprintf('Rad = %0.2f ohm',Rad); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ac39a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rad = 2.36 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.11/Example2_11.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.11/Example2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e7c8abcd --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.11/Example2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//thevenin resistance 'Rth' +Rad = 33/14; //ohm +Rth = Rad; +//after converting 10 A current source into voltage source in Fig 2.14(b) +Vth = 6/7 * 110; //V +//total power 'P' +P = Vth^2/(Rth+Rad); //W +mprintf("Total power supplied to network,P = %d W",round(P)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55900beb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Total power supplied to network,P = 1886 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.12/Example2_12.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.12/Example2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9386c46c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.12/Example2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Resistance R, Current source , Voltage source V1 +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 30;//ohm +R2 = 20;//ohm +R3 = 10;//ohm +R4 = 5;//ohm +I = 10;//A +V = 100;//V +//Convertng Current source to voltage source +V1 = I*R4; +//Solving mesh equations +A = [R2+R3+R4 -R2; -R2 R1+R2]; +C = [V1;-V]; +B = inv(A)*C; +I1 = B(1,1); +I2 = B(2,1); +mprintf('I1 = %0.2f A \nI2 = %0.2f A',I1,I2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac4331cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +I1 = 0.37 A +I2 = -1.85 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.13/Example2_13.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.13/Example2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5c253aba --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.13/Example2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +I1 = 10; //A +I2 = 100; //A +R1 = 5; //ohm +R2 = 10; //ohm +R3 = 20; //ohm +R4 = 30; //ohm +//applying KCL +A = [(1/R1+1/R2) (-1/R2);(1/R2) (-1/R2-1/R4-1/R3)]; +C = [I1;-I2/R4]; +B = inv(A)*C; +V1 = B(1,1); +V2 = B(2,1); +I1 = (V1-V2)/R2; +I2 = (V2-I2)/R4; +mprintf("I1 = %0.2f A\nI2 = %0.2f A",I1,I2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.13/Result2_13.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.13/Result2_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf603434b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.13/Result2_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +I1 = 0.37 A +I2 = -1.85 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.14/Example2_14.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.14/Example2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa565240b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.14/Example2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Resistance R, Current source , Voltage source V1 +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 30;//ohm +R2 = 20;//ohm +R3 = 10;//ohm +R4 = 5;//ohm +I = 10;//A +V = 100;//V +//From previous question +I1 = 0.37;//A +I2 = -1.85;//A +//Current through R4 'I3' +I3 = I - I1; +V1 = I3*R4; +V2 = V+I2*R1; +//Power from Current source 'P1' +P1 = I*V1; +//Power from voltage source 'P2' +P2 = V*(-I2); +//Total Power 'P' +P = P1+P2; +//Power dissipated in resistances 'Pr' +Pr = V1^2/R4+I1^2*R3 + V2^2/R2 + I2^2*R1; +mprintf('Sum of power from the sources P = %0.2f W\nPower dissipated by resistances P = %0.2f W \nHence Sum of the powers from the two sources is the total power dissipated in all the resistances.',P,Pr); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.14/Result2_14.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.14/Result2_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e21b917b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.14/Result2_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Sum of power from the sources P = 666.50 W +Power dissipated by resistances P = 666.74 W +Hence Sum of the powers from the two sources is the total power dissipated in all the resistances. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.15/Example2_15.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.15/Example2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5a8963d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.15/Example2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vs = 100; //V +Is = 10; //A +R1 = 5; //ohm +R2 = 10; //ohm +R3 = 30; //ohm +R4 = 5; //ohm +V2 = 90; //V +R = 20; +//When all current sources are open circuited and voltage sources are short circuited +R20 = (R1+R2)*R3/(R1+R2+R3); +Rn = R20; +//current contribution due to 100 V source +In1 = Vs/R3; +//current contribution due to 10 A source +In2 = Is*(R1)/(R1+R2); //A +//by supersition principle 'In' +In = In1+In2; //A +//resistance seen by voltage source, 'Re' +Re1 = (R1+R2)*R3/(R1+R2+R3) + R4; +I1 = V2/Re1; +//by current division, ammeter reading 'Ia' +Ia = R3*I1/(R1+R2+R3); +Re2 = (R1+R2) + (R3*R4)/(R3+R4); //ohm +I2 = V2/Re2; //A +//current in 20 ohm resistor 'I20' +I20 = In*(R2/(R2+R)); //A +mprintf("Current in 20 ohm resistance, I20 = %0.2f A",I20); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.15/Result2_15.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.15/Result2_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a7bf264c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.15/Result2_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Current in 20 ohm resistance, I20 = 2.22 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.16/Example2_16.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.16/Example2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6735ece6e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.16/Example2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 10;//ohm +R2 = 5; +R3 = 30; +R4 = 5; +V = 90;//V +Ra = R4 + (R1+R2)*(R3)/(R1+R2+R3); +I1 = V/Ra; +Ia = R3/(R1+R2+R3)*I1; +Rb = R1+R2+(R3*R4)/(R3+R4); +I2 = V/Rb; +Ib = R3/(R3+R4)*I2; +mprintf('Ammeter reading for network 1 = %0.0f A\nAmmeter reading for network 2 = %0.0f A \nThe equality of the ammeter readings constitutes a special case of the reciprocity theorem.',Ia,Ib); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.16/Result2_16.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.16/Result2_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22be25c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.16/Result2_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Ammeter reading for network 1 = 4 A +Ammeter reading for network 2 = 4 A +The equality of the ammeter readings constitutes a special case of the reciprocity theorem. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.17/Example2_17.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.17/Example2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ece8f06e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.17/Example2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 100; //V +Rab = 3; //ohm +Rac = 6; //ohm +Rbc = 9; //ohm +Rao = 9; //ohm +Rbo = 6; //ohm +Rco = 3; //ohm +rac = (Rao*Rco + Rao*Rbo + Rbo*Rco)/Rbo; +rbc = (Rao*Rco + Rao*Rbo + Rbo*Rco)/Rao; +rab = (Rao*Rco + Rao*Rbo + Rbo*Rco)/Rco; +Rab1 = (rac*Rac/(rac+Rac)) + (rbc*Rbc/(rbc+Rbc)); +Rab2 = Rab*rab/(Rab+rab); +R = Rab1*Rab2/(Rab1+Rab2); +//power supplied 'P' +P = V^2/R; //W +mprintf("Power supplied, P = %0.1f W",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.17/Result2_17.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.17/Result2_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf5d63789 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.17/Result2_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Power supplied, P = 4705.9 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.18/Example2_18.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.18/Example2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c818b99d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.18/Example2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V, Load resistance Rl +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 11/8; +R2 = 1; +R3 = 3; +R4 = 2; +V = 11;//V +Rl1 = 9;//ohm +Rl2 = 99; +Rth = R1*(R2*R4+R2*R3+R3*R4)/(R1*R2+R2*R3+R3*R4+R4*R1+R2*R4); +//To find Vth +Req = R4 + R2*(R1+R3)/(R1+R2+R3); +I = V/Req; +I1 = R2/(R1+R3)*I; +I2 = I-I1; +Vth = I1*R3+I*R4; +//Load Current for Rl1 'Il1' +Il1 = Vth/(Rl1+Rth); +Il2 = Vth/(Rl2+Rth); +mprintf('Rth = %0.0f ohm \nVth = %0.0f ohm\nFor 9 ohm, Load Current I = %0.0f A\nFor 99 ohm, Load Current I = %0.1f A',Rth,Vth,Il1,Il2); diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.18/Result2_18.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.18/Result2_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9138ab16a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.18/Result2_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Rth = 1 ohm +Vth = 10 ohm +For 9 ohm, Load Current I = 1 A +For 99 ohm, Load Current I = 0.1 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.19/Example2_19.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.19/Example2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..605b00be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.19/Example2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rab = 6; //ohm +Rbc = 6; //ohm +Rac = 6; //ohm +Rad = 10; //ohm +RcB1 = 8; //ohm +RcB2 = 4; //ohm +RcB3 = 10; //ohm +RAb = 4; //ohm +RAd1 = 4; //ohm +RAd2 = 4; //ohm +RAd3 = 6; //ohm +//after transformation of network abc into star network +Rao = Rab*Rac/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); //ohm +Rbo = Rab*Rbc/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); //ohm +Rco = Rbc*Rac/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); //ohm +RAd = RAd1+RAd2+RAd3; +RcB = RcB1+RcB2+RcB3; +RAo = Rbo+RAb; +RoB = Rco+RcB; +Rod = Rao+Rad; +RoB = RoB*Rod/(RoB+Rod); +RAB1 = RAo + RoB; +RAB = RAB1*RAd/(RAB1+RAd); +mprintf("Equivalent resistance across A and B is, RAB = %0.3f ohm",RAB); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.19/Result2_19.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.19/Result2_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be0f4d08b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.19/Result2_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Equivalent resistance across A and B is, RAB = 7.000 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..528db7422 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Resistances connected in parallel R, Source voltage V, Limiting voltage Vl +close(); +clear; +clc; +R = 700;//ohm +V = 210;//V +Vl = 110;//V +//Cureent through each 700 ohm resistor 'I1' +I1 = Vl/R; +//Total current drawn from source 'I' +I = 3*I1; +//Voltage across series resistor 'Vx' +Vx = V - Vl; +Rx = Vx/I; +P = V*I; +mprintf('Value of series resistor Rx = %0.1f ohm\nPower drawn from source P = %0.1f W',Rx,P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.2/Result2_2.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.2/Result2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbf40fb1f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.2/Result2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Value of series resistor Rx = 212.1 ohm +Power drawn from source P = 99.0 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dd812313 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 12; //ohm +R2 = 4; //ohm +R3 = 5; //ohm +R4 = 5; //ohm +R5 = 15; //ohm +//voltage across R1 'V1' +V1 = 132; //V +I = V1/R1; +R = R1 + R2 + (R4+R5)*R3/(R3+R4+R5); +//source voltage 'V' +V = I*R; +mprintf("The voltage source, V = %d V",round(V)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0590ee3d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The voltage source, V = 220 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6db7c40e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V, Current I +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 5;//ohm +R2 = 15; +R3 = 5; +R4 = 4; +R5 = 12; +V5 = 132;//V +I = V5/R5; +I1 = (R1+R2)/(R1+R2+R3)*I; +I2 = R3/(R1+R2+R3)*I; +mprintf('I1 = %0.1f A\nI2 = %0.1f A',I1,I2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faa397ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +I1 = 8.8 A +I2 = 2.2 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..007f351d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 6;//ohm +R2 = 1; +R3 = 2; +R4 = 3; +R5 = 10; +V1 = 10;//V +V2 = 20; +//Short circuiting V1 +//Equvalent resistance across V2 'Req' +Req = R5+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)+R3+R4)/(R4*(R1*R2/(R1+R2)+R3)); +I_1 = -V2/Req; +//Short circutng V2 +A = [-(R1+R2) R2 0;R2 -(R2+R3+R4) R4;0 R4 -(R3+R4)]; +C = [-V1;0;0]; +B = inv(A)*C; +I1 = B(1,1); +I2 = B(2,1); +I3 = B(3,1); +I_2 = I3; +I = I_1+I_2; +mprintf('I = %0.2f A',I); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f804f7ba6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +I = -1.66 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_7.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a6b93a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//matrix of coefficient of I1, I2 and I3 'A' +A = [7 -1 0;-1 6 -3;0 -3 13]; +C = [10;0;-20] +B = inv(A)*C; +I1 = B(1,1); +I2 = B(2,1); +I3 = B(3,1); +mprintf("By mesh analysis, I3 = %0.2f A",I3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c34836873 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +By mesh analysis, I3 = -1.68 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_8.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60121924d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 6;//ohm +R2 = 1; +R3 = 2; +R4 = 3; +R5 = 10; +V1 = 10;//V +V2 = 20; +//Solving Nodal equations +A = [1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 -1/R3;-1/R3 1/R3+1/R4+1/R5]; +C = [V1/R1;V2/R5]; +B = inv(A)*C; +V3 = B(1,1); +V4 = B(2,1); +I = (V4-V2)/R5; +mprintf('I = %0.2f A',I); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3ae3e929 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +I = -1.68 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_9.sce b/147/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac2414a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rab = 3; //ohm +Rbc = 6; //ohm +Rac = 9; //ohm +Rad = 4.5; //ohm +Rcd = 3; //ohm +//transforming abc network into star network +Rbo = Rab*Rbc/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); +Rao = Rab*Rac/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); +Rco = Rbc*Rac/(Rab+Rbc+Rac); +Rod1 = Rao+Rad; +Rod2 = Rco+Rcd; +Rod = Rod1*Rod2/(Rod1+Rod2); +//equivalent resistance at terminals AB +RAB = Rbo + Rod; +mprintf("\nThe equivalent resistance at terminals AB = %d ohm",RAB); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt b/147/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7a9c8d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The equivalent resistance at terminals AB = 4 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a43ff963a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.13/Example3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R', inductance 'L', angular frequency 'w', phase difference 'theta' +R = 20; //ohm +L = 15*10^(-3); //mH +w = 1000; //rad/s +theta = 45; //degree +//net reactance of parallel LC combination = 20 ohm or -20 ohm +C1 = poly(0,'C1'); +pc1 = 1/(%i*w*L) - 1/(R*%i) + %i*w*C1; +C1 = roots(pc1); +C2 = poly(0,'C2'); +pc2 = 1/(%i*w*L) + 1/(R*%i) + %i*w*C2; +C2 = roots(pc2); +mprintf("C1 = %0.2f uF\nC2 = %0.1f uF\n\n",C1*10^6, C2*10^6); +mprintf("For smaller (larger) capacitance, I lags (leads) V by 45 degree"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.13/Result3_13.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.13/Result3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..201c6fd76 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.13/Result3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +C1 = 16.67 uF +C2 = 116.7 uF + +For smaller (larger) capacitance, I lags (leads) V by 45 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58268bee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.14/Example3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Inductance L, Resistance of coil Rl, Voltage V, Frequency f +close(); +clear; +clc; +L = 0.046;//H +Rl = 10;//ohm +V = 100;//V +f = 60;//Hz +omega = 2*%pi*f; +Zl = Rl + %i*omega*L; +Il = V/Zl; +Ilr = polar(Il); +Ilarg = atan(imag(Il),real(Il))*180/%pi; +Power_factor = cos(Ilarg*%pi/180); +//For unity power factor imaginary part of admittance must be zero hence Capacitance across the coil +C = -imag(1/Zl)/omega; +mprintf('Current drawn I = %0.1f arg(%0.0f degree)\nPower factor = %0.1f lagging \nCapacitance that must be connected across coil in order to make the power factor unity C = %0.0f micro F',Ilr,Ilarg,Power_factor,C*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.14/Result3_14.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.14/Result3_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..141dd6483 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.14/Result3_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Current drawn I = 5.0 arg(-60 degree) +Power factor = 0.5 lagging +Capacitance that must be connected across coil in order to make the power factor unity C = 115 micro F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.18/Example3_18.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.18/Example3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae7d91ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.18/Example3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Phase voltage Vp, Impedance Z +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vp = 120;//V +Z = 36 + %i*48;//ohm +//Line Voltage 'Vl' +Vl = 3^(1/2)*Vp; +Ip = Vp/polar(Z); +Il = Ip; +R = real(Z); +//Power factor 'Pf' +Pf = R/polar(Z); +P = 3^(1/2)*Vl*Il*Pf; +mprintf('Line voltage Vl = %0.1f V\nLine current Il = %0.0f A\nPower factor = %0.1f lagging \nPower P = %0.0f W',Vl,Il,Pf,P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.18/Result3_18.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.18/Result3_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..125d432ba --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.18/Result3_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Line voltage Vl = 207.8 V +Line current Il = 2 A +Power factor = 0.6 lagging +Power P = 432 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.19/Example3_19.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.19/Example3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3c756f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.19/Example3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//line voltage 'Vl', resistance 'R', reactance 'X' +Vl = 207.8; +R = 36; +X = 48; +//inpedance +Z = sqrt(R^2 + X^2); +//(a)phase current 'Ip' +Ip = Vl/Z; //A +mprintf("Phase current, Ip = %0.2f A\n\n",Ip); + +//(b)line current 'Il' +Il = sqrt(3)*Ip; //A +mprintf("Line current, Il = %d A\n\n",round(Il)); + +//(c)power factor 'pf' +pf = R/Z; +mprintf("Power factor, pf = %0.1f lagging\n\n",pf); + +//(d)total power 'P' +P = sqrt(3)*Vl*Il*pf; //W +mprintf("Total power, P = %d W",round(P)); diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.19/Result3_19.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.19/Result3_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4980692d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.19/Result3_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Phase current, Ip = 3.46 A + +Line current, Il = 6 A + +Power factor, pf = 0.6 lagging + +Total power, P = 1295 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc54c7d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//V = Vmax*sin(omega*t) i = imax*sin(omega*t-phi) +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vmax = 155.6; +omega = 377;//Deg +imax = 7.07; +phi = 36.87; +f = omega/(2*%pi); +T = 1/f; +phase_angle = phi*%pi/180; +mprintf('frequency f = %0.0f Hz\nT = %0.4f s \nphase angle betwwen v and i = %0.2f rad',f,T,phase_angle); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.2/Result3_2.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.2/Result3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..418829921 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.2/Result3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +frequency f = 60 Hz +T = 0.0167 s +phase angle betwwen v and i = 0.64 rad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c81b4d6c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R', rate of electrical energy 'rate', time of operation 't', time period 'T' +T = 0.01; //s +R = 20; //ohm +rate = 0.06; //$ per kWh +time = 24; //hours +//from graph, voltage as function of time 'v' +function V = v(t) + V = 10^4 * t; //V + endfunction +//current as a function of time 'i' +function I = i(t) + I = v(t)/R; //A +endfunction +//power as afunction of time 'p' +function power = p(t) + power = v(t)*i(t); //W + endfunction +//power 'P' +P = 1/T * intg(0,T,p)/1000; //kW +energy = P*time; //kWh +//cost of electrical energy 'cost' +cost = rate*energy; //$ +mprintf("Electrical energy costs $ %0.2f for %d hours",cost,time); diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f702a98f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Electrical energy costs $ 0.24 for 24 hours \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6acae06aa --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//time period 'T' +T = 0.01; //s +//voltage as a function of time 'v' +function volt = v(t) + volt = (10^4*t)^2; +endfunction +//RMS value of voltage 'V' +V = sqrt(1/T * intg(0,T,v)); //V +mprintf("RMS value of voltage, V = %f V",V); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c018c147d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +RMS value of voltage, V = 57.735027 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..021d0f13e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vm = 200; +w = 377; +Im = 8; //A +theta = 30; //degree +//(a) power factor 'pf' +pf = cos(theta*(%pi)/180); +mprintf("Power factor, pf = %0.3f\n\n",pf); + +//(b) true power 'S' +S = Vm*Im/2 * pf; //W +mprintf("True Power, S = %0.1f W\n\n",S); + +//(c)Apparant power 'Q' +Q = Vm*Im/2; //VA +mprintf("Apparant power, Q = %d VA\n\n",round(Q)); + +//(d)Reactive Power 'P' +P = Vm*Im*sqrt(1-pf^2)/2; //VAr +mprintf("Reactive power, P = %d VAr",round(P)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32d0f1fff --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Power factor, pf = 0.866 + +True Power, S = 692.8 W + +Apparant power, Q = 800 VA + +Reactive power, P = 400 VAr \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..686ecae74 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Resistance of coil R, Current I, Voltage V, Frequency f +close(); +clear; +clc; +R = 10;//ohm +I = 5;//A +V = 100;//V +f = 60;//Hz +Z = V/I; +omega = 2*%pi*f; +L = (Z^2-R^2)^(1/2)/omega*1000; +Power_factor = R/Z; +Q = V*I*sin(acos(R/Z)); +mprintf('Inductance of coil L = %0.2f mH\nPower Factor = %0.1f \nReactive Power = %0.0f var',L,Power_factor,Q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592db7a6c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Inductance of coil L = 45.94 mH +Power Factor = 0.5 +Reactive Power = 433 var \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55860a4ec --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//voltage source 'V', frequency of source 'f', resistance 'R', inductance 'L', capacitance 'C' +V = 100; +V_arg = 0; +f = 79.6; //Hz +R = 100; //ohm +L = 1; //H +C = 5*10^(-6); //F + +//(a) +//angular frequency 'w' +w = 2*%pi*f; //rad/s +//inductive reactance 'Xl' +Xl = w*L; //ohm +Xl_arg = %pi/2; //rad +//capacitive reactance 'Xc' +Xc = 1/(w*C); +Xc_arg = -%pi/2; //rad +//impedance 'Z' +Z = sqrt(R^2 + (Xl-Xc)^2); +Z_arg = atan((Xl-Xc)/R); //rad +//input current magnitude 'I' and argument 'I_arg' +I = V/Z; +I_arg = V_arg-Z_arg; //rad +mprintf("input current, I = %0.3f arg(%d degree )\n\n",I,I_arg*180/%pi); + +//(b) +//voltage across R 'Vr' +Vr = R*I; +Vr_arg = I_arg; +//volatge across L 'Vl' +Vl = Xl*I; +Vl_arg = Xl_arg+I_arg; +//voltage across C 'Vc' +Vc = Xc*I; +Vc_arg = Xc_arg+I_arg; +mprintf("Voltage across resistance, Vr = %0.1f arg(%d degree )\n\n",Vr, round(Vr_arg*180/%pi)); +mprintf("Voltage across inductor, Vl = %0.1f arg(%d degree )\n\n",Vl, round(Vl_arg*180/%pi)); +mprintf("Voltage across capacitor, Vc = %0.1f arg(%d degree )",Vc, round(Vc_arg*180/%pi)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47106bdae --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +input current, I = 0.706 arg(-45 degree ) + +Voltage across resistance, Vr = 70.6 arg(-45 degree ) + +Voltage across inductor, Vl = 353.2 arg(45 degree ) + +Voltage across capacitor, Vc = 282.4 arg(-135 degree ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9cdcab70 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Voltage V, Resistances R1 and R2, Capacitive reactance Xc +close(); +clear; +clc; +R1 = 10;//ohm +R2 = 20; +Xc = -11.55*%i; +V = 173.2;//V +//By Nodal analysis +V1 = V/(R1*((1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/Xc))); +V1r = polar(V1); +V1arg = atan(imag(V1),real(V1))*180/%pi; +V2 = V-V1; +V2r = polar(V2); +V2arg = atan(imag(V2),real(V2))*180/%pi; +I = V2/R1; +Ir = polar(I); +Iarg =atan(imag(I),real(I))*180/%pi; +I1 = V1/R2; +I1r = polar(I1); +I1arg =atan(imag(I1),real(I1))*180/%pi; +I2 = V1/Xc; +I2r = polar(I2); +I2arg =atan(imag(I2),real(I2))*180/%pi; +mprintf('Voltage across R2 and Xc = %0.0f arg(%0.0f degree) V \nVoltage across R1 = %0.0f arg(%0.0f degree) V \nCurrent through R1, I = %0.0f arg(%0.0f degree) A \nCurrent through R2, I1 = %0.0f arg(%0.0f degree) A \nCurrent through capacitor, I2 = %0.2f arg(%0.0f degree) A',V1r,V1arg,V2r,V2arg,Ir,Iarg,I1r,I1arg,I2r,I2arg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..706e90368 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Voltage across R2 and Xc = 100 arg(-30 degree) V +Voltage across R1 = 100 arg(30 degree) V +Current through R1, I = 10 arg(30 degree) A +Current through R2, I1 = 5 arg(-30 degree) A +Current through capacitor, I2 = 8.66 arg(60 degree) A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce b/147/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9851e8674 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.9/Example3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//at node I, +R1 = 50; //ohm +R2 = 50; //ohm +X = 25*(%i); //ohm +V2 = 100; //V +V2_arg = 0; +V2 = V2*cos(V2_arg) + (%i)*sin(V2_arg); +I1 = 2.83; +I1_arg = 45*%pi/180; +I1 = I1*cos(I1_arg) + (%i)*I1*sin(I1_arg); +V1 = poly(0,'V1'); +pv = I1 - V1/R1 - V1/X - (V1-V2)/R2; +V1 = roots(pv); +I = (V2-V1)/R2; +disp(I,"Current from the voltage source, I = "); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt b/147/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8541f18e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Current from the voltage source, I = 1.5 - 1.5005561i diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce b/147/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c049cbd9c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.10/Example4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Voltage V, Resistance R, Inductance L +close(); +clear; +clc; +V = 100;//V +R = 200;//ohm +L = 0.1;//H +peak_overshoot = 5;//% +phi = acot(log(100/peak_overshoot)/%pi); +alpha = R/(2*L); +omegao = alpha/cos(phi); +C = 1/(L*omegao^2)*10^6; +mprintf('C = %0.2f micro F',C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt b/147/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11724c9e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +C = 4.76 micro F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce b/147/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb3962a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.14/Example4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Resistance R, Source Voltage before opening the switch V,Inductance L +R1 = 6;//ohm +R2 = 3; +R3 = 10; +L = 0.1;//H +V = 36;//V +//For t<0 +Req = R1*R2/(R1+R2)+R3; +I = V/Req; +//Current through inductor 'Io' +Io = R1/(R1+R2)*I; +//For t>0 +R = R1+R2; +Vo = R*Io/L; +//Time constant 'tc' +tc = R/L; +//Maximum voltage across R1 'Vo1' +Vo1 = R1/(R1+R2)*Vo; +mprintf('Voltage across 6ohm resistance = %0.0fe^(-%0.0ft)',Vo1,tc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.14/Result4_14.txt b/147/CH4/EX4.14/Result4_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09988ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.14/Result4_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Voltage across 6ohm resistance = 120e^(-90t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce b/147/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..045798448 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.15/Example4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//resistance 'R', capacitance 'C, maximum voltage 'Vm', source frequency 'w' +R = 1; //ohm +C = 1000 * 10^(-6); //F +Vm = 10; //V +w = 1000; //s^(-1) +//impedance 'Z' +Z = sqrt(R^2 + (1/(w*C))^2); +//phase difference in radian 'rad' +rad = atan(-1/(w*R*C)); +//phase difference in theta 'theta' +theta = rad*180/%pi; +A = -Vm*sin(rad)/(w*R*C*Z); +//time constant 't' +t = 1/(R*C); +mprintf("i(t) = %d e^(-%d)t + %0.2f cos(%d t -( %d))",round(A), t, A*Z, t, theta); diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.15/Result4_15.txt b/147/CH4/EX4.15/Result4_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1851ed422 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.15/Result4_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +i(t) = 5 e^(-1000)t + 7.07 cos(1000 t -( -45)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce b/147/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5bf5c9a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Resistance R, Inductance L +close(); +clear; +clc; +R = 5;//ohm +L = 0.01;//H +//For maximum current +t = 2*L/R; +mprintf('Time at which current reaches its maximum value, t = %0.0f ms',t*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt b/147/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7c8b1f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Time at which current reaches its maximum value, t = 4 ms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce b/147/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e8b83e2e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//time period 'T, angular frequency 'w', amplitude ro maximum voltage 'Vm' +to = 5*10^(-3); //s +t1 = 15*10^(-3); //s +T = 10^(-2)*1/7; +w = 2*%pi/T; //rad/s +Vm = 2; //V +mprintf("v(t) = (%d sin w*(t-%0.3f)) *(u(t-%0.3f) - u(t-%0.3f))",Vm, to,to,t1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt b/147/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d97e880c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +v(t) = (2 sin w*(t-0.005)) *(u(t-0.005) - u(t-0.015)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce b/147/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5b7ce9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +k = 1.38*10^(-23); +T = 25+273; //K +q = 1.6*10^(-19); +Vt = k*T/q; +//error will be less than 1 % if +//e^(vd/Vt) > 101 +vd = Vt*log(101); +mprintf("(7.1) can be approximated as id*Io*e^(vd/Vt) for vd > %0.4f V",vd); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt b/147/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b11666a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(7.1) can be approximated as id*Io*e^(vd/Vt) for vd > 0.1186 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce b/147/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f85c8bd --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//TTime period of sine wave 'T' +Rl = 2000; //ohm +T = 2*%pi; //rad +t1 = 0.14; +t2 = 3; +Vf = 0.7; //V +function Vs = vs(t) + Vs = 10*sin(t); +endfunction +function V = v(t) + V = -2*Vf+vs(t); +endfunction +//Avergae voltage 'Vlavg' +Vlavg = 2/T * intg(t1,t2,v); //V +//By ohm's law +//average value of load current 'Ilavg' +Ilavg = Vlavg/Rl; //A +mprintf("Average load current, Ilavg = %0.3f mA",Ilavg*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.13/Result7_13.txt b/147/CH7/EX7.13/Result7_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f7eaf47 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.13/Result7_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average load current, Ilavg = 2.514 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce b/147/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd1f4909 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//Maximum voltage of 'Vsm', angular frequency 'w' of vs, ratio of ripple voltage and average output voltage 'Fs' +Rl = 1000; //ohm +Vsm = 90; //V +w = 2000; //rad/s +Fs = 0.05; +f = w/(2*%pi); +C = 1/(f*Rl*Fs); //F +//average value of vl 'Vlavg' +Vlavg = Vsm*(1 -1/(2*f*Rl*C)); //V +mprintf("Average value of vl = %0.2f V",Vlavg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.15/Result7_15.txt b/147/CH7/EX7.15/Result7_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..305667281 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.15/Result7_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average value of vl = 87.75 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce b/147/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07ea5c088 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//reverse breakdown voltage 'Vz' +Vz = 8.2; //V +Rl = 9; //ohm +vl = 8.2; //V +Vb = 12; //V +Vb_max = Vb + 0.1*Vb; +Vb_min = Vb - 0.1*Vb; +//75 mA 75 mA at lowest value of Vb +iz = (Vb_min-Vz)/Rs - il; //mA +if(iz>iz_min) then + vz = Vz; //V +end +mprintf("vz = %0.1f V",vz); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.21/Result7_21.txt b/147/CH7/EX7.21/Result7_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c30a4832 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.21/Result7_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +vz = 8.2 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce b/147/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7c42b6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +V1 = 5; //V +V2 = 3; //V +R = 500; //ohm +//vd<0 thus +id1 = 0; +//By KVL +id2 = (V1-V2)/R; //A +mprintf("id1 = %d A\nid2 = %d mA\n",id1,id2*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt b/147/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90985cb40 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +id1 = 0 A +id2 = 4 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f33a21df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//initial temperature 'T1', final temperature 'T2', leakage current doubles for 't' increase in temperature +T1 = 25; //degree C +T2 = 90; //degree C +t = 6; //degree C +Icbo1 = 500*10^(-9); //A +Icbo2 = Icbo1*2^((T2-T1)/t); //A +mprintf("Leakage current at %d degree C, Icbo2 = %0.2f uA",T2,Icbo2*10^6) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..513e7208e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Leakage current at 90 degree C, Icbo2 = 912.28 uA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.10/Example8_10.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.10/Example8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89837a9be --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.10/Example8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +alpha = 0.99; +Iceo = 0; +Vee = 4;//V +Vcc = 12; +Vbeq = -0.7; +Ieq = 1.1;//mA +Vceq = -7;//V +//By KVL around transistor terminals +Re = (Vee+Vbeq)/Ieq; +Vcbq = Vceq-Vbeq; +Icq = alpha*Ieq; +//By KVL around base-collector loop +Rc = (Vcc+Vcbq)/Icq; +mprintf('(a): Re = %0.0f ohm\n(b): Rc = %0.3f k ohm',Re,Rc); diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.10/Result8_10.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.10/Result8_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20e3b1fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.10/Result8_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(a): Re = 3 ohm +(b): Rc = 5.234 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.11/Example8_11.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.11/Example8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03e207d29 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.11/Example8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rc = 300; //ohm +Re = 200; //ohm +R1 = 2000; //ohm +R2 = 15000; //ohm +Vbeq = 0.7; //V +Vcc = 15; //V +B = 110; +Vcesat = 0; +//(a) +Rb = R1*R2/(R1+R2); //ohm +Vbb = R1*Vcc/(R1+R2); +Icq = (Vbb-Vbeq)/(Rb/(B+1) + Re); //A +Ieq = Icq; +//By KVL around collector circuit and using Icq = Ieq +Vceq = Vcc-Icq*(Rc+Re); //V +mprintf("(a) Maximum symmetrical swing in collective current = %0.2f mA\n\n",Icq*1000); +//(b) +Vcc = 10; //V +Vbb = R1*Vcc/(R1+R2); //V +Icq = (Vbb-Vbeq)/(Rb/(B+1) + Re); //A +Vceq = Vcc - Icq*(Rc+Re); +mprintf("(b) Maximum symmetrical swing in collective current in second case = %0.3f mA",Icq*1000); diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.11/Result8_11.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.11/Result8_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17394c0f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.11/Result8_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) Maximum symmetrical swing in collective current = 4.93 mA + +(b) Maximum symmetrical swing in collective current in second case = 2.207 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.13/Example8_13.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.13/Example8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f005507cf --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.13/Example8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Iceo = 0; +Vcesat = 0; +hfe = 100; +Rc = 2000; //ohm +Vcc = 12; //V +Vbeq = 0.7; //V +Vceq = Vcc/2; +Ibq = (Vcc-Vceq)/((hfe+1)*Rc); //A +//by KVL around transistor terminals +Rf = (Vceq-Vbeq)/Ibq; //ohm +mprintf("Rf for maximum symmetrical swing = %0.1f k ohm",Rf/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.13/Result8_13.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.13/Result8_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87898060e --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.13/Result8_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rf for maximum symmetrical swing = 178.4 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.14/Example8_14.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.14/Example8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b34afefa --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.14/Example8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Emiter voltage Vee, Collector Voltage Vcc, Resistance R +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vee = 2;//V +Vcc = 12;//V +Rc = 2000;//ohm +Vceq = -6.4;//V +Vbeq = -0.3; +Vcbq = Vceq - Vbeq; +//From graph +Ieq = 3*10^(-3);//A +Re = (Vee+Vbeq)/Ieq; +mprintf('Re = %0.1f ohm',Re); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.14/Result8_14.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.14/Result8_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e37ab8ed --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.14/Result8_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Re = 566.7 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.15/Example8_15.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.15/Example8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0590a784d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.15/Example8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Ibq = 30*10^(-6); //A +Re = 1000; //ohm +Vcc = 15; //V +Vcesat = 0.2; //V +B = 80; +a = B/(B+1); +Icq = B*Ibq; //A +Ieq = Icq/a; //A +//KVL around collector circuit leads to minimum value of Rc +Rc = (Vcc-Vcesat - Ieq*Re)/Icq; //ohm +mprintf("Minimum value of Rc to maintain the transistor quiescent point at saturation, Rc = %0.3f k ohm",Rc/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.15/Result8_15.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.15/Result8_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9f012c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.15/Result8_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Minimum value of Rc to maintain the transistor quiescent point at saturation, Rc = 5.154 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.16/Example8_16.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.16/Example8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a00d413f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.16/Example8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Resistance R, Voltage V +close(); +clear; +clc; +Re = 300;//ohm +Rc = 500;//ohm +Vcc = 15;//V +Beta = 100; +Vcesat = 0; +Vbeq = 0.7; +Rb = Beta*Re/10; +//For maximum symmetrical swing +Icq = 1/2*(Vcc/(Re+Rc)); +Vbb = Vbeq + Icq*Re*1.1; +R1 = Rb/(1-(Vbb/Vcc)); +R2 = Rb*Vcc/Vbb; +mprintf('R1 = %0.2f k ohm\nR2 = %0.2f k ohm',R1/1000,R2/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.16/Result8_16.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.16/Result8_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..286dceb72 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.16/Result8_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +R1 = 4.02 k ohm +R2 = 11.86 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.17/Example8_17.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.17/Example8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80cbaf7ad --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.17/Example8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Re = 200; //ohm +R1 = 1000; //ohm +R2 = 10*R1; //ohm +Rc = 2000; //ohm +Rl = Rc; +Vbeq = 0.7; //V +B = 100; +Vcc = 15; //V +//(a) +Rb = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //ohm +Vbb = R1*Vcc/(R1+R2); //V +Icq = (Vbb-Vbeq)/(Rb/(B+1) + Re); //A +mprintf("(a) Icq = %0.3f mA\n\n",Icq*1000); +//(b) +//KVL around collector circuit with Icq = Ieq +Vceq = Vcc - Icq*(Re+Rc); //V +mprintf("(b) Vceq = %0.2f V\n\n",Vceq); + +//(c) +slope1 = 1/Rc + 1/Rl; //S +Rac = 1/slope1; +mprintf("(c) slope of ac load line, slope1 = %d mS\n\n",slope1*1000); + +//(d) +slope2 = 1/(Rc+Re); //S +Rdc = 1/slope2; +mprintf("(d) slope of dc load line, slope2 = %0.3f mS\n\n",slope2*1000); +Vcemax = Vceq + Icq*Rac; +Ilm = (Vcemax-Vceq)/Rl; //A +mprintf("(e) peak value of undistorted il, Ilm = %0.3f mA",Ilm*1000); + diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.17/Result8_17.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.17/Result8_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aff8bc50 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.17/Result8_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +(a) Icq = 3.175 mA + +(b) Vceq = 8.01 V + +(c) slope of ac load line, slope1 = 1 mS + +(d) slope of dc load line, slope2 = 0.455 mS + +(e) peak value of undistorted il, Ilm = 1.588 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c08d06eba --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Base to base collector leakage current Icbo +close(); +clear; +clc; +Beta = 100; +Icbo = 5*10^(-6); +//Part(a) +Ib = 0; +Iceo = (Beta+1)*Icbo; +//Part(b) +Ib = 40*10^(-6); +Ic = Beta*Ib + (Beta+1)*Icbo; +mprintf('(a):Iceo = %0.0f micro A \n(b):Ic = %0.3f mA',Iceo*10^(6),Ic*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b9b84f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(a):Iceo = 505 micro A +(b):Ic = 4.505 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.20/Example8_20.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.20/Example8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f155fbe17 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.20/Example8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//input resistance hie, reverse voltage ratio hre +//forward current gain hfe, output admittance hoe +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rc = 800;//ohm +Rl = Rc; +Ri = 0; +R1 = 1200;//ohm +R2 = 2700; +hre = 0; +hoe = 100*10^(-6);//s +hfe = 90; +hie = 200; +Rb = R1*R2/(R1+R2); +syms ib; +il = -(Rc/hoe)/(Rc/hoe+Rl/hoe+Rl*Rc)*hfe*ib; +Av = dbl(Rl*il/(hie*ib)); +//Current gain 'Ai' +Ai = dbl(Rb/(Rb+hie)*il/ib); +mprintf('Voltage gain Av = %0.2f\nCurrent gain Ai = %0.2f',Av,Ai); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.20/Result8_20.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.20/Result8_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..610fc4b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.20/Result8_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Voltage gain Av = -173.08 +Current gain Ai = -34.87 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.22/Example8_22.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.22/Example8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be0097ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.22/Example8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +//For hfb, at Vcbq = 6.1 V +dic = 3.97-2.0; +die = 4-2; +hfb = dic/die; +//For hob at Ieq = 3 mA +dic = 3.05-2.95; +dveb = -10-(-2); +hob = dic/dveb; +mprintf('hfb = %0.3f\nhob = %0.1f micro S',hfb,hob*10^(3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.22/Result8_22.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.22/Result8_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baa6f0e02 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.22/Result8_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +hfb = 0.985 +hob = -12.5 micro S \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.24/Example8_24.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.24/Example8_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..194fa01ec --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.24/Example8_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//input resistance hie, reverse voltage ratio hre +//forward current gain hfe, output admittance hoe +close(); +clear; +clc; +hie = 1500; +hfe = 40; +hre = 0; +hoe = 30; +Ri = 1000;//ohm +Rc2 = 20000; +Rc1 = 10000; +Rb1 = 5000; +Rb2 = 5000; +Av2 = -hfe*Rc2/(hie*(1+hoe*10^(-6)*Rc2)); +Zin2 = Rb2*hie/(Rb2+hie); +Av1 = -hfe*Zin2*Rc1/(hie*(Rc1+Zin2+hoe*Zin2*Rc1*10^(-6))); +Zin1 = Rb1*hie/(Rb1+hie); +//vin/vi = vin_i +vin_i = Zin1/(Zin1+Ri); +Av = vin_i*Av1*Av2 +mprintf('Final stage voltage gain Av2 = %0.1f\nFinal stage input impedance Zin2 = %0.3f k ohm \nInitial staage voltage gain Av1 = %0.1f\nAmplifier input impedance Zin1 = %0.3f k ohm\nAmplifier voltage gain = %0.0f',Av2,Zin2/1000,Av1,Zin1/1000,Av); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.24/Result8_24.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.24/Result8_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e36cb1cc --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.24/Result8_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Final stage voltage gain Av2 = -333.3 +Final stage input impedance Zin2 = 1.154 k ohm +Initial staage voltage gain Av1 = -26.8 +Amplifier input impedance Zin1 = 1.154 k ohm +Amplifier voltage gain = 4778 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.26/Example8_26.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.26/Example8_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4a1333fe --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.26/Example8_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vcc = 24;//V +Rc = 5000;//ohm +Re = 200; +Vcesat = 0; +Icbo = 0; +//Maximum amplitude 'Icq' +Icq = 1/2*(Vcc/(Rc+Re)); +Icm1 = 0; +Icm2 = Icq*50/100; +Icm3 = Icq; +Ps = Vcc*Icq; +Po1 = Icm1^2*Rc/2; +Po2 = Icm2^2*Rc/2; +Po3 = Icm3^2*Rc/2; +Pc1 = Icq^2*(Rc+Re)-Po1; +Pc2 = Icq^2*(Rc+Re)-Po2; +Pc3 = Icq^2*(Rc+Re)-Po3; +n1 = Po1/Ps*100; +n2 = Po2/Ps*100; +n3 = Po3/Ps*100; +mprintf('(a): Icq = %0.3f mA\n(b): Ps = %0.2f mW\n(c):Values of Po at 0,50%% and 100%% of maximum undistorted collector current are %0.0f , %0.2f and %0.2f mW respectively.\n(d): Values of Pc are %0.1f, %0.2f and %0.2f mW\n(e): Values of efficiency are %0.0f, %0.2f %% and %0.2f %%',Icq*1000,Ps*1000,Po1*1000,Po2*1000,Po3*1000,Pc1*1000,Pc2*1000,Pc3*1000,n1,n2,n3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.26/Result8_26.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.26/Result8_26.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8a20e45b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.26/Result8_26.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +(a): Icq = 2.308 mA +(b): Ps = 55.38 mW +(c):Values of Po at 0,50% and 100% of maximum undistorted collector current are 0 , 3.33 and 13.31 mW respectively. +(d): Values of Pc are 27.7, 24.36 and 14.38 mW +(e): Values of efficiency are 0, 6.01 % and 24.04 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.28/Example8_28.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.28/Example8_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4d0b68a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.28/Example8_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vbe = 0.7; +alpha = 0.99; +Icbo = 0; +Vb = 1;//V +Re = 100; +Rc = 1000; +Vcc = 10; +Icbo = 0; +Beta = alpha/(1-alpha); +//Part (i) +Rb = 1000; +Ic = Beta*(Vb-Vbe)/(Rb+(1+Beta)*Re)+(Rb+Re)/(Rb+(1+Beta)*Re)*(1+Beta)*Icbo; +//Quiescent value of Vce is +Vce1 = Vcc - Ic*(Rc+Re); +//Part (ii) +Rb = 10000; +Ic = Beta*(Vb-Vbe)/(Rb+(1+Beta)*Re)+(Rb+Re)/(Rb+(1+Beta)*Re)*(1+Beta)*Icbo; +//Quiescent value of Vce is +Vce2 = Vcc - Ic*(Rc+Re); +mprintf('(i)Quiescent value of Vce = %0.2f V\n(ii)Quiescent value of Vce = %0.4f V',Vce1,Vce2); + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.28/Result8_28.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.28/Result8_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91a5d908c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.28/Result8_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(i)Quiescent value of Vce = 7.03 V +(ii)Quiescent value of Vce = 8.3665 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac2cf2202 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Base current Ibq +close(); +clear; +clc; +alpha = 0.98; +Ibq = 30*10^(-6);//A +Beta = alpha/(1-alpha); +Icq = Beta*Ibq; +Ieq = Icq/alpha; +mprintf('Beta = %0.0f\nIcq = %0.2f mA\nIeq = %0.2f mA',Beta,Icq*1000,Ieq*1000); + + + diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ee73a93b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Beta = 49 +Icq = 1.47 mA +Ieq = 1.50 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b1697072 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Ibq = 40*10^(-6); //A +Vbb = 6; //V +Vbeq = 0.7; //for Si transistor +//By KVL around the base-emitter +//Vbb = Ibq*Rb + Vbeq; +Rb = (Vbb-Vbeq)/Ibq; //ohm +mprintf("Rb = %0.1f k ohm",Rb/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.5/Result8_5.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.5/Result8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e62257b --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.5/Result8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rb = 132.5 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e147d21de --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Beta = 100; +Ibq = 20*10^(-6); +Vcc = 15;//V +Rc = 3000;//ohm +Icbo = 0; +alpha = Beta/(Beta+1); +Icq = Beta*Ibq; +Ieq = Icq/alpha; +Vceq = Vcc-Icq*Rc; +//Part (c) +Rc = 6000; +Vceq_c = Vcc-Icq*Rc; +mprintf('(a):Ieq = %0.2f mA\n(b):Vceq = %0.0f V\n(c):Vceq = %0.0f V',Ieq*1000,Vceq,Vceq_c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.6/Result8_6.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.6/Result8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdcf7ffcd --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.6/Result8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a):Ieq = 2.02 mA +(b):Vceq = 9 V +(c):Vceq = 3 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1f1c87d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Ibq = 40*10^(-6); //A +Icbo = 0; +Vbb = 6; //V +Re = 1000; //ohm +B = 80; +Iceo = 0; +Vcc = 15; //V +Rc = 3000; //ohm +Vbeq = 0.7; //for Si transistor + +//(a) +a = B/(B+1); +Ieq = Ibq/(1-a); //A +mprintf("(a) Ieq = %0.3f mA\n\n",Ieq*1000); + +//(b) +//Applying KVL around the base-emitter loop gives +//Vbb = Ibq*Rb + Vbeq + Ieq*Re; +Rb = (Vbb-Vbeq-Ieq*Re)/Ibq; //ohm +mprintf("(b) Rb = %0.2f k ohm\n\n",Rb/1000); + +//(c) +Icq = B*Ibq; //A +//By KVL around collector circuit +Vceq = Vcc-Ieq*Re-Icq*Rc; +mprintf("(c) Vceq = %0.2f V\n\n",Vceq); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.7/Result8_7.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.7/Result8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0b439a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.7/Result8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +(a) Ieq = 3.240 mA + +(b) Rb = 51.50 k ohm + +(c) Vceq = 2.16 V diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03296324d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Ibq = 30*10^(-6);//A +Vceq = 8;//V +Vcc = 14;//V +//From graph +Icq = 2.7*10^(-3);//A +Rc = Vcc/(6.25*10^(-3)); +Ieq = Icq+Ibq; +Beta = Icq/Ibq; +mprintf('Icq = %0.1f mA\nRc = %0.2f k ohm\nIeq = %0.2f mA\nBeta = %0.0f',Icq*1000,Rc/1000,Ieq*1000,Beta); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.8/Result8_8.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.8/Result8_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8ce3717c --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.8/Result8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Icq = 2.7 mA +Rc = 2.24 k ohm +Ieq = 2.73 mA +Beta = 90 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce b/147/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb3ac6429 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +B = 80; +Vceq = 8; //V +Rc = 3000; //ohm +Vcc = 15; //V +Vbeq = 0.7; //for Si transistor + +//(a) by KVL around collector circuit +Icq = (Vcc-Vceq)/Rc; //A +mprintf("(a) Icq = %0.3f mA\n\n",Icq*1000); + +//(b)if leakage current is neglected +Ibq = Icq/B; //A +Rb = (Vcc-Vbeq)/Ibq; //ohm +mprintf("(b) Rb for Si device = %0.1f k ohm\n\n",Rb/1000); + +//(c) +Vbeq = 0.3; //for Ge transisor +Rb = (Vcc-Vbeq)/Ibq; +mprintf("(c) Rb for Ge device = %0.1f k ohm",Rb/1000); diff --git a/147/CH8/EX8.9/Result8_9.txt b/147/CH8/EX8.9/Result8_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46fe0d76a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH8/EX8.9/Result8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +(a) Icq = 2.333 mA + +(b) Rb for Si device = 490.3 k ohm + +(c) Rb for Ge device = 504.0 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3c639ef --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vdsq = 15; //V +Vdd = 24; //V +Idq = 2; //mA +Idq_max = 2+0.4; +Idq_min = 2-0.4; +Rs = 0-(-3)/(4-0); //ohm +Rd = (Vdd-Vdsq-Idq*Rs)/Idq; //kohm +mprintf("Rd = %0.2f kohm",Rd); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b246d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rd = 3.75 kohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f78ce2a --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Pinchoff voltage Vpo, Saturation current Idss +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vpo = 4;//V +Idss = 10*10^(-3);//A +//Part(a): +Vgs = -2;//V +id_a = Idss*(1+Vgs/Vpo)^2; +//Part(b): +id = 7*10^(-3);//A +Vgs = Vpo*((id/Idss)^(1/2)-1); +mprintf('(a): Drain current id = %0.0f mA\n(b): Gate to source voltage vgs = %0.3f V',id_a*1000,Vgs); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.14/Result9_14.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.14/Result9_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..911352c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.14/Result9_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +(a): Drain current id = 3 mA +(b): Gate to source voltage vgs = -0.653 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07ae50122 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Idss1 = 10; //mA +T1 = 25 + 273; //K +T2 = 100 + 273; //K + +//(a) +Idss2 = Idss1*(T2/T1)^(-3/2); //A +mprintf("(a) Saturation current for operating temperature of %d degree C = %0.2f mA\n\n",T2-273, Idss2); +//(b) +//temperature at which saturation current reduces to Idss3 +Idss3 = 5; //mA +T3 = T1*(Idss1/Idss3)^(2/3); //K +mprintf("(b) Temperature at which saturation current reduces to %d mA at %d degree C",Idss3, T3-273); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.15/Result9_15.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.15/Result9_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..395340eca --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.15/Result9_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) Saturation current for operating temperature of 100 degree C = 7.14 mA + +(b) Temperature at which saturation current reduces to 5 mA at 200 degree C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ad397a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Drain supply Vdd, Drain resistance Rd, source resistance Rs, Gate resistance Rg +close(); +clear; +clc; +Idss = 8/1000;//A +Vpo = 4;//V +Vdd = 15;//V +Rd = 5000;//ohm +Rs = 2000; +Rg = 10^6; +Idq1 = 1.22*10^(-3);//A +Vdsq1 = 0; +Vgsq1 = -Idq1*Rs; +Vgsq2 = Vgsq1; +Vdsq2 = Vdd - Vdsq1- Idq1*(Rs+Rd); +mprintf('Vgsq1 = %0.2f V\nVgsq2 = %0.2f V\nVdsq2 = %0.2f V',Vgsq1,Vgsq2,Vdsq2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.18/Result9_18.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.18/Result9_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d290985e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.18/Result9_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Vgsq1 = -2.44 V +Vgsq2 = -2.44 V +Vdsq2 = 6.46 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5baf5a94d --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vgsq = 6.9; //V +//from drain characterstics of Fig 9.9(b), +Vt = 4; //V +Id_on = 5; //mA +Vgs_on = 8; //V +Idq = Id_on*(1-Vgsq/Vt)^2; //mA +mprintf("Idq = %0.2f mA",Idq); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.3/Result9_3.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.3/Result9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd45715b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.3/Result9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Idq = 2.63 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603f95413 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rd = 3;//k ohm +Rs = 2;//k ohm +Rg = 5;//M ohm +Vdd = 20;//V +//From id vs v grraph +Idq = 1.15;//mA +Vgsq = -2.3;//V +Vdsq = 14.2;//V +mprintf('Idq = %0.2f mA \nVgsq = %0.1f V\nVdsq = %0.1f V',Idq,Vgsq,Vdsq); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a6690263 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Idq = 1.15 mA +Vgsq = -2.3 V +Vdsq = 14.2 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be8a832c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Drain supply Vdd, Drain current Idq, Source to gate voltage Vgsq +close(); +clear; +clc; +Vdd = 8;//V +Vgsq = 4;//V +Idq = 1*10^(-3);//A +R1 = 5*10^(6);//ohm +R2 = 3*10^(6);//ohm +//By locating Q point +Vdsq = 6; +Vgg = R1*Vdd/(R1+R2); +//By applying KVL aound the gate-source loop +Rs = (Vgg - Vgsq)/Idq; +//Using KVL around drain-source loop +Rd = (Vdd-Vdsq-Idq*Rs)/Idq; +mprintf('Vdsq = %0.0f V\nVgg = %0.0f V\nRs = %0.0f k ohm \nRd = %0.0f k ohm ',Vdsq,Vgg,Rs/1000,Rd/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3c5768f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Vdsq = 6 V +Vgg = 5 V +Rs = 1 k ohm +Rd = 1 k ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8bedd206 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +close(); +clear; +clc; +Rf = 5*10^6; //ohm +Rl = 14*1000; //ohm +rds = 40*1000; //ohm +gm = 1*10^(-3); //mS +//(a) +//volatge gain ratio 'Av' +Av = Rl*rds*(1-Rf*gm)/(Rf*rds+Rl*rds+Rl*Rf); +mprintf("(a) Av = %0.2f\n\n",Av); + +//(b) +//Applying KVL around outer loop +//vi = i*Rf + Av*vi +Zin = Rf/(1-Av); //ohm +mprintf("(b) Zin = %d kohm\n\n",Zin/1000); + +//(c) +zo = rds*Rf/(rds+Rf); //ohm +mprintf("(c) zo = %0.2f kohm\n\n",zo/1000); + +//(d) +Ai = Av*Zin/Rl; +mprintf("(d) Ai = %0.1f",Ai); diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.7/Result9_7.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.7/Result9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d58521d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.7/Result9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +(a) Av = -10.35 + +(b) Zin = 440 kohm + +(c) zo = 39.68 kohm + +(d) Ai = -325.7 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce b/147/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d704bbb27 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//transconductance gm, source drain resistance rds +close(); +clear; +clc; +gm = 2*10^(-3);//ms +rds = 30000;//ohm +Rs = 3000; +Rl = 2000; +Rd = Rl; +ri = 5000; +R1 = 200000; +R2 = 800000; +Rg = R1*R2/(R1+R2); +Zin = Rg; +Rep = rds*Rd*Rl/(rds*Rd+Rd*Rl+rds*Rl); +Av = -gm*(Rg/(Rg+ri))*Rep; +Ai = Av*(Rg+ri)/Rl; +mprintf('Zin = %0.0f k ohm\nAv = %0.2f \nAi = %0.1f',Zin/1000,Av,Ai); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/147/CH9/EX9.8/Result9_8.txt b/147/CH9/EX9.8/Result9_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdffb6a81 --- /dev/null +++ b/147/CH9/EX9.8/Result9_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Zin = 160 k ohm +Av = -1.88 +Ai = -154.8 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.png b/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1c5cc9e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd0d9240e --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.2/q2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +num=9; +den=9+4*s+s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +imp_res=csim('imp',t,TF); +plot(t,imp_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Impulse response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.jpeg b/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c56e3d515 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..520334a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.3.a/q3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +num=10; +den=10+2*s+s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +imp_res=csim('imp',t,TF); +plot(t,imp_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Impulse response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.jpeg b/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91b9e555a Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..137d7698c --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.3/q3_st.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +num=10; +den=10+2*s+s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +step_res=csim('step',t,TF); +plot(t,step_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Step response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.5/q5.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.5/q5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7396e52e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.5/q5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +Wn=%Wn; +Wd=%Wd; + + +num=1; +den=10*s+s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + +[wn,z] = damp(TF) +zeta=z/(2*wn) + +ts=4/(zeta*wn) + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +step_res=csim('step',t,TF); +plot(t,step_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Step response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.jpeg b/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad007dc6a Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd7d71c6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.9.a/q9_step.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +Wn=%Wn; +Wd=%Wd; + + +num=2*s+1; +den=s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + + + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +step_res=csim('step',t,TF); +plot(t,step_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Step response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.jpeg b/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3720dd8d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.sce b/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..303aa9fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH2/EX2.9/q9_impulse.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + +s=%s; // first create a variable +num=2*s+1; +den=s^2; +TF=syslin('c',num,den) + +t=linspace(0,5,500); +imp_res=csim('imp',t,TF); +plot(t,imp_res) +xgrid() +xtitle('Impulse response','time','response'); diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10815d337 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22fded51c --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.17/q17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k*(s+1)*(s+3); +den=s*(s+2)*(s+4); +t=syslin('c',num/den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.jpeg b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02e1fca61 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca7494f4e Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30fcd77ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.18/q18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k; +den=s*(s^2+4); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d54077e Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e438daeec --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.19/q19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k*(s+1); +den=(s+2)*(s+3)*(s+4); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..686e0f279 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6410311d --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.2/q2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=s+1; +den=(s^2)*(s^2+5*s+6); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487e4eb42 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af8520ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.20/q20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k*(s+1); +den=(s^2+4*s+13); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c91e732 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..080c55602 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.23/q23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k; +den=s*(s^2+8*s+32); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d97dd7cb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..106b5f65a --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.25/q25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k; +den=s*(s+2)*(s^2+2*s+2); +t=syslin('c',num/den); +clf; +evans(t) diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd414fe02 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e83aa4b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.26/q26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=k*(s+0.5); +den=(s^2)*(s+4.5); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4aee0256 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae5b40e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.28/q28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=1; +den=s*(s+2)*(s^2+4*s+13); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274403099 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..431a69eab --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.29/q29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=1; +den=s*(s+2)*(s^2+2*s+10); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7810a60e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64d954ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.33/q33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=s; +den=((s+2)*(s^2+4)); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..081a6805e Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7416fc9f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.34/q34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=1; +den=s*(s+4)*(s^2+2*s+2); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.35/q35.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.35/q35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47db5726f --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.35/q35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k; + +num=1; +den=s*(s+4)*(s^2+8*s+32); +t=syslin('c',num,den); +clf; +evans(t) +xgrid; diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.35/s35.png b/1499/CH3/EX3.35/s35.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70c6113e7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH3/EX3.35/s35.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.4/q4.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.4/q4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bcf6d733 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.4/q4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +s=%s; +p=s^6+2*s^5+2*s^4+3*s^3+5*s^2+6*s+1 +r=routh_t(p) +m=coeff(p) +l=length(m) +c=0; +for i=1:l +if (r(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; +end +end +if(c>=1) +printf("System is unstable") +else ("Sysem is stable") +end diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.6/q6.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.6/q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..780f4e8f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.6/q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +s=%s; +p=s^3+5*s^2+6*s+30 +r=routh_t(p) +m=coeff(p) +l=length(m) +c=0; +for i=1:l +if (r(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; +end +end +if(c>=1) +printf("System is unstable") +else ("Sysem is stable") +end diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.8/q8.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.8/q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60df9cb57 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.8/q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +s=%s; +r=%r; + +p=s^5+s^4+3*s^3+9*s^2+16*s+10 +r=routh_t(p) +m=coeff(p) +l=length(m) +c=0; +for i=1:l +if (r(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; +end +end +if(c>=1) +printf("System is unstable") +else("Sysem is stable") +end diff --git a/1499/CH3/EX3.9/q9.sce b/1499/CH3/EX3.9/q9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd040bec --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH3/EX3.9/q9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +s=%s; +r=%r; + +p=s^5+6*s^4+15*s^3+30*s^2+44*s+24 +r=routh_t(p) +m=coeff(p) +l=length(m) +c=0; +for i=1:l +if (r(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; +end +end +if(c>=1) +printf("System is unstable") +else("Sysem is stable") +end diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4554130c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d1216950 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.1.1/q1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(1/(s^2+2*s+4)); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d535312c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36a06ff0b --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.1/q1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(1/(1+2*s)); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.jpeg b/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05a0c27da Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0829b715a --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.10/s10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms K +H=syslin('c',(K/(s*((0.02*s)+1)*((0.04*s+1))) +fmin=0.1; +fmax=100; +bode(H,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(H) +// for phase margin =30 +printf("From bode plot it can be seen that gain should be reduced by 4db") diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.jpeg b/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e31e5a837 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ac596930 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.11/s11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s; + + + +g=(100*(3+s)/(s*(s+2)*(s^2+4*s+100))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.001; +fmax=1000; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ab89dc12 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc5a97e97 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.12/s12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s; + + + +g=(1000*(1+0.2*s)/(s*(s*0.1+1))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.001; +fmax=1000; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.jpeg b/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb913840 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be5e6204f --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.13/s13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms K +H=syslin('c',(K*(s+20)/(s+1)*(s+2)*(s+10)) +fmin=0.1; +fmax=100; +bode(H,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(H) +// for phase margin =30 +printf("From bode plot it can be seen that gain should be reduced by 4db") diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592d31834 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..896d95355 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.18/s18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(0.5/(s*(s^2+s+1))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592d31834 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0ac18b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.20/s20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s; + + +syms K +h=syslin('c',(K/(s*(s+1)*(0.1*s+1)))) + +H=syslin('c',h) +fmin=0.001; +fmax=1000; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592d31834 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b6388f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.22/s22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(5/(s*(s+1)*(s^0.2+2*s+5))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ef6f6948 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cabc7a2e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.23/s23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(10/(s*(0.01*s+1)*(0.1*s+1))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fb9356b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0b7c6136 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.29/s29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',1/((s+4)*(s+2))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9734414d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eac28c35d --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.30/s30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',1/(s*(s+2))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88a2b900e Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bda215bef --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.31/s31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',1/(s*(s+1)*(1+2*s))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e9849639 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9f8ed5ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.32/s32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',1/(s*(s+1)*(1+s))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..383c9cf17 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5d050f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.37/s37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms K +H=syslin('c',K*(1+2*s)/(s*(s+1)*(s^2+s+1))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +mtlb_axis([-1 1 -5 1]) +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea10b2d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61752cf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.39/s39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +syms k +H=syslin('c',2/(s*(1-2*s))) +// for K/2>-1 or K>-2 +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("P=1(poles in RHP)") +printf("N=0,hence Z=1") +printf("Therefore,System is unstable") diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27996a02b Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11cd3e7c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.42/s42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; + +H=syslin('c',10/(s*(s+1)*(0.05*s+1))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +mtlb_axis([-50 50 -50 50]) +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..805113148 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..000b51224 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.44/s44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; +syms K +H=syslin('c',K*(1+s)/(1-s)) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +mtlb_axis([-1 1 -5 1]) +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eb435f68 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae065f460 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.46/s46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',40/((s+4)*(s^2+2*s+1))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7f61bbdd Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ad3c4501 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.47/s47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s; +H=syslin('c',500/(s*(s+6)*(s+9))) +nyquist(H) +show_margins(H,'nyquist') +printf("Since P=1 and the pt. -1+j0 is encircled once by the locus") +printf("Hence N=1 therefore, Z=0(no of zeros in RHP)") +printf("System is stable") +gm=g_margin(H) // gain margin +pm=p_margin(H) // phase margin diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c52607947 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1daf7555 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.6/q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +s=%s; +syms K; +g=(K/(s^2); +// given K=10 +K=10; + + +g=(5/(s^2)); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.001; +fmax=1000; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a42eb540 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62885fcff --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.7/q7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(200*(s+10))/(s*(s+5)*(s+20)); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.png b/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85b736dca Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d981b31c --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.8/q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(1*((s+3)^3)); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) + +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.9/q9.sce b/1499/CH5/EX5.9/q9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..582932558 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH5/EX5.9/q9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; + +g=(1/(s*((s*0.5)+1)*((s*0.1)+1))); + +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); diff --git a/1499/CH5/EX5.9/s9.jpeg b/1499/CH5/EX5.9/s9.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..671f93786 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH5/EX5.9/s9.jpeg differ diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.png b/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a6ddef4d Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.sce b/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26f4f275a --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH6/EX6.1/s1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +s=%s; +s=poly(0,'s'); +t=[0:0.05:10]; +syms Kv; +g=(Kv/(s*(0.5*s+1))); +// given Kv=20 +Kv=20; +g=(20/(s*(0.5*s+1))); +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +subplot(2,2,1) +bode(G) + +subplot(2,2,2), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G)) +//bode(G,fmin,fmax) +//show_margins(G) + +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); +printf("since P.M is less than desired value so we need phase lead network") +disp("selecting zero of lead compensting network at w=3.9rad/sec and pole at w=24.37rad/sec and applying gain to account attenuation factor.") +gc=(1+0.26*s)/(1+0.04*s) +Gc=syslin('c',gc) +disp(Gc,"transfer function of lead compensator="); +G1=G*Gc +disp(G1,"overall transfer function="); +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; + +subplot(2,2,3) +bode(G1) + +subplot(2,2,4), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G1)) + + +//bode(G1,fmin,fmax); +//show_margins(G1) +xtitle("compensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G1); +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G1); +disp(pm,"phase margin of compensated system=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"gain cross over frequency=") diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.png b/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7664243f Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.sce b/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bf38cc4e --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH6/EX6.2/s2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +s=%s; +s=poly(0,'s'); +t=[0:0.05:10]; +syms Kv; +g=(Kv/(s*(0.5*s+1))); +// given Kv=20 +Kv=20; +g=(20/(s*(0.5*s+1))); +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +subplot(2,2,1) +bode(G) + +subplot(2,2,2), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G)) +//bode(G,fmin,fmax) +//show_margins(G) + +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); + +gc=(1+8.7*s)/(1+166.7*s) +Gc=syslin('c',gc) +disp(Gc,"transfer function of lead compensator="); +G1=G*Gc +disp(G1,"overall transfer function="); +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; + +subplot(2,2,3) +bode(G1) + +subplot(2,2,4), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G1)) + + +//bode(G1,fmin,fmax); +//show_margins(G1) +xtitle("compensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G1); +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G1); +disp(pm,"phase margin of compensated system=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"gain cross over frequency=") diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.png b/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a6a48bb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.png differ diff --git a/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.sce b/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e6193d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH6/EX6.3/s3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +s=%s; +s=poly(0,'s'); +t=[0:0.05:10]; +syms Kv; +g=(Kv/(s*(0.5*s+1))); +// given Kv=10 +Kv=10; +g=(10/(s*(s+1)*(s+2))); +G=syslin('c',g) +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; +subplot(2,2,1) +bode(G) + +subplot(2,2,2), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G)) +//bode(G,fmin,fmax) +//show_margins(G) + +xtitle("uncompensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G) +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G) +disp(gm,"gain_margin=") +disp((freqGM*2*%pi),"gain margin freq="); +disp(pm,"phase margin=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"phase margin freq="); + +gc=(1+1.43*s)*(6.67*s+1)/((1+66.67*s)*(0.143*s+1)) +Gc=syslin('c',gc) +disp(Gc,"transfer function of lead compensator="); +G1=G*Gc +disp(G1,"overall transfer function="); +fmin=0.01; +fmax=100; + +subplot(2,2,3) +bode(G1) + +subplot(2,2,4), +plot2d(t,csim('step',t,G1)) + + +//bode(G1,fmin,fmax); +//show_margins(G1) +xtitle("compensated system") +[gm,freqGM]=g_margin(G1); +[pm,freqPM]=p_margin(G1); +disp(pm,"phase margin of compensated system=") +disp((freqPM*2*%pi),"gain cross over frequency=") diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.14/q14.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.14/q14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b42e2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.14/q14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s; + +num=s+3; +den=s^2+2*s+7; + +H=syslin('c',num,den) +SS=tf2ss(H) +[Ac,Bc,U,ind]=canon(SS(2),SS(3)) diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.18/q18.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.18/q18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ca7da5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.18/q18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +syms m11 m12 m13 m21 m22 m23 m31 m32 m33 ^ +s=%s; +poly(0,"l"); +A=[0 1 0;3 0 2;-12 -7 -6] +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c); +p=l*I-A; +q=det(p); // determinant of li-p +// roots of q are +l1=-1; +l2=-2; +l3=-3; +x1=[m11;m21;m31]; +q1=(l1*I-A)*1 + +//on solving +m11=1; +m21=-1; +m31=-1; +x2=[m12;m22;m32]; +q2=(l2*I-A)*1 +//on solving; +m12=2; +m22=-4; +m32=1; + +x3=[m13;m23;m33]; +q3=(l3*I-A)*1 +//on solving +m13=1; +m23=-3; +m33=3; + +// modal matrix is +M=[m11 m12 m13;m21 m22 m23;m31 m32 m33] diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.19/q19.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.19/q19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75985e2a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.19/q19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +syms m11 m12 m13 m21 m22 m23 m31 m32 m33 ^ t m +s=%s; +poly(0,"l"); +A=[0 1 0;3 0 2;-12 -7 -6] +B=[1;0;2] +C=[1 0 0] +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c); +p=l*I-A; +q=det(p); // determinant of li-p +// roots of q are +l1=-1; +l2=-2; +l3=-3; +x1=[m11;m21;m31]; +q1=(l1*I-A)*1 + +//on solving +m11=1; +m21=-1; +m31=-1; +x2=[m12;m22;m32]; +q2=(l2*I-A)*1 +//on solving; +m12=2; +m22=-4; +m32=1; + +x3=[m13;m23;m33]; +q3=(l3*I-A)*1 +//on solving +m13=1; +m23=-3; +m33=3; + +// modal matrix is +M=[m11 m12 m13;m21 m22 m23;m31 m32 m33] + + +q=inv(M) +A1=real(q*A*M) +B1=(q*B) +C1=C*M diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.20/q20.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.20/q20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1973b577a --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.20/q20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +syms m11 m12 m13 m21 m22 m23 m31 m32 m33 ^ t m +s=%s; +poly(0,"l"); +A=[3 -2;-1 2] + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c); +p=l*I-A; +q=det(p); // determinant of li-p +// roots of q are +l1=1; +l2=4; + +x1=[m11;m21]; +q1=(l1*I-A)*1 + +//on solving +m11=1; +m21=1; + +x2=[m12;m22]; +q2=(l2*I-A)*1 +//on solving; +m12=2; +m22=-1; + + + + + +// modal matrix is +M=[m11 m12;m21 m22] + + +q=inv(M) +A1=real(q*A*M) diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.28/q28.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.28/q28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9395a24e --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.28/q28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +A=[-2 4;2 -1]; +B=[0;1]; + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) +P=cont_mat(A,B); +disp(P,"Controllability Matrix=") +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is uncontrollable"); +else + printf("system is controllable"); +end; + + +p=s*I-A // s*I-A +q=s^2+3*s-6; +r=roots(q) + + //roots lie in rhp +printf("system is unstable") diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.29/q29.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.29/q29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7868d490 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.29/q29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +A=[-1 0;0 -2]; +B=[0;1]; + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) +P=cont_mat(A,B); +disp(P,"Controllability Matrix=") +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is uncontrollable"); +else + printf("system is controllable"); +end; + +C=[1 2]; +P=obsv_mat(A,C); +disp(P,"Observability Matrix="); +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is unobservable"); +else + printf("system is observable"); +end; + + diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.30/q30.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.30/q30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec2372e67 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.30/q30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +A=[-1 0;1 -2]; +B=[1;1]; + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) +P=cont_mat(A,B); +disp(P,"Controllability Matrix=") +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is uncontrollable"); +else + printf("system is controllable"); +end; + + + + diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.31/q31.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.31/q31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8076e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.31/q31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +A=[1 -1;1 -1]; +B=[0;1]; + + + +C=[1 0]; +P=obsv_mat(A,C); +disp(P,"Observability Matrix="); +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is unobservable"); +else + printf("system is observable"); +end; + + diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.32/q32.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.32/q32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d91c7aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.32/q32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +A=[0 1 0;0 0 1;0 0 0]; +B=[0;0;1]; + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) +P=cont_mat(A,B); +disp(P,"Controllability Matrix=") +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is uncontrollable"); +else + printf("system is controllable"); +end; + +C=[1 0 0]; +P=obsv_mat(A,C); +disp(P,"Observability Matrix="); +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is unobservable"); +else + printf("system is observable"); +end; + + diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.33/q33.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.33/q33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..819968c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.33/q33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +A=[-2 0;1 -1]; +B=[0;1]; + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) +P=cont_mat(A,B); +disp(P,"Controllability Matrix=") +d=det(P) +if d==0 + printf("matrix is singular, so system is uncontrollable"); +else + printf("system is controllable"); +end; + + + diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.36/q36.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.36/q36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2c68e163 --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.36/q36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +A=[-1 -4 -1;-1 -6 -2;-1 -2 -3]; +B=[0;0;1]; +C=[3 1 0] + +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c) + +p=s*I-A // s*I-A +r=inv(p) +q=C*r +t=q*B diff --git a/1499/CH7/EX7.6/q6.sce b/1499/CH7/EX7.6/q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ac5b256f --- /dev/null +++ b/1499/CH7/EX7.6/q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +syms m11 m12 m13 m21 m22 m23 m31 m32 m33 ^ +s=%s; +poly(0,"l"); +A=[-3 1;1 -3] +[r c]=size(A) +I=eye(r,c); +p=l*I-A; +q=det(p); // determinant of li-p +// roots of q are +l1=-2; +l2=-4; + +x1=[m11;m21]; +q1=(l1*I-A)*1 +// on solving we find m11=1 m21=1 +m11=1; +m21=1; +x2=[m12;m22]; +q2=(l2*I-A)*1 +// on solving we find m12=1 m22=-1 +m12=1; +m22=-1; +// modal matrix is +M=[m11 m12;m21 m22;] diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.1/1Ex1.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.1/1Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19fcbabaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.1/1Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 1 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=9587-7429+4358; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.10/1Ex10.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.10/1Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7bdb78e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.10/1Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 10 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=387*387+113*113+2*387*113; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.11/1Ex11.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.11/1Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48c5644bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.11/1Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 11 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=87*87+61*61-2*87*61; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.16/1Ex16.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.16/1Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032ddb1b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.16/1Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 16 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dividend=1672; +divisor=17; +leastN=modulo(dividend,divisor); //remainder +printf("The least number to be subtracted is %d",leastN); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.17/1Ex17.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.17/1Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29911283b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.17/1Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 17 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dividend=2010; +divisor=19; +mod=modulo(dividend,divisor); //remainder +printf("The least number to be added is %d",(divisor-mod)); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.19/1Ex19.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.19/1Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83207ba77 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.19/1Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 19 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dividend=12401; quotient=76; remainder=13; + +divisor=(dividend-remainder)/quotient; +printf("The divisor is %d.",divisor); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.2/1Ex2.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.2/1Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c93aa43f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.2/1Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=5793405*9999; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.21/1Ex21.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.21/1Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11d29f8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.21/1Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 21 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +numerator=789*789*789+211*211*211; +denominator=789*789-789*211+211*211; +x=(numerator/denominator); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.22/1Ex22.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.22/1Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55e6b731a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.22/1Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 22 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +numerator=658^3-328^3; +denominator=658^2+658*328+328^2; +x=(numerator/denominator); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.23/1Ex23.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.23/1Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a60fb4184 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.23/1Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 23 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +numerator=(893+786)^2-(893-786)^2; +denominator=893*796; +x=(numerator/denominator); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.24/1Ex24.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.24/1Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..563fd301a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.24/1Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=684; n2=759; n3=413; n4=676; + //in order to find unit digit in product of above 4 numbers, we find product of unit digits of each of these numbers +//unit places of each of the 4 numbers +unit1=modulo(modulo(n1,100),10); //since given number is 3 digit +unit2=modulo(modulo(n2,100),10); +unit3=modulo(modulo(n3,100),10); +unit4=modulo(modulo(n4,100),10); +unitProduct=unit1*unit2*unit3*unit4; +printf("The unit digit of product is %d.",modulo(unitProduct,10)); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.28/1Ex28.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.28/1Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3fe0d9a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.28/1Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +divisor=5; dividend=2^31; +remainder=modulo(dividend,divisor); +mprintf("The remainder is %d",remainder); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.3/1Ex3.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.3/1Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de2c9934d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.3/1Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=839478*625; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.30/1Ex30.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.30/1Ex30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d596818 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.30/1Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 30 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=17; n2=80; count=0; +for i=n1:n2 + if modulo(i,6)==0 then count=count+1; + end +end +mprintf("The count of numbers divisible by 6 is %d",count); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.31/1Ex31.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.31/1Ex31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e9b31f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.31/1Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 31 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//This problem can be solved using Arithmetic Progression formula +a=2; d=2; //since even numbers, the difference is 2 +l=74; //given less than 75 +n=l/2;//number of elements in series, divided by 2 since even numbers +Sum=n/2*(a+l); +printf("The sum of even numbers less than 75 is %d",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.32/1Ex32.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.32/1Ex32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d8b0d4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.32/1Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 32 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//given series is in AP in which first element a1=6, second element a2=15, last element an=105 +a1=6; a2=15; d=a2-a1; an=105; + +//formula for last element is a1+(n-1)*d=an; where n is number of elements in series +n=(an-a1)/d+1; + +Sum=n/2*(a1+an); +printf("The required sum is %d",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.33/1Ex33.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.33/1Ex33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45318111f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.33/1Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 33 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//The given series is in geometric progression +a1=2; a2=2^2; n=10; +r=a2/a1; + +Sum=a1*(r^n-1)/(r-1); //formula for GP +printf("The required sum is %d",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.4/1Ex4.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.4/1Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39ef7e632 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.4/1Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=976*237+976*763; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.5/1Ex5.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.5/1Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53e6e6151 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.5/1Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=986*307-986*207; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.6/1Ex6.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.6/1Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289f48d67 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.6/1Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 6 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=1607*1607; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.7/1Ex7.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.7/1Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85c0b09d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.7/1Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 7 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=1396*1396; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.8/1Ex8.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.8/1Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63a239fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.8/1Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 8 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=475*475+125*125; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH1/EX1.9/1Ex9.sce b/1553/CH1/EX1.9/1Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a9ff155 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH1/EX1.9/1Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 1 Ex 9 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=796*796-204*204; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.1/10Ex1.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.1/10Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15b9342bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.1/10Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +mprintf("(i)56 percent=%.2f",(56/100)); +mprintf("\n(ii)4 percent=%.3f",(4/100)); +mprintf("\n(iii)0.6 percent=%.3f",(.6/100)); +mprintf("\n(iv)0.08 percent=%.4f",(.08/100)); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.10/10Ex10.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.10/10Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..642a90760 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.10/10Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Diff=21; +per=65/100 +num=Diff/(4/5-per); +printf("The number is %1.0f.",num); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.11/10Ex11.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.11/10Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56bff902 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.11/10Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Diff=1660; + +y=poly(0,'y'); +x=Diff+y; //equation 1,given difference +x=(125/75)*y; //equation 2 +for y=1:5000 + if Diff+y ==(125/75)*y + mprintf("y=%i \n ",y); + break + end +end +disp("substitute value of y in any one of the above equations to find x"); +x=(125/75)*y; + +ans=[x y]; +printf("\n Thus the two numbers are %d and %d",ans(1),ans(2)); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.12/10Ex12.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.12/10Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42475f00c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.12/10Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +num=81.472; +nearNum=81.5; //nearest floating number +Error=nearNum-num; +percent=(Error/num)*100; +printf("The percentage error is %0.3f percent",percent); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.13/10Ex13.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.13/10Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a9569ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.13/10Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; +voters=75/100; +invalid=2/100; +candidate=75/100; +votes=9261; +totalVotes=votes/(voters*(1-invalid)*candidate); +mprintf("The number of votes enrolled were %d",totalVotes); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.14/10Ex14.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.14/10Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b8d8f92d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.14/10Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; +probTotal=75; +arith=10; algebra=30; geo=35; +per_arith=70/100; per_algebra=40/100; per_geo=60/100; +correct=(per_arith*arith+per_algebra*algebra+per_geo*geo); +correctPass=(60/100)*probTotal; +required=correctPass-correct; +mprintf("The number of questions required were %d",required); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.16/10Ex16.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.16/10Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6a988d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.16/10Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 16 + +clc; +clear; +close; +JtoW=40/100; JtoS=20/100; amtRemain=12000; amtRemainPercent=1-JtoW; +//let initial amount be x +amtJtoS=3*JtoS*amtRemainPercent; +bal=amtRemainPercent-amtJtoS; +amtBank=(1/2)*bal; +initialAmt=amtRemain/amtBank; +mprintf("Mr. Jones initially had Rs.%d with him",initialAmt); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.17/10Ex17.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.17/10Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b0974ebe --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.17/10Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 17 + +clc; +clear; +close; +died=10/100; left=25/100; popRemain=4050; +popOriginal= popRemain/((1-died)*(1-left)); +mprintf("Original population was %d",popOriginal); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.18/10Ex18.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.18/10Ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2692bfe7b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.18/10Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 18 + +clc; +clear; +close; +com=5/100; amtupto5=10000; morethan5=4/100; remits=31100; +amtCom=com*amtupto5; +total=(remits+amtCom-(amtupto5*morethan5))/(1-morethan5); +mprintf("The total sales are Rs.%d",total); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.19/10Ex19.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.19/10Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..305f7d697 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.19/10Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 19 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dec=50/100; inc=50/100; +//let original be Rs.100 +original=100; +final=(dec*original)*(1+inc); +if(original>final) + +changePercent=original-final; +mprintf("The salary of raman is decreased by %d percent",changePercent); +else + changePercent=final-original; + mprintf("The salary of raman is increased by %d percent",changePercent); +end diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.2/10Ex2.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.2/10Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a906e8b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.2/10Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=6; n2=28; n3=0.2; n4=.04; +mprintf("(i)6 percent=%.2f\n (ii)28 percent=%.2f\n (iii)0.2 percent=%.3f\n (iv)0.04 percent=%.4f",n1/100,n2/100,n3/100,n4/100); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.20/10Ex20.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.20/10Ex20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f576d290c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.20/10Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 20 + +clc; +clear; +close; +spends=75/100; inc=20/100; expPercent=10/100; +original=100; +expAmt=original*spends; +saving=original-expAmt; +newIncome=original*(1+inc); +newExp=(1+expPercent)*expAmt; +newSaving=newIncome-newExp; +incSaving=newSaving-saving; +incPercent=(incSaving/(1-spends)); +mprintf("The increase in percentage is %d percent",incPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.21/10Ex21.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.21/10Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edbf2552e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.21/10Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 21 + +clc; +clear; +close; +red=10/100; +original=100; +newSal=original*(1-red); +increase=((original-newSal)/newSal)*100; +mprintf("The percentage reduction is %.2f percent",increase); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.22/10Ex22.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.22/10Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2f4acb52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.22/10Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 22 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dec=10/100; numInc=30/100; +original=100; num=100; +totalsale=original*num; +newtotal=original*(1-dec)*(1+numInc)*100; +incRevenue=((newtotal-totalsale)/totalsale)*100; +mprintf("The increase in revenue is %d percent",incRevenue); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.23/10Ex23.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.23/10Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bd1df494 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.23/10Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 23 + +clc; +clear; +close; +numInc=15/100; denDec=8/100; +frac=15/16; +original= frac/((1+numInc)/(1-denDec)); +mprintf("The original fraction is: %.2f",original); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.24/10Ex24.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.24/10Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa827c6b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.24/10Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +inc=25/100; +red=(inc/(1+inc))*100; +mprintf("The reduction in consumption should be %d percent",red); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.25/10Ex25.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.25/10Ex25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aaa30037 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.25/10Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 25 + +clc; +clear; +close; +pop=176400; rate=5/100; years=2; +popafter=pop*(1+rate)^years; +popbefore=pop/((1+rate)^years); +mprintf("The population 2 years after is %d \n and 2 years before was %d",popafter,popbefore); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.26/10Ex26.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.26/10Ex26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46ddb1be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.26/10Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 26 + +clc; +clear; +close; +decRate=10/100; +presentValue=162000; years=2; +valueAfter=presentValue*(1-decRate)^years; +valueBefore=presentValue/(1-decRate)^years; +mprintf("The value after 2 years will be Rs.%d \n and before 2 years was Rs.%d",valueAfter,valueBefore); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.27/10Ex27.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.27/10Ex27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..671f19210 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.27/10Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 27 + +clc; +clear; +close; +inc=5/100; dec=5/100; popAfter=9975; +popBefore=popAfter/((1+inc)*(1-dec)); +mprintf("The population at the beginning of first year was %d",popBefore); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.28/10Ex28.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.28/10Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995cd1bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.28/10Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 28 + +clc; +clear; +close; +AmoreB=100/(3*100); +BlessA=(AmoreB/(1+AmoreB))*100; +mprintf("B earns %d percent less than A",BlessA); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.29/10Ex29.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.29/10Ex29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d7b88564 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.29/10Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 29 + +clc; +clear; +close; +AlessB=20/100; +BmoreA=(AlessB/(1-AlessB))*100; +mprintf("B earns %d percent more than A",BmoreA); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.3/10Ex3.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.3/10Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..131c34279 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.3/10Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=23/36; n2=27/4; n3=.004; +mprintf("(i)23/36=%.2f percent\n (ii)27/4 =%.0f percent\n (iii)0.004 =%.1f percent",n1*100,n2*100,n3*100); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.30/10Ex30.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.30/10Ex30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ebe085c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.30/10Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 30 + +clc; +clear; +close; +solAmt=30; solPercent=2/100; incPercent=10/100; +saltAmt=solAmt*solPercent; +//let x kg of pure salt be added, thus equation will be (0.6+x)/(30+x)=10/100 +pureAmt=240/90; +mprintf("The amount of pure salt that must be added is %.2f kg.",pureAmt); + diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.31/10Ex31.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.31/10Ex31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49037924d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.31/10Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 31 + +clc; +clear; +close; +redPercent=(25/4)/100; more=120; +redRate=1-redPercent; //this term has to be multiplied by original rate that is found below +originalRate=(more*(1/redRate-1)); +reducedRate=originalRate*redRate; +mprintf("The reduced rate is Rs. %.2f per kg",reducedRate); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.32/10Ex32.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.32/10Ex32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04cc2429a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.32/10Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 32 + +clc; +clear; +close; +hinFail=35; engFail=45; bothFail=20; +hinengbothFail=hinFail+engFail-bothFail; +passboth=100-hinengbothFail; +mprintf("The percentage passed in both is %d percent",passboth); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.33/10Ex33.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.33/10Ex33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee4b27c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.33/10Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 33 + +clc; +clear; +close; +engPass=80/100; mathPass=85/100; bothPass=75/100; bothFail=40; +total=bothFail/(1-(engPass+mathPass-bothPass)); +mprintf("Total number of students are %.0f",total); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.4/10Ex4.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.4/10Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e16645b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.4/10Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=(28/100)*450+(45/100)*280; +n2=(50/3/100)*600-(100/3/100)*180; +mprintf("(i)28 percent of 450+45 percent of 280=%.0f\n (ii)50/3 percent of 600 gm-100/3 percent of 180 gm =%.0f gm",n1,n2); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.5/10Ex5.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.5/10Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b94263055 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.5/10Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=2/50*100; +n2=((1/2)/(1/3))*100; +n3=(84/7)*100; +n4=(40/20)*100; +n5=(130/(6.5*1000))*100; +mprintf("(i)2 is %.0f percent of 50\n (ii)1/2 is %.0f percent of 1/3\n (iii)%.0f percent of 7 is 84\n (iv)%.0f percent of 2 metric tonnes is 40 quintals\n (v) %.0f percent of 6.5 litres is 130 ml",n1,n2,n3,n4,n5); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.6/10Ex6.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.6/10Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d2c00b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.6/10Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=2.125/25; n2=6.3/9; n3=.04/.25; +mprintf("(i)%.1f percent of 25=2.125\n (ii)9 percent of %.0f =63\n (iii)0.25 percent of %.0f = .04",n1*100,n2*100,n3*100); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.7/10Ex7.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.7/10Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e68dba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.7/10Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=(50/3)/100; b=2/15; c=0.17; greatest=a; +if a>b then if a>c then greatest=a; +end + +else if b>c then greatest=b; +end +else greatest=c; +end + +mprintf("The greatest number is %.2f",greatest); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.8/10Ex8.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.8/10Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba47dc77e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.8/10Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +per1=(7/2)/100; +per2=(10/3)/100; +difference=(per1*8400)-(per2*8400); +mprintf("the difference amount is Rs.%d",difference); diff --git a/1553/CH10/EX10.9/10Ex9.sce b/1553/CH10/EX10.9/10Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550e81433 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH10/EX10.9/10Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 10 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +per=0.08; reject=2; +meter= reject/(0.08/100); +mprintf("The inspector will examine %d meter",meter); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.1/11Ex1.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.1/11Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a1bb1097 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.1/11Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp=27.50; +sp=28.60; +gain=sp-cp; +gainPercent=(gain/cp)*100; +printf("The gain is %d percent",gainPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.10/11Ex10.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.10/11Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29047e6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.10/11Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=6;c=10; +n2=4;s=6; +n=double(lcm(int32([4,6]))); //Number of bananas +cp=(c/n1)*n; +sp=(s/n2)*n; +lossPercent=(cp-sp)/cp*100; +printf("The loss is %d percent",lossPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.11/11Ex11.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.11/11Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d95fad03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.11/11Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp_3=1; +sp_3=(150/100)*cp_3; +t_sold=3; +n=t_sold/sp_3; //Number of toffees sold +printf("The number of toffees sold are %d",n); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.12/11Ex12.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.12/11Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ead84c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.12/11Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=80;c1=13.50; +n2=120;c2=16; +profitPercent=16; +cp_200=n1*c1+n2*c2; +sp=(100+profitPercent)/100*cp_200; +rate=sp/(n1+n2); +printf("The rate of SP of mixture is %3.2f per kg",rate); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.14/11Ex14.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.14/11Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..098aeb927 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.14/11Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Error=40; +true_value=1000; +gainPercent=(Error/(true_value-Error))*100; +printf("The gain is %3.2f percent",gainPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.15/11Ex15.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.15/11Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8931fbed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.15/11Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex 15 + +clc; +clear; +close; +r=125;w=115;m=110; +retail_price=1265; +cost=retail_price/(r/100*m/100*w/100); +printf("The production cost of table is Rs. %d",cost); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.16/11Ex16.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.16/11Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c3ea2493 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.16/11Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 16 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +inc=(8/100); +SP1=x; +CP=(9/10)*SP1; +SP2=(1+inc)*SP1; +gain=SP2-CP; +gainper=(gain/CP)*100; +mprintf("The gain percentage of Monika is"); +disp(gainper) +mprintf("percent"); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.17/11Ex17.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.17/11Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6d985861 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.17/11Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 17 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +loss=10; +SP1=x; +SP2=(2/3)*SP1; //given +CP=(100/(100-loss))*SP2; +gain=SP1-CP; +gainper=(gain/CP)*100; +mprintf("The gain percentage is"); +disp(gainper) +mprintf("percent"); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.18/11Ex18.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.18/11Ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603162d48 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.18/11Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 18 + +clc; +clear; +close; +lossPercent=20; +gainPercent=5; +spIncreased=100; +cpnew=spIncreased/((100+gainPercent)-(100-lossPercent))*100; +printf("The new cost price of article is Rs. %d",cpnew); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.19/11Ex19.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.19/11Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e68ee0bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.19/11Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 19 + +clc; +clear; +close; +difference=10.5; +profitPercent1=25; +profitPercent2=30; +lossPercent=20; + +cp=difference/((100+profitPercent1)*100-((100+profitPercent2)*(100-lossPercent)))*100*100; +printf("The cost price of article is Rs. %d",cp); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.2/11Ex2.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.2/11Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aa2e6ab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.2/11Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp=490; +sp=465.50; +loss=cp-sp; +lossPercent=(loss/cp)*100; +printf("The loss is %d percent",lossPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.20/11Ex20.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.20/11Ex20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77171527c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.20/11Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 20 + +clc; +clear; +close; +profitPercent1=25; +profitPercent2=20; +totalProfitPercent=65; + +profit3=((100+totalProfitPercent)/100)/((100+profitPercent1)/100*(100+profitPercent2)/100); +profitPercent3=(profit3*100-100); +mprintf("The percentage profit earned by 3rd seller is %3.2f percent",profitPercent3); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.21/11Ex21.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.21/11Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c1b47236 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.21/11Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ex 21 + +clc; +clear; +close; +commonLossGain=16; +lossPercent=(commonLossGain/10)^2; +printf("The loss is %3.2f percent",lossPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.22/11Ex22.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.22/11Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5954427f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.22/11Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 22 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +gain=(20/100); +CP=x; +CP1=(3/4)*CP; +CP2=(1/4)*CP; //given +SP=((1+gain)*CP1)+CP2; +gain=SP-CP; +gainper=(gain/CP)*100; +mprintf("The gain percentage is"); +disp(gainper) +mprintf("percent"); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.23/11Ex23.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.23/11Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5ff09a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.23/11Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 23 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +tot=3000; +CP=x; +CPcarr=(tot-x); +gainh=20/100; lossc=10/100; gaintot=2/100; //given +for x=1:2000 + if ((x/5)-((3000-x)/10))==60 + break; + end +end +mprintf("The cost price of the horse is Rs.%d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.24/11Ex24.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.24/11Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e5c399cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.24/11Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +MP=100; +d1=20;d2=10;d3=5; +NetSp=((100-d1)/100)*((100-d2)/100)*((100-d3)/100)*MP; +NetDiscount=100-NetSp; +printf("The required discount is %3.2f percent",NetDiscount); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.25/11Ex25.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.25/11Ex25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2c4dcd4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.25/11Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 25 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +dis2=12.5/100; +dis1=x; +LP=150; SP=105; +for x=1:50 + if (((1-dis2)*(100-x)*LP)/100)==SP + break; + end +end +mprintf("First Discount=%d percent",x); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.26/11Ex26.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.26/11Ex26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a74567ac4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.26/11Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 26 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp=100; +discount=25; +mPercent=50; +mp=cp+mPercent; +sp=((100-discount)*mp)/100; +gainPercent=(sp-100); +printf("The gain is %3.2f percent",gainPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.27/11Ex27.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.27/11Ex27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ad055229 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.27/11Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex 27 + +clc; +clear; +close; +discount=1; +cp_40=36; +sp_40=40; +sp_40=(100-discount)/100*sp_40; +profitPercent=(sp_40-cp_40)/cp_40*100; +printf("The profit is %d percent",profitPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.28/11Ex28.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.28/11Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af5a4f0b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.28/11Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 28 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp=100; +discount=5; +gainPercent=33; +sp=cp+gainPercent; +mp=sp/((100-discount)/100); +mPercent=mp-cp; +printf("The marked price is %d percent above CP",mPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.29/11Ex29.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.29/11Ex29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b73d4b08f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.29/11Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 11 Ex 29 + +clc; +close; +clear; +retail=100; com=36; red=24/100; +SP=retail-com; +profit=(8.8/100); +CP=(SP/(1+profit)); +ncom=12; +SPn=retail-ncom; +gain=SPn-CP; +gainper=(gain/CP)*100; +mprintf("The profit percent is %.2f percent",gainper); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.3/11Ex3.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.3/11Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f27289275 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.3/11Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//(i) +sp1=(120/100)*56.25; +printf("(i)The SP is Rs. %3.2f",sp1); + +//(ii) +sp2=(85/100)*80.4; +printf("\n(ii) The SP is Rs. %3.2f",sp2); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.4/11Ex4.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.4/11Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a892f080c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.4/11Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//(i) +cp1=(100/116)*40.6; +printf("(i) The CP is Rs. %d",cp1); +//(ii) +cp2=(100/88)*51.7; +printf("\n(ii) The CP is Rs. %3.2f",cp2); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.5/11Ex5.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.5/11Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebef9c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.5/11Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +lossPercent=5; +spOld=1140; +gainPercent=5; + +spNew=(spOld/(100-lossPercent))*(100+gainPercent); +printf("The new Selling Price is Rs. %d",spNew); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.6/11Ex6.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.6/11Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8294d9135 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.6/11Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sp1=27.50; +sp2=25.75; +profit1=10; +cp=(100/(100+profit1))*sp1; +profit2=sp2-cp; +profitPercent=profit2/cp*100; +mprintf("The profit percent is %d percent",profitPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.7/11Ex7.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.7/11Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db81b884e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.7/11Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sp=100; +cp=96; +profit=sp-cp; +profitPercent=(profit/cp)*100; +printf("The profit is %3.2f percent",profitPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.8/11Ex8.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.8/11Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..014e8422f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.8/11Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp=1; +cp_18=18; sp_18=21; +gainPercent=(3/18)*100; +mprintf("The profit percent is %3.2f percent",gainPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH11/EX11.9/11Ex9.sce b/1553/CH11/EX11.9/11Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e36ed5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH11/EX11.9/11Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cp_33=33;cp_22=22; //let cp of each meter be Rs.1 +sp_22=cp_33; //given +gain=11; +gainPercent=(gain/cp_22)*100; +mprintf("The profit percent is %d percent",gainPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.1/16Ex1.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.1/16Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ecc5c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.1/16Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 1 +clc; +clear; +close; +t1=36; t2=45; //time taken by A and B to fill tank individually +A1hour=1/t1; B1hour=1/t2; //part filled by A and B in 1 hour each +AB1hour=A1hour+B1hour; //part filled by both in 1 hour +mprintf("Thus the time taken by both pipes together to fill the tank is %d hours",1/AB1hour); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.2/16Ex2.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.2/16Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83bc253e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.2/16Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A, B and C +t1=10; t2=12; //time taken by A and B to fill tank individually +t3=-20; //negative sign since time taken is to empty the tank +A1hour=1/t1; B1hour=1/t2; //part filled by A and B in 1 hour each +C1hour=1/t3; //part emptied by C in 1 hour +ABC1hour=A1hour+B1hour+C1hour; //part filled by all 3 pipes in 1 hour +mprintf("Thus the time taken by all pipes together to fill the tank is %.1f hours",1/ABC1hour); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.3/16Ex3.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.3/16Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a2ccc42c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.3/16Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A and B +t12=12; //time taken by A and B to fill tank together +AB1hour=1/t12; //part filled by both in 1 hour +//Let reservoir be filled by pipe 1 in x hours, thus other in (10+x)hours, thus the equation that is formed is (1/x)+1/(10+x)=1/12; on solving we get +mycoeff=[-120 -14 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=roots(p); +v=int32([20 -6]); +a=v(1); b=v(2); +if a>0 then mprintf("Thus the time taken by both pipes individually are %d hours and %d hours respectively to fill the tank",a,a+10); +end + diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.4/16Ex4.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.4/16Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8120bb66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.4/16Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A B and C +t1=12; t2=15; //time taken by A and B to fill cistern individually +t3=20; //time taken by waste pipe to empty the cistern +A1min=1/t1; B1min=1/t2; //part filled by A and B in 1 min each +ABC1min=1/t3; //part filled by all 3 pipes in 1 min +C1min=ABC1min-(A1min+B1min); //part emptied by C in 1 min +C1min=abs(C1min); //absolute since the value is negative as it empties the cistern +mprintf("Thus the waste pipe empties the cistern in %.0f min",1/C1min); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.5/16Ex5.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.5/16Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73c6814d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.5/16Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A +t1=3; //time taken by A to fill tank in 1 hour +t2=7/2;//time taken by leak to empty the tank +A1hour=1/t1; //part filled by A in 1 hour + +Aleak1hour=1/t2; //part filled inspite of leak in 1 hour +leak1hour=A1hour-Aleak1hour; +mprintf("Thus the leak empties the tank in %.0f hours",1/leak1hour); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.6/16Ex6.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.6/16Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab8fae3f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.6/16Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 6 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A B and leak be C +t1=14; t2=16; //time taken by A and B to fill cistern individually +t3=32/60; +A1hour=1/t1; B1hour=1/t2; //part filled by A and B in 1 hour each +AB1hour=A1hour+B1hour; + +ABC1hour=1/(1/AB1hour+t3); //part filled by all 3 pipes in 1 hour +C1hour=AB1hour-ABC1hour; //part emptied by C in 1 hour + +mprintf("Thus the leak empties the cistern in %.0f hours",1/C1hour); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.7/16Ex7.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.7/16Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee200456e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.7/16Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 16 Ex 7 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let pipes be A B and leak be C +t1=36; t2=45; //time taken by A and B to fill tank individually +t3=30; //time taken by leak to empty the tank +A1min=1/t1; B1min=1/t2; //part filled by A and B in 1 min each individually +C1min=-1/t3; //part emptied by leak +AB1min=A1min+B1min; //part filled by A and B in 1 min each together +AB7min=7*AB1min; +remainingPart=1-AB7min; +ABC1min=A1min+B1min+C1min; //part filled by all 3 pipes in 1 min +totalTime=(1/ABC1min)*remainingPart+7; + +mprintf("Thus total time taken to fill the tank is %.0f min",totalTime); diff --git a/1553/CH16/EX16.8/16Ex8.sce b/1553/CH16/EX16.8/16Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48b4cd437 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH16/EX16.8/16Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let B be closed after x min.Then part filled by(A+B) in x min +part filled by A in (18-x)=1 +x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=1:10 + if ((x*(1/24+1/32))+((18-x)/24))==1 + break; + end +end +mprintf("The pipe B should be closed after %d min",x); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.1/17Ex1.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.1/17Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b00ccaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.1/17Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 17: Ex1 +clc; +clear; +close; +dist=400; //distance given +aspeed=20*5/18; //converting km/hr to m/sec +t= dist/aspeed; +//t1=modulo(t,60); +t2=(t/60); +printf("The time taken is %1.2f min",t2); + diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.10/17Ex10.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.10/17Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39cc78e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.10/17Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s1=65; s2=35; +d=390; +t=(390+s2)/(s1+s2); +t_hr=round(t); +t_min=(modulo(t,t_hr))*60; +t1=10; +t2_hr=t1+t_hr; +printf("They meet at %d:%d hour",t2_hr,t_min); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.11/17Ex11.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.11/17Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa2fa73d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.11/17Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +us=90;t1=6;t2=4; +t=t1+t2; +s_goods=us*t2/t; +printf("The speed of goods train is %d km/hr",s_goods); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.12/17Ex12.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.12/17Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6e2af8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.12/17Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +d=100/1000; //converting meter to km +s_t=8;s_p=10; +s_relative=s_p-s_t; + +t_p=d/s_relative; +d_t=s_t*t_p; +dist_theif=d_t*1000; +printf("The distance covered by theif is %d meter",dist_theif); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.13/17Ex13.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.13/17Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb70ebf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.13/17Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 17: Ex13 +clc; +clear; +close; +walkrideTime=37; walkTime=55; +rideTime=(2*walkrideTime-walkTime); +mprintf("It takes %d min to ride both ways",rideTime); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.2/17Ex2.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.2/17Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24d2758aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.2/17Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 17: Ex2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dist=750; time=2*60+30; //converting into seconds +speed=dist/time; +speedKmhr=speed/(5/18); +mprintf("The speed of cyclist is %d km/hr",speedKmhr); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.4/17Ex4.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.4/17Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9e7ae0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.4/17Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex4 +clc; +clear; +close; +t=1+(40/60); //time in hours +//dist=t*s; //distance in km and s is speed +//remain_dist=24-dist; //remaining distance in km +//dist=(5/7)*remain_dist; + + +mycoeff=[-72 12]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=roots(p); +speed=ans*5/18; //converting to m/sec +printf("The speed is %1.2f m/sec",speed); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.5/17Ex5.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.5/17Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fdebd7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.5/17Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 17: Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; +time=1+(24/60); //converting into hours +speed1=4; speed2=5; dist1=2/3; dist2=1-dist1; +distanceTotal=time/(dist1/speed1+dist2/speed2); +mprintf("Toal distance is %.0f km",distanceTotal); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.6/17Ex6.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.6/17Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac252640 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.6/17Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s1=25;s2=4; //given speeds in km/hr +function [s]=average(s1,s2) + s=(2*s1*s2)/(s1+s2); +endfunction + +s=average(25,4); +t=5+(48/60); //converting minutes into hours +d=t*s; //distance=time*speed +dpost=d/2; +printf("The distance of post office from village is %2.0f km",dpost); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.7/17Ex7.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.7/17Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9548f04ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.7/17Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 17 Example 7 +clc; +clear; +close; +s1=200;s2=400;s3=600;s4=800; +avgspeed=4/(1/s1+1/s2+1/s3+1/s4); +printf("The average speed is %3.0f km/hr",avgspeed); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.8/17Ex8.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.8/17Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bb0456e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.8/17Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 17 Example 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +tLate=10; +t=tLate/(6/5-1); +printf("The usual time to cover the journey is %d min",t); diff --git a/1553/CH17/EX17.9/17Ex9.sce b/1553/CH17/EX17.9/17Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e583e5df --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH17/EX17.9/17Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 17 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s1=5;s2=6;t1=7;t2=5; +difference=(t1+t2)/60; //converting minutes into hours +dist=difference/(1/s1-1/s2); +printf("The required distance is %1.0f km",dist); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.1/18Ex1.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.1/18Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..991aae994 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.1/18Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s=30*5/18; //converting into m/sec +d=100; +t=d/s; +printf("The required time taken is %d sec",t); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.10/18Ex10.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.10/18Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccd8110a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.10/18Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sTrain=50; t=9; lTrain=280; +sRelative=(lTrain/t)/(5/18); +sGoods=sRelative-sTrain; +printf("The speed of goods train is %d km/hr",sGoods); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.2/18Ex2.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.2/18Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89006e34c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.2/18Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s=132*5/18; //converting into m/sec +d=110+165; //length of train + length of platform +t=d/s; +printf("The time taken is %1.1f sec",t); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.3/18Ex3.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.3/18Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52f6f160a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.3/18Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +d_b=180; t1=8; t2=12; t=t1+t2; +length_t=(d_b/t)/(1/t1-1/t); +s_t=length_t/t1; +s=s_t*18/5; +printf("The length of train is %d meter and its speed is %d km/hr",length_t,s); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.4/18Ex4.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.4/18Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16840c2b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.4/18Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s_t=68; s_m=8; d_t=150; +s_relative=(s_t-s_m)*5/18; +t=d_t/s_relative; +printf("The train will pass the man in %d sec",t); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.5/18Ex5.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.5/18Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc2e7d74b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.5/18Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sTrain=59; lTrain=220; sMan=7; +sRelative=(sTrain+sMan)*5/18; //addition of speed since opposite direction +t=lTrain/sRelative; +printf("The time taken by train to pass the man is %d sec",t); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.6/18Ex6.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.6/18Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dcf87d6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.6/18Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +l1=137; l2=163; s1=42; s2=48; +sRelative=(s1+s2)*5/18; //Addition of speeds since in opposite direction +tPass=(l1+l2)/sRelative; +printf("The time taken by trians to pass each other is %d sec",tPass); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.7/18Ex7.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.7/18Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64cd2ef22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.7/18Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l1=100; l2=120; s1=72; s2=54; +sRelative=(s1-s2)*5/18; //Addition of speeds since in opposite direction +tPass=(l1+l2)/sRelative; +printf("The time taken by trians to pass each other is %d sec",tPass); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.8/18ex8.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.8/18ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07d2b9c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.8/18ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +lTrain=100; t=6; +sMan=5; +sRelative=lTrain/(t*5/18); +sTrain=sRelative-sMan; +printf("The speed of train is %d km/hr",sTrain); diff --git a/1553/CH18/EX18.9/18Ex9.sce b/1553/CH18/EX18.9/18Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad01ff8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH18/EX18.9/18Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 18 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sTrain=54; tTrainP=20; tTrainM=12; sMan=6; +sRelative=(sTrain-sMan)*5/18; //Difference since opposite in direction +lTrain=sRelative*tTrainM; +lTotal=tTrainP*sTrain*5/18; +lPlatform=lTotal-lTrain; +printf("The length of train is %d m and length of platform is %d m",lTrain,lPlatform); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.1/19Ex1.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.1/19Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19da613c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.1/19Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sUpstream=7; sDownstream=10; +rStill=(sUpstream+sDownstream)/2; +rCurrent=(sDownstream-sUpstream)/2; +printf("The rate of man in still water is %1.1f km/hr and rate of current is %1.1f km/hr",rStill,rCurrent); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.2/19Ex2.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.2/19Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01bc89d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.2/19Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dDown=15; dUp=5; tDown=3+(45/60); tUp=2+(30/60); +rDown=dDown/tDown; +rUp=dUp/tUp; +sCurrent=(rDown-rUp)/2; +printf("The speed of current is %d km/hr",sCurrent); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.3/19Ex3.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.3/19Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..500d3241d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.3/19Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +rUp=9; rDown=27; +rStream=(rDown-rUp)/2; +printf("The rate of stream is %d km/hr",rStream); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.4/19Ex4.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.4/19Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f693a36bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.4/19Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +sCycle=12; sBoat=10; sRiver=4; +sAvgCyclist=12; //since the speed of cyclist is same in both directions +sDown=sBoat+sRiver; +sUp=sBoat-sRiver; +sAvgSailor=(2*sDown*sUp)/(sDown+sUp); +if(sAvgCyclist>sAvgSailor) + {printf("The cyclist will return to place A first");} + +else{printf("The sailor will return to place A first");} + end diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.5/19Ex5.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.5/19Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d5423921 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.5/19Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sStill=7.5; sRiver=1.5; tTotal=50/60; +sDown=sStill+sRiver; +sUp=sStill-sRiver; + +dist=tTotal/(1/sDown+1/sUp); +printf("The required distance is %d km",dist); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.6/19Ex6.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.6/19Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7452066f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.6/19Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sStream=2; dist=6; t=33/60; +//let sBoat be x, thus (6/(x-2)+6/(x+2))=33/60; solving this we get the equation as +// 11x^2-240x-44=0 + + mycoeff=[-44 -240 11]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=abs(roots(p)); //absolute since the speed cannot be negative +printf("The speed of motorboat in still water is %d km/hr",r(1)); diff --git a/1553/CH19/EX19.7/19Ex7.sce b/1553/CH19/EX19.7/19Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59591f9ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH19/EX19.7/19Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//chapter 19 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dUp1=40; dDown1=55; dUp2=30; dDown=44; +t1=13; t2=10; +//let rate upstream be x km/hr and downstream be y km/hr +//Equations are : 40/x+55/y=13 & 30/x+44/y=10 +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(-55*x)/(40-13*x); //equation 1 +y=(-44*x)/(30-10*x); //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if(x~=3) //since denominator becomes 0 + if (-55*x)/(40-13*x) ==(-44*x)/(30-10*x) + mprintf("x=%i \n ",x); + break + end + end +end + +y=(-55*x)/(40-13*x); + +rStill=(x+y)/2; +rCurrent=(y-x)/2; +printf("The speed in still water is %d km/hr and rate of current is %d km/hr",rStill,rCurrent); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.1/2Ex1.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.1/2Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d1662ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.1/2Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=2^3*3^2*5*7^4; n2=2^2*3^5*5^2*7^3; n3=2^3*5^3*7^2; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3]); +Lcm=gcd(V); +mprintf("The LCM of given numbers is %d.",Lcm); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.10/2Ex10.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.10/2Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..174a2c671 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.10/2Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Hcf=13; +n1=15*Hcf; n2=11*Hcf; //since the numbers are in the ratio 15:11 +mprintf("The given numbers are %d and %d",n1,n2); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.11/2Ex11.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.11/2Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba361dc10 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.11/2Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Hcf=11; Lcm=693; n1=77; +n2=(Hcf*Lcm)/n1; +mprintf("The other number is %d",n2); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.12/2Ex12.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.12/2Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d4d22801 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.12/2Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l1=4*100+95; l2=9*100; l3=16*100+65; //converting lengths into cm +V=int32([l1 l2 l3]); +Hcf=gcd(V); +mprintf("The required length is %d cm",Hcf); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.13/2Ex13.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.13/2Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8caca8818 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.13/2Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l1=1657; l2=2037; r1=6; r2=5; //given values +V=int32([(l1-r1) (l2-r2)]); +Hcf=gcd(V); +mprintf("The required number is %d",Hcf); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.14/2Ex14.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.14/2Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce46810cf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.14/2Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=62; n2=132; n3=237; +V=int32([n2-n1 n3-n2 n3-n1]); //since it leaves same reminder +Hcf=gcd(V); +mprintf("The largest such number is %d.",Hcf); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.15/2Ex15.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.15/2Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00d39dcc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.15/2Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 15 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=12; n2=15; n3=20; n4=27; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +mprintf("The required number is %d",n); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.16/2Ex16.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.16/2Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52285511d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.16/2Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 16 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=6; n2=7; n3=8; n4=9; n5=12; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +rem=1; +mprintf("The required number is %d",n+rem); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.17/2Ex17.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.17/2Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8cb26eaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.17/2Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 17 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=12; n2=15; n3=18; n4=27; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +Lcm=double(n); +large=9999; //largest 4 digit number +remainder=modulo(large,Lcm); +largest_num=large-remainder; +mprintf("The largest such number is %d",largest_num); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.18/2Ex18.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.18/2Ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d19d2f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.18/2Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 18 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=16; n2=24; n3=36; n4=54; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +Lcm=double(n); +small=10000; //smallest 5 digit number +remainder=pmodulo(small,Lcm); +smallest_num=small+n-remainder; +mprintf("The smallest such number is %d",smallest_num); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.19/2Ex19.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.19/2Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..233a14686 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.19/2Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 19 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=20; n2=25; n3=35; n4=40; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +rem=6; +mprintf("The least such number is %d",n-rem); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.2/2Ex2.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.2/2Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd71ff6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.2/2Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=108; n2=288; n3=360; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3]); +Hcf=gcd(V); +mprintf("The HCF of given numbers is %d.",Hcf); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.20/2Ex20.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.20/2Ex20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f174a513 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.20/2Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 20 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=5; n2=6; n3=7; n4=8; rem=3; +n=lcm(int32([n1,n2,n3,n4])); +k=2; +num=n*k+rem; //the number is in the form of (quotient*dividend+remainder) +mprintf("The least such number is %d",num); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.21/2Ex21.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.21/2Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52fe4486d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.21/2Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 21 +clc; +clear; +close; +t1=48; t2=72; t3=108; +Hours=8; Min=20; +t=lcm(int32([t1,t2,t3])); +Lcm=double(t); +mins=Min+(t/60); +Sec=pmodulo(Lcm,60); +mprintf("The required time is %d min and %d sec",t/60,Sec); +mprintf("\n Thus simultaneous change will take place at %d hours %d mins and %d secs",Hours,mins,Sec); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.22/2Ex22.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.22/2Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48406b226 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.22/2Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//chapter 9 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +a=17/18; b=31/36; c=43/45; d=59/60; +v=[a b c d]; +v=gsort(v,'lc','i'); +mprintf("%.3f > %.3f >%.3f >%.3f ",v(4),v(3),v(2),v(1)); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.3/2Ex3.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.3/2Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48da1846f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.3/2Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=513; n2=1134; n3=1215; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3]); +Hcf=gcd(V); +mprintf("The HCF of given numbers is %d.",Hcf); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.5/2Ex5.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.5/2Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87426a4f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.5/2Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=2^2*3^3*5*7^2; n2=2^3*3^2*5^2*7^4; n3=2**3*5^3*7*11; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3]); +Lcm=lcm(V); +mprintf("The LCM of given numbers is %d.",Lcm); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.6/2Ex6.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.6/2Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2beebe8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.6/2Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=72; n2=108; n3=2100; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3]); +Lcm=lcm(V); +mprintf("The LCM of given numbers is %d.",Lcm); + + + diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.7/2Ex7.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.7/2Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9666e0f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.7/2Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=16; n2=24; n3=36; n4=54; +V=int32([n1 n2 n3 n4]); +Lcm=lcm(V); +mprintf("The LCM of given numbers is %d.",Lcm); + + + diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.8/2Ex8.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.8/2Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1a34566a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.8/2Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=2; n2=8; n3=16; n4=10; +d1=3; d2=9; d3=81; d4=27; +VN=int32([n1 n2 n3 n4]); +VD=int32([d1 d2 d3 d4]); +HcfNum=gcd(VN); +LcmNum=lcm(VN); +HcfDen=gcd(VD); +LcmDen=lcm(VD); +mprintf("The HCF of fractions is %d/%.d.",HcfNum,LcmDen); +mprintf("The LCM of fractions is %.d/%d.",LcmNum,HcfDen); diff --git a/1553/CH2/EX2.9/2Ex9.sce b/1553/CH2/EX2.9/2Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a829755e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH2/EX2.9/2Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 2 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=0.63; n2=1.05; n3=2.1; +//V=int8([n1 n2 n3]); +Hcf=gcd(int32([n1 n2 n3]*100)); +Lcm=lcm(int32([n1 n2 n3]*100)) +mprintf("The HCF of given numbers is %1.2f",(double(Hcf)/100)); +mprintf("\n The LCM of given numbers is %1.2f",(double(Lcm)/100)); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.1/21Ex1.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.1/21Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629325463 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.1/21Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=68000; r=50/3; t=9/12; +sInterest=(p*r*t)/100; +printf("The simple interest is Rs. %d",sInterest); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.10/21Ex10.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.10/21Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1226d24ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.10/21Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +t=3; rateHigh=2/100; amtHigh=360; +Sum=amtHigh/(t*(1+rateHigh)-t); +mprintf("The sum is Rs.%.0f",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.11/21Ex11.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.11/21Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a18ece9c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.11/21Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +debt=1092; t=3; SI=12/100; +year1=(1+SI); +year2=(1+2*SI); +instalment=debt/(year1+year2+1); +mprintf("Each instalment is Rs.%.0f",instalment); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.12/21Ex12.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.12/21Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1f1a10be --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.12/21Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Sum=1550; rate1=8/100; rate2=6/100; total=106; +lent1=(total-(Sum*rate2))/(rate1-rate2); +lent2=Sum-lent1; +mprintf("Money lent at 8 percent is Rs.%.0f and that lent at 6 pecent is Rs.%.0f",lent1,lent2); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.2/21Ex2.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.2/21Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e5beaf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.2/21Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +t=(24+31+18)/365; //time from 4th feb to 18th april +p=3000; r=25/4; +sInterest=(p*r*t)/100; +printf("The simple interest is Rs. %2.2f",sInterest); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.3/21Ex3.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.3/21Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88b2face8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.3/21Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sInterest=2502.50; +r=27/2; t=4; +Sum=sInterest/(1+(r*t/100)); + +printf("The principle amount is Rs. %d",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.4/21Ex4.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.4/21Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1769fc98d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.4/21Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Sum=800; amount=920; t=3; rIncrease=3; +sInterest=amount-Sum; +rate=(sInterest*100)/(Sum*t); +rNew=(rate+rIncrease); +sInterestNew=(Sum*rNew*t)/100; +aNew=Sum+sInterestNew; +printf("The new amount is Rs. %d",aNew); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.5/21Ex5.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.5/21Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf2709a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.5/21Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +TotalInterest=11400; r1=6;r2=9;r3=14; +t1=2;t2=3;t3=4; +Sum=TotalInterest/((r1*t1/100)+(r2*t2/100)+(r3*t3/100)); +printf("The sum borrowed is Rs. %d",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.6/21Ex6.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.6/21Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7f3b82d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.6/21Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a1=1008; t1=2; a2=1164; t2=1.5; +sInterestDiff=a2-a1; +sInterest2=sInterestDiff*t1/t2; +p=a1-sInterest2; +rNew=(sInterest2/(p*t1))*100; +printf("The new rate is %d percent",rNew); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.7/21Ex7.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.7/21Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc010faba --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.7/21Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +t=16; +p=100; //assuming principle=100 +rate=((100*p)/(p*t)); +mprintf("The rate percent per annum will be %.2f percent",rate); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.8/21Ex8.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.8/21Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5965a4968 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.8/21Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +SI=4/9; +rate=sqrt(SI*100); +t=rate; //since both are numerfically equal +mprintf("The rate is %.2f percent and the time is %.2f years",rate,t); diff --git a/1553/CH21/EX21.9/21Ex9.sce b/1553/CH21/EX21.9/21Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb5044c2b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH21/EX21.9/21Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 21 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +t1=5/2; rate1=12/100; lessby=40; t2=7/2; rate2=10/100; +Sum=lessby/((t2*rate2)-(t1*rate1)); +mprintf("The sum is Rs.%.0f",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.1/22Ex1.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.1/22Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65a258905 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.1/22Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=7500; n=2; r=4; +amount=p*((1+r/100)^n);//formula for compound interest +CI=amount-p; +printf("The Compound Interest is Rs. %d",CI); + diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.11/22Ex11.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.11/22Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68b2f044c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.11/22Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +amt=1301; t1=7; t2=9; rate=4/100; +part1=(((1+rate)^t2/(1+rate)^t1)*amt)/(1+((1+rate)^t2/(1+rate)^t1)); +part2=amt-part1; +mprintf("The two parts are Rs.%.0f and Rs.%.0f",part1,part2); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.12/22Ex12.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.12/22Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e79861ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.12/22Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +amt1=7350; n1=2; amt2=8575; n2=3; +rate=((amt2-amt1)/(n2-n1)/amt1)*100; +//let sum be Rs.x +Sum=amt1/(1+(rate/100))^n1; +mprintf("The sum is Rs.%.0f",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.13/22Ex13.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.13/22Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e6871ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.13/22Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Sum1=6690; t1=3; Sum2=10035; t2=6; +rate=((nthroot((Sum2/Sum1),(t2-t1)))-1); +p=Sum1/(1+rate)^t1; +mprintf("The Sum is %.0f",p); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.2/22Ex2.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.2/22Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee315c079 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.2/22Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=8000; n=2; r=15; +amount=p*((1+r/100)^n)*((1+(1/3)*r/100)); +CI=amount-p; +printf("The Compound Interest is Rs. %3.0f",CI); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.3/22Ex3.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.3/22Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a6095bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.3/22Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=10000; n=4; //since half yearly, hence 2 years=4 half years + r=2; +amount=p*((1+r/100)^n); +CI=amount-p; +printf("The Compound Interest is Rs. %3.2f",CI); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.4/22Ex4.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.4/22Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3d755f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.4/22Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=16000; t=3; //since quarterly compounded +r=5;//since quarterly compounded +amount=(p*(1+r/100)^t); +CI=amount-p; +printf("The Compound Interest is Rs. %d",CI); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.5/22Ex5.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.5/22Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..564946fc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.5/22Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +rate=5/100; +t=3; SIAmt=1200; +p=SIAmt/(t*rate); +Amt=p*(1+rate)^t; +CI=Amt-p; +mprintf("The compound interest is Rs.%d",CI); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.7/22Ex7.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.7/22Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..636dbfb6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.7/22Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +p=500; amt=583.20; t=2; + +rate=(nthroot((amt/p),t)-1)*100; +mprintf("The rate of interest is %d percent",rate); diff --git a/1553/CH22/EX22.9/22Ex9.sce b/1553/CH22/EX22.9/22Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b46e9949 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH22/EX22.9/22Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 22 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +rate=10/100; t=2; difference=631; +CI=((1+rate)^t)-1; +SI=t*rate; +Sum=difference/(CI-SI); +mprintf("The Sum is Rs.%.0f",Sum); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.1/23Ex1.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.1/23Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e18d40e28 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.1/23Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex1 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) + +n1=27; n2=3; +ans1=log(n1)/log(n2); +mprintf("log 27 to the base 3 is %d",ans1); + +//(ii) + +n3=(1/343); n4=7; +ans2=log(n3)/log(n4); +mprintf("\nlog (1/343) to the base 7 is %d",ans2); + +//(iii) + +n5=0.01; n6=100; +ans3=log(n5)/log(n6); +mprintf("\nlog 0.01 to the base 100 is %.0f",ans3); + diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.10/23Ex10.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.10/23Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4da36ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.10/23Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex. 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//given log2 =0.30103 +//consider x=log2 +x=0.30103; +ans=56*x; +mprintf("The number of digits are %.0f",ans); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.2/23Ex2.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.2/23Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdb82aab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.2/23Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter 23 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +n1=1; n2=7; +ans1=log(n1)/log(n2); +mprintf("log %d to base %d is %d",n1,n2,ans1); + +//(ii) +n3=34; n4=34; +ans2=log(n3)/log(n4); +mprintf("\n log %d to base %d is %d",n3,n4,ans2); + +//(iii) +base=36; n5=4; n6=6; +power=log(n5)/log(n6); +ans3=base^power; +mprintf("\n The ans is %.0f",ans3); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.3/23Ex3.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.3/23Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47e4495d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.3/23Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +ans=(10/3); n1=sqrt(8); +x=(n1)^ans; // derived from equation log x to the base n1=ans. +mprintf("The value of x is %.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.4/23Ex4.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.4/23Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3dfb8d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.4/23Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 23 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//(i) +n1=3; n2=5; n3=25; n4=27; +ans1=(log(n1)/log(n2))*(log(n3)/log(n4)); +mprintf("The answer is %.2f",ans1); + +//(ii) +n5=27; n6=9; n7=9; n8=27; +ans2=(log(n5)/log(n6))-(log(n7)/log(n8)); +mprintf("\nThe answer is %.2f",ans2); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.5/23Ex5.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.5/23Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91117154b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.5/23Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=75; n2=16; n3=5; n4=9; n5=32; n6=243; +ans=(log(n1/n2)-2*log(n3/n4)+log(n5/n6)); +mprintf("The answer of the equation is %.2f",ans); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.6/23Ex6.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.6/23Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c98b5b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.6/23Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=3; +//x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=1:.5:10 + if log10((4*x+1)/(x+1))==(1-(log10(n1))) + + break; +end +end +mprintf("The value of x is %.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.7/23Ex7.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.7/23Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2a2323f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.7/23Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Chapter 23 Ex7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=1; y=2; z=3; +ans=(1/(log((x)*(y)*(z))/log((x)*(y))))+(1/(log((x)*(y)*(z))/log((z)*(y))))+(1/(log((x)*(y)*(z))/log((x)*(z)))); +mprintf("The answer is %d",ans); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.8/23Ex8.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.8/23Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb5120cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.8/23Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 23 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=50; n2=10; +ans1=log10(n1) +mprintf("The value of log %d to base %d is %.3f",n1,n2,ans1); diff --git a/1553/CH23/EX23.9/23Ex9.sce b/1553/CH23/EX23.9/23Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8abfc9d72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH23/EX23.9/23Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 23 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//(i) +n1=25 +ans1=log10(n1); +mprintf("The value of log %d is %.3f",n1,ans1); + +//(ii) +n2=4.5 +ans2=log10(n2); +mprintf("The value of log %d is %.3f",n2,ans2); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.1/24Ex1.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.1/24Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d72de0498 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.1/24Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l=15; Diag=17; +b=sqrt(Diag^2-l^2); +area=l*b; +printf("The area of the field is %d square meter",area); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.10/24Ex10.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.10/24Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90eaad16f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.10/24Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dia=3.8; +A=((dia)^2)/2; +mprintf("The area od the square whose diagonal is given is %.2f sq.meter",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.12/24Ex12.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.12/24Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06aab367a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.12/24Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +side=1; //assuming side of square as 1 +area=side^2; +nside=(1+(25/100))*side; +narea=(nside)^2; +increase=((narea-area)/area)*100; +mprintf("The percentage change in area is %.2f percent",increase); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.13/24Ex13.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.13/24Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35be8c2ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.13/24Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; +inc=3; dec=4; +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(x-7); //from given condition 1 +y=(3*x-12)/4; //from given condition 2 +for x=1:99 + if (x-7)==((3*x-12)/4) then + break; + end +end +y=x-7; +area=2*(x+y); +mprintf("The perimeter of the rectangle is %d cm.",area); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.14/24Ex14.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.14/24Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffa713d11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.14/24Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; +tc1=270; rate1=5; +area1=tc1/rate1; //area of floor +//given length is 3/2 of breadth. +//breadth=x then length=(3*x/2) and area= (x*3*x)/2 +b=sqrt(area1*(2/3)); +l=(3/2)*b; +tc2=1720; rate2=10; +area2=tc2/rate2; //papered area +area3=8; //given area of a door and 2 windows +totarea=area2+area3; +ht=totarea/(2*(l+b)); +mprintf("The length,bredth and height of the room are %d m,%d m,%d m respectively.",l,b,ht); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.15/24Ex15.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.15/24Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59d03d385 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.15/24Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 15 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=13; b=14; c=15; +s=(a+b+c)/2; +area=sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)); +mprintf("The area of triangle is %d sq.cm",area); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.16/24Ex16.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.16/24Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a44f483c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.16/24Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 16 + +clc; +clear; +close; +base=12; hypo=13; +h=sqrt((hypo)^2-(base)^2); +area=(1/2)*base*h; +mprintf("The area of a right angled triangle is %d sq.cm.",area); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.17/24Ex17.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.17/24Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aca0478d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.17/24Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 17 + +clc; +clear; +close; +rate=24.68; costfield=333.18; +Area=(costfield/rate)*10000; +altitude=sqrt(Area/((1/2)*3)); +base=3*altitude; +mprintf("The altitude and base are %d meter and %d meter",altitude,base); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.18/24Ex18.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.18/24Ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feeac1bfc --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.18/24Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 18 + +clc; +clear; +close; +altitude=8; perimeter=32; +//from given the equation formed is x^2=(8^2)+(16-x)^2 +side=320/32; +base=perimeter-2*side; +area=(1/2)*base*side; +mprintf("The area of the triangle is %.0f square cm",area); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.19/24Ex19.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.19/24Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d2d20a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.19/24Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 19 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l=3*sqrt(3); +area=((sqrt(3))/4)*l^2; +height=area/((1/2)*l); +mprintf("The height of %.1f cm",height); + diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.2/24Ex2.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.2/24Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b134d10b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.2/24Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l=13; b=9; w=75/100; rate=12.4; +area=l*b; +Length=area/w; +cost=Length*rate; +printf("The cost of carpeting is Rs. %4.2f",cost); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.21/24Ex21.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.21/24Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efde14fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.21/24Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 21 + +clc; +clear; +close; +area=72; +h=sqrt(area/2); +mprintf("The height of parallelogram is %d cm",h); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.22/24Ex22.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.22/24Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99b91e155 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.22/24Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 22 + +clc; +clear; +close; +side=20; diagonal1=24; +x=sqrt(side^2-(diagonal1/2)^2); +diagonal2=2*x; +area=(1/2)*(diagonal1*diagonal2); +mprintf("The area of rhombus is %d square cm",area); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.23/24Ex23.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.23/24Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2722e5180 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.23/24Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 23 + +clc; +clear; +close; +// consider two parallel sides of trapezium as a and b +a=poly(0,'a'); +b=(a-4); //from given condition 1 +b=(50-a); //from given condition 2 +for a=1:99 + if (a-4)==(50-a) then + break; + end +end +b=a-4; +mprintf("The parallel sides of trapezium are %d cm and %d cm",a,b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.24/24Ex24.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.24/24Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93ddbca51 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.24/24Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +area=9856; +radius=sqrt(area/%pi); +mprintf("The length of rope is %d cm",radius); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.25/24Ex25.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.25/24Ex25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85a208e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.25/24Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 25 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=13.86; +rate=4.4; +area1=a*10000; +radius=sqrt(area1/%pi); +circumference=2*(%pi)*radius; +cost=rate*circumference; +mprintf("The area is Rs.%.0f",cost); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.26/24Ex26.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.26/24Ex26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd126b78d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.26/24Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 26 + +clc; +clear; +close; +dia=140; s=66; +speed=(66*1000)/60; //converting into meter/min or distance to be covered in 1 min +circumference=2*(%pi)*(dia/(2*100)); +number=speed/circumference; +mprintf("The number of revolutions per min are %d",number); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.27/24Ex27.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.27/24Ex27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90774b701 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.27/24Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 27 + +clc; +clear; +close; +rev=1000; +distTotal=88; +dist=(distTotal/1000)*rev; +rad=dist/(2*(%pi)); +mprintf("The radius of wheel is %d meter",rad); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.28/24Ex28.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.28/24Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caf5db008 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.28/24Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 28 + +clc; +clear; +close; +circum1=440; path=14; +r=circum1/(2*(%pi)); +Radius=r+path; +mprintf("The radius of outer circle is %d meter",Radius); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.29/24Ex29.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.29/24Ex29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..836dbaa8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.29/24Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 29 + +clc; +clear; +close; +circumI=352/7; circumO=528/7; +r=circumI/(2*(%pi)); +R=circumO/(2*(%pi)); +width=(R-r); +mprintf("The widht of the ring is %d meter",width); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.3/24Ex3.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.3/24Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5832ab164 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.3/24Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +l=13; b=9; w=75/100; //converting into meter +rate=12.4; +area=l*b; +lCarpet=area/w; +cost=lCarpet*rate; +mprintf("The cost for carpeting is Rs.%.2f",cost); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.30/24Ex30.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.30/24Ex30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e7caf46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.30/24Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 30 + +clc; +clear; +close; +area=(66/7); deg=120; +r=sqrt((area*360)/((%pi)*deg)); +mprintf("The radius of the circle is %d cm.",r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.32/24Ex32.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.32/24Ex32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c70f313 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.32/24Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 32 + +clc; +clear; +close; +R=1; // assuming radius of the circle is 1. +NR=(50/100)*R; +OArea=(%pi)*(R^2); +NArea=(%pi)*(NR^2); +dec=((OArea-NArea)*100)/OArea; +mprintf("The percentage decrease in area of circle is %d percent",dec); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.4/24Ex4.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.4/24Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55a12668e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.4/24Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +diagonal=17; +perimeter=46; +//perimeter=2(l+b), area=l*b, diagonal^2=l^2+b^2 using hypotenus +//using above conditions, the equation diagonal^2+2l*b=(perimeter/2)^2 +area=((perimeter/2)^2-diagonal^2)/2; +mprintf("The area of rectangle is %d square cm",area); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.5/24Ex5.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.5/24Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a52d21378 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.5/24Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//consider breadht=x and length=2x as given. Thus solving statement we get following equation. +//(2*x-5)(x+5)-2*x*x=75 and solving it we get +x=(75+25)/5; +mprintf("The length of rectangle is %d cm.",x); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.6/24Ex6.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.6/24Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb813b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.6/24Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +excess=5/100; deficit=4/100; +Error=((1+excess)*(1-deficit))-1; +ErrorPercent=Error*100; +mprintf("The percentage error is %.1f percent",ErrorPercent); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.7/24Ex7.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.7/24Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17ea2f41b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.7/24Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 24 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l=110; b=65; w=2.5; cost=80; +A1=l*b; //area of plot +A2=(l-2*w)*(b-2*w); //area of plot excluding path +A3=A1-A2; // area of path +CP=A3*(cost/100); +mprintf("The cost of gravelling the path at 80 paise per sq. metre is Rs.%d",CP); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.8/24Ex8.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.8/24Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..186380d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.8/24Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +peri1=40; peri2=32; +side1=peri1/4; //side=perimeter/number of sides +side2=peri2/4; +area3=side1^2-side2^2; //given +side3=sqrt(area3); +peri3=side3*4; +mprintf("The perimeter of 3rd square is %d cm",peri3); diff --git a/1553/CH24/EX24.9/24Ex9.sce b/1553/CH24/EX24.9/24Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1873fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH24/EX24.9/24Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +l=5*100+55; //converting to centimeter +b=3*100+74; +area=l*b; +sideLargest=gcd(uint32([l b])); +areatile=sideLargest^2; +number=area/areatile; +mprintf("The number of tiles required are %d",number); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.1/25Ex1.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.1/25Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c95b68f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.1/25Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 25, Ex1 +clc; +clear; +close; +l=16; b=14; h=7; //given +volume=l*b*h; +surface_area=[2*((l*b)+(b*h)+(l*h))]; +//disp("cubic meter",volume,"The volume is:") +//disp("cubic centimeter",surface_area,"The surface area is:"); +printf("The volume is %d cubic meter",volume); +printf("\n The surface area is %d cubic centimeter",surface_area); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.10/25Ex10.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.10/25Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d59581f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.10/25Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 10 + +clc; +close; +clear; +scube=15; lvessel=20; bvessel=15; //all in cemtimeter +volcube=(scube)^3; +areavessel=lvessel*bvessel; +rise=volcube/areavessel; +mprintf("The rise in water level is %.2f cm",rise); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.11/25Ex11.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.11/25Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..608ebb4cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.11/25Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 11 + +clc; +close; +clear; +scube1=1; scube2=6; scube3=8; //all in centimeter +vol1=(scube1)^3; +vol2=(scube2)^3; +vol3=(scube3)^3; +volnew=vol1+vol2+vol3; +newedge=nthroot(volnew,3); +facearea=(newedge)^2; +surarea=6*facearea; +mprintf("The surface area of the new cube is %.0f square centimeters",surarea); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.12/25Ex12.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.12/25Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ff691bac --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.12/25Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 12 + +clc; +close; +clear; +//let the original length of edge a=1 +edge=1; inc=50/100; +surorg=6*(edge^2); +newedge=(1+inc)*edge; +surnew=6*(newedge^2); +incsurarea=((surnew-surorg)/surorg)*100; +mprintf("The percentage increase in surface area is %d percent",incsurarea); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.14/25Ex14.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.14/25Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6eeef7af --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.14/25Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 25 Ex 14 +clc; +clear; +close; +d=7; //given diameter +r=d/2; +h=40; //given height +vol=(22/7)*r^2*h; +curved_area=2*(22/7)*r*h; +Total_area=(2*(22/7)*r*h)+(2*(22/7)*r^2); +printf("Volume= %d cubic cm\n Curved Surface area= %d square cm\n Total surface area= %d square cm",vol,curved_area,Total_area); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.15/25Ex15.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.15/25Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90e024e68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.15/25Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex 15 +clc; +clear; +close; +vol=1848; +diameter=14; +radius=diameter/2; +h= vol/(%pi*radius^2); +mprintf("The depth of tank is %.0f meter",h); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.16/25Ex16.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.16/25Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d7441570 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.16/25Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex16 +clc; +clear; +close; +vol=2.2/1000; //converting into cubic meter +d=0.5/100; //diameter in meter +r=d/2; //radius +h=vol/(%pi*r^2); +mprintf("The length of wire is %.0f meter",h); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.17/25Ex17.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.17/25Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8ca27111 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.17/25Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ch25_Ex17 +clc; +clear; +close; +vol=0.88; +l=7; //length +d=2/100; //diameter converting into centimeter +r=d/2; +volRod=%pi*r^2*l; +noRods=vol/volRod; //number of rods +mprintf("The number of rods made are %.0f",noRods); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.19/25Ex19.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.19/25Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b12aec253 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.19/25Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ch25_Ex19 +clc; +clear; +close; +vol=1; w=21/1000; //weight converted into kilogram +l=1*100; r=3/2; //since diameter=3cm +t=1; //thickness of metal +innerR=r; //inner radius +outerR=innerR+t; //outer radius +volIron= %pi*outerR^2*l-%pi*innerR^2*l; +weightPipe=volIron*w; +mprintf("The weight of the pipe is %.1f kg",weightPipe); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.2/25Ex2.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.2/25Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d35db713 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.2/25Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 2 + +clc; +close; +clear; +long=12; breadth=8; height=9; //all in meters +ldia=sqrt(long^2+breadth^2+height^2); +mprintf("The length of longest pole is %d meters",ldia); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.20/25Ex20.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.20/25Ex20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8749ee297 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.20/25Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ch25_Ex20 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=21; h=28; +slantH=sqrt(r^2+h^2); //slant height +vol=(1/3)*(22/7)*r^2*h; +curvedArea=(22/7)*r*slantH; +totalArea=curvedArea+(22/7)*r^2; +mprintf("Slant Height= %.0f cm\n Volume= %.0f cubic cm\n Curved Surface area= %.0f square cm\n Total surface area= %.0f square cm",slantH,vol,curvedArea,totalArea); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.21/25Ex21.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.21/25Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0cdb3bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.21/25Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ch25_Ex21 +clc; +clear; +close; + +r=7; h=24; w=1.25; +l=sqrt(h^2+r^2); +area=%pi*r*l; +lengthCanvas=area/w; +mprintf("The length of canvas is %.0f meter",lengthCanvas); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.22/25Ex22.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.22/25Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af547237f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.22/25Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex22 +clc; +clear; +close; +//since the heights are in in ratio 1:2 and perimeter in ratio 3:4; +//let ratio of radii be ratioR +ratioR=(4/3); ratioH=1/2 +ratioV=((1/3)*%pi*ratioH)/((1/3)*%pi*ratioR); +mprintf("The ratio of their volumes is %.2f",ratioV); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.23/25Ex23.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.23/25Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b2f99a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.23/25Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ch25_Ex23 +clc; +clear; +close; +//since the radii are in in ratio 3:4 and heights in ratio 2:3; +//let ratio of radii be ratioR +ratioR=(3/4); ratioH=2/3; +ratioV=(%pi*ratioH*ratioR^2)/((1/3)*%pi); +mprintf("The ratio of their volumes is %.2f",ratioV); + diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.24/25Ex24.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.24/25Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cafd13235 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.24/25Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ch25_Ex24 +clc; +clear; +close; +r1=12; h1=50; r2=10; +vol=(1/3)*(22/7)*r1^2*h1; +h2=vol/((22/7)*r2^2); +mprintf("The height to which liquid rises in cylindrical vessel is %.0f cm",h2); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.25/25Ex25.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.25/25Ex25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c96f709 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.25/25Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ch25_Ex25 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=10.5; +vol=(4/3)*(22/7)*r^3; +surfaceArea=4*(22/7)*r^2; +mprintf("Volume= %.0f cubic cm\n Surface Area=%.0f square cm",vol,surfaceArea); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.26/25Ex26.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.26/25Ex26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95b1fb9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.26/25Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ch25_Ex26 +clc; +clear; +close; +increasedR=50/100; +newR=1+increasedR; +originalVol=(4/3)*%pi; //this formula excludes the term R since it is not given and it gets cancelled with denominator +newVol=(4/3)*%pi*newR^3; +originalArea=4*%pi; +newArea=4*%pi*newR^2; +percentIncVol=(newVol-originalVol)/originalVol;//percent increase in volume +percentIncSurArea=(newArea-originalArea)/originalArea; +mprintf("The increase in volume is %.1f percent and the increase in surface area is %.0f percent",percentIncVol*100,percentIncSurArea*100); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.27/25Ex27.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.27/25Ex27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e44e23630 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.27/25Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ch25_Ex27 +clc; +clear; +close; +dl=1; rl=dl/2; //diameter and radius of lead ball +ds=12; rs=ds/2;//diamerer and radius of sphere +volS=(4/3)*%pi*rs^3; +volL=(4/3)*%pi*rl^3; +noBalls=volS/volL; +mprintf("THe number of lead balls are %d",noBalls); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.28/25Ex28.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.28/25Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3839a4c4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.28/25Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ch25_Ex28 +clc; +clear; +close; +db=1.5; rb=db/2; //diameter and radius of bullet +rc=6; hc=28;//radius and height of cylinder +volC=%pi*rc^2*hc; +volB=(4/3)*%pi*rb^3; +noBullets=volC/volB; +mprintf("THe number of bullets are %d",noBullets); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.29/25Ex29.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.29/25Ex29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b690bf440 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.29/25Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex29 +clc; +clear; +close; +dw=4; rw=dw/2; //diameter and radius wire +ds=18; rs=ds/2;//diamerer and radius of sphere +volS=(4/3)*%pi*rs^3; +hw=volS/(%pi*rw^2); +mprintf("THe length of wire is %.0f m",hw); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.3/25Ex3.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.3/25Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c721c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.3/25Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ch25_Ex3 +clc; +clear; +close; +volume=12.8; //Given +x=poly(3,"x"); +40*x*5*x*x==12.8; //volume=l*b*h and l=40*x, h=5*x, b=x + +//polynomial is 200*x^3-12.8=0; +//let s=x^3 +s=12.8/200; +s=nthroot(s,3); + +b=s*100; //converting meter into centimeter +printf("The breadth is: %d cm",b); + diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.30/25Ex30.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.30/25Ex30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbbe2383e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.30/25Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Ch25_Ex30 +clc; +clear; +close; +h1=4.1; h2=4.3; r=2.1 +volS=(1/3)*%pi*r^2*(h1+h2); +R=nthroot(volS/((4/3)*%pi),3); +mprintf("The diameter of sphere is %.1f cm",R*2); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.32/25Ex32.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.32/25Ex32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e4881b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.32/25Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex32 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=10.5; +vol=(2/3)*(22/7)*r^3; +curved=2*(22/7)*r^2; +total=3*(22/7)*r^2; +mprintf("Volume=%.1f cubic cm\n Curved surface area=%.0f square cm\n Total surface area=%.1f square cm",vol,curved,total); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.33/25Ex33.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.33/25Ex33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85a55b9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.33/25Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Ch25_Ex33 +clc; +clear; +close; +r1=9; d2=3; r2=d2/2; h=4; +volBowl=(2/3)*%pi*r1^3; +vol1bottle=(%pi)*r2^2*h; +noBottles=volBowl/vol1bottle; +mprintf("The number of bottles required are %.0f",noBottles); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.4/25Ex4.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.4/25Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8770bb920 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.4/25Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ch25 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; + +lb=24; bb=12; hb=8; //dimensions of brick +lw=2400; bw=800; hw=60; //converting meter to centimeter +mortar=10/100; +remaining=1-mortar; +volWall=lw*bw*hw; +volBricks=remaining*(volWall); +vol1brick=lb*bb*hb; //volume of 1 brick +noBricks=volBricks/vol1brick; //number of bricks required +mprintf("The number od=f bricks required are %d",noBricks); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.5/25Ex5.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.5/25Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd5157127 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.5/25Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ch25_Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; +lt=200; bt=150; //dimensions of tank +lp=1.5; bp=1.25; //dimensions of pipe +rise=2 +speed=20*1000/60; //converting speed into meter/min +volreq=lt*bt*rise; +length1min=speed*1; //length of water column flown in 1 min +vol1min=lp*bp*length1min; +time=volreq/vol1min; +mprintf("The time required is %d min",time); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.6/25Ex6.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.6/25Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf00c0da5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.6/25Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 6 +clc; +clear; +close; +ExtVol=50*40*23; //given +IntVol=44*34*20; //given +Metal_vol=ExtVol-IntVol; + +Weight=(Metal_vol*0.5)/1000; +printf("Weight of box is %2.2f kg",Weight); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.7/25Ex7.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.7/25Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e75d26196 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.7/25Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 25 Ex 7 +clc; +clear; +close; +a=(6*sqrt(3))/sqrt(3);...//since diagonal of a cube=sqrt(3)*side; +Volume=a^3; +Sur_area=6*a^2; +printf("The volume of cube is %d cubic meter \n Surface area is %d centimeter square.",Volume,Sur_area); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.8/25Ex8.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.8/25Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed01d0bc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.8/25Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 25 ex 8 +clc; +clear; +close; + +a=sqrt(1734/6); //given surface area=1734 and by formula surface area=6*a^2 + +volume=a^3; +printf("The volume of cube is %d cubic cm",volume); diff --git a/1553/CH25/EX25.9/25Ex9.sce b/1553/CH25/EX25.9/25Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b6383c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH25/EX25.9/25Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 25 EX 9 +clc; +clear; +close; +l=6; b=12; h=15; +volume=l*b*h; + +side_largest=gcd(int32([l b h])); //side of largest cube +vol_largestcube=side_largest^3; +num_of_cubes=volume/vol_largestcube; +printf("The least possible cubes are %d",(volume/vol_largestcube)); diff --git a/1553/CH26/EX26.1/26Ex1.sce b/1553/CH26/EX26.1/26Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaf83e08 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH26/EX26.1/26Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 26 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Dist=28; t=7; +Btime=(t/Dist)*1000; +Atime=Btime-t; +Atime_min=(round(Atime/60)); +Atime_sec=(modulo(Atime,240)); +printf("Time of A over course is %d min %d sec",Atime_min,Atime_sec); diff --git a/1553/CH26/EX26.2/26Ex2.sce b/1553/CH26/EX26.2/26Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91a06a065 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH26/EX26.2/26Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 27 Ex2 +clc; +clear; +close; + //the ratio of their distances is 7: 4 thus assuming dist of A as 7, dist of B is3 + distA=7; distB=3; //from given conditions + gain=84; + distPost=gain/(distB/distA); + mprintf("The pole must be placed %.0f meter away from starting point",distPost); diff --git a/1553/CH26/EX26.3/26Ex3.sce b/1553/CH26/EX26.3/26Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e81ec9910 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH26/EX26.3/26Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 26 Ex 3 + +clc; +close; +clear; +t1=190; t2=200; //converted into seconds +dist1=1000; //converted into kilometers +dist2=(dist1*(t2-t1))/t2; +mprintf("A beats B by %d meters",dist2); diff --git a/1553/CH26/EX26.4/26Ex4.sce b/1553/CH26/EX26.4/26Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81a617971 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH26/EX26.4/26Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 26 Ex 4 + +clc; +close; +clear; +dist=100; +speedA=(8*1000)/(60*60); //converted into meter/second +tA=dist/speedA; +ahead=4; tbeat=15;...//if B starts 4 meters ahead od A then also A beats B by 15 seconds +Bcover=dist-ahead; +tB=tA+tbeat; +speedB=(Bcover/tB); +mprintf("The speed of B is %.2f km/hr",(speedB*60*60)/1000); diff --git a/1553/CH26/EX26.5/26Ex5.sce b/1553/CH26/EX26.5/26Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f1242977 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH26/EX26.5/26Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 26 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; +lagBA=40; lagCA=64; //distance B and C are lagging from A +//assuming A covers 1000 m +A=1000; +B=A-lagBA; //from given condition +C=A-lagCA; +lagCB=A*(C/B); //Distance C is lagging from B +mprintf("B should give C a start of %.0f meter",A-lagCB); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.1/29Ex1.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.1/29Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613876a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.1/29Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(a) +facevalue=90; +marketvalue=100; +cost1=7200*(facevalue/marketvalue); +mprintf("Cost of Rs.7200 stock is Rs %d",cost1); + +//(b) +marketvalue=100; premium=4; +facevalue=marketvalue+premium; +cost2=4500*(facevalue/marketvalue); +mprintf("\n Cost of Rs.4500 stock is Rs %d",cost2); + +//(c) +marketvalue=100; discount=15; +facevalue=marketvalue-discount; +cost3=6400*(facevalue/marketvalue); +mprintf("\n Cost of Rs.6400 stock is Rs %d",cost3); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.10/29Ex10.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.10/29Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b82dd70c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.10/29Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex10 +clc; +clear; +close; +facevalue=100; +sellAmt=5000; +stock1=12/100; +marketvalue1=156; +stock2=8; stock3=9; //the 2 stocks at which the man invests +marketvalue2=90; marketvalue3=108; +increaseIncome=70; +SPsellAmt=sellAmt*(marketvalue1/facevalue); +income=(stock1*sellAmt); +investStock2=(income+increaseIncome-(SPsellAmt*(stock3/marketvalue3)))/(stock2/marketvalue2-(stock3/marketvalue3)); +investStock3=SPsellAmt-investStock2; +mprintf("The money invested at %.0f stock is Rs.%.0f\n and the money invested at %d stock is Rs.%.0f",stock2,investStock2,stock3,investStock3); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.2/29Ex2.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.2/29Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbcf144b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.2/29Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex2 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=100; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +marketvalue=107; //given +brokerage=1/2; //value is in percentage +purchaseAmt=3200; +cashfacevalue=marketvalue+brokerage; //cash required to purchase Rs.100 stock +cashpurchaseAmt= cashfacevalue*purchaseAmt/facevalue; +mprintf("The cash required to purchase Rs.3200 stock is Rs.%.0f",cashpurchaseAmt); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.3/29Ex3.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.3/29Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b88c6f043 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.3/29Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex3 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=100; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +discount=4; +brokerage=1/4; //value is in percentage +purchaseAmt=2400; +cashfacevalue=facevalue-discount-brokerage; //cash required to purchase Rs.100 stock +cashpurchaseAmt= cashfacevalue*purchaseAmt/facevalue; +mprintf("The cash required to purchase Rs.2400 stock is Rs.%.0f",cashpurchaseAmt); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.4/29Ex4.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.4/29Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1e10e1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.4/29Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex4 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=100; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +marketvalue=106; //given +stock=8; //value is in percentage +purchaseAmt=2500; +incomefacevalue=stock; //since the income is directly calculated on stock +incomepurchaseAmt= incomefacevalue*purchaseAmt/facevalue; +mprintf("The cash required to purchase Rs.2500 stock is Rs.%.0f",incomepurchaseAmt); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.5/29Ex5.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.5/29Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a83de248 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.5/29Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=100; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +marketvalue=136; //given +stock=10; //value is in percentage +investAmt=6800; +incomemarketvalue=stock; //since the income is directly calculated on stock +incomeinvestAmt= incomemarketvalue*investAmt/marketvalue; +mprintf("The income obtained by investing Rs.6800 is Rs.%.0f",incomeinvestAmt); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.6/29Ex6.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.6/29Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957da247a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.6/29Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=100; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +marketvalue1=105; //given +stock1=15/2; //value is in percentage + +marketvalue2=94; //given +stock2=13/2; //value is in percentage + +investAmt=marketvalue1*marketvalue2; + + +incomemarketvalue1=stock1; //since the income is directly calculated on stock +incomeinvestAmt1= incomemarketvalue1*investAmt/marketvalue1; + + +incomemarketvalue2=stock2; //since the income is directly calculated on stock +incomeinvestAmt2= incomemarketvalue2*investAmt/marketvalue2; +mprintf("The incomes are Rs.%.0f and Rs.%.2f",incomeinvestAmt1,incomeinvestAmt2); +if (incomeinvestAmt1>incomeinvestAmt2) then + mprintf("\n Thus the income obtained from %.2f stock at %.0f is more",stock1,marketvalue1); +else + mprintf("\n Thus the income obtained from %.2f stock at %.0f is more",stock2,marketvalue2); +end + diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.7/29Ex7.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.7/29Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6762c97a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.7/29Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex7 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=10; //since the stock is calculated over 100 +discount=3/4; +brokerage=1/4; +shares=96; + +cost1share=facevalue-discount+brokerage; //cash required to purchase Rs.100 stock +costshares= cost1share*shares; +mprintf("The cost of %.0f shares is Rs.%.0f",shares,costshares); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.8/29Ex8.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.8/29Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a90d05fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.8/29Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex8 +clc; +clear; +close; + +facevalue=25; +premium=5; +brokerage=1/4; +shares=88; +rateDividend=(15/2)/100; //rate is in percentage hence divided by 100 +investment=2662; + +cost1share=facevalue+premium+brokerage; //cash required to purchase Rs.100 stock +costshares= cost1share*shares; +facevalueAllShares=shares*facevalue; +dividendAllShares=facevalueAllShares*rateDividend; +income=dividendAllShares; + +rateInterest=(income/investment)*100; + +mprintf("The rate of interest on investment is Rs.%.1f percent",rateInterest); diff --git a/1553/CH29/EX29.9/29Ex9.sce b/1553/CH29/EX29.9/29Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8c49fdb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH29/EX29.9/29Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 29 Ex9 +clc; +clear; +close; + +shares=25; +rateDividend=9/100; +rateInterest=10/100; +price1share=(shares*rateDividend)/rateInterest; +mprintf("The price of each share is Rs.%.2f",price1share); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.10/3Ex10.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.10/3Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89d68940f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.10/3Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 10 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x, y and z +x=0.63/9; +y=.0204/17; +z=3.1603/13; +mprintf("(i)x=%.2f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii)y=%.4f",y); +mprintf("\n(iii)z=%.4f",z); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.11/3Ex11.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.11/3Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aea9e36a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.11/3Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 11 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x, y and z +x=35/0.07; +y=2.5/.0005; +z=136.09/43.9; +mprintf("(i)x=%.0f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii)y=%.0f",y); +mprintf("\n(iii)z=%.1f",z); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.12/3Ex12.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.12/3Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..756fd90b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.12/3Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x and y +x=0.006/.6; +y=80*.025; + +mprintf("(i)x=%.2f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii)y=%.0f",y); + diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.13/3Ex13.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.13/3Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e242f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.13/3Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 13 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=1/0.0003718; +mprintf("x=%d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.16/3Ex16.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.16/3Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..959d738d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.16/3Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 16 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +numerator=0.05^3+0.04^3; +denominator=0.05^2-.05*.04+.04^2; +x=(numerator/denominator); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.2/3Ex2.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.2/3Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9f73aa12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.2/3Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex2 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=5/8; n2=7/12; n3=13/16; n4=16/29; n5=3/4; +V=[n1 n2 n3 n4 n5]; +V=gsort(V,'lc','i'); +mprintf("%.2f < %.2f< %.2f < %.2f < %.2f",V(1),V(2),V(3),V(4),V(5)); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.3/3Ex3.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.3/3Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b6cf19e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.3/3Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex3 +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=3/5; n2=4/7; n3=8/9; n4=9/11; +V=[n1 n2 n3 n4]; +V=gsort(V,'lc','i'); +mprintf("%.2f > %.2f> %.2f > %.2f",V(4),V(3),V(2),V(1)); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.4/3Ex4.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.4/3Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beea81d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.4/3Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x and y +x=6202.5+620.25+62.025+6.2025+0.62025; +y=5.064+3.98+.7036+7.6+.3+2; +mprintf("(i) x=%.5f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii) y=%.5f",y); diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.5/3Ex5.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.5/3Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbeaac9c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.5/3Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x and y +x=31.004-17.2386; +y=13-5.1967; +mprintf("(i) x=%.5f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii) y=%.5f",y) diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.6/3Ex6.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.6/3Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ea454724 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.6/3Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 6 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x and y +x=9318.678-5172.49-378.352; +y=5169.38+7328.96; + +mprintf("(i) x=%.3f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii) y=%.2f",y) diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.7/3Ex7.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.7/3Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6edf8cb92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.7/3Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 7 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x and y +x=6.3204*100; +y=.069*10000; +mprintf("(i) x=%.2f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii) y=%.0f",y) diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.8/3Ex8.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.8/3Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ca5b7b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.8/3Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 8 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x, y and z +x=2.61*1.3; +y=2.1693*1.4; +z=0.4*.04*.004*40; +mprintf("(i) x=%.3f",x); +mprintf("\n(ii) y=%.5f",y); +mprintf("\n(iii)z=%.5f",z) diff --git a/1553/CH3/EX3.9/3Ex9.sce b/1553/CH3/EX3.9/3Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51b5c26f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH3/EX3.9/3Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 3 Ex 9 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let value to be found is x +x=2.68*.74; +mprintf("x=%.4f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.1/30Ex1.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.1/30Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4a076160 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.1/30Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex 1 + +clc; +close; +clear; +n1=30; n2=28; +ans=factorial(30)/factorial(28); +mprintf("The value of expression is %d",ans); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.2/30Ex2.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.2/30Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89057a137 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.2/30Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex2 +clc; +clear; +close; + //(i) + n1=60; r1=3; n2=4; r2=4; + f1=factorial(n1)/factorial(n1-r1); + f2=factorial(n2)/factorial(n2-r2); + mprintf("(i) 60P3=%d\n (ii)4P4=%d",f1,f2); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.3/30Ex3.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.3/30Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a5fc0465 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.3/30Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +n1=10; r1=3; +C1=factorial(n1)/(factorial(r1)*factorial(n1-r1)); + +//(ii) +n2=100; r2=98; +C2=factorial(n2)/(factorial(r2)*factorial(n2-r2)); + +//(iii) +n3=50; r3=50; +C3=factorial(n3)/(factorial(r3)*factorial(n3-r3)); + +mprintf("10C3=%d \n 100C98=%d \n 50C50=%d",C1,C2,C3); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.4/30Ex4.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.4/30Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29054baae --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.4/30Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex4 +clc; +clear; +close; + +S={'B','I','H','A','R'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); +reqLetters=sizeS; //since all the letters are required +noWords=factorial(sizeS)/factorial(sizeS-reqLetters); +mprintf("The required number of words are %.0f",noWords); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.5/30Ex5.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.5/30Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a2ff7323 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.5/30Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; + +S={'D','A','U','G','H','T','E','R'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); +n=6; //since there are 3 vowels, they are considered as 1 letter +reqLetters=n; //since all the letters are required +noLetters=factorial(n)/factorial(n-reqLetters); +reqVowels=3; //since vowels are required to be together +noWays=factorial(reqVowels); //no of ways in which vowels can be arranged together +mprintf("The required number of words are %.0f",noLetters*noWays); + diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.6/30Ex6.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.6/30Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8c47b045 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.6/30Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex6 +clc; +clear; +close; + +S={'E','X','T','R','A'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); +n=4; //since there are 3 vowels, they are considered as 1 letter +reqLetters=n; //since all the letters are required +noLetters=factorial(n)/factorial(n-reqLetters); +reqVowels=2; //since vowels are required to be together +noWays=factorial(reqVowels); //no of ways in which vowels can be arranged together +noWords=factorial(n)/factorial(n-reqLetters); +noWordsAll=factorial(sizeS); //no of words using all letters +mprintf("The required number of words having vowel together are %.0f\n The no of words having each vowel never together are %.0f",noWords*noWays,noWordsAll-noWords*noWays); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.7/30Ex7.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.7/30Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1da7ab6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.7/30Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex7 +clc; +clear; +close; + +S={'D','I','R','E','C','T','O','R'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); +n=6; +r=2; //since R occurs twice +noWays=factorial(n)/factorial(r); +Vowels=3; +noWaysVowels=factorial(Vowels); //no of ways in which vowels can be arranged +reqWays=noWaysVowels*noWays; +mprintf("The required number of ways are %.0f",reqWays); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.8/30Ex8.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.8/30Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d220da288 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.8/30Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +total=15; chosen=11; +noways=factorial(total)/(factorial(chosen)*factorial(total-chosen)); +mprintf("The number of ways in which a cricket 11 be chosen out of a batch of 15 players is %d",noways); diff --git a/1553/CH30/EX30.9/30Ex9.sce b/1553/CH30/EX30.9/30Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b68c8d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH30/EX30.9/30Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 30 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +men=6; mselect=3; ladies=5; lselect=2; //given +menways=factorial(men)/(factorial(mselect)*factorial(men-mselect)); +ladiesway=factorial(ladies)/(factorial(lselect)*factorial(ladies-lselect)); +totways=menways*ladiesway; +mprintf("A committee of 5 members consisting of 3 men and 2 ladies selected from 6 men and 5 ladies cen be choosen in %d ways",totways); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.1/31Ex1.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.1/31Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62134d567 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.1/31Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +S={'H','T'}; +E={'H'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); sizeE=size(E,"c"); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability of getting a head is %0.2f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.2/31Ex2.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.2/31Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..786b67486 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.2/31Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 24 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +S={'HH','HT','TH','TT'}; +E={'TT','HT','TH'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); sizeE=size(E,"c"); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability of getting at most one head is %0.2f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.3/31Ex3.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.3/31Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff35de1b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.3/31Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +S={'1','2','3','4','5','6'}; +E={'3','6'}; +sizeS=size(S,"c"); sizeE=size(E,"c"); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability of getting multiple of 3 is %0.2f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.4/31Ex4.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.4/31Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c46ad158 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.4/31Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +E={'(2,6)','(3,5)','(3,6)','(4,4)','(4,5)','(4,6)','(5,3)','(5,4)','(5,5)','(5,6)','(6,2)','(6,3)','(6,4)','(6,5)','(6,6)'}; +sizeS=6*6; //rolling 2 dice +sizeE=size(E,"c"); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability of getting total more than 7 is %0.3f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.5/31Ex5.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.5/31Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eae78e476 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.5/31Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +totalBalls=10; white=6; Black=4; random=2; + +sizeS= factorial(totalBalls)/(factorial(totalBalls-random)*factorial(random)); +sizeE=(factorial(white)/(factorial(white-random)*factorial(random)))+(factorial(Black)/(factorial(Black-random)*factorial(random))); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability of getting both balls of same color is %0.2f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.6/31Ex6.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.6/31Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85435923e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.6/31Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +E={'(1,3)','(3,5)','(2,2)','(2,4)','(2,6)','(3,1)','(3,5)','(3,3)','(4,2)','(4,4)','(5,1)','(5,3)','(6,2)','(6,6)'}; +sizeS=6*6; //rolling 2 dice +sizeE=size(E,"c"); +prob=sizeE/sizeS; +printf("The probability that sum of numbers on 2 faces is divisible by 4 or 6 id is %0.3f",prob); diff --git a/1553/CH31/EX31.7/31Ex7.sce b/1553/CH31/EX31.7/31Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c27a54b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH31/EX31.7/31Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 31 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +totalCards=52; random=2; Black=26; queen=4; +sizeS= factorial(totalCards)/(factorial(totalCards-random)*factorial(random)); +sizeE1=(factorial(Black)/(factorial(Black-random)*factorial(random))); +sizeE2=(factorial(queen)/(factorial(queen-random)*factorial(random))); +prob1=sizeE1/sizeS; +prob2=sizeE2/sizeS; +probBoth=prob1*prob2; + +probTotal=prob1+prob2-probBoth; +printf("The probability that either both cards are black or both are queen is %0.3f",probTotal); diff --git a/1553/CH32/EX32.1/32Ex1.sce b/1553/CH32/EX32.1/32Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71eb0ac4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH32/EX32.1/32Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 32 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +amt=930; R=3; t=8; +PW=(100*amt)/(100+(R*t)); +TD=amt-PW; +mprintf("The present worth and true discount of Rs.930 due 3yrs at 8 percent per annum Rs %d and Rs %d",PW,TD); diff --git a/1553/CH32/EX32.2/32Ex2.sce b/1553/CH32/EX32.2/32Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6d2f9929 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH32/EX32.2/32Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 32 Ex 2 + +clc; +close; +clear; +TD=540; t=9/12; r=12; +amt=(TD*(100+(r*t)))/(r*t); //derived from formula true discount +PW=amt-TD; +mprintf("The amount of the bill and its present worth are Rs.%d and Rs.%d",amt,PW); diff --git a/1553/CH32/EX32.3/32Ex3.sce b/1553/CH32/EX32.3/32Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4a9e55d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH32/EX32.3/32Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 32 Ex 3 + +clc; +close; +clear; +TD=250; SI= 375; t=3; +sumdue=(SI*TD)/(SI-TD); +R=(100*SI)/(sumdue*t); +mprintf("The sum and the rate are Rs.%d and %.2f percent",sumdue,R); diff --git a/1553/CH32/EX32.4/32Ex4.sce b/1553/CH32/EX32.4/32Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d0bea3af --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH32/EX32.4/32Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 32 Ex 4 + +clc; +close; +clear; +t=6/12; r=25/2; dif=25; +// after solving equation of difference between SI and TD considering amount as x we get (x/16)-(x/17)=25 and solving it +for x=1:7000 + if ((x/16)-(x/17))==25 + break; + end +end +mprintf("The sum is Rs.%d",x); + diff --git a/1553/CH32/EX32.5/32Ex5.sce b/1553/CH32/EX32.5/32Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486612b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH32/EX32.5/32Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 32 Ex 5 + +clc; +close; +clear; +//according to prob statement and forming the equation considering sum as x we get (x/2)+(2x/5)-(8x/9)=40 and solving equation +for x=1:5000 + if (x/2)+((2*x)/5)-((8*x)/9)==40 + break; + end +end +mprintf("The amount of the bill is Rs %d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.1/33Ex1.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.1/33Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99ac60a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.1/33Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex 1 +clc; +clear; +close; +facevalue=6000; rate=10/100; +//calculating unexpired time, 26 days (october 31-october 5)+30 days (november)+ 17 days (december) +unexpiredTime=1/5; //converting 73 days into years +bd=facevalue*unexpiredTime*rate; //banker's discount +td=bd/(1+(unexpiredTime*rate)); //true discount +bg=bd-td; //banker's gain +money=facevalue-bd; +mprintf("The bankers discount is Rs.%.0f\n The true discount is Rs.%.2f\n The bankers gain is Rs.%.2f\n The money received by holder of bill is Rs.%.0f",bd,td,bg,money); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.2/33Ex2.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.2/33Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca126fe9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.2/33Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +TD=120; rate=15/100; t=1/2; //given +BG=TD*rate*t; //banker's gain +BD=TD+BG; //banker's discount +mprintf("The bankers discount is Rs %d",BD); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.3/33Ex3.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.3/33Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..421cc2899 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.3/33Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex3 +clc; +clear; +close; +bd=1800;rate=12/100; facevalue=1872; +//SI on 1800=TD on 1872 +PW=facevalue-bd; //present worth +time=PW/(bd*rate); +mprintf("The time is %.2f year i.e %.0f months",time,time*12); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.4/33Ex4.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.4/33Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4af5b8fed --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.4/33Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +BD=120; TD=110; //given +t=8/12; //converted in year +Sum=((BD*TD)/(BD-TD)); +rate= ((100*BD)/(Sum*t)); +mprintf("The sum is Rs.%d \n The rate is %.2f percent",Sum,rate); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.5/33Ex5.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.5/33Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae94f27c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.5/33Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; +PW=1100; +td=110; +bg=(td)^2/PW; +bd=td+bg; +mprintf("The bankers discount is Rs.%.0f and the bankers gain is Rs.%.0f",bd,bg); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.6/33Ex6.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.6/33Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54742841b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.6/33Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 33 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +BD=165; Sum=1650; //given +// As ratio of TD as to BG is 10:1 Thus BD =11 as BD=TD+BG +TD=(10/11)*BD; +BG=BD-TD; +mprintf("THe true discount is Rs.%d \n The bankers gain is Rs.%d",TD,BG); diff --git a/1553/CH33/EX33.7/33Ex7.sce b/1553/CH33/EX33.7/33Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e0bce7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH33/EX33.7/33Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 31 Ex7 +clc; +clear; +close; +deduced=10/100; +//let amount be Rs.100 +amt=100; +deducedAmt=amt*(deduced); +moneyReceived=amt-deducedAmt; +t=10/12; //converting due period in years +rate=(amt*deducedAmt)/(moneyReceived*t); +mprintf("The rate percent is %.2f percent",rate); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.1/34Ex1.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.1/34Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf4dc6bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.1/34Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 34 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +d1=2*sqrt(3); d2=2; +x=d1/d2; +theta=atan(x); +mprintf("The angle of elevation is %.2f degree",((theta*180)/%pi)); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.2/34Ex2.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.2/34Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c22a5a25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.2/34Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 34 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +d1=19; +theta=(60*%pi)/180; //converted into radian +d2=d1*cos(theta); +mprintf("Distance of the foot of the ladder from the wall is %.1f meters",d2); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.3/34Ex3.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.3/34Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7091b9f61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.3/34Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 34 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +theta1=(60*%pi)/180; theta2=(30*%pi)/180; //converted into radian +//forming the equations from given condition and solving them we get (h/tan(theta2))-(h/tan(theta1))=24 and solving we get +h=24/((1/tan(theta2))-(1/tan(theta1))); +mprintf("The height of the tower is %.2f meters",h); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.4/34Ex4.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.4/34Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..136ecb1f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.4/34Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 34 Ex 4 + +clc; +close; +clear; +theta1=(60*%pi)/180; theta2=(30*%pi)/180; //converted into radian +d1=36; //given +x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=1:25 + if round((d1+x)*tan(theta2))==round(x*tan(theta1)) then + break + end +end +mprintf("The breadth of the river is %d meters",x); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.5/34Ex5.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.5/34Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97e0ca579 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.5/34Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 34 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +t=10; theta1=30; theta2=60; +//let height=h; base1=x; base2=y; +//from figure, (x+y)=tan(60)*h; and y=tan(30)*h; +x=tan(60)-tan(30); //this equation excludes the h term since 2 eq's cannot contain 3 unknowns +y=1/tan(60); //this equation excludes the h term since 2 eq's cannot contain 3 unknowns +time=t*y/x; +mprintf("The time required to reach shore is %.0f min",time); diff --git a/1553/CH34/EX34.6/34Ex6.sce b/1553/CH34/EX34.6/34Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9624c2f7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH34/EX34.6/34Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 34 Ex 4 + +clc; +close; +clear; +theta1=(60*%pi)/180; theta2=(30*%pi)/180; //converted into radian +d1=54; //given height of temple 1 +d2=d1/tan(theta1); //widht of river +d3=d2*tan(theta2); +d4=d1-d3; //height of other temple +mprintf("The widht of the river is %.2f meters \n The height of the other temple is %.0f meters", d2,d4); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.1/4Ex1.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.1/4Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..650042dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.1/4Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +x=5005-5000/10; +mprintf("(i)The value of expression is %d",x); + +//(ii) +y=18800/470/20; +mprintf("\n (ii)The value of expression is %d",y); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.10/4EX10.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.10/4EX10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae7fb45c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.10/4EX10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 10 +clc; +clear; +close; +ratioXY=6/5; //the ratio of x/y +//dividing the equation (x^2+y^2)/(x^2-y^2) by y^2 we get (x/y)^2+1/(x/y)^2-1 +value=(ratioXY^2+1)/(ratioXY^2-1); +mprintf("The value of expression is %.2f",value); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.11/4Ex11.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.11/4Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afd947797 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.11/4Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 11 + +clc; +close; +clear; +expr=4-(5/(1+(1/(3+(1/(2+(1/4))))))); +mprintf("The Value of expression is %.3f",expr); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.12/4Ex12.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.12/4Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d5614c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.12/4Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=0.1:0.1:0.9 + if (x/(1+1-x))==0.5 + mprintf("\n The value of x is %.2f",x); + break; + end +end + diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.13/4Ex13.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.13/4Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79286086a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.13/4Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +a=poly(0,'a'); +b1=a/(3/4); //equation(1) +b2=(22-(8*a))/5; //equation(2) +for a=1:0.1:10 + if (a/(3/4))==((22-(8*a))/5) then + break; + end +end +mprintf("(i)The value of a is %.1f",a); + +//(ii) +x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=1:10 + if ((x/4)-((x-3)/6))==1 then + break; + end +end +mprintf("\n(ii) The value of x is %.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.14/4Ex14.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.14/4Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06cb2e2c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.14/4Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(34-2*x)/3; //equation 1 +y=8*x/5; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if (34-2*x)/3==8*x/5 + mprintf("x=%i \n ",x); + break + end +end +y=8*x/5; +printf("The value of 5*y+7*x is: %d",(5*y+7*x)); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.15/4Ex15.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.15/4Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..016a389b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.15/4Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 15 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(51-x)/4; //equation 1 +y=(43-3*x)/2; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if (51-x)/4==(43-3*x)/2 + break + end +end +y=(43-3*x)/2; +z=12-y+x; +printf("The values of x, y & z are: %d, %d, and %d respectively",x,y,z); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.16/4Ex16.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.16/4Ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c8af397 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.16/4Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 16 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=1; +for n=2:99 + a= a*(1-(1/(1+n))); +end +mprintf("The value is %.2f",a); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.17/4Ex17.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.17/4Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1936ac642 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.17/4Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 17 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=0; +for n=2:9 + a= a+(1/(n*(n+1))); +end +mprintf("The value is %0.2f",a); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.18/4Ex18.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.18/4Ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee2143dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.18/4Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 18 + +clc; +clear; +close; +ans=(100-1/49)*245; +mprintf("The simplified value is %d",ans); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.19/4Ex19.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.19/4Ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..853ade7ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.19/4Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 19 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Length=(7*12+9); //converting into inches +Length_part=Length/3; +Length_part_ft=Length_part/12; +Length_part_in=modulo(Length_part,12); +printf("The length of each part is %d ft %d inches",Length_part_ft,Length_part_in); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.20/4Ex20.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.20/4Ex20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5149bc13 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.20/4Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 20 + +clc; +clear; +close; +total=8600; s=5;d=4;n=2; +amtD=total/(5*s+4*d+n); +printf("The share of each daughter is Rs. %d",d*amtD); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.21/4Ex21.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.21/4Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95cada65f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.21/4Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 21 + +clc; +clear; +close; +rent=2/5; food=3/10; conveyance=1/8; Amtleft=1400; +PartLeft=1-(rent+food+conveyance); +salary=Amtleft/PartLeft; +eFood=food*salary; +eConveyance=conveyance*salary; +printf("The expenditure on food is Rs. %3.0f and that on conveyance is Rs. %3.0f",eFood,eConveyance); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.22/4Ex22.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.22/4Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a072b89e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.22/4Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 22 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(2*x-180)/3; //equation 1 +y=240-x; //equation 2 +for x=1:200 + if (2*x-180)/3==240-x + break + end +end +y=240-x; +printf("Arun got %d marks in English",y); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.23/4Ex23.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.23/4Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c29e6bf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.23/4Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 23 + +clc; +clear; +close; +b_taken=6; b_poured=4; //number of bottles taken and poured respectively +oil_filled=4/5; oilfill_poured=3/4; +numBottles=(b_taken-b_poured)/(oil_filled-oilfill_poured); +mprintf("The required number of bottles are %0.0f",numBottles); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.24/4Ex24.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.24/4Ex24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d87fe2f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.24/4Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 24 + +clc; +clear; +close; +penBlack=1/8; penBlue=3.5; +totalLength=penBlue/(1/2*(1-penBlack)); +mprintf("The total length of pencil is %0.0f",totalLength); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.25/4Ex25.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.25/4Ex25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f23d1f318 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.25/4Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 25 + +clc; +clear; +close; +women=1/3; men=1-women; +womenMarried=1/2*women; +womenChildren=1/3*womenMarried; +menChildren=(2/3)*(3/4)*men; +workerChildren=womenChildren+menChildren; +NoChildren=1-workerChildren; +mprintf("The workers with no children are %1.2f part of total workers",NoChildren); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.26/4Ex26.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.26/4Ex26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3401536ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.26/4Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 23 + +clc; +clear; +close; +bruised=1/30; +unsalable=3/4; +unsalableMangoes=12; +totalMangoes=unsalableMangoes/(unsalable*bruised); +mprintf("The total number of mangoes are %0.0f",totalMangoes); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.27/4Ex27.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.27/4Ex27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152c8afa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.27/4Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 27 + +clc; +clear; +close; +firstStation=280; +secondStation=12; +thirdStationTotal=248; +totalBeginning=(((thirdStationTotal-secondStation)/(1/2))-280)/(2/3); +mprintf("The total number of passengers in the beginning were %0.0f",totalBeginning); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.28/4Ex28.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.28/4Ex28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a890548 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.28/4Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 28 + +clc; +clear; +close; +sumsquares=117; product=54; +Sum=sqrt(sumsquares+2*product); //from the formula (a+b)^2=a^2+b^2+2*a*b +subtract=sqrt(sumsquares-2*product); +value=Sum/subtract; +mprintf("The value of (a+b)/(a-b)=%.0f",value); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.29/4Ex29.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.29/4Ex29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd94da1bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.29/4Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 28 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=75983; b=45983; c=30000; +value=(a*a-b*b)/c; +mprintf("The value is %d",value); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.3/4Ex3.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.3/4Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83ce23ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.3/4Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=67/5-(9/2+19/6+7/3); //derived from problem statement 9/2+19/6+x+7/3=67/5 +mprintf("The missing term is %.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.30/4Ex30.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.30/4Ex30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2338f991d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.30/4Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 30 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=343; b=113; +value=(a*a*a-b*b*b)/(a*a+a*b+b*b); +mprintf("The value is %d",value); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.31/4Ex31.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.31/4Ex31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5ac4fb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.31/4Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 31 + +clc; +clear; +close; +popX=68000; popY=42000; +rateX=1200; rateY=800; +years=(popX-popY)/(rateX+rateY); +mprintf("The population will be equal after %d years",years); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.32/4Ex32.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.32/4Ex32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0c04023 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.32/4Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 32 + +clc; +clear; +close; +girlsLeave=15; boysEachgirl=2; boysLeave=45; girlsEachboy=5; +//let x boys are there at present; thus totalboys=x+45; girls=5*x +boysPresent=boysLeave/(girlsEachboy*boysEachgirl-1); +girlsBeginning=girlsEachboy*boysPresent+girlsLeave; +mprintf("The number of girls in the beginning were %d",girlsBeginning); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.33/4Ex33.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.33/4Ex33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc82a9b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.33/4Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 33 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Eachday=20; idleFortified=3; twoMonths=60; wageTwoMonths=280; +idleDays=(Eachday*twoMonths-wageTwoMonths)/(Eachday+idleFortified); +mprintf("The worker remained idle for %d days",idleDays); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.34/4Ex34.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.34/4Ex34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced85481a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.34/4Ex34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 34 + +clc; +clear; +close; +totalnotes=85; amount=5000; den100=100; den50=50; +notes50=(amount-den100*totalnotes)/(den50-den100); +amount50=notes50*den50; +mprintf("The required amount is Rs.%d",amount50); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.35/4Ex35.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.35/4Ex35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51e8361eb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.35/4Ex35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 35 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=14; n2=18; amtEach=80; +amtTotal=amtEach/(1/n1-1/n2); +mprintf("The total amount was Rs.%d",amtTotal); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.36/4Ex36.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.36/4Ex36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..245bc67fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.36/4Ex36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 36 + +clc; +clear; +close; +expenses=360; expCut=3; numdaysCut=4; + +for n=1:99 + if n^2+4*n-480==0 + break; + end +end +mprintf("Mr. Bhaskar is on tour for %d days",n); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.37/4Ex37.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.37/4Ex37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a011834be --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.37/4Ex37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 37 + +clc; +clear; +close; +cost1=86; cost2=112; +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(cost1-2*x)/3; //equation 1 +y=cost2-4*x; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if (cost1-2*x)/3==cost2-4*x + break + end +end +y=cost2-4*x; +printf("The cost of pen is Rs.%d and that of pencil is Rs.%d",x,y); + diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.38/4Ex38.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.38/4Ex38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dee0c6545 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.38/4Ex38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 38 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=poly(0,'x'); +AtoS=30; StoA=10; +y=2*x-(AtoS+2*AtoS); //equation 1 +y=(x+AtoS+StoA)/3; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if 2*x-(AtoS+2*AtoS)==(x+AtoS+StoA)/3 + break + end +end +y=(x+AtoS+StoA)/3; +printf("Arun has Rs.%d and Sajal has Rs.%d",x,y); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.39/4Ex39.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.39/4Ex39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8de543128 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.39/4Ex39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 4 Ex 39 + +clc; +clear; +close; +hens=50; goats=45; camels=8; numFeet=224; +numKeepers=numFeet-((goats*4+camels*4+hens*2)-(hens+goats+camels)); +mprintf("The total number of keepers are %d",numKeepers); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.4/4Ex4.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.4/4Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29a729de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.4/4Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +// from given statement we the equation as (4/21)x-(8/45)x=8 +for x=1:700 + if ((4/21)*x-(8/45)*x)==8 + break; + end +end +half=x/2; +mprintf("The required number is %d",half); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.5/4Ex5.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.5/4Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c23d98837 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.5/4Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 5 + +clc; +close; +clear; +expr=[(13/4)/{5/4-(1/2)*(5/2-(1/4-1/6))}]; +mprintf("The value of expression is %.0f",expr); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.6/4Ex6.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.6/4Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3b2e77a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.6/4Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 6 + +clc; +close; +clear; +expr=108/[36*(1/4)]+[(2/5)*(13/4)]; +mprintf("The value of expression is %.2f",expr); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.7/4Ex7.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.7/4Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62f603f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.7/4Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +expr=(((7/2)/(5/2)*(3/2))/((7/2)/((5/2)*(3/2))))/5.25; +mprintf("The value of expression is %.2f",expr); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.8/4Ex8.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.8/4Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..655054120 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.8/4Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +expr1=12.05*5.4/0.6; +mprintf("The value of expression is %.2f",expr1); + +//(ii) +expr2=(0.6*0.6)+(0.6/6); +mprintf("\n The value of expression is %.2f",expr2); diff --git a/1553/CH4/EX4.9/4Ex9.sce b/1553/CH4/EX4.9/4Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c8a27a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH4/EX4.9/4Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 4 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +x1=17.28/(2*3.6*0.2); +mprintf("(i)The value of x is %.0f",x1); + +//(ii) +x2=364.824/(3794.1696+36.4824-3648.24); +mprintf("\n(ii)The value of x is %.0f",x2); + +//(iii) +x3=poly(0,'x'); +for x3=1:0.1:10 + if round(8.5-(5.5-(7.5+(2.8/x3)))*(4.25/0.04))==306 + break; + end +end +mprintf("\n(iii)The value of x is %.1f",x3); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.1/5Ex1.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.1/5Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..920630d64 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.1/5Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 1 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(6084); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.10/5Ex10.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.10/5Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44f4374c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.10/5Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 10 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=((13/12)^2-1)*144; +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.11/5Ex11.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.11/5Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7d0dd042 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.11/5Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 11 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(3); +mprintf("x=%.3f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.12/5Ex12.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.12/5Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1707ce8bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.12/5Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 12 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(192)-(1/2)*sqrt(48)-sqrt(75); +mprintf("x=%.3f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.13/5Ex13.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.13/5Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87729a7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.13/5Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 13 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(9.5*.0085*18.9)/sqrt(.0017*1.9*.021); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.14/5Ex14.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.14/5Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3058cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.14/5Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 14 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt((12.1^2-8.1^2)/(.25^2+.25*19.95)); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.15/5Ex15.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.15/5Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7227d0da --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.15/5Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 15 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be z +z=(1+sqrt(2))^2+(1-sqrt(2))^2; + +mprintf("The value of expression (x^2+y^2) is %.0f",z); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.16/5EX16.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.16/5EX16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b59ad5edb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.16/5EX16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 16 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(.9); +mprintf("x=%.3f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.17/5Ex17.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.17/5Ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9d7ad5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.17/5Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 17 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(5/3); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.2/5Ex2.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.2/5Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e919b0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.2/5Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 2 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(1471369); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.21/5Ex21.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.21/5Ex21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74bfd4830 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.21/5Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 21 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(2)/(2+sqrt(2)); +mprintf("x=%.3f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.22/5Ex22.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.22/5Ex22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67d644218 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.22/5Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 22 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be z +x=(sqrt(5)+sqrt(3))/(sqrt(5)-sqrt(3)); +y=(sqrt(5)-sqrt(3))/(sqrt(5)+sqrt(3)) +z=x^2+y^2; +mprintf("The value of expression (x^2+y^2)is %.0f",z); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.23/5Ex23.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.23/5Ex23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f8f92f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.23/5Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 23 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=nthroot(2744,3); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.3/5Ex3.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.3/5Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1de03cf9b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.3/5Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +//chapter 5 Ex 3 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(248+sqrt(51+sqrt(169))); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.4/5Ex4.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.4/5Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0c8dee21 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.4/5Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 4 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +a=6; b=15; c=3; +x=sqrt((a+2)*(b+3))/(c+1); +mprintf("x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.5/5Ex5.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.5/5Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a3b0689c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.5/5Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 5 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(25/16); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.6/5Ex6.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.6/5Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7361e4b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.6/5Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 6 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(.0009); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.7/5Ex7.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.7/5Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8ae026f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.7/5Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 1 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(175.2976); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.8/5Ex8.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.8/5Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c03d5dad --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.8/5Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 8 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let the value to be found out be x and y +y=32.4/2^2; //after squaring both sides +x=sqrt((12.3-sqrt(86.49))^2-5); //from the given equation +mprintf("(i)y=%.1f",y); +mprintf("\n(ii)x=%.0f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH5/EX5.9/5Ex9.sce b/1553/CH5/EX5.9/5Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fa537452 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH5/EX5.9/5Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 5 Ex 9 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//let the value to be found out be x +x=sqrt(.289/.00121); +mprintf("x=%.2f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.1/6Ex1.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.1/6Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb6ec4e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.1/6Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 6 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n1=31; n2=37; n3=41; n4=43; n5=47; //prime number between 30 and 50 +avg=(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5)/5; +mprintf("The average of all prime numbers between 30 and 50 is %.2f",avg); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.10/6Ex10.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.10/6Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d339f2a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.10/6Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=3; avg=45; AB=40; BC=43; +Sum=(avg*n); +SumAB=AB*2; SumBC=BC*2; +B=SumAB+SumBC-Sum; +mprintf("The weight of B is %d kg.",B); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.11/6Ex11.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.11/6Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac0dfaa36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.11/6Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 11 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=39; avg39=15;//average of 39 students +inc=3/12; //months converted to years +avg40=avg39+inc; +Sum39=avg39*n; +Sum40=avg40*(n+1); +teacherAge=Sum40-Sum39; +mprintf("The age of teacher is %d years",teacherAge); + diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.12/6Ex12.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.12/6Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b24fbe55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.12/6Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 12 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=10; inc=1.8; +weightreplaced=53; +totalinc=n*inc; +weightNew=weightreplaced+totalinc; +mprintf("The weight of new man is %d kg.",weightNew); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.13/6Ex13.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.13/6Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69f563f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.13/6Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=35; newN=7; incExp=42; perheadExp=1; +originalAvg=(incExp+incExp*perheadExp)/(incExp-n); +originalExp=originalAvg*n; +mprintf("The original expenditure is Rs.%d",originalExp); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.14/6Ex14.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.14/6Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eec28e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.14/6Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; +score=87; inc=3; n=17; +avg17= score-(n-1)*inc; +mprintf("The average after 17th inning is %d",avg17); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.15/6Ex15.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.15/6Ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..630e703bd --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.15/6Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 15 + +clc; +clear; +close; +s1=84; s2=56; +avgSpeed=(2*s1*s2)/(s1+s2); +printf("The average speed of train is %1.1f km/hr",avgSpeed); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.2/6Ex2.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.2/6Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b07cb08c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.2/6Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=40; +Sum=n*(n+1)/2; //formula for sum of first n natural numbers +avg=Sum/n; +mprintf("The required average is %.1f",avg); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.3/6Ex3.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.3/6Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1c43b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.3/6Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +a=[]; +for i=1:20 + a(i)=7*i; +end +Sum=sum(a); +Average=Sum/size(a,"r"); +printf("The average of first 20 multiples of 7 is %3.2f",Average); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.4/6Ex4.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.4/6Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ed9716c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.4/6Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +avg=27; +nums=4; +n=((avg*nums)-(1+2+3+4))/4; //addition of 4 consecutive numbers +mprintf("The largest number is %d",n+6); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.5/6Ex5.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.5/6Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67b7ee918 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.5/6Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +Atotal=36; Btotal=44; +avgA=40; avgB=35; +avg=(Atotal*avgA+Btotal*avgB)/(Atotal+Btotal); +mprintf("The average weight of whole class is %.2f kilograms",avg); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.6/6Ex6.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.6/6Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..396672a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.6/6Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +persons=9; extra=8; +avgexp=(12*(persons-1)+extra)/(persons-1); +total=9*avgexp; +mprintf("The total money spent was Rs.%d",total); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.7/6Ex7.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.7/6Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5806e526 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.7/6Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +num=3; avg=44; +//let third number be x +num3=(avg*num)/(1+3+3/2); +num2=3*num3; +mprintf("The largest number is %d",num2); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.8/6Ex8.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.8/6Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d89c9590 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.8/6Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +total=25; avg25=18; avg12first=14; avg12last=17; +num13=(avg25*total)-((avg12first*12)+(avg12last*12)); +mprintf("The 13th number is %d",num13); diff --git a/1553/CH6/EX6.9/6Ex9.sce b/1553/CH6/EX6.9/6Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c915ca68b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH6/EX6.9/6Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 6 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +total=11; avg11=60; avg6first=58; avg6last=63; +num6=(((avg6first*6)+(avg6last*6))-avg11*total); +mprintf("The 6th number is %d",num6); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.1/7Ex1.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.1/7Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..321f1365d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.1/7Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let number be x +//given x-36=86-x +//thus polynomial is: 2x-122=0 + +mycoeff=[-122 2]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=roots(p); +printf("The number is %d",ans); + + +//Alternative logic for same problem +for x=1:99 + if((2*x-122)==0) + printf("\nAlternate Logic: \nThe number is: %d",x); + break; +end +end diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.10/7Ex10.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.10/7Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ea4b3d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.10/7Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex10 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let numbers be x and y + +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(3*x-5)/4; //equation 1 +y=(5*x+6)/7; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if((3*x-5)/4 ==(5*x+6)/7) + mprintf("x=%i \n ",x) + break + end +end +disp("substitute the x value in any one of the above equations to find y."); +y=(5*x+6)/7; +printf("\n The numbers are : %d and %d",x,y); + diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.11/7Ex11.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.11/7Ex11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b61655940 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.11/7Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex11 + +clc; +close; + +//let tens's digit be x and unit's be x+3 +//given number=10x+(x+3)=11x+3 +//ratio is (11x+3)/(2x+3)=4/1 +//polynomial is: 3x-9=0 + + mycoeff=[-9 3]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=11*roots(p)+3; //since given number as calculated in line 7 +printf("The number is: %d",ans); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.12/7Ex12.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.12/7Ex12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e8eeddad --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.12/7Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex12 +clc; +close; +//let ten's digit be x, thus unit's digit is 9-x +//number=10x+9-x=9x+9 +//number obtained by reversing digits=10(9-x)+x=90-9x +//polynomial is: 18x-144=0 + +mycoeff=[-144 18]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=9*roots(p)+9; //since given number as calculated in line 6 +printf("The number is: %d",ans); + +//Alternative logic for same problem +for x=1:99 + if((18*x-144)==0) + + num=(9*x+9); + printf("\n Alternate logic: \n The number is: %d",num); + break; +end +end diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.13/7Ex13.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.13/7Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a48293f --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.13/7Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex13 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let fraction be x/y + +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=(3*x+1)/2; //equation 1 +y=2*x-1; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if (3*x+1)/2 ==2*x-1 + mprintf("x=%i \n",x) + break + end +end +disp("substitute the x value in any one of the above equations to find y."); +y=2*x-1; + +printf("\nThe fraction is %d/%d",x,y); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.14/7Ex14.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.14/7Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfe316738 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.14/7Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 7 Ex14 + +clc; +close; + +//Let one number be x, tbhus other is 50-x; according to given conditions forming the polynomial p=x^2-50*x+600; solving it we get +mycoeff=[600 -50 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=roots(p); +printf("The two parts are: %d and %d",r(1),r(2)); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.2/7Ex2.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.2/7Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ec9c6af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.2/7Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex2 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let number be x +//given 7x-15=2x+10 +//thus polynomial is 5x-25=0 + +mycoeff=[-25 5]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=roots(p); +printf("The number is: %d",ans); + +//Alternative logic for same problem +for x=1:99 + if((5*x-25)==0) + printf("\nAlternate logic: \nThe number is: %d",x); + break; +end +end diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.3/7Ex3.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.3/7Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1384af51 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.3/7Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex 3 +clc; +close; + +//let the number be x; thus the reciprocal is 1/x and equation (e1)can be formed as: +//x+(1/x)=13/6; converting it into a polynomial + +mycoeff=[6 -13 6]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=roots(p); +printf("The number is: x=%1.1f or x=%1.1f",ans(1),ans(2)); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.4/7Ex4.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.4/7Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0d823d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.4/7Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex4 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let number be x +//given (x/3)-(184-x)/7=8 +//thus polynomial is: 10x=720 + +mycoeff=[-720 10]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ans=roots(p); +printf("The smaller number is: %d",ans); + + +//Alternative logic for same problem +for x=1:99 + if((10*x-720)==0) + printf("\n Alternate logic: \n The smaller number is: %d",x); + break; +end +end diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.5/7Ex5.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.5/7Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d1703a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.5/7Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex5 +clc; +clear; +close; +//let numbers be x and y + +x=poly(0,'x'); +y=x-11; //equation 1 +y=45-x; //equation 2 +for x=1:99 + if x-11 ==45-x + mprintf("x=%i \n ",x) + break + end +end +disp("substitute the x value in any one of the above equationsto find y."); +y=x-11; +printf("\nThus the numbers are %d and %d: \n",x,y); + + diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.6/7Ex6.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.6/7Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..962317f79 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.6/7Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex 6 +clc; +close; +//let number be x nad y, then x+y=42 and x*y=437 +//absolute differenec is given by: + +//sum=x+y; +Sum=42; + +//product=x*y; +product=437; + +eq=Sum^2-4*product; + +//diff=x-y; +Diff=sqrt(eq); +printf("Required difference is: %d",Diff); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.7/7Ex7.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.7/7Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc4e37756 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.7/7Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 7 Ex7 + +clc; +close; + +//Let one number be x, tbhus other is 15-x; according to given conditions forming the polynomial p=x^2+(15-x)^2; solving it we get +mycoeff=[56 -15 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=roots(p); +printf("The two numbers are: %d and %d",r(1),r(2)); diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.8/7Ex8.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.8/7Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed94530a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.8/7Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Chapter 7 Ex 8 +clc; +close; + +//Let first number be x, thus other numbers will be x+2,x+4,x+6 (since consecutive even); and the equation will be (sum/4)=27 + +//sum=x+(x+2)+(x+4)+(x+6); +//avg=27; //given +//avg=sum/4; +// given polynomial is x+(x+2)+(x+4)+(x+6)=108 + +mycoeff=[-96 4]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=roots(p)+6; +printf("The largest number is: %d",r) diff --git a/1553/CH7/EX7.9/7Ex9.sce b/1553/CH7/EX7.9/7Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ef55c787 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH7/EX7.9/7Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 7 Ex 9 + +clc; +close; + +//let first number be x,thus other numbers are x+2 and x+4; +//given is x^2+(x+2)^2+(x+4)^2=2531; after solving equation is x^2+4*x-837 + mycoeff=[-837 4 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +r=roots(p); +r1=r(1)+2; +r2=r(1)+4; +printf("The numbers are either %d, %d, %d OR",r(1),r1,r2); +r3=r(2)+2; +r4=r(2)+4; +printf(" %d, %d, %d",r(2),r3,r4); diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.1/8Ex1.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.1/8Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98fc8ad4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.1/8Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let rajeev's age be x +//by the given condition: equation is x+15=5(x-5); +mycoeff=[-40 4]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ageRajeev=roots(p); +mprintf("Present age of rajeev is %d years",ageRajeev); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.2/8Ex2.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.2/8Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..846121861 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.2/8Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let age of younger person be x +//by the given condition: equation is 3(x-6)=x+16-6; +mycoeff=[-28 2]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +x=roots(p); +mprintf("Their present ages are %d years and %d years",x,x+16); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.3/8Ex3.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.3/8Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c133469ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.3/8Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let ankita's age be x, thus nikita'a age=240/x +//by the given condition: 2*240/x-x=4; equation is: x^2+4*x-480; +mycoeff=[-480 4 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +ageAnkita=roots(p); +ageNikita=240/ageAnkita(2);//since age cannot be negative +printf("Age of Nikita is %d years",ageNikita); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.4/8Ex4.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.4/8Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4e6e968d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.4/8Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 4 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let son's age be x +//by the given condition: equation is 3x+3+3=2(x+3)+10; +mycoeff=[-10 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +x=roots(p); +mprintf("Present age of father is %d years",3*x+3); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.5/8Ex5.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.5/8Ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2832a8a5d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.5/8Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let son's age 8 years ago be x +//by the given condition: equation is 2(x+16)=4x+16; +mycoeff=[-16 2]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +x=roots(p); +mprintf("Present age of rohit is %d years",4*x+8); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.6/8Ex6.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.6/8Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e206d90ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.6/8Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let sachin's age 1 years ago be 6x +//by the given condition: equation is (6x+5)/(7x+5)=7/8; +mycoeff=[-5 1]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +x=roots(p); +mprintf("Present age of sachin is %d years",7*x+1); + + diff --git a/1553/CH8/EX8.7/8Ex7.sce b/1553/CH8/EX8.7/8Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a92344ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH8/EX8.7/8Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 8 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let abhay's age 10 years ago be x +//by the given condition: equation is x+16=3/7*(5x+16); +mycoeff=[-64 8]; +p=poly(mycoeff,"x","coeff"); +x=roots(p); +mprintf("Present age of abhay father is %d years",5*x+10); + + diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.1/9Ex1.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.1/9Ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fe7e7039 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.1/9Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 9 Ex 1 + +clc; +clear; +close; +b1=27; p1=2/3; //base and power +b2=1024; p2=(-4/5); +b3=8/125; p3=(-4/3); +//let the values to be found out be x, y and z +x=b1^p1; y=b2^p2; z=b3^p3; +mprintf("(i)x=%.0f\n(ii) y=%.4f\n(iii) z=%.2f",x,y,z); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.10/9Ex10.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.10/9Ex10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517eaab8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.10/9Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 10 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=((6^(2/3))*(6^(7/3)))/(6^(6/3)); +mprintf("The value of expression is %d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.13/9Ex13.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.13/9Ex13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02d818ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.13/9Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 9 Ex 13 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +a=sqrt(2); b=nthroot(3,3); +v=[a b]; +v=gsort(v,'lc','i'); +mprintf("%.3f > %.3f i.e b>a",v(2),v(1)); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.14/9Ex14.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.14/9Ex14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..850f9c2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.14/9Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 9 Ex 14 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +a=nthroot(6,4); b=sqrt(2); c=nthroot(4,3); +v=[a b c]; +v=gsort(v,'lc','i'); +mprintf("Largest number is %.3f",v(3)); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.2/9Ex2.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.2/9Ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1993dcbe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.2/9Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 2 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//(i) +x1=(0.00032)^(3/5); + +//(ii) +x2=((256)^(0.16))*((16)^(0.18)); + +mprintf("The value of expression 1 and expression 2 are %.3f and %d",x1,x2); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.3/9Ex3.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.3/9Ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97d3cc56e --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.3/9Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 9 Ex 3 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=poly(0,'x'); +//let the answer to be found out be ans +mprintf("The quotient is:\n"); +ans=(x^(-1)-1)/(x-1) +disp(ans) + diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.4/9Ex4.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.4/9Ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0787e61b --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.4/9Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 4 + +clc; +close; +clear; +x=poly(0,'x'); +for x=1:20 + if ((2^(x-1))+(2^(x+1)))==1280 + break; + end +end +mprintf("The value of x is %d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.5/9EX5.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.5/9EX5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32f000d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.5/9EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 5 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=(5*((8^(1/3))+(27^(1/3)))^3)^(1/4); +mprintf("The value of expression is %d",x); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.6/9Ex6.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.6/9Ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea7f4565a --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.6/9Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 6 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=(16^(3/2))+(16^(-3/2)); +mprintf("The value of x is %.3f",x); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.7/9Ex7.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.7/9Ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9832f6256 --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.7/9Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 9 Ex 7 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//let the value be x +y=poly(0,'y'); +for y=1:10 + if ((1/5)^(y))==nthroot(.008,3) + mprintf("y=%d",y); + break; + end +end +ans=.25^y; +mprintf("\n ans=%.2f",ans); diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.8/9Ex8.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.8/9Ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdd181afb --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.8/9Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 8 + +clc; +clear; +close; +n=1; //assuming +expr=((243^(n/5))*(3^(2*n+1)))/((9^n)*(3^(n-1))); +mprintf("The value of expression is %d",expr); + diff --git a/1553/CH9/EX9.9/9Ex9.sce b/1553/CH9/EX9.9/9Ex9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..402492a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1553/CH9/EX9.9/9Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ex 9 + +clc; +clear; +close; +x=(2^(1/4)-1)*((2^(3/4))+(2^(1/2))+(2^(1/4))+1); +mprintf("The value of the expression is %.0f",x); diff --git a/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.jpg b/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccd5a93b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.sce b/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47e265656 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH1/EX1.1/EXP1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 1.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +wf=30;.............//Weight of the bicycle frame made of steel in lb +rho1=7.8;...........//Density of steel in g/cm^3 +rho2=2.7;..........//Density of Aluminum in g/cm^3 +rho3=4.5;...........//Density of Titanium in g/cm^3 +rho4=1.8;..........//Density of Carbon fiber in g/cm^3 +//CALCULATIONS +vf=(wf*454)/rho1;..........//Volume of frame in cm^3 +wa1=(vf*rho2)/454;.........//Weight of Aluminum in lbs +wa2=(rho2/rho1)*wf;.......//Weight of Aluminum alloy in lb +wt=(rho3/rho1)*wf;........//Weight of Titanium in lb +wc=(rho4/rho1)*wf;........//Weight of Carbon fiber in lb +disp(round(vf),"Volume of frame in cm^3:") +disp(wa1,"Weight of Aluminum in lbs:") +disp(wa2,"Weight of Aluminum alloy in lbs:") +disp(wt,"Weight of Titanium in lbs:") +disp(wc,"Weight of Carbon fiber in lbs:") +printf("As can be seen, substantial reduction in weight is possible using materials other than steel.") diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.jpg b/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c0674f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.sce b/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b5e58546 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH10/EX10.10/EXP10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.10 +// Initialisation of Variables +Ma=10;.........//Mass of alloy to be produced in Kg +%Ni=35;........//Percentage of Nickel in Cu-35% Ni +Wn=3.5;.......//total nickel in the 35% alloy being produced +%Cu=20;.......// Percentage of Copper in Cu-35% Ni +//CALCULATIONS +Mn=Ma*(%Ni/100);.....//The total mass of Ni needed in Kg +X=((Wn*100)-(Ma*100))/-80;....//No.of Kg of Cu-35% Ni to melt with 1.875 kg of pure nickel to produce the required alloy +disp(Mn,"The total mass of Ni needed in Kg:") +disp(X,"Weight of Cu-20%Ni to be melted:") diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.jpg b/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e87c126a Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.sce b/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e52156693 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH10/EX10.11/EXP10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.11 +// Initialisation of Variables +W=123.2;.....//The molecular weight of zirconia (ZrO2) +W2=285.2;.....//The molecular weight of Yttyium +N1=0.91;....//No. of moles of Zirconia in YSZ +N2=0.09;.....//No. of moles of Yttria in YSZ +Wy=2000;....//Weight of YSZ in g +//CALCULATIONS +M1=N1*W;.......//The mass of 0.91 moles of zirconia in g +M2=N2*W2;.......//The mass of 0.09 moles of Yttria in g +%W1=M1/(M1+M2);.....//The weight fraction of zirconia in this 9 mol.% YSZ material +%W2=1-%W1;....//The weight fraction of yttria in this 9 mol.% YSZ material +Z=Wy*%W1;....//The amount of Zirconia in g +disp(M1,"he mass of 0.91 moles of zirconia in g:") +disp(M2,"The mass of 0.09 moles of Yttria in g:") +disp(%W1,"The mass of 0.91 moles of zirconia in g:") +disp(%W2,"The weight fraction of yttria in this 9 mol.% YSZ material:") +disp(Z,"The amount of Zirconia in g") diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.jpg b/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9cc31946 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.sce b/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b601797 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH10/EX10.6/EXP10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0)//EXAMPLE 10.6 +//INITIALISATION OF VARIABLES +c1=2;..........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1300 celsius +p1=1;........//No.of phases at 1300 celsius +c2=2;........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1250 celsius +p2=2;.........//No.of phases at 1250 celsius +c3=2;.........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1200 celsius +p3=1;.......//No.of phases at 1200 celsius +//CALCULATIONS +f1=1+c1-p1;...........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1300 celsius +f2=1+c2-p2;...........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1250 celsius +f3=1+c3-p3;..........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1200 celsius +disp(f1,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1300 celsius ") +disp(f2,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1250 celsius ") +disp(f3,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1200 celsius ") diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.jpg b/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..344a449cd Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.sce b/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb5c3f156 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH10/EX10.8/EXP10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Nia=40;......//no, of grams of nickel in alloy at alla temperature +%NiL=32;......//Mass of Nickel present in Liquid +%Nialpha=45;......//Mass of NIckel present in alpha +//CALCULATIONS +x=(%Nia-%NiL)/(%Nialpha-%NiL);.....//Mass fraction of alloy in percent +disp(x,"Mass fraction of alloy in percent:") +printf("By converting 62percent alpha and 38percent Liquid are present.:") diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.jpg b/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c755d2af2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.sce b/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0521a4273 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH10/EX10.9/EXP10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.9 +// Initialisation of Variables +%NiL=37;......// percentage of NI the Liquid contains at 1270 degree celsius +%NiS=50;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1270 degree celsius +%NiL2=32;........//percentage of NI the Liquidcontains at 1250 degree celsius +%NiS2=45;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1250 degree celsius +%NiS3=40;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1200 degree celsius +%NiL3=40;.......//percentage of NI the Liquid contains at 1300 degree celsius +//CALCULATIONS +%L=((%NiS-%NiL3)/(%NiS-%NiL))*100;......//Percentage of Liquid at 1270 degree celsius +%S=((%NiS3-%NiL)/(%NiS-%NiL))*100;.......//Percentage of Solid qt 1270 degree celsius +%L2=((%NiS2-%NiL3)/(%NiS2-%NiL2))*100;....//Percentage of Liquid at 1250 degree celsius +%S2=((%NiS3-%NiL2)/(%NiS2-%NiL2))*100;....//Percentage of Solid qt 1250 degree celsius +printf("At 1300 degree celsius only one phase so 100 percent Liquid") +disp(round(%L),"Percentage of Liquid at 1270 degree celsius :") +disp(round(%S),"Percentage of Solid qt 1270 degree celsius:") +disp(round(%L2),"Percentage of Liquid at 1250 degree celsius :") +disp(round(%S2),"Percentage of Solid at 1250 degree celsius:") +printf("At 1200 degree celsius only one phase so 100 percent Solid ") diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.jpg b/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3567221c Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.sce b/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..273d67206 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH11/EX11.2/EXP11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Sn=2;......//Amount of Tin Dissolved in alpha solid solution +%Sn2=10;.....//Amount of Tin Dissolved in alpha+beeta solid solution at 0 degree celsius +m=100;........//Total mass of the Pb-Sn alloy in gm +Pbm=90;.......//Total mass of the Pb in Pb-Sn alloy in gm +//CALCULATIONS +B=((%Sn2-%Sn)/(m-%Sn))*100;.......//The amount of beeta Sn that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0 Degree celsius +B2=100-B;......//The amount of alpha Sn that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0 Degree celsius +Sn1=(%Sn/100)*(B2);......//The mass of Sn in the alpha phase in g +Sn2=%Sn2-Sn1;.....//The mass of Sn in beeta phase in g +Pb1=B2-Sn1;....//The mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g +Pb2=Pbm-Pb1;.........//The mass of Pb in the beeta phase in g +disp(B,"c.Amount of beeta forms of Pb-Sn in gm:") +disp(Sn1,"d.The mass of Sn in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(Sn2,"d.The mass of Sn in beeta phase in g:") +disp(Pb1,"e.The mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(Pb2,"e.The mass of Pb in the beeta phase in g:") diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.jpg b/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4806b988d Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.sce b/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..112f11e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH11/EX11.3/EXP11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +M=200;........//Mass of alpha phase of alloy in gm +%Sn=61.9;......//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +%Pb=19;.......//Percentage of the Pb in the alpha phase in percent +%Pb2=97.5;.....//Percentage of the Sn in the beeta phase in percent +//CALCULLATIONS +W1=(%Pb2-%Sn)/(%Pb2-%Pb);.....//Weight fraction of alpha phase +W2=(%Sn-%Pb)/(%Pb2-%Pb);.......//Weight fraction of beeta phase +Ma=M*W1;......//The mass of the alpha phase in 200g in g +Mb=M-Ma;......//The amount of the beeta phase in g at 182 degree celsius +MPb1=Ma*(1-(%Pb/100));.......//Mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g +MSn1=Ma-MPb1;......//Mass of Sn in alpha phase +MPb2=Mb*(1-(%Pb2/100));.....//Mass of Pb in beeta phase +MSn2=123.8-MSn1;.....//mass of Sn in beeta Phase +disp(W1,"Weight fraction of alpha phase") +disp(W2,"Weight fraction of beeta phase") +disp(Ma,"The mass of the alpha phase in 200g in g:") +disp(Mb,"The amount of the beeta phase in g at 182 degree celsius:") +disp(MPb1,"Mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(MSn1,"Mass of Sn in alpha phase") +disp(MPb2,"Mass of Pb in beeta phase:") +disp(MSn2,"mass of Sn in beeta Phase:") diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.jpg b/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b7094be Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.sce b/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0acb37d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH11/EX11.5/EXP11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Sn=61.9;......//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +%Pb=19;.......//Percentage of the Pb in the alpha phase in percent +%Sn2=30;....//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +//CALCULATIONS +%Pa=(%Sn-%Sn2)/(%Sn-%Pb);......//The amount of compositions of primary alpha in Pb-Sn +%L=(%Sn2-%Pb)/(%Sn-%Pb);......//The amount of composition of eutectic in Pb-Sn +disp(round(%Pa*100),"The amount of compositions of primary alpha in Pb-Sn:") +disp(round(%L*100),"The amount of composition of eutectic in Pb-Sn:") diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.jpg b/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa563e90d Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.sce b/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eb9b1889 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH12/EX12.1/EXP12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +r1=0.111;......//Rate of copper in min^-1 at 135 degree celsius +r2=0.004;.......//Rate of copper in min^-1 at 88 degree celsius +T1=408;.......//Temperature in K +T2=361;.......//Temperature in K +R=1.987;......//Gas constant +Q=20693;.......//Change in Rates +slope=(log(r1)-log(r2))/((1/T1)-(1/T2));....//Slope of the straight line ploted ln(Growth rate) as a function of 1=T, +A=r1/(exp(-Q/(R*T1)));.....//Constant +disp(A,"Constant A=") +disp(slope,"Slpoe of the straight line -Q/R") diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.jpg b/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8da1bc0ec Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.sce b/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cfa7c7a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH12/EX12.10/EXP12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.10 +// Initialisation of Variables +%M=0.60;.......//Percentage of Carbon in Martensite at 750 degree celsius +%a=50;......//Percentage of Carbon in Austenite at 750 degree celsius +%c=0.02;......//Percentage of Carbon atoms in Steel +X=(%a/100)*(%M-%c)+%c;......//The carbon content of Steel in percentage +disp(X,"The carbon content of hypoeutectoid Steel in percentage:") diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.jpg b/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25a0c1d0b Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.sce b/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd5dc8aca --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH12/EX12.5/EXP12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in peralite in composition +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in Ferrite +//CALCULATIONS +%ferrite=((%Fe-%G)/(%Fe-%A))*100;........//Amount of ferrite present in peralite +%C=((%G-%A)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......//Amount of Cementite present in peralite +disp(%ferrite,"Amount of ferrite present in peralite:") +disp(%C,"Amount of Cementite present in peralite:") diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.jpg b/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f88fc2bf3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.sce b/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50fdd4e18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH12/EX12.7/EXP12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.7 +// Initialisation of Variables +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in primary alpha in percent +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite in percent +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in eutectoid composition at 727 degree celsius +%C=0.60;...//Carbon percentage in Pearlite in percent +//CALCULATIONS +%alpha=((%Fe-%C)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......// Composition of Phase Ferrite in alloy +%Ce=((%C-%A)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......//Composition of Cementite in percent in alloy +%PF=((%G-%C)/(%G-%A))*100;......//Percentage of microconstituents Primary Ferrite in alloy +%P=((%C-%A)/(%G-%A))*100;.......//Percentage of microconstituents Pearlite in alloy +disp(%alpha,"Composition of Phase Ferrite in alloy :") +disp(%Ce,"Composition of Cementite in percent in alloy:") +disp(%PF,"Percentage of microconstituents Primary Ferrite in alloy:") +disp(%P,"Percentage of microconstituents Pearlite in alloy:") diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.jpg b/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ae7d59a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.sce b/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6ddd193b --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH12/EX12.8/EXP12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +d=0.001;........//Actual distence between one alpha plate to next alpha plate +S=14;..........//Spacings between between one alpha plate to next alpha plate +//CALCULATIONS +lamida=d/S;......//The interlamellar spacing between one alpha plate to next alpha plate in Pearlite Microstructure +disp(lamida,"The interlamellar spacing between one alpha plate to next alpha plate in Pearlite Microstructure:") diff --git a/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.jpg b/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd1ff7bdc Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.sce b/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0abf81536 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH13/EX13.1/EXP13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 13.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite by weight +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in eutectoid composition in steel by weight +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in Ferrite +%Fe3C=16;....//Percentage of alpha ferrite in steel +%P=95;......//Percentage of Pearlite in Steel +//CALCULATIONS +X1=((%Fe3C/100)*(%Fe-%A))+%A;.....//Carbon content present in Steel +X2=%Fe-((%P/100)*(%Fe-%G));.....//Carbon content present in Steel +disp(X1,"Carbon content present in Steel:") +disp(X2,"Carbon content present in Steel:") +printf("The carbon content is on the order of 1.065 to 1.086 percent, consistent with a 10110 steel") diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.jpg b/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b5d7b5b Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.sce b/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9fc5f0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH14/EX14.1/EXP14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 14.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +d1=0.5;..........//Diameter of a steel Cable in in. +rhoy=70000;........//Yield Strength of Steel Cable in psi +rhoa1=36000;........//Yield Strength of Aluminum in psi +rhos=0.284;..........//Density of Steel in lb/in^3 +rhoa2=0.097;.........//Density of Aluminum in lb/in^3 +//CALCULATIONS +F=rhoy*((%pi/4)*(d1^2));........//Load applied on Aluminum in lb +d2=sqrt((F/rhoa1)*(4/(%pi)));.......//Diameter of Aluminum in in. +Ws=(%pi/4)*(d1^2)*12*rhos;..........//Weight of Steel in lb/ft +Wa=(%pi/4)*(d2^2)*12*rhoa2;..........//Weight of Aluminum in lb/ft +disp(F,"a. Load applied on Aluminum in lb:") +disp(d2,"b. Diameter of Aluminum in in.: ") +disp(Ws,"c. Weight of Steel in lb/ft:") +disp(Wa,"Weight of Aluminum in lb/ft:") diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.jpg b/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e38d208 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.sce b/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43230b92e --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH14/EX14.4/EXP14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 14.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +K=567.53*10^6;..........//Slope of the Equationof Mg- alloy in Pa-nu/m^2 +d=10;...........//Grain size in nu-m +Y=52.54*10^6;...........//Intercept of Mg- alloy in Pa +//CALCULATIONS +Yp=Y+(K*d^(-1/2));.......//Predicted yield strength of an Mg- alloy in MPa +disp(Yp,"Predicted yield strength of an Mg- alloy in MPa:") diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.jpg b/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4feca80f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.sce b/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced8c6a47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH14/EX14.6/EXP14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 14.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +%A=10;.......//Percentage of Alloy in Cu-Al alloy +%M=9.4;.......//Percentage of Martensite present in Cu-Al alloy +%Fe=15.6;......//Percentage of Ferrite present in Cu-Al alloy +//CALCULATIONS +%a=((%A-%M)/(%Fe-%M))*100;....//Percentage of Austenite forms at 400 degree celsius in Cu-Al alloy +disp(%a,"Percentage of Austenite forms at 400 degree celsius in Cu-Al alloy") diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.jpg b/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d9ebaf5c Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.sce b/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea2e2420d --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH14/EX14.8/EXP14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 14.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +Ktc=60;.........//The plane-strain Fracture toughness in MPa-m^-1/2 +Ktc2=80;......//The fracture toughness of L sample in MPa-m^-1/2 +f=1.12;........//A geometry factor for the specimen and flaw +sigma=200;......//A titanium-alloy 6246 plate is exposed to a tensile stress +a=((Ktc/(f*sigma))^2)/%pi;......//The critical flaw length of Crank in cm +a2=((Ktc2/(f*sigma))^2)/%pi;......//The critical flaw length of Crank of L sample in cm +disp(a*10^2," The critical flaw length of Crank in cm: ") +disp(a2*10^2,"The critical flaw length of Crank of L sample in cm:") diff --git a/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.jpg b/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b448e5478 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.sce b/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1038e44ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH15/EX15.1/EXP15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 15.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho=3.2;.............//Specific Gravity of SiC in g/cm^2 +Ww=385;.............//Weight of Ceramic when dry in g +Wd=360;.............//Weight of Ceramic after Soaking in water in g +Ws=224;.............//Weight of Ceramic Suspended in water in g +//CALCULATIONS +A=((Ww-Wd)/(Ww-Ws))*100;..........//Apparent Porosity in percent +B=(Wd)/(Ww-Ws);..........//Bulk Density of Ceramic +T=((rho-B)/rho)*100;.......//True Porosity of Ceramic in Percent +C=T-A;..............//Closed pore percent of ceramic +F=C/T;..............//Fraction Closed Pores of Ceramic +disp(A,"Apparent Porosity in percent:") +disp(B,"Bulk Density of Ceramic:") +disp(T,"True Porosity of Ceramic in Percent:") +disp(F,"Fraction Closed Pores of Ceramic:") diff --git a/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.jpg b/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af4c213a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.sce b/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8d97a0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH15/EX15.2/EXP15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 15.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +R=2.5;..........//Ratio of O to Si in SiO2 +W1=69.62;........//Weight of B2O3 in g/ml +W2=60.08;........//Weight of SiO2 in g/ml +//CALCULATIONS +Fb1=(R-2)/3.5;...........//Mole Fraction of B2O3 +Fb2=1-Fb1;.........//Mole fraction of SiO2 +Wp=((Fb1*W1)/((Fb1*W1)+(Fb2*W2)))*100;.......//Weight Percent of B2O3 +disp(Fb1,"Mole Fraction of B2O3:") +disp(Wp,"Weight Percent of B2O3:") diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.png b/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af0bdc53e Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.png differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..606ad7cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.11/EXP16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.11 +//INITIALISATION OF VAREIABLES +a1=200;.............//Total Projected Area for the Cavity in cm^2 +Pa=25*10^6;.........//Pressure applied on the Cavity in Pa +de=4;................//Depth of the part in cm +rho=2*10^6;.........//Pressure Factro in Pa/cm +F=(a1)*((Pa)+(rho*de));.......//Force needed to form a Thermoset in Pa +disp(F*10^-4,"Force needed to form a Thermoset in N:") + diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.jpg b/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..543fdb5d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7dfbdb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.2/EXP16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +W=28;...............//Molecular weight of Ethylene in g/mol +W1=200000;............//Molecular weight of Benzoyl Peroxide in g/mol +W2=1000;............//Weight of Polyethylene in gm +W3=242;.............//Molecular Weight of Benzoyl Peroxide in g/mol +//Calculations +DP=W1/W;..............// Degree of Polymerization +n=(W2*6.02*10^23)/W;..............//No. of Monomers present +M=n/DP;......................//NO. of Benzoyl Peroxide Molecules to be present +Ai=(M*W3)/6.02*10^23;............//Amount of Initiator needed in gm +disp(DP,"Degree of Polymerization :") +disp(n,"No. of Monomers present :") +disp(M,"NO. of Benzoyl Peroxide Molecules to be present:") +disp(Ai,"Amount of Initiator needed in gm:") diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.jpg b/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbc34b1f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ade41b81 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.3/EXP16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +W1=116;................//Molecular Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in g/mol +W2=146;................//Molecular Weight of Adipic Acid in g/mol +W3=18;.................//Molecular Weight of Water in g/mol +W=1000;................//Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in gm +//Calculations +N=W/W1;................//No. of Moles of Hexamethylene Diamine +X=N*W2;................//Weight of Adipic Acid required +Y=N*W3;................//Weight of Water in gm +N2=W+X-2*Y;.............//Amount of Nylon Produced +disp(N2,"Amount of Nylon Produced:") diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.jpg b/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb94a3612 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0412dfc08 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.4/EXP16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +W1=116;................//Molecular Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in g/mol +W2=146;................//Molecular Weight of Adipic Acid in g/mol +W3=18;.................//Molecular Weight of Water in g/mol +W4=120000;.............//Molecular Weight of 6,6-nylon in g/mol +//alculations +M=W1+W2-2*W3;..........//Molecular Weight of the repeated unit +DOP=W4/M;...............//Degree of Polymerization of 6,6-nylon +disp(DOP,"Degree of Polymerization of 6,6-nylon:") diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.jpg b/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d27e3eb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e8f90c94 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.7/EXP16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.7 +// Initialisation of Variables +M=56;.........//Molecular Weight of Polyethylene +P=0.88;........//Measured density of PolyethyleneInitial +P1=0.915;........//Measured density of Polyethylene Final +Pa=0.87;........//Density of Amorphous Polyethylene +//Caluculations +Pc=M/(7.42*4.95*(2.55*10^-24)*6.02*10^23);...........//Density of complete Crystalline polymer +Cp1= ((Pc/P)*((P-Pa)/(Pc-Pa)))*100;..................//Crystallinity of Polyethylene initial +Cp2= ((Pc/P1)*((P1-Pa)/(Pc-Pa)))*100;................//Crystallinity of Polyethylene final +disp(Pc,"Density of Crystalline polymer:") +disp(Cp1,"Crystall. of Polyethylene initial:") +disp(Cp2,"Crystall. of Polyethylene final:") diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.jpg b/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dfe182c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.sce b/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c843893af --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH16/EX16.9/EXP16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.7 +//INITIALISATION OF VAREIABLES +sig1=980;...............//Initial Stress of POlyisoprene in psi +sig2=1000;.............//Fnal Stress of POlyisoprene in psi +sig3=1500;.............// Stress of POlyisoprene after one year in psi +t1=6;................//time in weeks +t2=52;.............//time in weeks +//CALCULATIONS +Rt=-t1/(log(sig1/sig2));.....//Relaxation time in weeks +sig=sig3/(%e^(-t2/Rt));........//Initial Stress to be placed in psi +disp(round(Rt),"Relaxation time in weeks:") +disp(round (sig),"Initial Stress to be placed in psi:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d5ab8512 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c97ff49c --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +per1=2;.............//Percent weight of ThO2 +per2=98;..............//Percentage weight of Nickle +rho1=9.69;...........//Density of ThO2 in g/cm^3 +rho2=8.9;............//Density of Nickel in g/cm^3 +r=0.5*10^-5;........//Radius of ThO2 particle in cm +//calculations +f=(2/rho1)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2));.........//Volume fraction of ThO2 per cm^3 of composite +v=(4/3)*(%pi)*r^3;...........//Volume of ech ThO2 sphere in cm^3 +c=f/v;.................//Concentration of ThO2 particles in particles/cm^3 +disp(c,"Concentration of ThO2 in particles/cm^3:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59e838d39 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a8f1c79b --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.10 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi=500000;...............//Modulus Elasticity of Epoxyin psi +f=500;.....................//Force applied on Epoxy in pounds +q=0.10;....................//Stretchable distence in in. +rho=0.0451;..................//Density of Epoxy in lb/in^3 +d=1.24;....................//Diameter of Epoxy in in +e=12000;....................//Yeild Strngth of Epoxy in psi +E2=77*10^6;................//Modulus of high Carbon Fiber in psi +Fc=0.817;..................//Volume fraction of Epoxy remaining +Fc2=0.183;..................//Min volume Faction of Epoxy +rho2=0.0686;...............//Density of high Carbon Fiber in lb/in^3 +emax=q/120;................//MAX. Strain of Epoxy +E=psi*emax;................//Max Modulus of elasticity in psi +A=f/E;....................//Area of Structure in in^2 +W=rho*%pi*((d/2)^2)*120;...........//Weight of Structure in ib +c=W*0.80;..........................//Cost of Structure in Dollars +Ec=e/emax;..................//Minimum Elasticity of composite in psi +A2=f/e;....................//Area of Epoxy in in^2 +At=A2/Fc;................//Total Volume of Epoxy +V=At*120;................//Volume of Structure in in^3 +W2=((rho2*Fc2)+(rho*Fc))*V;.............//Weight of Structure in lb +Wf=(Fc2*1.9)/((Fc2*1.9)+(Fc*1.25));...........//Weight Fraction of Carbon +Wc=Wf*W2;.....................//Weight of Carbon +We=0.746*W2;.................//Weight of Epoxy +c2=(Wc*30)+(We*0.80);.............//Cost of Each Struct. + disp(c2,"Cost of Each Struct.:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b782a62eb Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab084227b --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +per1=75;..............//Percent Weight of WC +per2=15;..............//Percent Weight of TiC +per3=5;...............//Percent Weight of TaC +per4=5;...............//Percent Weight of Co +rho1=15.77;...........//Density of WC in g/cm^3 +rho2=4.94;............//Density of TiC in g/cm^3 +rho3=14.5;............//Density of TaC in g/cm^3 +rho4=8.90;............//Density of Co in g/cm^3 +//Calculations +f1=(per1/rho1)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.......//Volume fraction of WC +f2=(per2/rho2)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Tic +f3=(per3/rho3)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Tac +f4=(per4/rho4)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Co +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2)+(f3*rho3)+(f4*rho4);........//Density of composite in g/cm^3 +disp(rho,"Density of composite in g/cm^3:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a25695ee Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ecc54af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho1=19.3;...........//Density of pure Tungsten in g/cm^3 +rho2=10.49;............//Density of pure Silver in g/cm^3 +f1=0.75;..............//Volume fraction of Tungsten +f2=0.25;...........//Volume fraction of Silver and pores +//Calculations +per=((f2*rho2)/((f2*rho2)+(f1*rho1)))*100;.........//Percentage weight of silver +disp(per,"Percentage Weight of Silver:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5337fc0a Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8953a372 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho1=0.95;...........//Density of polyethylene in g/cm^3 +rho2=2.4;...........//Density of clay in g/cm^3 +f1=0.65;...............//Volume fraction of Polyethylene +f2=0.35;...............//Volume fraction of Clay +f3=1.67;.............//Volume fraction of polyethylene after sacrifice +f4=1.06;.............//Volume fraction of Clay after sacrifice +pa1=650;............// No. of parts of polyethylene in 1000cm^3 composite in cm^3 +pa2=350;............// No. of parts of clay in 1000cm^3 composite in cm^3 +//Calculations +pa3=(pa1*rho1)/454;.........//No. of parts of Polyethylene in 1000cm^3 composite in lb +pa4=(pa2*rho2)/454;.........//No. of parts of clay in 1000cm^3 composite in lb +co1=pa3* 0.05;................//Cost of material Polyethylenein Dollars +co2=pa4* 0.05;................//Cost of materials clay in Dollars +c0=co1+co2;...................//Cost of materials in Dollars +rho3=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);.........//Composite density in g/cm^3 +co3=f3* 0.05;................//Cost of material polyethylene after savings in Dollars +co4=f4* 0.05;................//Cost of material clay after savings in Dollars +c1=co3+co4;.................//Cost of materials after savings in Dollars +rho4=(0.8*rho1)+(0.2*rho2);..............//Density of composite after saving in g/cm^3 +disp(rho3,"Composite density in g/cm^3:") +disp(rho4,"Composite densityafter saving in g/cm^3:") + diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa4c695d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21656b1bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.7 +// Initialisation of Variables +f1=0.4;...............//Volume fraction of Fiber +f2=0.6;...............//Volume fraction of Aluminium +rho1=2.36;...........//Density of Fibers in g/cm^3 +rho2=2.70;...........//Density of Aluminium in g/cm^3 +psi1=55*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Fiber in psi +psi2=10*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Aluminium in psi +ts1=400000;..............//Tensile strength of fiber in psi +ts2=5000;..............//Tensile strength of Aluminium in psi +//Calculations +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);........//Density of mixture in g/cm^3 +Ec1=(f1*psi1)+(f2*psi2);........//Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi +TSc=(f1*ts1)+(f2*ts2);........//Tensile Strength of mixture in psi +Ec2=1/((f1/psi1)+(f2/psi2));........//Modulus of elasticity perpendicular to fibers in psi +disp(rho,"Density of mixture in g/cm^3:") +disp(Ec1,"Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi:") +disp(TSc,"Tensile Strength of mixture in psi:") +disp(Ec2,"Modulus of elasticity perpendicular to fibers in psi:") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeed7fc20 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd77a5718 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi1=10.5*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Glass in psi +psi2=0.4*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Nylon in psi +a1=0.3;.....................//area of glass in cm^3 +a2=0.7;.....................//area of Nylon in cm^3 +//Calculations +psi=psi1/psi2;..............//Fraction of elasticity +fo=a1/(a1+(a2*(1/psi)));..........//Fraction of applied force carried by Glass fiber +disp(fo,"Fraction of applied force carried by Glass fiber :") +printf(" Almost all of the load is carried by the glass fibers.") diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.jpg b/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2a472284 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce b/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..316d2a037 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.9 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi=10*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of 7075-T6 in psi +psi1=55*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Boron fiber in psi +psi2=11*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Typical AL-LI in psi +f1=0.6;...............//Volume fraction of Boron Fiber +f2=0.4;...............//Volume fraction of typical AL-LI +rho1=0.085;...........//Density of Boron Fibers in lb/in*3 +rho2=0.09;...........//Density of typical AL-LI in lb/in^3 +//Calculations +sm1=psi/(((2.7*(2.54)^3))/454);..........//Specific Modulus of current alloy in in. +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);........//Density of composite in lb/in^3 +Ec=(f1*psi1)+(f2*psi2);........//Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi +sm2=Ec/rho;..........//Specific Modulus of composite in in. +disp(sm1,"Specific Modulus of current alloy in in.:") +disp(rho,"Density of composite in lb/in^3:") +disp(Ec,"Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi:") +disp(sm2,"Specific Modulus of composite in in.:") diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.jpg b/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fb860675 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.sce b/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9de06aaf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH2/EX2.1/EXP2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 2.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1.5*10^-7;........//Radius of a particle in cm +rho=7.8;..........//Density of iron magnetic nano- particle in cm^3 +//CALCULATIONS +v=(4/3)*%pi*(r)^3;.....//Volume of each Iron magnetic nano -particle in cm^3 +m=rho*v;.......//Mass of each iron nano-particle in g +disp(v,"Volume of each Iron magnetic nano -particle in cm^3:") +disp(m,"Mass of each iron nano-particle in g:") diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.jpg b/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adadb42ef Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.sce b/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04d33db0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH2/EX2.4/EXP2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 2.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +Es=1.8;........//Electro negativity of Silicon from fig.2-8 +Eo=3.5;........//Electro negativity of Oxygen from fig.2-8 +//CALCULATION +F=exp(-0.25*(Eo-Es)^2);........//Fraction covalent of SiO2 +disp(F,"Fraction covalent of SiO2 :") diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.jpg b/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0617f951 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.sce b/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55d2e8b80 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH2/EX2.6/EXP2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 2.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +alpha=13*10^-6;....//Coefficient of thermal expansion for Steel +l=10;..........//Original length of the Beam in m +dT=50;........//The temparture change in Degree celsius +Em=200*10^9;......//Elastic modulus of Steel in N/m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +dL=alpha*l*dT;.....//Change in length of steel beam +s1=dL/l;........//Strain developed in steel beam +s2=Em*s1;......//Stress developed in steel beam +disp(dL,"(a) Change in length of steel beam:") +disp(s1,"(b) Strain developed in steel beam") +disp(s2,"(b) Stress developed in steel beam") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b7f9b3a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..998f6e739 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.1/EXP3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +Cn=8;......//No. of Corners of the Cubic Crystal Systems +c=1;......//No. of centers of the Cubic Crystal Systems in BCC unit cell +F=6;.......//No. of Faces of the Cubic Crystal Systems in FCC unit cell +//CALCULATIONS +N1=Cn/8;.....//No. of latice points per unit cell in SC unit cell +N2=(Cn/8)+c*1;....//No. of latice points per unit cell in BCC unit cells +N3=(Cn/8)+F*(1/2);....//No. of latice points per unit cell in FCC unit cells +disp(N1,"No. of latice points per unit cell in SC unit cell:") +disp(N2,"No. of latice points per unit cell in BCC unit cells:") +disp(N3,"No. of latice points per unit cell in FCC unit cells:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bee2ebec Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30249ab13 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.11/EXP3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.11 +// Initialisation of Variables +E=12;......//No. of Edges in the octahedral sites of the unit cell +S=1/4;.......//so only 1/4 of each site belongs uniquelyto each unit cell +N=E*S+1;.....//No.of site belongs uniquely to each unit cell +disp(N,"No.of octahedral site belongs uniquely to each unit cell:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44e7a896 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..300eac3ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.12/EXP3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.12 +// Initialisation of Variables +r1=0.066;.......//Radius of Mg+2 from Appendix B in nm +r2=0.132;.......//Radius of O-2 from Appendix B in nm +Am1=24.312;.......//Atomic masses of Mg+2 in g/mol +Am2=16;.......//Atomic masses of O-2 in g/mol +Na=6.02*10^23;......//Avogadro’s number +//CALCULATIONS +a0=2*r1+2*r2;...........//Lattice constant for MgO in nm +rho=((4*Am1)+(4*16))/((a0*10^-8)*Na);.....//Density of MgO in g/cm^3 +disp(a0*10^-8,"Lattice constant for MgO in cm:") +disp(rho,"Density of MgO in g/cm^3:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a742df041 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2aadc519 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.13/EXP3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.13 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;............//Radius of each atom in units +n=8;.........//No. of atoms present in Diamond cubic Silicon per cell +//CALCULATIONS +v=(4/3)*%pi*r^3;..........// Volume of each atom in Diamond cubic Silicon +a0=(8*r)/sqrt(3);..........//Volume of unit cell in Diamond cubic Silicon +Pf=(n*v)/a0^3;............//Packing factor of Diamond cubic Silicon +disp(Pf,"Packing factor of Diamond cubic Silicon:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39571d0a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3a652dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.14/EXP3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.14 +// Initialisation of Variables +wL=1.54;........//Wave length of Copper K-alpha in Angstorms +t1=19.5;......//Half the angle between the difracted beam and the original beam direction +t2=39;......// The angle between the difracted beam and the original beam direction +//CALCULATIONS +D1=wL/(sin(t1*%pi/180));......//Interplanar spacing between the planes in Angstroms +D2=wL/(sin(t2*%pi/180));......//Interplanar spacing between the planes in Angstroms +a0=D2*(sqrt(3));.......//Lattice constant for cubic form of BaTiO3 +disp(D1,"Interplanar spacing between the planes in Angstroms:") +disp(a0,"Lattice constant for cubic form of BaTiO3:") + diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42154a1ba Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7ec6aff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.3/EXP3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.14 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;.........// one unit of radius of each atom of FCC cell +a0=(4*r)/sqrt(2);..........//Lattice constant for FCC cell +v=(4*%pi*r^3)/3;.........//volume of one atom in FCC cell +Pf=(4*v)/(a0)^3;........//Packing factor in FCC cell +disp(Pf,"Packing factor in FCC cell") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91853946d Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..347667d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.4/EXP3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +a0=2.866*10^-8;..........//Lattice constant for BCC iron cells in cm +m=55.847;..........//Atomic mass of iron in g/mol +Na=6.02*10^23;......//Avogadro’s number in atoms/mol +n=2;.........//number of atoms per cell in BCC iron +//CALCULATIONS +v=a0^3;........//Volume of unit cell for BCC iron in cm^3/cell +rho=(n*m)/(v*Na);.......//Density of BCC iron +disp(v,"Volume of unit cell for BCC iron in cm^3/cell:") +disp(rho,"Density of BCC iron in g/cm^3:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd5687981 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..710b10104 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.5/EXP3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +a=5.156;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +b=5.191;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +c=5.304;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +beeta=98.9;.......//The angle fro the monoclinic unit cell +a2=5.094;........//The lattice constants for the tetragonal unit cells in Angstroms +c2=5.304;........//The lattice constants for the tetragonal unit cells in Angstroms +//CALCULATIONS +v2=(a2^2)*c2;........//volume of a tetragonal unit cell +v1=a*b*c*sin(beeta*%pi/180);........//volume of a monoclinic unit cell +Pv=(v1-v2)/(v1)*100;........//The percent change in volume in percent +disp(v2,"volume of a tetragonal unit cell:") +disp(v1,"volume of a monoclinic unit cell:") +disp(Pv,"The percent change in volume in percent:") diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.jpg b/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b54d9a396 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.sce b/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50e4c88a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH3/EX3.8/EXP3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;.......//Radius of each atom in units +l=0.334;.......//Lattice parameter of (010) in nm +//CALCULATIONS +a1=2*r;........//Area of face for (010) +a2=l^2;...........//Area of face of (010) in cm^2 +pd=1/a2;........//Planar density of (010) in atoms/nm^2 +pf=%pi*r^2/(a1)^2;......//Packing fraction of (010) +disp(pd*10^14,"Planar density of (010) in atoms/cm^2:") +disp(pf,"Packing fraction of (010):") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76a03d0ec Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6f0f950 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.1/EXP4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +Lp=0.36151;........//The lattice parameter of FCC copper in nm +T1=298;..........//Temperature of copper in K +Qv=20000;...........//Heat required to produce a mole of vacancies in copper in cal +R=1.987;.........//The gas constant in cal/mol-K +//CALCULATIONS +n=4/(Lp*10^-8)^3;..........//The number of copper atoms or lattice points per cm^3 in atoms/cm^3 +nv1=n*exp(-Qv/(T1*R));.......//concentration of vacancies in copper at 25 degree celsius in vacancies /cm^3 +nv2=nv1*1000;.......//concentration of vacancies in copper atoms at T2 temperature +T2=-Qv/(R*log(nv2/n));.......//temperature at which this number of vacancies forms in copper in K +disp(round(T2-273),"Temperature at which this number of vacancies forms in copper in Degree celsius:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e91ba9f Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d404b1121 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.10/EXP4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.10 +// Initialisation of Variables +g=16;.......// No. of grains per square inch in a photomicrograph +M=250;..........//Magnification in a photomicrograph +N=(M/g)*100;........//The number of grains per square inch +n=(log10(100)/log10(2))+1;........//the ASTM grain size number +disp(n,"the ASTM grain size number:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edd439e56 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60b9e8599 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.2/EXP4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +n1=2;..........//No. of Atoms in BCC iron Crystal +m=55.847;..........//Atomic mass of BCC iron crystal +a0=2.866*10^-8;......//The lattice parameter of BCC iron in cm +Na=6.02*10^23;.......//Avogadro’s number in atoms/mol +rho1=7.87;........//Required density of iron BCC in g/cm^3 +//CALCULATIONS +rho2=(n1*m)/(a0^3*Na);..........//The expected theoretical density of iron BCC +X=(rho1*a0^3*Na)/m;.........//Number of iron atoms and vacancies that would be present in each unit cell for the required density +n2=n1-X;..........// no. of vacacies per unit cell +V=n2/a0^3;.........//The number of vacancies per cm^3 +disp(rho2,"The expected theoretical density of iron BCC ") +disp(X,"Number of iron atoms that would be present in each unit cell for the required density:") +disp(V,"The number of vacancies per cm^3 :") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0049b044 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96c30452e --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.3/EXP4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +a01=0.2866;............//The Lattice parameter of BCC in nm +a02=0.3571;............//The Lattice parameter of FCC in nm +r=0.071;............//Radius of carbon atom in nm +ni1=12;..........//No. of interstitial sites per unit cell for BCC +ni2=4;...........//No. of interstitial sites per unit cell for FCC +//CALCULATIONS +Rb=(sqrt(3)*a01)/4;.......//Radius of iron atom in nm +Ri1=sqrt(0.3125*a01^2)-Rb;.......// Interstitial Radius of iron atom in nm +Rf=(sqrt(2)*a02)/4;.........//the radius of the iron atom in nm +Ri2=(a02-(2*Rf))/2;................//the radius of the interstitial site in nm +%C1=(ni1/(ni1+2))*100;...........//The atomic percentage of carbon contained in the BCC iron in percent +%C2=(ni2/(ni2+4))*100;...........//The atomic percentage of carbon contained in the FCC iron in percent +disp(Rb,"Radius of iron atom in nm") +disp(Ri1,"Interstitial Radius of iron atom in nm:") +disp(Rf,"the radius of the iron atom in nm:") +disp(Ri2,"the radius of the interstitial site in nm:") +disp(%C1,"The atomic percentage of carbon contained in BCC iron in percent:") +disp(%C2,"The atomic percentage of carbon contained in FCC iron in percent:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e25a3e6f Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c6af220 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.4/EXP4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.4 +// Initialisation of Variable +a0=0.396;.........//Lattice parameter of magnesium oxide +h=1;..............//Because b is a [110] direction +k=1;..............//Because b is a [110] direction +l=0;............//Because b is a [110] direction +//CALCULATIONS +b=a0/sqrt(2);..........//The length of Burgers vector in nm +disp(b,"The length of Burgers vector in nm:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d814e1dfa Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5445bbf95 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.5/EXP4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +a01=0.36151;......//The lattice parameter of copper in nm +//CALCULATIONS +F=sqrt(2)*a01;........//Face Diagonal of copperin nm +b=(1/2)*(F);..........//The length of the Burgers vector, or the repeat distance in nm +disp(F,"Face Diagonal of copperin nm:") +disp(b,"The length of the Burgers vector in nm:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0138065d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..065a5e3a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.6/EXP4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +n=2;........//No. of Atoms present per cell in BCC +a0=2.866*10^-8;.....//The lattice parameter of BCC iron in cm +rho1=0.994*10^15;.......//Planar density of (112)BCC in atoms/cm^2 +//CALCULATIONS +a=sqrt(2)*a0^2;.........//Area of BCC iron in cm^2 +rho2=n/a;........//Planar density of (110)BCC in atoms/cm^2 +d1=a0*10^-9/(sqrt(1^2+1^2+0));......//The interplanar spacings for (110)BCC in cm +d2=a0*10^-9/(sqrt(1^2+1^2+2^2));......//The interplanar spacings for (112)BCC in cm +disp(rho2,"Planar density of (110)BCC in atoms/cm^2:") +disp(d1,"The interplanar spacings for (110)BCC in cm:") +disp(d2,"The interplanar spacings for (112)BCC in cm:") diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.jpg b/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..164dbdfa9 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.sce b/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3eeac93e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH4/EX4.8/EXP4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +U=[0 0 1];.......//Tensile stree direction in [001] plane +V1=[0 -1 1];......//Tensile stree direction of slip direction in [0-11] plane +V2=[1 1 1];......//Tensile stree direction of slip plane normal to[011] plane +rho1=3000;.......//Tensile stress of crystal in psi +lam=acos((U*V1')/(norm(U)*norm(V1)));.......//The angle between the tensile stress direction [001] and the slip direction [0-11] from the dot product +phy=acos((U*V2')/(norm(U)*norm(V2)));......//The angle between the tensile stress direction [001] and normal to the slip plane [111] +rho=rho1*(cos(lam)*cos(phy));....//The resolved Shear stess in psi +disp(lam*(180/%pi),"The angle between the tensile stress direction [001] and the slip direction [0-11]:") +disp(phy*(180/%pi),"The angle between the tensile stress direction [001] and normal to the slip plane [111]:") +disp(rho,"The resolved Shear stess in psi:") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f61fb8692 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9038f81cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.2/EXP5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +R1=5*10^8;.........//The rate of moement of interstitial atoms in jumps/s 500 degree celsius +R2=8*10^10;.........//The rate of moement of interstitial atoms in jumps/s 800 degree celsius +T1=500;..........//Temperature at first jump in Degree celsius +T2=800;..........//Temperature at second jump in Degree celsius +R=1.987;..........//Gas constant in cal/mol-K +//CALCULATIONS +Q=log(R2/R1)/(exp(1/(R*(T1+273)))-exp(1/(R*(T2+273))));.....//Activation Energy for Interstitial Atoms in cal/mol +disp(Q,"Activation Energy for Interstitial Atoms in cal/mol:") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2db405a27 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4e4e0d4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.3/EXP5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +X=0.1;.......//Thickness of SIlicon Wafer in cm +n=8;.......//No. of atoms in silicon per cell +ni=1;..........//No of phosphorous atoms present for every 10^7 Si atoms +ns=400;.......//No of phosphorous atoms present for every 10^7 Si atoms +ci1=(ni/10^7)*100;..........//Initial compositions in atomic percent +cs1=(ns/10^7)*100;...........//Surface compositions in atomic percent +G1=(ci1-cs1)/X;.....//concentration gradient in percent/cm +a0=1.6*10^-22;........//The lattice parameter of silicon +v=(10^7/n)*a0;......//volume of the unit cell in cm^3 +ci2=ni/v;..........//The compositions in atoms/cm^3 +cs2=ns/v;..........//The compositions in atoms/cm^3 +G2=(ci2-cs2)/X;.....//concentration gradient in percent/cm^3.cm +disp(G1,"concentration gradient in percent/cm:") +disp(G2,"concentration gradient in percent/cm^3.cm:") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df2e7e002 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..896c55cb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.4/EXP5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +s=(-17415.7);.........//Slope value +R1=8.314;........//Gas constan value in Joules/K-mol +R2=1.987;........//Gas constan value in cal/K-mol +Q1=(-1)*(s)*R1;......//The value of activation energy in KJ/mol +Q2=(-1)*(s)*R2;......//The value of activation energy in Kcal/mol +disp(Q1*10^-3,"The value of activation energy in KJ/mol") +disp(Q2*10^-3,"The value of activation energy in Kcal/mol") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e21c628 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c3c9449a --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.5/EXP5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +N=1;..........//N0. of atoms on one side of iron bar +H=1;..........//No. of atoms onother side of iron bar +d=3;.......//Diameter of an impermeable cylinder in cm +l=10;.....//Length of an impermeable cylinder in cm +A1=50*10^18*N;..........// No. of gaseous Atoms per cm^3 on one side +A2=50*10^18*H;..........//No. of gaseous Atom per cm^3 on one side +B1=1*10^18*N;...........//No. of gaseous atoms per cm^3 on another side +B2=1*10^18*H;..........//No. of gaseous atoms per cm^3 on another side +t=973;...........//The di¤usion coefficient of nitrogen in BCC iron at 700 degree celsius in K +Q=18300;.........//The activation energy for di¤usion of Ceramic +Do=0.0047;.......//The pre-exponential term of ceramic +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +//CALCULATIONS +T=A1*(%pi/4)*d^2*l;....//The total number of nitrogen atoms in the container in N atoms +LN=0.01*T/3600;......//The maximum number of atoms to be lost per second in N atoms per Second +JN=LN/((%pi/4)*d^2);.........//The Flux of ceramic in Natoms per cm^2. sec. +Dn=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The di¤usion coefficient of Ceramic in cm^2/Sec +deltaX=Dn*(A1-B1)/JN;.........//minimum thickness of the membrane in cm +LH=0.90*T/3600;........//Hydrogen atom loss per sec. +JH=LH/((%pi/4)*d^2);.........//The Flux of ceramic in Hatoms per cm^2. sec. +Dh=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The di¤usion coeficient of Ceramic in cm^2/Sec +deltaX2=((1.86*10^-4)*(A2-B2))/JH;.......//Minimum thickness of the membrane in cm +disp(deltaX,"Minimum thickness of the membrane of Natoms in cm") +disp(deltaX2,"Minimum thickness of the membrane of Hatoms in cm") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ffee82c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e83657fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.6/EXP5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +n=2;..........//no of atoms/ cell in BCC Tungsten +a0=3.165;..........//The lattice parameter of BCC tungsten in Angstromes +W=n/(a0*10^-8)^3;.........//The number of tungsten atoms per cm^3 +Cth=0.01*W;......//The number of thorium atoms per cm^3 +Cg=-Cth/0.01;.......//The concentration gradient of Tungsten in atoms/cm^3.cm +Q=120000;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Q2=90000;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Q3=66400;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Do=1.0;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +Do2=0.74;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +Do3=0.47;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +t=2273;..........//The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in BCC iron at 2000 degree celsius in K +//CALCULATIONS +D1=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J1=-D1*Cg;............//Volume Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. +D2=Do2*exp(-Q2/(R*t));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J2=-D2*Cg;............//Grain boundary Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. +D3=0.47*exp(-66400/(1.987*2273));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J3=-D3*Cg;............//Surfae Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. + +disp(W,"The number of tungsten atoms per cm^3:") +disp(Cth,"The number of thorium atoms per cm^3:") +disp(Cg,"The concentration gradient of Tungsten in atoms/cm^3.cm:") +disp(D1,"The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J1,"Volume Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") +disp(D2,"The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J2,"Grain boundry Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") +disp(D3*10^7,"The Surface diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J3,"Surface Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.jpg b/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab8702bfc Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.sce b/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c744c2dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH5/EX5.8/EXP5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +H=10;.......//Required time to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears +t1=1173;......//Temperature at carburizing a batch of 500 steel gears in K +t2=1273;.......//Temperature at carburizing a batch of 500 steel gears in K +Q=32900;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of BCC steel +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +c1=1000;......//cost per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 900degree centigrades +c2=1500;......//Cost per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 1000 degree centigrade +H2=(exp(-Q /(R*t1))*H*3600)/exp(-Q /(R*t2));.......// Time requried to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears at 1000 degree centigrade +Cp1=c1*H/500;.......//The cost per Part of steel rods at 900 degree centigrade +Cv=(c2*3.299)/500;.......//The cost per Part of steel rods at 1000 degree centigrade +disp(H2/3600,"Time requried to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears at 1000 degree centigrade:") +disp(Cp1,"The cost of carburizing per Part of steel rods at 900 degree centigrade") +disp(Cv,"The cost of carburizing per Part of steel rods at 1000 degree centigrade") diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.jpg b/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59ba9aa64 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.sce b/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c5253be1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH6/EX6.2/EXP6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=45000;.......//Force applied on an aluminum rod in lb +e=25000;.......//the maximum allowable stress on the rod in psi +l2=150;.......//the minimum length of the rod in in +e1=0.0025;......//The strain appiled on rod +sigma=16670;.........//Stress applied on rod in psi +L=0.25;........//The maximum allowable elastic deformation in in +//CALCULATIONS +Ao1=F/e;........//The required crosssectional area of the rod +d=sqrt((Ao1*4)/%pi);......//Diameter of rod in in +l1=e1*L;...........//The maximum length of the rod in in +e2=L/e1;...........//The minimum strain allowed on rod +Ao2=F/sigma;........//The minimum cross-sectional area in in^2 +disp(Ao1,"The required crosssectional area of the rod in in^2:") +disp(d,"Diameter of rod in in:") +disp(l1,"The maximum length of the rod in in:") +disp(e2,"The minimum strain allowed on rod:") +disp(Ao2,"The minimum cross-sectional area in in^2:") diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.jpg b/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8371f29b Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.sce b/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7834fee01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH6/EX6.3/EXP6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +sigma1=35000;.......//Stress applied of aluminum alloy in psi from table 6-1 +e1=0.0035;........//Strain applied of aluminum alloy from table 6-1 +sigma2=30000;.......//Stress applied of aluminum alloy in psi +Lo=50;.........//initial length of aluminum alloy +//CALCULATIONS +E=sigma1/e1;........//Modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloy +e2=sigma2/E;.......//Strain applied of aluminum alloy +L=Lo+(e2*Lo);......//The length after deformation of bar in in +disp(E,"Modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloy from table 6-1:") +disp(L,"The length after deformation of bar in in") +disp(e2,"Strain applied of aluminum alloy:") diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.jpg b/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e5be041a Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.sce b/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f90c0d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH6/EX6.4/EXP6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +Lf=2.195;........//Final length after failure +d1=0.505;.......//Diameter of alluminum alloy in in +d2=0.398;......//Final diameter of alluminum alloy in in +Lo=2;..........//Initial length of alluminum alloy +//CALCULATIONS +A0=(%pi/4)*d1^2;........//Area of original of alluminum alloy +Af=(%pi/4)*d2^2;........//Area of final of alluminum alloy +%E=((Lf-Lo)/Lo)*100;.....//Percentage of Elongation +%R=((A0-Af)/A0)*100;......//Percentage of Reduction in area +disp(%E,"Percentage of Elongation:") +disp(%R,"Percentage of Reduction in area:") +printf("The final length is less than 2.205 in because, after fracture, the elastic strain is recovered.") diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.jpg b/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04df514de Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.sce b/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58f87b797 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH6/EX6.5/EXP6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=8000;.......//Load applied for the aluminum alloy in lb +F2=7600;......//Load applied for the aluminum alloy in lb at fracture +dt1=0.505;.......//diameter of for the aluminum alloy in in +dt2=0.497;.......//The diameter at maximum load +Lt=2.120;..........//Final length at maxium load +Lot=2;.............//Initial length of alluminum alloy +Ff=7600;.........//Load applied for the aluminum alloy after fracture in lb +df=0.398;.......//The diameter at maximum load after fracture +Lf=0.205;.......//Final length at fracture +//CALCULATIONS +Es=F/((%pi/4)*dt1^2);.....//Engineering stress in psiAt the tensile or maximum load +Ts=F/((%pi/4)*dt2^2);.....//True stress in psi At the tensile or maximum load +Ee=(Lt-Lot)/Lot;........//Engineering strain At the tensile or maximum load +Te=log(Lt/Lot);........//True strain At the tensile or maximum load +Es2=F2/((%pi/4)*dt1^2);......//Engineering stress At fracture: +Ts2=F2/((%pi/4)*df^2);......//True stress At fracture: +Ee2=Lf/Lot;..........//Engineering strain At fracture: +Te2=log(((%pi/4)*dt1^2)/((%pi/4)*df^2));.......//True strain At fracture: +disp(Es,"Engineering stress in psiAt the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Ts,"True stress in psi At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Ee,"Engineering strain At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Te,"True strain At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Es2,"Engineering stress At fracture:") +disp(Ts2,"True stress At fracture") +disp(Ee2,"Engineering strain At fracture:") +disp(Te2,"True strain At fracture:") diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.jpg b/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a2d8e7e Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.sce b/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ba52c4e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH6/EX6.6/EXP6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +Fs=45000;.......//The flexural strength of a composite material in psi +Fm=18*10^6;........//The flexural modulus of composite material in psi +w=0.5;.......//wide of sample in in +h=0.375;......//Height of sample in in +l=5;..........//Length of sample in in +//CALCULATIONS +F=Fs*2*w*h^2/(3*l);......//The force required to fracture the material in lb +delta=(l^3)*F/(Fm*4*w*h^3);.......//The deflection of the sample at fracture +disp(F,"The force required to fracture the material in lb:") +disp(delta,"The deflection of the sample at fracture in in") diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.jpg b/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbacf2556 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb59599b --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.1/EXP7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +f=1.12;.......//Geometry factor for the specimen and flaw +sigma=45000;.....//Applied stress on Steel in psi +K=80000;.........//The stress intensity factor +//CALCULATIONS +a=(K/(f*sigma))^2/%pi;........//Depth of crank in in +disp(a,"Depth of crank that will propagate in the steel in in:") diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.jpg b/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b728b9214 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cc8eb466 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.11/EXP7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.11 +// Initialisation of Variables +N=5.256*10^5;......//No. of cycles that the shaft will experience in one year +F=12500;.........//applied load on shaft in lb +L=96;...........//Length of Kliin produced from tool steel in in. +sigma1=72000;...........//the applied stress on Shaft +f=2;............//Factor of saftey of shaft +sigma2=sigma1/f;......//the maximum allowed stress level +//CALCULATIONS +d1=(16*F*L/(sigma1*%pi))^(1/3);..........//The Diameter of Shaft in in. +d2=(16*F*L/(sigma2*%pi))^(1/3);.......//The minimum diameter required to prevent failure +disp(d1,"The Diameter of Shaft in in.:") +disp(d2,"The minimum diameter required to prevent failure in in.:") diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.jpg b/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f4f48370 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..699e1c1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.2/EXP7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +T=60000;........//Tensile strength Of Sialon (acronym for silicon aluminum oxynitride) in psi +sigma=500;.....//The stress at which the part unexpectedly fails in psi +a=0.01;.........//Depth of thin crack in in +//CALCULATIONS +r=a/(T/(2*sigma))^2;.....//The radius of the crack tip in in +disp(r*2.54*10^8,"The radius of the crack tip in Angstroms") diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.jpg b/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e88144b2b Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd0be7ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.3/EXP7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=40000;..........// Maximum Tensile load in lb +K=9000;........//Fracture toughness of Ceramic +w=3;.........// plate made of Sialon width +//CALCULATIONS +A=F*sqrt(%pi)/K;......//Area of ceramic +T=A/w;........// Thickness of Ceramic +disp(T,"THickness of ceramic :") diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.png b/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..325b7fbc7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.png differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0500469dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.8/EXP7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +m=9;.........//Weibull modulus of an ceramic +sigma1=250;.......//The flexural strength in MPa +F1=0.4;.......//probability of failure +F2=0.1;.......//Expected the probability of failure +//CALCULATIONS +sigma2=exp(log(sigma1)-(log(log(1/(1-F1)))/m ));.....// The characteristic strength of the ceramic +sigma3=exp((log(log(1/(1-F2)))/m)+log(sigma2));........//Expected level of stress that can be supported in MPa +disp(sigma2,"The characteristic strength of the ceramic in MPa:") +disp(sigma3,"Expected level of stress that can be supported in MPa:") + diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.jpg b/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57915bb6c Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.sce b/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b64a20f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH7/EX7.9/EXP7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.9 +// Initialisation of Variables +n=7;.............//The total number of specimens +F=n+1;...........//The probability of failure of ceramic +sigma1=52;........//the maximum allowed stress level on ceramic at one point in MP. +sigma2=23.5;.......//the maximum allowed stress level on ceramic at another point in MP. +//CALCULATIONS +m=(Ln1-(Ln2))/(log(sigma1)-log(sigma2));.......//Weibull modulus of ceramic +disp(m,"Weibull modulus of ceramic:") diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.jpg b/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b89440509 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.sce b/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e97366a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH8/EX8.1/EXP8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=1;.......//Thickness of Copper plate in cm +tf=0.50;.....//Cold reducetion of coopper in cm in step1 +tf2=0.16;.....// Further Cold reduction of cooper in cm in step2 +//CALCULATIONS +%CW1=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;......//Amount of Cold work accomplished in step1 +%CW2=((tf-tf2)/tf)*100;.....//Amount of Cold work accomplished in step2 +%CW=((t0-tf2)/t0)*100;.......//Actual Total Cold work in percent +disp(%CW1,"Amount of Cold work accomplished in step1:") +disp(%CW2,"Amount of Cold work accomplished in step2:") +disp(%CW,"Actual Total Cold work in percent:") diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.jpg b/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..290ccfef8 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.sce b/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22386c150 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH8/EX8.2/EXP8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +tf=0.1;.......//Thickness of cooper to produce in cm +%CW1=40;.......//cold work to produce a tensile strengthof 65,000 psi +%CW2=45;.......//cold work to produce a tensile strengthof 60,000 psi +//CALCULATIONS +Tmax=(tf/(1-(%CW1/100)));.........//Maximum thicknessproduced in step1 in cm +Tmin=(tf/(1-(%CW2/100)));.........//Minimum thicknessproduced in step2 in cm +disp(Tmax,"Maximum thicknessproduced in cm:") +disp(Tmin,"Minimum thicknessproduced in cm:") diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.jpg b/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..313b30848 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.sce b/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05b8b5d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH8/EX8.5/EXP8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +D0=0.40;........//Let’s assume that the starting diameter of the copper wire in in. +Df=0.20;........// Diameter of the copper wire to be produced in in. +sigma1=22000;..........//Yeidl strength at 0% cold work +//CALCULATIONS +%CW=((Do^2-Df^2)/Do^2)*100;.........//The fianal Cold Work in percent +F=sigma1*(%pi/4)*D0^2;........//The draw force required to deform the initial wire in lb +sigma2=F/((%pi/4)*Df^2);.....// The stress acting on the wire after passing through the die in psi +disp(%CW,"The fianal Cold Work in percent:") +disp(F,"The draw force required to deform the initial wire in lb:") +disp(sigma2,"The stress acting on the wire after passing through the die in psi:") diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.jpg b/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3ac4da44 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.sce b/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aaa9bdb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH8/EX8.6/EXP8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=5;.......//Assming we are able to purchase only 5-cm thick stock +t02=1;......//Thickness of strip in cm +tf=0.182;......//Final thickness of strip in cm +%CW2=80;.......//cold work of a strip in percent +M=1085;.......// The melting point of copper in degree celsius +//CALCULATIONS +%CW=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;.......//Cold work between from 5 to 0.182 cm in percent +tf2=(1-(%CW2/100))*t0;.....// Final Thickness of strip in cm +Tr=0.4*(M+273);...// Recrystallization temperature By using 0.4Tm relationship in degree celsius +%CW3=((t02-tf)/t02)*100;.....//Cold work of the strip of 1 cm thickness +disp(%CW,"Cold work between from 5 to 0.182 cm in percent:") +disp(tf2,"1. Final Thickness of strip in cm") +disp(Tr-273,"2. Recrystallization temperature By using 0.4Tm relationship in degree celsius:") +disp(%CW3,"3. Cold work of the strip of 1 cm thickness :") diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.jpg b/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cebd4a6a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.sce b/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cce33ee7a --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH8/EX8.7/EXP8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.7 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=5;.........//We are able to purchase strip of 5cm thickness in cm +tf=0.182;.....//Thickness to be produced in cm +tf2=0.167;.......//Thickness to procedure in cm +//CALCULATIONS +%HW=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;.....//Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.182 cm in percent +%HW2=((t0-tf2)/t0)*100;......//Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.167 cm in percent +disp(%HW,"Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.182 cm in percent:") +disp(%HW2,"Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.167 cm in percent") diff --git a/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.jpg b/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd84b6aeb Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.sce b/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e0184395 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH9/EX9.1/EXP9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 9.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +deltaT=236;.......//Typical Undercooling for HomogeneousNucleation from the table 9-1 for cooper +Tm=1358;.......//Freezing Temperature from the table 9-1 for cooper in degree celsius +deltaH=1628;.......// Latent Heat of Fusion from the table 9-1 for cooper in J/cm^3 +sigma1=177*10^-7;.....//Solid-Liquid Interfacial Energyfrom the table 9-1 for cooper in J/cm^2 +a0=3.615*10^-8;......//The lattice parameter for FCC copper in cm +//CALCULATIONS +r=(2*sigma1*Tm)/(deltaH*deltaT);......//Critical Radius of copper in cm +V=a0^3;....//Volume of FCC unit cell of copper in cm^3 +V2=(4/3)*%pi*r^3;....//Critical volume of FCC copper +N=V2/V;......//The number of unit cells in the critical nucleus +Nc=4*round(N);......//Since there are four atoms in each unit cell of FCC metals +disp(r*10^8,"Critical Radius of copper in cm:") +disp(V,"Volume of FCC unit cell of copper in cm^3:") +disp(V2,"Critical volume of FCC copper :") +disp(round(N),"The number of unit cells in the critical nucleus :") +disp(Nc,"Since there are four atoms in each unit cell of FCC metals:") diff --git a/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.jpg b/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b6128f75 Binary files /dev/null and b/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.sce b/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0642aa18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1586/CH9/EX9.2/EXP9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 9.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +d=18;........//Diameter of the casting in in +x=2;........//Thickness of the casting in in +B=22:............//Mold constant of casting +V=(%pi/4)*d^2*x;......//Volume of the casting in in^3 +A=2*(%pi/4)*d^2+%pi*d*x;........//The surface area of the casting in contact with the mold +t=B*(V/A)^2;........// +tr=0.75*t;.......// +Vr/Ar=sqrt(tr/B);............// +x2=(Vr*d)/(2*(Ar*d-4*Vr));........// +disp(x2,) diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2d32c65a --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex:.2.1 (a)to find transit time (b)frequency at which the transit time is 10% of the signal period (c)signal voltage on the other end +l=0.1; //in meter +v=2e8; //in m/sec +tr=l/v; //in sec + disp('the value of Transit time is='+string(tr)+'sec'); + T=10*tr; + f=1/T; //in Hz + disp('frequency='+string(f)+'Hz'); + A=1; + vt=A*cos(%pi*2*f*(-tr)); + disp('the instateneous value of voltage signal at t=0 is 1V and at t=-tr is='+string(vt)+'V'); +disp('The voltage at the other end of the line therefore is = 0V') + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e982846dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// ex2.10 from the previous problem find impedence at 50cm on either side +yl=complex(0.05,10); +cosha=cosh(yl); +coshb=cosh(-yl); +sinha=sinh(yl); +sinhb=sinh(-yl); +zo=50; +zl=complex(100,50); +za=zo*((zl*cosha+zo*sinha)/(zl*sinha+zo*cosha)); +zb=zo*((zl*coshb+zo*sinhb)/(zl*sinhb+zo*coshb)); +disp('impedence at +50cm is= '+string(za)+' ohm'); +disp('impedence at -50cm is= '+string(zb)+' ohm'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea5e8565 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ex2.11 find the value of R so that line is treated as lowloss line. +l=0.25e-6; +c=100e-12; +g=0; +f=100e6; +w=2*%pi*f; +b=w*sqrt(l*c); +disp('The phase constant of the low-loss line is = '+string(b)); +a=b/100; +r=a*sqrt(l/c)*2; +disp('the value of resistance should be = '+string(r)+' ohm/m'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1af72f71d --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//ex2.12 to find max and min current and voltages. + +zl=complex(50,-100); +z01=75; +z0=50; +Tl=(zl-z01)/(zl+z01); +Tlabs=abs(Tl); +Vmax=100; +V=Vmax/(1+Tlabs); +Imax=Vmax/z0; +Imin=V*(1-Tlabs)/z0; +Vmin=Imin*z0; +disp('Maximum current Imax is = '+string(Imax)+' A.'); +disp('Minimum current Imin is = '+string(Imin)+' A.'); +disp('Minimum voltage Vmin is = '+string(Vmin)+' V.'); +disp('Maximum voltage will occurs when m = 0,1,2,3...'); +disp('Therefore the voltage maxima occurs at'); +disp('l = 0.4lamda, 0.9lamda, 1.4lamda...'); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..734f1ddca --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//to find VSWR and max and min resistance +r=100; +c=1e-9; +f=2e6; +w=2*%pi*f; +zl=r/(1+(w*%i*r*c));//(r*(1/%i*w*c))/(r+(1/%i*w*c)); +zo=50; +tl=(zl-zo)/(zl+zo); +Tl=abs(tl); +VSWR=(1+Tl)/(1-Tl); +disp('The VSWR = '+string(VSWR)); +rmax=VSWR*zo; +rmin=zo/VSWR; +disp('maximum resistance on line is = '+string(rmax)+' kohm','minimum resistance on line is = '+string(rmin)+' kohm'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..debec0db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//ex2.14 find the power delivered to the load and the peak voltage at the load-end of the line + +ZL=50; +Z0=50+%i*50; +Tl=(ZL-Z0)/(ZL+Z0); +VSWR=(1+abs(Tl))/(1-abs(Tl)); +disp('VSWR = '+string(VSWR)); +vmax=50; +PL=0.5*vmax^2/(VSWR*real(Z0)); +RL=50; +VL=sqrt(PL*RL*2); +disp('Peak voltage at the load = '+string(VL)+' V','Power delivered to the load = '+string(PL)+' W'); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1439edace --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//ex2.15 find the power delivered to the load. + +Vs=10; +Zs=50; +v=2e8; +f=150e6; +lamda=v/f; +b=2*%pi/lamda; +l=2.5; +bl=b*l; +ZL=50; +Z0=50; +ZLdash=Z0*((ZL*cos(bl)+%i*Z0*sin(bl))/((Z0*cos(bl)+%i*ZL*sin(bl)))); +a=abs(Vs/(ZLdash+Zs))^2; +R=50; +PL=R*a; +disp('The power delivered to the load is = '+string(PL)+' W'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce542fcfe --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//ex2.16 find (i)The refletion coefficient at the load-end (ii)reflection coefficient at a distanceof 0.2lamda from the load-end (iii)impedence at a distance of 0.2lamda from the load-end + +Z0=300; +Y0=1/Z0; +YL=0.01+%i*0.02; +//reflection coefficient at load-end +Tl=(Y0-YL)/(Y0+YL); + +//reflection coefficient at a distance of 0.2lamda towards the generator +Tl2=Tl*exp(-%i*2*2*%pi*0.2); + +//impedence at location 0.2lamda on the line +Z=Z0*(1+Tl2)/(1-Tl2); + +disp('Impedence at location 0.2lamda on the line is = '+string(Z)+' ohm','reflection coefficient at a distance of 0.2lamda towards the generator is = '+string(Tl2)+'','reflection coefficient at load-end is = '+string(Tl)); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e0c345e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex2.17 find the impedence at a distance of 0.2lamda from the junction and VSWR + +bl1=0.6*%pi; +bl2=0.4*%pi; +Z0=50; +ZL=75; +Z2=Z0*(ZL*cos(bl1)+%i*Z0*sin(bl1))/(Z0*cos(bl1)+%i*ZL*sin(bl1)); +Z1=50; +Z=Z1*Z2/(Z1+Z2); +Zl2=Z0*(Z*cos(bl2)+%i*50*sin(bl2))/(50*cos(bl2)+%i*Z*sin(bl2)); +T=abs((Z-Z0)/(Z+Z0)); +VSWR=(1+T)/(1-T); +disp('VSWR on the line is = '+string(VSWR)+'','the impedence at a distance of 0.2lamda from the junction is = '+string(Zl2)+' ohm'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fd59abdb --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex 2.2 to find complex propogation const at (a)1MHz (b)1GHz +r=0.1; //in ohm +l=0.2e-6; //in henry +c=10e-12; //in farad +g=0.02; //in mho +f1=1e6; +w1=2*%pi*f1; +k1=sqrt((r+%i*w1*l)*(g+%i*w1*c)); +disp('propogation const at F=1MHz is='+string(k1)+'/m'); +f2=1e9; +w2=2*%pi*f2; +k2=sqrt((r+%i*w2*l)*(g+%i*w2*c)); +disp('propogation const at F=1GHz is='+string(k2)+'/m'); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48119fe7e --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//ex2.22 Design the transmission line section as areactive element + +f=6e9; +w=2*%pi*f; +L=0.01e-6; +X=w*L; +Z0=150; +lamda=4.0; +b=2*%pi/lamda; +loc=(1/b)*acot(-X/Z0); //length of the line +disp('The reactance to be realized is '+string(X)+' ohm'); +disp('The length of the line therefore is = '+string(loc)+' cm'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7bfc0fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//ex2.23 fnd the input impedence of the line, its quality factor and the 3 dB bandwidth of the resonant circuit + +v=2e8; +f=1e9; +lamda=v/f; +b=2*%pi/lamda; +alpha=0.173; //nepers/m the loss of the line +Q=b/(2*alpha); +f0=1e9; +BW=f0/Q; +Z0=75; +Zin=Z0*alpha; +disp('where l is the length','The 3dB bandwidth is = '+string(BW)+' Hz','The input impedence of the line is = '+string(Zin)+'l ohm'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36625a9ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ex2.24 find the suitable matching transformer + +Z01=50; +Z02=100; +Z0x=sqrt(Z01*Z02); +disp('the characteristic impedence of the transformer section is = '+string(Z0x)+' ohm'); +disp('The length of the transformer should be odd multiples of lamda/4.'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..640060a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//to find the phase of the wave at x=50cm and t=1micro.sec +f=1e9; +w=2*%pi*f; +r=0.5; +l=0.2e-6; +g=0.1; +c=100e-12; +k=sqrt((r+%i*w*l)*(g+%i*w*c)); +b=imag(k); +ph=30*3.142*2/180; +t=1e-6; +x=0.5; //in metre +phOfWave=ph+w*t-b*x; +indegree=phOfWave*180/%pi; +disp('Phase of wave ='+string(phOfWave)+'rad'); +disp('and in degree = '+string(indegree)+' degree'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c70ec1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ex2.4 from the previous ex.calculate attenuation const. and peak voltage +y=complex(2.23,28.2); +a=real(y); +x1=0; +t1=0; +vt=8.66; +o=%pi/6; +disp('At x=0 and t=0, it is given that vt = 8.66 V.'); +V=vt/cosd(30); + +x2=1; +t=100e-9; +f=1e9; +w=2*%pi*f; +B=imag(y); +vt1=10*exp(-a*x2)*cos(o+w*t-B*x); +disp('The instantaneous voltage at x= 1m and t =100nsec is = '+string(vt1)+' V'); +pv=V*exp(-a*x2); +disp('the peak voltage at x = 1m is = '+string(pv)+' V'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34289df0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//ex2.5 from the previous problem find instantaneous voltage in -X direction + + +//at x=0 and t=0 v(t)=8.66V +vt=8.66; +o=30*3.142/180; +V=vt/cos(o); +//at x=1 and t=100nSec +w=2e9*%pi; +t=100e-9; +b=28.2; +x=1; +a=2.23; +vt1=V*exp(a*x)*cos(o+w*t+b*x); +disp('the votage at x=1m & t=100nsec is= '+string(vt1)+'V'); + diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ca8ab6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ex2.6 to find characteristic impedence at 2GHz +f=2e9; +w=2*%pi*f; +r=0.1; +l=0.01e-6; +c=100e-12; +g=0.01; +z=sqrt((r+%i*w*l)/(g+%i*w*c)); +disp('characteristic impedence Z0 is= '+string(z)+'ohm'); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4861ae2f --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//ex2.7 from the previous problem find instantaneous voltage and current at x=50cm and t=1nsec & peak voltage and current at x=1m +f=2e9; +w=2*%pi*f; +x=0.5; +t=1e-9; +// at x=0 t=0 v(t)=2V +Vpositive=2; +// at 0=60,x=0,t=0 +Vnegative=1; +o=%pi/3; +k=sqrt((0.1+%i*w*0.01e-6)*(0.01+%i*w*1e-10)); +a=real(k); +b=imag(k); +v=Vpositive*exp(%i*0)*exp(-a*x)*exp(%i*(w*t-b*x))+Vnegative*exp(%i*o)*exp(a*x)*exp(%i*(w*t+b*x)); +V=real(v); +disp('Therefore, at x= 50c and t=10nsec , we get'); +disp('instantaneous value of voltage is= '+string(V)+'V'); +zo=complex(10,0.0358); +i=real(Vpositive*exp(0)*exp(-a*x)*exp(%i*(w*t-b*x))/zo-Vnegative*exp(%i*o)*exp(a*x)*exp(%i*(w*t+b*x))/zo); +disp('instantaneous value of current is= '+string(i)+'A'); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaca06e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ex2.8 in the previous problem find the reflectioon coefficient at load end and at 20cm from the load +zo=complex(10,0.0358); +zl=complex(10,20); +Tl=(zl-zo)/(zl+zo); +disp('reflection coefficient at load-end is= '+string(Tl)); +k=complex(0.055,12.566); +l=0.2; +Tl2=Tl*exp(-2*k*l); +disp('reflection coefficient at 20cm is= '+string(Tl2)); diff --git a/1616/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce b/1616/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c8b7dab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//ex2.9 find the impedence at a distance of 1.5m +k=complex(0.1,10); +zo=complex(50,5); +zl=complex(100,-30); +coshl=cosh(k*1.5); +sinhl=sinh(k*1.5); +z=zo*((zl*coshl+zo*sinhl)/(zl*sinhl+zo*coshl)); +disp('impedence Z(l) at 1.5m from load is= '+string(z)+' ohm'); + diff --git a/1616/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.sce b/1616/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f7fc815 --- /dev/null +++ b/1616/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//ex3.12 find the electric field and its direction just above the surface. + +theta=60; //degree +Et1=10*cosd(theta); +En1=5*sind(theta); +Et2=Et1; +En2=4*En1; +E2=sqrt(Et2^2+En2^2); +angle=atand(En2/Et2); +disp('the electric field is = '+string(E2)+' V/m','angle above the surface is = '+string(angle)+' degree'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1627/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/1627/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b623817d --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +M=5*14.59//slugs +g=9.8//m/s^2 +//CALCULATIONS +W=M*g//N +//RESULTS +printf('The weight of substance is=% f N',W) diff --git a/1627/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/1627/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c07e8f124 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=38//cm^3/rev +Q=65//min +d=1800//rpm +p1=103//bars +h=1/1000//rev/min +//CALCULATIONS +Q1=p*h*d//min +Ev=Q/Q1*100//percent +Ta=(p*10^-6)*(p1*10^5)/(2*(%pi))//N.m +//RESULTS +printf('The volumetric efficiency and torque applied to the shaft is=% f N.m',Ta) diff --git a/1627/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/1627/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adab23125 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=45//deg +b=120//deg +r=1750//rpm +v=15//cm +p=1000//N.s/m^4 +u1=15*10^-2//m +v1=0.5//m +//CALCULATIONS +U2=(2*%pi*r/60)*u1//m/s +V1=U2-[(v*v1)]//m/s +P=U2*V1//kPa +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure =% f kPa',P) diff --git a/1627/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/1627/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b27633ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=1000//N.s^2/m^4 +r=220//rpm +d=3.5//m^3/s +p1=25//m/s +r1=0.75//m +r2=0.60//m +U1=(2*%pi*r/60)*r1//m/s +U2=(2*%pi*r/60)*r2//m/s +v=0.5//m +v1=0.707//m +p2=10//m +//CALCULATIONS +V1=U1+p1*v//m/s +V2=U2-(p2)*v1//m/s +P=(p*d)*[(U1*V1)-(U2*V2)]//J/s +//RESULTS +printf('The power developed by the turbine wheel is=% f J/s',P) diff --git a/1627/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/1627/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1bb59bc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +N=100//rpm +f=60//cps +//CALCULATIONS +P=120*f/N//poles +//RESULTS +printf('The poles is=% f poles',P) diff --git a/1627/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/1627/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..759d8165f --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=3//mm +s=7.26*10^-2//N/m +g=9.79*10^3//N/m^3 +d=3*10^-3//m +//CALCULATIONS +h=(4*s)/(g*d)//m +//RESULTS +printf('The rise of water above the surface is=% f m',h) diff --git a/1627/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/1627/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed987ce75 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +sb=7.8 +sg=0.97 +v=75*10^-3//m/s +r=1.5*10^-3//m +g=9788.12//N/m^3 +g1=978.81//dyne/cm^3 +r1=1.5*10^-1//cm +v1=75*10^-1//cm/s +r2=1.5*32.81*10^-4//ft +g2=62.31//lbf/ft^3 +v2=75*32.81*10^-4//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +Mu=(2/9)*(r^2*g)*(sb-sg)/(v)//N S/m^2 +Mu1=(2/9)*(r1^2*g1)*(sb-sg)/(v1)//dyne s/cm^2 +Mu2=(2/9)*(r2^2*g2)*(sb-sg)/(v2)//lbf s/ft^2 +M=Mu2*(1/144)//lbf s/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('The absolute viscosity of fluid is =% f lbf s/ft^2',M) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d52c073b --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +F=150//N +a1=25//m +A=(25)*(10^-6)//mm^2 +a=100//mm^2 +q=9.806//N/kgf +//CALCULATIONS +P=F/A//N/m^2 +P1=F/((q)*A)//kgf/cm^2 +F2=F*a/a1//N +F3=(F*a)/(q*a1)//kgf +//RESULTS +printf('The force on the larger piston in newtons and kilograms force is=% f kgf',F3) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c73f04c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +F=35.5*10^4//N +p=100*10^5//bars +q=%pi//ft +//CALCULATIONS +D=sqrt((4*F)/(q*p))*1000//mm +//RESULTS +printf('The cylinder size is =% f mm',D) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69fabab63 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=100*10^-3//m +p=35*10^6//N/m^2 +c=5.17*10^8//N/m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +Tc=(p*d)/(2*c)*1000//mm +f=Tc*2//mm +//RESULTS +printf('The safety factor is=% f mm',f) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ec6b4e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=300//m +w1=9788//N/m^3 +m=0.433//psi +m1=3.2808//ft/m +//CALCULATIONS +P=(w1*w)//N/m^3 +P1=m*(w*m1)//lbf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure is =% f lbf/in^2',P1) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6151d8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +t=30//deg +y=9802//N/m^3 +sg=0.78 +r=6*10^-2//m +//CALCULATIONS +P=(1/2)*y*sg*r//Pa +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure is=% f Pa',P) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30b002743 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=0.5//m +w=3//m +t=20//deg +p1=3/2//m +ht=0 +y=9802//N/m^3 +p=2/3//m +//CALCULATIONS +hb=w*sind(t)//m +h=(ht+hb/2)//m +F=y*h*p*w//N +Xp=p*w//m +//RESULTS +printf('The total force on the plane and distance to the center of pressure is=% f m',Xp) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cec536a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=5//m +w1=10//m +a=60//deg +y=9802//N/m^3 +//CALCULATIONS +h=w+((w/2)*sind(a))//m +F=y*h*(w*w1)//kN +y2=w+w*sind(a)//m +Xp=w*[1-(1/3)*(w1+y2)/(w+y2)]//m +hc=w+Xp*sind(a)//m +//RESULTS +printf('The distance from to the center of pressure is=% f m',hc) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07719f87b --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +y=9802//N/m^3 +d=3.5*0.25*0.20//m^3 +v=11.5*0.82*0.65//ft^3 +g=62.4//lbf/ft^3 +//CALCULATIONS +F=y*d//N +F1=g*v//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('The buoyant force acting on the underside of the tie=is=% f lbf',F1) diff --git a/1627/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/1627/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11930572a --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=%pi +d=0.09//m^2 +w=0.75//m +d1=15//m +d2=30//cm +s=9802//N/m^3 +r=0.25//m +g=1.00//m +//CALCULATIONS +V=p*d*r*d1//m^3 +F=w*s*V//N +V0=F/(g*s)//m^3 +h=(4*V0)/(p*d)//m +//RESULTS +printf('The pole touch the botton without additionnal support or weight=% f m',h) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c014b097f --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a1=44.16//cm^2 +a2=4.91//cm^2 +b1=75//mm +b2=25//mm +//CALCULATIONS +V=b2*[2*a1-a2]//cm^3 +//RESULTS +printf('The displacement per cycle is=% f cm^3',V) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98e8ca1a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=10//m +h1=20//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +//CALCULATIONS +V=sqrt(2*g*h)//m/s +T=sqrt((2)*(h1)/g)//s +L=V*T//m +//RESULTS +printf('The water steram touch the ground is=% f m',L) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb12fca5e --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=30//cm +w=3//m/s +p=61.02//in^2 +g=9.84//ft/sec +w2=60//s/min +r=1/231//gal/in^3 +//CALCULATIONS +Q=%pi*(a*10^-2)^2/4*w*(w2)//m^3/min +Q1=Q*(10^3)*p*(r)//gpm +//RESULTS +printf('The capacity of =% f gpm',Q1) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae106360c --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=5//cm +b=25//cm +s=8.5//bars +r=40//cpm +T=460//F +p2=77//ft +p1=68//ft +T1=273//F +T2=273//F +t=20//c +d=1.01*10^5//N/m^2 +q2=61024//in^3/m^3 +q3=1/1728//ft^3/in^3 +p=14.7//psi +//CALCULATIONS +Q=%pi*((a*10^-2)^2/4)*(b*10^-2)*(r)*1000//m^3/min +Q2=((s*10^5+d)*Q)/d*0.001//m^3/min +Q3=Q2*(t+T1)/(b+T2)//m^3/min free air +Q4=Q*q2*q3*0.001//cfm +Q5=(s*14.5+p)*(Q4)/p//cfm free air +Q6=Q5*(p1+T)/(p2+T)//cfm free air +//RESULTS +printf('The air consumption in units of free air is=% f cfm free air',Q6) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c43139527 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +f=5//cm +d=10//cm +r=150//liters +p=4//in +A2=7.84*10^-3//m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +A=((%pi)*(f*10^-2)^2)/p//m^2 +V1=(r*10^-3)*(1/60)/A//m/s +V2=(A*V1)/A2//m/s +//RESULTS +printf('The velocity of the fluid in both pipes=% f m/s',V2) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2372c71a --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=8000*10^-3//liters/min +r=15*10^-2//cm +v=2.5//m +//CALCULATIONS +V1=(4*(p)*(1/60))/(%pi*(r)^2)//m/s +D=sqrt(4*(p)*(1/60)/(%pi*v))*100//cm +//RESULTS +printf('The diameter of the suction line is=% f cm',D) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9b61a4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +r=2000*10^-3//liters/min +s=0.85 +d=10*10^-2//cm +d1=3*10^-2//m +p=6.5//MPa +g=9.8//ft +a=1.02*10^-4//m^3/N +p1=780.92//m +b=6.5*10^6//N/m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +V1=(4*(r)*(1/60))/(%pi)*(d)^2//m/s +V2=(4*(r)*(1/60))/((%pi/(d1)^2))//m/s +P1=((a*b)/s)+((V1)/(2*g))+(V1/(2*g)) +P2=sqrt((V2)/(2*g))/((a/s))/2//MPa +//RESULTS +printf('The work is done or energy dissipated from the system is=% f MPa',P2) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec555e440 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=65*10^5//N/m^2 +r=8000//liters/minute +p1=25*10^5//bars +sg=0.85 +a=1.02*10^-4//m^3 +b=15*10^5//N/m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +Ha=(a*p)/sg//m +He=Ha-(a*p1)/sg//m +H=Ha-He//m +//RESULTS +printf('The energy extracted from the fluid in terms corresponding to head=% f m',H) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cf45a333 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=1.227//kg +v=90.27//m/s^2 +p1=1.01*10^5//N/m^2 +//CALCULATIONS +Ps=p1+(1/2)*(p*v)//N/m^2 +//RESULTS +printf('The stagnation pressure is=% f N/m^2',Ps) diff --git a/1627/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/1627/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20d218ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +g=9.8//m/s^2 +h=20//m +//CALCULATIONS +V=sqrt(2*g*h)//m//s +//RESULTS +printf('The velocity is=% f m/s',V) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4f77fc1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=50//m +l=250//m^3 +F=9802//N/m^3 +t=1//s +h1=50*3.2808//ft/m +l1=250*35.31//ft/m +q=62.4//lb/ft^3 +h1=746 +//CALCULATIONS +P=(F*l*h)/t//MW +P1=q*l1*h1/t//ft-lb/sec +HP=P/h1//kHP +//RESULTS +printf('The horsepower potential is=% f kHP',HP) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19f2eacc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +m=1635//kg +g=9.8//m/s^2 +a=10*10^-2//m +s=150//cm +A=78.5//cm^2 +t=4//s +p1=7460 +//CALCULATIONS +P=(4*m*g)/(%pi)*(a)^2//Pa +CHP=(P)*(A)*(s)/((p1)*(t))*0.1//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The system pressure and cylinder horsepower is=% f hp',CHP) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42e8c9e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +P=135//bars +Q=201//min +p=448 +//CALCULATIONS +FPH=P*Q/p*0.1//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The fluid horsepower potential of the system is=% f hp',FPH) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52b23fc9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +t=12//hp +N=1500//rpm +p=44760//N m +//CALCULATIONS +T=(t*p)/((2*%pi)*(N))//N.m +//RESULTS +printf('The fluid power motor turning at=% f N.m',T) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcea91ee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +sg=0.86 +m=6*10^-3//N.s/m^2 +f=250*10^-3//liters/min +t=1/60//sec +d=5*10^-2//m +y=9802//N/m^3 +g=9.8//m/s^2 +//CALCULATIONS +V=(4*f*t)/((%pi)*(d)^2)//m/s +P=(y*sg)/(g)//N.s^2/m^4 +NR=(V*d*P)/(m) +//RESULTS +printf('The lminr or flow turbulent=% f',NR) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d5d7308e --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +m=27*10^-3//N.s/m^2 +sg=0.90 +m1=27//cp +v1=5.6*10^-4//lbf.sec/ft^2 +v2=2.5*10^-2//m +y=9802//N/m^3 +g=9.8//m/s^2 +Nr=4000 +Nr1=2000 +//CALCULATIONS +P=(y*sg)/g//N.s^2/m^4 +V1=(Nr*m)/(v2*P)//m/s +V2=(Nr1*m)/(v2*P)//m/s +//RESULTS +printf('The critical velocity range is=% f m/s',V2) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9ed299b --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +sg=0.85 +f1=300//m +f2=0.05//m +p=1000*10^-3//liters/min +t=(1/60)//min/sec +v=6.5*10^-2//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +p1=6.5//cm +//CALCULATIONS +V=(4*p*t)/((%pi)*(v)^2)//m/s +hf=((f2)*(f1)*(V)^2)/((p1)*2*g)//m +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure drop between the tanks is=% f m',hf) diff --git a/1627/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/1627/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e814c0eba --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=25*10^-2//m +a=8//m^3/min +t=1/60//sec/min +f=0.015 +p=100//m +p1=1.2//kg/m^3 +p2=2.7//m/s +g=9.8//m/s^2 +q=998//kg/m^3 +v1=9802//N/m^3 +//CALCULATIONS +V=(4*a*t)/((%pi)*(v)^2)//m/s +hf=(f)*((p)*(p2)^2*(p1))/(v*2*g*v1)//m^-3 +P=v1*hf*10//Pa +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure drop is=% f Pa',P) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d2a12406 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +sg=0.85 +v=7*10^-3//N.s/m^2 +v1=1.46*10^-4//lbf.sec/ft^2 +f=0.05//m +r=400*10^-3//m^3/min +t=1/60//min/sec +s=5*10^-2//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +q=9802//N/m^3 +h=7*10^-3//N.s/m^2 +p=0.000046//m +f1=0.027 +f2=200//m +t1=448//f +//CALCULATIONS +V=(4*r*t)/((%pi)*(s)^2)//m/s +P=(q*sg)/(g)//N.s^2/m^4 +NR=(V*s*P)/(h) +R=(p/f) +hf=(f1*f2*(V)^2)/(s*2*g)//m +H=q*hf*sg//bars +FHP=H*f2/t1//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure drop and horsepower friction loss =% f hp',FHP) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86d09aff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=400*10^-3//m^3/min +t=1/60//min/s +q=10*10^-2//m +v=1*10^-6//m^2 +v1=4*10^-2//m +v2=10^-5//m^2/s +p=0.000046/0.01 +R=0.000046/0.04 +g=9.8//m/s^2 +v3=100//m +v4=0.78//m +d1=0.5//m +d3=0.037//m +d2=0.84//m +Hg=10*1.44//m +Hck=2.5*1.44//m +f4=188.81//m +h4=4*0.9*1.44//m +Het=1.0*1.44//m +p1=9802//N/m^3 +p2=10^-5//bars +w2=400//min +w3=448 +//CALCULATIONS +V=(4*w*t)/((%pi)*(q)^2)//m/s +V4=(4*w*t)/((%pi)*(v1)^2)//m/s +Nr=(V*q)/v2 +Nr4=(V4*v1)/v2 +He=(v4*(V)^2)/(2*g)//m +f10=(He*v3*(V)^2)/(q*2*g)//m +Hr=d1*d2*d3//m +Htotal=He+f10+Hr+Hg+Hck+f4+h4+Het//m +FHP=(Htotal*p1*p2*w2)/w3//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The head and power loss associate with the friction in the system is=% f hp',FHP) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1981ae802 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=5*10^-2//m^2/s +r=1900*10^-3//m +t=1/60//min/s +v1=5*10^-6//m^2/s +e=0.00028//m +d=0.05//m +k=3.6//v +f=0.122//m +//CALCULATIONS +V=4*(r)*t/((%pi)*(v)^2)//m/s +Nr=(V*v)/(v1) +R=e/d +Le=v*(k/f)//m +//RESULTS +printf('The equivalent lenght of straight pipe is=% f m',Le) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c62d565c --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +r=20000//liter/minute +v=14*10^-6//ft^2/sec +w=1.3*10^-6//m^2/s +f=0.025 +f1=0.029 +q=8*10^3//m +p1=1/60//min/s +hf=150//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +d=0.414//m +e=0.00165//m +d1=0.427//m +//CALCULATIONS +D=0.81*(f)*(q)*(r*10^-3*p1)^2/(hf*g)//m^5 +V=(4*(r*10^-3)*p1)/((%pi)*(d)^2)//m/s +NR=V*d/(w) +R=e/d +D1=0.81*(f1)*(q)*(r*10^-3*p1)^2/(hf*g)//m^5 +V2=(4*(r*10^-3)*p1)/((%pi)*(d1)^2)//m/s +NR1=V2*d1/w +R1=e/d1 +//RESULTS +printf('The diameter of a concrete pipe is=% f ',R1) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44c614996 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=4*10^-7//m^2/s +t=1/60//min/s +v1=4.3*10^-6//ft^2/sec +q=10*10^-2 +p=300//m +p1=1000*10^-3//m^3 +r1=0.000046//m +w=0.10//m +f=0.0175//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +v3=2.02//m/s +p2=20//m +//CALCULATIONS +V1=(4*(p1)*t)/((%pi)*(q)^2)//m/s +Nr=(V1)*(q)/(v) +R=r1/w +hf=(f*p*(v3)^2)/(q*2*g)//m +ha=p2+(V1^2)/(2*g)+hf//m +//RESULTS +printf('The pressure at the pump outlet to maintain the flow secified is=% f m',ha) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0f690cde --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w1=250//m +w2=10000//min +p1=20//cm +p2=30//cm +p3=30*10^-2//m +p4=20*10^-2//m +s=1/60//min/s +v1=300//m +v2=700//m +f=0.025 +a=0.167//m^3/s +g=9.8//m/s^2 +vb=1.02//m +v3=0.1318//m^2 +v4=0.163//m^2 +B=1922//min +//CALCULATIONS +Qt1=((%pi)*(p3)^2)/4//m^2 +Qt2=((%pi)*(p4)^2)/4//m^2 +hfa=((f)*(v1))/((p3)*2*g)//s^2/m +hfb=((f)*(v2))/((p4)*2*g)//s^2/m +VA=(hfb)/(hfa) +V=sqrt(VA) +Q1=Qt1*V*vb+Qt2*vb//m^3/s +Q2=v3*vb+Qt2*vb//m^3/s +Q=v4*vb//m^3/s +QB=((%pi)*(p4)^2*vb)/(4)//m^3/s +QA=w2-B//min +//RESULTS +printf('The diameter is=% f min',QA) diff --git a/1627/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/1627/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..748625090 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=0.0006//m +b=0.0002//m +r1=30//cm +r2=20//cm +w1=1.3*10^-6//m^2/s +w2=8078*10^-3//m^3/min +s=1/60//min/sec +f=0.024 +vb=1.02//m/s +fa=0.0245 +fb=0.0213 +m=15//percent +g=9.8//m/s^2 +m1=300//m +m2=700//m +n=265//m +p1=0.0707//m^2 +p2=0.0314//m^2 +p3=0.1230//m^2 +VB=1.08//m/s +r3=30*10^-2//m +r4=20*10^-2//m +//CALCULATIONS +Va=(4*(w2)*(s))/((%pi)*(r3)^2)//m/s +NRa=(Va)*(r3)/(w1) +R=(a/(r3)) +NRb=(vb)*(r4)/(w1) +R1=(b/(r4)) +V1=((fa)*(m1))/((r3)*(2*g)) +V2=((fb*m2))/((r4)*(2*g)) +V=sqrt(V2/V1) +Q1=p1*V+p2//m^3/s +Q2=p3+p2//m^3/s +Q3=Q1*VB//m/s +VA=V*VB//m/s +NRB=(VB)*(r4)/(w1) +QA=((%pi)*(r3)^2*(VA))/(4)*60//m^3/s +QB=((%pi)*(r4)^2)*(VB)/(4)*60//m^3/s +QT=(QA+QB)*n//gpm +//RESULTS +printf('The kinematic viscocity of water the total within the accurancy limit is=% f gpm',QT) diff --git a/1627/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/1627/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f41ccd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=3.57//m^2 +v=5.14//m +//CALCULATIONS +R=p/v//m +//RESULTS +printf('The hydraulic radius is=% f m',R) diff --git a/1627/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/1627/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..008f896d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=15//cm +w2=20//cm +a=5//cm +W=0.61*(%pi)*30//cm +d=706.5//cm^2 +x=14.1*a//cm^2 +//CALCULATIONS +S=a/w +A=(0.61*d)+x//cm^2 +R=A/W//cm +//RESULTS +printf('The hydraulic radius is=% f cm',R) diff --git a/1627/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/1627/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4d8bd7da --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=0.1//m +p1=50//m +a=1.000//m^1/3/s +R=501.45*10^-4//m^2 +s=8.73*10^-2//m +n=0.030 +m=1.672*(0.087)^2/3//m +//CALCULATIONS +S=p/p1 +Q=((1)^1/3)*m*(S)^1/2//m^3 +//RESULTS +printf('The flow of rate trough the pipe=% f m^3',Q) diff --git a/1627/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/1627/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86897050 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=6//m^3 +w=9.33//m +d=600//m +k=33//m +//CALCULATIONS +R=a/w//m +S=1/d +Q=(k*(a)*(R)^2/3*(S)^1/2)*10//m^3/s +//RESULTS +printf('The Chezy Manning equation is=% f m^3/s',Q) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5cde6354 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p1=5//cm +v=50//m/s +p2=5*10^-2//m +g=9.8//m/s^2 +q=9802//N/m^3 +//CALCULATIONS +Q=(%pi)*(p2)^2*v/4//m^3/s +F=q*Q*v/g*0.001//kN +//RESULTS +printf('The force exerted on the plate=% f kN',F) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d6d9e657 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=200//m +h2=300//m +p=7.5*10^-2//cm +g=9.8//m/s^2 +T=746//j/s +q=9802//N/m^3 +//CALCULATIONS +V=sqrt(2*g*h)//m/s +Q=(%pi)*(p)^2*V/4//m^3/s +HP=(q*h*Q)/T//hp +E=(h/h2)*100//percent +//RESULTS +printf('The efficiency is=% f percent',E) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9752150b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=1000*10^-3//m^3/min +t=1/60//min/s +p=4*10^-2//m +p2=2*10^-2//m +p1=10*10^5//N/m^2 +p3=1.26*10^-3//m^2 +b=1000//N/s^2/m^4 +//CALCULATIONS +V1=(4*a*t)/((%pi)*(p)^2)//m/s +V2=(4*a*t)/((%pi)*(p2)^2)//m/s +Fr=(p1*p3)-(b)*(a)*t*(V2-V1)//N +//RESULTS +printf('The magnitude and direction of the resultant force actiong on the hose is=% f N',Fr) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3455894ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +v1=15//m/s +v2=20//m/s +v3=0.5//m/s +a=60//degree +b=74//deg +c=cosd(c) +//CALCULATIONS +Vx=v2*v3-v1//m/s +Vy=v2*sind(a)//m/s +V=sqrt((Vx)^2+(Vy)^2)//m/s +fhi=-(Vx/Vy) +f=cosd(fhi)//deg +//RESULTS +printf('The magnitude and dirction of the resultant vector=% f deg',f) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d213163c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=0.05//m^3/s +p=1000//N.s^2/m^4 +v=25//m/s +a=135//deg +v1=30//m/s +b=55//deg +//CALCULATIONS +Fx=(p*w)*[(v)*-cosd(a)-v1]//N +Fy=(p*w)*(v*-cosd(a))//N +FR=sqrt((Fx)^2+(Fy)^2)//N +F=-(Fy/Fx) +F1=tand(b)//deg +//RESULTS +printf('The angle of the resultant force on the vane=% f deg',F1) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1c02f702 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=7*10^-2//m +v=25//m/s +a=170//deg +v1=1000//N.s^2/m^4 +v2=40//m +p=1+0.9848 +t=746//N.m/s +//CALCULATIONS +Q=((%pi)*(w)^2*(v))/4//m^3/s +Fx=(v1*Q*(v2-v)*p)//N +Hp=Fx*v/t//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The potential horsepower developed by the pelton wheel is=% f hp',Hp) diff --git a/1627/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/1627/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5ce1ec1e --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=15*10^5//N/m^2 +v=78.5*10^-4//m^2 +v1=1000//N.s^2/m^4 +v2=0.07//m^3/s +x=8.49//m/s +q=1-0.5//m +a=60//deg +p1=4000//min +p2=10//cm +y=0.866//m +//CALCULATIONS +Fx=[(p*v)+((v1)*(v2)*x)]*(q)*0.001//kN +Fy=[(p*v)+((v1)*v2*x)]*y*0.001//N +FR=sqrt(Fx)^2+(Fy)^2//kN +F=Fy/Fx//deg +//RESULTS +printf('The magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the bend is=% f deg',F) diff --git a/1627/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/1627/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34153fcc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +f=250//N +p=20*40//cm +v=0.5//m/s +f2=7.62*10^-5//m +//CALCULATIONS +Mu=(f*f2)/(p*10^-4*v)//N.s/m^2 +//RESULTS +printf('The dynamic viscosity of the lubricant is=% f N.s/m^2',Mu) diff --git a/1627/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/1627/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..040c11bba --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +g=9.8//m/s^2 +m=102//kg +a=20*40*10^-4//cm +h=7.62*10^-5//m +Mu=4.76*10^-1//N.s/m^2 +v=0.5//m/s +//CALCULATIONS +P=(m*g)/(a)//Pa +F=(Mu*v)/(P*h) +//RESULTS +printf('The friction factor for the bearing is=% f',F) diff --git a/1627/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/1627/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddac97471 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +c=0.005//cm +v=2*10^-1/2//N.s/m^2 +l=7.5//cm +mu=2*10^-2//N.s/m^2 +d=5*10^-2//m +N=1500*(1/60)//rev/s +L=7.5*10^-2//m +//CALCULATIONS +F=(2*(mu)*(%pi)^2*(d)^2*N*L)/(c*10^-2)//N +HP=(F*(%pi)*d*N)/746//hp +//RESULTS +printf('The friction horsepower loss is=% f hp',HP) diff --git a/1627/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/1627/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2d95c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +F=37//N +g=9.8//m/s^2 +w=90//kg +L=7.5*10^-2//m +D=5*10^-2//mm +//CALCULATIONS +f=F/(w*g) +P=(w*g)/(L*D)//kPa +//RESULTS +printf('The friction coefficent and lubricant pressure is=% f kPa',P) diff --git a/1627/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/1627/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3effbe0ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1627/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=105// +T1=210//F +T2=100//F +//CALCULATIONS +T=T2-T1//F +//RESULTS +printf('The high value of the viscosity in the temperature is=% f F',T) diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex1_1_a.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex1_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfe434e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex1_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.1(a) +clc; +Yn=80; //Expected value +Xn=79; //Measured value +e=Yn-Xn; //Absolute error +pe=e*100/Yn; //Percentage error +RA=1-(e/Yn); //Relative Accuracy +pa=RA*100; //Percentage Accuracy +printf('\nExpected value = %.2f V\n',Yn) +printf('\nMeasured value = %.2f V\n',Xn) +printf('\nAbsolute error = %.2f V\n',e) +printf('\nPercentage error = %.2f percent\n',pe) +printf('\nRelative accuracy = %.4f\n',RA) +printf('\nPercentage accuracy = %.2f percent\n',pa) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex1_1_b.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex1_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb9a2d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex1_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.1(b) +clc; +Yn=20*10^-3; //Expected value +Xn=18*10^-3; //Measured value +e=Yn-Xn; //Absolute error +pe=e*100/Yn; //Percentage error +RA=1-(e/Yn); //Relative Accuracy +pa=RA*100; //Percentage Accuracy +printf('\nExpected value = %.2f mA\n',Yn*1000) +printf('\nMeasured value = %.2f mA\n',Xn*1000) +printf('\nAbsolute error = %.2f mA\n',e*1000) +printf('\nPercentage error = %.2f percent\n',pe) +printf('\nRelative accuracy = %.2f\n',RA) +printf('\nPercentage accuracy = %.2f percent\n',pa) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ed4c0e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.2 +clc; +//Enter the measurements in a vector +Xn=[98,101,102,97,101,100,103,98,106,99]; +//Calculate mean +Y=mean(Xn); +//Extract the 6th element +X6=Xn(1,6); +//Calculate the absolute value +a=abs((X6-Y)/X6); +P=1-a; +printf('\nMean of all the measurements = %.2f \n',Y) +printf('\nPrecision of 6th measurement = %.3f \n',P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex1_3_a.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex1_3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19d01bb51 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.3.a/ex1_3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.3(a) +clc; +Vs=1000; //Voltmeter Sensitivity +Fs=150; //Scale of Voltmeter +Vt=80; //Voltmeter reading +It=10*10^-3; //milliammeter reading +//Circuit resistance neglecting milliammmeter resistance +Rt=Vt/It; +Rv=Vs*Fs; //Voltmeter Resistance +Rx=Rv*Rt/(Rv-Rt); //Value of unknown resistance +Pe=100*(Rx-Rt)/Rx; //Percentage Error +printf('\nApparent value of unknown Resistance = %.2f kohm\n',Rt/1000) +printf('\nActual value of unknown Resistance = %.2f kohm\n',Rx/1000) +printf('\nPercentage error = %.2f Percent \n',Pe) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex1_3_b.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex1_3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09c6bc487 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.3.b/ex1_3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.3(b) +clc; +Vs=1000; //Voltmeter Sensitivity +Fs=150; //Scale of Voltmeter +Vt=30; //Voltmeter reading +It=600*10^-3; //milliammeter reading +//Circuit resistance neglecting milliammmeter resistance +Rt=Vt/It; +Rv=Vs*Fs; //Voltmeter Resistance +Rx=Rv*Rt/(Rv-Rt); //Value of unknown resistance +Pe=100*(Rx-Rt)/Rx; //Percentage Error +printf('\nApparent value of unknown Resistance = %.2f ohm\n',Rt) +printf('\nActual value of unknown Resistance = %.4f ohm\n',Rx) +printf('\nPercentage error = %.4f Percent \n',Pe) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..768a448f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.4 +clc; +d_dev=[]; +Xn=[49.7,50.1,50.2,49.6,49.7]; //Given Data +X=mean(Xn); //Mean +disp(X,'Aritmatic Mean') +for i=1:5 + d=Xn(1,i)-X; + d_dev=[d_dev,d]; +end +dtotal=sum(d_dev); +disp(d_dev,'Deviations from each value') +disp(dtotal,'Algebraic sum of deviations') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.5/ex1_5.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.5/ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de951336e --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.5/ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1.5 +clc; +d_dev=[]; +Xn=[49.7,50.1,50.2,49.6,49.7]; //Given Data +X=mean(Xn); //Mean +for i=1:5 + d=Xn(1,i)-X; + d_dev=[d_dev,abs(d)]; +end +Davg=mean(d_dev); +disp(Davg,'Average deviation') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.6/ex1_6.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.6/ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e78feac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.6/ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.6 +clc; +d_dev=[]; +Xn=[49.7,50.1,50.2,49.6,49.7]; //Given Data +X=mean(Xn); //Mean +for i=1:5 + d=Xn(1,i)-X; + d_dev=[d_dev,d^2]; +end +sq_sum=sum(d_dev); +var=sq_sum/4; +//For small no of data(n<30) we use n-1 as the +//denominator so as to obtain a more accurate value +//for Standard deviation +Std_dev=sqrt(var); //Std deviation +disp(Std_dev,'Standard deviation') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.7/ex1_7.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.7/ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a675f50aa --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.7/ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1.7 +clc; +Fs=600; //Full Scale +e=0.02; //error permissable +-2% +V=250; //Voltage measured +lim_err=Fs*e; //magnitude of limiting error +//limiting error at a given voltage drop V +lim_err_V=100*lim_err/V; +printf('\nLimiting error at 250 V = %.2f percent\n',lim_err_V) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex1_8_a.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex1_8_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18b13f3de --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex1_8_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1.8(a) +clc; +Fs=500*10^-3; //Full Scale +e=0.02; //error permissable +-2% +I=300*10^-3; //Current measured +lim_err=Fs*e; //magnitude of limiting error +//limiting error at a given current I +lim_err_I=100*lim_err/I; +printf('\nLimiting error at 300 mA = %.2f percent\n',lim_err_I) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex1_8_b.sce b/165/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex1_8_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcec268ea --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex1_8_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 1.8(b) +clc; + +VFs=100; //Full Scale +Ve=0.015; //error permissable +-1.5% +V=70; //Voltage measured +V_lim_err=VFs*Ve; //magnitude of limiting error +//limiting error at a given voltage drop V +lim_err_V=100*V_lim_err/V; + +IFs=150*10^-3; //Full Scale +Ie=0.015; //error permissable +-1.5% +I=80*10^-3; //Current measured +I_lim_err=IFs*Ie; //magnitude of limiting error +//limiting error at a given current I +lim_err_I=100*I_lim_err/I; + +//Limiting error of power +lim_err_P=lim_err_V+lim_err_I; + +printf('\nLimiting error at 70 V = %.3f percent\n',lim_err_V) +printf('\nLimiting error at 80 mA = %.3f percent\n',lim_err_I) +printf('\nLimiting error of power = %.3f percent\n',lim_err_P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce b/165/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b987bd619 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 10.1 +clc; +//Given Data +C1=600*10^-12; +C2=100*10^-12; +f1=2*10^6; +//Distributed Capacitance Cs +Cs=(C1-4*C2)/3; +disp(Cs,'Value of Distributed Capacitance is') +//We know the resonant frequency is +//given by f1=1/(2*pi*(L(C1+CS))^.5), hence +L=1/(((2*%pi*f1)^2)*(C1+Cs)); +printf('\nValue of inductance L is %.12f H',L) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce b/165/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c86fa0835 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 10.2 +clc; +//Given Data +C1=500*10^-12; +C2=110*10^-12; +f1=1*10^6; +//Distributed Capacitance Cs +Cs=(C1-4*C2)/3; +disp(Cs,'Value of Distributed Capacitance is') +//We know the resonant frequency is +//given by f1=1/(2*pi*(L(C1+CS))^.5), hence +L=1/(((2*%pi*f1)^2)*(C1+Cs)); +printf('\nValue of inductance L is %.12f H',L) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce b/165/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aba690506 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 10.3 +clc; +//Given Data +C1=500*10^-12; +C2=50*10^-12; +f1=2*10^6; +f2=6*10^6; +//Since f2=3f1 we can equate the equations +//as follows +// 1/(2*pi*(L(C2+CS))^.5) = 3/(2*pi*(L(C1+CS))^.5) +// => C1+Cs = 9 (C2 +Cs) +// or Cs=(C1-9C2)/8 +Cs=(C1-9*C2)/8; //Self Capacitance +disp(Cs,'Value of Self Capacitance is:') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99064cab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 11.1 +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=10000; +R2=15000; +R3=40000; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +// R1*R3=R2*R4 +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +disp(Rx,'Value of unknown Resistence Rx is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.a/ex11_10_a.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.a/ex11_10_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6f485d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.a/ex11_10_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 11.10(a) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=1000; +C1=0.5*10^-6; +R2=2000; +C3=0.5*10^-6; +f=1000; //frequency in Hz +//Value of Rx for Schering's Bridge +Rx=C1*R2/C3; +//Value of Cx for Schering's Bridge +Cx=C3*R1/R2; +//Dissipation factor +D=2*%pi*f*Cx*Rx; + +printf('\nValue of resistence is %d ohm',Rx) +printf('\nValue of Capacitance is %.8f F',Cx) +printf('\nDissipation factor for Schering bridge is %.4f ',D ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.b/ex11_10_b.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.b/ex11_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d61f88cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.b/ex11_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 11.10(b) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R3=100; +C2=100*10^-12; +R4=300; +C4=0.5*10^-6; +f=50; //frequency in Hz +//Value of R1 for Schering's Bridge +R1=C4*R3/C2; +//Value of C1 for Schering's Bridge +C1=C2*R4/R3; +//Dissipation factor +D=2*%pi*f*C1*R1; + +printf('\nValue of resistence is %d ohm',R1) +disp(C1,'Value of Capacitance is ') +printf('\nDissipation factor for Schering bridge is %.4f ',D ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.c/ex11_10_c.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.c/ex11_10_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ebad9a38 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.c/ex11_10_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 11.10(c) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R3=300; +C2=500*10^-12; +R4=100; +C4=0.1*10^-6; +f=50; //frequency in Hz +//Value of C1 for Schering's Bridge +C1=C2*R4/R3; +//Dielectric loss angle +D=2*%pi*f*C4*R4; +atan(D); +delta=180*D/%pi; +disp(C1,'Value of Capacitance is ') +printf('\nDielectric loss angle is %.4f deg',delta ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.d/ex11_10_d.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.d/ex11_10_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8de28ab28 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.d/ex11_10_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 11.10(d) +clc; +Ko=8.854*10^-12; //Permitivity of free Space +//Given values of bridge elements +R3=260; +C2=105*10^-12; +R4=1000/%pi; +C4=0.5*10^-6; +f=50; //frequency in Hz +d=4.5*10^-3; //Thickness of sheet in m +r=6*10^-2; //Radius of electrodes +A=%pi*r^2; //Area of electrodes in sq m +//Value of C1 for Schering's Bridge +C1=C2*R4/R3; +//Power factor +D=2*%pi*f*C4*R4; +//Relative Permitivity +Kr=C1*d/(Ko*A); +disp(C1,'Value of Capacitance is ') +printf('\nPower Factor is %.4f \n',D) +disp(Kr,'Relative permitivity of the sheet') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.e/ex11_10_e.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.e/ex11_10_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6666ecbdb --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.e/ex11_10_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.10(e) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R3=100; +C2=100*10^-12; +R4=300; +C4=0.5*10^-6; +f=50; //frequency in Hz +//Value of C1 for Schering's Bridge +C1=C2*R4/R3; +//Power factor +D=2*%pi*f*C4*R4; +disp(C1,'Value of Capacitance is ') +printf('\nPower Factor is %.4f \n',D) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.f/ex11_10_f.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.f/ex11_10_f.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e9021916 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.f/ex11_10_f.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.10(f) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=300; +C1=0.6*10^-6; +R2=100; +C3=100*10^-12; +//Value of Rx for Schering's Bridge +Rx=C1*R2/C3; +//Value of Cx for Schering's Bridge +Cx=C3*R1/R2; + +printf('\nValue of resistence is %d ohm\n',Rx) +disp(Cx,'Value of Capacitance is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.10.g/ex11_10_g.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.10.g/ex11_10_g.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7ba44d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.10.g/ex11_10_g.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 11.10(f) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=2000; +C1=0.1*10^-6; +R2=5000; +C3=0.25*10^-6; +f=2000; //frequency in Hz +//Value of Rx for Schering's Bridge +Rx=C1*R2/C3; +//Value of Cx for Schering's Bridge +Cx=C3*R1/R2; +//Dissipation factor +D=2*%pi*f*Cx*Rx; + +printf('\nValue of resistence is %d ohm\n',Rx) +printf('\nValue of Capacitance is %.8f F\n',Cx) +printf('\nDissipation factor for Schering bridge is %.4f ',D ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.11/ex11_11.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.11/ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aebd2d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.11/ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 11.11 +clc; +//Wein's Bridge +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=4700; +C1=5*10^-9; +C3=10*10^-9; +R3=10000; +//Frequency of the circuit +x=sqrt(C1*C3*R1*R3); +f=invr(2*%pi*x); +printf('\nFrequency of the circuit is %.2f Hz',f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.12/ex11_12.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.12/ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7ba68c35 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.12/ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11.12 +clc; +//Wein's Bridge +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=3100; +C1=5.2*10^-6; +R2=25000; +R4=100000; +f=2.5*10^3; //frequency in Hz +w=2*%pi*f; +//R3 for Wein's bridge +R3=(R1+invr(R1*(w*C1)^2))*R4/R2; +//C3 for Wein's bridge +C3=(C1*invr((w*R1*C1)^2))*R2/R4; +printf('\nValue of resistence R3 is %.2f ohm\n',R3) +disp(C3,'Value of capacitance C3 is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.13/ex11_13.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.13/ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b3e3e581 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.13/ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 11.13 +clc; +//Wein's Bridge +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=800; +C1=0.5*10^-6; +C2=1.0*10^-6; +R2=400; +R4=1000; +//Frequency of the circuit +x=sqrt(C1*C2*R1*R2); +f=invr(2*%pi*x); +printf('\nFrequency for which bridge is balance is %.2f Hz\n',f) +//Given is following condition +// R2/R1 + C1/C2 = R4/R3 +// R3 = R = unknown +R=R4*invr(R2/R1+C1/C2); +printf('\nValue of resistence required to balance bridge is %.2f ohm\n',R) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.14/ex11_14.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.14/ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad1b134e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.14/ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.14 +clc; +//Anderson's Bridge +//Given values of bridge elements +r=496; +R2=200; +R3=1000; +R4=1000; +C=10*10^-6; +//R1 for Anderson's bridge +R1=R2*R3/R4; +//L1 for Anderson's bridge +L1=(r*(R4+R2)+R2*R4)*C*R3/R4; +printf('\nValue of resistence R1 is %.2f ohm\n',R1) +printf('\nValue of inductance L1 is %.4f H\n',L1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca965a373 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 11.2 +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=1000; +R2=2500; +R3=3500; +R4=10000; +Rg=300; //Galvanometer resistence +E=6; //Applied potential across bridge +//Thevenin's equivalent voltage +Eth=E*(R4/(R2+R4)-R3/(R1+R3)); +//Thevenin's equivalent resistence +Rth=R1*R3/(R1+R3)+R2*R4/(R2+R4); +//Current through Galvanometer +Ig=Eth/(Rth+Rg); +disp(Ig,'Current through galvanometer is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8de748796 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11.3 +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R=700; //R1=R2=R3=R +R4=735; //R4=R+del_R +Rg=125; //Galvanometer resistence +E=10; //Applied potential across bridge +del_R=R4-R; +//Thevenin's equivalent voltage +Eth=0.25*E*del_R/R; +//Thevenin's equivalent resistence +Rth=R; +//Current through the Galvanometer +Ig=Eth/(Rth+Rg); +disp(Ig,'Current through the Galvanometer') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a57be72 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 11.4 +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=5; +R2=2*R1; //Given R1 = 0.5*R2 +Rb_Ra_ratio=1/1000; // Rb/Ra=1/1000 +Rx=R2*Rb_Ra_ratio; +disp(Rx,'Value of unknown bridge element') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aea25e85 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 11.5 +clc; + +E=6; //Applied potential across bridge +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=5000; +R2=5000; +R3=5000; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +// R1*R3=R2*R4 +Rv=R2*R3/R1; +disp(Rv,'Value of unknown Resistence Rv is at 80 deg C') +//Now given from the graph is the value of Rv at 60 deg C +Rv=4500; +//The error signal can be calculated using following formula +es=E*(R3/(R1+R3)-Rv/(R2+Rv)); +disp(es,'The value of error signal at 60 deg C is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.6.a/ex11_6_a.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.6.a/ex11_6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27829f1e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.6.a/ex11_6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11.6(a) +clc; +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=10000; +R2=50000; +R3=100000; +C3=100*10^-6; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +// R1*R3=R2*R4 +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +//For the calculation of Capacitance +//we have R1*C3=R2*Cx +Cx=C3*R1/R2; +disp(Rx,Cx,'The unknown impedence is the series combination of Cx & Rx') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.6.b/ex11_6_b.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.6.b/ex11_6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a959ce38a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.6.b/ex11_6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11.6(b) +clc; +f=400; //given frequency in Hz +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=2000; +R2=2850; +R4=52; +C4=0.5*10^-6; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +Rx=R1*R4/R2; +//For the calculation of Capacitance +//we have R2*C4=R1*Cx +Cx=C4*R2/R1; +disp(Rx,Cx,'The unknown impedence is the series combination of Cx & Rx') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca4244313 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11.7 +clc; +f=5000; //given frequency in Hz +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=10000; +R2=40000; +R3=100000; +L3=10*10^-3; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +//For the calculation of Inductance +//we have R2*L3=R1*Lx +Lx=L3*R2/R1; +disp(Rx,Lx,'The unknown impedence is the series combination of Lx & Rx') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.8.a/ex11_8_a.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.8.a/ex11_8_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43f2c5957 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.8.a/ex11_8_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11.8(a) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=470000; +R2=5100; +R3=100000; +C1=0.01*10^-6; +//We Know Balanced bridge equations as +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +//For the calculation of Capacitance +//we have Lx=R2*R3*C1 +Lx=R2*R3*C1; +disp(Rx,Lx,'The unknown impedence is the series combination of Lx & Rx') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.8.b/ex11_8_b.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.8.b/ex11_8_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca0c303a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.8.b/ex11_8_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11.8(b) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=32.7; +R2=1.36; +R3=100; +R4=100; +L1=50*10^-3; +//To find r +r=R4*R1/R3-R2; +disp(r,'Value of resistence r of coil is') +//For the calculation of inductance +//we have R3*L2=R4*L1 +L2=L1*R4/R3; +disp(L2,'Value of Inductance L of Coil is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.9.a/ex11_9_a.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.9.a/ex11_9_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d50ab357a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.9.a/ex11_9_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.9(a) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R1=2000; +R2=10000; +R3=1000; +w=3000; //frequency in rad/s +C1=1*10^-6; +//Value of Rx for Hay's Bridge +Rx=(R1*R2*R3*(w*C1)^2)/(1+(w*R1*C1)^2); +//Value of Lx for Hay's Bridge +Lx=(R2*R3*C1)/(1+(w*R1*C1)^2); +disp(Rx,'Value of resistence is') +disp(Lx,'Value of Inductance is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.9.b/ex11_9_b.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.9.b/ex11_9_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab5aeaf33 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.9.b/ex11_9_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11.9(b) +clc; +f=50; //frequency in Hz +//Given values of bridge elements +R2=1000; +R3=16500; +R4=800; +w=2*%pi*f; +C4=2*10^-6; +//Value of Rx for Hay's Bridge +Rx=(R4*R2*R3*(w*C4)^2)/(1+(w*R4*C4)^2); +//Value of Lx for Hay's Bridge +Lx=(R2*R3*C4)/(1+(w*R4*C4)^2); +disp(Rx,'Value of resistence is') +disp(Lx,'Value of Inductance is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH11/EX11.9.c/ex11_9_c.sce b/165/CH11/EX11.9.c/ex11_9_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..438f5ff3e --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH11/EX11.9.c/ex11_9_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11.9(c) +clc; + +//Given values of bridge elements +R=1000; //R2=R3=R4=R +R2=R; +R3=R; +R4=R; +w=314; +C4=1*10^-6; +//Value of Rx for Hay's Bridge +Rx=(R4*R2*R3*(w*C4)^2)/(1+(w*R4*C4)^2); +//Value of Lx for Hay's Bridge +Lx=(R2*R3*C4)/(1+(w*R4*C4)^2); +disp(Rx,'Value of resistence is') +disp(Lx,'Value of Inductance is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce b/165/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db5b80f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.1 +clc; + +chart_speed=40; //Given Chart speed in mm/s +time_base=5; //one cycle of signal recorded in mm + +period=time_base/chart_speed; +f=invr(period); +printf('\nFrequency of signal is %.2f cycles/s\n',f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce b/165/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b9af84c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.2 +clc; + +f=20; //Frequency in Hz +time_base=5; //one cycle of signal recorded in mm +period=invr(f); +chart_speed=time_base/period; + +printf('\nChart speed of signal is %d mm/s\n',chart_speed) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce b/165/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e0d5c4f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 13.1 +clc; + +R=5000; //Total resisrence of POT +Vt=5; //Potential applied +ssl=3; //Shaft stroke length in inches +w_at=0.9; //wiper is at 0.9 inch +//value of R2 +R2=w_at*R/ssl; +R1=R-R2; //Given R = R1 + R2 +Vo=Vt*R2/(R1+R2); +printf('\nValue of output voltage is %.2f V\n',Vo) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce b/165/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4d22abb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH14/EX14.1/ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 14.1 +clc; + +//Design a differentiator +fa=800; //Given Frequency in Hz +C1=0.1*10^-6; //Assumed value of capacitor + +//Feedback resistence +Rf=invr(2*%pi*fa*C1); +//Assume a std value of feedback resistence +Rf=2.2*10^3; + +//Gain limiting frequency; fb=20fa +fb=20*fa; +R1=invr(2*%pi*fb*C1); +//Assume a std value of input resistence +R1=100; + +//Feedback Capacitance +Cf=R1*C1/Rf; +//Assume a std value of feedback Capacitance +Cf=4.7*10^-9; + +printf('\nAssumed value of Input capacitor C1 = %.2f uF \n',C1*10^6) +printf('\nValue of Input Resistor R1 = %.2f ohm \n',R1) +printf('\nValue of Feedback capacitor Cf = %.2f nF \n',Cf*10^9) +printf('\nValue of Feedback Resistor Rf = %.2f k ohm \n',Rf/1000) + +Vp=2; //Peak voltage in V +w=2*%pi*fa; +T=2*w; +t=0:50:T; +Vin=Vp*sin(t/2); +a=gca(); +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(Vin); +Vpo=Rf*C1*2*2*%pi*800; +Vo=-Vpo*cos(t/2); +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(Vo); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce b/165/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ca18018 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 14.2 +clc; + +//Given values of applied potential in V +Va=2; +Vb=1; +Vc=3; +//Given resistence values in ohm +Ra=3000; +Rb=3000; +Rc=3000; +Rf=1000; +//Output of the given summer +Vo=-Rf*(Va/Ra+Vb/Rb+Vc/Rc); +printf('\nOutput Voltage of the op-amp is %.2f ohm\n',Vo) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce b/165/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..151f489b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 14.3 +clc; + +//Given Data +//All resistences in ohm +R1=2200; +Rf=10000; +R=120000; +Ra=R; +Rb=R; +Rc=R; +a=-1000; //Temperature coefficient in k/deg C +E=5; //applied potential to bridge in V +Rt=120000; +//At 25 deg C Bridge is balanced +//as all bridge elements have same value + +//At 0 deg C +T=0; //temperature in deg C +del_R=a*(T-25); +//Output Voltage +Vo=-(del_R*E*Rf)/(2*R1*(2*R+del_R)); +printf('\nOutput Voltage at 0 deg C is %.2f ohm\n',Vo) + + +//At 100 deg C +T=100; //temperature in deg C +del_R=a*(100-25); +//Output Voltage +Vo=-del_R*E*invr(2*(2*R+del_R))*Rf/R1; +printf('\nOutput Voltage at 100 deg C is %.2f ohm\n',Vo) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce b/165/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..360da1921 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 14.4 +clc; + +E=10; //Applied potential in V +gain=100; //Rf/R1 is the gain of diff. inst. amp. +Vo=1.5; //Output of diff. inst. amp.in V +R=100; +del_R=(Vo*R)/(gain*E); +printf('\nChange in resistence in each gauge element %.2f ohm\n',del_R) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd248fd0a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 15.1 +clc; + +//Design a LPF having a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz +//With a pass band gain of 2 +fh=2000; //Cutoff frequency in Hz +C=0.01*10^-6; //Assumed value of capacitor +R=invr(2*%pi*fh*C); +ceil(R); + +//Given pass band gain Af= 1 + Rf/R1 +Af=2; //Pass band gain +Rf=R1*(Af-1); +//Now the most probable value for Rf and R1 is 10Kohm +printf('\nFeedback resistence used is 10000 ohm\n') +printf('\nInput resistence used is 10000 ohm\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.10/ex15_10.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.10/ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abbf7783d --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.10/ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 15.10 +clc; + +f1=1500; //in Hz +Q=10; +R2=(316*10^3)/10; //From given tables +R3=(100*10^3)/(3.16*Q-1); //From given tables +R3=3.3*10^3; //Assumed +//R1 is open circuited +R4=(5.03*10^7)/f1; +R5=R4; +R6=1.8*10^3; +R7=10000; //Assumed a std Value +R8=invr(invr(R6)+invr(R7)) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R1 is open circuited\n') +printf('\nFor Q=10 R2 = %.2f k ohm\n',R2/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R3 = %.2f k ohm\n',R3/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R4 = %d k ohm\n',R4/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R5 = %d k ohm\n',R5/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R6 = %.1f k ohm\n',R6/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=10 R7 = %d k ohm\n',R7/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=06 R8 = %.2f k ohm\n',R8/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.11/ex15_11.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.11/ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28628dd7f --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.11/ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 15.11 +clc; + +f1=4000; //in Hz +Q=8; +R2=100000; //From given tables +R3=(100*10^3)/(3.48*Q-1); //From given tables +R3=3.9*10^3; //Assumed +//R1 is open circuited +R4=(5.03*10^7)/f1; +R5=R4; +R6=10000; //Assumed a std value +R7=10000; //Assumed a std Value +R8=10000; //Assumed a std Value +R9=invr(invr(R6)+invr(R7)+invr(R8)) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R1 is open circuited\n') +printf('\nFor Q=8 R2 = %d k ohm\n',R2/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R3 = %.1f k ohm\n',R3/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R4 = %d k ohm\n',R4/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R5 = %d k ohm\n',R5/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R6 = %d k ohm\n',R6/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R7 = %d k ohm\n',R7/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R8 = %d k ohm\n',R8/1000) +printf('\nFor Q=8 R9 = %.2f k ohm\n',R9/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d08f1ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.2 +clc; + +wc=20000; //Cutoff frequency in rad/s +C=0.01*10^-6; //Assumed value of capacitor +R=invr(wc*C); +x=ceil(R); +printf('\nResistence Value required is %.2f k ohm\n',x/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a123fa079 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 15.3 +clc; + +//Design a 2nd order LPF having a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz +fh=2000; //Cutoff frequency in Hz +C2=3.3*10^-9; //Assumed value of capacitor +C3=C2; +R=invr(2*%pi*fh*C2); +//Assume a std value of R +R=22*10^3; +R2=R; +R3=R; +R1=10000; //Assumed +Rf=.560*R1; + +printf('\nAssumed values of Capcitors C2 & C3 = %.2f nF\n',C2*10^9) +printf('\nValues of Resistors R2 & R3 = %.2f k ohm\n',R2/10^3) +printf('\nValues of Feedback Resistor Rf = %.2f k ohm\n',Rf/10^3) +printf('\nValues of Input Resistors R1 = %.2f k ohm\n',R1/10^3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e24247d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.4 +clc; + +C=2.2*10^-9; //in farads +R=47*10^3; //in ohms +x=2*%pi*R*C; +fl=invr(x); +printf('\nLower Cut Off frequency fl Of 2nd order Butterworth HPF = %.2f kHz\n',fl/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9fce3a76 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 15.5 +clc; + +fl=100; //in Hz +fh=1000; //in Hz +gain=4; +C=0.01*10^-6; //Assumed + +//For a LPF +R=invr(2*%pi*fh*C); +printf('\nValue of Resistor R for a LPF = %.1f k ohm\n',R/1000) + +//For a HPF +R=invr(2*%pi*fl*C); +printf('\nValue of Resistor R for a HPF = %d k ohm\n',R/1000) + +fc=sqrt(fl*fh); +Q=fc/(fh-fl); +printf('\nValue of Q for the given filter = %.2f \n',Q) +if Q<10 then + printf('\nQ value is less 10, hence a Wide Band Filter\n') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..885c7b231 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.6/ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 15.6 +clc; + +fc=1000; //in Hz +Q=5; +Avo=8; +C=0.01*10^-6; //Assumed + +R1=Q*invr(2*%pi*fc*C*Avo); +//Assume a std value +R1=10000; + +R2=Q*invr(2*%pi*fc*C*(2*Q^2-Avo)); +//Assume a std Value +R2=2000; + +R3=Q*invr(%pi*fc*C); +//Assume a std value +R3=150*10^3; + +//Centre frequency is changed to 1.5 kHz +fc1=1500; +R21=R2*(fc/fc1)^2; +//Assume a std value +R21=820; + +printf('\nValue of Capacitors C1, C2 & C3 = %.2f uF\n',C*10^6) +printf('\nValue of Resistor R1 = %.2f k ohm\n',R1/10^3) +printf('\nValue of Resistor R2 = %.2f k ohm\n',R2/10^3) +printf('\nValue of Resistor R3 = %.2f k ohm\n',R3/10^3) +printf('\nValue of Resistor R2 after changing centre frequency to 1.5 kHz= %.2f ohm\n',R21) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0418077d --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.7/ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 15.7 +clc; + +fh=100; //in Hz +fl=1000; //in Hz +C=0.01*10^-6; //Assumed +R1=10000; //Assumed +Rf=R1; +R2=R1; +R3=R1; +R4=R1; + +//For a LPF +R=invr(2*%pi*fh*C); +printf('\nValue of Resistor R for a LPF = %d k ohm\n',R/1000) + +//For a HPF +R=invr(2*%pi*fl*C); +printf('\nValue of Resistor R for a HPF = %.1f k ohm\n',R/1000) + +printf('\nValue of Resistor R1 & Rf = %.1f k ohm\n',R1/1000) + +Rom=invr(invr(R2)+invr(R3)+invr(R4)); +printf('\nValue of Resistor Rom = %.1f k ohm\n',Rom/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd4968d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.8/ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.8 +clc; + +C=0.047*10^-6; //in farads +f=50; //in ohms +x=2*%pi*f*C; +R=invr(x); +printf('\nValue of resistor R = %.2f k ohm\n',R/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH15/EX15.9/ex15_9.sce b/165/CH15/EX15.9/ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..577bbb79a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH15/EX15.9/ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 15.9 +clc; + +C=0.01*10^-6; //in farads +R=15*10^3; //in ohms +f=2500; //in Hz +x=2*%pi*f*C*R; +phi=2*atan(x); +printf('\nPhase angle phi = -%d deg\n',phi*180/%pi) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce b/165/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a47d41fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH16/EX16.1/ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16.1 +close; +clc; +//given data +fd=75000; //Frequency in KHz +fm=5000; //Frequency in KHz +//Modulation Index +Mi=fd/fm; +disp(Mi,'Modulation Index') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce b/165/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ea4d9ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH17/EX17.1/ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 17.1 +close; +clc; +n=5; //n bit resistive divider +//LSB weight +x=2^n-1; +LSB_weight=invr(x); +printf('\nWeight assigned to the LSB = 1/%d \n',x) +printf('\nWeight assigned to 2nd LSB = 2/%d \n',x) +printf('\nWeight assigned to 3rd LSB = 4/%d \n',x) +printf('\nChange in output voltage due to channge in the LSB = 10/%d \n',x) +printf('\nChange in output voltage due to channge in 2nd LSB = 20/%d \n',x) +printf('\nChange in output voltage due to channge in 3rd LSB = 40/%d \n',x) + +function [Va]=Output_Voltage(D) +V=0; +for i=0:4 + a=modulo(D,10); + D=floor(D/10); + V=V+(a*10)*(2^i); +end +Va=V/x; +endfunction + +//Digital input 11011 +funcprot(0); +D=11011; //0 represents 0 and 1 represents 10 +[Va]=Output_Voltage(D); +printf('\nOutput Voltage for Digital input of 11011 = %.2f V\n',Va) + +//Digital input 10110 +funcprot(0); +D=10110; //0 represents 0 and 1 represents 10 +[Va]=Output_Voltage(D); +printf('\nOutput Voltage for Digital input of 11011 = %.2f V\n',Va) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce b/165/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71d2a5457 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH17/EX17.2/ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17.2 +close; +clc; +n=5; //n bit resistive divider +v=10; //in volts +printf('\nOutput Voltage for the MSB = %.4f \n',v/2) +printf('\nOutput Voltage for 2nd MSB = %.4f \n',v/4) +printf('\nOutput Voltage for 3rd MSB = %.4f \n',v/8) +printf('\nOutput Voltage for 4th MSB = %.4f \n',v/16) +printf('\nOutput Voltage for 5th MSB = %.4f \n',v/32) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce b/165/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb6c1961 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH17/EX17.3/ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17.3 +close; +clc; +//Given Data +Vin=5; //in volts +Rin=2500; //in ohms +Rf=1000; //in ohms +//Calculation of output voltage +Vo=-Vin*Rf/Rin; +printf('\nOutput Voltage = %.2f V \n',Vo) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex2_1_a.sce b/165/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex2_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bce5295c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex2_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.1(a) +clc; +N=100; //No of turns of wire of the coil +W=20*10^-3; //Width of the coil +D=30*10^-3; //Depth of the ciol +B=0.1; //Flux density in the gap +I=10*10^-3; //Current in the movable coil +K=2*10^-6; //Spring Constant +A=W*D; //Effective coil area +Tau=B*A*N*I; //Deflecting Torque +Theta=Tau/K; //Deflection +printf('\nDeflecting torque = %.2f uNm\n',Tau*10^6) +printf('\nDeflection = %d degree\n',Theta) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex2_1_b.sce b/165/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex2_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae5cb4246 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex2_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.1(b) +clc; +N=100; //No of turns of wire of the coil +W=20*10^-3; //Width of the coil +D=30*10^-3; //Depth of the ciol +B=0.1; //Flux density in the gap +Tau=30*10^-6; //Deflecting Torque +A=W*D; //Effective coil area +I=Tau/(B*A*N); //Current through the moving coil +printf('\nCurrent through the moving coil = %.2f mA\n',I*1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH20/EX20.1/ex20_1.sce b/165/CH20/EX20.1/ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b7fdd42c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH20/EX20.1/ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 20.1 +close; +clc; +//Given data +V1=20; //volts +V2=30; //volts +R1=100; //ohm +//RF test power +rf=(V2*V2-V1*V1)/(4*R1); +printf('\nRF test power is %0.2f W\n',rf); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH20/EX20.2/ex20_2.sce b/165/CH20/EX20.2/ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca51c04b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH20/EX20.2/ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 20.2 +close; +clc; +//given data +m=200; //Mass in grams +sp=1; //sp heat of water in cal/gm deg C +T1=30; //in deg C +T2=40; //in deg C +//power radiated +p=4.18*m*sp*(T2-T1); +printf('\nPower radiated %0.2f kW\n',p/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH20/EX20.3/ex20_3.sce b/165/CH20/EX20.3/ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..821a07c00 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH20/EX20.3/ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 20.3 +close; +clc; +//given data +V1=8; //in volts +V2=2; //in volts +swr=(V1+V2)/(V1-V2); +disp(swr,'Standing wave ratio'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH21/EX21.1/ex21_1.sce b/165/CH21/EX21.1/ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b5c0c93 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH21/EX21.1/ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 21.1 +clc; + +//Given data +Em=0.013; //in amperes +Eref=0.010; //in amperes +Emax=0.02; //in amperes +Emin=0.004; //in amperes +//percentage error +Ep=(Em-Eref)*100/(Emax-Emin); +disp(Ep,'Percentage error in measurement'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH21/EX21.2/ex21_2.sce b/165/CH21/EX21.2/ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55d4b3e54 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH21/EX21.2/ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 21.2 +clc; + +//Given data +Em=0.007; //in amperes +Eref=0.010; //in amperes +Emax=0.02; //in amperes +Emin=0.004; //in amperes +//percentage error +Ep=(Em-Eref)*100/(Emax-Emin); +disp(Ep,'Percentage error in measurement'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.1.a/ex3_1_a.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.1.a/ex3_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33f9bd39b --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.1.a/ex3_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 3.1(a) +clc; +Rm=100; //Internal resistance +Im=1*10^-3; //Full Scale deflection current +I=100*10^-3; //Total current +Rsh=Im*Rm/(I-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.1.b/ex3_1_b.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.1.b/ex3_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdb3fae67 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.1.b/ex3_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3.1(b) +clc; +Rm=500; //Internal resistance +Im=100*10^-6; //Full Scale deflection current +I=100*10^-3; //Total current +//The shunt can also be determined using +//multiplying factor(n) that relates total current +//and Full Scale deflection current as n=I/Im +n=I/Im; //Multiplying factor +Rsh=Rm/(n-1); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..243098dee --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.2 +clc; +Rm=100; //Internal resistance +Im=1*10^-3; //Full Scale deflection current + +//Case I: For Range 0-10 mA +I1=10*10^-3; //Total current +Rsh1=Im*Rm/(I1-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-10 mA = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh1) + +//Case II: For Range 0-20 mA +I2=20*10^-3; //Total current +Rsh2=Im*Rm/(I2-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-20 mA = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh2) + +//Case III: For Range 0-50 mA +I3=50*10^-3; //Total current +Rsh3=Im*Rm/(I3-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-50 mA = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a8f710c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.3 +clc; +Rm=500; //Internal resistance +Im=10*10^-3; //Full Scale deflection current + +//Case I: For Range 0-1 A +I1=1; //Total current +Rsh1=Im*Rm/(I1-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-1 A = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh1) + +//Case II: For Range 0-5 A +I2=5; //Total current +Rsh2=Im*Rm/(I2-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-5 A = %.3f ohm\n',Rsh2) + +//Case III: For Range 0-10 A +I3=10; //Total current +Rsh3=Im*Rm/(I3-Im); //Shunt resistance +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistance for range 0-10 A = %.3f ohm\n',Rsh3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex3_4_a.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex3_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c23fa791 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex3_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.4(a) +clc; +Rm=100; //Internal resistance +Im=50*10^-6; //Full Scale deflection current +a=[1,1,1,1; 195, 195, 195, -1; 995, 995, -1, -1; 1995, -1, -1, -1]; +b=[5.26; 100; 100; 100]; +X=a\b; + +//Case I: For Range 0-1 mA +printf('\nAryton Shunt for range 0-1 mA = %.4f ohm\n',X(1,1)) + +//Case I: For Range 0-10 mA +printf('\nAryton Shunt for range 0-10 mA = %.4f ohm\n',X(2,1)) + +//Case I: For Range 0-50 mA +printf('\nAryton Shunt for range 0-50 mA = %.4f ohm\n',X(3,1)) + +//Case I: For Range 0-100 mA +printf('\nAryton Shunt for range 0-100 mA = %.4f ohm\n',X(4,1)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex3_4_b.sce b/165/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex3_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78215cfd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex3_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 3.4(b) +clc; +Rm=1000; //Internal resistance +Im=100*10^-6; //Full Scale deflection current + +//Case I: For Range 0-10 mA +I10=10*10^-3; +n=I10/Im; +Rsh1=Rm/(n-1); + +//Case II: For Range 0-100 mA +I100=100*10^-3; +Rsh2=Im*(Rm+Rsh1)/I100; + +//Case III: For Range 0-1A +I1A=1; +Rsh3=Im*(Rm+Rsh1)/I1A; + +//Now From Circuit Observation +Rc=Rsh3; +Rb=Rsh2-Rsh3; +Ra=Rsh1-Rsh2; + +printf('\nValue of shunt Ra = %.3f ohm\n',Ra) +printf('\nValue of shunt Rb = %.3f ohm\n',Rb) +printf('\nValue of shunt Rc = %.3f ohm\n',Rc) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d596a222 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 4.1 +clc; + +Ifsd=200*10^-6; //Full Scale Current +S=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +disp(S,'Sensitivity of 200 uA meter') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae8a77fe --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.10 +clc; + +Im=20*10^-3; //Full Scale Current +Vm=100*10^-3; //Voltage across MCI +Rm=Vm/Im; //Meter Resistence + +//Shunt resistence for fullscale current of 50 A +I=50; +Rsh=Im*Rm/(I-Im); +disp(Rsh,'Shunt resistence for fullscale current of 50 A') + +P=Vm*I; //Power Dissipation +disp(P,'Power Dissipation when as Ammeter') + +//Voltage Multiplier for full scale reading with 500 V +V=500; +Rsh=V/Im-Rm; +disp(Rsh,'Voltage Multiplier for full scale reading with 500 V') + +P=V*Im; //Power Dissipation +disp(P,'Power Dissipation when used as Voltmeter') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fe233ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 4.11 +clc; + +R1=10000; +R2=10000; +V=100; //Voltage across given terminals +VR2=R2*V/(R1+R2); //Using Voltage divider between R1 R2 + //Also the true voltage across R2 + +// Case I: Given is sensitivity of 1000 +S1=1000; //Given sentivity +Rv=S1*VR2; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=R2*Rv/(R2+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V1=V*Req/(R1+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V1,'Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 1000 indicates ') + +// Case II: Given is sensitivity of 20000 +S2=20000; //Given sentivity +Rv=S2*VR2; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=R2*Rv/(R2+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V2=V*Req/(R1+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V2,'Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 20000 indicates ') + +if (V1>V2) then + disp('Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 1000 is better') +else + disp('Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 20000 is better') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc51abb2f --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 4.12 +clc; + +Ra=25000; +Rb=5000; +V=30; //Voltage across given terminals +VRb=Rb*V/(Ra+Rb); //Using Voltage divider between Ra Rb + //Also the true voltage across Rb +disp(VRb,'True voltage across Rb') + +// Case I: Given is sensitivity of 1000 +S1=1000; //Given sentivity +R=10; //Range of meter 1 +Rv=S1*R; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=Rb*Rv/(Rb+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V1=V*Req/(Ra+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V1,'Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 1000 indicates ') +Ev1=(VRb-V1)*100/VRb; //Error in voltmeter 1 + +// Case II: Given is sensitivity of 20000 +S2=20000; //Given sentivity +R=10; //Range of meter 2 +Rv=S2*R; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=Rb*Rv/(Rb+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V2=V*Req/(Ra+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V2,'Voltmeter with Sensitivity of 20000 indicates ') +Ev2=(VRb-V2)*100/VRb; //Error in voltmeter 2 + +disp(Ev1,' Error in voltmeter 1') +disp(Ev2,' Error in voltmeter 2') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27bfb9a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 4.13 +clc; + +Ra=45000; +Rb=5000; +S=20000; //Given sentivity +V=50; //Voltage across given terminals +VRb=Rb*V/(Ra+Rb); //Using Voltage divide between Ra Rb + //Also the true voltage across Rb +disp(VRb,'True voltage across Rb') + +// Case I: For range of 5 V +R=5; //Range of meter 1 +Rv=S*R; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=Rb*Rv/(Rb+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V1=V*Req/(Ra+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V1,'Voltmeter with range 5 V') +Ev1=(VRb-V1)*100/VRb; //Error in voltmeter 1 +disp(Ev1,' Error in voltmeter 1') + +// Case II: For range of 10 V +R=10; //Range of meter 2 +Rv=S*R; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=Rb*Rv/(Rb+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V2=V*Req/(Ra+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V2,'Voltmeter with range 10 V') +Ev2=(VRb-V2)*100/VRb; //Error in voltmeter 2 +disp(Ev2,' Error in voltmeter 2') + +// Case III: For range of 30 V +R=30; //Range of meter 3 +Rv=S*R; //Voltmeter Resistence +Req=Rb*Rv/(Rb+Rv); //R2 is parallel to meter +V3=V*Req/(Ra+Req); //Voltage across the total combination +disp(V3,'Voltmeter with range 30 V') +Ev3=(VRb-V3)*100/VRb; //Error in voltmeter 3 +disp(Ev3,' Error in voltmeter 3') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb247a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.14 +clc; + +Rm=100; //Internal resistence of current meter +//Given resistence values +//Also from the figure R1 is in series to (R2||R3) +//To determine % currnet through R3 +R1=1000; +R2=1000; +R3=1000; +Rt=R1+R2*R3/(R2+R3); //Thevenins resistence across + //terminals of the meter +Im=Rt*100/(Rt+Rm); //Percentage current through meter +I=100-Im; //Percentage error due to loading +disp(Im,'Percentage of expected current through meter') +disp(I,'Percentage error due to loading') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.15/ex4_15.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.15/ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a2e1db3c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.15/ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.15 +clc; + +Ifsd=1*10^-3; //Full scale deflection current +Rm=200; //Meter resistence +Erms=10; //RMS voltage +Range=0.45*Erms; //RMS to DC value + +//Using Sensitivity +S=1/Ifsd; //Sentitivity of meter +Rs=S*Range-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier Resistence using Sensitivity') + +//Using KVl +Rs=0.45*Erms/Ifsd-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier resistence ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.16/ex4_16.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.16/ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da1558df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.16/ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.16 +clc; + +Ifsd=100*10^-6; //Full scale deflection current +Rm=500; //Meter resistence +Erms=100; //RMS voltage +Range=0.45*Erms; //RMS to DC value + +//Using Sensitivity +S=1/Ifsd; //Sentitivity of meter +Rs=S*Range-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier Resistence using Sensitivity') + +//Using KVl +Rs=0.45*Erms/Ifsd-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier resistence ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.17/ex4_17.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.17/ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a08f215c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.17/ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.17 +clc; + +Ifsd=100*10^-6; //Full scale deflection current +Rm=100; //Meter resistence +Erms=50; //RMS voltage + +//Using Sensitivity +Sdc=1/Ifsd; //DC Sentitivity of meter +Sac=0.9*Sdc; //AC Sentitivity of meter +Rs=Sac*Erms-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier Resistence') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.18/ex4_18.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.18/ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a41064d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.18/ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.18 +clc; + +Ifsd=1*10^-3; //Full scale deflection current +Rm=250; //Meter resistence +Erms=10; //RMS voltage + +//Using Sensitivity +Sdc=1/Ifsd; //DC Sentitivity of meter +Sac=0.9*Sdc; //AC Sentitivity of meter +Rs=Sac*Erms-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Multiplier Resistence') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.19/ex4_19.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.19/ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c800e5237 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.19/ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 4.19 +close; +clc; + +e=10; //in volts +R1=10000; //In ohms +R2=10000; //In ohms +Ifsd=100*10^-6; //in amperes +Range=10; //in volts +Sdc=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +Rs=Sdc*Range; //Multiplier Resistence + +//Voltage across R2 +R=R2*Rs/(R2+Rs); +ER2=e*R/(R1+R); +printf('\nThe reading obtained by DC voltmeter = %.2f V\n',ER2) + +//Reading obtained using half wave rectifier +Shw=0.45*Sdc; +Rs=Shw*Range; +R=R2*Rs/(R2+Rs); +ER2hw=e*R/(R1+R); +printf('\nReading obtained using half wave rectifier = %.2f V\n',ER2hw) + +//Reading obtained using full wave rectifier +Sfw=0.90*Sdc; +Rs=Sfw*Range; +R=R2*Rs/(R2+Rs); +ER2fw=e*R/(R1+R); +printf('\nReading obtained using full wave rectifier = %.2f V\n',ER2fw) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.2.a/ex4_2_a.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.2.a/ex4_2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2ee5d300 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.2.a/ex4_2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 4.2(a) +clc; +V=10; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Im=50*10^-6; //Full Scale Deflection Current +Rm=500; //Internal resistance of movement +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.2.b/ex4_2_b.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.2.b/ex4_2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae0920c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.2.b/ex4_2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.2(b) +clc; + +Ifsd=500*10^-6; //Full Scale Current +S=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +disp(S,'Sensitivity of 500 uA meter') + +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rm=1000; //Internal resistance of movement +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.20/ex4_20.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.20/ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491cb0837 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.20/ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.20 +close; +clc; + +V=3; //in volts +Rm=100; //In ohms +Rh=1000; //In ohms +Ifsd=1*10^-3; //in amperes + +//Calculation of R1 +R1=Rh-Ifsd*Rm*Rh/V; + +//Calculation of R2 +R2=Ifsd*Rm*Rh/(V-Ifsd*Rh); + +//R2 compensation +drop=3; //by percent +V=V-drop*V/100; +R2new=Ifsd*Rm*Rh/(V-Ifsd*Rh); + +printf('\nValue of R1 = %.2f ohm\n',R1) +printf('\nValue of R2 = %.2f ohm\n',R2) +printf('\nValue of R2 after compensation = %.2f ohm\n',R2new) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.21/ex4_21.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.21/ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1a4025ed --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.21/ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.21 +close; +clc; + +V=3; //in volts +Rm=100; //In ohms +Rh=2000; //In ohms +Ifsd=1*10^-3; //in amperes + +//Calculation of R1 +R1=Rh-Ifsd*Rm*Rh/V; + +//Calculation of R2 +R2=Ifsd*Rm*Rh/(V-Ifsd*Rh); + +//R2 compensation +drop=5; //by percent +V=V-drop*V/100; +R2new=Ifsd*Rm*Rh/(V-Ifsd*Rh); + +printf('\nValue of R1 = %.2f ohm\n',R1) +printf('\nValue of R2 = %.2f ohm\n',R2) +printf('\nValue of R2 after compensation = %.2f ohm\n',R2new) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.22/ex4_22.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.22/ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3fe0805 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.22/ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 4.22 +close; +clc; + +E=3; //in volts +Rm=100; //In ohms +Im=1*10^-3; //in amperes +//Rs value that will give FSD current +Rs=E/Im-Rm; +printf('\nValue of Rs that will limit Current to FSD = %.2f k ohm\n',Rs/1000) + +function [Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm) + Rx=(Rs+Rm)/x-(Rs+Rm); +endfunction + +//For 20% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=20/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 20 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) + +//For 40% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=40/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 40 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) + +//For 50% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=50/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 50 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) + +//For 75% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=75/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 75 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) + +//For 90% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=90/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 90 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) + +//For 100% deflection +funcprot(0); +x=100/100; //x=I/Im +[Rx]=deflection(x,Rs,Rm); +printf('\nValue of Rx that will 100 percent deflection = %.2f k ohm\n',Rx/1000) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.23/ex4_23.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.23/ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9e02a357 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.23/ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4.23 +close; +clc; + +E=3; //in volts +Im=1*10^-3; //in amperes +//After aging battery sterngth +E1=2.8; //in volts + +Rt=E/Im; //Initial internal resistence +Rt1=E1/Im; //Internal resistence after battery aging +e=(Rt-Rt1)*100/Rt; //% error in reading + +printf('\nTotal internal resistence of ohmmeter = %.2f k ohm\n',Rt/1000) +printf('\nInternal resistence of ohmmeter after battery decay = %.2f k ohm\n',Rt1/1000) +printf('\nPercentage error in reading = %.2f percent\n',e) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.24/ex4_24.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.24/ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc3cc462b --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.24/ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 4.24 +close; +clc; + +E=3; //in volts +Rm=100; //In ohms +Rh=2000; //In ohms +Im=1*10^-3; //in amperes + +//Calculation of R2 +R2=Im*Rm*Rh/(E-Im*Rh); + +//Calculation of R1 +R1=Rh-Rm*R2/(R2+Rm); + +//Value of R2 when battery is 2.7 V +E1=2.7; //in volts +R2_1=Im*Rm*Rh/(E1-Im*Rh); + +//Value of R2 when battery is 3.1 V +E2=3.1; //in volts +R2_2=Im*Rm*Rh/(E2-Im*Rh); + +printf('\nValue of R2 = %.2f ohm\n',R2) +printf('\nValue of R1 = %.2f ohm\n',R1) +printf('\nValue of R2 when battery is 2.7 V = %.2f ohm\n',R2_1) +printf('\nValue of R2 when battery is 3.1 V = %.2f ohm\n',R2_2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.25/ex4_25.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.25/ex4_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..088204815 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.25/ex4_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.25 +close; +clc; + +V=3; //in volts +Rm=50; //In ohms +Rh=10; //in ohms +Im=10*10^-3; //in amperes +Ih=0.5*Im; //Half scale definition +Vm=Ih*Rm; //Voltage across the movement +//Voltage across unknown resitence =Voltage across meter movement +Ix=Vm/Rh; //Current through unknown resistence +Ish=Ix-Im/2; //Current through shunt +Rsh=Vm/Ish; //Shunt resistence +printf('\nValue of Shunt resistence Rs = %.2f ohm\n',Rsh) +//Calculation of R1 +It=Ix+Im/2+Ish; //Total battery current +V_drop=V-Vm; //Voltage drop across limiting resistor +R1=V_drop/It; +printf('Value of limiting resistence R1 = %.2f ohm\n',R1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.26/ex4_26.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.26/ex4_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd7e878db --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.26/ex4_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 4.26 +close; +clc; + +E=3; //in volts +Rm=2000; //Meter resitence +Rz=28000; //Multiplier resistence + +//Given R x 1 range +R=10; //in ohms +Rx=20; //in ohms +V=E*R/(R+Rx); //Voltage across parallel combination +Im=V/(Rm+Rz); //Current through meter +printf('\nCurrent through meter in R x 1 range for 20 ohm = %.2f uA\n',Im*10^6) + +//Ohmmeter is set at R x 10 range +R=100 //in ohms +Rx=200; //in ohms +V=E*R/(R+Rx); //Voltage across parallel combination +Im=V/(Rm+Rz); //Current through meter +printf('\nCurrent through meter in R x 10 range for 200 ohm = %.2f uA\n',Im*10^6) + +//Ohmmeter is set at R x 100 range +R=1000; //in ohms +Rx=2000; //in ohms +V=E*R/(R+Rx); //Voltage across parallel combination +Im=V/(Rm+Rz); //Current through meter +printf('\nCurrent through meter in R x 100 range for 2 k ohm = %.2f uA\n',Im*10^6) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..268419dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.3 +clc; + +Im=50*10^-6; //Full Scale Deflection Current +Rm=500; //Internal resistance of movement + +//Case I: For Range 0-20 V +V=20; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence 0-20 V') + +//Case II: For Range 0-50 V +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 0-50 V') + +//Case III: For Range 0-100 V +V=100; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 0-100 V') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..780100089 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.4 +clc; + +Im=10*10^-3; //Full Scale Deflection Current +Rm=500; //Internal resistance of movement + +//Case I: For Range 0-20 V +V=20; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence 0-20 V') + +//Case II: For Range 0-50 V +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 0-50 V') + +//Case III: For Range 0-100 V +V=100; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Im-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 0-100 V') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e77522020 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.5 +clc; + +Ifsd=10*10^-3; //Full Scale Deflection Current +Rm=100; //Internal resistance of movement + +//Case I: For Range 0-5 V +V=5; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R3=Rs; + +//Case II: For Range 0-50 V +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-R3-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R2=Rs; + +//Case III: For Range 0-100 V +V=100; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-R2-R3-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R1=Rs; +disp(R3,R2,R1,'Value of Resistence R1, R2, R3 are:') +disp('respectively') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5ae7a9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 4.5 +clc; + +Ifsd=2*10^-3; //Full Scale Deflection Current +Rm=50; //Internal resistance of movement + +//Case I: For Range 0-10 V +V=10; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R4=Rs; + +//Case II: For Range 0-50 V +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-R4-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R3=Rs; + +//Case III: For Range 0-100 V +V=100; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-R3-R4-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R2=Rs; + +//Case IV: For Range 0-250 V +V=250; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=V/Ifsd-R2-R3-R4-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +R1=Rs; +disp(R4,R3,R2,R1,'Value of Resistence R1, R2, R3, R4 are:') +disp('respectively') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1043839a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.7 +clc; + +Ifsd=200*10^-6; //Full Scale Current +S=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +disp(S,'Sensitivity of 200 uA meter') + +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rm=100; //Internal resistance of movement +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence') diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1322017c --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.8 +clc; + +Ifsd=50*10^-6; //Full Scale Current +S=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +Rm=1000; //Internal resistance of movement +disp(S,'Sensitivity of 50 uA meter') + +//Case I: For Range 0-5 V +V=5; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 5 V range') + +//Case II: For Range 0-10 V +V=10; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 10 V range') + + +//Case III: For Range 0-50 V +V=50; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 50 V range') diff --git a/165/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce b/165/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ae0a9418 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.9 +clc; + +Ifsd=50*10^-6; //Full Scale Current +S=1/Ifsd; //Sensitivity +Rm=1000; //Internal resistance of movement +disp(S,'Sensitivity of 50 uA meter') + +//Case I: For Range 0-3 V +V=3; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 5 V range') + +//Case II: For Range 0-10 V +V=10; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 10 V range') + + +//Case III: For Range 0-30 V +V=30; //Full range voltage of the instrument +Rs=S*V-Rm; //Multiplier resistence +disp(Rs,'Value of Multipliier Resistence for 50 V range') diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..338da18e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5.1 +clc; + +R=100*10^3; //Given value of resistence +C=1*10^-6; //Given value of Capacitor +Vin=1; //Input Voltage +t=1; //Given time +Vo=Vin*t/(R*C); //Output Voltage after time t +disp(Vo,'Output Voltage') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f22b9580b --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5.2 +clc; + +Vin=1; //Input Voltage +Vr=5; //Reference Voltage +t1=1; //given time +t2=Vin*t1/Vr; +disp(t2,'Time Interval t2 is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cfb2e926 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5.3 +clc; + +R=100*10^3; //Given value of resistence +C=2*10^-6; //Given value of Capacitor +Vin=2; //Input Voltage +t=2; //Given time +Vo=Vin*t/(R*C); //Output Voltage after time t +disp(Vo,'Output Voltage') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a67b1cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5.4 +clc; + +Vin=2; //Input Voltage +Vr=10; //Reference Voltage +t1=2; //given time +t2=Vin*t1/Vr; +disp(t2,'Time Interval t2 is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72ac87f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.6 +clc; + +//Resolution of 3 1/2 digit display on 1V & 10V +n=3; //No. of Full Digits +R=1/10^n; //Resolution is 1/10^n + +//For 1V +R1=R*1; +disp(R1,'Resolution for 1V is') + +//For 10V +R2=R*10; +disp(R2,'Resolution for 10V is') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce b/165/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81227769d --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.6 +clc; + +//A 4 1/2 digit display +n=4; //No. of full digits +R=1/10^n; //Resolution +disp(R,'Resolution') + +//Resolution for 10V +R10=R*10; +disp(R10,'Resolution for 10V range') +printf('\n12.98 V is displayed as %2.3f',12.98) +printf('\n0.6973 V is displayed as %.4f',0.6973) +printf('\n0.6973 V is displayed as %.3f',0.6973) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce b/165/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c958d264 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.1 +clc; + +Vertical_attenuation=0.5; +n=3; //No. of Division from CRO +//Peak to peak amplitude of the signal +Vp_p=Vertical_attenuation*n; +printf('\nPeak to peak amplitude of the signal is %.2f',Vp_p) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/165/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce b/165/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc99be525 --- /dev/null +++ b/165/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.2 +clc; +//Frequency of the signal +n=4; //No of division/cycle +time_div=2*10^-6; //Time divsion Control +TP=time_div*n; //Period of the signal +f=1/TP; //Frequency of the signal +printf('\nFrequency of the signal is %d',f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efbbc9358 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.10/EX1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.10\n"); +//page no.-12 +//given +r=1.278;..........//atomic radius of Cu +n=4;..............//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C. +N=6.023*10^23;...//avagadro no. +m=63.5;..........//atomic wt. of Cu + +M=(n*m)/N...........//mass of unit cell + +a=(4*r*10^-8)/sqrt(2).....//lattice constant in cm + +rho=M/a^3............//density of Cu in gm/c.c. + +printf("\ndensity of Cu crystal is 8.9 gm/c.c.\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274079254 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.12/EX1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.12\n"); +//page no.-17 +//given +a=4.04;.........//lattice constant in angstrom +disp("For <200> planes"); +h=2; +k=0; +l=0; + +d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))........//distance between planes in angstrom + +disp("For <110 planes>"); +h=1; +k=1; +l=0; + +d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)) + +disp("For<111> planes"); +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; + +d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)) + +disp("all values in angstrom"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eecf1870 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.13/EX1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.13\n"); +//page no.-24 +//given +d=1.5;.............//interatomic spacing in Angstrom +lambda=1.4;.......//wavelength +theta=90;.......//angle in degree +//by BRAGG'S RELATION 2dsin(theta)=n*lambda + +n=(2*d)/lambda.........//order of diffraction + +printf("\nmaximum order of spectrum is 2\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3335ab98 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.15\n"); +//page no.-25 +//given +theta=12;.......//angle in degrees +n=1;............//order of spectrum +d=3.035;....//interatomic spacing in angstrom + +lambda=(2*d*sind(12))/n.........//wavelength in angstrom + +printf("\nwavelength of X ray beam is 1.262 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2432514e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.16/EX1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.16\n"); +//page no.-26 +//given +//For <111> planes +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +n=1;.....//order +theta=30;......//angle in degrees +lambda=1.75;....//wavelength in angstrom + +//we know d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2))........distance between planes + +//also by bragg's law 2*d*sind(theta)=n*lambda......put d values in this + +a=(n*lambda*sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)))/(2*sind(theta))......//interatomic spacing in angstrom + +printf("\nInteratomic spacing is 3.031 angstrom\n"); + + diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2fd551e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.17/EX1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.17\n"); +//page no.-32 +//given +n=8;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell +a=5.6*10^-10;....//lattice constant in m +M=710.59;........//atomic wt. of Ge +N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no. + +rho=(n*M)/(a^3*N)........//density + +printf("\ndensity is 53771 kg/m^3\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246c80dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.18\n"); +//page no.-32 +//given +n=2;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell +M=55.85;........//atomic wt. of Ge +N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no. +rho=7860;........//density in Kg/m^3 + +a=((n*M)/(rho*N))^(1/3)........//lattice constant in angstrom + +printf("\nlattice constant is 0.286 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..586cc5c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.19\n"); +//page no.-32 +//given +n=2;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell +M=6.94;........//atomic wt. of Ge +N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no. +rho=530;........//density in Kg/m^3 + +a=((n*M)/(rho*N))^(1/3)........//lattice constant in angstrom + +printf("\nlattice constant is 3.516 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66152fb91 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.20/EX1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.20\n"); +//page no.-33 +//given +a=2.9*10^-10;......//lattice constant in m +M=55.85;........//atomic wt. of Ge +N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no. +rho=7870;........//density in Kg/m^3 + +n=(a^3*rho*N)/M........//no. of atoms per unit cell + +printf("\nNo. of atoms per unit cell is 2 \n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59d6c5457 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.21/EX1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.21\n"); +//page no.-33 +//given +n=4;...........//no. of atoms per unit cell +M=63.5;........//atomic wt. of Ge +N=6.02*10^26;....//avagadro no. +rho=7860;........//density in Kg/m^3 +r=0.1278*10^-9;....//atomic radius + +a=8^(0.5)*r;.......//lattice constant in m + +rho=(n*M)/(N*a^3)......//density in Kg/m^3 + +printf("\ndensity is 8938.66 Kg/m^3\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f62f4538f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.22/EX1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.22\n"); +//page no.-33 +//given +M=58.8;...........//molecular wt. of NaCl +N=6.023*10^23;....//avagadro no. in gm/mol +mo=2.18;..........//mass of unit volume of NaCl + +m=M/N;..........//mass of NaCl molecule in gm + +no=mo/m;.........//no. of molecules per unit volume in mole/cm^3 +//as NaCl is diatomic + +n=2*no...........//no. of atoms per unit volume of NaCl in atoms/cm^3 +//as volume of unit cube is n^3*a=1 + +a=(1/n)^(1/3).....//distance between adjacent atoms in NaCl in cm + +printf("\ndistance between two adjacent atoms is 2.81 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83f47fd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.23/EX1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.23\n"); +//page no.-34 +//given +d=0.282*10^-9;...........//lattice spacing in m +theta=8.5833;.............//glancing angle +n=1;......................//order +//From Bragg's law + +lambda=(2*d*sind(theta))/n...........//wavelength in m + +//for max order of diffraction theta is 90 degree + +no=2*d*sind(90)/lambda.........//maximum order of diffraction + +printf("\nmax order of diffraction is 7 approx\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41e31395e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.24/EX1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.24\n"); +//page no.-34 +//given +n=3;.....................//order +lambda=0.79*10^-10;......//wavelength in m +d=3.04*10^-10;..........//spacing in m +//from bragg's law + +theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d))..........//angle in degrees + +printf("\nangle is 22.942 degrees\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f9f311a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.25/EX1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.25\n"); +//page no.-35 +//given +lambda=0.071*10^-9;.........//wavelength in m +h=1; +k=1; +l=0; +a=0.28*10^-9;........//lattice constant in m +n=2;.................//order + +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2);..........//interplanar spacingin m +//by bragg's law + +theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d)).......//angle in degrees + +printf("\nangle is 21.01 degrees\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b42e079c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.26/EX1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.26\n"); +//page no.-35 +//given +lambda=3*10^-10;.........//wavelength in m +h=1; +k=0; +l=0; +theta=40;..............//glancing angle in degrees +n=1;....................//order +//from bragg's law + +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta));........//interplanar spacing in m + +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2);..............//lattice constant in m + +V=a^3.......................//volume of unit cell in m + +printf("\nvolume of unit cell is 1.27*10^-29 m^3\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5c561a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.27/EX1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.27\n"); +//page no.-36 +//given +n=1;.....................//order +lambda=0.82*10^-10;......//wavelength in m +a=3*10^-10;.............//lattice constant +theta=75.86;............//angle in degrees +//from bragg's law + +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))........//interplanar spacing in m + +//by formula, sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)=a/d...miller indices can be found + +printf("\nmiller indices are (001),(010),(100)\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85b4d8d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.28/EX1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.28\n"); +//page no.-36 +//given +E=3.76*10^-17;............//kinrtic energy of e- in joule +n=1;......................//order +theta=9.20694;............//glancing angle +h=6.625*10^-34;...........//planck constant +m=9.1*10^-31;...........//mass of electron +//from de-broglie relationship + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).......//wavelength + +//from bragg's law + +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta)).........//interplanar spacing in m + +printf("\ninterplanar spacing is 2.52 angstrom\n"); + diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa2030fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.29/EX1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.29\n"); +//page no.-37 +//given +n=1;..........//order +theta=27.5;....//angle in degrees +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +a=5.63*10^-10;......//lattice constant in m +h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant +c=3*10^10;...........//speed in m/sec +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)..........//interplanar spacingin m +//by bragg's law + +lambda=(2*d*sind(theta))/n......//wavelength in m + +printf("\nwavelength is 3 angstrom\n"); + +E=h*c/lambda..........//energy of x-ray beam in joule +//to covert in eV divide by 1.6*10^-19 + +printf("\nenergy of X-ray beam is 3379.18 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92873174f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.30/EX1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.30\n"); +//page no.-38 +//given +V=854;.............//accelerated voltage in volt +theta=56;.........//angle +n=1;..............//order +m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron +e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge +h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck constant + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V).........//wavelength in m +//Now by bragg's law + +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))......//interplanar spacing in m + +printf("\nspacing is 2.53*10^-11 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe8f45456 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.31/EX1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.31\n"); +//page no.-38 +//given +n=1;..........//order +theta=34;....//angle in degrees +h=2; +k=0; +l=2; +lambda=1.5*10^-10;......//wavelength in m +//By bragg's law + +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta))......//interplanar spacing in m + +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2).............//lattice constant in m + +printf("\nlattice constant is 3.773 angstrom \n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e8d754b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.32/EX1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.32\n"); +//page no.-39 +//given +V=5000;........//potential diff. in volt +n=1;...........//order +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +d=0.204*10^-9;.....//interplanar spacing in m +m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron +e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge +h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck constant + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V).........//wavelength in m +//Now by bragg's law + +theta=asind((n*lambda)/(2*d))......//angle in degrees + +printf("\nangle is 2.43 degrees\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b4d29f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.4\n"); +//page no.-8 +//given +a=3.61;.......//lattice constant in Angstrom + +r=(2^(0.5)*a)/4........//for F.C.C. structure radius is given by this + +printf("\nradius of copper atom is 12.8 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a554924df --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.7\n"); +//page no.-9 +//given +rho=2700;.......//density of potassium bromide in kg/m^3 +m=119;.........//molecular wt. +n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C. +N=6.02*10^26;...//avagadro no. + +M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell +//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3 + +a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom + +printf("\nlattice constant is 6.64 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89a17af96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.8\n"); +//page no.-11 +//given +rho=7870;.........//densitynof alpha iron in kg/m^3 +N=6.02*10^26;.....//avagadro no. +n=2;..............//number of molecules per unit cell for B.C.C. +M=55.8;..........//atomic weight + +a=((n*M)/(N*rho))^(1/3).........//lattice constant in metre + +printf("\nlattice constant is 2.86 Angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee6f9d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.9\n"); +//page no.-11 +//given +rho=2170;.......//density of NaCl in kg/m^3 +m=58.45;.........//molecular wt. of NaCl +n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C. +N=6*10^26;...//avagadro no. + +M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell +//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3 + +a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom + +printf("\nlattice constant is 5.64 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2145bc5a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.1\n"); +//page no.-55 +//given +h=6.60*10^-34;...........//planck's constant in J-s +m=1.674*10^-27;.........//mass of neutron in Kg +lambda=10^-10;...........//wavelength in m +e=1.6*10^-19;.............//charge +//We know lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E) + +E=(h^2)/(2*m*lambda^2*e)............//energy of neutron in eV +//to convert into eV divide by e,1.6*10^-19 + +printf("\nenergy of neutron is 8.12*10^-2 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de5aa3556 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.10\n"); +//page no.-58 +//given +h=6.60*10^-34;...................//planck's constant +m=1.67*10^-27;..................//mass of neutron i kg +T=300;..........................//temperature in kelvin +k=1.376*10^-23;................//boltzmann constant in joule/degree +//As E=k*T, put in lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E) + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*k*T)..................//wavelength in angstrom + +printf("\nwavelength is 1.777 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a2513f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.11\n"); +//page no.-58 +//given +lambda=10^-8;................//wavelength in cm +h=6.62*10^-27;...................//planck's constant +c=3*10^10;.......................//velocity of light in cm/sec +e=1.6*10^-12;...................//charge in ergs +//as lambda=h/p, p=momentum + +p=h/lambda................//momentum in erg-sec/cm + +E=p*c/e....................//energy in eV + +printf("\nenergy of gamma ray photon is 1.24*10^4 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fddf48d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.12/EX2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.12\n"); +//page no.-59 +//given +V=2000;.................//potential diff. in volt +m=6.576*10^-24;........//mass of alpha particle in gm +h=6.62*10^-27;..........//planck's constant +e=4.8*10^-10;..........//charge + +lambda=h*sqrt(150/(2*m*e*V)).............//wavelength in cm + +printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 2.3*10^-11 cm\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a96f188bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.13\n"); +//page no.-63 +//given +v=500;..............//speed of e in m/s +m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e +del_v=0.0001;........//change in velocity +h=6.625*10^-34;......//planck's constant +p=m*v;.................//momentum +del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec + +del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m + +printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 2.318 mm\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..767807ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.14/EX2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.14\n"); +//page no.-63 +//given +v=600;..............//speed of e in m/s +m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of e +del_v=5*10^-5;........//change in velocity +h=6.625*10^-34;......//planck's constant +p=m*v;.................//momentum +del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec + +del_x=h/(del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m + +printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 0.024 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..166b64018 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.15/EX2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.15\n"); +//page no.-63 +//given +m=9.11*10^-31;.............//mass of e in kg +E=1.6*10^-15;..............//energy in joule +h=6.625*10^-34;.............//planck's constant +d=5.5*10^-11;...............//interplanar spacing in m +//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2 + +v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s +//By debroglie relationship + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in m + +//By bragg's eq. 2*d*sind(theta)=n*lambda +//n=1, for first order +theta=asind(lambda/(2*d))..............//angle of deviation + +printf("\nangle of deviation is 6.4 degree\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14635ddb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.16/EX2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.16\n"); +//page no.-64 +//given +m=9.11*10^-31;.............//mass of e in kg +E=1.6*10^-19;..............//energy in joule +h=6.625*10^-34;.............//planck's constant +//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2 + +v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s +//By debroglie relationship + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in m + +printf("\nwavelength is 12.3 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41f728d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.17/EX2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.17\n"); +//page no.-65 +//given +p=2.2*10^-24;.................//momentum in kg*m/s +m=9.1*10^-31;................//mass of electron in kg +e=1.6*10^-19;................//charge +_h=1.054*10^-34;...............//planck constant +del_t=10^-8;..................//change in time in sec +h=6.62*10^-34;..................//planck's constant + +del_E=_h/del_t..............//energy in joule + +del_v=del_E/h................//uncertainty in frequency in Hz + +printf("\nuncertainty in frequency is 1.6*10^7 Hz\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e77f3198b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.18/EX2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.18\n"); +//page no.-65 +//given +del_x=4*10^-10;...............//uncertainty in position of electron +h=6.6*10^-34;................//planck's constant + +del_p=h/del_x................//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec + +printf("\nuncertainty in momentum is 1.6*10^-24 kg*m/sec\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45b0714a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.19/EX2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.19\n"); +//page no.-65 +//given +del_x=10^-9;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m +h=6.6*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg + +del_p=h/del_x...............//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec +//as p=m*v + +del_v=del_p/m................//uncertainty in velocity in m/s + +printf("\nuncertainty in velocity is 7.3*10^5 m/s\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96b3d17a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.2\n"); +//page no.-55 +//given +h=6.625*10^-34;...........//planck's constant in J-s +m=1.675*10^-27;.........//mass of neutron in Kg +E=1.6*10^-5;.............//kinetic energy of neutron +//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2 + +v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s +//By debroglie relationship + +lambda=h/(m*v)...............//De-Broglie wavelength in m + +printf("\nDe-Broglie wavelength is 2.86*10^-15 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..153479af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.20/EX2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.20\n"); +//page no.-66 +//given +d=10^-14;..................//width of special line in m +lambda=6*10^-7;.............//wavelength in m +c=3*10^8;....................//speed of light in m/s + +//as E=(h*c*d)/lambda^2, put in uncertainty relation ,E*t=h/2*%pi + +t=lambda^2/(2*%pi*c*d).................//time required in sec + +printf("\ntime required is 1.9*10^-8 sec\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdff4f5bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.22/EX2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.22\n"); +//page no.-66 +//given +del_x=5*10^-14;...............//uncertainty in position in m +h=6.626*10^-34;...............//planck's constant in jouls-sec +m=1.675*10^-27;...............//mass of neutron +e=1.6*10^-19;.................//cxharge + +del_p=h/del_x...............//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec + +E=del_p^2/(2*m*e)..............//kinetic energy in meV + +printf("\nminimum Kinetic energy is 0.33 meV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8310182cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.23/EX2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.23\n"); +//page no.-69 +//given +h=6.62*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton +c=3*10^8;..................//speed of light in m/s +E=46.08*10^-19;...........//energy in joule + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).........//wavelength in m + +printf("\nwavelength is 0.05336 angstrom \n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3543a5ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.24/EX2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.24\n"); +//page no.-69 +//given +h=6.62*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton +c=3*10^8;..................//speed of light in m/s +v=c/20;...................//velocity of proton + +lambda=h/(m*v)............//wavelength in m + +printf("\nwavelength is 2.643*10^-14 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..390e4f1ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.26/EX2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.26\n"); +//page no.-70 +//given +_m=9.1*10^-31;...............//rest mass of e +lambda=5896*10^-10;..........//wavelength in m +h=6.63*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in J-sec + +E=h^2/(2*_m*lambda^2)............//kinetic energy in joule + +printf("\nkinetic energy is 6.95*10^-25 joule\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6d912a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.27/EX2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.27\n"); +//page no.-71 +//given +h=6.63*10^-34;..............//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=1.67*10^-27;..............//mass of proton +E=1.6*10^-19;...........//energy in joule + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E).........//wavelength in m + +printf("\nwavelength is 0.287 angstrom \n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..467006650 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.29/EX2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.29\n"); +//page no.-72 +//given +v=1.05*10^4;..............//speed of e in m/s +m=9*10^-31;......//mass of e +h=6.62*10^-34;......//planck's constant +del_v=0.0001;........//change in velocity + +p=m*v;.................//momentum in kg*m/sec + +del_p=p*del_v..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle + +del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m + +printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 1.115*10^4 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e7ce1e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.3\n"); +//page no.-55 +//given +h=6.65*10^-27;...............//planck constant in ergs-sec +m=9*10^-28;..................//mass of e +e=4.8*10^-10;...............//charge in e.s.u. +V=1250;.....................//potential difference in V +//By debroglie relationship, lambda=h/m*v + +lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V)).............//resolving power in cm + +printf("\nresolving power of microscope is 0.351 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019da963f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.30/EX2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.30\n"); +//page no.-72 +//given +del_x=1.1*10^-8;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m +h=1.05*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, + +del_v=h/(m*del_x)................//uncertainty in velocity in m/s + +printf("\nuncertainty in velocity is 1.06*10^4 m/s\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b83fd0cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.31/EX2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.31\n"); +//page no.-72 +//given +h=6.62*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg +v=3*10^7;......................//velocity in m/sec +c=3*10^8;......................//speed of light in m/s + +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, + +del_x=(h*sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2)))/(2*%pi*m*v).........//uncertainty in position in m + +printf("\nuncertainty in position of electron is 0.0388 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024c5d58f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.32/EX2_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.32\n"); +//page no.-72 +//given +v=5000;..............//speed of e in m/s +m=9*10^-31;......//mass of e +del_v=0.00003;........//change in velocity +h=6.63*10^-34;......//planck's constant + +p=m*v;.................//momentum + +del_p=p*del_v;..........//change in momentum in kg*m/sec +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, +del_x=h/(2*%pi*del_p)...............//uncertainty in position in m + +printf("\nminimum uncertainty in position is 7.82*10^4 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca91cf173 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.33/EX2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.33\n"); +//page no.-73 +//given +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, E*t=h, also E=h*nu + +t=10^-8;.................//time required in sec + +del_nu=1/(2*%pi*t)...........//uncertainty in frequency in per sec + +printf("\nuncertainty in frequency is 15.92*10^6 per sec\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..358d81cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.34/EX2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.34\n"); +//page no.-73 +//given +h=6.63*10^-34;............//planck's constant in J-sec +t=2.5*10^-14;.............//time required in sec + +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, E*t=h + +del_E=h/(2*%pi*t).............//error in energy in joule + +printf("\nminimum error in energy is 4.22*10^-21 joule\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47e45b9c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.35/EX2_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.35\n"); +//page no.-73 +//given +del_x=0.01*10^-2;...............//uncertainty in position of electron in m +h=6.62*10^-34;................//planck's constant in joule-sec +m=9*10^-31;....................//mass of e in kg +x=5*10^-10;....................//diameter of nucleus in m +//By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, + +del_p=h/(2*%pi*del_x)...........//uncertainty in momentum in kg*m/sec + +del_v=h/(2*%pi*m*x).............//uncertainty in velocity in m/sec + +printf("\nuncertainty in momentum is 1.054*10^-30 kg*m/sec and in velocity is 2.34*10^5 m/sec\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c552b856 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.36/EX2_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.36\n"); +//page no.-84 +//given +theta=45;................//angle in degrees +_lambda=0.022*10^-10;.....//wavelength in m +h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec +m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron +c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s +//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c + +lambda=_lambda-((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//wavelength in angstrom + +printf("\nwavelength of incident X-rays is 0.015 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6737c02ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.39/EX2_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.39\n"); +//page no.-86 +//given +E=1.02*10^6;...............//energy in eV +theta=90;................//angle in degrees +h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec +m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron +c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s +e=1.6*10^-19;..........//charge +//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c + +del_lambda=((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//change in wavelength in m + +del_nu=c/del_lambda................//changein frequency of photon + +del_E=h*del_nu/e....................//change in energy of photon in eV + +Eo=E-del_E.......................//energy of photon after interaction in eV + +printf("\nEnergy of photon after interaction is 0.51 Mev\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe2c0c3fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.4\n"); +//page no.-56 +//given +V=100;..............//potential diff. in Volt + +lambda=12.25/sqrt(V).............//wavelength in angstrom + +printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 1.225 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87f269ab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.40/EX2_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.40\n"); +//page no.-86 +//given +h=6.62*10^-27;..........//planck's constant in ergs-sec +m=9.11*10^-28;.........//mass of electron in gm +e=4.803*10^-10;...........//charge +V=1/3;..................//potential difference in e.s.u. +//AS V*e=m*v^2/2, put into lambda=h/m*v + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*V*e*m)..........//wavelength in cm + +printf("\nwavelength is 1.226*10^8 cm\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b10c1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.41/EX2_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.41\n"); +//page no.-87 +//given +h=6.6*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec +m=9*10^-31;.........//mass of electron in kg +w=6.4*10^-19;.........//work function in joule +nu=10^15;.............//frequency in hertz + +v=sqrt((2*(h*nu-w))/m)............//velocity in m/sec + +printf("\nvelocity of photoelectrons is 2.108*10^5 m/sec\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..345e136bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.42/EX2_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.42\n"); +//page no.-87 +//given +theta=90;................//angle in degrees +h=6.62*10^-34;..........//planck's constant in J-sec +m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron +c=3*10^8;..............//speed of light in m/s +e=1.6*10^-19;..........//charge +lambda=10^-10;........//wavelength in m +//acc. to compton exp.,_lambda-lambda=(h*(1-cosd(theta)))/m*c + +del_lambda=((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m*c)).........//compton shift in m + +K=(h*c*del_lambda)/(lambda*(lambda+del_lambda))......//energy in joule + +printf("\nKinetic energy of recoil electron is 4.72*10^-17 joule\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b23c3ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.43/EX2_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.43\n"); +//page no.-88 +//given +h=6.624*10^-27;..........//planck's constant in ergs-sec +m=9.1*10^-28;.........//mass of electron in kg +w=3.2*10^-12;.........//work function in joule +c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec +lambda=3600*10^-8;...//wavelength in m +e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs + +lambda_o=(h*c)/w;..........//threshold wavelength in cm + +vo=c/lambda_o;........//threshold frequency in m/s + +v=c/lambda;..........//frequency + +E=((v-vo)*h)/e.................//energy in eV + +printf("\nkinetic energy is 1.45 eV\n"); + +printf("\nso stopping potential is 1.45 eV\n"); + +v=sqrt((2*E*e)/m)............//velocity of electron in cm/sec + +printf("\nVelocity of electron is 7.1*10^7 cm/sec\n"); + diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a3cfc5d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.44/EX2_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.44\n"); +//page no.-89 +//given +lambda_o=2300*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm +lambda=1800*10^-8;............//wavelength in cm +c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec +e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs + +vo=c/lambda_o;........//threshold frequency in m/s + +v=c/lambda;..........//frequency +E=((v-vo)*h)/e.................//energy in eV + +printf("\nkinetic energy is 1.52 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dafdd816 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.45/EX2_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.45\n"); +//page no.-90 +//given +E=1.56;...............//energy of e ejected in eV +lambda_o=2500*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm +c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec +e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs +h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec + +vo=c/lambda_o........//threshold frequency in m/s + +Eo=h*vo/e................//energy in eV + +TE=Eo+E..............//total energy +//we know ,E=h*c/lambda + +lambda=((h*c)/(TE*e))..........//wavelength in cm + +printf("\nwavelength of incident light is 1.9*10^-5 cm\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1903024d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.46/EX2_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.46\n"); +//page no.-90 +//given +w=10.08*10^-12;...........//work function in ergs +h=6.624*10^-27;...........//planck's constant in ergs-sec +c=3*10^10;................//speed of light in cm/sec + +lambda_o=h*c/w............//threshold wavelength in cm + +printf("\nthreshold wavelength is 1972 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3971e10fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.47/EX2_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.47\n"); +//page no.-91 +//given +lambda_o=6800*10^-8;..........//threshold wavelength in cm +c=3*10^10;...........//speed of light in cm/sec +e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs +h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec + +vo=c/lambda_o........//threshold frequency in m/s + +w=h*vo/e.............//work function in eV + +printf("\nwork function is 1.825 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1d9f6eb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.48/EX2_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.48\n"); +//page no.-91 +//given +lambda=5.4*10^-5;.............//wavelength in cm +c=3*10^10;..................//speed of light in cm/sec +h=6.62*10^-27;........//planck's constant in ergs-sec +e=1.6*10^-12;.........//charge in ergs +w=1.2;.........//work function in eV +eo=4.8*10^-10;.........//charge in e.s.u. + +E=(h*c)/(lambda*e).............//energy of one quantum of light in eV + +//AS V*e=E-w + +V=((E-w)*e*300)/eo...................//potential diff. in volts + +printf("\nretarding potential is 1.09 volts\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b001835f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.5\n"); +//page no.-56 +//given +h=6.67*10^-27;...............//planck constant in ergs-sec +m=9*10^-28;..................//mass of e +e=4.8*10^-10;...............//charge in e.s.u. +lambda=0.5*10^-8;..........//wavelength in m +//we know, lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V)) + +V=((h^2*150)/(m*e*lambda^2)).............//acc. voltage in volts + +printf("\nAccelerating Voltage is 617.9 volts\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1267fe31b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.6\n"); +//page no.-56 +//given +lamda=3*10^-2;...........//wavelength in m +h=6.62*10^-34;...............//planck constant in Joule-sec +m=9.1*10^-31;..................//mass of e in kg +e=1.6*10^-19;...............//charge + +E=(h^2)/(2*m*(lambda^2)*e)..............//energy in eV + +printf("\nEnergy is 0.06 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55433e6c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.7\n"); +//page no.-57 +//given +h=6.6*10^-34;...............//planck constant in Joule-sec +m=9.1*10^-31;..................//mass of e in kg +c=3*10^8;....................//speed in m/sec + +lambda=h/(m*c)................//wavelength in angstrom + +printf("\nwavelength of quantum of energy is 0.0244 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ba3e0815 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.7\n"); +//page no.-57 +//given +m=1.66*10^-24;..........//mass of proton in gm +e=4.8*10^-10;.............//charge in e.s.u. +h=6.62*10^-27;.............//planck's constant in erg-sec +E=1.6*10^-7;.............//energy in ergs +//we knoe , E=m*v^2/2 + +v=sqrt((2*E)/m);..........//velocity in m/s +//By debroglie relationship + +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E)...........//wavelength in cm + +printf("\nwavelength is 9.08*10^-14 m\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce b/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf74e32ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx2.9\n"); +//page no.-58 +//given +m=9.1*10^-28;..........//mass of electron in gm +e=4.8*10^-10;.............//charge in e.s.u. +h=6.62*10^-27;.............//planck's constant in erg-sec +V=28.8;....................//potential diff. in volt + +lambda=h*sqrt(150/(m*e*V)).............//wavelength in cm + +printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength is 2.3 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a705933be --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.1\n"); +//page no.-120 +//given +h=6.63*10^-27;........//planck's constant +l=10^-8;..............//length of each side of cube in m +m=9.11*10^-20;.......//mass of electron + +p1=h*3^(0.5)/2*l..........//momentum on ground state in gm*cm/sec + +E1=(h^(2)*3)/(8*m*l^(2)).........//energy for ground state in ergs + +printf("\nmomentum & energy for ground state is 5.74*10^-19 gm*cm/sec and 113eV\n"); + +//for first excited state quantum no. is 2 +p2=h*6^(0.5)/2*l.............//momentum on first excited state in gm*cm/sec + +E2=(h^(2)*6)/(8*m*l^(2))........//energy for first excited state in ergs + +printf("\nmomentum and energy for first excited state are 8.13*10^-19 gm*cm/sec and 362*10^-12 erg\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f124c554d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.13\n"); +//page no.-130 +//given +x=10^-14;......//diameter of nucleus in m +h=6.626*10^-34;......//planck's constant in J-s +m=1.67*10^-27;......//proton mass in kg +e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge in C +c=3*10^8;...........//speed in m/sec + +p=h/(2*%pi*x).......//momentum in kg*m/s from uncertainty principle + +printf("\n minimum value of momentum is 1.055*10^-20 kg*m/s\n"); + +E=p^2/(2*m*e).........//minimum kinetic energy in MeV + +printf("\nminimum K.E. is 0.23 Mev\n"); + +r=m*c^2/e...........//rest mass energy of proton in MeV + +printf("\nrest mass energy is 942 MeV\n"); +printf("\nAS REST MASS IS VERY LARGE THAN K.E. SO,PRESENCE OF SUCH PROTONS IN NUCLEUS IS PERMITTED\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937859c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.15\n"); +//page no.-132 +//given +v=10^-6;........//velocity in m/s +m=10^-9;.......//mass in kg +a=10^-4;.......//width in m +h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in J-s + +E=(m*v^2)/2......//kinetic energy in joule + +n=sqrt((8*m*a^2*E)/h^2).........//quantum number + +printf("\nquantum number is 3*10^14\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5025e59a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.17\n"); +//page no.-133 +//given +m=0.33*10^-26;.......//mass of hydrogen molecule in kg +a=0.01;.............//width in m +h=6.626*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s +e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge + +E=(5*h^2)/(8*m*a^2*e)..........//energy difference + +printf("\nenergy difference is 5.2*10^-18 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e25bc33b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.18\n"); +//page no.-134 +//given +n=5;................//quantum no. +a=2*10^-10;.........//width of box in m +E1=14.7*10^-19;.....//energy in joules +h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s + +m=(h^2)/(8*E1*a^2)......//mass of particle in kg + +printf("\nmass of particle is 9.33*10^-31 kg"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ece1bacd --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.19\n"); +//page no.-135 +//given +m=9.1*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg +a=4*10^-10;........//length in m + +E=(h^2)/(8*m*a^2)..........//lowest energy in joules + +printf("\nlowest energy is 0.376*10^-18 J\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e81e7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.2\n"); +//page no.-121 +//given +m=9.11*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg +h=6.63*10^-34;.......//planck's constant in J*s +a=10^-10;............//width of box in m +n=1;.................//quantum no. for least energy +e=1.602*10^-19;........//charge + +E=(h^2)/8*m*a^2........//least energy in joules +//to convert into eV divide by 1.6*10^-19 +printf("\nleast energy of particle is 5.68 joules"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb700dcea --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.20\n"); +//page no.-135 +//given +a=10^-10;........//width of box in m +h=6.625*10^-34;....//planck's constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31;......//mass of electron in kg +n=2;..............//quantum no. +e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge + +p=n*h/2*a.........//momentum in Kg*m/s + +printf("\nmomentum is 6.625*10^-24 Kg*m/s\n"); + +E=(n^2*h^2)/(8*m*a^2*e).....//energy in eV + +printf("\nenergy is 150.8 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41857a9c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.22\n"); +//page no.-136 +//given +m=10^-6;........//mass of particle +v=10^-4;........//speed in m/s +a=10^-7;........//length of box in m +h=6.625*10^-34;...//planck's constant in J-s + +n=2*m*a*v/h.......//quantum no. + +printf("\nquantum number is 3*10^16\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f598288e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.3\n"); +//page no.-121 +//given +h=6.62*10^-34;........//planck's constant in Js +m=1.6*10^-27;........//mass of proton in kg +l=10^-14;............//width of box in m + +E=(h^(2)*3)/(8*m*l^(2))............//energy of neutron + +printf("\nlowest energy of neutron is10.29*10^-23 J\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6766bea20 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.5\n"); +//page no.-122 +//given +h=6.63*10^-34;........//planck's constant in Js +m=9.11*10^-31;........//mass of electron in kg +l=2.5*10^-10;............//width of box in m +n1=2;...................//quantum no. for second lowest state +n2=3;...................//quantum no. for third lowest state +e=1.6*10^19;...........//charge + +E1=(h^2)/(8*m*l^2*e)..........//first lowest quantum energy + +E2=(n1^2)*E1.............//second lowest quantum energy + +E3=(n2^2)*E1............//third lowest quantum energy + +printf("\nlowest permissible quantum energies are 6 eV,24 eV, 54 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491eafeec --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.7\n"); +//page no.-123 +//given +l=10^-14;.......//width of box in m +m=1.67*10^-27;...//proton mass in kg +h=1.05*10^-34;....//plkanck's constant in J-s + +E1=(%pi^2*h^2)/(2*m*l^2)...........//energy of ground state in joule + +E2=(4*%pi^2*h^2)/(2*m*l^2)........//energy of first excited state in joule + +E=E2-E1.............//energy released in joule +//to convert into eV divide by 1.6*10^-19 +printf("\nenergy released during transition is 6.2 MeV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce b/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a50e813 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx3.8\n"); +//page no.-126 +//given +n=5;................//quantum no. +a=2*10^-10;.........//width of box in m +E1=14.7*10^-19;.....//energy in joules +h=6.625*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in J-s + +m=(h^2)/(8*E1*a^2)......//mass of particle in kg + +printf("\nmass of particle is 9.33*10^-31 kg"); diff --git a/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce b/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb10b8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx4.2\n"); +//page no.-156 +//given +b=2.898*10^-3;.......//constant in m*K +T=2000;...............//temperature in kelvin + +lambda=b/T.............//wavelength in m, relation by Wein's Law + +printf("\nwavelength is 1.449 micron\n"); +printf("\nWe know visible region is 0.4 micron to 0.8 micron, so this wavelength is beyond red colour of visible spectrum\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2567c628b --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.1\n"); +//page no.-178 +//given +sigma=6.2*10^-7;......//conductivity of silver in ohm-m + +n=5.8*10^28;..........//no. of free electrons per unit volume in m^3 + +m=9.1*10^-31;.........//mass of electron in kg + +e=1.6*10^-19;.........//elementary charge in coulamb + +tau=(sigma*m)/(e^2*n).....//relaxation time + +printf("\nthe relaxation time is 3.8*10^-14 s\n"); + +l=2;......//length of silver wire in m +v=40;.....//potential diff. in V + +E=v/l.....//electric field in wire in V/m + +vd=-(e*E*tau)/m......//drift speed of electron + +printf("\ndrift speed of electron is -0.13 m/s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a6b9249f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.10\n"); +//page no.-188 +//given +no=8.48*10^28;......//free electrons/m^3 + +m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron + +h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV + +printf("\nfermi energy in copper is 7.04 eV"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0937a5704 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.11\n"); +//page no.-189 +//given +I=15;............//current in A +A=2.1*10^-6;.....//area in m^2 +rho=8.95*10^3;...//density in Kg/m^3 +M=63.5;..........//mass in g/mol +N=6.02*10^23;....//avagadro no. +e=1.6*10^-19;....//charge in J + +no=N*rho/M........//no. of free electrons per unit vol. + +printf("\nno. of free e/unit vol is 8.48*10^28 electrons/m^3\n"); +v=I/(no*A*e)......//drift velocity of e + +printf("\ndrift velocity of e is5.3*10^-4"); + diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487746d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.12\n"); +//page no.-189 +//given +rho=1.42*10^-8;.....//resistivity of wire in ohm m +E=0.14;.............//electric field in V/m +n0=6*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol +m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e in kg +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C + +tau=(m)/no*e^2*rho.........//mean collission time in s + +printf("\nmean collission time is 4.236*10^-14 s\n"); + +v=((e*E)/m)*tau.........//avg drift velocity in m/s + +printf("\navg. drift velocity is 1.04*10^-3 m/s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e6491c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.13\n"); +//page no.-190 +//given +A=10^-6;.......//cross-sectional area in m^2 +I=1;..........//current in Ampere +n0=8.5*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C + +v=I/(no*A*e)...........//drift velocity in m/s + +printf("\ndrift velocity of free e is7.4*10^-4 m/s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..822069048 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.14\n"); +//page no.-190 +//given +v=10^6;.......//avg velocity in m.s +rho=1.673*10^-8;..//resistivity in ohm m +n0=8.48*10^28;.........//no. of electrons per unit vol +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C +m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e in kg + +tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)........//mean collission time in s + +printf("\nmean collision time is 2.51*10^-14 s\n"); + +lambda=v*tau............//mean free path in m + +printf("\nmean free path 2.51*10^-8 m"); + diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..003a04f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.15\n"); +//page no.-190 +//given +l=3;........//length of wire in m +R=0.022;....//resistance in ohm +I=15;.......//current in A +mu=4.3*10^-3;..//mobility in m^2/Vs +m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass +V=I*R........//voltage drop across Cu wire in Volt + +E=V/l........//electric field in V/m + +v=E*mu.......//drift velocity in m/s + +printf("\ndrift velocity is 0.473*10^-3 m/s\n"); +k=1.387*10^-23;.......//boltzmann constant +T=300;................//temperature in kelvin + +vo=((3*k*T)/m)^(1/2)....//thermal velocity + +printf("\nthermal velocity is 1.17*10^5 m/s"); + diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1e7afbac --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.16\n"); +//page no.-191 +//given +rho=1.54*10^-8;.......//resistivity in ohm m +E=100;...............//electric field in V/m +no=5.8*10^28;.........//no of free electrons per unit vol +m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C + +tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)........//mean collision time + +printf("\nmean collision time is 3.98*10^-14 s\n"); +v=((e*E)/m)*tau........//drift velocity + +printf("\ndrift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n"); +mu=v/E.........//mobility + +printf("\nmobility is 7*10^-3 m^2/Vs"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8a075987 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.17\n"); +//page no.-191 +//given +rho=1.54*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m +no=5.8*10^28;.........//no of free electrons per unit vol +m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C + +tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)....//relaxation time + +printf("\nrelaxation time is 3.97*10^-14 s\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20f35b33f --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.18\n"); +//page no.-192 +//given +T=0;........//temperature in kelvin +rho=10500;....//density of Ag in Kg/m^3 +M=107.9;......//atomic weight +N=6.025*10^26;....//avagadro no. +e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge +h=6.63*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +no=(N*rho)/M......//no of free electrons per unit vol + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV + +printf("\nfermi energy is 5.518 eV"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff50973b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.19\n"); +//page no.-192 +//given +E=5.53;......//fermi energy in eV +e=1.6*10^-19;.....//charge +tau=3.91*10^-14;..//relaxation time in s +m=9.11*10^-31;....//mass of electron + +v=((2*E*e)/m)^(1/2).......//fermi velocity + +printf("\nfermi velocity is 1.39*10^6 m/s\n"); + +k=1.38*10^-23;......//boltzmann constant + +T=(E*e)/k..............//fermi temperature in kelvin + +printf("\nfermi temperature is 6.41*10^4 k"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31bced25d --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.2\n"); +//page no.-184 +//given +no=5.8*10^28;......//free electrons per m^3 +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C +h= 1.05*10^-34;.....//planck's constant in Js + +m=9.1*10^-31;.......//mass of electron in kg + +E=(3*no*%pi^2)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(2*m*e)......//fermi energy of electron + +printf("\nfermi energy of electron is 5.4 eV\n"); + +v=((2*E)/m)^(1/2);......//speed of electron in m/s + +printf("\nspeed of electron is 1.4*10^6 m/s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3130e5a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.20\n"); +//page no.-192 +//given +rho=1.7*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m +M=63.54;...........//atomic weight +d=8.96*10^3;......//density in Kg/m^3 +N=6.025*10^23;......//avagadro no. +e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge + +no=(N*d)/M........//no of electrons per unit volume + +printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 8.50*10^28 /m^3\n"); + +mu=(1)/(rho*e*no).......//mobility in m/Vs + +printf("\nmobility is 4.35*10^-3 m/Vs"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd48fd48 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.22\n"); +//page no.-193 +//given +g=18.8;.......//specific gravity +M=184;.......//atomic weight +n=2;.........//no of electrons per atom +N=6.02*10^23;......//avagadro no. +e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge + +no=(N*g*n)*10^6/M........//no of electrons per unit volume + +printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 1.23*10^29 /m^3\n"); + +E=((3.64*10^-19)/e)*(no^(2/3)).......//fermi energy + +printf("\nfermi energy is 9 eV"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d0152e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.24\n"); +//page no.-195 +//given +rho=1.73*10^-8;......//resistivity in ohm m +M=63.5;...........//atomic weight +d=8.92*10^3;......//density in Kg/m^3 +N=6.023*10^23;......//avagadro no. +e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge +m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e + +no=(N*d)/M........//no of electrons per unit volume + +printf("\nno. of electrons/ unit volume 8.463*10^25 /m^3\n"); + +mu=1/(rho*no*e).........//mobility + +printf("\nmobility is 4.1145 m^2/Vs\n"); + +tau=m/(no*e^2*rho)..........//relaxation time + +printf("\nrelaxation time is 2.25*10^-11 s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf06a471 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.26\n"); +//page no.-195 +//given +E=2.1;........//fermi energy in eV +e=1.6*10^-19;.......//charge +m=9.11*10^-31;......//mass of e + +v=((2*E*e)/m)^(1/2)........//fermi velocity in m/s + +printf("\nfermi velocity is 8.6*10^5 m/s"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9e438de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.3\n"); +//page no.-185 +//given +no=5.9*10^28;.....//free electrons per m^3 +m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron +h=6.6*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in joule + +printf("\nfermi energy is 5.4 eV\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a0c118f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.4\n"); +//page no.-185 +//given +E=16.02*10^-19......//fermi energy in coulamb + +k=1.381*10^-23......//boltzmann constant in m + +T=(2*E)/(5*k)...........//temperature in kelvin + +printf("\nclassical temperature is 4.64*10^4 k"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..748d4e9aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.5\n"); +//page no.-185 +//given +n0=2.5*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of metal +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C +m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron + +h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m)......//fermi energy in J +//to convert in eV divide by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19 +printf("\nfermi energy is 3.1 eV\n"); + +v=(2*E)/m^(1/2)......//fermi velocity in m/s + +printf("\nfermi velocity is 1.047 m/s\n"); +k=1.38*10^-23;.....//boltzmann constant + +T=E/k..............//fermi temperature in kelvin + +printf("\nfermi temperature 3.623*10^4 K"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e4ed15d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.6\n"); +//page no.-186 +//given +no=2.54*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of metal + +m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron + +h=6.62*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m)......//fermi energy in J +//to convert in eV divide by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19 +printf("\nfermi energy is 3.19 ev\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89da9bffc --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx-6.9\n"); +//page no.-188 +//given +no=2.54*10^28;.....//no. of free e per unit volume of sodium +e=1.6*10^-19;......//charge in C +m=9.1*10^-31;....//mass of electron + +h=6.625*10^-34;....//planck's constant in Js + +E=(3*no/%pi)^(2/3)*(h^2)/(8*m*e)......//fermi energy in eV +//to convert in J multiply by charge e i.e. 1.6*10^-19 + +printf("\nfermi energy is 3.19 eV"); diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce b/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a554924df --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx1.7\n"); +//page no.-9 +//given +rho=2700;.......//density of potassium bromide in kg/m^3 +m=119;.........//molecular wt. +n=4;...........//molecules per unit cell for F.C.C. +N=6.02*10^26;...//avagadro no. + +M=(n*m)/N;..........//mass in each unit cell +//as density=mass/volume, so volume is a^3 + +a=(M/rho)^(1/3)......//lattice constant in Angstrom + +printf("\nlattice constant is 6.64 angstrom\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c890d372 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx7.1\n"); +//page no.-205 +//given +mu1=0.36;............//MOBILITY OF ELECTRONS IN m^2/volt-sec +mu2=0.17;............//MOBILITY OF HOLES IN m^2/volt-sec +e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge in coulamb +n=2.5*10^19;.........//density of electron & holes per m^3 +sigma=n*e*(mu1+mu2)...//total conductivity in mho/metre + +printf("\ntotal conductivity is 2.12 mho/metre\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e5c09808 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx7.2\n"); +//page no.-218 +//given +t=10^-3;........//thickness of copper strip in m +e=1.6*10^-19;....//charge in C +n=8.4*10^28;.....//no. of charge carriers in per m^3 +I=200;...........//current in A +B=1.5;...........//magnetic field in weber/m^2 + +V=(I*B)/(n*e*t)......//potential difference in volt +//to convert in micro volt multiply by 10^6 + +printf("\npotential difference is 22 micro volt\n"); diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ea0d1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx7.3\n"); +//page no.-218 +//given +V=29.7*10^-6;........//potential difference in volt +d=4*10^-2;...........//width of copper strip in m +I=100;...............//current in A +B=2;.................//magnetic field of induction in weber/m^2 +e=1.6*10^-19;........//charge in coulumb +A=2*10^-5;...........//area in m^2 + +E=V/d............//hall electric effect in volt/m + +printf("\nhall electric effect is 7.425*10^-4 V/m\n"); + +n=(I*B)/(A*e*E)......//no. of charge carriers per m^3 + +printf("\nno. of charge carriers 8.4*10^28 per m^3"); diff --git a/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e7ee4d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1694/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf("\nEx7.4\n"); +//page no.-219 +//given +e=1.6*10^-19;......//CHARGE IN C +R=-0.0125;..........//HALL COEFFICIENT IN m^3/coulumb +E=100;...............//ELECTRIC FIELD IN volt/m +mu=0.36;.............//mobility +n=1/(e*R).............//no. of charge carriers per m^3 + +J=n*e*mu*E............//current density in ampere/m^2 + +printf("\ncurrent density is 2880 A/m^2"); diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.1/Chapter1_Example1.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.1/Chapter1_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc4b5c50f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.1/Chapter1_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tmax=200;//Maximum Brake Torque in Nm +N=3600;//Speed range in rpm +Pmax=900;//Maximum engine torque in kPa +n=2;// For Four stroke engine +Mps=15*60;//mean piston speed in m/min + +//CALCULATIONS +Vs=((2*3.14*Tmax*n)/(1000*Pmax));//Swept volume in m^3 +d=((Vs/3.14)^(1/3))*1000;//Bore diameter +Nmax=(Mps*1000/(2*d));//Maximum crank speed in rpm +Bpm=800*(Vs/2)*(Nmax/(60));//Maximum break power in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)swept volume is %3.5f m^3 \n (ii)bore diameter is %3.i mm \n (iii)maximum break power is %3.2f kW ',Vs,d,Bpm) + + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.10/Chapter1_Example10.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.10/Chapter1_Example10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..833ebad00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.10/Chapter1_Example10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +IP=50;//indicated power in kW +pmi=7;//mean effective pressure in bar +L=0.10;//stroke in m +d=0.08;//bore in m +nc=4;//number of cylinders +n=2;//for 4 cylinders +N=3800;//speed in rpm + +//CALCULATIONS +n1=(IP*4*n*60)/(pmi*100*L*3.14*d^2*nc);//Average misfire in rpm +n2=N/2;//Theoretical number of explosions/min +na=N/2;//actual no.of explosion/min +n11=n2-na;//Average number of misfires +IP1=pmi*100*L*3.14*((0.08^2)/4)*N*nc/(n*60);//Indicated power based on actual speed + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Average misfire is %3.d rpm \n (ii)Indicated power based on actual speed is %3.3f kW',n1,IP1) + + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.11/Chapter1_Example11.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.11/Chapter1_Example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c72cc6dee --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.11/Chapter1_Example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP=50;//Brake power in kW +nm=80;//mechanical efficiency in percentage +pmi=6;//mean effective pressure in bar +N=100;//no.of explosions/min +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=1;//for single cylinder + +//CALCULATIONS +IP=(BP*100/nm);//Indicated power in kW +x=(IP*60)/(pmi*100*N*nc);//dimension +d=(x*4/(3.14*1.5))^(1/3);//bore in m +L=1.5*d;//stroke in m +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Dimensions of cylinder L %3.5f m \n d %3.5f m ',L,d) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.12/Chapter1_Example12.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.12/Chapter1_Example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6610b43f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.12/Chapter1_Example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Vc=0.009;//clearance volume in m^3 +d=0.3;//bore in m +L=0.5;//stroke in m +g=1.4;//constant +cv=20000;//calorific value in kJ/m^3 +pmi=800;//mean effective pressure in bar +N=120;//explosions per minute +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=1;//for single cylinder +mf=30;//mass fuel consumption + + +//CALCULATIONS +Vs=(3.14*d^2*L/4);//swept volume in m^3 +Rc=((Vs+Vc)/Vc);//compression ratio +IP=(pmi*L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*n);//Indicated power in kW +nit=(IP/(mf*cv/3600))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage +no=(1-(1/(Rc^(g-1))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percentage +nr=(nit/no)*100;//relative efficiency in percentage + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Compression ratio is %3.3f \n (ii)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Air standard efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)Relative efficiency is %3.2f percentage',Rc,nit,no,nr) + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.13/Chapter1_Example13.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.13/Chapter1_Example13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ee46d1b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.13/Chapter1_Example13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +N=450;//speed in rpm +cv=44000;//calorific value in kJ/kg +T=450;//torque required +pmi=3;//mean effective pressure in bar +L=0.27;//stroke in m +d=0.22;//bore in m +pa=1.014;//atm.pressure +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=1;//for single cylinder +mf=5.4;//mass flow rate in kg/hr +ra=1.20584;//density of fuel in kg/kW.hr +ma=167.4;//mass of air in kg/hr +Ra=0.287;// gas constant kJ/kgk +Te=300;//temperature in k +mw=440;//mass of water in kg/hr +cpw=4.187;//specific pressure +dTc=36.1;//Rise in temperature in degree C +Ta=20;//temperature in K +d1=6.23;//bore +me=172.8;//exhaust gas mass in kg/hr +cpe=1.005;//atmospheric pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +BP=(2*3.14*(N/1000)*(T/60)*(1.5/2));//Brake power in kW +IP=(pmi*100*L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*n);//Indicated power in kW +nit=(IP/((mf/3600)*cv))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage +bsfc=(mf/BP);//Brake specific fuel consuption in kg/kWh +Va=(ma*Ra*(Ta+273))/(pa*100*60);//volume folw rate of air in m^3/min +Vs=((3.14*(d^2)/4)*L*N*(nc/n));;//swept volume in m^3/min +nv=(Va/Vs)*100;//Volumetric efficiency in percentage +Qs=(mf*cv/3600);//Heat supplied in kW +Qw=(mw*cpw*(dTc))/3600;//Heat loss to cooling water in kW +Qe=(me*cpe*(Te-Ta))/3600;//Heat loss to exhaust gases in kW +c1=(Qe/Qs)*100;// % heat lost to exhaust gases +Qu=(Qs-(BP+Qw+Qe+d1));//Enthalpy of unaccount in kW +e1=(Qu/Qs)*100;//unaccounted heat in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Brake power is %3.3f kW \n (ii)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (iii)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (iv)Brake specific fuel consumption is %3.4f kg/kW.hr \n (v)Volumetric efficiency is %3.1f percentage \n(vi)Draw up heat balance sheet \n (I)Heat supplied is %3.i kW \n(II)Heat utilised in the system is %3.2f perentage',BP,IP,nit,bsfc,nv,Qs,c1) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.14/Chapter1_Example14.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.14/Chapter1_Example14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94cc8f2c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.14/Chapter1_Example14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +a=450;//Area of indicator diagram mm^2 +S=9.806;//Spring number +l=50*1.2;//Length of diagram +d=0.15;//bore in m +L=0.25;//stroke in m +N=400;//engine speed in rpm +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=2;//for single cylinder +mf=3;//mass flow rate in kg/h +cv=44200;//calorific value +dTc=42;//rise of temperature for cooling water in Degree C +cpw=4.18;//specific pressure +mw=4;//mass of water +T=225;//Brake torque in Nm + +//CALCULATIONS +pmi=a*S/l;//mean effective pressure in N/cm^2 +IP=((pmi/10)*L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*n);//Indicated power in kW +BP=(2*3.14*N*T)/60000;//brake power in kW +nm=(BP/IP);//Meahanical efficiency in percentage +nbt=(BP*3600/(mf*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage +bsfc=mf/BP;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +Qs=mf*cv/3600;//Heat supplied in kW +a11=(BP/Qs)*100;//% of heat equivalent to BP +Qw=(mw*cpw*(dTc))/60;//Heat lost to cooling water in kW +b11=(Qw/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to cooling water +Qe=(Qs-(BP+Qw));//heat utilised in the system +c11=(Qe/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to exhaust gases and radiation + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Mechanical efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n(ii)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Brake specific fuel consumption is %3.3f kg/kW.hr \n(iv)\n(I)heat supplied is %3.3f kW \n (II)Heat utilised in the system %3.2f \n percentage',nm,nbt,bsfc,Qs,Qe) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.15/Chapter1_Example15.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.15/Chapter1_Example15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c232781 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.15/Chapter1_Example15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pmi=3;//Mean effective pressure in bar +L=0.27;//Stroke in m +N=450;//spedd in rpm +nc=1;//nuber of cylinders +n=1;//for single cylinder +mf=5.4;//mass flow rate in kg/h +cv=42000;//calorific value +d=0.22;//bore in m +T=355;//Temperature to exhaust gases in Degree C +mw=440;//mass of water in kg/h +cpw=4.18;//specific pressure of water +cpe=1.02;//specific pressure of air +dTc=36;//Rise in temperature in Degree C +me=172.8;//total mass flow in kg/s +Ta=20;//room temperature in Degree C +Tb=460;//Brake load in N + +//CALCULATIONS +IP=(pmi*100*L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*n);//Indicated power in kW +nit=(IP*3600/(mf*cv))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage +Qs=mf*cv/3600;//Heat supplied in kJ/s +BP=(2*3.14*(N/60)*(Tb/1000)*(1.5/2));//Brake power in kW +a11=(BP/Qs)*100;//% of heat equivalent to BP +Qw=(mw*cpw*(dTc))/3600;//Heat loss to cooling water in kJ/s +b11=(Qw/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to cooling water +Qe=(me*cpe*(T-Ta))/3600;//Heat loss to exhaust gases in kW +c11=(Qe/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to exhaust gases +Qu=(Qs-(BP+Qw+Qe));//Enthalpy of unaccount in kJ/s +d1=(Qu/Qs)*100;//unaccounted heat in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii) \n (I)Heat supplied %3.i kJ/s \n (II)Heat utilised in the system is %3.2f',IP,Qs,Qe) + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.16/Chapter1_Example16.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.16/Chapter1_Example16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce2c7588f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.16/Chapter1_Example16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pmi=6;//Mean effective pressure in bar +L=0.45;//Stroke in m +d=0.3;//Rope diameter in m +N=12000;//Total revolutions made +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=2;//for four cylinders +D=1.8;//Brake drum diameter in m +x=0.02136;//difference of W and S +cpw=4.18;//specific pressure of water +cpe=1.005;//specific pressure of air +cv=45000;//calorific value +two=60;//outlet water temperature +twi=15;//inlet water temperature +te=300;//exhaust gas temperature in Degree C +ta=20;//room temperature in Degree C +mf=7.6;//mass flow rate in kg/h +mw=550;//water flo rate in kg/h +me=367.6;//total flow rate in kg/h + + +//CALCULATIONS +IP=(pmi*102*L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*60*n);//Indicated power in kW +BP=((x)*3.14*(D+d)*N)/60;//Brake power in kW +nit=(IP/(mf*cv/3600))*100;//Indicetad thermal efficiency in percentage +nm=(BP/IP)*100;//mechanical efficiency in percentage +Qs=mf*cv/60;//heat supplied in kJ/min +a11=(BP/Qs)*100;//% of heat equivalent to BP +Qw=(mw*cpw*(two-twi))/60;//Heat loss to cooling water in kW +b11=(Qw/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to cooling water +Qe=(me*cpe*(te-ta))/60;//Heat loss to exhaust gases in kW +c11=(Qe/Qs)*100;//% of heat lost to exhaust gases +Qu=(Qs-(BP*60+Qw+Qe));//Enthalpy of unaccount in kW +d11=(Qu/Qs)*100;//unaccounted heat in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Indicated power is %3.2f kW \n brake power is %3.2f kW \n (ii)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Mechanical efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)HEAT BALANCE SHEET \n (I)Heat supplied %3.i kJ/min \n (II)Heat utilised in the system is %3.2f kW',IP,BP,nit,nm,Qs,Qu) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.17/Chapter1_Example17.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.17/Chapter1_Example17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd4b3beb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.17/Chapter1_Example17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP4=16.25;//Total Brake power +BP1c=11.55;//Brake power of 1st cylinder +BP2c=11.65;//Brake power of 2nd cylinder +BP3c=11.70;//Brake power of 3rd cylinder +BP4c=11.50;//Brake power of 4th cylinder +mf=0.08;//mass flow rate in kg/s +cv=42500;//calorific value +d=9;//bore +L=9;//stroke +Vc=65;//clearance volume in cm^3 +g=1.4;//inert gas constnat + + +//CALCULATIONS +IP1=BP4-BP1c;//Indicated power of 1st cylinder +IP2=BP4-BP2c;//Indicated power of and cylinder +IP3=BP4-BP3c;//Indicated power of 3rd cylinder +IP4=BP4-BP4c;//Indicated power of 4th cylinder +IP=IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4;//Total indicated power in kW +nbt=(BP4*100/(mf*cv))*100;//Brake thrmal efficiency in percentage +nit=(IP*100/(mf*cv))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage +Vs=(3.14*(d^2)*L/4);//swept volume in cm^3 +Rc=(Vs+Vc)/Vc;//Compression ratio +no=(1-(1/Rc^(g-1)));//Air standard efficiency in percentage +nr=(nit/no);//Relative efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Indicated power is %3.2f kW \n (ii)indicated thermalefficiency %3.2f percentage \n brake efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)realtive efficiency is %3.2f percentage',IP,nit,nbt,nr) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.18/Chapter1_Example18.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.18/Chapter1_Example18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5ebc4e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.18/Chapter1_Example18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +W=160;//load on dynamometer in N +N=3000;//speed of engine in rpm +Dy=20420;//Dynamometer constnat +L=0.09;//stroke in m +d=0.06;//bore in m +nc=4;//number of cylinders +n=2;//for four cylinders +mf=4.95;//fuel consumption in kg/h +cv=42500;//calorific value +BP1c=16.5;//Brake power of 1st cylinder +BP2c=16;//Brake power of 2nd cylinder +BP3c=15.6;//Brake power of 3rd cylinder +BP4c=17.6;//Brake power of 4th cylinder + +//CALCULATIONS +BP4=W*N/Dy;//Brake power in kW +pmb=(BP4*60*n)/(L*(3.14*(d^2)/4)*N*nc*4);//Brake ean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +nbt=(BP4*3600/(mf*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage +IP1=BP4-BP1c;//Indicated power of 1st cylinder +IP2=BP4-BP2c;//Indicated power of 2nd cylinder +IP3=BP4-BP3c;//Indicated power of 3rd cylinder +IP4=BP4-BP4c;//Indicated power of 4th cylinder +IP=IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4;//Total indicated power in kW +nm=(BP4/IP)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percentage +bsfc=mf/BP4;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Brake power is %3.3f kW \n (ii)Brake mean effective pressure is %3.3f kN/m^2 \n (iii)brake thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)mechanical efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (v)Brake specific fuel consumption %3.3f kg/kW.hr ',BP4,pmb,nbt,nm,bsfc) + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.19/Chapter1_Example19.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.19/Chapter1_Example19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4919ad59 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.19/Chapter1_Example19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Sp=8;//mean piston speed in m/s +P=101.325;//atmospheric pressure in kPa +Ra=0.287;//Gas constnat +Ta=303;//assumed temperature in K +x=0.5;//fuelair ratio +nv=0.92;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +L=0.136;//stroke in m +d=0.125;//borre diameter in m +nc=6;//number of cylinders + +//CALCULATIONS +N=(Sp/(2*L));//Speed in rps +Roa=(P/(Ra*Ta));//Density of air in kg/m^3 +Vs=(3.14*d^2*L*nc/4);//swept volume +ma=(nv*Roa*Vs*N)/2;//mass flow rate of air in kg/s +mf=ma*x;//mass flow rate of fuel +mf1=(2*mf*10^2)/(N*nc);//mass of fuel injected per cylinder per cycle in g/cylinder/cycle + //OUTPUT + printf('(i)Mass flow rate of air is %3.4f kg/s \n (ii)mass of fuel injected per cylinder per cycle is %3.4f g/cylinder/cycle',ma,mf1) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.2/Chapter1_Example2.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.2/Chapter1_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddc732663 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.2/Chapter1_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +N=4000;//Speed in rpm +T=150;//Torque developed in Nm +n=2;//For Four stroke engine +L=0.1;//Stroke in m +D=0.07;//Diameter in m +nc=6;//number of cylinders +mf=20;//fuel consumption in kg/h +cv=44000;//calorific value in kJ/kg + +//CALCULATIONS +BP=(2*3.14*N*T/(60*1000));//Brake power in kW +bmep=((BP*n)/(L*(3.14*0.07^2/4)*(N/60)*nc));//Bmep in kN/m^2 +nbt=(BP/((mf/3600)*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The Brake power is %3.2f kW \n (ii)bmep is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (iii)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.1f percentage ',BP,bmep,nbt) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.20/Chapter1_Example20.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.20/Chapter1_Example20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6768bf400 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.20/Chapter1_Example20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP=200;//Brake power in kW +Vs=10*10^-3;//swept volue +n=2;//for four cylinders +nc=1;//number of cylinders +N=2100;//speed in rpm +L=0.136;//stroke in m +d=0.125;//bore in m + +//CALCULATIONS +Sp=2*L*N/60;//Mean piston speed in m/s +bmep=(BP*n*60)/(Vs*N);//Brake mean effective pressure in kPa +P=BP/(3.14*d^2*6/4);//Specific power in kN/m^2 + +//OUTPUT +printf('Mean piston speed is %3.2f m/s \n Specific power is %3.1f kN/m^2',Sp,P) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.21/Chapter1_Example21.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.21/Chapter1_Example21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591e222cd --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.21/Chapter1_Example21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +P=101.325;//Atmospheric pressure in kPa +Ra=0.287;//gas constant +Ta=303;//atm.temperature in K +L=0.092;//stroke in m +Sp1=10;//mean piston speed +ma=60;//air flow in g/s +Vs=2.2*10^-3;//capacity + +//CALCULATIONS +Roa=P/(Ra*Ta);//Density of air in kg/m^3 +N=Sp1/(2*L);//speed in rpm +nv=(2*ma)/(Roa*Vs*N*1000);//volumetric efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('Volumetric efficiency is %3.2f percentage ',nv) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.22/Chapter1_Example22.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.22/Chapter1_Example22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce7a6c545 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.22/Chapter1_Example22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP=50;//Brake power in kW +bmepp=700;//mean effective pressure pickup van +bmept=850;//mean effective pressure typical +nc=4;//4-stroke cylinder +n=2;//for 4 cyliners +Sp=8;//mean piston speed +N=3000;//speed in rpm +L=0.107;//stroke in m + +//CALCULATIONS +Nm=Sp/(2*L);//Design speed in rps +db=(BP*n/(bmepp*4*Nm*3.14/4))^(1/3);//bore diameter in m^3 +Vt=(3.14*(db^3)*nc/4);//Capacity of the engine in litres +Tm=(bmept*Vt)/(2*3.14*n);//Maximum torque in kNm + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Design speed %3.2f rps \n (ii)capacity of the engine %3.5f m^3 \n (iii)Maximum torque is %3.2f kNm',Nm,Vt,Tm) + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.23/Chapter1_Example23.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.23/Chapter1_Example23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb75693c --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.23/Chapter1_Example23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Vs=1.5*10^-3;//capacity of cylinder in m^3 +N=3000;//speed in rpm +BP=48;//break power in kW +nv=0.92;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +P=101.325;//atmospheric pressure in kPa +Ra=0.287;//gas constant +Ta=303;//atm.temperature in K +x=21;//airfuel ratio + + +//CALCULATIONS +Roa=(P/(Ra*Ta));//Density of air in kg/m^3 +ma=(nv*Roa*Vs*N/(2*60));//mass of air in kg/s +mf=ma/x;//mass of fuel in kg/s +bsfc=mf*3600/BP;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +me=ma+mf;;//mass rate of exhaust flow in kg/s +bpo=(BP/Vs)/1000;//Brake output per displacement in kW/litres + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Rate of air flowinto engine %3.5f kg/s \n (ii)Brake specific fuel consumption is %3.3f kg/kWh \n (iii)mass rate of exhaust flow is %3.5f kg/s \n (iv)Brake output per displacement is %3.i kW/litres',ma,bsfc,me,bpo) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.3/Chapter1_Example3.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.3/Chapter1_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..895eebc2b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.3/Chapter1_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pmb=15;//brake ean pressure in bar +L=200;//Stroke in cm +d=0.8;//bore daimeter in cm +N=100;//speed in rpm +nc=6;//number of cylinders +bsfc=0.4;//brake specific fuel consumption +cv=42000;//calorific value in kJ/kg + +//CALCULATIONS +BP=(pmb*L*(3.14*0.8^2/4)*N*nc)/(60);//Brake power in kW +mf=bsfc*BP;//Total fuel consumption in kg/h +nbt=(BP/((mf/3600)*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The Brake power is %3.2f kW \n (ii)Total fuel consumption is is %3.2f kg/hr \n (iii)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage ',BP,mf,nbt) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Example4.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99132bb8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.4/Chapter1_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP=17;//Brake power in kW +mf=6;//Mass flow rate in kg/h +cv=44200;//calorific value in kJ/kg +L=0.1;//Stroke in m +d=0.06;//bore in m +Rc=8;//copression ratio +n=2;//for four cylinders +nc=4;//number of cylinders +N=50;//speed in rps + +//CALCULATIONS +nbt=(BP/((mf/3600)*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage +vs=(3.14*d^2*L)/4;//swept volume in m^3 +vc=vs/7;//Clearance volume in m^3 +pmb=((BP*n)/(L*(3.14*d^2/4)*N*nc));//brake ean pressure in kPa +no=(1-(1/(Rc^(1.4-1))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)clearance volume is %3.9f m^3 \n (iii)Brake mean effective pressure is %3.2f kPa \n (iv)air standard efficiency is %3.2f percentage',nbt,vc,pmb,no) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Example5.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd372e372 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.5/Chapter1_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +N=1500;//speed in rpm +T=150;//Torque developed in Nm +mf=6;//fuel consumption in kg/h +cv=42000;//calorific value in kJ/kg +L=0.15;//Stroke in m +d=0.12;//bore in m +n=2;//for four cylinders +pa=1;//Atmospheric pressure in bar +Ta=293;//Room temperature in K +Ra=0.287;//Gas constant +hw=0.06;//Head of orifice in m +rw=1000;//density of water in kg/m^3 + +//CALCULATIONS +BP=2*3.14*(N/60)*(T/1000);//Brake power in kW +nbt=(BP/((mf/3600)*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage +Pmb=(BP*60*n/(L*(3.14*d^2/4)*N));//brake ean pressure in kPa +ra=(pa/(Ra*Ta))*100;//density of air in kg/m^3 +ha=((hw*rw)/ra);//Air inhaled in m +Va=0.62*(3.14*0.03^2/4)*(2*9.81*ha)^(1/2);//Air inhaled in m^3/s +Vs=((3.14*d^2/4)*L*N/(n*60));//Swept volume in m^3/s +nv=(Va/Vs)*100;//Volumetric efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)Brake mean effective pressure is %3.2f kPa \n (iv)Volumetric efficiency is %3.d percentage',nbt,Pmb,nv) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.6/Chapter1_Example6.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.6/Chapter1_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf9477856 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.6/Chapter1_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=780;//pressure of gas in mm +p2=760;//pressure of gas in mm +v1=15;//volume of gas in m^3 +T1=288;//Temperature in k +T2=273;//Temperature in k + + +//CALCULATIONS +v2=(p1*v1*(T2/T1))/p2;//volume of gas in m^3 + +//OUTPUT +printf('Gas consumption at NTP is %3.3f m^3 ',v2) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.7/Chapter1_Example7.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.7/Chapter1_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed73a45e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.7/Chapter1_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +BP=60;//Brake power in kW +nm=0.8;//mechanical efficiency in percentage +d=0.15;//bore in m +L=0.15;//stroke in m +n=4;//for 6 cylinders +Ps=510;//piston speed in m/min +pmi=5;//mean effective pressure in bar + + +//CALCULATIONS +IP=(BP/nm);//indicated power in kW +A=(3.14*d^2/4);//area +ne=(IP*60)/(pmi*100*L*A*n);//No.of explosions +N=(Ps/(2*L));//speed of the engine in rpm + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)No.of explosions are %3.2f /min \n (ii)speed of the engine is %3.d rpm ',ne,N) diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.8/Chapter1_Example8.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.8/Chapter1_Example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c870273c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.8/Chapter1_Example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +no=0.5;//Air standard efficiency in percenatge +nr=0.7;//relative efficiency in percenatge +nm=80;//mechanical efficiency in percenatge +cv=45000;//calorific value in kJ/kg +BP=75;//Brake power in kW +Ra=0.287;//Gas constant +Ta=300;//suction temperature in K +pa=1*100;//pressure in kN/m^2 +Vs=0.10352;//swept volume in m^3/s +N=2500;//speed in rpm +nc=1;//number of cylinders +n=2;//for four cylinders + +//CALCULATIONS +Rc=(1/(1-no))^(1/(1.4-1));//copression ratio +nit=(no*nr)*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage +IP=(BP/nm)*100;//indicated power in kW +mf=((IP*100)/(nit*cv));//mass fuel consumption in kg/s +bsfc=(mf*3600)/BP;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +nbt=(BP/(mf*cv))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage +ma=16*mf;//mass of air in kg/s +va=(ma*Ra*Ta)/(pa);//actual volume of air consumption +vs=va/no;//swept volume in m^3/s +d=(4*60*n*vs/(3.14*1.5*N))^(1/3);//bore in m +L=1.5*d;//stroke in m + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Compression ratio is %3.3f \n(ii)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Brake specific fuel consumption is %3.4f kg/kWh \n(iv)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.d percentage \n(v)bore %3.2f m \n stroke is %3.2f m',Rc,nit,bsfc,nbt,d,L) + diff --git a/1808/CH1/EX1.9/Chapter1_Example9.sce b/1808/CH1/EX1.9/Chapter1_Example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c45f315fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH1/EX1.9/Chapter1_Example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pmi=7;//mean effective pressure in bar +L=0.45;//stroke in m +nc=1;//number of cylinders +N=80;//speed in rpm +n=1;//for 2 stroke +nm=80;//Mechanical efficiency in percentage + +//CALCULATIONS +IP=(pmi*100*L*(3.14*(0.3^2)/4)*N*nc)/(60*n);//indicated power in kW +BP=(nm*IP)/100;//Brake power in kW +FP=IP-BP;//Frictional power in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Indicated power is %3.2f kW \n (ii)brake power is %3.2f kW \n(iii)frictional power is %3.2f kW ',IP,BP,FP) diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e7bbb96e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//GASES IN THE ORDER CO2,CO,O2,N2 +p=[16.1,0.9,7.7,75.3];//percentage of gas +m=[44,28,32,28];//molecular weight of gas + +//CALCULATIONS +x1=p(1)/m(1);//individual moles per 100 kg of CO2 mixture +x2=p(2)/m(2);//individual moles per 100 kg of CO mixture +x3=p(3)/m(3);//individual moles per 100 kg of O2 mixture +x4=p(4)/m(4);//individual moles per 100 kg of N2 mixture +x=x1+x2+x3+x4;//Total moles per 100 kg mixture +v1=(x1/x)*100;//percentage of gases on volume basis +v2=(x2/x)*100;//percentage of gases on volume basis +v3=(x3/x)*100;//percentage of gases on volume basis +v4=(x4/x)*100;//percentage of gases on volume basis +v=v1+v2+v3+v4;//total percentage of gases on volume basis + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)percentage of gases on volume basis is %3.3f ',v) + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.10/Chapter2_Example10.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.10/Chapter2_Example10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77b1fe9c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.10/Chapter2_Example10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//0.8062 CH4+0.0541 C2H6 +0.0187C3H8+0.0160C4H10+0.1050N2+a (O2+3.76 N2)=b (0.078 CO2+0.002 CO +0.07 O2 +0.85N2)+ c H2O ;//Combustion equation for 1 kmol of fuel mixture +//b*(0.078+0.002)=0.8062+2*(0.0541)+3*(0.0160);//by carbon balance +c=1.93;//Carbon balance +a=2.892;//Oxygen balance + +//CALCULATIONS +//(0.8062 CH4 + 0.0541 C2H6 + 0.0187 C3H8 + 0.0160 C4H10 + 0.1050 N2 )+ 2.892 (O2+3.76 N2) = 12.93 (0.078 CO2 )+0.002(0+0.07 O2 +0.85 N2)+1.93 H2O ;//Balanced chemical equation +xm=a*4.76/1;//Air fuel ratio on molar basis +//(0.8062 CH4 + 0.0541 C2H6 + 0.0187 C3H8 + 0.0160 C4H10 + 0.1050 N2 )+ 2.892 (O2+3.76 N2) = 1.0345 CO2+1.93 H2O+7.625 N2 ;//Balanced chemical equation +xth=2*4.76;//Theoretical air fuel ratio +nth=(xm/xth)*100;//Percentage of theoretical air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The air fuel ratio on molar basis %3.2f kmol of air/kmol of fuel \n (b)Percentage of theoretical air %3.1f percentage ',xm,nth) diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.11/Chapter2_Example11.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.11/Chapter2_Example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c36e7935a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.11/Chapter2_Example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=25;//Temperature +p1=1;//atmospheric pressure +//H2+(1/2)O2=H20 +//Qcv+Reactants=Products + +//CALCULTIONS +Qcv=-285838;//Enthalpy in kJ/kmol from the table + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Enthalpy of formation of H2O is %3.1f kJ/kmol',Qcv) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.12/Chapter2_Example12.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.12/Chapter2_Example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0747edef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.12/Chapter2_Example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//H2+(1/2)O2=H20 +//Qcv+Reactants=Products + +//CALCULTIONS +hf=-241827;//From the tables of enthalpy +dh=9515;//enthalpy change +Qcv=hf+dh;//Enthalpy of H2O on kmol basis + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Enthalpy of H2O on kmol basis %3.1f kJ/kmol',Qcv) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.13/Chapter2_Example13.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.13/Chapter2_Example13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdfe7f236 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.13/Chapter2_Example13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p=50;//Power output in kW +m=0.05;//mass flow rate in kg/s +//C8H18 +2*12.5 O2 +2*12.5*3.76 N2= 8 CO2 +9 H2O +12.5 O2 +99N2 ;//Rate of heat transfer from the engine in kJ/kmol +//Qcv+x1=x2+Wcv ;//rate of heat transfer +x1=-249952;//inlet heat transfer in kJ/kmol +x2=-2415445.5;//exit heat transfer in kJ/kmol + +//CALCULATIONS +Wcv=(p/m)*114.28;//work done in J/kmol of fuel +Qcv=x2+Wcv-x1;//Heat transfer rate from the engine in kJ/kmol + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Heat transfer rate from the engine is %3.1f kJ/kmol',Qcv) + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.14/Chapter2_Example14.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.14/Chapter2_Example14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f52371727 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.14/Chapter2_Example14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CH4+2O2=CO2+H2O ;//Combustion equation +//Q=Up-Ur ;//Energy balance for the closed system +hfco2=-393520;//enthalpy of CO2 From the table +dhco2=28041;//change in enthalpy in KJ/kmol +hfh2o=-241820;//enthalpy of H2O From the table +dhh2o=21924;//change in enthalpy in KJ/kmol +hfch4=-74850;//enthalpy of CH4 From the table +t1=298;//initial temperature in K +t2=900;//final temperature in K +p1=1;//Pressure in atm +R=8.314;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +Q=(hfco2+dhco2)+2*(hfh2o+dhh2o)-(hfch4)+3*R*(t1-t2);//Amount of heat transfer in kJ/kmol +p2=p1*(t2/t1);//Final pressure in atmosphere + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Amount of heat transfer is %3.2f kJ/kmol \n (ii)Final pressure is %3.2f atmosphere',Q,p2 ) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.15/Chapter2_Example15.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.15/Chapter2_Example15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72aa0995a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.15/Chapter2_Example15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CH4 + 2O2 + 7.52N2=CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 ;//Combustion equation with liquid water in the products +t1=278;//atmospheric temperature +t2=1000;//products temperature +p1=1;//atmospheric pressure +hfco2=-393520;//Acc.to tables with liquid water in the products enthalpy of CO2 +hfh2o=-285830;//Acc.to tables with liquid water in the products enthalpy of H2O +hfch4=-74850;//Acc.to tables with liquid water in the products enthalpy of CH4 + +hfco21=-393520;///Acc.to tables with water vapour in the products enthalpy of CO2 +hfh2o1=-241820;//Acc.to tables with water vapour in the products enthalpy of H2O +hfch41=-74850;//Acc.to tables with water vapour in the products enthalpy of CH4 + +h21co2=33368;//Acc.to tables at 1000 K ,1 atm with water vapour in the products enthalpy of CO2 +h21h2o=25978;//Acc.to tables at 1000 K ,1 atm with water vapour in the products enthalpy of H2O +h21n2=21468;//Acc.to tables at 1000 K ,1 atm with water vapour in the products enthalpy of N2 + +//CALCULATIONS +hrp=1*hfco2+2*hfh2o-hfch4;//enthalpy of reactants and products in kJ/kmol +hrpCH4=hrp/16.04;//Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane with liquid water in the products in kJ/kg + +hrp1=1*hfco21+2*hfh2o1-hfch41;//enthalpy of reactants and products in kJ/kmol +hrpCH41=hrp1/16.04;//Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane with water vapour in the products in kJ/kg + +hrp2=1*(hfco21)+(h21co2)+2*(h21h2o)+2*(hfh2o)+7.52*(h21n2)-1*(hfch4);//enthalpy of reactants and products in kJ/kmol +hrpCH42=hrp2/16.04;//Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane at 1000 K ,1atm with water vapour in the products in kJ/kg + +dhco2=(42769-9364);//From tables both reactants and products enthalpy +dhh2o=(35882-9904);//From tables both reactants and products enthalpy +dho2=(31389-8682);//From tables both reactants and products enthalpy +dhch4=38189;//From tables both reactants and products enthalpy + +hrp3=1*(hfco2+dhco2)+2*(hfh2o1+h21h2o)-(hfch41+dhch4)-2*(dho2);//enthalpy of reactants and products in kJ/kmol +hrpCH43=hrp3/16.04;//Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane at 1000 K ,1atm with water vapour and liqid water in the products in kJ/kg + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane with liquid water in the \n products %3.2f kJ/kg of fuel\n(ii)Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane with water \n vapour in the products %3.2f kJ/kg of fuel\n ',hrpCH4,hrpCH41) +printf('(iii)Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane at 1000 K ,1atm \n with water vapour in the products is %3.3f kJ/kg of fuel\n(iv)Enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane at 1000 K ,1atm \n with water vapour and liqid water is the products is %3.2f kJ/kg of fuel',hrpCH42,hrpCH43) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.16/Chapter2_Example16.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.16/Chapter2_Example16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91385906d --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.16/Chapter2_Example16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//C2H2+3O2=2CO2+2H2O ;//Chemical equation +t1=298;//initial temperature in K +t2=800;//Final temperature in K +R=0.287;//gas constant in kJ/kgK +dhCO2=22815;//From tables enthalpy of CO2 kJ/kmol +dhH2O=17991;//From tables enthalpy of H2O kJ/kmol +hfCO2=-393520;//From tables enthalpy of CO2 kJ/kmol +hfH2O=-241827;//From tables enthalpy of H2O kJ/kmol +hfC2H4=52283;//From tables enthalpy of C2H4 kJ/kmol + +//CALCULATIONS +Q=2*(hfCO2+dhCO2)+2*(hfH2O+dhH2O)-1*(hfC2H4)-4*R*(t2-t1);//amount of heat transfer from the reactants + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The amount of heat transfer from the reactants is %3.1f kJ/kmol of fuel ',Q) + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.17/Chapter2_Example17.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.17/Chapter2_Example17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce9eb8720 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.17/Chapter2_Example17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +hc=4;//cylinders +mf=2;//mass flow rate in g/s +vd=2.8;//capacity in litres +N=1500;//speed in rpm +ta=303;//temperature in K +Pa=101.325;//atmospheric pressure in kPa +R=0.287;//gas constant in kJ/kgK +xs =15.14;//air fuel ratio +//C8H18+12.5(O2+3.773N2)=8CO2+9H2O+47.16 N2;//Chemical equation + +//CALCULATIONS +ma1=xs*mf;//mass of air in g/s +ma=ma1/50;//mass of air in g/cylinder/cycle +ro=Pa/(R*ta);//density in kg/m^3 +nv=ma/(ro*vd/4);//Volumetric efficiency + +//OUTPUT +printf('Volumetric effiiciency is %3.4f ',nv) + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.18/Chapter2_Example18.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.18/Chapter2_Example18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ee095647 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.18/Chapter2_Example18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//C4H10+6.5(O2+3.773N2) = 4CO2+5H2O+24.5245N2 ;//Chemicl equation +x=0.9;//equivalent ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +xs=(12*4+1*10)/(31.0245*28.962);//air fuel ratio +xa=x*xs;//exhaust gas composition + +//OUTPUT +printf('Exhaust gas compositin is %3.4f \n',xa) +printf('C4H10+1.11*6.5( O2+3.773 N2) = 4 CO2+5 H2O+0.7150 O2+27.22 N2' ) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.19/Chapter2_Example19.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.19/Chapter2_Example19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..553b942f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.19/Chapter2_Example19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CH4 + 2 O2 = CO2+2 H2O ;//Chemical equation +hfco2=-393.52;//enthalpy of CO2 in MJ/kmol of CH4 +hfh2o=-241.83;//enthalpy of H2O in MJ/kmol of CH4 +hfch4=-77.87;//enthalpy of CH4 in MJ/kmol of CH4 +hfo2=0;//enthalpy of O2 in MJ/kmol of CH4 + +//CALCULATIONS + +Qp=hfco2+2*hfh2o-(hfch4+2*hfo2);//Lower heating value in MJ/kmol +Qp1=-Qp/(21*1-1*4);//Lower heating value in MJ/kg +dU=Qp1;//lower heating values + +//OUTPUT +printf('np=nr \n') +printf('Lower heating values are \n Qp %3.1f MJ/kg of CH4 \n du %3.1f MJ/kg of CH4 \n Qp1=dU \n ',Qp1,dU) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74b8d1ef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//GASES IN THE ORDER CO2,CO,O2,N2 +p=[10,8,1.5,80.5];//percentage of gas +m=[44,32,28,28];//molecular weight of gas + +//CALCULATIONS +x1=m(1)*(p(1)/100);//individual moles per 100 kg of CO2 mixture +x2=m(2)*(p(2)/100);//individual moles per 100 kg of CO mixture +x3=m(3)*(p(3)/100);//individual moles per 100 kg of O2 mixture +x4=m(4)*(p(4)/100);//individual moles per 100 kg of N2 mixture +x=x1+x2+x3+x4;//Total moles per 100 kg mixture +v1=(x1/x)*100;//percentage of gases on volume basis +v2=(x2/x);//percentage of gases on volume basis + + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)percentage of each gas by mass is %3.2f \n (b)mass of oxygen per kg of dry flue gases is %3.3f kg',v1,v2) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.20/Chapter2_Example20.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.20/Chapter2_Example20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1abfcd59f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.20/Chapter2_Example20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +mf=0.4;//flue flow rate in g/s +ma=5.6;//air flow rate in g/s +hbc=1.8;//gasoline with H/C ratio +//a CH1.87+b O2+c N2=13 CO2 +2.8 CO +0.933 H2+ d H2O+ 83.267 N2 ;//EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION +c=83.267;//Composition of N2 +b=22.069;//Composition of O2 +a=15.8;//Composition of CH1.87 +d=13.84;//Composition of H2O + +//CALCULATIONS +xa=mf/ma;//air fuel ratio +//CH1.87+1.4675(O2+3.773N2)=CO2+0.935 H2O+ 5.536 N2 ;//CHEMICAL COMPOSITION +xs=(12*1+1*hbc)/(202+86);//air fuel ratio +x=(xa/xs);//Equivlent ratio from the fuel and air flow rate + +//15.8 CH1.87+22.069 O2+83.267 N2=13 CO2 +2.8 CO +0.937 H2+ 13.84 H2O+ 83.267 N2 ;//EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION +//CH1.87+1.397 O2+5.27 N2=0.823 CO2 +0.177 CO +0.059 H2+ 0.876 H2O+ 5.27 N2 ;//CALCULATED EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION +xa1=(d)/(1.397*32+5.27*28);//air fuel ratio +x1=xa1/xs;//Equivalent ratio of calculated exhaust gas composition + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The Equivlent ratio from the fuel and air flow rate is %3.3f \n (ii)TheEquivalent ratio of calculated exhaust gas composition is %3.3f',x,x1) + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.21/Chapter2_Example21.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.21/Chapter2_Example21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb5a22c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.21/Chapter2_Example21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//H2+ 0.5(O2+3.773 N2)= H2O+1.887 N2 ;//CHEMICAL EQUATION +//22.3 H2 +18.606 O2 +70.2 N2 = 22.3 H2O+ 7.44 O2+70.2 N2 ;//EXHAUST GASES CHEMICAL EQUATION + +//CALCULATIONS +xs=2*1/(0.5*32+0.5*3.773*28);//air fuel ratio From the combustion equation +xa=(1*2)/(0.8343*32+3.148*28);//air fuel ratio From the combustion equation +x=xa/xs;//Equivalent ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('Equivalent ratio is %3.3f',x) diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.22/Chapter2_Example22.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.22/Chapter2_Example22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd86f0d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.22/Chapter2_Example22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//C8H18+12.5(O2+3.773N2)=8 CO2 +9 H2O +47.16 N2 ;//FUEL COMPOSITION +n=60.66;//number of moles of air + +//CALCULATIONS +n1=8+9+47.16;//number of moles of air and product +xs= 15.14/1;//air fuel ratio +xs1=1/xs;//fuel air ratio +Mr=(1/n)*(114.15+59.66*28.96);//Molecular weights of reactants +Mp=(1/n1)*(8*44+9*18+47.16*28);//Molecular weights of products + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)number of moles of air and product %3.2f \n (ii)(A/F)s %3.2f \n (F/A)s %3.2f \n (iii)Molecular weights of reactants %3.2f \n Molecular weights of products %3.2f',n1,xs,xs1,Mr,Mp) + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.23/Chapter2_Example23.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.23/Chapter2_Example23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbb074647 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.23/Chapter2_Example23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O ;//STOICHIOMETRIC REACTION +//CASE I +//H2O in the products is liquid +//CASE II +//H2O in the products is gas +Hr=-74.87;//enthalpy of reactants +Hp1=-964.2;//enthalpy of products +Hp2=-876.18;//enthalpy of products +R=8.314*10^-3;//gas constant +t=298;//initial temperature in K + +//CLCULATIONS +dH1=Hp1-Hr;//Enthalpy increase in MJ/kmol +dH2=Hp2-Hr +dU1=dH2-((1-3)*R*t);//internal energy in MJ/kmol +dU=Hp2;//internal energy in MJ/kmol + +//OUTPUT +printf('Enthalpy increase is %3.2f MJ/kmol of CH4 \n internal energy increase is %3.2f MJ/kmol of CH4 \n',dH2,dU1) +printf('H2O in the products and internal energy increase are same \n') +printf('np=nr') diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.24/Chapter2_Example24.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.24/Chapter2_Example24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e93581ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.24/Chapter2_Example24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CH2+(3/2) (O2+3.773 N2)= CO2+H2O+5.66N2 ;//STOICHIOMETRIC EQUATION +dU=-43.2;//Internal energy in MJ/kg + +//CALCULATIONS +dH=dU+(7.66-7.16)*8.3143*10^-3*298/14;//ENTHALPY CHANGE +Hp=-((1*-393.52)+(-241.8))/(221.4);//enthalpy of products per kg of mixture +Hr=Hp-((-43.1*14)/(221.4));//Enthalpy of reactants per kg of mixture + +//OUTPUT +printf('enthalpy of products per kg of mixture %3.2f MJ/kg \n enthalpy of reactants per kg of mixture %3.2f MJ/kg',Hp,Hr) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.25/Chapter2_Example25.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.25/Chapter2_Example25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ed69e3fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.25/Chapter2_Example25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//0.506 H2 +0.1 CO+0.26 CH4 +0.04 C4H8 +0.004 O2 +0.03 CO2 +0.06N2 +0.21*8 02+0.79 8 N2= a CO2 +b H20 +c O2 +d N2 ;//COMBUSTION EQUATION +a=0.55;//CARBON BALANCE +b=1.186;//HYDROGEN BALANCE +c=0.621;//OXYGEN BALANCE +d=6.38;//NITROGEN BALANCE + +//CALCULATIONS +n=a+c+d;//Total moles of dry products +nCO2=(a/n)*100;//Analysis of products by volume +nO2=(c/n)*100;//Analysis of products by volume +nN2=(d/n)*100;//Analysis of products by volume + +//OUTPUT +printf('Analysis of products by volume \n(i)CO2 %3.2f \n (ii)O2 %3.2f \n (iii)N2 %3.2f ',nCO2,nO2,nN2) diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.26/Chapter2_Example26.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.26/Chapter2_Example26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e481ac915 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.26/Chapter2_Example26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +a=7;//Composition +b=9;//Composition +//C7H9O0.2813 ;//GIVEN FUEL +//C7H9O0.2813N0.107 + m O2 + m (79/21) N2 = x CO2 + y H2O + z N2 ;//COMBUSTION EQUATION + +//CALCULATIONS +x=7;//By balancing method composition of CO2 +y=4.5;//By balancing method composition of H2O +m=9.11;//By balancing method composition of O2 +z=35.4;//By balancing method composition of N2 + +//C7H9O0.2813N0.107 + 9.11 O2 + 9.11*(79/21) N2 = 7 CO2 + 4.5 H2O + 35.4 N2 ;//COMBUSTION EQUATION CALCULATED +xs=m*32+m*(79/21)*28/(100);//air fuel ratio + +//(ii)Percentage composition of dry flue gases increased by 20% excess air +//C7H9O0.2813N0.107 + (1.2*9.11) O2 + (1.2*9.11)*(79/21) N2 = 7 CO2 + 4.5 H2O + 1.2*35.4 N2 + (0.2*9.11) O2 ;//COMBUSTION EQUATION CALCULATED +n=7+4.5+0.2*9.11+1.2*35.4;//Total number of moles of dry flue gases by volume +nCO2=(7/n)*100;//Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume +nO2=(1.822/n)*100;//Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume +nN2=(42.48/n)*100;//Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume + +//OUTPUT +printf('Percentage composition of dry flue gases by volume \n(i)CO2 %3.2f \n (ii)O2 %3.2f \n (iii)N2 %3.2f ',nCO2,nO2,nN2) + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d53e20a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//C8H18 + XO2 = a Co2 + b H2O// Stoichiometric equation for combustion of octane + +//CALCULATIONS + +//Carbon balance +a=8//8C=aC + +//Hydrogen balance +b=9//18H=2*b + +//Oxygen balance +X=(16+9)/2//2XO=2aO+9 + +//Combustion equation +Y=3.76*X//moles of nitrogen in the air for Y moles of Oxygen +N=(X+Y)/1//moles of air to one mole of fuel +M=(N)*(29/114)//mass of air required for 1 Kg of Fuel + +//OUTPUT +printf("(i)Theoretical air fuel ratio for combustion of octane is %3.2f kg of air/kg",M) diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cad029031 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//C8H18 + 12.5 O2 + (12.5*3.76) N2 = 8 Co2 + 9 H2O + 47 N2// Stoichiometric equation for combustion of octane with 100 percent of air +//C8H18 + 12.5 O2 + (12.5*3.76) N2 = 8 Co2 + 9 H2O + 47 N2// Stoichiometric equation for combustion of octane with 200 percent of air +a=8;//Carbon balance +b=9;//Hydrogen balance +d=94;//Nitrogen balance +c=12.5;//Oxygen balance + +//CALCULATIONS +x=a+b+c+d;//Total moles of products +x1=100*a/x;//Molal analysis of CO2 +x2=100*b/x;//Molal analysis of H20 +x3=100*c/x;//Molal analysis of O2 +x4=100*d/x;//Molal analysis of N2 + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Molal analysis of CO2 is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)Molal analysis of H2O is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Molal analysis of O2 is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)Molal analysis of N2 is %3.2f percentage',x1,x2,x3,x4) + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cdb45e4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//a.CH4 +b O2 + c N2=10 CO2 + 0.53 CO+2.37 O2 +d H2O +87.1 N2 // Stoichiometric equation for combustion of Methane +c=87.1;//Nitrogen balance +b=23.16;//(c/b)=3.76 +d=21.60;//d=2a Hydrogen balance +a=10.54;//Carbon balance +//10.54.CH4 +23.16 O2 + 87.1 N2=10 CO2 + 0.53 CO+2.37 O2 +21.06 H2O +87.1 N2 // Stoichiometric equation for combustion of Methane +//CH4 +2.2 O2 + 8.27 N2=0.95 CO2 + 0.05 CO+0.225 O2 +2 H2O +8.27 N2 // Stoichiometric equation for combustion of Methane with 100 percent of air + +//CALCULATIONS +N=(2.2+8.27)/1;//air fuel ratio on mole basis +M=N*29/(12+4);//air fuel ratio on mass basis +Nt=(2+7.52)*(29/16);//theoritical air fuel ratio +nt=(M/Nt)*100;//Percentage theoritical air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a) CH4 +2.2 O2 + 8.27 N2=0.95 CO2 + 0.05 CO+0.225 O2 +2 H2O +8.27 N2 \n') +printf('(b)The air fuel ratio is %3.2f kg of air/kg of fuel \n (c)Percentage theoritical air is %f ',M,nt) + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb1da6afd --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//CaHb + d O2 + c N2 = 8 Co2 + 0.9 CO +8.8 O2+e H2O + 82.3 N2// Stoichiometric equation for combustion of dry products with 100 percent of air +c=82.3;//Nitrogen balance +d=21.9;//(c/d)=3.76 +e=9.3;//Oxygen balance +a=8.9;//Carbon balance +b=18.6;//Hydrogen balance +mf=125.4;//Mass of fuel +Ma=29;//mass of air + +//C8.9H18.6 + 21.9 O2 + 82.3 N2 = 8 Co2 + 0.9 CO +8.8 O2+9.3 H2O + 82.3 N2// Stoichiometric equation for combustion of dry products with 100 percent of air + +//CALCULATIONS +xm=((c+d)*Ma)/mf;//Air fuel ratio on mass basis +xc=(a*12/(mf))*100;//Carbon composition on mass basis +xh=(b*1/(mf))*100;//Hydrogen composition on mass basis + +//C8.9H18.6 +13.5O2 +(13.5*3.76)N2 = 8.9CO2 +9.3H2O +50.8N2//Theoretical combustion equation on mass basis +xth=(13.5+50.8)*Ma/(mf);//Air fuel ratio of theoretical air on mass basis +nth=(xm/xth)*100;//Percentage of theoretical air om mass basis + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Air fuel ratio is %3.1f kg of air/kg of fuel \n (b)Composition of fuel on mass basis is %3.1f percentage \n (c)Percentage of theoretical air om mass basis %3.i percentage',xm,xh,nth) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1db5e6f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +//aC4H10+ b O2+c N2= 7.8 CO2+1.1 CO +8.2 O2+82.9 N2+d H2O ;//Combustion equation +c=82.9;//Nitrogen balance +b=22.04;//(c/b)=3.76 +a=2.22;//Carbon balance +d=11.1;//Hydrogen balance +Ma=29;//mass of air + +//2.22C4H10+ 22.04 O2+82.9 N2= 7.8 CO2+1.1 CO +8.2 O2+82.9 N2+11.1 H2O ;//Combustion equation + +//CALCULATIONS +//C4H10+ 9.92 O2+37.37 N2= 3.51 CO2+0.495 CO +3.69 O2+37.37 N2+5 H2O ;//Combustion equation dividing by 2.22 yields one mole of fuel +xm=((9.92+37.37)*Ma)/(12*4+10);//air fuel ratio on mass basis + +//C4H10+ 6.5 O2+(6.5*3.76) N2= 4 CO2++24.44 N2+5 H2O ;//Theoretical Combustion equation +xth=((6.5+24.44)*Ma)/(12*4+10);//Theoretical air fuel ratio +nth=(xm/xth)*100;//Percentage of theoretical air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Percentage of theoretical air %3.2f percentage',nth) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.8/Chapter2_Example8.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.8/Chapter2_Example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf0fddf60 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.8/Chapter2_Example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +a=40;//percentage of H2 fuel +b=10;//percentage of CO fuel +c=3;//percentage of N2 fuel +d=40;//percentage of CH4 fuel +e=5;//percentage of CO2 fuel +f=2;//percentage of O2 fuel +N=4.76;//Amount of nitrogen require for complete combustion + +//CALCULATIONS +x=a+b+c+d+e;//Total volumetric analysis of fuel +//H2+ (1/2)O2= H2O +X1=a/2;//Moles of oxygen required +//CO+(1/2)O2=CO2 +X2=b/2;//Moles of oxygen required +//CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O +X3=2*d;//Moles of oxygen required +X4=-f;//Moles of oxygen required +Y=X1+X2+X3+X4;//Moles of oxygen required for 100 moles of gas +Z=Y*N;//Moles of air required for 100 moles of gas +Z1=Z/x;//Theoritical air required for 1 mole of gas + +//OUTPUT +printf('Theoritical air required for 1 mole of gas %3.1f mole of air',Z1) + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH2/EX2.9/Chapter2_Example9.sce b/1808/CH2/EX2.9/Chapter2_Example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f82f7c96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH2/EX2.9/Chapter2_Example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +a=74;//Mass of constituent C +b=4.3;//Mass of constituent H2 +c=2.7;//Mass of constituent S +d=1.5;//Mass of constituent N2 +e=5.5;//Mass of constituent H2O +f=5;//Mass of constituent O2 +g=7;//Mass of constituent ash + +a1=6.166;//Moles of constituent C +b1=1.075;//Moles of constituent H2 +c1=0.084;//Moles of constituent S +d1=0.053;//Moles of constituent N2 +e1=0.3055;//Moles of constituent H2O +f1=0.156;//Moles of constituent O2 +g1=0;//Moles of constituent ash +X1=26.955;//Moles of products N2 + + +//CALCULATIONS +//C+O2=CO2 +x1=a1;//Moles of CO2 required +//H2+(1/2)O2=H20 +x2=b1/2;//Moles of H2 required +//S+O2=SO2 +x3=c1;//Moles of O2 required +x4=d1;//Moles of O2 required +x5=e1;//Moles of O2 required +x5=f1;//Moles of O2 required +x6=g1;//Moles of O2 required +X=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5+x6;//total moles of products +Y=a1+(b1+e1)+(2*X1)+(X)+c1;//Total moles of products required + +//OUTPUT +printf('For 100 percentage excess air used,Total moles of products required is %3.3f',Y) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Exampl1.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Exampl1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f2a282b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Exampl1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tl=30+273;//engine temperature in K +Th=500+273;//maximum temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +nc=((Th-Tl)/Th)*100;//Efficiency of carnot cycle in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('Efficiency of carnot cycle is %3.2f percentage ',nc) diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Exampl10.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Exampl10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49ff9828f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Exampl10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//temperature in K +p1=1;//pressure in atm +t3=1700;//temperature in K +Rc=7;//compression ratio +R=0.287;//gas constant +cv=0.7234;//calorific value + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rc^(1.4-1));//temperature in K +p2=p1*(Rc^(1.4));//pressure in atm +p3=p2*t3/(t2);//pressure in atm +t4=t3/((Rc)^(1.4-1));//temperature in K +p4=p3/(Rc^(1.4));//pressure in atm +no=1-((1/Rc)^(1.4-1))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +Rwo=1-((t1/t3)*((Rc)^(1.4-1)));//work ratio +v1=R*t1/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +wn=(cv*(t3-t2))-((cv*(t4-t1)));//net work +pm=(wn/(v1*(1-(1/Rc))));//mean effective pressure in Bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)pressure at state point 2 is %3.2f atm \n temperature at point 2 is %3.2f K \n pressure at state point 3 is %3.2f atm \n temperature at point 4 is %3.2f K \n pressure at state point 3 is %3.2f atm \n (b)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (c)work ratio is %3.5f \n (d)mean effective pressure is %3.2f Bar',p2,t2,p3,t4,p4,no,Rwo,pm) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Exampl11.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Exampl11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e1637ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Exampl11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +d=0.26;//bore of the engine in m +L=0.38;//stroke of the engine in m +vc=0.0025;//clearence volume in m^3 +p1=1;//pressure in bar +t1=313;//temperature in K +p3=25;//pressure in bar +v12=9.07;//volume in m^3 + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=(3.14*d^2*L)/4;//swept volume in m^3 +Rc=((vs+vc)/vc);//compression ratio +no=(1-((1/Rc)^(1.4-1)))*100;//Air standard efficiency of the cycle +p2=p1*(v12^1.4);//pressure in bar +Rp=p3/p2;//compression pressure +pm=(p1*Rc*((Rc^(1.4-1)-1)*(Rp-1)))/((1.4-1)*(Rc-1));//mean effective pressure in bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The air standard efficiency of the cycle is %3.1f percentage \n (b)The mean effective pressure is %3.4f bar',no,pm) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.13/Chapter3_Exampl13.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.13/Chapter3_Exampl13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b43d7b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.13/Chapter3_Exampl13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +v1=0.5;//volume in m^3 +p1=1;//pressure in bar +t1=303;//temperature in K +p2=12;//pressure in bar +Qs=250;//heat is added in kJ +wc=200;//working cycles in cycles/min +v2=0.085;//volume in m^3 +m=1;//mass of air +cv=0.7243;//calorific value + +//CALCULATIONS +Rc=(p2/p1)^(1/1.4);//compression ratio +t2=t1*((Rc)^(1.4-1));//temperature in K +pc=((v2/(v1-v2))*100);//percentage clearance +t3=(Qs/(m*cv))+t2;//temperature in K +t4=((1/Rc)^(1.4-1))*t3;//temperature in K +Qr=m*cv*(t4-t1);//heat rejected in kJ/kg +no=((Qs-Qr)/Qs)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage +pm=((Qs-Qr)/(v1-v2));//mean effective pressure +p=((Qs-Qr)*wc)/60;//power developed in kJ/s + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)percentage clearance is %3.2f percentage \n (b)the thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (c)mean effective pressure is %3.2f \n (d)power developed is %3.2f kJ/s',pc,no,pm,p) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.15/Chapter3_Exampl15.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.15/Chapter3_Exampl15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b08bde254 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.15/Chapter3_Exampl15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1300;//temperature in K +cp=5.22;//specific pressure +cv=3.13;//specific volume +g=1.688;//for helium as working medium + +//CALCULATIONS +Rc=((t3/t1)^(1/(2*(1.4-1))));//compression ratio +no1=(1-((1/Rc)^(1.4-1)))*100;//efficiency of air +Rcn=((t3/t1)^(1/(2*(g-1))));//compression ratio +no2=(1-((1/Rcn)^(g-1)))*100;//efficiency of helium + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)air as working medium efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (b)Helium as working medium efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n Hence the change in efficiency is zero',no1,no2) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.16/Chapter3_Exampl16.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.16/Chapter3_Exampl16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ed714e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.16/Chapter3_Exampl16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1500;//temperature in K +cv=0.7243;//calorific value +m=0.4;//air flow rate in kg/min + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=sqrt(t1*t3);//temperature in K +Wnmax=cv*((t3-t2)-(t2-t1));//maximum workdone in kJ/kg +Pnmax=m*Wnmax/60;//maximum power developed in kJ/s + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Maximum power developed is %3.3f kJ/s ',Pnmax) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.17/Chapter3_Exampl17.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.17/Chapter3_Exampl17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18a0d0eaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.17/Chapter3_Exampl17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Rc=18;//compression ratio +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1700;//temperature in K +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure in kJ/kgK +cv=0.718;//specific volume in kJ/kgK +R=0.287;//gas constant in kJ/kgK + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//temperature at point 2 in K +p2=p1*Rc;//Pressure at point 2 in atm +r=t3/t2;//cut off ratio +t4=t3*((r/Rc)^(g-1));//temperature in at point 4 in K +p4=1*(t4/t1);//Pressure at point 4 in atm +w12=cv*(t2-t1);//workdone 1-2 statein kJ/kg +w23=R*(t3-t2);//workdoneat 2-3 statein kJ/kg +w34=cv*(t3-t4);//workdone at 3-4 state in kJ/kg +wn=w23+w34-w12;//workdone by the system +Qs=cp*(t3-t2);//heat added in kJ/kg +Qr=cv*(t4-t1);//heat rejected in kJ/kg +nd=wn*100/Qs;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +Rw=wn/(w23+w34);//work ratio +v1=R*t1/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +pm=wn/(v1*(1-(1/Rc)))/100;//Mean effective pressure in bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)pressure in each cycle is %3.3f atm \n (b)Specific work output is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (c)the Thermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (d)The work ratio is %3.4f \n (e)Mean effective pressure is %3.3f bar',p4,wn,nd,Rw,pm) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.18/Chapter3_Exampl18.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.18/Chapter3_Exampl18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e91c3483e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.18/Chapter3_Exampl18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//Temperature in K +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure in kJ/kgK +cv=0.718;//specific volume in kJ/kgK +R=0.287;//gas constant in kJ/kgK +r=2.5;//cut off ratio +v2=0.1;//clearance volume in m^3/kg + + +//CALCULATIONS +v1=R*t1/p1;//volume at state 1 in m^3/kg +p2=p1*((v1/v2)^(g));//pressure at state 2 in kN/m^2 +t2=t1*((v1/v2));//temperature at state 2 in K +v3=r*v2;//volume at state 3 in m^3/kg +t3=t2*(v3/v2);//Temperature at state 3 in K +t4=t3*((v3/v1)^(g-1));//Temperature at state 4 in K +p4=p2*((v3/v1)^g);//Pressure at state 4 in kN/m^2 +c=(v2/(v1-v2))*100;//percentage clearance +Qs=cp*(t3-t2);//heat added in kJ/kg +Qr=cv*(t4-t1);//heat rejected in kJ/kg +nd=((Qs-Qr)/Qs)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +pm=((Qs-Qr)/(v1-v2));//Mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)pressure at state 2 is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n temperature at state 2 is %3.2f K \n volume at state 3 is %3.2f m^3/kg\n Temperature at state 3 is %3.2f K \n Temperature at state 4 is %3.2f K \n Pressure at state 4 is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (b)percentage clearance is %3.2f percentage \n(c)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2',p2,t2,v3,t3,t4,p4,c,nd,pm) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.19/Chapter3_Exampl19.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.19/Chapter3_Exampl19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea0fdfa85 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.19/Chapter3_Exampl19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +d=0.12;////bore of the engine in m +l=0.13;//stroke of the engine in m +p1=101.325;//pressure in atm +t1=298;//temperature in K +t3=1773;//temperature in K +n=2000;//speed in rpm +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure in kJ/kgK +cv=0.718;//specific volume inkJ/kgK +R=0.287;//gas constant inkJ/kgK + +//CALCULATIONS +Rc=1.1/0.1;//compression ratio +v1=R*t1/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +v2=v1/Rc;//specific volume in m^3/kg +t2=t1*((v1/v2)^(g-1));//temperature in K +p2=p1*(v1/v2)^(g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +v3=v2*(t3/t2);//specific volume in m^3/kg +t4=t3*((v3/v1)^(g-1));//temperature in K +p4=p2*(v3/v1)^g;//pressure in kN/m^2 +Q3=cp*(t3-t2);//heat added in kJ/kg +Qr=cv*(t4-t1);//heat rejected in kJ/kg +nd=((Q3-Qr)/Q3)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +V1=1.1*(3.14*d^2*l)/4;//volume in m^3 +m=4*(n/2)*(V1/(v1*240));//flow rate in kg/s +P=(Q3-Qr)*m;//Power of the engine in kg/s + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)compression ratio is %3.i \n (b)pressure and temperature at the end of compression is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (c)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Power of the engine is %2.3f kg/s ',Rc,p2,nd,P) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Exampl2.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Exampl2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b0234ade --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Exampl2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tl=150;//engine temprature in Degree C +Th=1100;//engine temprature in Degree C +Qs=4000;//Heat is added in kJ/min + +//CALCULATIONS +nc=((Th-Tl)/(Th+273))*100;//Efficiency of carnot cycle in percentage +wd=nc*Qs/100;//workdone in kJ/min +P=wd/(60);//power developed in kJ/s +Qr=Qs-wd;//Quality of heat rejected in kJ/min +ds=(Qs-wd)/(Tl+273);//Change in entropy during heat rejection in kJ/min + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)power developed in the engine is %3.2f kJ/s \n (b)Quality of heat rejected is %3.2f kJ/min \n (c)Change in entropy during heat rejection is %3.2f kJ/min',P,Qr,ds) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.20/Chapter3_Exampl20.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.20/Chapter3_Exampl20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d480c85f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.20/Chapter3_Exampl20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Rc=15;//compression ratio +r1=1.84;//cutoff ratio +r2=1.98;//cutoff ratio +g=1.4;//constant +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +Rc3=17;//compression ratio +r3=1.84;//cutoff ratio +Rc4=18;//compression ratio +r4=1.88;//cutoff ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +nd1=(1-(((1/(Rc^(g-1))))*(((r1^g)-1)/((r1-1)*g))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in precentage +pm1=(p1/((Rc-1)*(g-1)))*(((Rc^g)*g*(r1-1))-(Rc*((r1^g)-1)));//Mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +nd2=1-(((1/(Rc^(g-1))))*(((r2^g)-1)/((r2-1)*g)));//change in efficiency in precentage +ndd1=nd1-nd2;//change in efficiency in precentage +pm2=(p1/((Rc-1)*(g-1)))*(((Rc^g)*g*(r2-1))-(Rc*((r2^g)-1)));//Mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +pmii=((pm2-pm1)/pm1)*100;//Increase in mep in percentage +nd3=(1-(((1/(Rc3^(g-1))))*(((r3^g)-1)/((r3-1)*g))))*100;//increased efficiency in precentage +ni=nd3-nd1;//increased efficiency in percentage +pm3=(p1/((Rc3-1)*(g-1)))*(((Rc3^g)*g*(r3-1))-(Rc*((r3^g)-1)));//Increase in Mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +pmi=((pm3-pm1)/(2*pm1))*100;//Increase in Mean effective pressure in percentage +K=((r4-1)/(Rc4-1))*100;//change in cutoff of stroke + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Air standard efficiency is %3.2f precentage \n (b)Mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (II)\n (a1)Percentage change in efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (b1)Increase in Mean effective pressure is %3.2f percentage \n (III) \n (a3)increased efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (b3)Increase in Mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (IV)change in cutoff of stroke %3.1f percentage',nd1,pm1,ndd1,pmii,ni,pmi,K) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.21/Chapter3_Exampl21.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.21/Chapter3_Exampl21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0768747a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.21/Chapter3_Exampl21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +l=30;//Stroke in cm +d=17;//Bore in cm +vc=440*10^6;//Clearance volume in m^3 +r=0.05;//cutoff ratio +g=1.4;//constant + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=((3.14*(d^2)*l)*10^6)/4;//swept volume in m^3 +v1=vs+vc;//Total volume in m^3 +v3=vc+(r*(v1-vc));//volume at point of cutoff +ro=v3/vc;//cutoff ratio +Rc=(vs+vc)/vc;//compression ratio +nd=(1-(((1/(Rc^(g-1))))*(((ro^g)-1)/((ro-1)*g))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in precentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('Air standard efficiency is %3.2f precentage',nd) diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.22/Chapter3_Exampl22.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.22/Chapter3_Exampl22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1967f94c --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.22/Chapter3_Exampl22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Rc=17;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +ro=2.28;//cutoff ratio +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +v1=0.06375;//specific volume in m^3/s +v2=0.00375;//specific volume in m^3/s +t4=960.62;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +p3=p1*(Rc^(g));//maximum pressure in kN/m^2 +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//temperature in K +t3=t2*(ro);//maximum temperature in K +nd=(1-(((1/(Rc^(g-1))))*(((ro^g)-1)/((ro-1)*g))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in precentage +Qs=cp*(t3-t2);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +wn=nd*Qs/100;//workdone in KJ/kg +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/s +P=wn*m;//power developed in kJ/s +wt=(((g*(ro-1)*(Rc^(g-1)))-((ro^g)-1))/((g*(ro-1)*(Rc^(g-1)))-((ro^g)-(Rc^(g-1)))));//workdone in kJ/kg +Rw=wn/wt;//work ratio +w12=cv*(t1-t2);//workdone in 1-2 process +w23=R*t2*(ro-1);//workdone in 2-3 process +w34=cv*(t3-t4);//orkdone in 3-4 process +pw=w23+w34;//positive work +Rw=(wn/pw);//Work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The maximum pressure %3.2f kN/m^2 \n temperature is %3.2f K \n (b)The thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n(c)The power developed is %3.4f kg/s \n (d)work ratio is %3.4f ',p3,t3,nd,P,Rw) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.23/Chapter3_Exampl23.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.23/Chapter3_Exampl23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13274156a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.23/Chapter3_Exampl23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +l=20;//Stroke in cm +d=15;//Bore in cm +N=400;//speed in rpm +Rc=22;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +n1=1.3;//no of cycles +n2=1.35;//no of cycles +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constnat +v1=0.003698;//specific volume in m^3/s +vs=0.00353;//specific volume in m^3/s +ro=2.68;//cutoff ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=p1*(Rc^(n1));//pressure in kN/m^2 +t2=t1*(Rc^(n1-1));//temperature in K +t3=t2*(ro);//temperature in K +p4=p2*((ro/Rc)^n2);//maximum pressure in kN/m^2 +t4=t3*(1/((Rc/ro)^(n2-1)));//maximum temperature in K +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/s +wn=R*((t3-t2)+((t3-t4)/(n2-1))-((t2-t1)/(n1-1)));//work done in kJ/kg +pm=wn*m/(vs);//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +Qs=cp*(t3-t2);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +nd=(wn/Qs)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage +P=wn*m*N/60;//POWER DEVELOPED + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The temperature and pressure at all corner points are \n pressure at point 1 is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n temperature at point 2 is %3.2f K \n temperature at point 3 is %3.2f K \n maximum pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n temperature at point 4 is %3.2f K \n(b)The mean effective pressure is %3.3f kN/m^2 \n (c)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Power developed is %3.2f kJ/s ',p2,t2,t3,p4,t4,pm,nd,P) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.24/Chapter3_Exampl24.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.24/Chapter3_Exampl24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d9fb3669 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.24/Chapter3_Exampl24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Rc=10;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +Qr=350;//heat rejected in kJ/kg +Qs=450;//heat supplied in kJ/kg +QR=452.92;//heat supplied in kJ/kg +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +Q=Qr+Qs;//total heat in kJ/kg +p2=p1*(Rc^g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//temperature in K +t3=(Qs/cv)+t2;//temperature in K +p4=p2*(t3/t2);//Maximum pressure in kN/m^2 +t4=(Qr/cp)+t3;//Maximum temperature in K +wn=Q-QR;//workdone in kJ/kg +v43=t4/t3;//volume ratio +v12=t1/t3;//volume ratio +v45=v43/Rc;//volume ratio +t5=t4*(v45^(g-1));//temperature in K +nd=(wn/Q)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage +v1=R*t1/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +v2=v1/10;//specific volume in m^3/kg +pm=wn/(v1-v2);//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +w34=R*(t4-t3);//workdone in 3-4 process +w45=R*(t4-t5);//workdone in 4-5 process +Rw=(wn/(2*(w34+w45)));//work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The maximum pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n maxium temperature is %3.2f K \n (b)thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (c)mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (d)work ratio is %3.3f ',p4,t4,nd,pm,Rw) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.25/Chapter3_Exampl25.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.25/Chapter3_Exampl25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba73a018d --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.25/Chapter3_Exampl25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Rc=20;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=300;//temperature in K +p32=2;//pressure ratio of heating process +v43=1.5;//volume ratio of heating process +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//Temperature in K +p2=p1*(Rc^g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +p3=p32*p2;//pressure in kN/m^2 +t3=p32*t2;//Temperature in K +t4=v43*t3;//Temperature in K +p5=p3/((Rc/v43)^g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +t5=t4/((Rc/v43)^(g-1));//Temperature in K +nd=(((cv*(t3-t2))+(cp*(t4-t3))-(cv*(t5-t1)))/((cv*(t3-t2)+(cp*(t4-t3)))))*100;//The thermal efficiency in percentage +x=((cv*(t3-t2)+(cp*(t4-t3))));//workdone +y=(cv*(t5-t1));//workdone +v1=R*t1/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +pm=(x-y)/(v1*(1-(1/Rc)));//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (b)The mean effective pressure is %3.1f kN/m^2',nd,pm) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.26/Chapter3_Exampl26.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.26/Chapter3_Exampl26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2fda1602 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.26/Chapter3_Exampl26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=120;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +v1=0.0708;//specific volume in m^3/s +v2=0.004165;//specific volume in m^3/s +t3=1423;//temperature in K +t4=1873;//temperature in K +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant + +//CALCULATIONS +ro=t4/t3;//cutoff ratio +Rc=v1/v2;//Compression ratio +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//temperature in K +v45=(ro/Rc);//specific volume in m^3/s +t5=t4*((v45)^(g-1));//temperature in K +Qs=cv*(t3-t2)+cp*(t4-t3);//heat added in kJ/kg +Qr=cv*(t5-t1);//heat rejected in kJ/kg +nd=((Qs-Qr)/Qs)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)cutoff ratio %3.3f \n (b)Compression ratio is %3.1f \n (c)Heat added is %3.2f kJ/kg \n heat rejected is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (d)The thermal efficiency in %3.2f percentage',ro,Rc,Qs,Qr,nd) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.27/Chapter3_Exampl27.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.27/Chapter3_Exampl27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc18c4b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.27/Chapter3_Exampl27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +l=22;//Stroke in cm +d=15;//Bore in cm +Rc=10;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +g=1.4;//constnat +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volumespecific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +n=1.3;//no of flows +v1=0.00433;//volume in m^3 + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//Temperature in K +p2=p1*(Rc^g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +ro=Rc/6;//cutoff ratio +t3=1133.5;//temperature in K +t4=(Rc/6)*t3;//temperature in K +wd=3.43;//workdone per cycle in kN/m +p3=p2*t3/t2;//pressure in kN/m^2 +p5=p3*(1/6)^n;//pressure in kN/m^2 +pm=((p3*(ro-1))+((p3*ro-p5*Rc)-(p2-p1*Rc))*(1/(n-1)))/(Rc-1);//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +pm1=pm/100;//mean effective pressure in bar +vs=3.14*d^2*l/4;//stroke volume in m^3 +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/s +Qs=m*((cv*(t3-t2))+cp*(t4-t3));//heat supplied in kJ/cycle +nd=(wd/Qs)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage +p=wd*400/60;//power of the engine in kJ/s +Rw=((p3*(ro-1))+(1/(n-1))*((p3*ro-p5*Rc)-(p2-p1*Rc)))/((p3*(ro-1))+(1/(n-1))*(p3*ro-p5*Rc));//work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The temperature and pressure are \n p2 %3.2f kN/m^2 \n p3 %3.2f kN/m^2 \n p5 %3.2f kN/m^2 \n t2 %3.2f K \n t3 %3.2f K \n t4 %3.2f K \n (b)mean effective pressure is %3.2f bar \n (c)thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (d)power of the engine is %3.2f kJ/s \n (e)The work ratio is %3.1f ',p2,p3,p5,t2,t3,t4,pm1,nd,p,Rw) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.28/Chapter3_Exampl28.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.28/Chapter3_Exampl28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..353e6574c --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.28/Chapter3_Exampl28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +vs=0.01;//Swept volume in m^3 +Rc=18;//compression ratio +p1=101.325;//Pressure in kN/m^2 +t1=303;//temperature in K +p3=80*10^2;//pressure in kN/m^2 +g=1.4;//constant +v2=0.000588;//volume in m^3 +v43=0.0006;//difference in pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=p1*(Rc^g);//pressure in kN/m^2 +a=p3/p2;//Pressure ratio +v4=v2+v43;//volume in m^3 +ro=v4/v2;//cutoff ratio +v1=v2+0.01;//volume of cylinder in m^3 +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass of air contained in cylinder in kg +t2=t1*(Rc^(g-1));//temperature in K +t3=t2*(p3/p2);//temperature in K +t4=t3*(v4/v2);//temperature in K +Qs=(cv*(t3-t2)+cp*(t4-t3))*0.01234;//heat added in kJ +t5=t4/((v1/v4)^(g-1));//temperature in K +Qr=cv*(t5-t1)*0.01234;//Heat rejected in kJ +wn=(Qs-Qr);//workdone per cycle +nd=(wn/Qs)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +pm=(wn/vs);//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +p5=p1*(t5/t1);//pressure in kN/m^2 +wp=p3*(v4-v2)+((p3*v4-p5*v1)/(g-1));//positive work done +Rw=wn/wp;//work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Pressure ratio is %3.2f \n (b)cutoff ratio is %3.4f \n (c)mass of air contained in cylinder is %3.5f kg \n (d)Heat added is %3.2f kJ \n (e)Heat rejected is %3.3f kJ \n (f)workdone per cycle is %3.2f kJ\n (g)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (h)Mean effective pressure is %3.1f kN/m^2 \n (i)The work ratio is %3.4f ',a,ro,m,Qs,Qr,wn,nd,pm,Rw) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.29/Chapter3_Exampl29.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.29/Chapter3_Exampl29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a89bcb8c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.29/Chapter3_Exampl29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +p1=100;//Pressure in kPa +t1=303;//temperature in Degree C +g=1.4;//constant +t2=700;//temperature in Degree C +v1=0.05;//volume in m^3 +Rc=10;//compression ratio +nr=0.9;//regenerator efficiency in percentage +t=30 +//CALCULATIONS +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate + +wn=m*R*log(Rc*(t2-t));//Net workdone in kJ +ns=(1-((t+273)/(t2+273)))*100;//Thermal efficiency with 100% refrigerator in percentage +Qs=m*cv*(t2-t)+(m*R*(273+t2)*log(Rc));//heat added in kJ +Qr=m*cv*(t2-t)+(m*R*(273+t)*log(Rc));//heat added in kJ +nso=(1-(Qr/Qs))*100;//Thermal efficiency without refrigerator in percentage +nsa=(((R*(t2-t)*log(Rc)))/((R*(273+t2)*log(Rc))+((1-nr)*cv*(t2-t))))*100;//Thermal efficiency with 90% refrigerator in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)net workdone is %3.2f kJ \n (ii)Thermal efficiency with 100 percentage efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Thermal efficiency without regenerator is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)Thermal efficiency with 90percentage efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n',wn,ns,nso,nsa ) diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Exampl3.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Exampl3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e7c863b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Exampl3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tl=300;//engine temprature in Degree C +Th=1500;//engine temprature in Degree C +Fc=0.45;//Fuel consumption in kg/hr +cv=40000//kJ/kg +wd=4;//workdone in kW + +//CALCULATIONS +nc=((Th-Tl)/(Th+273))*100;//Efficiency of carnot cycle in percentage +Qs=Fc*cv;//Heat is added in kJ/min +na=(wd/(Qs))*(3600*100);//efficiency developed by scientist in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Efficiency of carnot cycle is %3.2f percentage \n (b)efficiency developed by scientist is %3.i percentage',nc,na) diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.30/Chapter3_Exampl30.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.30/Chapter3_Exampl30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb1e72a8f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.30/Chapter3_Exampl30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +p1=100;//Pressure in kPa +t1=30;//temperature in Degree C +t2=800;//temperature in Degree C +g=1.4;//constant +Rc=5;//compression ratio +Qs=900;//heat supplied in kJ/kg +nr=0.75;//regenerator efficiency in percentage + + +//CALCULATIONS +Qs1=R*(t2+273)*log(Rc)+(1-nr)*cv*(t2-t1);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +m=Qs/Qs1;//mass flow rate in kg/min +wn=(m/60)*R*log(Rc)*(t2-t1);//net work done in kW +ns=(wn/(Qs/60))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +vs=((m)*R*(t1+273)*(1-(1/Rc)))/(p1*60);//swept volume in m^3/s +pm=wn/vs;//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +P=wn*1;//Power developed by the engine in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The net work done is %3.2f kW \n (ii)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (iv)Power developed by the engine is %3.2f kW ',wn,ns,pm,P) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.31/Chapter3_Exampl31.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.31/Chapter3_Exampl31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e00d2b8f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.31/Chapter3_Exampl31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//temperature in Degree C +t2=700;//temperature in Degree C +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p3=12;//pressure in bar +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +ns=(1-(t1/t2))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +Rc=((p3/p1)*(t1/t2));//compression ratio +wn=R*log(Rc)*(t2-t1);//net work done in kJ/kg +vs=(R*t1*(1-(1/Rc)))/(p1);//swept volume in m^3/kg +pm=wn/vs;//mean effective pressure in bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)The mean effective pressure is %3.2f bar',ns,pm) + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.32/Chapter3_Exampl32.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.32/Chapter3_Exampl32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b18fd13b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.32/Chapter3_Exampl32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +p1=100;//pressure in kPa +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1500;//temperature in K +g=1.4;//constant +v1=6;//volume in m^3/s +Rp=10;//compression ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +wn=cp*(1-((1/(Rp^((g-1)/g)))))*(t3-t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g)));//Net work done in kJ/kg +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +ng=(wn/(cp*(t3-t2)))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +Rw=((cp*(t2-t1))/(cp*(t3-t4)))*100;//back work ratio +m=p1*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/s +P=m*wn;//Power developed in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i))Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n(ii)The back work ratio is %3.1f percentage \n(iii)Power developed is %3.1f kW',ng,Rw,P) + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.33/Chapter3_Exampl33.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.33/Chapter3_Exampl33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32039fff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.33/Chapter3_Exampl33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gs constant +p1=100;//pressure in kPa +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1300;//temperature in K +g=1.4;//index of expansion + + +//CALCULATIONS +Rp=(t3/t1)^(g/(g-1));//pressure ratio +Rpo=sqrt(Rp);//Pressure ratio which will give maximum net work output +t2=t1*(Rpo^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rpo^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +wn=cp*t3*((1-(sqrt(t1/t3)))^2);//maximum net work output in kJ/kg +ng=(1-sqrt(t1/t3))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +Rw=(1-sqrt(t1/t3));//work ratio at maximum work output +nc=(1-(t1/t3))*100;//Carnot efficiency for the same temperature limits in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The pressure ratio which will give maximum net work output is %3.2f \n (ii)maximum net work output is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency at maximum output is %3.2f percentage \n (iv)work ratio at maximum work output is %3.4f percentage \n (v)Carnot efficiency for the same temperature limits is %3.2f percentage',Rpo,wn,ng,Rw,nc) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.34/Chapter3_Exampl34.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.34/Chapter3_Exampl34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d219cfdd --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.34/Chapter3_Exampl34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1300;//temperature in K +g=1.4;//constant + +//CALCULATIONS +Rpm=(t3/t1)^(g/(g-1));//Solution pressure ratio +ng=(1-(t1/t3))*100;//thermal efficiency corresponds to maximum pressure ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Solution pressure ratio is %3.2f \n (ii)net workdone corresponds to maximum pressure ratio is zero \n (iii)thermal efficiency corresponds to maximum pressure ratio is %3.2f percntage \n (iv)work ratio is zero',Rpm,ng) + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.35/Chapter3_Exampl35.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.35/Chapter3_Exampl35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da803cfd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.35/Chapter3_Exampl35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +nt=0.8;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +nc=0.8;//compressor efficiency in percentage +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1500;//temperature in K +Rp=10;//pressure ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*((Rp)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t21=t1+((t2-t1)/(nc));//temperature in K +t4=t3/((Rp)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t41=t3-(nt*(t3-t4));//temperature in K +wna=cp*((t3-t41)-(t21-t1));//net work done in kJ/kg +ng=wna/(cp*(t3-t21))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +Rw=wna/(cp*(t3-t41));//work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Net work done is %3.4f kJ/kg \n (ii)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Work ratio is %3.4f ',wna,ng,Rw) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.36/Chapter3_Exampl36.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.36/Chapter3_Exampl36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5b9f2ae0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.36/Chapter3_Exampl36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=0.718;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +p1=100;//Pressure in kPa +t1=300;//temperature in K +g=1.35//constant +t3=1000;//temperature in K +nc=0.85;//compressor efficiency in percentage +nt=0.9;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + + +//CALCULATIONS +Rp=(t3/t1)^(g/(g-1));//maximum pressure ratio +Rpo=sqrt(Rp*nc*nt);//Pressure ratio for maximum work +t2=t1*(Rpo)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t21=t1+((t2-t1)/nc);//temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rpo^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t41=t3-(nt*(t3-t4));//temperature in K +nbt=(((t3-t41)-(t21-t1))/(t3-t21))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Pressure ratio for maximum work is %3.2f \n (ii)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage ',Rpo,nbt) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.37/Chapter3_Exampl37.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.37/Chapter3_Exampl37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fad7410fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.37/Chapter3_Exampl37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=42000;//specific volume +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant +t1=300;//temperature in K +t3=1000;//temperature in K +Rp=5;//Pressure ratio +ma=42.93;//mass of air +mf=0.5;//mass of fuel +nc=0.8;//compressor efficiency +nt=0.85;//turbine efficiency + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t21=t1+((t2-t1)/nc);//Temperature in K +t41=t3-((t3-t4)*nt);//Temperature in K +wna=-ma*cp*(t21-t1)+(ma+mf)*(t3-t41);//Actual power available in kJ +ng=(wna/(mf*cv))*100;//Actual thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Actual power available is %3.2f kJ \n (b)Actual thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage',wna,ng) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.38/Chapter3_Exampl38.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.38/Chapter3_Exampl38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ca7bcf58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.38/Chapter3_Exampl38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cv=42000;//calorific value +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.35;//constant +t1=293;//temperature in K +t3=973;//temperature in K +nc=0.85;//compressor efficiency in percentage +Rp=5;//pressure ratio +nt=0.8;//turbine efficiency in percentage +p=1000;//power in mW + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t21=t1+((t2-t1)/nc);//Temperature in K +t41=t3-((t3-t4)*nt);//Temperature in K +wna=cp*((t3-t41)-(t2-t1));//net work done in kJ/kg +m=p/wna;//Quantity of air circulation +Qsa=cp*(t3-t21)/(nc);//Heat supplied in kJ/kg +nba=(wna/Qsa)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Quantity of air circulation is %3.3f kg/s \n(ii)Heat supplied is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage',m,Qsa,nba) + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.39/Chapter3_Exampl39.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.39/Chapter3_Exampl39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45dbea28f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.39/Chapter3_Exampl39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=300;//Initial temperature in K +t21=523;//intermmediate temperature in K +t3=1073;//final temperature in K +t41=723;//turbine outlet temperature in K +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=6;//final pressure in bar +Rp=6;//pressure ratio +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K + +nc=((t2-t1)/(t21-t1))*100;//compressor efficiency in percentage +nt=((t3-t41)/(t3-t4))*100;//Turbine efficiency in percentage + +ngt=(1-(1/Rp)^((g-1)/g))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +ngt1=((((nt/100)*t3*(ngt/100))-((t1/(nc/100))*((Rp^((g-1)/g))-1)))/(t1*((t3/t1)-((Rp^((g-1)/g))))))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + +Rw=((cp*((t3-t4)-(t2-t1)))/(cp*(t3-t4)));//Work ratio +Rw1=((cp*((t3-t41)-(t21-t1)))/(cp*(t3-t41)));//Work ratio + +Rpo=sqrt((t3/t1)^(g/(g-1)));//pressure ratio for maximum output +Rpo1=sqrt(((t3/t1)^(g/(g-1)))*(nc/100)*(nt/100));//pressure ratio for maximum output + +Rpm=(t3/t1)^(g/(g-1));//pressure ratio for maximum efficiency +Rpm1=(t3/t1)^(g/(g-1))*(1/((nc/100)*(nt/100)));//pressure ratio for maximum efficiency + +//OUTPUT +printf('(A)The compressor efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n turbine efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n',nc,nt) + +printf('(B)IDEAL CYCLE \n (i)thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n(ii)Work ratio is %3.4f \n (iii)Pressure ratio for maximum output is %3.2f \n (iv)pressure ratio for maximum efficiency is %3.2f \n ',ngt,Rw,Rpo,Rpm) + +printf('(B)ACTUAL CYCLE \n (i)thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n(ii)Work ratio is %3.4f \n (iii)Pressure ratio for maximum output is %3.2f \n (iv)pressure ratio for maximum efficiency is %3.1f ',ngt1,Rw1,Rpo1,Rpm1) + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Exampl4.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Exampl4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9308e465a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Exampl4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1/5;//Fraction of heat input converted into power +ts=100;//Reduced sink temperature in Degree C + +//CALCULATIONS +//4Th-5Tl=0 +//3Th-5Tl=-500 +A=[4 -5 + 3 -5]//Coefficient matrix +B=[0 + -500]//Constant matrix +X=inv(A)*B//Variable matrix + +//Output +printf('(a)The temperature of the source is %3.f K \n (b)The temperature of sink is %3.f K',X(1),X(2)) diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.40/Chapter3_Exampl40.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.40/Chapter3_Exampl40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87c3661b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.40/Chapter3_Exampl40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant +t1=303;//temperature in K +t3=1773;//temperature in K +t5=1123;//temperature in K +nc=0.85;//compressor efficiency in percentage +Rp=6;//pressure ratio +nt=0.8;//turbine efficiency in percentage + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t21=t1+((t2-t1)/nc);//Temperature in K +t41=t3-((t3-t4)*nt);//Temperature in K +wc=cp*(t21-t1);//compressor work in kJ/kg +wt=cp*(t3-t41);//turbine work in kJ/kg +nb=((wt-wc)/(cp*(t3-t2)))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +wn=wt-wc;//net work in kJ/kg +Qs=cp*(t3-t5);//Heat supplied in kJ/kg +ns=((wt-wc)/Qs)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +e=((t5-t21)/(t41-t21))*100;//Effectiveness of the regenerator + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)compressor work is %3.2f kJ/kg \n turbine work is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (b)Thermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (c)Thermal efficiency with regenerator is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Effectiveness of the regenerator is %3.1f percentage ',wc,wt,nb,ns,e) + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.41/Chapter3_Exampl41.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.41/Chapter3_Exampl41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60fd69fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.41/Chapter3_Exampl41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant +t1=303;//temperature in K +t3=1073;//temperature in K in case I +t5=1123;//temperature in K +Rp=4;//pressure ratio +p1=1;//atmospheric pressure in bar +p2=4;//exit pressure in bar + + +//CALCULATIONS +//case 1 +t2=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +t4=t3/(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature in K +Qs=cp*(t3-t2);//Heat supplied in kJ/kg +wc=cp*(t2-t1);//compressor work in kJ/kg +wt=cp*(t3-t4);//turbine work in kJ/kg +ng=((wt-wc)/(cp*(t3-t2)))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + +//case 2 +//a regenerator of effectiveness 0.6 is added +t51=0.6*(t4-t2)+t2;//temperature in K +nbr=(((wt-wc)/(cp*(t3-t51))))*100;//Thermal efficiency eith regenerator in percentage +//case 3 +pi=(p1*p2)^(1/2);//intermediate pressure +t21=t1*(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t41=t1*(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t61=t3/((Rp)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t7=0.6*(t61-t2)+t21;//temperature in K +Qs1=cp*(t3-t7);//heat added in kJ/kg +wt1=cp*(t3-t61);//turbine work in kJ/kg +wc1=cp*((t41-t1)+(t41-t1));//compressor work in kJ/kg +nt=((wt1-wc1)/Qs1)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +//case 4 +t22=t1*(Rp)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t42=t3/(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t62=t3/((pi)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t72=t22+(0.6*(t62-t22));//temperature in K +wc2=cp*(t22-t1);//compressor work in kJ/kg +wt2=cp*((t3-t42)+(t3-t62));//turbine work in kJ/kg +Qs2=cp*((t3-t72)+(t3-t42));//heat added in kJ/kg +ns=((wt2-wc2)/Qs2)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +//case 5 +t23=t1*(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t43=t1*(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t73=t3/(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t93=t3/(pi)^((g-1)/g);//temperature in K +t53=0.6*(t93-t43)+t43;//temperature in K +Qs3=cp*((t3-t53)+(t3-t73));//heat added in kJ/kg +wt3=cp*((t3-t93)+(t3-t73));//turbine work in kJ/kg +wc3=cp*((t23-t1)+(t43-t1));//compressor work in kJ/kg +ns1=((wt3-wc3)/Qs3)*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage + + +//OUTPUT +printf('CASE I \n (i)Compressor work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)Turbine work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency %3.1f percentage \n ',wc,wt,ng) +printf('CASE II \n (i)Compressor work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)Turbine work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency %3.1f percentage \n ',wc,wt,nbr) +printf('CASE III \n (i)Compressor work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)Turbine work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency %3.1f percentage \n ',wc,wt1,nt) +printf('CASE IV \n (i)Compressor work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)Turbine work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency %3.1f percentage \n ',wc2,wt2,ns) +printf('CASE V \n (i)Compressor work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)Turbine work %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Thermal efficiency %3.1f percentage \n ',wc3,wt3,ns1) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Exampl5.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Exampl5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d44da775 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Exampl5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tl=20;//engine temprature in Degree C +Th=500;//engine temprature in Degree C +g=1.4;//gas constant +v13=25;//expansion ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +v14=((Th+273)/(Tl+273))^(1/(g-1));//Isentropic volume expansion +v43=v13/v14;//Overall expansion ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Isentropic volume expansion ratio (4-1)is %3.2f \n (b)Isentropic volume expansion ratio(4-3) is %3.2f',v14,v43) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Exampl6.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Exampl6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9937b5475 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Exampl6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Th=600;//engine temprature in Degree C +p3=5;//Pressure of air in bar +v3=4;//volume of air in m^3 +v43=3;//Isentropic volume expansion +v23=6;//Isentropic compression ratio + +//CALCULATIONS +p4=p3*(1/(v43));//pressure of carnot cycle +p1=p4*(1/(v23))^(1.4);//pressure of carnot cycle +t1=(Th+273)*(1/(v23))^(0.4);//Temperature of carnot cycle +p2=p1*(v43);//pressure of carnot cycle +Qs=p3*10^2*v3*log(v43);//heat supplied to the cycle +Qr=p3*v3*(t1/Th)*log(v43);//Heat rejected by the system +nc=(((Th+273)-t1)/(273+Th))*100;//Thermal efficiency in percentage +w=Qs-Qr;//work done in kJ +pm=w/(17*2*v3*100);//Mean effective pressure in bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The pressure of carnot cycle is %3.3f bar \n temperature of carnot cycle is %3.4f K \n (b)Heat supplied to the cycle %3.2f kJ \n (c)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Mean effective pressure is %3.4f bar ',p1,t1,Qs,nc,pm) + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Exampl8.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Exampl8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3cfb30c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Exampl8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p3=20;//Pressure of air in bar +v3=0.2;//volume of air in m^3 +Th=500;//engine temprature in Degree C +v23=7;//Isentropic compression ratio +v43=2;//Isentropic volume expansion +v3=0.2;//volume in m^3 + +//CALCULATIONS +Tl=(Th+273)/((v23)^(1.4-1));//minimum temperature in K +p2=p3/((v23)^(1.4));//pressure in bar +p4=p3*10^2*(1/(v43));//isentropic expansion pressure +p1=((1/(v23))^1.4)*p4;//isentropic compression +s43=(p3*10^2*v3/(Th+273))*log(v43);//Change in entropy in kJ/K +nc=(((Th+273)-Tl)/(Th+273))*100;//Efficiency of carnot cycle in percentage +v1=v43*7*v3;//volume in m^3 +vs=v1-v3;//swept volume in m^3 +wd=(p3*10^2*v3-p1*v1)*log(2);//workdone in kJ/cycle +P=wd/2.6;//Mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +p=wd*(200/60);//power of engine in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The minimum temperature in the cycle is %3.2f K \n (b)Change in entropy during isothermal expansion is %3.4f kJ/K \n (c)Thermal efficiency of the cycle is %3.2f percentage \n (d)The mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (e)Power of the engine is %3.2f kW',Tl,s43,nc,P,p) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Exampl9.sce b/1808/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Exampl9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeea2a66a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Exampl9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=101;//Pressure in kPa +t1=293;//temperature in K +v12=7;//compression ratio +Qs=1000;//heat added in kJ +Ra=0.287;//gas constant +m=1;//mass of air in kg/min +cv=0.7243;//calorific value + +//CALCULATIONS +v1=(Ra*t1)/p1;//specific volume in m^3/kg +v2=v1/(v12);//specific volume in m^3/kg +p2=p1*((v12)^(1.4));//pressure of cycle +t2=t1*((v12)^(1.4-1));//temperature in K +t3=(Qs/(m*cv))+t2;//temperature in K +p3=Ra*t3/v2;//pressure in Kn/m^2 +t4=t3*((1/v12)^(1.4-1));//temperature in K +Qr=m*cv*(t4-t1);//heat rejected in kJ +no=((Qs-Qr)/Qs)*100;//otto cycle efficiency in percentage +pm=((Qs-Qr)/(v1-v2));//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +P=m*(Qs-Qr);//power developed in kJ/min +//CASE B +nc=((t3-t1)/t3)*100;//Carnot cycle efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Specific volume of cycle is %3.2f m^3/kg \n pressure in the cycle is %3.2f kW/m^2 \n temperature in the cycle is %3.2f K \n Specific volume of cycle at point 3 is %3.3f m^3/kg \n pressure in the cycle at point 3 is %3.2f kW/m^2 \n temperature in the cycle at point 4 is %3.2f K \n(b)the efficiency of the otto cycle is %3.2f percentage \n (c)mean effective pressure is %3.2f kN/m^2 \n (d)power developed is %3.2f kJ/min \n CASE B \n Carnot cycle efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n Carnot cylce efficiency is high compared to Otto cycle efficiency',v1,p2,t2,v2,p3,t4,no,pm,P,nc) + + diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Example1.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58013114e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.1/Chapter4_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p=(100*10^3);//Rate of heat source in kW +P1=40;//Boiler pressure in bar +P2=0.1;//Condenser pressure in bar +S1=6.0685;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S5=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h1=2800.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h2=1920.67;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v3=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=(S1-S3)/(S5-S3);//quality of steam +h2=h3+(x2*(h5-h3));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp=v3*(P1-P2);//Pump work in kJ/kg +h4=h3+Wp;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +n=(((h1-h2)-(h4-h3))/(h1-h4))*100;//Ideal cycle efficiency +rw=((h1-h2)-(h4-h3))/(h1-h2);//Work ratio +m=p/(h1-h4);//Mass flow rate in kg/s +P=m*((h1-h2)-(h4-h3));//Output power in kW +ssc=(m*3600)/P;//Specific flow rate of steam in kg/kW.hr + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The cycle efficiency is %3.2f percent \n(ii) The work ratio is %f \n(iii)The required mass flow rate is %3.2f kg/s \n(iv) The power output is %3.1f kW \n(v) The specific flow rate of steam is %3.2f kg/kW.hr',n,rw,m,P,ssc) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.10/Chapter4_Example10.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.10/Chapter4_Example10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03018163c --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.10/Chapter4_Example10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=100;//pressure in bar +p2=10;//pressure in bar +p3=0.1;//pressure in bar +T1=500;//Temperature of turbine in Degree C +T2=450;//Temperature of turbine in Degree C +h1=3240.9;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h4=3370.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=2776.2;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h10=762.6;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h6=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h9=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=6.419;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S4=7.618;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=6.5828;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S10=2.1382;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S6=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S9=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +nt=0.8;//Turbine efficiency in percentage +v6=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +P=100000;//power output in kW + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=((S1-S10)/(S3-S10));//quality of steam +h2=h10+(x2*(h3-h10));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h21=h1-(nt*(h1-h2));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x5=((S4-S6)/(S9-S6));//quality of steam +h5=h6+(x5*(h9-h6));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h51=h4-(nt*(h4-h5));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wt=(h1-h21)+(h4-h51);//Turbine work in kJ/kg +h7=h6+(v6*(p1-p3)*100);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp=(h7-h6);//Pump work in kJ/kg +Qs=(h1-h7)+(h4-h21);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +nRi=((Wt-Wp)/Qs)*100;//Cycle efficiency +m=P/(Wt-Wp);//mass flow rate in kg/s +Qr=(h51-h6)*m;//rate of heat transfer from condenser in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent \n (ii)Mass flow rate is %3.2f kg/s \n (iii)Rate of heat transfer from the condenser %3.2f kW',nRi,m,Qr) + diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.11/Chapter4_Example11.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.11/Chapter4_Example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df8944bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.11/Chapter4_Example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=90;//pressure in bar +p2=9;//pressure in bar +p3=0.1;//pressure in bar +T=450;//Temperature in Degree C +h1=2956.6;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=6.036;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h9=2772.1;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h6=742.6;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S9=6.6192;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S6=2.0941;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +V6=0.001121;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +h10=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h4=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S10=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S4=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +V4=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +P=120000;//power output in kW + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=((S1-S6)/(S9-S6));//quality of steam +x3=((S1-S4)/(S10-S4));//quality of steam +h2=h6+(x2*(h9-h6));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=h4+(x3*(h10-h4));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=h4+(V4*(p1-p3))*100;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp1=h5-h4;//Pump work in kJ/kg +h7=h6+(V6*(p1-p2))*100;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp2=h7-h6;//Pump work in kJ/kg +m1=((h6-h5)/(h2-h5));//Mass flow rate in kJ/s +Wt=(h1-h2)+((1-m1)*(h2-h3));//Turbine work in kJ/kg +Wp=(h7-h6)+((1-m1)*(h5-h4));//Pump work in kJ/kg +Qs=(h1-h7);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +nR=((Wt-Wp)/Qs)*100;//Rankine efficiency in percentage +m=P/(Wt-Wp);//mass flow rate in kJ/s + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Thermal efficiency is %3.3f percent \n (ii) Mass flow rate of steam entering to the turbine is %3.2f kg/s ',nR,m) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.12/Chapter4_Example12.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.12/Chapter4_Example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2364593bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.12/Chapter4_Example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=5;//pressure in bar +p2=0.1;//pressure in bar +m=5;//mass flow rate in kJ/s +h4=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h10=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S4=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S10=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +V4=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +h6=640.1;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h9=2747.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S6=1.8604;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S9=6.8192;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +x2=0.9;//Quality of steam +Qs=70000;//heat added in boiler in kW + + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=h6+(x2*(h9-h6));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=h4+(V4*(p1-p2));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp1=h5-h4;//Pump work in kJ/kg +mf=((m*(h2-h5))/(h6-h5));//mass flow rate in kJ/s +h1=((Qs/mf)+h6);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S2=S6+(x2*(S9-S6));//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +x3=((S2-S4)/(S10-S4));//quality of steam +h3=h4+(x3*(h10-h4));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wt=(mf*(h1-h2))+(mf-m)*(h2-h3);//Turbine work in kJ/kg +nR=((Wt-Wp1)/Qs)*100;//thermal efficiency in percentage +Wn=Wt-Wp1;//work in kJ/s +ssc=(mf*3600)/Wn;//specific steam consumption in kg/kW.hr +R=Wn/Wt;//Work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Mass flow rate of steam is %3.1f kg/s \n (ii) Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle is %3.1f percentage \n (iii) Specific steam consumption is %3.2f kg/kWhr \n (iv) Work ratio is approximately equal to %f',mf,nR,ssc,R) + diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.13/Chapter4_Example13.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.13/Chapter4_Example13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0f11b35f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.13/Chapter4_Example13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +P1=70;//Boiler pressure in Bar +P2=0.1;//condenser pressure in Bar +P3=10;//bled pressure in Bar +T=400;//Boiler temperature in Degree C +h6=1267.4;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h1=3158.1;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=6.448;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h7=762.2;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h9=2776.2;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S7=2.1382;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S9=6.5828;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h4=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h10=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S4=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S10=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +V4=0.001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=((S1-S7)/(S9-S7));//quality of steam +h2=h7+(x2*(h9-h7));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x3=((S1-S4)/(S10-S4));//quality of steam +h3=h4+(x3*(h10-h4));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=h4+(V4*(P1-P2));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp=h5-h4;//Pump work in kJ/kg +m1=((h6-h5)/(h2-h7));//mass flow rate +Wt=(h1-h2)+(1-m1)*(h2-h3);//Turbine work in kJ/kg +Qs=(h1-h6);//Heat supplied in kJ/kg +nR=((Wt-Wp)/Qs)*100;//Rankine efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf(' Thr Rankine cycle efficiency is %3.2f percentage ',nR) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Example2.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..501e91ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.2/Chapter4_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p=(100*10^3);//Rate of heat source in kW +P1=40;//Boiler pressure in bar +P2=0.1;//Condenser pressure in bar +n=0.8;//Adiabatic efficiency +S1=6.0685;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S5=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h1=2800.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h2=1920.67;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v3=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg + + +//CALCULATIONS +Wt1=(h1-h2);//Ideal turbine work in kJ/kg +WtA=Wt1*n;//Actual turbine work in kJ/kg +Wp=v3*(P1-P2);//Pump work in kJ/kg +h4=h3+Wp;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Qs=(h1-h4);//heat supplied in kJ/kg +h2x=h1-WtA;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRA=((WtA-Wp)/Qs)*100;//Cycle efficiency +m=p/Qs;//Mass flow rate in kJ/s +P=m*(WtA-Wp);//power output in kW +ssc=m*3600/P;//Specific steam consumption in kg/kW.hr + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The cycle efficiency is %3.2f percent \n(ii) The power output is %3.1f kW \n(iii) The specific flow rate of steam is %3.2f kg/kW.hr',nRA,P,ssc) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Example3.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..066fc8764 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.3/Chapter4_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pb=100;//Saturated vapour pressure in bar +pc=0.1;//Saturated liquid pressure in bar +two=35;//Cooling water exit temperature in degree C +twi=20;//Cooling water entry temperature in degree C +S1=5.6198;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S5=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h1=2727.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +V3=0.001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +Cpw=41.8;//specific heat of water in kJ/kgk + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=(S1-S3)/(S5-S3);//quality of steam +S1=S3+x2*(S5-S3);//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h2=h3+x2*(h5-h3);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp=V3*(pb-pc);//Pump work in kJ/kg +h4=h3+Wp;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wt=h1-h2;//Turbine work in kJ/kg +Wn=Wt-Wp;//Net work in kJ/kg +nR=(Wn/(h1-h4))*100;//Thermal efficiency +m=((pb*1000*3600)/Wn)/10^5;//Mass flow rate of steam in kg/hr *10^5 +mx=((pb*1000)/Wn);//Mass flow rate of steam in kg/s +QS1=mx*(h1-h4);//Rate of heat transferred into fluid in kJ/kg +QR1=mx*(h2-h3);//rate of heat transfer from condenser in kJ/s +mw1=(((h2-h3)*m)/((two-twi)*Cpw));//Mass flow rate of water in kg/hr *10^6 +Rw=((h1-h2)-Wp)/(h1-h2);//Work ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent \n(ii)The mass flow rate of steam is %3.2f * 10^5 kJ/hr \n(iii) The rate of heat transfer into working fluid is %3.1f kJ/s \n(iv)The rate of heat transfer from condenser is %3.2f kJ/s\n(v)mass flow rate of water in condenser is %3.1f *10^6 kg/hr \n(vi) The work ratio is %f ',nR,m,QS1,QR1,mw1,Rw) + diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Example4.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a9662ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.4/Chapter4_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pb=100;//Saturated vapour in bar +pc=0.1;//Saturated liquid in bar +two=35;//Cooling water exit temperature in degree C +twi=20;//Cooling water entry temperature in degree C +S1=5.6198;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S5=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h1=2727.7;//Entropy in kJ/kg +h2=1778.3;//Entropy in kJ/kg +h3=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h4=201.79;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x2=0.63;//Quality of steam +V3=0.001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +Cpw=4.18;//specific heat of water in kJ/kgk +nt=0.8;//Turbine efficiency in percentage +np=0.9;//Pump efficiency in percentage + + +//CALCULATIONS +h21=h1-nt*(h1-h2);//Entropy in kJ/kg +h41=((h4-h3)/np)+h3;//Entropy in kJ/kg +nRA=((h1-h21)-(h41-h3))/(h1-h4)*100;//Actual thermal efficiency +m=pb*1000/((h1-h21)-(h41-h3));//Mass flow rate of steam +mx=(m*3600);//Mass flow rate in kg/hr +QS1=m*(h1-h41);//Rate of heat transfer into working medium in MW +QR1=m*(h21-h3);//Rate of heat transfer from the condenser in MW +mw1=(mx*(h21-h3))/((Cpw)*(two-twi))/10^7;//mass flow rate of water in the condenser in kg/s +RwA=((h1-h21)-(h41-h3))/(h1-h21);//work ratio + + //OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Actual Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent \n(ii)The mass flow rate of steam is %3.2f kJ/s \n(iii) The rate of heat transfer into working medium is %3.1f kJ/s \n(iv)The rate of heat transfer from condenser is %3.2f kJ/s\n(v)mass flow rate of water in condenser is %3.3f *10^7 kg/s \n(vi) The work ratio is %f ',nRA,m,QS1,QR1,mw1,RwA) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Example5.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6dafde32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.5/Chapter4_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +T1=500;//temperature in degree C +pb=70;//Saturated vapour in bar +pc=0.2;//Saturated liquid in bar +v1=30;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +v2=90;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +ms=130000;//mass flow rate in kg/hr +h1=3410.3;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=6.798;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h3=251.2;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2609.9;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v3=0.1;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +S3=0.8321;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S5=7.9094;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=(S1-S3)/(S5-S3);//quality of steam +h2=(h3+(x2*(h5-h3)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wt=(h1-h2)+((v1^2-v2^2)/(2*1000));//Tyrbine work in kJ/kg +h4=h3+(v3*(pb-pc));//enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRi=((Wt-(h4-h3))/(h1-h4))*100;//Ideal thermal efficiency in percentage +P=ms*((Wt-(h4-h3))/3600)/1000;//Power developed in MW + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Ideal Thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent \n(ii) The power developed is %3.1f MW ',nRi,P) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.6/Chapter4_Example6.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.6/Chapter4_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2847a33b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.6/Chapter4_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pb=15;//Saturated vapour in bar +pc=0.1;//Saturated liquid in bar +pcr=0.05;//Saturated liquid in bar +x2=0.95;//Quality of steam +m=50;//Steam flow rate +Tmax=350;//temperature in degree C +Tmin=45.8;//temperature in degree C +h1=3147.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=7.102//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h41=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v41=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg +h7=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h4=137.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v4=0.001005//Specific volume in m^3/kg +S6=8.395;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S4=0.476;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h6=2561.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=h41+x2*(h7-h41);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x3=((S1-S4)/(S6-S4));//quality of steam +h3=h4+x3*(h6-h4);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h51=h41+v41*(pb-pc);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=h4+v4*(pb-pcr);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRi=(((h1-h2)-(h51-h41))/(h1-h51))*100;//Ideal rankine efficiency +P=(m*((h1-h2)-(h51-h41)));//Power in kW +ssc=((m*3600)/P);//Specific steam consumption in kg/kW.hr +nC=((Tmax-Tmin)/(Tmax+273))*100;//carnot efficiency in percentage +nRi1=(((h1-h3)-(h5-h4))/(h1-h5));//Change in rankine efficiency +P1=(m*((h1-h3)-(h5-h4)));//power in kW +ssc1=((m*3600)/P1);//Specific steam consumption in kg/kW.hr + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Ideal Rankine efficiency is %3.1f percent \n(ii) The specific steam consumption is %3.3f kg/kwh \n(iii)The carnot efficiency for temp limits is %3.1f percent\n(iv)change in rankine efficiency is %3.2f kg/kW.hr',nRi,ssc,nC,ssc1) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.7/Chapter4_Example7.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.7/Chapter4_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05967e0af --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.7/Chapter4_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pb=25;//Saturated vapour in bar +pc=0.2;//Saturated liquid in bar +T111=300;//Temperature in degree C +h1=2800.9;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +hb=962;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=2609.9;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=251.5;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S5=7.9094;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=0.8321;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +Sb=2.5543;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S1=6.2536;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +x1=0.8;////Quality of steam +h111=3008.9;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S111=6.644;////Entropy in kJ/kg.K + + +//CALCULATIONS +h11=(hb+x1*(h1-hb));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S11=(Sb+x1*(S1-Sb));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x21=((S11-S3)/(S5-S3));//quality of steam +h21=(h3+(x21*(h5-h3)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRi=(((h11-h21)/(h11-h3))*100);//Rankine cycle efficiency in percentage +x2=((S1-S3)/(S5-S3));//quality of steam +h2=h3+x2*(h5-h3);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRi2=(((h1-h2)/(h1-h3))*100);//Rankine cycle efficiency in percentage +x211=((S111-S3)/(S5-S3));//quality of steam +h211=(h3+(x211*(h5-h3)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +nRi1=(((h111-h211)/(h111-h3))*100);//Rankine cycle efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Rankine cycle efficiency when steam is dry at turbine inlet is %3.2f percent \n(ii) The Rankine cycle efficiency when steam is saturated is %3.2f percentage \n(iii)The Rankine cycle efficiency when steam is superheated is %3.2f percent ',nRi,nRi2,nRi1) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.8/Chapter4_Example8.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.8/Chapter4_Example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a1ae5fac --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.8/Chapter4_Example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=40;//Boiler pressure in bar +p2=4;//lp turbine pressure in bar +p4=0.1;//condenser pressure in bar +h1=2960.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S1=6.362;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h4=3066.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S4=7.566;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S3=6.8943;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S10=1.7764;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +h3=2737.6;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h10=604.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h6=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h9=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S6=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S9=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +V6=0.001001;//Specific volume in m^3/kg + + +//CALCULATIONS +x2=((S1-S10)/(S3-S10));//quality of steam +h2=(h10+(x2*(h3-h10)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +x5=((S4-S6)/(S9-S6));//quality of steam +h5=(h6+(x5*(h9-h6)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wt=((h1-h2)+(h4-h5));//turbine work in kJ/kg +h7=(h6+(V6*(p1-p4*100)));//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +Wp=(h7-h6);//Pump work in kJ/kg +Qs=((h1-h7)+(h4-h2));//heat supplied in kJ/kg +nRr=((Wt-Wp)/Qs)*100;//Rankine cycle efficiency in percentage + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i) The Rankine efficiency is %3.2f percent ',nRr) diff --git a/1808/CH4/EX4.9/Chapter4_Example9.sce b/1808/CH4/EX4.9/Chapter4_Example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..334c60417 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH4/EX4.9/Chapter4_Example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=100;//Boiler pressure in Bar +p2=20;//low pressure turbine pressure in Bar +p3=0.1;//condenser pressure in Bar +T=500;//Temperature inlet to turbine in Degree C +h1=3373.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h2=2797.2;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h5=191.8;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +h9=2584.7;//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +S5=0.649;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +S9=8.15;//Entropy in kJ/kg.K +Wn=1500;//Net work done in kJ/kg +nRi=401;//Rankine efficiency in percentage + + +//CALCULATIONS +Qs=(Wn/nRi)*1000;//heat supplied in kJ/kg +h3=Qs-(h1-h5-h2);//Enthalpy in kJ/kg +t3=450+(((h3-3357.5)*(T-450))/(3467.6-3357.5));//Temperature in degree C + +//OUTPUT +printf('Temperature of steam leaving is %3.2f degree C',t3) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Exampl1.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Exampl1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e505ea82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Exampl1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +g=1.4;//for isentropic compression +n=1.3;//for polytropic compression +p1=1;//pressure in bar +v1=0.05;//piston displacement in m^3 +R=0.287;//gas constant +Rp=6;//compression ratio at constant pressure +t1=293;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +//Isentropic copression +m=(p1*10^5*v1)/(1000*R*t1);//mass of air handled in kg +t21=t1*(Rp^((g-1)/g));//Temperature at the end of compression +ws=p1*10^5*v1/1000;//workdone by air during suction +wc=m*R*(t21-t1)/(g-1);//workdone by air during compression +wd=m*R*t21;//workdone by air during delivery +wn=wc+wd-ws;//net work done on air during cycle in kJ + +//Polytropic compression +t2=t1*(Rp^((n-1)/n));//Temperature at the end of compression +ws1=p1*10^2*v1;//workdone by air during suction +wc1=m*R*(t2-t1)/(n-1);//workdone by air during compression +Qc1=((g-n)/(g-1))*wc1;//Heat transferred to the cylinder walls +wd1=m*R*t2;//workdone by air during delivery +wn1=wc1+wd1-ws1;//net work done on air during cycle in kJ + +//Isothermal compression +ws2=p1*10^2*v1;//workdone by air during suction +wc2=p1*10^2*v1*log(Rp);//workdone by air during compression +wd2=p1*10^2*v1;//workdone by air during delivery +wn2=wc2+wd2-ws2;//net work done during cycle + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)isentropic compression \n (a)Temperature at the end of compression is %3.2f K \n (b)Workdone by air during suction is %3.1f kNm \n (c)workdone during compression is %3.3f kJ \n heat transfer to the cylinder walls is zero \n (d)workdone on air during delivery %3.2f kJ \n (e)Net workdone on air during cycle is %3.4f kJ \n',t21,ws,wc,wd,wn) + +printf('(i)Polytropic compression \n (a)Temperature at the end of compression is %3.2f K \n (b)Workdone by air during suction is %3.1f kNm \n (c)workdone during compression is %3.3f kJ \n heat transfer to the cylinder walls is %3.4f kJ \n (d)workdone on air during delivery %3.2f kJ \n (e)Net workdone on air during cycle is %3.4f kJ \n',t2,ws1,wc1,Qc1,wd1,wn1) + +printf('(i)isothermal compression \n (a)Temperature at the end of compression is 293K \n (b)Workdone by air during suction is %3.1f kNm \n (c)workdone during compression is %3.3f kJ \n heat transfer to the cylinder walls is equal to workdone during compression \n (d)workdone on air during delivery %3.2f kJ \n (e)Net workdone on air during cycle is %3.4f kJ \n',ws2,wc2,wd2,wn2) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.10/Chapter5_Exampl10.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.10/Chapter5_Exampl10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7ff200cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.10/Chapter5_Exampl10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +c=0.04;//clearance volume +p1=0.98;//pressure in bar +p2=7;//pressure in bar +n=1.3;//constant for cylinder +pa=1.013;//ambient pressure in bar +x=1.3;//stroke to bore ratio +va=0.25;//volume in m^3/sec +ta=300;//ambient temperature in K +t1=313;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +nv=(1+c-c*((p2/p1)^(1/n)))*100;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +v14=(pa-va)*t1/(p1*ta);//volume in m^3/sec +vs=v14/nv;//swept volume in m^3/sec +l=(0.03141*4/(3.14*9))^(1/3);//stroke length in m +d=3*l;//bore length in m +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(v14)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//indicated power in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Volumetric efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)Cylinder dimensions \n l= %3.4f m \n d= %3.3f m \n (iii)Indicated power %3.3f kW',nv,l,d,ip) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Exampl11.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Exampl11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6990a0f42 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Exampl11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +nv=0.8;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vc=3;//clearence volume in litre +p2=8;//air compressor pressure in bar +p1=0.98;//air compressor pressure in bar + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=12.085/(1-nv);//stroke volume in m^3 +d=((vs/1000)*4/3.14)^(1/3);//cylinder length in m + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The stroke volume is %3.5f litre \n (ii)cylinder dimensions (l=d) is %3.4f m ',vs,d) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Exampl12.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Exampl12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d07c718a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Exampl12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pd=8;//delivery pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +n=1.3;//for single compression +m=2;//mass flow rate +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=293;//temperature in K +N=2;//number of stages +t51=303;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +wd1=(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//work done in single stage compression +wd2=N*(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(N*n)))-1);//work done in two stage compression +wd3=(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*(((2*(t1*t51)^(1/2))*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N))))-(t1+t51));//work done in two stage compression with imperfect inter cooling +wd4=(m/60)*R*t1*log(pd/p1);//single stage compression in kW +p2=((wd1-wd2)/wd1)*100;//Percentage saving in 1st and 2nd stage +p3=((wd1-wd3)/wd1)*100;//Percentage saving in 1st and 3rd stage +p4=((wd1-wd4)/wd1)*100;//Percentage saving in 1st and 4th stage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)work done in single stage compression is %3.3f kW \n (ii)work done in two stage compression is %3.4f kW \n (iii)work done in two stage compression with imperfect inter cooling is %3.4f kW \n (iv)single stage compression workdone is %3.4f kW \n ',wd1,wd2,wd3,wd4 ) + +printf('Percentage saving in 1st and 2nd stage %3.3f percentage \n Percentage saving in 1st and 3rd stage %3.3f percentage \n Percentage saving in 1st and 4th stage %3.3f percentage \n',p2,p3,p4 ) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.13/Chapter5_Exampl13.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.13/Chapter5_Exampl13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fd56f0d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.13/Chapter5_Exampl13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1.2;//constant for multistage compressor +c=4;//clearance +p4=20;//pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +v1=15;//volume of free air in m^3/min + +//CALCULATIONS +N=2.16;//(4^N=20) //No.of stages +C=(p4/p1)^(1/3);//Exact stage pressure ratio +p2=C*p1;//Intermediate pressure in bar +p3=C*p2;//Intermediate pressure in bar +p4=C*p3;//Intermediate pressure in bar +P=(3*(n/(n-1))*p1*10^5*(v1/60)*(((p4/p1)^((n-1)/(3*n)))-1))/1000;//Power required to compress + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)No.of stages is %3.2f \n (b)Intermediate pressures %3.2f bar \n pressure p3 %3.2f bar \n pressure p4 %3.2f bar \n (c)Power required to compress is %3.i kW',N,p2,p3,p4,P) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.14/Chapter5_Exampl14.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.14/Chapter5_Exampl14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31f582bce --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.14/Chapter5_Exampl14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1.3;//index of compression +p1=1;//pressure in bar +va=2;//volume of air in m^3 +N=2;//No.of stages +p3=50;//delivery pressure in bar +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=303;//temperature in K +t31=314;//temperature in K +vcs=0.05;//ratio of clearance volume to stroke volume + +//CALCULATIONS +ip1=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va/60)*N*(((p3/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N)))-1);//IP for perfect cooling in kW +m=(p1**10^2*va/(R*t1));//mass flow rate in kg/min +ip2=(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*(t1/3)*(2*sqrt(t1*t31)*(((p3/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N))))-(t1+t31));//IP for imperfect intercooling +p2=sqrt(p1*p3);//pressure in bar +nv1=1-vcs*(((p2/p1)^(1/n))-1);//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vs1=va/nv1;//stroke volume in m^3/min +d1=(vs1*4/(3.14*N*100))^(1/3);//Dimensions of the cylinder +d2=d1*(p1/p2);//Dimensions of the cylinder +v13=(p2/p1);//volume ratio +v1=1.05*vs1;//volume in m^3 +v2=v1/((p2/p1)^(1/n));//volume in m +t2=(p2/((p2/p1)^(1/n)))*t1;//temperature in K +v31=v2*t31/t2;//volume in m +v131=v1/v31;//volume ratio + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)IP for Perfect cooling %3.3f kW \n (b) IP for Imperfect intercooling is %3.2f kW \n (a1)perfect intercooling \n cylinder volume ratio is %3.2f \n (b1)Imperfect intercooling \n cylinder volume ratio is %3.3f \n ',ip1,ip2,v13,v131) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.15/Chapter5_Exampl15.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.15/Chapter5_Exampl15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..109b26392 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.15/Chapter5_Exampl15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pa=1;//Ambient pressure in bar +p1=0.98;//pressure in bar +p2=4;//pressure in bar +p3=15;//pressure in bar +ta=293;//Ambient temperature in K +t1=303;//temperature in K +t5=303;//temperature in K +n=1.3;//for two stage compressor +c=0.05;//clearance volume +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +nvs=1+c-c*((p2/p1)^(1/n));//Volumetric efficiency in percentage +nva=((p1/pa)*(ta/t1)*(nvs))*100;//Volumetric efficiency referred to ambient condition in percentage +wlp=(n/(n-1))*R*t1*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//work done in Lp cylinder +whp=(n/(n-1))*R*t5*(((p3/p2)^((n-1)/n))-1);//work done in Hp cylinder +wt=wlp+whp;//work done in total cylinder +wiso=R*t1*log(p3/p1);//Isothermal work done per kg of air +niso=(wiso/wt)*100;//Isothermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The volumetric efficiency referred to ambient condition is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)work done to deliver air by compressor is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)Isothermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage',nva,wt,niso) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.16/Chapter5_Exampl16.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.16/Chapter5_Exampl16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f205c9d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.16/Chapter5_Exampl16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1.3;//index of expansion +N=2;//no.of stages +R=0.287;//gas constant +m=5;//mass flow rate +t1=288;//temperature in K +pd=16;//delivery pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +cp=0.997;//specific pressure in kJ/kgK +cv=0.71;//specific volume in kJ/kgK +g=1.4;//constant +s=400;//speed in rpm +c1=0.05;//clearance volume +c2=0.08;//clearance volume + +//CALCULATIONS +ip=N*(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N)))-1);//indicated power in kW +ipiso=(m/60)*R*t1*log(pd/p1);//indicated power in isothermal condition +niso=(ipiso/ip)*100;//Isothermal efficiency in percentage +t2=t1*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N)));//temperature in K +Qlp=cv*(g-n)*(t2-t1)*(m/60)/(n-1);//Heat transferred in LP cylinder per second +Qic=(m/60)*cp*(t2-t1);//Heat transferred in intercooler per seconds +va=(m/60)*R*t1/(p1*10^2);//Free air delivered in m^3/s +nvlp=(1+c1-(c1*((pd/p1)^(1/N*n))));//Volumetric efficiency of LP cylinder in percentage +nvlp1=nvlp*100;//Volumetric efficiency of LP cylinder in percentage +nvhp=(1+c2-(c2*(pd/p1)^(1/N*n)));//Volumetric efficiency of HP cylinder in percentage +nvhp1=nvhp*100;//Volumetric efficiency of HP cylinder in percentage +vslp=va*60/(nvlp*s);//swept volume of LP cylinder +vshp=va*60/(sqrt(pd*p1)*nvhp*s);//swept volume of HP cylinder + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Power required to run the compressor is %3.2f kW \n (ii)Isothermal efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Heat transferred in LP cylinder per second is %3.4f kW \n (iv)Free air delivered is %3.5f m^3/sec \n (v)volumetric efficiency of LP is %3.2f percentage \n volumetric efficiency of HP is %3.2f percentage \n swept volume of LP is %3.6f m^3 \n swept volume of HP is %3.6f m^3 \n',ip,niso,Qlp,va,nvlp1,nvhp1,vslp,vshp) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.17/Chapter5_Exampl17.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.17/Chapter5_Exampl17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2cbcfbac --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.17/Chapter5_Exampl17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=0.98;//suction pressure in bar +p3=18;//delivery pressure in bar +t1=293;//free conduction temperature in K +t5=303;//suction temperature in K +pa=1;//ambient temperature in bar +n=1.3;//index of expansion +ta=293;//ambient temperature in K +N=150;//speed in rpm +c=0.06;//clearence volume +v1=5;//volume in m^3 +R=0.287;//gas constant + + +//CALCULATIONS +m=p1*10^2*v1/(R*t1);//mass of air handled/min +p2=(p1*p3)^(1/2);//pressure in bar +ip=N*(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((p3/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N)))-1);//indicated power in kW +nv=1+c-(c*((p2/p1)^(1/n)));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +va=4.5*1*t1/(p1*t5);//colume of air in m^2/min +vs=va/nv;//swept volume in m^2/min +d=(vs*4/(3.14*N))^(1/3)*100;//dimensions im cm + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (ii)The dimensions of the LP cylinder (d=l)%3.2f cm',ip,d) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.18/Chapter5_Exampl18.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.18/Chapter5_Exampl18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3806ecfb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.18/Chapter5_Exampl18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +c=4;//clearance +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p5=120;//pressure in bar +va=15;//volume in m^3/min +n=1.2;//index of expansion + +//CALCULATIONS +N=log((p5/p1))/log(c);//No.of stages +//take N=3.5=4 APPROXIMATELY +C=(p5/p1)^(1/4);//Exact pressure ratio +p2=C*p1;//Intermediate pressure in bar +p3=C*p2;//Intermediate pressure in bar +p4=C*p3;//Intermediate pressure in bar +P5=C*p4;//Intermediate pressure in bar +ip=p1*10^2*(va/60)*(n/(n-1))*N*(((p5/p1)^((n-1)/(n*N)))-1);//Minimum power to compress in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Number of stages %3.1f \n (ii)Exact pressure ratio %3.2f \n (iii)Intermediate pressure is p2 %3.4f bar \n p3 %3.4f bar \n p4 %3.4f bar \n p5 %3.4f bar \n (iv)Minimum power to compress is %3.2f kW ',N,C,p2,p3,p4,p5,ip) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.19/Chapter5_Exampl19.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.19/Chapter5_Exampl19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1ff880fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.19/Chapter5_Exampl19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +va=30;//volume in m^3 +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=16;//pressure in bar +n=1.32;//index of expansion and compression +N=320;//speed of the copressor in rpm +t1=300;//temperature in K +t2=312;//temperature in K +c=0.04;//clearance +nm=0.8;//mech efficiency in percentage + +//CALCULATIONS +va1=p1*va*t2/(t1*p1);//volume in m^3/min +nv=(1+c-c*(((p2/p1)^(1/n))));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vs=va1/nv;//swept volume in m^3/min +d=((vs*4/(3.14*1.2*N*4))^(1/3))*100;//dimensions of the cylinder in cm +l=1.2*d;//dimensions of the cylinder in cm +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va1/30)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//Power required for motor in kW +mp=ip/(2*nm);//Power required for motor in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Dimensions of the cylinder bore %3.2f cm \n stroke %3.2f cm \n (ii)Power required for the motor is %3.2f kW',d,l,mp) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Exampl2.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Exampl2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26979136f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Exampl2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//pressure in bar +n=1.2;//constant +N=100;//speed in rpm +Rp=6;//compression ratio at constant pressure +aps=150;//average piston speed in m/min +ip=50;//indicated power in kW + + +//CALCULATIONS +pm=p1*(n/(n-1))*((Rp^((n-1)/n))-1);//Mean effective pressure in bars +a=ip*60/(pm*10^2*150);//size of the cylinder in m^2 +d=sqrt(a*4/3.14);//size of the cylinder in m^2 +l=150/(2*N);//size of the cylinder in m^2 + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)size of the cylinder is d %3.4f m \n l %3.2f m',d,l) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.20/Chapter5_Exampl20.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.20/Chapter5_Exampl20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d3a2c89e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.20/Chapter5_Exampl20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p3=60;//pressure in bar +p2=7.33;//pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +n=1.35;//index of expansion and compression +d1=0.1;//diameter in m +l1=0.1125;//stroke length in m +t1=288;//temperature in K +N=250;//speed in rpm +Ns=2;//no.of stages +t5=303;//temperature in K +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATONS +val=(3.14*d1^2*l1*N)/4;//volume of air at atmospheric condition +m=p1*10^2*val/(R*t1);//mass of air required in kg/min +ipt=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(val/60)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1)+(n/(n-1))*R*t5*(val/60)*(((p3/p2)^((n-1)/n))-1);//Power required for motor in kW +d2=sqrt((d1*100)^2*(t5/t1)*(p1/p2));//diameter of the high pressure cylinder in cm + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Power of the compressor is %3.3f kW \n (ii)diameter of the high pressure cylinder is %3.2f cm',ipt,d2) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.21/Chapter5_Exampl21.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.21/Chapter5_Exampl21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..621ef094a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.21/Chapter5_Exampl21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +v1=2;//volume in m^3 +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=288;//temperature in K +p2=8;//final pressure in bar +t2=313;//final temperature in K +d=14;//displacement in m^3/min +T=70;//time in seconds + +//CALCULATIONS +m1=p1*10^2*v1/(R*t1);//initial mass in kg +m2=p2*10^2*v1/(R*t2);//initial mass in kg +m=m2-m1;//weight of air compressed in kg +va=m*R*t1/(p1*10^2);//free volume in m^3 +vs=d*T/60;//swept volume in m^3 +nv=(va/vs)*100;//Volumetric efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Volumetric efficiency is %3.2f percentage ',nv) + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.22/Chapter5_Exampl22.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.22/Chapter5_Exampl22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0344336d --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.22/Chapter5_Exampl22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +pd=30;//delivery pressure in bar +t1=288;//temperature in K +n=1.3;//index of copression + +//CALCULATIONS +p21=sqrt(p1*pd);//Intermediate pressure in bar +v121=(p21/p1)^(1/n);//volume ratio +t21=t1*(p21/p1)^((n-1)/n);//temperature in K +v212=t21/t1;//volume ratio +v12=v121*v212;//volume ratio +d12=sqrt(v12);//Ratio of cylinder diameters + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Ratio of cylinder diameters is %3.3f ',d12) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.23/Chapter5_Exampl23.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.23/Chapter5_Exampl23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02f732aa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.23/Chapter5_Exampl23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +pd=12;//delivery pressure in bar +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=310;//temperature in K +m=1;//mass of air +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +n=1.4;//index of compressor + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=sqrt(p1*pd);//Intermediate pressure in bar +v1=R*t1/(p1*10^2);//Volume in m^3 +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n));//temperature in K +Qc=m*cp*(t2-t1);//Heat rejected in the intercooler per kg of air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Heat rejected in the intercooler per kg of air is %3.2f kW',Qc) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.24/Chapter5_Exampl24.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.24/Chapter5_Exampl24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a741646b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.24/Chapter5_Exampl24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=293;//temperature in K +p2=10;//pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +n=1.2;//index of compressor +m=1;//mass pf air +R=0.287;//gas constant +g=1.4;//constant + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n));//temperature in K +wd=m*R*(t2-t1)/(n-1);//workdone during compression per kg of air +Q=((g-n)/(g-1))*wd;//heat transferred during compression per kg of air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Temperature at the end of the compressor is %3.2f K \n (ii)workdone during compression per kg of air %3.3f kJ/kg \n (iii)heat transferred during compression per kg of air %3.2f kJ/kg',t2,wd,Q) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.25/Chapter5_Exampl25.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.25/Chapter5_Exampl25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bea75c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.25/Chapter5_Exampl25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1.4;//index of compression +m=0.1436;//mass of air +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=283;//temperature in K +t2=303;//temperature in K +p1=1;//pressure in bar +pd=30;//delivery pressure in bar +v1=0.1167;//volume in m^3/s +nm=0.9;//mechanical efficiency in percentage + +//CALCULATIONS +ip=(n/(n-1))*m*R*((2*sqrt(t1*t2)*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(2*n))))-(t1+t2));//power required for a compound air compressor +bp=ip/nm;//Brake power in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)power required for a compound air compressor %3.4f kW \n (ii)Brake power is %3.2f kW',ip,bp) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.26/Chapter5_Exampl26.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.26/Chapter5_Exampl26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0fc60ebb --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.26/Chapter5_Exampl26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +k=0.05;//clearance +p1=0.98;//initial pressure in bar +pd=6.4;//delivery pressure in bar +n=1.32;//index of compression and expansion +p0=1;//initial pressure +t1=305;//temperature in K +v0=17;//volume in m^3 +t0=288;//teperature in K +vs=0.02;//volume per stroke in m^3 + +//CLACULATIONS +nv=1+k-k*((pd/p1)^(1/n));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +va=p0*t1*v0/(p1*t0);//volume of air handled at suction condition +N=va/(vs*nv*2);//speed in rpm +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va/60)*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/n)-1);//Indicated power in single stage double acting cylinder in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Speed of the compressor is %3.1f rpm \n (ii)Indicated power in single stage double acting cylinder is %3.2f kW',N,ip) + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.27/Chapter5_Exampl27.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.27/Chapter5_Exampl27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08f351227 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.27/Chapter5_Exampl27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +pd=9;//delivery pressure in bar +n=1.3;//index of compression +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=300;//temperature in K +m=1;//mass of air +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=sqrt(p1*pd);//intermediate pressure in bar +wd=2*((n/(n-1))*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(2*n)))-1));//minimum work done per min +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n));//temperature K +Qr=m*cp*(t2-t1);//heat rejected to intercooler in kJ/kg + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)minimum work done per min %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)%3.4f kJ/kg ',wd,Qr) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.28/Chapter5_Exampl28.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.28/Chapter5_Exampl28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cd923c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.28/Chapter5_Exampl28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +k=0.05;//clearance +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +pd=5.5;//delivery pressure in bar +n=1.3;//index of compression +R=0.287;//gas constant +N=500;//Speed in rpm +d=0.2;//diameter in m +t1=293;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +nv=1+k-k*((pd/p1)^(1/n));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +va=nv*(3.14*d^3*1.5*N)/4;//Volume of air in m^3/min +m=p1*va/(R*t1);//mass of air in kg/min +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va/60)*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/n)-1);//Power required to run the compressor in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Volumetric efficiency %3.4f percentage \n (ii)Power required to run the compressor is %3.2f kW',nv,ip) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.29/Chapter5_Exampl29.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.29/Chapter5_Exampl29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7660d51e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.29/Chapter5_Exampl29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//initial pressure in bar +pd=16;//delivery pressure in bar +n=1.25;//index of compression +m=10;//mass flow rate +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=288;//temperature in K +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +k1=0.04;//clearance retio +k2=0.06;//clearance ratio +N=400;//speed in rpm +g=1.4;//constant + + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=sqrt(p1*pd);//intermediate pressure in bar +ipm=2*(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n)-1);//power required in kW +pi=(m*R*t1/60)*log(pd/p1);//isothermal power +niso=(pi/ipm)*100;//isothermal efficiency in percentage +va=m*R*t1/(p1*10^2);//free air delivered in m^3/min +t2=t1*(p2/p1)^((n-1)/n);//temperature in K +Qr=(m/60)*cp*(t2-t1);//heat rejected in intercooler in kW +nvl=1+k1-k1*((p2/p1)^(1/(n*2)));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vsl=va/(N*nvl);//swept volume in m^3 +nv2=(1+k2-(k2*((pd/p1)^(1/(n*2)))))*100;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vsh=va/(2*((pd/p1)*N*nv2)^(1/2));//swept volume +Ql=(g-n)*m*R*(t2-t1)/((g-1)*(n-1));//heat transferred in LP +Qh=(g-n)*m*R*(t2-t1)/((g-1)*(n-1));//heat transferred in HP +t6=t1*(pd/p1)^((n-1)/n);//temperature in K +Qi=(m/60)*cp*(t2-t1);//Heat trnsferred in intercooler + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The power required is %3.3f kW \n (ii)The isothermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (iii)The free air delivered is %3.4f m^3/min \n (iv)The heat rejected in intercooler is %3.3f kW \n (v)swept volume is %3.5f m^3 \n swept volume is %3.5f m^3 \n (vi)net heat transferred in intercooler is %3.3f kW',ipm,niso,va,Qr,vsl,vsh,Qi) + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Exampl3.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Exampl3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dbacbe00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.3/Chapter5_Exampl3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=293;//temperature in K +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=8;//pressure in bar +v1=80;//volume in m^3 +g=1.4;//for isentropic compression +n=1.25;//Adiabatic compression + +//CALCULATIONS + +//Isothermal compression +v2=p1*v1/p2;//volume in m^3 +wn=p1*10^2*v1*log(p2/p1);//net work done in kJ/min +P=wn/60;//Power required in kW + +//Adiabatic compression +v121=(p2/p1)^(1/g);//volume in m^3/min +v21=v1/v121;//volume in m^3/min +t211=t1*(p2/v121);//temperature at the end of the compression +wn1=(g/(g-1))*p1*10^2*v1*(((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g))-1);//net work done in kJ +P1=wn1/60;//Power in kW + +//Polytropic process +v12=(p2/p1)^(1/n);//volume in m^3/min +v22=v1/v12;//volume in m^3/min +t2=t1*(p2/v12);//temperature in K +wn2=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*v1*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//net work done in kJ +P2=wn2/60;//power required in kW +Qc=((g-n)/(g-1))*P2;//Heat transferred in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Isothermal compression \n temperature at the end of the compression is 293K \n net work done is %3.2f kJ/min \n Power required is %3.3f kW \n ',wn,P) +printf('(b)Adiabatic compression \n temperature at the end of the compression is %3.2f K \n net work done is %3.2f kJ/min \n Power required is %3.3f kW \n ',t211,wn1,P1) +printf('(c)Polytropic compression \n temperature at the end of the compression is %3.2f K \n net work done is %3.2f kJ/min \n Power required is %3.3f kW \n Heat rejected is %3.2f kW\n ',t2,wn2,P2,Qc) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.30/Chapter5_Exampl30.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.30/Chapter5_Exampl30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b06fe769 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.30/Chapter5_Exampl30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +S=180;//Piston speed in rpm +N=240;//speed in rpm +d=0.2;//bore in m +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=5.67;//compressed pressure in bar +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=288;//entry temperature in K +n=1.3;//index of compression +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +l=S/(2*N);//Piston speed in m +vs=(3.14*d^2*l*N)/4;//swept volume in m^3/min +m=p1*10^2*vs/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/min +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n));//exit temperature in K +wd=(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//rate of work done +wdis=(m/60)*R*t1*log(p2/p1);//Rate of work done by isothermal compression in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Mass flow rate %3.2f kg/min \n (ii)rate of work done %3.1f kW \n exit temperature is %3.1f K \n (iii)Rate of work done by isothermal compression is %3.4f kW',m,wd,t2,wdis) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.31/Chapter5_Exampl31.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.31/Chapter5_Exampl31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1804109af --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.31/Chapter5_Exampl31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +d=0.1;//bore in m +vc=10*10^-5;//clearance volume +p1=0.95;//suction pressure +p2=8;//discharge pressure +n=1.3;//index of compression +N=400;//Speed in rpm +t1=303;//temperature in K +to=293;//temperature in K +po=1;//pressure in bar + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=(3.14*(d^3)*1.5)/4;//swept volume in m^3 +k=vc/vs;//clearance ratio +nv=1+k-(k*((p2/p1)^(1/n)));//volumetric efficiency +va=vs*nv*N;//volume of air delivered in m^3/min +vo=p1*va*to/(po*t1);//volume of air delivered in m^3/min +pm=((n/(n-1))*p1*(va/400)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1))/(vs);//mean effective pressure in bar +disp(vo) +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The volume of air delivered is %3.4f m^3/min \n (ii)mean effective pressure is %3.3f bar \n ',vo,pm) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.32/Chapter5_Exampl32.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.32/Chapter5_Exampl32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bec762df --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.32/Chapter5_Exampl32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +v1=10;//volume of air handled in m^3/min +n=1.4;//index of compression +m=1;//mass of air +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=293;//initial temperature in K +p1=1;//pressure in bar +P2=2;//discharge presuure in bar +t21=298;//temperature in K +pd=6;//discharge pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +wd=(n/(n-1))*m*R*t1*(((P2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1)+(n/(n-1))*R*t21*(((pd/P2)^((n-1)/n))-1);//work done in kJ/kg +m=p1*10^2*v1/(R*t1);//mass flow rate in kg/min +ip1=wd*(m/60);//indicated power in kW +p2=sqrt(p1*pd);//Receiver pressure for best efficiency +ip2=2*(n/(n-1))*(m/60)*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(2*n)))-1);//Power required for optimum conditions + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)power required is %3.3f kW \n (ii)Receiver pressure for the best efficiency %3.4f bar \n (iii)Power required for optimum conditions is %3.3f kW ',ip1,p2,ip2) diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.33/Chapter5_Exampl33.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.33/Chapter5_Exampl33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b4307c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.33/Chapter5_Exampl33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=0.9;//initial pressure in bar +pd=18;//delivery pressure in bar +n=1.3;//index of compression +R=0.287;//gas constant +t1=303;//temperature in K +t0=290;//temperature in K +p11=1;//pressure in bar + +//CALCULATIONS +p2=sqrt(p1*pd);//intermediate pressure in bar +v0x=(p1/1)*(t0/t1)*0.891743;//volume +nva=(v0x);//volume of air reduced to atmospheric conditions +wd=2*((n/(n-1)))*R*t1*(((pd/p1)^((n-1)/(2*n)))-1);//work done required per kg of air delivered in kJ/kg +wdis=R*t0*log(pd/p11);//isothermal work done in kJ/kg +niso=(wdis/wd);//isothermal efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Volumetric efficiency referred to atm conditions %3.5f \n (ii)The work done required to deliver air is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)isothermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage',nva,wd,niso) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.34/Chapter5_Exampl34.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.34/Chapter5_Exampl34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3875b5ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.34/Chapter5_Exampl34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +R=0.287;//gas constant +d=0.3;//diameter in m +l=0.4;//stroke in m +N=100;//speed in rpm +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=5;//pressure in bar +g=1.4;//constant +n=1.2;//index of copression + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=(3.14*d^2*l*N)/4;//swept volume in m^2/min +ipis=p1*10^2*(vs/60)*log(p2/p1);//isothermal power required in kW +niso=(ipis/ipis)*100;//isothermal efficiency in percentage +pm=ipis/(vs*100);//mean effective pressure in kN/m^2 +wd=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(vs/60)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//polytropic work done +niso1=(ipis/wd)*100;//isothermal efficiency in percentage in polytropic process +pm1=wd*60/(vs*100);//mean effective pressure in bar +ipa=(g/(g-1))*p1*10^2*(vs/60)*(((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g))-1);//Adiabatic work done +niso2=(ipis/ipa)*100;//adiabatic isothermal efficiency in percentage +pm2=ipa*60/(vs*100);//mean effective pressure in bar + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Isothermal \n Isothermal efficiency is %3.1f \n mean effective pressure is %3.4f bar \n (ii)ploytropic process \n Isothermal efficiency %3.2f percentage \n mean effective pressure is %3.4f bar \n (iii)Adiabatic process \n Isothermal efficiency %3.2f percentage \n mean effective pressure is %3.4f bar \n ',niso,pm,niso1,pm1,niso2,pm2) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.35/Chapter5_Exampl35.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.35/Chapter5_Exampl35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2714794d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.35/Chapter5_Exampl35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p0=1;//suction pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +p2=6;//delivery pressure in bar +v0=5;//volume in m^3/min +t0=288;//suction temperature in K +t1=300;//initial temperature in K +k=0.05;//Clearance +n=1.3;//index of compression +N=150;//speed in rpm + +//CALCULATIONS +va=(p0/p1)*(t1/t0)*v0;//volume of air delivered in m^3/min +nv=1+k-k*((p2/p1)^(1/n));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vs=va/nv;//stroke volume in m^3/min +vss=vs/N;//stroke volume per stroke in m^3 +d=(vss*4/(3.14*1.25))^(1/3);//diameter in m +l=1.25*d;//length in m +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va/60)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//power required to run the compressor + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)volumetric efficiency is %3.4f percentage \n (ii)stroke volume of air taken in per stroke is %3.5f m^3 \n (iii)Dimensions of the cylinder stroke %3.2f m \nbore %3.2f m \n (iv)power required to run the compressor is %3.3f kW',nv,vss,l,d,ip) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Exampl4.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Exampl4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79f9596e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Exampl4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +n=1.35;//for cylinders +p1=1;//pressure in bar +v1=1;//volume in m^3 +p2=7;//pressure in bar +nm=0.85;//mechanical efficiency in percentage +nt=0.9;//Turbine efficiency in percentage +N=300;//speed in rpm + +//CALCULATIONS +//(a)single acting cylinder +ip1=((n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*v1*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1))/60;//indicated power in kW +bp1=ip1/nm;//brake power in kW +mp1=bp1/nt;//motor power in kW +d1=((v1*4/(1.5*N*3.14))^(1/3))*100;//cylinder bore in single acting cylinder in cm +l1=(1.5)*d1;//stroke in cm + +//Double acting cylinder +d2=((v1*4/(1.5*N*2*3.14))^(1/3))*100;//cylinder bore in double acting cylinder +l2=1.5*d2;//stroke in cm + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Single acting cylinder \n (i)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (ii)Power input to the compressor %3.3f kW \n (iii) cylinder bore in single acting cylinder is %3.4f cm \n stroke is %3.2f cm \n',ip1,mp1,d1,l1) + +printf('(a)Double acting cylinder \n (i)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (ii)Power input to the compressor %3.3f kW \n (iii) cylinder bore in double acting cylinder is %3.4f cm \n stroke is %3.2f cm',ip1,mp1,d2,l2) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Exampl5.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Exampl5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f784992c --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Exampl5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +fad=14;//free air delivered in m^3/min +N=300;//speed in rpm +p2=7;//delivery pressure in bar +p1=1;//pressure in bar +n=1.3;//index of compression and expansion +t1=288;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS + +//Without clearance volume +vs=fad/(N*2);//swept volume of the cylinder in m^3 +t2=t1*(p2/p1)^((n-1)/n);//Delivery temperature in K +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(fad/60)*(((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//indicated power in kW +d=((vs*4/(3.14*1.5))^(1/3))*100;//bore of the cylinder in cm +l=1.5*d;//stroke in cm + +//with clearance volume +vs1=vs/(1.05-vs);//swept volume with clearence volume in m^3 +t2=t1*(p2/p1)^((n-1)/n);//Delivery temperature in K +nv=(vs/vs1)*100;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +d1=((vs1*4/(3.14*1.5))^(1/3))*100;//bore of the cylinder in cm +l1=1.5*d1;//stroke in cm +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Without clearance volume \n (i)swept volume of the cylinder is %3.4f m^3 \n (ii)The delivery temperature is %3.4f K \n (iii)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (iv)volumetric efficiency is 100percentage \n (v)bore of the cylinder is %3.2f cm \n stroke %3.4f cm \n',vs,t2,ip,d,l) + +printf('(a)With clearance volume \n (i)swept volume of the cylinder is %3.4f m^3 \n (ii)The delivery temperature is %3.4f K \n (iii)Indicated power is %3.3f kW \n (iv)volumetric efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (v)bore of the cylinder is %3.2f cm \n stroke %3.4f cm \n',vs1,t2,ip,nv,d1,l1) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Exampl6.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Exampl6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c263c45c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Exampl6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +vs=0.015;//swept volume in m^3 +vc=0.0008;//clearence volume in m^3 +p3=500;//discharging pressure +p1=100;//air pressure in kPa +m=1.4;//isentropic expansion constant +n=1.3;//polytropic index constant + + +//CALCULATIONS +v1=vs+vc;//volume in m^3 +v4=vc*((p3/p1)^(1/m));//volume in m^3 +wn=((n/(n-1))*p1*v1*(((p3/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1))-((m/(m-1))*p1*v4*(((p3/p1)^((m-1)/m))-1));//net work done in kJ +v41=vc*(p3/p1)^(1/n);//volume of absorbing system in m^3 +v14=vs-v41;//volume in m^3 +wn1=(n/(n-1))*p1*(v14)*((((p3/p1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//net work done in kJ +nd=((wn-wn1)/wn)*100;//percentage in difference in work done + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Net cycle work is %3.4f kJ \n (ii)Error evolved is %3.4f ',wn,nd) + + +0 + + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Exampl7.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Exampl7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a44ebf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Exampl7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +pa=1;//ambient pressure in bar +ta=15;//temperature in Degree C +ps1=0.98;//ambient pressure in bar +ts1=30;//temperature in Degree C +c=0.04;//clearance +N=500;//speed in rpm +p1=1;//ambient pressure +p2=5;//discharge pressure +n=1.3;//for cylinders + +//CALCULATIONS + +//Suction and ambient conditions are same +vs=0.04*2*N;//swept volume in m^3/min +nv=1+c-(c*(p2/p1)^(1/n));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +v14=nv*(vs)/60;//volume in m^3/sec +ip=(n/(n-1))*p1*100*(v14)*((p2/p1)^((n-1)/n)-1);//indicated power in kJ/min + +//Suction and ambient conditions are different +nv1=1+c-(c*(p2/ps1)^(1/n));//volumetric efficiency in percentage +v141=nv1*(vs)/60;//volume in m^3/sec +ip1=(n/(n-1))*ps1*100*(v141)*(((p2/ps1)^((n-1)/n))-1);//indicated power in kJ/min +vamb=p1*(ta+273)*(v141)/(pa*(ts1+273));//Air discharged in m^3/s + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Suction and ambient conditions are same \n (i)Indicated power %3.2f kW \n (ii)air discharged is %3.4f m^3/s \n ',ip,v14) +printf('(a)Suction and ambient conditions are different \n (i)Indicated power %3.2f kW \n (ii)air discharged is %3.4f m^3/s \n ',ip1,v141) + + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Exampl8.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Exampl8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d29154c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Exampl8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +d=0.3;//bore length in m +l=0.4;//stroke length in m +N=300;//speed in rpm +g=1.4;//constant +n=1.25;//adiabatic compression constant +p1=1;//suction pressure +pd=5;//delivery pressure +m=1.5;//adiabatic constant + +//CALCULATIONS +vs=(3.14*(d)^2*l*N)/4;//Volume of air compressed per min +pm=p1*log(pd/p1);//Mean effective pressure in bar +ip=p1*10^2*(vs/60)*log(pd/p1);//indicated power in kW +pm1=p1*(n/(n-1))*((((pd/p1)^((n-1)/n)))-1);//Mean effective pressure in bar +ip1=pm1*vs*100/60;//indicated power in kW +nso1=(ip/ip1)*100;//Isothermal efficiency in percentage +pm2=p1*(g/(g-1))*((((pd/p1)^((g-1)/g)))-1);//Mean effective pressure in bar +ip2=pm2*vs*100/60;//indicated power in kW +nso2=(ip/ip2)*100;//Isothermal efficiency in percentage +pm3=p1*(m/(m-1))*((((pd/p1)^((m-1)/m)))-1);//Mean effective pressure in bar +ip3=pm3*vs*100/60;//indicated power in kW +nso3=(ip/ip3)*100;//Isothermal efficiency in percentage +nad=(ip2/ip3)*100;//adiabatic efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)isothermal compression \n Indicated mean effective pressure %3.4f bar \n Ideal power %3.3f kW \n (ii)compression process according to to pv^1.25 \n Indicated mean effective pressure %3.4f bar \n Ideal power %3.3f kW \n isothermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (iii)Compression is reversible adiabatic \n Indicated mean effective pressure %3.4f bar \n Ideal power %3.3f kW \n isothermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n (iv)compression is irreversible adiabatic \n Indicated mean effective pressure %3.4f bar \n Ideal power %3.3f kW \n isothermal efficiency is %3.3f percentage \n adiabatic efficiency is %3.3f percentage ',pm,ip,pm1,ip1,nso1,pm2,ip2,nso2,pm3,ip3,nso3,nad) + diff --git a/1808/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Exampl9.sce b/1808/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Exampl9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07249f6ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Exampl9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//ambient pressure in bar +t1=15;//ambient temperature in Degree C +ps=0.98;//suction pressure in bar +pd=7;//Delivery pressure in bar +ts=30;//suction temperature in Degree C +x=1.25;//ratio of l,d +c=1/15;//clearance +va=100;//volume in m^3/min +n=1.3;//for cylinders + +//CALCULATIONS + +//(a)If ambient and suction conditions are same +nv1=(1+c-c*((pd/p1)^(1/n)))*100;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +vs1=va/nv1;//swept volume in m^3/min +d1=sqrt(0.260146*4/3.14);//bore length in m +l1=x*d1;//stroke in m +N1=500/(2*l1);//Speed in rpm +ip1=(n/(n-1))*p1*10^2*(va/60)*((pd/p1)^((n-1)/n)-1);//indicated power in kW + +//(b)If ambient and suction conditions are different +nv2=(1+c-c*((pd/ps)^(1/n)))*100;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +v14=p1*va*(ts+273)/(ps*(t1+273));//volume of air delivered in m^3/min +vs2=(v14/nv2);//swept volume in m^3/min +d2=sqrt(vs2*4/(3.14*500));//bore length in m +l2=x*d2;//stroke length in m +N2=500/(2*l2);//speed in rpm +ip2=(n/(n-1))*ps*10^2*(v14/60)*((pd/ps)^((n-1)/n)-1);//indicated power in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)If ambient and suction conditions are same \n (i)volumetric efficiency %3.3f percentage \n (ii)Bore %3.4f m \n stroke %3.4f m \n speed %3.1f rpm \n (iii)Indicated power is %3.2f kW \n (b)If ambient and suction conditions are different \n (i)volumetric efficiency %3.3f percentage \n (ii)Bore %3.4f m \n stroke %3.4f m \n speed %3.1f rpm \n (iii)Indicated power is %3.2f kW \n ',nv1,d1,l1,N1,ip1,nv2,d2,l2,N2,ip2) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Exampl1.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Exampl1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..874963d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.1/Chapter6_Exampl1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tmin=263;//lower temperature in K +Tmax=322;//Higher temperature of refrigerant in K +Re=10;//capacity in tonnes + + +//CALCULATIONS +COP=(Tmin/(Tmax-Tmin));//COP +WD=(Re*210)/(60*COP)*3600;//workdone in kJ/s +P=WD/3600;//Power required +Q=(Re*210*60)+WD;//Heat rejected fro the system per hour + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)COP is %3.2f \n (ii)Heat rejected from the system per hour is %3.1f kJ/hr \n (iii)Power required is %3.3f kW',COP,Q,P) + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.10/Chapter6_Exampl10.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.10/Chapter6_Exampl10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feba4ba78 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.10/Chapter6_Exampl10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp1=1.00;//specific entropy in kJ/kgK +cpv=0.733;//specific entropy in kJ/kgK +t21=303;//condenser temperature in K +t1=265;//evaporator temperature in K +t31=293;//subcooled temperature in K +p1=2.354;//pressure in Bar +p2=7.451;//pressure in Bar +hf1=28.72;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=184.07;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=64.59;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=199.62;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.1149;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=0.24;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=0.7007;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=0.6853;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg1=0.079;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg2=0.0235;//entropy in kJ/kgK +v1b=0.772;//entropy in kJ/kgK +t2=309.43;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +//(i)WET COMPRESSION +x=((sg2-sf1)/(sg1-sf1));//fraction +h1b=hf1+x*(hg1-hf1);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h2=hg2+cpv*(t2-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +s1a=sg1+cpv*log(271/t1);//entropy in kJ/kgK +t2a=(s1a-sg1)/(cpv*t21);//temperature in K +h2a=hg2+cpv*(t2a-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h1a=hg1+cpv*(271-t1);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h31=hf2-cpv*(t21-298);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +Re1=h1b-hf2;//Refrigeration effect in wet condition +Re2=hg1-hf2;//Refrigeration effect in wet condition +Re3=h1b-hf2;//Refrigeration effect in wet condition +Re4=hg1-hf2;//Refrigeration effect in wet condition +wn1=hg2-h1b;//net workdone in kJ/kg +wn2=h2-hg1;//net workdone in kJ/kg +wn3=h2a-hg1;//net workdone in kJ/kg +wn4=h2-hg1;//net workdone in kJ/kg +cop1=Re1/wn1;//COP +cop2=Re2/wn2;//COP +cop3=Re3/wn3;//COP +cop4=Re4/wn4;//COP +m1=2100/Re1;//mass flow rate +m2=2100/Re2;//mass flow rate +m3=2100/Re3;//mass flow rate +m4=2100/Re4;//mass flow rate +P1=m1*wn1/60;//Power in kW +P2=m2*wn2/60;//Power in kW +P3=m3*wn3/60;//Power in kW +P4=m4*wn4/60;//Power in kW +Pt1=P1/10;//Power per TR +Pt2=P2/10;//Power per TR +Pt3=P3/10;//Power per TR +Pt4=P4/10;//Power per TR +d1=((m1*v1b/0.00084883)^(1/3))/100;//displacement in m +d2=((m2*vg1/0.00084883)^(1/3))/100;//displacement in m +d3=((m3*vg1/0.00084883)^(1/3))/100;//displacement in m +d4=((m4*vg1/0.00084883)^(1/3))/100;//displacement in m +l1=1.5*d1;//stroke in m +l2=1.5*d2;//stroke in m +l3=1.5*d3;//stroke in m +l4=1.5*d4;//stroke in m + + +//OUTPUT +printf('((i)WET COMPRESSION \n (a)cop is %3.2f \n (b)The power is %3.3f kW/TR \n (c)Bore is %3.5f m \n stroke is %3.4f m \n (d)mass flow rate of refrigerant is %3.1f kg/min \n',cop1,P1,d1,l1,m1) + +printf('((ii)DRY COMPRESSION \n (a)cop is %3.2f \n (b)The power is %3.3f kW/TR \n (c)Bore is %3.5f m \n stroke is %3.4f m \n (d)mass flow rate of refrigerant is %3.1f kg/min \n',cop2,P2,d2,l2,m2) + +printf('((iii)SUPERHEATED \n (a)cop is %3.2f \n (b)The power is %3.3f kW/TR \n (c)Bore is %3.5f m \n stroke is %3.4f m \n (d)mass flow rate of refrigerant is %3.1f kg/min \n',cop3,P3,d3,l3,m3) + +printf('((iv)DRY COMPRESSION AND SUBCOOLED \n (a)cop is %3.2f \n (b)The power is %3.3f kW/TR \n (c)Bore is %3.5f m \n stroke is %3.4f m \n (d)mass flow rate of refrigerant is %3.1f kg/min \n ',cop4,P4,d4,l4,m4) diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.11/Chapter6_Exampl11.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.11/Chapter6_Exampl11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ba1e062f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.11/Chapter6_Exampl11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +P=11;//Power used to run the compressor in kW +h1=188.41;//total heat of gas leaving refrigeration in kJ/kg +h2=213.53;//total heat of gas leaving compressor in kJ/kg +h4=77.46;//total heat of liquid before throttling in kJ/kg + +//CALCULATIONS +Re=h1-h4;//refrigeration effect +wd=h2-h1;//work done +cop=Re/wd;//COP of refrigerant system +m=P/wd;//mss of refrigerant + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)COP is %3.3f \n (ii)mass of refrigerant %3.4f kg/s ',cop,m) + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.12/Chapter6_Exampl12.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.12/Chapter6_Exampl12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..387b835bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.12/Chapter6_Exampl12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cp=0.202;//specific pressure in kcal/kg K +g=1.18;//constant +t21=303;//condenser temperature in K +t1=263;//evaporator temperature in K +t21=313;//subcooled temperature in K +p1=3.543;//pressure in Bar +p2=15.335;//pressure in Bar +hf1=188.4;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=401.6;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=249.7;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=416.6;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.9573;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=1.167;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=1.767;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=1.699;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg1=0.0653;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg2=0.0151;//entropy in kJ/kgK +v1b=0.772;//entropy in kJ/kgK +hfg1=213.2;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg2=166.9;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +vf1=0.759;//sp.volume +vf2=0.884;//sp.colume +t22=432.68;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +v2=vg2*(t2/t21);//sp.volume in m^3/kg +wc=(g/(g-1))*p1*10^2*vg1*(((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g))-1);//work done in compressor +h2=hg1+cp*0.202*(t2-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +Re=hg1-hf2;//Refrigeration effect +wc1=h2-hg1;//compressor work in kJ/kg +cop=Re/wc;//COP of the system +m=(12*210)/(60*Re);//mass of refrigerant in kg/s +Pc=m*wc;//compressor power +Pm=Pc/0.75;//Power of the motor in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)COP of the system is %3.2f \n (b)Mass flow rate oof refrigerant %3.4f kg/s \n (c)Power of the motor is %3.2f kW',cop,m,Pm) + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.13/Chapter6_Exampl13.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.13/Chapter6_Exampl13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54bee5b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.13/Chapter6_Exampl13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cpv=2.805;//specific pressure in kJ/kg K +cp1=4.606;//specific pressure in kJ/kg K +p1=10.01;//pressure in MPa +p2=1.2;//pressure in MPa +hf1=298.9;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=44.7;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=1466;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=1406;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=1.124;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=0.188;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=5.039;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=5.785;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vf1=0.128;//volume in m^3/kg +vf2=0.963;//volume in m^3/kg +t1=253;//temperature in K +t11=243.42;//temperature in K +t21=298;//temperature in K +t2=404.78;//temperature in K +t3=293;//temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +s1=sg2+cpv*log(t1/t11);//entropy in kJ/kg K +h1=hg2+cpv*(t1-t11);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h2=hg1+cpv*(t2-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=hf1+cp1*(t21-t3);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +cop=((h1-h3)/(h2-h1));//COP of the system +P=1.5*210/(cop*60);//Power of the motor in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)COP is %3.2f \n (b)Power of the motor is %3.3f kW',cop,P) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.14/Chapter6_Exampl14.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.14/Chapter6_Exampl14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9635931a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.14/Chapter6_Exampl14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +hf1=100.4;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=-54.56;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=1319.22;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=1304.99;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.3473;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=-0.2134;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=4.4852;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=5.0585;//entropy in kJ/kgK +t1=20;//temperature in Degree C +t2=-15;//temperature in Degree C +mi=30;//mass of ice +hfgi=335;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +cpw=4.1868;//specific pressure of water in kJ/kg K + +//CALCULATIONS +x1=((sg1-sf2)/(sg2-sf2));//fraction +h1=hf2+x1*(hg2-hf2);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +copt=((h1-hf1)/(hg1-h1));//COP of the system +copa=copt*0.6;//actual cop +Qa=mi*10^3*(cpw*t1+hfgi)/(24*3600);//heat removed from water in kJ/s +w=Qa/copa;//Power required to drive compressor in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('power required to drive the compresor i %3.2f kW',w) + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.15/Chapter6_Exampl15.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.15/Chapter6_Exampl15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b802384a --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.15/Chapter6_Exampl15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p1=1;//cold chamber pressure in bar +p2=6;//compressor pressure in bar +g=1.4;//constant +t1=278;//temperature in K +t3=298;//temperature in K +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +n1=1.3;//index of compression +n2=1.35;//index of compresion +R=0.287;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +t4=t3/((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +Qa=cp*(t1-t4);//Refrigeration effect +Qr=cp*(t2-t3);//heat rejected to the cooling medium in kJ/kg +wn=Qr-Qa;//net work done in kJ/kg +copa=Qa/wn;// actual COP +t21=t1*((p2/p1)^((n1-1)/n1));//temperature in K +t41=t3/((p2/p1)^((n2-1)/n2));//temperature in K +Qa1=cp*(t1-t41);//Refrigeration effect +wn1=(n1/(n1-1))*R*(t21-t1)-(n2/(n2-1))*R*(t3-t41);//net work done in kJ/kg +copb=Qa1/wn1;// actual COP +P1=210/(60*copa);//Power per ton of refrigeration in kW/TR +m1=210*3600/(60*Qa);//air flow rate in kg/hr +P2=210/(60*copb);//Power per ton of refrigeration in kW/TR +m2=210*60/(Qa1);//air flow rate in kg/hr + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a) \n (i)Refrigeration effect is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (ii)heat rejected to the cooling medium is %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iii)COPa %3.3f \n (b) \n (I)Refrigeration effect is %3.2f kJ/kg \n CASE A \n (1)Power per ton of refrigeration is %3.3f kW/TR \n (2)air flow rate is %3.2f kg/hr \n CASE B \n (1)Power per ton of refrigeration is %3.3f kW/TR \n (2)air flow rate is %3.2f kg/hr',Qa,Qr,copa,Qa1,P1,m1,P2,m2) + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.16/Chapter6_Exampl16.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.16/Chapter6_Exampl16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2602e7f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.16/Chapter6_Exampl16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=293;//temperature in K +t21=363;//temperature in K +t3=308;//temperature in K +t41=273;//temperature in K +p1=1;//compressor pressure in bar +p2=2;//turbine pressure in bar +g=1.4;//constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +m=1;//mass of air +N=350;//speed in rpm +R=0.287;//gas constant +nv=0.9;//volumetric efficiency in percentage + + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t1*((p2/p1)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +nc=(((t2-t1)/(t21-t1)))*100;//compressor efficiency in percentage +t4=t3*((p1/p2)^((g-1)/g));//temperature in K +nt=(((t3-t41)/(t3-t4)))*100;//turbine efficiency in percentage +Qa=cp*(t1-t41);//Refrigeration effect +m1=30*210/Qa;//mass flow rate of air in kg/min +wn=cp*(m1/60)*((t21-t1)-(t3-t41));//power input in kW +cop=Qa*m1/(wn*60);//COP +v1=m*R*t1/(p1*10^2);//volume in m^3/kg +vs=v1/nv;//swept volume in m^3/kg +d=(4*vs/(3.14*1.5*N))^(1/3);//diameter of compressor in m +l=1.5*d;//compressor length in m + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The compressor efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)Turbine efficiency is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)Refrigeration effect %3.2f kJ/kg \n (iv)power input is %3.2f kW \n (v)COP is %3.3f \n (vi)compressor diameter is %3.4f m \n length %3.3f m',nc,nt,Qa,wn,cop,d,l) + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Exampl2.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Exampl2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c128bd3f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.2/Chapter6_Exampl2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +COP=4;//COP +WD=20;//workdone of cycle in kW + +//CALCULATIONS +x=1+(1/COP);//Ratio of temperatures +Re=COP*WD;//Refrigeration effect in kW +Re1=Re*60;//Refrigeration effect in kJ/min +Re2=Re1/210;//Refrigeration effect in TR +Hd=Re+WD;//Heat delivered in kW +COP1=Hd/WD;//COP of heat pump + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Temperature ratio is %3.2f \n (ii)maximum refrigeration effect is %3.2f TR \n (iii)COP of heat pump is %3.2f',x,Re2,COP1) diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Exampl3.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Exampl3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086969a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.3/Chapter6_Exampl3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Re=1;//Heat absorbed in Tonns +WD=1.25*60;//work done in kJ/min +Tmin=-40;//low tamperature in Degree C +Ha=210;//heat absorbed in kJ/min + +//CALCULATIONS +COP=(Re*210)/WD;//COP +Tmax=((273+Tmin)/COP)+Tmin;//High temperature of the cycle +Hd=Ha+WD;//Heat rejected in kJ/min +COPh=Hd/WD;COP;// heat pump + + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)COP is %3.2f \n (ii)Tmax is %3.2f Degree C \n (iii)Heat rejected is %3.i kJ/min \n (iv)COP of heat pump is %3.1f ',COP,Tmax,Hd,COPh) diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Exampl4.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Exampl4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a71027cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.4/Chapter6_Exampl4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +Tmin=-30;//minimuum temperature in Degree C +Tmax=35;//maximum temperature in Degree C +S1=0.6839;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +S2=0.6893;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +S3=0.2559;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +S4=0.2559;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +S5=0.0371;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +S6=0.7171;//entropy in kJ/kgK from properties of R12 TABLES +h2=201.5;//enthalpy in kJ/kg from properties of R12 TABLES +h3=69.5;//enthalpy in kJ/kg from properties of R12 TABLES +h5=8.9;//enthalpy in kJ/kg from properties of R12 TABLES +h6=174.2;//enthalpy in kJ/kg from properties of R12 TABLES +Re=1*210;//Ref.capacity + + +//CALCULATIONS +x1=(S1-S5)/(S6-S5);//ratio fo entropies +x2=(S4-S5)/(S6-S5);//ratio fo entropies +h1=h5+x1*(h6-h5);//enthalpy at point 1 +h4=h5+x2*(h6-h5);//enthalpy at point 4 +Wc=h2-h1;//work of compression +We=h3-h4;//work of expansion +Qa=h1-h4;//Heat absorbed in kJ/kg +Qr=h2-h3;//Heat rejected in kJ/kg +Wn=Wc-We;//net workdone in kJ/kg +COP=(Qa/Wn);//COP +COPc=(Tmin+273)/(Tmax-Tmin);//COP Carnot +COPa=0.75*COPc;//Actual COP +P=Re/(COPa*60);//Power consumption per ton +Hr=(210/60)+P;//Heat rejected per ton + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)work of compression is %3.2f kJ/kg \n work of expansion %3.1f kJ/kg \n Heat rejected is %3.i kJ/kg \n COP is %3.2f \n (b)Power consumption per ton is %3.2f kW \n heat rejected per ton is %3.2f kW',Wc,We,Qr,COP,P,Hr) diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.5/Chapter6_Exampl5.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.5/Chapter6_Exampl5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9013936e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.5/Chapter6_Exampl5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +tmin=293;//minimum temperature in K +t3=317;//temperature in K +m=0.008;//mass flow rate in kg/s +hf1=54.81;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg1=140.91;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=195.78;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=78.68;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg2=125.87;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=204.54;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +vf1=0.2078;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vf2=0.2845;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg1=0.6884;//entropy in kJ/kgK +vg2=0.6814;//entropy in kJ/kgK +t2=320.49;//from t-s diagram temperature in K +cp=0.64;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=hg2+cp*(t2-t3);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +wc=m*(h2-hg1);//compressor work in kJ/s +Rc=m*(hg1-hf2);//Refrigiration capacity in kW +Rc1=Rc*60/210;//Refrigiration capacity in TR +copv=Rc/wc;//COP of VCR system +copc=(tmin/(t3-tmin));//COP of carnot refrigeration cycle in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The compressive work input is %3.5f kJ/s \n (b)Refrigiration capacity is %3.4f TR \n (c)COPvcr is %3.3f \n (d)COPc is %3.3f',wc,Rc,copv,copc) + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.6/Chapter6_Exampl6.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.6/Chapter6_Exampl6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1752e8c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.6/Chapter6_Exampl6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t21=335.19;//temperature in K +t3=343.19;//temperature in K +cp=0.64;//Specific pressure +m=0.008;//mass flow rate in kg/s +p1=4.4962;//pressure in MPa +p2=1.6;//pressure in MPa +hf1=47.26;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg1=145.30;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=192.56;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=98.19;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg2=111.62;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=209.81;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.1817;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=0.6913;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=0.3329;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=0.6758;//entropy in kJ/kgK +t2=343;//from t-s diagram temperature in K + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=hg2+cp*(t2-t3);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +wc=m*(h2-hg1);//compressor work in kJ/s +Rc=m*(hg1-hf2);//Refrigiration capacity in kW +Rc1=Rc*60/210;//Refrigiration capacity in TR +copv=Rc/wc;//COP of VCR system + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The compressive work input is %3.2f kJ/s \n (b)Refrigiration capacity is %3.4f TR \n (c)COPvcr is %3.3f \n',wc,Rc1,copv) + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.7/Chapter6_Exampl7.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.7/Chapter6_Exampl7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fbce78a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.7/Chapter6_Exampl7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +h2=215;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +cp1=1.05;//Specific pressure +nc=0.8;//carnot efficiency in percentage +h1=192.56;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h31=98.19;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +t3=48;//Temperature in K +t31=62.19;//Temperature in K +m=0.008;//mass of air in kg +h5=47.26;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +t0=317;//temperature in K +s3=0.2973;//at superheated table entropy in kJ/kgK +ha1=209.81;//at superheated table enthalpy in kJ/kg +sa1=0.6758;//at superheated table enthalpy in kJ/kgK +ha2=225.34;//at superheated table enthalpy in kJ/kg +sa2=0.7209;//at superheated table entropy in kJ/kgK +s2a=0.6984;//at superheated table entropy in kJ/kgK +s5=0.1857;//at superheated table entropy in kJ/kgK + + +//CALCULATIONS +h2a=((h2-h1)/nc)+h1;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h3=h31-cp1*(t31-t3);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +wc=m*(h2a-h1);//compressor work in kJ/s +Rc=m*(h1-h3);//Refrigiration capacity in kW +Rc1=Rc*60/210;//Refrigiration capacity in TR +copv=Rc/wc;//COP of VCR system +x4=((h3-h5)/(h1-h5));//fraction +s4=s5++x4*(s2a-s5);//at superheated table entropy in kJ/kgK +ic=m*t0*(s4-s3);//Ireeversibility rate in valve in kW + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The compressive work input is %3.5f kJ/s \n (b)Refrigiration capacity is %3.2f TR \n (c)COPvcr is %3.3f \n (d)Ireeversibility rate in valve is %3.4f kW',wc,Rc1,copv,ic) + + +11 + + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.8/Chapter6_Exampl8.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.8/Chapter6_Exampl8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..548b1e66b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.8/Chapter6_Exampl8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cpv2=2.805;//specific pressure kJ/kgk +cpv3=4.606;//specific pressure kJ/kgK +t21=303;//condenser temperature in K +t1=258;//evaporator temperature in K +t31=283;//subcooled temperature in K +nv=0.8;//volumetric efficiency in percentage +p1=2.36;//pressure in MPa +p2=11.67;//pressure in MPa +hf1=112.3;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg1=1313.7;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=1426;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=323.1;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg2=1145.9;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=1469;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.457;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=1.204;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=5.549;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=4.984;//entropy in kJ/kgK +v1=0.509;//volume in m^3/kg +t2=369.69;//from t-s diagram temperature in K + + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=hg2+cpv2*(t2-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +h31=hf2-cpv3*(t21-t31);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +Re1=hg1-hf2;//refrigeration effect in kJ/kg +Re2=hg1-h31;//refrigeration effect in kJ/kg +mt1=210/Re1;//mass flow rate per ton in kg/min +mt2=210/Re2;//mass flow rate per ton in kg/min +vsa1=(mt1*v1)/nv;//compressor volume capacity +vsa2=(mt2*v1)/nv;//compressor volume capacity +wn=h2-hg1;//net work done +cop1=Re1/wn;//COP +cop2=Re2/wn;//COP +pcop=((cop1-cop2)/cop2)*100;//Percentage COP of dry and subcooled +pt1=wn*mt1/60;//Power per ton in kW/TR +pt2=wn*mt2/60;//Power per ton in kW/TR + +//OUTPUT +printf('DRY COMPRESSION \n(a)Refrigeration effect is %3.1f kJ/kg \n (b)The flow rate of refrigerant per ton is %3.4f kg/min \n (c)The compressor volume capacity %3.2f \n (d)COP is %3.2f \n (e)The power per TR is %3.2f kW/TR \n',Re1,mt1,vsa1,cop1,pt1) + +printf('DRY AND SUBCOOLED \n(a)Refrigeration effect is %3.1f kJ/kg \n (b)The flow rate of refrigerant per ton is %3.4f kg/min \n (c)The compressor volume capacity %3.2f \n (d)COP is %3.2f \n (e)The power per TR is %3.2f kW/TR',Re2,mt2,vsa2,cop2,pt2) + diff --git a/1808/CH6/EX6.9/Chapter6_Exampl9.sce b/1808/CH6/EX6.9/Chapter6_Exampl9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84995749 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH6/EX6.9/Chapter6_Exampl9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +cpic=1.94;//specific pressure inkJ/kgK +cpv2=2.805;//specific pressure in kJ/kgK +t21=303;//condenser temperature in K +t1=258;//evaporator temperature in K +t31=293;//subcooled temperature in K +p1=2.36;//pressure in MPa +p2=11.67;//pressure in MPa +hf1=112.3;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg1=1313.7;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg1=1426;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hf2=323.1;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hfg2=1145.9;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +hg2=1469;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +sf1=0.457;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sf2=1.204;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg1=5.549;//entropy in kJ/kgK +sg2=4.984;//entropy in kJ/kgK +t2=369.7;//from t-s diagram temperature in K +nac=0.8;//adiabatic efficiency in percentage +vsa=2.96;//volume in kg/min +N=1200;//speed in rpm + +//CALCULATIONS +h2=hg2+cpv2*(t2-t21);//enthalpy in kJ/kg +Rc=10*1000*(4.1868*30+335+1.94*5)/(24*60);//Refrigeration capacity in kJ/min +Re=hg1-hf2;//Refrigeration effect in kJ/kg +m=Rc/Re;//mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg/min +h2a=((h2-hg1)/nac)+hg1;//enthalpy in kJ/kg +t2a=((t2-t1)/nac)+t1;//Temperature in k +d=(vsa*0.509*4/(3.14*1.2*N))^(1/3);//piston displacement of compressor in m +l=1.2*d;//length of piston displacement in m +w=(h2a-hg1)/0.95;//workdone in kJ/kg +wac=m*w/60;//Power of the compressor motor in kW +copa=(Re/wac)*(m/60);//COP of air + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Refrigeration capacity is %3.1f kJ/min \n (b)Mass flow rate of refrigerant is %3.2f kg/min \n (c)The discharge temperature is %3.2f K \n (d)Piston displacement of the compressor is d %3.4f m \n l is %3.4f m \n(e)Power of the compressor motor is %3.2f kW \n (f)COPa is %3.3f',Rc,m,t2a,d,l,wac,copa) + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Exampl1.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Exampl1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96ef2a867 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.1/Chapter7_Exampl1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +w=0.016;//specific humidity in kg/kg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +ps=31.78;//saturation pressure in mm of Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +pv=(p)*0.02572/1.02572;//Partial pressure of vapour in mm of Hg +x=(pv/ps)*100;//Relative humidity in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)The partial pressure of vapour is %3.4f mm of Hg \n (b)Relative humidity is %3.2f percentage \n (c)According to steam tables Dew point temperature is 21.34 degree c',pv,x) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.10/Chapter7_Exampl10.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.10/Chapter7_Exampl10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98730cfb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.10/Chapter7_Exampl10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +ta1=15;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +ta2=25;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +tw1=13;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +tw2=18;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +V1=30;//volume of air in m^3/min +V2=12;//volume of air in m^3/min +pva=11.22;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +pvb=15.461;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=(pva-((p-pva)*(ta1-tw1)*1.8/(2800-1.3*(1.8*ta1+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +pv2=pvb-((p-pvb)*(ta2-tw2)*1.8/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*ta2+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w2=0.622*(pv2/(p-pv2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h1=cp*ta1+w1*(2500+1.88*ta1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +h2=cp*ta2+w2*(2500+1.88*ta2);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +ma1=V1/0.827;//Dry mass flow rate in kg d.a./min +ma2=V2/0.8574;//Dry mass flow rate in kg d.a./min +ma3=ma1+ma2;//Dry mass flow rate in kg d.a./min +w3=((ma1*w1)+(ma2*w2))/ma3;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h3=((ma1*h1)+(ma2*h2))/(ma3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +ta3=((ma1*ta1)+(ma2*ta2))/(ma3);//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +tw3=((ma1*tw1)+(ma2*tw2))/(ma3);//wet bulb temperature in Degree c + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The specific humidity of the mixture is %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (ii)Specific enthalpy of the mixture is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a. \n (iii)DBT corresponds to mixture is %3.3f Degree C \n (iv)WBT corresponds to mixture is %3.3f Degree C ',w3,h3,ta3,tw3) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.11/Chapter7_Exampl11.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.11/Chapter7_Exampl11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96e36988f --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.11/Chapter7_Exampl11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=2;//temperature in Degree C +t2=30;//temperature in Degree C +x1=0.8;//realtive humidity in percentage +td2=10;//Dew point temperature in Degree C +ps1=5.2854;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +pv2=9.196;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +ps2=31.8052840;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w2=0.622*(pv2/(p-pv2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +ma1=(1/(1+w1));//Mass of dry air per unit mass of moist air in kg/d.a. +ma2=(3/(1+w2));//Mass of dry air per unit mass of moist air in kg/d.a. +ma3=ma1+ma2;//Mass of dry air per unit mass of moist air in kg/d.a. +t3=((ma1*t1)+(ma2*t2))/(ma3);//Temperature of the air after mixture in Degree C +w3=((ma1*w1)+(ma2*w2))/(ma3);//Specific humidity of air mixture in kg w.v./kg d.a. +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +h2=cp*t2+w2*(2500+1.88*t2);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h3=((ma1*h1)+(ma2*h2))/(ma3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. + +//OUTPUT +printf('Temperature of the air after mixture is %3.4f Degree c \n (ii)Specific humidity of the air after mixing is %3.7f kg w.v./kg d.a. \n (iii)Specific enthalpy of the air after mixing is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a.',t3,w3,h3) + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.12/Chapter7_Exampl12.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.12/Chapter7_Exampl12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55f5ab9bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.12/Chapter7_Exampl12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +tw1=20;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +t1=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t2=15;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +pva=17.0521;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +ps1=31.81;//pressure in mm of Hg +ps2=12.77;//pressure in mm of Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=(pva-((p-pva)*(t1-tw1)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t1+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +x1=(pv1/ps1)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +pv2=12.55;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +x2=(pv2/ps2)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Initial RH is %3.2f percentage \n (ii)Final RH is %3.2f percentage \n (c) from the chart Final wet bulb temperature according to chart is 14.5 Degree C ',x1,x2) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.13/Chapter7_Exampl13.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.13/Chapter7_Exampl13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79fc590b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.13/Chapter7_Exampl13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t2=50;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t1=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t11=25;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +V=300;//volume in m^3 +Ra1=287.3;//rate of flow +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +pva=23.74;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +ps2=92.54;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg + + +//CALCULATIONS +va1=(Ra1*(273+t1))/((p-21.275)*133.5);//Amount of dry air in m^3/kg d.a. +pv1=(pva-((p-pva)*(t1-t11)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t1+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +ma=V/va1;//mass flow rate in kg d.a. +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h2=cp*t2+w1*(2500+1.88*t2);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +pv2=(w1*p/0.6379);//saturation pressure in mm Hg +Qa=ma*(h2-h1);//Quantity of heat added in kJ +x2=(pv2/ps2)*100;//Final RH in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Quantity of heat added is %3.2f kJ \n (ii)Final RH is %3.2f percentage \n (iii)from chart Final WBT from the chart is 29 Degree C',Qa,x2) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.14/Chapter7_Exampl14.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.14/Chapter7_Exampl14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cbd58a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.14/Chapter7_Exampl14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=15;//dry bulb temperature in Degree C +t3=41;//heating coil temperature in Degree C +t11=11;//wet bulb temperature in Degree C +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +x=0.4;//realtive humidity in percentage +pva=9.83;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +ps2=33.68;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=t3-(x*(t3-t1));//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +pv1=(pva-((p-pva)*(t1-t11)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t1+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +x2=(pv1/ps2)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h2=cp*t2+w1*(2500+1.88*t2);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +Qa=h2-h1;//Sensible heat addition in kJ/kg d.a. + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)DBT is %3.1f Degree C \n (b)WBT is from the chart equal to 16.8 Degree C \n (c)RH is %3.2f percentage \n (d)Sensible heat addition is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a ',t2,x2,Qa) + + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.15/Chapter7_Exampl15.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.15/Chapter7_Exampl15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1f21df57 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.15/Chapter7_Exampl15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +V1=200;//volume in m^3/min +t1=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +x1=0.8;//realtive humidity in percentage +t3=14;//Surface temperature in Degree C +x=0.1;//Coil bypass factor +ps1=31.81;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +pv3=11.97;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +R1=287.3;//gas constant +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +t2=x*(t1-t3)+t3;//Temperature of air leaving coil in Degree C +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w3=0.622*(pv3/(p-pv3));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h3=cp*t3+w3*(2500+1.88*t3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h2=(x*(h1-h3))+h3;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +w2=(x*(w1-w3))+w3;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +v1=R1*(t1+273)/((p-pv1)*133.5);//volume in m^3/kg d.a +ma=V1/v1;//mass of dry air through the coil in kg d.a./min +Rc=ma*(h1-h2)/210;//Capacity of the coil in TR +mw=ma*(w1-w2);//Amount of water vapour removed per minute in kg w.v./kg d.a. +h4=cp*t1+w2*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +SHF=(h4-h2)/(h1-h2);//Sensible heat factor + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil is %3.1f Degree C \n (b)Capacity of the cooling coil is %3.2f TR \n (c)Amount of water removed per minute is %3.3f kg w.v./kg d.a. \n (d)Sensible heat factor is %3.4f',t2,Rc,mw,SHF) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.16/Chapter7_Exampl16.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.16/Chapter7_Exampl16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..885ea3638 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.16/Chapter7_Exampl16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t2=25;//Coil cooling temperature in Degree C +x1=0.6;//realtive humidity in percentage +t3=10;//Coil cooling temperature in Degree C +x=0.2;//bypass factor +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +V1=80;//volume in m^3/kg d.a +ps1=31.81;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +ps2=23.74;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +pv3=9.196;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg + + +//CALCULATIONS +v1=Ra*(273+t1)/((p-19.08)*133.5);//volume in m^3/kg d.a. +ma=V1/v1;//Mass of dry air entering the coil in kg d.a./min +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h2=cp*t2+w1*(2500+1.88*t2);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +Rc1=ma*(h1-h2);//Capacity of the coil in TR +x2=(pv1/ps2)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +t2r=x*(t1-t3)+t3;//Temperature at refrigeration in Degree c +w3=0.622*(pv3/(p-pv3));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h3=cp*t3+w3*(2500+1.88*t3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h2r=x*(h1-h3)+h3;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +Rc2=ma*(h1-h2r);//Capacity of the coil in TR +w2=x*(w1-w3)+w3;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +mw=ma*(w1-w2);//Condensate flow in kg w.v./min + +//OUTPUT +printf('CASE I \n (a1)Refrigeration required is %3.2f kJ/min \n (b1)Final RH is %3.3f percentage \n CASE II \n (a2)Refrigeration required is %3.2f kJ/min \n (b2)condensate flow is %3.4f kg w.v./min ',Rc1,x2,Rc2,mw) + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.17/Chapter7_Exampl17.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.17/Chapter7_Exampl17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebf2296a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.17/Chapter7_Exampl17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=40;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t2=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +x1=0.2;//realtive humidity in percentage +tw2=20;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +ps1=55.31;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +ps2=31.81;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +pv2a=17.521;//Saturation temperature at WBT in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +V1=150;//volumme in m^3 + + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +pv2=(pv2a-((p-pv2a)*(t2-tw2)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t2+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +x2=(pv2/ps2)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +w2=0.622*(pv2/(p-pv2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +v1=Ra*(273+t1)/((p-11.06)*133.5);//volume +ma=V1/v1;//Amount of air added in kg d.a./min +mw=ma*(w2-w1);//Amount of water vapour added in kg d.a./min +nh=((t1-t2)/(t1-tw2))*100;//humidifier efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)From chart Dew point temperature is corresponds to pv2 is 14.5 Degree c \n (b)Amount of water vapour added is %3.3f kg w.v./min \n (c)Humidifier efficiency is %3.1f percentage',mw,nh) + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.18/Chapter7_Exampl18.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.18/Chapter7_Exampl18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f821f3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.18/Chapter7_Exampl18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +V1=100;//volue in mm^3/min +t1=6;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t11=3;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +Rc=40;//Capacity of the coil in TR +mw=40;//Amount of water vapour added in kg d.a./min +pva=5.68;//saturation pressure +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=(pva-((p-pva)*(t1-t11)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t1+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +v1=Ra*(273+t1)/((p-pv1)*133.5);//volume +ma=V1/v1;//Amount of air added in kg d.a./min +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w3=w1+(mw/(ma*60));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h3=h1+33.4;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +t3=h3-(w3*2500)/1.02149;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Dry bulb temperature is %3.2f Degree C \n (b)From the psychrometric chart wet bulb temperature is 17.8 Degree C ',t3) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.19/Chapter7_Exampl19.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.19/Chapter7_Exampl19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e92de16b --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.19/Chapter7_Exampl19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=12;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t4=40;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +x1=0.9;//realtive humidity in percentage +t41=25;//wet bulb temperature in Degree c +x3=0.8;//realtive humidity in percentage +ps1=10.503;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +pv4a=23.74;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +t3=22.5;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +t5=20.8;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +pv4=(pv4a-((p-pv4a)*(t4-t41)*1.8)/(2800-(1.3*(1.8*t4+32))));//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +ps3=pv4/x3;//Saturation temperature in mm Hg +w3=0.622*(pv4/(p-pv4));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h3=cp*t3+w3*(2500+1.88*t3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +t2=(h3-(w1*2500))/1.0191;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +h4=cp*t4+w3*(2500+1.88*t4);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +ht=(h4-h1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +mw=(w3-w1);//Additional water required in the air washer in kg w.v./kg d.a. +nh=((t2-t3)/(t2-t5))*100;//humidifier efficiency in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Temperature at the end of the preheating is %3.2f Degree c \n (b)Total heat required is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a.\n (c)Additional heat required in the air washeer is %3.6f kg w.v./kg d.a.\n (d)humidifier efficiency is %3.2f percentage',t2,ht,mw,nh) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Exampl2.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Exampl2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b20da30 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.2/Chapter7_Exampl2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t=20;//Moist temperature in Degree c +td=15;//Dew point temperature in Degree c +pv=12.79;//vapour pressure in mm of Hg +p2=17.52//pressure of water vapour in mm of Hg +pa=727.21;//pressure of air in mm of Hg +hfgt=2454.1;//Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgw.v. +hfgd=2465.9;//Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgw.v. +cpa=1.005;//specific pressure +Ra=287.3;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=12.79*133.5;//prtial pressure in N/m^2 +x=(pv/p2)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +w=0.622*(pv/pa);//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +hv=((4.1868*td)+(hfgd)+(1.88*(t-td)));//Specific enthalpy of water vapour in kJ/kg w.v +hv1=2500+1.8*(t);//Specific enthalpy of water vapour in kJ/kg w.v +hv2=4.1868*t+2454.1;//Specific enthalpy of water vapour in kJ/kg w.v +h=cpa*t+w*hv;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +va=(Ra*(t+273))/(pa*133.5);//Specific volume of air per kg of dry air in m^3/kg d.a + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)From steam tables partial pressure of water is %3.1f N/m^2 \n (b)Relative humidity is %3.2f percentage\n (c)Specific humidity %3.5f kg w.v./kg d.a \n(d)Specific enthalpy of water vapour is %3.3f kJ/kg w.v. \n (e)Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a.\n (f)Specific volume of air per kg of dry air is %3.4f m^3/kg d.a.',pv1,x,w,hv,h,va) + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.20/Chapter7_Exampl20.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.20/Chapter7_Exampl20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28e5e0b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.20/Chapter7_Exampl20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=35;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +x1=0.8;//realtive humidity in percentage +t2=15;//Apparatus dew point in Degree c +t4=25;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +V1=200;//Quantity of moist air in m^3/min +x=0.3;//bypass factor +ps1=42.16;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +ps2=12.77;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +ps4=23.74;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +t3=(x*(t1-t2))+t2;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+1.88*t1);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +w2=0.622*(ps2/(p-ps2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w3=x*(w1-w2)+w2;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h3=cp*t3+w3*(2500+1.88*t3);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h4=cp*t4+w3*(2500+1.88*t4);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +v1=Ra*(273+t1)/((p-pv1)*133.5);//volume +ma=V1/v1;//Amount of air added in kg d.a./min +Qc=ma*(h1-h3)/210;//Capacity of cooling coil in TR +Qh=ma*(h4-h3)/60;//Capacity of heating coil in kW +mw=ma*(w1-w3);//Quantity of water removed in kg w.v./min +pv4=w3*p/1.01611;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +x4=(pv4/ps4)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Capacity of cooling coil is %3.2f TR \n (b)Capacity of heating coil is %3.2f kW \n(c)Quantity of water removed is %3.4f kg w.v./min \n (d)realtive humidity is %3.2f percentage',Qc,Qh,mw,x4) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.21/Chapter7_Exampl21.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.21/Chapter7_Exampl21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dd98ff61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.21/Chapter7_Exampl21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t1=35;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +t4=25;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +V1=40;//Moist air circulation in m^3/min +x1=0.8;//realtive humidity in percentage +x4=0.6;//realtive humidity in percentage +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +ps1=42.157;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +ps4=23.74;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +t3=16.6;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +v1=Ra*(273+t1)/((p-pv1)*133.5);//volume +ma=V1/v1;//Amount of air added in kg d.a./min +w1=0.622*(pv1/(p-pv1));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h1=cp*t1+w1*(2500+(1.88*t1));//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +pv4=x4*ps4;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +x3=(pv4/pv4)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +w4=0.622*(pv4/(p-pv4));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h4=cp*t4+w4*(2500+1.88*t4);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +h3=cp*t3+w4*(2500+(1.88*t3));//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a. +Qc=ma*(h1-h3)/210;//Capacity of cooling coil in TR +Qh=ma*(h4-h3)/60;//Capacity of heating coil in kW +mw=ma*(w1-w4);//Quantity of water removed in kg w.v./min + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Capacity of cooling coil is %3.2f kJ/min \n (b)Capacity of heating coil is %3.1f kW \n (c)Quantity of water removed is %3.3f kg w.v./min',Qc,Qh,mw) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Exampl3.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Exampl3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1538d6d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.3/Chapter7_Exampl3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +ta=25;//Dry bulb temperature in Degree c +tw=15;//Wet bulb temperature in Degree c +td=7.56;//Dew point temperature in Degree c +p=760;//Atmospheric air in mm of Hg +pv1=12.77;//Saturation pressure of water in mm of Hg +ps=23.74;//Saturation pressure of water in mm of Hg +Pv=7.788;//Saturation pressure of water in mm of Hg +Ra=287.3;//gas constant +Rv=461;//vapour constant +pa=1015639.698;//air pressure +cp=1.005;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +pv=pv1-((p-pv1)*(ta-tw)*1.8/(2800-1.3*(1.8*ta+32)));//Saturation pressure of water in mm of Hg +x=(pv/ps)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +w=0.622*(pv/(p-pv));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h=cp*ta+w*(2500+1.88*ta);//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +Roa=(pa/10)/(Ra*(273+ta));//Density of air in kg/m^3 +Rov=pv*133.5/(Rv*(273+ta));//Density of vapour in kg/m^3 +Ro=Rov+Roa;//Density in kg/m^3 + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Relative humidity is %3.2f percentage \n (b)Humidity ratio is %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (c)Dew point temperature is %3.2f Degree c \n (d)Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a.\n (e)Partial pressure of vapour is %3.3f mm Hg \n (f)density is %3.3f kg/m^3',x,w,td=7.56,h,Pv,Ro) + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Exampl4.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Exampl4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f363a0de --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.4/Chapter7_Exampl4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +t=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +p2=0.04246*10^5;//pressure in N/m^2 +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +hfg=2500;//Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgw.v. +cpv=1.88;//specific pressure + +//CALCULATIONS +ps=(p2/133.5);//pressure in mm of Hg +ws=(0.62*(ps/(p-ps)));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h=(cp*t)+ws*(hfg+(cpv*t));//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Accorrding to steam tables The vapour pressure is %3.2f mm Hg \n (b)Specific humidity %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (c)Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a ',ps,ws,h) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Exampl5.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Exampl5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d8e424d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.5/Chapter7_Exampl5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t=30;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +x=30;//realtive humidity in percentage +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +p2=0.04246*10^5;//pressure in N/m^2 +V=100;//volume in m^3 +Rv=0.461;//vapour constant +Ra=0.2871;//gas constant + +//CALCULATIONS +ps=(p2/133.5);//pressure in mm of Hg +pv=0.3*ps;//vapour pressure in mm of Hg +pa=p-pv;//air pressure in mm of Hg +w=(0.62*(pv/(p-pv)));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +ws=(0.62*(ps/(p-ps)));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +m=w/ws;//Degree of saturation +mv=pv*133.5*V/(Rv*(t+273)*1000);//Mass of vapour in kg.w.v. +ma=pa*133.5*V/(Ra*1000*(t+273));//Mass of dry air in kg.d.a. + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Partial pressure of dry air vapour is %3.3f mm Hg \n (b)Dew point temperature is 10.62 Degree c \n (c)Specific humidity %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (d)Degree of saturation is %3.3f \n (e)mass of vapour is %3.4f kg.w.v.\n (f)mass of dry air is %3.4f kg.d.a',pa,w,m,mv,ma) + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Exampl6.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Exampl6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..029754fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.6/Chapter7_Exampl6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t=35;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +td=15;//dew point temperature in Degree c +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +pv1=0.017051*10^5;//saturation pressure +ps1=0.05628 *10^5;//saturation pressure +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +cpv=1.88;//specific volume +hfg=2500;//Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgw.v. + +//CALCULATIONS +pv=pv1*133.5;//vapour pressure in mm of Hg +ps=ps1*133.5;//pressure in mm of Hg +x=(pv/ps)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage +ws=(0.622*(12.77/(760-12.77)));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +h=(cp*t)+ws*(hfg+(cpv*t));//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Relative humidity is %3.2f percentage \n (b)Specific humidity %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (c)Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air is %3.2f kJ/kg d.a ',x,ws,h) + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Exampl7.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Exampl7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1547af956 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.7/Chapter7_Exampl7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +t=25;//dry bulb temperature in Degree c +ws=8.6/100;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +ps=23.74;//Saturation pressure in mm of Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +pv=10.508/1.01383;//Partial pressure of water vapour in mm Hg +x=(pv/ps)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Partial pressure of dry air vapour is %3.3f mm Hg \n (b)Relative humidity is %3.2f percentage ',pv,x) diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.8/Chapter7_Exampl8.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.8/Chapter7_Exampl8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d075d4fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.8/Chapter7_Exampl8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +p=0.95*10^5;//Atmospheric air +tw1=20//Wet bulb temperature in Degree c +t1=31;//Dry bulb temperature in Degree c +pv2=0.02339*10^5;//vapour pressure in mm of Hg +hv1=2556.3;//Enthalpy corresponds tovapour inlet in kJ/kg w.v +hv2=2538.1;//Enthalpy corresponds tovapour outlet in kJ/kg w.v +h6=83.96;//sensible heat of water in kJ/kg w.v +m=1;//mass flow rate in kg.d.a. +cp=1.005;//specific pressure +t1=30;//temperature in K +t2=20;//temperature in K +ps1=0.0425;//Saturation pressure in bar + +//CALCULATIONS +ha1=m*cp*t1;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +ha2=m*cp*t2;//Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air in kJ/kg d.a +w2=0.622*(pv2/(p-pv2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w1=(w2*(hv2-h6)+(ha2-ha1))/(hv1-h6);//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +pv1=0.01759485/1.01759485;//vapour pressure in bar +x=(pv1/ps1)*100;//realtive humidity in percentage + +//OUTPUT +printf('(a)Humidity ratio is %3.4f kg w.v./kg d.a \n (b)Vapour pressure is %3.5f bar \n relative humidity is %3.2f percentage \n (c) According to steam tables Dew point temperature is 14.5 Degree c ',w1,pv1,x) + + + + + + diff --git a/1808/CH7/EX7.9/Chapter7_Exampl9.sce b/1808/CH7/EX7.9/Chapter7_Exampl9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca84be2e --- /dev/null +++ b/1808/CH7/EX7.9/Chapter7_Exampl9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +//INPUT DATA +m1=1;//mass flow rate in kg +m2=2;//mass flow rate in kg +t1=50;//temperature in Degree C +t2=20;//temperature in Degree C +x1=0.5;//temperature in Degree C +td2=20;//Dew point temperature in Degree C +ps1=0.12354*10^5;//Saturation pressure in N/m^2 +ps2=17.52;//Saturation pressure in mm Hg +p=760;//pressure in mm of Hg +m12=0.5;//Ratio of masses + +//CALCULATIONS +pv1=x1*ps1;//vapour pressure in mm Hg +pv11=pv1/133.5;//vapour pressure in mm Hg +w1=0.622*(pv11/(p-pv11));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w2=0.622*(ps2/(p-ps2));//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +w3=(w1+2*w2)/3;//Specific humidity in kg w.v./kg d.a +t3=(t1+2*t2)/3;//temperature in Degree C + +//OUTPUT +printf('(i)Temperature of the mixture is %3.1f Degree C \n (ii)Specific humidity of the mixture is %3.5f kg/kg d.a.',t3,w3) + + + + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.10/1Q10.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.10/1Q10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bf2645b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.10/1Q10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +//Intialsing variables +S=100 //Scale on map 1cm=100m on ground +PMA= 20*30 // Plot area on map in sq cm +OPA= PMA * S^2 // Area of plot in sq m +printf ('Area of plot =%f sqm\n',OPA) + +//Top sheet +S= 10^-6 // 1 sq km is represented by 1 sq cm +TSR= OPA *S +printf (' Represented by %f sqcm on Topo sheet\n',TSR) + +RFV=1/(100*100) // R.F of the sheet of village map +RFT=1/(1*1000*100) //R.F of the scale of topo sheet + +printf (' R.F of the sheet of village map =%f\n',RFV) +printf (' R.F of the scale of topo sheet =%f',RFT) + + + + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.3/1Q3.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.3/1Q3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f076b99ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.3/1Q3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//Intialisation of variables +s=30 +LC=0.5 // since LC= 30 secs which means 0.5 min +//Caluculation of variable +n=s/LC +x=n-1 +//Results +printf (' %f',x) +printf (' such primary divisions should be taken for the length of the vernier scale and then divided into %2f parts for a direct vernier',n ) + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.4/1Q4.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.4/1Q4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d319d67a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.4/1Q4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//Intialisation of variables +s=20 // s= 1/3 degree +LC=1/3 // LC=20' +n= s/LC +x=n-1 +//Results +printf (' %f',x) +printf (' such primary divisions should be taken for the length of the vernier scale and then divided into %2f parts for a direct vernier',n ) + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.5/1Q5.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.5/1Q5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3670982f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.5/1Q5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//Intialisation of variables +s=10 +LC=1/6 // LC=10 seconds +n= s/LC +x=n-1 +//Results +printf (' %f',x) +printf (' such primary divisions should be taken for the length of the vernier scale and then divided into %2f parts for a direct vernier',n ) + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.6/1Q6.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.6/1Q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57112f2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.6/1Q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//Intialisation of variables +s=1/4 //degree +LC= 0.005 // degree +n= s/LC +x=n-1 +//Results +printf (' %f',x) +printf (' such primary divisions should be taken for the length of the vernier scale and then divided into %2f parts for a direct vernier',n ) + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.7/1Q7.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.7/1Q7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1afe4f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.7/1Q7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//Intialisation of variables +s=1 // in degrees +LC = 1/6 // LC=10 minutes +n= s/LC +//Results +printf ('Taken eleven spaces of the main scale and divide it into %f spaces of the vernier',n) + diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.8/1Q8.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.8/1Q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36552fd37 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.8/1Q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//Intiallising varialbles +L= 468 // Measured lenght in meters +RFWS = 1/(20*100) // R.F of wrong scale used +RFCS = 1/(40*100) // R.F of correct scale used +//Calculations of variables +CL= (RFWS/RFCS)*L // Corrected lenght in meters +//Results +printf (' Corrected Length =%f m',CL) diff --git a/1844/CH1/EX1.9/1Q9.sce b/1844/CH1/EX1.9/1Q9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50ddde7eb --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH1/EX1.9/1Q9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//Intialsing variables +SF= 9.7/10 // Shrinkage factor=Present length /original length +TRF=1/(10*100) // True scale RF +//calculation of variables +RFS= SF*TRF // RF of shrunk scale +//Results +printf ( 'R.F of shrunk scale =%2f\n',RFS) + +PA=100.2 // Present area in sq cm +OA= (10/9.7)^2 * PA //Original area on plan in sq cm +S=10 // scale of plane is 1cm= 10m +//calculation of variables +A= OA*S^2 // Area of survey +//Results +printf (' Area of the survey = %f sq m',A) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.1/2Q1.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.1/2Q1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..648e98e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.1/2Q1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +//intialising values +n=8 +RR1=2.322 +RR2=2.346 +RR3=2.352 +RR4=2.306 +RR5=2.312 +RR6=2.300 +RR7=2.306 +RR8=2.326 + +M= (RR1+RR2+RR3+RR4+RR5+RR6+RR7+RR8)/n // Mean + +K= (RR1-M)^2+(RR2-M)^2+(RR3-M)^2+(RR4-M)^2+(RR5-M)^2+(RR6-M)^2+(RR7-M)^2+(RR8-M)^2 // Sum of squares of difference between mean and observations + +Es= 0.6745*sqrt(K/(n-1)) //Probable Error of single observatio +Em= Es/sqrt(n) // Probable error of mean + +//Results + +printf('Es = +/- %f m\n',Es) +printf(' Em = +/- %f m',Em) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.2/2Q2.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.2/2Q2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7095df5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.2/2Q2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +//Intialising variables +x=4.88 +y=5.637 +x1=0.005 //Maximum error in x +y1=0.0005 //Maximum error in y +ex=0.0025 //Probable error in x +ey=0.00025 //Probable error in y + +sn1= x+y + (x1+y1) +sn2= x+y -(x1+y1) + +e= sqrt(ex^2+ey^2) +sn3= x+y +e +sn4=x+y - e +printf('Hence the most probable error = +/- %f\n',e) +printf('The most probable limits of quantity s are %f',sn3) +printf(' and %f\n',sn4) +printf('The maximum limits of quantity are %f',sn1) +printf(' and %f',sn2) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.3/2Q3.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.3/2Q3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7da2724f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.3/2Q3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +//Intialising variables +x=5.367 +y=4.88 +x1=0.005 //Maximum error in x +y1=0.0005 //Maximum error in y +ex=0.0025 //Probable error in x +ey=0.00025 //Probable error in y + +sn1= x-y + (x1+y1) +sn2= x-y -(x1+y1) + +e= sqrt(ex^2+ey^2) +sn3= x-y +e +sn4=x-y - e +printf('Hence the most probable error = +/- %f\n',e) +printf('The most probable limits of quantity s are %f',sn3) +printf(' and %f\n',sn4) +printf('The maximum limits of quantity are %f',sn1) +printf(' and %f',sn2) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.4/2Q4.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.4/2Q4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05b355bad --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.4/2Q4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +x=2.86 +y=8.34 +x1=0.005 +y1=0.005 +ex=0.0025 +ey=0.0025 + +s1= y*x1 + x*y1 + +es= x*y*sqrt((ex/x)^2 + (ey/y)^2) + +sn2= x*y +es +sn3=x*y - es +printf('The maximum error =%f\n',s1) +printf(' Hence the most probable error = +/- %f\n',es) +printf(' The most probable limits of quantity s are %f',sn2) +printf(' and %f\n',sn3) + diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.5/2Q5.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.5/2Q5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a62c3a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.5/2Q5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +x=23.9 +y=8.34 +x1=0.05 +y1=0.005 +ex=0.025 +ey=0.0025 + +s1= x1/y + x*y1/y^2 + +es= (x/y)*sqrt((ex/x)^2 + (ey/y)^2) + +sn2= x/y + es +sn3= x/y - es + +printf('The maximum error =%f\n',s1) +printf(' Hence the most probable error = +/- %f\n',es) +printf(' The most probable limits of quantity s are %f',sn2) +printf(' and %f\n',sn3) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.6/2Q6.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.6/2Q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a66e171e --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.6/2Q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc + +x=(4.86) +n=2 +x1=0.005 +ex=0.0025 +s1=n*x^(n-1)*x1 +es=n*x^(n-1)*ex + +sn2= x^n + es +sn3= x^n - es + +printf('The maximum error =%f\n',s1) +printf(' Hence the most probable error = +/- %f\n',es) +printf(' The most probable limits of quantity s are %f',sn2) +printf(' and %f\n',sn3) diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.7/2Q7.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.7/2Q7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e316cd1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.7/2Q7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +x=8.28 +y=4.36 +x1=0.005 +y1=0.005 + +es=(x1/x)+ (y1/y) +s1= x*y*es +sn2= x*y + s1 +sn3=x*y - s1 +printf('The maximum error =%f\n',s1) +printf(' The limits of quantity s are %f sq m',sn2) +printf(' and %f sq m\n ',sn3) + diff --git a/1844/CH2/EX2.8/2Q8.sce b/1844/CH2/EX2.8/2Q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74ae98edc --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH2/EX2.8/2Q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +x=380 +y=260 +s=x*y +s1=10 + +x2=s1/(2*s) +y2=x2 + +x1=x*x2 +y1=y*y2 + +printf('Hence precision ration of each line =%f\n',x2) +printf(' Maximum error in 380 m length =%f m\n',x1) +printf(' Maximum error in 260 m length =%f m',y1) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.1/3Q1.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.1/3Q1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b538e3350 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.1/3Q1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//Intialising variables +L=20 //Chain length in m +L1= 20 + 10/100 // Incorrect length of chain in m +l1=250 // Measures length in m +l= l1 *(L1/L) // True length of line in m +//Results +printf('True length of the line = %f m',l) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.10/3Q10.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.10/3Q10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..effc293f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.10/3Q10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +L=882.1 // in m +a = 65*10^(-7)//in ()1 degree F)^-1 +Tm=65 +To=84 +Ct= L * a * (Tm-To) +l1=100 +k1=2+1/6 +l2= 150 +k2=4+12/60 +l3=50 +k3=1+1/10 +l4=200 +k4=7+48/60 +l5=300 +k5=3 +l6=82.1 +k6=5+1/6 +Cs= l1*(1-cosd(k1))+l2*(1-cosd(k2))+l3*(1-cosd(k3))+l4*(1-cosd(k4))+l5*(1-cosd(k6))+l6*(1-cosd(k6)) +TC=Ct-Cs +CL=L+TC +printf('Corrected Length =%f m',CL) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.11/3Q11.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.11/3Q11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74916c802 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.11/3Q11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +A=.08 // area in sq cm +n=3 +P=100 // in N +V=A*100 // in cu cm +L=10 //in m +p=0.078 //Weigt=ht of 1 cu cm steel in N +Wpm=V*p +TW=V*p*L +Cs= n*L*(TW)^2/(24*P^2) +printf('Correction of sag = %f m',Cs) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.12/3Q12.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.12/3Q12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30e4cf2ad --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.12/3Q12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +L=20 // in m +a = 6.2*10^(-6)//in ()1 degree F)^-1 +Tm=80 +To=55 +Ct= L * a * (Tm-To) +P=16 +Po=10 +W=0.8 // in kg +E=2.109*10^6 // in kg/cm^2 +A= W/(20*100*7.86*10^(-3)) +Cp= (P-Po)*20/(A*E) +Cs= L*(W^2)/(24*P^2) +Tc=Ct+Cp-Cs +printf('Total correction = %f m',Tc) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.13/3Q13.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.13/3Q13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c851931a --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.13/3Q13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +R= 6370 *10^3 // radius of earth in m +D=7.86 *10^3 //Density of tape in kg/cm^3 +A=0.08 // Section of tape in sq cm +E= 2*10^6 //Youngs modulus in kg/sq cm +printf('a)Correction for standardisation nill\n') +h=0.25 +L=30 +Cs=h^2/(2*L) +printf(' b)Correction for slope =%f m (subtractive)\n',Cs) +a=6*10^-6 +Tm=70 +To=60 +CT=L*a *(Tm-To) +printf( ' c)Temperature correction =%f m (additive)\n',CT) +P=10 +//doing only for Po=8 +Po=8 +Ct= (P-Po)*L/(A*E) +printf( ' d)Tension correction =%f m (additive)\n',Ct) +W= 0.06288*L +Cs= L*W^2/(24*Po^2) +printf(' e)Sag correction =%f m (additive)\n',Cs) +Tc= -Cs+CT+Ct+Cs + +printf(' Final Correction = %f m',Tc) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.14/3Q14.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.14/3Q14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56e9201f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.14/3Q14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +P=100 +h=20.35 *10^-2 +l=20 +w= 8*P*h/l^2 + +printf('Weight of the tape = %f N/m',w) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.2/3Q2.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.2/3Q2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024abdf3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.2/3Q2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +//all are in m +// with 20 m chain +L=20 +L1= 20+0.10 +l1=1200 +l= l1 * (L1/L) + +printf('True length of line = %f m\n',l) +//with 25m +L=25 +l1=1212 +L1= l * (L/l1) + +x=25-L1 + +printf (' Thus 25 m chain was %f m too short',x) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.3/3Q3.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.3/3Q3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84ed750b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.3/3Q3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// all are in m +// For first 1500 m +e= (0+.10)/2 +L=20 +L1=L+e +l1=1500 +k1= L1*l1/L +//For next 1400 m +e=(.10+.18)/2 +L=20 +L1=L+e +l1=1400 +k2= L1*l1/L + +l=k1+k2 +printf('Total length %f m',l) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.4/3Q4.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.4/3Q4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58d575b2d --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.4/3Q4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +D1=468 +L=20 +D=D1/L // in cm +S=40 // actual scale of the plan is 1cm=40 m +TD=D*S // in m + +printf('True distance between the points = %f m ',TD) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.5/3Q6.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.5/3Q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bd88887a --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.5/3Q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//Present lenght of 9.7 cm is equivalent of 10 cm original length +PA=100.2 // Present Area in sq cm +OAp= (10/9.7)^2 *PA // original area on plot in sq cm +S=10 // Scale on plan is 1cm= 10 m +OAs=OAp* S^2 +printf('Original area of survey = %f sq m\n',OAs) +L=20 // chain length in m +L1=L-0.08 // original chain length in m + +CA= (L1/L)^2 *OAs + +printf(' True area of the survey = %f sq m',CA) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.6/3Q6.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.6/3Q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bd88887a --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.6/3Q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//Present lenght of 9.7 cm is equivalent of 10 cm original length +PA=100.2 // Present Area in sq cm +OAp= (10/9.7)^2 *PA // original area on plot in sq cm +S=10 // Scale on plan is 1cm= 10 m +OAs=OAp* S^2 +printf('Original area of survey = %f sq m\n',OAs) +L=20 // chain length in m +L1=L-0.08 // original chain length in m + +CA= (L1/L)^2 *OAs + +printf(' True area of the survey = %f sq m',CA) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.7/3Q7.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.7/3Q7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa2081842 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.7/3Q7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +k= 8 // slope between points in degrees +l=428 //measured length in m +D1=l*cosd(k) +printf('a)Horizontal distance between the points =%f m\n',D1) + +h=62 +D2=sqrt(l^2-h^2) +printf(' b)Horizontal distance between the points =%f m\n',D2) + +k= atan(0.25) +D3=l*cos(k) +printf(' c)Horizontal distance between the points =%f m',D3) diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.8/3Q8.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.8/3Q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a23e340d --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.8/3Q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +s=10 //angle of slope in rad +HA=100*(1/(cosd(s))-1) //Hypotenusal allowance in m +HA1=HA*0.201 +printf('a)Hypotenusl allowance = %f \n',HA1 ) + +k= atan(0.2) +HA2=100*(1/(cos(k))-1) +HA3=HA2*0.201 +printf(' b)Hypotenusl allowance = %f m',HA3 ) + + diff --git a/1844/CH3/EX3.9/3Q9.sce b/1844/CH3/EX3.9/3Q9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..345b1c1f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH3/EX3.9/3Q9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +e=1/10 // in link +k= sqrt (100*e/1.5) +printf('a)The slope in degrees is = %f\n',k) +n=sqrt(50/e) +printf(' b)Max slope is 1 in %f',n) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.1/4Q1.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.1/4Q1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94d0e3438 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.1/4Q1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +a= 5 // in degrees +l= 20 // in cm +s= 10 // scale 10m =1cm +D1= l*sind(a)/s +D2=l*(1-cosd(a))/s +printf('a)Displacement parallel to the chain = %f cm\n',D1) +printf(' b)Displacement perpendicular to the chain = %f cm',D2) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.2/4Q2.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.2/4Q2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d2524d34 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.2/4Q2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +a= 2 // in degrees +D= 0.025 // in cm +s= 10 // scale 10m =1cm +l= D*s/sind(a) +printf('Length of offset = %f m ',l) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.3/4Q3.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.3/4Q3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a634b4db --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.3/4Q3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +// Displacement due to angular error= l sin a +// Displacement due to linear error= l/r +// these two are equal +a=1.5 +r= 1/sind(a) +printf('The offset should be measured with an accuracy of 1 in %i ',r+1) + diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.4/4Q4.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.4/4Q4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16403aef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.4/4Q4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +r=40 +s=20 +D=0.025 +l= D*r*s/sqrt(2) + +printf('Limiting length of offset = %f m',l) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.5/4Q5.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.5/4Q5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2993c28ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.5/4Q5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +l=16 +s=40 +e=0.3 +a= asind ( sqrt((6.25*s^2/100^2)-e^2)/l) +printf('a = %f degrees',a) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.6/4Q6.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.6/4Q6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2beeef69 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.6/4Q6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +B= 90 //from diagram in degrees +BC=200 // in m +CD=BC/cosd(60) // in m from triangle BCD +CE=BC/cosd(45) // in m from triangle BCE +BE=BC*tand(45) // in m + +printf('CD = %f m\n',CD) +printf(' CE = %f m\n',CE) +printf(' BE = %f m',BE) + diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.7/4Q7.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.7/4Q7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..572c470ba --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.7/4Q7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +AC= 250 //in m +AB= 200 // in m +BD=125 // in m +DC= 150 // in m +CB=BD+DC // in m +a= acos( (AC^2+CB^2-AB^2)/(2*AC*CB)) +AD=sqrt(AC^2+DC^2-2*AC*DC*cos(a)) + +printf('AD = %f m',AD) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.8/4Q8.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.8/4Q8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adcfb3fba --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.8/4Q8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +AB=25 // in m from triangle ABD +AD=50 // in m from triangle ABD +angleBDA= atand (AB/AD) +angleBDC=320-230 +angleADC=angleBDC-angleBDA +CA=AD*tand(angleADC) //from triangle ADC +printf('CA = %f m',CA) diff --git a/1844/CH4/EX4.9/4Q9.sce b/1844/CH4/EX4.9/4Q9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f3f853f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH4/EX4.9/4Q9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +BE=60 //in m +GD=BE +GH=40 +HB=80 +HD=GH+GD +CB=48/0.4// by solving similar triangles CHD and CBE +printf('CB = %f m',CB) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0478ddd81 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +// doing only one of the given +// WCB to RB +a= 22.5 +printf('a)R.B = N 22.5 E\n') +//RB to WCB +printf(' b)W.C.B = 12 degrees 24 min') diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..172cfd3f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// done for WCB only +FB=12.4 +if FB < 180 then BB= FB+180; +else BB= FB-180; +end +printf('B.B of AB = %f\n',BB) +FB=119.8 +if FB < 180 then BB= FB+180; +else BB= FB-180; +end +printf(' B.B of BC = %f\n',BB) +FB=266.5 +if FB < 180 then BB= FB+180; +else BB= FB-180; +end +printf(' B.B of CD = %f\n',BB) +FB=354.3 +if FB < 180 then BB= FB+180; +else BB= FB-180; +end +printf(' B.B of DE = %f\n',BB) +// for the RB values given just change the direction if north put south and if east put west diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bc59afe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// for A +Bp=300-180 +Bn=60.5 +IA=Bp-Bn +printf('Interior angle A = %f\n',IA) +//for B +Bp=60.5+180 +Bn=122 +IA=Bp-Bn +printf(' Interior angle B = %f\n',IA) +// for C +Bp=122+180 +Bn=46 +IA=Bp-Bn +printf(' Interior angle C = %f\n',IA) +//for D +Bp=46+180 +Bn=205.5 +IA=Bp-Bn +printf(' Interior angle D = %f\n',IA) +//for E +Bp=205.5-180 +Bn=300-360 +IA=Bp-Bn +printf(' Interior angle E = %f\n',IA) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b601a278 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +B=180+60 +I=140+1/6 +B1=B+I-180 +if B1>180 then B2= B1-180; + else B2=B1+180; +end +printf('Bearing of AD = %f\n',B1) +printf(' Bearing of DA = %f\n',B2) +B=B1 +I=69+2/6 +B1=B+I-180 +if B1>180 then B2= B1-180; + else B2=B1+180; +end +printf(' Bearing of DC = %f\n',B1) +printf(' Bearing of CD = %f\n',B2) +B=B1 +I=60+22/60 +B1=B+I+180 +if B1>180 then B2= B1-180; + else B2=B1+180; +end +printf(' Bearing of CB = %f\n',B1) +printf(' Bearing of BC = %f\n',B2) +B=B1 +I=90+8/60 +B1=B+I-180 +if B1>180 then B2= B1-180; + else B2=B1+180; +end +printf(' Bearing of BA = %f\n',B1) +printf(' Bearing of AB = %f\n',B2) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98892ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc +MB=48+24/60 +MD=5+38/60 +TB=MB+MD +printf('True Bearing = %f',TB) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9f2841c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc +MB= 28.5 +MD=7.5 +TB=MB+MD +printf('True bearing = S %f N',TB) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.7/7.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db40c75de --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +MB=5.5 +MD=1 +PD=8.5 +TB=MB+MD +MB=TB-PD +k=360+MB +printf('Magnetic Bearing = %f degrees',k) diff --git a/1844/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce b/1844/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..066e6c3fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1844/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +TB=180 +MB=184 +MD=TB-MB +printf('Declination = %f E\n',MD) +TB=360 +MB=350+2/6 +MD=TB-MB +printf(' Declination = %f E',MD) diff --git a/1865/CH2/EX2.1/prob_1.sce b/1865/CH2/EX2.1/prob_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..784c909d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH2/EX2.1/prob_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 1 +//Calculate the net magnetic moment per iron atom in crystal +clear +clc +l=2.87// The lattice parameter of BCC iron in A +v=((2.87)^3)*10^-30// Volume of the unit cell in m^3 +n= 2// No. of atoms in the unit cell +M=1750*1000// Saturation magnetization of BCC irons in A/m +m=(M*v)/n// Net magnetic moment per atom in Am^2 +printf('Net magnetic moment = %.27f ',m) diff --git a/1865/CH2/EX2.2/prob_2.sce b/1865/CH2/EX2.2/prob_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f153869a --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH2/EX2.2/prob_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Problem 2 +//Calculate the hysteresis loss +clear +clc +f=50// Frequency in Hz +v=0.01// Volume of the transformer core in m^3 +A= +M=1750*1000// Saturation magnetization of BCC irons in A/m +m=(M*v)/n// Net magnetic moment per atom in Am^2 +printf('Net magnetic moment = %.27f ',m) diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.1/prob_1.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.1/prob_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8baf63ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.1/prob_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 1 +//Calculate the wavelength of X-rays +clear +clc +V=12400// Potential difference in V +e=1.6*10^(-19)//charge on an electron in C +h=6.626*10^(-34)//planck's constant in J-s +c=3*10^(8)//velocity of light in m/s +w=((h*c)/(e*V))*10^(10)// wavelength of X-rays in A +printf('wavelength of X-rays = %.1f A',w) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.2/prob_2.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.2/prob_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34deb6a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.2/prob_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Problem 2 +//Calculate the maximum speed of electron striking the anti-cathode +clear +clc +V=18// Potential difference in kV +e=1.6*10^(-19)//charge on an electron in C +m=9.1*10^(-31)//mass of an electron in kg +v=(2*e*V/m)^(0.5)//maximum speed of electron in m/s +printf('maximum speed of electron striking the anti-cathode = %.1f m/s',v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.3/prob_3.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.3/prob_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f03a1e35c --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.3/prob_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//Problem 3 +//calculate the energy falling on the target material per second and also calculate the cutoff wavelength of the X-rays +clear +clc +V=20*10^3// potential difference in V +e=1.6*10^(-19)//charge on an electron in C +h=6.6*10^(-34)//planck's constant in J-s +c=3*10^(8)//velocity of light in m/s +i=1//current in mA +E=i*V*10^(-3)//energy in j/s +w=(h*c)/(e*V)//wavelength in nm +printf('energy falling on the target material per second = %.1f j/s \n',E) +printf('cutoff wavelength of the X-rays = %.3f nm',w*10^9) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.4/prob_4.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.4/prob_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d1233d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.4/prob_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 4 +//calculate the velocity of electrons at which they strike the target +clear +clc +V=10*10^3// potential difference in V +e=1.6*10^(-19)//charge on an electron in C +m=9.1*10^(-31)//mass of an electron in kg +KE=e*V// kinetic energy of electrons reaching the target material in J +v=(2*KE/m)^(0.5)//velocity of electrons at which they strike the target in m/s +printf('velocity of electrons at which they strike the target = %.2f m/s',v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.5/prob_5.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.5/prob_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff690adda --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.5/prob_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 5 +//calculate the glancing angle for third order reflection +clear +clc +w=0.842*(10)^(-10)//wavelength in m +x=8.5833//glancing angle(in degrees) for the first order reflection +a=1,b=3//a=1 for 1st order b=3 for 3rd order reflection +d=(a*w)/(2*sind(x))//inerplanar spacing for first order reflection +y=asind((b*w)/(2*d)) +printf('Glancing angle for the third order reflection = %.2f degrees',y) diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.6/prob_6.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.6/prob_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f7371445 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.6/prob_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//Problem 6 +//calculate the interplanar spacing of the crystal +clear +clc +w=0.58//wavelength of monochromatic X-rays +a=6.45,b=9.15,c=13//Bragg's reflection are obtained at these angles (in degrees) +d=w/(2*sind(a))//value of d/n in first case (in A) +d1=w/(2*sind(b))//value of d/n in second case (in A) +d2=w/(2*sind(c))//value of d/n in third case (in A) +printf('value of d/n in first case= %.3f A\n',d) +printf('value of d/n in second case=%.3f A\n',d1) +printf('value of d/n in third case=%.3f A\n',d2) +printf('it is clear from all the cases that the values of d/n (d,d1,d2) in first case is almost twice that of third case.\nThis shows that angles 6.45 degrees and 13 degrees represent the 1st and 2nd order reflection maxima from one set of parallel planes.\nTherefore spacing can be obtained by putting n=1 in 1st case or n=2 in 3rd case \n') +n1=1 +n3=2 +d3=(d)*n1//interplanar spacing of the crystal +printf('\n therefore interplanar spacing of the crystal = %.3f A',d3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.7/prob_7.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.7/prob_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b053ce769 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.7/prob_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//Problem 7 +//Calculation of various orders in which Bragg's reflection takes place +clear +clc +w=1.5//wavelength of monochromatic X-rays in A +d=1.61//interplanar spacing in A +a=1,b=2,c=3//a=1 for 1st order b=2 for 2nd order and c=3 for 3rd order +x=asind((a*w)/(2*d))//angle of reflection in 1st order in degrees +y=asind((b*w)/(2*d))//angle of reflection in 2nd order in degrees +Q=(c*w)/(2*d)//Q is the sine of angle of reflection in 3rd order +printf('angle of reflection in 1st order = %.3f degrees\n',x) +printf('angle of reflection in 2nd order = %.3f degrees\n',y) +printf('sine of angle of reflection in 3rd order = %.3f \n',Q) +printf('now z(angle of reflection in 3rd order ) > 90 degrees therefore there is no third order maxima \n hence 1st and 2nd order maxima would be possible') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH3/EX3.8/prob_8.sce b/1865/CH3/EX3.8/prob_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2d74426f --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH3/EX3.8/prob_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 8 +//calculate the wavelength of X-rays used +clear +clc +d=2.81//interplanar spacing in A +n=1//order of beam +x=10//angle of first order beam with the incident beam +y=x/2//angle of incident +w=2*d*sind(y)// wavelength of X-rays used in A +printf('wavelength of X-rays used = %.2f A',w) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.1/prob_1.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.1/prob_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..733be1827 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.1/prob_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//Problem 1 +//Calculate the coherent length for white light +clear +clc +w1=400//initial wavelength of white light (in nm) +w2=700//final wavelength of white light (in nm) +dw=w2-w1;//difference between wavelengths +aw=(w1+w2)/2;// average wavelength (in nm) +l=((aw)^2/dw);//coherent length for white light (in nm) +printf('del w = %.9f m\n',dw*(10)^(-9)) +printf('average wavelength= %.9f m \n\n',aw*(10)^(-9)) +printf('coherent length=%.6f m\n\n\n',l*(10)^(-9)) +printf('here coherent length is of the order of one micro meter.\n which is very very small and obtaining a path difference\n of this order between the interfering beam is difficult.\n that is why interference with white light is impossible.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.2/prob_2.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.2/prob_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bf75e8b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.2/prob_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 2 +//Calculate the coherent time +clear +clc +printf('The length of the wave train is equal to the coherent length\n') +w=660//wavelength of light (in nm) +l=13.2*(10)^(-6)//coherent length (in m) +c=3*(10)^(8)//speed of light (in m/s) +t=l/c//coherent time (in sec) +printf('coherent time= %.16f sec',t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.3/prob_3.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.3/prob_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79b8eb80f --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.3/prob_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +//Problem 3 +//Calculate the number of oscillations corresponding to the coherence length and the coherence time +clear +clc +L=2.945*(10)^(-2)//length for NA light (in m) +w=5890//wavelength of NA light (in A) +c=3*(10)^8//speed of light +n=L/(w*(10)^(-10))//number of oscillations in length L +t=L/c//coherence time +printf('number of oscillations in length L = %.4f\n',n) +printf('coherence time = %.13f sec',t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.5/prob_5.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.5/prob_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e5ce54ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.5/prob_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//Problem 5 +//Calculate the (1) the line frequency, (2) the bandwidth, (3) the coherence length +clear +clc +w=6058//wavelength (in A) +dw=0.00550//Doppler width (in A) +c=3*(10)^8//speed of light +f=c/(w*(10)^(-10))//the line frequency (in Hz) +df=(dw*f)/w//bandwidth (in Hz) +l=c/df//coherence length (in m) +printf('line frequency = %.f Hz \n',f) +printf('bandwidth = %.f Hz\n',df) +printf(' coherence length = %.f m' , l) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.6/prob_6.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.6/prob_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b896b16b --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.6/prob_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Problem 6 +//Calculate the temporal coherence length for mercury vapour lamp +clear +clc +w=546.1//wavelength (in nm) +dv=6*(10)^8//emission bandwidth (in Hz) +c=3*(10)^8//speed of light (in m/s) +dw=((w*(10)^(-9))^2*(dv))/c;//dw (in m) +l=(w*(10)^(-9))^2/dw// temporal length (in m) +printf('temporal length = %.2f m ',l) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH4/EX4.7/prob_7.sce b/1865/CH4/EX4.7/prob_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e3c4efeb --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH4/EX4.7/prob_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Problem 7 +//Calculate the spatial coherence length at some distance from the source +clear +clc +w=10//wavelength by plasma produced by laser (in nm) +a=100//diameter of the ball that plasma consisting in micro meter +D=0.5//distance from the source in m +l=(w*D*10^(-9))/(a*10^(-6))// spatial coherence length at distance D from the source in m +printf('spatial coherence length at distance D from the source = %.7f m',l) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1865/CH6/EX6.1/prob_1.sce b/1865/CH6/EX6.1/prob_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c20b3ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/1865/CH6/EX6.1/prob_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Problem 1 +//Calculate the fringe shift +clear +clc +l=10// Optical path of each beam in m +w=550// wavwlength of light used in nm +v= 10^(-4)// ratio of velocity of beam and velocity of light +f=(2*l*(v^2))/(w*10^(-9))// fringe shift +printf('fringe shift = %.2f ',f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1157511fd --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clf +clc +clear +t=[-20:0.01:20]; +for i=1:length(t) + x(i)=2; +end +plot(t,x); +xtitle("x(t)=2 for all t","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9a16362a --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clf +clc +n=-20:1:20; +for i=1:length(n) + x(i)=0.5; +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(n,x,"."); +xtitle("x(n)=0.5 for all n","number of samples","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) +y=0.5*x; +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(n,y,"."); +xtitle("y(n)=0.5*x(n) for all n","number of samples","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4757f4c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clf +clear +clc +t=[-20:0.01:20]; +for i=1:length(t) + x=2*t; +end +plot(t,x); +xtitle("x(t)=2*t for all t","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90cc3f294 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +clf +interval=input('enter the value of time interval T between two samples'); +t=(-20*interval):interval:(20*interval); +for i=1:length(t) + if t(i)<0 then + x(i)=-1; + elseif t(i)>0 then + x(i)=1; + else + x(i)=0; + end +end +plot(t,x,"."); +xtitle("x(t)=1 for positive values of t..., x(t)=0 for t=0...., x(t)=-1 for negative values of t","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f689f557 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear +clf +clc +t=-20:0.01:20; +for i=1:length(t) + if t(i)>0 then + x1(i)=0.5; + else + x1(i)=-0.5; + end +end +subplot(3,1,1) +plot(t,x1); +xtitle("x1(t)=-0.5 for t<0 and x1(t)=0.5 for t>0","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5); +subplot(3,1,2) +for i=1:length(t) + x2(i)=-t(i); +end +plot(t,x2); +xtitle("x2(t)=-t for all t","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5); +subplot(3,1,3) +for i=1:length(t) + x3(i)=t(i).^2; +end +plot(t,x3); +xtitle("x3(t)=t^2 for all t","time","amplitude"); +xgrid(5); diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f3bb9b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clf +clc +n=-20:1:20; +for i=1:length(n) + if n(i)>=0 then + x(i)=2; + else + x(i)=0; + end +end +plot(n,x,"."); +xtitle("x(n)=0 for n<0 and x(n)=2 for n>=0","number of samples","amplitude"); +xgrid(5) diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af1f46bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +clf +n1=-2:1:2; +x1=-2:1:2; +subplot(3,1,1) +plot(n1,x1,"."); +xtitle("x1(n)","n","x1(n)"); +xgrid(5) +n=-5:1:5; +for i=1:length(n) + x2(i)=n(i); + x3(i)=2-n(i); +end +subplot(3,1,2); +plot(n,x2,"."); +xtitle("x2(n)","n","x2(n)"); +xgrid(5); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot(n,x3,"."); +xtitle("x3(n)","n","x3(n)"); +xgrid(5); diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.6/eg1_7.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.6/eg1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d090d46d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.6/eg1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clf +clc +interval=input('enter the sampling interval'); +n=[-20:1:20]; +t=n*interval +for i=1:length(t) + x(i)=2*t(i); +end +plot(t,x,"."); +xtitle("sampled function of x(t)=2*t for all t","number of samples","amplitude"); diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d090d46d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clf +clc +interval=input('enter the sampling interval'); +n=[-20:1:20]; +t=n*interval +for i=1:length(t) + x(i)=2*t(i); +end +plot(t,x,"."); +xtitle("sampled function of x(t)=2*t for all t","number of samples","amplitude"); diff --git a/2279/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/2279/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09c51e6d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +x=poly([-4 2 1],'t','c') +a=horner(x,0) +b=horner(x,-2) +disp(a) +disp(b) diff --git a/2279/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2279/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af9ce6d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 2.1 +clf +clear +clc +t=[-10:0.01:10]; +for i=1:length(t) + if t(i)>= -0.5 & t(i)<= 0.5 then + x(i)=t(i)+0.5; + elseif t(i)>0.5 & t(i)<=1.5 then + x(i)=1.5-t(i); + else + x(i)=0; + end +end +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(t,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(t) vs t","t in sec","x(t)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(t-1,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(t+1) vs t","t in sec","x(t+1)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(t+2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(t-2) vs t","t in sec","x(t-2)"); +xset('window',1); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(-t,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-t) vs t","t in sec","x(-t)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(t/2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(2t) vs t","t in sec","x(2t)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(t*2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(t/2) vs t","t in sec","x(t/2)"); +xset('window',2); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(-t-1,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-t+1) vs t","t in sec","x(-t+1)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(-t+2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-t-2) vs t","t in sec","x(-t-2)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(-t/2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-2t) vs t","t in sec","x(-2t)"); +xset('window',3); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(-t*2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-t/2) vs t","t in sec","x(-t/2)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(-(t-1)/2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-2t+1) vs t","t in sec","x(-2t+1)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(-(t+2)/2,x,rect=[-4 0 4 2]); +xtitle("x(-2t-2) vs t","t in sec","x(-2t-2)"); diff --git a/2279/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2279/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13508629a --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 2.2 +clf +clear +clc +t=[-10:0.01:10]; +for i=1:length(t) + if t(i)>= -2 & t(i)<=4 then + x(i)=(t(i)+2)/6; + else + x(i)=0; + end +end +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(t,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(t) vs t","t in sec","x(t)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(t-1,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(t+1) vs t","t in sec","x(t+1)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(t+1,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(t-1) vs t","t in sec","x(t-1)"); +xset('window',1); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(t/2,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(2t) vs t","t in sec","x(2t)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(2*t,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(t/2) vs t","t in sec","x(t/2)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(-t/3,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(-3t) vs t","t in sec","x(-3t)"); +xset('window',2); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d(-(t-3),x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(3-t) vs t","t in sec","x(3-t)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(-(t-2)/2,x,rect=[-10 0 10 2]); +xtitle("x(-2t+2) vs t","t in sec","x(-2t+2)"); diff --git a/2279/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2279/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2168406b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2.3 +clear +clc +clf +n=-20:1:20; +x=[zeros(1,19),1,1,2,3,4,0.5, zeros(1,16)]; +subplot(3,1,1); +plot(n,x,"."); +xtitle("x(n) vs n","n","x(n)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot(n+3,x,'.'); +xtitle("x(n-3) vs n","n","x(n-3)"); +subplot(3,1,3); +plot(n-2,x,'.'); +xtitle("x(n+2) vs n","n","x(n+2)"); +figure(1) +subplot(3,1,1); +plot(-n,x,'.'); +xtitle("x(-n) vs n","n","x(-n)"); +subplot(3,1,2); +plot(-n+2,x,'.'); +xtitle("x(-n+2) vs n","n","x(-n+2)"); +subplot(3,1,3) +plot(-n-3,x,'.') +xtitle("x(-n-3) vs n","n","x(-n-3)"); diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08efe6700 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 3.10 +clc +clear all +t=0:0.01:20; +function y=signal(x) + y=x +endfunction +//Assume v(t) as ramp signal +v1=t; +v2=t+2; +//Assume R=1 +i1=signal(v1) +i2=signal(v2) +a=2; +b=2; +subplot(4,2,1) +plot(t,a*v1) +xtitle("a*v1(t)","t in sec","a*v1(t)"); +subplot(4,2,2) +plot(t,signal(a*v1)) +xtitle("a*i1(t)","t in sec","a*i1(t)"); +subplot(4,2,3) +plot(t,b*v2) +xtitle("b*v2(t)","t in sec","b*v2(t)"); +subplot(4,2,4) +plot(t,signal(b*v2)) +xtitle("b*i2(t)","t in sec","b*i2(t)"); +c=(a*v1)+(b*v2); +subplot(4,2,5) +plot(t,c) +xtitle("v3(t)","t in sec","v3(t)"); +subplot(4,2,6) +plot(t,signal(c)) +xtitle("i3(t)","t in sec","i3(t)"); +subplot(4,2,8) +plot(t,signal(a*v1)+signal(b*v2)) +xtitle("LINEAR SYSTEM","t in sec","a*i1(t)+b*i2(t)"); diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60dfd651 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 3.11 +clc +clear all +t=0:0.001:0.5; +function i=signal(v) + i=exp(v); +endfunction +//Assume v(t) as ramp signal +x1=2*ones(1,length(t)); +x2=t+2; +//Assume R=1 +y1=signal(x1) +y2=signal(x2) +a=2; +b=2; +subplot(4,2,1) +plot(t,a*x1) +xtitle("a*x1(t)","t in sec","a*x1(t)"); +subplot(4,2,2) +plot(t,signal(a*x1)) +xtitle("a*y1(t)","t in sec","a*y1(t)"); +subplot(4,2,3) +plot(t,b*x2) +xtitle("b*x2(t)","t in sec","b*x2(t)"); +subplot(4,2,4) +plot(t,signal(b*x2)) +xtitle("b*y2(t)","t in sec","b*y2(t)"); +c=(a*x1)+(b*x2); +subplot(4,2,5) +plot(t,c) +xtitle("x3(t)","t in sec","x3(t)"); +subplot(4,2,6) +plot(t,signal(c)) +xtitle("y3(t)","t in sec","y3(t)"); +subplot(4,2,8) +plot(t,signal(a*x1)+signal(b*x2)) +xtitle("NON-LINEAR SYSTEM","t in sec","a*y1(t)+b*y2(t)"); diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86f976a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 3.13 +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = x1(n)^2; + y2(n) = x2(n)^2; + y3(n) = x3(n)^2; +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94cefa850 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Example 3.14 +clear; +clc; +to = 2; //Assume the amount of time shift =2 +T=10; +t=0:0.1:T; +for i=1:length(t) + if (t(i)>=0 & t(i)<1) + x1(i) = t(i); + x2(i)=0; + elseif (t(i)>=1 & t(i)<2) then + x1(i)=1; + x2(i)=t(i)-1; + elseif (t(i)>=2 & t(i)<3) then + x1(i)=2; + x2(i)=1; + elseif (t(i)>=3 & t(i)<4) + x1(i)=0; + x2(i)=2; + else + x1(i)=0; + x2(i)=0; + end +y1(i) = 2*(x1(i)); +y2(i)=2*x2(i); +end +figure(0); +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(t,x1); +xtitle("x1(t)","t","x1(t)"); +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(t,y1); +xtitle("y1(t)=2*x1(t)","t","y1(t)"); +figure(1); +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(t,x2); +xtitle("x2(t)","t","x2(t)"); +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(t,y2); +xtitle("y2(t)=2*x2(t)=2*x1(t-1)=y1(t-1)","t","y2(t)"); +//First shift the input signal only +Input_shift = 2*(x1(T-to)); +Output_shift = y1(T-to); +if(Input_shift == Output_shift) + disp('The given system is a Time In-variant system'); +else + disp('The given system is a Time Variant system'); +end diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..564986888 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 3.15 +clear; +clc; +to = 2; //Assume the amount of time shift =2 +T=10; +for t = 1:0.01:T + x(t) = sin(t); + y(t) = sin(2*t); +end +//First shift the input signal only +Input_shift = x(T-to); +Output_shift = y(T-to); +if(Input_shift == Output_shift) + disp('The given system is a Time In-variant system'); +else + disp('The given system is a Time Variant system'); +end diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1ce9199a --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 3.16 +clear; +clc; +no = 2; //Assume the amount of time shift =2 +L = 10; //Length of given signal +for n = 1:L + x(n)=sin(n); + end + n=2; + for i=1:L + y(i)=x(n-1); + n=n+1; + end +//First shift the input signal only +Input_shift = x(L-no); +Output_shift = y(L-no); +if(Input_shift == Output_shift) + disp('The given discrete system is a Time In-variant system'); +else + disp('The given discrete system is a Time Variant system'); +end diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab7272f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 3.17 +clear; +clc; +no = 2; //Assume the amount of time shift =2 +L = 10; //Length of given signal +for n = 1:L + x(n)=sin(n); + y(n)=-sin(n); + end + +//First shift the input signal only +Input_shift = x(L-no); +Output_shift = y(L-no); +if(Input_shift == Output_shift) + disp('The given discrete system is a Time In-variant system'); +else + disp('The given discrete system is a Time Variant system'); +end diff --git a/2279/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/2279/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9b05583 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.18 +clc +clear +t=0:0.01:10; +for i=1:length(t) + x(i)=sin(i); + y(i)=2*x(i); + z(i)=0.5*y(i); +end +if (x==z) then + disp("The given system is invertible"); +else + disp("the Given system is non-invertible"); +end diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16df5cecc --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.1 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=[0 1 2]; +n1=0:4; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +y=convol(h,x) +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("","....................n","x[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x,5); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("","....................n","h[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n,h,5); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n1,y,5); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09fe34655 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.10 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=0:2; +n1=0:4; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +A=[x 0 0;0 x 0; 0 0 x]; +y=A'*h' +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n1,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9563bb9b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.11 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=-1:1; +n1=-2:2; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +A=[x 0 0;0 x 0; 0 0 x]; +y=A'*h' +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x,5); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n,h,5); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot2d3('gnn',n1,y,5); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58b5521a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.13 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=0:100; +n1=0:200; +for i=1:length(n) + x(i)=n(i); + h(i)=1; +end +y=convol(x,h); +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n1,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06942d2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.14 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=0:100; +n1=0:200; +a=0.7//assume the constant a=0.7 +for i=1:length(n) + x(i)=a^n(i); + h(i)=1; +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n1,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19973d1c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.15 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=-100:1:0; +n2=0:100; +n3=-100:100; +a=0.5//assume the constant a=0.5 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=a^-n1(i); + h(i)=a^n1(i); +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..516f52d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.16 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=-100:-2; +n2=2:100; +n3=-98:98; +a=1/2//assume the constant a=1/2 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=a^-n1(i); + h(i)=1; +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72c2aa29 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.17 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=2:12; +n2=4:14; +n3=6:26; +a=1/3//assume the constant a=1/3 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=a^-n1(i); + h(i)=1; +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8e2032bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.18 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=-100:0; +n2=0:100; +n3=-100:100; +b=0.8//assume the constant b=0.4 +a=0.8//assume the constant a=0.8 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=a^n1(i); + h(i)=b^n1(i); +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97630f089 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 4.19 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=0:9; +n2=0:100; +n3=0:109; +b=0.8//assume the constant b=0.4 +a=0.8//assume the constant a=0.8 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=a^n1(i); +end +for j=1:length(n2) + h(j)=b^n2(j); +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..573c7465b --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.2 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=-1:1; +n1=-2:2; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +y=coeff(poly(h,'z','c')*poly(x,'z','c')) +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) + diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2845b430 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 4.20 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n1=0:5; +n2=0:7; +n3=0:12; +a=0.8//assume the constant a=0.8 +for i=1:length(n1) + x(i)=1; +end +for j=1:length(n2) + h(j)=a^n2(j); +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..871235eee --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 4.21 +//Convolution of x(t) and h(t) +clc +clear +t1=0:0.01:5; +t2=0:0.01:2; +t3=0:0.01:7; +for i=1:length(t1) + x(i)=1; +end +for j=1:length(t2) + h(j)=1; +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(t)","....................t","x[t]"); +plot(t1,x); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(t)","....................t","h[t]"); +plot(t2,h); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(t)",".............................t","y[t]"); +plot(t3,y); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e1724b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 4.23 +//Convolution of x(t) and h(t) +clc +clear +t1=0:0.01:20; +t2=0:0.01:20; +t3=0:0.01:40; +a1=0.5;//constants a and b are equal +b1=0.5; +a2=0.8;// constants a and b are unequal +b2=0.3; +for i=1:length(t1) + x1(i)=exp(-a1*t1(i)); + x2(i)=exp(-a2*t1(i)); +end +for j=1:length(t2) + h1(j)=exp(-b1*t2(j)); + h2(j)=exp(-b2*t2(j)); +end +//case 1: a & b are equal +y1=convol(x1,h1); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(t)","....................t","x[t]"); +plot(t1,x1); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(t)","....................t","h[t]"); +plot(t2,h1); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(t)",".............................t","y[t]"); +plot(t3,y1); +//case 2: a& b are unequal +figure(1) +y2=convol(x2,h2); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(t)","....................t","x[t]"); +plot(t1,x2); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(t)","....................t","h[t]"); +plot(t2,h2); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(t)",".............................t","y[t]"); +plot(t3,y2); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26e4ba5b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 4.24 +//Convolution of x(t) and h(t) +clc +clear +t1=-3:0.01:10; +t2=1:0.01:10; +t3=-2:0.01:20; +a=0.5//assume a=0.5 +for i=1:length(t1) + x(i)=exp(-a*t1(i)); +end +for j=1:length(t2) + h(j)=exp(-a*t2(j)); +end +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(t)","....................t","x[t]"); +plot(t1,x); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(t)","....................t","h[t]"); +plot(t2,h); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(t)",".............................t","y[t]"); +plot(t3,y); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b55d5c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Interconnectiuion of LTI systems +n=-10:10; +for i=1:length(n) + if(n(i)==0) + h1(i)=2; + else + h1(i)=1; + end +end +for i=1:length(n) + if(n(i)==2) + h2(i)=1; + else + h2(i)=0; + end +end +for i=1:length(n) + if(n(i)>=1) + h3(i)=1; + else + h3(i)=0; +end +end +for i=1:length(n) + if(n(i)>= -1) + h4(i)=1; + else + h4(i)=0; + end +end +for i=1:length(n) + h5(i)=n(i); + h6(i)=1; +end +h23=h2.*h3; +h234=h4+h23; +h1234=h1.*h234; +h56=h5.*h6; +h=h56+h1234; +x=[1 -0.5]; +n1=[0 1]; +y=convol(x,h); +n2=-10:11; +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n2,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a90807b05 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.27 +//Interconnectiuion of LTI systems +n2=0:18; +h1=[1 5 10 11 8 4 1]; +h2=[1 1 zeros(1,5)]; +h3=[1 1 zeros(1,5)]; +a=convol(h1,h2); +h=convol(a,h3); +x=[1 -1]; +n1=[0 1]; +n3=0:19; +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n3,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83912f6d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 4.30 +//Cascade connection of systems +clc +clear +n=0:10; +h11=[1 -0.5]; +for i=1:length(n) + h2(i)=0.5^n(i); + if (n(i)==0) then + h1(i)=1; + elseif n(i)==1 then + h1(i)=-0.5 + else + h1(i)=0; + end +end +h=convol(h11,h2); +n2=0:11; +//assume x[n]=[1 1 1] +n1=0:2; +x=[1 1 1]; +n3=0:13; +y=convol(x,h); +subplot(3,1,1); +plot(n1,x,'.'); +xtitle("Input Signal x[n]","n","x[n]") +subplot(3,1,2); +plot(n2,h,'.'); +xtitle("Impulse Response h[n]","n","h[n]") +subplot(3,1,3); +plot(n3,y,'.'); +xtitle("Output Signal y[n]","n","y[n]") +disp("the given system is an invertible system"); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..489ebefab --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.5 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=0:2; +n1=0:4; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +y=coeff(poly(h,'z','c')*poly(x,'z','c')) +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n1,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2279/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19f8fc8b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.6 +//Convolution sum of x[n] and h[n] +clc +clear +n=-1:1; +n1=-2:2; +x=[0.5 0.5 0.5]; +h=[3 2 1]; +y=coeff(poly(h,'z','c')*poly(x,'z','c')) +disp("Convolution of x[n] and h[n] is...") +disp(y) +subplot(3,1,1) +xtitle("input signal x(n)","....................n","x[n]"); +plot(n,x,'.'); +subplot(3,1,2) +xtitle("system response h(n)","....................n","h[n]"); +plot(n,h,'.'); +subplot(3,1,3) +xtitle("output signal y(n)",".............................n","y[n]"); +plot(n1,y,'.'); diff --git a/2279/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2279/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9426dd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ + + + + + +//Continuous Time Fourier Series Coefficients of +//a periodic signal x(t) = sin(2*Wot) +clear; +close; +clc; +t = 0:0.01:1; +T = 1; +Wo = 2*%pi/T; +xt = sin(2*Wo*t); +for k =0:4 + C(k+1,:) = exp(-sqrt(-1)*Wo*t.*k); + a(k+1) = xt*C(k+1,:)'/length(t); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.01) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a'; +ak = [-a,a(2:$)] +for i=1:length(ak) + if real(ak(i))== 0 then + phase(i)=0; + else + if i0 +clear; +clc; +close; +B =1; +Dt = 0.005; +t = 0:Dt:10; +xt = exp(-B*t); +Wmax = 2*%pi*1; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = xt* exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W) * Dt; +XW_Mag = abs(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW); +XW_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW_Phase),XW_Phase(2:1001)]; +//Plotting Continuous Time Signal +figure(1) +plot(t,xt); +xlabel('t in sec.'); +ylabel('x(t)') +title('Continuous Time Signal') +figure(2) +//Plotting Magnitude Response of CTS +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(W,XW_Mag); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel(' Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel(' 0 +clear; +clc; +close; +B =1; +Dt = 0.005; +t = -10:Dt:0; +xt = exp(B*t); +Wmax = 2*%pi*1; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = xt* exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W) * Dt; +XW_Mag = abs(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW); +XW_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW_Phase),XW_Phase(2:1001)]; +//Plotting Continuous Time Signal +figure(1) +plot(t,xt); +xlabel('t in sec.'); +ylabel('x(t)') +title('Continuous Time Signal') +figure(2) +//Plotting Magnitude Response of CTS +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(W,XW_Mag); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel(' Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel(' 0 +clear; +clc; +close; +B =1; +Dt = 0.005; +t = 0:Dt:10; +h = 0.5*exp(-B*t*0.5); +Wmax = 2*%pi*1; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = h* exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W) * Dt; +XW_Mag = abs(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW); +XW_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW_Phase),XW_Phase(2:1001)]; +//Plotting Continuous Time Signal +figure(1) +plot(t,h); +xlabel('t in sec.'); +ylabel('x(t)') +title('Continuous Time Signal') +figure(2) +//Plotting Magnitude Response of CTS +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(W,XW_Mag); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel(' Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel(' To & t<-To then + x(i)=0; + else + x(i)=A; + end +end + +Wo=2*%pi; + +k=-5:5 +for i=1:length(k) + if k(i)==0 then + ak(i)=1.5; + else + ak(i)=(sin(k(i)*%pi/2))/(k(i)*%pi); + end +end + +disp("The fourier series coefficients are...") +disp(ak) +disp("magnitude of Fourier series coefficient") +disp(abs(ak)) +disp("the givem signal is even and so it has no phase spectrum") +//PLotting frequency spectrum +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,abs(ak),'.'); +xtitle("Magnitude Spectrum","k","|ak|"); +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(k,ak,'.'); +xtitle("Ak","k","ak"); diff --git a/2279/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/2279/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a08627cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Fourier Series coefficients for Impulse train +clc +clear +close +//Assume period of the impulse train T=2 +T=2; +t=-5*T:T:5*T; +for i=1:length(t) + x(i)=1; +end +//Using sifting property of the impulse signal +k=-10:10 +for i=1:length(k) + ak(i)=1/T; +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,x,'.') +xtitle("Impulse train","t","x(t)") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,ak,'.') +xtitle("Fourier coefficients of impulse train","k","ak") diff --git a/2279/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/2279/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1a9f8517 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Fourier Series coefficients of half-wave rectifier output +//Assume the period of the signal T=1 +t=-0.5:0.01:1; +T = 1; +for i=1:length(t) + if t(i)0.25 then + x(i)=-1; + else + x(i)=1; + end +end +k=-10:10; +for i=1:length(k) + if k(i)==0 then + ak(i)=0; + else + ak(i)=(%i*((2-(-1)^k(i))*exp(-%i*k(i)*%pi/2)-exp(%i*k(i)*%pi/2)))/(k(i)*2*%pi); + end +end + +disp("The fourier series coefficients are...") +disp(ak) +plot(k,ak,'.') +xtitle("Fourier Coefficients","k","ak") diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd38eb38b --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Sampling the CT signals +clc +clear +close +t=-0.3:0.0001:0.3; +x1=2*cos(2*%pi*20*t);//F1=20Hz +x2=2*cos(2*%pi*80*t);//F2=80Hz +figure(1) +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,x1); +xtitle("CT Signal X1(t)","t","x1(t)"); +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(t,x2) +xtitle("CT Signal X2(t)","t","x2(t)"); +//Given Sampling frequency Fs=60Hz +Fs=60; +n=-10:1:10; +Ts=1/60;//Sampling interval Ts=1/Fs +x1_n=2*cos(2*%pi*20*n*Ts); +x2_n=2*cos(2*%pi*80*n*Ts); +figure(2) +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1_n,3); +xtitle("Sampled signal x1[n]","n","x1[n]") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2_n,3); +xtitle("Sampled signal x2[n]","n","x2[n]") diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac8ea0186 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Sampling the CT signals +clc +clear +close +t=-10:0.01:10; +x=sin(%pi*t); +figure(1) +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,x); +xtitle("CT Signal sin(pi*t)","t","x(t)"); +Wb=%pi;//Given Sampling frequency is Pi radians +Ws=2*Wb; +Fs=Ws/(2*%pi); +n=-100:1:100; +Ts=1/Fs;//Sampling interval Ts=1/Fs +x_n=sin(%pi*n*Ts); +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d(n,x_n,rect=[-100 -2 100 2]); +xtitle("Sampled signal x[n]","n","x[n]") diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00aaa64e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Sampling the CT signals +clc +clear +close +t=-0.3:0.0001:0.3; +x=5*sin(10*%pi*t); +figure(1) +plot(t,x); +xtitle("CT Signal x(t)","t","x(t)"); +//Given Sampling frequency (a) Fs=15Hz (b) Fs=6Hz +Fs1=15; +Fs2=6; +n=-10:1:10; +Ts1=1/Fs1;//Sampling interval Ts=1/Fs +Ts2=1/Fs2; +x1=5*sin(%pi*10*n*Ts1); +x2=5*sin(%pi*10*n*Ts2); +figure(2) +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle("Sampled signal Fs=15Hz","n","x1[n]") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2); +xtitle("Sampled signal Fs=6Hz","n","x2[n]") diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b049ab9ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Continuous Time Fourier Transforms of +// Sinusoidal waveforms 3cos(2*pi*t) +clear; +clc; +close; +// CTFT +t=-10:0.01:10; +x=3*cos(2*%pi*t); +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,x); +xtitle("CT signal x(t)","t","x(t)"); +T1 = 2; +T = 4*T1; +Wo = 6*%pi/T; +W = [-Wo,0,Wo]; +ak = (2*%pi*Wo*T1/%pi); +XW =[ak,0,ak]; +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',W,real(XW)); +xlabel(' W'); +xtitle('CTFT of cos(Wot)','W','X(jW)') +n=-10:10; +W1=4*%pi; +W2=8*%pi; +W3=3*%pi; +T1=(2*%pi)/W1; +T2=(2*%pi)/W2; +T3=(2*%pi)/W3; +x1=3*cos(2*%pi*n*T1); +x2=3*cos(2*%pi*n*T2); +x3=3*cos(2*%pi*n*T3); +figure(1) +subplot(3,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle("X(t) sampled at Ws=4*pi","n","x1[n]"); +subplot(3,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2); +xtitle("X(t) sampled at Ws=8*pi","n","x2[n]"); +subplot(3,1,3) +plot2d3('gnn',n,x3); +xtitle("X(t) sampled at Ws=3*pi","n","x3[n]"); diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b952dc2a --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Sampling the signal at nyquist rate +clear; +clc; +close; +t=-1:0.01:1; +x=2*cos(200*%pi*t)+3*sin(100*%pi*t)-4*sin(500*%pi*t); +f1=100; +f2=50; +f3=250; +fb=max(f1,f2,f3); +Fs=2*fb; +Ts=1/Fs; +n=-10:10; +x_n=2*cos(200*%pi*n*Ts)+3*sin(100*%pi*n*Ts)-4*sin(500*%pi*n*Ts); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x_n) +xtitle("DT Signal x(n) sampled at nyquist rate","n","x[n]"); diff --git a/2279/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/2279/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..082423ad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Determining nyquist rate for the signals +clc +clear +close +Wb1=4*%pi; +Wb2=10*%pi; +Wbs=max(Wb1,Wb2); +Ws=2*Wbs; +//Bandlimited frequency doesnt change by Amplitude scaling +//(a) 2*x1(t) +Wa=2*Wb1 +disp("Wa=") +disp(Wa) +//Timing shifting doesnt affect the magnitude spectrum +//(b) x1(t-1) +Wb=2*Wb1 +disp("Wb=") +disp(Wb) +//Adding two band-limited spectrums will not sampling frequency +//(c) 2*x1(t)+x1(t-1) +Wc=2*Wb1 +disp("Wc=") +disp(Wc) +//Compressing time axis expands frequency axis by the same factor +//(d) x2(2t) +Wd=2*2*Wb2 +disp("Wd=") +disp(Wd) +//Expanding the time axis compresses the frequency axis by same factor +//(e) x2(t/2) +We=1/2*2*Wb2 +disp("We=") +disp(We) +//(f) x2(2t)+x2(t/2) +Wf=max(Wd,We) +disp("Wf=") +disp(Wf) +//x1(t)x2(t) +Wg=2*(Wb1+Wb2) +disp("Wg=") +disp(Wg) +//x1(t)*x2(t) +Wh=2*min(Wb1,Wb2) +disp("Wh=") +disp(Wh) +//x1(t)*cos(2*%pi*t) +Wi=2*(Wb1+2*%pi) +disp("Wi=") +disp(Wi) +//x1'(t) +Wj=2*Wb1 +disp("Wj=") +disp(Wj) diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.1/eg_7_1.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.1/eg_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb966be47 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.1/eg_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//DTFS of x[n] =sin(Won) +clear; +close; +clc; +n = 0:0.01:5; +N = 6; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn = sin(Wo*n); +for k =0:N-2 + C(k+1,:) = exp(-sqrt(-1)*Wo*n.*k); + a(k+1) = xn*C(k+1,:)'/length(n); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a' +a_conj = conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)] +k = -(N-2):(N-2); +plot2d3('gnn',k,-imag(ak),5) +plot2d3('gnn',N+k,-imag(ak),5) +plot2d3('gnn',-(N+k),-imag(ak($:-1:1)),5) +xtitle('ak','k','ak') diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67708d051 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//x[n] = 0.5+0.5*cos(2*%pi/N)n +clear; +close; +clc; +N = 8; +n = 0:0.01:N; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn =0.5*ones(1,length(n))+0.5*cos(Wo*n); +for k =0:N-2 + C(k+1,:) = exp(-sqrt(-1)*Wo*n.*k); + a(k+1) = xn*C(k+1,:)'/length(n); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a'; +a_conj =conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)]; +Mag_ak = abs(ak); +k = -(N-2):(N-2); +plot2d3('gnn',k,Mag_ak,5) +xtitle('abs(ak)','k','ak') diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15079a5fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence +//x[n]= (a^n).u[n], |a|<1 +clear; +clc; +close; +a1 = 0.5; +max_limit = 10; +for n = 0:max_limit-1 + x1(n+1) = (a1^n); +end +n = 0:max_limit-1; +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +x1 = x1'; +XW1 = x1* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag = abs(XW1); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW1_Mag = 2.5*[mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag), XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +XW1_Phase = (1/30)*[-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n]') +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +title('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))') +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +title('Phase Response <(X(jW))') + diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9b0c450 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence +//x[n]= (a^n).u[-n], |a|>1 +clear; +clc; +close; +a1 = 3; +min_limit = -20; +n = min_limit:0 +for i=1:length(n) + x1(i) = (a1^n(i)); +end +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +x1 = x1'; +XW1 = x1* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag = abs(XW1); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag), XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n]','n','x[n]') +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +xtitle('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))','w','|X(jW)|') +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +xtitle('Phase Response <(X(jW))','w','<(X(jW))') + diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4954a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of +//x[n]= (a^abs(n)) |a|<1 +clear; +clc; +close; +// DTS Signal +a = 0.5; +max_limit = 10; +n = -max_limit+1:max_limit-1; +x = a^abs(n); +// Discrete-time Fourier Transform +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = x* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW_Mag = real(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +//plot for abs(a)<1 +figure +subplot(2,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0','n','x[n]') +subplot(2,1,2); +plot2d(W,XW_Mag); +xtitle('Discrete Time Fourier Transform X(exp(jW))','w','|X(exp(jW))|') diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d2c2918c --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of +//x[n]= 1 , abs(n)<=M1 +clear; +clc; +close; +// DTS Signal +M1 = 2; +n = -M1:M1; +x = ones(1,length(n)); +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = x* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW_Mag = real(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +//plot for abs(a)<1 +figure +subplot(2,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x,2); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n]','n','x[n]') +subplot(2,1,2); +plot2d(W,XW_Mag); +xtitle('Discrete Time Fourier Transform X(exp(jW))','w','|X(exp(jW))|') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c01faa4e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of +// Periodic Impulse Train +clear; +clc; +close; +N = 5; +N1 = -3*N:3*N; +xn = [zeros(1,N-1),1]; +x = [1 xn xn xn xn xn xn]; +ak = 1/N; +XW = 2*%pi*ak*ones(1,2*N); +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +n = -N:N-1; +W = Wo*n; +figure +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',N1,x,2); +xtitle('Periodic Impulse Train','n','x[n]') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',W,XW,2); +xtitle('DTFT of Periodic Impulse Train','w','|X(exp(jw))|') +disp(Wo) diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa35df4b --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence +//x[n]= 1, n=2 +clear; +clc; +close; +a1 = 1/8; +max_limit = 10; +for n = 0:max_limit-1 + if n==2 then + x1(n+1) = 1; +else + x1(n+1) = 0; +end +end +n = 0:max_limit-1; +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +x1 = x1'; +XW1 = x1* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag = abs(XW1); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag), XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n]') +subplot(3,1,2); +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +title('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))') +subplot(3,1,3); +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +title('Phase Response <(X(jW))') + diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..310d1b57c --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//DTFS of x[n] =2cos((pi/3)*n+(pi/6)) +clear; +close; +clc; +n = -3:3; +N = 6; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn = 2*cos((%pi/3)*n+(%pi/6)); +//By euler's theorem X[n] can be represented +x_n=exp(%i*(%pi*n/3)+%pi/6)+exp(-%i*(%pi*n/3)+%pi/6) +for i=1:length(n) + if n(i)==1 + a(i)=exp(%i*%pi/6); + elseif n(i)==-1 + a(i)=exp(-%i*%pi/6); + else + a(i)=0; + end +end +for i=1:length(a) + if real(a(i))==0 then + phase(i)=0; + else + phase(i)=atan(imag(a(i))/real(a(i))); +end +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',n,abs(a)) +xtitle("MAgnitude spectrum","k","|ak|") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',n,phase) +xtitle("Phase spectrum","k","angle(ak)") diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85dbd8892 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Fouries series representation of combinarion of signals +//x[n]=1+sin(pi*n/2)+cos(%pi*n/4) +clc +clear +close +n=-3:3; +x=1+sin(%pi*n/2)+cos(%pi*n/4); +w1=%pi/2; +w2=%pi/4; +N1=2*%pi/w1; +N2=2*%pi/w2; +N=max(N1,N2); +wo=2*%pi/N; +//Expanding x[n] by Euler's theorem +xn=1+0.5*exp(%i*wo*n)+0.5*exp(-%i*wo*n)-0.5*%i*exp(%i*2*wo*n)-0.5*%i*exp(-%i*2*wo*n); +a0=1; +a1=0.5; +a_1=0.5; +a2=1/2*%i; +a_2=-1/2*%i; +a=[a_2 a_1 a0 a1 a2]; +a1=[0 a 0]; +phase=[%pi/2 0 0 0 -%pi/2] +phase=[0 phase 0] +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(n,abs(a1),'.') +xtitle("magnitude spectrum","k","ak") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(n,phase,'.') +xtitle("Phase spectrum","k","ak") diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1251bdb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//DTFS coefficients of periodic square wave +clear; +close; +clc; +N = 10; +N1 = 2; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn = ones(1,length(N)); +n = -(2*N1+1):(2*N1+1); +a(1) = (2*N1+1)/N; +for k =1:2*N1 + a(k+1) = sin((2*%pi*k*(N1+0.5))/N)/sin(%pi*k/N); + a(k+1) = a(k+1)/N; + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1) =0; + end +end +a =a'; +a_conj =conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)]; +k = -2*N1:2*N1; +plot2d3('gnn',k,abs(ak)) +xtitle('Magnitude spectrum','k','|ak|') diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c313d8a12 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//DTFS of a periodic sequence +clc +clear +close +n=-4:3; +x=[0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3]; +N=4; +k=0:3;; +wo=2*%pi/N; +a0=1.5; +a1=-0.5+0.5*%i; +a2=-0.5; +a3=-0.5-0.5*%i; +a=[a0,a1,a2,a3] +for i=1:length(a) + phase(i)=atan(imag(a(i))/real(a(i))); +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(k,abs(a),'.'); +xtitle("magnitude spectrum","k","ak"); +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,phase,'.'); +xtitle("phase spectrum","k","ak"); diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e9508b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//DTFS of discrete periodic signal +clc +clear +close +N=2//asume N=2 +n=-2*N:2*N +for i=1:length(n) + if modulo(n(i),N)==0 then + x(i)=1; +else + x(i)=0; +end +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(n,x,'.') +xtitle("Input signal x[n]","n","x[n]"); +k=-5:5; +for i=1:length(k) + ak(i)=1/N; +end +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,ak,'.') +xtitle("Frequency spectrum","k","ak") diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5257de458 --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//x[n] = 1+sin(2*%pi/N)n+3cos(2*%pi/N)n+cos[(4*%pi/N)n+%pi/4] +clear; +close; +clc; +N = 10; +n = 0:0.01:N; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn =ones(1,length(n))+sin(Wo*n)+3*cos(Wo*n)+cos(2*Wo*n+%pi/4); +for k =0:N-2 + C(k+1,:) = exp(-sqrt(-1)*Wo*n.*k); + a(k+1) = xn*C(k+1,:)'/length(n); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a'; +a_conj =conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)]; +Mag_ak = abs(ak); +for i = 1:length(a) + Phase_ak(i) = atan(imag(ak(i))/(real(ak(i))+0.0001)); +end +Phase_ak = Phase_ak' +Phase_ak = [Phase_ak(1:$-1) -Phase_ak($:-1:1)]; +k = -(N-2):(N-2); +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',k,Mag_ak,5) +xtitle('abs(ak)','k','ak') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',k,Phase_ak,5) +xtitle('phase(ak)','k','ak') diff --git a/2279/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2279/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f139a77f --- /dev/null +++ b/2279/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//x[n] = 1+sin(4*%pi/N)n+cos(10*%pi/N)n +clear; +close; +clc; +N = 21; +n = 0:0.01:N; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn =ones(1,length(n))+sin(2*Wo*n)+cos(5*Wo*n); +for k =0:N-2 + C(k+1,:) = exp(-sqrt(-1)*Wo*n.*k); + a(k+1) = xn*C(k+1,:)'/length(n); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a'; +a_conj =conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)]; +Mag_ak = abs(ak); +for i = 1:length(a) + Phase_ak(i) = atan(imag(ak(i))/(real(ak(i))+0.0001)); +end +Phase_ak = Phase_ak' +Phase_ak = [Phase_ak(1:$-1) -Phase_ak($:-1:1)]; +k = -(N-2):(N-2); +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3('gnn',k,Mag_ak,5) +xtitle('abs(ak)','k','ak') +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3('gnn',k,Phase_ak,5) +xtitle('phase(ak)','k','ak') diff --git a/2372/CH1/EX1.1/ex1.sce b/2372/CH1/EX1.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96ceeb59e --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH1/EX1.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +clear; +data=[0 2 6; // column 1 and 2 for specifying the + 2 6 5; // time interval in hours + 6 9 10; // column 3 representing Load in MW + 9 12 15; + 12 14 12; + 14 16 14; + 16 18 16; + 18 20 18; + 20 22 16; + 22 23 12; + 23 24 6;]; +P=data(:,3); +Dt=data(:,2)-data(:,1); +W=P'*Dt; +Pavg=W/sum(Dt); +peak=max(P); +LF=Pavg/peak*100; +mprintf('avg load,Pavg=%4.2f MW\n',Pavg); +mprintf('Peak load,Peak=%3.1f MW\n',peak); +mprintf('load factor,LF=Pavg/Peak=%4.2f',LF); +r=1; +for(i=1:11) + x=data(i,1)+1; + y=data(i,2); + for(j=x:y) + bard(r)=data(i,3); + r=r+1; + end +end +bar(bard); +xlabel("Time(in hrs)-->"); +ylabel("Power,P(in MW)-->"); +title("Daily load cycle based on given data"); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.1/ex1.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98bcadee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +clear; +vm=100;thetav=0; //voltage amplitude and phase angle +z=1.25;gama=60; //impedance magnitude and phase angle +thetai=thetav-gama; //curent phase angle in degree +theta=(thetav-thetai)*%pi/180; +im=vm/z; +wt=0:0.05:2*%pi; +v=vm*cos(wt);//instantaneous voltage +i=im*cos(wt+thetai*%pi/180);//instantaneous current +mprintf("instantaneous current,i(t)=%d cos(wt+(-%d))\n",im,thetai); +p=v.*i;//instantaneous power +mprintf("instantaneous power,p(t)=v(t)*i(t)=%d cos(wt)cos(wt+(%d))",vm*im,thetai); +V=vm./sqrt(2);I=im/sqrt(2); //rms current and voltage +P=V*I*cos(theta);//average power +Q=V*I*sin(theta);//reactive power +S=P+%i*Q;//complex power +pr=P*(1+cos(2*(wt+thetav))); +px=Q*sin(2*(wt+thetav)); +PP=P*ones(1,length(wt));//average power of length w for plot +xline=zeros(1,length(wt));//generates a 0 vector +wt=180/%pi*wt;//converting radian to degree +subplot(2,2,1),plot(wt,v,wt,i,wt,xline); +title("v(t)=vm cos(wt),i(t)=im cos(wt-60)"); +xlabel("wt,degrees"); +subplot(2,2,2),plot(wt,p,wt,xline); +title("p(t)=v(t)*i(t)"); +xlabel("wt,degree"); +subplot(2,2,3),plot(wt,pr,wt,PP,wt,xline); +title("active power,pr(t)"); +xlabel("wt,degree"); +subplot(2,2,4),plot(wt,px,wt,xline); +title("reactive power,px(t)"); +xlabel("wt,degree"); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.2/ex2.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.2/ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af08c39eb --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.2/ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +v=1200; thetav=0; +z1=60; +z2=6+12*%i; +z3=30-30*%i; +i1=v/z1; +i2=v/z2; +i3=v/z3; +s1=v*i1'; +s2=v*i2'; +s3=v*i3'; +s=s1+s2+s3; +mprintf("voltage=%d angle %d\n",v,thetav); +mprintf("impedance1,Z1=%d+%dj ohms\n",real(z1),imag(z1)); +mprintf("impedance1,Z2=%d+%dj ohms\n",real(z2),imag(z2)); +mprintf("impedance1,Z3=%d+(%d)j ohms\n",real(z3),imag(z3)); +mprintf("current,i1=%d+%dj A\n",real(i1),imag(i1)); +mprintf("current,i2=%d+(%d)j A\n",real(i2),imag(i2)); +mprintf("current,i3=%d+%dj A\n",real(i3),imag(i3)); +mprintf("s1=v i1*=%d W+%dj var \n",real(s1),imag(s1)); +mprintf("s2=v i2*=%d W+%dj var \n",real(s2),imag(s2)); +mprintf("s3=v i3*=%d W+(%d)j var \n",real(s3),imag(s3)); +mprintf("total complex power,s=s1+s2+s3=%d W+%dj var \n",real(s),imag(s)); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.3/ex3.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b73c0cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +clear; +z1=complex(100,0); +z2=complex(10,20); +v=200; +mprintf("voltage,v=%d V\n",v); +f=60; +mprintf("frequence,f=%d Hz\n",f); +i1=v/z1; +mprintf("current,i1=%d+%dj A\n",real(i1),imag(i1)); +i2=v/z2; +mprintf("current,i2=%d+(%d)j A\n",real(i2),imag(i2)); +s1=v*i1'; +s2=v*i2'; +s=s1+s2; +mprintf("total complex power,s=s1+s2=%d W+%dj Var \n",real(s),imag(s)); +i=s'/v'; +mprintf("complex current,i=%d+(%d)j A\n",real(i),imag(i)); +pf=cos(atan(imag(i),real(i))); +mprintf("power factor,pf=%2.1f lagging\n",pf); +theta=acos(0.8); +mprintf("required power factor angle,theta=%4.2f degrees\n",theta*180/%pi); +p=real(s); +mprintf("active power,p=%d W\n",p); +qnew=p*tan(theta); +qc=imag(s)-qnew; +mprintf("capacitor reactive power,qc=%d var\n",qc); +zc=v*v/qc/%i; +mprintf("capacitive reactance,Zc=%4.2fj ohms\n",imag(zc)); +c=10^6/(2*%pi*f*abs(zc)); +mprintf("capacitance,c=%4.2f uF\n",c); +snew=p+(qnew*%i); +mprintf("total power,snew=%d + %dj =%d angle %4.2f\n",real(snew),imag(snew),abs(snew),atan(imag(snew),real(snew))*180/%pi); +inew=snew'/v'; +mprintf("new current,inew=%2.1f angle -%4.2f\n",abs(inew),atan(imag(snew),real(snew))*180/%pi); + +mprintf("note reduction in the supply current from 10A to 7.5A\n"); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.4/ex4.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.4/ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a70bff9fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.4/ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +clear; +v=1400;//rms voltage +f=60;//frequency +kva1=125; pf1=0.28; //inductive load and lagging power factor +kw2=10; kvar2=-40; //active and reactive power of a capacitive load +kw3=15;//resistive load +theta1=acos(pf1); +s1=complex(125*cos(theta1),125*sin(theta1)); +s2=complex(kw2,kvar2); +s3=complex(kw3,0); +s=s1+s2+s3;//total apparent power +mprintf("total apparent power,s=%d kW+%d kvar=%d angle%4.2f kVA \n",real(s),imag(s),abs(s),atan(imag(s),real(s))*180/%pi); +i=s'*1000/v';//total current +mprintf("total current,i=%4.2f angle %4.2f A\n",abs(i),atan(imag(i),real(i))*180/%pi); +thetai=atan(imag(i),real(i)); +pf=cos(thetai);//lagging power factor +mprintf("power factor,PF= %2.1f lagging\n",pf); +p=real(s);//total active power +q=imag(s);//total reactive power +pfnew=0.8;//required power factor +mprintf("required pf,pfnew=%2.1f lagging\n",pfnew); +thetanew=acos(pfnew); +qnew=p*tan(thetanew); +qc=q-qnew;//capacitor kVar required +mprintf("required capacitor kvar,qc=%d kvar\n",qc) +xc=v*v/%i/qc/1000; +c=10^6/(2*%pi*f*abs(xc)); +mprintf("capacitance,c=%4.2f uF\n",c); +snew=complex(p,qnew); +inew=snew'*1000/v'; +mprintf("new current, inew=%4.2f angle %4.2f A\n",abs(inew),atan(imag(inew),real(inew))*180/%pi); +mprintf("note the reduction in supply current from 71.43 A to 53.57 A\n"); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.5/ex5.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.5/ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1255f9a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.5/ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +ang1=-5*%pi/180; +v1=complex(120*cos(ang1),120*sin(ang1)); +v2=100; +z=complex(1,7);//line impedance +i12=(v1-v2)/z; +i21=(v2-v1)/z; +s12=v1*i12'; +s21=v2*i21'; +sl=s12+s21;//line loss +mprintf("since p1 is negative and p2 is positive,source1 receives %3.1f W and source 2 generates %4.1f W and the real power loss in the line is %2.1f W. the real power loss in the line can be checked by:\n",abs(real(s12)),real(s21),real(sl)); +r=real(z);//resistance of line +x=imag(z);//impedance of line +pl=r*abs(i12)*abs(i12); +mprintf("verifying active power loss in line,pl=%2.1f W\n",pl); +mprintf("also q1 is positive and q2 is negative, source1 delivers %4.1f var and source2 receives %4.1f var, and reactive power loss in line is %3.1f var. the reactive power loss in the line can be checked by :\n",imag(s12),abs(imag(s21)),imag(sl)); +ql=x*abs(i12)*abs(i12); +mprintf("verifying reactive power loss in line, ql=%3.1f var\n",ql); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.6/ex6.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.6/ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be53f2564 --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.6/ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear; +e1=input("source #1 voltage mag. ="); +a1=input("source #1 phase angle ="); +e2=input("source #2 voltage mag. ="); +a2=input("source #2 phase angle ="); +r=input("line resistance ="); +x=input("line reactance ="); +z=r+(%i*x); +a1=((-30+a1):5:(30+a1))'; +a1r=a1*%pi/180; +k=length(a1); +a2=ones(k,1)*a2; +a2r=a2*%pi/180; +v1=e1.*cos(a1r)+%i*e1.*sin(a1r); +v2=e2.*cos(a2r)+%i*e2.*sin(a2r); +i12=(v1-v2)./z; +i21=-i12; +s1=v1.*conj(i12);p1=real(s1);q1=imag(s1); +s2=v2.*conj(i21);p2=real(s2);q2=imag(s2); +sl=s1+s2;pl=real(sl);ql=imag(sl); +result1=[a1,p1,p2,pl]; +disp("delta 1 p-1 p-2 p-l"); +disp(result1); +plot(a1,p1,a1,p2,a1,pl); +xlabel("source #1 voltage phase angle"); +ylabel("P,watts"); +plotframe; diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.7/ex7.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.7/ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40cba3f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.7/ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear; +z=complex(2,4);//line impedance +zy=complex(30,40);//impedance per phase of Y connected load +zdel=complex(60,-45);//impedance of delta connected load +vl=207.85;//line voltage +z2=zdel/3;//impedance per phase of equivalent Y network +v1=vl/sqrt(3);//phase voltage +mprintf("phase voltage,v1=%d V\n",v1); +zt=z+(zy*z2/(zy+z2));//total impedance +mprintf("total impedance,z=%d ohms\n",zt); +i=v1/abs(zt);//current in phase a +s=3*v1*i';//3 phase power supplied +mprintf("three phase power supplied,s=%d W\n",s); +v2=v1-(z*i);//load terminal voltage +v2ab=complex(sqrt(3)*cos(%pi/6),sqrt(3)*sin(%pi/6))*v2;//line voltage at load terminal +mprintf("line voltage at load terminal,v2ab=%5.2f angle %3.1f V\n",abs(v2ab),atan(imag(v2ab),real(v2ab))*180/%pi); +i1=v2/zy;//current per phase in Y connected load +i2=v2/z2;//current per phase in equivalent Y of the delta load +iab=i2/complex(sqrt(3)*cos(-%pi/6),sqrt(3)*sin(-%pi/6));//phase current in original delta connected load +mprintf("phase current in original delta connection,iab= %4.3f angle %4.2f A\n",abs(iab),atan(imag(iab),real(iab))*180/%pi); +s1=3*v2*i1'; +s2=3*v2*i2'; +sl=3*z*abs(i)*abs(i); +stotal=s1+s2+sl; +mprintf("total power absorbed by loads plus power consumed at line losses,stotal=%d W + %dvar\n",real(stotal),imag(stotal)); +mprintf("it is clear that the sum of load powers and line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply.\n"); diff --git a/2372/CH2/EX2.8/ex8.sce b/2372/CH2/EX2.8/ex8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06e65d440 --- /dev/null +++ b/2372/CH2/EX2.8/ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +z=complex(0.4,2.7);//line impedance +r=real(z); +x=imag(z); +s1=560.1; pf1=0.707; ang1=acos(pf1);//load 1 lagging power factor +s2=132;pf2=1;ang2=acos(pf2);//load 2 unity power factor +v2l=3810.5;//line to line voltage at load end +v2=v2l/sqrt(3);//phase voltage +s3p=complex(s1*cos(ang1),s1*sin(ang1))+s2;//total complex power +i=s3p'*1000/3/v2';//line current +v1=v2+z*i;//sending end voltage +v1l=sqrt(3)*abs(v1); +mprintf("magnitude of line voltage at source end = %d V\n",v1l); +sl3p=3*r*abs(i)*abs(i)+%i*3*x*abs(i)*abs(i);//3phase power loss in line +mprintf("three phase power loss in line,sl3p=%d kW + j%d kvar\n",real(sl3p)/1000,imag(sl3p)/1000); +ss3p=3*v1*i'; +mprintf("three phase sending end power,ss3p=%d kW+ j%d kvar\n",real(ss3p)/1000,imag(ss3p)/1000); +st=s3p+(sl3p/1000); +mprintf("total power consumed,st=%d kW+ %dkvar\n",real(st),imag(st)); +mprintf("it is clear that the sum of laod powers and the line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply\n"); diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f6f8f88d Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a61918dfe --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.11/Exa_1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//addition of harmonic motion +//Exa_2_11 +clc; +clear; +close; + +A=sqrt((10+15*cos(2))^2 + (15*sin(2))^2); + +alpha=atand((15*sin(2))/(10+15*cos(2))); + +disp("x(t)=R*%e^(i*(omega*t+alpha))"); +disp("where "); +disp(A,"A ="); +disp(alpha,"alpha ="); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051d843b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8cbb06fd --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.13/Exa_1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//numerical fourier analysis +//Exa_1_13 +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=12; //number of time stations +m=3; //number of harmonics required +time=0.12; //time period + +x=[20000.0;34000.0;42000.0;49000.0;53000.0;70000.0;60000.0;36000.0;22000.0; + 16000.0;7000.0;0.0]'; //presure in N/m^2 +t=0.01:0.01:0.12; //time in second + +sumz=0.0; //temporary variable +for i=1:n //calculating the coefficients + sumz=sumz+x(i); +end +azero=2.0*sumz/n; //first term of fourier series +for ii=1:m + sums=0.0; + sumc=0.0; + for i=1:n + theta=2.0*%pi*t(i)*ii/time; + coss(i)=x(i)*cos(theta); + sinn(i)=x(i)*sin(theta); + sums=sums+sinn(i); + sumc=sumc+coss(i); + end + a(ii)=2.0*sumc/n; //coefficient of cos terms + b(ii)=2.0*sums/n; //coefficient of sin term s +end + + +//printing the table of values +printf('Fourier series expansion of the function x(t)\n\n'); +printf('Data:\n\n'); +printf('Number of data points in one cycle = %3.0f \n',n); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Number of Fourier Coefficients required = %3.0f \n',m); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Time period = %8.6e \n\n',time); +printf('Station i ') +printf('Time at station i: t(i) ') +printf('x(i) at t(i)') +for i=1:12 + printf('\n %8d%25.6e%27.6e ',i,t(i),x(i)); +end +printf(' \n\n'); +printf('Results of Fourier analysis:\n\n'); +printf('azero=%8.6e \n\n',azero); +printf('values of i a(i) b(i)\n'); +for i=1:3 + printf('%10.0g %8.6e%20.6e \n',i,a(i),b(i)); +end + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ad9e37f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18e2807db --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.14/Exa_1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Exa_1_14 +//Graphical representation of fourier series +clc; +clear; +A = 1; +w = %pi; +tau = 2; +for i = 1: 101 + t(i) = tau * (i-1)/100; + x(i) = A * t(i) / tau; +end +subplot(231); +plot(t,x); +ylabel('x(t)'); +xlabel('t'); +title('x(t) = A*t/tau'); +for i = 1: 101 + x1(i) = A / 2; +end +subplot(232); +plot(t,x1); +xlabel('t'); +title('One term'); +for i = 1: 101 + x2(i) = A/2 - A * sin(w*t(i)) / %pi; +end +subplot(233); +plot(t,x2); +xlabel('t'); +title('Two terms'); +for i = 1: 101 + x3(i) = A/2 - A * sin(w*t(i)) / %pi - A * sin(2*w*t(i)) / (2*%pi); +end +subplot(234); +plot(t,x3); +ylabel('x(t)'); +xlabel('t'); +title('Three terms'); +for i = 1: 101 + t(i) = tau * (i-1)/100; + x4(i) = A/2 - A * sin(w*t(i)) / %pi - A * sin(2*w*t(i)) / (2*%pi) - A * sin(3*w*t(i)) / (3*%pi); +end +subplot(235); +plot(t,x4); +xlabel('t'); +title('Four terms'); diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1747f4549 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3251f1e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.15/Exa_1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa_1_15 +// Graphical representation of beats +A = 1; +w = 20; +delta = 1; +for i = 1: 1001 //making t and x matrix for various points + t(i) = 15 * (i-1)/1000; + x(i) = 2 * A * cos(delta*t(i)/2) * cos((w + delta/2)*t(i)); +end +plot(t,x); //plotting +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('x(t)'); +title('Phenomenon of beats'); diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d111b0c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dad682113 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.16/Exa_1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +//numerical fourier analysis +//Exa_1_16 +clc; +clear; + +n=12; + //number of time stations +m=5; + //number of harmonics required +time=0.12; //time period + +x=[20000.0;34000.0;42000.0;49000.0;53000.0;70000.0;60000.0;36000.0;22000.0; + 16000.0;7000.0;0.0]'; + //presure in N/m^2 +t=0.01:0.01:0.12; //time in second + +sumz=0.0; + //temporary variable +for i=1:n //calculating the coefficients + sumz=sumz+x(i); +end +azero=2.0*sumz/n; + //first term of fourier series +for ii=1:m + sums=0.0; + sumc=0.0; + for i=1:n + theta=2.0*%pi*t(i)*ii/time; + coss(i)=x(i)*cos(theta); + sinn(i)=x(i)*sin(theta); + sums=sums+sinn(i); + sumc=sumc+coss(i); + end + a(ii)=2.0*sumc/n; + //coefficient of cos terms + b(ii)=2.0*sums/n; //coefficient of sin term + +end + + +//printing the table of values +printf('Fourier series expansion of the function x(t)\n\n'); +printf('Data:\n\n'); +printf('Number of data points in one cycle = %3.0f \n',n); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Number of Fourier Coefficients required = %3.0f \n',m); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Time period = %8.6e \n\n',time); +printf('Station i ') +printf('Time at station i: t(i) ') +printf('x(i) at t(i)') +for i=1:12 + printf('\n %8d%25.6e%27.6e ',i,t(i),x(i)); +end +printf(' \n\n'); +printf('Results of Fourier analysis:\n\n'); +printf('azero=%8.6e \n\n',azero); +printf('values of i a(i) b(i)\n'); +for i=1:5 + printf('%10.0g %8.6e%20.6e \n',i,a(i),b(i)); +end + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d111b0c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f9c544ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.17/Exa_1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +//numerical fourier analysis (note:this example is same as Exa_1_13) +//Exa_1_17 +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=12; + //number of time stations +m=5; + //number of harmonics required +time=0.12; //time period + +x=[20000.0;34000.0;42000.0;49000.0;53000.0;70000.0;60000.0;36000.0;22000.0; + 16000.0;7000.0;0.0]'; + //presure in N/m^2 +t=0.01:0.01:0.12; //time in second + +sumz=0.0; + //temporary variable +for i=1:n //calculating the coefficients + sumz=sumz+x(i); +end +azero=2.0*sumz/n; + //first term of fourier series +for ii=1:m + sums=0.0; + sumc=0.0; + for i=1:n + theta=2.0*%pi*t(i)*ii/time; + coss(i)=x(i)*cos(theta); + sinn(i)=x(i)*sin(theta); + sums=sums+sinn(i); + sumc=sumc+coss(i); + end + a(ii)=2.0*sumc/n; + //coefficient of cos terms + b(ii)=2.0*sums/n; //coefficient of sin term + +end + + +//printing the table of values +printf('Fourier series expansion of the function x(t)\n\n'); +printf('Data:\n\n'); +printf('Number of data points in one cycle = %3.0f \n',n); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Number of Fourier Coefficients required = %3.0f \n',m); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Time period = %8.6e \n\n',time); +printf('Station i ') +printf('Time at station i: t(i) ') +printf('x(i) at t(i)') +for i=1:12 + printf('\n %8d%25.6e%27.6e ',i,t(i),x(i)); +end +printf(' \n\n'); +printf('Results of Fourier analysis:\n\n'); +printf('azero=%8.6e \n\n',azero); +printf('values of i a(i) b(i)\n'); +for i=1:5 + printf('%10.0g %8.6e%20.6e \n',i,a(i),b(i)); +end + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d111b0c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15bcc74d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.18/Exa_1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +//numerical fourier analysis (note:this example is same as Exa_1_13) +//Exa_1_18 +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=12; + //number of time stations +m=5; + //number of harmonics required +time=0.12; //time period + +x=[20000.0;34000.0;42000.0;49000.0;53000.0;70000.0;60000.0;36000.0;22000.0; + 16000.0;7000.0;0.0]'; + //presure in N/m^2 +t=0.01:0.01:0.12; //time in second + +sumz=0.0; + //temporary variable +for i=1:n //calculating the coefficients + sumz=sumz+x(i); +end +azero=2.0*sumz/n; + //first term of fourier series +for ii=1:m + sums=0.0; + sumc=0.0; + for i=1:n + theta=2.0*%pi*t(i)*ii/time; + coss(i)=x(i)*cos(theta); + sinn(i)=x(i)*sin(theta); + sums=sums+sinn(i); + sumc=sumc+coss(i); + end + a(ii)=2.0*sumc/n; + //coefficient of cos terms + b(ii)=2.0*sums/n; //coefficient of sin term + +end + + +//printing the table of values +printf('Fourier series expansion of the function x(t)\n\n'); +printf('Data:\n\n'); +printf('Number of data points in one cycle = %3.0f \n',n); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Number of Fourier Coefficients required = %3.0f \n',m); +printf(' \n'); +printf('Time period = %8.6e \n\n',time); +printf('Station i ') +printf('Time at station i: t(i) ') +printf('x(i) at t(i)') +for i=1:12 + printf('\n %8d%25.6e%27.6e ',i,t(i),x(i)); +end +printf(' \n\n'); +printf('Results of Fourier analysis:\n\n'); +printf('azero=%8.6e \n\n',azero); +printf('values of i a(i) b(i)\n'); +for i=1:5 + printf('%10.0g %8.6e%20.6e \n',i,a(i),b(i)); +end + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d26c392c --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Equivalent k of a suspension system +//Exa_1_2 +clc; +clear; +close; +G=80e+9 ; //shear modulus of spring material in N/m^2 +n=5; //effective turns +D=0.2; //mean coil diameter in m +d=0.02; //wire diameter in m +k=(d^4*G)/(8*D^3*n); //stiffness of each helical spring +//the three springs are identical and parallel +keq=3*k; +disp(keq,"equivalent spring constant of the suspension system in N/m ="); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2_screenshot.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2_screenshot.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52099641c Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.2/Exa_1_2_screenshot.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..393a729b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..744b27186 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.3/Exa_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Torsional spring constant of a propeller shaft +//Exa_1_3 +clc; +clear; +//refer fig:1.25 +G=80e+9; //shear modulus of shaft in N/m^2 +D12=0.3; //outer diameter of AA section in m +d12=0.2; //inner diameter of AA section in m +l12=2; //length of 12 segment in m +kt12=(G* %pi *(D12^4-d12^4))/(32*l12); //spring constant of section 12 + +D23=0.25; //Outer diameter of BB section in m +d23=0.15; //inner diameter of BB section in m +l23=3; //length of 23 segment in m +kt23=(G* %pi *(D23^4-d23^4))/(32*l23); //spring constant of section 23 + +kteq=(kt12*kt23)/(kt12+kt23); +disp(kteq,"Torsional spring constant of a propeller shaft in N-m/rad = "); diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92f4264d Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df07fea13 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.5/Exa_1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//equivalent k of crane +//Exa_1_5 +clc; +clear; + +//refer fig_1_27 +l1=sqrt(3^2 + 10^2 -(2*3*10*cosd(135))); //length FC in m +l2=10 //length of AB in m +A1=100e-6; //cross section area of FB in m^2 +A2=2500e-6; //cross section area of AB in m^2 +E1=207e9; //youngs modulus of material +E2=207e9; //youngs modulus of material +theta= acosd(( l1^2 + 3^2 -10^2) / (2*l1*3)); //angle theta in degree + +k1=(A1 * E1)/ l1; //spring constant of FB +k2=(A2 * E2)/ l2; //spring constant of AB + +keq= (k1*(cosd(45))^2) + (k2*((cosd(90-theta))^2)); //equivalent spring constant of system +disp(keq,"equivalent spring constant of system in N/m = "); +//note: the answer in the book is printed incorrectly as 26430400 N/m diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.png b/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..175a8ff75 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.png differ diff --git a/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.sce b/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba6bf3667 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH1/EX1.8/Exa_1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clearance in a bearing +//Exa_1_5 +clc; +clear; + +F=400; //damping resistance in N +v=10; //velocity in m/s +mu=0.3445; //absolute viscosity in Pa-s +A=0.1; //area of plates in m^2 +c=F/v; //damping constant in N-s/m +//modelling as flat plate type damper +h=mu*A/c; //clearance between the plates +disp(h,"clearance between the plates in m = "); diff --git a/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1.sce b/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63015cfa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Harmonic response of a water tank +//Exa_2_1 +clc; +clear; +close; + +l=300*12; //height of water tank +din=8*12; //inner diameter of tubular cross section in. +dou=10*12; //outer diameter of tubular cross section in. +m=6e5; //weight of tank with water in lb +E=4e6; //youngs modulus of reinforced concrete in psi + +I= %pi / 64 * (dou^4 - din^4); //moment of inertia in in.^4 +k=3*E*I/l^3; +omegan=sqrt(k/m*386.4); //natural frequency +disp(omegan,"Natual frequency of water tank in transverse direction in lb/in. :"); + +taon=2 * %pi / omegan; //time period +disp(taon,"Natural time period of transverse vibration in seconds :") + +//refer Eqa 2.23 +xo=10; +Ao=10; //constant in in. +phio=%pi / 2; //phase angle +//vibration response +disp("vibration response"); +disp("x(t)=Ao*sin(omegan*t + %pi/2)"); +disp("where"); +disp(Ao,"Ao="); +disp(omegan,"omegan="); + +xdot_max=Ao*omegan; //maximum velocity +disp(xdot_max,"maximum velocity of water tank in in./sec :") + +xdotdot_max=Ao*omegan^2; //maximum accelaration +disp(xdotdot_max,"maximum accelaration of water tank in in./sec^2 :") + diff --git a/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1_Screenshot.png b/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1_Screenshot.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..932711d66 Binary files /dev/null and b/2378/CH2/EX2.1/Exa_2_1_Screenshot.png differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7947f437 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78551dda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 1 +//example 1.1 +//page8 + +Eg=24 // V +Ri=.01 // ohm +P=100 // W + +I=P/Eg // we know that P=Eg*I since for ideal source, V is equivalent to Eg +Vi=I*Ri +V=Eg-(I*Ri) + +printf("voltage drop in internal resistance = %.3f V \n",Vi) +printf("terminal voltage = %.3f V",V) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34256f5cc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fecffbd30 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.10 +//page18 + +V=120 // V +R1=40 // ohm +R2=20 // ohm +R3=60 // ohm + +//removing load, voltage across AB is +E0=R2*V/(R1+R2) + +//replacing voltage source by short and removing load, resistance across AB is +R0=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)) + +//for maximum power transfer, load must be equal to resistance across AB so +Rl=R0 + +P=E0^2/(4*Rl) +printf("load resistance for maximum power transfer = %.3f ohm \n",Rl) +printf("maximum power to load = %.3f W",P) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Figure1_10.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Figure1_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c4be30aa Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.10/Figure1_10.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b21f206a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..661645acc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.11 +//page20 + +R1=4 // ohm +R2=6 // ohm +R3=5 // ohm +R4=8 // ohm +V=40 // V + +// load is removed and A and B are shorted +load_source=R1+(R2*R3/(R2+R3)) +source_current=V/load_source + +norton_current=source_current*(R2/(R2+R3)) // short circuit current in AB + +printf("shortcircuit current in AB = %.3f A \n",norton_current) + +// load is removed and battery is replaced by a short +norton_resistance=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)) +printf("norton resistance= %.3f ohm \n",norton_resistance) + +// equivalent circuit is norton current source in parallel with norton resistance +I=norton_current*(norton_resistance/(norton_resistance+R4)) // current through 8 ohm resistance +printf("current through 8ohm resistor = %.3f A",I) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Figure1_11.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Figure1_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84a48660 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.11/Figure1_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d176fe5e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ab35bba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// chapter 1 +// example 1.12 +// page 21 + +printf("To find Norton equivalent circuit we need to find \nNorton current I_N and Norton resistance R_N \n \n") +printf("If Thevenin resistnce = Ro and Thevenin voltage = Eo then \n \n") +printf("To convert Thevenin circuit to Norton circuit, \n") +printf("I_N=Eo/Ro and R_N=Ro \n \n") +printf("To convert Norton circuit to Thevenin circuit, \n") +printf("Eo=I_N*R_N and Ro=R_N \n") diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Figure1_12.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Figure1_12.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b17e009e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.12/Figure1_12.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af8a7ed84 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b015ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.2 +//page10 + +Eg=500 // V +Ri=1000 // ohm + +// for Rl=10 ohm +Rl1=10 // ohm +I1=Eg/(Rl1+Ri) +printf("load current for Rl=10ohm is %.3f A \n",I1) + +// for Rl=10 ohm +Rl2=50 // ohm +I2=Eg/(Rl2+Ri) +printf("load current for Rl=50ohm is %.3f A \n",I2) + +// for Rl=10 ohm +Rl3=100 // ohm +I3=Eg/(Rl3+Ri) +printf("load current for Rl=100ohm is %.3f A",I3) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0420205d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23978aa3a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.3 +//page11 + +V=10 // V +R=10 // ohm + +I=V/R // calculate short-circuit current by shorting AB +printf("equivalent current source has magnitude = %.3f A",I) + +// no load is connected across AB and 10V source has negligible resistance +// so resistance across AB is 10 ohm + +// the constant voltage source when converted to constant current source will thus have a source of 1A in parallel with resistor of 10 ohm diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Figure1_3.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Figure1_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf12b845 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.3/Figure1_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcf5ecb54 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea879a23d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.4 +//page12 + +I=6 // mA +R=2 // kilo ohm + +V=I*R // by ohm law +printf("voltage of voltage source = %.3f V",V) + +// this voltage source when connected in series with 2000 ohm gives equivalent voltage source for the given constant current source diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Figure1_4.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Figure1_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b4801a6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.4/Figure1_4.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc714ec4e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6cef9cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.5 +//page13 + +E=200 // V +Ri=100 // ohm + +Rl=100 // for load=100ohm +I=E/(Ri+Rl) +Pl=I^2*Rl +Pt=I^2*(Rl+Ri) +efficiency=(Pl/Pt)*100 +printf("for load=100 ohm, power delivered to load= %.3f W and efficiency=%.3f percentage \n \n",Pl,efficiency) + +Rl=300 //for load=300ohm +I=E/(Ri+Rl) +Pl=I^2*Rl +Pt=I^2*(Rl+Ri) +efficiency=(Pl/Pt)*100 +printf("for load=300 ohm, power delivered to load= %.3f W and efficiency=%.3f percentage \n \n",Pl,efficiency) + +printf("comment: \n ") +printf("if load resistance is equal to internal resistance,maximum power is \n transferred but efficiency is low \n ") +printf("if load resistance is more than internal resistance, power transferred \n is less but efficiency is high") + diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc72449c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09f8b850 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.6 +//page14 + +//for maximum power transfer, resistance of load and amplifier should match +//so we take load=15 ohm + +Rl=15 // ohm +Ri=15 // ohm +V=12 // V + +Rt=Rl+Ri +I=V/Rt +P=I^2*Rl + +printf("for maximum power transfer load must equal amplifier resistance \nso required load = %d ohm\n \n",Rl) +printf("power delivered to load = %.3f W",P) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Figure1_6.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Figure1_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce117e90d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.6/Figure1_6.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1281fd1b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9c90470 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.7 +//page14 + +V=50 // V +Rl=100 // ohm +Zi=100+50*%i +//for maximum power transfer load impedence should be conjugate of internal resistance so +Zl=100-50*%i + +Zt=Zi+Zl +I=V/Zt +P=I^2*Rl + +printf("load for maximum power (in ohms)=") +disp(Zl) + +printf("maximum power transfered to load=%.3f W",P) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Figure1_7.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Figure1_7.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98606b30a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.7/Figure1_7.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d93c428a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3dbc5177 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//chapter1 +//example1.8 +//page16 + +R=8 // ohm +R1=10 // ohm +R2=20 // ohm +R3=12 // ohm +Rl=100 // ohm +//removing 100 ohm resistance, we form linear equations by assuming currents I1 through loop1 and I2 through loop2 + +//100=10*I1+20*(I1-I2) +//0=(12+8)*I2+20*(I2-I1) + +//thus we get the following linear equations + +//30*I1-20*I2=100 +//-20*I1+40*I2=0 +//solving these equations + +a=[30 -20;-20 40] +b=[100;0] +x=inv(a)*b // matrix of I1 and I2 + +I2=x(2,1) // current through 8 ohm resistor + +E0=I2*R +printf("voltage across AB with 100 ohm resistance not connected = %.3f V \n",E0) + +R_equi=(R1*R2/(R1+R2))+R3 +R0=R_equi*R/(R_equi+R) +printf("resistance between AB with 100 ohm removed and voltage source shorted = %.3f ohm \n",R0) + +I=E0/(R0+Rl) +printf("current through 100 ohm resistor = %.3f A",I) + diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Figure1_8.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Figure1_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e75b7852c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.8/Figure1_8.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.PNG b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b4d41610 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8272208d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter1 +//exzmple1.8 +//page16 + +R1=1 // kilo ohm +R2=1 // kilo ohm +R3=1 // kilo ohm +V=20 // V + +E0=(R3/(R1+R2))*V // thevenin voltage = voltage across R3 since A and B are open circuited which means no drop across R2 +R0=R2+(R1*R3/(R1+R3)) // thevenin resistance = resistance between A and B with no load and voltage source shorted + +printf("thevenin voltage = %.2f V \nthevenin resistance = %.2f kilo ohm",E0,R0) diff --git a/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Figure1_9.JPG b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Figure1_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d88dae4b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH1/EX1.9/Figure1_9.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.PNG b/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a6a6426 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd93ec879 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.1 +//page182 + +Vs=10 // V +Vd=1.6 // V +If=20d-3 // A + +Rs=(Vs-Vd)/If + +printf("required series resistor = %.3f ohm",Rs) diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.PNG b/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9598a4ff Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724cadbd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.2 +//page183 + +Vs=15 // V +Vd=2 // V +Rs=2.2d3 // ohm + +If=(Vs-Vd)/Rs + +printf("current through LED = %.3f A or %.3f mA",If,If*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.PNG b/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..745e30836 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b41c29bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.3 +//page187 + +//from graph, we see that for zero illumination, the reverse current i.e. dark current is 50 micro ampere + +Ir=50d-6 // A +Vr=10 // V + +Rr=Vr/Ir + +printf("dark resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm",Rr,Rr/1000) diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.PNG b/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4568e57dd Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e46952a9c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.4 +//page188 + +m=37.4 // microA/mW/cm^2 +E=2.5 // mW/cm^2 + +//since reverse current = sensitivity*illumination we can write +Ir=m*E + +printf("reverse current = %.3f micro ampere",Ir) diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.PNG b/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daefe2236 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..579e93bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.5 +//page192 + +L=1d-3 // H +C=100d-12 // F + +fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) + +printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz",fr,fr/1000) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a06da4d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae079f9ad --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.1 +//page202 + +Rin=20 //ohm +Rout=100d3 //ohm +Rc=1d3 //ohm +signal=500d-3 //V + +Ie=signal/Rin // A +Ic=Ie +Vout=Ic*Rc +Av=Vout/signal + +printf("voltage amplification = %.2f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Figure11_1.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Figure11_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd2004617 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.1/Figure11_1.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7a102fe8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1280e5c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.10 +//page210 + +gain_beta=49 +Ib=240d-3 // mA +Ie=12 // mA + +alpha=gain_beta/(1+gain_beta) +Ic=alpha*Ie // or Ic=gain_beta*Ib + +printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02323618c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97928507e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.11 +//page210 + +V_Rc=1 +gain_beta=45 +Rc=1 // kilo ohm + +Ic=V_Rc/Rc +//since gain_beta=Ic/Ib +Ib=Ic/gain_beta + +printf("base current = %.3f mA",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Figure11_11.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Figure11_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eee97052 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.11/Figure11_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270baeba8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8793e5102 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.12 +//page210 + +Rc=800d-3 // kilo ohm +V_Rc=0.5 // V +Vcc=8 // V +alpha=0.96 + +Vce=Vcc-V_Rc +Ic=V_Rc/Rc // mA +gain_beta=alpha/(1-alpha) +Ib=Ic/gain_beta + +printf("collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce) +printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77690d9ba Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4de28cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.13 +//page211 + +Ic=1000 // micro ampere +// when emitter circuit is open, leakage current = Icbo so +Icbo=0.2 // micro ampere + +// when base is open, leakage current = Iceo so +Iceo=20 // micro ampere + +//since Iceo=Icbo/(1-alpha) we get +alpha=1-(Icbo/Iceo) + +// since Ic=alpha*Ie+Icbo we get +Ie=(Ic-Icbo)/alpha +Ib=Ie-Ic + +printf("alpha = %.3f \n",alpha) +printf("emitter current = %.3f micro ampere \n",Ie) +printf("base current = %.3f micro ampere \n",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Figure11_13.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Figure11_13.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9519a6148 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.13/Figure11_13.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed13374c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62badf0ea --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.14 +//page218 + +Vcc=12.5 // V +Rc=2.5 // kilo ohm + +// we know that Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. 12.5V +// when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e.5mA + +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.4*Vce+5 +x=linspace(0,12.5,5) +y=-0.4*x+5 +clf() +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,13,6]) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Figure11_14.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Figure11_14.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed13374c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.14/Figure11_14.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..587621d73 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c34638fe --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.15 +//page219 + +Vcc=12 // V +Rc=6 // kilo ohm + +// we know that Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. 12V +// when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e.2mA + +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/6)*Vce+2 +x=linspace(0,12,5) +y=-(1/6)*x+2 +clf() +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,13,6]) + + +// for Q point +Ib=20d-3 // mA +gain_beta=50 + +Ic=gain_beta*Ib +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +printf("Q point = %.3f V and %.3f mA i.e. (%.3f,%.3f) \n",Vce,Ic,Vce,Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Figure11_15.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Figure11_15.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe21378dc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.15/Figure11_15.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9b9ddc8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42df577c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.16 +//page219 + +Vcc=10 +Ic=1 // mA +Rc1=4 // kilo ohm +Rc2=5 // kilo ohm + +Vce1=Vcc-Ic*Rc1 +Vce2=Vcc-Ic*Rc2 + +printf("for collector load = 4 kilo ohm, operating point is %.3f V,%.3f mA \n",Vce1,Ic) +printf("for collector load = 5 kilo ohm, operating point is %.3f V,%.3f mA \n",Vce2,Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..681c32310 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20aab087 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.17 +//page222 + +del_Vbe=200 //mV +del_Ib=100 // micro ampere + +Ri=del_Vbe/del_Ib + +printf("input resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ri) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f334192d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6dbe648a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.18 +//page222 + +Vce2=10 // V +Vce1=2 // V +Ic1=2 // mA +Ic2=3 // mA + +del_Vce=Vce2-Vce1 // V +del_Ic=Ic2-Ic1 // mA + +Ro=del_Vce/del_Ic + +printf("output resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8f9937e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fb46ec0e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.19 +//page223 + +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +Ri=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=50 + +// for single stage, R_AC=Rc so voltage gain becomes +Av=gain_beta*Rc/Ri + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98c7f4f7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca0f347f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.2 +//page205 + +Ie=1 //mA +Ic=0.95 //mA + +// since Ie=Ib+Ic we get +Ib=Ie-Ic + +printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7115976e7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024a57f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.20 +//page224 + +Vcc=20 // V +Rc=1 // kilo ohm + +// for saturation collector current, knee voltage becomes 0V so we get +Ic_sat=Vcc/Rc + +// it can be seen from the circuit that cut-off voltage (i.e. when Ib=0) equals Vcc itself +Vce_cutoff=Vcc + +// the equation of load line becomes Ic=-Vce+20 + +clf() +x=linspace(0,20,5) +y=-x+20 +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,21,21]) +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") + +printf("saturation collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_sat) +printf("cut-off collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce_cutoff) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Figure11_20.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Figure11_20.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..133f2829b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.20/Figure11_20.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15fbd4111 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f732955e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.21 +//page225 + +Vce=20 // V +Pd=100 // mW + +// since Pd=Vce*Ic we get +Ic=Pd/Vce + +printf("maximum allowable collector current = %.3f mA \n ",Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1283b646 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b08301db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.3 +//page205 + +alpha=0.9 +Ie=1 //mA + +// since alpha=Ic/Ie we get + +Ic=alpha*Ie + +// since Ie=Ic+Ib we get + +Ib=Ie-Ic + +printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94abfed6b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c1b38bb --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.4 +//page205 + +Ic=0.95 +Ib=0.05 + +Ie=Ib+Ic +alpha=Ic/Ie + +printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",alpha) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b9a1c82 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b17431c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.5 +//page205 + +Ie=1 //mA +alpha=0.92 +Icbo=50d-3 //mA + +Ic=alpha*Ie+Icbo + +printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44f2d378a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..082cceecb --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.6 +//page205 + +alpha=0.95 +V_Rc=2 // V +Rc=2 //kilo ohm + +Ic=V_Rc/Rc // mA + +// since alpha=Ic/Ie +Ie=Ic/alpha + +// since Ie=Ib+Ic +Ib=Ie-Ic + +printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Figure11_6.JPG b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Figure11_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247a21759 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.6/Figure11_6.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c9efdfe Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa057349 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.7 +//page206 + +Vbe=0.7 // V +Vcc=18 // V +Vee=8 // V +Rc=1.2 // kilo ohm +Re=1.5 //kilo ohm + +// by Kirchoff's voltage law to emitter side loop, we get Vee=Ie*Re+Vbe so +Ie=(Vee-Vbe)/Re +Ic=Ie // nearly + +// by Kirchoff's voltage law to collector side loop, we get Vcc=Ic*Rc=Vcb so +Vcb=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +printf("collector curent = %.3f mA \n",Ic) +printf("collector base voltage = %3f V \n",Vcb) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bbd0d7fb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93fd88c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.8 +//page209 + +alpha1=0.9 +alpha2=0.98 +alpha3=0.99 + +beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1) +beta2=alpha2/(1-alpha2) +beta3=alpha3/(1-alpha3) + +printf("for alpha=0.9, beta=%.1f \n",beta1) +printf("for alpha=0.98, beta=%.1f \n",beta2) +printf("for alpha=0.99, beta=%.1f \n",beta3) diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.PNG b/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f67463185 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da9b7b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11 +//example11.9 +//page210 + +gain_beta=50 +Ib=20d-3 // mA + +// since gain_beta = Ic/Ib we get +Ic=gain_beta*Ib +Ie=Ic+Ib + +printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b4a1557c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ed01951 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// chapter 12 +// example 12.1 +// page 235 + +V_CC=6 // V +R_C=2.5 // kilo ohm + +// for faithful amplification V_CE should not be less than V_CC for Si transistor so +V_max=V_CC-1 +I_max=V_max/R_C + +// As negative and positive half cyces of input are equal, change in collector current will be equal and opposite so +I_min=I_max/2 + +printf("Maximum allowable collector current = %.3f mA \n",I_max) +printf("Minimum zero signal collector current = %.3f mA \n",I_min) + +// the circuit diagram is constructed on xcos and its screenshot has been taken. +// the waveform given can not be obtained in xcos unless we assume necessary values as data is insufficient for plotting graph in scilab. +// so waveform is constructed as below + +clf() +x=linspace(1,5*%pi,100) +[t]=sin(x)+1 +plot(x,[t]) +xtitle("max and min allowable collector currents","t","i_c (mA)") diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Figure12_1.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Figure12_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85eabb73 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.1/Figure12_1.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..303e41643 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec23c585 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.10 +//page246 + +V_BE=0.7 // V +gain_beta=100 +I_C=1 // mA +V_CE=2 // V + +I_B=I_C/gain_beta + +// since V_CE=V_BE+V_CB we get +V_CB=V_CE-V_BE + +R_B=V_CB/I_B + +printf("base resistance=%.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13a32f148 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8099712f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.11 +//page248 + +Vcc=15 // V +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.7 // V +R1=10 // kilo ohm +R2=5 // kilo ohm + +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=6 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=15/(1+2) +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/3)*Vce+5 + +clf() +x=linspace(0,15,5) +y=-(1/3)*x+5 +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,16,6]) +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 i.e. 5 kilo ohm +Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re +Ic=Ie +Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re) + +printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Figure12_11.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Figure12_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95890b2ed Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.11/Figure12_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..399c0a763 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75c4b3b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.12 +//page249 + +Vcc=15 // V +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.7 // V +R1=10 // kilo ohm +R2=5 // kilo ohm + +Eo=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) +Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2) + +printf("thevenin voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo) +printf("thevenin resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro) + +// here Eo=Ib*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re +// now considering Ie=gain_beta*Ib, and making Ib as subject we get +// Ib=(Eo-Vbe)/(Ro+gain_beta*Re) +// Ic=gain_beta*Ib=gain_beta*(Eo-Vbe)/(Ro+gain_beta*Re) +// dividing numerator and denominator by gain_beta we get +// Ic=(Eo-Vbe)/(Re+Ro/gain_beta) +// Ro/gain_beta is negligible compared to Re so +Ic=(Eo-Vbe)/Re +Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re) + +printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Figure12_12.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Figure12_12.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbd44ffc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.12/Figure12_12.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7248be08 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8d7bae0f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.13 +//page250 + +R1=50 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm +Re=1 // kilo ohm +Vcc=12 // V +Vbe1=0.1 // V +Vbe2=0.3 // V + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 + +// for Vbe=0.1 V +Ic1=(V2-Vbe1)/Re + +// for Vbe=0.3 V +Ic2=(V2-Vbe2)/Re + +printf("for V_BE=0.1 V, collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic1) +printf("for V_BE=0.3 V, collector current = %.3f mA \n \n",Ic2) + +Vbe_change=100*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/Vbe1 +Ic_change=-100*(Ic2-Ic1)/Ic1 // negative sign since Ic decreases +printf("comment : if V_BE changes by %.5f percent, \ncollector current changes by %.3f percent \n",Vbe_change,Ic_change) +printf("so collector current is independent of transistor parameter variations \n") + +// the change in V_BE is 200 percent not 300 percent.It is mistake in textbook diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a68dd3357 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df5ab4cff --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.14 +//page251 + +Vcc=20 // V +Re=5 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0 // considering it as negligible +R1=10 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) + +// since V2=Vbe+Ie*Re so +Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re +Ic=Ie + +Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re) +Vc=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie) +printf("collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce) +printf("collector potential = %.3f V \n",Vc) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41f240818 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a998d17bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.15 +//page252 + +R_C=2.2 // kilo ohm +V_CC=9 // V +gain_beta=50 +V_BE=0.3 // V +I_C=2 // mA +V_CE=3 // V + +I_B=I_C/gain_beta +I1=10*I_B + +// I1=V_CC/(R1+R2) so let Rt=R1+R2 thus we get +Rt=V_CC/I1 + +// by Kirchoff voltage law to collector side we get +// V_CC=I_C*R_C+V_CE+I_E*R_E and also we have I_C=I_E so +// V_CC=I_C*R_C+V_CE+I_C*R_E so making R_E as subject we get +R_E=((V_CC-V_CE)/I_C)-R_C // in kilo ohm + +V2=V_BE+I_C*R_E // since V_E=I_C*R_E +R2=V2/I1 +R1=Rt-R2 + +printf("emitter resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R_E*1000) +printf("R1 = %3f kilo ohm \n",R1) +printf("R2 = %3f kilo ohm \n",R2) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed2404377 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc7a9eb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.16 +//page252 + +alpha=0.985 +V_BE=0.3 // V +V_CC=16 // V +V_CE=6 // V +I_C=2 // mA +R_E=2 // kilo ohm +R2=20 // kilo ohm + +gain_beta=alpha/(1-alpha) +I_B=I_C/gain_beta + +V_E=I_C*R_E +V2=V_BE+V_E +V1=V_CC-V2 + +I1=V2/R2 +R1=V1/I1 + +V_RC=V_CC-V_CE-V_E +R_C=V_RC/I_C + +printf("R1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R1) +printf("collector resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_C) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e179a836c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81fb8181e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.17 +//page253 + +Vcc=15 // V +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.7 // V +R1=10 // kilo ohm +R2=5 // kilo ohm + +Eo=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) +Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2) + +printf("thevenin voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo) +printf("thevenin resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro) + +// here Eo=Ib*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re +// now considering Ie=gain_beta*Ib, we can replace Ib=Ie/gain_beta +// Eo=(Ie/gain_beta)*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re +// making Ie as subject we get +Ie=(Eo-Vbe)/(Re+Ro/gain_beta) + +printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Figure12_17.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Figure12_17.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30c039133 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.17/Figure12_17.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fca0c10d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c08002fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.18 +//page254 + +V_CC=10 // V +V_BE=0.2 // V +I_E=2 // mA +I_B=50d-3 // mA +R_E=1 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm + +V2=V_BE+I_E*R_E +I2=V2/R2 + +I1=I2+I_B +V1=V_CC-V2 +R1=V1/I1 + +printf("R1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R1) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e93146d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.19 +//page255 + +printf(" i) if R2 is shorted, base will be grounded. It will be \n left without forward bias and transistor \n will be cutoff so output is zero.\n \n") +printf(" ii) if R2 is open,forward bias will be very high. The \n collector current will be very high and collector \n emitter voltage will be very low. \n \n") +printf(" iii) if R1 is shorted, transistor will be in saturation \n due to excessive forward bias. The base will be at \n Vcc and emitter will be slightly below Vcc.\n \n") +printf(" iv) if R1 is open, transistor will be without forward bias.\n Hence transistor will be cutoff i.e. output will be zero. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2689f6bc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a36a0cc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4527c8cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.2 +//page236 + +Vcc=13 // V +V_knee=1 // V +Rc=4 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 + +V_Rc=Vcc-V_knee +Ic=V_Rc/Rc +Ib=Ic/gain_beta +Vs=Ic/5 // since Ic/Vs = 5 mA/V given + +printf("maximum input signal voltage = %.3f V or %.3f mV \n",Vs,Vs*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..475c0244c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..400a639a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.20 +//page256 + +Vcc=8 // V +Rb=360 // kilo ohm +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.7 // V + +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=8 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e. Ic=8/2 +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.5*Vce+4 + +clf() +x=linspace(0,8,5) +y=-0.5*x+4 +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,9,5]) +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") + +// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb +Ic=Ib*gain_beta +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) +if VceVcc/2-0.1 // check if V_CE is nearly half of V_CC + printf("circuit is mid-point biased \n") +else + printf("circuit is not mid-point biased. \n") +end diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Figure12_20.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Figure12_20.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..330545f21 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.20/Figure12_20.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fda4515c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2afa4d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.21 +//page257 + +V_CC=10 // V +R1=12 // kilo ohm +R2=2.7 // kilo ohm +V_BE=0.7 // V +R_E=180d-3 // kilo ohm +R_C=620d-3 // kilo ohm + +V2=V_CC*R2/(R1+R2) +I_E=(V2-V_BE)/R_E +I_C=I_E +V_CE=V_CC-I_C*(R_C+R_E) + +printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",V_CE,I_C) +if V_CEV_CC/2-0.1 // check if V_CE is nearly half of V_CC + printf("circuit is mid-point biased \n") +else + printf("circuit is not mid-point biased. \n") +end + +// the accurate answer for collector current is 6.315 mA but in book it is given as 6.33 mA diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df94f16f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5df65f147 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.22 +//page257 + +V_CC=10 // V +R1=1.5 // kilo ohm +R2=0.68 // kilo ohm +R_E=0.24 // kilo ohm +V_BE=0.7 // V +beta_min=100 +beta_max=400 + +V2=V_CC*R2/(R1+R2) +I_E=(V2-V_BE)/R_E +I_C=I_E + +beta_avg=(beta_min*beta_max)^0.5 +I_B=I_E/(beta_avg+1) + +printf("base current = %f micro ampere \n",I_B*1000) + +// the accurate answer for base current is 50.151 micro ampere but in book it is given as 49.75 micro ampere diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dadd3b7b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..451224a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.23 +//page258 + +gain_beta=40 +I_C1=2 // mA +t1=25 // degrees +t2=55 // degrees +I_CBO1=5d-3 // mA + +// for I_CBO=5 micro ampere at 25 degrees +I_CEO1=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO1 + +I_CBO2=I_CBO1*2^((t2-t1)/10) // since it doubles every 10 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/10) times. +I_CEO2=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO2 +I_C2=I_CEO2+I_C1 +I_C_change=100*(I_C2-I_C1)/I_C1 + +// for I_CBO=0.1 micro ampere at 25 degrees +t1_dash=25 // degrees +t2_dash=55 // degrees +I_CBO1_dash=0.1d-3 // mA +I_C1_dash=2 // mA + +I_CBO2_dash=I_CBO1_dash*2^((t2-t1)/10) // since it doubles every 10 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/10) times. +I_CEO2_dash=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO2_dash +I_C2_dash=I_CEO2_dash+I_C1_dash +I_C_change_dash=100*(I_C2_dash-I_C1_dash)/I_C1_dash + +printf("collector cutoff current = %.3f mA \n \n",I_CEO1) +printf("percent change in zero signal current given that \nI_CBO=5 micro ampere at 25 degree is = %.3f percent \n \n",I_C_change) +printf("percent change in zero signal current given that \nI_CBO=0.01 micro ampere at 25 degree is = %.3f percent \n",I_C_change_dash) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..badb7f9ca Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a52928277 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.24 +//page259 + +alpha=0.99 +I_E=1 // mA +t1=27 // degrees +t2=57 // degrees +I_CBO1=0.02d-3 // mA + +I_CBO2=I_CBO1*2^((t2-t1)/6) // since it doubles every 6 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/6) times. + +I_C=alpha*I_E+I_CBO2 +I_B=I_E-I_C + +printf("base current = %.1f micro ampere",I_B*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e7855ef Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e903c684 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.25 +//page261 + +printf("since base voltage is zero, it means that there is no path \nfor current in the base circuit. So the transistor will be off i.e. I_C=0,I_E=0. \nSo V_C=10V and V_E=0.\nSo obvious fault is R1 is open.\n") diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..120e7ee58 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b923c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.26 +//page261 + +R1=18 // kilo ohm +R2=4.7 // kilo ohm +Re=1 // kilo ohm +Vcc=10 // V + +V_B=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) + +printf("voltage at base = %.3f V \n",V_B) +printf("The fact that V_C=10V and V_E is nearly equal to V_B reveals \nthat I_C=0 and I_E=0.So I_B drops to zero.So obvious fault is R_E is open. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0beb0cdfa Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66d126c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.3 +//page240 + +Vbb=2 // V +Vcc=9 // V +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +Rb=100 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=50 + +// by Kirchoff voltage law on base side, we get Ib*Rb+Vbe=Vbb so +Ib=Vbb/Rb // Vbe is negligible +Ic=gain_beta*Ib + +// by Kirchoff voltage law on collector side, we get Ic*Rc+Vce=Vcc so +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +// now for Rb=50 kilo ohm +Rb2=50 // kilo ohm + +// since Rb is halved, Ib is doubled so +Ib2=2*Ib +Ic2=Ib2*gain_beta +Vce2=Vcc-Ic2*Rc + +printf("for Rb = 100 kilo ohm, collector current = %.3f mA \nand collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n \n",Ic,Vce) +printf("for Rb = 50 kilo ohm, collector current = %.3f mA \nand collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Ic2,Vce2) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Figure12_3.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Figure12_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35de8a01b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.3/Figure12_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fddb0039 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6874d8acd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.4 +//page241 + +Vcc=6 // V +Rb=530 // kilo ohm +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.7 // V + +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=6 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e. Ic=6/2 +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.5*Vce+3 + +x=linspace(0,6,5) +y=-0.5*x+3 +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,7,4]) +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") + +// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb +Ic=Ib*gain_beta +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) + +stability_factor=gain_beta+1 + +printf("stability factor=%.1f \n",stability_factor) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Figure12_4.jpg b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Figure12_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..429da3527 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.4/Figure12_4.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..703a2af99 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d8b2f445 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.5 +//page242 + +Vcc=12 // V +gain_beta=100 +Vbe=0.3 // V +Ic=1 // mA + +// since gain_beta=Ic/Ib +Ib=Ic/gain_beta + +// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get +Rb=(Vcc-Vbe)/Ib + +gain_beta2=50 + +// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get +Ib2=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb +Ic2=Ib2*gain_beta2 + +printf("for beta = 100, base resistor = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rb) +printf("for beta = 50, zero signal collector current for same Rb is = %.3f mA \n",Ic2) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8583e5c1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacf6eac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.6 +//page242 + +Vcc=10 // V +R_B=1d3 // kilo ohm +R_E=1 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0 // since it is negligible +gain_beta=100 + +// by Kirchoff voltage law to base side we get Vcc=I_B*R_B+Vbe+I_E*R_E +// but I_E=I_B+I_C and I_C=gain_beta*I_B +// so we get Vcc=I_B*R_B+Vbe+R_E*I_B*(1+gain_beta) +// making I_B as subject we get + +I_B=(Vcc-Vbe)/(R_B+R_E*(1+gain_beta)) // in ampere +I_C=gain_beta*I_B // in ampere +I_E=I_C+I_B // in ampere + +printf("base current = %.4f mA \n",I_B) +printf("collector current = %.4f mA \n",I_C) +printf("emitter current = %.4f mA \n",I_E) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59f1a0102 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22eace9cd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.7 +//page243 + +V_CC=15 // V +gain_beta=100 +V_BE=0.6 // V +V_CE=8 // V +I_C=2 // mA + +// here V_CC=V_CE+I_C*R_C so we get +R_C=(V_CC-V_CE)/I_C + +I_B=I_C/gain_beta + +// also V_CC=I_B*R_B+V_BE so we get +R_B=(V_CC-V_BE)/I_B + +printf("collector resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_C) +printf("base resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B) diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Figure12_7.JPG b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Figure12_7.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86a4a70db Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.7/Figure12_7.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b59f2107f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b619bc41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.8 +//page245 + +V_CC=20 // V +R_B=100 // kilo ohm +R_C=1 // kilo ohm +V_BE=0.7 // V +gain_beta=100 + +// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta*R_C*I_B)/I_B so we get +I_B=(V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+gain_beta*R_C) + +I_C=gain_beta*I_B + +V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C + +printf("operating point is %.3f V, %.3f mA \n",V_CE,I_C) + +// the accurate answer is 10.35V,9.65mA but in book it is given as 10.4V,9.6mA diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.PNG b/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d97a7811 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49db335a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.9 +//page245 + +V_CC=12 // V +gain_beta1=100 +gain_beta2=50 +V_BE=0.3 // V +V_CE=8 // V +I_C=1 // mA + +// here V_CC=V_CE+I_C*R_C so we get +R_C=(V_CC-V_CE)/I_C + +I_B=I_C/gain_beta1 + +// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta1*R_C*I_B)/I_B so +R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta1*R_C*I_B)/I_B + + +// for gain_beta=50 i.e. gain_beta2 + +// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta2*R_C*I_B)/I_B so we get +I_B2=(V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+gain_beta2*R_C) + +I_C2=gain_beta2*I_B2 + +V_CE2=V_CC-I_C2*R_C + +printf("for beta=100,required base resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B) +printf("for beta=50,new operating point is %.3f V, %.3f mA \n",V_CE2,I_C2) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c4034ac9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1089f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.1 +// page 272 + +Rc=4 // kilo ohm +Vcc=10 // V +Ib_zero=10d-3 // mA +Ib_max=15d-3 // mA +Ib_min=5d-3 // mA +gain_beta=100 + +Ic_zero=Ib_zero*gain_beta +Ic_max=Ib_max*gain_beta +Ic_min=Ib_min*gain_beta + +Vc_zero=Vcc-Ic_zero*Rc +Vc_max=Vcc-Ic_max*Rc +Vc_min=Vcc-Ic_min*Rc + +printf("As collector current increases from %.3f mA to %.3f mA \noutput voltage decreases from %.3f V to %.3f V \n",Ic_zero,Ic_max,Vc_zero,Vc_max) +printf("As collector current decreases from %.3f mA to %.3f mA \noutput voltage increases from %.3f V to %.3f V \n",Ic_max,Ic_min,Vc_max,Vc_min) +printf("Thus output voltage is 180 degrees out of phase from input voltage \n") + +printf("Note : \ni) input voltage and input current are in phase \nii) input voltage and output current are in phase \niii) output voltage is 180 degrees out of phase with input voltage\n") + + +// plotting base current and collector current and output voltage in same graph using following code instead of xcos +clf() +x=linspace(0,2*%pi,100) +ib=5*sin(x)+10 +ic=0.5*sin(x)+1 +vc=-4*sin(x)+6 +plot2d(x,ib,style=1,rect=[0,0,20,20]) +xtitle("base current(micro ampere) - Black collector current(mA) - Blue output voltage(V) - Green ","t") +plot2d(x,ic,style=2,rect=[0,0,20,20]) +plot2d(x,vc,style=3,rect=[0,0,20,20]) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Figure13_1.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Figure13_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab6fbf903 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.1/Figure13_1.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ee77bdff Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de91a22a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.10 +//page283 + +R1=1 // kilo ohm +R2=2 // kilo ohm +Vt=6 // V + +Vb=Vt*R1/(R1+R2) + +if Vb==4 + printf("circuit is operating properly \n") +else + printf("circuit is not operating properly because voltage at B should be %.1f V instead of 4 V \n",Vb) +end diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53f6a5e39 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7e17d095 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.11 +//page284 + +R1=40 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Vcc=10 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 +Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re +Ie=Ve/Re +re_dash=25/Ie + +printf("ac emitter resistance = %.3f ohm \n",re_dash) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..912933ba7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4340b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.12 +//page286 + +R1=150 // kilo ohm +R2=20 // kilo ohm +Re=2.2 // kilo ohm +Rc=12 // kilo ohm +Vcc=20 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 +Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re +Ie=Ve/Re +re_dash=1d-3*25/Ie // in kilo ohm +Av=Rc/re_dash + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) + +// the accurate answer is 360.642 diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad8381ec2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd67b8c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.13 +//page287 + +Rc=12 // kilo ohm +Rl=6 // kilo ohm +re_dash=33.3d-3 // kilo ohm + +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=R_AC/re_dash + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) + +// the accurate answer is 120.120 diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..919371af1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e2a0064 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.14 +//page288 + +R1=45 // kilo ohm +R2=15 // kilo ohm +Re=7.5 // kilo ohm +Vcc=30 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V +gain_beta=200 + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 +Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re +Ie=Ve/Re +re_dash=1d-3*25/Ie // in kilo ohm +Zin_base=gain_beta*re_dash +Zin=Zin_base*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin_base+R1*R2/(R1+R2)) + +printf("input impedence of amplifier circuit = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin) + +// the accurate answer for input impedence is 3.701 kilo ohm but in book it is given as 3.45 kilo ohm diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5079a789e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2586001f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.15 +//page289 + +//Theory \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31ec94350 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b84af237c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.16 +//page290 + +Ao=1000 +Rout=1 // ohm +Rl=4 // ohm +Rin=2d3 // ohm +I2=0.5 // A + +// here I2/I1=Ao*Rin/(Rout+Rl) so +I1=I2*(Rout+Rl)/(Ao*Rin) +V1=I1*Rin // in V + +printf("required input signal voltage = %.3f mV \n",V1*1d3) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Figure13_16.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Figure13_16.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcfa02775 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.16/Figure13_16.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e894bf318 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f871a1d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.17 +//page291 + +Es=10d-3 // V +Rs=3d3 // ohm +Rin=7d3 // ohm +Rout=15 // ohm +Rl=35 // ohm +Ao=1000 + +I1=Es/(Rs+Rin) +V1=I1*Rin +Av=Ao*Rl/(Rout+Rl) +// since V2/V1=Av, we get +V2=V1*Av + +P2=V2^2/Rl +P1=V1^2/Rin +Ap=P2/P1 + +printf("magnitude of output voltage = %.2f V \n",V2) +printf("power gain = %.2f \n",Ap) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Figure13_17.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Figure13_17.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..515e946b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.17/Figure13_17.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69b1e886 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76ee06ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.18 +//page292 + +Av=80 +Ai=120 +V2=1 // V +Rout=1 // ohm +Rl=2 // ohm + +V1=V2/Av // in V + +// Av=Ao*Rl/(Rout+Rl) and Ai=Ao*Rin/(Rout+Rl) so +// Av/Ai=Rl/Rin hence +Rin=Rl*Ai/Av + +I1=V1/Rin // in mA +Ap=Av*Ai + +printf("required signal voltage = %.2f mV and current = %.2f micro ampere \n",V1*1d3,I1*1d3) +printf("power gain = %.3f \n",Ap) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Figure13_18.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Figure13_18.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94296469e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.18/Figure13_18.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce3cc266 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9ba15390 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.2 +// page 274 + +printf("i)Refering to the Thevenin circuit, we see that voltage source \nis short and resistances except Rc and Re are bypassed.\nThus dc load = Rc + Re \n\n") +printf(" Refering to ac equivalent circuit, Rc is parallel with Rl.\nThus ac load = Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) \n \n \n") +printf("ii)Since Vcc=Vce+Ic*(Rc+Re) we get \n max Vce = Vcc and max Ic = Vcc/(Rc+Re) \n \n \n") +printf("iii)On applying ac signal, collector current and collector emitter \nvoltage change about Q point.\nMaximum collector current = Ic.\nMaximum positive swing of ac collector emitter voltage = Ic*R_AC \n So total maximum collector emitter voltage = Vce+Ic*R_AC \n\nMaximum positive swing of ac collector current = Vce/R_AC so \nTotal maximum collector current = Ic+Vce/R_AC \n") diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Figure13_2.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Figure13_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3f0e0c39 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.2/Figure13_2.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ead76736b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ecf2a54d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.3 +// page 278 + +Vcc=15 // V +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +Rl=1 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V + +// dc load line + + // when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=15 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=15/3 + // so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/3)*Vce+15 + + clf() + x=linspace(0,15,5) + y=-(1/3)*x+5 + plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,16,6]) + xtitle("dc load line-green ac load line-blue","collector emitter voltage(volts)","collector current(mA)") + + V2=5 // V + // since voltage across R2 is V2=5 V and V2=Vbe+Ie*Re we get + Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re + Ic=Ie + Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re) + + printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) + + +// ac load line + + R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) // ac load + V_ce=Vce+Ic*R_AC // maximum collector emitter voltage + I_c=Ic+Vce/R_AC // maximum collector current + // the equation of ac load line in terms of V_ce and I_c becomes + y=-(I_c/V_ce)*x+I_c + plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20]) + diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Figure13_3.jpg b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Figure13_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93fb71bb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.3/Figure13_3.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..776a76cec Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd7c236d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.4 +// page 279 + +Vcc=20 // V +Re=0 // kilo ohm, since given as negligible +Rc=10 // kilo ohm +Rl=30 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V + +Vce=10 // mV +Ic=1 // mA + +// dc load line + + // when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=15 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=20/10 mA + // so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/10)*Vce+2 + + clf() + x=linspace(0,20,5) + y=-(1/10)*x+2 + plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,21,6]) + xtitle("dc load line-green ac load line-blue","collector emitter voltage(volts)","collector current(mA)") + +// ac load line + + R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) // ac load + V_ce=Vce+Ic*R_AC // maximum collector emitter voltage + I_c=Ic+Vce/R_AC // maximum collector current + // the equation of ac load line in terms of V_ce and I_c becomes + x=linspace(0,V_ce,10) + y=-(I_c/V_ce)*x+I_c + plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,21,6]) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Figure13_4.jpg b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Figure13_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b8bea025 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.4/Figure13_4.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..340a6112b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f6b39c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.5 +// page 280 + +printf("operating point is (8V,1mA). During positive half cycle of \nac signal collector current swings from 1 mA to 1.5 mA \nand collector emitter voltage swings from 8 V to 7 V.\nThis is at A.During negative half cycle of \nac signal collector current swings from 1 mA to 0.5 mA \nand collector emitter voltage swings from 8 V to 9 V.\nThis is at B. \n \n") + +printf("Note : When ac signal is applied, ac signal collector current and \ncollector emitter voltage variations take place about Q point. \nAlso, operating point moves along load line.\n") + +clf() +x=linspace(-3*%pi,-%pi,10) +plot(x,-0.5*sin(x)+1) + +x=linspace(7,9,10) +plot(x,5-0.5*x) + +x=linspace(-3*%pi,-%pi,10) +plot(-sin(x)+8,x) +plot(x,xgrid()) +xtitle("collector current and collector emitter voltage swings","collector emitter voltage (volts)","collector current (mA)") +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; + +// Some operations on entities created by plot ... +a=gca(); +a.isoview='on'; +a.children // list the children of the axes : here it is an Compound child composed of 2 entities +poly1= a.children.children(2); //store polyline handle into poly1 +poly1.foreground = 4; // another way to change the style... +poly1.thickness = 3; // ...and the tickness of a curve. +poly1.clip_state='off' // clipping control +a.isoview='off'; diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Figure13_5.JPG b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Figure13_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4338ebf7c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.5/Figure13_5.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4d0cda90 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a7872087 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.6 +//page282 + +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +Rl=0.5 // kilo ohm +Rin=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=60 + +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fa23948d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaf43a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.7 +//page282 + +Rc=10 // kilo ohm +Rl=10 // kilo ohm +Rin=2.5 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 +Vin=1 // mV + +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +// since Av=Vout/Vin we get +Vout=Av*Vin + +printf("output voltage = %.3f mV \n",Vout) diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37f4b8dc9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..719e13db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.8 +//page282 + +del_Ib=10d-3 // mA +del_Ic=1 // mA +del_Vbe=0.02 // V +Rc=5 // kilo ohm +Rl=10 // kilo ohm + +Ai=del_Ic/del_Ib +Rin=del_Vbe/del_Ib +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=Ai*R_AC/Rin +Ap=Av*Ai + +printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai) +printf("input impedence = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rin) +printf("ac load = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_AC) +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) +printf("power gain = %.3f \n",Ap) + +// the accurate answer for voltage gain = 166.667 and for power gain = 16666.667 but in book they are given as 165 and 16500 respectively. diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.PNG b/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3806aff13 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d078898cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.9 +//page283 + +Rc=3 // kilo ohm +Rl=6 // kilo ohm +Rin=0.5 // kilo ohm +Vin=1 // mV +gain_beta=50 + +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +// since Av=Vout/Vin we get +Vout=Av*Vin + +printf("output voltage = %.3f mV \n",Vout) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de8cf58c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b83779b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.1 +//page 301 + +Av=20*log10(30) + +Pv=10*log10(100) + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f db \n",Av) +printf("power gain = %.3f db \n",Pv) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc148729 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..071c86897 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.10 +// page 305 + +Rc=500 // ohm +Rin=1d3 // ohm + +// gain of second stage is 60 since it has no loading effect of any stage so +Av2=60 +load1=Rc*Rin/(Rc+Rin) +Av1=Av2*load1/Rc +Av=Av1*Av2 + +printf("total gain = %.3f \n",Av) +printf("comment : gain of one stage=60.So total gain should be 60*60=%d but here it is %.3f.\nThis is because of loading effect of input impedence of second stage on first stage. \n",60*60,Av) +printf("So gain of first stage decreases.\nHowever, second stage has no loading effect of any next stage.So its gain does not decrease. \n") + +// the accurate answer for total gain is 2400 but in book it is given as 2397 diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2816be727 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d699f977b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.11 +// page 306 + +Rin=1 // kilo ohm +Rc= 2 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 + +// since first stage has loading effect of input impedence of second stage, we get effective load of first stage as +R_AC=Rc*Rin/(Rc+Rin) +Av1=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +// second stage has no loading effect so its gain +Av2=gain_beta*Rc/Rin +Av=Av1*Av2 + +printf("voltage gain of first stage = %.3f \n",Av1) +printf("voltage gain of second stage = %.3f \n",Av2) +printf("total voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) + +// the accurate answer for gain of first stage is 66.667 and total gain is 13333.33 but in book they are given as 66 and 13200 respectively diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec04348b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79b65a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.12 +// page 307 + +Rin=1d3 // ohm +Rc= 10d3 // ohm +Rl=100 // ohm +gain_beta=100 + +// effective collector load is +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) +printf("comment : load is only 100 ohm so efective load of amplifier is too much reduced.\nThus voltage gain is very small.\n") +printf("In such cases we can use a step down transformer to serve the purpose. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25e079f1a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43cf07d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.13 +// page 307 + +Vcc=20 // V +R3=10 // kilo ohm +R4=2.2 // kilo ohm +Rc=3.6 // kilo ohm + +V_B=Vcc*R4/(R3+R4) + +// replacing Cc by wire +Req=R3*Rc/(R3+Rc) +V_B2=Vcc*R4/(Req+R4) + +printf("biasing potential before replacing Cc = %.3f V \n",V_B) +printf("biasing potential after replacing Cc = %.3f V \n \n",V_B2) +printf("thus biasing potential of second stage changes.\nThis could cause the transistor to saturate and it would not work as amplifier.\n") +printf("Also, we see the use of coupling capacitor to maintain \nindependent biasing potential for each stage.\nThis allows ac output from one stage to pass to next stage.\n") diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d1536c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a4d0451a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.14 +// page 308 + +Vcc=15 // V +R1=22 // kilo ohm +R2=3.3 // kilo ohm +R3=5 // kilo ohm +R4=1 // kilo ohm +R5=15 // kilo ohm +R6=2.5 // kilo ohm +R8=1 // kilo ohm +R3=5 // kilo ohm +R7=5 // kilo ohm +Rl=10 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=200 +Vbe=0.7 // V + +// for second stage +V_R6=Vcc*R6/(R6+R5) +V_R8=V_R6-Vbe +I_E2=V_R8/R8 // emitter current in R8 +re_dash2=25d-3/I_E2 +Zin_base=gain_beta*re_dash2 +Zin=R5*(R6*Zin_base/(R6+Zin_base))/(R5+(R6*Zin_base/(R6+Zin_base))) +R_AC2=R7*Rl/(R7+Rl) +Av2=R_AC2/re_dash2 + +// for first stage +V_R2=Vcc*R2/(R2+R1) +V_R4=V_R2-Vbe +I_E1=V_R4/R4 // emitter current in R4 +re_dash1=25d-3/I_E1 +R_AC1=R3*Zin/(R3+Zin) +Av1=R_AC1/re_dash1 + +Av=Av1*Av2 + +printf("voltage gain of first stage = %.3f \n",Av1) +printf("voltage gain of second stage = %.3f \n",Av2) +printf("overall voltage gain= %.3f \n",Av) + +// the accurate answers are voltage gain of first stage = 52.616, voltage gain of second stage = 192.381, overall voltage gain= 10122.329. In book the answers are 53,191.4 and 10144 +// respectively diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..938c599f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7377c594 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.15 +// page 311 + +// for maximum power transfer, primary impedence = transistor output impedence and secondary impedence = load impedence +Rp=1d3 // ohm +Rs=10 // ohm + +// since Rp=(Np/Ns)^2*Rs, making Np/Ns i.e. n as subject we get +n=(Rp/Rs)^(0.5) + +printf("required turn ratio = %d \n",n) + +if n>1 + printf("transformer required is step down tranformer \n") +elseif n<1 + printf("transformer required is step up tranformer \n") +else // n=1 + printf("transformer is not required \n") +end diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c95526748 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34b02f332 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.16 +// page 312 + +Vp=10 // V +// for maximum power transfer, primary impedence = output impedence of aource +Rp=10d3 // ohm +Rs=16 // ohm + +// since Rp=(Np/Ns)^2*Rs, making Np/Ns i.e. n as subject we get +n=(Rp/Rs)^(0.5) + +// since Vs/Vp=Ns/Np, making Vs as subject we get +Vs=(1/n)*Vp +printf("required turn ratio = %d \n",n) +printf("voltage across external load = %.3f V \n",Vs) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5c1b4d7b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfec23734 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.17 +// page 312 + +Rp=300 //ohm +Rs=3 // ohm +Ro=3d3 // ohm + +// since output resistance of transistor Ro=Rp+n^2*Rs for maximum power transfer, making n as subject we get +n=((Ro-Rp)/Rs)^0.5 + +printf("turn ratio for maximum power transfer = %d \n",n) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d449917e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c34bbbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.18 +// page 313 + +f=200 // Hz +Ro=10d3 // ohm, transistor output impedence +Zi2=2.5d3 // ohm, input impedence of next stage + +// since Ro=2*%pi*f*Lp, making Lp as subject we get +Lp=Ro/(2*%pi*f) + +// since Zi2=2*%pi*f*Ls, making Ls as subject we get +Ls=Zi2/(2*%pi*f) + +printf("primary inductance = %.1f H \n",Lp) +printf("secondary inductance = %.1f H \n",Ls) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28f295bde Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe94681db --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.19 +// page 313 + +L=10d-6 // H +N=1 // turn +Lp=8 // H +Ls=2 // H + +// since L is proportional to N^2, L=K*N^2 so making K as subject we get +K=L/N^2 + +// Lp=K*Np^2 so +Np=(Lp/K)^0.5 + +// Ls=K*Ns^2 so +Ns=(Ls/K)^0.5 + +printf("primary turns = %d \n",Np) +printf("secondary turns = %d \n",Ns) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27bc6027d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16fd1481e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.2 +//page 301 + +Ap1=40 // db +Ap2=43 // db + +// since Ap = 10*log10(power_gain), we get +power_gain1=10^(Ap1/10) +power_gain2=10^(Ap2/10) + +printf("power gain of 40 db = %.3f \n",power_gain1) +printf("power gain of 43 db = %.3f \n",power_gain2) + +// the accurate answer for power gain of 43 db is 19952 but in book it is given as 20000 db diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15e209439 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e2e92de --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.3 +//page 301 + +Av1=20*log10(100) // db +Av2=20*log10(200) // db +Av3=20*log10(400) // db + +Av_total=Av1+Av2+Av3 + +printf("total voltage gain = %.3f db \n",Av_total) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..784319bbc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f6ebd77d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.4 +//page 302 + +gain_abs=30 +n=5 + +Ap1=10*log10(gain_abs) // db +Ap_tot=Ap1*n +Ap_f=Ap_tot-10 // db + +printf("total power gain = %.3f db \n",Ap_tot) +printf("power gain with negative feedback = %.3f db \n",Ap_f) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eb327ecb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..778c7df21 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.5 +//page 302 + +P1=1.5 // W +P2=0.3 // W +Pi=10d-3 // W + +// power gain at 2 kHz +Ap1=10*log10(P1/Pi) + +// power gain at 20 Hz +Ap2=10*log10(P2/Pi) + +Ap_diff=Ap1-Ap2 +printf("fall in gain from 2 kHz to 20 Hz = %.3f db \n",Ap_diff) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db182ea71 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f01458167 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.6 +//page 302 + +Av=15 // db +V1=0.8 // V + +// since db voltage gain Av=20*log10(V2/V1) making V2 as subject we get + +V2=V1*10^(Av/20) + +printf("output voltage = %.2f V \n",V2) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19f1bd352 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbc051eab --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.7 +//page 302 + +Ao_db=70 // db +Av_db=67 // db +Rout=1.5 // kilo ohm + +// since 20*log(Ao)-20*log(Av)=Ao_db-Av_db we get +// 20*log(Ao/Av) = Ao_db-Av_db so +// Ao/Av = 10^((Ao_db-Av_db)/20) +// and also Ao/Av=1+Rout/Rl since Av/Ao=Rl/(Rl+Rout) + +// so making Rl as subject we get +Rl=Rout/(10^((Ao_db-Av_db)/20)-1) + +printf("minimum value of load resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rl) + +// the accurate answer is 3.636 kilo ohm diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df46903d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0addc4a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.8 +//page 303 + +gain_db=40 // db +Vin=10d-3 // mV +Rl=1 // kilo ohm + +// we know that Vout/Vin=10^(gain_db/20) so making Vout as subject we get +Vout=Vin*10^(gain_db/20) +P_load=Vout^2/Rl + +printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) +printf("load power = %.3f mW \n",P_load) diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.PNG b/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..625d99f94 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b1f2a0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// chapter14 +// example14.9 +// page 303 + +// figure given in book is for reference only. It is not required to solve the example since the required details are very clearly specified in the problem statement. +// moreover more data is needed to plot the graph given in book. + +Av_max1=2000 // for 2 kHz +Av_sqrt_2=1414 // for 10 kHz and 50 Hz + +percent_Av_max1=70.7*Av_max1/100 +printf("70.7 percent of maximum gain 2000 is = %.3f \n",percent_Av_max1) + +if Av_sqrt_2==percent_Av_max1 +printf("we observe that 70.7 percent of max gain 2000 is 1414 \n") +printf("this gain 1414 is at 50 Hz and 10 kHz \n") +printf("so bandwidth = 50 Hz to 10 kHz \n \n") + +printf("since frequency on lower side at which gain falls to \n70.7 percent is 50 Hz.So lower cutoff frequency = 50 Hz \n \n") +printf("since frequency on upper side at which gain falls to \n70.7 percent is 10 kHz.So upper cutoff frequency = 10 kHz \n \n") +else printf("data is insuficient for finding bandwidth and cutoff frequencies \n") +end diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc3330792 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f36b431e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.1 +//page321 + +V=12 // V +P=2 // W + +// since P=V*Ic we get +Ic_max=P/V // in ampere + +printf("maximum collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_max*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ede5504a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c683c021 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.10 +//page333 + +P_total=4 // W +T_Jmax=90 // degree celcius +theta=10 // degree celcius per watt + +// P_total=(T_Jmax-Tamb)/theta so making Tamb as subject we get +Tamb=T_Jmax-P_total*theta + +printf("maximum ambient temperature at which transistor can be operated = %.3f degree C \n",Tamb) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246ee5994 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd76b5f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.11 +//page333 + +T_Jmax=90 // degree celcius +T_amb=30 // degree celcius + +//case 1 : without heat sink +theta1=300 // degree celcius per watt +P_total1=(T_Jmax-T_amb)/theta1 + +//case 2 : with heat sink +theta2=60 // degree celcius per watt +P_total2=(T_Jmax-T_amb)/theta2 + +printf("case 1 : without heat sink \n maximum power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",P_total1*1000) +printf("case 2 : with heat sink \n maximum power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",P_total2*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d79f346 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61157998e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.12 +//page334 + +T_Jmax=200 // degree celcius +T_amb1=25 // degree celcius +T_amb2=75 // degree celcius +theta=20 // degree celcius per watt +Vcc=4 // V + +P_total1=(T_Jmax-T_amb1)/theta +Ic1=P_total1/Vcc + +P_total2=(T_Jmax-T_amb2)/theta +Ic2=P_total2/Vcc + +printf("for ambient = 25 degree C, allowed collector current = %.3f A \n",Ic1) +printf("for ambient = 75 degree C, allowed collector current = %.3f A \n",Ic2) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c895997b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3224dbefc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.2 +//page321 + +V=12 // V +R=4 // kilo ohm + +//since maximum collector current will flow when whole battery voltgage is dropped across Rc, we get +Ic_max=V/R + +printf("maximum collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_max) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be480e415 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..048dc3129 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.3 +//page321 + +P=50 // W +R=8 // ohm + +// since p=V^2/R we get +V=(P*R)^0.5 +I=V/R + +printf("ac output voltage = %.3f V \n",V) +printf("ac output current = %.3f A \n",I) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01df81e65 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e10ac45f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.4 +//page325 + +Vcc=20 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V +Rb=1d3 // ohm +Rc=20 // ohm +gain=25 + +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb +Ic=Ib*gain +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc + +ib_peak=10d-3 +ic_peak=gain*ib_peak +Po_ac=ic_peak^2*Rc/2 +P_dc=Vcc*Ic +eta=(Po_ac/P_dc)*100 + +printf("operating point = %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic*1000) +printf("output power = %.3f W \n",Po_ac) +printf("input power = %.3f W \n",P_dc) +printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta) + +// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=8 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e. Ic=20/20 +// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-50*Vce+1000 + +// plot the load line +clf() +x=linspace(0,20,5) +y=-50*x+1000 +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,25,1100]) +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Figure15_4.JPG b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Figure15_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cfa75115 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.4/Figure15_4.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2e747cef Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e7b1a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.5 +//page328 + +Pdc=10 // W +Po=4 // W + +eta=(Po/Pdc)*100 + +// maximum power dissipation in a transistor occurs under zero signal conditions so +P=Pdc + +printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta) +printf("power rating of transistor = %.3f W \n",P) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cec460d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac1f21e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.6 +//page328 + +Rl=100 // ohm +n=10 +Ic=100d-3 // ampere + +Rl_1=n^2*Rl +Pmax=0.5*Ic^2*Rl_1 + +printf("maximum ac power output = %.3f W \n",Pmax) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67db42822 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6cf6b970 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.7 +//page329 + +Vcc=5 // V +Ic=50d-3 // ampere + +Pac_max=Vcc*Ic/2 +Pdc=Vcc*Ic +Pdis=Pac_max*2 +eta=(Pac_max/Pdc)*100 + +printf("maximum power output= %.3f mW \n",Pac_max*1000) +printf("power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",Pdis*1000) +printf("maximum collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a306ac7f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6ca41a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.8 +//page329 + +del_Ic=100d-3 // ampere +del_Vce=12 // V +Rl=5 // ohm + +//case 1 : louspeaker directly connected +V=del_Ic*Rl +P=V*del_Ic + +//case2 : loudspreaker transformer coupled +R_primary=del_Vce/del_Ic // for maximum power transfer the primary resistance should be equal to R +n=(R_primary/Rl)^0.5 +V_secondary=del_Vce/n +Il=V_secondary/Rl +P_1=Il^2*Rl + +printf("case1 : loudspeaker connected directly \n power transferred to loudspeaker = %.3f mW \n",P*1000) +printf("case2 : loudspeaker is transformer coupled \n power transferred to loudspeaker = %.3f mW \n",P_1*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.PNG b/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b4681fcc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9c90e542 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//chapter15 +//example15.9 +//page331 + +Vcc=17.5 // V +ic_max=35d-3 // ampere +ic_min=1d-3 // ampere +IC=18 // ampere +gain=100 +vce_max=30 // V +vce_min=5 // V +Rl=81.6 // ohm + +IC=ic_min+((ic_max-ic_min)/2) +IB=IC/gain +VCE=vce_min+((vce_max-vce_min)/2) + +Pdc=Vcc*IC +Vce=(vce_max-vce_min)/(2*2^0.5) +Ic=(ic_max-ic_min)/(2*2^0.5) +Pac=Vce*Ic + +eta=(Pac/Pdc)*100 + +slope=(ic_max-ic_min)/(vce_min-vce_max) +Rl_dash=-1/slope +n=(Rl_dash/Rl)^0.5 + +printf("zero signal collector current = %.3f mA \n",IC*1000) +printf("zero signal base current = %.3f mA \n",IB*1000) +printf("dc power = %.3f mW and ac power = %.3f mW \n",Pdc*1000,Pac*1000) +printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta) +printf("transformer turn ratio = %.1f \n",n) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae9c4f8bb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba54c7b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.1 +//page345 + +Av=3000 +mv=0.01 + +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +printf("voltge gain with negative feedback = %.3f \n",Avf) + +// accurate answer is 96.774 but in book it is given as 97 diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..252298a1f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adab184d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.10 +//page352 + +Av=150 +D=5/100 +mv=10/100 + +Dvf=100*D/(1+Av*mv) // in percent + +printf("distortion of amplifier with negative feedback = %.3f percent",Dvf) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8deff1476 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..942d03814 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.11 +//page352 + +Av=1000 +mv=0.01 +f1=1.5 // kHz +f2=501.5 // kHz + +f_1f=f1/(1+Av*mv) +f_2f=f2*(1+mv*Av) + +printf("new lower cutoff frequency with negative feedback = %.3f kHz or %.3f Hz \n",f_1f,f_1f*1000) +printf("new upper cutoff frequency with negative feedback = %.3f kHz or %.3f MHz \n",f_2f,f_2f/1000) + +// the accurate answers are 136.364 Hz and 5.516 MHz but in book they are given as 136.4 Hz and 5.52 MHz respectively diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..403c86ad5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aa2137ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.12 +//page353 + +Ai=200 +mi=0.012 + +Aif=Ai/(1+mi*Ai) + +printf("effective current gain of amplifier = %.3f \n",Aif) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8240fdaf7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0effc69 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.13 +//page354 + +Zin=15// kilo ohm +Ai=240 +mi=0.015 + +Zin_dash=Zin/(1+mi*Ai) + +printf("input impedence with negative feedback = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin_dash) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1977f9a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffb9af39b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.14 +//page355 + +Zout=3 // kilo ohm +Ai=200 +mi=0.01 + +Zout_dash=Zout*(1+mi*Ai) + +printf("output impedence with negative feedback = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zout_dash) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecbb9dc2d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98d14e99c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.15 +//page355 + +BW=400 // kHz +Ai=250 +mi=0.01 + +BW_dash=BW*(1+mi*Ai) + +printf("Bandwidth with negative feedback = %.3f kHz \n",BW_dash) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebdf204f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b999d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.16 +//page356 + +Vcc=18 // V +R1=16 // kilo ohm +R2=22 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V +Re=910d-3 // kilo ohm + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) +Ve=V2-Vbe +Ie=Ve/Re + +printf("voltage across Re = %.3f V \n",Ve) +printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie) + +clf() +x=linspace(0,18,100) +y=-(19.78/18)*x+19.78 +xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)") +plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,19,20]) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Figure16_16.JPG b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Figure16_16.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baf0288f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.16/Figure16_16.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2034541be Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36e9c680 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.17 +//page357 + +Vcc=10 // V +R1= 10 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V +Re=5000 // ohm + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) +Ve=V2-Vbe +Ie=Ve/(Re/1000) // in mA +re_dash=25/Ie +Av=Re/(re_dash+Re) + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49f1b632 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9fc76495 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.18 +//page358 + +Re=5d3 // ohm +Rl=5d3 // ohm +re_dash=29.1 // in ohm, from example 16_17 + +Re_dash=Re*Rl/(Re+Rl) +Av=Re_dash/(re_dash+Re_dash) + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..deb996a3f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42c4a9236 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.19 +//page359 + +Vcc=10 // V +R1= 10 // kilo ohm +R2=10 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V +Re=4.3 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=200 +Rl=10 // kilo ohm + +V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) +Ve=V2-Vbe +Ie=Ve/Re +re_dash=25/Ie +Re_dash=Re*Rl/(Re+Rl) +Zin_base=gain_beta*(re_dash+Re_dash) +Zin=Zin_base*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin_base+R1*R2/(R1+R2)) + +printf("input impedence = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin) + +// the accurate answer is 4.996 kilo ohm but in book it is given as 4.96 kilo ohm diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f553761e3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f5cd221 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.2 +//page346 + +Av=140 +Avf=17.5 + +// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), making mv as subject we get +mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av +printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20f5f64af Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7f4c6803 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.20 +//page361 + +R1=3d3 // ohm +R2=4.7d3 // ohm +Rs=600 // ohm +re_dash=20// ohm +gain_beta=200 + +Rin_dash=R1*(R2*Rs/(R2+Rs))/(R1+(R2*Rs/(R2+Rs))) + +Zout=re_dash+Rin_dash/gain_beta + +printf("output impedence = %.1f ohm \n",Zout) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b92f7ccda Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5632671a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.3 +//page346 + +Av1=100 +Avf1=50 +Avf2=75 + +// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get +mv=(Av1/Avf1-1)/Av1 +Av2=Avf2/(1-mv*Avf2) + +printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv) +printf("for overall gain = 75 and same fraction, required gain = %.3f \n",Av2) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f76bb925b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629a75f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.4 +//page346 + +Vo=10 +Vi=0.25 +Vif=0.5 + +Av=Vo/Vi +Avf=Vo/Vif + +// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get +mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av + +printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd4ac0e2f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9b904df --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.5 +//page347 + +Av=50 +Avf=25 + +// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get +mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av + +// without feedback, gain falls from 50 to 40 +Av1=50 +Av2=40 +reduction1=100*(Av1-Av2)/Av1 + +// with feedback +Av3=25 +Av4=Av2/(1+mv*Av2) +reduction2=100*(Av3-Av4)/Av3 + +printf("percentage reduction in gain : \n with feedback = %.3f percent \n ",reduction1) +printf("without feedback = %.3f perent",reduction2) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b97c2651d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d68cbc564 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.6 +//page347 + +Av=100 +mv=0.1 + +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av + +// fall in gain is 6dB so 20log(Av/Av1)=6 +// making Av1 as subject we get +Av1=Av/exp(6*log(10)/20) +Avf_new=Av1/(1+Av1*mv) +change=100*(Avf-Avf_new)/Avf + +printf("percentage change in gain = %.3f percent \n",change) + +// the accurate answer is 8.297 percent but in book it is given as 8.36 percent diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.JPG b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662c60d31 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237c9d7d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.7 +//page348 + +A0=1000 +Rout=100 // ohm +Rl=900 +mv=1/50 + +Av=A0*Rl/(Rout+Rl) +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.3f \n",Avf) + +// the accurate answer is 47.368 but in book it is given as 47.4 diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Figure16_7.jpg b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Figure16_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c7e65fe0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.7/Figure16_7.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f26628e5b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f644aae --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.8 +//page351 + +Av=10000 +R1=2 // kilo ohm +R2=18 // kilo ohm +Vi=1 // mV + +mv=R1/(R1+R2) +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +Vout=Avf*Vi + +printf("feedback fraction = %.1f \n",mv) + +printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.1f \n",Avf) + +printf("output voltage = %.1f mV \n",Vout) diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.PNG b/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecae8e446 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f6fd1870 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.9 +//page351 + +Av=10000 +R1=10 // kilo ohm +R2=90 // kilo ohm +Zin=10 // kilo ohm +Zout=100d-3 // kilo ohm + +mv=R1/(R1+R2) +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +Zin_dash=(1+Av*mv)*Zin +Zout_dash=Zout/(1+Av*mv) + +printf("feedbackfraction = %.1f \n",mv) + +printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.1f \n",Avf) + +printf("input impedence with feedback = %.3f kilo ohm or %.3f mega ohm \n",Zin_dash,Zin_dash/1000) + +printf("output impedence with feedback = %f kilo ohm or %.3f ohm \n",Zout_dash,Zout_dash*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a77ff47f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c61fd4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.1 +//page375 + +L1=58.6d-6 // H +C1=300d-12 // F + +f=1/(2*%pi*(L1*C1)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz",f,f/1000) + +// in book the answer is 1199 kHz but the accurate answer is 1200.358 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d568f5d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45a226e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.2 +//page377 + +C1=0.001d-6 // F +C2=0.01d-6 // F +L=15d-6 // H + +Ct=C1*C2/(C1+C2) // since both are in series + +f=1/(2*%pi*(L*Ct)^0.5) +mv=C1/C2 + +printf("operating frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",f,f/1000) +printf("feedback function = %.3f",mv) + +//in book the answer given is 1361 kHz but accurate answer is 1362.922 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78d6f59fb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..888bfd574 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.3 +//page379 + +L1=1000d-6 // H +L2=100d-6 // H +M=20d-6 // H +C=20d-12 // F + +Lt=L1+L2+2*M + +f=1/(2*%pi*(Lt*C)^0.5) +mv=L2/L1 + +printf("operating frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",f,f/1000) +printf("feedback function = %.3f",mv) + +//in book the answer is 1052 kHz but the accurate answer is 1054.029 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293677703 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e772d2f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.4 +//page381 + +R=1d6 // ohm +C=68d-12 // F + +fo=1/(2*%pi*R*C*(6)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz",fo) + +// in book the answer given is 954 Hz but the accurate answer is 955.511 Hz diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1daad27f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce3295da --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.5 +//page382 + +R=220d3 // ohm +C=250d-12 // F + +f=1/(2*%pi*R*C) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz",f) + +//in book the answer given is 2892 Hz but the accurate answer is 2893.726 Hz diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11e7f91db Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d13c95412 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.6 +//page387 + +// frequency is inversely proportional to thickness +// so if thickness is reduced by 1%, frequency increases by 1% + +printf("If thickness of crystal is reduced by 1 percent, then \nfrequency is increased by 1 percent \nbecause frequency is inversely proportional to thickness \n") diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.PNG b/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a01c563b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206c8d983 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.7 +//page387 + +L=1 // H +C=0.01d-12 // F +Cm=20d-12 // F + +fs=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +Ct=C*Cm/(C+Cm) +fp=1/(2*%pi*(L*Ct)^0.5) + +printf("series resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz\n",fs,fs/1000) +printf("parallel resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz\n",fp,fp/1000) + +// in book the answer given is 1589 kHz for series resonant frequency but the accurate answer is 1591.549 kHz +// in book the answer given is 1590 kHz for parallel resonant frequency but the accurate answer is 1591.947 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359ebf89f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c144cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.1 +//page396 +L=1.25d-3 // H +C=250d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm + +fr=(((1/(L*C))-(R^2/L^2))^0.5)/(2*%pi) +Zr=L/(C*R) +Q=2*%pi*fr*L/R + +printf("resonant frequency of circuit = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("impedence of circuit at resonance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zr,Zr/1000) +printf("quality factor of the circuit = %.3f",Q) diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f77904fb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01978f9bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.2 +//page396 + +L=100d-6 // H +C=100d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm +V=10 // V + +fr=(((1/(L*C))-(R^2/L^2))^0.5)/(2*%pi) +Zr=L/(C*R) +I=V/Zr + +printf("resonant frequency of circuit = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("impedence of circuit at resonance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm or %.3f mega ohm\n",Zr,Zr/1000,Zr/1d6) +printf("line current = %.4f ampere or %.3f micro ampere",I,I*1d6) + +// the accurate answer for resonant frequency is 1591.470 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..494ba1dee Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2535724f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter18 +//example17.3 +//page398 + +fr=1200 // kHz +Q=60 + +BW=fr/Q +f1=fr-(BW/2) +f2=fr+(BW/2) + +printf("bandwidth = %.3f kHz \n",BW) +printf("lower cut-off frequency = %.3f kHz \n",f1) +printf("upper cut-off frequency = %.3f kHz \n",f2) diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfe022754 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dce805930 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.4 +//page401 + +L=33d-3 // H +C=0.1d-6 // F +R=25 // ohm + +fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +Xl=2*%pi*fr*L +Q=Xl/R +BW=fr/Q + +printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("quality factor = %.3f \n",Q) +printf("bandwidth = %.3f Hz \n",BW) + +// the accurate answer for bandwidth is 120.572 Hz but in book it is given as 120 Hz +// the accurate answer for quality factor is 22.978 but in book it is given as 23 diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75f69d251 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc96c1c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.5 +//page402 + +BW=200 // kHz +fr=10d3 // kHz + +k=BW/fr + +printf("co-efficient of coupling = %.3f \n",k) diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d62edb7c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8340ef3e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.6 +//page405 + +L=50.7d-6 // H +C=500d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm +Rl=1d6 // ohm + +fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +R_dc=R +Xl=2*%pi*fr*L +Q=Xl/R +Rp=Q*Xl +R_ac=Rp*Rl/(Rp+Rl) + +printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) // amswer in book is incorrect +printf("dc load = %.3f ohm \n",R_dc) +printf("ac load = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_ac,R_ac/1000) + +// in book the aswer for resonant frequency is 106 Hz which is incorrect +// the correct answer is 999.611 kHz + +// the accurate answer for ac load is 10.038 kilo ohm diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Figure18_6.JPG b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Figure18_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0e33b2df Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.6/Figure18_6.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.PNG b/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0593e2b26 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d22ac67 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.7 +//page406 + +Vcc=50 // V +Np=5 +Ns=1 +R=50 // ohm +R_ac=(Np/Ns)^2*R +Po=Vcc^2/R_ac + +printf("ac load = %.3f ohm \n",R_ac) +printf("maximum load power = %.3f W \n",Po) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3295a46d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592a83af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.1 +//page416 + +// the figure in book is for reference only as equations for Ec and Es are already explained in the theory in the book. + +printf("Ec=(Vmax+Vmin)/2 \n") +printf("Es=(Vmax-Vmin)/2 \n") +printf("But, Es=m*Ec \n") +printf("So (Vmax-Vmin)/2 = m*(Vmax+Vmin)/2 \n") +printf("thus, m = (Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) \n") diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ee97f388 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6988255cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.10 +//page423 + +fc=500 // kHz +fs=1 // kHz + +lower_sideband=fc-fs +upper_sideband=fc+fs +BW=upper_sideband-lower_sideband + +printf("sideband frequencies = %.3f kHz and %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband,upper_sideband) +printf("bandwidth required = %.3f kHz \n",BW) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e99f0ebd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26d64a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.11 +//page423 + +m=0.4 +Ic=8 // A +// Pt=Pc+Ps and Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc so Pt=Pc*(1+m^2/2) +// so Pt/Pc=1+m^2/2 but P is proportional to I^2 so +// (It/Ic)^2=1+m^2/2 and thus we get + +It=Ic*(1+m^2/2)^0.5 + +printf("antenna current for m=0.4 is = %.3f A \n",It) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48132afae Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1341b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.12 +//page424 + +It=8.93 // A +Ic=8 // A + +// we know that (It/Ic)^2=1+m^2/2 so making m as subject we get +m=(2*((It/Ic)^2-1))^0.5 + +printf("modulation factor = %.3f or %.3f percent \n",m,m*100) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..427611987 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fd4e697a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.13 +//page424 + +Vt=110 // V +Vc=100 // V + +// since Pt/Pc=1+m^2/2 and P is proportional to V^2 we get (Vt/Vc)^2=1+m^2/2 +// making m as subject we get + +m=(2*((Vt/Vc)^2-1))^0.5 + +printf("modulation factor = %.3f or %.3f percent \n",m,m*100) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c1e5d859 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be01ac88b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.14 +//page424 + +Vc=5 // V +V_lower=2.5 // V +V_upper=2.5 // V +R=2 // kilo ohm + +// figure given in book is just for understanding purpose.It is not a part of solution. +// however, the figure has been made in xcos and screenshot has been attached for reference + +// since power=(rms voltage)^2/R we get + +Pc=(0.707*Vc)^2/R +P_lower=(0.707*V_lower)^2/R +P_upper=(0.707*V_upper)^2/R +Pt=Pc+P_lower+P_upper + +printf("power delivered by carrier = %.3f mW \n",Pc) +printf("power delivered by lower sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_lower) +printf("power delivered by upper sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_upper) +printf("total power delivered by AM wave = %.3f mW \n",Pt) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Figure19_14.JPG b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Figure19_14.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db4dfc69 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.14/Figure19_14.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b7500c37 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a5275ad --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.2 +//page416 + +// figure is given in book for understanding purpose only.It is not required for solving the example as maximum and minimum peak voltages are given in the problem statement itself. + +Vmax_pp=16 // mV +Vmin_pp=4 // mV + +Vmax=Vmax_pp/2 +Vmin=Vmin_pp/2 + +m=(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) + +printf("modulation factor = %.3f \n",m) + + diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781e6a5e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e055486c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.3 +//page417 + +Es=50 // V +Ec=100 // V + +m=Es/Ec + +printf("modulation factor = %.3f \n",m) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95466423f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3502e0608 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.4 +//page419 + +fc=2500 // kHz +fs_min=0.05 // kHz +fs_max=15 // kHz + +upper_sideband_min=fc+fs_min +upper_sideband_max=fc+fs_max + +lower_sideband_min=fc-fs_min +lower_sideband_max=fc-fs_max + +BW=upper_sideband_max-lower_sideband_max + +printf("lower sideband is from %.3f to %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband_min,lower_sideband_max) +printf("upper sideband is from %.3f to %.3f kHz \n",upper_sideband_min,upper_sideband_max) +printf("Bandwidth for RF amplifier = %.3f kHz \n",BW) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..923173cd4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b743848ea --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.5 +//page420 + +// v=5*(1+0.6*cos(6280*t))*sin(211d4*t) V +// compare with v=Ec*(1+m*cos(ws*t))*sin(wc*t) we get +Ec=5 // V +m=0.6 +fs=6280/(2*%pi) // Hz +fc=211d4/(2*%pi) // Hz + +Vmin=Ec-m*Ec +Vmax=Ec+m*Ec + +f1=(fc-fs)/1000 // in kHz +f2=fc/1000 // in kHz +f3=(fc+fs)/1000 // in kHz + +V1=m*Ec/2 +V2=Ec +V3=m*Ec/2 + +printf("minimum amplitude = %.3f V and maximum amplitude = %.3f V \n",Vmin,Vmax) +printf("frequency components = %.1f kHz, %.1f Hz, %.1fkHz \n",f1,f2,f3) +printf("amplitudes of components = %.3f V, %.3f V, %.3f V \n",V1,V2,V3) + +// in book there is error of 0.2 kHz in every frequency component. The accurate answers are 334.8,335.8,336.8 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..734e33bd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b60bd43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.6 +//page420 + +fc=1000 // kHz +fs=5 // kHz +m=0.5 +Ec=100 // V + +lower_sideband=fc-fs +upper_sideband=fc+fs +amplitude=m*Ec/2 + +printf("lower and upper sideband frequencies = %.3f kHz and %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband,upper_sideband) +printf("amplitude of each sideband term = %.3f V \n",amplitude) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5569b0f40 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba286e153 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.7 +//page422 + +Pc=500 // W +m=1 + +Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc +Pt=Pc+Ps + +printf("sideband power = %.3f W \n",Ps) +printf("power of modulated wave = %.3f W \n",Pt) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed67c2e81 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc0d537e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.8 +//page422 + +m1=0.8 +m2=0.1 +Pc=50 // kW + +Ps1=0.5*m1^2*Pc +Ps2=0.5*m2^2*Pc + +printf("for m=0.8, sideband power = %.3f kW \n",Ps1) +printf("for m=0.1, sideband power = %.3f kW \n",Ps2) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.PNG b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07b29adfc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ec82705a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter19 +//example19.9 +//page422 + +// block diagram is for understanding purpose inly.It is not required to solve the example +m=1 +eta=0.72 +// carrier is not affected by modulating signal so its power level remains unchanged before and after modulation +Pc=40 // kW +Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc +P_audio=Ps/eta + +printf("carrier power after modulation = %.3f kW \n",Pc) +printf("required audio power = %.3f kW \n",P_audio) diff --git a/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Figure19_9.JPG b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Figure19_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60633d57 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH19/EX19.9/Figure19_9.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.PNG b/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bd9a0383 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74fdbe589 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter 2 +//example 2.1 +//page 29 + +A=60.2d4 // ampere per square m per square kelvin +T=2500 // kelvin +phi=4.517 // eV +d=0.01d-2 // m +l=5d-2 // m + +b=11600*phi +Js=A*T^2*exp(-b/T) +a=%pi*d*l + +emission_current=Js*a + +printf("emission current=%f A",emission_current) diff --git a/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.PNG b/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58444171a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63dae71ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Chapter 2 +// example 2.2 +// page 29 +Js=0.1 // ampere per square cm +A=60.2 // ampere per square cm per square kelvin +T=1900 // kelvin + +// Js=A*T^2*exp(-b/T) so b=-T*log(Js/(A*T^2)) + +b=-T*log(Js/(A*T^2)) + +// b=11600*phi so making phi as subject + +phi=b/11600 + +printf("work function=%f eV \n",phi) +// the accurate answer is 3.521466 +// but in the book it is mistakenly written as 3.56 + +if(2.634.52) + printf("tungsten is contaminated") // for pure tungsten, phi must be 4.52 exactly +else + printf("tungsten is pure") // phi=4.52 implies tungsten is pure +end + +// please note that there is error in the answer of work function phi in the book +// The correct answer is 3.521466 eV and not 3.56 eV diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1915a9ba6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beac32ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.1 +//page437 + +V_NL=400 // V +V_FL=300 // V + +regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100 + +printf("percent voltage regulation = %.3f percent \n",regulation) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa4d6c936 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757b6d5d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.10 +//page445 + +R2=1 // kilo ohm +R1=2 // kilo ohm +Vz=6 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V + +m=R2/(R1+R2) +A_CL=1/m +Vout=A_CL*(Vz+Vbe) + +printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d377d5691 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b99296d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.11 +//page445 + +R2=10 // kilo ohm +R1=30 // kilo ohm + +m=R2/(R1+R2) +A_CL=1/m + +printf("closed loop voltage gain = %.3f \n",A_CL) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5109f56a1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de84e1d7d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.12 +//page446 + +Vz=8.3 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V +Rl=100 // ohm +Rs=130 // ohm +Vin=22 // V + +Vout=Vz+Vbe +Il=Vout/Rl +Is=(Vin-Vout)/Rs +Ic=Is-Il + +printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) +printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Il*1000) +printf("current through Rs = %.3f mA \n",Is*1000) +printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61dc045e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bf880b67 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.2 +//page437 + +V_NL=30 // V +regulation=1 + +// since regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100, we get V_FL as + +V_FL=100*V_NL/(100+regulation) +printf("full load voltage = %.3f V \n",V_FL) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a11aa6be Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57e193c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.3 +//page437 + +// for power supply A +V_NL1=30 // V +V_FL1=25 // V + +regulation1=((V_NL1-V_FL1)/V_FL1)*100 + +//for power supply B +V_NL2=30 // V +V_FL2=29 // V + +regulation2=((V_NL2-V_FL2)/V_FL2)*100 + +printf("regulation for power supply A =%.3f percent \n",regulation1) +printf("regulation for power supply B =%.3f percent \n",regulation2) + +if regulation1>regulation2 then + printf("thus, power supply B is better \n") + elseif regulation2>regulation1 then + printf("thus, power supply A is better \n") + else printf("both are equally good \n") +end diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..063c7bbb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd995ee57 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.4 +//page438 + +V_NL=500 // V +V_FL=300 // V +I_FL=120 // mA + +regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100 + +Rl_min=V_FL/I_FL + +printf("voltage regulation = %.3f percent \n",regulation) +printf("minimum load resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rl_min) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e497d87aa Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f400065 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.5 +//page441 + +Vin=24 // V +Vout=12 // V +Rs=160 // ohm +Rl_min=200 // ohm + +Is=(Vin-Vout)/Rs // in ampere + +// minimum load occurs when Rl tends to infinity so +Il_min=0 + +// maximum load occurs when Rl=200 ohm +Il_max=Vout/Rl_min // in ampere + +Iz_min=Is-Il_max // in ampere +Iz_max=Is-Il_min // in ampere + +printf("current through series reistance = %.3f mA \n \n",Is*1000) +printf("minimum load current = %.3f mA \n",Il_min*1000) +printf("maximum load current = %.3f mA \n",Il_max*1000) +printf("minimum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_min*1000) +printf("maximum zener current = %.3f mA \n \n",Iz_max*1000) + +printf("comment : current Is through Rs is constant.\nAs load current increases from 0 to 60 mA, zener current decreases from 75 to 15 mA, \nmaintaining Is constant.\nThis is the normal operation of zener regulator \ni.e.Is and Vout remain constant inspite of changes in load or source voltage.") diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f864a483 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d8b36c89 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.6 +//page441 + +Vin_min=22 // V +Vout=15 // V +Il_max=0.1 // A + +// for maximum series resistance, we consider the case when input voltage is minimum and load current is maximum because then zener current drops to minimum.Thus, +Rs_max=(Vin_min-Vout)/Il_max + +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",Rs_max) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.PNG b/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2db01a6a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3caf439c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.7 +//page442 + +Vz=10 // V +Vbe=0.5 // V +Rl=1000 // ohm + +Vout=Vz-Vbe +Il=Vout/Rl + +printf("load voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) +printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Il*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6149f26b2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42392619e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.8 +//page441 + +Ic=1 // A +gain=50 +Vout=6 // V +Vbe=0.5 // V +Vin=10 // V +Iz=10d-3 // A + +Ib=Ic/gain +Vz=Vbe+Vout // Vout=Vz-Vbe + +V_Rs=Vin-Vz +Rs=V_Rs/(Ib+Iz) + +printf("required breakdown voltage for zener diode = %.3f V \n",Vz) +printf("required value of Rs = %.3f ohm \n",Rs) + +// in book Rs=117 ohm but accurate answer is 116.667 ohm + +// note : in xcos, there is no Zener diode so in the result (circuit) file a simple diode is used to represent a zener diode diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Figure20_8.jpg b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Figure20_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87a75edbb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.8/Figure20_8.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.JPG b/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e5ae08f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce b/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..309661ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter20 +//example20.9 +//page443 + +Vz=12 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V +Vin=20 // V +Rs=220 // ohm +Rl=1d3 // ohm +gain=50 + +Vout=Vz-Vbe +V_Rs=Vin-Vz +I_Rs=V_Rs/Rs +Il=Vout/Rl +Ic=Il +Ib=Ic/gain +Iz=I_Rs-Ib + +printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) +printf("zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d32c6eb44 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49644cd47 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.1 +//page456 + +Vcc=10 // V +Vbe=0.7 // V +Rb=47d3 // ohm +Rc=1d3 // ohm +gain=100 + +Ic_sat=Vcc/Rc +Ib=Ic_sat/gain +V_plus=Ib*Rb+Vbe + +printf("voltage required to saturate transistor = +%.3f V \n",V_plus) diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80137d7af Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0517ec4b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter 21 +// example 21.10 +// page 478 + +V=2 // V +Vin=5 // V + +// during positive half cycle +Vc_p=Vin-V // since Vin-Vc-V=0 +// thus capacitor charges to Vc_p + +// during negative half cycle +Vout=-Vin-Vc_p // since Vin-Vc_p-Vout=0 + +// we plot input and output waveforms using the following code instead of using xcos + +clf() +t=0:0.1:5*%pi +plot(t,5*squarewave(t,50)) +plot2d(t,-Vc_p+(-Vout+V)*squarewave(t,50)/2,style=3) +xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts") diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Figure21_10.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Figure21_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80137d7af Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.10/Figure21_10.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea3513f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b66cfd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter 21 +// example 21.11 +// page 479 + +V=-2 // V +Vin=5 // V + +// during positive half cycle +Vc_p=Vin-V // since Vin-Vc-V=0 +// thus capacitor charges to Vc_p + +// during negative half cycle +Vout=-Vin-Vc_p // since Vin-Vc_p-Vout=0 + +// we plot input and output waveforms using the following code instead of using xcos + +clf() +t=0:0.1:5*%pi +plot(t,5*squarewave(t,50)) +plot2d(t,-Vc_p+(-Vout+V)*squarewave(t,50)/2,style=3) +xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts") diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Figure21_11.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Figure21_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea3513f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.11/Figure21_11.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b30a2389 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105359a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.2 +//page463 + +R=10d3 // ohm +C=0.01d-6 // F + +T=1.4*R*C +f=1/T + +printf("time period of square wave = %.3f ms \n",T*1000) +printf("frequency of square wave = %.3f kHz \n",f/1000) + +// the accurate answer for frequency is 7.143 kHz but in book it is given 7 kHz diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73dff3b51 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c8d3a592 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// chapter 21 +// example 21.3 +// page 468 + +printf("In RC differentiating circuit, the output votage is taken across \nR and waveform of output depends on time constant of \ncircuit. For proper functioning, product RC should be many \ntimes smaller than time period of input wave. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.xcos b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8a3bd9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Figure21_3.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Figure21_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb06423b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.3/Figure21_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e42b3619 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a125015c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.4 +//page468 + +R=10d3 // ohm +C=2.2d-6 // F +V1=0 // V +V2=10 // V +t1=0 // sec +t2=0.4 // sec + +Eo=R*C*(V2-V1)/(t2-t1) + +printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo) diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7977016b7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2ba3cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.5 +//page472 + +Vin_peak=12 // V + +// for positive half cycle diode conducts so +Vout_peak=Vin_peak-0.7 // V + +// for negative half cycle diode does not conduct so +Vout_min=0 // V + +printf("peak output voltage = %.3f V in positive half cycle and \n %.3f V in negative half cycle",Vout_peak,Vout_min) + +// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos +clf() +t=linspace(0,2*%pi,100) +Vin=12*sin(t) +Vout=Vout_peak*sin(t)+Vout_min +plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20]) +xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts") +plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,20]) diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Figure21_5.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Figure21_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d46b568ef Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.5/Figure21_5.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78368f6af Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3200f544 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.6 +//page472 + +Rl=4 // kilo ohm +R=1 // kilo ohm +Vin_peak=10 // V + +Vout_peak=Vin_peak*Rl/(Rl+R) +Vout_min=0 // because of diode +printf("peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout_peak) + +// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos +clf() +t=linspace(0,2*%pi,100) +Vin=Vin_peak*sin(t) +Vout=Vout_peak*sin(t)+Vout_min +plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20]) +xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts") +plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,20]) diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Figure21_6.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Figure21_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81c796e93 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.6/Figure21_6.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3389996 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a93e937c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.7 +//page473 + +V=-10 // V +Vout=-0.7 // V + +Vr=V-Vout + +printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout) +printf("voltage across R = %.3f V \n",Vr) + +// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos +clf() +t=linspace(0,%pi,100) +Vin=V*sin(t) +Vout=Vr*sin(t) +subplot(1,2,2) +plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,-0.7,10,11]) +xtitle("Vout","t","volts") + +subplot(1,2,1) +plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,-11,10,1]) +xtitle("Vin","t","volts") diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Figure21_7.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Figure21_7.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e681134b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.7/Figure21_7.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e465dc19d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973855372 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.8 +//page473 + +Rl=1d3 // ohm +R=200 // ohm + +// for positive half cycle, diode is forward biased and since load is in parallel with diode we get +V_out_p=0.7 // V + +// for negative half cycle, diode is reverse biased so it is open. Hence +V_in=-10 // V +V_out_n=V_in*Rl/(Rl+R) + +printf("output voltage for positive cycle = %.3f V \nand for negative cycle = %.3f V",V_out_p,V_out_n) + +// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos +clf() +t=linspace(0,%pi,100) +Vin=V_in*sin(t) +Vout=-V_out_n*sin(t) +subplot(2,2,1) +plot2d(t,-Vin,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,11]) +xtitle("Vin +ve","t","volts") +subplot(2,2,2) +plot2d(t,Vout,style=2,rect=[0,-5,10,0.7]) +xtitle("Vout","t","volts") +t=linspace(%pi,2*%pi,100) +Vin=V_in*sin(t) +subplot(2,2,3) +plot2d(t,-Vin,style=3,rect=[0,-11,10,0]) +xtitle("Vin -ve","t","volts") +subplot(2,2,4) +plot2d(t,-Vout,style=2,rect=[0,-11,10,0]) +xtitle("Vout","t","volts") diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Figure21_8.JPG b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Figure21_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2043ad23 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.8/Figure21_8.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.PNG b/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..628df0f9e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce b/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eea342ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//chapter21 +//example21.9 +//page474 + +printf("The purpose of using series resistance R is : \n 1) if R is not present, diode will short voltage source in positive half cycle \n 2) so large current will flow which may damage voltage source or diode. \n To prevent this i.e. to protect diode and voltage source, R is used.") diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84acddb61 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0faca4ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chpater22 +//example22.1 +//page491 + +I_DSS=12 // mA +V_GS_off=-5 // V + +printf("I_D=%d*(1+V_GS/%d)^2 mA \n",I_DSS,-V_GS_off) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b5a96af0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f839457b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.10 +//page498 + +V_DD=30 // V +I_D=2.5d-3 // A +R_D=5d3 // ohm +R_S=200 // ohm + +V_DS=V_DD-I_D*(R_D+R_S) +V_GS=-I_D*R_S + +printf("V_DS = %.3f V \n",V_DS) +printf("V_GS = %.3f V \n",V_GS) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59100533c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc20d48a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.11 +//page498 + +V_DD=30 // V +I_D1=2.15d-3 // A +I_D2=9.15d-3 // A +R_D1=8.2d3 // ohm +R_D2=2d3 // ohm +R_S1=680 // ohm +R_S2=220 // ohm + +V_RD1=I_D1*R_D1 +V_D1=V_DD-V_RD1 +V_S1=I_D1*R_S1 + +V_RD2=I_D2*R_D2 +V_D2=V_DD-V_RD2 +V_S2=I_D2*R_S2 + +printf("For stage 1 : dc voltage of drain = %.3f V and source = %.3f V \n",V_D1,V_S1) +printf("For stage 2 : dc voltage of drain = %.3f V and source = %.3f V \n",V_D2,V_S2) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..441accdaa Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf9bc854a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.2 +//page491 + +I_DSS=32 // mA +V_GS=-4.5 // V +V_GS_off=-8 // V + +I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_GS_off)^2 + +printf("drain current = %.3f mA \n",I_D) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a93895d89 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97de46294 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.3 +//page491 + +I_D=5 // mA +I_DSS=10 // mA +V_GS_off=-6 // V + +// we know that I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_GS_off)^2 so making V_GS as subject we get + +V_GS=V_GS_off*(1-(I_D/I_DSS)^0.5) +V_P=-V_GS_off + +printf("gate source voltage = %.3f V \n",V_GS) +printf("pinch off voltage = %.3f V \n",V_P) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afb114ab5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a01b294ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.4 +//page493 + +V_GS=15 // V +I_G=1d-9 // A + +R_GS=V_GS/I_G + +printf("gate source resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f mega ohm \n",R_GS,R_GS/1d6) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7fa0d27a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b860fd695 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.5 +//page493 + +Vgs1=-3.1 // V +Vgs2=-3 // V +Id1=1d-3 // A +Id2=1.3d-3 // A + +g_fs=(Id2-Id1)/(Vgs2-Vgs1) + +printf("transconductance = %.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",g_fs,g_fs*1d6) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d31a9f324 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..670c18ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.6 +//page493 + +// for V_GS = 0V constant +V_DS1=7 // V +V_DS2=15 // V +I_D1=10 // mA +I_D2=10.25 // mA + +rd=(V_DS2-V_DS1)/(I_D2-I_D1) + +// for V_DS = 15V constant +V_GS1=0 +V_GS2=0.2 +I_D1=9.65 +I_D2=10.25 + +g_fs=(I_D2-I_D1)/(V_GS2-V_GS1) + +mu=rd*g_fs + +printf("ac drain resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",rd/1000,rd) +printf("transconductance = %.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",g_fs,g_fs*1000) +printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",mu) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9236c55da Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d90eb9bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.7 +//page496 + +I_DSS=5d-3 // A +V_DD=20 // V +V_DS=10 // V +V_P=-2 // V +V_G=0 // V +I_D=1.5d-3 // A + +V_GS=V_P*(1-((I_D/I_DSS)^0.5)) // I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_P)^2 +V_S=V_G-V_GS +R_S=V_S/I_D + +// by Kirchoff's law we get V_DD=I_D*R_D+V_DS+I_D*R_S so making R_D as subject we get +R_D=(V_DD-V_DS-I_D*R_S)/I_D + +printf("Rs = %.3f kilo ohm and Rd = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_S/1000,R_D/1000) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..debc43f77 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b92192a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.8 +//page496 + +V_P=-5 // V +V_DD=30 // V +I_DSS=10 // mA +I_D=2.5 // mA +R1=1000 // kilo ohm +R2=500 // kilo ohm + +// since I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_P))^2, making V_GS as subject we get + +V_GS=V_P*(1-(I_D/I_DSS)^0.5) + +V2=V_DD*R2/(R1+R2) + +// since V2 = V_GS + I_D*Rs, making Rs as subject we get + +Rs=(V2-V_GS)/I_D + +printf("required value of Rs = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rs) diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.PNG b/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daedce70a Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce b/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0242a9496 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter22 +//example22.9 +//page497 + +R_L=10d3 // ohm +g_fs=3000d-6 // mho + +// since rd >> R_L, we can write + +Av=g_fs*R_L + +printf("voltage amplification of the circuit = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33dd13460 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2fe9015 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.1 +//page509 + +printf("1) Breakover voltage of 400V : It means that if gate is open and the \n") +printf(" supply voltage is 400V, then SCR will start conducting heavily. \n") +printf(" However,as long as the supply voltage < 400V, SCR stays open. \n \n") + +printf("2) Trigger current of 10mA : It means that if the supply voltage is \n") +printf(" less than breakover voltage and a minimum gate current of 10 mA \n") +printf(" is passed, SCR conducts. It wont conduct if gate current is less \n") +printf(" than 10mA. \n \n") + +printf("3) Holding current of 10mA : When SCR is conducting, it will not open \n") +printf(" even if triggering current is removed. However, if supply voltage \n") +printf(" is reduced, anode current also decreases. When anode current drops \n") +printf(" to 10mA, the holding current, SCR turns off. \n \n") + +printf("4) If gate current is increased to 15mA, the SCR will be turned on \n") +printf(" lower supply voltage. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfeb187f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..163b56b86 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.2 +//page510 + +t=12d-3 // sec +I=50 // A +fuse_rating=I^2*t + +if fuse_rating < 90 + printf("rating = %.3f ampere square second which is less than maximum \nrating so device will not be destroyed \n",fuse_rating) +else printf("rating = %.3f ampere square second which is more than maximum \nrating so device may get damaged \n",fuse_rating) + +end diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1200850ba Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086b52896 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.3 +//page510 + +rating=50 // ampere square second +Is=100 // A + +t_max=rating/Is^2 + +printf("maximum allowable duration of surge = %.3f s or %.3f ms\n",t_max,t_max*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..279ecae5f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0827e46c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.4 +//page514 + +v=100 // V +Vm=200 // V +R_L=100 // ohm + +// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get + +theta=asin(v/Vm)*180/%pi // in terms of degrees + +phi=180-theta + +V_avg=Vm*(1+cos(theta*%pi/180))/(2*%pi) + +I_avg=V_avg/R_L + +printf("firing angle = %.2f degrees \n",theta) +printf("conduction angle = %.2f degrees \n",phi) +printf("average current = %.4f A \n",I_avg) + +// the accurate answer for average current is 0.594 A but in book it is given as 0.5925 A diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26134e3bc Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3b2db276 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.5 +//page515 + +Vm=400 // V +v=150 // V +R_L=200 // ohm + +// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get + +theta=asin(v/Vm)*180/%pi // in terms of degrees + +V_av=Vm*(1+cos(theta*%pi/180))/(2*%pi) +I_av=V_av/R_L +P=V_av*I_av + +printf("firing angle = %.2f degrees \n",theta) +printf("average output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_av) +printf("average current for load of 200 ohm = %.3f A \n",I_av) +printf("power output = %.3f W \n",P) + +// the accurate answer for power output is 75.250 W but in book it is given as 75.15 W diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38e5c7191 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b7f3c6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.6 +//page515 + +Vm=240 // V +v=180 // V + +// figure given is for understanding purpose only. It is not required to solve the example + +// SCR remains off till it reaches 180 V i.e. forward breakdown voltage + +// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get + +theta=asin(v/Vm) // firing angle in terms of degrees + +// since theta=314*t, we get + +t=theta/314 // seconds + +printf("off duration of SCR = %.3f ms \n",t*1000) //multiply t by 1000 to display time in milliseconds diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.PNG b/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0efcf8c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce b/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa25b3945 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.7 +//page517 + +alpha=60 // degrees +Vm=200 // V +R_L=100 // ohm + +V_av=Vm*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180))/%pi + +I_av=V_av/R_L + +printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_av) +printf("load current for firing angle of 60 degrees = %.3f A \n",I_av) diff --git a/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.PNG b/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b25d6e971 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30ff788e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter24 +//example24.1 +//page533 + +RBB=10 // kilo ohm +eta=0.6 + +//eta=RB1/(RB1+RB2) = RB1/Rbb so +RB1=eta*RBB +RB2=RBB-RB1 +printf("RB1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",RB1) +printf("RB2 = %.3f kilo ohm",RB2) diff --git a/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.PNG b/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9139255e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16cd5e786 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter24 +//example24.2 +//page533 + +VBB=10 // V +eta=0.65 +VD=0.7 // V + +stand_off_voltage=eta*VBB +peak_point_voltage=VD+eta*VBB + +printf("stand off voltage = %.3f V \n",stand_off_voltage) +printf("peak point voltage = %.3f V \n",peak_point_voltage) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..871ebc732 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3508e03c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.1 +//page543 + +Ig=1d-3 // A + +S=1/Ig + +printf("sensitivity = %.3f ohm per volt \n",S) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ca8bb2f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..449d9ac2f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.2 +//page543 + +S=1000 // ohm per volt +V=50 // V +R=50d3 // ohm + +R_meter=S*V + +R_equi=R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) //equivalent resistance of meter and given resistance across which meter is connected + +printf("ratio of circuit resistance before and after connecting multimeter = %.3f \n",R/R_equi) +printf("Thus equivalent resistance is reduced to half. So current drawn is double \n") +printf("Thus multimeter will give highly incorrect reading \n \n") +printf("As a rule, multimeter resistance should be 100 times the resistance across \nwhich voltage is to be measured \n") diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Figure25_2.JPG b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Figure25_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa2c4ec16 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.2/Figure25_2.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..907c68c16 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dfefa420 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.3 +//page544 + +S=4 // kilo ohm per volt +V_range=10 // V +V=20 // V +R=10 // kilo ohm + +R_meter=S*V_range +R_equi=R+R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) +I=V/R_equi +V_reading=I*R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) + +printf("voltage read by multimeter = %.3f V \n",V_reading) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Figure25_3.JPG b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Figure25_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f07fa30 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.3/Figure25_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6e841337 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e248d143f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.4 +//page544 + +S=20 // kilo ohm per volt +V_range=10 // V +V=20 // V +R=10 // kilo ohm + +R_meter=S*V_range +R_equi=R+R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) +I=V/R_equi +V_reading=I*R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) + +printf("voltage read by multimeter = %.3f V \n",V_reading) + +// answer in book is 9.88V but accurate answer is 9.756V diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3ae71135 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c525ff699 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.5 +//page545 + +R1=20d3 // ohm +R2=20d3 // ohm +R3=30d3 // ohm +R4=30d3 // ohm +V=100 // V +Rm=60d3 // ohm + +// case 1 : meter is not connected +R=R1+R2+R3+R4 +I=V/R +V_A=V +V_B=V-I*R2 +V_C=V-I*(R1+R2) +V_D=V-I*(R1+R2+R3) + +// case2 : meter is connected + // At A + V_A1=V + + // At B + R_total_B=R1+(Rm*(R2+R3+R4)/(Rm+R2+R3+R4)) + I1=V/R_total_B + V_B1=I1*(Rm*(R2+R3+R4)/(Rm+R2+R3+R4)) + + // At C + R_total_C=R1+R2+(Rm*(R3+R4)/(Rm+R3+R4)) + I2=V/R_total_C + V_C1=V*(Rm*(R3+R4)/(Rm+R3+R4))/R_total_C + + // At D + R_total_D=R1+R2+R3+(Rm*R4/(Rm+R4)) + I2=V/R_total_D + V_D1=V*(Rm*R4/(Rm+R4))/R_total_D + +printf("CASE 1 : meter is not connected \n Voltage at A = %.3f V \n Volatge at B = %.3f V \n Volatge at C = %.3f V \n Volatge at D = %.3f V \n",V_A,V_B,V_C,V_D) +printf("CASE 2 : meter is connected \n At A then voltage at A = %.3f V",V_A1) +printf("\n At B then voltage at B = %.3f V",V_B1) +printf("\n At C then voltage at C = %.3f V",V_C1) +printf("\n At D then voltage at D = %.3f V \n \n",V_D1) + +printf("resistance of voltmeter should be 100 times the resistance across \nwhich voltage is to be measured.Since this condition is not \nsatisfied here, readings are wrong. \n") diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6900af72 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03e969187 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.6 +//page552 + +S=0.01 //mm per volt +V=400 // V + +spot_shift=S*V + +printf("spot shift = %.3f mm \n",spot_shift) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cb9d79a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73ae81a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.7 +//page552 + +S=0.03 // mm per volt +spot_shift=3 // mm + +V=spot_shift/S // since spot shift = deflection sensitivity * applied voltage + +printf("applied voltage = %.3f V \n",V) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84bde1dad Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bdc18155 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.8 +//page555 + +V1=200 // V +d1=2 // cm +d2=3 // cm + +// since sensitivity = voltage / deflcetion we get +S=V1/d1 +V2=S*d2 + +printf("unknown voltage = %.3f V",V2) diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.PNG b/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b247ebb91 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce b/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d87afe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter25 +//example25.9 +//page556 + +fh=1000 // Hz + +// case (i) :- ratio of fv to fh = 1:1 +fv1=1*fh + +// case (ii) :- ratio = 2:1 +fv2=2*fh + +// case (iii) :- ratio = 6:1 +fv3=6*fh + +printf("for case1 i.e. fv/fh = 1/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv1) +printf("for case2 i.e. fv/fh = 2/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv2) +printf("for case3 i.e. fv/fh = 6/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv3) diff --git a/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.PNG b/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a6817d69 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aeae6cc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter26 +//example26.1 +//page570 + +R2=2.4d3 // ohm +R1=240 // ohm + +V_out=1.25*(1+R2/R1) + +printf("regulated dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_out) diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.JPG b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ddb6bdd0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d7b48b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.1 +//page574 + +R1=10 // ohm +R2=5 // ohm + +// for h11 and h21, imagine that output terminals are shorted hence it is clear that input impedence is equal to R1. + // this is h11 by definition so + h11=R1 + + // now current will flow of same magnitude but in opposite directions through input and output terminals so output_current/input_current = -1 + // but this ratio is h21 by definition. Thus + h21=-1 + +// for h12 and h22 imagine a voltage source on output terminals + // this voltage will be avilable on input terminals also since current through 10 ohm resistor = 0. + // hence input_voltage/output_voltage = 1 + // but this ratio is h12 by definition. Thus + h12=1 + + // here output impedence looking into output terminals with input terminals open is 5 ohm. + // its reciprocal is h22 by definition. Thus + h22=1/5 + +printf("h11 = %.3f ohm \n",h11) +printf("h21 = %.3f \n",h21) +printf("h12 = %.3f \n",h12) +printf("h22 = %.3f ohm \n",h22) diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Figure27_1.jpg b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Figure27_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..998f06465 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.1/Figure27_1.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.JPG b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab24faffe Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa39220f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.2 +//page575 + +R1=4 // ohm +R2=4 // ohm +R3=4 // ohm + +// for h11 and h21, imagine that output terminals are shorted hence it is clear that input impedence is equal to R1+R2*R3/(R2+R3) + // this is h11 by definition so + h11=R1+R2*R3/(R2+R3) + + // now current will divide equally at junction of 4 ohm resistors so output_current/input_current = -0.5 + // but this ratio is h21 by definition. Thus + h21=-0.5 + +// for h12 and h22 imagine a voltage source on output terminals + // this voltage will be divided by a factor 2 + // hence input_voltage/output_voltage = 0.5 + // but this ratio is h12 by definition. Thus + h12=0.5 + + // here output impedence looking into output terminals with input terminals open is 8 ohm. + // its reciprocal is h22 by definition. Thus + h22=1/8 + +printf("h11 = %.3f ohm \n",h11) +printf("h21 = %.3f \n",h21) +printf("h12 = %.3f \n",h12) +printf("h22 = %.3f ohm \n",h22) diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Figure27_2.jpg b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Figure27_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdf80584e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.2/Figure27_2.jpg differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2655dac1f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.3 +//page578 + +h11=10 +h12=1 +h21=-1 +h22=0.2 +rL=5 // ohm + +Zin=h11-(h12*h21/(h22+1/rL)) +Av=-h21/(Zin*(h22+1/rL)) + +printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin) +printf("voltage gain of circuit = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.PNG b/2459/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e32515f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.PNG b/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5743a31de Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3116d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.4 +//page581 + +hie=2000 // ohm +hoe=1d-4 // mho +hre=1d-3 +hfe=50 +rL=600 // ohm + +Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL) +// here second term can be neglected compared to hie so +Zin_approx=hie + +Ai=hfe/(1+hoe*rL) +// if hoe*rL << 1 then +Ai_approx=hfe + +Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL)) +// negative sign indicates phase shift between input and output + +printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin) +printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai) +printf("voltage gain = %.3f. Here negative sign indicates phase shift between input and output.\n \n",Av) + +printf("approximate input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin_approx) +printf("approximate current gain = %.3f \n",Ai_approx) diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.PNG b/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ba8b244b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa7b2b3df --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.5 +//page582 + +hie=1700 // ohm +hre=1.3d-4 +hoe=6d-6 // mho +hfe=38 +rL=2000 // ohm + +Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL) + +Ai=hfe/(1+hoe*rL) + +Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL)) + +printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin) +printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai) +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",-Av) // considering magnitude of Av,we neglect its negative sign and so we display -Av instead of Av diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.PNG b/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3b8ce833 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec45beda --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.6 +//page582 + +hie=1500 // ohm +hre=4d-4 +hoe=5d-5 // mho +hfe=50 +Rc=10d3 // ohm +R_L=30d3 // ohm +R1=80d3 // ohm +R2=40d3 // ohm + +rL=Rc*R_L/(Rc+R_L) +Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL) +Zin_stage=Zin*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin+(R1*R2/(R1+R2))) + +Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL)) + +printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin_stage) +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) + +// the accurate answers are input impedence = 1321.957 ohm and voltage gain = -196.078 but in book they are given as 1320 ohm and -196 respectively diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.PNG b/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc11fbc9f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce b/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f350bc872 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter27 +//example27.7 +//page584 + +Vbe=10d-3 // V +Vbe2=0.65d-3 // V +Vce=1 // V +Ib=10d-6 // A +Ic=1d-3 // A +Ic2=60d-6 // A + +hie=Vbe/Ib // in ohm +hfe=Ic/Ib // in ohm +hre=Vbe2/Vce +hoe=Ic2/Vce // in mho + +printf("hie = %.3f ohm \n",hie) +printf("hfe = %.3f ohm \n",hfe) +printf("hre = %.5f \n",hre) +printf("hoe = %.3f micro mho \n",hoe*1d6) diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51acc036f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bbf45559 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.1 +//page590 + +a= dec2bin (37) +disp(a,'binary equivalent of decimal number 37 = ') diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38ab34a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1384b904 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.10 +//page607 + +printf("1) Y = A . B . C` + A . ( B . C )` \n") +printf(" Y` = ( A . B . C` + A . ( B . C )` )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y` = ( A . B . C`)` . ( A . ( B . C)` )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y` = ( A` + B` + C ) . ( A` + B + C ) \n \n") +printf("2) Y = A` . ( B .C` + B` . C ) \n") +printf(" Y` = ( A` . ( B .C` + B` . C ) )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C` + B` .C )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C`)` . ( B` . C )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y` = A + ( B` + C ) . ( B + C`) \n") +printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C )` + ( B . C ) \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa7348d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03ccc64a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.11 +//page608 + +printf("1) Y = ( A + B + C ) . ( A + B ) \n") +printf(" Y = A . A + A . B + B . A + B . B + C . A + C . B \n") +printf(" Using A . A = A we get \n") +printf(" Y = A + A . B + A . B + B + A . C + B . C \n") +printf(" Using A . B + A . B = A . B we get \n") +printf(" Y = A + A . B + B + A . C + B . C \n") +printf(" Using A + A . B = A we get \n") +printf(" Y = A + B + A . C + B . C \n") +printf(" = A . ( 1 + C ) + B . ( 1 + C ) \n") +printf(" Using 1 + C = 1 we get \n") +printf(" Y = A . 1 + B . 1 \n") +printf(" Y = A + B \n \n") + +printf("2) Y = A . B + A . B . C + A . B . C` \n") +printf(" = A . B + A . B ( C + C` ) \n") +printf(" Since C + C` = 1 we get \n") +printf(" Y = A . B + A . B \n") +printf(" = A . B \n \n") + + +printf("3) Y = 1 + A . ( B . C` + B . C + B` . C`) + A . B` . C + A . C \n") +printf(" Using 1 + A = 1 and 1 + A . ( B . C` + B . C + ( B . C )` ) = 1 we get \n") +printf(" Y = 1 + A . B` . C + A . C \n") +printf(" Y = 1 + A . C \n") +printf(" Y = 1 \n \n") + +printf("4) Y = ( ( A + B` + C ) + ( B + C` ))` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y = ( A + B` + C )` . ( B + C` )` \n") +printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n") +printf(" Y = ( A` . B . C` ) . ( B` . C ) \n") +printf(" Since B . B` = 0 and C . C` = 0 we get \n") +printf(" Y = 0 \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2b1601c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be9de6438 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.12 +//page609 + +printf(" Y = A . B` . D + A . B` . D` \n") +printf(" Factor out A . B` by theorem 14 \n") +printf(" Y = A . B` ( D + D` ) \n") +printf(" But by theorem 3 D + D` = 1 \n") +printf(" Y = A . B` . 1 \n") +printf(" By theorem 2 \n") +printf(" Y = A . B` \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56afb45c5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a835d6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.13 +//page609 + +printf(" Y = ( A` + B ) . ( A + B ) \n") +printf(" By theorem 15 \n") +printf(" Y = A` . A + A` . B + B . A + B . B \n") +printf(" By theorem 4 and 6 \n") +printf(" Y = 0 + A` . B + B . A + B \n") +printf(" Y = A` . B + B . A + B \n") + +printf(" By theorem 14 \n") +printf(" Y = B . ( A` + A + 1 ) \n") +printf(" By theorem 7 \n") +printf(" Y = B . ( A` + 1 ) \n") +printf(" By theorem 7 \n") +printf(" Y = B . 1 ) \n") +printf(" By theorem 2 \n") +printf(" Y = B \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f114f6d08 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe53d95ce --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.2 +//page590 + +a= dec2bin (23) +disp(a,'binary equivalent of decimal number 23 = ') diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bde51fdd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7708f253c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.3 +//page591 + +a= bin2dec ( ' 110001 ' ) +printf("equivalent decimal of binary 110001 is %d \n",a) diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee326d430 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6352d36c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.4 +//page598 + +disp(" A B Y_dash = A + B Y = Y_dash.A ") +disp(" 0 0 0 0 ") +disp(" 1 0 1 1 ") +disp(" 0 1 1 0 ") +disp(" 1 1 1 1 ") + +printf("\nexplanation: \n") +printf("A=0 and B=0 give A`=1 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A + B is 0 and Y = Y_dash.A is 0 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=0 give A`=0 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 1 \n") + +printf("A=0 and B=1 give A`=1 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 0 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=1 give A`=0 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 1 \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dfdb46cb Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36b0a2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.5 +//page598 + +disp(" A B A` Y_dash = A`. B B` Y = Y_dash + B` ") +disp(" 0 0 1 0 1 1 ") +disp(" 1 0 0 0 1 1 ") +disp(" 0 1 1 1 0 1 ") +disp(" 1 1 0 0 0 0 ") + +printf("\nexplanation: \n") +printf("A=0 and B=0 give A`=1 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=0 give A`=0 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=0 and B=1 give A`=1 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A`.B is 1 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=1 give A`=0 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 0 \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d6375b24 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a60a6fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// chapter28 +// example28.6 +//page606 + +printf("Y = A . B . C` . D` + A` . B . C` . D` + A` . B . C . D` + A . B . C . D` \n") +printf("taking out the common factors \n") +printf("Y = B . C` . D` . ( A + A` ) + B . C . D` . ( A + A`) \n") +printf("By theorem 3 \n") +printf("Y = B . C` . D` + B . C . D` \n") +printf("again factorize \n") +printf("Y = B . D` ( C + C` ) \n") +printf("By theorem 3 \n") +printf("Y = B . D` . 1 \n") +printf("thus \n") +printf("Y = B . D` \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea992ddca Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..699426835 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// chapter28 +// example28.7 +//page606 + +printf("Y = A . B + A . ( B + C ) + B . ( B + C ) \n") +printf("By thoerem 14 \n") +printf("Y = A . B + A . B + A . C + B . B + B .C \n") +printf("By theorem 6 \n") +printf("Y= A . B + A . B + A . C + B + B .C \n") +printf("By theorem 5 \n") +printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B + B . C \n") +printf("Factor B out of last 2 terms \n") +printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B . ( 1 + C ) \n") +printf("Apply cummulative law and theorem 7 \n") +printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B . 1 \n") +printf("Apply theorem 2 \n") +printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B \n") +printf("Factor B out of first and third terms \n") +printf("Y = B . ( A + 1 ) + A . C \n") +printf("Apply theorem 7 \n") +printf("Y = B . 1 + A . C \n") +printf("Apply theorem 2 \n") +printf("Y = B + A . C \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7878a8107 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af6063265 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.8 +//page607 + +printf("i) Y = A + A` . B \n") +printf(" By theorem 16 \n") +printf(" Y = A + A . B + A` . B \n") +printf(" = A + B ( A + A`) \n") +printf(" By theorem 3 \n") +printf(" Y = A + B \n \n") + +printf("ii) Y = A . B + A` . C + B . C \n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C + B . C ( A + A` )\n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C + A . B . C + A` . B . C \n") +printf(" = A . B ( 1 + C ) + A` . C( 1 + B ) \n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C \n") diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.PNG b/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3386ae5f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce b/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..626a38a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.9 +//page607 + +printf("Y = ( ( A + B )` . C . D` )` \n") +printf("Using De Morgan theorem \n") +printf("Y = ( A + B ) + C` + D \n") +printf("Y = A + B + C` + D \n") diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.PNG b/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e4dcdd19 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..222e66c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.1 +//page41 + +Ib1=10 // mA +Eb1=100 // V +Ib2=20 // mA + +// Ib is proportional to Eb^(3/2) +// so we can say Ib1/Ib2 = Eb1^1.5/Eb2^1.5 +//thus we can write + +log_Eb2=(2/3)*log(Eb1^1.5*Ib2/Ib1) +Eb2=exp(log_Eb2) +printf("required plate voltage = %.3f V",Eb2) diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.PNG b/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517151f69 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea2fc8fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.2 +//page49 + +mu=20 +rp=8000 // ohm + +gm=mu/rp // since mu=rp*gm +gm_micro=gm*10^6 //micro mho +printf("mutual conductance of triode = %f mho or %.3f micro mho",gm,gm_micro) diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.PNG b/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c8e8f571 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..542d1a2ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.3 +//page49 + +// for constant Ec=-1.5 +Eb1=100 // V +Eb2=150 // V +Ib1=7.5d-3 // A +Ib2=12d-3 // A + +Eb_diff=Eb2-Eb1 +Ib_diff=Ib2-Ib1 + +rp=Eb_diff/Ib_diff +rp_kilo_ohm=rp/10^3 //kilo ohm + +printf("plate resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",rp,rp_kilo_ohm) + +// for constant Eb=150 +Ib1=5d-3 // A +Ib2=12d-3 // A +Ec1=-3 // V +Ec2=-1.5 // v + +Ib_diff=Ib2-Ib1 +Ec_diff=Ec2-Ec1 + +gm=Ib_diff/Ec_diff +gm_micro_mho=gm*10^6 //micro mho +printf("mutual conductance=%.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",gm,gm_micro_mho) + +mu=rp*gm +printf("amplification factor = %.3f",mu) + +//in book the answer of amplification factor i.e. 51.852 is rounded off to 52 diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.PNG b/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..085bcbd1b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2368bf5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.4 +//page50 + +Eb=250 // V +Ec=-3 // V + +// given that Ib=0.003*(Eb+30*Ec)^1.5 mA +// differentiating w.r.t Ec with Eb=constant, we get +gm=0.003*1.5*(Eb+30*Ec)^0.5*30*10^-3 +mutual_inductance_micro=gm*10^6 + +printf("mutual conductance = %f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",gm,mutual_inductance_micro) + +// differentiating given equation w.r.t Ec with Ib=constant, we get +// 0=0.003*10^-3*1.5*(Eb+Ec)^1.5*(mu+30) where mu is equal to ratio of changes in Eb and Ec i.e. amplification factor +// thus mu+30=0 hence we get +mu=-30 + printf("here negative sign of amplification factor indicates that Eb and Ec are in opposite direction. \n \n") +// here we need not worry as to if mu may be positive because the equation given in problem statement will always give mu+30=0 i.e. mu=-30 + +printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",mu) + +rp=mu/gm +if rp<0 // rp can not be negative + rp=-rp +end + +printf("plate resistance = %.3f ohm \n",rp) + +//in book, the answers are less accurate. The accurate answers are +// gm=1707.630 micro mho +// plate resistance=17568.209 ohm diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.PNG b/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..927cba06e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bea9eed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.5 +//page58 + +// use of Rsg = to obtain desired potential on screen grid since it is connected between power supply and screen grid +// use of Csg = to provide ac grounding for the screen + +Ebb=300 // V +Ib=10d-3 // A +Rl=4.7d3 // ohm +Rk=68 // ohm +Isg=3d-3 // A +Vsg=150 // V + +cathode_voltage=Ebb-(Ib*Rl) +grid_cathode_bias=-Rk*(Ib+Isg) // since current through cathode resistance is Ib+Isg +Rsg=(Ebb-Vsg)/Isg // since plate supply voltage = grid voltage + drop across Rsg +Rsg_kilo_ohm=Rsg/10^3 // in kilo ohm + +printf("zero signal plate cathode voltage = %.3f V \n",cathode_voltage) +printf("grid cathode bias = %.3f V \n",grid_cathode_bias) +printf("Resistor Rsg = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rsg,Rsg_kilo_ohm) diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.PNG b/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61fb2e699 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..949a3acaf --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.1 +//page68 + +rp=300 // ohm +Rl=1200 // ohm + +Vm=200*2^0.5 //V +Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) +Idc=Im/%pi // in ampere +Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA +Irms=Im/2 +Irms_mA=Irms*1000 +Pdc=Idc^2*Rl +Pac=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) +efficiency=(Pdc/Pac)*100 + +printf("dc current = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA) +printf("rms current = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Irms,Irms_mA) +printf("rectification efficiency = %.2f percentage",efficiency) + +// accurate answer of rms current is 94.281 mA but in book it is given as 94.5 mA diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.PNG b/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b4929db Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c31699d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.2 +//page68 + +rp=200 // ohm +Rl=800 // ohm +Edc=100 // V + +// if maximum ac voltage required=Vm then +// Edc=Idc*Rl i.e. Edc=Vm*Rl/(%pi*(rp+Rl)) +// thus + +Vm=Edc*%pi*(rp+Rl)/Rl +efficiency=(0.406/(1+(rp/Rl)))*100 + +printf("required ac voltage = %.3f V \n",Vm) +printf("rectification efficiency = %.3f percentage",efficiency) diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.PNG b/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1be4fc2a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274385a96 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.3 +//page69 + +Vm=1000 // V +rp=500 // ohm +Rl=4500 // ohm + +Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // in A +Idc=Im/%pi // in A +Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA +Irms=Im/2 // since ac current is equal to rms current +Irms_mA=Irms*1000 // in mA +W=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) // in watts + +printf("dc ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA) +printf("reading of ac ammeter = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Irms,Irms_mA) +printf("reading of wattmeter = %.3f W",W) diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.PNG b/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28073f574 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9adac616 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.4 +//page74 + +Vs=300 // V +rp=500 // ohm +Rl=2000 // ohm +Vm=Vs*2^0.5 // in V +Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // A +Idc=2*Im/%pi // A +Pdc=Idc^2*Rl // W +Irms=Im/2^0.5 //A +Pac=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) // W +efficiency=(Pdc/Pac)*100 + +printf("dc power output = %.3f W \n",Pdc) +printf("ac power input = %.3f W \n",Pac) +printf("efficiency = %.2f percentage",efficiency) diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.PNG b/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c58b55d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44b3f65b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.5 +//page74 + +Vm=1000 // V +rp=500 // ohm +Rl=4500 // ohm + +Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // in ampere +Idc=2*Im/%pi // in ampere +Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA +Iac=Im/2^0.5 // in ampere +Iac_mA=Iac*1000 // in mA + +printf("dc ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA) +printf("ac ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA",Iac,Iac_mA) diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.PNG b/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa47c618f Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d04943f60 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chspter5 +//example5.1 +//page85 + +mu=20 +rp=10 // kilo ohm +Rl=15 // kilo ohm + +Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl) + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f",Av) diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.PNG b/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e54b1397e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0323e4bec --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chspter5 +//example5.2 +//page85 + +mu=20 +rp=10 // kilo ohm +Rl=15 // kilo ohm +Eg=3 // V + +// the diagram in book is for understanding only. Also we do not have a block of "triode" in scilab xcos. The figure is not required to solve the problem. + +Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl) +Ip=(mu*Eg/2^0.5)/(rp+Rl) +V_out=Ip*Rl + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) +printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Ip) +printf("output voltage = %.3f V",V_out) + +// the accurate answer for output voltage is 25.456V but in book it is given as 25.35V diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.PNG b/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50d3a688d Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca406c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter5 +//example5.3 +//page85 + +// for Rl=50, Av=30 +//for Rl=85, Av=34 + +// Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl) +// thus +// Av*rp-mu*Rl=-Av*rl +// substituting for Rl=50 and Rl=85 we get the following linaer equations + +// 30*rp-50*mu=-1500 and +// 34*rp-85*mu=-2890 +// solving by matrix + +a=[30 34 ; -50 -85] +b=[-1500 -2890] +solution=b/a +mu=solution(1,2) +rp=solution(1,1) // in kilo ohms since RL was in kilo ohm in the equations + +gm_kilo_mho=mu/rp +gm=gm_kilo_mho/1000 +printf("mu = %.3f \n",mu) +printf("rp = %.3f kilo ohm \n",rp) +printf("gm = %.4f mho \n",gm) diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.PNG b/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e45865e09 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb940987c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter5 +//example5.4 +//page86 + +mu=6 +Eg=9 // V +rp=2400 // ohm +Rl=3000 // ohm + +Ip=mu*Eg/(rp+Rl) // A +power=Ip^2*Rl // W + +printf("ac power in load = %.3f W",power) diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.PNG b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd4596fe Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc87b75f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter5 +//example5.5 +//page95 + +rp=1000 // ohm +Rl=10 // ohm +Eg=8 // V +mu=20 + +// the diagram in book is for understanding only. Also we do not have a block of "triode" in scilab xcos. The figure is not required to solve the problem. +// however, the equivalent circuit has been drawn in xcos for reference. + +// since rp=n^2*Rl for maximum power transfer so +n=(rp/Rl)^0.5 + +// P_max=Ip^2*RE where Ip=mu*Eg/(rp+RE) and RE=rp +// thus +P_max=((mu*Eg)^2)/(4*rp) + +printf("transformation ratio n= %.2f \n",n) +printf("power supplied to speaker when signal is 8V rms is = %.3f W",P_max) diff --git a/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Figure5_5.JPG b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Figure5_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..172a31849 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH5/EX5.5/Figure5_5.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b7a0ae10 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a59df5cf --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.1 +//page142 + +printf("in fig. (i), the conventional current coming out of battery flows in the \nbranch circuits. In diode D1,the conventional current flows in the \ndirection of arrowhead and hence this diode is forward biased. \nHowever in diode D2, the conventional current flows opposite \nto arrowhead and hence this diode is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (ii), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, the \nconventional current flows in the direction of arrowhead and hence diode \nis forward biased. However, during the negative half cycle \nof input ac voltage, the diode is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (iii), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, the \nconventional current flows in the direction of arrowhead in D1 but it flows \nopposite to arrowhead in D2. So during positive half cycle, \ndiode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased. \nHowever in the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D2 \nis forward biased and diode D1 is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (iv), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, \nboth diodes are reverse biased. However in the negative half cycle of the \ninput ac voltage, both diodes are forward biased.\n \n") diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8d53caa3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b306ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.10 +//page152 + +n=10 +Vp=230 // V + +Vpm=2^0.5*Vp +Vsm=Vpm/n // since n=Vpm/Vsm=N1/N2 + +// Idc=Im/%pi and Vdc=Idc*Rl so +// Vdc=(Im/%pi)*Rl .Also Im*Rl=Vsm so +Vdc=Vsm/%pi + +// in negative half cycle diode is reverse biased so maximum secondary voltage appears across diode. +PIV=Vsm + +printf("output dc voltage = %.2f V \n",Vdc) +printf("peak inverse voltage = %.2f V \n",PIV) + +// accurate answer for output dc voltage is 10.35 V not 10.36 V diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb98669f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6283d547 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.11 +//page152 + +rf=20 // ohm +Rl=800 // ohm +Vm=50 // V + +Im=Vm/(rf+Rl) // in ampere +Idc=Im/%pi // in ampere +Irms=Im/2 // in ampere +Pac=Irms^2*(rf+Rl) +Pdc=Idc^2*Rl +Vout=Idc*Rl +efficiency=100*Pdc/Pac + +printf("Im = %.1f mA \n",Im*1000) +printf("Idc = %.1f mA \n",Idc*1000) +printf("Irms = %.1f mA \n \n",Irms*1000) +printf("ac power input = %.3f W \n",Pac) +printf("dc power output = %.3f W \n \n",Pdc) +printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n \n",Vout) +printf("efficiency = %.3f percent \n",efficiency) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c2d40eed Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d154950 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.12 +//page153 + +Vdc=50 // V +rf=25 // ohm +Rl=800 // ohm + +// Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=Im/%pi so +// Vdc=Im*Rl/%pi +// but Im=Vm/(rf+Rl) so +// Vdc=Vm*Rl/(%pi*(rf+Rl)) +// making Vm as subject we get + +Vm=Vdc*%pi*(rf+Rl)/Rl + +printf("ac voltage required = %.1f V \n",Vm) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5e6ea690 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206331305 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.13 +//page157 + +rf=20 // ohm +Rl=980 // ohm +Vs=50 // V + +Vm=Vs*2^0.5 +Im=Vm/(rf+Rl) +Idc=2*Im/%pi // in ampere +Irms=Im/2^0.5 // in ampere + +printf("mean load current = %.3f mA \n",Idc*1000) +printf("rms load current = %.3f mA \n",Irms*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b8f48144 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3d9f6ee --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.14 +//page157 + +rf=0 +n=5 +Vp=230 // V rms +Rl=100 //ohm + +Vs=Vp/n // V rms +Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary +Vm=Vsm/2 // maximum voltage across half secondary winding + +Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl) +Vdc=Idc*Rl +PIV=Vsm +efficiency=100*0.812/(1+rf/Rl) + +printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vdc) +printf("PIV = %.3f V \n",PIV) +printf("efficiency = %.3f percent \n",efficiency) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b5692a6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faa0de2cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.15 +//page158 + +n=4 +Rl=200 // ohm +fin=50 // Hz +Vp=230 // V rms + +Vs=Vp/n // V rms +Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary + +Idc=2*Vsm/(%pi*Rl) +Vdc=Idc*Rl +PIV=Vsm + +// in full wave rectifier, output frequency is twice input frequency since there are two ouput pulses for each cycle of input +fout=2*fin + +printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vdc) +printf("peak inverse voltage = %.3f V \n",PIV) +printf("output frequency = %.3f Hz",fout) + +// the accurate answer for dc output voltage is 51.768 V but in book it is given as 52 V diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a895c18e Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..945120c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.16 +//page158 + +// for dc output + // for centre-tap circuit + n=5 + Vp=230 // V rms + Rl=100 //ohm + Vs=Vp/n // V rms + Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary + Vm=Vsm/2 // maximum voltage across half secondary winding + Vdc=2*Vm/%pi // since Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl) + + // for bridge circuit + n_dash=5 + Vp_dash=230 // V rms + Rl_dash=100 //ohm + Vs_dash=Vp_dash/n_dash// V rms + Vsm_dash=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary + Vm_dash=Vsm_dash + Vdc_dash=2*Vm_dash/%pi // since Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl) + + +// for same dc output Vm must be same for both circuits i.e. n=5 for centre-tap and n=10 for bridge + // for centre-tap circuit + n1=5 + Vs1=Vp/n1 // V rms + Vsm1=Vs1*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary + Vm1=Vsm1/2 + PIV1=2*Vm1 + + // for bridge circuit + n2=5 + Vs2=Vp/n2 // V rms + Vsm2=Vs2*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary + Vm2=Vsm2/2 + PIV2=Vm2 + +printf("dc output voltage for centre-tap circuit = %.3f V \n",Vdc) +printf("dc output voltage for bridge circuit = %.3f V \n \n",Vdc_dash) + +printf("for same output, PIV for centre-tap circuit = %.3f V and bridge circuit = %.3f V \n",PIV1,PIV2) + +// the figure of transformer is for reference only. Also it cannot be plotted in scilab since scilab does not have centre-tap transformer diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a84c1952 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247da0d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.17 +//page160 + +Vin=240 // V rms +Rl=480 // ohm +rf=1 // ohm + +Vm=Vin*2^0.5 +// for bridge rectifier we know that +Im=Vm/(2*rf+Rl) +Idc=2*Im/%pi +Irms=Im/2 +P=Irms^2*rf + +printf("mean load current = %.3f A \n",Idc) +printf("power dissipated in each diode = %.3f W \n",P) + +// the accurate answers are mean load current = 0.448 A and power dissipated in each diode = 0.124 W diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..735f1e725 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fffee6cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.18 +//page162 + +Vrms_A=0.5 // V +Vdc_A=10 // V +Vrms_B=1 // V +Vdc_B=25 // V + +ripple_A=Vrms_A/Vdc_A +ripple_B=Vrms_B/Vdc_B + +if ripple_A>ripple_B + printf("power supply B is better \n") +elseif ripple_B>ripple_A + printf("power supply A is better \n") +else + printf("both are equal \n") +end diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2de87c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd493b012 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.19 +//page165 + +// the waveform given in book is for understanding only. It is not required to solve the problem. Also it cannot be plotted in scilab unless Vm and Vdc are given. + +R=25 // ohm +Rl=750 // ohm +Vm=25.7 // V + +Vdc_dash=2*Vm/%pi +Vdc=Vdc_dash*Rl/(R+Rl) + +printf("voltage across load is %.3f V plus a small ripple \n",Vdc) + +// the accurate answer is 15.833 V but in book it is given as 15.9 V diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Figure9_19.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Figure9_19.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e76eff55 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.19/Figure9_19.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..831404ea0 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a44add5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.2 +//page145 + +Vi_p=20 // V +rf=10 // ohm +Rl=500 // ohm +Vo=0.7 // V +Vin=20 // V + +// peak current through diode will occur when Vin=Vf so +Vf=Vin +// since Vf=Vo+If_peak(rf+Rl) making If_peak as subject we get +If_peak1=(Vf-Vo)/(rf+Rl) // in ampere +Vout_peak1=If_peak1*Rl + +// for ideal diode, Vo=0 and rf=0 so +// Vf=If_peak*Rl so we get +If_peak2=Vf/Rl // in ampere +Vout_peak2=If_peak2*Rl + +printf("peak current through given diode = %.3f mA and peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",If_peak1*1000,Vout_peak1) +printf("peak current through ideal diode = %.3f mA and peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",If_peak2*1000,Vout_peak2) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Figure9_2.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Figure9_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..967505ea7 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.2/Figure9_2.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34f09137c Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19c9f7120 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.20 +//page170 + +R=5 // kilo ohm +Rl=10 // kilo ohm +Ei=120 // V +Vz=50 // V + +V=Ei*Rl/(R+Rl) // voltage across open circuit if zener diode is removed +Vo=Vz // output voltage +V_R=Ei-Vz // drop across R +Il=Vz/Rl // load current +I=V_R/R // current through R + +// by Kirchoff first law I=Iz+Il +Iz=I-Il + +printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vo) +printf("voltage drop across series resistance = %.3f V \n",V_R) +printf("current through Zener diode = %.3f mA \n",Iz) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Figure9_20.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Figure9_20.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7d816ba1 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.20/Figure9_20.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d99d908da Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d4c037ef --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.21 +//page171 + +Vmax=120 // V +Vmin=80 // V +Vz=50 // V +R_L=10 // kilo ohm +R1=5 // kilo ohm + +// zener diode is on for Vmax and Vmin both since they are > Vz + +// for max Iz + V_R1=Vmax-Vz + I=V_R1/R1 // current through R1 + I_L=Vz/R_L // current through load + // by Kirchoff first law I=I_L+Iz so applying it we get + Iz_max=I-I_L + +// for min Iz + V_R1_dash=Vmin-Vz + I_dash=V_R1_dash/R1// current through R1 + I_L_dash=Vz/R_L // current through load + // by Kirchoff first law I=I_L+Iz so we get + Iz_min=I_dash-I_L_dash + +printf("maximum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_max) +printf("minimum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_min) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Figure9_21.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Figure9_21.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac9c3f98 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.21/Figure9_21.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a3e37e53 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7562ad518 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.22 +//page172 + +Ei=12 // V +Vz=7.2 // V +Eo=Vz +Iz_min=10d-3 // A +Il_max=100d-3 // A + +// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so +R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max) + +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) + +// on inserting this series resistance the output voltage will remain constant at 7.2 V + +// the accurate answer is 43.636 ohm but in book it is given as 43.5 ohm diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2331245 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bdcdc0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.23 +//page172 + +Ei=22 // V +Vz=18 // V +Rl=18 // ohm +Eo=Vz +Iz_min=200d-3 // A + +// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min + +// load current is +Il_max=Vz/Rl + +// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so +R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max) + +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) + +// on inserting this series resistance the output voltage will remain constant at 18 V diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63ab8fae5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ca8041f --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.24 +//page172 + +Ei=13 // V +Vz=10 // V +Eo=Vz +Iz_min=15d-3 // A +Il_max=85d-3 // A + +// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min + +// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so +R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max) + +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6b8ce4a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a5e64c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.25 +//page173 + +Ei=45 // V +Vz1=15 // V +Vz2=15 // V +Iz=200d-3 // current rating for each zener in ampere + +Eo=Vz1+Vz2 + +R=(Ei-Eo)/Iz + +printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo) +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9128fd14 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c56fe3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.26 +//page173 + +Ei=45 // V +Vz1=10 // V +Vz2=10 // V +Vz3=10 // V +Iz=1000d-3 // current rating for each zener in ampere + +Eo=Vz1+Vz2+Vz3 + +R=(Ei-Eo)/Iz + +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) + +// since zener diode is not available in xcos, simple diodes are used to represent zener diode in the circuit made in xcos diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Figure9_26.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Figure9_26.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d9a0b86 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.26/Figure9_26.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27b9a86e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb5c3e7bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.27 +//page174 + +R=200 // ohm +Rl=2000 // ohm +Eo=30 // V + +// for minimum input voltage i.e. Iz=0 +Il=Eo/Rl +I=Il // since Iz=0 +Vin_min=Eo+I*R + +// for maximum input voltage i.e. Iz=25 mA +Iz=25d-3 // A +Il_dash=Eo/Rl +I_dash=Il_dash+Iz +Vin_max=Eo+I_dash*R + +printf("minimum input voltage = %.3f V \n",Vin_min) +printf("maximum input voltage = %.3f V \n",Vin_max) +printf("thus range of input = %.3f to %.3f V \n",Vin_min,Vin_max) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8cd8a4b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c47a0026c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.28 +//page174 + +Ei=16 // V +Vz=12 // V since we want to ragulate at 12 V +Eo=Vz +Iz_min=0 // A +Il_max=200d-3 // A + +// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min + +// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so +R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max) + +Izm=Il_max +Pzm=Vz*Izm + +printf("Zener voltage = %.3f V \n",Vz) +printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R) +printf("maximum power rating of zener diode = %.3f W \n",Pzm) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eec7739e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a8cfcef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.3 +//page146 + +R1=50 // ohm +R2=5 // ohm +V=10 // V + +Eo=V*R2/(R1+R2) // thevenin voltage +Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2) // thevenin resistance +I_D=Eo/Ro // current through diode in ampere + +printf("current through diode = %.3f mA \n",I_D*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Figure9_3.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Figure9_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7dccfef6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.3/Figure9_3.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1c6a31b Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2352c5c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.4 +//page146 + +V=10 // V +V_D1=0.7 // V +V_D2=0.7 // V +R=48 // ohm +R_D1=1 // ohm +R_D2=1 // ohm + +// D1 and D3 are forward biased while D2 and D4 are reverse biased thus +V_net=V-V_D1-V_D2 +R_t=R_D1+R+R_D2 +I=V_net/R_t + +printf("circuit current = %.3f mA \n",I*1000) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Figure9_4.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Figure9_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5e777d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.4/Figure9_4.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..872dc6909 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9fc15b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.5 +//page147 + +E1=24 // V +E2=4 // V +Vo=0.7 // V +R=2 // kilo ohm + +// diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased so +I=(E1-E2-Vo)/R + +printf("current in the circuit = %.3f mA \n",I) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Figure9_5.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Figure9_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17f1e25ec Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.5/Figure9_5.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8420c09 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a6c9bc34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.6 +//page147 + +V=20 // V +V_D_Ge=0.3 // V + +// when voltage is applied, Ge diode turns on first and 0.3 V is maintained across circuit so Si diode never turns on. So +V_A=V-V_D_Ge + +printf("voltage V_A at point A = %.3f V \n",V_A) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Figure9_6.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Figure9_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f58eb84b6 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.6/Figure9_6.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a31de0c15 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e10407a --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.7 +//page148 + +V=10 // V +V_D=0.7 // V +R_BC=2 // kilo ohm +R=2 // kilo ohm + +// by Kirchoff voltage law we get +// -V_D-I_D*R_BC-2*I_D*R+V=0 thus making I_D as subject we get +I_D=(V-V_D)/(R_BC+2*R) +V_Q=2*I_D*R + +printf("I_D = %.3f mA \n",I_D) +printf("V_Q = %.3f V \n",V_Q) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Figure9_7.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Figure9_7.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5fa52419 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.7/Figure9_7.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee75b7f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3567f74b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.8 +//page148 + +V=15 // V +R=0.5 // kilo ohm +V_D=0.7 // V + +// both diodes are forward biased + +I1=(V-V_D)/R +I_D1=I1/2 +I_D2=I_D1 + +printf("current through diode D1 = %.3f mA and diode D2 = %.3f mA \n",I_D1,I_D2) diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Figure9_8.JPG b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Figure9_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e64f6bfd9 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.8/Figure9_8.JPG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.PNG b/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb8ee3c51 Binary files /dev/null and b/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.PNG differ diff --git a/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b33fcb1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2459/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.9 +//page151 + +P_dc=40 // W +P_ac=100 // W + +efficiency=100*P_dc/P_ac + +printf("rectification efficiency = %.3f percent \n \n",efficiency) +printf("remaining 60 watts are not lost. Crystal diode consumes only a \nlittle power due to its small internal resistance. \nActualy 100 W ac power is contained as 50 W in positive half \ncycle and 50 W in negative half cycle.\nThe 50 W of negative half cycle are not supplied at all. \nThe 50 W of positive half cycle are converted to 40 W \n") diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02cf4577c --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 1,Page 252 +clc(); +close(); + +E = 0.296 //electrode potential at 25 degree + +n= 2 + +Cu = 0.015 + +E0=E-(0.0592/n)*log10(Cu) + +printf('the standard potential of Cu+2 is %.5f V ',E0) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.10/Example_10.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.10/Example_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1137bac40 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.10/Example_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 10,Page 255 +clc(); +close(); + +//E_H = -0.0592*pH +//E_cell = E_H = -0.0592 *pH + +E_cell = 0.29 + +pH = E_cell/0.0592 + +printf('the pH of the solution is pH = %.2f ',pH) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.11/Example_11.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.11/Example_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3577f29b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.11/Example_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 11,Page 255 +clc(); +close(); + +E_cell = 0.123 + +E_calomel = 0.2415 + +E_Q = 0.6990 + +//E_Q/H2Q = E_Q - 0.0592 *pH +//E_cell= E_Q/H2Q - E_calomel + +pH = (E_cell + E_calomel - E_Q)/(-0.0592) + +printf('the pH of solution is pH = %.2f',pH) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.12/Example_12.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.12/Example_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b2460a55 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.12/Example_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 12,Page 255 +clc(); +close(); + +R=8.316 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=1 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +E0_AgCl=-0.2223 + +E0_Ag=0.798 + +//cell reaction...Ag + Cl- <----> AgCl + +E0_cell =E0_Ag + E0_AgCl + +//at equilibrium two electrode potential s will be equal +// E0_cell = (2.303*R*T/n*F)*log10(K) + +Ksp = 10^-(E0_cell*n*F/(2.303*R*T)) + +printf('for AgCl solution Ksp = ') + +disp(Ksp) + +printf(' mol^2/l^2') diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aec51c898 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 2,Page 252 +clc(); +close(); + +E0 = 0.34 //standard potential for copper + +n= 2 + +Cu = 0.15 + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +E=E0+(2.303*R*T/(n*F))*log10(Cu) + +printf('the single electrode potential of copper is %.5f V ',E) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6f950fa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 3,Page 252 +clc(); +close(); + +//Cell reaction is ...Zn+2 +2Ag <----> Zn + 2Ag+ + +E0_Zn=-0.762 //standard electrode potential for Zn + +E0_Ag=0.798 //standard electrode potential for Ag + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +Zn= 0.2 + +Ag= 0.1 + +E_cell= (E0_Zn + (R*T/(n*F))*log(Zn))-(E0_Ag + (R*T/(n*F))*log(Ag^2)) + +printf('the cell voltage at 25 degree is %.3f V',E_cell) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b8546cea --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 4,Page 253 +clc(); +close(); + +//Cell reaction is ...Zn+2 +2Ag <----> Zn + 2Ag+ + +E0_cell= 1.1 //standard potential for cell + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +Zn= 0.001 + +Cu= 0.1 + +E_cell=E0_cell+(2.303*R*T/(n*F))*log10(Cu/Zn) + +printf('the e.m.f. of Daniel cell is %.4f V',E_cell) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..714124f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 5,Page 253 +clc(); +close(); + +E0_Pb=-0.13 + +E0_Ni=-0.24 + +E0_cell=E0_Pb-E0_Ni + +printf('the e.m.f. of cell is %.4f V',E0_cell) +printf('\n the cell reaction is') +printf('\n Ni + Pb+2 <----> Ni+2 + Pb') diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da05652c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 5,Page 253 +clc(); +close(); + +E0_Zn=-0.76 + +E0_Ag=0.8 + +E0_cell=E0_Ag-E0_Zn + +printf('\n the cell reaction is') +printf('\n 2Ag+ + Zn <----> 2Ag + Zn+2') +printf('\n the e.m.f. of cell is %.4f V',E0_cell) + diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8f37d6ed --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 7,Page 254 +clc(); +close(); + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +C1= 0.01 + +C2= 0.1 + +E_cell=(2.303*R*T/(n*F))*log10(C2/C1) + +printf('the e.m.f. of cell is %.4f V',E_cell) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce565986f --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 8,Page 254 +clc(); +close(); + +R=8.316 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +E0_Zn=-0.765 + +E0_Cu=0.337 + +//cell reaction...Zn + Cu+2 <----> Zn+2 + Cu +// K = [Zn+2]*[Cu]/[Zn]*[Cu+2]...equilibrium constant + +E0_cell =E0_Cu - E0_Zn + +//at equilibrium two electrode potential s will be equal +// E0_cell = (2.303*R*T/n*F)*log10([Zn+2]*[Cu]/[Zn]*[Cu+2]) +// E0_cell = (2.303*R*T/n*F)*log10(K) + +K = 10^(E0_cell/(2.303*R*T/(n*F))) + +printf('the equilibrium constant is K = ') + +disp(K) diff --git a/2465/CH10/EX10.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH10/EX10.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9ab56f37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH10/EX10.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-10,Example 9,Page 255 +clc(); +close(); + +E0_Ag = 0.799 //standard potential for copper + +Ksp=8.3*10^-17 + +I=1 + +Ag= Ksp/I + +n= 2 + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +F=96500 //Farade's constant + +n=2 + +T=298 //temperature in Kelvin + +E_Ag=E0_Ag+(2.303*R*T/(n*F))*log10(Ag) + +printf('the single electrode potential of Ag is %.5f V ',E_Ag) diff --git a/2465/CH11/EX11.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH11/EX11.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a91312a6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH11/EX11.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-11,Example 1,Page 275 +clc(); +close(); + +M =1000 //mass of alloy + +m_Cd= 0.25*M //25% of Cd in alloy + +//since in the eutectic system, 40% is Cd and 60% is Bi + +//corresponding to m_Cd Cd the content of Bi in eutectic is + +m_Bi = m_Cd*60/40 + +m= m_Cd+m_Bi + +printf('the mass of eutectic in 1 kg alloy is %.f gm ',m) diff --git a/2465/CH11/EX11.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH11/EX11.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1c82f3a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH11/EX11.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-11,Example 2,Page 275 +clc(); +close(); + +M =1000 //mass of alloy + +m_A= 0.4*M //40% of A in alloy + +m_B= 0.6*M //60% of B in alloy + +//since in the eutectic system, 40% is B and 60% is A + +//corresponding to m_A the content of m_B in eutectic is + +m_Be = m_A*40/60 //in eutectic + +m= m_B-m_Be //amount of B separated out + +printf('the amount of B separated out is %.2f gm ',m) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae0a60afd --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 1,Page 369 +clc(); +close(); + +m1 = 146 //mass of Mg(HCO3)2 + +m2 = 162 //mass of Ca(HCO3)2 + +m3 = 95 //mass of MgCl2 + +m4 = 136 //mass of CaSO4 + +amnt_1 = 7.5 //amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in mg/l + +amnt_2 = 16 //amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in mg/l + +amnt_3 = 9 //amount of MgCl2 in mg/l + +amnt_4 = 13.6 //amount of CaSO4 in mg/l + +temp_hard= (amnt_1*100/m1)+(amnt_2*100/m2) + +perm_hard= (amnt_3*100/m3)+(amnt_4*100/m4) + +total= temp_hard +perm_hard + +printf("the temporary hardness is = %.2f mg/l",temp_hard) + +printf("\n the total hardness is = %.2f mg/l",total) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60ecef2e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 2,Page 369 +clc(); +close(); + +m1= 136 // mass of FeSO4 + +m2 = 100 //mass of CaCO3 + +//for 100 ppm hardness FeSO4 required per 10^6 parts of water is 136 parts +//for 200 ppm hardness + +amt= m1*200/m2 + +printf("the amount of FeSO4 required is = %.f mg/l",amt) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11296ac69 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 3,Page 369 +clc(); +close(); + +conc = 15.6 *10^-6 //concentration of (CO3)-2 + +m = 60 //mass of CO3 + +Molarity= conc*100/m + +printf("the molarity of (CO3)-2 is = %.6f M",Molarity) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0af0e9db --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 4,Page 370 +clc(); +close(); + +m1 = 146 //mass of Mg(HCO3)2 + +m2 = 162 //mass of Ca(HCO3)2 + +m3 = 111 //mass of CaCl2 + +m4 = 120 //mass of MgSO4 + +m5 = 136 //mass of CaSO4 + +amnt_1 = 12.5 //amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm + +amnt_2 = 10.5 //amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm + +amnt_3 = 8.2 //amount of CaCl2 in ppm + +amnt_4 = 2.6 //amount of MgSO4 in ppm + +amnt_5 = 7.5 //amount of CaSO4 in ppm + +temp_hard= (amnt_1*100/m1)+(amnt_2*100/m2) + +perm_hard= (amnt_3*100/m3)+(amnt_4*100/m4)+(amnt_5*100/m5) + +total= temp_hard +perm_hard + +printf("the temporary hardness is = %.3f mg/l",temp_hard) + +printf("\n the permanent hardness is = %.3f mg/l",perm_hard) + +printf("\n the total hardness is = %.3f mg/l",total) + +v= 100 //volume of sample + +v_EDTA = total*v/1000 //volume of EDTA + +printf("\n the volume of M/100 EDTA required is = %.3f ml",v_EDTA) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81bbb40e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 5,Page 370 +clc(); +close(); + +v= 50000 //volume of water + +m1 = 84 //mass of MgCO3 + +m2 = 100 //mass of CaCO3 + +m3 = 95 //mass of MgCl2 + +m4 = 111 //mass of CaCl2 + +amnt_1 = 144 //amount of MgCO3 in ppm + +amnt_2 = 25 //amount of CaCO3 in ppm + +amnt_3 = 95 //amount of MgCl2 in ppm + +amnt_4 = 111 //amount of CaCl2 in ppm + +lime = (74/100)*[2*(amnt_1*100/m1)+(amnt_2*100/m2)+(amnt_3*100/m3)]*v + +printf("the lime required is = %.3f mg",lime) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f138207aa --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 6,Page 371 +clc(); +close(); + +v= 10^6 //volume of water + +m1 = 40 //mass of Ca+2 + +m2 = 24 //mass of Mg+2 + +m3 = 44 //mass of CO2 + +m4 = 122 //mass of HCO3- + +amnt_1 = 20 //amount of Ca+2 in ppm + +amnt_2 = 25 //amount of Mg+2 in ppm + +amnt_3 = 30 //amount of CO2 in ppm + +amnt_4 = 150 //amount of HCO3- in ppm + +lime_1 = (74/100)*[(amnt_2*100/m2)+(amnt_3*100/m3)+(amnt_4*100/m4)]*v + +soda = (106/100)*[(amnt_1*100/m1)+(amnt_2*100/m2)-(amnt_4*100/m4)]*v + +printf("the lime required is = %.3f mg",lime_1) + +printf("\n the soda required is = %.3f mg",soda) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..870f634e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 7,Page 371 +clc(); +close(); + +v= 150 //volume of NaCl + +conc = 150 //concentration of NaCl + +amnt =v*conc *100/117 //amnt of NaCl + +hard = 600 //hardness of water + +vol= amnt*1000/hard + +printf("the volume of water is = %.2f litres",vol) + +//calculation mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3642e0698 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 8,Page 371 +clc(); +close(); + +strength = 10*0.85/9 //strength of EDTA + +//1000 ml EDTA solution == 1 g CaCO3 + +//for 20 ml EDTA solution + +amnt= 20*strength/1000 + +//50 ml smple of water contains amnt CaCO3 + +hard= amnt*10^6/50 //hardness of water + +printf("the hardness of water is = %.2f ppm", hard) diff --git a/2465/CH17/EX17.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH17/EX17.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0436f50e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH17/EX17.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Chapter-17,Example 9,Page 372 +clc(); +close(); + +m1 = 146 //mass of Mg(HCO3)2 + +m2 = 162 //mass of Ca(HCO3)2 + +m3 = 111 //mass of CaCl2 + +m4 = 120 //mass of MgSO4 + +m5 = 136 //mass of CaSO4 + +amnt_1 = 12.5 //amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm + +amnt_2 = 10.5 //amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm + +amnt_3 = 8.2 //amount of CaCl2 in ppm + +amnt_4 = 2.6 //amount of MgSO4 in ppm + +amnt_5 = 7.5 //amount of CaSO4 in ppm + +temp_hard= [(amnt_1*100/m1)+(amnt_2*100/m2)]*0.1 + +perm_hard= [(amnt_3*100/m3)+(amnt_4*100/m4)+(amnt_5*100/m5)]*0.1 + +printf("the temporary hardness is = %.4f degree Fr",temp_hard) + +printf("\n the permanent hardness is = %.4f degree Fr",perm_hard) diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93962d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 1,Page 404 +clc(); +close(); + +H=6 + +W= 2200 //water equivalent of bomb calorimeter + +w= 550 //weight of water taken + +del_t = 2.42 //rise in temperature + +m= 0.92 //weight of coal burnt + +L =580 //latent heat of steam + +fuse = 10 //fuse correction + +acid =50 //acid correction + +HCV=((W+w)*(del_t)-(acid+fuse))/m + +NCV=HCV-(0.09*H*L) + +printf("HCV = %.2f cal/g",HCV) + +printf("\n NCV = %.2f cal/g",NCV) diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76386308f --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 2,Page 405 +clc(); +close(); + +W1 = 2.5 //weight of coal + +W2 = 2.415 //weight of coal after heating at 110 C + +W_res= 1.528 //weight of residue + +W_ash= 0.245 //weight of ash + +Mois= W1-W2 //moisture in sample + +per_M=Mois*100/W1 + +printf("the percentage of moisture is %.2f ",per_M ) + +VCM=W2-W_res //amount of VCM in sample + +per_VCM=VCM*100/W1 + +printf("\n the percentage of VCM is %.2f ",per_VCM ) + +per_ash=W_ash*100/W1 + +printf("\n the percentage of ash is %.2f",per_ash ) + +Fix_C= W_res-W_ash //fixed carbon + +per_fix=Fix_C*100/W1 + +printf("\n the percentage of fixed carbon is %.2f",per_fix ) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3e14c5d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 3,Page 405 +clc(); +close(); + +H=0.77 + +W= 395 //water equivalent of bomb calorimeter + +w= 3500 //weight of water taken + +T1=26.5 //temperature + +T2=29.2 //temperature + +m= 0.83 //weight of fuel burnt + +L =587 //latent heat of steam + +HCV=((W+w)*(T2-T1))/m + +NCV=HCV-(0.09*H*L) + +printf("HCV = %.2f cal/g",HCV) + +printf("\n NCV = %.2f cal/g",NCV) + +//calculation mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba8dab90c --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 4,Page 406 +clc(); +close(); + +V1= 25 //volume of H2SO4 + +V2 =15 //volumeof NaOH + +v= V1*0.1-V2*0.1 //volume of H2SO4 consumed + +//100 cc H2SO4 ==17 g NH3 == 14 g N +//1 cc H2SO4 = 14/1000 g N =0.014 g N +//0.014 g N is present in 1 g coal + +N= 0.014*100 + +printf("the percentage of nitrogen is %.2f ",N) diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..811aae588 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 5,Page 406 +clc(); +close(); + + +H2 =0.24 //composition of H2 + +CH4 =0.3 //composition of CH4 + +CO =0.06 //composition of CO + +C2H6 =0.11 //composition of C2H6 + +C2H4 =0.045 //composition of C2H4 + +C4H8 =0.025 //composition of C4H8 + +N2=0.12 //composition of N2 + +CO2=0.08 //composition of CO2 + +O2=0.02 //composition of O2 + +//for reaction H2 + (1/2)O2 = H2O + +V1=H2*(1/2) //volume of O2 required + +//for reaction CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + +V2=CH4*2 //volume of O2 required +vCO2_1=CH4*1 //volume of CO2 + +//for reaction C2H6 + (7/2)O2 = 2CO2 +3H2O + +V3=C2H6*(7/2) //volume of O2 required +vCO2_2=C2H6*2 //volume of CO2 + +//for reaction C2H4 + 3O2 = 2CO2 +2H2O + +V4=C2H4*3 //volume of O2 required +vCO2_3=C2H4*2 //volume of CO2 + +//for reaction C4H8 + 6O2 = 4CO2 +4H2O + +V5=C4H8*6 //volume of O2 required +vCO2_4=C4H8*4 //volume of CO2 + +//for reaction CO + (1/2)O2 = CO2 + +V6=CO*(1/2) //volume of O2 required +vCO2_5=CO*1 //volume of CO2 + +total_O2= V1+V2+V3+V4+V5+V6-O2 //total volume of oxygen + +//as air contains 21% of O2 by volume +//when 40% excess + +V_air = total_O2*(100/21)*(140/100) //volume of air + +printf("the air to fuel ratio is %.3f",V_air) + +total_CO2 = vCO2_1+vCO2_2+vCO2_3+vCO2_4+vCO2_5+CO2 //total volume of CO2 + +total_dry= total_CO2 +[N2+(79*V_air/100)]+[(V_air*21/100)-total_O2] + +printf("\n the total volume of dry products is %.4f cubicmeter ",total_dry) + +CO2_dry =total_CO2*100/total_dry + +N2_dry =[N2+(79*V_air/100)]*100/total_dry + +O2_dry =[(V_air*21/100)-total_O2]*100/total_dry + +printf("\n Composition of products of combustion on dry basis") + +printf("\n CO2 = %.3f",CO2_dry) + +printf("\n N2 = %.3f",N2_dry) + +printf("\n O2 = %.3f",O2_dry) + +//calculation mistake in textbook + + + + diff --git a/2465/CH18/EX18.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH18/EX18.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9441a7a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH18/EX18.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Chapter-18,Example 6,Page 407 +clc(); +close(); + +CO =0.46 //composition of CO + +CH4 =0.1 //composition of CH4 + +H2 =0.4 //composition of H2 + +C2H2 =0.02 //composition of C2H2 + +N2=0.01 //composition of N2 + +//for reaction CO + (1/2)O2 = CO2 + +V1=CO*(1/2) //volume of O2 required + +//for reaction CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + +V2=CH4*2 //volume of O2 required + +//for reaction H2 + (1/2)O2 = H2O + +V3=H2*(1/2) //volume of O2 required + +//for reaction C2H2 + (5/2)O2 = 2CO2 +H2O + +V4=C2H2*(5/2) //volume of O2 required + +total_v= V1+V2+V3+V4 + +//as air contains 21% of O2 by volume + +V_air = total_v*100/21 //volume of air + +printf("the volume of air required is %.3f cubicmeter",V_air) diff --git a/2465/CH22/EX22.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH22/EX22.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b2998ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH22/EX22.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-22,Example 2,Page 502 +clc(); +close(); + +h=2 + +k=2 + +l=0 + +a= 450 //length of cube in pm + +d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)) + +printf("\n the spacing between planes is d = %.1f pm",d) diff --git a/2465/CH22/EX22.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH22/EX22.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..445fdbd62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH22/EX22.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter-22,Example 4,Page 502 +clc(); +close(); + +M=58.46 //molecular weight of NaCl + +N= 6.023*10^23 //Avogadro number + +p=2.167 //density of NaCl + +n= 4 //number of molecules per unit cell + +a=nthroot((n*M/(p*N)),3)/100 //lenght of the edge + +h=1 + +k=1 + +l=0 + +d=a/sqrt((h^2)+(k^2)+(l^2)) + +printf("the lattice constant is a= %.12f meter",a) + +printf("\n the spacing between planes is d = %.10f meter",d) + diff --git a/2465/CH22/EX22.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH22/EX22.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91e96006a --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH22/EX22.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter-22,Example 5,Page 502 +clc(); +close(); + +//since output current of transistor is 96% of the input current + +alpha = 96/100 //current gain = output current/input current + +Rout= 2000 //output resistance + +Rin= 20 //input resistance + +R_gain= Rout/Rin //resistance gain + +//According to Ohm's law V=I*R + +volt_gain = R_gain*alpha + +printf("the voltage gain = %.f",volt_gain) + +//voltage gain has no unit +//printing mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..093b57b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//Chapter-3,Example 1,Page 56 +clc; +close; + +M_0=200 //mass of radium + +total_time= 8378-1898 //in years + +//since t-half for radium is 1620 years + +t_half=6480/1620 // number of half lives + +m_left=M_0*(1/2)^t_half //mass of radium left + +printf('mass of radium left after 6480 years is %.1f mg',m_left) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.10/Example_10.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.10/Example_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..334f2bd4d --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.10/Example_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 10,Page 59 +clc; +close; + +t_half = 5577 //half life of carbon(14) + +amnt = 1/6 // amount of carbon in fresh wood + +t= 2.303*t_half*log10(1/amnt)/0.693 + +printf('the age of the wood is') + +disp(t) + +printf('years') + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.11/Example_11.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.11/Example_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..945857c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.11/Example_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 11,Page 59 +clc; +close; + +t_half = 5760 //half life of carbon(14) + +amnt = 1/4 // amount of carbon in fresh wood + +t= 2.303*t_half*log10(1/amnt)/0.693 + +printf('the age of the wood is %.f years ',t) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.12/Example_12.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.12/Example_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e01cce46 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.12/Example_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 12,Page 60 +clc; +close; + +t_half =6.13 //half life of Ac(222) + +t= 10 //time period + +amnt=1/10^(t*0.693/(2.303*t_half)) + +printf('the amount of the substance left is %.4f ',amnt) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.13/Example_13.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.13/Example_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe6f94a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.13/Example_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 13,Page 60 +clc; +close; + +//Reaction.....N(14) + He(4) ---> O(17) +H(1) + +m_r= 18.01140 // total mass of reactants in a.m.u. + +m_p= 18.01264 // total mass of product in a.m.u. + +m= m_p -m_r // increase in mass + +Q_value= m*931 // in electron volt since 1 a.m.u. =931 MeV + +//since mass is increased after reaction +// Q value is negative + +printf('the Q value for the reaction is %.2f MeV',-Q_value) + diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.14/Example_14.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.14/Example_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..418a68b43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.14/Example_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 14,Page 61 +clc; +close; + +//Reaction.....Li(7) + H(1) ---> He(4) +He(4) + +m_r= 8.02636 // total mass of reactants in a.m.u. + +m_p= 8.00774 // total mass of product in a.m.u. + +m= m_r -m_p // increase in mass + +Q_value= m*931 // in electron volt since 1 a.m.u. =931 MeV + +//since mass is decreased after reaction +// Q value is positive + +printf('the Q value for the reaction is %.2f MeV',Q_value) + diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.15/Example_15.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.15/Example_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9db46a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.15/Example_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 15,Page 61 +clc; +close; + +//Reaction.....Li(7) + D(2) ---> He(4) + He(4) + Q + +m_Li= 6.01702 // Isotopic mass of Lithium in a.m.u. + +m_D= 2.01474 // Isotopic mass of D in a.m.u. + +m_He= 4.00387 // Isotopic mass of Helium in a.m.u. + +Q_value= (m_Li + m_D - 2*m_He)*931 // in electron volt since 1 a.m.u. =931 MeV + +//since mass is decreased after reaction +// Q value is positive + +printf('the Q value for the reaction is %.2f MeV',Q_value) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.16/Example_16.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.16/Example_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cee4cbed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.16/Example_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 16,Page 61 +clc; +close; + +//Reaction.....U(235) + n(1) ---> Kr(95) + Ba(139) + 2*n(1) + Q + +m_U= 235.124 // Isotopic mass of Uranium in a.m.u. + +m_n= 1.0099 // mass of neutron in a.m.u. + +m_Kr= 94.945 // Isotopic mass of Kripton in a.m.u. + +m_Ba=138.954 // Isotopic mass of Ba in a.m.u. + +Q_value= (m_U + m_n - (m_Kr + m_Ba + 2*m_n))*931 // in electron volt since 1 a.m.u. =931 MeV + +//since mass is decreased after reaction +// Q value is positive + +printf('the Q value for the reaction is %.3f MeV',Q_value) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.17/Example_17.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.17/Example_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2138c04fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.17/Example_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 17,Page 61 +clc; +close; + +m_Ca = 39.975 //atomic mass of Calcium in a.m.u. + +a_no= 20 //atomic number of calcium + +m_proton = 1.0078 //mass of proton + +m_neutron = 1.0086 //mass of neutron\ + +delta_m=a_no*(m_neutron + m_proton)- m_Ca //mass defect + +energy= delta_m*931/40 //binding energy per nucleon + +printf('binding energy per nucleon is %.3f MeV',energy) + diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.18/Example_18.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.18/Example_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b132f9fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.18/Example_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 18,Page 61 +clc; +close; + +energy_1= 200 *1.6*10^-13 //energy released per fission of Uranium + +power =1 //in watt + +F_rate = power/energy_1 //fission rate for generation 1 watt + +printf('The fission rate for generation 1 watt is ') + +disp(F_rate) + +printf(' fission/sec') + +//1 kg atom Of U(235) =235 Kg = 6.023*10^26 atoms + +energy_2 = energy_1*6.023*10^26/235 //energy released per 1 kg U(235) + +printf('\nThe energy released per 1kg of U(235) is ') + +disp(energy_2) + +printf(' Joule') diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.19/Example_19.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.19/Example_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0c98256f --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.19/Example_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 19,Page 62 +clc; +close; + +energy= (100*10^6)*24*3600 //energy comsumed in city in a day in Joule + +efcy=20/100 //efficiency of reactor + +energy_r = energy/efcy //energy required per day + +energy_rl=200*1.6*10^-13 //energy released per nuclide + +n = energy_r/energy_rl //number of U(235) to be fissioned + +//6.023*10^26 atoms of U(235) are present in 235 kg +//n atoms of U(235) are present in + +m=235*n/(6.023*10^26) + +printf('the amount of fule required for one day operation is %.2f kg',m) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f89b82a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 2,Page 56 +clc; +close; + +m_alpha=6.646*10^-24 //mass of one alpha particle + +n= 2300 // number of alpha particles + +M=1*10^-6 //mass of plutonium + +//as -(dM/dt)= lamda*M +//also (dM/dt)= n*m_alpha + +lamda=n*m_alpha/M + +t_half= 0.693/lamda //half life of Plutonium + +printf('the half life of Plutonium is %.f years', t_half) + +//mistake in text book diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.4/Examlpe_4.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.4/Examlpe_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a9fb99e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.4/Examlpe_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 4,Page 57 +clc; +close; + +m=234 // atomic mass of uranium + +M_0 = 4 // initial mass of uranium + +t_half= 2.48*10^5 // half life of uranium + +t= 62000*365*24*3600 // time period + +lamda=8.88*10^-14 + +M= M_0*exp(-lamda*t) + +printf('Mass of uranium left unchanged is %.3f mg', M) + +N= (M*6.023*10^20)/m + +A= lamda*N + +printf(' \n activity of uranium is %.3f disintigrations/sec ', A) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..589cf1fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 5,Page 57 +clc; +close; + +//Part (a) + +t_half= 1620 //half life of radium + +lamda= 0.693/t_half + +//as radium lose one centigram mass + +N_0=100 // in centigram + +N_1=N_0-1 + +t_1=log10(N_0/N_1)/(lamda*log10(%e)) + +printf('Part (a)---total number of years required are %.2f years ',t_1) + +// Part (b) + +N_2= 1 + +t_2=log10(N_0/N_2)/(lamda*log10(%e)) + +printf('\n Part (b)---total number of years required are %.2f years ',t_2) diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92663dfd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 6,Page 58 +clc; +close; + +M = 214 // molecular mass of RaB + +lamda= 4.31*10^-4 + +//since -(dN/dt)= lamda*N =3.7 *10^10 +//N = m * 6.023*10^23/ M + +m=(3.7*10^10)*214/(lamda*6.023*10^23) + +printf('the mass of RaB is ') + +disp(m) + +printf(' gram') diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..256697d5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 7,Page 58 +clc; +close; + +M = 214 // molecular mass of RaB + +lamda= 4.31*10^-4 + +//for 1 rd activity (dN/dt) = 10^6 dis/sec +// -(dN/dt)= lamda*N +//N = m * 6.023*10^23/ M + +m=(10^6)*214/(lamda*6.023*10^23) + +printf('the mass of RaB is ') + +disp(m) + +printf(' gram') diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3011a501e --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 8,Page 58 +clc; +close; + +// U(238)=(U(238) + Pb(206)) * exp(-lamda*t) + +// 1 = (1 + Pb(206)/U(238)) * exp(-lamda*t) + +//since Pb(206)/U(238) = 0.5 + +// 1 = (1 + 0.5) * exp(-lamda*t) + +t_half = 4.5 *10^9 //half life of Uranium + +lamda = 0.693/t_half + +t= log10(1.5)/(log10(%e)*lamda) + +printf('the age of the rock specimen is ') + +disp(t) + +printf(' years') diff --git a/2465/CH3/EX3.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH3/EX3.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a02f1182 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH3/EX3.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-3,Example 9,Page 59 +clc; +close; + +mole_U =11.9/238 //mole of Uranium + +mole_Pb =10.3/206 //mole of lead + +t_half= 4.5*10^9 //half life of Uranium + +// U(238)=(U(238) + Pb(206)) * exp(-lamda*t) + +// 1 = (1 + Pb(206)/U(238)) * exp(-lamda*t) + +// 1 = (1 + 0.5) * exp(-lamda*t) + +lamda = 0.693/t_half + +t= log10(1+ mole_Pb/mole_U)/(log10(%e)*lamda) + +printf('the age of the ore is ') + +disp(t) + +printf(' years') diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..502811c64 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 1,Page 92 +clc; +close; + +R= 2 // gas constant + +//as water temperature is 100 degree + +T = 273 + 100 // temperature in Kelvin + +w=R*T // work done + +q= 536*18 //heat in cal/mol + +delta_E= q-w + +printf('the amount of energy increased is %.1f cal/mol',delta_E) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.10/Example_10.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.10/Example_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22df3756 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.10/Example_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 10,Page 95 +clc; +close; + +delta_H1 = 538 //latent heat of water at 100 degree + +T1= 273 + 100 //temperature in Kelvin + +T2= 273 +150 //temperature in Kelvin + +Cp_w = 1 // for water + +Cp_s = 8.1/18 //for steam + +delta_Cp = Cp_s - Cp_w + +delta_H2 = delta_H1 + delta_Cp*(T2-T1) //latent heat of water at 150 degree + +printf('the latent heat of water at 150 degree is %.2f cal/g',delta_H2) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.11/Example_11.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.11/Example_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da8cc6183 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.11/Example_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 11,Page 96 +clc; +close; + +R= 8.31 //gas constant + +T= 273+25 // temperature in Kelvin + +P1= 2 //pressure in atm + +P2= 1 //pressure in atm + +w= 2.303 *R*T*log10(P1/P2) //maximum work + +printf('maximum work done is %.f J', w) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.12/Example_12.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.12/Example_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e245a0a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.12/Example_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 12,Page 96 +clc; +close; + +q_rev= 19.14 //latent heat + +n= 18 //mols + +T= 273 //temperature in Kelvin + +dS= q_rev*n/T + +printf('the change of molar entropy is %.2f J/mol',dS) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.13/Example_13.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.13/Example_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f47b7d766 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.13/Example_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 13,Page 96 +clc; +close; + + +q_rev= 12.19 //latent heat + +n= 32 //mols + +T= 273-182.9 //temperature in Kelvin + +dS= q_rev*n/T + +printf('the change of molar entropy is %.2f J/mol',dS) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.15/Example_15.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.15/Example_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95bcb4a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.15/Example_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 15,Page 96 +clc; +close; + +P1= 528 // pressure in mm of Hg + +P2= 760 // pressure in mm of Hg + +T2=100+273 //teperature in Kelvin + +delta_Hv= 545.5 *18 // latent heat of vapourisation of water in J/mol + +R= 1.987 //gas constant + +//from the integrated form of Clausius-Clapeyron equation + +T1= 1/((log10(P2/P1)*2.303*R/delta_Hv)+(1/T2)) + +printf('the temperature of water is %.f K',T1) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.16/Example_16.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.16/Example_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b2037a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.16/Example_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 16,Page 97 +clc; +close; + +//since the operation is isothermal & hte gas is ideal therefore.. + +delta_E= 0 // from 1st law of thermodynamics + +P= 1 //pressure in atm + +V1= 10 // volume in cubic decimeter + +V2= 20 // volume in cubic decimeter + +W= P*(V2-V1)*(8.314/0.0821) // work done by system + +q=W //from 1st law of thermodynamics + +delta_H = delta_E + W + +printf(' q = %.2f J',q) + +printf('\n W = %.2f',W) + +printf('\n delta_E = %.f J',delta_E) + +printf('\n delta_H = %.2f J',delta_H) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.17/Example_17.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.17/Example_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..483dd3afd --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.17/Example_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 17,Page 97 +clc(); +close(); + +q= 300 //heat energy + +P= 2 // pressure in atm + +V1= 10 // volume in litre + +V2= 20 //volume in litre + +//since 1 lit.atm = 24.25 cal + +W=P*(V2-V1)*24.25 //work done + +delta_E= q-W //from the 1st law of thermodynamics + +printf('the change in internal energy is %.f cal',delta_E) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.18/Example_18.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.18/Example_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c66dc887 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.18/Example_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 18,Page 97 +clc(); +close(); + +T1= 300 //temperature in Kelvin + +T2= 363 //temperature in Kelvin + +P1= 1 //pressure in atm + +P2=7 //pressure in atm + +Cv=5 + +R=2 //gas constant + +Cp=Cv+R + +delta_S= Cp*log(T2/T1)+R*log(P1/P2) //entropy change + +printf('the entropy change is %.4f cal/deg ', delta_S) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.19/Example_19.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.19/Example_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee777211a --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.19/Example_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 19,Page 97 +clc(); +close(); + +T1= 300 //temperature in Kelvin + +T2= 310 //temperature in Kelvin + +Kp1=3.49*10^-2 //equilibrium constant + +delta_H=-11200 + +R= 1.987 //gas constant + +//from Van't Hoff's Equation + +Kp2=Kp1*10^(delta_H*((1/T1)-(1/T2))/(2.303*R)) + +printf('the value of Kp2 = %.6f/atm ', Kp2) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2dbc03d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 2,Page 93 +clc; +close; + +q= 990*4.2/10^3 //heat in kiloJoule + +w= 8.36*10^9/((10^3)*(10^7)) //work in kiloJoule + +delta_E = q-w + +printf('the internal energy change of system is %.3f kJ',delta_E) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3037835a --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 3,Page 93 +clc; +close; + +n=1 // number of mol + +R= 8.314 // gas constant + +T = 273 + 27 // temperature in Kelvin + +w=n*R*T/1000 // work done in kiloJoule + +printf('work done by reaction ai 27 degree is %.4f kJ',w) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9afb4eb21 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 4,Page 93 +clc; +close; + +q_v=-97000 //in cal + +R= 8.314 // gas constant + +T = 273 + 200 // temperature in Kelvin + +n_1= 1 //mols of gaseous reactant + +n_2= 1 // mols of gaseous product + +delta_n= n_2-n_1 + +//q_p= q_v + delta_n*R*T + +q_p= q_v + delta_n*R*T + +printf('the heat combustion of carbon is %.f cals',q_p) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce36439e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 5,Page 93 +clc; +close; + +delta_H= -109 // heat change in Kcal + +n_1= 2 //mols of gaseous reactant + +n_2= 1 // mols of gaseous product + +delta_n= n_2-n_1 + +T=500 + +R= 2*10^-3 + +delta_E = (delta_H) - (delta_n*R*T) + +printf('the value of delta_E is %.f Kcal',delta_E) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7509cd20a --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 6,Page 93 +clc; +close; + +delta_H1= -337.2 // Heat combustion for ethylene + +delta_H2=-68.3 // Heat combustion for hudrogen + +delta_H3= 372.8 // Heat combustion for ethane + +//Given reaction is... +// C2H4(g) +H2(g) ---> C2H6(g) + +delta_H= delta_H1 + delta_H2 +delta_H3 + +printf('the heat combustion for given reaction is %.2f Kcal',delta_H) + + diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb3bd5922 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 7,Page 94 +clc; +close; + +delta_H1= 104 //for reaction.. H2(g)---> 2H(g) + +delta_H2= 120/2 //for reaction.. (1/2)O2(g)---> O(g) + +delta_H3= -58 //for reaction.. H2(g) + (1/2)O2(g)---> H2O(g) + +delta_H=delta_H1 + delta_H2 - delta_H3 + +//there are two O-H bonds +//therefore for one bond required heat energy is half of delta_H + +printf('the O-H bond energy is %.f Kcal',delta_H/2) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a642f92e --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 8,Page 94 +clc; +close; + +delta_H_C= -393 // enthalpy for carbon + +delta_H_H2= -286 //enthalpy for hydrogen + +delta_H_C3H8=-2220 //enthalpy for propane + +// According to Hess's Law... delta_H1 = delta_H2 - delta_H3 + +//delta_H2 for reaction... 3C +4H2 +5O2 ----> 3CO2 +4H2O + +delta_H2= 3*delta_H_C +4*delta_H_H2 + +//delta_H2 for reaction... C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 +4H2O + +delta_H3= delta_H_C3H8 + +delta_Hf= delta_H2 - delta_H3 //enthalpy for propane at 298 K + +printf('the enthalpy of formation of propane at 298K is %.f Kcal', delta_Hf) diff --git a/2465/CH4/EX4.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH4/EX4.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39c08702c --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH4/EX4.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-4,Example 9,Page 95 +clc; +close; + +delta_H2= 2386 //enthalpy for.. yellow P---> H3PO4 + +delta_H3= 2113 //enthalpy for.. red P---> H3PO4 + +delta_HT = delta_H2- delta_H3 //enthalpy for...yellow P ---> red P + +// According to Hess's Law... delta_H1 = delta_H2 - delta_H3 + +delta_HT = delta_H2 - delta_H3 // delta_H1 = delta_HT + +printf('the enthalpy change of transition from yellow P to red P is %.f cals',delta_HT) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa4ffc6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 1,Page 121 +clc(); +close(); + +//for 1st order reaction +//k = (1/t)*log(a/(a-x)) + +a= 46.1 //time value + +//time intervals + +t=[ 5 10 20 30 50] + +x=[ 37.1 29.8 19.6 12.3 5.0] + +k = (1 ./t).*log(a./(x)) + +printf('value of k are ' ) + +disp(k) + +printf('since k values are fairly constant by putting in 1nd order rate equation. \nHence decomposition of H2O2 is of 1st order.') + diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.10/Example_10.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.10/Example_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c27a4d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.10/Example_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 10,Page 125 +clc(); +close(); + +T1=50 //time in sec + +T2 = 25 //time in sec + +a1=0.5 //initial concentration + +a2= 1 + +// (T1/T2) = (a2/a1)^(n-1) +//therefore (50/25) =(1/0.5)^(n-1) +// 2=2^(n-1) +// n=2 +//hence its 2nd order + +t_half= T1 + +k=1/(a1*t_half) + +//assume y= a-x + +y=0.2*a1 //remaining concentration + +t=(a1-y)/(a1*k*(y)) + +printf('the time taken is %.f sec ',t) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.11/Example_11.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.11/Example_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06b492323 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.11/Example_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 11,Page 126 +clc(); +close(); + +a=0.1 //initial concentration of reactants + +x=0.2*a + +t=40 //time + +k=x/(a*t*(a-x)) + +t_half=1/(a*k) + +x1=0.75*a + +t1=x1/(k*a*(a-x1)) + +printf('the rate constant is k = %.4f l/mol.min',k) + +printf('\n the half life period is %.f mins',t_half) + +printf('\n the time required to complete 75 percent reaction is %.f mins',t1) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.12/Example_12.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.12/Example_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..608882bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.12/Example_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 12,Page 126 +clc(); +close(); + +a1=100 + +x1=1 + +t1=1 + +k=2.303*log10(a1/(a1-x1))/t1 + +t2=60 //time in minutes + +a2=100 + +//assume (a2-x2)= y + +y= 1/(10^(k*t2/2.303)/a2) + +printf('the undecomposed is %.2f ',y) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.15/Example_15.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.15/Example_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b9f3a800 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.15/Example_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 15,Page 128 +clc(); +close(); + +K1=2.45*10^-5 //rate constant at 273 K + +K2=162*10^-5 //rate constant at 303 K + +T1=273 //temperature in Kelvin + +T2=303 //temperature in Kelvin + +R=1.987 //gas constant + +Ea= log10(K2/K1)*2.303*R*T1*T2/(T2-T1) + +printf('the activation energy is Ea = %.f cal/mole' ,Ea) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.16/Example_16.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.16/Example_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d6670a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.16/Example_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 16,Page 128 +clc(); +close(); + +t_half = 600 // half life + +K=0.693/t_half + +Ea=98600 //activation energy + +A= 4*10^13 //Arrhenius factor + +R=8.316 //gas constant + +T=Ea/(2.303*R*log10(A/K)) + +printf('temperature is %.f K',T) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.17/Example_17.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.17/Example_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7156929ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.17/Example_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 17,Page 129 +clc(); +close(); + +K1=5*10^-3 //rate constant at 800 degrees + +Ea=4.5*10^4 //activation energy + +T1=800+273 //temperature in Kelvin + +T2=875+273 //temperature in Kelvin + +R=8.314 //gas constant + +K2=K1*10^(Ea*(T2-T1)/(2.303*R*T1*T2)) + +printf('the value of K2 = %.4f l/mol.sec',K2) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1d462398 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 2,Page 122 +clc(); +close(); + +t=[7.18 18 27.05] //time in minute + +r=[ 21.4 17.7 15] //rotation in degrees + +r_0=24.09 + +r_a=-10.74 + +k=(1 ./t).*log10((r_0-r_a)./(r-r_a)) + +printf('values of k') + +disp(k) + +printf('since k values are fairly constant by putting in 1nd order rate equation. \nHence hydrolysis of methyl acetate is of 1st order.') diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a5f99ec --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 3,Page 122 +clc(); +close(); + +t=[75 119 183] //time in minute + +V=[24.20 26.60 29.32] //volume of alkali used + +V_0=19.24 + +V_a=42.03 + +k=(2.303 ./t).*log10((V_a-V_0)./(V_a-V)) + +printf('values of k') + +disp(k) + +printf('since k values are fairly constant by putting in 1nd order rate equation. \nHence hydrolysis of methyl acetate is of 1st order.') diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f7f895e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 4,Page 123 +clc(); +close(); + +t= 30 //time in minutes + +a=100 + +x= 25 + +k=(2.303/t)*log10(a/(a-x)) + +t_half=0.693/k + +printf('the time of 50 percent completion of reaction is %.2f mins',t_half) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..371a55fec --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 5,Page 123 +clc(); +close(); + +t_half=17 //half life period + +k=0.693/t_half //rate constant + +a=100 + +x= 75 + +t=(2.303/k)*log10(a/(a-x)) + +printf('the rate constant is k = %.5f /min',k) + +printf('\n the time taken t = %.1f min', t) diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f607293bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 6,Page 123 +clc(); +close(); + +t_half=1600 //half life period + +k=0.693/t_half //rate constant + +a=100 + +x= 80 + +t=(2.303/k)*log10(a/(a-x)) + +printf('\n the time taken t = %.2f years', t) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..728c0cf49 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 7,Page 124 +clc(); +close(); + +//for 2st order reaction +//k = (1/a*t)*(x/(a-x)) + +a= 16 + +//time intervals + +t=[ 5 15 25 35] + +//assume y = a-x + +y=[ 10.24 6.13 4.32 3.41] //volume of acid + +x=a-y + +k = (1 ./(a*t)).*(x./(y)) + +printf('value of k are ' ) + +disp(k) + +printf('since k values are fairly constant by putting in 2nd order rate equation. \nHence dhydrolysis of methyl acetate is of 2st order.') + diff --git a/2465/CH5/EX5.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH5/EX5.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e528c241 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH5/EX5.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-5,Example 9,Page 125 +clc(); +close(); + + //final concentration is half of initial concentration +//therefore t =t_half +t= 60 //time in minutes + +t_half=t + +k=5.2*10^-3 //rste constant + +a=1/(k*t_half) //for 2nd order reaction + +printf('the initial concentration is %.2f mol/litre',a) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9917fc3f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 1,Page 195 +clc(); +close(); + +OH=2*0.005 //in mol/litre + +pOH=-log10(OH) + +pH=14-pOH + +printf('the pH of Ca(OH)2 is pH = %.f ',pH) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6a1b0244 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 2,Page 195 +clc(); +close(); + +H=20*0.1/1000 //as 20 ml of 0.1M HCl + +pH=-log10(H) + +pOH=14-pH + +OH=10^(-pOH) + +printf(' the [H+] = %.4f mole/l',H) + +printf('\n the [OH-] =') + +disp(OH) + +printf(' mole/l') + +printf('\n the pH = %.f ',pH) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c3156976 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 3,Page 195 +clc(); +close(); + +//solution for (a) part + +conc1=1*10^-8 //concentration of HCl solution + +//let [H+] concentration from water = x +//so, [H+] of solution = conc1*x an [OH-] = x +//......Kw = [H+]*[OH-] = 10^-14 +//......x^2 +(10^-8)*x -(10^-14)=0 +x = (-10^-8 + sqrt((10^-8)^2 + 4*1*10^-14))/(2*1) + +H=conc1 +x + +pH1=-log10(H) + +printf('for HCl the pH = %.3f',pH1) + + +//solution for (b) part +conc2= 1*10^-8 //concentration of NaOH solution + +OH=x+conc2 + +pOH2=-log10(OH) + +pH2=14 - pOH2 + +printf('\n for NaOH the pH = %.3f',pH2) + diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9d10cf1d --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 4,Page 196 +clc(); +close(); + +alpha1=0.02 + +Ka=1.8*10^-5 + +//at equilibrium.. +//[CH3COOH] = C1* (1-alpha1) +//[H+] = C1* alpha1 +//[CH3COO-] = C1* alpha1 +// Ka =[H+] * [CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH] +// Ka = C1* alpha1*C1* alpha1/(C1 (1-alpha1)) + +C1=Ka*(1-alpha1)/alpha1^2 + +printf('the molar concentration of CH3COOH is C = %.4f molar',C1) + +C2=0.01 + +alpha2= sqrt(Ka/C2) + +printf('\n alpha = %.4f ',alpha2) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90551f959 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 5,Page 196 +clc(); +close(); + +pKa=4.74 + +salt=0.1 + +acid=0.1 + +//according to Henderson equation pH of buffer solution + +pH = pKa + log10(salt/acid) + +printf('the pH of buffer solution is pH = %.2f ',pH) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..984f0c31f --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 6,Page 196 +clc(); +close(); + +pH= 7.4 //of blood + +H= 10^(-pH) + +//assume ratio of HCO3- and H2CO3 is r + +Ka= 4.5*10^-7 + +// Ka = [H+]*[HCO3-]/[H2CO3] + +r=Ka/H + +printf('the ratio of HCO3- and H2CO3 is %.f',r) diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d5b25cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 7,Page 196 +clc(); +close(); + +Ksp=3.45*10^-11 //solubility product of CaF2 + +//Ksp = [Ca+2]*[F-]^2 +//Ksp = [S]*[2*S]^2 + +S = nthroot(Ksp,3)/4 + +printf('the solubility of CaF2 is S = %.7f mole/litre',S) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e43b504c --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH8/EX8.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-8,Example 8,Page 197 +clc(); +close(); + +Ksp=8*10^-12 //solubility product of SrF2 + +//Ksp= [Sr+2]*[F-]^2.....F=0.1 M + +F=0.1 //concentration of F in SrF2 + +S=Ksp/F^2 + +printf('the solubility of SrF2 is') + +disp(S) + +printf('mol/litre') + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.1/Example_1.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.1/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c983f2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.1/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 1,Page 219 +clc(); +close(); + +a= 1.25 //cross section area in cmsquare + +l= 10.5 //distance of seperation + +r=1996 //resistance + +O_cond= 1/r //observed conductivity + +C_constant = l/a //cell constant + +S_cond=C_constant*O_cond //specific conductivity + +printf('the cell constant is %.2f /cm',C_constant) + +printf('\n the specific conductivity is %.5f /ohm.cm ',S_cond) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.10/Example_10.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.10/Example_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcd2b7092 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.10/Example_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 10,Page 221 +clc(); +close(); + +lamda_Ag = 58.3 + +lamda_Cl=65.3 + +lamda_v=lamda_Ag+lamda_Cl //Kohlrausch's law + +Kv=1.24*10^-6 //specific conductivity + +V=lamda_v/(Kv*1000) + +wt=143.5 //molecular weight of AgCl + +S=wt/V + +printf('the solubility off AGCl is %.5f g/l',S) + + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.11/Example_11.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.11/Example_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c674c678 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.11/Example_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 11,Page 222 +clc(); +close(); + +u= 0.196 //speed of Ag+ + +v=1 //speed of NO3- + +t_Ag=u/(u+v) //transport number of Ag+ ions + +t_NO3= 1-t_Ag //transportnumber of NO3- ions + +printf('the transport number of Ag+ ions is %.3f',t_Ag) + +printf('\n the transport number of NO3+ ions is %.3f',t_NO3) + +//mistake in textbook diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.12/Example_12.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.12/Example_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af82950a --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.12/Example_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 12,Page 222 +clc(); +close(); + +wt_Ag = 0.1351 //weight of Ag deposited in a silver coulometer + +Ewt_Ag = 107.88 //atomic weight of Ag + +Ewt_Cu = 63.6 //atomic weight of Cu + +wt_Cu= wt_Ag*(Ewt_Cu/2)/Ewt_Ag //wt of Cu deposited + +loss=0.6350-0.6236 //loss in weight of Cu at anode + +t_Cu = loss/wt_Cu + +t_SO4= 1-t_Cu + +printf('the transport number of Cu+2 ion is %.3f ',t_Cu) + +printf('\n the transport number of SO4 ion is %.3f ',t_SO4) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.2/Example_2.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.2/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2d50cde9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.2/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 2,Page 219 +clc(); +close(); + +R= 500 //resistance of the cell + +K= 0.0002765 //specific conductivity + +//cell constant= l/a and R= p(l/a) +//sice l= length a= area p= resistivity +//(1/p) = K = specific conductivity +//(l/a) = R*K + +C_constant= R*K //cell constant + +printf('the cell constant is %.3f /cm',C_constant) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.3/Example_3.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.3/Example_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e51aedc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.3/Example_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 3,Page 220 +clc(); +close(); + +R= 4364 //resistance of the cell + +K= 2.767*10^-3 //specific conductivity + +C_constant= R*K //cell constant + + +//cell constant= l/a = R/p +R1 = 3050 //new resistance + +p= R1/C_constant + +printf('the specific resistance is %.3f ohm.cm ',p) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.4/Example_4.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.4/Example_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbd6e46ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.4/Example_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 4,Page 220 +clc(); +close(); + +R= 550 //resistance of the cell + +K=0.002768 //specific conductivity + +C_constant= R*K + +p= 72.18 //observed resistance + +Kv = C_constant*(1/p) + +C= 0.2 //concentration + +lamda_v= Kv*1000/C //equivalent conductivity + +M= 0.1 + +lamda_m= 1000*Kv/M //molar conductivity + +printf('the equivalent conductivity of ZnSO4 is %.2f /ohm.cm^2',lamda_v) + +printf('\n the molar conductivity of ZnSO4 is %.2f /ohm.cm^2',lamda_m) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.5/Example_5.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.5/Example_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb9776f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.5/Example_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 5,Page 220 +clc(); +close(); + +R= 32 //resistance of solution + +l= 1.8 //distance between electrodes + +a= 5.4 //area + +Kv=l/(R*a) //specific conductivity + +C= 0.1 //concentration + +lamda_v= Kv*1000/C //equivalent conductivity + +printf('the equivalent conductivity is %.3f /ohm.cm^2',lamda_v) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.6/Example_6.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.6/Example_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cec6eaf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.6/Example_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 6,Page 221 +clc(); +close(); + +lamda_v= 48.15 //equivalent conductivity + +lamda_v1= 390.6 //equivalent conductivity at infinity + +alpha= lamda_v/lamda_v1 + +printf('the degree of dissolution of acetic acid is %.4f ',alpha) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.7/Example_7.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.7/Example_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88a5053e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.7/Example_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 7,Page 221 +clc(); +close(); + +lamda_HCl=426.1 //equivalent conductance of HCl + +lamda_AcONa=91 //equivalent conductance of AcONa + +lamda_NaCl=126.5 //equivalent conductance of NaCl + +// lamda_HCl + lamda_AcONa - lamda_NaCl= (lamda_H+lamda_Cl)+(lamda_Na+lamda_OAc)-(lamda_Na+lamda_Cl) +// = lamda_H +lamda_OAc = lamda_AcOH + +lamda_AcOH = lamda_HCl + lamda_AcONa - lamda_NaCl + +printf('the equivalent conductance of AcOH = %.2f/ohm.cm^2',lamda_AcOH) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.8/Example_8.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.8/Example_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..522db0bde --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.8/Example_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 8,Page 221 +clc(); +close(); + +lamda_H=0.0348 //equivalent conductance of H+ ion + +lamda_CH3COO=0.004 //equivalent conductance of CH3COO- ion + +lamda= lamda_H+lamda_CH3COO //equivalent conductance at infinity + +lamda_v= 0.018 //equvalent conductance + +alpha= lamda_v/lamda //degree of dissolution + +printf('the degree of dissolution is %.4f ',alpha) diff --git a/2465/CH9/EX9.9/Example_9.sce b/2465/CH9/EX9.9/Example_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0181a822 --- /dev/null +++ b/2465/CH9/EX9.9/Example_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter-9,Example 9,Page 221 +clc(); +close(); + +strength =0.05 //strength of CH3COOH + +Ka=1.8*10^-5 + +// CH3COOH <---> CH3COO- + H+ +//intially = 0.05 0 0 +//dissolution a +//at equilibrium= 0.05(1-a) 0.05*a 0.05*a +//Ka =(0.05*a*0.05*a)/(0.05(1-a)) +//Ka=0.05*a^2 a=negligible 1-a=1 + +a=sqrt(Ka/strength) + +printf('the degree of dissolution is %.4f ',a) diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.1/Ex2_7_1.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.1/Ex2_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..107725364 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.1/Ex2_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex2.7.1 +//reverse saturation current =? +clc; +clear; +If=10*10^-3; +Vf=0.75; +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=2;//n is emission coefficient for si =2 +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +Io=If/(%e^(Vf/(n*Vt))-1); +disp( 'nA',Io*10^9,'reverse saturation current is :') diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.2/Ex2_7_2.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.2/Ex2_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d51595e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.2/Ex2_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex2.7.2 +//reverse saturation current =? +clc; +clear; +If=10*10^-3; +Vf=0.3; +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1//n is emission coefficient for Ge =1 +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +Io=If/(%e^(Vf/(n*Vt))-1)//diode current equation +disp( 'nA',Io*10^9,'reverse saturation current is :') + diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9bb8f7f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.3/Ex2_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex2.7.3 +//forward diode current =? +clc +clear +Io=1*10^-9; +Vf=0.3; +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1;//n is emission coefficient for Ge =1 +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +If=Io*(exp(Vf/(n*Vt))-1) +disp( 'mA',If*10^3,'forward diode current is :') diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270ff53f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.4/Ex2_7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex2.7.4 +//reverse saturation current =? +clc; +clear; +//given +If=1*10^-3; +Vf=0.15;//forward breakdown voltage of diode +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1//n is emission coefficient for Ge =1 +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +//expression for reverse saturation current +Io=If/(%e^(Vf/(n*Vt))-1)//diode current equation +disp( 'uA',Io*10^6,'reverse saturation current is :') + + diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19460c9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.5/Ex2_7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex2.7.5 +//calculation of voltage across diode connected in parallel. +clc; +clear; +//given +Io1=1*10^-12;//reverse saturation current for diode1 +Io2=1*10^-10;//reverse saturation current for diode2 +I=2*10^-3;//total current +//room temperature +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1//n is emission coefficient +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T + +//diode current equation If=Ioexp(V/n*Vt-1) +//arranging diode eq for I=I1+I2 and getting exp for V +V=n*Vt*log(I/(Io1+Io2)); +disp( 'volt',V,'voltage across diode connected in parallel is :') + diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.7.6/Ex2_7_6.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.6/Ex2_7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fac4f56a --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.7.6/Ex2_7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex2.7.6 +//calculation of source current connected in parallel. +clc; +clear; +//given +Io=10*10^-9;//reverse saturation current for diode1 and diode2 +V=0.2;// assuming +T=25;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1.1;//n is emission coefficient +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +//diode current equation I=Ioexp(V/n*Vt-1) +I1=Io*(exp(V/(n*Vt))-1); +disp('uA',I1*10^6,'current across diode1 is ;') +I2=Io*(exp(V/(n*Vt))-1); +disp('uA',I2*10^6,'current across diode2 is ;') +I=I1+I2;//total current +disp( 'uA',I*10^6,'total current on diode1 and diode2 or source current is :') + diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.8.1/Ex2_8_1.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.8.1/Ex2_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5692397ff --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.8.1/Ex2_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex2.8.1 +//calculation of the reverse and forward dynamic resistance. +clc; +clear; +//given +Io=1*10^-6;//reverse saturation current for diode +Vr=-0.52;//reversed voltage +Vf=0.52;//forward voltage +//room temperature +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=1//n is emission coefficient +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +Rf=n*Vt/(Io*exp(Vf/(n*Vt)));//dynamic resistance in forward biased condition +disp('ohm',Rf,'dynamic resistance in forward biased condition is :') +Rr=n*Vt/(Io*exp(Vr/(n*Vt)));//dynamic resistance in reverse biased condition +disp('ohm',Rr,'dynamic resistance in reverse biased condition is :') + + + diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1ddd960f --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.8.2/Ex2_8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex2.8.2 +//dynamic forward resistance r=? + +clc; +clear; +Io=0;// negligible +I=1*10^-3;//dc current +//at room temperature +T=27;//temp in celsius +T=T+273;//temp in kelvin +n=2;//n is emission coefficient for Si +k=8.62*10^-5;// boltzmann's constant +Vt=T*k;//voltage equivalent at given T +R=n*Vt/(I+Io);// exp for dynamic resistance of diode +disp( 'ohm',R,'forward dynamic resistance is :') diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f13c389f --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.9.1/Ex2_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex2.9.1 +//calculation of the width of depletion layer +clc; +clear; +Na=4*10^20;//accepter impurity atom concentration per m3 +Vj=0.2;//contact potential +V=-1;//applied reverse voltage +V1=-5; +epslnR=16;//for Ge +epslnO=8.854*10^-12;//permittivity of free space +epsln=epslnR*epslnO;//permittivity of semiconductor +q=1.6*10^-19;//charge +W=sqrt((2*epsln*(Vj-V))/(q*Na))//expression for width of depletion layer +disp('um',W*10^6,'width of depletion layer is when V=-1') +W=sqrt((2*epsln*(Vj-V1))/(q*Na)) +disp('um',W*10^6,'width of depletion layer is when V=-5') diff --git a/2549/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce b/2549/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c26a5975 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH2/EX2.9.2/Ex2_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Ex2.9.2 +//calculation of transition capacitance +clc; +clear; +//given +W=2.38*10^-6; //width of depletion layer for V=-1 +W1=4.8*10^-6;//width of depletion layer for V=-5 +A=0.8*10^-6;//area of junction +epslnR=16;//for Ge +epslnO=8.854*10^-12;//permittivity of free space +epsln=epslnR*epslnO;//permittivity of semiconductor +Ct=(epsln*A)/W; +disp('pf',Ct*10^12,'transition capacitance Ct for V=-1 is:') +Ct1=(epsln*A)/W1; +disp('pf',Ct1*10^12,'transition capacitance Ct1 for V=-5 is:') +disp('The answer shows that Transition Capacitance Ct decrease with increase in Reverse Voltage') diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ex3_4_2.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ex3_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f2a378a --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.4.2/Ex3_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Ex3.4.2 +//calculation of parameter for half wave rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +Rs=5;//resistance of transformer secondary winding +Rf=50;//forward resistance of diode +Rl=1000;//load resistance +N=1/4;//ratio of no. of turns secondary to primary winding (Ns/Np) +V=240;//input ac voltage +Vs_rms=N*V;//rms secondary voltage +Vm=sqrt(2)*Vs_rms;//peak secondary voltage +Im=Vm/(Rs+Rf+Rl);//peak load current +Il_dc=Im/%pi;//avg load current +Vl_dc=Il_dc*Rl;//avg load voltage +disp('Part(1)'); +disp('Ampere',Il_dc,'Average load Current is :'); +disp('Volt',Vl_dc,'Average load Voltage is :'); +Il_rms=Im/2;//rms load current +Vl_rms=Il_rms*Rl;//rms load voltage +disp('Part(2)'); +disp('Ampere',Il_rms,'rms load Current is :'); +disp('Volt',Vl_rms,'rms load Voltage is :'); +Pl_dc=(Il_dc^2)*Rl;//dc load power +Is_rms=Il_rms;//Is_rms is secondary rms current +Pac=(Is_rms^2)*(Rs+Rf+Rl);//ac input power +disp('Part(3)'); +disp('Watt',Pl_dc,'DC load Power is :'); +disp('Watt',Pac,'AC input Power is :'); +n=(Pl_dc/Pac)*100;//rectification efficiency +disp('Part(4)'); +disp('%',n,'Rectification Efficiency is :') +TUF=(Pl_dc/(Vs_rms*Is_rms))*100; +disp('Part(5)') +disp('%',TUF,'Tranformer Utilization Factor is:') diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ex3_5_2.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ex3_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d06a4790 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.2/Ex3_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex3.5.2 +//calculation of parameter for full wave rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +Rs=10;//resistance of transformer secondary winding +Rf=5;//forward resistance of diode +Rl=100;//load resistance +N=1/2;//ratio of no. of turns secondary to primary winding (Ns/Np) +V=240;//input ac voltage +Vs_rms=N*V;//rms secondary voltage +Vm=sqrt(2)*Vs_rms;//peak secondary voltage +Il_dc=2*Vm/(%pi*(Rs+Rf+Rl));//avg load current +Vnl=2*Vm/%pi;//avg load voltage at no load +disp('****Part(1)'); +disp('mA',Il_dc*10^3,'Average load Current is :'); +disp('****Part(2)'); +disp('Volt',Vnl,'Average load Voltage at No Load is :'); +Vfl=Il_dc*Rl;//Average Load Voltage at Full load +disp('****Part(3)'); +disp('Volt',Vfl,'Average load Voltage at Full Load is :'); +%LR=((Vnl-Vfl)/Vfl)*100;//load regulation +disp('****Part(4)'); +disp('%',%LR,'% Load Regulation is :'); +n=(8/%pi^2)*(Rl/(Rs+Rf+Rl))*100;//rectification efficiency +disp('****Part(5)'); +disp('%',n,'Rectification Efficiency is :') diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ex3_5_3.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ex3_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0880dcc01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.3/Ex3_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex3.5.3 +//calculation of parameter for full wave rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +Rs=1;//resistance of transformer secondary winding +Rf=0.5;//forward resistance of diode +Rl=20;//load resistance +Il_dc=100*10^-3;//dc current +Im=(%pi*Il_dc)/2;//peak current +Vm=Im*(Rs+Rf+Rl);//peak voltage +Vs_rms=Vm/sqrt(2);//rms secondary voltage +disp('***Part(1)'); +disp('Volt',Vs_rms,'rms secondary Voltage is :'); +Pl_dc=(Il_dc^2)*Rl;//dc load power +disp('***Part(2)'); +disp('Watt',Pl_dc,'dc power supplied to Load is :'); +PIV=2*Vm; +disp('***Part(3)'); +disp('Volt',PIV,'Peak Inverse Voltage of each diode is :'); +Pac=Vm^2/(2*(Rs+Rf+Rl)); +disp('***Part(4)'); +disp('Watt',Pac,'AC Input Power is :'); +n=(Pl_dc/Pac)*100; +disp('***Part(5)'); +disp('%',n,'Conversion efficiency is :'); + + diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ex3_5_4.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ex3_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c3922c78 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.4/Ex3_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex3.5.4 +//calculation of parameter for full wave rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +Pl_dc=100;// dc load power in watt +Vl_dc=10;//dc Voltage +Vs=230;//supply voltage +Il_dc=Pl_dc/Vl_dc; +disp('***Part(1)'); +disp('Ampere',Il_dc,'dc load current is :'); +Vm=(%pi*Vl_dc)/2;//peak Voltage +Vs_rms=Vm/sqrt(2);//rms secondary voltage +disp('***Part(2)'); +disp('Volt',Vs_rms,'rms secondary Voltage is :'); +Im=(Il_dc*%pi)/2;//peak current +Is_rms=Im/sqrt(2); +disp('***Part(3)'); +disp('Watt',Is_rms,'rms secondary current is :'); +TUF=Pl_dc/(Is_rms*Vs_rms)*100; +disp('***Part(4)'); +disp('%',TUF,'Transformer Utilization Factor is :'); +n=Vs/Vs_rms;//n=N1/N2 turns ratio primary to secondary +disp('***Part(5)'); +disp('Watt',n,'Turns ratio is :'); + + + diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ex3_5_5.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ex3_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bb865f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.5.5/Ex3_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex3.5.5 +//calculation of necessary ac input power for HWR and FWR +clc; +clear; +//given +Pl_dc=500;//dc load power +n_HWR=0.4;//efficiency for half wave rectifier +n_FWR=0.812// efficiency for full wave rectifier +Pac_HWR=Pl_dc/n_HWR; +disp('**** half wave rectifier ****') +disp('Watt',Pac_HWR,'necessary ac input power is :') +Pac_FWR=Pl_dc/n_FWR; +disp('**** full wave rectifier ****') +disp('Watt',Pac_FWR,'necessary ac input power is :') diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6_1.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01e7ec979 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Ex3.6.1 +//calculation of average load voltge bridge rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +N=1/2;//ratio of no. of turns secondary to primary winding (Ns/Np) +V=230;//input ac voltage +Vs_rms=N*V;//rms secondary voltage +Vm=sqrt(2)*Vs_rms;//peak secondary voltage +Vl_dc=(1/%pi)*integrate('(Vm-1.4)*sin(Wt)','Wt',0,%pi);//(Vm-1.4) (voltage drop across two diode by 1.4V) +disp('Volt',Vl_dc,'Average load voltage is :') diff --git a/2549/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ex3_6_3.sce b/2549/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ex3_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ce3f7524 --- /dev/null +++ b/2549/CH3/EX3.6.3/Ex3_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex3.6.3 +//calculation of parameter for bridge rectifier ckt +clc; +clear; +//given +N=1/4;//ratio of no. of turns secondary to primary winding (Ns/Np) +V=220;//input ac voltage +f=50;// frequency +Rl=10^3;//load resistance +Vs_rms=N*V;//rms secondary voltage +Vm=sqrt(2)*Vs_rms;//peak secondary voltage +Vl_dc=2*Vm/%pi;//avg output voltage +disp('***Part(1)***'); +disp('Volt',Vl_dc,'Average output Voltage is :'); +Pl_dc=Vl_dc^2/Rl;//dc load power +disp('***Part(2)***'); +disp('Watt',Pl_dc,'DC load Power is :'); +PIV=Vm; +disp('***Part(3)***'); +disp('Volts',PIV,'Peak Inverse Voltage is :'); +f0=2*50; +disp('***Part(4)***'); +disp('Hz',f0,'Output frequency is :') diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.1/example_10_1.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.1/example_10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f69e6e58 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.1/example_10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +s=%s +Mr=2 //given +omegaR=3 //given +zeta=roots(16*s^4 - 16*s^2 + 1) //Mr=1/(2*zeta*sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +zeta(3,1)=0.933 +zeta(2,1)=0.0669 +disp(zeta) + +omegaN=omegaR/(sqrt(1-2*(0.2588)^2)) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +TF= (omegaN^2)/poly([omegaN^2 2*0.2588*omegaN 1],'s',"coeff") +disp(TF," transfer function = ") + +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-(0.2588)) +Tr=(%pi-(atan(sqrt(1-(0.2588)^2)/0.2588)))/(omegaD) +disp(Tr,"Tr = ") + +Tp=%pi/omegaD; +disp(Tp,"Tp= ") + +Ts=4/(0.2588*omegaN) +disp(Ts,"Ts = ") + +Tosc=2*%pi/omegaD +disp(Tosc,"Tosc = ") + +N=Ts/Tosc; +disp(N,"number of oscillations = ") + +Mp=%e^(-0.2588*%pi/(sqrt(1-(0.2588)^2))) +disp(Mp,"Mp = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.2/example_10_2.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.2/example_10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee36e843b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.2/example_10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Mp=0.12 //given from table +zeta=0.5594 +Tp=0.2 + +omegaN=%pi/(Tp*sqrt(1-zeta^2)); +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +Mr=1/(2*zeta*sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +disp(Mr,"Mr = ") + + +omegaR=omegaN*(sqrt(1-2*(zeta)^2)) +disp(omegaR," omegaR= ") + diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.3/example_10_3.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.3/example_10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a181fec --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.3/example_10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +s=%s; +G=10/(s*(s+10)) +T=G/(1+G) +disp(T,"T = ") + +//compare A*sin(w*t) and 10*sin(8*t) +A=10; +w=8; +disp("c(t) = A*10/(sqrt((10-w^2)^2 + 100*w))*(sin(8*t-atan(10*w/(10-w^2))))") diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.4/example_10_4.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.4/example_10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1864171a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.4/example_10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Mp=16.2 +Tp=%pi/(5*sqrt(3)) +zeta=0.5 + +omegaD=%pi/Tp +omegaN=omegaD/(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +disp(omegaD,"omegaD = ") +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +disp(omegaN*(sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)), " omegaR = ") +disp(1/(2*zeta*sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mr = ") + diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.5/example_10_5.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.5/example_10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2f1bae77 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.5/example_10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +omegaR=7 + +zeta=abs(roots(poly([0.043766 0 -1 0 1],'s',"coeff"))) +disp(zeta) +disp("but for zeta>0.7 , Mr does not exist, so neglect higher value") +zeta=0.2141 +disp(zeta) + +omegaN=omegaR/(sqrt(1-2*(zeta)^2)) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +disp(omegaN*sqrt(1-2*zeta^2 + sqrt(2-4*zeta^2+4*zeta^4))," B.W. = ") + diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.6/example_10_6.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.6/example_10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e164637f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.6/example_10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Mr=1.1 +omegaR=11.2 + +zeta=abs(roots(poly([0.2066 0 -1 0 1],'s',"coeff"))) +disp(zeta) +disp("but for zeta>0.7 , Mr does not exist, so neglect higher value") +zeta=0.54 +disp(zeta) + +omegaN=omegaR/(sqrt(1-2*(zeta)^2)) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +TF=omegaN^2/(poly([0 2*zeta*omegaN 1],'s',"coeff")) +disp(TF," TF = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.7/example_10_7.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.7/example_10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f03883dc --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.7/example_10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +s=%s + +//G=k/(s*(s*tau+1)) and T=G/(1+G) +omegaN=12 + +zeta=roots(poly([0.22225 0 -1 0 1],'s',"coeff")) +disp("but for zeta>0.7 , Mr does not exist, so neglect higher value") +zeta=0.578 +disp(zeta) + +tau=1/(2*sqrt(144)*zeta) +disp(tau,"tau = ") +k=144*tau;disp(k,"k = ") + +disp(omegaN*sqrt(1-2*zeta^2 + sqrt(2-4*zeta^2+4*zeta^4))," B.W. = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.8/example_10_8.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.8/example_10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5c422e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.8/example_10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s; +G=100/(s*(s+8)) +T=G/(1+G) +disp(T,"T = ") + +//compare denominator with s^2+2*zeta*omegaN + omegaN^2 +omegaN=10 +zeta=0.4; +disp(1/(2*zeta*sqrt((1-zeta^2)))," Mr = ") +disp(omegaN*sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)," omegaN = ") + diff --git a/257/CH10/EX10.9/example_10_9.sce b/257/CH10/EX10.9/example_10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f99a25731 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH10/EX10.9/example_10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s +//G=k/(s*(s+a)) and T=G/(1+G) +Mr=1.04 +omegaR=11.55 + +disp("for zeta>0.7 , Mr does not exist, so neglect higher value") +zeta=0.6021 +disp(zeta) + +omegaN=omegaR/(sqrt(1-2*(zeta)^2)) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + + +k=omegaN^2 +disp(k,"k=") +disp(2*zeta*omegaN," a = ") +disp(omegaN*sqrt(1-2*zeta^2 + sqrt(2-4*zeta^2+4*zeta^4))," B.W. = ") +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN)," Ts = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.1/example_11_1.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.1/example_11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5496e387 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.1/example_11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[20/((1+0.1*s)*s)]) +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.10/example_11_10.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.10/example_11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb07bfd75 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.10/example_11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//there is a pole at the origin and contribution of gain k + +k=10^(14/20) //20*log(k)=14 + +disp("equation of starting line is y=-20*log(w)+14") +wc1=10^(0) +disp(wc1,"hence at wc1, 14=-20*log(wc1)+14. that is wc1 = ") +y1=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +disp("equation of next line is y=-40*log(w)+14") +wc2=10^(40/40) //-40*log(wc2)=-40 +disp(wc2,"wc2=") +y2=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +wc3=50 //given +y3=poly([1 1/wc3],'s','coeff') + +TF= k*(y2)/((y1)*(y3)) +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.11/example_11_11.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.11/example_11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb661deb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.11/example_11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((1+s)*s*(0.1*s+1))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +// for GM=30 dB, the point on the plot without k is 10dB away from 0dB line. +k1=10^(-10/20) // 20*log(k1)=-10 +disp(k1,"k for GM=30 is ") +F1=syslin('c',[(k1)/((1+s)*s*(0.1*s+1))]) + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F1) +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"corresponding omegaGC") +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") + +// for PM=30degrees, the point on the magnitude plot without k is 6dB away from 0dB line. +k2=10^(6/20) // 20*log(k1)= 6 dB +disp(k2,"for PM=30degrees k is ") +F2=syslin('c',[(k2)/((1+s)*s*(0.1*s+1))]) + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F2) +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"corresponding omegaGC") +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.12/ex_11_12.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.12/ex_11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078c2ebdd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.12/ex_11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[(1+0.5*s)/((1+2*s)*s*(1+0.05*s+0.125*s^2))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*(%pi),"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*(%pi),"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.13/example_11_13.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.13/example_11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..737a1e969 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.13/example_11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[(1+0.2*s)*(1+0.025*s)/((1+0.001*s)*s^(3)*(0.005*s+1))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +//for omegaPC=16.54 ; the plot needs to be shifted by 64dB +k1=10^(64/20) + +//for omegaPC =400 ; the plot needs to be shifted by 100dB +k2=10^(100/20) + +disp(k1,k2,"the 2 values k lies between are") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.14/ex_11_14.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.14/ex_11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c08dec20 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.14/ex_11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((1+s)*s*(s+0.5))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +//disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +//disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + + +if(GainMargin>0 & PhaseMargin>0 ) + disp("stable system") +else + disp("unstable system") +end diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.15/example_11_15.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.15/example_11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d9352b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.15/example_11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +disp("equation of first straight line is y=-40*log(w)+c1") +c1=poly([40*log10(40) 0],'s','coeff') //at w=40 , 0=-40*log(40)+c1 +disp(c1,"where c1 is ") +A1=-40*log10(10)+c1 +disp(A1,"A1=") + + +disp("equation of second straight line is y=-20*log(w)+c2") +c2=poly([20*log10(40) 0],'s','coeff') //at w=40 , 0=-20*log(40)+c2 +disp(c2,"where c2 is ") +wc1=10^( (-20-20*log10(40))/(-20)) // -20=-20*log(wc1)+c2 +disp(wc1,"hence wc1 = ") +y2=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') +A2=-20*log10(1000)+c2 +disp(A2,"A2 = ") + +disp("equation of third line is y=-40*log(w)+c3") +c3= A2+ 40*log10(1000) +disp(c3,"where c3 = ") +wc2= 10^((-40-92.0411)/(-40)) +disp(wc2," wc2 = ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.16/example_11_16.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.16/example_11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41a70a55a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.16/example_11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//solving the block diagram.. we have GH=k*(s+2)/s^2 +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[k*(s+2)/(s^2)]) + +x=2*tan(50*%pi/180) //50 = 180 + atan((x/2)) - 180 +disp(x,"omegaGC = ") + +k=(x^2)/sqrt(4+x^2) // |k|*sqrt(4+x^2)/(x^2) = 1 +disp(k,"for PM=50 K is ") + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.17/example_11_17.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.17/example_11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9f6a3bb --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.17/example_11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[10*(s*0.5+1)/((1+0.25*s)*s*(0.2*s+1))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +if(GainMargin>0 & PhaseMargin>0 ) + disp("stable system") +else + disp("unstable system") +end diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.18/example_11_18.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.18/example_11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e53d295b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.18/example_11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[4/((1+s)^3)]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +if(GainMargin>0 & PhaseMargin>0 ) + disp("stable system") +else + disp("unstable system") +end diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.19/example_11_19.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.19/example_11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f72c3976 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.19/example_11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//there exists one zero at the origin +s=%s +c=-20*log10(2) //at w=2, y=20*log(w)+c becomes this +k=10.^(c/20) + +wc1=10.^((20-c)/20) //20=20*log10(wc1)-c +y1=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +wc2=50 +y2=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +wc3=300 +y3=poly([1 1/wc3],'s','coeff') + +c2=20+20*log10(50) //equation b/w 50 and 300 is y=-20*log(w)+c2. this is at w=50. +y=-20*log10(wc3)+c2 + +c1=y-20*log10(wc3) // for slope with 20dB + +wc4=10.^((30-c1)/(20)) // 30=20*log(wc4)+c1 +y4=poly([1 1/wc4],'s','coeff') + +y5=poly([0 1],'s','coeff') //zero at origin + +TF= (k*(y5)*(y3^2))/((y1)*(y2)*(y4)) +disp(TF, "transfer fuction = ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.2/example_11_2.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.2/example_11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9311e38cf --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.2/example_11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[80/((2+s)*s*(s+20))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +if(GainMargin>0 & PhaseMargin>0 ) + disp("stable system") +else + disp("unstable system") +end diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.20/example_11_20.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.20/example_11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23ff5493b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.20/example_11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[200/((100+12*s+s^2)*s)]) + + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") + + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.21/example_11_21.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.21/example_11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..897b351bd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.21/example_11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[k/((1+0.2*s)*s*(0.05*s+1))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +k= 10^(26/20) +disp(k,"k marginal = ") + +// for GM=10 dB, the point on the plot without k is 16dB away from 0dB line. +k1=10^(16/20) // 20*log(k1)=-10 +disp(k1,"k for GM=10 is ") + + +// for PM=40degrees, the point on the magnitude plot without k is 12dB away from 0dB line. +k2=10^(12/20) // 20*log(k1)= 6 dB +disp(k2,"for PM=40degrees k is ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.22/example_11_22.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.22/example_11_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7fbb67d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.22/example_11_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +y=poly([0 1],'s','coeff') //pole at origin + +c=20+20*log10(5) //at w=5, y=20 +k=10.^(c/20) //at w=1, y=c + +wc1=5 //given +y1=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +c1=20+40*log10(5) // second line is y=-40*log(w)+c1 . this is at w=5. + +wc2= 10.^((-40-c1)/(-40)) +y2=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +TF= k*y2/(y*y1) +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.23/example_11_23.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.23/example_11_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f8344570 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.23/example_11_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((1+s*0.02)*s*(0.05*s+1))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +// for GM=10 dB, the point on the plot without k is 26dB away from 0dB line. +k1=10^(26/20) // 20*log(k1)=26 +disp(k1,"k for GM=30 is ") +F1=syslin('c',[(k1)/((1+s*0.02)*s*(0.05*s+1))]) + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F1) +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.24/example_11_24.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.24/example_11_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9be2dedf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.24/example_11_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// 6dB/octave = 20dB/decade + +wc1=2 +y1=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +//to find k +c1=60+40*log10(4) //y=-40*log(w)+c1 +Y2=-40*log10(2)+c1 //at w=2 + +c2=Y2+20*log10(2) // y= -20*log(2)+c2 +Y1=-20*log10(1)+c2 //at w=1 +disp(Y1) +k=10.^(Y1/20) + +wc2=10.^((36-c1)/(-40)) //from graph +y2=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +c3=36+60*log10(wc2) //equation of line with sloe -60dB +wc3=10.^((-18-c3)/(-60)) +y3=poly([1 1/wc3],'s','coeff') + +c4= -18+20*log10(wc3) +wc4=10.^(-54-c4)/(-20) +y4=poly([1 1/wc4],'s','coeff') +y5=poly([0 1],'s','coeff') // pole at origin + +TF=(k*y3^2)/((y1)*(y2)*(y5)*(y4)) +disp(TF, "TF = ") + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.25/example_11_25.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.25/example_11_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..532d5db46 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.25/example_11_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((1+0.001*s)*(s*0.1+1)*(0.25*s+1))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +// for PM=40degrees, the point on the magnitude plot without k is 8dB away from 0dB line. +k2=10^(8/20) // 20*log(k1)= 8 dB +disp(k2,"for PM=40degrees k is ") +F2=syslin('c',[(k2)/((1+0.001*s)*(s*0.1+1)*(0.25*s+1))]) + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F2) +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.26/example_11_26.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.26/example_11_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..155a7d534 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.26/example_11_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[80000/((2+s)*s*(s+50)*(s+200))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") + + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") + + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.27/example_11_27.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.27/example_11_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92fedf2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.27/example_11_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((121+13*s+s^2)*s)]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +// for GM=12 dB, the point on the plot without k is 119.5dB away from 0dB line. +k1=10^(52/20) // 20*log(k1)=52 +disp(k1,"k=") +F1=syslin('c',[(k1)/((121+13*s+s^2)*s)]) + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F1) +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.3/example_11_3.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.3/example_11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab5e52ebf --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.3/example_11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//there is no pole or zero at the origin as the slope is initially 0 + +wc1=1 +y1=poly([1 1 ],'s','coeff'); + +// mag at wc2 is -20 and wc1 is 0. hence wc1 and wc2 are a decade apart. + +wc2=10 +y2=poly([1 1/wc2 ],'s','coeff'); +disp(y2) + +// mag at wc2 is -20 and at w=1000 is 0. hence wc2 and wc3 are decade apart. + +wc3=100 +y3=poly([1 1/wc3 ],'s','coeff'); + +wc4=1000 //given +y4=poly([1 1/wc4 ],'s','coeff'); + +TF= (y2*y3)/(y1*y4) +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.4/example_11_4.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.4/example_11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11a67a367 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.4/example_11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[242*(s+5)/((1+s)*s*(s^2+5*s+121))]) +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.5/example_11_5.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.5/example_11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..979edfc80 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.5/example_11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((2+s)*s*(s+10))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +//we have to make omegaPC=omegaGC. the required upward shift is 22dB +k1=10^(22/20) // 20*log(k1)=22 +disp(20*k1,"k marginal = ") diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.6/example_11_6.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.6/example_11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1c54a362 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.6/example_11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//there is no pole or zero at the origin as the slope is initially 0 + +w=1 //given +y1=poly([1 1/w ],'s','coeff'); + +disp("at wc1 equation is 15=20*log(wc1)") //at wc1, magnitude is 15 +wc1=10^(15/20) +disp(wc1,"hence wc1=") +y2=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +disp("equation of 2nd line is y= (-20*log(w))+c") + +k1=poly([-20*3 0],'c','coeff'); //at w=1000 +c=-k1 +disp(c, "where c is") +wc2=10^(45/20) +disp(wc2,"hence wc2 is") +y3=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +wc3=1000 //given +y4= poly([1 1/wc3],'s','coeff') + +TF=y1*y4/(y2*y3) +disp(TF,"transfer function is") + + + + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.7/example_11_7.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.7/example_11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..858626f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.7/example_11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[1/((1+0.5*s)*s*(s*0.2+1))]) + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram +disp("without including k") +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND K FOR GM=6dB + +k= 10^(6/20) //20*logk=6 +disp(k,"k for GM=6 is") + +// TO FIND K FOR PM=25 degrees + +k= 10^(6/20) //20*logk=6 +disp(k,"k for PM=25 degrees is") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.8/example_11_8.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.8/example_11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b76badfe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.8/example_11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// 6dB/octave=20 dB/decade + +y1=poly([0 0 1],'s','coeff'); //zero at origin for initial slope + +wc1=0.5 +y2=poly([1 1/wc1],'s','coeff') + +wc2=1 +y3=poly([1 1/wc2],'s','coeff') + +wc3=5 +y4=poly([1 1/wc3],'s','coeff') + +//to find k + +disp("equation at w=0.5 is y=20*Log(w)+c") +k1=poly([32-20*log10(1) 0],'s','coeff') // at w=1 32=20*log(1)+c + +disp(k1,"where c is ") + +k=poly([32+20*log10(0.5) 0],'s','coeff') //magnitude at w=0.5 + +disp("equation of initial line is y=40*(log(w)+c1)") +k2=poly([26-40*log10(0.5) 0],'c','coeff') // at w=1 32=20*log(1)+c +c1=k2 +disp(c1,"where c1 is ") + +//now the initial line must have magnitude zero at w=1 for k=1.but at w=1; magnitude is k3 as below, which is due to 'k' +k3=poly([40*log10(1)+26-40*log10(0.5) 0],'c','coeff') + +k=10^((40*log10(1)+26-40*log10(0.5))/(20)) + +TF= k*(y1)/((y2)*(y3)*(y4)) +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/257/CH11/EX11.9/example_11_9.sce b/257/CH11/EX11.9/example_11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66e94c233 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH11/EX11.9/example_11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=poly(0,'s'); +F=syslin('c',[(s^2)/((1+0.2*s)*(0.02*s+1))]) //without k + +fmin=0.1; //Min freq in Hz +fmax=20; //Max freq in Hz + +scf(1);clf; +bode(F,fmin,fmax); //Plots frequency response of open-loop system in Bode diagram + +[GainMargin,freqGM]=g_margin(F) //Calculates gain margin [dB] and corresponding frequency [Hz] +disp(GainMargin,"GM=") +disp(freqGM*2*3.14,"omegaPC=") + +[PhaseMargin,freqPM]=p_margin(F) //Calculates phase [deg] and corresponding freq [Hz] of phase margin +disp(PhaseMargin,"PM=") +disp(freqPM*2*3.14,"omegaGC") + +show_margins(F) //display gain and phase margin and associated crossover frequencies + +// TO FIND VALUE OF K + +// at omega=5, the point on the plot without k 28dB away from 0dB line. +k1=10^(-28/20) // 20*log(k1)=-28 +disp(k1,"k for omegaGC=5 is ") diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.1/eg_12_1.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.1/eg_12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c14bb427 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.1/eg_12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +GH=syslin('c',10/s) +nyquist(GH) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.11/example_12_11.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.11/example_12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04069765a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.11/example_12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',10*(s+3)/((s-1)*(s))) +nyquist(sys1) +show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.12/example_12_12.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.12/example_12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91bebd074 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.12/example_12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',k*(0.05*s+1)*(1+s)/((10*s+1)*(s-1))) +nyquist(sys1) +show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.13/example_12_13.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.13/example_12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..316902f9f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.13/example_12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',100*(1+5*s)/(s^4*(s+1))) +nyquist(sys1) +show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.14/example_12_14.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.14/example_12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20c914ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.14/example_12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',k*(s+5)/(s*(s-2))) +nyquist(sys1) +//show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.15/example_12_15.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.15/example_12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32a316e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.15/example_12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',50/(s*(0.1*s+1)*(1+0.2*s))) +nyquist(sys1) +//show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.16/example_12_16.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.16/example_12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f270af0c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.16/example_12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',10/(s^2*(0.25*s+1)*(1+0.5*s))) +nyquist(sys1) +//show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.17/example_12_17.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.17/example_12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05429f32a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.17/example_12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',k*(s+1)/((s-1)*(s))) +nyquist(sys1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.18/example_12_18.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.18/example_12_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e6a8ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.18/example_12_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',5/((1-s)*(s))) +nyquist(sys1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.19/eg_12_19.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.19/eg_12_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..356ddd0c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.19/eg_12_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("as omega=0 point is on the positive real axis, so the plot for 0+ and 0- is the point itself") + +disp("no pole at origin. type=0") + +disp("two pole at origin. type=2") + +disp("system is stable as N=0. in fig12.49, system is unstable as N=4. z=4") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.2/eg_12_2.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.2/eg_12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fee17e60d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.2/eg_12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//poles and zeroes +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',1/(k*s+1)) +plzr(sys) + + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.20/eg_12_20.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.20/eg_12_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c22cf13dd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.20/eg_12_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//poles and zeroes +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',1/((2*s+1)*(1+5*s)*(s))) +plzr(sys) + + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.21/example_12_21.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.21/example_12_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..935466e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.21/example_12_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',(s+1)/((s-4)*(s^2))) +nyquist(sys1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.23/example_12_23.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.23/example_12_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3789ecaee --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.23/example_12_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',(s+8)*(s+2)/((s^3))) +nyquist(sys1) +show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.24/example_12_24.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.24/example_12_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd68c89c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.24/example_12_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',k*(s+2)^2/((s)^3)) +nyquist(sys1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.26/eg_12_26.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.26/eg_12_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7491dd97d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.26/eg_12_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(12)/(s*(s+2)*(s+1))) +plzr(sys) diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.27/eg_12_27.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.27/eg_12_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c14bb427 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.27/eg_12_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +GH=syslin('c',10/s) +nyquist(GH) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.28/example_12_28.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.28/example_12_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1020736f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.28/example_12_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',k/((s-1)*(s)*(s+4))) +nyquist(sys1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.29/eg_12_29.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.29/eg_12_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8c8a7aba --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.29/eg_12_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=%s; +sys1=syslin('c',10000*(s+1)*(s+3)/(s*(s+2)*(s-4))) +nyquist(sys1) +show_margins(sys1,'nyquist') + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.3/eg_12_3.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.3/eg_12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384bbcdae --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.3/eg_12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//poles and zeroes +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',1/((k*s+1)*(s))) +plzr(sys) + + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.4/eg_12_4.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.4/eg_12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c49ecc91 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.4/eg_12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//poles and zeroes +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',1/((k*s+1)*(s^2))) +plzr(sys) + + diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.6/eg_12_6.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.6/eg_12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b1294ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.6/eg_12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +GH=syslin('c',k/(s*(s+2)*(s+10))) +nyquist(GH) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.7/eg_12_7.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.7/eg_12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..369438a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.7/eg_12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +GH=syslin('c',40/((s+4)*(s^2+2*s+2))) +nyquist(GH) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.8/eg_12_8.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.8/eg_12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc71cf5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.8/eg_12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s +h=syslin('c',(1+0.5*s)/(1+0.1*s)*(1+0.02*s)*(s^2)); +nyquist(h) +//show_margins(h,'nyquist') diff --git a/257/CH12/EX12.9/eg_12_9.sce b/257/CH12/EX12.9/eg_12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93da42004 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH12/EX12.9/eg_12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s; +sys=syslin('c',10/(s^2)*(s+2)) +nyquist(sys) +show_margins(sys,'nyquist') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.10/Example_13_10.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.10/Example_13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db63a55b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.10/Example_13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms s U1 U2 +A=[0 3; -2 -5]; +B=[1 1 ; 1 1]; +C=[2 1; 1 0]; +D=[0 0 ; 0 0]; +U=[U1;U2] +TM= C*inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) *B + D; +disp(TM*U,"Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.11/Example_13_11.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.11/Example_13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62eb7c57d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.11/Example_13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms s t +A=[0 -1; 2 -3] +phi=inv(s*eye(2,2) - A) +disp(phi,"phi(s) = ") +x=ilaplace(phi,s,t) //state transition matrix diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.12/Example_13_12.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.12/Example_13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0830ddd45 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.12/Example_13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +T=(s^3+3*s^22+2*s)/(s^3+12*s^2+47*s+60); + +A=[-3 0 0; 0 -4 0; 0 0 -5] +B=[1;1;1] +C=[-3 24 -30] +D=[1]; +disp("state modle is") +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.13/Example_13_13.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.13/Example_13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b837f428 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.13/Example_13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms R1 R2 L C U1 U2 +A=[-1/(R1*C) -1/C; 1/L -R2/L] +B=[1/(C*R1) 0; 0 -R2/L] +C=[-1/R1 0] +D=[1/R1 0] +U=[U1;U2] +X=[X1;X2] +disp(A*X+B*U,"[diff(X1);diff(X2)]=") +disp(C*X+D*U,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.14/Example_13_14.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.14/Example_13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53895229a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.14/Example_13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=%s; +A=[-0 1;-2 -3] +B=[1;0] +C=[1 0] +D=0; +TF=C*inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) *B +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.15/Example_13_15.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.15/Example_13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9596e0655 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.15/Example_13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms t a1 a2 a3 a4 +X=[%e^(-3*t); -3*%e^(-3*t)] +X1=diff(X,t) + +x=[1;-3] +x1=[-3;9] +A=x1/x + +disp(A," A= ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.16/Example_13_16.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.16/Example_13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..998bacd2e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.16/Example_13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +syms s t +A=[1 -2; 1 -4] +X=[0.5 ; 1] +phi=inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) +disp(phi) + +a1=ilaplace(phi(1,1),s,t) +a2=ilaplace(phi(1,2),s,t) +a3=ilaplace(phi(2,1),s,t) +a4=ilaplace(phi(2,2),s,t) + +S=[a1 a2;a3 a4] +disp(S,"X(t) = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.17/Example_13_17.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.17/Example_13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93b302a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.17/Example_13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +A=[1 0;1 1 ] +Xo=[1;0] +phi=inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) + +a1=ilaplace(phi(1,1),s,t) +a2=ilaplace(phi(1,2),s,t) +a3=ilaplace(phi(2,1),s,t) +a4=ilaplace(phi(2,2),s,t) + +S=[a1 a2;a3 a4] +disp(S*Xo,"X(t) = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.18/Example_13_18.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.18/Example_13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..622b7732c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.18/Example_13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +A=[1 0;1 1] +B=[1;1] +X=[1;0] +U=[1/s] +phi1=inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) + +phi=phi1*B*U + +a1=ilaplace(phi(1,1),s,t) +a3=ilaplace(phi(2,1),s,t) + + +S=[a1;a3] +disp(S,"X(t) = ") diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.19/Example_13_19.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.19/Example_13_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6785b98c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.19/Example_13_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +A=[0 1; -2 -3] +U=[1/s;1/(s+2)] +B=[2 1; 0 1] +phi=inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) +X=[0;0] +a1=ilaplace(phi(1,1),s,t) +a2=ilaplace(phi(1,2),s,t) +a3=ilaplace(phi(2,1),s,t) +a4=ilaplace(phi(2,2),s,t) + +S=[a1 a2;a3 a4] +disp(S,"%e^(A*t) = ") +ZIR=S*X +disp(ZIR," ZIR = ") + +k=phi*B*U +b1=ilaplace(k(1,1),s,t) +b3=ilaplace(k(2,1),s,t) + +ZSR=[b1;b3] +disp(ZSR,"ZSR = ") + +X=ZIR+ZSR; + diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.21/Example_13_21.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.21/Example_13_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36cd80e80 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.21/Example_13_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +syms s U +T=(2*s^2+s+5)/(s^3+6*s^2+11*s+4) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[0 1 0; 0 0 1; -4 -11 -6] +B=[0;0;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[5 1 2] +D=0 +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.22/Example_13_22.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.22/Example_13_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c9d6f342 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.22/Example_13_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//takin laplace transform we get : + +T=(2*s^2+6*s+5)/(s^3+4*s^2+5*s+2) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[0 1 0; 0 0 1; -2 -5 -4] +B=[0;0;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[5 6 2] +D=0 +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.23/Example_13_23.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.23/Example_13_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8639cee04 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.23/Example_13_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms L1 L2 R1 C X1 X2 X3 +disp("state modle is") +A=[0 0 -1/L1; 0 -R1/L2 1/L2; 1/C -1/C 0] +B=[1/L1;0;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[0 R1 0] +D=0 +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.24/Example_13_24.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.24/Example_13_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53eef0a5a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.24/Example_13_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +A=[0 1; -2 -3] +U=[1/s] +B=[0; 1] +phi=inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) +X=[1;1] +a1=ilaplace(phi(1,1),s,t) +a2=ilaplace(phi(1,2),s,t) +a3=ilaplace(phi(2,1),s,t) +a4=ilaplace(phi(2,2),s,t) + +S=[a1 a2;a3 a4] +disp(S,"%e^(A*t) = ") +ZIR=S*X +disp(ZIR," ZIR = ") + +k=phi*B*U +b1=ilaplace(k(1,1),s,t) +b3=ilaplace(k(2,1),s,t) + +ZSR=[b1;b3] +disp(ZSR,"ZSR = ") + +X=ZIR+ZSR; +disp(X," output = ") diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.3/Example_13_3.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.3/Example_13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80aa94300 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.3/Example_13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +syms Y t +X1=Y; +X2=diff(Y,t); +X3=diff(X2,t); + +A=[0 1 0;0 0 1; -2 -7 -4] +B=[0 ; 0 ; 5] + +disp("OUTPUT IS C*X + D*U WHERE ") +C=[1 0 0 ]; +D=0; +disp(C,"C=") +disp(D,"D= ") diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.4/Example_13_4.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.4/Example_13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8171b3d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.4/Example_13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms s X1 X2 X3 U; + +T=(s^2+3*s+3)/(s^3+2*s^2+3*s+1) +L1=-2/s; +L2=-3/s^2 +L3=-1/s^3; +T1=1/s; +T2=3/s^2; +T3=3/s^3; + +del1=1; +del2=1; +del3=1; + +disp("state modle is") +A=[-2 1 0; -3 0 1; -1 0 0] +B=[1;3;3]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.5/Example_13_5.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.5/Example_13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311f8ae2c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.5/Example_13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms s X1 X2 X3 U; + +T=(5*s^2+6*s+8)/(s^3+3*s^2+7*s+9) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[0 1 0; 0 0 1; -9 -7 -3] +B=[0;0;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[8 6 5] +D=0 +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.6/Example_13_6.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.6/Example_13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a337d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.6/Example_13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms s X1 X2 X3 U; + +T=(s^2+4)/((s+1)*(s+2)*(s+3)) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[-1 0 0; -0 -2 0; 0 0 -3] +B=[1;1;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[2.5 -8 6.5]; +D=0; +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.7/Example_13_7.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.7/Example_13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7636b846 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.7/Example_13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms s X1 X2 X3 U; + +T=(1)/((s+2)^2*(s+1)) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[-2 1 0; -0 -2 0; 0 0 -1] +B=[0;1;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[-1 -1 1]; +D=0; +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.8/Example_13_8.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.8/Example_13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87b57c18c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.8/Example_13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms s X1 X2 X3 U; + +T=(s+4)*(s+2)/((s)*(s+1)*(s+3)) + +disp("state modle is") +A=[0 1 1; -0 -3 1; 0 0 -1] +B=[1;1;1]*U +X=[X1;X2;X3] +C=[1 0 0]; +D=0; +disp(A*X+B,"[diff(X1);diff(X2);diff(X3)]=") +disp(C*X+D,"and Y = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH13/EX13.9/Example_13_9.sce b/257/CH13/EX13.9/Example_13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1568e3a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH13/EX13.9/Example_13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +s=%s; +A=[-2 -3;4 2] +B=[3;5] +C=[1 1] +TF=C*inv(s*eye(2,2)-A) *B +disp(TF,"transfer function = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a358f426 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//laplace transform of exponential function + syms t s; + y=laplace('%e^(-a*t)',t,s); + disp(y,"ans=") diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcccd9fc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +syms t s w; +y=laplace('sin(w*t)',t,s); +disp(y,"ans=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ff7fcc5e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=%s; + +F=(s+2)/(s*(s+3)*(s+4)) + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"f(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.4/example_2_4.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.4/example_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc7341d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.4/example_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=%s; + +F=(s-2)/(s*(s+1)^3); + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"f(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.5/example_2_5.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.5/example_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8fe1dbf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.5/example_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=%s; + +F=(s^2+3)/((s^2+2*s+5)*(s+2)); + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"f(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.6/example_2_6.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.6/example_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5f456b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.6/example_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//given d^2/dt(y(t)) + 6*d/dt(y(t)) + 8*y(t) + +s=%s; + +F= 16/((s+1)*(s^2+6*s+8)); + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"f(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.7/example_2_7.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.7/example_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5f456b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.7/example_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//given d^2/dt(y(t)) + 6*d/dt(y(t)) + 8*y(t) + +s=%s; + +F= 16/((s+1)*(s^2+6*s+8)); + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"f(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.8/example_2_8.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.8/example_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6b9161c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.8/example_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// using KVL we get i(t)*R + 1/C * int(i(t)) = v(t) + +// taking laplace transform V(s)= I(s)*R + 1/C * (I(s)/s) + +R=10^6 +C=10^-6 + +s=%s; + +F=1/R*(1/(s + (1)/(R*C))); +disp(F) + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"i(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH2/EX2.9/example_2_9.sce b/257/CH2/EX2.9/example_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c815cab7d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH2/EX2.9/example_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// using KVL we have v(t)=i(t)*R+ L* d/dt(i(t)) +// taking laplace transform V(s)=I(s)*R + L*s*I(s) + +s=%s; + +R=10^3 +L=25*10^-3 + +F=(50/s)/(R+s*L); + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(F,s,t); +disp(y,"i(t)=") diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.1/example_3_1.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.1/example_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25746735e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.1/example_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//applying KVL we have Vi(t) = R*i(t) + 1/C * int(i(t)) dt +// Vo(t) = 1/C * int(i(t)) dt + +syms s R C I +Vi= R*I + I/(s*C) +Vo = I/(C*s) + +disp(Vo/Vi,"transfer function=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..226c2ece3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms s t R C + +C=R*(1+2*%e^-s)/(2*s^2 + 2*s +1) + +disp(C/R,'transfer function=') diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9affc5fb --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// given gain of buffer amplifier is 1 +s=%s +I=1; +R=10^6; +C=10^-6 +C2=0.5*10^-6; + +Vi=1/(C*s)*I + R*I +V1=R * I +disp(V1/Vi,"V1/Vi is ") + +V2=I/(C2*s) + I*R +Vo= I*R +disp(Vo/V2,"Vo/V2 is ") + +V1=V2 //because gain=1 +(s/(s+1))*Vi == (s+2)/s * Vo // + +disp(s^2/((s+2)*(s+1)),"transfer function is") + diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..548b5f395 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//given poles are -1, -2+%i , -2-%i and zero is s=-3 + +num=poly([-3],'s','roots'); +den=poly([5 9 5 1 ],'s','coeff'); +G=k*num/den; +disp(G,"G(s)=") + +//to find k +//G(0)=10 given + +k=(10*(0+1)*(0+0+5))/3 +disp(k,"value of k is") + +disp(G,"transfer function is") + + + + diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dd64c9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +syms s t X +Y=(s+4)/(s^2+2*s+5)*X +y=ilaplace(Y,s,t) +disp(y,'kj') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..377ac2a47 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s +syms Vi C1 R1 L C2 R2 +V1=Vi/(1+s*C1*R1) +V2=I*(R2+s*L+(1/(s*C2))) +V2=k*V1 +k*Vi/(1+s*C1*R1) == I*(R2 + s*L + (1/(s*C2))) + +disp((k*s*C2)/((1+s*C1*R1)*(1+s*C2*R2+(s^2)*L*C2)),'I/Vi=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70224bf28 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms V2 I1 V1 +I1=V1 +V2=V1*((s+1)/(s^2+3*s+1)) + +disp(((s+1)/(s^2+3*s+1)),'V2/V1=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.2/example_3_2.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.2/example_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7f62daf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.2/example_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +syms s t R L C + +Eo= I/(C*s) +Ei= I*(R+s*L+1/(s*C)) + +disp(Eo/Ei,'transfer function=') diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4ef1db88 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +syms s t R L C + +Ei= I*L*s + I/(C*s) + R*I +Eo= I*R + +disp(Eo/Ei,'transfer function=') diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53a44d5c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//laplace transform of unit impulse response is transfer function +syms s t + +y=laplace(%e^(-4*t),t,s) +disp(y,"transfer function=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d335ac23 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms s t + +R=laplace(2,t,s) +C=laplace(%e^(-5*t),t,s) + +TF=C/R + +c=ilaplace(2/(s*(s+5)),s,t) // as C= TF * R + +disp(c,"output is c(t)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b51fe0f5b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s; +TF=syslin('c',(k*(s+6))/(s*(s+2)*(s+5)*(s^2+7*s+12))); +disp(TF,"T(s)=") + +x=denom(TF); +disp(x,"Characteristics equation=") + +y=roots(x); +disp(y,"Poles of a system=") + +disp("zeroes of the system is -6") + +//pole zero plot + +p=poly([6 1],'s',"coeff") +q=poly([0 120 154 71 14 1],'s',"coeff") //expanding the denominator +V=syslin('c',p,q) +plzr(V) diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d04966cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms s t + +T=laplace(%e^(-t)*(1-cos(2*t))) + +disp(T,"transfer function=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43eb2df2e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +syms R2 Z + +Eo= I*R2 +Ei= I*Z + I*R2 //where Z= R1/(1+s*R1*C) + +disp(Eo/Ei,'transfer function=') diff --git a/257/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce b/257/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b26f5610 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +syms R2 R1 C + +Eo= I*(1+R2*C*s)/(s*C) +Ei= I*(R1+R2+(1/(s*C))) + +disp(Eo/Ei,'transfer function=') diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11438e9ab --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// F = M*s^2 +K*X + B*X*s +syms s t V Q L C R I; +//force-voltage method +F=V; +X=Q; +M=L; +K=1/C; +B=R; + +V=I*(s*L + 1/(s*C) + R); + +disp("v = L*diff(i) + 1/C*int(i) + i*R") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.14/example_4_14.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.14/example_4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051e3f1c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.14/example_4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms M1 X1 B1 K X2 M2 B2 K3 K1 K2 C1 C2 C3 R1 R2 M3 X3 B3 I1 I2 I3 L3 L1 L2 R3 + +F=M1*X1*s^2 + B1*s*X1 + K*X1 + B2*(X1-X2)*s +zero=M2*X2*s^2 + B2*s*(X2-X1)+K3*X2+K2*(X2-X3) +zro=K2*(X3-X2)+M3*s^2*X3+B3*s*X3 +disp(F) +disp(zero," 0 =") +disp(zro," 0 = ") + +disp("F-V equations are") + +V=L1*s*I1 + R1*I1 + R2*(I1-I2)+I1/(s*C1) +zero=L2*s*I2 + I2/(s*C3) + R2*(I2-I1)+(I2-I3)/(s*C2) +zro=(I3-I2)/(s*C2)+L3*s*I3+R3*I3 +disp(V) +disp(zero) +disp(zro) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.16/example_4_16.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.16/example_4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7767fceca --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.16/example_4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +syms K1 K2 x1 x2 x3 B1 B2 M1 M2 V Q L C1 R i1 i2 i3 C2 L1 L2 +disp("equilibrium equations are") +F=K1*(x1-x2) +disp(F) +zero=M1*s^2*x2+K1*(x2-x1)+B1*s*(x2-x3) +disp(zero) +zro=M2*s^2*x3+B2*s*x3+K2*x3+B1*s*(x3-x2) +disp(zro) + +//force-voltage method +F=V; +X=Q; +M=L; +K=1/C; +B=R; +disp("F-V equations are") +V=s*(i1-i2)/C1 +disp(V,"V = ") +zero=L1*s*i2+(i2-i1)/(s*C)+R1*(i2-i3) +disp(zero) +zro=L2*s*i3+R2*i3+i3/(s*C2)+R1*(i3-i2) +disp(zro) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.17/example_4_17.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.17/example_4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c7ef98fb --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.17/example_4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +syms xo D1 K1 D2 K2 x1 s C1 C2 R1 R2 +zero=xo*(s*D1+K1+D2*s+K2)-x1*(D1*s+K1) +disp((D1*s+K1)/(s*D1+K1+D2*s+K2),"xo/x1 = ") + +E1=i1*(R1+1/(s*C1)+R2+1/(s*C2)) +Eo=i1*(R2+1/(s*C2)) +disp(Eo/E1,"Eo/E1 = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.18/example_4_18.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.18/example_4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d4c44da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.18/example_4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +syms s t V q L C1 R K1 x1 x2 phi1 phi2 L1 R1 R2 L1 L2 + +//F=K1*(x1-x2) +//0=K1*(X2-X1) + M2*s^2*X2 + K2*X2 + B2*s*X2 + +//F-V anolagy + +x1=q1; +x2=q2; +K1=1/C1; +B=R; +disp("V = 1/C1 * (q1-q2)") +disp("0=1/C1*(q2-q1) + L2*s^2*q2 + q2/C2 + R2*s*q2") + +//F-I ANOLOGY + +M=C; +B=1/R; +K=1/L; + +disp("I=1/L1*(phi1-phi2)") +disp("0=1/L1*(phi2-phi1) + C2*s^2*phi2 + 1/R2*s*phi2 + 1/L*phi2") + diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.19/example_4_19.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.19/example_4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21d4919cf --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.19/example_4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +syms B1 x1 x2 B2 K M s +disp("differential equations are") +F=B1*s*(x1-x2) +disp(F) +zero=B1*s*(x2-x1)+M*s^2*x2+K*x2+B2*s*x2 +disp(zero) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74a256d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +syms s t V q L C R L1 L2 X1 X2 q1 R1 R2 q2 X + +//F-V anolagy +F=V; +x=q; +M=L; +K=1/C; +B=R; + +V=L1*q1*s^2 + R1*s*q1 + R2*s*(X1-X2) +//0=L2*s^2*q2 + (1/C)*q2 + R2*s*(q2-q1) +//REPLACING I/s=Q +disp("V=L1*s*I1 + R1*I1 + R2*(I1-I2)") //LOOP 1 +disp("0=L2*s*I2 + 1/(s*C) + R2*(I2-I1)") //LOOP 2 + +//F-I ANOLOGY + +phi=X; +F=I; + +I=phi*(C*s^2 + 1/(R*s) + 1/L) +//REPLACING phi=V/s +I=V*(s*C + 1/R + 1/(s*L)) +disp("i(t)=c*diff(v) + v/R + 1/L*int(v)") //taking laplace inverse diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.20/example_4_20.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.20/example_4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8619fdda --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.20/example_4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms i1 i2 R1 R2 C s L x1 x2 B1 B2 M K R +disp("loop equations are") +V=i1*(R1+R2)+1/C*('i1-i2')/s-i2*R2 +disp(V) +zero=L*s*i2+i2*R2-i1*R2+(i1-i2)/(C*s) +disp(zero) + +//force-voltage method +F=V; +M=L; +K=1/C; +B=R; +disp("F-V equtions are") +F=s*x1*(B1+B2)+K*(x1-x2)-s*x2*B2 +disp(F) +zero=M*s^2*x2+B2*(x2-x1)*s+K*(x2-x1) +disp(zero) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.21/example_4_21.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.21/example_4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef7ed077a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.21/example_4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms M1 X1 B1 K X2 M2 B2 + +F=M1*X1*s^2 + B1*s*X1 + K*X1 + K1*(X1-X2) +//M2*X2*s^2 + K1*(X2-X1)=0 +X2=X1*K1/(s^2*M2+K1) + +disp(X2/F,"X2/F = ") + diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d4c44da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +syms s t V q L C1 R K1 x1 x2 phi1 phi2 L1 R1 R2 L1 L2 + +//F=K1*(x1-x2) +//0=K1*(X2-X1) + M2*s^2*X2 + K2*X2 + B2*s*X2 + +//F-V anolagy + +x1=q1; +x2=q2; +K1=1/C1; +B=R; +disp("V = 1/C1 * (q1-q2)") +disp("0=1/C1*(q2-q1) + L2*s^2*q2 + q2/C2 + R2*s*q2") + +//F-I ANOLOGY + +M=C; +B=1/R; +K=1/L; + +disp("I=1/L1*(phi1-phi2)") +disp("0=1/L1*(phi2-phi1) + C2*s^2*phi2 + 1/R2*s*phi2 + 1/L*phi2") + diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5f4942a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms V q L C R I phi + +//T=J diff(diff(theta,t),t) + K*theta + B*diff(theta,t) + +//F-V anolagy +T=V; +theta=q; +J=L; +K=1/C; +B=R; +disp("V= L*s*I + R*I + I/(s*C)") + +//F-C anology + +T=I; +theta=phi +disp("I= C*V*s + V/R + V/(s*L)") diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54a05271e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +syms V C1 q1 q2 L1 R1 + +disp("equivalent systems equations") +disp("T = K1 *(theta1-theta2)") +disp("0=K1*(theta3-theta2) + J1*s^2*theta2 + B1*s*theta2 + K*(theta2-theta3) + B*s*(theta2-theta3) ") +disp("0=K*(theta3-theta2) + B*s*(theta3-theta2) + J2*s^2*theta3 + B2*s*theta3 + K2*theta3") + + + +//F-V anology + +T=V; +K1=1/C1; +theta1=q1; +theta2=q2; +J1=L1; +B1=R1; +disp("FV analogy") +disp(" V = 1/C1 *(q1-q2)") +disp("0=1/C1*(q3-q2) + L1*s^22*q2 + R1*s*q2 + 1/C*(q2-q3) + R*s*(q2-q3) ") +disp("0=1/C*(q3-q2) + R*s*(q3-q2) + L2*s^2*q3 + R2*s*q3 + 1/C2*q3") + diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79a65b3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +syms I R C s + +V1=I*(R+1/(s*C)) +V2=I*(1/(s*C)) + +disp(V2/V1,"V2/V1 = ") + diff --git a/257/CH4/EX4.7/example_4_7.sce b/257/CH4/EX4.7/example_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef7ed077a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH4/EX4.7/example_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms M1 X1 B1 K X2 M2 B2 + +F=M1*X1*s^2 + B1*s*X1 + K*X1 + K1*(X1-X2) +//M2*X2*s^2 + K1*(X2-X1)=0 +X2=X1*K1/(s^2*M2+K1) + +disp(X2/F,"X2/F = ") + diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..439a1a740 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +a= G1*G4 //series +b= (a)/(1-(a*H1)) //positive feedback +c= (b*(G2+G3)) // G2 AND G3 are in parallel +Y= c/(1+(c*H2)) // negetive feedback + +disp(Y,"C/R =") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea0af2ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms H G1 G2 G3 + +//separating the two paths we get 1+1=2 in parallel combinations + +//shifting take off point after 2*G3 and then after 2*G2*G3 + +a=(2*G2*G3)/(1+(2*G2*G3*H/(2*G3))) +b=a/(1+(H*a)) +c=G1*b +Y=c/(1+(c*(1/(2*G2*G3)))) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ecb53645 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 + +//for C1/R1 + +a=(-G2)*G3*G4 +Y=G1/(1+(G1*a)) + +disp(Y," C1/R1 = ") + +// for C2/R1 + +x=(-G1)*G2*G3 +O= (x)/(1+(x*G4)) + +disp(O,"C2/R1 = ") + +//for C1/R2 + +k=(-G1)*G2*G4 +K=k/(1+(k*G3)) + disp(K,"C1/R2 = ") + +//for C2/R2 + +f=(-G1)*G3*G4 +Z= G2/(1+(G2*f)) +disp(Z,"C2/R2 = ") + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85438faa --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 + +a= G8/(1+(G8*G6*G7)) //feedback +b=a*G2*G5 +c=b/(1+(b*G4*G6)) +Y= G3*G1*c //series + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fb1f028b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +// combining G1 and G3 andseparating the points linked by summing point in the feedback path + +a=(1+(G4*H2)) +b=G1*(G2+G3) //series +c=b/(1+(b*H1*H2)) +Y=c*a + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d594fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +//shifting take off point of G4 , after G2 + +a=G4/G2 +b= a+G3 +c= G1*G2/(1+(G1*G2*H1)) +d=c*b +e=d/(1+(d*H2/G1)) +Y=e/(1+(e*1)) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.15/example_5_15.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.15/example_5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf95c9c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.15/example_5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +s=%s + + //to find C/E + +a=10/(s*(s+1)) +b=a/(1+(a*0.5*s)) +c=b*(s+4) //shifting the summer to the left + +//(s^2+6*s)/(10*(s+4)) * C == E + 3/(s+4)*(E+C) +Y= 10*(s+7)/(s^2+6*s-30) //solving the above equation + +disp(Y,"C/E = ") + +// to find C/R + +d=c/(1+c*1) //using the associative law, exchange two summing points +e=1+(3/(s+4)) +X= d*e + +disp(X," C/R = ") + +// to find C/N if r(s)=0 + +x= (-0.5*s)-(s+4) +k=10/(s*(s+1)) +f=k*x //removing the summing point +V=1/(1-f) +disp(V,"C/N = ") diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.16/example_5_16.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.16/example_5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc17b2a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.16/example_5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 + +// combine the two summing points +a= G3+G1 +b= G2/(1-(G2*H1)) +c= a*b +Y=c/(1+c*H2) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.17/example_5_17.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.17/example_5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79ff5d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.17/example_5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +syms Ro Ra Rb Rc Rd + +//shifting summing points to left of 1/Ra and 1/Rb and combining the summing points +a=((1/Ra)*Rc)/(1+(1/Ra)*Rc*1) +b=(Rd/Rb)/(1+(Rd/Rb)) +//shift input summing points to the right and combine the three summing points +c=(1/Ro)/(1+(1/Ro)*(Ra*Rc/(Ra+Rc))) + +d=c/(1-(b*Rb*c)) +e=a-b +Y=e*d + +disp(Y,"Io/Vi = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.18/example_5_18.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.18/example_5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e639146 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.18/example_5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s + +a=(1/(s+2))/(1+(1/(s+2)*4)) +b=a*(3*s/(s+4)) //shifting take off point to the right +c=b/(1+(b*(5/s))) +d=1+ ( (s/(s+3)) * ((s+4)/(3*s)) ) +Y=d*c + +disp(Y,"Y/R = ") + +disp((s+3)*(s^2+10*s+39)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.19/example_5_19.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.19/example_5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65d1cbb0b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.19/example_5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 + +//shifting summing points to left +//using accosiative law to exchange the summing points, redcusing minor feedback loop and reducing parallel combination of G3/G1 and 1 + +a= (G3/G1)+1 +b=G1/(1+G1) +c=a*b*G2 +Y=c/(1+(c*H1)) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6972bf745 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H5 + +//with X(s)=0 + +a= G2/(G2+1) +b= a*G3*(G5/(1+G5*H5)) //G5 and H5 are in a loop +c= b/(1+b) //unity feedback +Y= G1*c + +disp(Y,"R/S=") + +//with R(s)=0 + +x=G2/(1+G2) +y=G5/(1+G5*H5) +z=x*(-G3) +Y2=y/(1-(z)) + +disp(Y2,"X/C = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.20/example_5_20.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.20/example_5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63df4f67c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.20/example_5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +syms M2 K2 M1 K1 B +s=%s + +a=(K2/s)+B +b=(1/(M1*s))/(1+((1/(M1*s)*(K1/s) ))) +//shifting summing point S2 before 1/m2*s and interchange positions of S1 and S2 using associative law +c=(1/M2*s)*a +d=c/(1+c) +e=d*b +f=e/(1+(e*M2*s)) +Y=f*(1/s) + +disp(Y," Y/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.21/example_5_21.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.21/example_5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65046d483 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.21/example_5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +s=%s; +syms t s; + +F=(1- (3*%e^(-2*t)) + (2*%e^(-3*t)) ); +y=laplace(F,t,s); + +G=1 +x=laplace(G,t,s); + +disp((y/x),"closed loop transfer function is") + +T=y/x; + +disp((T/(1-T)) , "openloop transfer function is") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.22/example_5_22.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.22/example_5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65046d483 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.22/example_5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +s=%s; +syms t s; + +F=(1- (3*%e^(-2*t)) + (2*%e^(-3*t)) ); +y=laplace(F,t,s); + +G=1 +x=laplace(G,t,s); + +disp((y/x),"closed loop transfer function is") + +T=y/x; + +disp((T/(1-T)) , "openloop transfer function is") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.23/example_5_23.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.23/example_5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fb1f028b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.23/example_5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +// combining G1 and G3 andseparating the points linked by summing point in the feedback path + +a=(1+(G4*H2)) +b=G1*(G2+G3) //series +c=b/(1+(b*H1*H2)) +Y=c*a + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.24/example_5_24.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.24/example_5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9d247081 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.24/example_5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms G1 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +a=G1+G3 +b=G2/(1+(G2*H1)) +c= a*b +d=c/(1+(c*H2)) +Y=d+G4 + +disp(Y," C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce9d8903 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms G1 G2 H1 H2 + +a=G2/(1+(G2*H2)) +b= G1*a +c= H1*(1+G2*H2)/G2 //shifting the take off point +d= b/(1+b) +Y= d/(1+(d*c)) + +disp(Y," R/C = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce9d8903 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms G1 G2 H1 H2 + +a=G2/(1+(G2*H2)) +b= G1*a +c= H1*(1+G2*H2)/G2 //shifting the take off point +d= b/(1+b) +Y= d/(1+(d*c)) + +disp(Y," R/C = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ddf21dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 + +a= G1*G2 //shifting the take off point +b= a/(1+(a*H2)) +c=(1+(G3/G2)) +Y= b*c*(G4/(1+G4*H1)) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d1888017 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 + +a=G2/(1+G2) +b=1+G3 +c= b*a //shifting the take off point +d= (1/(1+G3))+(H2) +e= d*H1 +Y= a*b/e + +disp(Y,"R/C = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab618e626 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 H3 + +a= G3/(1+G3*H1*H2) //feedback +b=G2*a/(1+(G2*a)) +c=G1*b +Y=c/(1+c*H1*H2*H3) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38d5c0bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 H2 + +//shifting the taake off points twice to the left +a=G1/(1+G1*H1*G2) +b=(1+(G3/G2)) +c=a*b +d=G2/(1+(G2*H2)) +e=c*d +f=(-H1)*G2*H2 +Y=e/1+(e*f) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") diff --git a/257/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce b/257/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c6d9880 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +syms H1 H2 H3 G1 G2 G3 G4 + +//shifting summing points before G1 and take off points after G4 + +a= G1*G2/(1+(G1*G2*H1)) +b= G3*G4/(1+(G3*G4*H2)) +c=a*b +Y= c/(1+(c*(H3/(G1*G4)))) + +disp(Y,"C/R = ") + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f74a72dd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G3*G4*G5*G6; +T2=G1*G2*G6; + +L1=-G4*H1; +L2=-G3*G4*G5*H2; +L3=-G2*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; +del2=1-L1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"tf=") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a691657a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms R C Vi s Vo; + +T1=(s*R*C) +T2=1/(s*R*C); +T3=1 + +L1=-(s*R*C) +L2=-1/(s*R*C); +L3=-1; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L2) +del1=1; +del2=1-L1 +del3=1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Vo/VI = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2008fa92 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +syms r1 r2 r3 r4 a ; + +T1=(r3*r4)/(r1*r2) +T2=(a*r4)/(r1); + +L1=-(r3/r1) +L2=-r3/(r2); +L3=-r4/r2; +L4=a*r3/r1 + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Vo/VI = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d89430e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G3*G2; +T2=G1*G2*G4; + +L1=-G1*G2*H1; +L2=G1*G2*G3*H2; +L3=G2*G1*G4*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33414d576 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G2*G3; +T2=G4*G5*G6; +T3=G1*G7*G6; +T4=G4*G8*G3; +T5=G4*G8*(-H2)*G7*G6; +T6=G1*G7*(-H1)*G8*G3; + +L1=-G5*H1; +L2=-G2*H2; +L3=G7*G8*H1*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L2) +del1=1-L1; +del2=1-L2; +del3=1 +del4=1 +del5=1 +del6=1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4 + T5*del5 + T6*del6)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e09c17ae --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms R1 s C1 R2 C2 Vi Vo I; + +Z= (R1/(s*C1))/(R1+(1/(s*C1))) + +Ei= Z*I + R2*I + I/(s*C2) +Eo= I*(R2 + 1/(s*C2)) + +disp(Eo/Ei, " Eo/Ei = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.15/example6_15.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.15/example6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc300bde --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.15/example6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2 ; + +T1=G1*G3*G2; +T2=G1*G4; + +L1=-G1*G2*H1; +L2=-G3*G2*H2; +L3=-G4*H2; +L4=G5*G3*G2 +L5=-G1*G4 + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.16/example6_16.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.16/example6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39fa3e4bc --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.16/example6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +T1=1*5*10*1; +T2=1*10*1; + +L1=10*(-1); +L2=1*(-2); +L3=5*10*1*(-1); +L4=10*1*(-1) + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1*L4) +del1=1; +del2=1-L1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.17/example6_17.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.17/example6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..368c6944a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.17/example6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +s=%s + +R1=100*10^3 +R2=10^6 +C1=10*10^-6 +C2=10^-6 + + +T1=(1/R1)*(1/(s*C1))*(1/R2)*(1/(s*C2)) + +L1=-1/(s*C1*R1); +L2=-1/(s*R2*C1); +L3=-1/(s*C2*R2); + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; + +TF=(T1*del1)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.18/example6_18.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.18/example6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df442e946 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.18/example6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G2; +T2=G3*G2; + +L1=-G1*H2*G2; +L2=-G3*H2*G2; +L3=-G2*H1; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.19/example6_19.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.19/example6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a3fc45d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.19/example6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G3*G2; +T2=G4; + +L1=-G1*H1*G2; +L2=-G3*H2*G2; +L3=-G2*G1*G3; +L4=-G4; +L5=-G2*G4*H1*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5) +del1=1; +del2=1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a3033fe --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +syms R1 R2 I1 I2 C V1 VI L s Vo; + +T1=L/(R1*R2*C) + +L1=-1/(s*R1*C); +L2=-1/(s*R2*C); +L3=-(s*L)/R2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; + +TF=(T1*del1)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Vo/VI = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.20/example6_20.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.20/example6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc412f8fd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.20/example6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +syms R1 Ro; + +T1=1/(R1)*(R1*2)*(1/Ro); +T2=(1/R1)*(R1)*(-1/Ro); + +L1=-2*R1/(R1); +L2=-2*R1/(Ro); +L3=-1; +L4=-(R1/Ro) + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1*L3 + L1*L4 + L2*L3) +del1=1-L3; +del2=1-L1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Io/Vi = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.21/example6_21.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.21/example6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a21ae988 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.21/example6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms R1 R2 R3 C1 C2 C3 L1 L2 s; + +T1=1/(R3*(R1+s*L1)*(R2+s*L2)*C1*C2*C3*s^3) + +L1=-1/(s*(R1+s*L1)*C1); +L2=-1/(s*(R2+s*L2)*C1); +L3=1/(-(s*L2+R2)*s*C2); +L4=1/(-s*R3*C2) +L5=-1/(s*R3*C3) + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5)+(L1*L3 + L1*L4 + L1*L5 + L2*L4 + L2*L5 + L3*L5)-(L1*L3*L5) +del1=1; + +TF=(T1*del1)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Vo/VI = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.22/example6_22.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.22/example6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1a326884 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.22/example6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms a12 a23 a34 a45 a32 a43 a25 a24 a44 + +T1= a12*a23*a34*a45; +T2=a24*a12*a45; +T3=a12*a25; + +L1=a23*a32; +L2=a34*a43; +L3=a44; +L4=a24*a43*a32; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; +del2=1; +del3=1-(L2+L3) + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.23/example6_23.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.23/example6_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79370d2e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.23/example6_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G2; +T2=G3*G4; +T3=G1*G6*G4; +T4=G2*G3*G5 + +L1=-G2*H1; +L2=-G3*H2; +L3=G5*G6; +L4=-G4*H1*G6; +L5=-G1*G6*H2 + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5)+(L1*L2) +del1=1; +del2=1; +del3=1 +del4=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.24/example6_24.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.24/example6_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c51b182e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.24/example6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +s=%s + +T1=1*3*6*1 +T3=1*2*5*1 +T2=1*4*7*1 +T4=1*2*(1/(s+1))*1*6 +T5=1*2*(1/(s+1))*(1/(s+1))*7*1 +T6=1*3*(1/(s+1))*7*1 + +delta=1 +del1=1 +del2=1 +del3=1 +del4=1 +del5=1 +del6=1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4 + T5*del5 + T6*del6)/delta +disp(TF,"Y/R = ") diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.25/example6_25.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.25/example6_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9ff30b86 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.25/example6_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H2 H3; + +T1=G1*G3*G2; +T2=G1*G3*G5; +T3=G4*G2*G3; +T4=-G4*G2*G5*G3*H2 + +L1=-G2*H3; +L2=-G3*H3; +L3=-G5*H2*H3*G3; +L4=-G1*G2*G3; +L5=-G1*G3*G5; +L6=-G2*G3*G4; +L7=G2*G3*G4*G5*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6+L7) +del1=1; +del2=1; +del3=1 +del4=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.26/example6_26.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.26/example6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c176fe4b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.26/example6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +syms R1 R2 R3 C1 C2 s; + +T1=1/(R1*R2*R3*C1*C2*s^2) + +L1=-1/(s*R1*C1); +L2=-1/(s*R2*C1); +L3=-1/(s*R2*C2); + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4)+(L1*L3 + L1*L4) +del1=1; + +TF=(T1*del1)/delta ; +disp(TF,"Vo/VI = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.27/example6_27.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.27/example6_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0acbee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.27/example6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6; + +T1=G1*G3*G2*G4*G5; +T2=G1*G3*G5*G4; +T3=G4*G2*G1*G5; +T4=-G4*G2*G5*G1*H2 + +L1=-G2*H2; +L2=-G4*H4; +L3=-G5*H5; +L4=-G4*G5*H6*G2*G3; +L5=-G2*G4*G5*H6; +L6=-H1; +L7=-H3; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6+L7)+(L1*L2+L1*L3+L6*L2+L6*L3+L7*L2+L7*L3+L6*L7)-(L6*L7*L2+L6*L7*L3) +del1=1; +del2=1-L6; +del3=1-L7; +del4=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79370d2e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G2; +T2=G3*G4; +T3=G1*G6*G4; +T4=G2*G3*G5 + +L1=-G2*H1; +L2=-G3*H2; +L3=G5*G6; +L4=-G4*H1*G6; +L5=-G1*G6*H2 + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5)+(L1*L2) +del1=1; +del2=1; +del3=1 +del4=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3 + T4*del4)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b778ada31 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2; + +T1=G1*G3*G4*G2; +T2=G4*G5; + +L1=-G2*H1; +L2=-G3*G1*G4*G2*H2; +L3=-G4*G5*H2; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3)+(L1*L3) +del1=1; +del2=1-L1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..539f0ae84 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5; + +T1=G1*G3*G4*G5*G2; + +L1=-G1*H1; +L2=-G3*H3; +L3=-G2*H2*G1*G3; +L4=-G4*H4; +L5=-G5*H5; + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5)+(L1*L2+L1*L5+L1*L4+L2*L5+L3*L5)-(L1*L2*L5) +del1=1; + +TF=(T1*del1)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e44a943c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8; + +T1=G1*G8*G7*G5*G6; +T2=G1*G2*G3*G4*G8; + +L1=-G6*H5; +L2=-G3*H3; + +delta=1-(L1+L2)+(L1*L2) +del1=1-L2; +del2=1-L1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce b/257/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8109e1816 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +syms G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 H1 H2 H3 H4; + +T1=G1*G2*G3*G5*G6*G4; +T2=G1*G2*G7*G6; +T3=G1*G2*G3*G4*G8 + +L1=-G4*H4; +L2=-G5*G6*H1; +L3=-G2*G3*G4*G5*H2 +L4=-G2*G7*H2 +L5=-G1*G2*G3*G4*G5*G6*H3 +L6=-G1*G2*G6*G7*H3 +L7=-G1*G2*G3*G4*G8*H3 +L8=-G8*H1 + +delta=1-(L1+L2+L3+L4+L5+L6+L7+L8)+(L1*L4+L4*L8+L1*L6) +del1=1; +del2=1-L1; +del3=1 + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2 + T3*del3)/delta ; +disp(TF,"C/R = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a3a2983 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +p=poly([2 1],'s','coeff'); +q=poly([0 4 5 1],'s','coeff'); +G=40*p/q //gain FACTOR=40 +H=1 +y=G*H //type 1 + +syms s +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess=4/Kv +disp(Ess, "Ess = ") + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.10/example_7_10.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.10/example_7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2da8f6dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.10/example_7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +syms k1 k2 s +T= k1/(s^s+k1*k2*s+k1) + +Mp=25 //given +zeta=0.4037 +Tp=4 + +omegaN=%pi/(Tp*(sqrt(1-zeta^2))) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +k1=omegaN^2 +disp(k1," k1 = ") +k2=2*zeta/(sqrt(k1)) +disp(k2," k2 = ") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.11/example_7_11.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.11/example_7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d59e1fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.11/example_7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +syms s +TF=8/(s^2+4*s+8) + +Mp=25 //given + +omegaN=sqrt(8) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=4/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta = ") +omegaD=omegaN*(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") +disp(%e^(-%pi*zeta/sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mp = ") +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN)," Ts = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.12/example_7_12.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.12/example_7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5046b66b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.12/example_7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +T=15/(s^2+4*s+18) + +omegaN=sqrt(18) +zeta=4/(2*omegaN) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +disp(zeta,"zeta = ") +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-zeta^2) +for(n=1:3) + t=n*%pi/omegaD + if(n==2) + T=t + disp(t,"t for 1st undershoot = ") + disp(T,"time period for oscillations = ") + end + +end + +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN),"Ts = ") +disp(Ts/T,"total number of cycles = ") +disp(1/T," frequency of damped oscillations = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.13/example_7_13.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.13/example_7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d6586e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.13/example_7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +syms f J K s t + +T=1/(J*(s^2+(f/J)*s+(K/J))) //Q/I + +omegaN=sqrt(K/J) +Mp=6 //given +zeta=0.667 + +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-zeta^2) +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") + +I=laplace('10',t,s) +Q=I*T +x=limit(s*Q,s,0); +disp(10/0.5," K = ") +disp(K/omegaN^2," J= ") +disp(zeta*(2*sqrt(K*J))," f = ") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.14/example_7_14.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.14/example_7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a71f7bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.14/example_7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s; +T=20/(s+10) + +syms t s; +y=ilaplace(T,s,t); + +T1=20/((s+10)*s) +c1=ilaplace(T1,s,t) + +T2=20/((s+10)*s^2) +c2=ilaplace(T2,s,t) diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.15/example_7_15.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.15/example_7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d365f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.15/example_7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +syms A s t + +G=(A)/(s+A); +R=1/s; //unit step input +C=G*R; +c=ilaplace(C,s,t); +disp(c," c(t) = ") + +A=-log(1-0.95)/60 //system attains 95% of final value at t=60 +disp(A," A = ") + + + + + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.16/example_7_16.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.16/example_7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f648c5c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.16/example_7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +q=poly([0 200 4 1],'s','coeff'); +G=k/q //gain FACTOR=k +H=1 +y=G*H //type 1 + +syms s +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +//for unit step input +A=1 +Ess=A/(Kp + 1) +disp(Ess, "Ess for unit step input is ") + +disp(A/Kv, "Ess for unit ramp input is ") + + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.18/example_7_18.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.18/example_7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..122592c50 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.18/example_7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +q=poly([0 1 2],'s','coeff'); +G=1/q //gain FACTOR=1 +H=1 +F=1/(1+G*H) + +syms t s; +Ko=limit(s*F/s,s,0) //Ko=Lt s->0 (1/(1+G(s)H(S)) +d=diff(s*F/s,s); +K1=limit(diff(s*F/s,s),s,0) //K1=Lt s->0 (dF(s)/ds) +K2=limit(diff(d,s),s,0) //K2=Lt s->0 (d2F(s)/ds) +dd=diff(d,s) +K3=limit(diff(dd,s),s,0) +disp(K3) + +a=(2+4*t+6*(t^2)+2*(t^3)) +b=diff( a,t) +c=diff(b,t) +d=diff(c,t) +e=(Ko*a)+(K1*b)+(K2*c)+(K3*d) //error by dynamic coefficient method +disp(e,"error") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.19/example_7_19.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.19/example_7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c923811e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.19/example_7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +q=poly([0 20 1],'s','coeff'); +G=400/q //gain FACTOR=k +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +omegaN=sqrt(400) +zeta=20/(2*omegaN) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +disp(zeta,"zeta = ") +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-zeta^2) +theta= atan(sqrt(1-zeta^2)/zeta) +disp(theta,"theta = ") + +syms s t +c=(1-(%e^(-zeta*omegaN*t))/sqrt(1-zeta^2)*sin(omegaD*t+theta)) +disp(c, " c = ") + +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) +disp(Kv, " Kv = ") +Ess=1/Kv +disp(Ess, " Ess = ") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.2/example_7_2.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.2/example_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39caa5edd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.2/example_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +p=poly([6 5 1],'s','coeff'); +q=poly([0 20 29 10 1],'s','coeff'); +G=10*p/q //gain FACTOR=10 +H=1 +y=G*H //type 1 + +syms s +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess1=3/(1+Kp) +disp(Ess1, "Ess1 = ") +Ess2=1/(Kv) +disp(Ess2, "Ess2 = ") + +disp("Ess3=2/(Ka) = infinity") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.20/example_7_20.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.20/example_7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6046eda15 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.20/example_7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +syms k T s +T= k/(s^2+k*T*s+k) + +Mp=20 //given +zeta=0.4559 +Tp=2 + +omegaN=%pi/(Tp*(sqrt(1-zeta^2))) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +k=omegaN^2 +disp(k," k = ") +T=2*zeta*omegaN/k +disp(T," T = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.21/example_7_21.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.21/example_7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6b0e5227 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.21/example_7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Mp=30 //given +Ts=5 +zeta=0.358 + +omegaN=4/(zeta*Ts) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") + +omegaD=omegaN*(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") + +TF=omegaN^2/(s^2+2*zeta*omegaN*s+omegaN^2) +disp(TF, "transfer function = ") + +theta=atan(sqrt(1-zeta^2)/zeta) +disp(theta," theta = ") +c=(((1-(%e^(-zeta*omegaN*t))/sqrt(1-zeta^2)*sin(omegaD*t+theta)))) +disp(c," c = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.22/example_7_22.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.22/example_7_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d52d32235 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.22/example_7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +syms t s +p=poly([1 2],'s','coeff'); +q=poly([0 1 2 1],'s','coeff'); +T=p/q //gain FACTOR=40 +R=1/s; +C=R*T; +c=ilaplace(C,s,t) +disp(c," c = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.23/example_7_23.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.23/example_7_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c84912b9d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.23/example_7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +q=poly([0 10 1],'s','coeff'); +G=k/q +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +zeta=0.5 +k=100/(4*zeta^2) +disp(k," k = ") + +omegaN=sqrt(k) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +Ts=4/(zeta*omegaN) +disp(Ts," Ts = ") +omegaD=omegaN*(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") +disp(%e^(-%pi*zeta/sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mp = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.24/example_7_24.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.24/example_7_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7a70a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.24/example_7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms s T k +T=k/(T*s^2+s+k) + +disp(sqrt(k/T)," omegaN = ") +disp(1/(2*sqrt(k*T))," zeta = ") + +disp("in case1 we have k2=1/16*k1") +disp("in case2 we have 4=T2/T1") + +disp("so T must be multiplied by 4 to reduce zeta from 0.6 to 0.3") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.25/example_7_25.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.25/example_7_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d096d58f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.25/example_7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +syms s t +q=poly([1 0.4],'s','coeff'); +q=poly([0 0.6 1],'s','coeff'); +G=p/q //gain FACTOR=k +H=1 +T=1/(1+G*H) +R=1/s +C=R*T; +disp(C) +c=ilaplace(C,s,t) +disp(c, " c = ") + +omegaN=sqrt(1) //comparing denominator with standard form +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=1/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta=") +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-zeta^2) +disp(omegaD,"omegaD = ") +theta=atan(sqrt(1-zeta^2)/zeta) + +disp((%pi-theta)/omegaD," Tr = ") +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") +disp(%e^(-%pi*zeta/sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mp = ") +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN)," Ts = ") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.26/example_7_26.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.26/example_7_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddff1c556 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.26/example_7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +syms s; +G=k/((s+2)*s*(s^2+2*s+5)) +H=1; + +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +A=1 //magnitude of unit ramp +Ess=A/Kv +disp("Ess is less than 0.2 ") //10/k < 0.2 +disp("k lies between 50 and infinity") + +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess1=2/(1+Kp) +disp(Ess1, "Ess1 = ") +Ess2=4/(Kv) +disp(Ess2, "Ess2 = ") +//Ess3=1/(Ka) +//disp(Ess3, "Ess3 = ") + +disp(" e =Ess1+Ess2+Ess3 = infinity") + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.27/example_7_27.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.27/example_7_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8616a1efc --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.27/example_7_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +syms s +G= 100/(s^2*(s+2)*(s+5)) + +syms s +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess=1/(1+Kp) + (1/Kv) + (4/Ka) +disp(Ess, "Ess = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.28/example_7_28.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.28/example_7_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d40eb32d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.28/example_7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +q=poly([0 2 1],'s','coeff'); +G=8/q +H=1 + +omegaN=sqrt(8) +zeta=2/(2*omegaN) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +disp(zeta,"zeta = ") + +syms s a +T=8/(s^2+s*(2+8*a)+8) +disp((0.7*2*sqrt(8)-2)/8, " a for zeta=0.7 is ") +disp(%e^(-%pi*zeta/sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mp for zeta=0.3535 is ") + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.3/example_7_3.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.3/example_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10eaa8a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.3/example_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +p=3/5 +q=poly([10 7 1],'s','coeff'); +G=p/q +H=1 +y=G*H +F1=1/(1+y) + +F=1/(1+y); +disp(F,"1/(1+G(s)H(s))=") +syms t s; +Ko=limit(s*F/s,s,0) //Ko=Lt s->0 (1/(1+G(s)H(S)) +d=diff(s*F/s,s); +K1=limit(diff(s*F/s,s),s,0) //K1=Lt s->0 (dF(s)/ds) +K2=limit(diff(d,s),s,0) //K2=Lt s->0 (d2F(s)/ds) + +a=(6+5*t+6*(t^2)/2) +b=diff((6+5*t+6*(t^2)/2) ,t) +c=diff(b,t) +e=Ko*a+K1*b+K2*c //error by dynamic coefficient method +disp(e,"e = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.30/example_7_30.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.30/example_7_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f667abfb --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.30/example_7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +q=poly([0 1 1],'s','coeff'); +G=k/q //gain FACTOR=k +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +zeta=0.5911; //given +Tp=0.5; +omegaN=%pi/(Tp*(sqrt(1-zeta^2))) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +disp(omegaN^2," k = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.31/example_7_31.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.31/example_7_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a805531fa --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.31/example_7_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +syms k1 k2 s k t +T= s/(s+k1*k2+k1*k) //solving the block diagram + +T1=k1/(s*(s+2*k1)) +y=ilaplace(T1,s,t) +disp(y, " y = ") + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.32/example_7_32.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.32/example_7_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f99f5f541 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.32/example_7_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +syms G M U Q ; + +T1=U*Q*G; +T2=M*G; + +L1=-G*Q; + +delta=1-(L1) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +TF=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(TF,"T = ") + +disp("sensitivity T wrt G is 1/(1+Q*G)") + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.33/example_7_33.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.33/example_7_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a50eba5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.33/example_7_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +syms s t +p=poly([8 1],'s','coeff'); +q=poly([0 4 1],'s','coeff'); +G=2*p/q //gain FACTOR=2 +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) +R=1/s; +C=T*R +c=ilaplace(C,s,t) +disp(c,"c = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.34/example_7_34.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.34/example_7_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a04cdfd7f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.34/example_7_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +syms s k +q=poly([0 0 1],'s','coeff'); +G=100/q //gain FACTOR=100 +H=1+k*s +y=G*H + +T=G/(1+G*H) + +omegaN=sqrt(100) //comparing denominator with standard form +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=100*k/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta=") + +Mp=4.32; +zeta=0.7071; +disp(zeta/5," k = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.35/example_7_35.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.35/example_7_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac81e2b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.35/example_7_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +K=33; +B=15; +M=3 + +T=1/(M*s^2+B*s+K) + +omegaN=sqrt(11) //comparing denominator with standard form +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=5/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta=") +disp(%e^(-%pi*zeta/sqrt(1-zeta^2))," Mp = ") +omegaD=omegaN*(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN)," Ts = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.36/example_7_36.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.36/example_7_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16f41fe51 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.36/example_7_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +ss=%s +G=64/(s*(s+9.6)) +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +omegaN=sqrt(64) +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=9.6/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta = ") +omegaD=omegaN*(sqrt(1-zeta^2)) +theta=atan(sqrt(1-zeta^2)/zeta) +disp(theta," theta = ") + +c=((1-(%e^(-zeta*omegaN*t))/sqrt(1-zeta^2)*sin(omegaD*t+theta))) +disp(c, "c = ") + +Tp=%pi/omegaD +disp(Tp," Tp = ") +disp(4/(zeta*omegaN)," Ts = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.37/example_7_37.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.37/example_7_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..450e6044b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.37/example_7_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +syms s + +T1=12/((s+3)*(s+4)); +T2=-3/(s+4); + +L1=-24/((s+3)*(s+4)*(s+5)); + +delta=1-(L1) +del1=1; +del2=1; + +T=(T1*del1 + T2*del2)/delta ; +disp(T,"T = ") + +G=T/(1-T) +disp(G," G=") +H=1 + +Kp=limit(s*G*H/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess=1/(1+Kp) +disp(Ess, "Ess for step input is = ") +disp(" for ramp input e=infinity") + + + + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.38/example_7_38.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.38/example_7_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152db1bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.38/example_7_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Mp=0.5/2 *100; +zeta=0.4036; + +for(n=0:3) + T=n*%pi/omegaD + if(n==2) + T=0.2 + omegaN=2*%pi/(T*(sqrt(1-zeta^2))) + disp(omegaN," omegaN = ") + end +end + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.39/example_7_39.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.39/example_7_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0bfedad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.39/example_7_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +syms s + +G=10/(s^2*(s^2+s+10)) +H=s; +T=G/(1+G*H) + +Kp=limit(s*T/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*T,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*T,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +R=10/s +T1=T/(1+T) +C=R*T1; +Css=limit(s*C,s,0) +disp(Css," Css = ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.4/example_7_4.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.4/example_7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10eaa8a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.4/example_7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +p=3/5 +q=poly([10 7 1],'s','coeff'); +G=p/q +H=1 +y=G*H +F1=1/(1+y) + +F=1/(1+y); +disp(F,"1/(1+G(s)H(s))=") +syms t s; +Ko=limit(s*F/s,s,0) //Ko=Lt s->0 (1/(1+G(s)H(S)) +d=diff(s*F/s,s); +K1=limit(diff(s*F/s,s),s,0) //K1=Lt s->0 (dF(s)/ds) +K2=limit(diff(d,s),s,0) //K2=Lt s->0 (d2F(s)/ds) + +a=(6+5*t+6*(t^2)/2) +b=diff((6+5*t+6*(t^2)/2) ,t) +c=diff(b,t) +e=Ko*a+K1*b+K2*c //error by dynamic coefficient method +disp(e,"e = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.5/example_7_5.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.5/example_7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03acf2645 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.5/example_7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +q=poly([0 1 1],'s','coeff'); +G=10/q //gain FACTOR=10 +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +Stg=(1/(1+G*H)) +Stg= (-1+ %i*1)/(49+%i*1) //at s= %i*w where w=1 +disp(abs(Stg),"sensitivity at w=1 is ") + +//sensitivity wrt H +T=-G*H/(1+G*H) +Sth=-50/(49+%i*1) //at s= %i*w where w=1 +disp(abs(Sth),"sensitivity wrt H at w=1 is ") + + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.6/example_7_6.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.6/example_7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d22f9f087 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.6/example_7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +syms s Td +G=(1+s*Td)/(s*(s+1.6)) +H=1 +T=G/(1+G*H) + +omegaN=2; //comparing the denominator with standard form +zeta=1 //zeta=(1.6+4*Td)/(4) +Td=(4-1.6)/4 +disp(Td,"Td = ") +Ts=4/(zeta*omegaN) +disp(Ts," Ts = ") + + + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.7/example_7_7.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.7/example_7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfb158cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.7/example_7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +q=poly([0 0 6 5 1],'s','coeff'); +G=1/q //gain FACTOR=k +H=1 +y=G*H +disp(y) + +syms s +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) //Kp= position error coefficient +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) //Kv= velocity error coefficient +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) //Ka= accelaration error coefficient + +disp(Ka ,"Ka = ") +disp(Kv ,"Kv = ") +disp(Kp ,"Kp = ") + +Ess1=1/(1+Kp) +disp(Ess1, "Ess1 = ") +Ess2=10/(Kv) +disp(Ess2, "Ess2 = ") +Ess3=40/(Ka) +disp(Ess3, "Ess3 = ") + +Ess=Ess1+Ess2+Ess3 //Ess=10 given +k=Ess/10 +disp(k, "k = ") + diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.8/example_7_8.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.8/example_7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..668ac6dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.8/example_7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +q=poly([1 1.105 0.1055 0.0005],'s','coeff'); +G=20000/q //gain FACTOR=20000 +H=1 +y=G*H +p=poly([0 1],'s','coeff'); +R=1000/p + +Kp=limit(s*y/s,s,0) +Ess=1000/(1+Kp) + +Css=1000-Ess +disp(Css," Css = ") diff --git a/257/CH7/EX7.9/example_7_9.sce b/257/CH7/EX7.9/example_7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98cafa1f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH7/EX7.9/example_7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +q=poly([24 5 1],'s','coeff'); +G=20/q +H=1 +y=G*H + +omegaN=sqrt(24) //comparing denominator with standard form +disp(omegaN,"omegaN = ") +zeta=5/(2*omegaN) +disp(zeta,"zeta=") +omegaD=omegaN*sqrt(1-zeta^2) +disp(omegaD,"omegaD = ") +syms t +theta=atan(sqrt(1-zeta^2)/zeta) +disp(20/24*((1-(%e^(-zeta*omegaN*t))/sqrt(1-zeta^2)*sin(omegaD*t+theta)))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a1af4c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +s=%s +P=s^4+2*s^2+1 +disp(routh_t(P)) +r=coeff(P) +routh=routh_t(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end +end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("no sign changes, so no roots in RHS") + end + disp("s^2 is") + k=roots(routh(1,:)) + disp(k) + + disp("since, s^2 is negetive, s is purely imaginary. hence the 4 roots are on the imaginary axis") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.12/example_8_12.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.12/example_8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca0e2964c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.12/example_8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +s=%s +F=s^3+4*s^2+13*s+50 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end +syms s k +G=5*k/(s*(1+s/3)*(1+s/6)*18) +H=1 +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) +disp(Kv, " Kv = ") + +s=%s +F=s^3+9*s^2+18*s+180 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.14/example_8_14.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.14/example_8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc06620a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.14/example_8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=%s +F=s^6+2*s^5+8*s^4+12*s^3+20*s^2+16*s+16 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end + + +R=sqrt(roots(routh(3,:))) +disp(R) + +disp("non repeated roots on imaginary axis. hence system is marginally stable") + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.15/example_8_15.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.15/example_8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53f97fd04 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.15/example_8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +s=%s +F=2*s^5+s^4+6*s^3+s+1 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.16/example_8_16.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.16/example_8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..424a2bd5d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.16/example_8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^3+3*(K)*s^2+(K+2)*s+4 +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + + + + + + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.17/example_8_17.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.17/example_8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..179904bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.17/example_8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^3+10*s^2+(K+21)*s+13*K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + +disp("for its closed loop poles more negetive than -1") +s=%s +syms K +m=s^3+7*s^2+(K+4)*s+12*K-12 +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.18/example_8_18.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.18/example_8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84b2438de --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.18/example_8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +s=%s +// C=s^4+10*s^3+36*s^2+70*s+75 characteristic equation// +F=(s-2)^4+10*(s-2)^3+36*(s-2)^2+70*(s-2)+75 //shifting the origin with respect to s=-2// +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end +end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are %d roots to the right of s=-2 line",c+1) + else printf("system is stable") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.19/example_8_19.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.19/example_8_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3b367aea --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.19/example_8_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +s=%s +F=s^6+2*s^5+5*s^4+8*s^3+8*s^2+8*s+4 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else + disp("s^2 is") + k=(roots(routh(3,:))) + disp(k) +end + +if(k(2,1)==k(3,1)) + printf("repeated roots on imaginary axis. hence unstable system") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dd56abae --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; +P=s^3+6*s^2+11*s+6; +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("system is stable") + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.20/example_8_20.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.20/example_8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..794126e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.20/example_8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+6*s^3+30*s^2+60*s+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + +disp("for all closed loop poles to left of -1") +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+2*s^3+18*s^2+14*s+K-35 +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.21/example_8_21.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.21/example_8_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d16fc8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.21/example_8_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +s=%s +P=s^6+s^5+5*s^4+s^3+2*s^2-2*s-8 +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system has %d roots in RHS",c) + else printf("no roots in RHS") + end + k=0 + +R=(sqrt(roots(routh(3,:)))) //real part of the roots// +disp("s is") +disp(R) +for(i=1:3) + if(real(R(i,1)) == 0) + k=k+1 + end +end + + printf("%d is in the imaginary axis and ",k) //conjugate pairs// + printf(" %d roots are in LHS",6-k-c) //out of 6 roots// + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.22/ex_8_22.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.22/ex_8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36729e0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.22/ex_8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//terms in a row become infinite// +s=%s; +//P=s^5+2*s^4+3*s^3+6*s^2+2*s+1;// +//replace 's' by '1/z' to get F// +z=%z; +F=z^5+2*z^4+6*z^3+3*z^2+2*z+1 +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("system is stable") + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.23/example_8_23.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.23/example_8_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17abb700e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.23/example_8_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +s=%s +P=s^6+2*s^5+9*s^4+16*s^3+24*s^2+32*s+16 +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are %d roots on RHS",c) + else printf("there are no roots in RHS") + end + disp("s is") +R=(sqrt(roots(routh(3,:)))) + disp(R) +k=0 +for(i=1:3) + if(real (R(i,1))==0) + k=k+1 + end + end + +printf("thus %d roots on imaginary axis and there are %d roots in LHS",2*(k-1),6-c-2*(k-1)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.24/example_8_24.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.24/example_8_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..335718daa --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.24/example_8_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +s=%s +syms K +m=0.125*s^3+0.875*s^2+(1.75)*s+1+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + +sys=syslin('c',1/(0.125*s^3+0.875*s^2+(1.75)*s+1)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.25/example_8_25.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.25/example_8_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d03de8b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.25/example_8_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +s=%s +P=s^5-s^4-2*s^3+2*s^2-8*s+8 +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are %d roots on RHS",c) + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end + + disp("s^2 is") + disp(roots(routh(2,:))) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.26/example_8_26.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.26/example_8_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54d87cc0c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.26/example_8_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=0*s^3+s^2+(K+1)*s+2*K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system +sys=syslin('c',s*(3*s+1)/(s^3+2*s+4)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.27/example_8_27.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.27/example_8_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1a4ff496 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.27/example_8_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +s=%s +//P=s^4+2*s^3+3*s^2+s+1 +s'=%s +P=(s'-1)^4+2*(s'-1)^3+3*(s'-1)^2+(s'-1)+1 //putting s=s'-1 +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are 2*%d roots to the right of s=-1",c) //2 terms with negetive signs implies 4 sign changes// + else printf("system is stable") + end + +F=(s'-0.5)^4+2*(s'-0.5)^3+3*(s'-0.5)^2+(s'-0.5)+1 +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +rouths=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) + + printf("there are 2 sign changes.so there are 2 roots to the right of s=-0.5") + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.28/example_8_28.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.28/example_8_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e26f1770 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.28/example_8_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+18*s^3+121*s^2+360*s+400-2*K^2 +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + +disp("k marginal is") +k=sqrt(200) +disp(k) + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.29/example_8_29.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.29/example_8_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d5e0b848 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.29/example_8_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +syms s K +G=K*(s+2)/(s*(s+3)*(s^2+5*s+10)) +H=1 +Kv=limit(s*G*H,s,0) +disp(Kv, " Kv = ") + +Ess=0.01 //given +K=15/Ess +disp(K,"K=") + +s=%s +F=s^3+8*s^2+1525*s+3030 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac3949380 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s; +P=s^3+4*s^2+s+16; +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("system is stable") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.30/example_8_30.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.30/example_8_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37241f42f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.30/example_8_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +s=%s + +F=s^8+s^7+4*s^6+3*s^5+14*s^4+11*s^3+20*s^2+9*s+9 +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are %d roots with positive real part as there are %d sign cganges",c+1,c+1) //two number of sign changes + else printf("no roots with positive real part") + end + + +P=1+s^1+3*s^2+2*s^3+5*s^4+3*s^5+1*s^6 +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +r=coeff(P) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<=0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("there are %d roots with positive real part",c+1) + else printf("no roots with positive real part") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.31/example_8_31.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.31/example_8_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1aaabd74 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.31/example_8_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +syms s K +G=(10+s)*K/(s^2*(s^2+2*s+10)) +H=1 + +Ka=limit(s^2*G*H,s,0) +disp(Ka, " Ka = ") +Ess=0.1 //given +K=1/Ess //A=1 +disp(K,"K=") + +s=%s +F=s^4+2*s^3+10*s^2+10*s+100 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.32/example_8_32.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.32/example_8_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05525be20 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.32/example_8_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+5*s^3+5*s^2+4*s+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system +sys=syslin('c',1/(s^4+5*s^3+5*s^2+4*s)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.33/example_8_33.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.33/example_8_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79d877e7c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.33/example_8_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+12*s^3+44*s^2+48*s+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system +sys=syslin('c',1/(s^4+12*s^3+44*s^2+48*s)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") + +omega=sqrt(k/routh(3,1)) + + + + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eb74881b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +s=%s; +//F=s^5+s^4+2*s^3+2*s^2+3*s+15// +//replacing 's' by '1/z' we get F// +z=%z; +F=15*z^5+3*z^4+2*z^3+2*z^2+z+1; +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("system is stable") + end diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3503b097 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s; +F=s^6+4*s^5+3*s^4-16*s^2-64*s-48; +//replace 's' by '1/z'// +//F=48*z^6+64*z^5+16*z^4-3*z^2-4*z-1; +disp(routh_t(F)) +routh=routh_t(F) +r=coeff(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; + +disp("positive real=1, zero real part=2, negative real part=3") diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14192064f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=0.1*s^3+0.65*s^2+s+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system +sys=syslin('c',1/(0.1*s^3+0.65*s^2+s)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") + +w=sqrt(-k/0.65) +disp(w,"w = ") + + + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9560835c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K +m=s^4+22*s^3+10*s^2+s+K +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system +sys=syslin('c',1/(s^4+22*s^3+10*s^2+s)) +k=kpure(sys) +disp(k,"K(marginal)=") + +w=sqrt(-k/9.95) +disp(w,"w = ") + + + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dccb26a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +s=%s +F=s^6+3*s^5+4*s^4+6*s^3+5*s^2+3*s+2 + +disp(routh_t(F)) +r=coeff(F) +routh=routh_t(F) +n=length(r) +c=0; +for i=1:n +if (routh(i,1)<0) +c=c+1; + end + end + if(c>=1) + printf("system is unstable") + else printf("there are no roots on RHS") + end + +disp("s^2 is") +R=roots(routh(3,:)) +disp(R) + +disp("as there are 2 pairs of repeated roots on the imaginary axis, the system is unstable") + diff --git a/257/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce b/257/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1ffa052 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//determining critical value of K +s=%s +syms K p +m=s^3+p*s^2+(2+K)*s+K+1 +cof_a_0 = coeffs(m,'s',0); +cof_a_1 = coeffs(m,'s',1); +cof_a_2 = coeffs(m,'s',2); +cof_a_3 = coeffs(m,'s',3); + +r=[cof_a_0 cof_a_1 cof_a_2 cof_a_3] + +n=length(r); +routh=[r([4,2]);r([3,1])]; +routh=[routh;-det(routh)/routh(2,1),0]; +t=routh(2:3,1:2); //extracting the square sub block of routh matrix +routh=[routh;-det(t)/t(2,1),0] +disp(routh,"rouths tabulation=") +routh(3,1)=0 //For marginaly stable system + + + + diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.1/example_9_1.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.1/example_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83b111455 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.1/example_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//root locus +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s)) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.10/example_9_10.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.10/example_9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb5db031e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.10/example_9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)*(s+2)*(s+4)/(s^2*(s+6))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.11/example_9_11.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.11/example_9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13e358b6e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.11/example_9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)*(s+4)/((s+2)*(s^2+2*s+2))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.12/example_9_12.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.12/example_9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66d216f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.12/example_9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+1)*(s+4))) +evans(sys) + +//breakaway points + +disp("break away points are") +disp(roots(numer(derivat(sys)))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.13/example_9_13.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.13/example_9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bc97da9d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.13/example_9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//angles of departure +sys=syslin('c',k*(s+2)/(s*(s+4)*(s^2+2*s+2))) +evans(sys) + +theta=180-(135+90+18.43-45) +disp(theta) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.14/example_9_14.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.14/example_9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ee66f365 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.14/example_9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+5)*(s+10))) +clf +evans(sys) + +//stability + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp(Ki) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.15/example_9_15.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.15/example_9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf3da37f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.15/example_9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+1)*(s+2)*(s+3))) +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.16/example_9_16.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.16/example_9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7e381c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.16/example_9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+3)*(s^2+3*s+4.5))) +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.17/example_9_17.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.17/example_9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60c035d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.17/example_9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+3)*(s^2+3*s+11.25))) +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.18/example_9_18.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.18/example_9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf32c764d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.18/example_9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+3)*(s^2+3*s+3))) +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.2/eg_9_2.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.2/eg_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b921c35b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.2/eg_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//angle condition +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+2)*(s+4))) + +f=-0.75; +//disp(-atan(s,0)) +disp(-atan(f,0)-atan(f,2)-atan(f,4)) +if(-atan(f,0)-atan(f,2)-atan(f,4)==(-3.14)) + printf("yes") + +else + printf("no") +end + diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.20/example_9_20.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.20/example_9_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d7cff76e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.20/example_9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(s+1)*k/(s*(s-1)*(s^2+5*s+20))) +evans(sys) + +//stability + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp(Ki) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.21/example_9_21.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.21/example_9_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49be78017 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.21/example_9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//given characteristic equation s^3 + 9*s^2 +k*s + k +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(s+1)*k/((s+9)*(s^2))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.23/example_9_23.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.23/example_9_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1cc10c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.23/example_9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/(s*(s+4)*(s^2+4*s+20))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.24/example_9_24.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.24/example_9_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94d7a1535 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.24/example_9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/(s*(s+2)*(s^2+6*s+25))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.25/example_9_25.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.25/example_9_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17b53b06b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.25/example_9_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/(s*(s+4)*(s+2))) +evans(sys) + + +//values of k + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp("k should be less than") +disp(Ki) + +//frequency of oscillations +s=%s +P=s^3+6*s^2+8*s+Ki +routh=routh_t(P) +disp(routh) +disp("frequency of oscillations is") + disp(sqrt((roots(routh(2,:))))) + + //damping ratio is 0.5 given +// cos inverse of 0.5 is 60 degrees. from the root locus, the 60 degree line crosses the locus at (-0.75+j*1.25) + +f=(-0.75+%i*1.25) +disp("k for damping ratio 0.5 is") +disp(abs(f*(f+4)*(f+2))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.26/example_9_26.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.26/example_9_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82154dd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.26/example_9_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',((k)*(s^2-2*s+5))/((s+2)*(s-0.5))) +clf +evans(sys) + +//stability + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp(Ki) + +//damping ratio 0.5 + +f=(-0.3+%i*0.55) +disp("k for damping ratio 0.5 is") +disp(abs(((f+2)*(f-0.5)))/(f^2-2*f+5)) + diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.27/example_9_27.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.27/example_9_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eebb552f --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.27/example_9_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//when |a|<|b| then system is stable. hence let a=2 and b=3 +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/((s-2)*(s+3))) +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.28/example_9_28.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.28/example_9_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5403989b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.28/example_9_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/((s+16)*(s^2+2*s+2))) +evans(sys) + +//stability + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp("k marginal is") +disp(Ki) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.3/example_9_3.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.3/example_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0e179131 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.3/example_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//magnitude condition for GH=K/s*(s=2)*(s+4) +s=-0.75 +k=-s*(4+s)*(2+s) +disp(k) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.30/example_9_30.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.30/example_9_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d991d48a --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.30/example_9_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/((s)*(s^2+8*s+17))) +clf +evans(sys) + +//damping ratio 0.5 + +f=(-1.15+%i*2) +disp("k for damping ratio 0.5 is") +disp(abs(((f)*(f^2+8*f+17)))) + diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.31/example_9_31.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.31/example_9_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5deb38b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.31/example_9_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',((k)*(s+2)*(s+3))/((s+1)*(s))) +clf +evans(sys) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.32/example_9_32.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.32/example_9_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..979ba13bd --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.32/example_9_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//given characteristic equation we get GH +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k/(s*(s^2+8*s+20))) +clf +evans(sys) + +//stability + +[Ki,s]=kpure(sys) +disp(Ki) + + +//damping ratio is 0.95 + +f=(-1.8+%i*0.55) +disp("k for damping ratio 0.95 is") +disp(abs((f*(f^2+8*f+20)))) + + +f=(-03.6+%i*1.1) +disp("k for damping ratio 0.95 is") +disp(abs((f*(f^2+8*f+20)))) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.4/example_9_4.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.4/example_9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4092e3bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.4/example_9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)/(s*(s+2))) +evans(sys) +printf("there are 2 branches approaching infinity") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.5/example_9_5.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.5/example_9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96b345c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.5/example_9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',k*(s+1)/(s*(s+5))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.6/example_9_6.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.6/example_9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de0dbe92 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.6/example_9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)*(s+1)*(s+4)/(s*(s+3)*(s+5))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.7/example_9_7.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.7/example_9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de0dbe92 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.7/example_9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)*(s+1)*(s+4)/(s*(s+3)*(s+5))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.8/example_9_8.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.8/example_9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d214f1c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.8/example_9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Gh=k/((s+1)*(s+2+2j)*(s+2-2j)) + +for n=0:2 + theta=(2*n+1)*180/3 //poles=3 , zeroes=0 + disp(theta) +end + +disp(cntrd=(-1-2-2-0)/3) // real(poles-zeroes)/ number of poles-zeroes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/257/CH9/EX9.9/example_9_9.sce b/257/CH9/EX9.9/example_9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46438edf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/257/CH9/EX9.9/example_9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +sys=syslin('c',(k)*(s+6)/(s*(s+2)*(s+4))) +evans(sys) diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.1/1_01.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.1/1_01.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74634311 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.1/1_01.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.1 +//Pg No. 8 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 8') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a4edfc9f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Eg-1.10 +//pg-24 + +clear +clc + +a=input("enter any number"); +printf('Enter \n1 to find square root \n2 to find logarithm \n3 to find the exponential\n\n') +choice = input("Enter your choice"); + +select choice, + case 1 then r=sqrt(a);disp(r), + case 2 then r=log(a);disp(r), + case 3 then r=exp(a);disp(r), + else printf('Invalid Choice\n') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..354446a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Eg-1.11 +//pg-26 + +clear +clc + +x=input("enter any value in radians to find its sine value") +v=sin(x); +disp(v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..012bfad15 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Eg-1.12 +//pg-27 + +clear +clc + +x = input("enter any value ") +v = exp(-(x)^2/2); +disp(v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..137a6e416 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.13 +//Pg No. 29 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 29') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd59a6e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.14 +//Pg No. 31 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 31') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4655f483 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.15 +//Pg No. 33 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 33') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cb207893 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Eg-1.16 +//pg-35 + +clear +clc + +a=[0.5 0.5 -0.5;0.5 1 -1;-1 0.5 0.5]; + +printf('The given matrix is \n\n') +disp(a) + +printf('The program prints the elements of the matrix as the following\n\n') + +for i=1:9 + printf("a(%d) = %f\n",i,a(i)) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9ab0deb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.17 +//Pg No. 36 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 36') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e11b21d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.18 +//Pg No. 37 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 37') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b6cbc8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.19 +//Pg No. 39 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 39') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.2/1_02.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.2/1_02.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb8cb864d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.2/1_02.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.2 +//Pg No. 10 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 10') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603ecd34e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Eg-1.20 +//pg-35 + +clear +clc + +summ=0; +for i=1:9; + summ=summ+i; +end +disp("sum of first 9 natural no.s") +disp(summ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56f1a1486 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Eg No. 1.21 +//Pg No. 43 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +printf('did not have a scilab analogy for the c++ code, for details go the page no. 43') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.3/1_03.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.3/1_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6af9334c --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.3/1_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Eg No. 1.3 +//Pg No. 12 +clc ; +clear ; +close ; +deff('v = f(R,T,M)','v = sqrt(8*R*T/(3.14159*M))') +R = 8.314*(10^7) +M = input('Enter the value of M') +T = input ('Enter the value of T') +v = f(R,M,T) +disp('v = ') +disp(v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0469f5a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-1.4 +//pg-13 + +clear +clc + + +a=input("enter any number") +r=a-round(a/2)*2; +if r==0 then + disp("even number") +else + disp("odd number") +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca87a6395 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Eg-1.5 +//pg-16 + +clear +clc + + +summ=0; +for i=1:100 + summ=summ+i^2; +end +disp("sum of squares of first 100 natural numbers is") +disp(summ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.6/1_06.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.6/1_06.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf402cab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.6/1_06.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 1.6 +//Pg No. 18 +choice = 'a' +while choice ~= 'T' + choice = input('Type T and press enter to terminate') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80b252510 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Eg-1.7 +//pg-19 + +clear +clc + + +F(1)=1; +F(2)=1; +eps=10^(-12); +err=100; +i=1; +while err>=eps + F(i+2)=F(i+1)+F(i); + err=abs((F(i+1)/F(i+2)-(F(i)/F(i+1)))); + i=i+1; + end +goldenratio=F(i)/F(i+1); +disp(goldenratio) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16f8cc33 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-1.8 +//pg-21 + +clear +clc + +a=input("enter any number") +if a<=0 then + disp("logarithm cannot be computed") +else + p=log(a); + disp("logarithm of given number is ") + disp(p) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/260/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..469ce0af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-1.9 +//pg-22 + +clear +clc + +a=input("enter any number") +if a<=0 then + disp("logarithm cannot be computed") +exit(0); +end + p=log(a); + disp("logarithm of given number is ") + disp(p) diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a040edd6e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +//Eg-10.1 +//pg-430 + +clear +clc + +//Since the interpolating polynomial is of order 3 we have 4 unknown coefficients a0,a1,a2,a3. + +//The polynomial finally looks like a3x^3 + a2*x^2 + a1*x + a0 = f(x) + +x = [1;2;3;4]; + +for(i = 1:4) + for(j = 1:4) + A(i,j) = x(i)^(j-1); + end +end + + + +B = [2;3.5;3;4]; + +T(1:4,1:4) = A; +T(:,5) = B; + + + +//Gauss Elimination + +for(i = 2:4) + T(i,:) = T(i,:) - T(1,:) +end + +for(i = 3:4) + T(i,:) = T(i,:) - T(i,2)/T(1,2)*(T(2,:)); +end + + +T(4,:) = T(4,:) - T(4,3)/T(3,3)*(T(3,:)); + + +for(i=1:4) + T(i,:) = T(i,:)/T(i,i); +end + +for(i = 1:3) + T(4-i,:) = T(4-i,:) - T(4,:)*T(4-i,4); + +end + +for(i = 1:2) + T(3-i,:) = T(3-i,:) - T(3,:)*T(3-i,3); +end + +T(1,:) = T(1,:) - T(2,:); + +X = T(:,5); + +h = poly(X,'x',"coeff") + +disp(X) +disp(h) diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7313da96 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Eg-10.10 +//pg-449 + +clear +clc + +x = [1 2 4]; +y = [5 8.6 3.1]; + +//Refer to pg-448 for these conditions +//condition 1 gives +// 4a1 + 2b1 + c1 = 8.6 +//condition 2 gives +// 16a1 + 4b1+c1 = 3.1 +//condition 3 gives +// 4a0 + b0 = 4a1 + b1 +//condition 4 gives +// a0 = 0 + +A = [2 1 0 0 0;0 0 4 2 1;1 1 0 0 0;0 0 16 4 1;1 0 -4 -1 0]; +B = [8.6;8.6;5;3.1;0]; + +//The above conditions repesented in matrix equation form Ax = B can be solved for x as +//x = [b0;c0;a1;b1;c1] + +x = inv(A)*B; + +b0 = x(1); +c0 = x(2); +a1 = x(3); +b1 = x(4); +c1 = x(5); + +x = poly(0,'x'); + +printf('The expressions for the splines are \n') +p = b0*x + c0; +q = a1*x^2 + b1*x + c1; + +disp(p,q) + +x1 = 1:0.01:2; +x2 = 2:0.01:4; + +y1 = horner(p,x1); +y2 = horner(q,x2); + +plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) + +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') + +legend('Spline 1','Spline 2') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc9a71428 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Eg-10.11 +//pg-452 + +clear +clc +close() + +x = [1 2 3]; +y = [2.5 3.7 1.7]; + +exec cubicspline.sci + +cubicspline(x,y) diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c76415324 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Eg-10.12 +//pg-458 + +clear +clc +close() + +x = [1.04 1.11 1.19 1.32 1.47 1.6 1.79 1.97 2.15 2.34 2.48 2.64 2.76 2.86 2.96]; +y = [3.7 3.87 4 4.14 4.26 4.32 4.37 4.39 4.38 4.33 4.26 4.14 4.01 3.86 3.70]; + +exec cubicspline.sci + +cubicspline(x,y) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2621cbf --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +//Eg-10.2 +//pg-432 + +clear +clc +close() +// A = (x-x0)/h = 0.1*(x-30) +//A is the greek alphabet 'alpha' + +Y = [31.8;55.3;92.5;149.4]; + +X = [30;40;50;60]; + +T = zeros(4,4); + +T(:,1) = Y; + +for(j = 2:4) + for(i = 1:4+1-j) + T(i,j) = T(i+1,j-1) - T(i,j-1); + end +end + +//disp(T) + +//from equation [10], the interpolating polunomial is + +//p3 = f(x0) + A*Df(x0) + A(A-1)/2!*D2f(x0) + A(A-1)(A-2)/3!*D3f(x0) + +//note that A is used in place of 'alpha' and D in place of 'delta' + +// The above expression p3 can also be written as + +//p3 = f(x0) + A * [ Df(x0) - D2f(x0)/2 + 1/3*D3f(x0) ] + A^2 * [ D2f(x0)/2 - 1/2*D3f(x0)] + A^3/6 * D3f(x0)..............call this expression 1 + +f = T(1,1); +Df = T(1,2); +D2f = T(1,3); +D3f = T(1,4); + +//Substituting the values of D,D2,D3 in the expression 1 we finally get + +// p3 = a0 + a1*A + a2*A^2 + a3*A^3 + +a0 = f; +a1 = Df - D2f/2 + 1/3*D3f; +a2 = D2f/2 - 1/2*D3f; +a3 = 1/6*D3f; + +//disp(a0,a1,a2,a3) + +//Now taking A = 0.1*(x-30) + +//p3 = b0 + b1*x + b2*x^2 + b3*x^3 + +b0 = a0 -3*a1 + 9*a2 - 27*a3; +b1 = 0.1*a1 - 0.6*a2 + 2.7*a3; +b2 = 0.01*a2 - 0.09*a3; +b3 = 0.001*a3; + +//disp(b3,b2,b1,b0) + +printf('The polynomial is p(T) = (%f)*T^3 + (%f)*T^2 + (%f)*T + (%f)\n',b3,b2,b1,b0) + +deff('out = func(in)','out = b3*in^3 + b2*in^2 + b1*in + b0') + + +x = 30:60; +y = func(x); + +plot(x,y) +plot(X,Y,'db') + +legend('Interpolated polynomial','Experimental data points') + +xlabel('Temperature') +ylabel('Vapour Pressure of Water') diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c341492e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +//Eg-10.3 +//pg-434 + +clear +clc +close() + +// A = (x-xn)/h = (x-x3)/h = (0.05*x-5) +//A is the greek alphabet 'alpha' + +Y = [205;201;195;190]; + +X = [40;60;80;100]; + +T = zeros(4,4); + +T(:,1) = Y; + +for(j = 2:4) + for(i = 1:4+1-j) + T(i,j) = T(i+1,j-1) - T(i,j-1); + end +end + +//disp(T) + +//from equation [14], the interpolating polunomial is + +//p3 = f(x3) + A*Df(x3) + A*(A+1)/2!*D2f(x3) + A*(A+1)*(A+2)/3!*D3f(x3) + +//note that A is used in place of 'alpha' and D in place of 'delta' + +// The above expression p3 can also be written as + +//p3 = f(x3) + A * [ Df(x3) + D2f(x3)/2 + 1/3*D3f(x3) ] + A^2 * [ D2f(x3)/2 + 1/2*D3f(x3)] + A^3/6 * D3f(x3)..............call this expression 1 + +f = T(4,1); +Df = T(3,2); +D2f = T(2,3); +D3f = T(1,4); + +//Substituting the values of D,D2,D3 in the expression 1 we finally get + +// p3 = a0 + a1*A + a2*A^2 + a3*A^3 + +a0 = f; +a1 = Df + D2f/2 + 1/3*D3f; +a2 = D2f/2 + 1/2*D3f; +a3 = 1/6*D3f; + +//disp(a0,a1,a2,a3) + +//Now taking A = 0.05*x - 5 + +//p3 = b0 + b1*x + b2*x^2 + b3*x^3 + +b0 = a0 -5*a1 +25*a2 - 125*a3; +b1 = 0.05*a1 - 0.5*a2 + 3.75*a3; +b2 = 0.0025*a2 - 0.0375*a3; +b3 = 12.5*10^(-5)*a3; + +//disp(b3,b2,b1,b0) + +printf('The polynomial is p(T) = (%f)*T^3 + (%f)*T^2 + (%f)*T + (%f)\n',b3,b2,b1,b0) + +deff('out = func(in)','out = b3*in^3 + b2*in^2 + b1*in + b0') + + +x = 40:100; +y = func(x); + +plot(x,y) +plot(X,Y,'db') + +legend('Interpolated polynomial','Experimental data points') +xlabel('Temperature') +ylabel('Energy') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9bef0c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Eg-10.4 +//pg-435 + +clear +clc +close() +printf('This is a theory question\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7074fb0b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Eg-10.5 +//pg-437 + +clear +clc +close() + +X = [0;5;10;15]; + +Y = [53;127;213;378]; + +T = zeros(4,4); + +T(:,1) = Y; + +for(j = 2:4) + for(i = 1:4+1-j) + T(i,j) = T(i+1,j-1) - T(i,j-1); + end +end + +//disp(T) + +// Using Gauss backward formula + +//p3 = f + d*A + d2*A(A+1)/2 + d3*A*(A-1)*(A+1)/6 + +//Note that 'alpha' is replaced by A and 'small delta' by d + +f = T(3,1); +d = T(2,2); +d2 = T(2,3); +d3 = T(1,4); + +A = (7-10)/5; + +p37 = f + d*A + d2*A*(A+1)/2 + d3*A*(A-1)*(A+1)/6; + +printf('Therefore, the number of houses after seven years is %d\n',p37) diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..050d86723 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Eg-10.6 +//pg-440 + +clear +clc +close() + +X = [3;5;6;9]; + +Y = [293;508;585;764]; + +T = zeros(4,4); + +T(:,1) = Y; + +for(j = 2:4) + for(i = 1:4+1-j) + T(i,j) = (T(i+1,j-1) - T(i,j-1))/(X(j-1+i) - X(i)); + end +end + +//disp(T) + +//p3 = a0 + a1 * (x-3) + a2 * (x-3)*(x-5) + a3 * (x-3)*(x-5)*(x-6) + +a0 = T(1,1); +a1 = T(1,2); +a2 = T(1,3); +a3 = T(1,4); + +//p3 = b0 + b1*x + b2*x^2 + b3*x^3 + +b0 = a0 + 15*a2 - 3*a1 -90*a3; +b1 = a1 - 8*a2 + 63*a3; +b2 = a2 - 14*a3; +b3 = a3; + +//disp(b0,b1,b2,b3) + +deff('out = func(in)','out = b0 + b1*in + b2*in^2 + b3*in^3') + +x = 3:9; +y = func(x); +plot(x,y) + +plot(X,Y,'db') + +legend('Divided difference polynomial of order 3','Experimental data') + +xlabel('F') +ylabel('P') + + + diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1062655ac --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Eg-10.7 +//pg-442 + +clear +clc +close() + +x = [0;2;5]; +y = [0;2.5;6.9]; + +exec lagrange.sci + +p = lagrange(x,y,2) + +printf('The polynomial is \n') +disp(p) +k = horner(p,3) + +printf('\nThe value of the polynomial at x = 3 is %f\n',k) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49a30eff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Eg-10.8 +//pg-445 + +clear +clc + +T = [0 80 146.9 207.6 265 320.2 373.7 426.1 477.7 528.3 578.1 627.1 675.3]; + +y = [0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000]; + +exec lagrange.sci + +p = lagrange(y,T,3) + +printf('The third order polynomial interpolating the given data points is \n') +disp(p) + +D = [625 2143 3215 5785]; +k = horner(p,D) + +printf('\n\nThe values of temperature at given EMF values are \n') +disp(k) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce b/260/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a4aad2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Eg-10.9 +//Pg-447 + +clear +clc + +x = [6 9 14 17.5 20]; +y = [5 3.04 4.68 2.7 4.75]; + +n = length(x); //no. of data points + +for(i = 1:n-1) + s(i,1) = (y(i+1)-y(i))/(x(i+1)-x(i)); +end + + + +x = poly(0,'x'); + +for(i = 1:n-1) + f(i) = y(i) - s(i)*(x-6); +end + +printf('The expressions for first order splines are :\n') +disp(f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b9b08133 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Eg-11.1 +//pg-468 + + +clear +clc + +//The time required to heat up the oil from 60 to 90 degrees centigrade is calculated by integrating the function f(T) from 60 to 90. +//Where f(T) = (dT/dt), temperature gradient. + +T = [60;90]; + +for(i = 1:2) + f(i) = 1/(40-0.3*T(i)); +end + +//Now the inegration using the formula I = ((T(2)-T(1))/2)*[f(1)+f(2)] + +I = ((T(2)-T(1))/2)*(f(1)+f(2)); // Trapezoidal rule + +printf('The value of the integral using the formula is %f\n\n',I) +printf(' The exact value of the integral is 1.75(obtained analytically)\n') +printf(' Note that since the function is nonlinear, the value of the integral is approximate.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7a6e0a44 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Eg-11.10 +//pg-490 + +clear +clc + +//The exact value of the integration can be found by analytical integration (here using the inbuilt scilab function 'intg') + +deff('out = func(in)','out = (in^3-3)') + +I = intg(-1,1,func); + +printf('The exact value of the integral found analytically is %f\n',I) +//The two-point Gauss-Legendre quadrature formula is +// I = w0*f(x0) + w1*f(x1) +//From table 11.3 we have foe the two-point formula, the values of wi and xi. + +w0 = 1; +w1 = 1; +x0 = -0.57735027; +x1 = 0.57735027; + +//Hence I = f(x0) + f(x1). + +I1 = func(x0) + func(x1); + +printf(' The value of the integral calculated using Gauss-Legendre formula is %f\n',I1) +printf('\n Note that the two-point Gauss-Legendre formula gives the exact value of the integral\n for a cubic function. The same accuracy could have been achieved with Simpsons 1/3rd\n rule, but at the cost of one additional function evaluation. Therefore, the gauss-\n Legendre method is compuationally more efficient.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..162596d51 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Eg-11.11 +//pg-493 + +clear +clc + +//The function to be integrated is + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 8.168*in*(1-in/2.5)^0.17') + +a = 0; +b = 2.5; //Limits of integration + +//Taking the values of w and x from the table 11.3 +//The value of the subscripts is increased by 1 because the index 0 is not valid. + +w(1) = 0.2369269; +w(2) = 0.4786287; +w(3) = 0.5688889; +w(4) = 0.4786287; +w(5) = 0.2369269; + +x(1) = -0.90617985; +x(2) = -0.53846931; +x(3) = 0.00000000; +x(4) = 0.53846931; +x(5) = 0.90617985; + +sum1 = 0; + +for(i = 1:5) + sum1 = sum1 + w(i)*func((x(i)*(b-a)+b+a)/2); +end + +I = (b-a)/2*sum1; + +printf('The value of the flowrate is %f cm^3/s',I) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f351de45 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Eg-11.12 +//pg-494 + +clear +clc + +//From the composite trapezoidal rule, the average voltage is + +h = 10; + +V = (1/40)*(h/2)*(189 + 2*213 + 2*205 + 2*213 + 196); + +printf('The average voltage is %f volts',V) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb39cfb49 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Eg-11.13 +//pg-495 + +clear +clc + +//Note that the values of log(y) are not equally spaced. + +x(1) = -2.9999; +x(2) = -2.4486; +x(3) = -2.1599; +x(4) = -1.9893; +x(5) = -1.8687; +x(6) = -1.7734; +x(7) = -1.6990; + +y(1) = 4.32; +y(2) = 5.02; +y(3) = 5.39; +y(4) = 5.26; +y(5) = 5.10; +y(6) = 4.84; +y(7) = 4.76; + +sum1 = 0; + +for(i = 1:6) + h(i) = x(i+1) - x(i); + sum1 = sum1 + h(i)/2*(y(i+1) + y(i)); +end + +printf('The value of the integral is %f',sum1) + +plot(x,y) +xlabel('log(y)') +ylabel('y/(y-yi)') + +printf('\n\n The data points and trapezoid approximations are plotted in the figure.\n The area under the curve represents the value of the integral.\n Graphical integration gives I = 6.556\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f51ef5e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Eg-11.2 +//pg-472 + + +// To find the work done pressure is to be integrated with respect to volume which is compressed from 20 to 5 litres at 300k +// i.e integrating the function [RT/(V-b)-a/V^2] from 20 to 5. Here we take 500 intervals between the given limits 20 and 5. +// b and a represent the upper and lower limits of integration in the code below. +// Putting in the given values the function simplifies to [24.6/(V-0.065)-5.5/V^2]. +clc +clear + +deff('out =func(in)','out = 24.6/(in-0.065)-5.5/in^2') //V is the in and P is the out. +b = 5; +a = 20; +n = 500; +summation = 0; + +h = (b-a)/n; //step size + +for(i = 1:499) + F(i) = func(a+i*h); +end + +for(i = 1:499) + summation = summation + F(i); +end + +I = (h/2)*(func(a) + 2*summation + func(b)); //Composite version of the trapezoidal rule. + +printf('The value of the integral and there by the work done is %f litre atm\n\n',abs(I)) + +printf(' Using 500 segments ,this value is same as the exact value obtained analytically.\n However, when less number of segments(say 100) are used the numerical solution\n differs from the analytical one.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b56ff55 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Eg-11.3 +//pg-473 + +clc +clear + +Cf = 10^(-6); +Ci = 10^(-5); +h = (Cf-Ci)/2; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = -100/in') + +t1 = func(Ci); +t2 = func(Ci+h); +t3 = func(Cf); + +//Now the integration using the simpson's 1/3 rule I = (h/3)[f(a)+4f(a+h)+f(b)] +//h = (b-a)/2 + +I = (h/3)*(t1 + 4*t2 + t3); +I = abs(I); //since integral we have to consider the absolute value + +printf('The calculated value of the integral is %f\n',I) +printf(' The exact value of the integral is 230.3') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fe17a8bc --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Eg-11.4 +//pg-476 + +clc +clear + +// velocity is given as a function of t. To find the distance travelled we simply need to integrate the velocity function over time interval. +//defining an inline function as given for simplicity. + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 2*10^3 * log( 10^5 /(10^5-2*10^3*in) ) - 10*in') + +b = 30; // t = 30 (upper limit) +a = 0; // t = 0 (lower limit) +n = 500; // number of intervals we consider +h = (b-a)/n; // stepsize +summation = 0; + +for(i = 1:499) + F(i) = func(a+i*h); + summation = summation + F(i); +end + +I = h/2 * (func(a) + 2*summation + func(b)); + +printf('Performing the integration we get x = %f m\n',I) diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aab8193ad --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Eg-11.5 +//pg-477 + +clear +clc + +//defining an inline function for simplicity and integrating it from x = 0 to 0.9 + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 0.3 + 1.6*in + 0.027*in^2') + +h = (0.9-0)/3; //Stepsize +b = 0.9; +a = 0; + +//Integrating using the simpsons 1/3rd rule + +I = (3*h/8)*(func(a) + 3*func(a+h) + 3*func(a+2*h) + func(b)); + +printf('The value of the integration is %f\n',I) +printf(' Since the function to be integrated is a quadratic, the value of the integral is exact') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7042bb6e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Eg-11.6 +//pg-480 + +// Simplifying, the function to be integrated simplifies , we define an inline function as the same. + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 5.093*10^(-5)*(exp(2*in) * (1+in^2)^(-2))') + +a = 0; +b = 2; +h = (b-a)/3; + +t1 = func(a); +t2 = func(a+h); +t3 = func(a+2*h) +t4 = func(b); + + +//Now the integration using the simpson's 1/3 rule, I = (h/3)[f(a)+4f(a+h)+f(b)] +//h = (b-a)/2 + +I = (3*h/8)*(t1 + 3*t2 + 3*t3 + t4); +I = abs(I); //since integral we have to consider the absolute value + +printf('Using simpsons 3/8 rule we get %f\n',I) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae7d02fff --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Eg-11.7 +//pg-482 + +clear +clc + +//The function is to be integrated over the interval 0 to 1 using single and double segment applications of the trapezoidal rule. + +b = 1; +a = 0; + +//The integration formula for single segment application of trapezoidal rule is I = (b-a)/2 * [f(a)+f(b)] + +I1 = (b-a)/2 * (exp(1) + exp(0)); + +//The integration formula for double-segment application of trapezoidal rule is I = (b-a)/2n * [f(a)+2*f(a+h)+f(b)] + +n = 2; +h = (b-a)/(n); + +I2 = (h/2)*(exp(0) + 2*exp(0+h) + exp(1)); + +printf('The value of the integral using 1 segment is %f\n',I1) +printf(' The value of the integral using 2 segments is %f\n',I2') + +//Using equation [28] we obtain the improved estimate as I = 4/3*I2 - 1/3*I1 + +I = 4/3*I2 - 1/3*I1; + +printf(' Using equation [28] we obtain the improved estimate as I = %f\n\n',I) + +printf(' This value represents a much better estimate of the integral. Infact,\n it is closer to the exact value of the integral, 1.7183, than any of \n the values obtained using the trapezoidal rule above.\n') diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27febdf1d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Eg-11.8 +//pg-485 + +clear +clc + +a = 0; +b = 1; +h = b-a; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 1/(1+in^2)') + +//From equations [30],[31],[32] & [33] + +//Please note that the subscripts(i&j) we use here are different from that used in +//text book i.e they are increased by 1, because we cant give the index zero in //scilab. Therefore, + +imax = 6; +jmax = 6; + +I(1,1) = h/2*(func(a) + func(b)); + +I(2,1) = 1/2*(I(1,1) + h*func(a+h/2)); + +I(3,1) = 1/2*(I(2,1) + h/2*(func(a+h/4) + func(a+3*h/4))); + +//From equation [33] + +sum1 = 0; + +for(j = 1:2:(2^3-1)) //Since we have to consider the odd terms only. + sum1 = sum1 + func(a+j*h/2^3); +end + + +I(4,1) = 1/2*(I(3,1) + h/2^2*sum1); + +//Similarly + +sum2 = 0; + +for(j = 1:2:(2^4-1)) + sum2 = sum2 + func(a+j*h/2^4); +end + +I(5,1) = 1/2*(I(4,1) + h/2^3*sum2); + +for(j = 2:5) + for(i = 1:imax-j) + I(i,j) = (4^(j-1)*I(i+1,j-1) - I(i,j-1))/(4^(j-1)-1); + end +end + +printf(' The complete Romberg tableau is as follows\n') + +disp(I) + +printf('\n Therefore, the value of the integral is %f\n',I(1,5)) + diff --git a/260/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce b/260/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fe4a9002 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Eg-11.9 +//pg-488 + +clear +clc + +a = 0; +b = 2; +h = b-a; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = exp(-in^2)') + +//From equations [30],[31],[32] & [33] + +//Please note that the subscripts(i&j) we use here are different from that used in +//text book i.e they are increased by 1, because we cant give the index zero in //scilab. Therefore, + +//Note : To get the results as in the book the lower limit of integration should be zero instead of 1 as in the book. + +imax = 6; +jmax = 6; + +I(1,1) = h/2*(func(a) + func(b)); + +I(2,1) = 1/2*(I(1,1) + h*func(a+h/2)); + +I(3,1) = 1/2*(I(2,1) + h/2*(func(a+h/4) + func(a+3*h/4))); + +//From equation [33] + +sum1 = 0; + +for(j = 1:2:(2^3-1)) //Since we have to consider the odd terms only. + sum1 = sum1 + func(a+j*h/2^3); +end + + +I(4,1) = 1/2*(I(3,1) + h/2^2*sum1); + +//Similarly + +sum2 = 0; + +for(j = 1:2:(2^4-1)) + sum2 = sum2 + func(a+j*h/2^4); +end + +I(5,1) = 1/2*(I(4,1) + h/2^3*sum2); + +for(j = 2:5) + for(i = 1:imax-j) + I(i,j) = (4^(j-1)*I(i+1,j-1) - I(i,j-1))/(4^(j-1)-1); + end +end + +printf(' The complete Romberg tableau is as follows\n') + +disp(I) + +printf('\n Therefore, the value of the integral is %f\n',I(1,5)) + diff --git a/260/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/260/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ee6e0e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Eg-12.1 +//pg-507 + +clear +clc + +x = 2.5; +h = 0.1; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = in^3 -6*in^2 + 11*in -6') + +//Forward Difference formulas + +f(1) = (func(x+h) - func(x))/h; +f(2) = (-func(x+2*h)+4*func(x+h)-3*func(x))/(2*h); + +//Backward Difference formulas + +f(3) = (func(x)-func(x-h))/h; +f(4) = (3*func(x)-4*func(x-h)+func(x-2*h))/(2*h); + +//Central Difference formulas + +f(5) = (func(x+h)-f(x-h))/(2*h); +f(6) = (-func(x+2*h)+8*func(x+h)-8*func(x-h)+func(x-2*h))/(12*h); + + +printf('Value of derivative Type Order of error\n') +printf(' %f Forward 1\n',f(1)) +printf(' %f Forward 2\n',f(2)) +printf(' %f Backward 1\n',f(3)) +printf(' %f Backward 2\n',f(4)) +printf(' %f Central 2\n',f(5)) +printf(' %f Central 4\n\n',f(6)) + +printf('The exact value is -0.25\nNote that the central difference formulas provide the best estimates of the derivative\n') + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/260/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..697eba076 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Eg-12.2 +//pg-509 + +clear +clc + +x = 0.5; +h = 0.1; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = in^2 - sin(in)') + +//Forward Difference formulas + +f(1) = (func(x+2*h) - 2*func(x+h) + func(x))/h^2; +f(2) = (-func(x+3*h) + 4*func(x+2*h) - 5*func(x+h) + 2*func(x))/(h^2); + +//Backward Difference formulas + +f(3) = (func(x) - 2*func(x-h) + func(x-2*h))/h^2; +f(4) = (2*func(x)-5*func(x-h)+4*func(x-2*h)-func(x-3*h))/(h^2); + +//Central Difference formulas + +f(5) = (func(x+h) - 2*func(x) + func(x-h))/(h^2); +f(6) = (-func(x+2*h) + 16*func(x+h) - 30*func(x) + 16*func(x-h) - func(x-2*h))/(12*h^2); + + +printf('Value of derivative Type Order of error\n') +printf(' %f Forward 1\n',f(1)) +printf(' %f Forward 2\n',f(2)) +printf(' %f Backward 1\n',f(3)) +printf(' %f Backward 2\n',f(4)) +printf(' %f Central 2\n',f(5)) +printf(' %f Central 4\n\n',f(6)) + +printf('The exact value is 2.48\nNote that for this function, several formulas in Table 12.2 provide good estimates of second derivate\n') diff --git a/260/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/260/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..600e8ebba --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Eg-12.3 +//pg-511 + +clear +clc + +x = 1; +h1 = 0.1; +h2 = h1/2; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = exp(in)') + +//Using central difference formula + +Dh1 = (func(x+h1)-func(x-h1))/(2*h1); + +Dh2 = (func(x+h2)-func(x-h2))/(2*h2); + +//Using equation [16], + +Dnew = 4/3*Dh2 - 1/3*Dh1; + +printf('The value of the derivative using Richardson extrapolation is %f\n',Dnew) + +printf(' This value is very close to the exact value of 2.718\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/260/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03d55a184 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Eg-12.4 +//pg-514 + +clear +clc + +x = 0.01; +h1 = 0.0001; +h2 = h1/2; + +Re = 10^4; + +deff('out = func(in)','out = 1/in^0.5 - 1.77*log(Re*in^0.5) + 0.6') + +//Using central difference formula + +Dh11 = (func(x+h1)-func(x-h1))/(2*h1); + +Dh21 = (func(x+h2)-func(x-h2))/(2*h2); + +Dh12 = (-func(x+2*h1) + 16*func(x+h1) - 30*func(x) + 16*func(x-h1) - func(x-2*h1))/(12*h1^2); + +Dh22 = (-func(x+2*h2) + 16*func(x+h2) - 30*func(x) + 16*func(x-h2) - func(x-2*h2))/(12*h2^2); + + + +//Using equation [16], + +D1new = 4/3*Dh21 - 1/3*Dh11; + +D2new = 4/3*Dh22 - 1/3*Dh12; + +printf('First Derivative = %f\n',D1new) +printf('Second Derivative = %f\n',D2new) + +printf('\nAnalytically : \n') +printf('First Derivative = -588.5\nSecond Derivative = 83850\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/260/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..061f330be --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Eg-12.5 +//pg-515 + +clear +clc + +x = [0;0.5;1.2]; +T = [450;388;325]; + +//The derivative can be computed using the equation [19] +//Therefore the derivative at x = 1 + +D = ((2-0.5-1.2)/((0-0.5)*(0-1.2)))*450 + ((2-0-1.2)/((0.5-0)*(0.5-1.2)))*388 + ((2-0-0.5)/((1.2-0)*(1.2-0.5)))*325; + +printf('The value of derivative at x = 1 is %f',D) diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..848a82c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Eg-13.1 +//pg-522 + +clear +clc + +//Given equation dy/dx = x. Hence F'(x) = 1 and F''(x) = 0 + +//In the taylor series expnsion, if we write y0 in place of y(x0), we have +// y(1) = y1 = y(x0+h) = y0 + hx0 + h^2/2 + +x0 = 0; +y0 = 0; //Initial condition + +h = 1; //taking the value ourself + +y1 = y0 + h*x0 + h^2/2; + +printf('The value of y at x = 1 is %f\n',y1) +printf(' This is the exact solution since the higher derivatives starting from second order derivative of F vanish\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f789f08fb --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.10/13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//find the function like eig in matlab +//Eg-13.10 +//pg-548 + +clear +clc + +//From the given differential equations we have, +// F0 = y0 - y1 + 2*y2^2; +// F1 = 3*y0 + y1^2 - y2; +// F2 = 2*y0 + 0.5*y1^2 - 0.5*y2^2; + +//Therefore, the jacobian matrix is + +J = [1 -1 4;3 2 -1;2 1 -1] +Ji = inv(J) + +printf('J = ') + +disp(J) + +printf('The largest eigenvalue can be computed by the power method(see chapter 5). It is found \nto be 3. To find the minimum eigen value, we determine the inverse of this matrix\n') +printf('\nInverse of J, Ji = \n') + +disp(Ji) + +//ro = Lmax/Lmin + +ro = 3/1; + +printf('\nThe power method gives the largest eigenvalue of this matrix to be 1. Therefore, the \nminumum eigenvalue of J is 1/1 = 1. The stiffness ratio, therefore is,\n\n ro = %f\n',ro) + diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3732114 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.11/13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Eg-13.11 +//pg-550 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = -2*in2') + +for(j = 1:3) + + x(1) = 0; + y(1,j) = 1; + yb(1,j) = 0; + +end + + +h(1) = 0.43; +h(2) = 0.3; +h(3) = 0.03; + +z(1) = exp(-2*x(1)); + +for(i = 2:11) + + x(i) = 0.1+(i-2)*0.1; + z(i+1) = exp(-2*x(i)); +end + +for(j = 1:3) + + + for(i = 1:10) + yb(i+1,j) = y(i) + h(j)*func(x(i),y(i,j)); + y(i+1,j) = y(i) + h(j)/2*(func(x(i),y(i,j)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1,j))); + end + + +end + +printf(' x h1 h2 h3 exact\n') + +for(i = 2:11) + printf('%f %f %f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i,1),y(i,2),y(i,3),z(i+1)) +end + +for(i = 1:10) + a(i) = x(i+1); + b(i) = y(i+1,1); + c(i) = y(i+1,2); + d(i) = y(i+1,3); + e(i) = z(i+2); +end + +clf() +//plot(a,[b c d e]) +plot(a,b,'s') +plot(a,c,'o') +plot(a,d,'d') +plot(a,e,'-') +legend('h = 0.43','h = 0.3','h = 0.03','analytical') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4659f5353 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.12/13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Eg-13.12 +//pg-552 + +clear +clc + +y(1) = 1; + +h = 1; + +printf('For h = 1\n') +printf(' x y\n') + +for(i = 1:3) + x(i) = i; //since h = 1 + y(i+1) = y(i)/(1+2*h); + printf(' %f %f\n',x(i),y(i+1)) +end + +h = 0.5; +printf('\nFor h = 0.5\n') +printf(' x y\n') + +n = (3.0-0.5)/0.5+1; + +for(i = 1:n) + x(i) = 0.5 + (i-1)*h; //since h = 0.5 + y(i+1) = y(i)/(1+2*h); + printf(' %f %f\n',x(i),y(i+1)) +end + +printf('Observe that the implicit method is stable for h = 1, whereas the explicit method is not.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2c5dff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.13/13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Eg-13.13 +//pg-554 + +clear +clc + +y(1) = 1; + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = 1-in1+4*in2') + +h = 0.1; + +//The index again is 1-11 instead of 0-10 + +for(i = 1:11) + + x(i) = 0 + (i-1)*h; + +end + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + + +for(i = 1) + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); +end + +printf('The solution is summarized as :\n') +printf(' x y\n') +for(i = 1:2) + + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) + +end +//we take x(1) = 0 and x(2) = 0.1, y(1) = 1 and y(2) = 1.608933 + +h = 0.1; + +for(i = 3:5) + yb(i) = y(i-2) + 2*0.1*func(x(i-1),y(i-1)); + y(i) = y(i-1) + 0.1/2*(func(x(i-1),y(i-1)) + func(x(i),yb(i))) + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) +end diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c857b4a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.14/13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Eg-13.14 +//pg-556 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = -0.3*(in2-50)^1.25') + +h = 0.1; +x(1) = 0; +y(1) = 100; +y(2) = 96.20249; //from the question +x(2) = x(1) + h; + +n = 10/h; + +for(i = 1:n) + + x(i+1) = x(i) + h ; + +end + + + + +for(i = 2:n) + + yb(i+1) = y(i-1) + 2*h*func(x(i),y(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + h/2*(func(x(i),y(i)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1))); + +end + +printf(' x y\n') +for(i = 1:10) + + printf('%f %f\n',x(i*10+1),y(i*10+1)) + +end + +printf('\n\nThe value of T at t = 10 agrees with that of the analytical solution:\nT = 50 + (0.075t + 0.37604)^-4\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b511cc26b --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.15/13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Eg-13.15 +//pg-559 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = 0.5*(1+in1)*in2^2') + +x(1) = 0; +y(1) = 1; + +h = 0.001; + +n = 0.3/0.001; + +for(i = 1:n) + x(i+1) = x(i) + h; +end + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +for(i = 1:n) + + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + + +end + +printf(' t y F(t,y)\n') + +for(i = 0:3) + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i*100+1),y(i*100+1),func(x(i*100+1),y(i*100+1))) +end + +//Using equations [61] and [62] + +y0 = y(1); +y1 = y(101); +y2 = y(201); +y3 = y(301); +x0 = x(1); +x1 = x(101); +x2 = x(201); +x3 = x(301); +x4 = 0.4; +h = 0.1; + +y4b = y0 + 4*h/3*(2*func(x3,y3) - func(x2,y2) + 2*func(x1,y1)); + +y4 = y2 + h/3*(func(x2,y2) + 4*func(x3,y3) + func(x4,y4b)); + +printf('\nThe value of y4 = %f\n',y4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.16/13_16.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.16/13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23da481da --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.16/13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Eg-13.16 +//pg-562 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = sin(in1)-in2') + +//To get the answers in the text book we shouldn't take sint=Vs to be unity! + +x(1) = 0; +y(1) = 0; + +h = 0.1; + +for(i = 1:10) + x(i+1) = x(i) + h; +end + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +printf(' t y\n') + +for(i = 1:4) + + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) + +end + +h = 0.1; + +for(i = 4:10) + yb(i+1) = y(i-3) + 4*h/3*(2*func(x(i-1),y(i-1)) + 2*func(x(i-2),y(i-2))); + y(i+1) = y(i-1) + h/3*(func(x(i-1),y(i-1)) + 4*func(x(i),y(i)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1)) ); + + +end + +printf('\n\nUsing the Milnes predictor-corrector Method:\n\n') + +printf(' t y\n') +for(i = 5:11) + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) +end diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45424b296 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.17/13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Eg-13.17 +//pg-563 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = in1^3*(cos(in2))^2 - in1*sin(2*in2)') +// Using the analytical expression in the question +deff('out = F(in1)','out = atan(0.5*(in1^2 + exp(-in1^2) - 1))') + + +x(1) = 0; +y(1) = 0; + +h = 0.1; + +for(i = 1:10) + x(i+1) = x(i) + h; + +end + +//Using RK method + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +printf(' t y F(x,y)\n') + +for(i = 1:4) + + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i),func(x(i),y(i))) + +end + +printf('\n\nUsing Adams Predictor-Corrector Method & its comparision with the analytical solution:\n\n') + +h = 0.1; +for(i = 4:6) + + yb(i+1) = y(i) + h/24*(55*func(x(i),y(i)) - 59*func(x(i-1),y(i-1)) + 37*func(x(i-2),y(i-2)) - 9*func(x(i-3),y(i-3))); + y(i+1) = y(i) + h/24*(9*func(x(i+1),yb(i+1)) + 19*func(x(i),y(i)) - 5*func(x(i-1),y(i-1)) + func(x(i-2),y(i-2))); + +end + +printf(' t yadams yanalytical\n') + +for(i = 5:6) + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i),F(x(i))) +end diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..096181d62 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.18/13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Eg-13.18 +//pg-565 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = (1-in2*sin(in1)/cos(in1))') + +x(1) = 0; +y(1) = 0; + +h = 0.1; + +for(i = 1:10) + x(i+1) = x(i) + h; + +end + +//Using RK method + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +printf(' x y\n') + +for(i = 1:4) + + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + + +end + +for(i = 2:4) + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) +end + +x4 = x(5); +x3 = x(4); +x2 = x(3); +x1 = x(2); +x0 = x(1); +y3 = y(4); +y2 = y(3); +y1 = y(2); +y0 = y(1); + +//Using the equation : y4 = 1/25*[48*y3 - 36*y2 + 16*y1 - 3*y0 + 12*h*func(x4,y4)] +// => y4 - 1/25*12*h*func(x4,y4) = 1/25*[48*y3 - 36*y2 + 16*y1 - 3*y0 ] +// => y4 = 0.39731/1.02029 analytically + +y4 = 0.39731/1.02029; + +printf('\n\nThe value of y4 = %f\n',y4) + +printf('\nThe analytical solution of this problem is y = sinx.\nThus, the exact solution is y(x = 0.4) = %f\n',y4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..918639208 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.19/13_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Eg-13.19 +//pg-567 + +clear +clc + +deff('out = func(in1,in2,in3)','out = in3 - in2') + +//At t = 0 + +t = 0; +y0(1) = 1; +y1(1) = y0 - 1; + +//Now all the values are known at t = 0. We will now use the Euler's method to compute y0 at (t+h), with h = 0.1 + +//At t = 0.1 + +t = 0.1; +y0(2) = y0(1) + t*func(0,y0(1),y1(1)); +y1(2) = y0(2) - 1; + +//Similarly + +t = 0.2; +y0(3) = y0(2) + t*func(0.1,y0(2),y1(2)); +y1(3) = y0(3) - 1; + +t = 0.3; +y0(4) = y0(3) + t*func(0.2,y0(3),y1(3)); +y1(4) = y0(4) - 1; + +printf('Therefore at t = 0.3, y0 = %f, y1 = %f\n',y0(3),y1(3)) + +//printf('%f %f\n%f %f\n%f %f\n',y0(1),y1(1),y0(2),y1(2),y0(3),y1(3)) + + + + + + + diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06af7e065 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Eg-13.2 +//pg-523 + +clc +clear + + +//F = x^2*y = dy/dx + +deff('[out] = func(in1,in2)','out = in1^2*in2') + +y(1) = 1; //Initial condition +x(1) = 0; +z(1) = exp(x(1)^3/3); + +h = 0.1; + +printf('x yEuler yexact\n') +for(i = 1:10) + x(i) = 0.1*i; + y(i+1) = y(i) + h*func(x(i),y(i)); + z(i+1) = exp(x(i)^3/3); + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i),z(i+1)) +end + +printf('\nNote that the exact solution is calculated from the analytical solution y = exp(x^3/3)\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..497a84f91 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Eg-13.3 +//pg-525 + +clear +clc +close() +x(1) = 0; +yb(1) = 0; +y(1) = 1; //Initial condition +h = 0.1; +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = in1^2*in2') + +//Taking the exact values from the previous problem +z(1) = exp(x(1)^3/3); + +for(i = 2:11) + + x(i) = 0.1+(i-2)*0.1; + z(i+1) = exp(x(i)^3/3); +end + +for(i = 1:10) + yb(i+1) = y(i) + h*func(x(i),y(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + h/2*(func(x(i),y(i)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1))); +end + + + +printf(' x yPc yExact\n') + +for(i = 2:11) + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i),z(i+1)) +end + +for(k = 1:10) + a(k) = x(k+1); + b(k) = y(k+1); + c(k) = z(k+2); +end + + +clf() +//plot(a,[b c]) +plot(a,b,'-') + +plot(a,c,'.') +legend('Exact','Euler') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') +printf('\n\nA comparison of Eulers method, the predictor-corrector method, and the exact solution\nare presented in the image. As expected, the predictor-corrector method produces a more\naccurate solution than the simple Eulers method.\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f67c1c3a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// about the analytical integration for the analytical solution +//Eg-13.4 +//pg-529 + +clear +clc + + +x(1) = 0; +yb(1) = 0; +y(1) = 1; //Initial condition +h = 0.1; +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = 0.5*(1+in1)*in2^2') + +//Taking the exact values using the expression calculated analytically as y = 4/(4-2*x-x^2) +z(1) = exp(x(1)^3/3); + +for(i = 2:11) + + x(i) = 0.1+(i-2)*0.1; + z(i+1) = 4/(4-2*x(i)-x(i)^2); +end + +for(i = 1:10) + yb(i+1) = y(i) + h*func(x(i),y(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + h/2*(func(x(i),y(i)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1))); +end + + + +printf(' x yPc yExact\n') + +for(i = 2:11) + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),y(i),z(i+1)) +end + +printf('\nSolving analytically gives :\n') +printf('y = 4/(4-2*x-x^2)\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..789721088 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Eg-13.5 +//pg-530 + +clear +clc + +y(1) = 1; +x(1) = 0; +h = 0.1; + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = in1^0.5 + in2^0.5') + +for(i = 2:11) + + x(i) = 0.1+(i-2)*0.1; + +end + +for(i = 1:10) + yb(i+1) = y(i) + h*func(x(i),y(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + h/2*(func(x(i),y(i)) + func(x(i+1),yb(i+1))); + bb(i+1) = y(i) + h/2*func(x(i),y(i)); + b(i+1) = y(i) + h*func(x(i)+h/2,bb(i+1)); +end + + + +printf(' x yMP yPC\n') + +for(i = 2:11) + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i),b(i),y(i)) +end + +printf('The third column presents the results obtained from the method used in Eg-13_4') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0fea21a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Eg-13.6 +//pg-533 + +clear +clc + +//Equation [27] is used for computation. + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = in2-in1') +h = 0.1; +y(1) = 0; + +//The given equation dy/dx = y-x is of the form dy/dx + Py = Q +// Finally the analytical expression is y = x-exp(x) + 1 + +//The index starts from 1 and goes up to 11 instead of 0 to 10 + +for(i = 1:11) + x(i) = 0 + (i-1)*h; + z(i) = x(i) - exp(x(i)) + 1; + +end + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +printf('i x(i) y(i) k1 k2 k3 k4 y(i+1) y(i+1)Exact\n') +for(i = 1:10) + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + + printf(' %d %f %f %f %f %f %f %f %f\n',i,x(i),y(i),k1(i),k2(i),k3(i),k4(i),y(i+1),z(i+1)) +end + +printf(' 11 %f %f\n',x(i+1),y(i+1)) +printf('\n Therefore, y(1) = %f\n',y(i+1)) + +printf('\n Refer to the textbook for the analytical solution\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9b1dec95 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.7/13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Eg-13.7 +//pg-537 + +clear +clc + +A = 0.9; +B = 0.09; +y(1) = 1; + +deff('out = func(in1,in2)','out = A*in2 - B*in2^2') + +h = 0.5; +//Given the expression of analytical solution : y(t) = 10/(1+9*exp(-0.9*t)) + +//The index again is 1-11 instead of 0-10 + +for(i = 1:11) + + x(i) = 0 + (i-1)*h; + yex(i) = 10/(1+9*exp(-0.9*x(i))) +end + +a = (2^0.5-1)/2; +b = (2-2^0.5)/2; +c = -(2^0.5)/2; +d = 1 + (2^0.5)/2; + +printf(' x yRKG yExact\n') +for(i = 1:10) + k1(i) = h*func(x(i),y(i)); + k2(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+k1(i)/2); + k3(i) = h*func(x(i)+h/2,y(i)+a*k1(i)+b*k2(i)); + k4(i) = h*func(x(i)+h,y(i)+c*k2(i)+d*k3(i)); + y(i+1) = y(i) + 1/6*(k1(i)+2*b*k2(i)+2*d*k3(i)+k4(i)); + + printf('%f %f %f\n',x(i+1),y(i+1),yex(i+1)) +end + +printf('\nTherefore, it is observed that the RKG solution closely matches \nwith the analytical solution.\n') + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d10fae11 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.8/13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Eg-13.8 +//pg-542 + +clear +clc +close() +x(1) = 0; +x_ending = 200; +l = 1000; //no. of divisions +h = (x_ending-x(1))/l; + +y5(1) = 0.01; +y4(1) = 0.01; +y(1) = 0.01; +des = 10^(-5); +deff('out = F(in1,in2)','out = in2^2*(1-in2)') +//h = 0.5; +for(i = 1:150) + +k1 = h*F(x(i),y(i)); +k2 = h*F(x(i) + 1/5*h,y(i)+1/5*k1); +k3 = h*F(x(i) + 3/10*h,y(i)+3/40*k1 + 9/40*k2); +k4 = h*F(x(i)+3/5*h,y(i) + 3/10*k1 - 9/10*k2 + 6/5*k3); +k5 = h*F(x(i)+h, y(i - 11/54*k1 + 5/2*k2 - 70/27*k3 + 35/27*k4)); +k6 = h*F(x(i)+7/8*h, y(i) + 1631/55296*k1 + 175/512*k2 + 575/13824*k3 + 44275/110592*k4 + 253/4096*k5); + +y5(i+1) = y(i) + (37/378*k1 + 250/621*k3 + 125/594*k4 + 512/1771*k6); + +y4(i+1) = y(i) + (2825/27648*k1 + 18575/48384*k3 + 13525/55296*k4 + 277/14336*k5 + 1/4*k6); + +err = abs(y5(i+1) - y4(i+1)); + +if(err > des) + n = 0.25; +elseif(err < des) + n = 0.2; +end + +h = h*(abs(des/err))^n; + +y(i+1) = y(i) + (37/378*k1 + 250/621*k3 + 125/594*k4 + 512/1771*k6); + +x(i+1) = x(i)+h; + +end + +printf('The values calculated using RK Fehlberg method are tabulated below\n') +printf(' x y\n') +for(i = 1:150) + printf('%f %f\n',x(i),y(i)) +end + +plot(x,y) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y') + +//There can be a difference in values this code gives and the code in the textbook gives because the author didn't mention the initial value of h that was used.Final value of x has been taken as 200 and 1000 divisions among will give h = (200-0)/1000. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce b/260/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33bd15066 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH13/EX13.9/13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +//Eg-13.9 +//pg-546 + +clear +clc +close() + +//Note that the subscripts of the variables y have been increased by 1 since the subscript 0 is not possible in scilab! + +deff('out = f1(in1,in2,in3)','out = -0.08*in1^0.5 - 2*in1^0.2*in2') + +deff('out = f2(in1,in2,in3)','out = -3.5*10^-6*in1^0.2*in2 + 1.6*10^-6*in3^0.3') + +deff('out = f3(in1,in2,in3)','out = 2*in1^0.2*in2 - 0.16*in3^0.3') + +i = 1; +k1(1,1) = 0; +k2(1,1) = 0; +k3(1,1) = 0; +k4(1,1) = 0; + + +y1(1) = 0.95; +y2(1) = 0.05; +y3(1) = 0; + +ti = 0; +tf = 7; +l = 1000; + +t(1) = 0; + +h = (tf-ti)/l; + +n = 1 + (tf-ti)/h; + +for(i = 2:n) + t(i) = t(i-1) + h; + k1(i,1) = f1(y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,2) = f2(y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,3) = f3(y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k1(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k1(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k1(i,3)*h/2; + k2(i,1) = f1(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,2) = f2(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,3) = f3(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k2(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k2(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k2(i,3)*h/2; + k3(i,1) = f1(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,2) = f2(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,3) = f3(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k3(i,1)*h; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k3(i,2)*h; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k3(i,3)*h; + k4(i,1) = f1(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,2) = f2(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,3) = f3(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,1) + 2*(k2(i,1)+k3(i,1)) + k4(i,1)); + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,2) + 2*(k2(i,2)+k3(i,2)) + k4(i,2)); + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,3) + 2*(k2(i,3)+k3(i,3)) + k4(i,3)); + + + +end +printf(' t y1 y2 y3\n') +for(i = 1:100:n) + printf('%f %f %f %f\n',t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)) +end + +plot(t,y1,t,y2,t,y3) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y1,y2,y3') +legend('y1','y2','y3') + +//note that the graph shown on the text book uses y1,y2 from o to 1 and y3 from 0 to 0.1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa30bfcba --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +//Eg-14.1 +//pg-580 + +clear +clc +close() + +//Note that the subscripts of the variables y have been increased by 1 since the subscript 0 is not possible in scilab! + +deff('out = f1(in1,in2,in3,in4)','out = in3') + +deff('out = f2(in1,in2,in3,in4)','out = in4') + +deff('out = f3(in1,in2,in3,in4)','out = -in2^2*in3 - in2*cos(in1) + sin(in1)^2') + +i = 1; +k1(1,1) = 0; +k2(1,1) = 0; +k3(1,1) = 0; +k4(1,1) = 0; + +ti = 0; +tf = 30; +l = 1000; + +t(1) = 0; + +h = (tf-ti)/l; + +n = 1 + (tf-ti)/h; + +y1(1) = 1; +y2(1) = 0; +y3(1) = 0; + +for(i = 2:n) + t(i) = t(i-1) + h; + k1(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k1(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k1(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k1(i,3)*h/2; + k2(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,3) = f3(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k2(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k2(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k2(i,3)*h/2; + k3(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k3(i,1)*h; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k3(i,2)*h; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k3(i,3)*h; + k4(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,1) + 2*(k2(i,1)+k3(i,1)) + k4(i,1)); + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,2) + 2*(k2(i,2)+k3(i,2)) + k4(i,2)); + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,3) + 2*(k2(i,3)+k3(i,3)) + k4(i,3)); + + Y1(i) = y1(i); + Y2(i) = y2(i); + Y3(i) = y3(i); + +end + +y1(1) = 1; +y2(1) = 1; +y3(1) = 1; + + +for(i = 2:n) + t(i) = t(i-1) + h; + k1(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + k1(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i-1),y2(i-1),y3(i-1)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k1(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k1(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k1(i,3)*h/2; + k2(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k2(i,3) = f3(y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k2(i,1)*h/2; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k2(i,2)*h/2; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k2(i,3)*h/2; + k3(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k3(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + k3(i,1)*h; + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + k3(i,2)*h; + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + k3(i,3)*h; + k4(i,1) = f1(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,2) = f2(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + k4(i,3) = f3(t(i),y1(i),y2(i),y3(i)); + + y1(i) = y1(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,1) + 2*(k2(i,1)+k3(i,1)) + k4(i,1)); + y2(i) = y2(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,2) + 2*(k2(i,2)+k3(i,2)) + k4(i,2)); + y3(i) = y3(i-1) + 1/6*h*(k1(i,3) + 2*(k2(i,3)+k3(i,3)) + k4(i,3)); + + + +end + +plot(t,Y1,t,y1) +xlabel('t') +ylabel('y1') +legend('1','2') + +printf('1 is the curve obtained by using y2(0) = 0 and y3(0) = 0\n 2 is the curve obtained by using y2(0) = 1 and y3(0) = 1\n In both the cases y1(0) = 1\n') +//Note that the final answer of y1 at t = 30 is not the same as in text-book even after using the same algorithm the author has used. However in both cases the curves behave the same way as in the text book. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d098739f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Eg-14.2 +//pg-582 + +clear +clc +close() +//Approximate the first and second derivatives using central difference formula + +//At i = 1 ; 14y0 - 37y1 + 18y2 = 0; +// Using y0 = 0 +// -37y1 + 18y2 = 0 (1) + +//At i = 2 ; 14y1 - 37y2 + 18y3 = 0; (2) + +//At i = 3 ; and taking y4 = 1 ; 14y2 - 37y3 = -18; (3) + +//We have 3 equations and 3 unknowns + +A = [-37 18 0;14 -37 18;0 14 -37]; +B = [0;0;-18]; + +//Thomas method + +b0 = -37; +c0 = 18; +a1 = 14; +b1 = -37; +c1 = 18; +a2 = 14; +b2 = -37; +r0 = 0; +r1 = 0; +r2 = -18; + +B0 = b0; +G0 = r0/B0; + +B1 = b1 - a1*c0/B0; +G1 = (r1 - a1*r0)/B1; + +B2 = b2 - a2*c1/B1; +G2 = (r2 - a2*r1)/B2; + +x(3) = G2; +x(2) = G1 - c1*x(3)/B1; +x(1) = G0 - c0*x(2)/B0; + +disp(x) + +y(1) = 0; //BC 1 +y(2:4) = x(1:3); +y(5) = 1 //BC 2 + +x1 = 0:0.25:1; +plot(x1,y,'ks') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1c2464fc --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Eg-14.3 +//pg-583 + +clear +clc +close() + +//Analytically solving the given equation using central difference formula we get 3 equations at 3 internal points + +// At point 1 T0 - 2*T1 + T2 = -3.125 (1) +// At point 2 T1 - 2*T2 + T3 = -3.125 (2) +// At point 3 T2 - 2*T3 + T4 = -3.125 (3) + +// Using BC 1 T-1 = T1 +// Using BC 2 T5 = T3 - 0.25*T4 + 75; + +// using BC 1 in (1), we get T1 - T0 = -1.5625 (4) +// using the value of T5 in the BC gives 2*T3 - 2.25*T4 = -78.125 (5) + +//Solving these equations gives the values of T at different points + +A = [1 -2 1 0 0;0 1 -2 1 0;0 0 1 -2 1;1 -1 0 0 0;0 0 0 2 -2.25]; +B = [-3.125;-3.125;-3.125;1.5625;-78.125]; + +X = inv(A)*B; + +x = 0:0.25:1; + +plot(x,X,'ks') + +//Analytically + +L = 1; +x1 = 0:0.01:1; +T = 300 + 50*L^2/(2)*(1-(x1/L)^2 + 2*2); + +plot(x1,T) + +xlabel('x(m)') +ylabel('T(K)') +legend('FD solution','Analytical Solution') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6517bdcba --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Eg-14.4 +//pg-586 + +clear +clc +close() + +//Using Dx(delta x) = 0.25 and using the Boundary Condition 1, we get +// 3*T0 - 4*T1 + T2 = 0; + +//From Boundary Condition 2, we get +// T2 - 4*T3 + 3.25*T4 = 75; + +//We have 5 equations and 5 Unknowns + +A = [1 -2 1 0 0;0 1 -2 1 0;0 0 1 -2 1;3 -4 1 0 0;0 0 1 -4 3.25]; + +B = [-3.125;-3.125;-3.125;0;75]; + +T = inv(A)*B; + +for(i = 1:5) + printf('T%f = %f\n',i-1,T(i)) +end + diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ead41c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Eg-14.5 +//pg-589 + +clear +clc +close() + +A = [70 -140 90 -20 1]; + +exec graeffe.sci + +graeffe(A,10^-6) diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5483e4bf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Eg-14.6 +//pg-590 + +clear +clc +close() + +a = [6 -6 1]; +exec graeffe.sci +q = graeffe(a,10^-6); + +x0 = 0; +x1 = q(2); +x2 = q(1); +x3 = 1; + +P = [1 x0 x0^2 x0^3;1 x1 x1^2 x1^3;1 x2 x2^2 x2^3;1 x3 x3^2 x3^3]; +Q = [0 1 2*x0 3*x0^2;0 1 2*x1 3*x1^2;0 1 2*x2 3*x2^2;0 1 2*x3 3*x3^2]; +R = [0 0 2 6*x0;0 0 2 6*x1;0 0 2 6*x2;0 0 2 6*x3]; + +A = Q*inv(P); +B = R*inv(P); + +printf('\nThe matrix A is \n') +disp(A) +printf('The matrix B is \n') +disp(B) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49fa8d299 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Eg-14.7 +//pg-593 + +clear +clc +close() + +x = [0 0.2 0.8 1]; + +//Using the boundary conditions and the equations at the internal points we have 4 equations and 4 unknowns + +A = [-7.0004 8.1966 -2.1964 1.0001;-0.9996 2.1955 -8.1957 6.9999;13.6609 -24.2685 13.7324 -5.1247;-3.6594 10.2665 -27.7312 19.1244]; + +B = [0;1;0;0]; + +X = inv(A)*B; + +printf('y0 = %f y1 = %f\n y2 = %f y3 = %f\n',X(1),X(2),X(3),X(4)) + +plot(x,X,'ks') +legend('Two point OC') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/260/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db54e5322 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-14.8 +//pg-596 + +clear +clc +close() + +printf('The general solution is of the form \n y(x) = A*sin(ax)+B*cos(ax)\n\nUsing the BC : at x = 0, y = 0 ; we get B = 0.\nUsing the other BC : at x = 1 y = 0 \n => sin(ax) = 0 which is valid for a = n*pie for n = 1,2,3,..\nThe eigen values are n*pie for n = 1,2,3,...\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/260/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae9efee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Eg-15.1 +//pg-605 + +clear +clc + +//using d/dx to denote the partial derivatve w.r.t x + +//Consider the general equation defined by the equation [2] on pg-605 + +// A * d^2(F)/dx^2 + B * d^2(F)/dxdy + C * d^2(F)/dy^2 + D = 0; +//for part (i) + +A(1) = 1; +B(1) = 0; +C(1) = 1; +D(1) = 0; + +//for part (ii) + +A(2) = 1; +B(2) = 0; +C(2) = -1; +D(2) = 0; + +//for part(iii) + +A(3) = 1; +B(3) = 0; +C(3) = 0; +D(3) = 0; + +for(i = 1:3) + dt(i) = B(i)^2 - 4*A(i)*C(i); + + if(dt(i) > 0) + printf('The discriminant of the PDE in part %d is %f ,so it is Hyperbolic\n',i,dt(i)) + + elseif(dt(i) < 0) + printf('The discriminant of the PDE in part %d is %f ,so it is Elliptic\n',i,dt(i)') + + else(dt(i) == 0) + printf('The discriminant of the PDE in part %d is %f ,so it is parabolic\n',i,dt(i)') + end + +end + diff --git a/260/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/260/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e655b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Eg-15.2 +//pg-608 + +clear +clc + +// Using D in the place of greek alphabet delta + +// Taking square grid => Dx = Dy = 0.25 + +// Applying central difference approximation to the second derivatives, we obtain + +// [T(i+1,j) - 2*T(i,j) + T(i-1,j)]/(Dx)^2 + [T(i,j+1) - 2*T(i,j) + T(i,j-1)]/(Dy)^2 = 0. i = 1,2,3; j = 1,2,3.....this can be simplified as + +// T(i+1,j) + T(i-1,j) + T(i,j+1) + T(i,j-1) - 4*T(i,j) = 0 + +//Applying the above equation to the 9 points analytically leaves us with 9 equations and 9 variables T11 to T33. This can be written in the matrix equation form Ax = B. + +A = [4 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0;-1 4 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0;0 -1 4 0 0 -1 0 0 0;-1 0 0 4 -1 0 -1 0 0;0 -1 0 -1 4 -1 0 -1 0;0 0 -1 0 -1 4 0 0 -1;0 0 0 -1 0 0 4 -1 0;0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 4 -1;0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 4]; + +B = [65;25;125;40;0;100;90;50;150]; +printf('Solving the Equation Ax = B will give the values of Temperatures, where A = \n') +disp(A) + +printf('\nand B = ') + +disp(B) + +printf('\nTherefore the matrix representing T11 to T33 is \n') + +x = inv(A)*B; + +disp(x) diff --git a/260/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/260/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48da6eae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Eg-15.3 +//pg-611 + +clear +clc + +// The value of y can be computed using the equation : +// y(i,j+1) = 0.68*y(i,j) + 0.16*y(i+1,j) + 0.16*y(i-1,j) +y = zeros(5,5); +y(1,1:5) = 25; +y(1:5,1) = 100; +y(1:5,5) = 100; + +//disp(y) + +for(j = 2:4) + for(i = 1:4) + y(i+1,j) = 0.68*y(i,j) + 0.16*y(i,j+1) + 0.16*y(i,j-1); + end + +end + +printf('The values of y for different t are shown in the table(Rows represents different time level and columns represent x0,x1,x2,x3,x4) below and the plot corresponding to this value is shown in the figure generated\n') +disp(y) + +//There is a mistake in the textbook + +x = 0:0.25:1; + +y1 = y(1,1:5); +y2 = y(2,1:5); +y3 = y(3,1:5); +y4 = y(4,1:5); +y5 = y(5,1:5); + +plot(x,y1,x,y2,x,y3,x,y4,x,y5) +legend('t0','t1','t2','t3','t4') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') diff --git a/260/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/260/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f31d7315 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Eg-15.4 +//pg-617 + +clear +clc + +close() + +//Using equation [21] in this problem + +//Solving the equations analytically gives 3 equatinos in y11,y21,y31 which can be solved using matrix inversion. + +printf('Using the equation [21] we get :\n') +x1 = inv([1.16 -0.08 0;-0.08 1.16 -0.08;0 -0.08 1.16])*[33;25;33]; + +printf(' y11 = %f\n y21 = %f\n y31 = %f\n',x1(1,1),x1(2,1),x1(3,1)) + +//Similarly solving for the elements in the column 2,3&4 + +x2 = inv([1.16 -0.08 0;-0.08 1.16 -0.08;0 -0.08 1.16])*[43.442;26.4406;43.4442]; + +printf(' y12 = %f\n y22 = %f\n y32 = %f\n',x2(1,1),x2(2,1),x2(3,1)) + +x3 = inv([1.16 -0.08 0;-0.08 1.16 -0.08;0 -0.08 1.16])*[51.3531;30.0152;51.3531]; + +printf(' y13 = %f\n y23 = %f\n y33 = %f\n',x3(1,1),x3(2,1),x3(3,1)) + +x4 = inv([1.16 -0.08 0;-0.08 1.16 -0.08;0 -0.08 1.16])*[57.6403;34.5618;57.6403]; + +printf(' y14 = %f\n y24 = %f\n y34 = %f\n',x4(1,1),x4(2,1),x4(3,1)) + +y = zeros(4,5) + +y(1:4,1) = 100; +y(1:4,5) = 100; + +y(1,2:4) = x1'; +y(2,2:4) = x2'; +y(3,2:4) = x3'; +y(4,2:4) = x4'; + +printf('The values of y at the grid points are shown in the following table :\n') +disp(y) + +printf('\nThe profiles of y by Crank-Nicolson method is shown in the figure\n') + +x = 0:0.25:1; + +y1 = y(1,1:5); +y2 = y(2,1:5); +y3 = y(3,1:5); +y4 = y(4,1:5); + + +plot(x,y1,x,y2,x,y3,x,y4) +legend('t1','t2','t3','t4') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') diff --git a/260/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/260/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f61ac0617 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Eg-15.5 +//pg-619 + +clear +clc +close() + +y = zeros(5,5); + +y(1:5,1) = 10; +y(1:5,5) = 10; +y(1,5:4) = 0; +//y(1,2:4) = 10; + +for(i = 3:5) + for(j = 2:4) + y(i,j) = y(i-1,j+1) + y(i-1,j-1) - y(i-2,j); + end +end + +printf('The table of the y values with different rows as different timelines :\n') + +Y = y(2:5,:) +disp(Y) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/260/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f449df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Eg-2.1 +//pg-50 + +clear +clc +close() + +H=[1 1/2 1/3;1/2 1/3 1/4;1/3 1/4 1/5]; + +//two significant figures +H_1=[1 .5 .33;.5 .33 .25;.33 .25 .2] +Hinv1=inv(H_1); + +//four significant figures +H_2=[1 .5 .3333;.5 .3333 .25;.3333 .25 .2] +Hinv2=inv(H_2); + +disp("inverse matrices") +disp(Hinv1) +disp(Hinv2) diff --git a/260/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/260/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33df1f268 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-2.2 +//pg-51 + +clear +clc +close() + +truevalue=.69; +operatingvalue=0.63; +err=truevalue-operatingvalue; +perrelerr=err/truevalue*100; +disp("error and pecentage relative error") +disp(err) +disp(perrelerr) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/260/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3641ab3b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Eg-2.3 +//pg-53 + +clear +clc +close() + +a=1.234; +b=.0005678; +x=nearfloat("succ",a+b); +y=double(a+b); + +printf('The value of sum of two numbers using float data type is ') +disp(x) +printf('and the one using the double precision is \n%f\n',y) diff --git a/260/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/260/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63878779d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Eg-2.4 +//pg-55 + +clear +clc +close() + +//exp(x) value determination + +//maclaurin expansion truncated after second term +x=0.5; +expx1=1+x; + +//maclaurin expansion truncated after fourth term +expx2=1+x+x^2/2+x^3/6; + +//Pade approximation +expx3=(1+2/3*x+1/6*x^2)/(1-1/3*x); + +//from scilab +expx4=exp(x); + +disp("results") +disp(expx1) +disp(expx2) +disp(expx3) +disp(expx4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8aa7690e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Eg-3.1 +//pg-67 + +clear +clc + + // Matrices A and B from set of equations +for i=1:3 + if i==1 then + a=[1 1 -1;1 2 -0.5;1.5 1 1]; + b=[5;-1;2]; + elseif i==2 then + a=[-1 2.5 3.5;-1 1 2;.5 1 .5]; + b=[3;1;1.5]; + elseif i==3 then + a=[1 2 0;1 3 0;2 5 0]; + b=[3;2.5;1.6]; +end +//size of A + [n,n]=size(a); +//Augumented matrix + auga=[a b]; +//Use of Inbuilt rank function to determine rank of A and AB + rank_a=rank(a); + rank_auga=rank(auga); +//Comparing ranks of A,AB,n and determining the type of solution + if rank_a==rank_auga&rank_a==n then + disp("There exists a Unique Solution") + disp(inv(a)*b,"and the solution =") + elseif rank_a==rank_auga&rank_a0 then + disp("given matrix is positive definite and hence cholesky decomposition can be performed") + +[n,n]=size(A); +summ1=0; +summ2=0; + +for i=1:n + summ1=0; + for k=1:i-1 + summ1=summ1+(L(i,k))^2; + end + L(i,i)=(A(i,i)-summ1)^(1/2); + for j=i+1:n + summ2=0; + for k=1:i-1 + summ2=summ2+L(i,k)*L(j,k); + end + L(j,i)=(A(i,j)-summ2)/(L(i,i)); + end +end + +if L*L'==A then + disp("verification was done") +end + +Y=inv(L)*B; + +X=inv(L')*Y; + +disp(X) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7295af7c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//Eg-3.11 +//pg-93 + +clear +clc + + A=[1 1 -1;1 2 -2;-2 1 1]; + B=[1;0;1]; + + +n=3; + + +matsol=zeros(3,3);//initialising matrix matsol +Z=A; +Y=B; +I=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1];//creates an identity matrix of size n*n +X=zeros(3,1); +inverse=zeros(3,3); +ABI=zeros(3,7); +ABI(:,:)=[A(:,:) B(:,:) I(:,:)];//augumented matrix of A,B,I + for k=1:n//proceeds from 1st row to the last row + u=k; + big=abs(ABI(k,k)); + for t=k+1:n //this loop is for selecting the elementhaving max absolute value in a column + dummy=abs(ABI(t,k)); + if dummy>big then + big=dummy; + u=t; + end + end + if u~=k then + for j=1:2*n+1//interchanging rows to make max absolute element as pivot + dummy=ABI(u,j); + ABI(u,j)=ABI(k,j); + ABI(k,j)=dummy; + end + end + pivot=ABI(k,k); + + + ABI(k,:)=ABI(k,:)/pivot; + + for i=1:n + if i~=k; + factor=ABI(i,k); + ABI(i,:)=ABI(i,:)-ABI(k,:)*factor; + end + end + X(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+1)];//determining X using augumented matrix + + matsol=inv(Z)*Y;//using matlab inbuilt functions to get X + +end + +disp("result") +disp(X) + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5cf922be --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Eg-3.12 +//pg-100 + +clear +clc + + A=[6 15 55 ;15 55 225;55 225 979]; + B=[74.5;262.3;1078.1]; + + +n=3; + + +matsol=zeros(3,3);//initialising matrix matsol +Z=A; +Y=B; +I=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1];//creates an identity matrix of size n*n +X=zeros(3,1); +inverse=zeros(3,3); +ABI=zeros(3,7); +ABI(:,:)=[A(:,:) B(:,:) I(:,:)];//augumented matrix of A,B,I + for k=1:n//proceeds from 1st row to the last row + u=k; + big=abs(ABI(k,k)); + for t=k+1:n //this loop is for selecting the elementhaving max absolute value in a column + dummy=abs(ABI(t,k)); + if dummy>big then + big=dummy; + u=t; + end + end + if u~=k then + for j=1:2*n+1//interchanging rows to make max absolute element as pivot + dummy=ABI(u,j); + ABI(u,j)=ABI(k,j); + ABI(k,j)=dummy; + end + end + pivot=ABI(k,k); + + + ABI(k,:)=ABI(k,:)/pivot; + + for i=1:n + if i~=k; + factor=ABI(i,k); + ABI(i,:)=ABI(i,:)-ABI(k,:)*factor; + end + end + X(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+1)];//determining X using augumented matrix + + matsol=inv(Z)*Y;//using matlab inbuilt functions to get X + +end + +disp("Coefficients of parabola") +disp(X) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f0bc748b --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Eg-3.13 +//pg-102 + +clear +clc + + A=[1 1 -1;1 2 -2;-2 1 1]; + B=[1;0;1]; + +n=3; + +Z=A; +Y=B; +I=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1];//creates an identity matrix of size n*n +X=zeros(3,1); +inverse=zeros(3,3); +ABI=zeros(3,7); +ABI(:,:)=[A(:,:) B(:,:) I(:,:)];//augumented matrix of A,B,I + for k=1:n//proceeds from 1st row to the last row + u=k; + big=abs(ABI(k,k)); + for t=k+1:n //this loop is for selecting the elementhaving max absolute value in a column + dummy=abs(ABI(t,k)); + if dummy>big + big=dummy; + u=t; + end + end + if u~=k + for j=1:2*n+1//interchanging rows to make max absolute element as pivot + dummy=ABI(u,j); + ABI(u,j)=ABI(k,j); + ABI(k,j)=dummy; + end + end + pivot=ABI(k,k); + + ABI(k,:)=ABI(k,:)/pivot; + + for i=1:n + if i~=k; + factor=ABI(i,k); + ABI(i,:)=ABI(i,:)-ABI(k,:)*factor; + + end + end + X(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+1)];//determining X using augumented matrix + inverse(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+2:2*n+1)];//calculating inverse using augmented matrix +end + + + disp("result") + disp(inverse) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54441692d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Eg-3.14 +//pg-108 + +clear +clc + + A=[1 -1 1;2 -2 3;1 5 -3]; + B=[4;6;7]; + +n=3; + +Z=A; +Y=B; +I=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1];//creates an identity matrix of size n*n +X=zeros(3,1); +inverse=zeros(3,3); +ABI=zeros(3,7); +ABI(:,:)=[A(:,:) B(:,:) I(:,:)];//augumented matrix of A,B,I + for k=1:n//proceeds from 1st row to the last row + u=k; + big=abs(ABI(k,k)); + for t=k+1:n //this loop is for selecting the elementhaving max absolute value in a column + dummy=abs(ABI(t,k)); + if dummy>big + big=dummy; + u=t; + end + end + if u~=k + for j=1:2*n+1//interchanging rows to make max absolute element as pivot + dummy=ABI(u,j); + ABI(u,j)=ABI(k,j); + ABI(k,j)=dummy; + end + end + pivot=ABI(k,k); + + ABI(k,:)=ABI(k,:)/pivot; + + for i=1:n + if i~=k; + factor=ABI(i,k); + ABI(i,:)=ABI(i,:)-ABI(k,:)*factor; + + end + end + X(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+1)];//determining X using augumented matrix + inverse(:,:)=[ABI(:,n+2:2*n+1)];//calculating inverse using augmented matrix +end + + + disp("result") + disp(inverse) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0c967936 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Eg-3.15 +//pg-109 + +clear +clc + + A=[4 3 0 0;3 3.4 1.7 0;0 1.7 -1.3 0.9;0 0 0.9 2 ]; + b=[4;3.4;-1.3;2]; + c=[3;1.7;0.9]; + a=[3;1.7;0.9]; + r=[19.7;58.3;33.1;27.6]; + + n=4; + Beta=zeros(4,1); + Gamma=zeros(4,1); + + Beta(1)=b(1); + Gamma(1)=r(1)/Beta(1); + + for j=2:4 + Beta(j)=b(j)-a(j-1)*c(j-1)/Beta(j-1); + end + + for j=2:4 + Gamma(j)=(r(j)-a(j-1)*Gamma(j-1))/Beta(j); + end + + X=zeros(4,1); + + X(4)=Gamma(4); + X(3)=Gamma(3)-c(3)*X(4)/Beta(3); + X(2)=Gamma(2)-c(2)*X(3)/Beta(2); + X(1)=Gamma(1)-c(1)*X(2)/Beta(1); + + disp("result") + disp(X) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a44f6bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Eg-3.16 +//pg-113 + +clear +clc + + A=[3.6 2.1 0;0.6 7.9 1.6;0 1.3 13.4 ]; + b=[3.6;7.9;13.4]; + c=[2.1;1.6]; + a=[0.6;1.3]; + r=[-.7;1.1;2.9]; + + n=3; + Beta=zeros(3,1); + Gamma=zeros(3,1); + Beta(1)=b(1); + Gamma(1)=r(1)/Beta(1); + + for j=2:3 + Beta(j)=b(j)-a(j-1)*c(j-1)/Beta(j-1); + end + + for j=2:3 + Gamma(j)=(r(j)-a(j-1)*Gamma(j-1))/Beta(j); + end + + X=zeros(3,1); + + X(3)=Gamma(3); + X(2)=Gamma(2)-c(2)*X(3)/Beta(2); + X(1)=Gamma(1)-c(1)*X(2)/Beta(1); + + disp("result") + disp(X) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce b/260/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f2dd870b --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Eg-3.17 +//pg-114 + +clear +clc + + A=[-3.5 1 1.5;1 4 -1;-2 -.6 -3.5]; + B=[2.5;4;-16]; + + es=10^-5; + imax=10; + [r,c] = size(A) + n = r; + X=[0;0;0]; + + iter=1; + lambda=1; + + while iter0 then + disp("there are more than 2 roots or no root ,so bisection method is not applicable") +elseif horner(fx,xl)*horner(fx,xu)==0 then + disp("there is no need to apply any method since one of bound is a root") +elseif horner(fx,xl)*horner(fx,xrold)==0|horner(fx,xrold)*horner(fx,xu)==0 then + disp("(xl+xu)/2 is the required root") + +else + //BISECTION METHOD + disp("The given function has only one root in the given interval ,so by applying bisection method root can be determined") + test=horner(fx,xl)*horner(fx,xrold); + if test<0 then + xu=xrold; + elseif test>0 then + xl=xrold; + else + root=xrold; + end + xrnew=(xl+xu)/2; + ea=abs(xrnew-xrold)*100/abs(xrnew); + pre(1,1)=ea; + iter=1; + itns(1,1)=1; + i=1; + while i<=10 + printf('\n\nIteration No. %i \n',i); + printf('xlow=%f \n',xl); + printf('xhigh=%f \n',xu); + xrold=xrnew; + test=horner(fx,xl)*horner(fx,xrold); + if test<0 then + xu=xrold; + elseif test>0 then + xl=xrold; + else + root=xrold; + +end + xrnew=(xl+xu)/2; + fnew=horner(fx,xrnew); + ea=abs(xrnew-xrold)*100/abs(xrnew); + iter=iter+1; + itns(iter,1)=iter; + pre(iter,1)=ea; + i=i+1; + printf('xnew=%f \n',xrnew); + printf('fnew=%f \n',fnew); +end +root=xrnew;//True root +end + diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..255b61639 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Eg-4.10 +//pg-161 + +clear +clc + + +// Secant Method + +A=[-6 5 -3 2]; +x1=0.5; +x2=0.7; +eps=10^(-10); +fx=poly(A,'x','c'); +iter=1; +Abserr=100; +while Abserr>eps + printf('iteration number %i\n',iter); + xnew1=x2-horner(fx,x2)*(x2-x1)/(horner(fx,x2)-horner(fx,x1)); + printf('xnew1 = %f \n',xnew1); + Abserr = abs(horner(fx,xnew1) - horner(fx,x1))/abs(horner(fx,xnew1)); + x1=x2; + x2=xnew1; + iter=iter+1; +end + +disp("result was found in iterations") +disp(iter-1) + diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..740616998 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Eg-4.11 +//pg-163 + +clear +clc + +// Secant Method + +clear ; +close ; +clc ; + +deff('[z]=f(x)','z=1.55*x^(-0.5)-7.2*x+8.1*x^2-4*x^3-1.3'); +iter=1; +eps=10^(-10); +x1=0.5; +x2=1; +imax=20; + +Abserr=100; +while Abserr>eps&iter %f\n so n = %d',t,t+1) + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf59e091f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Eg-4.4 +//pg-147 + +clear +clc + + +//False Position Method + +clear ; +close ; +clc ; +//Coefficients of polynomial in increasing order of power of x +A = [-2 1 -2 1]; +x1 = 1 ; +x2 = 3 ; +fx = poly(A,'x','c'); +for i = 1:20 + printf('\n\nIteration No. %i \n',i); + fx1 = horner(fx,x1); + fx2 = horner(fx,x2); + x0 = x1 - fx1*(x2-x1)/(fx2-fx1) + printf('xnew = %f \n',x0); + fx0 = horner(fx,x0); + if fx1*fx0 < 0 then + x2 = x0 ; + else + x1 = x0 ; + end +end + +printf('\n\nPlease note that the author has considered only 5 decimal places, but here we have taken 6 decimal places, so a minor difference in the answer may occur') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6703a8b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Eg-4.5 +//pg-149 + +clear +clc + + +//False Position Method + +clear ; +close ; +clc ; +//Coefficients of polynomial in increasing order of power of x +A = [-3.1622777 -1.2649111 -0.1264911 0 0 100]; +x1 = 0 ; +x2 = 2 ; +fx = poly(A,'x','c'); +printf('\n\nThe given equation can be modified and written in the following form after substituting the values of given constants\n') +disp(fx) +i = 0; +eps = 1; + +while(eps > 10^(-6)) + i = i+1; + //printf('\n\nIteration No. %i \n',i); + fx1 = horner(fx,x1); + fx2 = horner(fx,x2); + xnew = (x1*fx2 - x2*fx1)/(fx2-fx1); + fxnew = horner(fx,xnew); + //printf('xnew = %f \nfxnew = %f',xnew,fxnew); + + if fx1*fxnew < 0 then + x2 = xnew ; + else + x1 = xnew ; + end + eps = abs(fxnew); +end + +printf('\n\nThe result obtained after %d iterations is x = %f\n',i,xnew) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1695ccb55 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Eg-4.6 +//pg-151 + +clear +clc + +// Method of Sucessive substitution + +clear ; +close ; +clc ; +//Coefficients of polynomial in increasing order of power of x +A = [0 0 1]; + +//when G(x)=x^2 +x01 = 0.5; +x02 = 1.5; +t(1) = x01; +fx = poly(A,'x','c'); +printf('\nFor G(x) = x^2\n\n') +printf(' x0 itr xnew\n') +for(i = 1:5) + xnew(i) = horner(fx,t(i)) + t(i+1) = xnew(i); + printf('%f %d %f\n',x01,i,xnew(i)) +end +p(1) = x02; +for(i = 1:5) + xnew(i) = horner(fx,p(i)) + p(i+1) = xnew(i); + printf('%f %d %f\n',x02,i,xnew(i)) +end + + +//when g(x)=x^1/2 + +deff('z=f(x)','z=x^(1/2)'); +printf('\nFor G(x) = x^0.5\n\n') +printf(' x0 itr xnew\n') +for i=1:5 + xnew(i) = feval(t(i),f); + t(i+1) = xnew(i); + printf('%f %d %f\n',x01,i,xnew(i)) +end +for i=1:5 + xnew(i) = feval(p(i),f); + p(i+1) = xnew(i); + printf('%f %d %f\n',x02,i,xnew(i)) +end + + + diff --git a/260/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/260/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e520d423b --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Eg-4.7 +//pg-154 + + + +// Method of Sucessive substitution + +clear ; +close ; +clc ; +//Coefficients of polynomial in increasing order of power of x + +x1=0.5; +deff('[z]=f(x)','z=0.3*exp(x)'); +errorcheck=1; +iter=1; +eps=10^-8; +imax=30; + +while errorcheck==1&iter eps) + printf('\niteration number %i\n',iter); + xnew1 = x1 - horner(fx,x1)/horner(diffx,x1); + printf('xnew1 = %f \n',xnew1); + abserr = abs((xnew1 - x1)/(x1)*100); + x1 = xnew1; + iter = iter + 1; +end + +printf('\nThe solution obtained after %d iterations is %f\n',iter-1,xnew1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/260/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d9b5ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Eg-5.1 +//pg-213 + +clear +clc + +A=[1 -1 4;3 2 -1;2 1 -1]; +d=spec(A); + +//eigen equation + +printf('the eigen equation is(L-%f)(L-(%f))(L-%f)=0',d(1),d(2),d(3)); + +//eigen values + +disp(d) + +//Verification + +e=diag(A); +f=det(A); + +if sum(e)==sum(d)&prod(d)==f then + disp("verification done") +end + +//Eigen Vectors + +[v,d]=spec(A); + +disp("eigen vectors corresponding to each eigenvalue are are columns of the following matrix") +disp(v) + +printf('\n\nThe eigen vectors are different because each set of equations have infinite solutions and the ones given in the text book are just one of them.\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/260/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..108510fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Eg-5.10 +//pg-235 + +clear +clc + +A=[1 0.5 .5;0.5 0.5 0;0.5 0 1]; +z=[1;1;1]; + for i=1:50 + a=A*z; + b=(sum(a.^2))^.5; + z=a/b; + z0=z; +end + +B=A-(b*z*z'); + for i=1:50 + c=B*z; + d=(sum(c.^2))^.5; + z=c/d; + z1=-z; +end + +C=B-(d*z1*z1'); + for i=1:50 + e=C*z; + f=(sum(e.^2))^.5; + z=e/f; + z2=z; +end + +disp("eigen values") +disp(b) +disp(d) +disp(f) +disp("corresponding eigen vectors") +disp(z0) +disp(z1) +disp(z2) + diff --git a/260/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/260/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b938a7cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Eg-5.11 +//pg-239 + +clear +clc + +printf('Theoretical Question\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/260/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b519b3b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +//Eg-5.12 +//pg-242 + +clear +clc + +A=[1 2 3;2 3 5;3 5 5]; + +//Iteration Number----1 + +//for i=1,j=2 +sigma=sum(diag(A).^2); +S=sum(A.^2); +q=abs(A(1,1)-A(2,2)); +p=2*A(1,2)*q/(A(1,1)-A(2,2)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U=[cosalp sinalp 0;sinalp -cosalp 0;0 0 1]; + +//for i=1,j=3 +A1=inv(U)*A*U; + +q=abs(A1(1,1)-A1(3,3)); +p=2*A1(1,3)*q/(A1(1,1)-A1(3,3)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U1=[cosalp 0 sinalp;0 1 0;sinalp 0 -cosalp]; + + +//for i=2,j=3 +A2=inv(U1)*A1*U1; + +q=abs(A2(2,2)-A2(3,3)); +p=2*A2(2,3)*q/(A2(2,2)-A2(3,3)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U2=[1 0 0 ;0 cosalp sinalp;0 sinalp -cosalp]; + +A3=inv(U2)*A2*U2; + +sig2=sum(diag(A3.^2)); +T=U*U1*U2; + +//Iteration number ---2 + +A=A3; +//for i=1,j=2 +sigma=sum(diag(A).^2); +S=sum(A.^2); +q=abs(A(1,1)-A(2,2)); +p=2*A(1,2)*q/(A(1,1)-A(2,2)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U=[cosalp sinalp 0;sinalp -cosalp 0;0 0 1]; + +//for i=1,j=3 +A1=inv(U)*A*U; + +q=abs(A1(1,1)-A1(3,3)); +p=2*A1(1,3)*q/(A1(1,1)-A1(3,3)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U1=[cosalp 0 sinalp;0 1 0;sinalp 0 -cosalp]; + + +//for i=2,j=3 +A2=inv(U1)*A1*U1; + +q=abs(A2(2,2)-A2(3,3)); +p=2*A2(2,3)*q/(A2(2,2)-A2(3,3)); +spq=(p^2+q^2)^.5; +cosalp=((1+q/spq)/2)^.5; +sinalp=p/(2*cosalp*spq); +U2=[1 0 0 ;0 cosalp sinalp;0 sinalp -cosalp]; + +A3=inv(U2)*A2*U2; +T6=T*U*U1*U2; + +sig3=sum(diag(A3.^2)); + +printf('The values of the sigmas are\n sigma1 = %f\n sigma2 = %f\n',sig2,sig3) +T = A.^2; +Sumofsqrs = sum(T); +printf('\nThe sum of squares of the elements of the given original matrix = %f\n',Sumofsqrs) +printf('\nSum of squares of all elements is equal to sigma2\n') +printf('\nThe eigen values are as follows\n') +disp(diag(A3)) +printf('\nThe corresponding eigen vectors are columns of the following matrix\n') +disp(T6) +for(i = 1:3) + eigenv(i) = A3(i,i); +end + +printf('\n\nThe checklist given at the end of the problem \n') +printf('\n1. The sum of eigen values = %f\n The trace of the original matrix = %f\n',sum(eigenv),trace(A)) +printf('\n2. The product of eigenvalues = %f\n The determinant of the original matrix = %f\n',eigenv(1)*eigenv(2)*eigenv(3),det(A)) + + dot(1) = sum(T6(:,1).*T6(:,2)); + dot(2) = sum(T6(:,1).*T6(:,3)); + dot(3) = sum(T6(:,3).*T6(:,2)); +printf('\n3. The dot product of eigen vectors 1&2 = %f\n The dot product of eigen vectors 1&3 = %f\n The dot product of eigen vectors 3&2 = %f\n=> The eigen vecotrs are orthonormal\n',dot(1),dot(2),dot(3)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/260/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a723af6c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +//Eg-5.13 +//pg-250 + +clear +clc + +A=[0 1.5 1;1.5 0 0.5;1 0.5 0]; +iter=1; +imax=100; +sig2=0; +S=sum(A.^2); +T=eye(3,3); + +//A(1,1)=A(2,2)=A(3,3),,,so in this case sinalp=cosalp=(1/2)^.5 +while sig2~=S&iter=-1.96 then + disp("null hypothesis :Ho:u=1mm is accepted") +else + disp("the value of d lies outside range.Therefore we will reject HO at 0.05 level of significance") +end + + diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..272bc808d --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Eg-6.15 +//pg-306 + +clear +clc +n=10; +data=[4.5;6.7;5.5;7.2;4.3;4;5.2;6.3;6.5;7]; +m=mean(data); +s=st_deviation(data); +a=5; + +d=(m-a)/s*(n-1)^.5; +if d<=2.26 & d>=-2.26 then + disp("null hypothesis :Ho:u=5mm is accepted.Therfore professors hypothesis is correct") +else + disp("the value of d lies outside range.Therefore we will reject HO at 0.05 level of significance") +end diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96999ba90 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-6.2 +//pg-279 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("given example is Theoretical") diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4bdf898c --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-6.3 +//pg-284 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("given example is Theoretical") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf2edebdf --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Eg-6_4 +//pg-284 + +clear +clc + +s=[9;10;14;16;12]; +n=0; +m=0; +for i=1:5 + if s(i)<=10 then + n=n+1; + end +end + +for i=1:5 + if s(i)<15 then + m=m+1; + end +end + +prob_10=n/5; +prob_15=m/5; + +disp("probability of getting ash content 10 and 15% are") +disp(prob_10) +disp(prob_15) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61d6eadc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Eg-6_5 +//pg-287 + +clear +clc + + + +//Bottle no -total pesticide(ppb) +A=[ 1 15;2 23;3 12.2;4 18.8;5 19.5;6 16.6;7 21.7;8 16.8;9 20.2;10 21.3]; +//considering no of intervals as 5 +n=5; +r=(max(A(:,2))-min(A(:,2)))/n; +for i=1:5 + x(i)=min(A(:,2))+i*r; + c=0; + for j=1:10 + if A(j,2)<=x(i) then + c=c+1; + end + end + f(i)=c/10; +end + +C=[x f]; + +disp("cumulative distribution function") +disp(C) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52061c3c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-6.6 +//pg-289 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("given example is Theoretical") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c10c1568 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-6.7 +//pg-290 + +clear +clc + +//sorting data in ascending order +x=[233;216;229;238]; +m1=median(x); +y=[56;62;51]; +m2=median(y); +disp("medians of given data are as follows") +disp(m1) +disp(m2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9945c8230 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-6.8 +//pg-291 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("This example is solved analytically.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/260/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf2c82c1f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-6.9 +//pg-294 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("The example is solved analytically.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a85d8dee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Eg-7.1 +//pg-325 + +clear +clc + +printf('This is a theory question \n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8062553f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Eg-7.2 +//pg-326 + +clear +clc + +printf('This is a theory question \n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c082eb81 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Eg-7.3 +//pg-328 + +clear +clc + +//Using G and T in the place of greek alphabets 'gama' and 'tou' + +G = [0 5 10 15 20]; +T = [2.0 58.3 113.6 171.6 225.0]; + +printf('\nThe equation is of the form : T = T0 + m*G\n') +Gavg = sum(G)/length(G); + +Tavg = sum(T)/length(T); + +// Using S() for indicating 'sigma of' + +//using the equation a = S((xi - xavg) * (yi - yavg))/S(xi-xavg)^2; + +t = (G - Gavg).*(T - Tavg); + +u = (G - Gavg).*(G - Gavg); + +m = sum(t)/sum(u); + +printf(' The value of m = %f\n',m); + +T0 = Tavg - m*Gavg; + +printf(' The value of T0 = %f\n',T0); + +[r c] = size(G); + + +Tmodel = T0*ones(r,c) + m*G; +Texperiment = T; + +printf('\n i Tiexperimental Tmodel\n') +for(i = 1:c) + printf(' %d %f %f\n',i-1,T(i),Tmodel(i)) +end + +p = sum((Tmodel - Tavg*ones(r,c)).*(Tmodel - Tavg*(ones(r,c)))); + +q = sum((T - Tavg)^2); + + r2 = p/q; + + //using the equation [24] + printf('\nThe value of r^2 = %f\n',r2) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e32db5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Eg-7.4 +//pg-336 + +clear +clc + + +RH = [52 47 66 70 59 73 69]; +MC = [13 9 17 20 15 21 20]; + +x = RH; +y = MC; + +printf('\nAssuming that the equation is of the form : MC = c + m*RH\n') + +xavg = sum(x)/length(x); + +yavg = sum(y)/length(y); + +// Using S() for indicating 'sigma of' + +//using the equation a = S((xi - xavg) * (yi - yavg))/S(xi-xavg)^2; + +t = (x - xavg).*(y - yavg); + +u = (x - xavg).*(x - xavg); + +m = sum(t)/sum(u); + +printf(' The value of m = %f\n',m); + +c = yavg - m*xavg; + +printf(' The value of c = %f\n',c); + +[rx cx] = size(x); + + +ymodel = c*ones(rx,cx) + m*x; +yexperiment = y; + +printf('\n i MCiexperimental MCmodel\n') +for(i = 1:cx) + printf(' %d %f %f\n',i-1,y(i),ymodel(i)) +end + +p = sum((ymodel - yavg*ones(rx,cx)).*(ymodel - yavg*(ones(rx,cx)))); + +q = sum((y - yavg)^2); + + r2 = p/q; + + //using the equation [24] + printf('\nThe value of r^2 = %f\n',r2) + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb44d18db --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Eg-7.5 +//pg-338 + +clear +clc + +x = [0 1 2 3 4]; +y = [1 2 9 22 41]; + +m = length(x); +n = 2; //since we have 2 variables + +//Using S for summation eg: Sx2y => summation(x^2*y) + +Sx = sum(x); + +Sx2 = sum(x.^2); + +Sx3 = sum(x.^3); + +Sx4 = sum(x.^4); + +Sy = sum(y); + +Sxy = sum(x.*y); + +Sx2y = sum((x.^2).*y); + +a(1,1) = Sx2 - (Sx)^2/m; +a(1,2) = Sx3 - Sx*Sx2/m; +a(2,1) = Sx3 - Sx2*Sx/m; +a(2,2) = Sx4 - Sx2^2/m; + +c(1,1) = Sxy - Sx*Sy/m; +c(2,1) = Sx2y - Sx2*Sy/m; + +printf('\nA =') +disp(a) +printf('c =') +disp(c) + +b = inv(a)*c; + +printf('Solving the matrix equation Ab = c using matrix inversion gives\n\nb=') +disp(b) + +//The coefficient 'alpha' can be obtained from equaiton 'alpha' = Sy/m - (b(1)*Sx + b(2)*Sx2)/m ; + +alpha = Sy/m - (b(1)*Sx + b(2)*Sx2)/m ; + +printf('\nThe coefficent alpha = %f\n',alpha) + +printf('\nThe lease square polynomial of second order is, thus \n y = %f + (%f)*x + (%f)*x^2\n\n',alpha,b(1),b(2)) diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d338b27f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Eg-7.6 +//pg-345 + +clear +clc +close() + +x = [10 20 30 40 50 60]; +y = [35 37 38 39 41 43]; + +m = length(x); +n = 2; //since we have 2 variables + +//Using S for summation eg: Sx2y => summation(x^2*y) + +Sx = sum(x); + +Sx2 = sum(x.^2); + +Sx3 = sum(x.^3); + +Sx4 = sum(x.^4); + +Sy = sum(y); + +Sxy = sum(x.*y); + +Sx2y = sum((x.^2).*y); + +a(1,1) = Sx2 - (Sx)^2/m; +a(1,2) = Sx3 - Sx*Sx2/m; +a(2,1) = Sx3 - Sx2*Sx/m; +a(2,2) = Sx4 - Sx2^2/m; + +c(1,1) = Sxy - Sx*Sy/m; +c(2,1) = Sx2y - Sx2*Sy/m; + + +b = inv(a)*c; + + +//The coefficient 'alpha' can be obtained from equaiton 'alpha' = Sy/m - (b(1)*Sx + b(2)*Sx2)/m ; + +alpha = Sy/m - (b(1)*Sx + b(2)*Sx2)/m ; + +printf('\nThe coefficent alpha = %f\n',alpha) + +printf('\nThe lease square polynomial of second order is, thus \n M = %f + (%f)*v + (%f)*v^2\n\n',alpha,b(1),b(2)) + +deff('out = func(in)','out = alpha + b(1)*in + b(2)*in^2') + +printf('The fit of the polynomial is shown in the figure\n') + +plot(x,y,'bo') +plot(x,func(x)) +legend('data points given','polynomial got by regression') +xlabel('v,kmph') +ylabel('M,kmpl') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e0fc9961 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Eg-7.7 +//pg-346 + +clear +clc +close() + +x0 = [1 2 3 4 5]; +x1 = [0.11 0.25 0.37 0.42 0.55]; +y = [8.3 13.7 22.5 27.9 34.4]; + +//Using A in the place of greek alphabet 'alpha' +//Using equations [34],[35] to get the elements of the coefficient matrix and the components on the right-hand side of y = A + b1*x0 + b2*x1; + +//Using S for summation eg: Sx02y => summation(x0^2*y) + +m = length(y); +n = 2; //since there are only 2 variables + +Sx0 = sum(x0); + +Sx02 = sum(x0.^2); + +Sx1 = sum(x1); + +Sx12 = sum(x1.^2); + +Sx0x1 = sum(x0.*x1); + +Sy = sum(y); + +Sx0y = sum(x0.*y); + +Sx1y = sum(x1.*y); + + + +a(1,1) = Sx02 - Sx0^2/m; +a(1,2) = Sx0x1 - Sx0*Sx1/m; +a(2,1) = a(1,2); +a(2,2) = Sx12 - Sx1^2/m; + +c(1,1) = Sx0y - Sx0*Sy/m; +c(2,1) = Sx1y - Sx1*Sy/m; + +b = inv(a)*c; + +//Using equation [37] to compute the coefficient A + +A = (Sy - (b(1)*Sx0 + b(2)*Sx1))/m; + +printf('\nThe lease square polynomial of second order is, thus \n y = %f + (%f)*x0 + (%f)*x1\n\n',A,b(1),b(2)) + +printf('Note: The small error compared to the text-book is because of the calculation mistake in the text-book\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d7a9c43f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Eg-7.8 +//pg-354 + +clear +clc + +y = [3.21 3.25 4 3.62 3.76 4.55 5.32 4.39 4.59 5 3.68 3.18 5 0 3.7 3.4 0 2.33]; + +x(1,1:18) = [0.12 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.1 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.37 0.28 0.32 0.28 0.22]; + +x(2,1:18) = [3.2 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.4 3.3 3.5 3.0]; + +x(3,1:18) = [0.01 0 0 0 0 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06]; + +n = 3; //since there are 3 variables +m = length(y); + + +for(i = 1:n) + for(j = 1:n) + a(i,j) = sum(x(i,:).*x(j,:)) - (sum(x(i,:))*sum(x(j,:)))/m; + end +end + +//disp(a) +for(i = 1:n) + c(i) = sum(x(i,:).*y) - (sum(x(i,:)*sum(y)))/m; +end + +b = inv(a)*c; + +//disp(b) + +s = sum(b'*x) + +al = (sum(y) - s)/m; + +//disp(al) + + +b1 = b(1); +b2 = b(2); +b3 = b(3); + + + +deff('out = func(in1, in2, in3)','out = al + b1*in1 + b2*in2 + b3*in3') + +y1 = func(x(1,:),x(2,:),x(3,:)); + +//disp(y1) + +yb(1,1:m) = sum(y)/m; + +r2 = sum((y1 - yb)^2)/sum((y - yb)^2); + +printf('\nThe equation finally is y = %f + (%f)b0 + (%f)b1 + (%f)b2\n',al,b(1),b(2),b(3)) + +printf('The value of r^2 is %f\n', r2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce b/260/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ee7180cc --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Eg-7.9 +//pg-355 + +clear +clc + +y = [2 9 24 47 78]; + +t = [0 1 2 3 4]; + +//since P0 = 1 b0 will be as + +P0 = [1 1 1 1 1]; +b0 = sum(y)/5; + +//P1 = t-G1 + +G1 = sum(t)/5; + +//b1 = summation(P1*y)/summation(P1^2) + +P1 = t - [G1 G1 G1 G1 G1]; + +b1 = sum(P1.*y)/sum(P1^2); + + +//P2 = (t-G2)P1 - d2 + +//G2 = summation(t*P1^2)/summation(P1^2) + +G2 = sum(t.*P1^2)/sum(P1^2); + +//d2 = summation(t*P1*P0)/summation(P0^2) + +d2 = sum(t.*P1.*P0)/sum(P0^2); + +P2 = (t-[G2 G2 G2 G2 G2]).*P1 - [d2 d2 d2 d2 d2] + +b2 = sum(P2.*y)/sum(P2^2); + +printf('Therefore the expression is V = (%f)P0 + (%f)P1 + (%f)P2,\n where P0 = 1, P1 = (t-2), P2 = (t-2)\n\n Finally V = 4*t^2 + 3*t + 2\n\n',b0,b1,b2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f604a0841 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Eg-8.1 +//pg-365 + + +clear +clc + +A = [-2 1 4 3 1.5]; +//printf('The given array is \n') + +exec('swap.sci') + +//disp(A) + +n = length(A); + +printf('The given array is \n') + +disp(A) + +for(i=1:n) + + for(i=1:n-1) + if(A(i) > A(i+1)) + [A(i),A(i+1)] = swap(A(i),A(i+1)) + end + end +end + +printf('\n\nThe array after arranging in ascending order using bubble-sort algorithm is\n') +disp(A) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63e3550c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Eg-8.2 +//pg-367 + + +clear +clc + +A = [1447.5 1434.2 1361 1365.4 1412.7 1347.9 1382.8 1406.4 1365.1]; +n = length(A); +printf('The given array is \n') +disp(A) + +for(i=1:n) + + for(i=1:n-1) + if(A(i) > A(i+1)) + t = A(i); + A(i) = A(i+1); + A(i+1) = t; + end + end +end + + +printf('\n\nThe array after arranging in ascending order using bubble-sort algorithm is\n') +disp(A) + +printf('Therefore the minimum and maximum values are %f and %f respectively\n',A(1),A(n)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ab7c9bee --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Eg-8.3 +//pg-369 + +clear +clc + +A = [2 3 1 4 5]; + +n = length(A); + +for(i = 2:n) + t = A(i); + j = i; + while((j > 1) & (A(j-1) > t)) + A(j) = A(j-1); + j = j-1; + end + A(j) = t; +end + +printf('Using the insertion sort method the arranged form of the given array\n') +disp(A) + diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19653f3c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Eg-8.4 +//pg-370 + +clear +clc + +A = [6.7 9.3 8.5 7.2 8.1 9.7 9.2 8 7.7 8.3 8.8 9.1 7.9 8.8 8.6 6.9 9.5 8.2 7.5 9]; + +n = length(A); +exec('insertion_sort.sci') +A = insertion_sort(A) + +printf('Using the insetion sort method the arranged form of the given array\n') +disp(A) + +printf('\nThe highest grade is %f\n',A(n)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8eb3ada4 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Eg-8.5 +//pg-373 + +clear +clc + +A = [125 130 141 126 116 112 135 137 119 120 128 143 115 123 133]; + +n = length(A); + +h = 3 + +T = A +j = 1 + +exec('insertion_sort.sci') + +while(h>0) + +a = 1 +b = 0 + +for(i = 1:h) + b = b + length(A(i:h:n)) + T(j+1,a:b) = insertion_sort(A(i:h:n)) + a = a + length(A(i:h:n)) +end + +h = floor(h/2) +j = j+1 + +end + +printf('Sorting the given data using Shell sort\n') +disp(T(j,:)) + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf48198dd --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Eg-8.6 +//pg-374 + +clear +clc + +exec quicksort.sci +x = [ 4 1 5 2.6 5.4 11.5 7.6 1.9 ] +xsorted = quicksort(x) +disp(xsorted) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce b/260/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca8fb597e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Eg-8.7 +//pg-378 + +clear +clc + +exec quicksort.sci +x = [ 42 48 36 51 38 41 45 35 40 44 ] +xsorted = quicksort(x) +disp(xsorted) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7f3c85e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Eg-9.1 +//pg-386 + +clear +clc + +//Theoretical Problem +disp("given example is Theoretical") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..958135b3a --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-9.2 +//pg-387 + +clear +clc + + +//zeros of T3(x) +n=3; +for i=1:3 + lambda(i)=cosd((2*i-1)*180/(2*n)); +end +disp("zeros of T3(x)") +disp(lambda) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8928547ee --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Eg-9.2 +//pg-388 + +clear +clc + +a=[1 0 -1 1]; +fz=poly(a,'z','c'); +r=roots(fz); + + +//bounds +lb=1; +ub=3; +//using x=2z-b-a/b-a ---using fact that x=z-2 fx roots are obtained from subtracting 2 from fz +s=r-2; + +fx=poly(s,'x',['roots']); +disp(fx) +m=coeff(fx); + +for i=1:4 + t0=m(1)*1+1/2*m(3); + t1=m(2)*1+3/4*m(4); + t2=1/2*m(3); + t3=1/4*m(4); + +end + +//considering order greater than 1 +fx1=poly([t0 t1],'x','c'); +r=roots(fx1); +s=r+2; +fz1=poly(s,'z',['roots']); +fz2=35/4*fz1; + + + +error1=fz-fz2; + +//order>2 +f2z=poly([15/2 -45/4 5],'z','c'); +error2=fz-f2z; + + +//plotting f vs z +z=.5:.5:3.5; +plot(z,horner(fz,z)); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +plot(z,horner(fz2,z)); +plot(z,horner(f2z,z)); + + +//errors e vs z +plot(z,horner(error1,z)); +plot(z,horner(error2,z)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc8e7b295 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//Eg-9.4 +//pg-394 + +clear +clc +clc; +clear; + +deff('[z]=f(x)','z=(x^4-2*x^2)*sin(x)'); +x1=-1:.2:1; +//values of fx obtained manually + +fx1=[.841471;0.624387;.333365;.114645;.015576;0;-.015576;-.114645;-.333365;-.624387;-.841471]; + +plot(x1,feval(x1,f)); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +plot(x1,fx1,'*'); diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94ca8b44e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Eg-9.4 +//pg-396 + +clc +clear + +//from mclaurins series +a=[0 1 0 -1/3 0 1/5 0 -1/7 0 1/9]; + + +//from R5,4x +//subracting fx r45x and sloving for coefficients we end up with the matrices +A=[1 0 -1.6667 0;0 1 0 -1.66667;-0.71429 0 1 0;0 -.71429 0 1]; +C=[0;0.71429;0;-.55556]; + +B=inv(A)*C; +//using these values we can compute values of a we represent set of a values using matrix P + +P(1)=0; +P(2)=1; +P(3)=B(1); +P(4)=B(2)-1/3; +P(5)=B(3)-B(1)/3; +P(6)=B(4)-B(2)/3+1/5; + +T(1) = 1; +for(i = 1:4) + T(i+1) = B(i); +end + +j=poly(P,"x","coeff"); +k=poly(T,"x","coeff"); + +disp("so required R5,4x is") +disp(j/k) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da872b020 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Eg-9.6 +//pg-400 + +clc +clear + +x=0.6; +p=.3275911; +t=1/(1+p*x); + +erfx=1-(.254829592*t-.284496736*t^2+1.421413741*t^3-1.453152027*t^4+1.061405429*t^5)*exp(-x^2); + +disp("erf(.6)") +disp(erfx) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28ed4015f --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Eg-9.7 +//pg-403 + +clc +clear + +p=6.5; +n = 6; +a = 0.5; +prodd=1; + +for i = 1:n + prodd = prodd*(p-i); +end + +req=prodd*(22/7)^.5 + +disp("required value") +disp(req) + +printf('\n\n The minor difference in the answer is because of using the value of 22/7 in the place of pi\n') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/260/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15ab8d773 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +//Eg-9.8 +//pg-413 + +clc +clear + +//After substituting alpha=lamda*R,z/L,r/R,L/R +//Treq=T-Ta/T0-Ta +//first three zeros are taken from appendix 9F + + +alpha=[2.4048;5.5201;8.6537]; + +a=[1;-2.2499997;1.2656208;-.3163866;.0444479;-.0039444;.00021]; +b=[.5;-.56249985;.21093573;-.03954289;.00443319;-.00031761;.00001109]; +c=[.36746691;.60559366;-.74350384;.25300117;-.04261214;.00427916;-.00024846]; +d=[-.6366198;.2212091;2.1682709;-1.31164827;.3123951;-.0400976;.0027873]; +e=[0.79788456;-.00000077;-.0055274;-.00009512;.00137237;-.00072805;.000014476]; +f=[.79788456;.00000156;.01659667;.00017105;-.00249511;.00113653;-.00020033]; +g=[-.78539816;-.04166397;-.00003954;.00262573;.00054125;-.00029333;.00013558]; +h=[-2.35619449;.12499612;.0000565;-.00637879;.00074348;.00079824;-.00029166]; + + +for i=1:3 + +x=alpha(i); + +p=x/3*x/3; +q=3/x; + +if x<3 then + J0(i)=a(1)+p*(a(2)+p*(a(3)+p*(a(4)+p*(a(5)+p*(a(6)+p*(a(7))))))) ; + J1(i)=x*(b(1)+p*(b(2)+p*(b(3)+p*(b(4)+p*(b(5)+p*(b(6)+p*(b(7)))))))) ; +else + f0=e(1)+q*(e(2)+q*(e(3)+q*(e(4)+q*(e(5)+q*(e(6)+q*(e(7))))))); + f1=f(1)+q*(f(2)+q*(f(3)+q*(f(4)+q*(f(5)+q*(f(6)+q*(f(7))))))) ; + theta0=x+g(1)+q*(g(2)+q*(g(3)+q*(g(4)+q*(g(5)+q*(g(6)+q*(g(7))))))) ; + theta1=x+h(1)+q*(h(2)+q*(h(3)+q*(h(4)+q*(h(5)+q*(h(6)+q*(h(7))))))) ; + J0(i)=(1/x)^.5*f0*cos(theta0); + J1(i)=(1/x)^.5*f1*cos(theta1); +end + +end +for i=1:3 + +x=alpha(i)/2; + +p=x/3*x/3; +q=3/x; + +if x<3 then + JJ0(i)=a(1)+p*(a(2)+p*(a(3)+p*(a(4)+p*(a(5)+p*(a(6)+p*(a(7))))))) ; + JJ1(i)=x*(b(1)+p*(b(2)+p*(b(3)+p*(b(4)+p*(b(5)+p*(b(6)+p*(b(7)))))))) ; +else + f0=e(1)+q*(e(2)+q*(e(3)+q*(e(4)+q*(e(5)+q*(e(6)+q*(e(7))))))); + f1=f(1)+q*(f(2)+q*(f(3)+q*(f(4)+q*(f(5)+q*(f(6)+q*(f(7))))))) ; + theta0=x+g(1)+q*(g(2)+q*(g(3)+q*(g(4)+q*(g(5)+q*(g(6)+q*(g(7))))))) ; + theta1=x+h(1)+q*(h(2)+q*(h(3)+q*(h(4)+q*(h(5)+q*(h(6)+q*(h(7))))))) ; + JJ0(i)=(1/x)^.5*f0*cos(theta0); + JJ1(i)=(1/x)^.5*f1*cos(theta1); +end + +end + +Treq=0; + +for i=1:3 +Treq=(1/alpha(i)*JJ0(i)*sinh(.5*alpha(i))/J1(i)/sinh(2*alpha(i)))+Treq; +end +Tfinal=2*Treq; +disp("values of alpha ,required bessel functions and final required value are respectively") +disp(alpha) +disp(JJ0) +disp(J1) +disp(Tfinal) + diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/cubicspline.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/cubicspline.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..178a716eb --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/cubicspline.sci @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +function cubicspline(X,Y) + n = length(X); + //c(1) = 0; + //a = zeros(n-1,n-1); + for(i = 2:n-1) + c(i-1) = (6/(X(i+1)-X(i-1)))*((Y(i+1)-Y(i))/(X(i+1)-X(i)) - (Y(i)-Y(i-1))/ (X(i)-X(i-1))); + end + for(i = 2:n-1) + a(i-1,i-1) = (X(i)-X(i-1))/(X(i+1)-X(i-1)); + a(i-1,i) = 2; + a(i-1,i+1) = (X(i+1)-X(i))/(X(i+1)-X(i-1)); + + end +[m,n] = size(a); + +b = a(:,2:n-1); //For the case of natural splines, double derivative is zero at the first and last of data points. So removing the first and last columns since these are the only non-zero terms in the respective columns. + +//[r2 c2] = size(b); + +//disp(c) +//disp(b) +x = inv(b)*c; + +//disp(x) +x1(1,1) = 0; +x1(n,1) = 0; +x1(2:n-1,1) = x(:,1); + +printf('The values of second derivatives at the data points are :\n') +disp(x1) + +x = poly(0,'x'); + +for(i = 2:n) + f(i-1) = [Y(i-1)*(X(i)-x)/(X(i)-X(i-1)) + Y(i)*(x-X(i-1))/(X(i)-X(i-1))] + x1(i-1)/6*[(X(i)-x)^3/(X(i)-X(i-1))-(X(i)-X(i-1))*(X(i)-x)] + x1(i)/6*[(x-X(i-1))^3/(X(i)-X(i-1))-(X(i)-X(i-1))*(x-X(i-1))]; +end + +printf('\nThe expressions for the cubic splines are \n') +disp(f) + +for(i = 1:n-1) + p = X(i):0.01:X(i+1); + q = horner(f(i),p); + plot(p,q) +end +plot(X,Y,'ks') +xlabel('x') +ylabel('y') + +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/graeffe.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/graeffe.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f04838ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/graeffe.sci @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +function q = graeffe(A,eps) + n = length(A)-1; + x = poly(0,'x'); + for(i = 1:n) + X(i) = x^(n+1-i); + end + X(n+1) = 1; + //disp(X) + //converting this polynomial into standard one where the coefficient of highest order term is 1 + +A = A/A(1); +p = A*X; +printf('The given polynomial is\n') +disp(p) +n = length(X)-1; + +j = 1; +a(j,1) = A(j,2); +a(j,2) = abs(A(j,3)/A(j,2)); +//eps = 0.000001; +err = 1; +printf('\nIteration no. error eps\n') +while(err>eps) + A(j,1) = 1; + for(i = 2:n+1) + S = 0; + for(k = 1:i-1) + if(i-1+k>n) + A(j,i+k) = 0; + end + S = S+ (-1)^k*A(j,i+k)*A(j,i-k); + end + + A(j+1,i) = (-1)^(i-1)*(A(j,i)^2 + 2*S); + + end + a(j+1,1) = abs(A(j+1,2))^(1/2^j); + for(i = 3:n+1) + a(j+1,i-1) = (abs(A(j+1,i)/A(j+1,i-1)))^(1/2^j); + end + b = abs(a); + err = abs((sum(b(j+1,:)) - sum(b(j,:)))/sum(b(j,:))); + printf(' %d %f %f\n',j,err,eps) + j = j+1; +end +printf('\nThe roots are \n') +for(i = 1:n) + printf(' %f\n',a(j,i)) +end +q = a(j,:); +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/graf.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/graf.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0211fb2e --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/graf.sci @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +function q = graf(A,eps) + n = length(A)-1; + x = poly(0,'x'); + for(i = 1:n) + X(i) = x^(n+1-i); + end + X(n+1) = 1; + //disp(X) + //converting this polynomial into standard one where the coefficient of highest order term is 1 + +A = A/A(1); +p = A*X; + +printf('The given polynomial is') +disp(p) +n = length(X)-1; + +if(n == 1) + for(i = 3:4) + A(1,3) = 0; + A(1,4) = 0; + end +end + +j = 1; +a(j,1) = A(j,2); +a(j,2) = abs(A(j,3)/A(j,2)); +//eps = 0.000001; +err = 1; +printf('\nIteration no. error eps\n') +while(err>eps) + A(j,1) = 1; + for(i = 2:n+1) + S = 0; + for(k = 1:i-1) + if(i-1+k>n) + A(j,i+k) = 0; + end + S = S+ (-1)^k*A(j,i+k)*A(j,i-k); + end + + A(j+1,i) = (-1)^(i-1)*(A(j,i)^2 + 2*S); + + end + a(j+1,1) = abs(A(j+1,2))^(1/2^j); + for(i = 3:n+1) + a(j+1,i-1) = (abs(A(j+1,i)/A(j+1,i-1)))^(1/2^j); + end + b = abs(a); + err = abs((sum(b(j+1,:)) - sum(b(j,:)))/sum(b(j,:))); + printf(' %d %f %f\n',j,err,eps) + j = j+1; +end +printf('\nThe roots are \n') + +for(i = 1:n) + if( abs(horner(p,a(j,i))) > eps ) + a(j,i) = -a(j,i); + end +end + +for(i = 1:n) + printf(' %f\n',a(j,i)) +end +q = a(j,:); +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/insertion_sort.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/insertion_sort.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b5f5d32 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/insertion_sort.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +function A = insertion_sort(A) + n = length(A); + +for(i = 2:n) + t = A(i); + j = i; + while((j > 1) & (A(j-1) > t)) + A(j) = A(j-1); + j = j-1; + end + A(j) = t; +end + +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/lagrange.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/lagrange.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59d81f779 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/lagrange.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +function p = lagrange(X,y,n) + + x = poly(0,'x') + // n is the order of the polynomial + //x is the matrix of independent variable values + //y is the matrix of values of f(x) + p = 0; + for i = 1:n+1 + L(i) = 1 + for j = 1:n+1 + if j == i then + continue ; + else + L(i) = L(i)*( x - X(j) )/( X(i) - X(j) ) ; + end + end + p = p + y(i)*L(i) + end + +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/quicksort.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/quicksort.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb3119d86 --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/quicksort.sci @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +function xsort = quicksort(x) + n= length(x) + pivot = x(1) +if n == 0 then + xsort = [] +elseif n == 1 then + xsort = x(1) + else + j = n + for i = 2:n + if pivot < x(i) then + for j = j:-1:i + if pivot > x(j) then + t = x(i) + x(i) = x(j) + x(j) = t + break + end + + end + + end + + if j == i then + if i == n & pivot > x(i) then + xsort = [ quicksort( x(2:i) ) pivot] + else + xsort = [ quicksort( x(2:i-1) ) pivot quicksort( x(i:n) )] + break ; + end + end + end +end + +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/260/DEPENDENCIES/swap.sci b/260/DEPENDENCIES/swap.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8efdfec5b --- /dev/null +++ b/260/DEPENDENCIES/swap.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +function [p,q] = swap(x,y) + t = x; + x = y; + y = t; + p = x; + q = y; +endfunction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.jpeg b/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d76e958 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.sce b/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d6cdd030 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH1/EX1.1/ex.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +disp("example1.1") +printf("\n") +disp("given") +printf("\n") +disp("C=C0(1-coswt)") +disp("angular frequency=500rad/sec") +w=500; +t=0:0.001:0.015 +disp("initial capacitance=1 micro farad") +disp("i=d(CV)/dt") +disp("supply voltage=3V") +C0=1*(10^-6) +C=C0*(1-cos(w*t)) +V=3; +i= w*C0*V*sin(w*t)//differentiating CV wrt t ,V is constant, i=d(CV)/dt +subplot(221) +plot(t,i) +xtitle('i vs t','t','i') +subplot(222) +plot(t,C)//variation of capacitance with time +xtitle('C vs t','t','C') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.13/ex1.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.13/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfaee392e --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.13/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Syms t +s=%s +H=5 +disp('given') +disp('H=5') +disp('poles are -1 and -3') +disp('The transfer function is ') +disp('5s/(s+1)(s+3)') +sysl=syslin('c',5*s/(s+1)*(s+3)) +evans(sysl,100) +[h]=trfmod(sysl,0) +//referring the root locus graph +x=1*imag(exp(-180)) +y=2*imag(exp(-0)) +k1=H*(x/y) +k2=H*(y/x) +disp('The current therefore is') +i=k1*exp(-t)+k2*exp(-3*t) +disp(i) diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.14/ex14a.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.14/ex14a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9701b2ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.14/ex14a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=%s +p=s^4+10*s^3+35*s^2+50*s+24 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) +disp('from the table the system is stable') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.15/ex15.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.15/ex15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70aa07d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.15/ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +s=%s +p=s^3+2*s^2+2*s+40 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) +disp("from the table there is a sign change ") +disp("from 2 to -18 and -18 t0 40 and hence system is not stable ") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.16/ex16.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.16/ex16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af081d933 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.16/ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=%s +p=3*s^3+2*s^2+1*s+5 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.17/ex17.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.17/ex17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..276b32e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.17/ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +s=%s +p=s^4+s^3+2*s^2+2*s+3 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) +disp("The element of 1st column 7th row is zero.......its replaced by epsilon(very small quantity)") +disp("for epsilon<0 seventh element is negative of the 1st column giving 2 sign change implying two positive roots (real) ") +disp("for epsilon>0 tenth element is zero giving same conclusion") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.18/ex18.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.18/ex18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..328715881 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.18/ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +s=%s +p=s^3+2*s^2+2*s+4 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) +disp("constant term 4 causes the system to be unstable") +disp("so the polynomial formed is") +disp("2*s^2+4") +disp("applyin RH on this polynomial") +q=s^2+2 +r=routh_t(q) +disp(r) diff --git a/269/CH10/EX10.19/ex19.sce b/269/CH10/EX10.19/ex19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eda7a4b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH10/EX10.19/ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +s=%s +p=s^6+5*s^5+11*s^4+25*s^3+36*s^2+30*s+36 +h=routh_t(p) +disp(h) +disp("the polynomial obtained is") +disp("6s^4+30s^2+36") +disp("applyin RH on this polynomial") +q=s^2+5*s+6 +r=routh_t(q) +disp(r) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.jpg b/269/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550289532 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex1.xcos b/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex1.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c126977b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex1.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex12.jpeg b/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex12.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44e68b096 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.1/ex12.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.jpeg b/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..707efe01f Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3g.jpg b/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3g.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..307a3e5dd Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.3/12_3g.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.3/ex3.xcos b/269/CH12/EX12.3/ex3.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d19c5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH12/EX12.3/ex3.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.jpeg b/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e6352d63 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4g.jpg b/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4g.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..253339e2e Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.4/12_4g.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.4/ex4.xcos b/269/CH12/EX12.4/ex4.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..260a007bc --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH12/EX12.4/ex4.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.jpeg b/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1793b5a5f Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6g.jpg b/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6g.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81ba1355 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH12/EX12.6/12_6g.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH12/EX12.6/ex6.xcos b/269/CH12/EX12.6/ex6.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b05b745fb --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH12/EX12.6/ex6.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.1/1_1.jpg b/269/CH13/EX13.1/1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78594a2e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH13/EX13.1/1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.1/ex1.sce b/269/CH13/EX13.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acdb34f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH13/EX13.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=poly (0,'s') +F=syslin('c',[1/(3*s+1)])//RC=3 sec +G=F +fmin=0.1 +fmax=100 +scf(1);clf; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.2/2_2.jpg b/269/CH13/EX13.2/2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94a2d4c0c Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH13/EX13.2/2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.2/ex2.sce b/269/CH13/EX13.2/ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ca10d5f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH13/EX13.2/ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +s=poly(0,'s') +F=syslin('c',1/(3*s+1)) +y=evans(F) +disp(y) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.3/3_3.jpg b/269/CH13/EX13.3/3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c892417c Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH13/EX13.3/3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.3/ex3.sce b/269/CH13/EX13.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e9dc4649 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH13/EX13.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=poly (0,'s') +F=syslin('c',[1*s/(1*s+1)])//RC=3 sec +G=F +fmin=0.1 +fmax=100 +scf(1);clf; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.4/4_4.jpg b/269/CH13/EX13.4/4_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78594a2e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH13/EX13.4/4_4.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.4/ex4.sce b/269/CH13/EX13.4/ex4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acdb34f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH13/EX13.4/ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +s=poly (0,'s') +F=syslin('c',[1/(3*s+1)])//RC=3 sec +G=F +fmin=0.1 +fmax=100 +scf(1);clf; +bode(G,fmin,fmax) +show_margins(G) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.7/7_7.jpg b/269/CH13/EX13.7/7_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae37cd2ba Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH13/EX13.7/7_7.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH13/EX13.7/ex7.sce b/269/CH13/EX13.7/ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a09fadb3f --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH13/EX13.7/ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=poly(0,'s') +F=syslin('c',[(s^2-s+1)/(s^2+s+1)]) +G=F +evans(G) +[hm]=trfmod(G ,['f']) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH14/EX14.2/example6_2.sce b/269/CH14/EX14.2/example6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1043700ce --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH14/EX14.2/example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp('chap 14 , ex 2') +disp(' given') +disp('The waveform is t for t>0,t<1 and 1 for t>1,t<2') +function y1=myfunction(t),y1=t^2,endfunction +function y2=second(t),y2=t^0,endfunction +i1=intg(0,1,myfunction)//integration from 0 to1 (rms current) +i2=intg(1,2,second)//integration from 1 to 2(rms current) +i3=0.5*(i1+i2); +disp('The rms value of current is') +disp(sqrt(i3))//i=sqrt(1/2(integ of t^2 from 0 to 1+ integ of 1 from 1 to 2)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH14/EX14.3/example6_3.sce b/269/CH14/EX14.3/example6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..691966bb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH14/EX14.3/example6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +disp('chap 14 ex 3') +disp('given') +disp('current source i1=5sqrt(2)sin2t') +disp('driving point impedance Z=3+j/3') +Pav=25*3//Pav=Irms^2*real(Z) +disp('Average power is ') +disp(Pav) +Q=25*1/3//Q=Irms^2*imag(Z) +disp('Reactive power is') +disp(Q) +s=sqrt(75^2+(25/3)^2)//s=Irms^2*Z, calculation of magnitude of s +Vrms=s/5 +disp('rms value of voltage is') +disp(Vrms) +pf=cos(atan(1/9))//power factor=cos thetaz=cos(tan-(1/9)) +disp('power factor=') +disp(pf) +disp('The branch currents are') +disp('I1=5,I2=10*sqrt(5)/6,I3=10*sqrt(2)/6') +TPav=50+500/36+400/36//Total avg power=I1^2*2+I2^2*2+13^2*2 +disp('Total average power') +disp(TPav) +TQ=500/36-200/36//Total reactive power in the capacitor and inductor branches=Q1-Q2 +disp('Total reactive Power') +disp(TQ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH14/EX14.4/example6_4.sce b/269/CH14/EX14.4/example6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a227c6a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH14/EX14.4/example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +disp('chapter 14, example 4') +disp('given') +disp('Pav=500W, Q=500vars,Pf=0.707 lagging')//power factor=0.707 lag behind Q +disp('rms value of voltage=2v') +disp('angular frequency=2rad/sec') +Q=500 +pf=0.707 +pav=500 +Qt=sqrt((pav/0.9)^2-pav^2)//power factor=pav/sqrt(pav^2+qt^2) and changed power factor = 0.9 lagging .This is done by connecting capacitor +disp(Qt) +Qc=Qt-Q +disp(Qc) +Vrms=2//rms value of voltage is 2 volts +W=2//angularfreq=2 rad/sec +c=Qc/(-Vrms^2*W)*10^-6 +disp('Capacitor required for 0.9 power factor in microfarad is') +disp(c) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH16/EX16.1/ex1.sce b/269/CH16/EX16.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..561c4399f --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH16/EX16.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +//Let amplitude be 1 +A=1; +Dt=0.01; +T1=4; +t=0:Dt:T1/4; +for i=1:length(t) + xt(i)=A +end +//Calculate Fourier Transform +Wmax=2*%pi*1; +K=4; +k=-(2*K):(K/1000):(2*K); +W=k*Wmax/K; +xt=xt'; +XW=xt*exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W)*Dt; +XW_Mag=real(XW); +W=[-mtlb_fliplr(W),W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag=[mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag),XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +subplot(2,1,1); +a=gca(); +a.data_bounds=[0,0;1,1.5]; +a.y_location="origin"; +plot(t,xt); +xlabel('t in sec.'); +title('v(t)vs t'); +subplot(2,1,2); +a=gca(); +a.y_location="origin"; +plot(W*%pi/2,abs (XW_Mag)); +xlabel('Freq in rad/sec'); +ylabel('|F(jw)|') +title('|F(jw)| vs t'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH16/EX16.1/fig1.jpeg b/269/CH16/EX16.1/fig1.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d762b33 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH16/EX16.1/fig1.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH16/EX16.2/ex2a.sce b/269/CH16/EX16.2/ex2a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b992e885 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH16/EX16.2/ex2a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +close; +A=4;//V0=4 amplitude +Dt=0.005; +T1=4; +t=0:Dt:T1/2; +for i=1:length(t) + xt(i)=A*exp(-0.01*i) +end +//continous time Fourier Transform +Wmax=2*%pi*1;//Analog freq=1HZ +K=4; +k=0:(K/1000):K; +W=k*Wmax/K; +xt=xt'; +XW=xt*exp(-sqrt(-1)*t'*W)*Dt; +XW_Mag=real(XW); +W=[-mtlb_fliplr(W),W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag=[mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag),XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +subplot(2,1,1); +a=gca(); +a.data_bounds=[-4,0;4,2]; +a.y_location="origin"; +plot(t,xt); +xlabel('t in msec.'); +title('Continous time signal x(t)'); +subplot(2,1,2); +a=gca(); +a.y_location="origin"; +plot(W,XW_Mag); +xlabel('Freq in rad/sec'); +title('continous time fourier transform'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH16/EX16.2/ex2f.jpg 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b/269/CH6/EX6.1/example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +disp('by kvl') +disp('Ldi/dt+Ri+1/c*integ(i)=V') +disp('given') +disp('V=1,R=3,L=1,C=0.5') +disp('Replacing di/dt with s and (di/dt)^2 with s^2') +disp('we get') +disp('s^2+3s+2') +s=poly(0,'s') +p=s^2+3*s+2 +r=roots(p) +disp(r) +disp('therefore the current in general form is') +disp('i(t)=k1exp(-t)+k2exp(-2t)') +//k1 and k2 are constants and are evaluated by knowing inital conditions +disp('initial conditions are') +disp('di/dt at 0+ is V/L=1') +disp('i(t) at 0+ is 0') +disp('on solving we get k1=1,k2=-1') +t=0:0.1:2 +i=exp(-t)-exp(-2*t) +subplot(221) +xtitle("exp(-t)") +plot2d(exp(-t)) +subplot(222) +xtitle("exp(-2t)") +plot2d(exp(-2*t)) +subplot(223) +xtitle("i") +plot2d(i) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3.xcos b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b765e8a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3.jpeg b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aebfe5a92 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3g.jpg b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3g.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..667871675 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH6/EX6.3/ex3_3g.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.1/example1.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.1/example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01d741e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.1/example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Syms t s +disp('given') +disp('u(t)=1 for t>=0 else its 0') +y=laplace(1,t,s) +disp("The laplace is") +disp(y) +disp('similarly') +disp('laplace of V0 is') +x=laplace('V0',t,s) +disp(x) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.10/example10.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.10/example10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..726238167 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.10/example10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms t +s=%s +disp('Heavisides expansion') +[A]=pfss((2*s^2+3*s+2)/((s+1)^3)) +disp(A(1)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.11/example11.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.11/example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..022211b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.11/example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +s=%s +[A]=pfss((s+2)/(s^2+2*s+1)*(s+3)) +disp([A]) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.12/example12.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.12/example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88982695f --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.12/example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Syms t,s +//on applying KVL we get the laplace transformed current as +disp(' the laplace transformed current equation is i(s)=s^2+6s+5/(s*(s^2+4s+5))') +//by partial fraction method +[A]=pfss(s^2+6*s+5/((s)*(s^2+4*s+5))) +b=ilt(A (1),s,t) +c=ilt(A(2),s,t) +d=b+c +disp('the time domain expression is') +disp(d) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.13/example13.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.13/example13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69f7e948e --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.13/example13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Syms t,s +//by network equations +disp('by network equations i(s)=1/(s+1)^2+1') +[A]=pfss((1*s^0+0)/((s+1)^2+1)) +b=ilt(A(1),s,t) +disp('The inverse laplace is') +disp(b) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.14/example14.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.14/example14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f498c1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.14/example14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('by network equations kvl and kcl ') +disp('i2(s)=1000/s*(s^2+40s+300)') +[A]=pfss((1000*s^0+0)/((s*(s+10)*(s+30)))) +x=ilt(A(1),s,t) +y=ilt(A(2),s,t) +z=ilt(A(3),s,t) +f=x+y+z +disp('the timedomain expression is') +disp(f) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.2/example2.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.2/example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2c05ba11 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.2/example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('given') +disp(' f(t)= e^at ,a>0') +disp('laplace of f(t) is') +y=laplace('exp(a*t)', t,s) +disp(y) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.3/example3.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.3/example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8071dfa45 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.3/example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Syms t s +disp('f1(t)=coswt , f2(t)=sinwt') +disp('laplace of f1(t) and f2(t) are') +y=laplace('cos(w*t)',t,s) +z=laplace('sin(w*t)',t,s) +disp(y) +disp(z) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.4/example4.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.4/example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38fed5ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.4/example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Syms s t +disp('given') +disp('i(s)=V/R/s+(1/RC) for t>=0') +z=ilt('(V/R*s^0+0)/(s+(1/RC))',s,t) +disp(z,"z(t)=") diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.5/example5.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.5/example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..294376891 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.5/example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('By KVL the current equation is') +disp('V/L*(1/s*(s+R/L))') +//by partial fraction method the expression is split as k0/s+k1/s+(R/L) +//The values of k0=V/R and k1=-V/R +//taking inverse laplace +disp('inverse laplace is') +z=ilt('(V/R*s^0)/s-(V/R*s^0)/(s+(R/L))',s,t) +disp(z,"z(t)=") diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.7/example7.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.7/example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bc84c65a --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.7/example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +syms t +s=%s +[A]=pfss((2*s+3)/(s^2+3*s+2)) +disp(A(1)) +disp(A(2)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.8/example8.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.8/example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2850d2b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.8/example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +syms t +s=%s +[A]=pfss((s+2)/((s+1)^2)) +disp(A(1)) diff --git a/269/CH7/EX7.9/example9.sce b/269/CH7/EX7.9/example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d085b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH7/EX7.9/example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +syms t +s=%s +[A]=pfss((1/(s^2+2*s+5))) +disp(A(1)) diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.1/example1.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.1/example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b3ebb865 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.1/example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('applyin kvl and solving we get') +disp('i(s)=1-e^-as/s(s+1) where a is a constant') +// This can be modified and written as +a=1 +//by partial fraction +[A]=pfss((1*s^0+0)/s*(s+1)) +b=ilt(A(1),s,t) +disp(b) +d=exp(1*a)//inverse laplace of exp(-sa) +disp(d) +//z=ilaplace((%e^-),s,t) +//disp(z) +e=ilt((1*s^0+0)/(s+1),s,t) +f=ilt((d*s^0)/s,s,t) +g=ilt((d*s^0)/(s+1)) +h=b*d*e*g*f; +disp(h) diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.2/ex2.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.2/ex2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..556e3a864 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.2/ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('i(s)=1/s*(s+1)') +b=ilt((1*s^0+0)/s,s,t) +e=ilt((-1*s^0+0)/(s+1),s,t) +f=b+e +printf("current in time domain by partial fraction is") +disp(f,"i(t)=") +disp('by scaling theorem i1(t)=') +d=ilt((2*s^0+0)/(2*s),s,t) +g=ilt((-2*s^0+0)/(2*s+1)) +l=d+g +disp(l) diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.3/ex3.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..548fb4e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('By kvl equation\n i(s)=1/s+1') +f=ilt((s^0)/(s+1),s,t) +printf("current in time domain by laplace transform is\n") +printf("i(t)=") +disp(f) diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.5/ex5.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.5/ex5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1245c5a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.5/ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('given') +disp('i(s)=2s+5/s+1*(s+2)') +f=(2*s+5)/((s+1)*(s+2)) +[a]=pfss(2*s/(s^2+3*s+2)) +g=a(1)+a(2) +x=s*f +y=limit(x,s,0) +disp('by final value theorem') +disp(y,"i(inf)=") +g=ilt(f,s,t) +disp(g,"time domain exp is") +h=limit(g,t,%inf) +disp(h) +disp('hence verified') diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.6/ex6.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.6/ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75a7b4378 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.6/ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('given i2(t)=5-3e^(-2t)') +f=laplace('5-3*%e^(-2*t)',t,s) +disp(f,"laplace transformed solution is") +x=s*f +disp('by final value theorem') +y=limit(x,s,0)//final value theorem +disp(y,"i2(inf)=") diff --git a/269/CH8/EX8.7/ex7.sce b/269/CH8/EX8.7/ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ae3dee01 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH8/EX8.7/ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +s=%s +Max_Limit = 10; +h = ones(1,Max_Limit); +N2 =0:length(h)-1; +for t = 1: Max_Limit + x(t)= exp(-(t -1)); +end +N1 =0:length(x)-1; +y = convol(x,h)-1; +N = 0:length(x)+ length(h)-2; +figure +a= gca(); +plot2d (N2 ,h) +xtitle ( ' Impul s e Re spons e ' , ' t ' , ' h ( t ) ' ); +a. thickness = 2; +figure +a= gca (); +plot2d (N1 ,x) +xtitle ( ' Input Re spons e ' , ' t ' , ' x ( t ) ' ); +a. thickness = 2; +figure +a= gca (); +plot2d (N(1: Max_Limit ),y (1: Max_Limit )) +xtitle ( ' Output Re spons e ' , ' t ' , ' y ( t ) ' ); +a. thickness = 2; diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.1/ex1.sce b/269/CH9/EX9.1/ex1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41d00bbf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH9/EX9.1/ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('given') +disp('V=e^-t(sint) R1=1,R2=1,C=0.5,L=2') +disp('laplace transforming the ckt elements') +disp('Total impedance is') +z=((2*s^2+5*s+4)/(2*s^2+s+2)) +disp(z) +disp('laplace transformed voltage is') +v=laplace('%e^(-t)*sin(2*t)',t,s) +disp(v) +disp('The current can be found as v/z') +i=v/z +disp(i,"The total current in s domain") diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.3/ex3.sce b/269/CH9/EX9.3/ex3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ead7471f --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH9/EX9.3/ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Syms t ,s +disp('given') +disp('V=e^-t(sint) R1=1,R2=1,C=0.5,L=2') +disp('laplace transforming the ckt elements') +disp('Total impedance is') +z=((2*s^2+5*s+4)/(2*s^2+s+2)) +disp(z) +disp('laplace transformed voltage is') +v=laplace('%e^(-t)*sin(2*t)',t,s) +disp(v) +disp('The current can be found as v/z') +i=v/z +disp(i,"The total current in s domain") diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4.xcos b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72d4fc816 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4.jpeg b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a006934da Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4.jpeg differ diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4g.jpg b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4g.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8734953f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/269/CH9/EX9.4/ex4_4g.jpg differ diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.6/ex6.sce b/269/CH9/EX9.6/ex6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0303e434 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH9/EX9.6/ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('The open ckt voltage is found as') +disp('1000/s(s+20)')//fig 9.33 +v=1000/(s*(s+20)) +disp('The thevenins impedance is') +disp('10(s+10)/(s+20)')//fig 9.33 +z=10*(s+10)/(s+20) +disp('The current through R3 is i1') +disp('By thevenins theorem ....') +disp('I1(s)=v/z+z1..........where z1 is the ckt impedance') +disp('I1(s)=1000/s(s^2+40s+300)') +I1=1000/(s*(s^2+40*s+300)) +[a]=pfss(1000/(s*(s+10)*(s+30))) +b=ilt(a(1),s,t) +c=ilt(a(2),s,t) +d=ilt(a(3),s,t) +f=b+c+d +disp(f,"The current in time domain by thevenins theorem is ") diff --git a/269/CH9/EX9.7/ex7.sce b/269/CH9/EX9.7/ex7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1f00c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/269/CH9/EX9.7/ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Syms t,s +disp('C1= C2=8 microfarad,R1=9 megaohm,R2=5 megaohm,V0=75 volts') +disp('i2(s) the current through resistor R2 is') +disp('i2(s)=0.208*10^-6/(s+0.045)(s+.0077)') +[a]=pfss((.208*10^-6*s^0)/(s+0.045)*(s+.0077)) +b=ilt(a(1),s,t) +//c=ilaplace(a(2),s,t) +d=b +disp(d,"By thevenins theorem the current is ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..867788ded --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 1.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +G= -100; +R1= 2.2;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula G=-Rf/R1 +Rf= -G*R1; +disp(Rf*10^-3,"The value of Rf in kohm is ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eb5f041a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 1.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V1=2;// in V +V2=3;// in V +Rf=3;// in kohm +R1=1;// in kohm +disp("Output voltage when only 2V voltage source is acting in volt") +Vo1= (1+Rf/R1)*V1; +disp(Vo1); +disp("Output voltage due to 3V voltage source in volt") +Vo2= (1+Rf/R1)*V2; +disp(Vo2); +Vo= Vo1+Vo2;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Total output voltage in volts") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74e1e1f7f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=500;// in kohm +min_vvs= 0;// minimum value of variable resistor in ohm +max_vvs= 10;// maximum value of variable resistor in ohm +Ri_min= 10+min_vvs;// in kohm +Ri_max= 10+max_vvs;//in kohm +// Av= Vo/Vi= -Rf/Ri +disp("Closed loop voltage gain corresponding to Ri(min) is ") +Av=-Rf/Ri_min; +disp(Av) +disp("and closed loop voltage gain corresponding to Ri(max) is ") +Av=-Rf/Ri_max; +disp(Av) +disp("Thus the closed loop gain of the circuit can be adjusted at any value between -25 to -50 with the help of variable resistor.") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83a4b0491 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 1.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=200;// in kohm +R1= 20;// in kohm +// Av= Vo/Vi= -Rf/Ri +Av= -Rf/R1; +Vi_min= 0.1;// in V +Vi_max= 0.5;// in V +// Vo= Av*Vi +Vo_min= Av*Vi_min;// in V +Vo_max= Av*Vi_max;// in V +disp("Output voltage ranges from "+string(Vo_min)+"V to "+string(Vo_max)+"V") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05990a6a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.13 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 250;// in kohm +// Output voltage expression, Vo= -5*Va+3*Vb +// and we know that for a difference amplifier circuit, +// Vo= -Rf/R1*Va + [R2/(R1+R2)]*[1+Rf/R1]*Vb +// Comparing both the expression, we get +// -Rf/R1*Va= -5*Va, or +R1= Rf/5;// in kohm +disp(R1,"The value of R1 in kohm") +// and +R2= 3*R1^2/(R1+Rf-3*R1) +disp(R2,"The value of R2 in kohm") + +// Note : Answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f62b9af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 1.14 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vi_1= 150;// in µV +Vi_2= 140;// in µV +Vd= Vi_1-Vi_2;// in µV +Vd=Vd*10^-6;// in V +Vc= (Vi_1+Vi_2)/2;// in µV +Vc=Vc*10^-6;// in V +// Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd)) + +// (i) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 100 +Ad=4000; +CMRR= 100; +Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd));// in volt +disp(Vo*10^3,"Output voltage in mV") + +// (ii) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 10^5 +Ad=4000; +CMRR= 10^5; +Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd));// in volt +disp(Vo*10^3,"Output voltage in mV") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93c2d58fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 1.15 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=470;// in kohm +R1=4.3;// in kohm +R2=33;// in kohm +R3=33;// in kohm +Vi= 80;// in µV +Vi=Vi*10^-6;// in volt +A1= 1+Rf/R1; +A2=-Rf/R2; +A3= -Rf/R3; +A=A1*A2*A3; +Vo= A*Vi;// in volt +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3681bca6f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 1.16 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 33;// in kΩ +R2= 10;// in kΩ +R3= 330;// in kΩ +V1= '50mV sin(1000 t)'; +V2= '10mV sin(3000 t)'; +Vo1= R3/R1*50*10^-3; +Vo2= R3/R2*10*10^-3; +// Vo= -Vo1-Vo2; +disp("Output voltage is "+string(-Vo1)+" sin (1000 t)"+string(-Vo2)+" sin(3000 t)") + diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2981c2cc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 1.17 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1=10;// in kohm +R2=150;// in kohm +R3=10;// in kohm +R4=300;// in kohm +V1= 1;// in V +V2= 2;// in V +Vo= [(1+R4/R2)*(R3*V1/(R1+R3))-(R4/R2)*V2]; +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a6406af8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 1.18 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1=12;// in kohm +Rf=360;// in kohm +V1= -0.3;// in V +Vo= (1+Rf/R1)*V1;// in V +disp(Vo,"Output voltage result in volts is : ") + +// Part(b) +Vo= 2.4;// in V +// We know, Vo= (1+Rf/R1)*V1 +V1= Vo/(1+Rf/R1); +disp(V1*10^3,"Input voltage in mV to result in an output of 2.4 Volt is") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e308917cd --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 1.19 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=68;// in kohm +R1=33;// in kohm +R2=22;// in kohm +R3=12;// in kohm +V1= 0.2;// in V +V2=-0.5;// in V +V3= 0.8;// in V +Vo= -Rf/R1*V1 + (-Rf/R2)*V2 + (-Rf/R3)*V3;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20a9dc02f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 1.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 200;// in kohm +R1= 2;// in kohm +vin=2.5;// in mV +vin=vin*10^-3;// in volt +G= -Rf/R1; +vo= G*vin;// in V +disp(vo,"The output voltage in volt is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0787df9d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 1.20 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=100;// in kohm +R1=20;// in kohm +V1= 1.5;// in V +Vo1= V1; +Vo= -Rf/R1*Vo1;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec07d04bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.22 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +vo= -10;// in V +i_f= 1;// in mA +i_f= i_f*10^-3;//in A +// Formula vo= -i_f*Rf +Rf= -vo/i_f;// in Ω +// The output voltage, vo= -(v1+5*v2) (i) +// vo= -Rf/R1*v1 - Rf/R2*v2; (ii) +// Comparing equations (i) and (2) +R1= Rf/1;// in Ω +R2= Rf/5;// in Ω +disp(Rf*10^-3,"The value of Rf in kΩ is : ") +disp(R1*10^-3,"The value of R1 in kΩ is : ") +disp(R2*10^-3,"The value of R2 in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a93cc4f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 1.24 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 9;// in kΩ +R2= 1;// in kΩ +R3= 2;// in kΩ +R4= 3;// in kΩ +// The output voltage, vo1= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo1BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (i) +// Voltage at node va= R4*v1/(R3+R4) +vaBYv1= R4/(R3+R4);// (ii) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo1BYv1= vo1BYva*vaBYv1;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo2= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo2BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (iv) +// Voltage at node va= R3*v2/(R3+R4) +vaBYv2= R3/(R3+R4);// (v) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo2BYv2= vo2BYva*vaBYv2;// (iii) +// Total output vo= vo1 + vo2 +disp("Total voltage is "+string(vo1BYv1)+" v1 + "+string(vo2BYv2)+" v2") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8cb78f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 1.25 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 9;// in kΩ +R2= 1;// in kΩ +R3= 2;// in kΩ +R4= 3;// in kΩ +// The output voltage, vo1= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo1BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (i) +// Voltage at node va= R4*v1/(R3+R4) +vaBYv1= R4/(R3+R4);// (ii) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo1BYv1= vo1BYva*vaBYv1;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo2= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo2BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (iv) +// Voltage at node va= R3*v2/(R3+R4) +vaBYv2= R3/(R3+R4);// (v) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo2BYv2= vo2BYva*vaBYv2;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo3= (-R1/R2)*v3 +vo3BYv3= (-R1/R2);// (i) + +// Total output vo= vo1 + vo2 + vo3 +disp("Total voltage is "+string(vo1BYv1)+" v1 + "+string(vo2BYv2)+" v2 "+string(vo3BYv3)+" v3") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54e97fb60 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 1.26 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// omega_t= Ao*omega_b +// 2*%pi*f_t = Ao*2*%pi*f_b +// f_t= Ao*f_b +// Part (i) +Ao1= 10^5; +f_b1= 10^2;// in Hz +f_t1= Ao1*f_b1;// in Hz +// Part (ii) +Ao2= 10^6; +f_t2= 10^6;// in Hz +f_b2= f_t2/Ao2;// in Hz +// Part (iii) +f_b3= 10^3;// in Hz +f_t3= 10^8;// in Hz +Ao3= f_t3/f_b3; +// Part (iv) +f_b4= 10^-1;// in Hz +f_t4= 10^6;// in Hz +Ao4= f_t4/f_b4; +// Part (v) +Ao5= 2*10^5; +f_b5= 10;// in Hz +f_t5= Ao5*f_b5;// in Hz +disp(f_t1,"The value of f_t1 in Hz is : ") +disp(f_b2,"The value of f_b2 in Hz is : ") +disp(Ao3,"The value of Ao3 is : ") +disp(Ao4,"The value of Ao4 is : ") +disp(f_t5,"The value of f_t5 in Hz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1bc001d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.27 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 86;// in dB +A= 40;// in dB +f=100;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +// From 20*log(S) = 20*log(Ao/A), where S, stands for sqrt(1+(f/fb)^2) +S= 10^((Ao-A)/20); +// S= sqrt(1+(f/fb)^2) +fb= f/sqrt(S^2-1);// in Hz +Ao= 10^(Ao/20); +ft= Ao*fb;// in Hz +disp(Ao,"The value of Ao is : ") +disp(fb,"The value of fb in Hz is : ") +disp(round(ft*10^-6),"The value of ft in MHz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da6d9f573 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 1.28 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 10^4;// in V/V +f_t= 10^6;// in Hz +R2byR1= 20; +omega_t= 2*%pi*f_t; +omega_3dB= omega_t/(1+R2byR1); +f3dB= omega_3dB/(2*%pi);// in Hz +disp(f3dB*10^-3,"3-dB frequency of the closed loop amplifier in kHz is : ") +f3dB= 0.1*f3dB;// in Hz +voBYvi= -R2byR1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*f3dB/omega_3dB)^2); +voBYvi= abs(voBYvi);// in v/v +disp(voBYvi,"Gain in v/v is : ") + + + diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91fab23b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 1.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +G=-10; +Ri= 100;// in kohm +R1= Ri;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula G=-R2/R1 +R2= R1*abs(G);// ohm +disp(R1*10^-3,"Value of R1 in kohm is : ") +disp(R2*10^-6,"and value of R2 in Mohm is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e958f1f35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Exa 1.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 100;// in kohm +R2= 500;// in kohm +V1= 2;// in volt +Vo= (1+R2/R1)*V1;// in volt +disp(Vo,"Output voltage for noninverting amplifier in volt") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76129920f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 1.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 1;// in Mohm +Rf=Rf*10^6;//in ohm + +// Part(a) +V1=1;//in volt +V2=2;//in volt +V3=3;//in volt +R1= 500;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;//in ohm +R2= 1;// in Mohm +R2=R2*10^6;//in ohm +R3= 1;// in Mohm +R3=R3*10^6;//in ohm +Vo= -Rf*(V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3);// in volt +disp(Vo,"(a) Output voltage in volt is : ") + +// Part(b) +V1=-2;//in volt +V2=3;//in volt +V3=1;//in volt +R1= 200;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;//in ohm +R2= 500;// in kohm +R2=R2*10^3;//in ohm +R3= 1;// in Mohm +R3=R3*10^6;//in ohm +Vo= -Rf*(V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3);// in volt +disp(Vo,"(b) Output voltage in volt is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1a16415a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 1.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +disp("Minimum closed loop voltage gain for R2=0 and R1= 2 kohm") +R2=0; +R1=2;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +Av_min= (1+R2/R1) +disp(Av_min) + +disp("Maximum closed loop voltage gain for maximum value of R2=100 kohm and R1= 2 kohm") +R2=100;// in kohm +R1=2;// in kohm +Av_max= (1+R2/R1) +disp(Av_max) diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca0f5fbbe --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 1.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V1= 745;// in µV +V2= 740;// in µV +V1=V1*10^-6;// in volt +V2=V2*10^-6;// in volt +CMRR=80;// in dB +Av=5*10^5; +// (i) +// CMRR in dB= 20*log(Ad/Ac) +Ad=Av; +Ac= Ad/10^(CMRR/20); +// (ii) +Vo= Ad*(V1-V2)+Ac*(V1+V2)/2; +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volt is : ") + +// Note:- In the book, there is calculation error to evaluate the value of Ac, so the value of Ac is wrong ans to evaluate the output voltage there is also calculation error diff --git a/2702/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce b/2702/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77ffbf80 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Exa 1.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 1;// in Mohm +Ri=R1;// in Mohm +Rf=1;// in Mohm +A_VF= -Rf/R1; +disp(A_VF,"Voltage gain is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41aea1ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Exa 2.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_S= 0;// As source is connected to ground +V_G= 1.5;// in V +V_D= 0.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +// Part(a) V_D= 0.5;// in V +V_D= 0.5;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + +// Part(b) V_D= 0.9;// in V +V_D= 0.9;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + +// Part(c) V_D= 3;// in V +V_D= 3;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e6242d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 2.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 15;// in V +Vt= 1;// in V +V_D= 10;// in V +V_S= 5;// in V +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +R_G1= 8;// in MΩ +R_G1= R_G1*10^6;// in Ω +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;//in A +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +R_S= V_S/I_D;// in Ω +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KnWbyL*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*I_D/KnWbyL);// in V +// Formula V_OV= V_GS-Vt +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_G= V_GS+V_S;// in V +// Formul V_G= R_G2*V_DD/(R_G1+R_G2) +R_G2= R_G1*V_G/(V_DD-V_G);//in Ω +disp(R_D*10^-3,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") +disp(R_S*10^-3,"The value of R_S in kΩ is : ") +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(R_G2*10^-6,"The value of R_G2 in MΩ is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..218cac9ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Exa 2.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 15;// in V +KnWbyL= 0.25;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1.5;// in V +V_A= 50;// in V +R_D= 10;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_L= 10;// in kΩ +R_L= R_L*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 10;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +// I_D= 1/2*KnWbyL*(V_D-Vt)^2 , (V_GS= V_D, as dc gate current is zero) (i) +// V_D= V_DD- I_D*R_D (ii) +I_D= 1.06;// in mA +I_D = I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_D= V_DD- I_D*R_D;// in V +V_GS=V_D;// in V +// The coordinates of operating point +V_GSQ= V_D;// in V +I_DQ= I_D*10^3;// in mA +disp("The coordinates of operating points are V_GSQ = "+string(V_GSQ)+" V and I_DQ= "+string(I_DQ)+" mA") +gm= KnWbyL*(V_GS-Vt);// in A/V +r_o= V_A/I_D;//in Ω +// The gain is : Av= vo/vi = -gm*(R_D||R_L||r_o) +Av= -gm*[R_D*R_L*r_o/(R_D*R_L+R_D*r_o+R_L*r_o)];// in V/V +// i_i= (vi-vo)/R_G +// i_i= vi/R_G*(1-vo/vi) and Rin= vi/i_i = R_G/(1-Av) +Rin= R_G/(1-Av);// in Ω +disp(Rin*10^-6,"The input resistance in MΩ is : ") +disp("The largest allowable input signal vi is determined by the need to keep the MOSFET in saturation at all times") +disp(" V_DS >= V_GS- vt") +disp("By enforcing this condition with equality at the point V_GS is maximum and V_DS is correspondingly minimum") +disp(" V_DSmin= V_GSmax -Vt") +disp(" V_DS-|Av| vi = V_GS + vi -Vt") +disp(" 4.4 - 3.3 vi = 4.4 + vi -1.5") +disp("which results in vi= 0.34V") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b161ef0d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 2.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in mA +V_D= 3;// in V +Vt= -1;// in V +KpWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KpWbyL=KpWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KpWbyL*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL);// in V +// For PMOS +V_OV= -V_OV;// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +R_D= V_D/I_D;// in Ω +V_Dmax= V_D+abs(Vt);// in V +R_D= V_Dmax/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R_D*10^-3,"The largest value that R_D can have while maintaining saturation-region operation in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e36a22b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 2.14 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_GS1= 1.5;// in V +Vt= 1;// in V +r_DS1= 1;// in kΩ +r_DS1= r_DS1*10^3;// in Ω +r_DS2= 200;// in kΩ +// r_DS1= 1/(KnWbyL*(V_GS1-Vt)) (i) +// r_DS2= 1/(KnWbyL*(V_GS2-Vt)) (i) +// dividing equation (i) by (ii) +V_GS2= (r_DS1/r_DS2)*(V_GS1-Vt)+Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS2,"To Optain rDS= 200, The value of V_GS should be (in volt)") +// For V_GS= 1.5 ;// V +// W2= 2*W1; +// r_DS1/r_DS2= 2 +r_DS2= r_DS1/2;// in Ω +disp(r_DS2,"For V_GS= 1.5 V , the value of r_DS2 in Ω is : ") +// For V_GS= 3.5 V +r_DS2= 200/2;// in Ω +disp(r_DS2,"For V_GS= 3.5 V , the value of r_DS2 in Ω is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a99d7a49b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 2.15 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.2;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in mA +Vt= 1;// in V +KpWbyL= 0.1;// in mA/V^2 +KpWbyL=KpWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KpWbyL*(V_GS-VT)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL)+Vt;// in V +V_DSmin= V_GS-Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"Required V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(V_DSmin,"The minimum required V_DS in volts is : ") +// For I_D= 0.8 mA +I_D = 0.8*10^-3;// in A +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL)+Vt;// in V +V_DSmin= V_GS-Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"Required V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(V_DSmin,"The minimum required V_DS in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7c9e4f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 2.16 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_SS= -5;// in V +unCox= 60;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1;// in V +W= 100;// in µm +L= 3;// in µm +V_G=0;// in V +V_DD= 5;// in V +V_D=0;//in V +I_D= 1*10^-3;// in A +// I_D= (V_DD-V_D)/R_D +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R_D*10^-3,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D*L/(unCox*W))+Vt;// in V +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +R_S= (V_S-V_SS)/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R_S*10^-3,"The resistance in kΩ is "); + + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6052e225f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 2.17 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_D= 3.5;// in V +I_D= 115*10^-6;//in A +upCox= 60;// in µA/V^2 +upCox= upCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 0.8;//in µm +V_GS= -1.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +R= V_D/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R*10^-3,"The value required for R in kΩ is : ") +// Formul I_D= 1/2*upCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +W= 2*I_D*L/(upCox*(V_GS-Vt)^2) +disp(W,"The value required for W in µm is : ") + +// Note: Calculation of evaluating the value of W in the book is wrong , so the Answer of the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3644c075 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 2.18 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 1;// in V +unCox= 120;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L1=1;// in µm +L2=L1;// in µm +I_D= 120;//in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;//in A +V_GS1= 1.5;//in V +V_G2= 3.5;// in V +V_S2= 1.5;// in V +V_DD= 5;// in V +V_D2= 3.5;// in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2 +W1= 2*I_D*L1/(unCox*(V_GS1-Vt)^2);// in µm +disp(W1,"The value of W1 in µm is : ") +V_GS2= V_G2-V_S2;//in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2 +W2= 2*I_D*L2/(unCox*(V_GS2-Vt)^2);// in µm +disp(W2,"The value of W2 in µm is : ") +R= (V_DD-V_D2)/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R*10^-3,"Resistance in kΩ"); diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97cfc61ff --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Exa 2.19 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 2;// in V +K1WbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +K1WbyL= K1WbyL*10^-3;//in mA/V^2 +I_D= 10;//in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;//in A +V_DD= 10;// in V +R_D= 4;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω + +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V1= -V_GS;// in V +// Part (b) +I_D= 2;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +V2= V_DD-I_D*R_D;//in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V3= -V_GS;// in V +// Part (c) +I_D= 1;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V4= V_GS;// in V +// Part (d) +I_D= 2;// in mA +R_D= 2.5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +V_SS= 10;// in V +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V5= -V_SS+I_D*R_D;// in V +disp(V1,"The value of V1 in volts is : ") +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volts is : ") +disp(V3,"The value of V3 in volts is : ") +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volts is : ") +disp(V5,"The value of V5 in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39b81ae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 2.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +unCox= 100;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 1;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=10;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +V_GS= 1.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +// For V_DS= 0.5 V +V_DS= 0.5;// in V +if V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + I_D= unCox*W/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2]; + disp(I_D*10^6,"The device is in triode region. SO the drain current in the triode region in µA is : ") +else + I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-VT)^2 + disp(I_D*10^6,"The device is in saturation region. SO the drain current in the saturation region in µA is : ") +end +// For V_DS= 0.9 V +V_DS= 0.9;// in V +if V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + I_D= unCox*W/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2]; + disp(I_D*10^6,"The device is in triode region. So the drain current in the triode region in µA is : ") +else + I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-Vt)^2 + disp(I_D*10^6,"The device is in saturation region. So drain current in the saturation region in µA is : ") +end + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edef97ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 2.20 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +unCox= 20*10^-6;//in A/V^2 +upCox= unCox/2.5;// in A/V^2 +V_DD= 3;//in V +Vt= 1;// in V +W= 30;// in µm +L= 10;// in µm + + +// V_GS1= V_GS2 +// Formula V_DD= V_GS1+V_GS2 +V_GS1= V_DD/2;//in V +V_GS2= V_GS1;// in V +V2= V_GS1;// inV +I1= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2;// in A +// Both transistor have V_D = V_G and therefore they are operating in saturation +//1/2*unCox*W/L*(V4-Vt)^2 = 1/2*upCox*W/L*(V_DD-V4-Vt) +V4= (V_DD-Vt+sqrt(unCox/upCox))/(1+sqrt(unCox/upCox)); +I3= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(1.39-Vt)^2 +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volt is : ") +disp(I1*10^6,"The value of I1 in µAis : ") +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volt is : ") +disp(I3*10^6,"The value of I3 in µAis : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de1b475aa --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// Exa 2.22 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 0.9;// in V +V_A= 50;// in V +V_D= 2;// in V +R_L= 10;// in MΩ +R_L= R_L*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 10;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +I_D= 500;// in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;// in A +V_GS= V_D;// in V +ro= V_A/I_D;// in Ω +gm= 2*I_D/(V_GS-Vt);// in A/V +// vo= -gm*vi*(ro || R_L) +vo_by_vi = -gm*(ro*R_L/(ro+R_L));// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi ,"The voltage gain in V/V is : ") +// For I= 1 mA or twice the current +I_D1= I_D;// in A +I_D2= 2*I_D1;// in A +gm1= gm;// in A/V +// Effect on V_D +// I_D1/I_D2 = (V_GS1-Vt)^2/(V_GS2-Vt)^2 +V_GS1= V_GS; +V_GS2= Vt+sqrt(2)*(V_GS1-Vt);// in V +disp(V_GS2,"The new value of V_GS in volts is : ") +// Effect on gm +// gm1/gm2= sqrt(I_D1/I_D2) +gm2= sqrt(I_D2/I_D1)*gm1;// in A/V +disp(gm2*10^3,"The new value of gm2 in mA/V is : ") +// Effect on ro +// ro1/ro2= I_D2/I_D1 +ro1= ro;// in Ω +ro2= I_D1*ro1/I_D2;// in Ω +disp(ro2*10^-3,"The new value of ro in kΩ/V is : ") +// Effect on gain +// Av= -gm*(ro2 || R_L) +Av= -gm*(ro2*R_L/(ro2+R_L));// in V/V +disp(Av,"The new value of voltage gain in V/V is : ") + +// Note: There is some difference between the new value of voltage gain in book and coding. The reason behind this is that , +// the accurate value of new value of gm is 1.2856487 and in the book 1.3 has taken at place of 1.2856487. +// If we take this value of new value of gm 1.3 at place of 1.2856487 then our new voltage gain value will be same as in the book + + + + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27d199af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 2.23 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 1;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +gm= 1;//in mA/V +gm= gm*10^-3;//in A/V +f_L= 10;// in Hz +R_S= 6;// in kΩ +R_S= R_S*10^3;// in Ω +R_D= 10;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +vo_by_vi= -gm*R_D/(1+gm*R_S);// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi,"Mid band gain in V/V is : "); +// Formula f_L= 1/(2*%pi*(1/gm || R_S)) * CS +CS= 1/(2*%pi*(1/gm*R_S/(1/gm+R_S))*f_L) ;//in F +disp(CS*10^6,"The value of Cs in µF is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa6db8514 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 2.24 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rsig= 100;// in kΩ +Rsig= Rsig*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 4.7;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +R_D= 15;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_L= R_D;// in Ω +gm= 1;//in mA/V +gm= gm*10^-3;//in A/V +ro=150;// in kΩ +ro=ro*10^3;// in Ω +Cgs= 1;// in pF +Cgs=Cgs*10^-12;//in F +Cgd= 0.4;// in pF +Cgd=Cgd*10^-12;//in F +vgsBYvsig= R_G/(Rsig+R_G); +Rdesh_L= R_D*R_L/(R_D+R_L);// in Ω +voBYvgs= -gm*Rdesh_L; +Av= voBYvgs/vgsBYvsig;// in V/V +disp(Av,"The Mid-band gain in V/V is :") +CM= Cgd*(1+gm*Rdesh_L);// in F +// f_H= 1/(2*%pi*(Rsig || R_G)*(Cgs*CM)) +f_H= 1/(2*%pi*(Rsig * R_G/(Rsig + R_G))*(Cgs+CM));// in Hz +disp(f_H*10^-3,"Frequency in kHz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e39ca48a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 2.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 0.7;// in V +I_D= 100;// in µA +I_D=I_D*10^-6;// in A +// When +V_GS= 1.2;// in V +V_DS= V_GS;// in V +// At this condition, device is in saturation region, so I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-VT)^2 +unCoxWby2L= I_D/(V_GS-Vt)^2; +// For +V_DS= 3;// in V +V_GS= 1.5;// in V +// In this condition, device is in saturation region, so +I_D= unCoxWby2L*(V_GS-Vt)^2;// in A +disp(I_D*10^6,"For V_DS= 3V and V_GS= 1.5 V, The value of I_D in µA is : ") +// For +V_GS= 3.2;// in V +r_DS= 1/(2*unCoxWby2L*(V_GS-Vt));// in Ω +disp(r_DS,"For V_GS = 3.2 V, Drain to source resistance in Ω is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffbd80b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 2.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.4;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 0.7;// in V +V_SS= -2.5;// in V +V_DD= 2.5;// in V +unCox= 100;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +W= 32;// in m +L= 1;// in m +// V_GS-Vt= V_OV +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +V_G= 0; +// Formula V_GS= V_G-V_S +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +R_S= (V_S-V_SS)/I_D// in Ω +disp(R_S*10^-3,"The value of R_S in kΩ is : ") +V_D= 0.5;// in V +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;//in Ω +disp(R_D*10^-3,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0e887a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 2.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 3;// in V +I_D= 80;// in µA +I_D=I_D*10^-6;// in A +Vt= 0.6;// in V +unCox= 200;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 0.8;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=4;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +// V_GS-Vt= V_OV +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_D= 1;// in V +V_G= V_D;// in V +R= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R*10^-3,"The value of R in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94ceff328 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 2.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 10;// in V +I_D= 0.4;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 2;// in V +unCox= 20;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 10;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=100;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +V_S= 0;// in V as source is connected to ground +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_D= V_GS;// in V +R= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +disp(R*10^-3,"The value of R in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9709fecc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 2.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 1;// in V +V_DS= 0.1;// in V +V_D= V_DS;// in V +V_GS= 5;// in V +V_DD= V_GS;// in V +// Formula I_D= K'nW/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2] +I_D= KnWbyL*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2];// in A +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;//in Ω +disp(R_D*10^-3,"The required value of R_D in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff01e809f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 2.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1;// in V +V_DD= 10;// in V +R_D= 6;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_S= 6;// in kΩ +R_S= R_S*10^3;// in Ω +R_G1= 10;// in MΩ +R_G1= R_G1*10^6;// in Ω +R_G2= 10;// in MΩ +R_G2= R_G2*10^6;// in Ω +V_G= V_DD*R_G2/(R_G1+R_G2);// in V +// V_S= R_S*I_D +// V_GS= V_G-V_S= V_G-R_S*I_D +// Formula I_D= K'nW/2*L*(V_GS-Vt)^2, Putting the value of V_GS, We get +// 18*I_D^2 -25*I_D +8= 0 +// I_D= 0.89 mA or I_D= 0.5 +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_S= R_S*I_D;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +V_D= V_DD-I_D*R_D;// in V +disp(I_D*10^3,"The value of I_D in mA is : ") +disp(V_S,"The value of V_S in volt is : ") +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +disp(V_D,"The value of V_D in volt is : ") +disp("Since V_D > V_G - Vt , the transistor is operating in saturation , as initially assumed") + + diff --git a/2702/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce b/2702/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c2e48179 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 2.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R_D= 20;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R1= 30;// in kΩ +R1= R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 20;// in kΩ +R2= R2*10^3;// in Ω +V_DD= 5;// in V +Vtn= 1;// in V +Kn= 0.1;// in mA/V^2 +Kn=Kn*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +V_GS= R2*V_DD/(R1+R2);// in V +// I_D= 1/2*µnCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vtm)^2 +I_D = Kn*(V_GS-Vtn)^2 ;// in mA (As Kn= 1/2*µnCox*W/L) +V_DS= V_DD-I_D*R_D;// in V +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +disp(I_D*10^3,"The value of I_D in mA is : ") +disp(V_DS,"The value of V_DS in volt is : ") +disp("Since V_DS = 3V > V_DS(sat) = V_GS-Vtn = 2 - 1V, the transistor is indeed biased in the saturation region") + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7393bd1a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_E= -0.7;// in V +Bita=50; +RC= 5;// in kΩ +RE= 10;// in kΩ +RE= RE*10^3;// in Ω +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BE= -10;// in volt +I_E= (V_E-V_BE)/RE;// in A +disp(I_E*10^3,"Emitter current in mA is : ") +// I_E= I_B+I_C and I_C= Bita*I_B, so +I_B= I_E/(1+Bita);// in A +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +I_C= I_E-I_B;//in A +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is :") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..657003634 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 3.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BB= 3;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_T= 25*10^-3;// in V +bita=100; +RC= 3;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +RB= 100;// in kΩ +RB=RB*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= (V_BB-V_BE)/RB;// in V +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +r_pi= bita/gm;// in Ω +// v_be= r_pi/(RB+r_pi)*v_i +v_be_by_v_i= r_pi/(RB+r_pi); +// v_o= -gm*v_be*RC +v_o_by_v_i= -gm*v_be_by_v_i*RC;// in V/V +Av= v_o_by_v_i;// in V/V +disp(round(Av),"Voltage gain in V/V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56472f7b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 4;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +R_E= 3.3;// in kΩ +R_E=R_E*10^3;// in Ω +RC= 4.7;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= V_E/R_E;// in A +bita=100; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= alpha*I_E;//in A +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +I_B= I_E/(1+bita);// in A +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2de86d1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CC= 10;// in V +bita=100; +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_C= 2;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= (V_B-V_BE)/R_B;// in A +I_C= bita*I_B;//in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V +I_E= I_C;// in A (approx) +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mAis : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00213a376 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 3.13 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 0;// in V +V_EB= 0.7;// in V +bita=100; +V_EC= 0.2;// in V +V_E= V_EB+V_B;// in V +V_CC= 5;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// V_E= V_B+V_EB (i) +// V_C= V_E-V_EC= V_B+V_EB-V_EC (ii) +// I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/R_C= (V_CC-V_B-V_EB)/R_C (iii) +// I_B= V_B/R_B (iv) +// I_C= (V_C+V_CC)/R_C= (V_B+V_EB-V_EC+V_CC)/R_B (v) +// By using relationship, I_E= I_B+I_C +V_B= (9*V_CC-11*V_EB+V_EC)/12;// in V +V_E= V_B+V_EB;// in V +V_C= V_B+V_EB-V_EC;// in V +I_E= (V_CC-V_B-V_EB)/R_C// in amp +I_C= (V_B+V_EB-V_EC+V_CC)/R_B;// in amp +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in amp +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e5fe2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 3.14 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +bita=100; +hFE= 100; +VCEsat= 0.2;// in V +VBEsat= 0.8;// in V +VBEactive= 0.7;// in V +VBB= 5;// in V +VCC= 10;// in V +R_C= 3;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 50;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// Formula VCC= ICsat*R_C+VCEsat +ICsat= (VCC-VCEsat)/R_C;//A +disp(ICsat*10^3,"The value of IC(sat) in mA is : ") +IBmin= ICsat/bita;// in A +// Apply KVL to input circuit, VBB= IB*R_B+VBEsat +IB= (VBB-VBEsat)/R_B;// in A +disp(IB*10^6,"Actual base current in µA is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64f48cc2a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 3.16 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// bita= alpha/(1-alpha) +// At alpha= 0.5 +alpha= 0.5; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.5, the value of bita is : ") +// At alpha= 0.9 +alpha= 0.9; +bita = alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.9, the value of bita is : ") +// At alpha= 0.5 +alpha= 0.999; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.999, the value of bita is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf59bf620 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.17 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// alpha= bita/(1-bita) +// At bita= 1 +bita=1; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=1, the value of alpha is : ") + // At bita= 2 +bita=2; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=2, the value of alpha is : ") +// At bita= 100 +bita=100; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=100, the value of alpha is : ") +// At bita= 200 +bita=200; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=200, the value of alpha is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd456ff6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.18 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.76;// in V +VT= 0.025;// in V +I_C= 10*10^-3;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(VBE/VT));// in A +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") +// Part(a) for VBE = 0.7 V +VBE= 0.7;// in V +I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +disp(I_C*10^3,"For VBE = 0.7 V , The value of I_C in mA is : ") + +// Part (b) for I_C= 10 µA +I_C= 10*10^-6;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +VBE= VT*log(I_C/I_S); +disp(VBE,"For I_C = 10 µA, The value of VBE in V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f06a21a28 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 3.19 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VT= 0.025;// in V +I_B= 100;// in µA +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +I_C= 10*10^-3;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(VBE/VT));// in A +alpha= I_C/(I_C+I_B); +bita= I_C/I_B; +IS_by_alpha= I_S/alpha;// in A +IS_by_bita= I_S/bita;// in A +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : "); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : "); +disp(IS_by_alpha,"The value of Is/alpha in A is :"); +disp(IS_by_bita,"The value of Is/bita in A is : "); diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b62941c54 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 3.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_E= 1.7;// in V +V_B= 1;// in V +RC= 5;// in kΩ +RE= 5;// in kΩ +RE= RE*10^3;// in Ω +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +RB= 100;//in kΩ\ +RB= RB*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BE= -10;// in volt +I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/RE;// in A +I_B= V_B/RB;// in V +// Formula I_B= (1-alpha)*I_E +alpha= 1-I_B/I_E; +disp(alpha,"Value of alpha is : ") +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"Value of bita is : ") +V_C= (I_E-I_B)*RC-V_CC;// in volt +disp(V_C,"Collector voltage in volts is : ") + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceab310ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Exa 3.20 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VCC= 10.7;// in V +R_C= 10;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I1= (VCC-VBE)/R_C;// in A +disp(I1*10^3,"The value of I1 in mA is : ") +// Part (b) +VC= -4;//in V +VB= -10;// in V +R_C= 5.6;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 2.4;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC=12;// V +I_C= (VC-VB)/R_B;// in A +V2= VCC- (R_C*I_C); +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volt is : "); +// Part (c) +VCC= 0; +VCE= -10;// in V +R_C= 10;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +I_C= (VCC-VCE)/R_C;// in A +V4= 1;// in V +I3= I_C;// in A (approx) +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volt is : "); +disp(I3*10^3,"The value of I3 in mA is : ") +// Part (d) +VBE= -10;// in V +VCC= 10;// in V +R_B= 5;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +R_C= 15;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +// I5= I_C and +// I5= (V6-0.7-VBE)/R_B and I_C= (VCC-V6)/R_C +V6= (VCC*R_B+R_C*(0.7+VBE))/(R_C+R_B); +disp(V6,"The value of V6 in volt is : ") +I5= (V6-0.7-VBE)/R_B;// in A +disp(I5*10^3,"The value of I5 in mA is : ") + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..546fc4897 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// Exa 3.21 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +V_C= 2;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 4.3;// in V +R_B= 200;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_C= V_C/R_C;// in A +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +disp("Part (a)") +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_C= 2.3;// in V +R_C= 230;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 4.3;// in V +R_B= 20;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I= V_C/R_C;// current through 230Ω resistro i.e. I_C + I_B in A +I_B= (V_B-V_C)/R_B;// in A +I_C= I-I_B;// in A +bita= abs(I_C/I_B); +disp("Part (b)") +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"Base current in mA is : ") +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") + +// Part (c) +V_E= 10;// in V +R_E= 1;// in kΩ +R_E=R_E*10^3;// in Ω +V_1= 7;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 6.3;// in V +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= (V_E-V_1)/R_C;//in A +I_C=I_E;// in A (approx) +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= (V_B-V_C)/R_B;// in A +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +disp("Part (c)") +disp(I_E*10^3,"Emitter current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +disp(V_C,"Collector voltage in volts is : ") +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") + +// Note : In the book the value of base current in the first part is wrong due to calculation error. +// In the part (b) the values of collector current and bita are wrong due to calculation error in the first line of part (b) diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b8516beb --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Exa 3.22 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +bita= 30; +R_C= 2.2;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 2.2;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC= 3;// in V +VCE= -3;// in V +VBE= 0.7;// in V +V_B= 0;// in V +V_E= V_B-VBE;// in V +I_E= (V_E-VCE)/R_B;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A +V_C= VCC-I_E*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp("Part (a)") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in V is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in V is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in V is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") +// Part (b) +R_C= 560;// in Ω +R_B= 1.1;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC= 9;// in V +VCE= 3;// in V +V_B= 3;// in V +V_E= V_B+VBE;// in V +I_E= (VCC-V_E)/R_B;// in A +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= I_E*alpha;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp("Part (b)") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in V is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in V is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in V is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9a0d854 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Exa 3.23 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VCC= 9;// in V +VCE= -9;// in V +V_B= -1.5;// in V +R_C= 10;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= abs(V_B)/R_B;// in A +V_E= V_B-VBE;// in V +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : ") +I_E= (V_E-VCE)/R_B;// in A +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha in volt is : ") +disp(bita,"The value of bita in volt is : ") +V_C= VCC-I_E*alpha*R_C;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : ") +// When bita = infinite then +alpha= 1 ;// As infinite/(1+infinite) = 1 +I_B= 0; +V_B=0; +V_C= VCC-I_E*R_C;// in volt +disp("When Bita = infinite then :-") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volt is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f279e7dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 3.24 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE_1= 0.7;// in V +VBE_2= 0.5;// in V +V_T= 0.025;// in V +I_C1= 10;// in mV +I_C1= I_C1*10^-3;// in A +// I_C1= I_S*%e^(VBE_1/V_T) (i) +// I_C2= I_S*%e^(VBE_2/V_T) (ii) +// Devide equation (ii) by (i) +I_C2= I_C1*%e^((VBE_2-VBE_1)/V_T);// in A +disp(I_C2*10^6,"The value of I_C2 in µA is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d852a5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 3.25 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 10;// in kΩ +R1=R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 10;// in kΩ +R2=R2*10^3;// in Ω +I_C=.5;// mA +V_T= 0.025;//in V +I_C= I_C*10^-3;// in A +V= 10;// in V +Vth= V*R1/(R1+R2);// in V +Rth= R1*R2/(R1+R2);//in Ω +vo= I_C*Rth;// in V +vi=V_T;// in V +vo_by_vi= vo/vi;//in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi,"The value of vo/vi in V/V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..910ea0b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 3.27 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 2;// in V +V_CC=5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_E= 1*10^3;// in Ω +R_C= 1*10^3;// in Ω +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +I_E= V_E/R_E;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;//in V +disp("At V_B= +2 V") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_B= 0;//in V +V_E= 0;// in V +I_E= 0;// in A +V_C= 5;// in V +disp("At V_B= 0 V") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cab912b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 3.28 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 0;// in V +R_E=1*10^3;//in Ω +R_C=1*10^3;//in Ω +V_CC=5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +I_E= (1+V_E)/R_E;// in A +I_C= I_E;// (approx) in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;//in V +disp("Part (i)") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : "); +// For saturation +V_CE=0.2 ;// V +V_CB= -0.5;// in V +// I_C= 5-V_C/R_C and V_C= V_E-VCE, So +// I_C= (5.2-V_E)/R_C +// I_E= (V_E+1)/R_E and at the edge of saturation I_C=I_E, +V_E= 4.2/2;/// in V +V_B= V_E+0.7;// in V +V_C= V_E+0.2;// in V +disp("Part (ii) ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : "); +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : "); + +// Note: In the book , there is a miss print in the last line of this question because V_E+0.2= 2.1+0.2 = 2.3 (not 2.8) , so answer in the book is wrong + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96e7ac807 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 3.29 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC=5;// in V +V_E= 1;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_E=5*10^3;//in Ω +R_C=5*10^3;//in Ω +R_B= 20*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/R_E;// in A +// For pnp transistor V_BE= V_E-V_B +V_B= V_E-V_BE;// in V +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in A +I_C= I_E-I_B;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C-V_CC;// in V +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= I_C/I_E; +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : "); +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : "); +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : "); +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : "); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : "); +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : "); diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a59e0f28a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Exa 3.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_CE= 3.2;// in V +RC= 6.8;// in kΩ +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +I_S= 1*10^-15;// in A +V_T= 25*10^-3;// in V +I_C1= (V_CC-V_CE)/RC;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE1/V_T) +V_BE1= V_T*log(I_C1/I_S);// in volt +disp(I_C1*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(V_BE1,"Value of V_BE in volts is : ") + +// Part (b) +v_in= 5*10^-3;// in V +Av= -(V_CC-V_CE)/V_T;// in V/V +disp(Av,"Voltage gain in V/V is : ") +v_o= abs(Av )*v_in;// in V +disp(v_o,"Change in output voltage in volts is : ") + +// Part (c) for V_CE= 0.3 V +V_CE= 0.3;// in V +I_C2= (V_CC-V_CE)/RC;// in A +// I_C1= I_S*%e^(V_BE1/V_T) (i) +// I_C2= I_S*%e^(V_BE2/V_T) (ii) +// divide the equation (ii) by (i) +delta_V_BE= V_T*log(I_C2/I_C1);// in volt ( where delta_V_BE = V_BE2-V_BE1 ) +disp(delta_V_BE*10^3 ,"The positive increament in V_BE in mV is : ") + +// Part (d) +v_o= 0.99*V_CC;// in V +I_C3= (V_CC-v_o)/RC;// in A +delta_V_BE= V_T*log(I_C3/I_C1);// in V +disp(delta_V_BE*10^3 ,"The negative increament in V_BE in mV is : ") + + + + + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faad1c148 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 3.30 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC=5;// in V +V_T= 0.025;// in V +R_C=7.5*10^3;//in Ω +I_C= 0.5;// in mA +I_C= I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_E=I_C;// (approx) in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V +disp(V_C,"dc voltage at the collector in volt is : ") +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is : ") +// v_be= -v_i +// v_c= -gm*v_be*R_C +vcbyvi= gm*R_C;// in V/V +disp(vcbyvi,"The value of vc/vi in V/V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0202ac3a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 3.31 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_T= 0.025;// in V +I_E= 0.5;// in mA +I_E= I_E*10^-3;// in mA +Rsig= 50;// in Ω +R_C= 5*10^3;// in Ω +re= V_T/I_E;// in ohm +Rin= Rsig+re;// in ohm +disp(Rin,"Input resistance in Ω is : ") +// Part(b) +// vo= -0.99*ie*R_C and ie= -v_sig/Rin +vo_by_v_sig= 0.99*R_C/Rin;// in V/V +disp(vo_by_v_sig,"The value of vo/vsig in V/V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8195ef5bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Exa 3.32 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +bita= 200; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +R_C= 100;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +Rsig= 1;// in kΩ +Rsig= Rsig*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +V_T= 25*10^-3; +V=1.5;// in V +I_E= 10;// in mA +I_E= I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_C= alpha*I_E;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +V_B= V-(R_B*I_B) +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +rpi= bita/gm;// in Ω +Rib= rpi;// in Ω +disp(Rib,"The value of Rib in Ω is : ") +Rin= R_B*rpi/(R_B+rpi);// in Ω +disp(Rin,"The value of Rin in Ω is : ") +// vbe= v_sig*Rin/(Rsig+Rin); +vbe_by_vsig= Rin/(Rsig+Rin); +// vo= -gm*vbe*R_C and = -gm*v_sig*Rin/(Rsig+Rin) +vo_by_vsig= -gm*R_C*vbe_by_vsig;// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vsig,"Overall voltage gain in V/V is : ") +// if +vo= 0.4;//(±) in V +vs= vo/abs(vo_by_vsig);// in V +vbe= vbe_by_vsig*vs;// in V +disp(vs*10^3,"The value of v_sig in mV is : ") +disp(vbe*10^3,"The value of v_be in mV is : ") + +// Note: There is some difference between in this coding and book solution. But Coding is correct. + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec777d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +// Exa 3.33 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_T= 0.025;// in V +// Part(a) +disp("Part (a)") +V_BE= 690;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_B= 50;// in µA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_E= I_C/alpha;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(b) +disp("Part (b)") +V_BE= 690;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_E= 1.070;// in mA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= I_C/I_E; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"The value of I_B in µA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(c) +disp("Part (C)") +V_BE= 580;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_E= 0.137;// in mA +I_B= 7;// in µA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +// I_C= alpha*I_E = bita*I_B +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(d) +disp("Part (d)") +V_BE= 780;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 10.10;// in mA +I_B= 120;// in µA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_E= I_C/alpha;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(e) +disp("Part (e)") +V_BE= 820;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_E= 75;// in mA +I_B= 1050;// in µA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +// I_C= alpha*I_E = bita*I_B +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..869074f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_CE= 5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +I_C= 5*10^-3;// in mA +bita= 100; +R_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/I_C;// in Ω +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +R_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/I_B;// in Ω +disp(R_C*10^-3,"The value of R_C in kΩ is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"The value of I_B in µA is : ") +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") + +// Note: The value of base current in the book is wrong + + + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d033ac772 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 3.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 6;// in V +bita= 100; +R_C= 2;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 530;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// when I_C=0 +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in volt +V_CE= 0:0.1:6;// in Volt +I_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/R_C*1000;// in mA +plot(V_CE,I_C); +title("DC load line") +xlabel("V_CE in volts") +ylabel("I_C in mA") +disp("DC load line shown in figure") +// When V_CE= 0 +I_C= V_CC/R_C;//in A +// Operating point for silicon transistor +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +I_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/R_B;//in A +I_CQ= bita*I_B;// in A +V_CEQ= V_CC-I_CQ*R_C;// in volt +disp("Operating point is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05b79ebb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 3.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 12;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +bita= 100; +R_C= 10;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_BQ= (V_CC-V_BE)/((1+bita)*R_C+R_B);// in A +I_CQ= bita*I_BQ;// in A +V_CEQ= V_CC-(I_CQ+I_BQ)*R_C;// in volt +// For dc load line +// When +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-(I_C+I_BQ)*R_C;// in volt +// When +V_CE= 0; +I_C= (V_CC-I_BQ*R_C)/R_C;//in A +disp("Q- point values for circuit is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..396488903 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 3.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 15;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CE= 5;// in V +I_C= 5;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +bita= 100; +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +//Apply KVL to collector circuit , V_CC= (I_C+I_B)*R_C+V_CE +R_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/(I_C+I_B);// in Ω +disp(R_C*10^-3,"The value of R_C in kΩ is : ") +//Apply KVL to base or input circuit, V_CC= (I_C+I_B)*R_C+V_CE + I_B*R_B +R_B= (V_CC-V_BE-(I_C+I_B)*R_C)/I_B;// in ohm +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9bf1dd35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 3.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CE= 3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +bita= 100; +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +// V_CE= V_BE+V_CB and V_CB= I_B*R_B +R_B= (V_CE-V_BE)/I_B;// in Ω +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce b/2702/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28c23fa6b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 3.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 10;// in kΩ +R1=R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 5;// in kΩ +R2=R2*10^3;// in Ω +RC= 1;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +RE= 2;// in kΩ +RE=RE*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 15;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +// When +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*(RC+RE);// in V +// When V_CE= 0 +I_C= V_CC/(RC+RE);// in A +V_B= V_CC*R2/(R1+R2);// in V +I_E= (V_B-V_BE)/RE;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A (approx) +I_CQ= I_C;// in A +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*(RC+RE);// in V +V_CEQ= V_CE;// in V +V_CE= 0:0.1:15;// in Volt +I_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/(RC+RE)*1000;// in mA +plot(V_CE,I_C); +title("DC load line") +xlabel("V_CE in volts") +ylabel("I_C in mA") +disp("DC load line shown in figure") +disp("Operating point is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad12062e --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Exa 4.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in volt +V_EE= -10;// in volt +I= 1;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +R_C= 10;// in kohm +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in kohm +V_BE=0.7;// in volt + +i_C1= I/2;// in A +i_C2= i_C1;// in A +disp(i_C1*10^3,"Value of i_C1 in mA is : ") + +V_C1= V_CC-i_C1*R_C;// in V +// For V_cm=0 volt +V_E= -0.7;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =0 , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") + +// For V_cm= -5 volt +V_cm= -5;// in V +V_B= V_cm;// in V +// From V_BE= V_B-V_E +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =-5V , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") + +// For V_cm= 5 volt +V_cm= 5;// in V +V_B= V_cm;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =5V , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..405753249 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Exa 4.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +delta_RDbyRD= 2/100; +delta_WLbyWL= 2/100; +delta_Vt= 2;//in mV +delta_Vt= delta_Vt*10^-3;// in V +//(From Exa 4.4) +V_A= 20;// in V +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +V_OS1= V_OV/2*delta_RDbyRD;// in V + +// V_OS due to W/L ratio +V_OS2= V_OV/2*delta_WLbyWL;// in V + +// V_OS due to threshold voltage +V_OS3= delta_Vt;// in V +// Total offset voltage +V_OS= sqrt(V_OS1^2+V_OS2^2+V_OS3^2);// in V +V_OS= V_OS*10^3;// in mV +disp(V_OS,"Total offset voltage in mV is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a9c1bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 4.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +WLn= 100; +WLp= 200; +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +RSS= 25;// in kΩ +RSS= RSS*10^3;// in Ω +I=0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +V_A= 20;// in V +i_D= I/2;// in A +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WLn*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WLn));// in V +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"Value of Gm in mA/V is : ") +ro2= V_A/(I/2);// in ohm +ro4= ro2;// in ohm +Ro= ro2*ro4/(ro2+ro4);// in ohm +disp(Ro*10^-3,"Value of Ro in kΩ is : ") +Ad= gm*Ro;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Value of Ad in V/V is :") +// Finding the value of gm3 +upCox= 0.1;// mA/V^2 +upCox=upCox*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +// Formula i_D= 1/2*upCox*WLp*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(upCox*WLp));// in V +gm3= I/V_OV;// in A/V +Acm= 1/(2*gm3*RSS);//in V/V +disp(abs(Acm),"Value of |Acm| in V/V is : ") +CMRRindB= 20*log10(abs(Ad)/abs(Acm));//in dB +disp(round(CMRRindB),"CMRR in dB is :") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fa83d293 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 4.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +V_A= 100;// in V +Bita=160; +VT=25;// in mV +VT= VT*10^-3;//in V +gm= (I/2)/VT;// in A/V +Gm= gm;// Short circuit trnsconductance in mA/V +disp(Gm*10^3,"The value of Gm in mA/V") +ro2= V_A/(I/2);// in ohm +ro4= ro2;// in ohm +Ro= ro2*ro4/(ro2+ro4);// in ohm +disp(Ro*10^-3,"The value of Ro in kΩ is :") +Ad= Gm*Ro;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Value of Ad in V/V is :") +r_pi= Bita/gm;//in Ω +Rid= 2*r_pi;// in Ω +disp(Rid*10^-3,"The value of Rid in kΩ is :") + diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca64a9f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 4.13 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vtp= -0.8;// in V +KpWL= 3.5;// in mA/V^2 +I=0.7;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +R_D= 2;// in kΩ +R_D=R_D*10^3;// in Ω +KpWL=KpWL*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +v_G1= 0;// in V +v_G2=v_G1;// in V +VSS= 2.5;// in V +VDD=VSS;// in V +VCS= 0.5;// in V +// Part (a) +V_OV= -sqrt(I/KpWL);// in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +V_GS= V_OV+Vtp;// in V +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volts is : ") +V_G= 0;// as gate is connected ground +v_S1= V_G-V_GS;// in V +v_S2= v_S1;// in V +disp(v_S1,"The value of V_S in volts is : ") +v_D1= I/2*R_D-VDD;// in V +v_D2=v_D1;// in V +disp(v_D1,"The value of v_D1 in V is : ") +disp(v_D2,"The value of v_D2 in V is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_CMmin= I*R_D/2-VDD+Vtp;// in V +V_CMmax= VSS-VCS+Vtp+V_OV;// in V +disp(V_CMmin,"The value of V_CMmin in volt is : ") +disp(V_CMmax,"The value of V_CMmax in volt is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eb9c80e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 4.14 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_OV= 0.2;// in V +gm=1;// in mA/V +gm=gm*10^-3;// in A/V +Vt=0.8;// in V +unCox= 90;// in µA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +// gm= I/V_OV +I= gm*V_OV;// in A +disp(I*10^3,"Bias current in mA is : ") +I_D= I/2;// in A +// Formula I_D= 1/2*unCox*WLn*V_OV^2 +WbyL= 2*I_D/(unCox*V_OV^2); +disp(WbyL,"W/L ratio is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04ebd4c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 4.15 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=0.5;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +WbyL= 50; +unCox= 250;// in µA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +V_A= 10;// in V +R_D= 4;//in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;//in Ω +V_OV= sqrt(I/(WbyL*unCox));//in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in V is : ") +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is ") +I_D=I/2;// in A +ro= V_A/I_D;// in Ω +disp(ro*10^-3,"The value of ro in kΩ is : ") +Ad= gm*(R_D*ro/(R_D+ro));// in V/V +disp(Ad,"The value of Ad in V/V is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e81df5fca --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 4.16 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=1;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_C=1;// in mA +i_C=i_C*10^-3;// in A +V_CC= 5;// in V +V_CM= -2;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_C= 3;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +Alpha=1; +Bita=100; +V_B= 1;// in V +i_C1= Alpha*I;// in A +i_C2=0; +v_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +disp(v_E,"Emitters voltage in volts is : ") +v_C1= V_CC-i_C1*R_C;// in V +v_C2= V_CC-i_C2*R_C;// in V +disp("Output voltage is "+string(v_C1)+" V and "+string(v_C2)+" V") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63485c064 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +// Exa 4.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 1.5;// in V +V_SS= V_DD;// in V +KnWL= 4;// in mA/V^2 +KnWL=KnWL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 0.5;// in V +I=0.4;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +R_D= 2.5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω + +// Part (a) +disp("Part (a)") +V_OV= sqrt(I/KnWL);// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +disp(V_OV,"Value of V_OV in volt is : ") +disp(V_GS,"Value of V_GS in volt is : ") + +// Part (b) +disp("Part (b)") +V_CM= 0;// in volt +V_S= -V_GS;// in volt +disp(V_S,"Value of V_S in volt is :") +I=0.4;// in mA +i_D1= I/2;// in mA +disp(i_D1,"Value of i_D1 in mA is :") +i_D1=i_D1*10^-3;// in A +V_D1= V_DD-i_D1*R_D;// in V +V_D2=V_D1;// in V +disp(V_D1,"Value of V_D1 in volt is ") +disp(V_D2,"Value of V_D2 in volt is ") + + +// Part (c) +disp("Part (c)") +V_CM=1;// in V +V_GS= 0.82;// in V +V_G= 1;// in V +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +disp(V_S,"Value of V_S in volt is :") +i_D1= I/2;// in mA +disp(i_D1,"Value of i_D1 in mA is :") +i_D1=i_D1*10^-3;// in A +V_D1= V_DD-i_D1*R_D;// in V +V_D2=V_D1;// in V +disp(V_D1,"Value of V_D1 in volt is ") +disp(V_D2,"Value of V_D2 in volt is ") + +// Part (d) +disp("Part (d)") +V_CM_max= Vt+V_DD-i_D1*R_D +disp(V_CM_max,"Highest value of V_CM in volt is :") + +// Part (e) +V_S= 0.4;// in V +disp("Part (e)") +V_CM_min= -V_SS+V_S+Vt+V_OV;// in V +disp(V_CM_min,"Lowest value of V_CM in volt is") +V_Smin= V_CM_min-V_GS;// in volt +disp(V_Smin,"Lowest value of V_S in volt is") + diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e63dbb2d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 4.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +format('v',5) +// Given data +I= 0.4;// in mA +unCox= 0.2;// in mA/V^2 +i_D= I/2;// in mA +V_OV1= 0.2;// in V +V_OV2= 0.3;// in V +V_OV3= 0.4;// in V +WbyL1= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV1^2); +gm1= I/V_OV1;// in mA/V +WbyL2= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV2^2); +gm2= I/V_OV2;// in mA/V +WbyL3= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV3^2); +gm3= I/V_OV3;// in mA/V +disp("Vov (in V) "+string(V_OV1)+" "+string(V_OV2)+" "+string(V_OV3)) +disp("W/L "+string(WbyL1)+" "+string(WbyL2)+" "+string(WbyL3)) +disp("gm(in mA/V) "+string(gm1)+" "+string(gm2)+" "+string(gm3)) diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76eea855a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 4.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +format('v',11) +V_A= 20;// in V +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V; +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is : ") +r_o= V_A/i_D;// in Ω +disp(r_o*10^-3,"The value of r_o in kΩ is : ") +// Ad= v_o/v_id = gm*(R_D || r_o) +Ad= gm*(R_D*r_o/(R_D+r_o)) ;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") + + diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..746e2c1b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Exa 4.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_SS= 25;// in kΩ +R_SS= R_SS*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +gm= i_D/V_OV;// in A/V; + +// Part (a) +Ad= 1/2*gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +Acm= -R_D/(2*R_SS);// in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +CMRR= abs(Ad)/abs(Acm); +CMRRindB= round(20*log10(CMRR));// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") + + +// Part (b) +disp("Part (b) when output is taken differentially") +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +Acm= 0; +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +// CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm) = infinite ;// in dB +disp("Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") +disp("infinite"); + +// Part (c) +disp("Part (c) when output is taken differentially but the drain resistance have a 1% mismatch.") +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +// delta_R_D= 1% of R_D +delta_R_D= R_D*1/100;// in Ω +Acm= R_D/(2*R_SS)*delta_R_D/R_D;// in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +CMRRindB= 20*log10(abs(Ad)/abs(Acm));// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") + +// Note: In the book, there is putting wrong value of Ad (20 at place of 10) to evaluate the value of CMRR in dB in part(c) , So the answer of CMRR in dB of Part (c) is wrong + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..520778701 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 4.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data (From Exa 4.4) +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_SS= 25;// in kΩ +R_SS= R_SS*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +gm= i_D/V_OV;// in A/V; +// gm mismatch have a negligible effect on Ad +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V(approx) +// delta_gm= 1% of gm +delta_gm = gm*1/100;// in A/V +Acm= R_D/(2*R_SS)*delta_gm/gm; +CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm); +disp(CMRRindB,"CMRR in dB is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2af582cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 4.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CM= 0; +V_BE= -0.7;// in volt +v_E= V_CM-V_BE;// in volt +disp(v_E,"Value of v_E in volts is : ") + +I_E= (5-0.7)/10^3;// in A +v_B1= 0.5;// in V +v_B2= 0;// in V +// Due to Q1 is off; therefore +v_C1= -5;// in V +v_C2= I_E*10^3-5;// in V +disp(v_C1,"Value of v_C1 in volts is : ") +disp(v_C2,"Value of v_C2 in volts is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42afd444d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 4.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +iE1_by_I= 0.99; // as it is given that iE1= 0.99 *I +VT= 0.025;// in volt +// Formula iE1= I/(1+%e^(-vid/VT)) +// %e^(-vid/VT)= 1/iE1_by_I-1 +vid= log( 1/iE1_by_I-1)*(-VT);// in volt +disp(round(vid*10^3),"Input differential signal in mVis : ") diff --git a/2702/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce b/2702/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d36a4a156 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Exa 4.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Bita= 100; + +// Part (a) +RE= 150;// in Ω +VT= 25;// in mV +VT= VT*10^-3;// in V +IE= 0.5;// in mA +IE=IE*10^-3;// in A +re1= VT/IE;//in Ω +R_id= 2*(Bita+1)*(re1+RE);// in Ω +R_id= round(R_id*10^-3);// in kΩ +disp(R_id,"The input differential resistance in kΩ is :") + +// Part (b) +RC=10;//in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;//in Ω +Rsig= 5+5;// in kΩ +VoltageGain1= R_id/(Rsig+R_id);//voltage gain from the signal source to the base of Q1 and Q2 in V/V +VoltageGain2= 2*RC/(2*(re1+RE));// voltage gain from the bases to the output in V/V +Ad= VoltageGain1*VoltageGain2;//in V/V +disp(Ad,"The overall differential voltage gain in V/V is "); + +// Part (c) +delta_RC= 0.02*RC; +R_EE= 200;//in kΩ +R_EE=R_EE*10^3;//in Ω +Acm= RC/(2*R_EE)*delta_RC/RC;//in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is :") + +// Part (d) +CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm);// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"CMRR in dB is : ") + +// Part (e) +V_A= 100;// in V +r_o= V_A/(IE);// in Ω +// Ricm= (Bita+1)*(R_EE || r_o/2) +Ricm= (Bita+1)*(R_EE*(r_o/2)/(R_EE+(r_o/2))); +disp(Ricm*10^-6,"Input common mode resistance in MΩ is : ") + + diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..402e4357e --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Exa 5.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 800;// unit less +Af= 50;// unit less +// Formula Af= A/(1+Bita*A) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +disp(Bita*100,"Percentage of output which is feedback to the input in % is ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43909f940 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 5.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=50; +R_E= 100;// in ohm +R_S= 1;// in kohm +R_S=R_S*10^3;// in ohm +r_pi= 1100;// in ohm +h_ie= r_pi; +// Formula Av= Vo/Vs, But Vo= gm*vpi*R_E and Vs= Ib*(Ri+rpi), so +Av= gm*R_E/(R_S+h_ie) +// As Vo=Vf, so +Bita=1; +D= 1+Bita*Av; +Avf= Av/D; +Ri= R_S+r_pi;// in ohm +Ri= Ri*10^-3;// in kohm +R_if= Ri*D;// in kohm +// Ro= infinite, so +// Rof= infinite +disp(Av,"Value of Av is : ") +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita is : ") +disp(Avf,"Value of Avf is : ") +disp(Ri,"Value of Ri in kohm") +disp(R_if,"Value of R_if in kohm is : ") +disp("Value of Rof is : ") +disp("infinite") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad653aa32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 5.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=2;// in mA/V +gm=gm*10^-3;// in A/V +r_d= 40;// in kohm +r_d= r_d*10^3;// in ohm +Rs= 3;// in kohm +Rs= Rs*10^3;// in ohm +miu= gm*r_d; +Bita=1; +Av= miu*Rs/(r_d+Rs); +D= 1+Bita*Av; +Avf= Av/D; +// Ri=infinite, so R_if = Ri*D = infinite +Rof= r_d/D;// in ohm +disp(Av,"Value of Av is : ") +disp(D,"Value of D is ") +disp(Avf,"Value of Avf is : ") +disp("Value of R_if is ") +disp("infinite") +disp(Rof,"Value of Rof in ohm is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..296fa2548 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Exa 5.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=75;// in A/V +Rs= 1;// in kohm +Rs= Rs*10^3;// in ohm +R_E= 1;// in kohm +R_E= R_E*10^3;// in ohm +rpi= 1;// in kohm +rpi= rpi*10^3;// in ohm +hie=rpi; + +Io= -gm; +Vi= Rs+R_E+rpi; +Gm= Io/Vi; +disp(Gm,"Value of Gm is : ") +Bita=-R_E; +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita is : ") +D= 1+Bita*Gm; +disp(D,"Value of D is : ") +Gmf= Gm/D; +disp(Gmf,"Value of Gmf is : ") +Ri= Rs+R_E+hie;// in ohm +Rif= Ri*D;// in ohm +Rif=Rif*10^-3;// in kohm +disp(Rif,"Value of Rif in kohm is : ") +// Ro=infinite, so R_of = Ro*D = infinite +disp("Value of R_of is ") +disp("infinite") + diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f275a653d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.19 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 10^5; +Af= 100; +// Formula Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; + +//when A= 10^3 +A=10^3; +Af_desh= A/(1+A*Bita); + +delta_Af= Af_desh-Af; +Perc_Change_inAf= delta_Af/Af*100;// in % +disp(Perc_Change_inAf,"Percentage change in Af is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86552de31 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Af= 100;// unit less +Vi= 50;// in mV +Vi= Vi*10^-3;// in V +Vs= 0.5;// in V +// Formula Af= Vo/Vs +Vo= Af*Vs;// in V +A= Vo/Vi; +disp(A,"Value of A is : ") +// Formula Af= A/(1+B*A) +B= 1/Af-1/A; +B=B*100;// in % +disp(B,"Value of B is in percent : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51e4208af --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.20 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 100; +Vs=1;// in volt +Bita=1;// as in the voltage follower, the output voltage is same as input +Af= A/(1+Bita*A); +CLG= 1+A*Bita;// closed loop gain +disp(CLG,"Closed loop gain is : ") +CLG_dB= 20*log10(CLG); +disp(CLG_dB,"Closed loop gain in dB is : ") +Vo= Af*Vs;// in V +disp(Vo,"Value of Vo in volt is : ") +Vi= Vs-Vo;// in V +disp(round(Vi*10^3),"Value of Vi in mV is : ") +// If A decrease 10%,i.e. +A=90; +Af_desh= A/(1+Bita*A); +Per_gain_reduction= (Af_desh-Af)/Af*100;// in % +disp(Per_gain_reduction,"Percentage of gain reduction in %") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70dbcac4d --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.21 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +PerError= 1;// in % +A= 10^5;// (Assumed value) +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp("% error A Aß 1+Aß") +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) +// Part (b) +PerError= 5;// in % +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) +// Part (c) +PerError= 50;// in % +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13971823e --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.22 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +S= -20;// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain in dB +// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain = 1/(1+AB) = S +// or (1+AB) = -S +AB= 10^(-S/20) - 1; +disp(AB,"The loop gain AB for which the sensitivity of closed loop gain to open loop gain is -20 dB, is : ") + +// Part (b) when +S= 1/2;// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain in dB +//S= 1/(1+AB) +AB= 1/S-1; +disp(AB,"The loop gain AB for which the sensitivity of closed loop gain to open loop gain is 1/2 ,is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fbd6f07a --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Exa 5.23 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=10^5; +Af= 10^3; +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +GDF= 1+A*Bita;// gain densitivity factor +disp(GDF,"Gain densitivity factor is : ") +// Part (a) when A drops 10 % +A_desh= A-A*10/100; +Af_desh= A_desh/(1+A_desh*Bita); +CorresPer= (Af-Af_desh)/Af*100;// corresponding percentage in % +disp(CorresPer,"When A drops by 10 % then corresponding percentage is ") +// Part (b) when A drops 30 % +A_desh= A-A*30/100; +Af_desh= A_desh/(1+A_desh*Bita); +CorresPer= (Af-Af_desh)/Af*100;// corresponding percentage in % +disp(CorresPer,"When A drops by 30 % then corresponding percentage is ") + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3440234b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.24 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=100; +Af= 10; +f_L= 100;// in Hz +f_H= 10;// in kHz +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +f_desh_L= f_L/(1+A*Bita);// in Hz +f_desh_H= f_H/(1+A*Bita);// in kHz +disp(f_desh_L,"Low frequency in Hz is : ") +disp(f_desh_H,"High frequency in kHz is : ") + +// Note: In the book Calculation to find the value of high frequency i.e. f_desh_H is wrong so the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ee6d4261 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.25 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vs= 100;// in mV +Vf= 95;// in mV +Vs= Vs*10^-3;// in V +Vf= Vf*10^-3;// in V +Vo=10;// in V +Vi= Vs-Vf;// in V +Av= Vo/Vi;// in V/V +disp(Av,"Value of A in V/V is : ") +Bita= Vf/Vo;// in V/V +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita in V/V is : ") + +// Note: In the book Calculation to find the value of Bita is wrong so the asnwer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3285902 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.26 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Is= 100;// in µA +Is= Is*10^-6;// in A +If= 95;// in µA +If= If*10^-6;// in A +Io= 10;// in mA +Io= Io*10^-3;// in A +A= Io/(Is-If);// n A/A +Bita= If/Io;// A/A +disp(A,"Value of A in A/A is : ") +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita in A/A is : ") + +// Note: In the book , to evaluating the value of Bita, they putted wrong value of If (95 at place of 90) diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995f1a5bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 5.28 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=2000;//V/V +Bita= 0.1;// inV/V +Ri= 1;// in kohm +Ri= Ri*10^3;// in ohm +Ro= 1;// in kohm +Ro= Ro*10^3;// in ohm +Af= A/(1+A*Bita); +disp(Af,"The gain Af in volt is : ") +Rif= Ri*(1+A*Bita);// in ohm +disp(Rif*10^-3,"The input resistance in kohm is : ") +Rof= Ro/(1+A*Bita);// in ohm +disp(Rof*10^-3,"The output resistance in kohm is : ") + + +// Note: In the book, to finding the value of Af, Rif and Rof there is missprinting to putting the value of Bita but value of Af and Rif is correct because to calculating Af and Rif , the value of Bita is taken .1 (not .01) +// but to evaluating the value of Rof calculation is also wrong so the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c17b47db --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 5.29 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data + +// Part (b) +Af= 10; +A= 10^4; +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita); +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +// Bita= R1/(R1+R2) +R2_by_R1= 1/Bita-1; +disp(R2_by_R1,"Value of R2/R1 is : ") + +// Part (c) +Vs= 1;// in V +Vo= (1+R2_by_R1)*Vs; +disp(Vo,"Value of Vo in volt is : ") +Vf= Vo/(1+R2_by_R1) +disp(Vf,"Value of Vf in volt is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef563a9fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 5.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Bita= 5/100; +f_H= 50;// in kHz +f_H= f_H*10^3;// in Hz +f_L= 50;// in kHz +Amid= 1000; +f_LF= f_L/(1+Bita*Amid);// in Hz +f_HF= f_H*(1+Bita*Amid);// in Hz +disp(f_LF,"Value of f_LF in Hz is : ") +disp(f_HF*10^-6,"Value of f_LF in MHz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae76d150b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 5.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +dAf_by_Af= 0.2/100; +dA_by_A= 150/2000; +A=2000; +// Formula dAf_by_Af = 1/(1+Bita*A) * dA_by_A +Bita= dA_by_A/(A*dAf_by_Af )-1/A; +Af= A/(1+Bita*A); +disp(Bita*100,"Value of Bita in percent is ") +disp(Af,"Value of Af is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db58b77f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Exa 5.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 140; +Avf= 17.5; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +disp(Bita,"Fraction of the output is ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacbfffd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 5.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 100; +Avf= 50; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +disp(Bita,"The vlaue of bita is ") + +// Part(ii) +Avf= 75; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Av= Avf/(1-Bita*Avf) +disp(Av,"Value of amplifier gain is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..295270133 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 50; +Avf= 25; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +// Part(i) +Av=50; +Avf= 40; +Perc_reduction= (Av-Avf)/Av*100;// Percentage of reduction in stage gain in % +disp(Perc_reduction,"Without feedback, percentage of reduction in stage gain in % is : ") + +// Part(ii) +Av= 40; +Avf= 25; +gain_with_neg_feed= Av/(1+Bita*Av); +Perc_reduction= (Avf-gain_with_neg_feed)/Avf*100;// in % +disp(Perc_reduction,"With feedback, percentage reduction in stage gain in % is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce b/2702/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3341a6ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 5.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 10^4; +Afo= 50; +omega_H= 2*%pi*100;// in rad/s +// Formula Afo= Ao/(1+Ao*Bita) +Bita= 1/Afo-1/Ao; +omega_f_H= omega_H*(1+Ao*Bita); +disp("Closed loop bandwidth in rad/s is : ") +disp(string(omega_f_H)+" or 2*%pi*20*10^3"); +disp("So the bandwidth increase form 100 Hz to 20 kHz on the gain decreases form 104 to 50") + diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe36d0e85 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 6.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vf= 0.0125;// in volt +Vo= 0.5;// in volt +Bita= Vf/Vo; +// For oscillator A*Bita= 1 +A= 1/Bita; +disp("Amplifier Should have a minimum gain of "+string(A)+" to provide oscillation") diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..083bd9d1f --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 6.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 220;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +C1= 250;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1); +disp(f,"Frequency of oscilltions in Hz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c33873e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 6.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R= 10;// in kohm +R=R*10^3;// in ohm +f=1000; +fie= 60;// in ° +// The impedence of given circuit , Z= R+j*1/(omega*C) +// the phase shift, tan(fie)= imaginary part/ Real part +// tand(fie) = 1/(omega*R*C) +C= 1/(2*%pi*R*tand(fie)); +disp(C*10^12,"The value of C in pF is : ") + +// Note : There is an calculation error to evaluate the value of C, So the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab997c503 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 6.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 50;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= 300;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2= 100;// in pF +C2= C2*10^-12;// in F +C_eq= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C_eq));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-6,"Frequency of oscillations in MHz is : ") +Bita= C2/C1; +// (iii) +// A*Bita >=1, so A*Bita= 1 (for sustained oscillations) +Amin= 1/Bita; +disp(Amin,"Minimum gain to substain oscillations is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8a1dd3b --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 6.14 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L1= 2;// in mH +L1= L1*10^-3;// in H +L2= 1.5;// in mH +L2= L2*10^-3;// in H +// Formula f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt((L1+L2)*C) +// For f= 1000 kHz, C will be maximum +f=1000;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +Cmax= 1/((2*%pi*f)^2*(L1+L2));// in F +// For f= 2000 kHz, C will be maximum +f=2000;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +Cmin= 1/((2*%pi*f)^2*(L1+L2));// in F +disp(Cmin*10^12,"Minimum Capacitance in pF is : ") +disp(Cmax*10^12,"Maximum Capacitance in pF is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecc350b1c --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 6.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 50;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +R3=R2;// in ohm +C1= 60;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +C3=C2;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1*sqrt(6)); +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscilltions in kHz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d57f079 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 6.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +f=2;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +// Let +R= 10;// in kohm (As R should be greater than 1 kohm) +R=R*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula f= 1/(2*%pi*R*C) +C= 1/(2*%pi*f*R);// in F +C= C*10^9;// in nF +// For Bita to be 1/3, Choose +R4= R;// in ohm +R3= 2*R4;// in ohm +disp(C,"Value of C in nF is : ") +disp(R3*10^-3,"Value of R3 in kohm is : ") +disp(R4*10^-3,"Value of R4 in kohm is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..466792dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 6.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 200;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +C1= 200;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1);// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscilltions in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of f in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa772cb12 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 6.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 100;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= .001;// in µF +C1= C1*10^-6;// in F +C2= .01;// in µF +C2= C2*10^-6;// in F +C= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +// (i) +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(round(f*10^-3),"Operating frequency in kHz is : ") +// (ii) +Bita= C1/C2; +disp(Bita,"Feedback fraction is : ") +// (iii) +// A*Bita >=1, so Amin*Bita= 1 +Amin= 1/Bita; +disp(Amin,"Minimum gain to substain oscillations is : ") + diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c53a7fea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 6.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 15;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= .004;// in µF +C1= C1*10^-6;// in F +C2= .04;// in µF +C2= C2*10^-6;// in F +C= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscillations in kHz is : ") diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9168ff267 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 6.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 0.01;// in H +C= 10;// in pF +C= C*10^-12;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscillations in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of f in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2702/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce b/2702/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce2cc1355 --- /dev/null +++ b/2702/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 6.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 0.8;// in H + +C= .08;// in pF +C= C*10^-12;// in F +C_M= 1.9;// in pF +C_M= C_M*10^-12;// in F +C_T= C*C_M/(C+C_M);// in F +R=5;// in kohm +f_s= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f_s*10^-3,"Series resonant frequency in kHz is : ") +// (ii) +f_p= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C_T));// in Hz +disp(f_p*10^-3,"parallel resonant frequency in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of parallel resonant frequency in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.15/1_1_15.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.15/1_1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad178a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.15/1_1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//water// +//page 1.15 example 1// +clc +strength=1.1//in terms of mgs/ml CaCO3// +volume=50//volume titrated(ml)// +EDTA=38//volume in terms of ml// +volume_hardwater=100//volume of hardwater titrated(ml)// +EDTA_hardwater=21//volume used to titrate unknown hardwater// +CaCO3_equivalent=strength*volume//in terms of mg// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent/EDTA//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +titrate_equivalent=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_hardwater/volume_hardwater//CaCO3 equivalent of titrated volume// +Hardness=titrate_equivalent*1000//in terms of mg/lit or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water is %.1f mg/L",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.31/1_1_31.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.31/1_1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cae53386a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.31/1_1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.31 example 1// +clc +Purity_Lime=.90 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=136;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W2=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W3=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M2=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.50/1_1_50.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.50/1_1_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16990b627 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.50/1_1_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.50 example 1// +clc +volume_hardwater=10000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=5000//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=1170/10000//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.59/1_1_59.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.59/1_1_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08103c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.59/1_1_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.59 example 1// +clc +volume_water=10^4//in litres// +volume_HCl=200//in litres// +conc_HCl=0.1//in Normals// +totl_hardness=volume_HCl*conc_HCl*50//in terms of g CaCO3 equivalent// +h=totl_hardness/volume_water//in terms of g CaCO3 equivalent// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f mg/L",h*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.7/1_1_7.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.7/1_1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23d8f23d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.7/1_1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.7 example 1// +clc +W1=16.8;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +W4=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W5=04;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W6=10;//MgCO3 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M4=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M5=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M6=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P3=W3*M3;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P4=W4*M4;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P5=W5*M5;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P6=W6*M6;//MgCO3 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +T=P1+P5+P6; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.1f mg CaCO3 equivalent/litre",T); +P=P2+P3+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f mg CaCO3 equivalent/litre",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.72/1_1_72.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.72/1_1_72.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98376c849 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.72/1_1_72.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.72 example 1// +clc +vol_init=50//initial volume of sample in ml// +vol_fin=80//final volume of sample in ml// +DOb=840//dissolved O2 present in effluent sample before incubation in ppm// +DOi=230//dissolved O2 present in effluent sample after incubation in ppm// +DF=vol_fin/vol_init//dilution factor// +BOD=(DOb-DOi)*DF//in ppm// +printf("\nBiological Oxygen Demand(BOD) of the sample is %.f ppm",BOD); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.84/1_1_84.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.84/1_1_84.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..464776870 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.84/1_1_84.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 1// +clc +W1=32.4;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=29.2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.85/1_1_85.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.85/1_1_85.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..411b6cf32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.85/1_1_85.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 1// +clc +volume_hardwater=1//in litres// +CaCl2=4.5//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +moles_NaCl=2;//Na3Ze giving NaCl and CaZe// +mol_wt_NaCl=58.5; +mol_wt_Na3Ze=111; +NaCl=CaCl2*moles_NaCl*mol_wt_NaCl/mol_wt_Na3Ze; +printf("\Quantity of NaCl produced is %.2f gm",NaCl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.86/1_1_86.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.86/1_1_86.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..153f0bf04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.86/1_1_86.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 1// +clc +W1=14.6;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3+P4+P5; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.87/1_1_87.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.87/1_1_87.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c82dd9707 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.87/1_1_87.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 1// +clc +W1=7.3;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=9.5;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=16.2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P2+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1.89/1_1_89.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.89/1_1_89.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9c9ba97e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1.89/1_1_89.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 1// +clc +W1=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W2=5;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.5;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P2+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.2f ppm",T); +P=P1+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.2f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23d8f23d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.7 example 1// +clc +W1=16.8;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +W4=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W5=04;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W6=10;//MgCO3 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M4=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M5=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M6=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P3=W3*M3;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P4=W4*M4;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P5=W5*M5;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +P6=W6*M6;//MgCO3 in terms of CaCO3 equivalent/litre// +T=P1+P5+P6; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.1f mg CaCO3 equivalent/litre",T); +P=P2+P3+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f mg CaCO3 equivalent/litre",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.10.38/1_10_38.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.10.38/1_10_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f960724 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.10.38/1_10_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.38 example 10// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=42;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=4.1;//amount of NaAlO2 in ppm// +W4=3.65;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=82;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/82;//multiplication factor of NaAlO2// +M4=100/36.5;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//-L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=20000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4-P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.3f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.10.54/1_10_54.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.10.54/1_10_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..068073176 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.10.54/1_10_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.54 example 10// +clc +volume_hardwater=3500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=25//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc136e540 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.16 example 2// +clc +conc_SH=0.28/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=100//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=28//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=33//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.11.39/1_11_39.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.11.39/1_11_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a6a007a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.11.39/1_11_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.39 example 11// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=16.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=6.8;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=11.1;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=8.4;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P4+2*P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.11.55/1_11_55.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.11.55/1_11_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01d0e9942 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.11.55/1_11_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.55 example 11// +clc +volume_hardwater=15000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=120//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=30//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a7bf03a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.17 example 3// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=20//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=18//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.12.40/1_12_40.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.12.40/1_12_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d4c06119 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.12.40/1_12_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//water// +//page 1.40 example 12// +clc +Purity_Lime=.7 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=30.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=20.8;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=28.31;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=8.7;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=35;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W6=6.7;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M6=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.12.55/1_12_55.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.12.55/1_12_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..027dc9bbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.12.55/1_12_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.55 example 12// +clc +Hardness=480//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=300//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=150//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf7c6c661 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.18 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=15/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=25//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=18//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=12//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.13.41/1_13_41.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.13.41/1_13_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d6a384c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.13.41/1_13_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//water// +//page 1.41 example 13// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=162;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.3;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=36.5;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=44;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W7=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M7=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3+P4+P5+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6+P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c40cb928d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.19 example 5// +clc +conc_SH=0.5/500//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=48//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=15//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.1f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.14.42/1_14_42.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.14.42/1_14_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfdfbccaf --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.14.42/1_14_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.42 example 14// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W2=296;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W3=324;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W4=196;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M2=100/148;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take organic matter since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33aaafda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.20 example 6// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=45//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=15//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.2f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.15.43/1_15_43.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.15.43/1_15_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dba3fd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.15.43/1_15_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//water// +//page 1.43 example 15// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=12.5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=33;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=7.3;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W7=16.8;//amount of NaHCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M7=100/168;//multiplication factor of NaHCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L-S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6-P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e983bb4ff --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.21 example 7// +clc +conc_SH=1/20//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=1000//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=7.2//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=4//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.16.44/1_16_44.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.16.44/1_16_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb406ee60 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.16.44/1_16_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.44 example 16// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=12;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=2;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..374a7008d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.22 example 8// +clc +conc_SH=1.2/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=35//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=30//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=25//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.1f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.1f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.17.45/1_17_45.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.17.45/1_17_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c414e07be --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.17.45/1_17_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.45 example 17// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=155;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=23;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=5;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cae53386a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.31 example 1// +clc +Purity_Lime=.90 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=136;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W2=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W3=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M2=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.18.45/1_18_45.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.18.45/1_18_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ff96bdec --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.18.45/1_18_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.45 example 18// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=146;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W5=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M5=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P2+2*P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..071773165 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//water// +//page 1.31 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.90 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=156;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=4.9;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W3=23.75;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=5.6;//amount of NaCl in ppm// +W5=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W6=16.2;//amount of SiO2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and SiO2 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.19.46/1_19_46.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.19.46/1_19_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613679e08 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.19.46/1_19_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//water// +//page 1.46 example 19// +clc +Purity_Lime=.95 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=14.8;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W6=14.7;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M6=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab6d5d75e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.32 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.74 +Purity_soda=.90 +W1=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W3=120;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W4=164;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M4=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +V=5000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.16/1_2_16.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.16/1_2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc136e540 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.16/1_2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.16 example 2// +clc +conc_SH=0.28/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=100//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=28//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=33//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.31/1_2_31.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.31/1_2_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..071773165 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.31/1_2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//water// +//page 1.31 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.90 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=156;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=4.9;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W3=23.75;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=5.6;//amount of NaCl in ppm// +W5=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W6=16.2;//amount of SiO2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and SiO2 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.50/1_2_50.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.50/1_2_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61b7958a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.50/1_2_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.50 example 2// +clc +volume_hardwater=75000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=1500//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=1.170/100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.73/1_2_73.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.73/1_2_73.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d73c0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.73/1_2_73.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.73 example 2// +clc +Vb=27//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate in blank experiment in ml// +Vt=6.5//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate in test experiment in ml// +N=0.1//concentration in Normals// +Ve=25//volume of water sample taken in test in ml// +COD=(Vb-Vt)*N*8/Ve//in ppm// +printf("\nChemical Oxygen Demand(COD) of the sample is %.3f ppm",COD); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.8/1_2_8.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.8/1_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992d95c1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.8/1_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.8 example 2// +clc +W1=7.1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=4.2;//MgCO3 in water in mg/L// +W4=10;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//MgCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +C=P1+P2+P3+P4; +printf("\nCarbonate hardness is %.0f ppm",C); +NC=P5; +printf("\nNon-Carbonate hardness is %.0f ppm",NC); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.84/1_2_84.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.84/1_2_84.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4f56deb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.84/1_2_84.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 2// +clc +volume_hardwater=800//in litres// +volume_NaCl=40//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=110//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.2f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.85/1_2_85.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.85/1_2_85.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e04aa3a22 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.85/1_2_85.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.7 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=30.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=20.8;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=28.31;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=8.7;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=35;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W6=6.7;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M6=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.87/1_2_87.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.87/1_2_87.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1c28c82a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.87/1_2_87.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W2=296;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W3=324;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W4=196;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M2=100/148;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take organic matter since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2.89/1_2_89.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.89/1_2_89.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0029526f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2.89/1_2_89.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=155;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=23;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=5;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992d95c1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.8 example 2// +clc +W1=7.1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=4.2;//MgCO3 in water in mg/L// +W4=10;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//MgCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +C=P1+P2+P3+P4; +printf("\nCarbonate hardness is %.0f ppm",C); +NC=P5; +printf("\nNon-Carbonate hardness is %.0f ppm",NC); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ca42036 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.33 example 4// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=144;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=25;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take Fe2O3 and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c3bf1051 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.34 example 5// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +W1=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=05;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +printf ("We do not take KNO3 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=5000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbe882cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.35 example 6// +clc +Purity_soda=1 +W1=5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W3=2;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 and SiO2 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +S=1.06*(P2+P3)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03d811ced --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.36 example 7// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=10;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=36.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=19;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d01037df --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.37 example 8// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=7.1;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=4.195;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W4=10;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+2*P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(0)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67a2678a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.38 example 9// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=19;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W2=27.2;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=4.9;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of AL3+ in ppm// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/49;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/18.0018;//multiplication factor of AL3+// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=500000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f960724 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.38 example 10// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=42;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=4.1;//amount of NaAlO2 in ppm// +W4=3.65;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=82;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/82;//multiplication factor of NaAlO2// +M4=100/36.5;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//-L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=20000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4-P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.3f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a6a007a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.39 example 11// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=16.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=6.8;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=11.1;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=8.4;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P4+2*P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d4c06119 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//water// +//page 1.40 example 12// +clc +Purity_Lime=.7 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=30.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=20.8;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=28.31;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=8.7;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=35;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W6=6.7;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M6=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d6a384c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//water// +//page 1.41 example 13// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=162;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.3;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=36.5;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=44;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W7=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M7=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3+P4+P5+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6+P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.17/1_3_17.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.17/1_3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a7bf03a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.17/1_3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.17 example 3// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=20//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=18//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.32/1_3_32.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.32/1_3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab6d5d75e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.32/1_3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.32 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.74 +Purity_soda=.90 +W1=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W3=120;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W4=164;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M4=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +V=5000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.51/1_3_51.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.51/1_3_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f19e0d2d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.51/1_3_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.51 example 3// +clc +Hardness=300//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=75//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=75//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.84/1_3_84.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.84/1_3_84.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d595e7ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.84/1_3_84.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=42;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=4.1;//amount of NaAlO2 in ppm// +W4=3.65;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=82;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/82;//multiplication factor of NaAlO2// +M4=100/36.5;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//-L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=20000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4-P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.3f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.85/1_3_85.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.85/1_3_85.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..524a74953 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.85/1_3_85.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=16.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=6.8;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=11.1;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=8.4;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P4+2*P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.86/1_3_86.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.86/1_3_86.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5363a0339 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.86/1_3_86.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=162;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.3;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=36.5;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=44;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W7=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M7=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3+P4+P5+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6+P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.87/1_3_87.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.87/1_3_87.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27a11a12f --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.87/1_3_87.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=12.5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=33;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=7.3;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W7=16.8;//amount of NaHCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M7=100/168;//multiplication factor of NaHCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L-S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6-P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.88/1_3_88.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.88/1_3_88.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ba166f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.88/1_3_88.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 3// +clc +volume_hardwater=4500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=30//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.55//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.89/1_3_89.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.89/1_3_89.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e77c47e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.89/1_3_89.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 3// +clc +conc_SH=1/20//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=1000//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=7.2//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=4//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.9/1_3_9.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.9/1_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eded4e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.9/1_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.9 example 3// +clc +W1=150;//Ca2+ in water in mg/L// +W2=60;//Mg2+ in water in mg/L// +M1=100/40;//multiplication factor of Ca2+// +M2=100/24;//multiplication factor of Mg2+// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca2+ in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg2+ in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f mg/L",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3.90/1_3_90.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.90/1_3_90.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..731da6026 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3.90/1_3_90.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.95 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=14.8;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W6=14.7;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M6=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eded4e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.9 example 3// +clc +W1=150;//Ca2+ in water in mg/L// +W2=60;//Mg2+ in water in mg/L// +M1=100/40;//multiplication factor of Ca2+// +M2=100/24;//multiplication factor of Mg2+// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca2+ in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg2+ in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f mg/L",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfdfbccaf --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.42 example 14// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W2=296;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W3=324;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W4=196;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M2=100/148;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take organic matter since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dba3fd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//water// +//page 1.43 example 15// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=12.5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=33;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=7.3;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W7=16.8;//amount of NaHCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M7=100/168;//multiplication factor of NaHCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L-S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6-P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb406ee60 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.44 example 16// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=12;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=2;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c414e07be --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.45 example 17// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=155;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=23;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=5;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ff96bdec --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.45 example 18// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=146;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W5=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M5=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P2+2*P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613679e08 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//water// +//page 1.46 example 19// +clc +Purity_Lime=.95 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=14.8;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W6=14.7;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M6=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16990b627 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.50 example 1// +clc +volume_hardwater=10000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=5000//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=1170/10000//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61b7958a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.50 example 2// +clc +volume_hardwater=75000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=1500//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=1.170/100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f19e0d2d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.51 example 3// +clc +Hardness=300//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=75//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=75//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5f8678d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.51 example 4// +clc +Hardness=400//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=60//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.18/1_4_18.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.18/1_4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf7c6c661 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.18/1_4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.18 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=15/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=25//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=18//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=12//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.33/1_4_33.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.33/1_4_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ca42036 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.33/1_4_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.33 example 4// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=144;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=25;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take Fe2O3 and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.51/1_4_51.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.51/1_4_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5f8678d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.51/1_4_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.51 example 4// +clc +Hardness=400//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=60//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.85/1_4_85.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.85/1_4_85.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..785f4b8e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.85/1_4_85.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=15/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=25//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=18//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=12//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.86/1_4_86.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.86/1_4_86.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b5874d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.86/1_4_86.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=0.5/500//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=48//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=15//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.1f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.87/1_4_87.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.87/1_4_87.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a302e59d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.87/1_4_87.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 4// +clc +Hardness=500//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=120//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.48//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.88/1_4_88.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.88/1_4_88.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0cca419e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.88/1_4_88.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 4// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=12;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=2;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.89/1_4_89.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.89/1_4_89.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0390c996 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.89/1_4_89.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 4// +clc +volume_hardwater=3500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=25//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.9/1_4_9.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.9/1_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a447c14a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.9/1_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.9 example 4// +clc +H=210.5;//hardness in ppm// +M1=100;//molecular weight of CaCO3// +M2=136;//molecular weight of FeSO4// +M=M1/M2;//multiplication factor of FeSO4// +W=H/M;//weight of FeSO4 required// +printf("\nFeSO4 required is %.1f ppm",W); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4.90/1_4_90.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.90/1_4_90.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208ab4b57 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4.90/1_4_90.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 4// +clc +Hardness=480//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=300//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=150//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a447c14a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.9 example 4// +clc +H=210.5;//hardness in ppm// +M1=100;//molecular weight of CaCO3// +M2=136;//molecular weight of FeSO4// +M=M1/M2;//multiplication factor of FeSO4// +W=H/M;//weight of FeSO4 required// +printf("\nFeSO4 required is %.1f ppm",W); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89f988a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.52 example 5// +clc +volume_hardwater=100000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=400//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f mg/L",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fc244fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.52 example 6// +clc +volume_hardwater=800//in litres// +volume_NaCl=40//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=110//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.2f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359e31ab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.42/1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.53 example 7// +clc +volume_hardwater=1//in litres// +CaCl2=4.5//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +moles_NaCl=2;//Na3Ze giving NaCl and CaZe// +mol_wt_NaCl=58.5; +mol_wt_Na3Ze=111; +NaCl=CaCl2*moles_NaCl*mol_wt_NaCl/mol_wt_Na3Ze; +printf("\Quantity of NaCl produced is %.2f gm",NaCl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a15fa04d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.43/1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.53 example 8// +clc +Hardness=500//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=120//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.48//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.44/1_44.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.44/1_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4254db402 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.44/1_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.54 example 9// +clc +volume_hardwater=4500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=30//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.55//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.45/1_45.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.45/1_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..068073176 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.45/1_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.54 example 10// +clc +volume_hardwater=3500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=25//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.46/1_46.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.46/1_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01d0e9942 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.46/1_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.55 example 11// +clc +volume_hardwater=15000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=120//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=30//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.47/1_47.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.47/1_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..027dc9bbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.47/1_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.55 example 12// +clc +Hardness=480//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=300//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=150//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.48/1_48.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.48/1_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08103c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.48/1_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.59 example 1// +clc +volume_water=10^4//in litres// +volume_HCl=200//in litres// +conc_HCl=0.1//in Normals// +totl_hardness=volume_HCl*conc_HCl*50//in terms of g CaCO3 equivalent// +h=totl_hardness/volume_water//in terms of g CaCO3 equivalent// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f mg/L",h*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.49/1_49.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.49/1_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98376c849 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.49/1_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.72 example 1// +clc +vol_init=50//initial volume of sample in ml// +vol_fin=80//final volume of sample in ml// +DOb=840//dissolved O2 present in effluent sample before incubation in ppm// +DOi=230//dissolved O2 present in effluent sample after incubation in ppm// +DF=vol_fin/vol_init//dilution factor// +BOD=(DOb-DOi)*DF//in ppm// +printf("\nBiological Oxygen Demand(BOD) of the sample is %.f ppm",BOD); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5.10/1_5_10.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.10/1_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3453872de --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.10/1_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.10 example 5// +clc +W1=32.4;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=29.2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5.19/1_5_19.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.19/1_5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c40cb928d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.19/1_5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.19 example 5// +clc +conc_SH=0.5/500//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=48//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=15//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.1f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5.34/1_5_34.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.34/1_5_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c3bf1051 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.34/1_5_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.34 example 5// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +W1=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=05;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +printf ("We do not take KNO3 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=5000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5.52/1_5_52.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.52/1_5_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89f988a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.52/1_5_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.52 example 5// +clc +volume_hardwater=100000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=400//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f mg/L",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5.90/1_5_90.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.90/1_5_90.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d22c3667d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5.90/1_5_90.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 5// +clc +volume_hardwater=15000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=120//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=30//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3453872de --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.10 example 5// +clc +W1=32.4;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=29.2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.50/1_50.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.50/1_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d73c0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.50/1_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//water// +//page 1.73 example 2// +clc +Vb=27//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate in blank experiment in ml// +Vt=6.5//volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate in test experiment in ml// +N=0.1//concentration in Normals// +Ve=25//volume of water sample taken in test in ml// +COD=(Vb-Vt)*N*8/Ve//in ppm// +printf("\nChemical Oxygen Demand(COD) of the sample is %.3f ppm",COD); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.51/1_51.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.51/1_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4f56deb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.51/1_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 2// +clc +volume_hardwater=800//in litres// +volume_NaCl=40//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=110//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.2f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.52/1_52.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.52/1_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d595e7ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.52/1_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=42;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=4.1;//amount of NaAlO2 in ppm// +W4=3.65;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=82;//amount of Ca(NO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/82;//multiplication factor of NaAlO2// +M4=100/36.5;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/164;//multiplication factor of Ca(NO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//-L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=20000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4-P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.3f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.53/1_53.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.53/1_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..464776870 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.53/1_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.84 example 1// +clc +W1=32.4;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=29.2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.54/1_54.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.54/1_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..524a74953 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.54/1_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=16.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=6.8;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=11.1;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=8.4;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P4+2*P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.55/1_55.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.55/1_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..785f4b8e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.55/1_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=15/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=100//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=25//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=18//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=12//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.56/1_56.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.56/1_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e04aa3a22 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.56/1_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.7 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=30.2;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=20.8;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=28.31;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=8.7;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=35;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W6=6.7;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M6=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.57/1_57.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.57/1_57.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..411b6cf32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.57/1_57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.85 example 1// +clc +volume_hardwater=1//in litres// +CaCl2=4.5//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +moles_NaCl=2;//Na3Ze giving NaCl and CaZe// +mol_wt_NaCl=58.5; +mol_wt_Na3Ze=111; +NaCl=CaCl2*moles_NaCl*mol_wt_NaCl/mol_wt_Na3Ze; +printf("\Quantity of NaCl produced is %.2f gm",NaCl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.58/1_58.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.58/1_58.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..153f0bf04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.58/1_58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 1// +clc +W1=14.6;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3+P4+P5; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.59/1_59.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.59/1_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5363a0339 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.59/1_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.85 +W1=162;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.3;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W4=36.5;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W5=44;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W7=60;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M4=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M7=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3+P4+P5+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6+P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6.10/1_6_10.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.10/1_6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11a1fc2eb --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.10/1_6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.10 example 6// +clc +W1=14.6;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3+P4+P5; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6.20/1_6_20.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.20/1_6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33aaafda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.20/1_6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.20 example 6// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=45//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=15//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.2f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6.35/1_6_35.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.35/1_6_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbe882cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.35/1_6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//water// +//page 1.35 example 6// +clc +Purity_soda=1 +W1=5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W3=2;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M3=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take Na2SO4 and SiO2 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=10000;//volume of water in litres// +S=1.06*(P2+P3)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6.52/1_6_52.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.52/1_6_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fc244fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.52/1_6_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.52 example 6// +clc +volume_hardwater=800//in litres// +volume_NaCl=40//Volume of NaCl in litres// +conc_NaCl=110//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*100//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.2f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6.90/1_6_90.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.90/1_6_90.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2ff560ca --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6.90/1_6_90.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 6// +clc +conc_SH=1.2/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=35//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=30//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=25//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.1f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.1f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11a1fc2eb --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.10 example 6// +clc +W1=14.6;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=8.1;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.6;//Mg(NO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W5=24;//MgSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Mg(NO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P5=W5*M5;//MgSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P2; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P3+P4+P5; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.60/1_60.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.60/1_60.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b5874d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.60/1_60.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.86 example 4// +clc +conc_SH=0.5/500//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=48//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=15//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=10//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.1f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.61/1_61.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.61/1_61.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c82dd9707 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.61/1_61.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 1// +clc +W1=7.3;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=9.5;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=16.2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P2+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.62/1_62.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.62/1_62.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1c28c82a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.62/1_62.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=222;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W2=296;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W3=324;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W4=196;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M2=100/148;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take organic matter since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.63/1_63.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.63/1_63.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27a11a12f --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.63/1_63.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.85 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=12.5;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=8.4;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W3=22.2;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +W4=9.5;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=33;//amount of CO2 in ppm// +W6=7.3;//amount of HCl in ppm// +W7=16.8;//amount of NaHCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M3=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/44;//multiplication factor of CO2// +M6=100/73;//multiplication factor of HCl// +M7=100/168;//multiplication factor of NaHCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P7=W7*M7;//in terms of CaCO3//L-S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6+P7)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P6-P7)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.64/1_64.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.64/1_64.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a302e59d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.64/1_64.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.87 example 4// +clc +Hardness=500//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=120//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.48//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.65/1_65.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.65/1_65.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ba166f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.65/1_65.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 3// +clc +volume_hardwater=4500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=30//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.55//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.66/1_66.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.66/1_66.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0cca419e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.66/1_66.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 4// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=7.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=13.6;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=12;//amount of MgSO4 in ppm// +W5=2;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/120;//multiplication factor of MgSO4// +M5=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.67/1_67.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.67/1_67.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b9b8fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.67/1_67.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 7// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=45//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=15//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.2f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.68/1_68.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.68/1_68.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9c9ba97e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.68/1_68.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 1// +clc +W1=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W2=5;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.5;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P2+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.2f ppm",T); +P=P1+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.2f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.69/1_69.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.69/1_69.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0029526f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.69/1_69.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 2// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=155;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=23;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=5;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=111;//amount of CaCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/111;//multiplication factor of CaCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//S +printf ("We do not take NaCl and Na2SO4 since they do not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.11/1_7_11.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.11/1_7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae59c350 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.11/1_7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.11 example 7// +clc +W1=7.3;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=9.5;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=16.2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P2+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.21/1_7_21.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.21/1_7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e983bb4ff --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.21/1_7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.21 example 7// +clc +conc_SH=1/20//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=1000//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=7.2//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=4//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.36/1_7_36.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.36/1_7_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03d811ced --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.36/1_7_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//water// +//page 1.36 example 7// +clc +Purity_Lime=1 +Purity_soda=1 +W1=10;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +W2=36.5;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=19;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +M1=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P3)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.53/1_7_53.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.53/1_7_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359e31ab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.53/1_7_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//water// +//page 1.53 example 7// +clc +volume_hardwater=1//in litres// +CaCl2=4.5//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +moles_NaCl=2;//Na3Ze giving NaCl and CaZe// +mol_wt_NaCl=58.5; +mol_wt_Na3Ze=111; +NaCl=CaCl2*moles_NaCl*mol_wt_NaCl/mol_wt_Na3Ze; +printf("\Quantity of NaCl produced is %.2f gm",NaCl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.88/1_7_88.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.88/1_7_88.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b9b8fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.88/1_7_88.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.88 example 7// +clc +conc_SH=1/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=45//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=25//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=15//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.2f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.2f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7.90/1_7_90.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.90/1_7_90.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb81677dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7.90/1_7_90.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 7// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=146;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W5=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M5=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P2+2*P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae59c350 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.11 example 7// +clc +W1=7.3;//Mg(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W2=9.5;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W3=16.2;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13.6;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//Mg(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P1+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.0f ppm",T); +P=P2+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.0f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.0f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.70/1_70.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.70/1_70.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e77c47e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.70/1_70.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 3// +clc +conc_SH=1/20//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=50//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=1000//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=7.2//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=4//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.71/1_71.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.71/1_71.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0390c996 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.71/1_71.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.89 example 4// +clc +volume_hardwater=3500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=25//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.72/1_72.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.72/1_72.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d22c3667d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.72/1_72.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 5// +clc +volume_hardwater=15000//in litres// +volume_NaCl=120//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=30//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.1f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.73/1_73.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.73/1_73.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2ff560ca --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.73/1_73.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 6// +clc +conc_SH=1.2/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=35//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=30//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=25//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.1f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.1f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.74/1_74.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.74/1_74.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb81677dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.74/1_74.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 7// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.95 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=146;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W5=49;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M5=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +printf ("We do not take SiO2 since it does not react with lime/soda"); +V=50000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P2+2*P4+P5)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P2+P3+P5)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.2f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.75/1_75.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.75/1_75.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..731da6026 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.75/1_75.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 3// +clc +Purity_Lime=.95 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=81;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=73;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=68;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W4=95;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W5=14.8;//amount of Mg(NO3)2 in ppm// +W6=14.7;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +M1=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M2=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M3=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M4=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M5=100/148;//multiplication factor of Mg(NO3)2// +M6=100/98;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P5=W5*M5;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P6=W6*M6;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=1000000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+2*P2+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.1f g",L); +S=1.06*(P3+P4+P5+P6)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.1f g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.76/1_76.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.76/1_76.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208ab4b57 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.76/1_76.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.90 example 4// +clc +Hardness=480//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=300//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=150//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.5//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.8.12/1_8_12.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.12/1_8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d65c77917 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.12/1_8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.12 example 8// +clc +W1=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W2=5;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.5;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P2+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.2f ppm",T); +P=P1+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.2f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.8.22/1_8_22.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.22/1_8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..374a7008d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.22/1_8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//water// +//page 1.22 example 8// +clc +conc_SH=1.2/1000//in terms of g/lit// +strength_SH=conc_SH*1000//in terms of mgs/lit// +volume_SH=20//in terms of ml// +volume_H=50//in terms of ml// +EDTA_SH=35//volume for Std hardwater(ml)// +EDTA_H=30//volume for sample hardwater(ml)// +AB_EDTA=25//volume required after boiling(ml)// +CaCO3_equivalent_SH=strength_SH*volume_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent_SH/EDTA_SH//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +To_sample=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_H/volume_H//total hardness for given volume// +To=To_sample*1000//total hardness per litre(ppm)// +P_sample=AB_EDTA*one_ml_EDTA/volume_H//permanent hardness for given volume// +P=P_sample*1000//permanent hardness per litre(ppm)// +T=To-P +printf("\nTotal Hardness is %.f ppm",To); +printf("\nPermanent Hardness is %.1f ppm",P); +printf("\nTemporary Hardness is %.1f ppm",T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.8.37/1_8_37.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.37/1_8_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d01037df --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.37/1_8_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.37 example 8// +clc +Purity_Lime=.8 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=7.1;//amount of Mg(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W2=8.1;//amount of Ca(HCO3)2 in ppm// +W3=4.195;//amount of MgCO3 in ppm// +W4=10;//amount of CaCO3 in ppm// +M1=100/146;//multiplication factor of Mg(HCO3)2// +M2=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M3=100/84;//multiplication factor of MgCO3// +M4=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//L +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//2*L +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L +V=100000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(2*P1+P2+2*P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.f g",L); +S=1.06*(0)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.8.53/1_8_53.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.53/1_8_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a15fa04d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.8.53/1_8_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//water// +//page 1.53 example 8// +clc +Hardness=500//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +H=Hardness/100//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +volume_NaCl=100//Volume of NaCl// +conc_NaCl=120//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +Wt_per_Litre=conc_NaCl*10//gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed per litre// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.48//in terms of (gms/lit)// +volume_hardwater=CaCO3_equivalent/H +printf("\nQuantity of water softened using zeolite bed is %.f litres",volume_hardwater); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d65c77917 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//water// +//page 1.12 example 8// +clc +W1=19;//MgCl2 in water in mg/L// +W2=5;//CaCO3 in water in mg/L// +W3=29.5;//Ca(HCO3)2 in water in mg/L// +W4=13;//CaSO4 in water in mg/L// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/100;//multiplication factor of CaCO3// +M3=100/162;//multiplication factor of Ca(HCO3)2// +M4=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +P1=W1*M1;//MgCl2 in terms of CaCO3// +P2=W2*M2;//CaCO3 in terms of CaCO3// +P3=W3*M3;//Ca(HCO3)2 in terms of CaCO3// +P4=W4*M4;//CaSO4 in terms of CaCO3// +T=P2+P3; +printf("\nTemporary hardness is %.2f ppm",T); +P=P1+P4; +printf("\nPermanant hardness is %.2f ppm",P); +To=T+P; +printf("\nTotal hardness is %.2f ppm",To); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.9.37/1_9_37.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.9.37/1_9_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67a2678a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.9.37/1_9_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//water// +//page 1.38 example 9// +clc +Purity_Lime=.9 +Purity_soda=.9 +W1=19;//amount of MgCl2 in ppm// +W2=27.2;//amount of CaSO4 in ppm// +W3=4.9;//amount of H2SO4 in ppm// +W4=6;//amount of AL3+ in ppm// +M1=100/95;//multiplication factor of MgCl2// +M2=100/136;//multiplication factor of CaSO4// +M3=100/49;//multiplication factor of H2SO4// +M4=100/18.0018;//multiplication factor of AL3+// +P1=W1*M1;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P2=W2*M2;//in terms of CaCO3//S +P3=W3*M3;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +P4=W4*M4;//in terms of CaCO3//L+S +V=500000;//volume of water in litres// +L=0.74*(P1+P3+P4)*V/Purity_Lime;//lime required in mg// +L=L/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Lime required is %.2f g",L); +S=1.06*(P1+P2+P3+P4)*V/Purity_soda;//soda required in mg// +S=S/10^3; +printf("\n Amount of Soda required is %.f g",S) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.9.54/1_9_54.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.9.54/1_9_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4254db402 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.9.54/1_9_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//water// +//page 1.54 example 9// +clc +volume_hardwater=4500//in litres// +volume_NaCl=30//Volume of NaCl in litres// +Wt_per_Litre=100//% NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +total_wt=Wt_per_Litre*volume_NaCl//total gms NaCl consumed by zeolite bed// +CaCO3_equivalent=total_wt*50/58.55//in terms of (gms/lit)// +H=CaCO3_equivalent/volume_hardwater//Hardness of water(gms/lit)// +Hardness=H*1000//Hardness of water(mg/lit) or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water sample is %.f ppm",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/2966/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad178a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//water// +//page 1.15 example 1// +clc +strength=1.1//in terms of mgs/ml CaCO3// +volume=50//volume titrated(ml)// +EDTA=38//volume in terms of ml// +volume_hardwater=100//volume of hardwater titrated(ml)// +EDTA_hardwater=21//volume used to titrate unknown hardwater// +CaCO3_equivalent=strength*volume//in terms of mg// +one_ml_EDTA=CaCO3_equivalent/EDTA//in terms of CaCO3 equivalent// +titrate_equivalent=one_ml_EDTA*EDTA_hardwater/volume_hardwater//CaCO3 equivalent of titrated volume// +Hardness=titrate_equivalent*1000//in terms of mg/lit or ppm// +printf("\nHardness of water is %.1f mg/L",Hardness); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.1.27/3_1_27.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.1.27/3_1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e200f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.1.27/3_1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.27 example 1// +clc +wt_oil=4.55//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.1//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/gm",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.1.33/3_1_33.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.1.33/3_1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30023ae8f --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.1.33/3_1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.33 example 1// +clc +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=49.0//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=26.4//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.4//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.3f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e200f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.27 example 1// +clc +wt_oil=4.55//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.1//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/gm",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.10.31/3_10_31.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.10.31/3_10_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..040c17d83 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.10.31/3_10_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 10// +clc +vol_oil=10//in ml// +den_oil=0.91//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.10.38/3_10_38.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.10.38/3_10_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6337d592c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.10.38/3_10_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.38 example 10// +clc +S_C=191//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=40//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=24//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N=0.5//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.1f mg/g",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.2f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..040c17d83 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 10// +clc +vol_oil=10//in ml// +den_oil=0.91//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30023ae8f --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.33 example 1// +clc +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=49.0//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=26.4//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.4//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.3f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2e4deff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.33 example 2// +clc +wt_oil=5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=44//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=17//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.5//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.1f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2bce946 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.34 example 3// +clc +S=180//Saponification value of oil// +wt_oil=1//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=50//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.4//normality of KOH // +volume=S*wt_oil/(normality_KOH*56)//formula for saponification value// +back=blank-volume//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +printf("\nQuantity of alcoholic KOH required per gram is %.0f ml",back); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73b03c52a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.35 example 4// +clc +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=40//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=20//volume back titration reading(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.25//normality of KOH // +normality_HCl=.5//normality of HCl// +e=normality_HCl/normality_KOH//for equivalence in titration // +volume=(blank-back)*e//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.0f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2213482a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.35 example 5// +clc +S_C=192//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=16//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=45//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=31.5//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N_H=0.5//normality of HCl in titration// +V_H=blank//volume of HCl in titration(ml)// +V_K=50//volume of KOH in titration(ml)// +N_K=N_H*V_H/V_K//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N_K*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.2f mgs KOH",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.3f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36a80b9f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.36 example 6// +clc +wt_oil=3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=36//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=12//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.5//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5b3126a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.37 example 7// +clc +wt_oil=1.55//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=20//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=15//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=1/2//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.2f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2ae9b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.37 example 8// +clc +wt_oil=1.25//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=50//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=7.5//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.1//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.1f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71f96902d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.38 example 9// +clc +S_C=188//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=12.3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=45//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=30.2//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N=0.5//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.2f mg/g",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.2f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.2.28/3_2_28.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.2.28/3_2_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9818cd95 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.2.28/3_2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.28 example 2// +clc +wt_oil=10//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.4//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.2.33/3_2_33.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.2.33/3_2_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2e4deff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.2.33/3_2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.33 example 2// +clc +wt_oil=5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=44//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=17//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.5//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.1f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9818cd95 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.28 example 2// +clc +wt_oil=10//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.4//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6337d592c --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.38 example 10// +clc +S_C=191//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=40//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=24//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N=0.5//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.1f mg/g",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.2f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.3.28/3_3_28.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.3.28/3_3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf204b43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.3.28/3_3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.28 example 3// +clc +vol_oil=20//in ml// +den_oil=0.86//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.1//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.3.34/3_3_34.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.3.34/3_3_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2bce946 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.3.34/3_3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.34 example 3// +clc +S=180//Saponification value of oil// +wt_oil=1//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=50//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.4//normality of KOH // +volume=S*wt_oil/(normality_KOH*56)//formula for saponification value// +back=blank-volume//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +printf("\nQuantity of alcoholic KOH required per gram is %.0f ml",back); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf204b43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.28 example 3// +clc +vol_oil=20//in ml// +den_oil=0.86//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.1//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.4.29/3_4_29.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.4.29/3_4_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b485215 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.4.29/3_4_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.29 example 4// +clc +vol_oil=10//in ml// +den_oil=0.92//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=4//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.01//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.4.35/3_4_35.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.4.35/3_4_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73b03c52a --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.4.35/3_4_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.35 example 4// +clc +wt_oil=2.5//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=40//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=20//volume back titration reading(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.25//normality of KOH // +normality_HCl=.5//normality of HCl// +e=normality_HCl/normality_KOH//for equivalence in titration // +volume=(blank-back)*e//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.0f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b485215 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.29 example 4// +clc +vol_oil=10//in ml// +den_oil=0.92//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=4//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.01//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.5.29/3_5_29.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.5.29/3_5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd197a650 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.5.29/3_5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.29 example 5// +clc +vol_oil=9//in ml// +den_oil=0.81//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=1.5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.04//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.5.35/3_5_35.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.5.35/3_5_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2213482a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.5.35/3_5_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.35 example 5// +clc +S_C=192//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=16//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=45//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=31.5//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N_H=0.5//normality of HCl in titration// +V_H=blank//volume of HCl in titration(ml)// +V_K=50//volume of KOH in titration(ml)// +N_K=N_H*V_H/V_K//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N_K*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.2f mgs KOH",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.3f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd197a650 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.29 example 5// +clc +vol_oil=9//in ml// +den_oil=0.81//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=1.5//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.04//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.6.30/3_6_30.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.6.30/3_6_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e6898cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.6.30/3_6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.30 example 6// +clc +vol_oil=20//in ml// +den_oil=0.86//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=1/10//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.6.36/3_6_36.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.6.36/3_6_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36a80b9f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.6.36/3_6_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.36 example 6// +clc +wt_oil=3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=36//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=12//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.5//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e6898cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.30 example 6// +clc +vol_oil=20//in ml// +den_oil=0.86//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=1/10//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.7.30/3_7_30.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.7.30/3_7_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3257740af --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.7.30/3_7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.30 example 7// +clc +vol_oil=7//in ml// +den_oil=0.88//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=3.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.2f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.7.37/3_7_37.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.7.37/3_7_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5b3126a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.7.37/3_7_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.37 example 7// +clc +wt_oil=1.55//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=20//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=15//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=1/2//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.2f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3257740af --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.30 example 7// +clc +vol_oil=7//in ml// +den_oil=0.88//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=3.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.2f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.8.31/3_8_31.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.8.31/3_8_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c6b4feb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.8.31/3_8_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 8// +clc +vol_oil=6//in ml// +den_oil=0.91//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.6//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.8.37/3_8_37.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.8.37/3_8_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2ae9b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.8.37/3_8_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.37 example 8// +clc +wt_oil=1.25//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=50//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=7.5//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.1//normality of KOH// +S=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of oil is %.1f mg/g",S); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c6b4feb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 8// +clc +vol_oil=6//in ml// +den_oil=0.91//density of oil in g/ml// +wt_oil=vol_oil*den_oil//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=2.6//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.02//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.3f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.9.31/3_9_31.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.9.31/3_9_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d461ac8e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.9.31/3_9_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 9// +clc +wt_oil=1.3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=0.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.001//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.5f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.9.38/3_9_38.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.9.38/3_9_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71f96902d --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.9.38/3_9_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.38 example 9// +clc +S_C=188//Saponification value of castor oil// +wt_oil=12.3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +blank=45//volume blank titration reading(ml)// +back=30.2//volume back titration reading(ml)// +volume=blank-back//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed(ml)// +N=0.5//normality of KOH for equivalence// +S_blended=volume*N*56/wt_oil//formula for saponification value// +printf("\nSaponification value of blended oil is %.2f mg/g",S_blended); +pc_C=(S_blended/S_C)*100 +printf("\npercentage of castor oil in blend is %.2f percent",pc_C); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2966/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/2966/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d461ac8e --- /dev/null +++ b/2966/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//lubricants// +//page 3.31 example 9// +clc +wt_oil=1.3//weight f oil saponified(gms)// +volume=0.8//volume of alcoholic KOH consumed to neutralize fatty acids(ml)// +normality_KOH=0.001//normality of KOH // +A=volume*normality_KOH*56/wt_oil//formula for acid value// +printf("\nAcid value of oil is %.5f mg/g",A); +if A<=0.1 then printf("\nAs the acid value is less than 0.1, oil can be used for lubrication"); +else printf("\nAs the acid value is more than 0.1, oil cannot be used for lubrication"); + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2975/CH23/EX23.1w/Ex23_1w.sce b/2975/CH23/EX23.1w/Ex23_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f4d43803 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH23/EX23.1w/Ex23_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 23_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data +temp=373.15;//Temperature at steam point (Unit Kelvin) +press=1.5*10^4;//Pressure at steam point(Unit Pascal) + +//calculation +ptr=(273.16*press)/temp;//Calculation of pressure at triple point of water (Unit : pascal) + + +disp(ptr,"Pressure of water at triple is (unit: Pascal)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH23/EX23.3w/Ex23_3w.sce b/2975/CH23/EX23.3w/Ex23_3w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb770f81e --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH23/EX23.3w/Ex23_3w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 23_3w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +p1=80; //Pressure of the gas in melting ice(Unit : cm) +p2=160; //Pressure of the gas in a liquid (Unit : cm) +t1=273.15; //Temperature of melting ice in (Unit : kelvin) + +// Calculation + +t2=(t1*p2)/p1; //Calculation os the temperatue of liquid (Unit: Kelvin) + +disp(t2,"The Temperature of liquid is(Unit: Kelvin)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH23/EX23.5w/Ex23_5w.sce b/2975/CH23/EX23.5w/Ex23_5w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3424ffbaa --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH23/EX23.5w/Ex23_5w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 23_5w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +rt=6.5; //Resistance of platinum thermometer at boiling point(unit :ohm) +r0=2.5; //Resistance of platinum thermometer at ice point(unit :ohm) +r100=3.5; //Resistance of platinum thermometer at steam point(unit :ohm) + +//Calculation + +t=(rt-r0)*100/(r100-r0); //Calculation of temperature of sulphur on new scale (Unit: Degree) + +disp(t,"Boiling temperature of sulphur on this scale is (Unit: Degree)"); diff --git a/2975/CH23/EX23.8w/Ex23_8w.sce b/2975/CH23/EX23.8w/Ex23_8w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd2e7312f --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH23/EX23.8w/Ex23_8w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 23_8w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data +iron_alpha=12*10^-6; //Coefficient of linear expansion of iron (Unit : /degree centigrade) +aluminium_alpha=24*10^-6; //Coefficient of linear expansion of aluminium (Unit : /degree centigrade) +iron_rod_length=50; //Length of iron rod (Unit : cm) +aluminium_rod_length=100; //Length of aluminium rod (Unit : cm) +initial_temp=20; //Initial Temperature of rods (Unit : Centigrade) +final_temp=100; //Final Temperature of rods (Unit : Centigrade) + +//Calculation + +iron_rod_length_100=iron_rod_length*(1+(iron_alpha*(final_temp-initial_temp))); //Calculating iron rod length at 100 degree centigrade (Unit : cm) +aluminium_rod_length_100=aluminium_rod_length*(1+(aluminium_alpha*(final_temp-initial_temp))); //Calculating aluminium rod length at 100 degree centigrade (Unit : cm) +total_length_100=iron_rod_length_100+aluminium_rod_length_100; //Total length of rod at 100 degree centigrade(Unit : cm) + +total_length_20=iron_rod_length+aluminium_rod_length; //Total Length of rod at 20 degree centigrade (Unit:cm) +change_length=total_length_100-total_length_20; //Change in length (Unit:cm) +new_alpha=change_length/(total_length_20*(final_temp-initial_temp)); //average coefficient of linear expansion of the composite rod is (Unit : /degree centrigrade) + +disp(total_length_100,"The length of the composite system at 100 degree centigrade is (Unit : cm)"); +disp(new_alpha,"The average coefficient of linear expansion of the composite rod is (Unit : /degree centrigrade)") diff --git a/2975/CH23/EX23.9w/Ex23_9w.sce b/2975/CH23/EX23.9w/Ex23_9w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6951ff56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH23/EX23.9w/Ex23_9w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 23_9w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data +length_20=15; //Diameter of iron ring at 20 degree centigrade (Unit: cm) +length_req=15.05; //Diameter of iron ring at required temperature (Unit: cm) +temp=20; //Room Temperature (Unit: degree centigrade) +alpha_iron=12*10^-6; //Coefficient of linear expansion of iron (Unit : / degree centigrade) + +//Calculation + +change_temp=(length_req-length_20)/(length_20*alpha_iron); //Calculating change in temperature required (Unit : Centigrade) +new_temp=temp+change_temp; //Calculating the temperature required (Unit : Centigrade) + +strain=(length_req-length_20)/length_20; //Calculating Strain (Unit: unit less) + +disp(new_temp,"The minimum temperature of ring to be heated to is (Unit : Centigrade)"); +disp(strain,"The strain developed in the ring when it comes to the room temperature is (Unit : unit less)"); diff --git a/2975/CH24/EX24.14w/Ex24_14w.sce b/2975/CH24/EX24.14w/Ex24_14w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8dbe83a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH24/EX24.14w/Ex24_14w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 24_14w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +area=8*10^-3; //Area of cylinder (Unit: m^2) +temperature_initial=300; //Initial temperature (Unit: Kelvin) +volume_initial=2.4*10^-3; //Initaial volume (Unit: m^3) +distance=0.1; //Distance covered by the piston when heated(Unit : m) +force_constant=8000; //Force constant of the spring (Unit :N/m) +init_pressure=1*10^5; //Initial Pressure (atmospheric pressure) (Unit: Pa) + +//Formula: (Force=spring constant X Distance ) +//Calculation + +final_pressure=init_pressure+(force_constant*distance/area); //Calculating final pressure (Unit : Pascal) +volume_final=volume_initial+(area*distance); //Calculating final volume (Unit : m^3) + +temperature_final=final_pressure*volume_final*temperature_initial/(init_pressure*volume_initial); //Calculating final volume (Unit : Kelvin) + +disp(temperature_final,"The final temperatue is (Unit: Kelvin)"); diff --git a/2975/CH24/EX24.18w/Ex24_18w.sce b/2975/CH24/EX24.18w/Ex24_18w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d969bb713 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH24/EX24.18w/Ex24_18w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 24_18w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +temperature=300; //Temperature of the water vapour (Unit: Kelvin) +volume=1; //Volume of the water vapour(Unit : m^3) +molecular_weight_water=18; //Molecular weight of the water (Unit: g/mol) +r=8.3; //Gas constant (Unit: J/mol-K) +relative_humidity=50/100; //Relative humidity of the air (Unit: percentage) +pressure=3.6*10^3; //Pressure of the water vapour (Unit: Pascal) + +//Formula: PV=nRT + +//Calculation + +mass_of_vapour=molecular_weight_water*pressure*volume/(r*temperature); //Calculation of mass of vapour (Unit: gram) + +amount_vapour=relative_humidity*mass_of_vapour; //Calculation of vapour after considering relative humidity (Unit : gram) + +disp(amount_vapour,"As the relative humidity is 50% , the amount of vapour present in 1 m^3 is (Unit : gram)"); diff --git a/2975/CH24/EX24.1w/Ex24_1w.sce b/2975/CH24/EX24.1w/Ex24_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b46f137aa --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH24/EX24.1w/Ex24_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 24_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +volume=8*10^-3; //Volume of vessel at 300K and 200 kPa(Unit: m^3 ) +temp=300; //Temperature of the vessel (Unit: Kelvin) +pressure_init=200*10^3; //Inital pressure of vessel (Unit : Pa) +pressure_final=125*10^3; //Final pressure of vessel (Unit : Pa) +r=8.3; //Gas constant (Unit J/mol-K) + +// Formula : PV=nRT + +// Calculation + +gas_leaked=(pressure_init-pressure_final)*volume*(1/(r*temp)); //Computation of leaked gas in terms of moles (Unit : moles) + +disp(gas_leaked,"The amount of the gas leaked assuming that the temperature remains constant is (Unit: moles)"); diff --git a/2975/CH24/EX24.2w/Ex24_2w.sce b/2975/CH24/EX24.2w/Ex24_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7533091e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH24/EX24.2w/Ex24_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 24_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +volume=2000*10^-6; //Volume of the vessel (Unit: m^3) +r=8.3; //Gas Constant (Unit: J/mol-K) +temperature=300; //Temperature of the vessel (Unit : Kelvin) +mole_oxygen=0.1; //Moles of oxygen (Unit : mole) +mole_CO2=0.2; //Moles of Carbon dioxide (Unit : mole) + +//Formula: PV=nRT + +//Calculation + +press_oxygen=mole_oxygen*temperature*r/volume; //Pressure of oxygem (Unit : Pascal) +press_CO2=mole_CO2*temperature*r/volume; //Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (Unit : Pascal) +total_pressure=press_oxygen+press_CO2; //Total pressure on the vessel (Unit : Pascal) + +disp(total_pressure,"The total pressure in the vessel is (Unit : Pa)"); diff --git a/2975/CH25/EX25.1w/Ex25_1w.sce b/2975/CH25/EX25.1w/Ex25_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72c4e1ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH25/EX25.1w/Ex25_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 25_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mass_ice=1; //Mass of ice (Unit:kg) +init_temp=-10; //Temperature of the ice (Unit : degree centigrade) +final_temp=100; //Temperature of the steam (Unit : degree centigrade) +sp_heat_ice=2100; //Specific heat capacity of ice (Unit: J/kg-K) +latent_heat_ice=3.36*10^5; //Latent heat of fusion of ice (Unit: J/Kg) +sp_heat_water=4200; //Specific heat capacity of water (Unit: J/kg-K) +latent_heat_water=2.25*10^6; //Latent heat of vapourization of water (Unit: J/Kg) + +//Calculation + +heat_ice_to_0_degree=mass_ice*sp_heat_ice*(0-(init_temp)); //Heat required to take the ice from -10 degree centigrade to 0 degree centigrade (Unit : Joules) + +heat_req_melt=mass_ice*latent_heat_ice; //Heat required to melt the ice at o degree centigrade to water (Unit: Joules) + +heat_req_zero_to_100=mass_ice*sp_heat_water*(final_temp-0); //Heat required to take the water from 0 degree centigrade to 100 degree centigrade (Unit : Joules) + +heat_req_steam=mass_ice*latent_heat_water; //Heat required to convert 1 kg of water at 100 degree centigrade into steam + +total_heat=heat_ice_to_0_degree+heat_req_melt+heat_req_zero_to_100+heat_req_steam; //Total heat required (Unit: Joules) + +disp(total_heat,"Total Heat required to convert 1 kg of ice at -10 degree centigrade into steam at 100 degree centigrade is (Unit : Joules)"); diff --git a/2975/CH25/EX25.4w/Ex25_4w.sce b/2975/CH25/EX25.4w/Ex25_4w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36e6f815e --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH25/EX25.4w/Ex25_4w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 25_4w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mass_water=100; //Mass of water (Unit:g) +latent_heat_water=21*10^5; //Latent heat of vaporization of water at 0 degree centigrade (Unit: J/kg) +latent_heat_ice=3.36*10^5; //Latent heat of fusion of ice (Unit : J/kg) + +//Formula mL2=(M-m)L1 + +//Calculation +mass_ice=mass_water*latent_heat_water/(latent_heat_water+latent_heat_ice); //Calculation of the mass of the ice formed if no water is left in the vessel (Unit : g) + +disp(mass_ice,"Mass of the ice formed if no water is left in the vessel (Unit: gram)"); diff --git a/2975/CH26/EX26.1w/Ex26_1w.sce b/2975/CH26/EX26.1w/Ex26_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13ea504f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH26/EX26.1w/Ex26_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 26_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +a_to_b=50; //Absorbption of heat during the part ab (Unit: Joules) +b_to_c=40; //Work done in on the gas during part bc (Unit: Joules) +c_to_a=-70; //Rejection of heat during the part ca (Unit: Joules) +internal_energy_a=1500; // Internal energy at a (Unit: Joules) + +//calculation +//Formula: change in Q=change in U + change in W +internal_energy_b=internal_energy_a+a_to_b; //Calculation of internal energy at b (Unit: Joules) + +internal_energy_c=internal_energy_b+b_to_c; //Calculation of internal energy at c (Unit: Joules) + +change_energy_c2a=internal_energy_a-internal_energy_c; //Calculation of change in internal energy (Unit: Joules) +work_done_ca=c_to_a-change_energy_c2a; //Calculating the work done during the part ca (Unit: Joules) + +disp(internal_energy_b,"The internal energy at b (Unit : Joules)"); +disp(internal_energy_c,"The internal energy at c (Unit : Joules)"); +disp(work_done_ca,"The work done by the gas during the part ca (Unit : Joules)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH26/EX26.2w/Ex26_2w.sce b/2975/CH26/EX26.2w/Ex26_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..385dcc77d --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH26/EX26.2w/Ex26_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 26_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +press_a=100*10^3; //Pressure at point a (Unit: Pascal) +press_b=100*10^3; //Pressure at point b (Unit: Pascal) +press_d=200*10^3; //Pressure at point c (Unit: Pascal) +press_c=200*10^3; //Pressure at point d (Unit: Pascal) +vol_a=100*10^-6; //Volume at point a (Unit: m^3) +vol_d=100*10^-6; //Volume at point b (Unit: m^3) +vol_c=300*10^-6; //Volume at point c (Unit: m^3) +vol_b=300*10^-6; //Volume at point d (Unit: m^3) +change_u=0; //Change in internal energy (Unit: Joules) + +//Formula : Work done=pressure X change in volume + +//Calculation + +wd_ab=press_a*(vol_b-vol_a); //Calculation of work done by the gas during ab (Unit : Joules) +wd_bc=press_b*(vol_c-vol_b); //Calculation of work done by the gas during bc (Unit : Joules) +wd_cd=press_c*(vol_d-vol_c); //Calculation of work done by the gas during cd (Unit : Joules) +wd_da=press_a*(vol_a-vol_d); //Calculation of work done by the gas during da (Unit : Joules) +tot_wd=wd_ab+wd_bc+wd_cd+wd_da; //Total Work done during the process (Unit: Joules) +change_q=tot_wd+change_u; //Calculation of total heat rejected during the process( Unit : Joules) + + +disp(wd_ab,"Total work done during the part ab is (Unit : Joules)"); +disp(wd_bc,"Total work done during the part bc is (Unit : Joules)"); +disp(wd_cd,"Total work done during the part cd is (Unit : Joules)"); +disp(wd_da,"Total work done during the part da is (Unit : Joules)"); + +disp(change_q,"Total heat rejected by the gas during process is (Unit : Joules)"); diff --git a/2975/CH26/EX26.3w/Ex26_3w.sce b/2975/CH26/EX26.3w/Ex26_3w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8f89d1e --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH26/EX26.3w/Ex26_3w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 26_3w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mass=1; //Mass of water (Unit: kg) +temp=100; //Temperature of water (Unit : degree centigrade) +density_water=1000; //Density of water (Unit: kg/m^3) +density_steam=0.6; //Density of steam (Unit : kg/m^3) +pressure=100*10^3; //Pressure of water(Unit : Pascal) +latent_heat_vapor=2.25*10^6; //Latent heat of vapourzation of water (Unit : Joules/kg) + +//Calculation + +volume_water=mass/density_water; //Calculation of volume of water (Unit: m^3) +volume_steam=mass/density_steam; //Calculation of volume of steam (Unit: m^3) +increased_volume=volume_steam-volume_water; //Calculation of change in volume (Unit; m^3) +work_done=pressure*increased_volume; //Calculation of work done (Unit: Joules) + +change_internal_energy=latent_heat_vapor-work_done; //Calculation of change in internal energy (Unit: Joules) + + +disp(change_internal_energy,"The increase in internal energy of 1 kg water is (Unit:Joules)") diff --git a/2975/CH26/EX26.4w/Ex26_4w.sce b/2975/CH26/EX26.4w/Ex26_4w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c3e17e22 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH26/EX26.4w/Ex26_4w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 26_4w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mole=1; //Number of moles of helium gas (Unit:mole) +area=8.5*10^-4; //Area of the piston (Unit : m^2) +temp_rise=2; //Temperature rise (Unit : degree centigrade) +atm_press=100*10^3; //Atmospheric pressure (Unit : Pascal) +r=8.3; //Gas constant (Unit: J/mol-K) +change_q=42; //Heat given to the gas (Unit: Joules) + +//Calculation + +change_u=1.5*mole*r*temp_rise; //Calculation Change in internal energy (Unit: Joules) +change_w=change_q-change_u; //Calculation Change in work done (Unit: Joules) +x=change_w/(atm_press*area); //Calculation Distance moved by the piston (Unit: m) + +disp(x,"The distance moved by the piston (Unit:m)"); diff --git a/2975/CH26/EX26.5w/Ex26_5.sce b/2975/CH26/EX26.5w/Ex26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..264aac730 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH26/EX26.5w/Ex26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 26_5w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mass=100; //Mass of the steam (Unit: gram) +temp_init=100; //Initial temperature of the steam (Unit : degree centigrade) +temp_final=20; //Final temperature of the steam (Unit : degree centigrade) +latent_heat_steam=540; //Latent heat of vaporization of steam (Unit: cal/gram) +//Calculation + +heat_rejected_condens=mass*latent_heat_steam; //Heat rejected during the condensation of steam in one minute (Unit: cal) +heat_rejected_cooling=mass*(temp_init-temp_final); //Heat rejected during the cooling of water (Unit: cal) +heat_rejected_min=heat_rejected_condens+heat_rejected_cooling; //Total heat rejected by the engine per minute (Unit: cal) + +disp(heat_rejected_min,"Heat rejected by the engine per minute is (Unit: cal)"); diff --git a/2975/CH27/EX27.2w/Ex27_2w.sce b/2975/CH27/EX27.2w/Ex27_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77a9cbcd --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH27/EX27.2w/Ex27_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 27_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +r=8.3; //Gas constant (Unit: J/mol-K) +volume=0.0083; //Volume of the gas (Unit: m^3) +temperature=300; //Temperature of the gas (Unit: Kelvin) +pressure=1.6*10^6; //Pressure of the gas (Unit: N/m^2) +change_q=2.49*10^4; //Change in heat energy (Unit: Joules) + +//calculation +Cp=2.5*r; //Calculation of Cp value (Unit : J/mol-K) +Cv=Cp-r; //Calculation of Cv value (Unit : J/mol-K) +mole=pressure*volume/(r*temperature); //Calculation of the mole of gas (Unit:mole) +molenew=round(mole*10^1)/10^1; //Calculation of the mole of the gas by rounding it off(Unit:mole) +change_temp=change_q/(molenew*Cv); //Calculation of change in temperature (Unit:Kelvin) +new_temp=change_temp+temperature; //Calculation of new temperature (Unit:Kelvin) +new_temp1=round(new_temp); //Calculation of new temperature and rounding it off(Unit:Kelvin) + +new_pressure=pressure*new_temp1/temperature; //Calculation of new pressure (Unit:N/m^2) + +disp(new_temp1,"The final temperature is (Unit: kelvin)"); +disp(new_pressure,"The final pressure is (Unit:N/m^2)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH27/EX27.3w/Ex27_3w.sce b/2975/CH27/EX27.3w/Ex27_3w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76d384129 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH27/EX27.3w/Ex27_3w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 27_3w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +gamma1=1.4; //Value of ratio Cp/Cv i.e gamma (Unit: unitless) +change_q=140; //Heat supplied to the gas (Unit:Joule) + +//Calculation + +change_u=change_q/gamma1; //Calculating change in internal energy (Unit:Joule) +change_w=change_q-change_u; //Calculating work done by gas (Unit :Joule) + +disp(change_u,"The change in internal energy is (Unit: Joule)"); +disp(change_w,"Work done by the gas is (Unit: Joule)"); diff --git a/2975/CH27/EX27.5w/Ex27_5w.sce b/2975/CH27/EX27.5w/Ex27_5w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a61969b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH27/EX27.5w/Ex27_5w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 27_5w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data +temp_1=300; //Initial Temperature of the air (Unit:Kelvin) +volume_1=800; //Initial volume of the air (Unit: cm^3) +volume_2=200; //Final volume of the air (Unit:cm^3) +gamma1=1.4; //Value of ratio Cp/Cv i.e gamma (Unit: unitless) + +//Calculation + +temp_2=temp_1*(volume_1/volume_2)^(gamma1-1); //Calculation of the temperature (Unit:Kelvin) +rise_temp=temp_2-temp_1; //Calculation of the rise in temperature + +disp(rise_temp,"Rise in temperature when compressed in a short time (adiabatic process) is (Unit:Kelvin)"); +disp("When the gas is compressed in a long time , the process isothermal so the temperature is constant hence the rise in temperature is 0"); diff --git a/2975/CH27/EX27.6w/Ex27_6w.sce b/2975/CH27/EX27.6w/Ex27_6w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5b034e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH27/EX27.6w/Ex27_6w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 27_6w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +p1=150*10^3; //Value of initial pressure (Unit: Pascal) +v1=1600*10^-6; //Value of the volume before being compressed (Unit: m^3) +v2=400*10^-6; //Value of the volume after being compressed (Unit: m^3) +gamma1=1.5; //Value of ratio Cp/Cv i.e gamma (Unit: unitless) + +//Calculation + +p2=p1*(v1/v2)^gamma1; //Calculation of new pressure of the gas (Unit: Pascal) +work_done=(p1*v1-p2*v2)/(gamma1-1); //Calculation of the work done by the gas (Unit:Joule) + +disp(p2,"The final pressure of the sample gas in adiabatic process is (Unit: Pascal)"); +disp(work_done,"Work done by the gas in an adiabatic process is (Unit: Joule)"); diff --git a/2975/CH28/EX28.1w/Ex28_1w.sce b/2975/CH28/EX28.1w/Ex28_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49a810dc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH28/EX28.1w/Ex28_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 28_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +latent_heat_ice=3.36*10^5; //Latent heat of fusion of ice (Unit: J/kg) +mass=4.8*10^-3; //Mass of ice melt (Unit: kg) +t=3600; //Time in which ice melt (Unit: second) +area=3600*10^-4; //Area of the slab (Unit: m^2) +thickness=10*10^-2; //Thickness of the slab (Unit: m) +theta2=0; //Temperature of the ice (Unit : degree centigrade) +theta1=100; //Temperature of the steam (Unit: degree centigrade) + +//calculation + +q=mass*latent_heat_ice; //Calculation of the heat transferred through the slab to the ice in one hour (Unit : Joule) +k=q*thickness/(area*t*(theta1-theta2)); //Calculation of thermal conductivity of the stone (Unit : W/m-degree centigrade ) + +disp(k,"The thermal conductivity of the stone is (Unit: W/m-degree centigrade)"); diff --git a/2975/CH28/EX28.2w/Ex28_2w.sce b/2975/CH28/EX28.2w/Ex28_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad784159b --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH28/EX28.2w/Ex28_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 28_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +thick=1.5*10^-2; //Thickness of the ice box (Unit: m) +dim_l=60*10^-2; //Length of the ice box (Unit: m) +dim_b=60*10^-2; //Bredth of the ice box (Unit: m) +dim_h=30*10^-2; //Height of the ice box (Unit: m) +latent_heat_ice=3.36*10^5*10^-3; //Latent heat of fusion of ice (kilogram is changed to gram) (Unit: J/g) +thermal_conductivity=0.04; //Thermal conductivity of styrofoam (Unit: W/m- degree centigrade) +theta1=40; //Room temperature (Unit: degree centigrade) +theta2=0; //Ice temperature (Unit: degree centigrade) + +//Calculation + +total_surface_area=2*(dim_l*dim_b+dim_b*dim_h+dim_h*dim_l); //Calculation of the total surface area (Unit: m^2) +rate_of_heat=thermal_conductivity*total_surface_area*(theta1-theta2)/thick; //Calculation of the rate of heat flow into the box (Unit: Watt) + +rate_ice_melt=rate_of_heat/latent_heat_ice; //Calculation of rate at which the ice melts (Unit: gram/sec) + +disp(rate_ice_melt,"The rate at which ice melts is (Unit: gram/sec)") diff --git a/2975/CH28/EX28.3w/Ex28_3w.sce b/2975/CH28/EX28.3w/Ex28_3w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11610e26 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH28/EX28.3w/Ex28_3w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 28_3w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +rate_heat_gen_box=13; //The rate of heat generation in the box (Unit: Watt) +theta1=100; //Temperature at one end (Unit: degree centigrade) +theta2=4; //Temperature at second end (Unit: degree centigrade) +thermal_conductivity=2; //Thermal conductivity of material (Unit: W/m- degree centigrade) +len=8*10^-2; //Length of the material (Unit: m) +area=12*10^-4; //Area of the cross section (Unit: m^2) + +//Calculation + +theta=((theta1+theta2)/2)+(rate_heat_gen_box*len/(2*thermal_conductivity*area)); //Calculation of the equlibrium temperature of the inner surface of the box (Unit: degree centigrade) + +disp(theta,"The equlibrium temperature of the inner surface of the box is (Unit: degree centigrade)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH28/EX28.4w/Ex28_4w.sce b/2975/CH28/EX28.4w/Ex28_4w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11716ed9f --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH28/EX28.4w/Ex28_4w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 28_4w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +len_copper=75*10^-2; //Length of the steel section(Unit:m) +len_steel=125*10^-2; //Length of the steel section(Unit:m) +temp_copper=100; //Temperature at the end of copper (Unit: degree centigrade) +temp_steel=0; //Temperature at the end of steel (Unit: degree centigrade) +k_copper=386; //Thermal conductivity of the copper (Unit:J/m-s-degree centigrade) +k_steel=46; //Thermal conductivity of the steel (Unit:J/m-s-degree centigrade) +diameter=2*10^-2; //Diameter of the cross section (Unit:m^2) + +//calculation + +theta=(temp_copper-temp_steel)/((len_copper*k_steel/(len_steel*k_copper))+1); //Calculation of The temperature at the junction (Unit: degree centigrade) + +rate_heat=k_steel*(%pi*diameter^2/4)*theta/len_steel; //Calculation of The rate of heat flow (Unit: J/s) + +disp(theta,"The temperature at the junction is (Unit: degree centigrade)"); +disp(rate_heat,"The rate of heat flow is (Unit: J/s)"); diff --git a/2975/CH28/EX28.5w/Ex28_5w.sce b/2975/CH28/EX28.5w/Ex28_5w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20d19fdc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH28/EX28.5w/Ex28_5w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 28_5w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +area=100*10^-4; //Area of the cross section (Unit:m^-2) +thick_a=0.04; //Thickness of part A (Unit: m) +thick_b=0.025; //Thickness of part B (Unit:m) +k_a=200; //Thermal conductivity of A (Unit: W/m-degree centigrade) +k_b=400; //Thermal conductivity of B (Unit: W/m-degree centigrade) +theta_a=100; //Temperature at A (Unit:degree centigrade) +theta_b=0; //Temperature at B (Unit:degree centigrade) + +//calculation + +rate_heat_flow=area*(theta_a-theta_b)/(thick_a/k_a+thick_b/k_b); //Calculation of The rate of heat flow through any cross section (Unit:Watt) + +temp=rate_heat_flow*thick_b/(area*k_b); //Calculation of The temperature at the interface (Unit: degree centigrade) + +equivalent_k=(thick_a+thick_b)/(thick_a/k_a+thick_b/k_b); //Calculation of The equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound plate (Unit: W/m-degree centigrade) + +disp(rate_heat_flow,"The rate of heat flow through any cross section is (Unit:Watt)"); +disp(temp,"The temperature at the interface is (Unit: degree centigrade)"); +disp(equivalent_k,"The equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound plate is (Unit: W/m-degree centigrade)"); diff --git a/2975/CH29/EX29.18w/Ex29_18w.sce b/2975/CH29/EX29.18w/Ex29_18w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9a4a863a --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH29/EX29.18w/Ex29_18w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 29_18w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +dipole_moment=3.4*10^-30; //Dipole moment of the HCl molecule (Unit:N-m) +distance=1*10^-10; //Distance between the two atoms (Unit: m) + +//Calculation + +charge=dipole_moment/distance; //Calculation of the magnitude of the charge (Unit:C) + +disp(charge,"The magnitude of the charge is (Unit:C)") diff --git a/2975/CH29/EX29.2w/Ex29_2w.sce b/2975/CH29/EX29.2w/Ex29_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..354188c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH29/EX29.2w/Ex29_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 29_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +q_a=8*10^-6; //Charge at A (Unit: C) +q_b=-2*10^-6; //Charge at B (Unit: C) +dis_ab=20*10^-2; //Distance between A and B(Unit: m) + +//Calculation + + +distance=dis_ab/((q_a/(-q_b))^(1/2)-1); //Calculation of the distance of the third particle (Unit: m) +distance_cm=100*distance; //Converting distance from meter to centimeter (Unit:cm) + +disp(distance_cm,"Third particle should be placed at (Unit : cm)"); diff --git a/2975/CH29/EX29.3w/Ex29_3w.sce b/2975/CH29/EX29.3w/Ex29_3w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..005085db5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH29/EX29.3w/Ex29_3w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 29_3w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +charge_a=2*10^-6; //Charge at A(Unit: C) +charge_b=2*10^-6; //Charge at B(Unit: C) +charge_c=2*10^-6; //Charge at C(Unit: C) +dis_ac=3*10^-2; //Distance between A and C (Unit:m) +dis_bc=5*10^-2; //Distance between B and C (Unit:m) +dis_ab=4*10^-2; //Distance between A and B (Unit:m) +k=9*10^9 //Value of the coulomb constant (Unit: N m^2/C^2) + +//Calculation + +force_a_from_b=k*charge_a*charge_b/(dis_ab)^2; //Calculation of force on A from B (Unit:N) +force_a_from_c=k*charge_a*charge_c/(dis_ac)^2; //Calculation of force on A from C (Unit:N) + +resultant=(force_a_from_b^2+force_a_from_c^2)^(1/2); //Calculation of the net resultant (Unit:N) +tan_angle=(force_a_from_c/force_a_from_b); //Calculation of the tan of the angle suspended by the resultant and BA (Unit:unitless) +angle=atand(tan_angle); //Calculation of the angle suspended by the resultant and BA (Unit:degree) + +disp(resultant,"The resultant force on the charge at the right angle corner is (Unit: N)"); +disp(tan_angle,"Tan of the angle suspended by the resultant and BA is (Unit:unitless)"); //The answer in book is given in fraction but after solving the fraction we get this answer +disp(angle,"Angle suspended by the resultant and BA is (Unit:degree))"); diff --git a/2975/CH29/EX29.6w/Ex29_6w.sce b/2975/CH29/EX29.6w/Ex29_6w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd6ff9994 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH29/EX29.6w/Ex29_6w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 29_6w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +mass=5*10^-3; //Mass of the particle (Unit: kg) +charge=1*10^-7; //Charge of the particle (Unit: C) +dis=10*10^-2; //Distance between particle (Unit: m) +k=9*10^9; //Value of the coulomb constant (Unit: N m^2/C^2) +gravity=9.8; //Value of gravity (Unit: m/s^2) + +//calculation + +force=charge^2*k/dis^2; //Calculation of the force (Unit: Newton) +coefficient=force/(mass*gravity); //Calculation of the coefficient of friction (Unit:unitless) + +disp(coefficient,"The value of the coefficient of friction between each particle and the table is (Unit: unitless)"); diff --git a/2975/CH29/EX29.7w/Ex29_7w.sce b/2975/CH29/EX29.7w/Ex29_7w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b67e2224 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH29/EX29.7w/Ex29_7w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 29_7w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +elec_field=4*10^5; //Value of Electric field (Unit:N/C) +mass=1*10^-4; //Mass of the water droplet (Unit:kg) +gravity=9.8; //Value of gravity (Unit:m/s^2) + +//Calculation + +charge=mass*gravity/elec_field; //Calculation of the charge (Unit:C) + +disp(charge,"The charge on the droplet is (Unit: C)"); diff --git a/2975/CH30/EX30.1w/Ex30_1w.sce b/2975/CH30/EX30.1w/Ex30_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d908f737 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH30/EX30.1w/Ex30_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 30_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +elec_field=100; //Magnitude of Electric field (Unit: N/C) +edge=10*10^-2; //Value of the edge of the square (Unit:m) +theta=0; //As the normal to the area points along the electric field , angle is zero (Unit : degree) + +//Calculation + +flux=elec_field*edge^2*cosd(theta); //Calculation of the flux of this field through a plane square area in Y-Z plane (Unit: N-m^2/C) + +disp(flux,"The flux of this field through a plane square area in Y-Z plane is (Unit: N-m^2/C)") diff --git a/2975/CH30/EX30.2w/Ex30_2w.sce b/2975/CH30/EX30.2w/Ex30_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..532907195 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH30/EX30.2w/Ex30_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 30_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +charge_density=2*10^-6; //Value of surface Charge density (Unit:C/m^2) +epsilon=8.85*10^-12; //Value of electric constant (Unit: C^2/N-m^2) +radius=1*10^-2; //Value of radius (Unit:m) +theta=60; //Angle of flux w.r.t. normal from z axis (Unit: degree) + +//Calculation + +area=%pi*radius^2; //Calculation of the circulat Area (Unit:m^2) +flux=charge_density*cosd(theta)*area/(2*epsilon); //Calculation of the flux (Unit:N-m^2/C) + +disp(flux,"The flux of the electric field through a circular area is (Unit:N-m^2/C ) "); diff --git a/2975/CH30/EX30.5w/Ex30_5w.sce b/2975/CH30/EX30.5w/Ex30_5w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65a06b188 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH30/EX30.5w/Ex30_5w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 30_5w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +linear_charge_density=4*10^-4; //Value of linear charge density (Unit:C/m) +dipole_distance=2*10^-3; //Distance between dipole (Unit:m) +dipole_charge=2*10^-8; //Charge on the electric dipole (Unit: C) +distance=2*10^-2; //Distance between dipole and line charge (Unit:m) +k=9*10^9; //Value of the coulomb constant (Unit: N-m^2/C^2) + +//Calculation + +electric_field_negative=2*k*linear_charge_density/distance; //Calculation of the electric field on the negative charge (Unit:N/C) +electric_field_positive=2*k*linear_charge_density/(distance+dipole_distance); //Calculation of the electric field on the positive charge (Unit:N/C) +force_negative=dipole_charge*electric_field_negative; //Calculation of force on negative charge of the dipole(Unit:N) +force_positive=dipole_charge*electric_field_positive; //Calculation of force on positive charge of the dipole(Unit:N) +net_force=force_negative-force_positive; //Calculation of net force on the dipole (Unit:N) +disp(net_force,"The net force on the dipole towards the line of charge is (Unit:N)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH30/EX30.6w/Ex30_6w.sce b/2975/CH30/EX30.6w/Ex30_6w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c75449660 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH30/EX30.6w/Ex30_6w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 30_6w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +k=9*10^9; //Value of the coulomb constant (Unit: N-m^2/C^2) +A=100; //Value of A (Unit:V/m^2) +a=20*10^-2; //Value of the radius of sphere (Unit: m) + +//Calculation + +charge=A*a^3/k; //Calculation of charge contained in the sphere (Unit:C) + +disp(charge,"The charge contained in a sphere is (Unit:C)"); diff --git a/2975/CH31/EX31.17w/Ex31_17w.sce b/2975/CH31/EX31.17w/Ex31_17w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e53481f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH31/EX31.17w/Ex31_17w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 31_17w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +area=100*10^-4; //Area of the cross section (Unit:m^2) +epsilon=8.85*10^-12; //Value of electric constant (Unit: C^2/N-m^2) +sepration=1*10^-3; //Sepration between the parallel plate (Unit:m) +charge=0.12*10^-6; //Charge of the capacitor (Unit:C) +voltage=120; //Battery voltage (Unit:V) + +//Calculation + +capacitance=charge/voltage; //Calculation of the capacitance (Unit: C) +k=capacitance*sepration/(epsilon*area); //Calculation of the dielectric constant (Unit:unitless) + +disp(k,"The dielectric constant of the material filling the gap is (Unit:unitless)"); diff --git a/2975/CH31/EX31.1w/Ex31_1w.sce b/2975/CH31/EX31.1w/Ex31_1w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..346b4eab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH31/EX31.1w/Ex31_1w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 31_1w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +epsilon=8.85*10^-12; //Value of electric constant (Unit: C^2/N-m^2) +area=200*10^-4; //Area of the plates (Unit:m^2) +d=1*10^-3; //Distance between the plates (Unit:m) +charge=1*10^-9; //Charge in the capacitor (Unit:C) +d_new=2*10^-3; //New Distance between the plates (Unit:m) + +//Calculation + +capacitance=area*epsilon/d; //Calculation of the capacitance of the plate (Unit:Farad) +potential_difference=charge/capacitance; //Calculation of the potential difference between plates (Unit:Volts) + +capacitance_new=area*epsilon/d_new; //Calculation of new capacitance of the plate (Unit:Farad) +potential_difference_new=charge/capacitance_new; //Calculation of new potential difference between plates (Unit:Volts) + +disp(potential_difference,"The potential difference developed between the plates is (Unit: volts)"); +disp(potential_difference_new,"New potential difference developed between the plates when sepration is increased (Unit: volts)"); + diff --git a/2975/CH31/EX31.21w/Ex31_21w.sce b/2975/CH31/EX31.21w/Ex31_21w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8758ac6df --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH31/EX31.21w/Ex31_21w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 31_21w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +capacitance=100*10^-6; //Capacitance of the capacitor (Unit: Coulomb) +dielectric=5; //Dielectric constant (Unit:unitless) +voltage=200; //Voltage of power supply(Unit:V) + +//Calculation +init_charge=capacitance*voltage; +new_capacitance=capacitance*dielectric; +final_charge=new_capacitance*voltage; + +change_charge=final_charge-init_charge; //Calculation of Extra charge flown through the power supply (Unit:C) +change_charge_milli=change_charge*10^3; //Changing the charge into milli coulomb (Unit:mC) +work_done=change_charge*voltage; //Calculating the work done by the supply (Unit:Joules) + +init_static_energy=0.5*capacitance*voltage^2; //Calculating the electrostatic field energy of the capacitor without the dielectric slab(Unit:Joules) +final_static_energy=0.5*new_capacitance*voltage^2; //Calculating the electrostatic field energy of the capacitor with the dielectric slab(Unit:Joules) +change_static_energy=final_static_energy-init_static_energy; //Calculating the change in the electrostatic energy of the electric field in the capacitor (Unit:Joules) + +disp(change_charge_milli,"The extra charge flown through the power supply is (Unit:mC)"); +disp(work_done,"The work done by the supply is (Unit:Joules)"); +disp(change_static_energy,"The change in the electrostatic energy of the electric field in the capacitor is (Unit:Joules)"); diff --git a/2975/CH31/EX31.2w/Ex31_2w.sce b/2975/CH31/EX31.2w/Ex31_2w.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7134fed04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2975/CH31/EX31.2w/Ex31_2w.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//developed in windows 8 operating system 64bit +//platform Scilab 5.4.1 +//example 31_2w + +clc;clear; +//Given Data + +k=9*10^9; //Value of the coulomb constant (Unit: N-m^2/C^2) +capacitance=50*10^-12; //Sphere capaciance(Unit: Farad) +potential=10^4; //Required potential difference (Unit:volt) + +//Calculation + +radius=k*capacitance; //Calculation of the radius of the sphere (Unit:m) +radius_cm=radius*100; //Changing the radius into cm (Unit:cm) +charge=capacitance*potential; //Calculation of the charge (Unit:C) +charge_micro=charge*10^6; //Changing the charge in micro coulomb (Unit : micro Coulomb) + + +disp(radius_cm,"The radius of the isolated sphere is(Unit:cm)"); +disp(charge_micro,"Charge on the sphere is (Unit:micro Coulomb)"); + diff --git a/2990/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_4.sce b/2990/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf51894bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2990/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +funcprot(0); +// Initialization of Variable +function[dms]=degtodms(deg) + d = int(deg) + md = abs(deg - d) * 60 + m = int(md) + sd = (md - m) * 60 + sd=round(sd*100)/100 + dms=[d m sd] +endfunction +LMT=21+23.0/60+05.0/3600//local chronometer time +Long=65.0+19.0/60//longitude +GST=13+15.0/60+20.0/3600; +RA=9+32.0/60+15.0/3600; +Long2=82.0+30.0/60//longitude of India +//calculation +e1=Long/15*9.8565/3600//error +SIT=RA+24-GST+e1//sidereal time interval after LMM +e2=SIT*9.8296/3600//error +MI=SIT-e2//mean interval after LMM +LMT=LMT-(Long2-Long)/15.0; +CE=MI-LMT; +CE=degtodms(CE); +disp(CE,"chronometer error in hours,min,sec respectively"); +clear() diff --git a/2993/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2993/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d22248fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc; +clear; + +//Number of bits required +bits_required = 1024 * 1024 * 1; + +//Required Storage space in Bytes +Storage_space = bits_required / 8;// 1 Byte = 8 bit + +//Required Storage space in Kilo Bytes +Storage_space = Storage_space / 1000; //1 KB = 1000 Byte + +format('v',8) +disp(Storage_space,"The storage space required for a 1024 x 1024 binary image (in KB) is ") diff --git a/2993/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2993/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94c0e1c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +clc; +clear; + +//Required storage space in Bytes +Storage_space = 1024 * 1024 * 3 ; + +//Required storage space in Kilo Bytes +Storage_space = Storage_space / 1000; //1 KB = 1000 Byte + +format('v',9) +disp(Storage_space,"The storage space required for a 1024 x 1024 24-bit colour image (in KB) is ") diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0b598f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clc; +close; + +//M(Magnification Factor) = Size of the image / Size of the Object + +M = (8.8 / 150); + +//Rounding off to 4 decimal places +M = (round(M*10000))/10000; + +//F(Focal Length) = (Distance of the object from the Imagin Sensor * Magnification Facotr)/(Magnification Factor + 1) + +F = (700 * M)/(M + 1); + +format('v',6); +disp(F,'The required focal length of the lens (in mm) = ') + diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18849a30f --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +clc; +clear; + +//The size of retinal image x : + +x = ((17 * 10)/50); + +disp(x,'The size of the retinal image (in mm) is '); diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9b485d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +clc; +close; + +Num_of_pixels_in_width = 2400; // Given width of the image in pixels +Num_of_pixels_in_height = 2400;//Given height of the image in pixels +Resolution = 300 // Scanning resoltuion in DPI + +//The Physical size of the Image +disp(string(Num_of_pixels_in_width/Resolution)+" inches x "+ string(Num_of_pixels_in_width/Resolution)+" inches","The physical size is = ") + + diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f73aa8195 --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clc; +close; + +//Given image matrix is F +F = [1 2; 5 4] + +//Given threshold value = 3 + +//Thresholded Image after applying Threshold + +for i = 1:4 + if (F(i) >= 3) then//If the pixel value is >= Threshold value,the output is 1 + F(i) = 1; + else + F(i) = 0; //If the pixel value is not >= Threshold value, the output is 0 + end +end + +disp(F,'F = ','The Threshold Image is ') + diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eac35228 --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clc; +close; + +//Given image matrix is F +F = [1 2; 5 4] + +//Threshold value(Thresh) = 3 +Thresh = [2 2; 2 1]; + +//Thresholded Image after applying Threshold + +for i = 1:4 + if (F(i)>=Thresh(i)) then //If the pixel value is >= Threshold , the output is 1 + F(i) = 1; + else + F(i) = 0; //If the pixel value is not >= Threshold , the output is 0 + end +end + +disp(F,'F = ','The Output ')//The output after thresholding + diff --git a/2993/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2993/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e74f924e --- /dev/null +++ b/2993/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +clc; +close; + +F = [1 2;3 4]; + +M = F; + +[n,n] = size(M); // Since its a square matrix m and n are same + +//U is a matrix of the order n whose all elements are 1 +U = []; +for i = 1:n + for j = 1:n + U(i,j) = 1; + end +end + +F = [(4*M) ((4*M)+(2*U)) ; ((4*M)+(3*U)) ((4*M)+(U))]; + +disp(F,"F` = ",'The constructed higher order(4x4) matrix is ') + +//Note: The constructed matrix in the book is shown as F subscript (4,4) which can't be done in scilab console hence instead of that F` is used + + + + diff --git a/3131/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/3131/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..790fad652 --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 11_3") +//At required equilibrium position, theta =45 degrees +////From virtual displacements +//From virtual - work equation +theta=45*%pi/180 +a=1 +b=-1.2*cos(theta) +c=-0.13 +d=(b^2)-(4*a*c) +e=2*a +xc1=(-b+sqrt(d))/e +xc2=(-b-sqrt(d))/e +printf('\n\n The first value of xc = %0.3f m',xc1) +printf('\n\n The second value of xc = %0.3f m \n\n',xc2) +disp("Considering the positive value only") +disp("xc = 0.981 m") +//put xc in equation 4 +Cx=(-120*cos(theta)*((1.2*cos(theta))-(2*xc1)))/(1.2*sin(theta)*xc1) +printf('\n\n Cx = %0.0f N',Cx) diff --git a/3131/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/3131/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af89051eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 11_4") +disp("It is a theory problem with symbolic answer. Please refer to the book for the derivation") diff --git a/3131/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/3131/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c2959531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 11_5") +//Using the equation for equilibrium position, +theta=asin(0) +printf('\n\n Theta = %0.0f degrees',theta) +m=10//mass in kg +W=10*9.81//weight of the mass in N +k=200//spring constant in N/m +l=0.6//m +theta1=acos(1-(W/(2*k*l)))//in radian +theta2=theta1*180/%pi +printf('\n\n Theta = %0.1f degrees',theta2) +//Stability: Determining the second derivative of V w.r.t theta at theta=0 and theta=53.8 degrees +//let a=d^2V/d(theta)^2 at theta=0 +//let b=d^2V/d(theta)^2 at theta=53.8 +a=((k*l^2)*(cos(theta)-cos(2*theta)))-(((W*l)/2)*cos(theta)) +printf('\n\n Second derivative of V w.r.t theta at theta = 0 degrees is %0.1f',a) +disp("Unstable equilibrium at theta=0 degrees") +b=((k*l^2)*(cos(theta1)-cos(2*theta1)))-(((W*l)/2)*cos(theta1)) +printf('\n\n Second derivative of V w.r.t theta at theta = 53.8 degrees is %0.1f',b) +disp("Stable equilibrium at theta=53.8 degrees") diff --git a/3131/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/3131/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcd7b654a --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 11_6") +//From the potential function analysis and te equilibrium analysis +m=69.14/10.58 +printf('\n\n m = %0.2f kg',m) +//Second derivative of V w.r.t. theta at m=6.53 kg and theta=20 degrees is: +theta=20*%pi/180 +a=(-73.6*sin(theta))-((m*9.81*-1*(-3.6*cos(theta))^2)/(2*2*(3.69-(3.6*sin(theta)))^(3/2)))-((m*9.81*-3.6*sin(theta))/(2*sqrt(3.69-(3.6*sin(theta))))) +printf('\n\n The second derivative of V w.r.t. theta at m=6.53 kg and theta=20 degrees is -%0.1f',a) +disp("Unstable equilibrium at theta = 20 degress") diff --git a/3131/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce b/3131/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..565f879e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 11_7") +disp("This is a theory question. Please refer to the Book for the derivation") diff --git a/3131/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce b/3131/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87d9e8c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 18_1") +//Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body: Work and Energy +mb=6//mass of the block,kg +md=10//mass of the disc,kg +m=12//mass of the cylinder,kg +rc=0.1//m +vb=0.8//m/s +rd=0.1//m +wd=vb/rd +printf('\n\n wd = %0.0f rad/s',wd) +re=0.2//m +ve=0.8//m/s +wc=ve/re +printf('\n\n wc = %0.0f rad/s',wc) +rg=0.1//m +vg=rg*wc +printf('\n\n vg = %0.1f m/s',vg) +//For the block +Tb=0.5*mb*vb^2 +printf('\n\n Tb = %0.2f J',Tb) +//For the disk +Td=0.5*0.5*md*rd^2*wd^2 +printf('\n\n Td = %0.2f J',Td) +//For the Cylinder +Tc=(0.5*m*vg^2)+(0.5*0.5*m*rc^2*wc^2) +printf('\n\n Tc = %0.2f J\n',Tc) +//Total Energy of the knectic system, +T=Tb+Td+Tc +disp("Total Energy of the knectic system,") +printf('\n T = %0.2f J',T) diff --git a/3131/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce b/3131/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9709f5416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3131/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear all; clc; +disp("Ex 18_2") +m=10//kg +w=m*9.81//converting mass to weight +x=1.5//displacement +Uw=w*x +printf('\n\n Uw = %0.1f J',Uw) +//Couple moment M +M=50//moment in Nm +theta=%pi/2 +Um=M*theta +printf('\n\n Um = %0.1f J',Um) +//at theta=0, spring is stretched by 0.25m and when theta=90, spring is stretched by 2.25m +k=30//spring constant in N/m +a=0.25//at theta=0, spring deflection in m +b=2.25//at theta=90, spring deflection in m +Us=-((0.5*k*b^2)-(0.5*k*a^2)) +printf('\n\n Us = %0.1f J',Us) +//Force P +P=80//N +y=%pi*3/2//displacement in m +Up=P*y +printf('\n\n Up = %0.1f J\n\',Up) +//Total work of all the forces, +U=Uw+Um+Us+Up +disp("Total work of all the forces,") +printf('\n U = %0.0f J',U) diff --git a/3293/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3293/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dde9540b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//page 18 +//Example 1.11 +clear; +close; +clc; +disp('I = m * m identity matrix'); +disp('A = m * n matrix'); +disp('I*A = A','Then,'); +disp('A * I = A'); +disp('0(k,m) = k * m zero matrix'); +disp('0(k,m) = 0(k,m) * A','Then,'); +disp('And, A*0(k,m) = 0(k,m)'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3293/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d5376b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//page 20 +//Example 1.13 +clear; +close; +clc; +disp('A 2*2 elementary matrix is one of the following:'); +A = [0 1;1 0]; +disp(A); +disp('---------------------'); +disp('1 c'); +disp('0 1'); +disp('---------------------'); +disp('1 0'); +disp('c 1'); +disp('---------------------'); +disp('c 0'); +disp('0 1'); +disp('where, c is not equal to 0'); +disp('---------------------'); +disp('1 0'); +disp('0 c'); +disp('where, c is not equal to 0'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3293/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..366bb7901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//page 29 +//Example 2.1 +clear; +clc; +close; +disp('a and b are n-tuples scalars as:') +disp('a = (x1,x2,x3,..,xn)'); +disp('b = (y1,y2,y3,..,yn)'); +disp('Then a+b = (x1+y1, x2+y2, x3+y3,.., xn+yn)'); +disp('And a*b = (x1*y1, x2*y2, x3*y3,..,xn*yn)'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3293/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..002acfa84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//page 53 +//Example 2.19 +clear; +clc; +close; +disp('P = '); +disp('cos(thetha) -sin(thetha)'); +disp('sin(thetha) cos(thetha)'); +disp('Inverse(P) = '); +disp('cos(thetha) sin(thetha)'); +disp('-sin(thetha) cos(thetha)'); +disp('where, thetha is some real number'); +disp('The basis for R^2 (B'') is the set consisting of vectors (cos(thetha) , sin(thetha)) and (-sin(thetha) , cos(thetha))'); +disp('This basis may be obtained by rotating the standard basis by angle thetha'); +disp('a = [x1 x2]'); +disp('[a]B'' = '); +disp('|cos(thetha) sin(thetha)| * |x1|'); +disp('|-sin(thetha) cos(thetha)| |x2|'); +disp('or'); +disp('x1'' = x1*cos(thetha) + x2*sin(thetha)'); +disp('x2'' = -x1*sin(thetha) + x2*cos(thetha)'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3293/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..776d79fcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//page 29 +//Example 2.2 +clear; +clc; +close; +disp('A and B are two m*n matrices where m,n > 0'); +disp('Sum of A and B: (A+B)(i,j) = A(i,j) + B(i,j)'); +disp('where i and j are index values'); +disp('Product of a scalar c and matrix A: (c*A)(i,j) = c*A(i,j)'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3293/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b663f3b2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//page 36 +//Example 2.7 +clear; +clc; +close; +disp('A = m*n matrix over field F'); +disp('X and Y are n*1 matrices over F'); +disp('A*X = 0, A*Y = 0'); +disp('c is a scalar') +disp('So, A(cX+Y) = c*A*X + A*Y = 0'); +disp('Hence, the set of all n*1 column matrices is the subspace of space of all n*1 matrices over F'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3293/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebb7e2a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//page 38 +//Example 2.9 +clear; +clc; +close; +disp('W1 = '); +disp('x y'); +disp('z 0'); +disp('where, x,y,z are scalars in F'); +disp('W2 = '); +disp('x 0'); +disp('0 y'); +disp('where, x,y are scalars in F'); +disp('Now, V = W1 + W2'); +disp('This is because,'); +disp('a b'); +disp('c d = '); +disp('a b + 0 0'); +disp('c 0 0 d'); +disp('And, W1 (intersect) W2) = '); +disp('x 0'); +disp('0 0'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3293/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01bf2dece --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//page 67 +//Example 3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('If V is a vector space, the identity transformation I defined by I*alpha = alpha is a linear transformation from V into V.'); +disp('The zero transformation defined by 0*alpha = 0 is a linear transformation from V into V.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3293/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f81f0b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//page 98 +//Example 3.20 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('Let V be the space of all polynomial functions from F into itself and t be any element of F.'); +disp('If, Lt(p) = p(t), then Lt is a linear functional on V.'); +disp('That is, for each t, evaluation at t is a linear functional on the space of polynomial functions.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3293/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..170e8bbb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//page 68 +//Example 3.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('A is an m * n matrix defined in field F'); +disp('Linear transformation function from F^(n*1) into F^(m*1) is given as:'); +disp('T(X) = AX'); +disp('Linear transformation function from F^m into F^n is given as:'); +disp('U(a) = aA'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3293/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf5782b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//page 117 +//Example 4.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('The set of n*n matrices over a field is a linear algebra with identity.'); +disp('This algebra is not commutative if n >= 2.'); +disp('And the field which is an algebra with identity is commutative.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3293/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19bf9e11c --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//page 199 +//Example 6.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('F is a field with D as differentiation operator on the space F[x].'); +disp('n is an integer as n>0.'); +disp('W is space of polynomialswith degree <= n.'); +disp('so, W is invariant undet D.'); +disp('And, D is degree decreasing.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3293/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1db354789 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//page 199 +//Example 6.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('T is the linear operator on R^2 represented in standard order basis by matrix:'); +A = [0 -1;1 0]; +disp(A,'A = '); +disp('Then invariant subspaces of R^2 under T are R^2 and zero subspace'); +disp('If W is invariant subspace spanned by non zero vector ''a'' means ''a'' is characteristic vector'); +disp('But, A has no characteristic values'); +disp('When W is invariant under T, T induces a linear operator Tw on W that is defined by'); +disp('Tw(a) = T(a)'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3293/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..496491be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//page 227 +//Example 7.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('T is a linear operator on F^2 represented by the matrix:'); +A = [0 0;1 0]; +disp(A,'A = '); +disp('e1 is a cyclic vector.'); +disp('if beta = (a,b)'); +disp('then with , g = a+ bx'); +disp('beta = g(T)e1'); +disp('Cyclic subspace generated by e2 is 1-D space spanned by it.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3293/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d64ddac13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//page 239 +//Example 7.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('Any 2*2 matrix over Field F is similar over F to exactly one matrix of the types:'); +disp('c 0'); +disp('0 c'); +disp('or'); +disp('0 -c0'); +disp('1 -c1'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3293/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92cc1b026 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//page 247 +//Example 7.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('T is the linear operator on C^2'); +disp('Characteristic polynomial for T is:'); +disp('(x - c1)(x - c2)'); +disp('c1 and c2 are distinct complex numbers.'); +disp('Then, T is diagonalizable and is represented in ordered basis by:'); +disp('c1 0'); +disp(' 0 c2'); +disp('or the characteristic polynomial for T is:'); +disp('(x - c)^2'); +disp('Then, minimal polynomial will be:'); +disp('(x - c)'); +disp('And, T is represented in ordered basis by:'); +disp('c 0'); +disp('1 c'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce b/3293/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9cd79f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//page 301 +//Example 8.23 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('Linear transformation from V into W i.e. T is:'); +disp('T(x1,x2,x3) = '); +disp('0 -x3 x2'); +disp('x3 0 -x1'); +disp('-x2 x1 0'); +disp('Then, T maps V onto W'); +disp('And, putting:'); +disp('A = '); +disp('0 -x3 x2'); +disp('x3 0 -x1'); +disp('-x2 x1 0'); +disp('B = '); +disp('0 -y3 y2'); +disp('y3 0 -y1'); +disp('-y2 y1 0'); +disp('we get,'); +disp('tr(AB'') = x3*y3 + x2*y2 + x1*y1 + x3*y3 + x2*y2 + x1*y1'); +disp('tr(AB'') = 2*(x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3)'); +disp('Thus, (a|b) = (Ta|Tb)'); +disp('T is vector space isomorphism'); +disp('T contains the standard and orthonormal basis consisting of matrices A1,A2,A3'); +A1 = [0 0 0;0 0 -1;0 1 0]; +A2 = [0 0 1;0 0 0;-1 0 0]; +A3 = [0 -1 0;1 0 0;0 0 0]; +disp(A1,'A1 = '); +disp(A2,'A2 = '); +disp(A3,'A3 = '); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce b/3293/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a91dc1932 --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//page 304 +//Example 8.27 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('Unitary and orthogonal matrices'); +//part a +disp('A = '); +disp('[c]'); +disp('A is orthogonal if c = +1 or -1'); +disp('A is unitary if absolute value of c is 1, i.e. |c| = 1'); +disp('-------------------------------------------------'); +//part b +disp('A = '); +disp('a b'); +disp('c d'); +disp('A is orthogonal if, '); +disp('A'' = inv(A)'); +disp('inv(A) = 1/(ad - bc) * X'); +disp('where X = '); +disp(' d -b'); +disp('-c a'); +disp('Determinant of orthogonal matrices is +1 or -1'); +disp('So A is orthogonal if,'); +disp(' a b'); +disp('-b a'); +disp('or'); +disp('a b'); +disp('b -a'); +disp('where, a^2 + b^2 = 1'); +//part d +disp('A is unitary if,'); +disp('A'' = inv(A)'); +disp('inv(A) = 1/(ad - bc) * X'); +disp('where X = '); +disp(' d -b'); +disp('-c a'); +disp('Determinant of unitary matrices is +1 or -1'); +disp('So, A is unitary if,'); +disp('A = '); +disp('a b'); +disp('-(e^i*x)*b_bar (e^i*x)*a_bar'); +disp('A = '); +disp('1 0 * a b'); +disp('0 e^(i*x) -b_bar a_bar'); +disp('where x ia real number, and a,b are complex nos.'); +disp('|a|^2 + |b|^2 = 1'); +disp('-----------------------------------'); +//part c +disp('A = '); +disp('cos(thetha) -sin(thetha)'); +disp('sin(thetha) cos(thetha)'); +disp('A is orthogonal.'); +disp('If thetha is real, then A is unitary.'); +//end diff --git a/3293/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3293/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6191d582d --- /dev/null +++ b/3293/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//page 352 +//Example 9.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +disp('A = '); +disp('r * |cos(thetha) -sin(thetha)|'); +disp(' |sin(thetha cos(thetha)|'); +disp('Characteristic polynomial for T:'); +disp('p = det(xI - A)'); +disp('p = x - 2*r*cos(thetha*x) + r^2 '); +disp('if, a = r*cos(thetha)'); +disp('b = r*sin(thetha)'); +disp('c = a + ib, b is not equal to 0'); +disp('Then, A = '); +disp('a -b'); +disp('b a'); +disp('p = (x-c)(x-c'')'); +disp('So, p is reducible over R and it is the minimal polynomial'); +//end diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35a68a85b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1.1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the location of screen from slits +d=0.08 //units in cm +d=d*10^-2 //units in mts +betaa=6*10^-4 //units in mts +v=8*10^11 //units in kHz +c=3*10^8 //units in mts +lamda=c/(v*10^3) //units in mts +d=(betaa*d)/lamda //units in mts +printf("The distance of the screen from the slits is %.2fmts",d) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..877edc1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The distance of the screen from the slits is 1.28mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea62936bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1.10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the diameter of the 20th dark ring +D4=0.4 //units in cm +D12=0.7 //units in cm +//As we have (D20^2-D4^2)/(D12^2-D4^2)=(4*16)/(4*8) +ans=(4*16)/(4*8) +D20_2=(ans*((D12)^2-(D4)^2))+(D4)^2 //units in cm^2 +D20=sqrt(D20_2) //units in cm +printf("Diameter of the 20th dark ring is %.3fcm",D20) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..935d8934e --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Diameter of the 20th dark ring is 0.906cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5e2eaadf --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.11 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate refractive Index of liquid + d10=1.40 + d_10=1.27 + u=(d10/d_10)^2 + printf("The refractive index of liquid is %.3f",u) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e40fa8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of liquid is 1.215 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27043d537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.12 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of the light used +Dnp=0.8 //units in cm +Dn=0.3 //units in cm +n1=25 +n2=5 +p=n1-n2 +R=100 //units in cm +lamda=(Dnp^2-Dn^2)/(4*p*R) //units in cm +printf("The wavelength of light used is %.8fcm",lamda) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 4.87*10^-5cm +//correct Answer is 6.875*10^-5cm diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..077d048d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of light used is 0.00006875cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20c9c6298 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength +//First case to calculte the wavelengths of the light source to obtain fringes 0.46*10^-2 mts +lamda1=4200 //units in armstrongs +lamda1=lamda1*10^-10 //units in mts +betaa=0.64*10^-2 //units in mts +D_d=betaa/lamda1 //units in mts +//Second caseDistance between slits and screen is reduced to half +beeta1=0.46*10^-2 //units in mts +lamdaD_d=beeta1*2 //units in mts +lamda=(lamda1*lamdaD_d)/betaa //units in mts +lamda=lamda*10^10 //units in armstrongs +printf("The wavelength of the Light source is %.1fArmstrongs",lamda) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924cad728 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the Light source is 6037.5Armstrongs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e529224 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 1.3 +clc(); +clear; +//To compare the intensity at a point distance 1mm from the center to that at its center and to find minimum dist from center of point +//Path difference=(Y*d)/D +y=1 //units in mm +y=y*10^-3 //units in mts +D=1 //units in mts +d=1 //units in mm +d=d*10^-3 //units in mts +pathdifference=(y*d)/D //units in mts +lamda=5893 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in mts +phasedifference=(2*pathdifference)/lamda //units in pi radiand +ratioofintensity=(cos((phasedifference/2)*%pi))^2 //units in +printf("The ratio of intensity with central maximum is %.4f\n",ratioofintensity) +pathdifference=lamda/4 +distance=(pathdifference*D)/d //units in mts +printf("The Distance of the point on the screen from center is %fmts",distance) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5c604aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The ratio of intensity with central maximum is 0.3363 +The Distance of the point on the screen from center is 0.000147mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..407667f07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate thickness of plate +//t=(n*lamda)/(u-u1) +n=5 +u=1.7 +u1=1.4 +lamda=4800 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in mts +t=(n*lamda)/(u-u1) //units in mts +printf("Thickness of glass plate is %.6fmts",t) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 8*10^-8 mts +//the correct answer is 8*10^-6 mts diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1659250bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of glass plate is 0.000008mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c211b994b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1.5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the refractive index of coil +volume=0.2 //units in CC +thickness=volume/(100*100) //units in cm +n=1 +lamda=5.5*10^-5 //units in cm +r=0 +u=(n*lamda)/(2*thickness*cos(r)) +printf("Refractive index of oil is %.3f",u) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae748b0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Refractive index of oil is 1.375 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99f489e0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 1.6 +clc(); +clear; +//Calculate the wavelengths of light in visible spectrum +i=35 //units in degrees +u=1.33 +d=5*10^-5 //units in cm +r=asin(sin(i*%pi/180)/u) //units in radians +r=r*180/%pi //units in degrees +//For n=1 +n=1 +lamda1=(2*u*d*cos(r*%pi/180))/n //units in cm +printf("For n=1 lamda=%.6fcm which lies in infrared region",lamda1) +//For n=2 +n=2 +lamda2=(2*u*d*cos(r*%pi/180))/n //units in cm +printf("\nFor n=2 lamda=%.6fcm which lies in visible region",lamda2) +//For n=3 +n=3 +lamda3=(2*u*d*cos(r*%pi/180))/n //units in cm +printf("\nFor n=3 lamda=%.6fcm which lies in visible region",lamda3) +//For n=4 +n=4 +lamda4=(2*u*d*cos(r*%pi/180))/n //units in cm +printf("\nFor n=4 lamda=%.6fcm which lies in ultraviolet region",lamda4) +printf("\nHence absent wavelengths in reflected region are %.6fcm and %.6fcm",lamda2,lamda3) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfebdc2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +For n=1 lamda=0.000120cm which lies in infrared region +For n=2 lamda=0.000060cm which lies in visible region +For n=3 lamda=0.000040cm which lies in visible region +For n=4 lamda=0.000030cm which lies in ultraviolet region +Hence absent wavelengths in reflected region are 0.000060cm and 0.000040cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1359ac720 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example1.7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fring width +//betaa=(lamda)/(2*alpha) +lamda=6000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-8 //units in cm +diameter=0.05 //units in mm +distance=15 //units in cm +alpha=(diameter/distance)*10^-1 //units in radians +betaa=lamda/(2*alpha) //units in cm +printf("The fringe width is %.2fcm",betaa) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3303a42dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fringe width is 0.09cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db76f95e --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the distance from the edge of wedge +alpha=0.01 //units in radians +n=10 +lamda=6000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in mts +x=((2*n-1)*lamda)/(4*alpha) //units in mts +printf("Distance from the edge of the wedge is %.6fmts",x) diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d7cad977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Distance from the edge of the wedge is 0.000285mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ff832115 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate diameter of the fifth bright ring +n=5 +lamda=5460 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-6 //units in cm +f=400 //units in cm +u=1.5 +R=(u-1)*2*f //units in cm +diameter=sqrt(2*(2*n-1)*lamda*R) +printf("Diameter of the 5th bright ring is %.4fcm",diameter) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 0.627cm +//The correct answer is 6.269 cms diff --git a/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt b/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..399401da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Diameter of the 5th bright ring is 6.2699cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66de16a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the no of lines in one cm of grating surface +k=2 +lamda=5*10^-5 //units in cm +theta=30 //units in degrees +//We have nooflines=1/e=(k*lamda)/sin(theta) +nooflines=sin(theta*%pi/180)/(k*lamda) //units in cm +printf("No of lines per centimeter is %.f",nooflines) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 10^3 +//The correct answer is 5*10^3 diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbac21c2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +No of lines per centimeter is 5000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5aa8d241 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2_2 +clc(); +clear; +//Find the difference in angles of deviation in first and third order spectra +lamda=5000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-8 //units in cm +e=1/6000 +//For first order e*sin(theta1)=1*lamda +theta1=asin(lamda/e) //units in radians +theta1=theta1*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("For First order spectra theta1=%.1f degrees",theta1) +//For third order e*sin(theta3)=3*lamda +theta3=asin(3*lamda/e) //units in radians +theta3=theta3*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("\nFor Third order spectra theta3=%.1f degrees",theta3) +diffe=theta3-theta1 //units in degrees +printf("\nDifference in Angles of deviation in first and third order spectra is theta3-theta1=%.2fdegrees",diffe) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17c20f890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +For First order spectra theta1=17.5 degrees +For Third order spectra theta3=64.2 degrees +Difference in Angles of deviation in first and third order spectra is theta3-theta1=46.70degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f4692a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate minimum no of lines per centimeter +lamda1=5890 //units in armstrongs +lamda2=5896 //units in armstrongs +dlamda=lamda2-lamda1 //units in armstrongs +k=2 +n=lamda1/(k*dlamda) +width=2.5 //units in cm +nooflines=n/width +printf("No of lines per cm=%.1f",nooflines) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd0a73a06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +No of lines per cm=196.3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87d998788 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To examine two spectral lines are clearly resolved in first order and second order +n=425 +tno=2*n +lamda1=5890 //units in armstrongs +lamda2=5896 //units in armstrongs +dlamda=lamda2-lamda1 +//For first order +n=lamda1/dlamda +printf("As total no of lines required for resolution in first order is %.f and total no of lines in grating is %d the lines will not be resolved in first order",n,tno) +//For second order +n=lamda1/(2*dlamda) +printf("\nAs total no of lines required for resolution in first order is %.f and total no of lines in grating is %d the lines will be resolved in second order",n,tno) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e641bf8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +tal no of lines in grating is 850 the lines will not be resolved in first order + +As total no of lines required for resolution in first order is 491 and total no of lines in grating is 850 the lines will be resolved in second order \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8dc2231f --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angle of separation +lamda1=5016 //units in armstrongs +lamda2=5048 //units in armstrongs +lamda1=lamda1*10^-8 //units in cm +lamda2=lamda2*10^-8 //units in cm +k=2 +n=15000 +e=2.54/n //units in cm +theta1=asin((2*lamda1)/e)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +theta2=asin((2*lamda2)/e)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +diffe=theta2-theta1 //units in degrees +diffe=diffe*60 //units in minutes +printf("Angle of separation is %.f minutes",diffe) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2e06621 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Angle of separation is 16 minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6efa919fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To Calculate the dispersive power of the grating +n=4000 +e=1/n //units in cm +k=3 +lamda=5000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-8 //units in cm +theta=asin((k*lamda)/e)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +costheta=cos(theta*%pi/180) +disppower=(k*n)/costheta +printf("The dispersive power of the grating is %.f",disppower) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..350068631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The dispersive power of the grating is 15000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4eaecf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To Calculate highest power of spectrum seen with mono chromaic light +lamda=6000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-8 //units in cm +n=5000 +e=1/n //units in cm +k=e/lamda +printf("The highest order spectrum Seen with monochromatic light is %.2f",k) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff375f9f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +spectrum Seen with monochromatic light is 3.33 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8549f9f24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength +k=2 +theta1=10 //units in degrees +dtheta=3 //units in degrees +dlamda=5*10^-9 //units in cm +lamda=(sin((theta1*%pi)/180)*dlamda*60*60)/(cos((theta1*%pi)/180)*dtheta*(%pi/180)) //units in cm +printf("Wavelength of the lines is %.7f cms",lamda) +lamda_dlamda=lamda+dlamda //units in cm +N=6063 +Ne=(N*k*lamda)/sin((theta1*%pi)/180) //units in cm +printf("\nMinimum grating width required is %.1fcm",Ne) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..111c32342 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Wavelength of the lines is 0.0000606 cms +Minimum grating width required is 4.2cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f6449a63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate resolving power in second order +//We have e*sin(theta)=k*lamda +//We have e*0.2=k*lamda ->1 +//And e*0.3=(k+1)*lamda ->2 +//Subtracting one and two 3*0.1=lamda +lamda=5000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-8 //units in cm +e=lamda/0.1 //units in cm +width=2.5 //units in cm +N=width/e +respower=2*N +printf("Resolving power is %.f",respower) diff --git a/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69b6b527e --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Resolving power is 10000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d3ddf13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the polarising angle +u=1.5 +ip=atan(u)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +printf("The Polarising angle is %.2fdegrees or 56degrees.18minutes",ip) +//in text book the answer is printed wrong as 56degrees.18minutes +//the correct answer is 56.31degrees or 56 degrees 18minutes diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92ca6d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Polarising angle is 56.31degrees or 56degrees.18minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8220c1a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of quarter wave plate +lamda=6000 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in mts +n0=1.554 +ne=1.544 +d=(lamda)/(4*(n0-ne)) //units in mts +printf("Thickness of quarter wave plate is %.6fmts",d) diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..439db4610 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of quarter wave plate is 0.000015mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..627f8ab5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength +d=12.5 //units in microns +d=d*10^-6 //units in mts +u0_ue=0.01 +lamda=4*d*u0_ue +printf("The wavelength is %.7fmts",lamda) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 4*10^-7mts +//The correct answer is 5*10^-7 mts diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81865944e --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength is 0.0000005mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b6fad64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of the plate +lamda=5.5*10^-5 //units in cm +u0=1.553 +ue=1.542 +d=lamda/(2*(u0-ue)) //units in cm +d=d*10^-2 //units in mts +printf("The thickness of the plate is %.7fmts",d) diff --git a/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df9d84ac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness of the plate is 0.0000250mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39caac475 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 5_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the miller indices of the plane +//Given Intercepts are 2a,-3b,6c +a=1 +b=1 +c=1 +intercepts1=2*a +intercepts2=-3*b +intercepts3=6*c +unitcell1=intercepts1/a +unitcell2=intercepts2/b +unitcell3=intercepts3/c +resiprocal1=1/unitcell1 +resiprocal2=1/unitcell2 +resiprocal3=1/unitcell3 +lcms=int32([unitcell1 unitcell2 unitcell3]); +v=lcm(lcms) +lcm1=3 +lcm2=-2 +lcm3=1 +printf("Co-ordinates of A,B,C are (%.2f,0,0),(0,%.1f,0)(0,0,%d)",1/lcm1,1/lcm2,lcm3) +printf("\n Miller indices of the plane are(%d,%d,%d)",lcm1,lcm2,lcm3) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16a9fc74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Co-ordinates of A,B,C are (0.33,0,0),(0,-0.5,0)(0,0,1) + Miller indices of the plane are(3,-2,1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..870847749 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the lattice constant +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks Constant +m=1.804*10^-27 +KB=1.38*10^-23 +T=300 +lamda=h/sqrt(3*m*KB*T) //units in mts +n=2 +a=(sqrt(3)*lamda)/2 //units in mts +printf("Lattice constant a="); +disp(a); +printf("mts") diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc254f563 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Lattice constant a= + 1.213D-10 +mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56c13965 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the unitcell and its dimensions +lamda=71 //units in pm +a=lamda/(2*sqrt(0.0111)) //units in pm +printf("The unitcell and its dimensions are %dpm",a) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e90c7e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The unitcell and its dimensions are 336pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04af73bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the lattice constant +lamda=0.154 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +theta=20 //units in degrees +a=(lamda/2)*(sqrt(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)/sin(theta*(%pi/180))^2)) //units in nm +printf("Lattice constant a=%.3fnm \n And the element is tungsten Since Tungsten has lattice constant of %.3fnm and crystallizes in bcc structure",a,a) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe820550 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Lattice constant a=0.268nm + And the element is tungsten Since Tungsten has lattice constant of 0.268nm and crystallizes in bcc structure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..616fd5eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the lattice parameter of the material +lamda=0.07107 //units in nm +theta=29.71 //units in degrees +d400=lamda/(2*sin(theta*(%pi/180))) //units in nm +hkl=16 +a=d400*sqrt(hkl) //units in nm +printf("Lattice parameter of the material a=%.4fnm",a) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4de14b667 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Lattice parameter of the material a=0.2868nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b212eaeee --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the effective temprature of neutrons +a=0.352 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +theta=28.5 //units in degrees +lamda=2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)) //units in nm +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks Constant +m=1.67*10^-27 +KB=1.38*10^-23 +lamda=lamda*10^-9 //units in mts +T=h^2/(3*m*KB*lamda^2) +printf("The effective temprature of neutrons is T=%dK",T) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e9f3632f --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The effective temprature of neutrons is T=169K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f7ee853 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 5_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Braggs angle +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks Constant +m=9.1*10^-31 +e=1.6*10^-19 +v=80 +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*v) //units in mts +lamda=lamda*10^9 //units in nm +a=0.35 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d111=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm //units in nm +theta=asin(lamda/(2*d111)) //units in radians +theta=theta*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Braggs angle is theta=%.2fDegrees or 19Degrees40Minutes",theta) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61f0ff7a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Braggs angle is theta=19.87Degrees or 19Degrees40Minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52f671b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 5_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the difference between the samples +d=0.2552 +a=d*sqrt(2) +lamda=0.152 //units in nm +theta=21 //units in degrees +//For sample A +d111=lamda/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=d111*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +printf("For sample A a=%.4f nm",a) +//For sample B +theta=21.38 +d111=lamda/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=d111*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +printf("\nFor sample B a=%.4f nm",a) +printf("\n Sample B is pure high purity copper as lattice parameter of A is 1.75percent greater than that of pure copper") diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47695e7f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + For sample A a=0.3673 nm +For sample B a=0.3611 nm + Sample B is pure high purity copper as lattice parameter of A is 1.75percent greater than that of pure copper \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eea0a453 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the lattice parameter and atomic diameter +lamda=0.171 //units in nm +theta=30 //units in degrees +d110=lamda/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +a=d110*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +printf("The lattice parameter is a=%.3fnm",a) +//Assuming the metal is FCC +a1=0.171*sqrt(3) //units in nm +a2=0.148*sqrt(4) //units in nm +ad=a1/sqrt(2) //units in nm +printf("\n Atomic diameter is %.4fnm",ad) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7415e7b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The lattice parameter is a=0.242nm + Atomic diameter is 0.2094nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e32f24a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_18 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the planes which gives reflection +lamda=0.154 //units in nm +theta=90 //units in degrees as sin(theta) is maximum at 90 degrees +d=lamda/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in nm +D=0.228 //units in nm +hkl=(2*D)/(d*sqrt(3)) +hkl2=hkl^2 +printf("As h^2+k^2+l^2=%.2f \n The highest possible values of (h,k,l) are (2,2,2) Hence (2,2,2) planes give reflection",hkl2) +//Given in text book h^2+k^2+l^2=13.98 but the answer is h^2+k^2+l^2=11.69 diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9df8c5c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +As h^2+k^2+l^2=11.69 + The highest possible values of (h,k,l) are (2,2,2) Hence (2,2,2) planes give reflection \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..333fed038 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 5_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the miller indices of the plane +//Given Intercepts are Infinity,OY,OZ +intercepts1="Infinity" +intercepts2="OY" +intercepts3="OZ" +unitcell1="Infinity" +unitcell2=1 +unitcell3=(2/3) +resiprocal1=0 +resiprocal2=1/unitcell2 +resiprocal3=1/unitcell3 +lcms=int32([unitcell2 unitcell3]); +v=lcm(lcms) +lcm1=0 +lcm2=2 +lcm3=3 +printf("Co-ordinates of A,B,C are (Infinity,0,0),(0,%d,0)(0,0,%f)",unitcell2,unitcell3) +printf("\n Miller indices of the plane are(%d,%d,%d)",lcm1,lcm2,lcm3) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a84d4830b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Co-ordinates of A,B,C are (Infinity,0,0),(0,1,0)(0,0,0.666667) + Miller indices of the plane are(0,2,3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..110d7a526 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the intercepts along the Y and Z axes +a=0.121 //units in nm +b=0.184 //units in nm +c=0.197 //units in nm +//Given miller indices are (2,3,1) +OA_OB=3/2 +OA_OC=1/2 +OB=(2/3)*b //units in nm +OC=2*c //units in nm +printf("The Intercepts along the Y and Z axes are OB=%.3fnm and OC=%.3fnm",OB,OC) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b57ad054b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Intercepts along the Y and Z axes are OB=0.123nm and OC=0.394nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1229c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the inter planar distance +a=0.82 //units in nm +b=0.94 //units in nm +c=0.75 //units in nm +h=1 +k=2 +l=3 +d=1/sqrt((((h/a)^2)+((k/b)^2)+((l/c)^2))) //units in nm +printf("The Distance between (1,2,3) planes and (2,4,6) planes is d123=%.2fnm and d246=%.2fnm",d,d/2) +//In textbook the answer is printed wrong as d123=0.11nm and d246=0.055nm but the correct answers are d123=0.21nm and d246=0.11nm diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9330488d --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Distance between (1,2,3) planes and (2,4,6) planes is d123=0.21nm and d246=0.11nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dbc4f144 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes of the crystal +theta=28 //units in degrees +lamda=0.12 //units in nm +n=2 +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*(%pi/180))) +printf("The interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes of the crystal is d=%.2fnm",d) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f4a5b73a --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes of the crystal is d=0.26nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9df6c1ac3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the interplanar spacing and wavelength +n1=1 +theta1=23 //units in degrees +n2=3 +theta2=60 //units in degrees +lamda1=97 //units in pm +lamda2=(n2*lamda1*sin(theta1*(%pi/180)))/(sin(theta2*(%pi/180))) //units in pm +d=(n2*lamda1)/(2*sin(theta2*(%pi/180))) //units in pm +printf("Wavelength lamda=%dpm \n Interplanar spacing d=%dpm",lamda2,d) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3b42fa92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Wavelength lamda=131pm + Interplanar spacing d=168pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d40ad9d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 5_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength whenthese planes give rise to maximum density in reflection +d=275 //units in pm +theta=45 //units in degrees +//For n=1 +n=1 +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)))/n //units in pm +printf("Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=%.1fpm\n",lamda) +//For n=2 +n=2 +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)))/n //units in pm +printf("Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=%.1fpm\n",lamda) +//For n=3 +n=3 +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)))/n //units in pm +printf("Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=%.1fpm\n",lamda) +//For n=4 +n=4 +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)))/n //units in pm +printf("Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=%.1fpm\n",lamda) +//For n=5 +n=5 +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)))/n //units in pm +printf("Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=%.1fpm\n",lamda) +printf("For n=1,2,3 and >5 lamda lies beyond the range of wavelengths of polychromatic source") diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeb828b53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=388.9pm +Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=194.5pm +Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=129.6pm +Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=97.2pm +Wavelength for n=1 is lamda=77.8pm +For n=1,2,3 and >5 lamda lies beyond the range of wavelengths of polychromatic source \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c61b8da --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Bragg angle and the wavelength of X-rays +//Given plane indices are (1,1,1) +theta=87 //units in degrees +theta=theta/2 //units in degrees +a=0.2 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +lamda=2*d*sin(theta*(%pi/180)) //units in nm +printf("Bragg angle theta=%.1fdegrees \n wavelength lamda=%.3fnm",theta,lamda) diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..529d164f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Bragg angle theta=43.5degrees + wavelength lamda=0.159nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3f7f1e03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the interplanar spacing +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks Constant +m=9.1*10^-31 +e=1.6*10^-19 +v=844 +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*v) //units in mts +n=1 +theta=58 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*(%pi/180))) //units in mts +printf("The interplanar spacing d=") +disp(d) +printf("mts") diff --git a/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt b/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05ff349b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + The interplanar spacing d= + 2.493D-11 +mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2020c25ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Electric field of a laser beam +i=10^-3/(3*10^-6) //units in W/mts^2 +c=3*10^8 //units in mts/sec +u=4*10^-7 //units in SI +n=1 +E0=sqrt((i*2*c*u)/n) //units in V/mts +printf("The electric field is E0=%.2f V/m",E0) +//In text book answer is given E0=501 V/m but the correct answer is E0=282.84 V/m diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..317424c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The electric field is E0=282.84 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e1c84460 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Electric field of a bulb +w=10 //units in W +i=(100*w)/(4*%pi*10^2) //Units in W/mts^2 +c=3*10^8 //units in mts/sec +u=4*10^-7 //units in SI +n=1 +E0=sqrt((i*2*c*u)/n) //units in V/mts +printf("The electric field of the bulb is E0=%.2f V/mts",E0) +//In text book answer is given E0=2.4 V/m but the correct answer is E0=13.82 V/m diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60f8fecc --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The electric field of the bulb is E0=13.82 V/mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d6cfdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the electric field intensity a a point +r=6*10^-6 //units in mts +i=(1*10^-3)/(%pi*r^2) //units in W/met^2 +c=3*10^8 //units in mts/sec +u=4*10^-7 //units in SI +n=1 +E=sqrt((i*2*c*u)/n) //units in V/mts +printf("The electric field intensity a a point is given by E=%.2f V/mts",E) +//In text book answer is given E=8.1*10^4 V/m but the correct answer is E=46065.89 V/m diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff02857d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The electric field intensity a a point is given by E=46065.89 V/mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa9672c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the ratio of populations of two energy levels +h=6.63*10^-34 +c=3*10^8 +lamda=694.3*10^-9 +kb=1.38*10^-23 +T=300 +n1_n2=exp((h*c)/(lamda*kb*T)) +printf("The ratio of Populations of two energy levels is N1/N2=") +disp(n1_n2); diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf6e975fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The ratio of Populations of two energy levels is N1/N2= + 1.127D+30 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..703bd9110 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of the radiation emitted +h=6.63*10^-34 +c=3*10^8 +kb=1.38*10^-23 +T=300 +lamda=(h*c)/(kb*T) //units in microns +lamda=lamda*10^6 //units in micro meters +printf("The wavelength of the radiation emmitted is lamda=%.2f um",lamda) diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b2f6aadb --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the radiation emmitted is lamda=48.04 um \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c45f500f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 6_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the ratio of stimulated emission to Spontaneous emission +h=6.63*10^-34 +c=3*10^8 +lamda=694.3*10^-9 +kb=1.38*10^-23 +T=300 +constant=(h*c)/(lamda*kb*T) +R=1/(exp(constant)-1) +printf("The ratio of stimulated emission to Spontaneous emission is R=") +disp(R) +//In text book answer is given R=4.98*10^-14 but the correct answer is R=8.874D-31 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b94fda8e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The ratio of stimulated emission to Spontaneous emission is R= + 8.874D-31 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51356e02b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the no of photons emitted by the ruby laser +p=1 //units in W +lamda=694.3*10^-9 +h=6.63*10^-34 +c=3*10^8 +n=(p*lamda)/(h*c) +printf("The no of photons emitted by the ruby laser is n=") +disp(n) diff --git a/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt b/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a05a14ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The no of photons emitted by the ruby laser is n= + 3.491D+18 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e59055431 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 7_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the no of modes propogating in the fiber +n1=1.48 +n2=1.41 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +d=60 //units in micro mts +lamda0=0.8 //units in micro mts +v=(%pi*d*NA)/lamda0 +n=v^2/2 +printf("Number of modes n=%.2f",n) +//In text book the answer given wrong as n=4.55*10^3 the correct answer is n=5615.50 diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64bfe193b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Number of modes n=5615.50 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35c08b0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 7_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the fraction of initial intensity +alpha=-2.2 +l=2 //units in KM +//Case (a) when L=2 +It_I0=10^(alpha*l/10) +printf("The fraction of initial intensity left when L=2 It/I0=%.3f\n",It_I0) +//Case (b) when L=6 +l=6 //units in KM +It_I0=10^(alpha*l/10) +printf("The fraction of initial intensity left when L=6 It/I0=%.3f\n",It_I0) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f1c85fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The fraction of initial intensity left when L=2 It/I0=0.363 +The fraction of initial intensity left when L=6 It/I0=0.048 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30cc73a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical apperture and angle of acceptance +n1=1.48 +delta=0.05 +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) +printf("Numerical apperture is NA=%.3f\n",NA) +ia=asin(NA)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Angle of acceptance is ia=%.2f Degrees",ia) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bfc8e4fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Numerical apperture is NA=0.468 +Angle of acceptance is ia=27.91 Degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d098e474b --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical apperture and angle of acceptance +n1=1.45 +n2=1.40 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +printf("Numerical apperture is NA=%.3f\n",NA) +ia=asin(NA)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Angle of acceptance is ia=%.2f Degrees",ia) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e2eac112 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Numerical apperture is NA=0.377 +Angle of acceptance is ia=22.18 Degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ba7f0be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the loss specification of a fiber +l=0.5 //units in KM +it=7.5*10^-6 //units in micro mts +i0=8.6*10^-6 //units in micro mts +alpha=(10/l)*log10(it/i0) //units in db/Km +printf("The loss specification of the fiber is alpha=%.2f db/km",alpha) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaf52aea --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The loss specification of the fiber is alpha=-1.19 db/km \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486c14acd --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 7_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperture,acceptance angle,critical angle,velocity of the light in core and cladding +n1=1.5 +delta=1.8*10^-2 +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) +printf("Numerical apperture is NA=%.3f\n",NA) +ia=asin(NA)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Angle of acceptance is ia=%.2f Degrees\n",ia) +n2=0.982*n1 +n2_n1=0.982 +ic=asin(n2_n1)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Critical angle is ic=%.2f Degrees\n",ic) +c=3*10^8 +vc=c/n1 +printf("Velocity of light in core is vc=") +disp(vc) +vcc=c/n2 +printf("Velocity of light in cladding is vcc=") +disp(vcc) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bd9eabf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Numerical apperture is NA=0.285 +Angle of acceptance is ia=16.54 Degrees +Critical angle is ic=79.11 Degrees +Velocity of light in core is vc= + 2.000D+08 +Velocity of light in cladding is vcc= + 2.037D+08 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6da7e824c --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fiber length +alpha=0.5 //units in db/KM +it=2*10^-6 //units in W +i0=1.5*10^-3 //units in W +l=-1*(10/alpha)*log10(it/i0) //units in KM +printf("The length of the fiber is L=%.1f KM",l) diff --git a/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt b/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c104e931 --- /dev/null +++ b/3411/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The length of the fiber is L=57.5 KM \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3415/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3415/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99499f164 --- /dev/null +++ b/3415/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//fiber optic communications by joseph c. palais +//example 2.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.4.1 +clc +clear all +//given +spotsize=1e-3//spot size in m +lambda=0.82e-6//wave length in m +d1=10//distance in m +d2=1e3//distance in m +d3=10e3//distance in m +//to find +theta=2*lambda/(%pi*spotsize)//divergence angle in radians +theta_d=theta*180/%pi//divergence angle in degrees +wo1=lambda*d1/(%pi*spotsize)//spot size in m +wo2=lambda*d2/(%pi*spotsize)//spot size in m +wo3=lambda*d3/(%pi*spotsize)//spot size in m +//multiplication factor 1e3 in result convert m to mm +mprintf("Divergence angle=%fdegree",theta_d) +mprintf("\nspot size1=%fmm",wo1*1e3) +mprintf("\nspot size2=%fmm",wo2*1e3) +mprintf("\nspot size3=%fmm",wo3*1e3) diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e506a90c --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Section-1,Example-1,Page no.-AC.33 +// To caculate number average molecular mass(Mn_bar) and weight average molecular mass(Mw_bar) +clc; +W_1=10 +W_2=90 +M_1=10000 +M_2=100000 +W=W1+W2 //weight of 2 constituents +N_1=10/10000 //no.of moles of N1 +N_2=90/100000 //no.of moles of N2 +Mn_bar=(W_1+W_2)/(N_1+N_2) +disp(Mn_bar,'number average molecular mass') +Mw_bar=((N_1*M_1^2)+(N_2*M_2^2))/((N_1*M_1)+(N_2*M_2)) +disp(Mw_bar,'weight average molecular mass') diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49461f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Section-1,Example-2,Page no.-AC.34 +// To find number average molecular masses(Mn_bar) and weight averge molecular masses(Mw_bar) +clc; +WA=200 +WB=200 +WC=100 +MA_bar=1.2*10^5 +MB_bar=5.6*10^5 +MC_bar=10*10^5 +Mn_bar_mixture=(WA+WB+WC)/(WA/MA_bar+WB/MB_bar+WC/MC_bar) +disp (Mn_bar_mixture,'number average molecular mass') +Mw_bar_mixture=((4.5*10^5*200)+(8.9*10^5*200)+(10*10^5*100))/(200+200+100) +disp (Mw_bar_mixture,'weight averge molecular mass') diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2712452c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Section-1,Example-3,Page no.-AC.35 +// To find the number average molecular mass(M_nbar),weight averge molecular mass(M_wbar) and PDI +clc; +N1=100 +N2=200 +N3=300 +M1=100 +M2=1000 +M3=10000 +M_nbar=(N1*M1+N2*M2+N3*M3)/(N1+N2+N3) +disp(M_nbar,'number average molecular mass.') +M_wbar=(N1*M1^2+N2*M2^2+N3*M3^2)/(N1*M1+N2*M2+N3*M3) +disp(M_wbar,'weight average molecular mass.') +PDI=M_wbar/M_nbar +disp(PDI,'Polydispersity index.') diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae430eaa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Section-1,Example-4,Page no.-AC.35 +// To calculate the number of molecules of PP produced. +clc; +n=42*((6.023*10^23)/42) //average degree of polymerisation(DP bar) +N= n/1000 +disp(N,'number of PP molecules formed') + diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bacba006 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Section-1,Example-5,Page no.-AC.35 +//To calculate the number average degree of polymerisation(DP_n bar)of polystrene. +clc; +M_nbar= 10^5 //(g/mol) +M_o = (12*8)+(1*8) +DP_nbar=(M_nbar/M_o) +disp(DP_nbar,'Number average degree of polymerisation of polystrene') diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4f55a049 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Section-1,Example-6,Page no.-AC.36 +//To find M_wbar for PP given its degree of polymerisation as 10,000. +clc; +DP_wbar= 10000 //Degree of polymerisation(given) +M_o=(12*3)+(6*1) //Molecular weight of repeat unit of PP +M_wbar= (10000*42) +disp (M_wbar,'weight averge molecular mass(gm/mol)') diff --git a/3428/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3428/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f481e0474 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Section-1,Example-7,Page no.-AC.36 +//To calculate number average(Mn_bar) and weight average molecular mass(Mw_bar)of polypropylene polymer +clc; +M1=[(12*3)+(6*1)]*400 //molecular mass of (a) +M2=[(12*3)+(6*1)]*800 //molecular mass of (b) +M3=[(12*3)+(6*1)]*600 //molecular mass of (c) +n1=25 +n2=35 +n3=40 +Mn_bar=((n1*M1)+(n2*M2)+(n3*M3))/(n1+n2+n3) +disp(Mn_bar,'number average molecular mass') +Mw_bar=((n1*M1^2)+(n2*M2^2)+(n3*M3^2))/((n1*M1)+(n2*M2)+(n3*M3)) +disp(Mw_bar,'weight average molecular mass') + + + + + + diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d3f1cd81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Section-1,Example-1,Page no.-AC.162 +//To calculate the weight and volume of air required for the combustion of 1 kg of carbon. +clc; +W_O=(32/12)*1 //Weight of O_2 reqd. by 1 kg Carbon(kg) +W_Air=(100/23)*W_O +disp(W_Air,'weight of air required(kg)') +W_Oxy=(22.4/32)*W_O*1000 //Volume occupied by 2.667kg O_2 +V=((100/21)*W_Oxy)/1000 +disp(V,'Volume of air required(m^3)') diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f0087b0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Section-1,Example-2,Page no.-AC.163 +//To find the weight of air actually supplied per m^3 of the gas. +clc; +M_w=28.97 +V=300*(100/21)*(150/100) //Volume of air reqd. for 1m^3 of gas using 50% excess air(L) +W=V*(1/22.4)*M_w +disp(W,'weight of air actually supplied per m^3 of the gas.(gm)') diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c29faa47b --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Section-1,Example-3,Page no.-AC.163 +//To find the weight of air actually supplied per m^3 of the gas. +clc; +M_w=28.94 +V=300*(100/21)*(150/100) //Volume of air reqd. for 1m^3 of gas using 50% excess air(L) +W=V*(1/22.4)*M_w +disp(W,'weight of air actually supplied per m^3 of the gas.(gm)') diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..031408abc --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Section-1,Example-4,Page no.-AC.164 +//To calculate the mass of air needed for complete combustion of 1 kg fuel. +clc; +W_C=4000 //(gm) +W_H=750 //(gm) +W_O=250 //(gm) +WO_net=(((32/12)*W_C)+((16/2)*W_H))-W_O //Net O_2(gm) +M=WO_net*(100/23)*10^-3 +disp(M,'mass of air needed for complete combustion(kg)') diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aea4495f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Section-1,Example-5,Page no.-AC.164 +//To calculate the quantity of air needed for complete combustion of 1 kg fuel. +clc; +W_C=800 //(gm) +W_H=40 //(gm) +W_S=20 //(gm) +W_O=30 //(gm) +WO_net=(((32/12)*W_C)+((16/2)*W_H)+((32/32)*W_S))-W_O //Net O_2 //(gm) +M=WO_net*(100/23)*(160/100)*10^-3 +disp(M,'mass of air needed for complete combustion(kg)') diff --git a/3428/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3428/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52f622dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/3428/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Section-1,Example-6,Page no.-AC.164 +//To calculate the quantity of air needed for complete combustion of 1 kg fuel.. +clc; +W_C=720 //(gm) +W_H=50 //(gm) +W_S=30 //(gm) +W_O=40 //(gm) +WO_net=(((32/12)*W_C)+((16/2)*W_H)+((32/32)*W_S))-W_O //(gm) +M=WO_net*(100/23)*10^-3 +disp(M,'mass of air needed for complete combustion(kg)') diff --git a/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1.sce b/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7889a6840 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 2.1 +//(b) step response of Cruise control system + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Cruise control parameters +m=1000; +b=50; +u=500; + +// Transfer function +s=%s; // or +s=poly(0,'s'); +sys=syslin('c',(1/m)/(s+b/m)) + +//step response to u=500; +t=0:0.5:100; +v=csim('step',t,u*sys); +plot2d(t,v,2) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Responses of car velocity to a step in u','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_f0.pdf b/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6872294a Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5.sce b/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b48e386 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 2.5 +//(b) step response of pendulum + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Pendulum parameters +m=0.5; +l=1; +g=9.81; + +// Transfer function +s=%s; +sys=syslin('c',(1/(m*l^2))/(s^2+g/l)); + +//step response to u=500; +t=0:0.02:10; +theta=csim('step',t,sys); +plot(t,theta*57.3); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script to set figure properties +title('Response of pendulum to a step input in the applied torque',... +'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel('Pendulum angle (degree)','fontsize',2); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5_f0.pdf b/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b396fb554 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH2/EX2.5.b/Ex2_5_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e34f28a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 3.10 + +//Computing final value for unstable system to show the incorrect +// use of final value theorem. +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=3; +den=s*(s-2); +Ys=syslin('c',num/den); + +//final value theorem, lim s-->0 in s*Y(s) +Y_final=horner(s*Ys,0); +disp(Y_final,"The final value of the output y is:"); +disp('The final value computed is incorrect as the system... + response is unbounded'); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a033bf8a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3.11 +//Computing DC gain of the system. + +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer Function +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=3*(s+2); +den=(s^2+2*s+10); +Ys=syslin('c',num/den); + +//The DC gain of the system Y(s) as s-->0 is +DC_Gain=horner(Ys,0) +disp(DC_Gain,"The DC gain of the system is:") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1ab83342 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 3.14 +//Partial fraction expansion for distinct real roots +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Transfer function +s=%s; +num=2; +p1=(s+1); +p2=(s+2); +p3=(s+4); +sys=syslin('c',num/(p1*p2*p3)) + +//Partial fraction expansion is: sys= r1/p1 + r2/p2 + r3/p3 +//residue calculation +r1=residu(num,p1,(p2*p3)) +r2=residu(num,p2,(p1*p3)) +r3=residu(num,p3,(p1*p2)) + +disp([r1 r2 r3]',"Residues of the poles p1, p2 and p3 are") +disp([roots(p1), roots(p2), roots(p3)]',"Poles p1, p2 and p3 are at") +disp('k=[]') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad9513972 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 3.15 Cruise Control Transfer Function. +//Coefficients of numerator and denominator of the transfer function + +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Transfer function coefficients +num=[0.001 0]; +den=[0 0.05 1]; + +// Transfer function +Ns=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +sys=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//gain (K) pole (P) and zeros (Z) of the system +temp=polfact(Ns); +Z=roots(Ns); //locations of zeros +P=roots(Ds); //locations of poles +K=temp(1); //first entry is always gain +disp( K,"Gain", P, "Poles",Z,"Zeros",) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c0062ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 3.16 DC Motor Transfer Function. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Coefficients of numerator and denominator of the transfer function +numb=[100]; +denb=[0 101 10.1 1]; + +// Transfer function +Ns=poly(numb,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denb,'s','coeff'); +sysb=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//gain (K) pole (P) and zeros (Z) of the system +temp=polfact(Ns); +Z=roots(Ns); //locations of zeros +P=roots(Ds); //locations of poles +K=temp(1); //first entry is always gain +disp( K,"Gain", P, "Poles",Z,"Zeros",) + +//Transient response of DC Motor (consider velocity as output) +s=%s; +t=linspace(0,5,501); +y=csim('step',t,sysb*s) +plot(t,y) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Transient response of DC Motor','fontsize',3) +xlabel('$Time\,\, t(sec.)$','fontsize',3) +ylabel('$\omega\,\,(rad/sec)$','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13ab47132 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe149dd44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 3.17 Transformations + +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------- +//Coefficients of numerator and denominator of the transfer function +numG=[9 3]; +denG=[25 6 1]; + +// Transfer function +Ns=poly(numG,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denG,'s','coeff'); +sysG=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//gain (K) pole (P) and zeros (Z) of the system +temp=polfact(Ns); +Z=roots(Ns); //locations of zeros +P=roots(Ds); //locations of poles +K=temp(1); //first entry is always gain +disp( K,"Gain", P, "Poles",Z,"Zeros",) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311eb6f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +//Example 3.18 Satellite Transfer Function + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(a) +//Given +d=1 //meters +I=5000 //Kg-meter^2 + +//Coefficients of numerator and denominator of the transfer function +// of satellite +numG=[d/I 0]; +denG=[0 0 1]; + +// Transfer function +Ns=poly(numG,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denG,'s','coeff'); +sysG=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); +t=0:0.01:10; +[i j]=size(t); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(b) +// Thrust input after 5 sec. +u=zeros(1,j); +w=find(t>=5 & t<=5+0.1); +u(w)=25; +plot(t,u); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response of the satellite... + (a) Thrust input",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Fc','fontsize',2) + +//Transient response of the satellite to the thrust input as a pulse +sysd=dscr(sysG,0.01); //sample data system model +y=flts(u,sysd); //impulse response +figure, plot(t,y*180/%pi); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response of the satellite(double-pulse)... + (b) satellite attitude",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('$\theta(deg)$','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Thrust input double-pulse. +u=zeros(1,j); +w1=find(t>=5 & t<=5+0.1); +u(w1)=25; +w2=find(t>=6.1 & t<=6.1+0.1); +u(w2)=-25; +figure, +plot(t,u); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response of the satellite (double-pulse)... + (a) Thrust input",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Fc','fontsize',2) + +//Transient response of the satellite to the thrust input as a pulse +sysd=dscr(sysG,0.01); //sample data system model +y=flts(u,sysd); //impulse response +figure, plot(t,y*180/%pi); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response of the satellite(double-pulse)... + (b) satellite attitude",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('$\theta(deg)$','fontsize',2) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f1.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b79b5d1e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f3.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8fa00d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18_f3.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57a2481db --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 3.21 +//Series, Parallel and Feedback connections of TF blocks +//to get effective TF. + +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function block G1 +num1=[2]; +den1=[1]; +Ns=poly(num1,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den1,'s','coeff'); +sysG1=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//Transfer function block G2 +num2=[4]; +den2=[0 1]; +Ns=poly(num2,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den2,'s','coeff'); +sysG2=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//Transfer function block G4 +num4=[1]; +den4=[0 1]; +Ns=poly(num4,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den4,'s','coeff'); +sysG4=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//Transfer function block G6 +num6=[1]; +den6=[1]; +Ns=poly(num6,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den6,'s','coeff'); +sysG6=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//Effective transfer function +// (+) operator for paralle connection, +// (*) operator for series connection +// (/.)operator for feedback connection +sysG=(sysG1 + sysG2) * sysG4 /. sysG6 +disp(sysG, "The effective transfer function is") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49701f23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 3.22 Response Versus Pole Locations, Real Roots + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function +numH=[1 2]; +denH=[2 3 1]; +Ns=poly(numH,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denH,'s','coeff'); +sysH=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//Pole-zero locations +//Partial fraction method to see the effect of sperated poles +temp=polfact(Ds); +p1s=temp(2); +p2s=temp(3); + +//residues at poles +r1=residu(Ns,p1s,p2s); +r2=residu(Ns,p2s,p1s); + +//Note that - H1(s)+H2(s)=H(s) +H1s=syslin('c',r1/p1s); +H2s=syslin('c',r2/p2s); + +//impulse response of the H1(s), H2(s) and H(s) +t=0:0.02:10; +h1=csim('impuls',t,H1s); +h2=csim('impuls',t,H2s); +h=csim('impuls',t,sysH); +figure, +plot(t,h1,'r--',t,h2,'m-.', t, h, 'b') +plot(t,h2,'m-.') +plot(t,h) + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['impulse response of the system and subsystems with... + independent poles.';'(h1(t) is faster than h2(t))'],'fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('h(t), h1(t), h2(t)','fontsize',2) +h=legend('h1(t) with pole at -2','h2(t) with pole at -1'... +,'h(t)=h1(t)+h2(t)') +h.legend_location = "in_upper_right" +h.fill_mode='off' +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52d43ff12 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613d47c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 3.23 Oscillatory Time Response + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function of second order underdamped system +numH=[1 2]; +denH=[5 2 1]; +Ns=poly(numH,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denH,'s','coeff'); +sysH=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); + +//damping factor (xi) and natural frequency (wn) +[wn xi]=damp(sysH); +wn=wn(1); +xi=xi(1); +sigma=xi*wn; +wd=wn*sqrt(1-xi^2); + +//denominator in sigma-wn form H(s)=H1(s)+H2(s) +s=%s; +p=(s+sigma)^2+wd^2 +temp=polfact(Ns); +k=temp(1),zr=temp(2); +h1=(s+sigma)/p; +h2=-((s+sigma)-temp(2))*wd/p; +H1s=syslin('c',k*h1); +H2s=syslin('c',k*h2/wd); + +// responses with exponential envelope +Env=syslin('c',k/(s+sigma)); +t=0:0.02:10; +//impulse response +ht=csim('impuls',t,sysH); +envt=csim('impuls',t,Env); +envt_neg=csim('impuls',t,-Env); + +plot(t,ht) +plot(t,envt,'r--') +plot(t,envt_neg,'r--') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Impulse response of the underdamped system','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('h(t)','fontsize',2) +xset("font",1,2) +xstring(1,0.75,"$e^{-\sigma t}$",0,0) +xstring(1,-0.85,"$-e^{-\sigma t}$",0,0) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3886b855 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..337747160 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 3.25 Aircraft Response +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(a)impulse response of aircraft + +//Transfer function of aircraft +numG=[-6 1]; +denG=[0 13 4 1]; +Ns=30*poly(numG,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(denG,'s','coeff'); +u=-1 //impulsive elevator input of 1 degree +sysG=syslin('c',u*Ns/Ds); + +//impulse response +t=0:0.02:10; +gt=csim('impuls',t,sysG); +plot(t,gt) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Response of an airplanes altitude to an impulsive elevator input','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Altitude (ft)','fontsize',2) + +//final value theorem, lim s-->0 in s*G(s) +s=%s; +gt_final=horner(s*sysG,0) +disp(gt_final,"The final value of the output altitude is:") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(b)response specifications + +//damping factor (xi) and natural frequency (wn) +[wn xi]=damp(sysG); +wn=wn(2);//natural frequency (wn) +xi=xi(2);//damping factor +disp(wn,xi,"Damping factor and natural frequency (rad)... + of the response are:") + +tr=1.8/wn; //rise time +disp(tr,"Rise time (sec) of the response is:") + +sigma=xi*wn +ts=4.6/sigma; //settling time +disp(ts,"Settling time (sec) of the response is:") + +Mp=exp(-xi*%pi/sqrt(1-xi^2)) +wd=wn*sqrt(1-xi^2); +tp=%pi/wd; +disp(tp, Mp,"Overshoot and time of overshoot (sec)... + in the response are:") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea8ea81d Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f1871052 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 3.29 +//Stability versus parameter range + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Stability versus parameter range + +numT=[-1];//zeros +denT=[1 0 -6];//poles +Ns=poly(numT,'s','roots'); +Ds=poly(denT,'s','roots'); +Gfs=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); //forward transfer function block + +num=[1]; +den=[1 0]; +Ns=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +Hs=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); //feedback transfer function block + +//check the step responses with the forward path gain K=7.5, 13, 25 +t=0:0.02:12; +i=1; + +for K=[7.5, 13, 25] + sysT= (K * Gfs) /. Hs; + yt(i,:)=csim('step',t,sysT); + i=i+1; +end +//Step response +plot(t',yt') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response for different values of K",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('y(t)','fontsize',2) +h=legend('K=7.5','K=13', 'K=25') +h.legend_location = "in_upper_right" +h.fill_mode='off' +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dcf45953 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a06bc33a --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 3.30 +//Stability versus two parameter ranges +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Stability versus parameter ranges + +num=[1 0];//zeros +den=[-1 -2];//poles +Ns=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den,'s','roots'); +Gfs=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); //forward transfer function block + +num=[1]; +den=[1 0]; +Ns=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +Hs=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); //feedback transfer function block + +//check the step responses with the forward, path gain K=7.5, 13, 25 +t=0:0.02:12; +i=1; +num=[5 10;1 1;0 1]; + +for i=1:3 + den=[0 1]; + Ns=poly(num(i,:),'s','coeff'); + Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); + Gcs=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); //Controller transfer function block + sysT= Gcs * Gfs /. Hs; + yt(i,:)=csim('step',t,sysT); + i=i+1; +end + +//Transient response for different values of K and Ki +plot(t',yt') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title("Transient response for the system",'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('y(t)','fontsize',2) +xset("font",1,1) +xstring(1.4,1.05,'$K=10,K_I=5$'); +xstring(3.3,0.8,'$K=1,K_I=1$'); +xstring(5.5,0.35,'$K=1,K_I=0$') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f056d31d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dacf05a5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +//Example 3.4 +//Frequency response + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(a) Frequency response of 1/(s+k) +k=1; +fmin=1e-2; +fmax=1e2; +// Transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysH=syslin('c',1/(s+k)) + +//Frequency response for k=1 +//Note that - magnitude plot semilog plot unlike log-log plot in the book. +bode(sysH,fmin,fmax) +title('Frequency response for k=1','fontsize',3) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(b) Response to u=sin(10*t); +t=0:0.02:10; +u=sin(10*t); +y=csim(u,t,sysH); +figure, plot(t,y) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Complete transient response','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Output','fontsize',2) + +//phase lag +figure, plot(t,y) +plot(t,u,'r') +zoom_rect([9 -1 10 1]) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Phase lag between output and input','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Output, Input','fontsize',2) +h=legend('y(t)','u(t)') +h.legend_location = "in_upper_right" +h.fill_mode='off' + +// time lag +w=find(t>=9.4 & t<=10); +T=t(w); +Y=y(w); +U=u(w); +wu=find(U==max(U)) +wy=find(Y==max(Y)) + +//Responses +plot2d3(T(wy),Y(wy)) +plot2d3(T(wu),U(wu)) +delta_t=T(wu)-T(wy); //time lag sec. +xstring(9.64,-0.1,"$\delta t$",0,0) +xarrows([9.58;9.72], [0;0], 0.7, 1) +xarrows([9.72;9.58], [0;0], 0.7, 1) +t=get("hdl") +disp(abs(delta_t), "Time lag of output in sec. is") +disp(abs(delta_t)*10, "Phase lag of output in radians is") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f0.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8910b81c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f1.pdf b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a5b20a54 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0fe5567f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 3.8 +//Partial fraction expansion for distinct real roots. + +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Partial fraction expansion for distinct real roots +// Transfer function +s=%s; +num=(s+2)*(s+4) +p1=s; +p2=(s+1); +p3=(s+3); +sys=syslin('c',num/(p1*p2*p3)) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Partial fraction expansion is: sys= r1/p1 + r2/p2 + r3/p3 +//residue calculation +r1=residu(num,p1,(p2*p3)) +r2=residu(num,p2,(p1*p3)) +r3=residu(num,p3,(p1*p2)) + +disp([r1 r2 r3]',"Residues of the poles p1, p2 and p3 are") +disp([roots(p1), roots(p2), roots(p3)]',"Poles p1, p2 and p3 are at") +disp('k=[]') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3432/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b061c050c --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 3.9 +//Computing final value (use of final value theorem). + +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Computing final value (use of final value theorem) +// Output of the system +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=3*(s+2); +den=s*(s^2+2*s+10); +Ys=syslin('c',num/den); + + +//final value theorem, lim s-->0 in s*Y(s) + +Y_final=horner(s*Ys,0) +disp(Y_final,"The final value of the output y is:") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e621d8a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +//Example 4.6 +//PID Control of DC Motor Speed. + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//NOTE THAT-- + +//The model as given in matlab program for this example in the book is + +//num=Ra*s + La*s^2 ; +//den=Ke*ki + (Ra*Ke*Ke+Ke*kp)*s + (Ra*b+Ke*Ke+Ke*kd)*s^2 + Jm*La*s^3; + +//this does not match to the model of DC motor given on page 43. +//Also, if we assume this model, disturbance response given +//in figure 4.13 (a) +//is different from expected. +//For instance, with P control, output should asymptotically go to 0 +//for disturbance step input, because numerator is s(Ra + La*s) +//and system is type 0 (no pole at origin). +//i.e. y(inf)=lim s->0 s*Y(s)= s*[s(Ra + La*s)/den]*1/s=0; + +//In following code, we have considered correct model of DC motor as +//given on page 43. Note that, this model must have been used +//by authors of the book for +//step reference tracking as it is correctly shown in figure 4.13 (b) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// System parameters +Jm=0.0113; // N-m-s^2/rad +b=0.028; // N-m-s/rad +La=0.1; // henry +Ra=0.45; // ohms +Kt=0.067 // n-m/amp +Ke=0.067; // V-sec/amp + +// Controller parameters +kp=3; +ki=15; // sec^-1 +kd=0.3; // sec + +// DC Motor Transfer function as given on page 43 of book (edition 5) +//G=Kt/[Jm*La s^2 + (Jm*Ra + La*b)s +(Ra*b +Kt*Ke)] +s=%s; +num=[Kt]; +den=[(Ra*b +Kt*Ke) (Jm*Ra + La*b) Jm*La]; +Ns=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +G=syslin('c',Ns/Ds) + +//PID controller, Gc=(kd s^2 + kp s + ki)/s +num=[ki kp kd;ki kp 0;0 kp 0]; //numerator parameters of controller) + //(row wise for PID, PI and P) +den=[0 1]; //denominator parameters of controller +Ds=poly(den,'s','coeff'); //denominator polynomial of controller +t=0:0.005:10; // Simulation time +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Step disturbance response with P, PI and PID controller. + +for i=1:3 +Ns=poly(num(i,:),'s','coeff');//numerator polynomial of controller +sysG=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); +sysD=G/. sysG; +v(i,:)=csim('step',t,sysD); +end +plot(t',v'); +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script to set the figure properties +title('Responses of P,PI and PID control to step disturbance... + input','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +hl=legend(['PID','PI','P']); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Reference step response + +figure +for i=1:3 +Ns=poly(num(i,:),'s','coeff'); +Gc=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); +// Step reference response with P, PI and PID controller. +sysR=G*Gc/(1+G*Gc); +v(i,:)=csim('step',t,sysR); +end +plot(t',v') +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script to set the figure properties +title('Responses of PID control to step reference input','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +hl=legend(['PID','PI','P']); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f0.pdf b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a65a241f Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f1.pdf b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aff13b10 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3432/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..923a951e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 4.7 +//Discrete Equivalent. +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +// Transfer function +s=%s; +num=[1 11]; +den=[1 3] +Us=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Es=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +Ds=syslin('c',Us/Es); +sysc=tf2ss(Ds) + +//Discretize the system using sampling time Ts=1 and Bilinear Transform +Ts=1; +sysd=cls2dls(sysc,Ts); + +//Pulse transfer function +Dd=ss2tf(sysd) +disp(Dd,"Dd=") +disp("Note that, multiply numerator and denomintor each by 7... + will give the result as in book.") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5e37109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +//Example 4.8 +//Equivalent discrete controller for DC motor speed control. +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//NOTE THAT-- The system response (continuous) to sampled control +//input depends on +//the sampling time set for continuous signal in SIMULATION. +//In this example we consider sampling period of 0.009 sec +//to represent continuous time signal. +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Continuous time system and controller +// System transfer function +s=%s; +num=[45 0]; +den=[45 14 1] +Nms=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Dns=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +Gp=syslin('c',Nms/Dns); //system transfer function + +// Controller + +numDa=[6 1]; +denDa=[0 1] +Nms=poly(numDa,'s','coeff'); +Dns=poly(denDa,'s','coeff'); +sysD=syslin('c',1.4*Nms/Dns); //controller transfer function + +//Closed loop responses + +num=[1 0]; +den=[1 0]; +Nms=poly(num,'s','coeff'); +Dns=poly(den,'s','coeff'); +H=syslin('c',Nms/Dns) + +sysDa=Gp*sysD/.H; + +//step response and control input +t=0:0.009:5; +yt=csim('step',t,sysDa); //step response +figure(0) +plot2d(t,yt,1) +Gu=sysD/(1+Gp*sysD); +ut=csim('step',t,Gu); //control input +figure(1) +plot2d(t,ut,1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +sys=tf2ss(Gp); //state space model of the system +con=tf2ss(sysD); //controller state space model + +// discrete-time time system and controller + +//Discretize the system and control with sampling time Ts=0.07 +// using Bilinear Transform +Ts=0.07; +sysDd=cls2dls(sys,Ts); // discrete-time system state space model +conDd=cls2dls(con,Ts); // discrete-time controller state space model + +//Pulse transfer function of system +Gpz=ss2tf(sysDd); +//Pulse transfer function of controller +Gcz=ss2tf(conDd); +//Closed loop response +Gz=Gpz*Gcz/(1+Gpz*Gcz) +//Control input pulse transfer function +Guz=Gcz/(1+Gpz*Gcz) +T=0:Ts:5; +r=ones(1,length(T)); +yd=flts(r,Gz);............//Discrete respnse to discrete input +ud=flts(r,Guz); //Discrete Control input +//continuous response for digital input +t=0:0.009:5; +k=0; + +for i=1:length(yd) + for j=1:8 + if (k+j)>length(t) then + break + else + YD(1,k+j)=yd(i); + end + end + k=k+j; +end + +yt=csim(1-YD,t,Gp*sysD); +scf(0) +plot2d(t,yt,5); +scf(1) +plot2d2(T,ud,5); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Discretize the system and control with sampling time Ts=0.035 +// using Bilinear Transform +Ts=0.035; +sysDd=cls2dls(sys,Ts); // discrete-time system state space model +conDd=cls2dls(con,Ts); // discrete-time controller state space model + +Gpz=ss2tf(sysDd); //Pulse transfer function of system +Gcz=ss2tf(conDd); //Pulse transfer function of controller + +//Closed loop response +Gz=Gpz*Gcz/(1+Gpz*Gcz) +//Control input pulse transfer function +Guz=Gcz/(1+Gpz*Gcz) +T=0:Ts:5; +r=ones(1,length(T)); +yd=flts(r,Gz);............//Discrete respnse to discrete input +ud=flts(r,Guz); //Discrete Control input +t=0:0.009:5; +k=0; + +for i=1:length(yd) + for j=1:4 + if (k+j)>length(t) then + break + else + YD(1,k+j)=yd(i); + end + end + k=k+j; +end + +yt=csim(1-YD,t,Gp*sysD); +scf(0) +plot2d(t,yt,2); +scf(1) +plot2d2(T,ud,2); + +scf(0) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script to set the figure properties +title('Comparision plots of Speed-control system with continuous... + and discrete controllers','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +hl=legend(['Continuous time','Discrete-time, Ts=0.07 s'... +,'Discrete-time, Ts=0.035 s'],4); +scf(1) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script to set the figure properties +title('Comparision plots of Speed-control system with continuous... + and discrete controllers','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +hl=legend(['Continuous time','Discrete-time, Ts=0.07 s',... +'Discrete-time, Ts=0.035 s']); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f0.pdf b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe4cf6bd Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f1.pdf b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63a7f87d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae71ca2e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 5.1 +//Root locus of a Motor Position Control. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +Ls=1/(s*(s+1)); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +evans(Ls) +title(['Root locus for', '$L(s)=1/[s(s+1)]$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-2 -1.5 2 1.5]) +sgrid([0.5],1,5) +xset("font",1,1.5) +xstring(-1.2,1.1,'$\theta=sin^{-1} \xi$",0,0) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ff03c9ed Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed860c1d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Example 5.10 +//Design using Lead compensator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); + +NumG=1; +DenG=s*(s+1); +NumD=(s+2); +DenD=(s+10); + +G=NumG/DenG; +D=NumD/DenD; + +L=G*D; //open loop transfer function + +figure(0) +evans(L) +sgrid(0.5,7,6); + +xstring(-2,4,"Damping=0.5",0,0) +xstring(-7,4,"w=7",0,0) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for lead design','fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-14 -8 4 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Unit step response +//closed loop system +K=70; +sysc=K*L/(1+K*L); +sysc=syslin('c',sysc); +t=linspace(0,10,1000); +y=csim('step',t,sysc); +figure(1) +plot(t,y); +title('Step response for the system with lead compensator','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time (sec)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +set(gca(),"grid",[0.3 0.3]) +zoom_rect([0 0 1.8 1.4]) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; + +scf(0) +pl=roots(DenG*DenD+K*NumG*NumD) //closed loop poles at K=70; +plot(real(pl),imag(pl),'ro') //closed loop pole-locations at K=70; +xstring(-5.8,6,"K=70",0,0) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35fbc649b Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f1.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ce55517b Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9925b0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +//Example 5.11 +//A second Lead compensation Design. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); + +NumG=1; +DenG=s*(s+1); +NumD=(s+5.4); +DenD=(s+20); + +Gs=NumG/DenG; +Ds=NumD/DenD; + +Ls=Gs*Ds; //open loop transfer function + +zr=roots(NumD*NumG); //open loop system zeros +pl=roots(DenD*DenG); //open loop system poles +pd=-3.5+3.5*sqrt(3)*%i; //desired pole + +//Construction for placing a specific point on the root locus. +figure(0) +plzr(Ls) +plot(real(pd),imag(pd),'ro') +xarrows([real(pl(1));real(pd)],[imag(pl(1));imag(pd)],0,2) +xarrows([real(pl(2));real(pd)],[imag(pl(2));imag(pd)],0,2) +xarrows([real(pl(3));real(pd)],[imag(pl(3));imag(pd)],0,2) +xarrows([real(zr);real(pd)],[imag(zr);imag(pd)],0,6) +xarrows([real(zr);-3],[0;0],0,6) +xarc(-6.4,1,2,2,0,72.6*64) +xset('font size',1.5); +xstring(-4.7,0.5,"$\psi$") +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Construction for placing a specific point on the root locus',... +'fontsize',3) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus of system transfer function with controller +figure(1) +evans(Ls) +sgrid(0.5,7,6) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for','$ L(s)=\frac {s+5.4}{s(s+1)(s+20)}$'],... +'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-20 -8 5 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Unit step response +//closed loop system + +K=127; // from root locus gain is computed +sysc=K*Ls/(1+K*Ls) +sysc=syslin('c',sysc); +t=linspace(0,10,1000); +y=csim('step',t,sysc); +figure(2) +plot(t,y); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Step response for K=127', 'and',... +'$ L(s)=\frac {s+5.4}{s(s+1)(s+20)}$']... +,'fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time (sec)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +zoom_rect([0 0 1.8 1.4]) + +pl=roots(DenG*DenD+K*NumG*NumD) //closed loop poles at K=127; +scf(1) +plot(real(pl),imag(pl),'ro') //closed loop pole-locations at K=127; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f1.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc4787a5a Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f2.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c849448b Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11_f2.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdff14884 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 5.12 +//Negative root Locus for an Airplane. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +Ls=-(s-6)/(s*(s^2+4*s+13)); +evans(Ls) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Negative root locus for','$L(s)=\frac{s-6}{s(s^2+4s+13)}$'],... +'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-5 -6 10 6]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dee94767 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74f73049d --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 5.2 +//Root locus with respect to a plant open loop pole. +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gs=s/(s*s+1); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +evans(Gs,100) +title(['Root locus vs. damping factor','$c$',... +'for','$1+G(s)=1+1/[s(s+c)]=0$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-2 -1.5 2 1.5]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e4da3cb Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95d400cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 5.3 +//Root locus for satellite attitude control with PD control. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysS=(s+1)/(s^2); +evans(sysS,100) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for','$L(s)=G(s)=(s+1)/s^2$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-6 -3 2 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4f9cdb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a17aed83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 5.4 +//Root locus for satellite attitude control with modified +//PD control or Lead compensator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysL=(s+1)/(s^2*(s+12)); +evans(sysL,100) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for', '$L(s)=(s+1)/s^2(s+12)$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-6 -3 2 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81a20eb1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2773f40d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 5.5 +//Root locus for satellite control with Lead compensator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysL=(s+1)/(s^2*(s+4)); +evans(sysL) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for', '$L(s)=(s+1)/s^2(s+4)$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-6 -3 2 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abef9d50a Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2573d6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 5.6 +//Root locus for satellite attitude control with a +//Transition value for the pole. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysL=(s+1)/(s^2*(s+9)); +evans(sysL) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for', '$L(s)=(s+1)/(s^2(s+9))$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-6 -3 2 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fc7e6451 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..756952ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +//Example 5.7 +//Root locus for satellite control with a Collocated Flexibility. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function with controller. + +s=poly(0,'s'); +NumD=(s+1); +DenD=(s+12); +D=NumD/DenD; + +NumG=(s+0.1)^2+36 +DenG=s^2*((s+0.1)^2+(6.6)^2) + +G=NumG/DenG; + +NumL=NumD*NumG; +DenL=DenD*DenG; + +L=NumL/DenL; + +zr=roots(NumL); +pl=roots(DenL); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Angle of departure. +//Find angle of departure from pole at phi1= - 0.1 + 6.6i +//(real poles don't have angle of departure, +//they move along real axis only) +//psi1=angle[(Departing pole)- (zero at - 0.1 + 6.6i)] +[Mpsi1, psi1] = polar(pl(2)-zr(1)) +psi1=real(psi1)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//psi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (zero at - 0.1 - 6.6i)] +[Mpsi2, psi2] = polar(pl(2)-zr(2)) +psi2=real(psi2)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//psi3=angle[(Departing pole)- (zero at - 1)] +[Mpsi3, psi3] = polar(pl(2)-zr(3)) +psi3=real(psi3)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at 0)] +[Mphi2, phi2] = polar(pl(2)-pl(4)) +phi2=real(phi2)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi3 is same as phi2, as pole is repeated at 0. +phi3=phi2; + +//phi4=angle[(Departing pole)-(pole at - 0.1 - 6.6i )] +[Mphi4, phi4] = polar(pl(2)-pl(3)) +phi4=real(phi4)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi5=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at - 12 )] +[Mphi5, phi5] = polar(pl(2)-pl(1)) +phi5=real(phi5)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//Therefore angle of departure phi1 at - 0.1 + 6.6i is +//phi1 = 180 + sum(angle to zeros) - sum(angle to poles) + +phi1 = 180 + sum(psi1+psi2+psi3) - sum(phi2+phi3+phi4+phi5) + +//angle contributions in figure +figure(0) +plzr(L) +xset('font size',1.5) +xarrows([real(pl(1));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(1));imag(pl(2))],0,2) +xarc(-13,1,2,2,0,phi5*64) +xstring(-11,0.05,"$\phi_5$") + + +xarrows([real(zr(3));real(pl(2))],[imag(zr(3));imag(pl(2))],0,4) +xarc(-2,1,2,2,0,psi3*64) +xstring(-0.7,1,"$\psi_3$") + +xarrows([real(pl(4));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(4));imag(pl(2))],0,5) +xarc(-1,1,2,2,0,phi2*64) +xstring(0.8,0.5,"$\phi_2,\,\phi_3$") + + +xarrows([real(pl(3));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(3));imag(pl(2))],0,3) +xarc(-1,-6.6,2,2,0,phi4*64) +xstring(0.8,-7,"$\phi_4$") + +xarrows([real(zr(2));real(pl(2))],[imag(zr(2));imag(pl(2))],0,6) +xarc(-1,-5,2,2,0,psi2*64) +xstring(0.8,-5.5,"$\psi_2$") + +xarrows([real(zr(1));real(pl(2))],[imag(zr(1));imag(pl(2))],0,24) +xstring(0.3,5.5,"$\psi_1$") +xstring(0.3,6.5,"$\phi_1$") + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Figure for computing a departure angle for',... +'$L(s)=\frac{s+1}{s+12}\frac{(s+0.1)^2+6^2}{s^2[(s+0.1)^2+6.6^2]}$'],... +'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-15 -8 5 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus system transfer function with controller. +figure(1) +evans(L) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for','$L(s)=\frac{s+1}{s+12}\frac{(s+0.1)^2+6^2}... +{s^2[(s+0.1)^2+6.6^2]}$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-15 -8 5 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a336a6931 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f1.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bbc5ea37 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9df35f11c --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +//Example 5.8 +//Root locus for noncollocated case. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function with controller + +s=poly(0,'s'); +NumD=(s+1); +DenD=(s+12); +sysD=NumD/DenD; + +NumG=1 +DenG=s^2*((s+0.1)^2+(6.6)^2) + +sysG=NumG/DenG; + +NumL=NumD*NumG; +DenL=DenD*DenG; + +sysL=NumL/DenL; + +zr=roots(NumL); +pl=roots(DenL); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Angle of departure. +//Find angle of departure from pole at phi1= - 0.1 + 6.6i +//(real poles don't have angle of departure, +//they move along real axis only) + +//psi1=angle[(Departing pole)- (zero at - 1] +[Mpsi1, psi1] = polar(pl(2)-zr(1)) +psi1=real(psi1)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at 0)] +[Mphi2, phi2] = polar(pl(2)-pl(4)) +phi2=real(phi2)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi3 is same as phi2, as pole is repeated at 0. +phi3=phi2; + +//phi4=angle[(Departing pole)-(pole at - 0.1 - 6.6i )] +[Mphi4, phi4] = polar(pl(2)-pl(3)) +phi4=real(phi4)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi5=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at - 12 )] +[Mphi5, phi5] = polar(pl(2)-pl(1)) +phi5=real(phi5)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//Therefore angle of departure phi1 at - 0.1 + 6.6i is +//phi1 = 180 + sum(angle to zeros) - sum(angle to poles) + +phi1 = 180 + sum(psi1) - sum(phi2+phi3+phi4+phi5) + +//angle contributions in figure +figure(0) +plzr(sysL) +xset('font size',1.5) +xarrows([real(pl(1));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(1));imag(pl(2))],0,2) +xarrows([real(pl(1)); -10],[0;0],0,2) +xarc(-13,1,2,2,0,phi5*64) +xstring(-11,0.05,"$\phi_5$") + +xarrows([real(zr(1));real(pl(2))],[imag(zr(1));imag(pl(2))],0,6) +xarrows([real(zr(1)); -0.3],[0;0],0,6) +xarc(-2,1,2,2,0,psi1*64) +xstring(-0.7,1,"$\psi_1$") + +xarrows([real(pl(4));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(4));imag(pl(2))],0,5) +xarrows([real(pl(4)); 1],[0;0],0,5) +xarc(-1,1,2,2,0,phi2*64) +xstring(0.8,0.5,"$\phi_2,\,\phi_3$") + +xarrows([real(pl(3));real(pl(2))],[imag(pl(3));imag(pl(2))],0,17) +xarrows([real(pl(3)); 2],[imag(pl(3));imag(pl(3))],0,17) +xarc(-1.1,-5.6,2,2,0,phi4*64) +xstring(0.8,-5.5,"$\phi_4$") + +xstring(0.3,6.5,"$\phi_1$") + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Figure to compute a departure angle for',... +'$L(s)=\frac{s+1}{s+12}\frac{1}{s^2[(s+0.1)^2+6.6^2]}$'],... +'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-15 -8 5 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus of system transfer function with controller +figure(1) +evans(sysL) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for','$L(s)=\frac{s+1}{s+12}\frac{1}... +{s^2[(s+0.1)^2+6.6^2]}$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-15 -8 5 8]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c995945 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f1.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c177764d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b88c950b --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +//Example 5.9 +//Root locus for the system having complex multiple roots. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function + +s=poly(0,'s'); + +NumL=1; +DenL=s*(s+2)*[(s+1)^2+4]; + +L=NumL/DenL; + +zr=roots(NumL); +pl=roots(DenL); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Angle of departure. +//Find angle of departure from pole at phi1= - 1 + 2i +//(real poles don't have angle of departure, +// they move along real axis only) + +//phi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at 0)] +[Mphi1, phi1] = polar(pl(1)-pl(4)) +phi1=real(phi1)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at -2)] +[Mphi2, phi2] = polar(pl(1)-pl(3)) +phi2=real(phi2)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//phi2=angle[(Departing pole)- (pole at - 1 - 2i)] +[Mphi4, phi4] = polar(pl(1)-pl(2)) +phi4=real(phi4)*180/%pi; //angle in degree + +//Therefore angle of departure phi1 at - 1 + 2i is +//phi3 = 180 + sum(angle to zeros) - sum(angle to poles) + +phi3 = 180 - sum(phi1+phi2+phi4) + +//angle contributions in figure +figure(0) +plzr(L) +xset('font size',1.5) +xarrows([real(pl(4));real(pl(1))],[imag(pl(4));imag(pl(1))],0,2) +xarrows([real(pl(4)); 1],[0;0],0,2) +xarc(-0.5,0.5,1,1,0,phi1*64) +xstring(0.5,0.25,"$\phi_1$") + +xarrows([real(pl(3));real(pl(1))],[imag(pl(3));imag(pl(1))],0,5) +xarrows([real(pl(3)); -1.3],[0;0],0,5) +xarc(-2.5,0.5,1,1,0,phi2*64) +xstring(-1.5,0.25,"$\phi_2$") + +xarrows([real(pl(2));real(pl(1))],[imag(pl(2));imag(pl(1))],0,17) +xarrows([real(pl(2)); -0.3],[-2;-2],0,17) +xarc(-1.5,-1.5,1,1,0,phi4*64) +xstring(-0.5,-1.7,"$\phi_4$") + +xstring(-0.8,2,"$\phi_1$") + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Figure to computing a departure angle for',... +'$L(s)=\frac{1}{s(s+2)[(s+1)^2+4]}$'],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-4 -3 4 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus of system transfer function with controller +figure(1) +evans(L) +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus for','$L(s)=\frac{1}{s(s+2)[(s+1)^2+4]}$']... +,'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-4 -3 4 3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f0.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32d94e99e Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f1.pdf b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2f030a15 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1f5c205f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 6.10 +// Nyquist plot for an Open-loop unstable system. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysG=(s+1)/(s*(s/10-1)); +evans(sysG,50) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Root Locus for","$G(s)=(s+1)/[s(s/10-1)]$"],'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-5 -4 5 4]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +g1=syslin('c',(s+1)/(s*(s/10-1))); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//The bode plot of the system +figure; +bode(g1,0.1/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,"rad") +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Bode plot for","$G(s)=(s+1)/[s(s/10-1)]$"],'fontsize',3) +//bode(g,2*%pi*0.1,2*%pi*100) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +figure; +//The nyquist plot of the system +nyquist(g1,0.5/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,0.05) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Nyquist plot for","$G(s)=(s+1)/[s(s/10-1)]$"],'fontsize',3) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin"; +f.y_location = "origin"; +zoom_rect([-2 -2 1 2]); +xset("color",2); +xset("font size", 3); +xstring(-1,1.5,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega>0}}$",0,0); +xstring(-1,-1.5,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega<0}}$",0,0); +xstring(-1.5,0,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega=\pm \sqrt{10}}}$",0,0); +xstring(-0.5,0.1,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega=\infty}}$",0,0); +xarrows([-0.2;0],[0.2;0],-1,2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36c7a5102 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d811d78 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a782342d --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.11 +// Stability properties for a conditionally stable system. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gs=(s+10)^2/(s^3); +evans(Gs,100) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([-40 -20 5 20]) +title(["Root locus for","$G(s)=(s+10)^2/s^3$"],'fontsize',3) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +Gs1=syslin('c',(s+10)^2/(s^3)); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//The nyquist plot of the system +figure; +nyquist(7*Gs1,8/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,0.005) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Nyquist plot for","$G(s)=(s+10)^2/s^3$"],'fontsize',3) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin"; +f.y_location = "origin"; +xset("color",2); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68c587741 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b2765043 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae6ce2fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 6.12 +// Nyquist plot for a system with Multiple Crossover frequencies + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +K=85; +g1=K*(s+1)/(s^2*(s^2+2*s+82)); +g2=(s^2+2*s+43.25)/(s^2+2*s+101); + +Gs=syslin('c',g2*g1); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +figure; +//The nyquist plot of the system +nyquist(Gs,0.5/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,0.005) +title(["Nyquist plot for the complex system";... +"$G(s)=85(s+1)(s^2+2s+43.25)/[((s^2+2s+82)(s^2+2s+101)]$"],... +'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([-2 -1 0.6 1]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin"; +f.y_location = "origin"; +xset("color",2); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//The bode plot of the system +gm=g_margin(Gs); +pm=p_margin(Gs) +disp(pm,"Phase margin",gm,"Gain margin") +figure(1) +bode(Gs,0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,0.01) +title(["Bode plot for";... +"$G(s)=85(s+1)(s^2+2s+43.25)/[((s^2+2s+82)(s^2+2s+101)]$"],... +'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c7078720 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a3728170 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d2221428 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +//Example 6.13 +// Use of simple design criterion for spacecraft attitude control. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +G=1/s^2; +g1=syslin('c',G); + +//The bode plot of the system +zoom_rect([0.01 -20 100 60]) +bode(g1,0.05/2/%pi,2/2/%pi,"rad") +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Magnitude of the spacecrafts frequency','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +K=1; +Td=20; +Ds=(Td*s+1); +gd1=syslin('c',K*Ds*G); + +////The bode plot of compnenstaed open loop system +figure +bode(gd1,0.01/2/%pi,1/2/%pi,"rad") +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Bode plot for compensated open-loop transfer function'... +,'fontsize',3) +xstring(0.02,70,"-40db/decade",0,0); +xstring(0.2,40,"-20db/decade",0,0); + +//The bode plot of compnenstaed closed loop system +K=0.01; +gc1=K*gd1/(1+K*gd1); +gcl1=syslin('c',gc1); +figure +bode(gcl1,0.01/2/%pi,10/2/%pi,"rad") +title('Closesd loop frequency response','fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties + +//Bandwidth +[frq, repf,splitf]=repfreq(gc1,[0.01/2/%pi:0.001:10/2/%pi]); +[db, phi]=dbphi(repf); +w=find(db<=db(1)-3); +wc=w(1); +frqc=frq(wc)*2*%pi; + +plot2d3(frqc,db(wc),5) + +[r c]=size(frq(1:w(1))); +magn=db(wc)*ones(r,c) +plot(frq(1:w(1))*2*%pi,magn,"b--") +temp_db=db(w); +[r c]=size(db(w)); +temp_w=frqc*ones(r,c); +plot(temp_w,temp_db,"b--") +xset("font size", 3); +xstring(0.04,-16,"$\omega_{BW}$"); +xstring(frqc,-4,"-3db"); +xset("line style",4) +xarrows([0.01;frqc],[-10;-10],-0.2,5) +xarrows([frqc;0.01],[-10;-10],-0.2,5) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Step response of PD compnensation +figure +t=0:0.5:100; +v=csim('step',t,gcl1); +plot2d(t,v) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for PD compensation','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('$\theta$','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d57831e64 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f3.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42cd3fa60 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13_f3.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ccf15583 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +//Example 6.14 +//Lead compensation for DC motor. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +g=1/s/(s+1); +K=10; //DC gain +KGs=syslin('c',K*g); + +//Lead compensator +numD=s/2+1; +denD=s/10+1; +D=numD/denD; +Ds=syslin('c',D); + +KGDs=Ds*KGs; //compensated system +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(a) The bode plot of the system +bode([KGs;KGDs],0.1/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,['KG(s)';'D(s)G(s)'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Frequency response of lead compensation design','fontsize',3) + +//root locus +figure(1) +evans(KGDs/K) +xset("font size", 3); +xstring(-10,4,"$KD(s)=\frac{s/2+1}{s/10+1}$",0,0) +xstring(-10,2,"$G(s)=\frac{1}{s(s+1)}$",0,0) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for lead compensation design','fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-14 -8 4 8]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin"; +f.y_location = "origin"; +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(b) digital version of lead compensator +//Discretize the system using sampling time Ts=0.05 and Bilinear Transform +Ts=0.05; //in book its 0.005, which may not give expected responses +D=tf2ss(KGDs/K/g); +sysD=cls2dls(D,Ts); + +//Pulse transfer function +Ddz=ss2tf(sysD) +disp(Ddz,"Ddz=") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(c) Compare step and ramp responses. +//step response switch sw=1 and for ramp response sw=0 +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//step response +sw=1; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex6_14_model.xcos") + +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +figure, +a1=newaxes(); +a1.axes_bounds=[0,0,1.0,0.5]; +plot(time_resp.time,time_resp.values) + +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +title(["Lead-compensation design (a) step Response... + (b) ramp response"],'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller",4) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//ramp response +sw=0; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex6_14_model.xcos") + +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context + +a2=newaxes(); +a2.axes_bounds=[0,0.5,1.0,0.5]; +plot(time_resp.time,time_resp.values) + +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +title("(b)",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller",4) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..107b25e38 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f2.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69288dbce Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_f2.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_model.xcos b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98c1caa97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3b9a491 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +//Example 6.15 +//Lead compensation for Temperature Control System. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +numG=1; +denG=(s/0.5+1)*(s+1)*(s/2+1); +sysG=numG/denG; +//Dc gain +K=9; + +KGs=syslin('c',K*sysG); + +//Lead compensator 1 +numD=s+1; +denD=s/3+1; +D1=numD/denD; +D1s=syslin('c',D1); + +KGD1s=D1s*KGs; //compensated system + +//Lead compensator 2 +numD=s/1.5+1; +denD=s/15+1; +D2=numD/denD; +D2s=syslin('c',D2); + +KGD2s=D2s*KGs; //compensated system + +//The bode plot of the system with K +bode([KGs;KGD1s;KGD2s],0.1/2/%pi,10/2/%pi,['KG';'KGD1';'KGD2'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Bode plot for lead compensation design','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Margins of uncompensated and compensated systems +[gm1,wcg1]=g_margin(KGs); +[pm1,wcp1]=p_margin(KGs); +disp(wcp1*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg1*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm1,... +"Phase margin",gm1,"Gain margin",... +"Uncompensated system :") + +[gm2,wcg2]=g_margin(KGD1s); +[pm2,wcp2]=p_margin(KGD1s); +disp(wcp2*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg2*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm2,... +"Phase margin",gm2,"Gain margin",... +"System with D1 compensator :") + +[gm3,wcg3]=g_margin(KGD2s); +[pm3,wcp3]=p_margin(KGD2s); +disp(wcp3*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg3*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm3,... +"Phase margin",gm3,"Gain margin",... +"System with D2 compensator :") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response comparison +//closed loop system +Gc1=KGD1s/(KGD1s+1); +Gc2=KGD2s/(KGD2s+1); +figure; +t=0:0.05:20; +v1=csim('step',t,Gc1); +v2=csim('step',t,Gc2); +plot2d([t',t'],[v1',v2']) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for lead compensation design','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('y','fontsize',2) + +xset("font size", 3); +xarrows([2.5;1.5],[1.3;1.2],-1,1) +xstring(2.5,1.3,"D2",0,0) +xstring(4,1.2,"D1",0,0) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7a2c442 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7726e01ca Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a21196a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Example 6.16 +//Lead compensation for Servomechanism System. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +numG=10; +denG=s*(s/2.5+1)*(s/6+1); +G=numG/denG; +//Dc gain +K=1; + +KGs=syslin('c',K*G); + +//Lead compensator 1 +numD=s/2+1; +denD=s/20+1; +D1=numD/denD; +D1s=syslin('c',D1); + +KGD1s=D1s*KGs; //compensated system + +//Lead compensator 2 +numD=s/4+1; +denD=s/40+1; +D2=D1*numD/denD; //double compensator +D2s=syslin('c',D2); + + +KGD2s=D2s*KGs; //compensated system + +//The bode plot of the system with K +bode([KGs;KGD1s;KGD2s],0.1/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,['KG';'KGD1';'KGD2'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Bode plot for lead compensation design','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Margins of uncompensated and compensated systems +[gm1,wcg1]=g_margin(KGs); +[pm1,wcp1]=p_margin(KGs); +disp(wcp1*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg1*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm1,... +"Phase margin",gm1,"Gain margin","Uncompensated system :") + +[gm2,wcg2]=g_margin(KGD1s); +[pm2,wcp2]=p_margin(KGD1s); +disp(wcp2*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg2*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm2,... +"Phase margin",gm2,"Gain margin","System with D1 compensator :") + +[gm3,wcg3]=g_margin(KGD2s); +[pm3,wcp3]=p_margin(KGD2s); +disp(wcp3*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg3*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm3,... +"Phase margin",gm3,"Gain margin","System with D2 compensator :") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b236af65f Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22af946e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Example 6.17 +//Lag compensation for Temperature Control System. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +numG=1; +denG=(s/0.5+1)*(s+1)*(s/2+1); +G=numG/denG; +//Dc gain +K=3; //to set phase requirement + +KGs=syslin('c',K*G); + +//Lag compensator +numD=5*s+1; +denD=15*s+1; +D=3*numD/denD; +Ds=syslin('c',D); + +KGDs=Ds*KGs; //compensated system + +//The bode plot of the system with K +bode([KGs;KGDs],0.01/2/%pi,10/2/%pi,['KG';'KGD'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Frequency response of lag-compensation design','fontsize',3) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Margins of uncompensated and compensated systems +[gm1,wcg1]=g_margin(KGs); +[pm1,wcp1]=p_margin(KGs); +disp(wcp1*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg1*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm1,"Phase margin",... +gm1,"Gain margin","Uncompensated system :") + +[gm2,wcg2]=g_margin(KGDs); +[pm2,wcp2]=p_margin(KGDs); +disp(wcp2*2*%pi,"Wcp",wcg2*2*%pi,"Wcg",pm2,"Phase margin",... +gm2,"Gain margin","Compensated system :") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response +//closed loop system +Gc=KGDs/(KGDs+1); +figure; +t=0:0.05:20; +v=csim('step',t,Gc); +plot2d(t,v) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for lag compensation design','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('y','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..441cf5bdb Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..607607c60 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ec43ba46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 6.18 +//Lag compensation for DC motor. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +g=1/s/(s+1); +K=10; //DC gain +KGs=syslin('c',K*g); + +//Lag compensator +numD=10*s+1; //0.1 +denD=100*s+1; //0.01 +D=numD/denD; +Ds=syslin('c',D); + +KGDs=Ds*KGs; //compensated system + +//The bode plot of the system +bode([KGs;KGDs],0.001/2/%pi,10/2/%pi,['KG(s)';'D(s)G(s)'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Frequency response of lag-compensation design... + of DC motor','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response +//closed loop system +Gc=KGDs/(KGDs+1); +figure; +t=0:0.05:50; +v=csim('step',t,Gc); +plot(t,v,2) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for Lag-compensation design... + of DC motor','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('y','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f85523a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e43c621c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..126f637d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Example 6.19 +//PID compensation design for spacecraft attitude control. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +G1=(0.9/s^2); +G2=(2/(s+2)); +G=G1*G2; +Gs=syslin('c',G); + +// PID controller parameters +Td_inv=0.1; // Td_inv=1/Td=0.1 +Kd=1/Td_inv; //Kd=Td=Td_inv (derivative gain) + +Ti_inv=0.005; // Ti_inv=1/Ti=0.005 +Ki=Ti_inv; //Ki=Ti_inv (integral gain) + +Kp=0.05 //Kp (Proportional gain) + +D=Kp*(Kd*s+1)*(Ki/s+1); //PID Compensator + +Dsc=syslin('c',D); + +Ds=syslin('c',D/Kp); //PID Compensator with Kp=1 +// Compensated system with Kp=1 +GDs=Gs*Ds; +//PID compensated system Kp=0.05; +GDsc=Gs*Dsc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//The bode plots +bode([Gs;GDs;GDsc],0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,... +['G(s)';'D(s)G(s) with (Kp=1)';'D(s)G(s) with (Kp=0.05)'],"rad"); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Compensation for PID design','fontsize',3) + +//Phase margin of pid compensated system with Kp=0.05; +[pm wcp]=p_margin(GDsc); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//closed loop system +//step response +Gc=GDsc/(GDsc+1); +figure; +t=0:0.05:40; +y=csim('step',t,Gc); +plot(t,y,2) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for PID compensation of spacecraft'... +,'fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('$theta$','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step disturbance response +Gc=G1/((G1*G2*D)+1); +Gcs=syslin('c',Gc); +figure; +t=0:0.5:1000; +u=0.1*ones(1,length(t)); +y=csim(u,t,Gcs) +plot(t,y,2) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step disturbance response for PID compensation... + of spacecraft','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('$theta$','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2687e07e Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4b8b9759 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03eae0b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.2 +//Frequency response characteristics of Lead compensator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its bode plot +K=1, T=1, alpha=0.1 +s=poly(0,'s'); +sysD=syslin('c',K*(T*s+1)/(alpha*T*s+1)); + +//The bode plot of the system + +fmin=0.1/2/%pi; //mininmum frq. in Hz for response (0.1 rad/sec) +fmax=100/2/%pi; //maximum frq. in Hz for response (100 read/sec) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax); +//OR +//Bode plot for frequency in rad/sec (scilab ver. 5.5.1) +bode(sysD,fmin,fmax,"rad") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +title('(a) Magnitude and (b) phase for the lead compensator',... +'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..827a43a3d Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.2.b/Ex6_2_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb49eb066 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +//Example 6.3 +//Bode Plot for Real Poles and Zeros. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its bode plot +K=2000; +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gs=syslin('c',(K*(s+0.5))/(s*(s+10)*(s+50))); + +//The bode plot of the system +wmin=0.1; // mininmum frq. in rad/sec for response +wmax=100; // maximum frq. in red/sec for response +fmin=wmin/2/%pi // mininmum frq. in Hz for response +fmax=wmax/2/%pi // maximum frq. in Hz for response +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax) +//OR +//(Only for scilab ver. 5.5.1) +//Bode (frequency scale in rad/sec) +// or gainplot or phaseplot plot with asymptotes +figure(0) +gainplot(Gs,fmin,fmax); +bode_asymp(Gs,wmin,wmax); +xstring(0.03,22,"slope=-1(-20db/dec)",0,0); +xstring(0.2,9,"slope=0",0,0); +xstring(3,7,"slope=-1(-20db/dec)",0,0) +xstring(0.9,-8,"slope=-2(-40db/dec)",0,0) +title('Composit plots (a) magnitude plot','fontsize',3); +h=legend(''); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//phase plot for poles and zeros +zr=((s/0.5)+1)/s //infact this is zero and pole at origin. +zr=syslin('c', zr); +pl1=1/((s/10)+1) +pl1=syslin('c', pl1); +pl2=1/((s/50)+1) +pl2=syslin('c', pl2); +figure(1) +phaseplot([Gs;zr;pl1;pl2],fmin,fmax); +xstring(5.5,-14,"$\frac {1}{s/0.5+1}$",0,0); +xstring(2.8,-22,"$\frac{1}{s/50+1}$",0,0); +xstring(2.5,-60,"$\frac{1}{s/10+1}$",0,0); +xstring(1.2,-100,["Composite";"(Actual)"],0,0); +title('Composit plots (b) Phase','fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +figure(2) +bode(Gs,fmin,fmax,"rad"); //frequency scale n radians +bode_asymp(Gs,wmin,wmax); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('(c) magnitude plot and phase plot approximate and actual... +','fontsize',3) +xstring(2.8,-22,"$\frac{1}{s/50+1}$",0,0); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3440487a Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa0837daa Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e1124ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.4 +//Bode Plot with Complex Poles. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its bode plot +K=10; +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gs=syslin('c',(K)/(s*(s^2+0.4*s+4))); +//The bode plot of the system + +fmin=0.1/2/%pi; //mininmum frq. in Hz for response (0.1 rad/sec) +fmax=10/2/%pi; //maximum frq. in Hz for response (100 read/sec) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax); +//OR +//Bode plot for frequency in rad/sec (scilab ver. 5.5.1) +bode(Gs,fmin,fmax,0.01,"rad") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +title(['Bode plot for a transfer function with complex poles';... + '(a) magnitude... + (b) phase'],'fontsize',3) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58d9414da Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a70ab9c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 6.6 +//Bode Plot for Complex Poles and Zeros: +//Satellite with Flexible appendages. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its bode plot +K=0.01; +s=poly(0,'s'); +NumG=K*(s^2+0.01*s+1); +DenG=s^2*((s^2/4)+0.02*(s/2)+1) +sysG=syslin('c',NumG/DenG); + +fmin=0.09/2/%pi; //mininmum frq. in Hz for response (0.1 rad/sec) +fmax=11/2/%pi; //maximum frq. in Hz for response (100 read/sec) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax); +//OR +//Bode plot for frequency in rad/sec (scilab ver. 5.5.1) +bode(sysG,fmin,fmax,0.01,"rad") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +title(["Bode plot for a transfer function with complex... +poles and zeros"; "(a) magnitude (b) phase"],'fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +disp('NOTE : Result of the above example can be verified by checking the figures shown in example 6.5') diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e2dc1595 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e46a121d Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea6d5b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Example 6.7 +//Computation of velocity error constant Kv from Bode plot + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its bode plot +K=10; +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gs=syslin('c',(K)/(s*(s+1))); +//The bode plot of the system + +fmin=0.01/2/%pi; //mininmum frq. in Hz for response (0.1 rad/sec) +fmax=10/2/%pi; //maximum frq. in Hz for response (100 read/sec) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax); +//OR +//Bode plot for frequency in rad/sec (scilab ver. 5.5.1) +bode(Gs,fmin,fmax,0.01,"rad") +title(['Determination of Kv from the Bode plot for the system',... +'$10/[s(s+1)]$'],'fontsize',3) +//choose frequency (rad) and magnitude from bode plot and calculate Kv +//Here at w=0.01, magngitude in db is M=60 +//i.e actual magnitude of the reponse is |A|=10^(M/20) +w=0.01; // in rad +M=60 // in db +A=10^(M/20) //actual gain + +//Velocity error constant Kv=w*|A(w)| +Kv=w*A; +disp(Kv,"The Velocity error Constant from bode plot is: ") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Computation of the Kv +[frq repf]=repfreq(Gs,fmin,fmax); +//frq in Hz, repf is freq. response in rectangular form. +//From bode plot, Kv=w*|A(w)| +//i.e Kv=2*pi*f*|A(2*pi*f)| + +idx=1;//selecting the frequency and response at that frequency from arrays +Kv=2*%pi*frq(idx)*abs(repf(idx)) +disp(Kv,"The Velocity error Constant is computed at 0.0015915 Hz (0.01 rad/sec) : ") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6625052d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Example 6.8 +// Nyquist plot for a second order system. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus +s=poly(0,'s'); +g=1/(s+1)^2; +sysG=syslin('c',g); + +evans(sysG); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +title(['Root locus of','$G(s)=1/(s+1)^2$','with respect to K'],... +'fontsize',3) +zoom_rect([-3,-2,2,3]) +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +figure(1) +//The bode plot of the system +fmin=0.01/2/%pi; //mininmum frq. in Hz for response (0.1 rad/sec) +fmax=100/2/%pi; //maximum frq. in Hz for response (100 read/sec) + +//Bode plot for frequency in Hz (scilab ver. 5.4.1) +//bode(g,fmin,fmax); +//OR +//Bode plot for frequency in rad/sec (scilab ver. 5.5.1) +bode(sysG,fmin,fmax,0.01,"rad") +title(['Open loop bode plot for', '$G(s)=1/(s+1)^2$'],'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +figure(2) +//The nyquist plot of the system +nyquist(sysG); +title('Nyquist plot of the evaluation of K G(s) for s=C1 and K=1'... +,'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset('color',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bb5cdb61 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690c6b5e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a66b127dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 6.9 +// Nyquist plot for a third order system. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +g=syslin('c',1/(s*(s+1)^2)); + +//The bode plot of the system +fmin=0.01/2/%pi; +fmax=100/2/%pi; +//[frq,repf]=repfreq(g1,fmin,fmax,0.01); +bode(g,fmin,fmax,"rad"); +frq=[1,10]/2/%pi; +[frq, repf]=repfreq(g,frq); +[db, phi]=dbphi(repf); +plot(frq*2*%pi,db,'ro'); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Bode plot for","$G(s)=1/[s(s+1)^2]$"],'fontsize',3) +//zoom_rect([[0.1 0] -70 [12 -180] 20]) +xset("font size", 3); + +xstring(1,0,"$C\,\, (\omega=1)$",0,0); +xstring(2,-75,"$E\,\, (\omega=10)$",0,0); +f=gca(); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//The nyquist plot of the system +figure; +nyquist(g,0.8/2/%pi,10/2/%pi,0.02) + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(["Nyquist plot for","$G(s)=1/[s(s+1)]^2$"],'fontsize',3) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin"; +f.y_location = "origin"; +zoom_rect([-1 -0.2 0.5 0.2]); +xset("clipping", -1.2, 0.2, 1.4,0.4); +xset("font size", 3); +xset("color",2); +xstring(-0.6,0.1,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega<0}}$",0,0); +xstring(-0.6,-0.1,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega>0}}$",0,0); +xstring(-0.7,0.005,"${\fgcolor{blue}{\omega=\pm 1}}$",0,0); +xstring(-1,-0.2,... +"${\fgcolor{blue}{\text{From \infty at \omega=0^+}}$",0,0); + xstring(-0.7,0.15,"${\fgcolor{blue}... + {\text{Towards \infty at \omega=0^-}}$",0,0); +xstring(-0.525,-0.04,"C",0,0); +xstring(-0.075,0,"E",0,0); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0717e6cf9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..482ef9388 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0c479432 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Example 7.29 +// A reduced order compensator design for a satellite attitude control + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation +F=[0 1;0 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F));//order of the system + +//partioned system +Faa=F(1,1); Fab=F(1,2); +Fba=F(2,1); Fbb=F(2,2); +Ga=G(1);Gb=G(2); + +// Desired estimator poles +Pe=[-5]; +// Observer gain matrix for system +L=ppol(Fbb',Fab',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,"L=" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//State feedback control law u=-Kx=-(K+[L*k2 0])[y xc]'; +k1=1; k2=sqrt(2); +K=[k1 k2]; +Kc=K+[L*k2 0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//compensator differential equation +//xc_dot=(Fbb-L*Fab)*xb_hat + (Fba - L*Faa)*y + (Gb - L*Ga)*u +//xc_dot=((Fbb-L*Fab)-k2)*xc + [(Fba - L*Faa)-(Gb - L*Ga)*(k1+L*k2)+L*(Fbb-L*Fab)]*y +Fc=(Fbb-L*Fab)-Gb*k2 +Fy=(Fba - L*Faa)-(Gb - L*Ga)*(k1+k2*L)+(Fbb-L*Fab)*L +//compensator transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gest=syslin('c',Fy/(s-Fc))//estimator transfer function +Dcr=-[k1+L*k2+k2*Gest] +disp(Dcr,'Dcr','compensator transfer function') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus with reduced order compensator +G=1/s^2; +G=syslin('c',G); +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[pl,zr Kp]=zpk_dk(Dcr); + +Dcr=poly(zr,'s','roots')/poly(pl,'s','roots') +Dcr=syslin('c',Dcr); +evans(G*Dcr) +zoom_rect([-8 -4 2 4]) + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus of a reduced order controller and',"$1/s^2$",... + "process"],'fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Frequnecy response for 1/s^2 and compensated + +figure, +bode([-Kp*G*Dcr;G],0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,"rad"); +title(["Frequency response","$G(s)=1/s^2$", "with a reduced... + order estimator"],'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend('Compensated','Uncompensated') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a23bbb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b330b97d Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH6/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4accd101 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 7.10 +//Transformation of Thermal System from Control to Modal Form + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space matrices of the given system +Ac=[-7 1; -12 0]; +Bc=[1;2]; +Cc=[1 0]; +Dc=0; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation in modal canonical form +T=[4 -3;-1 1] +Am=T\Ac*T; +Bm=T\Bc; +Cm=Cc*T; +Dm=Dc; +disp(Dm,"Dm",Cm,"Cm", Bm,"Bm",Am,"Am","Thermal System in modal canonical form") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1ad0bce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Example 7.11 +//Poles and Zeros of Tape Drive System. +//Also, Transform the system into modal form + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space matrices of Tape Drive System + +F=[0 2 0 0 0; +-0.1 -0.35 0.1 0.1 0.75; +0 0 0 2 0; +0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.4 0; +0 -0.03 0 0 -1]; +G=[0 0 0 0 1]'; +H2=[0 0 1 0 0]; +H3=[0.5 0 0.5 0 0]; +Ht=[-0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Poles (eigen values) of the system +p=clean(spec(F)); +disp(p,"Poles of Tape Drive System are") + +//It requires complete state-space model. +sys=syslin('c',F,G,[Ht;H2;H3],[0;0;0]) + +// zeros of the system +[tr]=trzeros(sys) +disp(tr,"Transmission zeros of Tape Drive System are") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation in modal canonical form with H3 output only. + +[m Am1]=spec(F) +T1=[1/2 -%i/2;1/2 %i/2]; +//transformation for a complex pair of eigen values. +temp=eye(5,5); +T=[T1 zeros(2,3);zeros(3,2) eye(3,3)]; +temp(1,1)=-1; temp(2,2)=-1; //for change in input output signs as desired +M=m*T*temp //real Modal transformation + +Am=clean(M\F*M); +Bm=clean(M\G); +Cm=clean(H3*M); +Dm=0; + +disp(Dm,"Dm",Cm,"Cm", Bm,"Bm",Am,"Am","Tape Drive System in modal canonical form") +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eaead769 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 7.12 +//Transformation of Thermal System from state description + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model of Thermal System +s=%s; +F=[-7 -12; 1 0]; +G=[1;0]; +H=[1 2]; +J=0; +sys=syslin('c',F,G,H,J) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function model of Thermal System +[ch num den]=ss2tf(sys); +disp(num/den, "G=","Transfer function model of Thermal System") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82c5e3b49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 7.13 +//Zeros for the Thermal System from a State Description + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model of the given system +F=[-7 -12; 1 0]; +G=[1;0]; +H=[1 2]; +J=0; +sysG=syslin('c',F,G,H,J) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function model +[d num den]=ss2tf(sysG); +zr=roots(num); +disp(zr,'zr='); +//Alternately, it can be obtained as +zr=trzeros(sysG); +disp(zr,'zr='); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1812532d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Example 7.14 +//Analysis of state equations of Tape Drive. +//compute the poles, zeros and transfer function of Tape Drive System. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space matrices of Tape Drive System + +F=[0 2 0 0 0; +-0.1 -0.35 0.1 0.1 0.75; +0 0 0 2 0; +0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.4 0; +0 -0.03 0 0 -1]; +G=[0 0 0 0 1]'; +H2=[0 0 1 0 0]; +H3=[0.5 0 0.5 0 0]; +Ht=[-0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Poles (eigen values) of the system +p=clean(spec(F)); + +disp(p,"P","Poles of Tape Drive System are (for any output)") +disp("************************************************************") + + +disp("pole and zero polynomials and transfer function... + for a system with output H2") +sys2=syslin('c',F,G,H2,0); +[d2 num2 den2]=ss2tf(sys2); +N2=coeff(num2); +D2=coeff(den2); +disp(D2,"D2",N2,"N2") +// zeros of the system with output H2 +[zer2]=trzeros(sys2) +disp(zer2,"ZER2","zeros are") +// transfer function of the system with output H2 +G2=clean(num2/den2); +disp(G2,"G2(s)=N2(s)/D2(s)=") +disp("************************************************************") + +disp("pole and zero polynomials and transfer function for a... + system with output H3") +sys3=syslin('c',F,G,H3,0); +[d3 num3 den3]=ss2tf(sys3); +N3=coeff(num3); +D3=coeff(den3); +disp(D3,"D3",N3,"N3") +// zeros of the system with output H3 +[zer3]=trzeros(sys3) +disp(zer3,"ZER3","zeros are") +// transfer function of the system with output H3 +G3=clean(num2/den2); +disp(G3,"G3(s)=N3(s)/D3(s)=") +disp("************************************************************") + + +disp("pole and zero polynomials and transfer function for a... + system with output Ht") +syst=syslin('c',F,G,Ht,0); +[dt numt dent]=ss2tf(syst); +Nt=coeff(numt); +Dt=coeff(dent); +disp(Dt,"Dt",Nt,"Nt","zeros are") +// zeros of the system with output Ht +[zert]=trzeros(syst) +disp(zert,"ZERT") +// transfer function of the system with output Ht +Gt=clean(numt/dent); +disp(Gt,"G(s)=Nt(s)/Dt(s)=") +disp("************************************************************") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0b2aa556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 7.15 +//Control law for a pendulum. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Pendulum state model; +w0=1; + +F=[0 1;-w0^2 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=eye(2,2); //representing x1 and x2 states as outputs +J=[0 0]'; + +sys=syslin('c',F,G,H,J); //open loop system + +x0=[1 0]' //initial condition +t=0:0.2:7; +y=csim('impulse',t,sys); //open loop response +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//simulation for closed loop system +x0=[1 0]' //initial condition + +//control law u=-Kx; +K=[3*w0^2 4*w0]; +syscl=syslin('c',(F-G*K),G,H,J); //closed loop system + + +t=0:0.1:7; +u=zeros(1,length(t)); +[x z]=csim(u,t,syscl,x0); //closed loop response +plot(t',x'); + +u=-K*x; +plot(t',u'/4,'r--'); //control law u plot (scaled to 1/4 in figure); +legend("x1","x2","u/4") + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Impulse response of undamped oscillator with full-state... + feedback(w0=1)','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fda837dd8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36e32f805 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 7.16 +//Ackermann's formula for undamped oscillator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//undamped oscillator (Pendulum) state model; +w0=1; + +F=[0 1;-w0^2 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=eye(2,2); //representing x1 and x2 states as outputs +J=[0 0]'; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Ackermann's formula for feedback gain computation + +pc=[-2 -2]; //desired poles +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +[K,eig]=acker_dk(F,G,pc) +disp(K,"Feedback gain K=") +disp(eig,"Closed loop eigen values are ") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d564e36a --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 7.17 How zero location affect control law +// Obtain state feedback gain matrix for the given system + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(a) state feedback gain matrix for zero at 2. +//Location of system Zero +z0=2; + +// State space representation +Ao=[-7 1;-12 0]; +Bo=[1 -z0]'; +Co=[1 0]; +Do=0; + +// Desired poles +Pd=[1 2 4]; +Pc=roots(Pd); + + +// State feedback gain matrix for system zero at -2.0 +K=ppol(Ao,Bo,Pc) +disp(K,"K=","State feeback gain for a system with zero at 2" ) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Location of system Zero +z0=-2.99 +B=[1 -z0]'; +// State feedback gain matrix for system zero... +// at -2.99 (by ackermann's formula) +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K1=acker_dk(Ao,B,Pc) +disp(K1,"K1","State feeback gain for a system with zero at -2.99") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5be65a2a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Example 7.18 +//Introducing the reference input. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Pendulum state model; +w0=1; + +F=[0 1;-w0^2 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; //representing x1 and x2 states as outputs +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); + +//computing state feedback matrix to place poles at [-2 -2] +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K=acker_dk(F,G,[-2, -2]); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//augmented matrix for tracking the reference +A=[F G;H J]; +N=A\[zeros(1,n) 1]'; +Nx=N(1:n); +Nu=N(n+1); + +//feedforward gain (input weight) +Ntilde=Nu+K*Nx; + +//------------------------------------ +//Alternately, it can be computed as / +Ntilde1=-inv(H*inv(F-G*K)*G); // / +//------------------------------------ + +//Closed loop system and step response +syscl=syslin('c',(F-G*K),G*Ntilde,H,J); //closed loop system + +t=0:0.1:7; +[y x]=csim('step',t,syscl); //closed loop response +plot(t',x'); + +u=-K*x+Ntilde; +plot(t',u'/4,'r--'); //control law u plot (scaled to 1/4 in figure); +legend("x1","x2","u/4"); +xset('font size',3); +xstring(5,0.93,"$x_{ss}$") +xstring(5,0.25,"$u_{ss}$") + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response of undamped oscillator to reference input',... +'fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18e8af6f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..013575d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Example 7.19 +//Reference input to Type-1 control system: DC Motor + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Location of system Zero +z0=2; + +// State space representation +F=[0 1;0 -1]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); //order of the system + +//computing state feedback matrix to place poles at assumed location [-1 -2] +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K=acker_dk(F,G,[-1, -2]); //assume pd=[-1 -2] +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//augmented matrix for tracking the reference +A=[F G;H J]; +N=A\[zeros(1,n) 1]'; +Nx=N(1:n); +Nu=N(n+1); +disp(Nx,"Nx",Nu,"Nu") + +//feedforward gain (input weight) +Ntilde=Nu+K*Nx; +disp(Ntilde,"N_tilde","Input gain: N_tilde =Nu+K Nx") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Verify if ||y-r|| -> 0; + +syscl=syslin('c',(F-G*K),G*Ntilde,H,J); //closed loop system + +t=0:0.1:10; +r=ones(1,length(t));//reference input +[y x]=csim('step',t,syscl); //closed loop response + +e=sqrt((r-y).^2) //norm of error +plot(t,y); +plot(t,r,'m:'); //reference input +plot(t,e,'r-.'); //norm of error +xset('font size',3); +xstring(3,0.83,"y") +xstring(2,1,"r") +xstring(3,0.1,"$\|e\|$") +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response of undamped oscillator to reference input','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2); +zoom_rect([0 -0.1 10 1.1]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67707bcb4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cffa9bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Example 7.2 +//Cruise control system step response. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Cruise control system parameters +m=1000; +b=50; +u=500; + +// Transfer function +s=%s; // or +s=poly(0,'s'); +sys1=syslin('c',(1/m)/(s+b/m)); +disp(sys1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +F=[0 1; 0 -b/m]; +G=[0;1/m]; +H=[0 1]; +J=0; +sys=syslin('c',F,G,H,J); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response to u=500; +t=0:0.5:100; +v=csim('step',t,u*sys); +plot(t,v,2) + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Responses of car velocity to a step in u','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b40aab00 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.2.b/Ex7_2_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14140dde4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//Example 7.20 +// Pole Placement as a Dominant Second-Order System + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +clc; +clear all; + +// State space representation +F=[0 2 0 0 0;-0.10 -0.35 0.1 0.1 0.75; 0 0 0 2 0;... + 0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.4 0; 0 -0.03 0 0 -1]; +G=[0 0 0 0 1]'; +H=[0.5 0 0.5 0 0]; //Tape position at the head +Ht=[-0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0]; //Tension output +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)) +// Desired poles +Pc=[-0.707+0.707*%i -0.707-0.707*%i -4 -4 -4]/1.5; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State feedback gain matrix via LQR (riccati equation) +Q = eye(5,5); +R =1 +// Riccati equation +P=riccati(F, G*inv(R)*G', Q, 'c') +K1=inv(R)*G'*P +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State feedback gain matrix via pole-placement +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K2=acker_dk(F,G,Pc); +disp(K2,'K2=',"Gain by ackermans formula" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +Ntilde1=-inv(H*inv(F-G*K1)*G); //input gain for LQR feedback gain. +Ntilde2=-inv(H*inv(F-G*K2)*G); //input gain for Ackerman's feedback gain. + +syscl1=syslin('c',(F-G*K1),G*Ntilde1,H,J); //closed loop system with K1 +syscl2=syslin('c',(F-G*K2),G*Ntilde2,H,J); //closed loop system with K2 + +t=0:0.1:12; +[y1 x1]=csim('step',t,syscl1); //response of position head with K1 +[y2 x2]=csim('step',t,syscl2); //response of position head with K2 + +//plot of a position of read write head +plot(t,y1,"m-."); //Design via LQR +plot(t,y2,2); //Design via Ackerman's Formula + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response of tape servomotor designs','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel('Tape Posotion','fontsize',2); + +xstring(2.5,1.1,"LQR") +xarrows([3;4],[1.1;0.95],-1,1) +xstring(5,0.7,["Dominant";"second order"]) +xarrows([5;4.2],[0.8;0.9],-1.5,1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//response as a tape tension +yt1=Ht*x1; +yt2=Ht*x2; + +figure(1) +plot(t,yt1,"m-."); //Design via LQR +plot(t,yt2,2); //Design via Ackerman's Formula + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Tension plots for tape servomotor step responses','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel('Tape Tension','fontsize',2); + +xstring(3.5,0,"LQR") +xarrows([3.7;4.7],[0;0],-1) +xstring(6.1,-0.015,["Dominant";"second order"]) +xarrows([6;6],[-0.013;-0.002],-1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fe7ab6e3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f1.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2569de48e Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59ceda7f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 7.21 +// Symmetric root locus (SRL) for servo speed control + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function model of the given system +a=1.5;//assume +s=poly(0,'s'); +nums=1; +dens=s+a; +num_s=1; +den_s=-s+a; +G0s=syslin('c',nums/dens); //G0(s) +G0_s=syslin('c',num_s/den_s); //G0(-s) + +evans(G0s) +evans(G0_s) +zoom_rect([-3 -0.1 3 0.1]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Symmetric root locus for a first order system','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus design +//rho>0; choose rho=2 +rho=2; +//optimal pole p=-sqrt(a^2+rho) +p=-sqrt(a^2+rho) +sig=real(p); +omega=imag(p); +plot(sig,omega,'ro') +xstring(-2.5,0.02,["pole location at";"$\rho=2$"]) +xarrows([-2.2;-2.07],[0.02;0.002],-1.5,1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae1c591e Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e277f626 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 7.22 +// SRL design for satellite attitude control + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function for satellite attitude control system +s=poly(0,'s'); +nums=1; +dens=s^2; +num_s=1; +den_s=(-s)^2; +G0s=syslin('c',nums/dens); //G0(s) +G0_s=syslin('c',num_s/den_s); //G0(-s) +//evans(G0s*G0_s) +evans(1/s^4) +zoom_rect([-3 -3 3 3]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Symmetric root locus for the satellite','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus design +//choose rho=4.07 that places pole at -1+-j +rho=4.07; +chr_eqn=(1+rho*G0s*G0_s) +p=[-1+%i, -1-%i]; +sig=real(p); +omega=imag(p); +plot(sig,omega,'ro') +xstring(-2.2,0.5,["pole locations at";"$\rho=4.07$"]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//pole-placement design; +sys=tf2ss(G0s); +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K=acker_dk(sys.A,sys.B,p); +syscl=syslin('c',(sys.A-sys.B*K),sys.B, sys.C, sys.D) +disp(spec(syscl.A),"Closed loop eigen values"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebc7654c5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2e1d2e46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +//Example 7.23 +// SRL Design for an Inverted Pendulum + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Transfer function model of Inverted Pendulum. +s=poly(0,'s'); + +nums=-(s+2); +dens=(s^2-1) +num_s=-(-s+2); +den_s=((-s)^2-1) +G0s=syslin('c',nums/dens); //G0(s) +G0_s=syslin('c',num_s/den_s); //G0(-s) +sysGG=G0s*G0_s; +evans(sysGG) +title('Symmetric root locus for Inverted Pendulum') +zoom_rect([-3 -2 3 2]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Symmetric root locus for the inverted pendulum','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus design +//choose rho=1 that places pole at -1.36+-j0.606 +rho=1; +p=[-1.36+0.606*%i, -1.36-0.606*%i]; +sig=real(p); +omega=imag(p); +plot(sig,omega,'ro') +xstring(-1.25,0.5,["pole locations at";"$\rho=1$"]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//pole-placement design; +Ac=[0 1;1 0];Bc=[0 -1]'; Cc=[2 1];Dc=0; +exec('./acker_dk.sci', -1); +K=acker_dk(Ac,Bc,p); +disp(K,"K=",spec(Ac-Bc*K),"Closed loop eigen values"); + +//input gain calculation +n=sqrt(length(Ac)); +A=[Ac Bc;Cc Dc]; +N=A\[zeros(1,n) 1]'; +Nx=N(1:n); +Nu=N(n+1); + +//feedforward gain (input gain) +Ntilde=Nu+K*Nx; + +//Step respose +t=0:0.1:4.5; +syscl=syslin('c',(Ac-Bc*K),Bc*Ntilde, Cc, Dc) +[y x]=csim('step',t,syscl); //closed loop response +figure, +plot(t,y); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Step response for inverted pendulum','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel(["Position","$x_1$"],'fontsize',2); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec5d19937 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f1.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0caae0420 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.23/Ex7_23_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a816cd7c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +//Example 7.24 +// LQR Design for a Tape Drive + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model for a Tape Drive +F=[0 2 0 0 0;-0.10 -0.35 0.1 0.1 0.75; 0 0 0 2 0; 0.4 0.4 -0.4 -1.4 0; 0 -0.03 0 0 -1]; +G=[0 0 0 0 1]'; +H3=[0.5 0 0.5 0 0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State feedback gain matrix via LQR (riccati equation) +// (a) Continuous LQR for rho=1 +rho=1; +R1=1; +Q1=rho*H3'*H3; +// Riccati equation +P1=riccati(F, G*inv(R1)*G', Q1, 'c') +K1=inv(R1)*G'*P1 +disp(K1,'K1') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State feedback gain matrix via LQR (riccati equation) +// (a) Comparision in step response with rho=0.1,1,10. +rho=0.1; +R2=1; +Q2=rho*H3'*H3; +// Riccati equation +P2=riccati(F, G*inv(R2)*G', Q2, 'c') +K2=inv(R2)*G'*P2 + +rho=10; +R3=1; +Q3=rho*H3'*H3; +// Riccati equation +P3=riccati(F, G*inv(R3)*G', Q3, 'c') +K3=inv(R3)*G'*P3 +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//input gains for step reference with rho=0.1,1,10. +Ntilde1=-inv(H3*inv(F-G*K1)*G); +Ntilde2=-inv(H3*inv(F-G*K2)*G); +Ntilde3=-inv(H3*inv(F-G*K3)*G); + +//Closed loop system with rho=0.1,1,10. +syscl1=syslin('c',(F-G*K1),G*Ntilde1,H3,0); +syscl2=syslin('c',(F-G*K2),G*Ntilde2,H3,0); +syscl3=syslin('c',(F-G*K3),G*Ntilde3,H3,0); + +//step response with rho=0.1,1,10. +t=0:0.1:12; +[y1 x1]=csim('step',t,syscl1); //closed loop response +[y2 x2]=csim('step',t,syscl2); //closed loop response +[y3 x3]=csim('step',t,syscl3); //closed loop response + +figure, +a1=newaxes(); +a1.axes_bounds=[0,0,1.0,0.5]; +plot(t,y1); +plot(t,y2,'r-.'); +plot(t,y3,'m:'); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('(a)Step response of step servo motor for LQR Design','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel(["Tape Position","$x_3$"],'fontsize',2); + +xstring(4.1,0.85,"$\rho=1$") +xstring(5.5,0.75,"$\rho=0.1$") +xstring(2.1,1.05,"$\rho=10$") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Tensions for the Tape +//For tape output is Ht=[-0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0]; +Ht=[-0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0]; +H3=Ht; +//input gains can not be computed because of singularity. so set it 1; +Ntilde1=1; +Ntilde2=1; +Ntilde3=1; + +//Closed loop system with rho=0.1,1,10. +syscl1=syslin('c',(F-G*K1),G*Ntilde1,H3,0); +syscl2=syslin('c',(F-G*K2),G*Ntilde2,H3,0); +syscl3=syslin('c',(F-G*K3),G*Ntilde3,H3,0); + +//step response with rho=0.1,1,10. +t=0:0.1:12; +[y1 x1]=csim('step',t,syscl1); //closed loop response +[y2 x2]=csim('step',t,syscl2); //closed loop response +[y3 x3]=csim('step',t,syscl3); //closed loop response + +a2=newaxes(); +a2.axes_bounds=[0,0.5,1.0,0.5]; +plot(t,y1); +plot(t,y2,'r-.'); +plot(t,y3,'m:'); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('(b)Corresponding tension for Tape servomotor step response','fontsize',3); +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2); +ylabel(["Tape Tension","T"],'fontsize',2); + + +xstring(4.3,-0.05,"$\rho=1$") +xstring(6,-0.1,"$\rho=0.1$") +xstring(1.5,-0.03,"$\rho=10$") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b91050fcc Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0128a2fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 7.25 +// An estimator design for a simple pendulum + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation +w0=1; +F=[0 1; -w0^2 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F));//order of the system +// Desired estimator poles +Pe=[-10*w0 -10*w0]; +// Observer gain matrix for system +Lt=ppol(F',H',Pe); +L=Lt'; +disp(L,"L=" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//simulation for closed loop system +x0=[1 0]' //initial condition + +//State feedback control law u=-Kx; (from Ex7_15) +K=[3*w0^2 4*w0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Augmented plant and observer +Faug=[F-G*K, zeros(n,n); L*H, F-L*H]; +Gaug=[0 0 0 0]'; +Haug=[H -H]; +Jaug=0; + +sys_aug=syslin('c',Faug,Gaug,Haug,Jaug); +t=0:0.1:4; +u=zeros(1,length(t)); +x0=[1 0 0 0]'; +[x z]=csim(u,t,sys_aug,x0); //closed loop response +plot(t,z(1,:)); +plot(t,z(2,:),'m'); +plot(t,z(3,:),'b:'); +plot(t,z(4,:),'m:'); + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Initial condition response of oscillator showing',... +'$\mathbf{x}$','and','$\hat{\mathbf{x}}$'],'fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +legend('$x_1$','$x_2$','$\hat{x}_1$','$\hat{x}_2$') +xset('font size',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e24633f1a Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7485ee2b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Example 7.26 +// A reduced order estimator design for pendulum + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation +w0=1; +F=[0 1; -w0^2 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F));//order of the system + +//partioned system +Faa=F(1,1); Fab=F(1,2); +Fba=F(2,1); Fbb=F(2,2); + +// Desired estimator poles +Pe=[-10]; +// Observer gain matrix for system +L=ppol(Fbb',Fab',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,"L=" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//simulation for closed loop system +x0=[1 0 10]' //initial condition + +//State feedback control law u=-Kx; (from Ex7_15) +K=[3*w0^2 4*w0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Augmented plant and observer +Faug=[F-G*K, zeros(n,1); Fab, L*Fab, Fbb-L*Fab]; +Gaug=[0 0 0]'; +Haug=[H 0]; +J=0; + +sys_aug=syslin('c',Faug,Gaug,Haug,J); +t=0:0.1:4; +u=zeros(1,length(t)); +[x z]=csim(u,t,sys_aug,x0); //closed loop response +plot(t,z(1,:),'b'); +plot(t,z(2,:),'r'); +plot(t,z(3,:),'r--'); + + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Initial condition response of the reduced order estimator','fontsize',3) +xlabel('Time t (sec.)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',2) +legend('$x_1$','$x_2$','$\hat{x}_2$') +xset('font size',2) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d9f50aa Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c3c51a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Example 7.27 +// SRL estimator design for a simple pendulum + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation +F=[0 1; -1 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; + +//Transfer function +sys=syslin('c',F,G,H,J) +sysGG=ss2tf(sys) + +//Symmetric root locus for the inverted pendulum estimator design +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus design +evans(sysGG*sysGG) +zoom_rect([-5 -5 5 5]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Symmetric root locus for inverted the pendulum estimator design',... +'fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//pole locations for q=365; p=-3+-j3.18 +p=[-3+3.18*%i -3-3.18*%i] +sig=real(p); +omega=imag(p); +plot(sig,omega,'ro') +xstring(-4,1,["pole location at";"q=365"]) +xarrows([-3.5;-3.05],[2;3.1],-1.5,1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad30cd949 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.27/Ex7_27_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d705b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Example 7.28 +// Full order compensator design for satellite attitude control. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +A=[0 1; 0 0]; +B=[0 1]'; +C=[1 0]; +D=0; +n=sqrt(length(A)); +//Desired poles for the satellite attitude control system. +Pc=[-0.707+0.707*%i -0.707-0.707*%i ] + +// State feedback gain +K=ppol(A,B,Pc) +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") + +//Estimator - error roots are at +Pe=[-2.5+4.3*%i -2.5-4.3*%i] +L=ppol(A',C',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,'L=',"Observer gain") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Compensator Design +sys1=syslin('c',A,B,C,D); +G=ss2tf(sys1); +s=poly(0,'s'); + +Ds=-K*inv(s*eye(n,n)-A+B*K+L*C)*L; + +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[pl,zr Kp]=zpk_dk(Ds); +D=poly(zr,'s','roots')/poly(pl,'s','roots') + +evans(G*D) +zoom_rect([-8 -6 8 6]) + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for combined control and estimator,... + with process gain as the parameter','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Frequnecy response for 1/s^2 and compensated + +figure, +bode([-Ds*G;G],0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,"rad"); +title(["Frequency response for","$G(s)=1/s^2$"],'fontsize',3) +legend('Compensated','Uncompensated') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f2a24476 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f1.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d6311069 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0c479432 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Example 7.29 +// A reduced order compensator design for a satellite attitude control + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation +F=[0 1;0 0]; +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F));//order of the system + +//partioned system +Faa=F(1,1); Fab=F(1,2); +Fba=F(2,1); Fbb=F(2,2); +Ga=G(1);Gb=G(2); + +// Desired estimator poles +Pe=[-5]; +// Observer gain matrix for system +L=ppol(Fbb',Fab',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,"L=" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//State feedback control law u=-Kx=-(K+[L*k2 0])[y xc]'; +k1=1; k2=sqrt(2); +K=[k1 k2]; +Kc=K+[L*k2 0]; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//compensator differential equation +//xc_dot=(Fbb-L*Fab)*xb_hat + (Fba - L*Faa)*y + (Gb - L*Ga)*u +//xc_dot=((Fbb-L*Fab)-k2)*xc + [(Fba - L*Faa)-(Gb - L*Ga)*(k1+L*k2)+L*(Fbb-L*Fab)]*y +Fc=(Fbb-L*Fab)-Gb*k2 +Fy=(Fba - L*Faa)-(Gb - L*Ga)*(k1+k2*L)+(Fbb-L*Fab)*L +//compensator transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +Gest=syslin('c',Fy/(s-Fc))//estimator transfer function +Dcr=-[k1+L*k2+k2*Gest] +disp(Dcr,'Dcr','compensator transfer function') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus with reduced order compensator +G=1/s^2; +G=syslin('c',G); +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[pl,zr Kp]=zpk_dk(Dcr); + +Dcr=poly(zr,'s','roots')/poly(pl,'s','roots') +Dcr=syslin('c',Dcr); +evans(G*Dcr) +zoom_rect([-8 -4 2 4]) + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title(['Root locus of a reduced order controller and',"$1/s^2$",... + "process"],'fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Frequnecy response for 1/s^2 and compensated + +figure, +bode([-Kp*G*Dcr;G],0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,"rad"); +title(["Frequency response","$G(s)=1/s^2$", "with a reduced... + order estimator"],'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend('Compensated','Uncompensated') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a23bbb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b330b97d Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e6aaee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +//Example 7.30 +// Full-Order Compensator Design for DC Servo. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +//Transfer function model for DC Servo +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=10; +den=s*(s+2)*(s+8); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); + +// State space representation +F=[-10 1 0;-16 0 1;0 0 0]; +G=[0 0 10]'; +H=[1 0 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); +//Desired poles for the DC Servo system. +Pc=[-1.42 -1.04+2.14*%i -1.04-2.14*%i ] + + +// State feedback gain +K=ppol(F,G,Pc) +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") + +//Estimator - error roots are at +Pe=[-4.25 -3.13+6.41*%i -3.13-6.41*%i] +L=ppol(F',H',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,'L=',"Observer gain") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Compensator Design +DK=-K*inv(s*eye(n,n)-F+G*K+L*H)*L; + +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[p,z]=zpk_dk(DK); +D=poly(z,'s','roots')/poly(p,'s','roots') + +evans(Gs*D) +zoom_rect([-8 -9 3 9]) + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for DC servo pole assignment','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65b7d8541 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e5955621 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +//Example 7.31 +// Reduced-Order Estimator Design for DC Servo. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +//Transfer function model for DC Servo +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=10; +den=s*(s+2)*(s+8); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); +// State space representation +F=[-10 1 0;-16 0 1;0 0 0] +G=[0 0 10]'; +H=[1 0 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); +//Desired poles for the DC Servo system. +Pc=[-1.42 -1.04+2.14*%i -1.04-2.14*%i ] +// State feedback gain +K=ppol(F,G,Pc) +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Estimator - error roots are at +//partioned system +Faa=F(1,1); Fab=F(1,2:3); +Fba=F(3,1); Fbb=F(2:3,2:3); +Ga=G(1);Gb=G(2:3); + +Pe=[-4.24+4.24*%i, -4.24-4.24*%i] +// Observer gain matrix for system +L=ppol(Fbb',Fab',Pe); +L=L'; +disp(L,"L=" ); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//State feedback control law u=-Kx=-(K+[L*k2 0])[y xc]'; +k1=K(1); k2=K(2:3); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//compensator transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=(-0.735+s)*(1.871+s); +den=poly([-0.990 + 6.12* %i, -0.990 - 6.12* %i] ,'s','roots') +Dcr=syslin('c',num/den); +disp(Dcr,'Dcr','compensator transfer function') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Root locus with reduced order compensator +evans(-Dcr*Gs) +zoom_rect([-8 -9 3 9]) + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" + +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for DC servo reduced order controller','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98c3a4296 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca1184424 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +//Example 7.32 +// Redesign of the Dc servo compensator using SRL + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +//Transfer function model for DC Servo +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=10; +den=s*(s+2)*(s+8); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); + +// State space representation +F=[-10 1 0;-16 0 1;0 0 0] +G=[0 0 10]'; +H=[1 0 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); +//Desired poles for the DC Servo system. +Pc=[-2+1.56*%i -2-1.56*%i -8.04] + + +// State feedback gain +K=ppol(F,G,Pc) +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") + +//Estimator - error roots are at +Pe=[-4+4.49*%i -4-4.49*%i -9.169] +exec .\acker_dk.sci; +Lt=ppol(F',H',Pe); +L=clean(Lt'); +disp(L,'L=',"Observer gain") +//Error in book, Gain values are different in book. +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Compensator Design +DK=-K*inv(s*eye(n,n)-F+G*K+L*H)*L; +DK=syslin('c',DK) +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[pl,zr,Kp]=zpk_dk(DK); +Dc=poly(zr,'s','roots')/poly(pl,'s','roots') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//symmetric root locus +G_s=horner(Gs,-s); +evans(Gs*G_s) +zoom_rect([-10 -5 10 5]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Symmetric root locus','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//root locus +figure, +evans(Gs*Dc) //Correct root locus +zoom_rect([-11 -6 1 6]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus for pole assignment from the SRL','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Discrete-time controller +nc=94.5*conv([7.98 1],[2.52 1]) +dc=conv([59.5348 8.56 1],[10.6 1]) +sysDc=poly(nc,'s','coeff')/poly(dc,'s','coeff'); +sysDc_ss=syslin('c',tf2ss(sysDc)); +ts=0.1; +sysDd=dscr(sysDc_ss,ts) +Gdz=ss2tf(sysDd); + +disp(sysDc,"Continuous-time compensator") +disp(Gdz,"Discrete-time compensator") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step responses +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex7_32_model.xcos") + +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +figure, +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,1),2) +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,2),'r--') +xlabel('Time (sec)'); +ylabel('y'); +title("Comaprison of step responses for continuous and discrete... + controllers",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller",4) + +//Control inputs +figure, +plot(ut.time,ut.values(:,1),2) +plot(ut.time,ut.values(:,2),'r--') +xlabel('Time (sec)'); +ylabel('u'); +title("Comaprison of control signals for continuous and discrete... + controllers",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10af89212 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f2.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c39c3903 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_f2.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_model.xcos b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d29da91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.32/Ex7_32_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.33/Ex7_33.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.33/Ex7_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46c2f6a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.33/Ex7_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 7.33 +// DC servo system redesign with modified with dominant second +// order pole locations. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +//Transfer function model for DC Servo +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=10; +den=s*(s+2)*(s+8); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); + +// State space representation +F=[-10 1 0;-16 0 1;0 0 0] +G=[0 0 10]'; +H=[1 0 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); +//Desired poles for the DC Servo system. +Pc=[-1.41+1.41*%i -1.41-1.41*%i -8] + + +// State feedback gain +K=ppol(F,G,Pc) +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") + +//Estimator - error roots are at +Pe=[-4.24+4.24*%i -4.24-4.24*%i -8] +exec .\acker_dk.sci; +Lt=ppol(F',H',Pe); +L=clean(Lt'); +disp(L,'L=',"Observer gain") +//Error in book, Gain values are different in book. +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Compensator Design +DK=-K*inv(s*eye(n,n)-F+G*K+L*H)*L; +DK=syslin('c',DK) +exec('./zpk_dk.sci', -1); +[pl,zr,Kp]=zpk_dk(DK*10); +disp(zr,"zeros",pl,"Poles",Kp*10,"Gain(includung system gain)") +Dcs=poly(zr,'s','roots')/poly(pl,'s','roots') +disp(Dcs,'Dcs=',"Compensator transfer function") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e77ebe9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +//Example 7.34 +// Servomechanism, increasing the velocity constant through +// zero assignment. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// State space representation +//Transfer function model for DC Servo +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=1; +den=s*(s+1); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); + +// State space representation +F=[0 1;0 -1] +G=[0 1]'; +H=[1 0]; +J=0; +n=sqrt(length(F)); +//Desired poles for the DC Servo system. +Pc=[-2 -2] + +// State feedback gain +exec .\acker_dk.sci; +K=acker_dk(F,G,Pc)//Gain computed in book is incorrect. +disp(K,'K=',"State feedback gain") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Overall transfer function with reduced order estimator. +Gred=8.32*(0.096+s)/(0.1 +s)/(8 + 4*s+s^2) +Gred=syslin('c',Gred) +disp(Gred,'Ys/Rs',"Overall transfer function with reduced... + order estimator") + +//Compensator +D=(0.096+s)*(s+1)/(4.08 +s)/(0.0196+s) +Ds=syslin('c',D*8.32) +disp(Ds,'Ds=',"Compensator transfer function") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//root locus +figure(0) +evans(D*Gs,100) //Correct root locus +zoom_rect([-0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.1]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +xset("color",2); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +title('Root locus of lag-lead compensation','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Bode plot +figure(1) +bode(Ds*Gs,0.01/2/%pi,100/2/%pi,"rad") //Correct root locus + +f=gca(); +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +//Title, labels and grid to the figure +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('Frequency response of lag-lead compensation','fontsize',3); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response of the system with lag compensation +t=0:0.1:5; +ylag=csim('step',t,8.32*Gs*D/(1+8.32*Gs*D)); +figure +plot(t,ylag,2); +xlabel('Time (sec)'); +ylabel('y'); +title("Step response of the system with lag compensation",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Discrete-time controller +sysDc_ss=syslin('c',tf2ss(Ds)); +ts=0.1; +sysDd=dscr(sysDc_ss,ts) +Gdz=ss2tf(sysDd) + +disp(Gdz,"Discrete-time compensator") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step responses comparision +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex7_34_model.xcos") + +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +figure, +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,1),2) +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,2),'r--') +xlabel('Time (sec)'); +ylabel('y'); +title("Comaprison of step responses for continuous and discrete... + controllers",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller",4) + +//Control inputs +figure, +plot(ut.time,ut.values(:,1),2) +plot(ut.time,ut.values(:,2),'r--') +xlabel('Time (sec)'); +ylabel('u'); +title("Comaprison of control signals for continuous and discrete... + controllers",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +legend("continuous controller","digital controller") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b791b05 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f4.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c76fc78a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_f4.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_model.xcos b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ed169a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.34/Ex7_34_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf65446b --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +//Example 7.35 +// Integral Control of a Motor Speed System + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Transfer function model +num=1; +s=poly(0,'s'); +den=(s+3); +G=syslin('c',num/den); +sys=tf2ss(G) + +// State space representation of augmented system +F=[0 1; 0 -3]; +G=[0 1]' +H=[1 0]; +J=0; + +//Desired poles for augmented system +Pc=[-5 -5] + +// State feedback gain is +K=ppol(F,G,Pc) +disp(K,'K=') + +//Estimator +Pe=[-10] +L=ppol(sys.A',sys.C',Pe) +disp(L','L=') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//(c) Compare step reference and disturbance response. +//step reference response switch r=1 and w=0; +r=1;w=0; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex7_35_model.xcos") + //The diagram data structure +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +figure(0) +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); + +figure(1) +plot(ut.time,ut.values) +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Step disturbance response switch r=0 and w=1; +w=1;r=0; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex7_35_model.xcos") + //The diagram data structure +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context + +scf(0) +plot(yt.time,yt.values,'r--') +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +title("step Response",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +legend("y1","y2") +xset('font size',3); +xstring(0.9,0.9,"$y_1$"); +xstring(0.25,0.12,"$y_2$"); + + +scf(1) +plot(ut.time,ut.values,'r--') +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +title("Control efforts",'fontsize',3) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +legend("u1","u2") +xset('font size',3); +xstring(0.25,2.5,"$u_1$"); +xstring(1,-1,"$u_2$"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f0.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bdf20200 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f1.pdf b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef112fd12 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_model.xcos b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd27560af --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.35/Ex7_35_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71aeae4cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 7.7 +//Analog computer Implementation. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model of the given system +F=[-6 -11 -6; 1 0 0; 0 1 0]; +G=[6; 0; 0]; +H=[0 0 1]; +J=0; +sys_ss=syslin('c',F,G,H,J) +disp(sys_ss) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Transfer function form +[d,Ns,Ds]=ss2tf(sys_ss) +Ns=clean(Ns); +G=syslin('c',Ns/Ds); +disp(G) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// convert numerator - denominator to pole - zero form +//gain (K) pole (P) and zeros (Z) of the system +temp=polfact(Ns); +Z=roots(Ns); //locations of zeros +P=roots(Ds); //locations of poles +K=temp(1); //first entry is always gain +disp( K,"Gain", P, "Poles",Z,"Zeros",) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32d383597 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 7.8 +//Time scaling an oscillator. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model of an oscillator +wn=15000 // rad/sec +F=[0 1;wn^2 0]; +G=[0;10^6]; +disp(G,"G",F,"F","Given system"); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space model of the time-scaled system for +// a millisecond scale w0=1e3; +w0=1e3; //rad/sec +F1=F/w0; +G1=G/w0; +disp(G1,"G1",F1,"F1","Time scaled system in mm"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3432/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28a048851 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 7.9 +//State Equations in Modal Canonical Form. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function +s=poly(0,'s'); +g1=1/s^2; +g2=-1/(s^2+2*s+4); +Gs=g1+g2; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation in modal canonical form +sys1=tf2ss(g1); +sys2=tf2ss(g2); +[F1,G1,T1]=canon(sys1.A, sys1.B) +H1=sys1.C*T1; + +[F2,G2,T2]=canon(sys2.A, sys2.B) +H2=sys2.C*T2; + +F=[F1 zeros(2,2);zeros(2,2) F2]; +G=[G1;G2]; +H=[H1,H2]; +J=0; +disp(J,"J",H,"H",G,"G",F,"F","System in modal canonical form") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + //As Y=G*U; consatnts k1 and k2 are taken out from G1 and G2 will be + //multiplied to H1 and H2 + +// So alternately, it can be reprsented as +k1=-1;k2=-2; +F=[F1 zeros(2,2);zeros(2,2) F2]; +G=[G1/k1;G2/k2]; +H=[H1*k1,H2*k2]; +J=0; +disp(J,"J",H,"H",G,"G",F,"F","System in modal canonical form") +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015f64896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +///Example 8.1 +// Digital Controller using tustin approximation. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Cntroller +s=poly(0,'s'); +numD=s/2+1; +denD=s/10+1; +D=10*numD/denD; +Ds=syslin('c',D); +//sampling freq. = 25 times bandwidth +Wbw=10; +Ws=25*Wbw; +fs=Ws/2/%pi; +T=1/fs; //sampling time +a=1;b=-1; +c=1;d=1; +//Digital controller +z=poly(0,'z'); +Dz=horner(Ds,2/T*(a*z+b)/(c*z+d)); +disp(Dz,'Digital Controller : ') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//step response and control efforts. +figure(0); +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex8_1_model.xcos") + //The diagram data structure +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,1),'r--') +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,2),2) + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Position, y'); +title(["Comparison between digital and continuous controller step... + response";"with a sample rate 25 times bandwidth";"(a) Position "],... + 'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties + +//control effort + +figure(1); +plot(ut.time,ut.values(:,1),'r--') +plot2d2(ut.time,ut.values(:,2),2) + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Control, u'); +title(["Comparison between digital and continuous controller step... + response";"with a sample rate 25 times bandwidth";"(b) Control "],... + 'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f0.pdf b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18b813926 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f1.pdf b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab9cb8c82 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_model.xcos b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..258e4be83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5b21520e --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +//Example 8.2 +// Design of a Space Station Attitude Digital Controller using +// Discrete Equivalents + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// State space representation of continuous time system +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=1; +den=(s^2); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); +Ds=0.81*(s+0.2)/(s+2); +Ds=syslin('c',Ds); +sysc=Gs*Ds; + +//Root locus +evans(sysc) +zoom_rect([-2 -0.4 0.5 0.4]) +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +title('s-plane locus with respect to K','fontsize',3) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Contonuous time response of the system +figure, +tc=0:0.1:30; +syscl=sysc/(1+sysc) +yc=csim("step",tc,syscl); +plot(tc,yc,'b') +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Discretization of the system at +z=poly(0,'z') +// sampling time Ts=1 sec +Ts=1; +Dz1=horner(Ds,2/Ts*(z-1)/(z+1)) +disp(Dz1,"Dz1=","Discrete-time controller with Ts=1 sec.") + +// sampling time Ts=0.5 sec +Ts2=0.5; +Dz2=horner(Ds,2/Ts2*(z-1)/(z+1)) +disp(Dz2,"Dz2=","Discrete-time controller with Ts=0.5 sec.") + +//discrete-time response of the system. + +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex8_2_model.xcos") + //The diagram data structure +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +//scs_m.props.context +plot(yt1.time,yt1.values,'m-.') //with Ts=1sec. +plot(yt2.time,yt2.values,'r--') //with Ts=0.5 sec. +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +title('step responses of continous and digital implementations','fontsize',3) + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +xlabel('Time (sec)','fontsize',2) +ylabel('Plant output','fontsize',2) +legend("Continuous design","Discrete equivalent design, T=1 sec."... +,"Discrete equivalent design, T=0.5 sec.",4) +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f0.pdf b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58a1e2d85 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f1.pdf b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..614471a7f Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_model.xcos b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec561ed0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb897559 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//Example 9.11 +//Describing Function for a relay with hysteresis nonlinearity. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the saturation noninearity to sinusoidal input +figure; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_11_model.xcos") +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,1),'r--') +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,2),'b') + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Amplitude'); +title("Relay with hysteresis nonlinearity output to sinusoidal... + input",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([0 -1.2 5 1.2]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +////Describing Functin for relay with hysteresis nonlinearity. +h=0.1; +N=1; +i=1; + +for a=0.1:0.025:1 + if a \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2457c730d --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +//Example 9.12 +//Conditionally stable system. +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=0.1; +den=(s^2+0.2*s+1)*(s); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den) + +//Nyquist plot of the system +nyquist(Gs,0.035,10) +title("Nyquist plot and describing function to determine limit... + cycle",'fontsize',3); + +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +xset("color",2); + +// Nyquist Plot of Describing Function for saturation nonlinearity. +omegat=0.05:0.05:%pi; +a=sin(omegat); +N=0.1; +k=1; + +Keq=2/%pi*(k*asin(N ./a /k)+N ./a .* sqrt(1-(N/k ./a) .^2)); +DF_nyq=-1 ./Keq; + +plot(DF_nyq,zeros(1,length(DF_nyq)),'m-.') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([-0.8 -0.5 0.2 0.5]) + +//limit cycle points +plot(-0.5,0,'bo'); + +xset('font size',3) +xstring(-0.78,0.08,"limit cycle point"); +xarrows([-0.6;-0.52],[0.1;0.02],-1) +xstring(-0.62,-0.22,"$-\frac{1}{K_{eq}$"); +xarrows([-0.55;-0.55],[-0.1;0],-1) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Describing Functin for saturation nonlinearity. +Keq=[] +i=1; + +for a=0:0.2:10 + if k*a/N > 1 then + Keq(i,1)=2/%pi*(k*asin(N/a/k)+N/a*sqrt(1-(N/k/a)^2)) + else + Keq(i,1)=k + end + i=i+1; +end + +a=0:0.2:10; +a=a'; + +figure, +plot(a,Keq) +xlabel('$a$'); +ylabel('$K_{eq}$'); + +xset('font size',3); +title("Describing Function for a saturation nonlinearity... + with N=0.1 and k=1",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([0 0 10 1.1]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfc320ed0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..465e69327 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8857fc7be --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 9.13 +//Determination of stability with a hysteresis nonlinearity. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System Model +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=1; +den=(s^2+s); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Nyquist Plot of the system +nyquist(Gs,0.25,3) + +// Nyquist Plot of Describing Function for hysteresis nonlinearity +N=1; +h=0.1; +i=1; + +for omegat=0:0.05:%pi-0.1; + a=sin(omegat); + DF_nyq(i,1)=-%pi/4/N*(sqrt(a^2-h^2) + h * %i) + i=i+1; +end + +plot(real(DF_nyq),imag(DF_nyq),'m-.') +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([-0.3 -0.3 0 0.3]) +title('Nyquist plot of system and describing function to... + determine limit cycle','fontsize',3) + +//limit cycle points +plot(-0.1714,-0.0785,'ro'); +xstring(-0.25,0,"limit cycle point"); +xarrows([-0.2;-0.172],[0;-0.077],-1); + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the system +K=2; +r=1 +figure(1); +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_13_model.xcos") +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values) + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Output, y'); +title("Step response displaying limit cycle oscillations",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee72b27bd Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fe98147c Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6cfe91a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..327b8ced4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 9.5 +//Changing Overshoot and Saturation nonlinearity. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=(s+1) +den=(s^2); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den) + +//Root locus +evans(Gs,5) +title(["Root locus of", "$(s+1)/(s^2)$","with saturation removed"],... +'fontsize',3); +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +// Step response +K=1; +i=[2 4 6 8 10 12]; +figure(1); +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_5_model.xcos") + +for r=i +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +end + +xlabel('time'); +ylabel('y'); +title("Step response of the system for various input sizes",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties + +xset('font size',3); +xstring(4,2.5,"$r=2$"); +xstring(6,5.5,"$4$"); +xstring(8,8.7,"$6$"); +xstring(10,12.2,"$8$"); +xstring(12,15.4,"$10$"); +xstring(14,18.4,"$12$"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c385950a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bf4aea0b Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee8ba7b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e30f74c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 9.6 +//Stability of conditionally stable system using root locus. +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=(s+1)^2 +den=(s^3); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den) +//Root locus +evans(Gs,7) +title(["Root locus for", "$(s+1)^2/(s^3)$","for system"],... +'fontsize',3); +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the system +K=2; +i=[1 2 3 3.475]; +figure(1); + +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_6_model.xcos") + +for r=i +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +end + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Amplitude'); +title("Step response of the system",'fontsize',3); + +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +xset('font size',3); +xstring(3,6.5,"$r=3.475$"); +xstring(2.5,5.2,"$3$"); +xstring(2,3,"$2$"); +xstring(1,1.4,"$1$"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e16ef4a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2bd90d44 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51108cd4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfe5028dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +//Example 9.7 +//Analysis and design of the system with limit cycle using the root locus. +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System transfer function and its root locus + +s=poly(0,'s'); +num=0.1; +den=(s^2+0.2*s+1)*(s); +Gs=syslin('c',num/den); + +//Root locus +evans(Gs,40) +title(["Root locus of", "$(0.1/s(s^2+0.2*s+1)$"],'fontsize',3); +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the system +figure; +//Response of the system +K=0.5; +i=[1 4 8]; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_7_model.xcos") + +for r=i +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +end + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Amplitude'); +title("Step response of the system",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([0 0 150 9]) + +xset('font size',3); +xstring(80,1.6,"$r=1$"); +xstring(80,4.6,"$r=4$"); +xstring(80,8.2,"$r=8$"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System with notch compensation +D=123*(s^2+0.18*s+0.81)/(s+10)^2; + +//Root locus +figure, +evans(Gs*D,40) +title(["Root locus including notch compensation"],'fontsize',3); +f=gca(); +f.x_location = "origin" +f.y_location = "origin" +h=legend(''); +h.visible = "off" +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([-14 -2 2 2]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the system witth notch filter +figure; +K=0.5; +i=[2 4]; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_7_model_notch.xcos") + +for r=i +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +end + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Amplitude'); +title("Step response of the system with notch filter",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +xset('font size',3); +xstring(30,2.2,"$r=2$"); +xstring(34,3.75,"$r=4$"); +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + + diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c797e3271 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f3.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28b108e20 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_f3.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..475e6ce92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model_notch.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model_notch.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..898f032ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_model_notch.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..159d2c456 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Example 9.8 +//Antiwindup compensation for a PI controller. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//System Model + +//Response of the system +kp=2; +ki=4; + +//Without antiwindup +ka=0; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_8_model.xcos") +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +figure(0) +plot(yt.time,yt.values,'m-.') +figure(1) +plot(ut.time,ut.values,'m-.') + +//With antiwindup +ka=10; +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scf(0) +plot(yt.time,yt.values) +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Output'); +title("Integrator antiwindup (a) step response.",'fontsize',3); + + +scf(1) +plot(ut.time,ut.values); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; // custom script for setting figure properties +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Control'); +title("Integrator antiwindup (b) Control effort.",'fontsize',3); +zoom_rect([0 -1.2 10 1.2]) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d60a27a89 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b10f8839 Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19ac5dd1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..977c213cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 9.9 +//Describing Function for a saturation nonlinearity. + +xdel(winsid())//close all graphics Windows +clear; +clc; +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Response of the saturation nonlinearity to sinusoidal input +figure; +importXcosDiagram(".\Ex9_9_model.xcos") +xcos_simulate(scs_m,4); +scs_m.props.context +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,1),'r--') +plot(yt.time,yt.values(:,2),'b') + +xlabel('Time (sec.)'); +ylabel('Amplitude'); +title("Saturation nonlinearity output to sinusoidal input",... +'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Describing Functin for saturation nonlinearity. +k=1; +N=1; +i=1; +Keq=[]; + +for a=0:0.2:10 + if k*a/N > 1 then + Keq(i,1)=2/%pi*(k*asin(N/a/k)+N/a*sqrt(1-(N/k/a)^2)) + else + Keq(i,1)=k + end + i=i+1; +end + +a=0:0.2:10; +a=a'; +figure, +plot(a,Keq) +xlabel('$a$'); +ylabel('$K_{eq}}$'); + +xset('font size',3); +title("Describing Function for a saturation nonlinearity... + with k=N=1",'fontsize',3); +exec .\fig_settings.sci; //custom script for setting figure properties +zoom_rect([0 0 10 1.1]) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f0.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f0.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e81c3f5c Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f0.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f1.pdf b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b7500dea Binary files /dev/null and b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_f1.pdf differ diff --git a/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_model.xcos b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_model.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a89bfe757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9_model.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3432/DEPENDENCIES/acker_dk.sci b/3432/DEPENDENCIES/acker_dk.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3391d2454 --- /dev/null +++ b/3432/DEPENDENCIES/acker_dk.sci @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//A function written by Deepti Khimani. +//Usage:- +//[K, lambda]=acker_dk(a, b, pl) +//K=acker_dk(a, b, pl) +//a:- System matrix. +//b:- input matrix. +//p:- Desired poles. +//K:-State feedback gain for the control law u=-Kx. +//lambda:- Eigen values of (a-b*k) +//------------------------------------------------------------------ +//------------------------------------------------------------------ + +function [K, lambda]=acker_dk(a, b, pl) + [lhs,rhs]=argn(0) + + if rhs == 0 then + disp(["K=acker_dk(a, b, pl)";"[K, lambda]=acker_dk(a, b, pl)"]); + disp(["a:- System matrix";"b:- input matrix";"p:- Desired poles"]); + disp(["K:-State feedback gain for the control law u=-Kx";... + "lambda:- Eigen values of (a-b*k)"]); + return; + end +[ra ca]=size(a); +[rb cb]=size(b); +l=length(pl); + +CO=cont_mat(a,b); + +if ra~=l then + error(["Dimension error:";"number of desired poles must equal... + to order of the system"]); +elseif ra~=ca then + error(["Dimension error:";"system matrix should be... + a sqaure matrix"]); +elseif rb~=ra then + error (["Dimension error:","Input matrix should have... + as many rows as a system matrix."]); +elseif rank(CO)=-13 and"); +disp("14.22*SOFT-SLOPE+ADD-INTERCEPT<=5"); +disp(" Solving these equations, we get SOFT-SLOPE= 0.5 and ADD-INTERCEPT=-4"); +disp("For an IS-95-compliant mobile station (Pcj-Pai)>=0.5*T-COMP"); +disp("Since P1>P2>P3>P4, we replace P4"); +T_COMP=(P5-P4)/0.5; +disp(""); +printf('The value of T-COMP that could trigger the mobile station to generate a PSMM should be <= %d dB (<= %d) .\n ',T_COMP,round(10^(0.1*T_COMP))); + diff --git a/3446/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3446/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8763c4430 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Exa 12.1 +// To evaluate the impact of LUs on the radio resource and calculate the MSC/VLR transaction load using the fluid flow model. + +clc; +clear all; + +P=10000; //Mobile density(mobiles/km^2) +R=500*10^-3; //km +V=10; ..//Average moving velocity of a mobile in Kmph +Nc=10; //No of cells per LA +N_LA=5; //Number of LAs per MSC/VLR + +//Number of transactions and duration of each transaction to MSC/VLR per LU for different LU types are given in Table 12.1.(page no.374) + +// solution +// L=length (km) of the cell exposed perimeter in an LA +L=6*R*(1/3+1/(2*sqrt(Nc)-3)); //Km +// lamdaLU=number of transactions processed by MSC/VLR in an LA perimeter of the jth cell per hour +LamdaLu=V*P*L/%pi; //Lus per hour + + +// case(1) +disp("Case-1:In the ï¬rst case, the jth cell located at the border of two LAs is related to the same MSC/VLR, only intra-VLR LUs are processed in the cell"); +R1_LU=LamdaLu/3600*(1*600/1000); //resource occupancy from Table 12.1 +disp(""); +printf(' The resource occupancy in the jth cell due to MS LUs is %.1f Erlangs\n',R1_LU); + +disp("This requires 18 channels at 1% blocking (refer to the Erlang-B table, Appendix A) or 18/8 =2.25 trafï¬c channel (about 1/4 of an RF channel, assuming there are 8 trafï¬c channels per RF channel). ") + +//case(2) +disp("case-2:In this case the jth cell is located at the border of two LAs related to two different VLRs.In this case, only inter-VLR LUs will be processed in the cell. We assume 80% of LUs are with TMSI and 20% of LUs are with IMSI"); +R2_LU=LamdaLu/3600*(0.8*3500/1000+0.2*4000/1000); //from Table 12.1 +disp(""); +printf(' The resource occupancy in the jth cell due to MS LUs is %.2f Erlangs \n',R2_LU); +disp("This requires 75 channels at 1% blocking (refer to the Erlang-B table, Appendix A) or 75/8=9.38 trafï¬c channels (about 1.25 RF channels)."); + + +disp("MSC/VLR transaction load"); + +disp("We assume that one LA is in the center of the region and the remaining four LAs are on the border of the region.We also assume that, in the perimeter cells at the border LAs, only intra-VLR LUs are generated. For half of the perimeter cells at the border LAs, only inter-VLR LUs are generated.") + +Np=6*sqrt(Nc/3)-3;//Number of cells located on perimeter of an LA +disp(""); +printf(' Number of cells where inter-VLR LUs occur will be: %d \n',round(0.5*Np*4)); +disp(""); +printf(' Number of cells where intra-VLR LUs occur will be: %d \n',4*Nc-16); +disp(""); +TNLU=LamdaLu*(2*24+16*(0.8*14+0.2*16)); //from table 12.1 +printf(' The MSC/VLR transaction load using the fluid flow model is %.2f * 10^6 transactions at peak hour \n',TNLU/10^6); diff --git a/3446/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3446/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10295c679 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 13.1 +// To generate public and private keys for RSA algorithm. + +clc; +clear all; + +//Two prime numbers +p=5; +q=7; + +//solution +n=p*q; +z=(p-1)*(q-1); +e=input("Choose _e_such that 10)//for rounding of to next integer ef 2.33 to 3 + MSCreqd=MSCreqd+1; + end +printf('Total Traffic is %.1f Erlangs \n',TotalTraffic); +printf(' NO of MSCs Required are %d \n',int(MSCreqd)); diff --git a/3446/CH2/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3446/CH2/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f82ff5ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH2/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 6.2 +// To calculate spectral efficiency of FDMA. + +clc; +clear all; + +TCH=395; // Traffic Channels +SysBW=12.5; //in MHz +CHspace=30; // in kHz + +//solution +Eff=TCH*CHspace/(SysBW*1000); +printf('Multiple access spectral efficiency of FDMA System is %.3f\n ',Eff); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c1f6531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 21.1 +// To find number of users that can be supported by the WLAN and the bandwidth efï¬ciency. + +clc; +clear all; + +Fl=902; //lower limit frequency MHz +Fh=928; //higher limit frequency in MHz +Rt=0.5; //symbol transmission rate in Mega symbols per sec +S=16; //No of symbols +BER=10^-5;//Bir error rate +SG=2.6;//sector gain +B=0.5; //Interference factor +a=0.9; //power control efficiency + +//solution +BW=Fh-Fl; +Rb=Rt*log2(S); +Gp=BW/Rb; +// BER = 10^-5= 0.5*erfc(sqrt(Eb_No)) +deff('y=f(x)','y=0.5*erfc(sqrt(x))-10^-5') +[x,v,info]=fsolve(0.1,f);//x=Eb_No +M=Gp/x * 1/(1+B) * SG * a; +printf('Number of users that can be supported by the WLAN are %d \n',M); +eff=Rb*int(M)/BW; +printf(' The bandwidth efficiency is %.2f bps/Hz \n',eff); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..209f98892 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 21.10 +// Repeat Problems 21.8 and 21.9, if the IEEE 802.11 FH device is replaced by the IEEE 802.11 DS device (Gp=11). + +clc +clear all; + +Gp=11;//processing gain(given) +//Defining variables from Exa 21.8 & 21.9 +PBt=20; // transmitted power by the BT in dBm +PMs=40; // transmitted power of the IEEE 802.11 device in dBm +PAp=40; // transmitted power by the AP in dBm +d=10; // distance between AP and IEEE 802.11 device in m +Y=4; //path loss exponent +Pe=10^-5;//Error probability + +//solution +//Pe=0.5*e^(-0.5*Eb/No) +SIR=log(Pe/0.5)/(-0.5); +r1max=d*(SIR*PBt/(PAp*Gp))^(1/Y);// range of interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 device +printf(' Maximum coverage range for IEEE 802.11 DS is %.2f metres \n',r1max); +r2max=d*(SIR*PMs/(PBt*Gp))^(1/Y); +printf(' Maximum coverage range for IEEE 802.11 FH is %.2f metres \n',r2max); +disp(" Thus, the interference ranges are smaller for the IEEE 802.11 DS device compared to the IEEE 802.11 FH device.") diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5dd761ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Exa 21.2 +// To find- +//a) the hopping bandwidth, +//b) What is the chip-rate, +//c) How many chips are there in each data symbol, +//d) What is the processing gain. + +clc; +clear all; + +Stepsize=200; //in Hz +Chipsmin=20;//length of linear feedback shift register +Datarate=1.2*10^3; //bps + +//solution +No_of_tones=2^Chipsmin; +Bss=No_of_tones*Stepsize; +Chiprate=Datarate*Chipsmin; +Gp=Bss/Datarate;//processing gain +Symbolrate=Datarate/3; //8-ary FSK is used +Chips_symbol=Chiprate/Symbolrate; +printf('The Hopping Bandwidth is %.3f MHz\n',Bss/10^6); +printf(' The chiprate is %d kchip/sec\n',Chiprate/10^3); +printf(' Chips per symbol are %d \n',Chips_symbol); +printf(' The processing gain is %.1f\n',Gp); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c51cfdcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Exa 21.3 +//To find- +// a) The bandwidth of a subchannel, +// b) modulation efï¬ciency, +// c) user symbol rate, +// d) user data rate if the information bits are encoded with a rate of 3/4, +// e) time utilization efï¬ciency of the system. + +clc; +clear all; + +InfoSc=48;//Information subcarriers +SyncSc=4;//synchronization subcarriers +ReservedSc=12;//Reserved subcarriers +Symrate=250; //ksps(kilosymbols per second) +BW=20; ///in MHz +Grdt=800; //Guard time in nsec + +//solution +TotalSc=InfoSc+SyncSc+ReservedSc;//Total subcarriers +BW_Sch=BW*10^6/TotalSc;//BW of subchannel +Mod_eff=Symrate*10^3/(BW_Sch);//Modulation efficiency +User_txrate=InfoSc*Symrate*10^3; +User_bitsymbol=4; //16-QPSK is used +disp("From table 21.7 For modulation scheme as 16-QAM and coding rate =3/4 then User data rate will be 36Mbps"); +User_DR=36; //Mbps +Sym_Dur=1/(Symrate*10^3); +TimeUti=Sym_Dur/(Sym_Dur+(Grdt/10^9)); + +printf(' The bandwidth of subchannel is %.1f kHz\n',BW_Sch/10^3); +printf(' Modulation efficiency is %.1f symbols/sec/Hz \n',Mod_eff); +printf(' User symbol rate is %d Msps \n',User_txrate/10^6); +printf(' Time Utilization efficiency is %.2f \n',TimeUti); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ee49c8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Exa 21.4 +// To determine the coverage of AP. + +clc; +clear all; + +Eb_No=10; //in dB +Noise=-120; //in dBm +Pt=20; //in mwatt +R=1; //Data rate in Mbps +CHBW=0.5; //BW in MHz +A=37.7; //path loss at the ï¬rst meter in dB +Y=3.3; //path loss exponent +Lf=19; //function relating power loss with number of floors n (in dB) +Ls=10; // lognormally distributed random variable representing the shadow effect in dB + +//solution +S2Nreqd=Eb_No*R/CHBW; +Rx_sensi=Noise+S2Nreqd; +Lp=10*log10(20)-Rx_sensi; +//Lp=A+10Ylod(d)+Lf+Ls;therefore +d=10^((Lp-A-Lf-Ls)/(10*Y)); +printf('The coverage of AP is %.1f metres \n',d); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40b69ccae --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 21.5 +// To determine the coded symbol transmission rate per subcarrier and bit transmission rate per subcarrier for each of the two modes. + +clc; +clear all; + +R=3/4;//code rate of convolution encoder +M1=9; //payload transmission rate in Mbps for mode 1 +M2=36; //payload transmission rate in Mbps for mode 2 + +//solution +D1=M1*10^6/48;//user data rate in kbps for mode 1 +D2=M2*10^6/48;//user data rate in kbps for mode 2 +//Refering to Table 21.11 +printf('Data transmission rate per carrier with 3/4 convolution encoder are %.1f Kbps and %d Kbps \n',D1/10^3,D2/10^3); +C1=D1/R; +C2=D2/R; +printf(' Carrier transmission rate with R=3/4 convolutional encoder are %d Kbps and %d Kbps\n',C1/10^3,C2/10^3); +printf(' Carrier symbol rate with R=3/4 convolutional encoder are %d ksps and %d Ksps \n',C1/10^3,C2/4/10^3); //Mode1 as BPSK and MOde2 as 16-QAM diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfa119706 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 21.6 +// To determine the user data rate for HIPERLAN/2. + +clc; +clear all; + +R=3/4; //code rate for convolution encoder + +//solution +//64-QAM modulation is used +Sc=250; //Carrier symbol rate(ksps) from Exa 21.5 +Bits_sym=log2(64); //64-QAM is used +User_R=Bits_sym*Sc*10^3*R*48; +printf('The user data rate is %d Mbps \n',User_R/10^6); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48dd93d8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 21.7 +// To determine the PER(Packet error rate) for FH(Frequency Hopping packet) and DS(Direct spread packet). + +clc; +clear all; + +D=1000*8; //packet size in bits +R=2*10^6; //transmission rate in bps +L=3; //msec(Dwell time) +H=0.625; //msec(Duration of BT packet) + +//solution +Tw=10^3*D/R; //the packet duration of IEEE 802.11 in msec +H_L=1; +G=(H_L)*L-Tw-H; +Gm=abs(G); +PER_FH=1-((1-Gm/L)*(78/79)^(H_L)+Gm/L*(78/79)^((H_L)-G/Gm)); +PER_DS=1-((1-Gm/L)*(57/79)^(H_L)+Gm/L*(57/79)^((H_L)-G/Gm)); +printf('The PER for FH packet and PER for DS packet are %d percent & %.2f percent respectively',round(PER_FH*100),PER_DS*100); +disp("The collision probability with 802.11 DS is much higher than with 802.11 FH.") diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..444246867 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 21.8 +// To determine SIRmin and r_max. + +clc +clear all; + +d=10; // distance between AP and IEEE 802.11 device in metres +Y=4; //path loss exponent +PBt=20; //the transmitted power by the BT in dBm +PAp=40; //the transmitted power by the AP in dBm +Pe=10^-5;//acceptable error probability + +//solution +//Pe=0.5*e^(-0.5*Eb/No) + SIR=log(Pe/0.5)/(-0.5);// signal-to-interference ratio +rmax=d*(SIR*PBt/PAp)^(1/Y);// range of interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 device +printf('Minimum SIR is %.2f dB = %.1f \n',10*log10(SIR),SIR); +printf(' Maximum coverage range is %.2f metres \n',rmax); diff --git a/3446/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce b/3446/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcb3a6eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 21.9 +// To calculate rmax for the interference scenarios (see Figure 21.21) using Smin from Example 21.8. + +clc; +clear all; + +SIRmin=21.6; //From eg 21.8 i.e(13.36 dB) +d=10; //distance between AP and IEEE 802.11 device in m +PMs=40; // transmitted power of the IEEE 802.11 device in dBm +PBt=20; //the transmitted power by the BT in dBm +Y=4 ; //path loss exponent + +//solution +rmax=d*(SIRmin*PMs/PBt)^(1/Y); +printf('Maximum coverage range is %.1f metres \n',rmax); diff --git a/3446/CH24/EX24.1/Ex_D1.sce b/3446/CH24/EX24.1/Ex_D1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba4ca267e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH24/EX24.1/Ex_D1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Exa D.1 +// Using the shift register shown in Figure D.3, generate an m-sequence and demonstrate its properties. + +clc; +clear all; + +//solution +//Referring Fig D.3 +x=[0 0 1]; //Initial stage +output=x(3); +disp(" First m-sequence using 3-stage shift register."); +disp(" x1 x2 x3 output"); +printf(' Initial %d %d %d %d \n ',x(1),x(2),x(3),output); +for i= 1:7 + printf('Shift %d',i); + x(3)=x(2); + if(x(3)==1) //TO get values in range of [-1 1] for plot + dummy(i)=-1 +else + dummy(i)=1; + end + x(2)=x(1); + if(output== 1& x(3)==1) //As new x(1)=prev stage x(3) ored prev stage x(2) + x(1)=0; + else + if(output== 0& x(3)==0) + x(1)=0; + else + x(1)=1; + end + end + + printf(' %d %d %d ',x(1),x(2),x(3)); + output=x(3); + printf(' %d',output); + printf('\n '); +end +bar(dummy,0.2,'green'); +xlabel("Time","FontSize",5); +title("7-chip first m-sequence for one T period","FontSize",5); +disp("The properties of m-sequence in Figure(0)are -"); +disp("Number of -1s = 4 , Number of 1s = 3 "); +disp("Run length 1 = 2 , Run length 2 = 1"); +disp("Run length = 1"); + diff --git a/3446/CH24/EX24.2/Ex_D2.sce b/3446/CH24/EX24.2/Ex_D2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d5ab4995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH24/EX24.2/Ex_D2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Exa D.2 +// what is the location of the modulo-2 adder for the second m-sequence? Generate the second m-sequence. + +clc; +clear all; + +//solution +disp("The location of modulo-2 adder for the second m-sequence is shown in Figure D.5(in the book)i.e Modulo-2 adder should be between first(x1) and second(x2) shift register."); +x=[0 0 1]; //Initial stage +output=x(3); +disp("Second m-sequence usinf 3-stage register"); +disp(" x1 x2 x3 output"); +printf(' Initial %d %d %d %d \n ',x(1),x(2),x(3),output); +for i= 1:7 + printf('Shift %d',i); + x(3)=x(2); + if(x(3)==1) //TO get values in range of [-1 1] for plot + dummy(i)=-1 +else + dummy(i)=1; + end + x(2)=x(1); + if(output== 1& x(2)==1) //As new x(1)=prev stage x(3) ored prev stage x(2) + x(1)=0; + else + if(output== 0& x(2)==0) + x(1)=0; + else + x(1)=1; + end + end + + printf(' %d %d %d ',x(1),x(2),x(3)); + output=x(3); + printf(' %d',output); + printf('\n '); +end +figure(1); +bar(dummy,0.2,'green'); +xlabel("Time","FontSize",5); +title("7-chip second m-sequence for one T period","FontSize",5); +disp("The properties of m-sequence in Figure(1)are -"); +disp("Number of -1s = 4 , Number of 1s = 3 "); +disp("Run length 1 = 2 , Run length 2 = 1"); +disp("Run length = 1"); + diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dda4a1ca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.1 +// To determine free space and reflected surface attenuations. + +clc; +clear all; + +hb=100; //in feets(height of BS antenna) +hm=5; // in feets(height of mobile antenna) +f=881.52;//in MHz +lamda=1.116; //in feet +d=5000; //in feet +Gb=10^0.8; //8dB(BS antenna gain) +Gm=10^0; // 0dB (Mobile antenna gain) + +//solution +free_atten=(4*%pi*d/lamda)^2*(Gb*Gm)^-1; +y=round(10*log10(free_atten)); +printf('Free space attenuation is %d dB \n',y); +reflect_atten= (d^4/(hb*hm)^2)*(Gb*Gm)^-1; +x=round(10*log10(reflect_atten)); +printf(' Reflecting surface attenuation is %d dB \n ',x); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289f40d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Exa 3.10 +//To find required total transmit power in Watts. + +clc; +clear all; + +Lp=140; // path losses in dB +k=1.38*10^-23; // Boltzmann’s constant (W/Kelvin-Hz) +k_db=10*log10(k); +f=900;//in MHz +Gt=8; //transmitting antenna gain(dB) +Gr=0; //receiver antenna gain(dB) +Ag=24;//gain of receiver ampliï¬er in dB +Fmargin=8;//Fade margin(dB) +Nf=6;//Noise figure(dB) +L0=20; // other losses in dB +Lf=12; // antenna feed line loss in dB +T=24.6;//Temperature expressed in dB +R=39.8; // data rate in dB +M=8; //overall link margin(dB) +Eb_No=10;//dB + +//solution +//From equation (3.54) +pt_db=M-Gt-Gr-Ag+ Nf + T+ k_db+ Lp+ Lf+ L0 + Fmargin+ R+ Eb_No; + +Pt=10^(pt_db/10); //dB into normal number +printf('Total transmitted power is %d Watts \n',Pt); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dd7c5b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Exa 3.2 +//To determine received signal power and SNR ratio. + +clc; +clear all; + +d=8000; //Distance between base station and mobile station +f=1.5*10^9;//in Hz +lamda=0.2; //in metres +Pt=10; //BS transmitted power in watts +Lo=8; //Total system losses in dB +Nf=5; //Mobile receiver noise figure in dB +T=290; //temperature in degree kelvin +BW=1.25*10^6; //in Hz +Gb=8; //in dB +Gm=0; //in dB +Hb=30; //in metres +Hm=3; //in metres +B=1.38*10^-23; //Boltzmann's constant + +//solution +Free_Lp=20*log10(Hm*Hb/d^2); +Pr=Free_Lp-Lo+Gm+Gb+Pt; //in dBW +Te=T*(3.162-1); +Pn=B*(Te+T)*BW; +printf('Received signal power is %d dBW \n',10*log10(Pn)); +SNR=Pr-10*log10(Pn); +printf(' SNR ratio is %d dB \n',round(SNR)); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff66320c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Exa 3.3 +//To determine received power and allowable Path loss. + +clc; +clear all; + +d=3*1000;//in metres +Y=4;// path loss exponent +Pt=4; //Transmitted power in watts +f=1800*10^6;//in Hz +Shadow=10.5; //in dB +d0=100;//in metres +P0=-32; //in dBm + +//solution +disp("Using equation 3.11 and including shadow effect we get") +Pr=P0+10*Y*log10(d0/d)+Shadow; +printf(' Received power is %.1f dBm \n',Pr); +path_loss=10*log10(Pt*1000)-Pr; +printf(' Allowable path loss is %.1f dB \n ',path_loss); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7b3787dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Exa 3.4 +//To determine distance between transmitter and receiver. + +clc; +clear all; + +shadow=10; //in dB +Lp=150; //in dB + +//solution +disp(" Using equation given in Problem i.e Lp=133.2+40*log(d) we get,"); +d=10^((Lp-10-133.2)/40); +printf(" Separation between transmitter and receiver as %.2f km',d); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56e19180e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 3.5 +// To calculate coherence time, coherence bandwidth, type of Symbol distortion and type of fading. + +clc; +clear all; + +v=60*0.44704; //.. mph to mps +fc=860*10^6;//in Hz +td=2*10^-6; //RMS delay spread in sec +c=3*10^8;// speed of light in m/sec +Rs=19200; //Coded symbol rate in bps + +//solution +lamda=c/fc; +fm=v/lamda; //Maximum doppler shift +tc=1/(2*%pi*fm);//Channel coherence time +printf('Channel coherence time is %.4f sec \n',tc); +ts=1/Rs; //symbol interval +printf(' Symbol interval is %d microsec \n',ts*10^6); +disp(" As the symbol interval is much smaller compared to the channel coherence time. So, Symbol distortion is minimal and fading is slow."); +disp(""); +Bc=1/(2*%pi*td); +printf(' Coherence Bandwidth is %.2f kHz \n',Bc/1000) + + + + diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8270bcb41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 3.6 +// TO determine NO of fades per second, average fade duration and maximum velocity of mobile. + +clc; +clear all; + +p=1;// reflection coefï¬cient of ground +c=3*10^8;// velocity of light in free space(m/sec) +e=2.71828;//Euler's number +fm=20; //in Hz +fc=900*10^6; //carrier frequency in Hz + +//solution +Nr=sqrt(2*%pi)*fm*p*e^-(p^2); +printf('NO of fades per second are %.2f \n',Nr); +Afd=e^-(p^2)/(p*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); +printf(' Average fade duration is %.4f sec \n ',Afd); +v=fm*c/fc; +printf('Maximum velocity of mobile is %.2f m/sec = %d Km/hour \n',v,v*18/5); + diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3735a94c --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Exa 3.7 +// To calculate L50 path loss for a PCS system using Okumura and COST231 models. + +clc; +clear all; + +d=[1 2 3 4 5]; //in km +hb=30; //Height of BS antenna in metres +hm=2;// height of mobile antenna in matres +fc=900;//carrier frequency in MHz +W=15; //street width(m) +b=30; // distance between building along radio path (m) +phi=90; // incident angle relative to the street +hr=30; //in m + +//solution +dellhm=hr-hm; +//L50=Lf+Lrts+Lms +// By COST 231 model +Lf=32.4+20*log10(d)+20*log10(fc); +L0=4-0.114*(phi-55); +Lrts=-16.9-10*log10(W)+10*log10(fc)+20*log10(dellhm)+L0; +Lbsh=-18*log10(11); +ka=54-0.8*hb; +dellhb=hb-hr; +kd=18-15*dellhb/dellhm; +kf=4+0.7*(fc/925-1); +Lms=Lbsh+ka+kd*log10(d)+kf*log10(fc)-9*log10(b); +L50=[0 0 0 0 0]; +L50=Lf+Lrts+Lms; +//Okumura/Hata model +ahm=(1.1*log10(fc)-0.7)*hm-(1.56*log10(fc)-0.8); +L_50=69.55+26.16*log10(fc)+(44.9-6.55*log10(hb))*log10(d)-13.82*log10(hb)-ahm; +xlabel("DISTANCE FROM TRANSMITTER IN KM"); +ylabel("PATH LOSS in dB"); +plot2d(d,[L50',L_50'],[1,2]); +legends(['Cost 231 Model';'Okumura/Hata Model'],[1,2 ],opt=2) +xgrid(); +disp("L50 values by Cost 231 model"); +printf('%.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f \n ',L50(1),L50(2),L50(3),L50(4),L50(5)); +disp("L50 values bu Okumura/Hata model"); +printf('%.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f \n ',L_50(1),L_50(2),L_50(3),L_50(4),L_50(5)); +disp("The results from the plot of two models shows that the calculated path loss with the COST 231 model is higher than the value obtained by the Okumura/Hata model."); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8290c4bd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.8 +// TO find coverage radius of an access point. + +clc; +clear all; + +SNRmin=12;//in dB +n=3; //No of floors +Backgroundnoise=-115; //dBm +pt=100 //in dBm + +//solution +pt_db=10*log10(pt); +Sr=Backgroundnoise+SNRmin; //receiver sensitivity +Lpmax=pt_db-Sr; +//Refering table 3.4 +Lp_d0=38; //ref path loss at the first meter(dB) +Lf=15+4*(n-1); //signal attenuation through n floors +y=3; //path loss exponent +X=10; //Shadowing effect(dB) +d=10^((Lpmax-Lp_d0-Lf-X)/30); //max allowable path loss +printf('Coverage radius of an access point = %d m \n',round(d)); diff --git a/3446/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3446/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5a26f762 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Exa 3.9 +// To calculate probability of exceeding signal beyond the receiver sensitivity. + +clc; +clear all; + +SSmean=-100; //signal strength(dBm) +Sr=-110; //receiver sensitivity(dBm) +sd=10; //standard deviation(dB) + +//solution +P_Smin=(0.5-0.5*erf((Sr-SSmean)/(sqrt(2)*sd))); +printf('probability of exceeding signal beyond the receiver sensitivity is %.2f \n',P_Smin); diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e941d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 4.1 +// To calculate the sampling rate. + +clc; +clear all; + +Fm=20; // in KHz + +//solution +disp(" An Engineering version of the Nyquist sampling rate : fs>=2.2*fm."); +printf('Therefore sampling rate of >= %d ksps should be used ',(2.2*Fm)); +disp("The sampling rate for a compact disc digital audio player = 44.1 ksps and for a studio quality audio player = 48 ksps are used.") diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e51ee33e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 4.2 +// To calculate SNR for L=32, 64, 128, and 256. + +clc; +clear all; + +Rt=1; //Resistance(ohm) +//L= Number of quantization values +L1=32; +L2=64; +L3=128; +L4=256; + +// solution +// L=2^R i.e R=log2(L); +R1=log2(L1); +R2=log2(L2); +R3=log2(L3); +R4=log2(L4); + +//P=A^2/2; //average power of signal +//sig^2=0.333*A^2*2^(-2*Rt); //Avg quantization noise power +//SNR=P/sig^2; +// SNR(dB)=1.8+ 6R; + +SNR1=1.8+6*R1; +SNR2=1.8+6*R2; +SNR3=1.8+6*R3; +SNR4=1.8+6*R4; + +printf('For L=32, SNR is %.1f dB\n ',SNR1); +printf('For L=64, SNR is %.1f dB\n ',SNR2); +printf('For L=128, SNR is %.1f dB\n ',SNR3); +printf('For L=256, SNR is %.1f dB\n ',SNR4); diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8c7d709f --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 4.3 +// To calculate the spacing between successive pulses of the multiplexed signal. + +clc; +clear all; + +Fs=8*10^3; //in Hz +Fm=3.4*10^3; // in Hz +VCH=24; //voice channels +SCH=1; //sunchronization channel +PDur=1; //extra pulse duration in microsec + +//solution +Ts=1/(Fs); +TimeCH=Ts/(VCH+SCH)*10^6; // in microsec +printf('Time between the pulses is %d microsec\n',(TimeCH-PDur)); +//Now by using the engineering version of Nyquist rate sampling +NyquistRate=2.2*Fm; +Ts1_microsec=1/NyquistRate*10^6; +Tc=round(Ts1_microsec)/(VCH+SCH); +printf(" Time between the pulses by using engineering version of Nyquist rate sampling is %.2f microsec\n",(Tc-PDur)); diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..695e08417 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 4.4 +// TO calculate: +// A)The minimum number of bits/sample or bits/PCM word that should be used. +// B)The minimum sampling rate, and what is the resulting transmission rate. +// C)The PCM pulse or symbol transmission rate. + +clc; +clear all; + +Fm=3000; //highest modulating frequency in signal(Hz) +M=32; // number of pulse levels +b=5; //bits per symbol +p=0.01; //Quantization distortion + +//solution +//2^R = L >= 1/2P +// where R is the number of bits required to represent quantization levels L +R=log10(1/(2*p))/log10(2); +Fs=2*Fm; // Nyquist sampling criteria (samples per second) +fs=round(R)*Fs; +Rs=fs/b; +printf('The minimum number of bits/sample or bits/PCM word that should be used are %d',round(R)); +printf('\n The minimum sampling rate is %d samples per second\n ',Fs); +printf('The resulting transmission rate is %d bps\n ',fs); +printf('The PCM pulse or symbol transmission rate is %d symbols/sec\n',Rs); diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3778440 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 4.5 +// To determine choice of modulation scheme if no-error correction coding is used. + +clc; +clear all; + +S_No=53; //dB-Hz +R=9.6*10^3; //bps +BW=4.8*10^3; //Khz +Pb=10^-5; //BER<=10^-5; + +//solution +disp("Since the required data rate of 9.6 kbps is more than the available bandwidth of 4.8 kHz, the channel is bandwidth-limited."); +Eb_No=S_No-10*log10(R); //dB +// Try for 8-PSK modulation scheme +M=8; +Ps=log2(M)*Pb; //Max ps +Es_No=log2(M)*10^(0.1*Eb_No); +//Ps(8)=2*Q(sqrt(2*Es_No)*sin(%pi/8)); +//2*Q(sqrt(2*Eb_No))=erfc(sqrt(Eb_No)); //Refer EQn C(7) from appendix C + +Ps8=erfc(sqrt(Es_No)*sin(%pi/8)); +disp(""); +printf(' Symbol error rate is given as %.5f \n ',Ps); +printf('The ratio of signal energy to noise is %.2f \n ',Es_No); +printf('Symbol error rate for 8-PSK is %.5f \n ',Ps8); +disp("As symbol error rate for 8-PSK modulation is lower than threshold value. so, We can use 8-PSK modulation.") diff --git a/3446/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3446/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8958dfe3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 4.6 +// To determine design choice of modulation scheme without an error correction coding. + +clc; +clear all; + +SNR=48; //dB-Hz +BW=45*10^3; //in Hz +R=9.6*10^3; //bps +Pb=10^-5; //Bit error rate +e=2.71828; //Natural exponent e + +//solution +disp(" since the available bandwidth of 45 kHz is more than adequate to support the required data rate of 9.6 kbps."); +disp("So, the channel is not bandwidth limited "); +Eb_No=SNR-10*log10(R); +//We try the 16-FSK modulation scheme +M=16; + +Es_No=log2(M)*Eb_No; +Ps=(M-1)/2*e^(-Es_No/2); +//For orthogonal signalling +Ps16=(2^M-1)/(2^(M-1))*Pb; +disp(""); +printf(' The maximum symbol error probability is %0.5f \n ',Ps16); +printf('The symbol error probability achieved by 16-PSK is %.9f \n ',Ps); +disp("As achieved symbol error probability is far less than maximum tolerable value"); +disp("So, we can meet the given speciï¬cations for this power-limited channel with a 16-FSK modulation scheme without any error-correction coding") diff --git a/3446/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3446/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7053a8d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 5.1 +// To Calculate +// A) The system capacity if the cluster size, N (reuse factor), is 4 and +// B) The system capacity if the cluster size is 7. +// C) How many times would a cluster of size 4 have to be replicated to cover the entire cellular area? +// D) Does decreasing the reuse factor N increase the system capacity? + +clc; +clear all; + +ToCH=960;// Total available channels +Cellarea=6; //in km^2 +Covarea=2000;//in km^2 +N1=4; // Cluster Size +N2=7; //Cluster Size + +//solution +Area1=N1*Cellarea;//for N=4 +Area2=N2*Cellarea;//For N=7 +No_of_clusters1=round(Covarea/Area1); +No_of_clusters2=round(Covarea/Area2); +No_of_CH1=ToCH/N1; // No of channels with cluster size 4 +No_of_CH2=ToCH/N2; // No of channels with cluster size 7 +SysCap1=No_of_clusters1*ToCH; +SysCap2=No_of_clusters2*ToCH; +printf(' System Capacity with cluster size 4 is %d channels \n ',SysCap1); +printf(' Number of clusters for covering total area with N equals 4 are %d \n ',No_of_clusters1); +printf(' System Capacity with cluster size 7 is %d channels \n',SysCap2); +disp(" It is evident when we decrease the value of N from 7 to 4, we increase the system capacity from 46080 to 79680 channels. Thus, decreasing the reuse factor (N) increases the system capacity.") diff --git a/3446/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3446/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dba579859 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.2 +// To calculate reuse factor for AMP and GSM systems. + +clc; +clear all; + +S_IAMP=18;// S/I ratio in dB +S_IGSM=12;// S/I ratio in dB +PPL=4; // propogation path loss coefficient + +//solution +// Using Equation 5.16 on page no 132, we get +N_AMP=(1/3)*((6*10^(0.1*S_IAMP))^(2/PPL));//reuse factor for AMPS + +N_GSM=(1/3)*((6*10^(0.1*S_IGSM))^(2/PPL));//reuse factor for GSM + +printf('Reuse Factor for AMP system is N = %f = approx %d \n',N_AMP,N_AMP+1); +printf(' Reuse Factor for GSM system is N = %f = approx %d \n',N_GSM,N_GSM+1); diff --git a/3446/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3446/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00a87cb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Exa 5.3 +// To calculate +// A) The number of calls per cell site per hour (i.e., call capacity of cell). +// B) Mean S/I ratio for cell reuse factor equal to 4, 7 and 12. + +clc; +clear all; + +VCH=395;//Total voice channels +CallHT=120;//average call holding time in sec +Blocking=0.02;// 2% +PPL=4; //propogation path loss coefficient +N1=4 //reuse factor +N2=7; //reuse factor +N3=12; //reuse factor + +//solution +No_of_VCH1=VCH/N1; //for reuse factor N1 +No_of_VCH2=VCH/N2; //for reuse factor N2 +No_of_VCH3=VCH/N3; //for reuse factor N3 +printf('\nNO of voice channels for N=4 are %d',round(No_of_VCH1)); +printf('\nNO of voice channels for N=7 are %d',round(No_of_VCH2)); +printf('\nNO of voice channels for N=12 are %d\n',round(No_of_VCH3)); +disp("Using the Erlang-B trafï¬c table (see Appendix A) for 99 channels with 2% blocking, we ï¬nd a trafï¬c load of 87 Erlangs."); +TrafLoad1=87.004; +Carryload1=(1-Blocking)*TrafLoad1; +disp("Using the Erlang-B trafï¬c table (see Appendix A) for 56 channels with 2% blocking, we ï¬nd a trafï¬c load of 45.88 Erlangs."); +TrafLoad2=45.877; +Carryload2=(1-Blocking)*TrafLoad2; +disp("Using the Erlang-B trafï¬c table (see Appendix A) for 33 channels with 2% blocking, we ï¬nd a trafï¬c load of 24.6 Erlangs."); +TrafLoad3=24.629; +Carryload3=(1-Blocking)*TrafLoad3; +// To find cell capacity +Ncall1=Carryload1*3600/CallHT;//Calls per hour per cell +Ncall2=Carryload2*3600/CallHT; +Ncall3=Carryload3*3600/CallHT; +printf('\ncalls per hour per cell for N=4 are %d',round(Ncall1)); +printf('\ncalls per hour per cell for N=7 are %d',round(Ncall2)); +printf('\ncalls per hour per cell for N=12 are %d \n',Ncall3); +// To find S BY I +// N=(1/3)[6*(S/I)]^(2/PPL) +S_I1=10*(PPL/2)*(log10(N1)-log10(1/3)-(2/PPL)*log10(6));//Mean S/I (dB) + +S_I2=10*(PPL/2)*(log10(N2)-log10(1/3)-(2/PPL)*log10(6)); +S_I3=10*(PPL/2)*(log10(N3)-log10(1/3)-(2/PPL)*log10(6)); + +printf('\nMean S/I(dB) for N=4 is %.1f',S_I1); +printf('\nMean S/I(dB) for N=7 is %.1f',S_I2); +printf('\nMean S/I(dB) for N=12 is %.1f',S_I3); diff --git a/3446/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3446/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93e22d03f --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 5.4 +// To find the number of calls per hour per cell site. + +clc; +clear all; + +spectrum=12.5*10^6; //in Hz +CHBW=200*10^3;//in Hz +N=4;//reuse factor +Blocking=0.02; // 2% +callHT=120;//average call holding time in sec +PPL=4;//propogation path loss coefficient +CntrlCH=3; //No of control channels +Ts=8; // No of voice channels per RF channel + +//solution +No_ofVCH=((spectrum*Ts)/(CHBW*N))-CntrlCH; +printf('\n No of voice channels for N=4 are %d',No_ofVCH); +disp(""); +disp("Using the Erlang-B trafï¬c table for 122 channels with 2% blocking,we ï¬nd a trafï¬c load of 110 Erlangs. "); +TrafLoad=110; +CarryLoad=(1-Blocking)*TrafLoad; +Ncall=CarryLoad*3600/callHT; +printf('\n Calls per hour per cell for N=4 are %d calls/hour/cell \n ',round(Ncall)); +S_I=10*(PPL/2)*(log10(N)-log10(1/3)-(2/PPL)*log10(6)); +printf('\n Mean S/I(dB) for N=4 is %.1f dB \n ',S_I); diff --git a/3446/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3446/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2cb30421 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +// Exa 5.5 +// To Calculate: +// a) The calls per hour per cell site +// b) The mean S/I ratio +// c) The spectral efï¬ciency in Erlang/km2/MHz +// for Reuse ratio =4,7,12 and for omnidirectional, 120 degree and 60 degree antenna systems. + +clc; +clear all; + +VCH=395;//Total allocated voice channels +CHBW=30; // in kHz +Spectrum=12.5; // in MHz +CallHT=120; //Average call holding time in sec +Blocking=0.02; // 2% +PL=40; //slope of path loss in dBperdecade + +//solution +disp("We consider only the ï¬rst tier interferers and neglect the effects of cochannel interference from the second and other higher tiers."); +//FOR 120degree sectorization +//N=4 +VCH11=(VCH/(4*3)); +OffLoad11=24.629; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site11=3*OffLoad11; +CarLoad11=(1-Blocking)*Load_site11; +Calls_hr_site11=CarLoad11*3600/CallHT; +R11=sqrt(CarLoad11/0.52); +Seff11=CarLoad11/(2.6*Spectrum*R11^2); +S_I11=PL*log10(sqrt(3*4))-10*log10(2); +//N=7 +VCH12=(VCH/(3*7)); +OffLoad12=12.341; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site12=3*OffLoad12; +CarLoad12=(1-Blocking)*Load_site12; +Calls_hr_site12=CarLoad12*3600/CallHT; +R12=sqrt(CarLoad12/0.52); +Seff12=CarLoad12/(2.6*Spectrum*R12^2); +S_I12=PL*log10(sqrt(3*7))-10*log10(2); +//N=12 +VCH13=VCH/(3*12); +OffLoad13=5.842; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site13=3*OffLoad13; +CarLoad13=(1-Blocking)*Load_site13; +Calls_hr_site13=CarLoad13*3600/CallHT; +R13=sqrt(CarLoad13/0.52); +Seff13=CarLoad13/(2.6*Spectrum*R13^2); +S_I13=PL*log10(sqrt(3*12))-10*log10(2); +//For omnidirectional +//N=4 +VCH21=VCH/(4); +OffLoad21=87.004; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site21=OffLoad21; +CarLoad21=(1-Blocking)*Load_site21; +Calls_hr_site21=CarLoad21*3600/CallHT; +R21=sqrt(CarLoad21/0.52); +Seff21=CarLoad21/(2.6*Spectrum*R21^2); +S_I21=PL*log10(sqrt(3*4))-10*log10(6); +//N=7 +VCH22=VCH/(7); +OffLoad22=46.817; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site22=OffLoad22; +CarLoad22=(1-Blocking)*Load_site22; +Calls_hr_site22=CarLoad22*3600/CallHT; +R22=sqrt(CarLoad22/0.52); +Seff22=CarLoad22/(2.6*Spectrum*R22^2); +S_I22=PL*log10(sqrt(3*7))-10*log10(6); +//N=12 +VCH23=VCH/(12); +OffLoad23=24.629; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site23=OffLoad23; +CarLoad23=(1-Blocking)*Load_site23; +Calls_hr_site23=CarLoad23*3600/CallHT; +R23=sqrt(CarLoad23/0.52); +Seff23=CarLoad23/(2.6*Spectrum*R23^2); +S_I23=PL*log10(sqrt(3*12))-10*log10(6); +// For 60degree Sectorization +//N=3 +VCH31=VCH/(6*3); +OffLoad31=14.902; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site31=6*OffLoad31; +CarLoad31=(1-Blocking)*Load_site31; +Calls_hr_site31=CarLoad31*3600/CallHT; +R31=sqrt(CarLoad31/0.52); +Seff31=CarLoad31/(2.6*Spectrum*R31^2); +S_I31=PL*log10(sqrt(3*3))-10*log10(1); +//N=4 +VCH32=VCH/(6*4); +OffLoad32=10.656; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site32=6*OffLoad32; +CarLoad32=(1-Blocking)*Load_site32; +Calls_hr_site32=CarLoad32*3600/CallHT; +R32=sqrt(CarLoad32/0.52); +Seff32=CarLoad32/(2.6*Spectrum*R32^2); +S_I32=PL*log10(sqrt(3*4))-10*log10(1); +//N=7 +VCH33=VCH/(6*7); +OffLoad33=5.084; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site33=6*OffLoad33; +CarLoad33=(1-Blocking)*Load_site33; +Calls_hr_site33=CarLoad33*3600/CallHT; +R33=sqrt(CarLoad33/0.52); +Seff33=CarLoad33/(2.6*Spectrum*R33^2); +S_I33=PL*log10(sqrt(3*7))-10*log10(1); +//N=12 +VCH34=VCH/(6*12); +OffLoad34=2.227; // Offered trafï¬c load per sector from Erlang-B table(Appendix A) +Load_site34=6*OffLoad34; +CarLoad34=(1-Blocking)*Load_site34; +Calls_hr_site34=CarLoad34*3600/CallHT; +R34=sqrt(CarLoad34/0.52); +Seff34=CarLoad34/(2.6*Spectrum*R34^2); +S_I34=PL*log10(sqrt(3*12))-10*log10(1); + +printf('For Omnidirectional Calls_per_hour_per_cellsite Mean S_I ratio SpecrtalEfficiency\n') +printf('For N=4 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site21,S_I21,Seff21); +printf('For N=7 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site22,S_I22,Seff22); +printf('For N=12 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site23,S_I23,Seff23); + +printf('For 120deg sector Calls_per_hour_per_cellsite Mean S_I ratio SpecrtalEfficiency\n') +printf('For N=4 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site11,S_I11,Seff11); +printf('For N=7 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site12,S_I12,Seff12); +printf('For N=12 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site13,S_I13,Seff13); + +printf('For 60 deg Sector Calls_per_hour_per_cellsite Mean S_I ratio SpecrtalEfficiency\n') +printf('For N=3 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site31,S_I31,Seff31); +printf('For N=4 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site32,S_I32,Seff32); +printf('For N=7 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site33,S_I33,Seff33); +printf('For N=12 %d %.1f %.3f\n',Calls_hr_site34,S_I34,Seff34); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77df77f66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 6.1 +// To calculate spectral efï¬ciency. + +clc; +clear all; + +Area=8; //in km^2 +Cover=4000;// in km^2 +CallBH=1.2; //Avg calls during BH +HT=100; // Avg holding time in sec +Block=0.02; //Blocking=2% +N=4;//Frequency reuse factor +Spectrum=12.5;// in MHz +CHBW=200;// in kHz +User_CH=8;//No of users per RF channel + +//solution +RFCH=Spectrum*1000/CHBW; +TCH=int(RFCH)*User_CH; +SigCH=3;//No of signalling channels per cell +TCH_cell=TCH/N-SigCH; +Cells=Cover/Area; +OffLoad=108.4; // in Erlangs +printf('Using Erlang-B Tables, Total traffic offered by %d channels at 0.02 blocking = %.1f Erlangs/cell \n ',TCH_cell,OffLoad*(1-Block)); +CarLoad=OffLoad*(1-Block); +Calls_hr_cell=CarLoad*3600/HT; +MaxUser_hr_cell=Calls_hr_cell/CallBH; +Seff=CarLoad*Cells/(Spectrum*Cover); +printf('Spectral Efficiency is %.2f Erlangs/MHz/km^2\n',Seff); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b504fa37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 6.10 +// To calculate the data link protocol efï¬ciency with +//(1) Stop and Wait protocol — full duplex, +//(2) SRP with window size W=8, and +//(3) Go-Back-N protocol with window size W=8. + +clc; +clear all; + +Tprop=4; //maximum propogation delay in sec +R=10; // data rate in Mbps +PackLen=400; //data packet length in bits +ACK=20; //length of ACK packet in bits +Tproc=1; //processing time(sec) +p=0.01;//probability that a data packet or its ACK can be corrupted during transmission + +//solution +Tp=PackLen/R; //packet transmission time in microsec +Ta=ACK/R; // transmission time for an ACK in microsec +T=Tp+2*Tprop+2*Tproc+Ta;// total time for transmission time +// Stop and wait ARQ +Eff0=(1-p)*Tp/((1-p)*T+p*Tp); +//SRP with window size W=8 +W=8; +Eff1=(2+p*(W-1))/(2+p*(3*W-1)); +//Go-Back-N protocol with window size W=8 +Eff2=1/(1+W*(p/(1-p))); +printf('The data link protocol efficiency with Stop and Wait protocol, SRP and GBN are \n %.3f, %.3f abd %.3f respectively\n',Eff0,Eff1,Eff2); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f82ff5ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 6.2 +// To calculate spectral efficiency of FDMA. + +clc; +clear all; + +TCH=395; // Traffic Channels +SysBW=12.5; //in MHz +CHspace=30; // in kHz + +//solution +Eff=TCH*CHspace/(SysBW*1000); +printf('Multiple access spectral efficiency of FDMA System is %.3f\n ',Eff); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8ecf94e --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 6.3 +// To calculate spectral efficiency of TDMA. + +clc; +clear all; + +Tf=40; //Frame duration in msec +Mt=6; // Frames per slot +Bu=30; //bandwidth(KHz) of an individual user during his or her time slot +Nu=395;//  number of users sharing the same time slot in the system, but having access to different frequency sub-bands +Bw=12.5; // in MHz +DR=16.2;//Data rate in kbps +FDur=40; // Frame duration in msec +slots=6; //No of slots per time frame +IndiRate=16.2; //Individual data rate in kbps +Srate=13; //Speech rate in kbps + +//solution +TimeSlot=(Srate/IndiRate)*(FDur/slots); +Seff=TimeSlot*slots*Bu*Nu/(FDur*Bw*1000); +printf('Multiple access spectral efficiency of TDMA is %.2f\n ',Seff); +printf('The overhead portion of the frame is %d percent \n ',round((1-Seff)*100)); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae08ba46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 6.4 +// To calculate capacity and spectral efï¬ciency of a TDMA system. + +clc; +clear all; + +nb=0.9; //BW efficiency factor +u=2; // Bit Efficiency with QPSK +Vf=1; // Voice activity factor +BW=12.5; //in MHz +IR=16.2; // in kbps +N=19; //frequency reuse factor + +//solution +Nu=nb*u*BW*1000/(Vf*IR*N);// number of channels (mobile users) per cell +Seff=int(Nu)*IR/(BW*1000); +printf('Capacity of system is %d mobile users per cell\n ',Nu); +printf('Spectral efficiency of TDMA system is %.3f bit/sec/Hz\n',Seff); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67760ec3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 6.6 +// To calculate frame efï¬ciency and the number of channels per frame. + +clc; +clear all; + +Nr=2;// number of reference bursts per frame +Nt=24; // number of trafï¬c bursts (slots) per frame(120msec) +FL=120; //Frame length in msec +Br=148; // number of overhead bits per reference burst +Bp=34; // number of overhead bits per preamble per slot +Bg=8.25;//number of equivalent bits in each guard time interval +Tf=120; // frame duration in msec +Rrf=270.83333333; // bit rate of the RF channel in kbps +R=22.8; //bit rate of each channel in kbps + +//solution +B0=Nr*(8*Br)+Nt*(8*Bp)+(Nt+Nr)*(8*Bg);//The number of overhead bits per frame +Bt=FL*10^-3*Rrf*10^3;//The total number of bits per frame +Eff=(1-B0/Bt)*100; +CH_Frame=(Eff/100)*Rrf/R;//No of channels/frame +printf('The frame efficiency is %.2f percent\n ',Eff); +printf('Number of channels/frame are %d\n',round(CH_Frame)); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a311c759 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 6.6 +// To calculate capacity and spectral efï¬ciency of the DS-CDMA system. + +clc; +clear all; + +nb=0.9;//bandwidth efï¬ciency +nf=0.45;//frequency reuse efï¬ciency +Cd=0.8; //capacity degradation factor +Vf=0.4;//voice activity factor +Eb_I0=7; // desired energy-to-interference ratio in dB +L=1;// efï¬ciency of sector-antenna in cell +BW=12.5;//One way system BW in MHz +R=16.2;//Information rate in kbps + +//solution +Eb_I=10^(Eb_I0*0.1);//To convert from dB to a normal value +Nu=(nf*nb*Cd*L/Vf)*(BW*1000/(Eb_I*R));//Capacity of system +Seff=round(Nu)*R/(12.5*10^3); +printf('Capacity of system is %d mobile users per cell\n ',round(Nu)); +printf('Spectral efficiency of TDMA system is %.3f bits/sec/Hz\n',Seff); + +disp("In these calculations, an omnidirectional antenna is assumed. If a three sector antenna (i.e., G=3) is used at a cell site with lamda(efficiency of sector-antenna in a cell)= 2.6, the capacity will be increased to 325 mobile users per cell, and spectral efï¬ciency will be 0.421 bits/sec/Hz.") diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0a7eeed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 6.7 +// Using the data given in Exa 6.4 and 6.6, compare the capacity of the DS-CDMA and TDMA omnidirectional cell. + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given Data from Exa 6.4 and Exa 6.6 +Cd=0.8; //capacity degradation factor +R=16.2;//Data rate in kbps +Eb_I0=7; //in dB +Eb_I=10^(Eb_I0*0.1);//To convert from dB to a normal value +Vf=0.4;//voice activity factor +u=2; // Bit Efficiency +IR=16.2; // in kbps +N=19; //frequency reuse factor +nf=0.45;//frequency reuse efï¬ciency + +//solution +Ncdma_by_Ntdma=Cd*N*nf*IR/(Eb_I*Vf*u*R); +printf('The ratio of capacity of DS-CDMA to TDMA is %.3f\n',Ncdma_by_Ntdma); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8657dd98a --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 6.8 +// To calculate the minimum number of PN chips that are required for each frequency word. + +clc; +clear all; + +Bss=600; //Hopping bandwidth in MHz +stepsize=400; // in Hz + +//solution +No_of_Tones=Bss*10^6/stepsize; +Min_chips_required=log2(No_of_Tones); +printf('Minimum number of chips required are %d chips \n ',Min_chips_required); diff --git a/3446/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3446/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..299b0639a --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 6.9 +// To calculate the normalized throughput with: +//(a) an unslotted nonpersistent, +//(b) a slotted persistent, and +//(c) a slotted 1-persistent CSMA protocol. + +clc; +clear all; + +e=2.71828; //Euler's number +Tprop=0.4; //Max propogation delay in sec +R=10; //data rate in Mbps +PackLen=400; //packet length in bits + +//solution +Tp=PackLen/R; //packet transmission time in microsec +a=Tprop/Tp; +G=Tp*10^-6*R*10^6/PackLen;//normalized offered trafï¬c load +//Slotted nonpersistent +S0=a*G*e^(-a*G)/(1-e^(-a*G)+a);//normalized throughput +//Unslotted nonpersistent +S1=G*e^(-a*G)/(1+(2*a)+e^(-a*G));//normalized throughput +//Slotted 1-persistent +S2=G*e^(-G*(1+a))*(1+a-e^(-a*G))/((1+a)*(1-e^(-a*G))+a*e^(-G*(1+a)));//normalized throughput +printf('The Normalized throughput with an unslotted non persistent, a slotted persistent and a slotted 1-persistent CSMA protocol are \n %.3f,%.3f and %.3f respectively \n',S0,S1,S2); diff --git a/3446/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3446/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..625e0c86c --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 8.1 +// To calculate coverage gain in dB. + +clc; +clear all; + +Pdiff=-3; //in dB +AMR1=12.2; //in kbps +AMR2=7.95; //in kbps +AMR3=4.75; //in kbps + +//solution +//CG(dB)=10log{(DPDCH(kbps)+DPCCH)/(DPDCH(AMR bit rate (kbps))+ DPCCH)} +CG1=10*log10((AMR1+AMR1*10^(Pdiff/10))/(AMR2+AMR1*10^(Pdiff/10))); +CG2=10*log10((AMR1+AMR1*10^(Pdiff/10))/(AMR3+AMR1*10^(Pdiff/10))); +printf('By reducing the AMR bit rate from 12.2 to 7.95 kbps coverage gain becomes %.2f dB \n ',CG1); +printf('By reducing the AMR bit rate from 7.95 to 4.75 kbps coverage gain becomes %.2f dB \n ',CG2); diff --git a/3446/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3446/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1b93ebf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 8.2 +// To calculate the output of the encoder. + +clc; +clear all; + +K=4; //constraint length +r=1/2; //code rate(n/k) +x=poly(0,"x");//Defining x as a ploynomial variable +G1=1+x^2+x^3; +G2=1+x+x^2+x^3; +in=[1 0 1 1 1];//input(first bit first) + +//solution +//with reference to Fig 8.9 on page no 239 +g1=[1 0 1 1]; //converting from G1 polynomial to bit form +g2=[1 1 1 1];////converting from G2 polynomial to bit form +x1=round(convol(g1,in)); +x2=round(convol(g2,in)); +V1=modulo(x1,2); +V2=modulo(x2,2); +disp("Multiplexing the V1 and V2 to get required output sequence as "); + a=5; +for i= 1:5 + printf('%d%d',V2(a),V1(a)); + a=a-1; + +end + diff --git a/3446/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3446/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43e6a72fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Exa 8.3 +// To demostrate 4X4 Bit interleaving/de-interleving. + +clc; +clear all; + +BitStream= [0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1];//Last bit to first bit + +//solution +disp("Interleaving is performed by storing the data in a table containing rows and columns at the transmitter. The data is written in rows and transmitted in a vertical direction (according to columns). At the receiver, the data is written and read in the opposite manner. ") + +// Interleaver + Input1=[1 0 0 0 //Writing data row wise + 1 0 0 0 + 1 1 1 0 + 0 0 0 0]; +disp("GIven Bit stream is") +disp(BitStream); +disp("Input to interleaver is") +disp(Input1); + +Output1=[0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1]; // Reading data column wise +disp("Output of interleaver is"); +disp(Output1); +//De-interleaver + Input2=[1 1 1 0 //Writing o/p data row wise + 0 0 1 0 + 0 0 1 0 + 0 0 0 0]; + // Let From 6th to 9th bits have Burst Error + disp("Input to de-interleaver is"); + disp(Input2); + //Output of deinterleaver + +Output2= [0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1]; +disp("Output of de-interleaver is") +disp(Output2); +disp( "Bits with Burst error were from 6th to 9th. But in output of de-interleaver, they relocated to positions 3rd, 6th, 10th and 14th."); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3e2ad52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 9.1 +// To calculate Eb/No in dB for BPSK and Coherent FSK. + +clc; +clear all; + +Pe=10^-6;//Probability of error +e=2.71828; //Euler's Number + +//solution +// For BPSK +//Pe(=10^-6)=e^(-x)/(2*sqrt(%pi*x)); where x=Eb/No + +deff('y=f(x)','y=2.71828^(-x)/(2*sqrt(%pi*x))-10^-6'); +[x,v,info]=fsolve(0.1,f); + +printf('Eb/No For BPSK is %.2f dB\n ',10*log10(x)); +printf('FSK requires 3 dB more in terms of Eb/N0 to give the same Pe as BPSK so it comes out to be %.2f dB',10*log10(x)+3); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98dec5fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 9.2 +// To calculate amplitude A of a carrier signal. + +clc; +clear all; + +Pe=10^-6;//Probability of error +No=10^-10; // PSD in W/Hz +R=100*10^3; //data rate in bps + +//solution +disp("From Example 9.1, Eb/N0= 10.54dB (11.32) for Pe=10^-6 "); +//Therefore +Eb_No=11.32; //From Exa. 9.1 +// Eb/No = A^2/(2*No*R); +A=sqrt(2*No*(Eb_No)*R); +printf(' Amplitude of a carrier signal is %.3f mV',A*1000); + diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ade54732 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Exa 9.3 +// To calculate final phase for the pi/4-DQPSK modulation method. + +clc; +clear all; + +B=['00','10','01','11','01','00','11','10','10','01','01','00'];//Given Bit stream + +//solution +disp("Phase transition table for pi/4-DQPSK Modulation is given as ") +disp(" By Referring Table 9.1 on page No 266 i.e"); +disp("Symbol Phase transition") +disp("00 => 45°"); +disp("01 => 135°"); +disp("10 => -45°"); +disp("11 => -135°"); +disp(""); +disp("sym Dell phi(k) Phi(k)") +//BitStream='001001110100111010010100'; + +phase=0; //Taking initial phase as zero +for i=1:12 + + + if(B(i)=='00') + phase=phase+45; + printf(' %s 45 %d \n',B(i),phase); + end + + if(B(i)=='01') + phase=phase+135; + printf(' %s 135 %d \n',B(i),phase); + end + if(B(i)=='10') + phase=phase-45; + printf(' %s -45 %d \n',B(i),phase); + end + if(B(i)=='11') + phase=phase-135; + printf(' %s -135 %d \n',B(i),phase); + +end +end +disp(""); +printf('final phase for the pi/4-DQPSK modulation method for given bitstream is %d degree\n',phase); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9af13f282 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 9.4 +// To calculate +//(a) the frequency shift between binary 1 and binary 0, +//(b) the transmitted frequencies if the carrier frequency is 900 MHz, and +//(c) the bandwidth efï¬ciency in bps/Hz. + +clc; +clear all; + +CHBW=200; //Channel BW in KHz +R=270.83; //Data rate in kbps +Fc=900; //carrier frequency in MHz + +//solution +FreqShift=0.5*R; +//Transmitted Frequencies +Fh=Fc*1000+0.25*R;//Max +Fl=Fc*1000-0.25*R;//Min +BWEff=R/CHBW; +printf('The frequency shift between binary 1 and binary 0 is %.3f kHz\n ',FreqShift); +printf('Maximum and Minimum value of transmitted frequencies are %.4f mHz and %.4f mHz respectively\n ',Fh/1000,Fl/1000); +printf('Bandwidth efficiency is %.2f bps/Hz',BWEff); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce1d55e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 9.5 +// To calculate- +// a) 3-dB bandwidth for a Gaussian low-pass ï¬lter, +// b) 99.99% power bandwidth in the RF channel, and +// c) bit error probability for GMSK. + +clc; +clear all; + +R=270; //data rate in kbps +Eb_No=6; // in dB +GMSK=0.3; //Gaussian minimum shift keying + +//solution +Tb=1/R *10^3; //in microsec +B=GMSK/Tb; +printf('3-dB BW for a gaussian low pass filter is %.3f kHz\n',B*1000); +disp("The 3-dB bandwidth is 81.08 kHz. to determine the 99.99% power bandwidth, we use Table 9.3 to ï¬nd that 1.41*Rb is the required value and degradation factor(beta)= 0.89"); +PowerBW=1.41*R; +DegradFac=0.89; +Pe=erfc(sqrt(2*DegradFac*10^(0.1*Eb_No))); +printf(' Power bandwidth in the RF channel is %.1f kHz\n ',PowerBW); +printf('Bit error probability for GMSK is %f * 10^-5\n',Pe*10^5); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..273626ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 9.6 +// To calculate bit rate. + +clc; +clear all; + +Rs=19200; //symbols per second +states=64; + +//solution +Bits_symbol=log2(states); +BitRate=Bits_symbol*Rs; +printf('Bit Rate of the modulator is %.1f kbps',BitRate/1000 ); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..585b484fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 9.7 +// To determine modulation scheme to be used and Eb/No. + +clc; +clear all; + +Rb=144; //data rate in kbps +BW=36; //in MHz +Pb=3*10^-5;//probability of bit error + +//solution +Seff=Rb/BW; //spectral efficiency in bps/Hz + + M=2^(Rb/BW); //since the channel is band limited + disp("16-QAM (refer Equation 9.66) should be used as it is more efï¬cient than 16-PSK (refer Equation 9.50)"); +disp(""); + +//since Q[sqrt(2*Eb_No)]=(1/2)*erfc[sqrt(Eb_No)] // refer page no 257 equ 9.35 +deff('y=f(x)','y=(3/8)*erfc(sqrt((2/5)*x))-Pb'); //from eqn 9.66 and 9.35 + +[x,v,info]=fsolve(0.1,f); //x=Eb_No + +printf('For a rectangular constellation (refer Figure 9.12), with a Gaussian channel and matched ï¬lter reception, the calculated Eb/No value is %.1f dB\n ',10*log10(x)); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2df490e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 9.8 +// To compare the performance of 16-PSK with 16-QAM. + +clc; +clear all; + +Pb=10^-8;//BER probability + +//solution +disp("For 16-PSK"); +// Pb=0.5*Q(0.552*sqrt(Eb_No)); +//since Q[sqrt(2*Eb_No)]=(1/2)*erfc[sqrt(Eb_No)] // refer page no 257 equ 9.35 +deff('y=f(x)','y=0.25*erfc(sqrt(0.5*0.552^2*x))-Pb'); +[x,v,info]=fsolve(0.1,f); //x=Eb_No + +printf('Using equation 9.50 we get Eb/No as %d dB (approx) \n ',round(10*log10(x))); +disp("For 16-QAM"); +//Pb=0.75*Q(sqrt(0.8*Eb_No)); +deff('y=f1(x1)','y=(3/8)*erfc(sqrt(0.4*x1))-Pb'); //x=Eb_No +//since Q[sqrt(2*Eb_No)]=(1/2)*erfc[sqrt(Eb_No)] // refer page no 257 equ 9.35 +[x1,v1,info1]=fsolve(0.1,f1); //x=Eb_No +printf('Using equation 9.66 we get Eb/No as %d dB (approx)\n ',round(10*log10(x1))); +disp(""); +printf('Thus 16-QAM has an advantage of about %d dB compared to 16-PSK \n ',10*log10(x)-10*log10(x1)); diff --git a/3446/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3446/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee9ef6490 --- /dev/null +++ b/3446/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 9.9 +// To calculate- +// a) The total bandwidth required, +// b) The bandwidth efï¬ciency, +// c) The Eb/No required, and +// d) No of carried bits per symbol. + +clc; +clear all; + +M=8; //number of different signal elements +Fc=250; //carrier frequency in kHz +DelF=25; //kHz +Pe=10^-6;//probability of error + +//solution +TotalBW=2*M*DelF; +nb=2*log2(M)/(M+3); +//Pe=7*Q(z) and z=approx(5.08) +z=5.08; +Eb_No=(z)^2/log2(M); +bits_sym=log2(M); +printf('Total bandwidth required is %d kHz \n ',TotalBW); +printf('The bandwidth efficiency is %.4f \n ',nb); +printf('The required Eb/No is %.3f dB \n ',10*log10(Eb_No)); +printf('Carried bits per symbol are %d \n ',bits_sym); diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2548e666e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.1 : +// Page number 127-128 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P = 2.0*10**6 // Power delivered(W) +V_r = 33.0*10**3 // Receiving end voltage(V) +PF_r = 0.8 // Receiving end lagging power factor +R = 10.0 // Total resistance of the line(ohm) +X = 18.0 // Total inductive resistance of the line(ohm) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +I = P/(V_r*PF_r) // Line current(A) +sin_phi_r = (1-PF_r**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_R +V_s = V_r+I*R*PF_r+I*X*sin_phi_r // Sending end voltage(V) +reg = (V_s-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +// Case(ii) +PF_s = (V_r*PF_r+I*R)/V_s // Sending end lagging power factor +// Case(iii) +loss = I**2*R // Losses(W) +P_s = P+loss // Sending end power(W) +n = P/P_s*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Percentage voltage regulation = %.3f percent", reg) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Sending end power factor = %.2f (lag)", PF_s) +printf("\nCase(iii): Transmission efficiency, η = %.2f percent \n", n) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: pf is 0.8 and not 0.9 as mentioned in the textbook problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce81b1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.10 : +// Page number 135 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 125.0 // Line length(km) +P_r = 40.0*10**6 // Load at receiving end(VA) +V_r = 110.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging load power factor +R = 11.0 // Resistance(ohm/phase) +X = 38.0 // Inductive reactance(ohm/phase) +Y = 3.0*10**-4 // Capacitive susceptance(S) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm/phase) +I_c1 = E_r*(Y/2)*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180) // Current through shunt admittance at receiving end(A) +I_r = P_r/(3**0.5*V_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Load current(A) +I = I_r+I_c1 // Current through series impedance(A) +E_s = I*Z+E_r // Voltage across shunt admittance at sending end(V) +E_s_ll = 3**0.5*E_s/1000.0 // Line to line voltage at sending end(kV) +I_c2 = E_s*(Y/2)*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180) // Current through shunt admittance at sending end(A) +// Case(ii) +I_s = I_c2+I_r // Sending end current(A) +angle_Er_Es = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between E_r and E_s(°) +angle_Er_Is = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between E_r and I_s(°) +angle_Es_Is = angle_Er_Es-angle_Er_Is // Angle between E_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Es_Is) // Sending end power factor + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Line to line voltage at sending end, E_s = %.f kV", abs(E_s_ll)) +printf("\nCase(ii): Sending end power factor = %.3f \n", PF_s) +printf("\nNOTE: Answers in the textbook are incomplete") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42df73c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.11 : +// Page number 135-137 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +R = 28.0 // Resistance(ohm/phasemag) +X = 63.0 // Inductive reactance(ohm/phasemag) +Y = 4.0*10**-4 // Capacitive susceptance(mho) +P_r = 75.0*10**6 // Load at receiving end(VA) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging load power factor +V_r = 132.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) Nominal T method +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm/phasemag) +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phasemag voltage(V) +I_r = P_r/(3**0.5*V_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current at receiving end(A) +E = E_r+I_r*(Z/2) +I_c = %i*Y*E // Capacitive current(A) +I_s = I_r+I_c // Sending end current(A) +v_drop = I_s*(Z/2) // Voltage drop(V) +E_s = E+I_s*(Z/2) // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_kV = E_s/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +E_s_ll= 3**0.5*abs(E_s) // Sending end line voltage(V) +E_s_llkV = E_s_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +angle_Er_Es = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between E_r and E_s(°) +angle_Er_Is = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between E_r and I_s(°) +angle_Es_Is = angle_Er_Es-angle_Er_Is // Angle between E_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Es_Is) // Sending end power factor +P_s = 3**0.5*E_s_ll*abs(I_s)*PF_s // Power at sending end(W) +reg = (abs(E_s_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Regulation(%) +n = (P_r*PF_r)/P_s*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) +// Case(ii) Nominal Ï€ method +I_c2 = E_r*(%i*Y/2) // Current through shunt admittance at receiving end(A) +I = I_r+I_c2 // Line current(A) +E_s_p = E_r+I*Z // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_pkV = E_s_p/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +E_s_pll = 3**0.5*abs(E_s_p) // Sending end line voltage(V) +E_s_pllkV = E_s_pll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_c1 = E_s_p*(%i*Y/2) // Current through shunt admittance at sending end(A) +I_s_p = I+I_c1 // Sending end current(A) +angle_Er_Esp = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between E_r and E_s(°) +angle_Er_Isp = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between E_r and I_s(°) +angle_Es_Isp = angle_Er_Esp-angle_Er_Isp // Angle between E_s and I_s(°) +PF_s_p = cosd(angle_Es_Isp) // Sending end power factor +P_s_p = 3**0.5*E_s_pll*abs(I_s_p)*PF_s_p // Power at sending end(W) +reg_p = (abs(E_s_pll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Regulation(%) +n_p = (P_r*PF_r)/P_s_p*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\n(i) Nominal T method") +printf("\nCase(a): Voltage at sending end, E_s = %.2f∠%.2f° kV = %.1f kV (line-to-line)", abs(E_s_kV),phasemag(E_s_kV),E_s_llkV) +printf("\nCase(b): Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.2f° A", abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nCase(c): Power factor at sending end = %.4f (lagging)", PF_s) +printf("\nCase(d): Regulation = %.2f percent", reg) +printf("\nCase(e): Efficiency of transmission = %.2f percent \n", n) +printf("\n(ii) Nominal Ï€ method") +printf("\nCase(a): Voltage at sending end, E_s = %.2f∠%.2f° kV = %.1f kV (line-to-line)", abs(E_s_pkV),phasemag(E_s_pkV),E_s_pllkV) +printf("\nCase(b): Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.2f° A", abs(I_s_p),phasemag(I_s_p)) +printf("\nCase(c): Power factor at sending end = %.4f (lagging)", PF_s_p) +printf("\nCase(d): Regulation = %.2f percent", reg_p) +printf("\nCase(e): Efficiency of transmission = %.2f percent \n", n_p) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here and more approximation in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..590f1de8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.12 : +// Page number 143 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +E_s = 275.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 400.0 // Line length(km) +x = 0.05 // Inductive reactance(ohm/km) +y = 3.0*10**-6 // Line charging susceptance(S/km) +r = 0.0 // Lossless line + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +R = r*l // Total resistance(ohm/phase) +X = x*l // Inductive reactance(ohm/phase) +Y = y*l // Susceptance(mho) +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm/phase) +A = 1+(Y*Z/2)*%i // Line constant +E_r = E_s/abs(A) // Receiving end voltage at no load(kV) +// case(b) +Z_0 = (X/Y)**0.5 // Load at receiving end(ohm) +// Case(c) +Z_0_new = 1.2*Z_0 // New load at receiving station(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Receiving end voltage on open circuit = %.1f kV", E_r) +printf("\nCase(b): Load at receiving end for flat voltage profile on line, Z_0 = %.1f Ω", Z_0) +printf("\nCase(c): Distributed inductive reactance of the line is to be increased as, Loading for new voltage profile = %.2f Ω", Z_0_new) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7fa309e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.13 : +// Page number 143-144 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_r = 220.0*10**3 // Receiving end voltage(V) +Z = complex(20,100) // Impedance(ohm/phase) +Y = %i*0.0010 // Admittance(mho) +I_r = 300.0 // Receiving end current(A) +PF_r = 0.9 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +V_2 = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +I_2 = I_r*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Receiving end current(A) +I_C2 = (Y/2)*V_2 // Capacitive current at receiving end(A) +I = I_2+I_C2 +V_1 = V_2+I*Z // Voltage across shunt admittance at sending end(V) +V_1kV = V_1/1000.0 // Voltage across shunt admittance at sending end(kV) +I_C1 = (Y/2)*V_1 // Capacitive current at sending end(A) +I_1 = I_C1+I_2 // Sending end current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_1 = %.2f∠%.2f° kV", abs(V_1kV),phasemag(V_1kV)) +printf("\nSending end current, I_1 = %.3f∠%.4f° A", abs(I_1),phasemag(I_1)) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dafa23dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.14 : +// Page number 144 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +r = 0.1 // Resistance(ohm/km) +l = 1.4*10**-3 // Inductance(H/km) +c = 8.0*10**-9 // Capacitance(F/km) +g = 4.0*10**-8 // conductance(mho/km) +V_r = 400.0 // Receiving end voltage(kV) +x = 200.0 // Length of line(km) + +// Calculations +V_2 = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(kV) +z = r+%i*2*%pi*f*l // Total impedance(ohm/km) +y = g+%i*2*%pi*f*c // Total susceptance(mho/km) +Z_c = (z/y)**0.5 // Surge impedance(ohm) +gamma = (z*y)**0.5 // γ +// Case(i) +V_0_plus = V_2/2 // Incident voltage to neutral at receiving end(kV) +// Case(ii) +V_0_minus = V_2/2 // Reflected voltage to neutral at receiving end(kV) +// Case(iii) +gamma_l = gamma*x // γl +V_1_plus = (V_2/2)*exp(gamma_l) // Incident voltage to neutral at 200 km from receiving end(kV) +V_1_minus = (V_2/2)*exp(-gamma_l) // Reflected voltage to neutral at 200 km from receiving end(kV) +// Case(iv) +V_1 = V_1_plus+V_1_minus // Resultant voltage to neutral(kV) +V_L = abs(V_1) // Resultant voltage to neutral(kV) +V_L_ll = 3**0.5*V_L // Line to line voltage at 200 km from receiving end(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Incident voltage to neutral at receiving end, V_0_plus = %.1f∠%.f° kV", abs(V_0_plus),phasemag(V_0_plus)) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Reflected voltage to neutral at receiving end, V_0_minus = %.1f∠%.f° kV", abs(V_0_minus),phasemag(V_0_minus)) +printf("\nCase(iii): Incident voltage to neutral at 200 km from receiving end, V_1_plus = (%.3f+%.2fj) kV", real(V_1_plus),imag(V_1_plus)) +printf("\nCase(iv) : Resultant voltage to neutral at 200 km from receiving end, V_L = %.2f kV", V_L) +printf("\n Line to line voltage at 200 km from receiving end = %.2f kV", V_L_ll) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1dfecf7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.15 : +// Page number 145 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +L = 200.0 // Line length(km) +l = 1.20*10**-3 // Inductance(H/km) +c = 8.0*10**-9 // Capacitance(F/km) +r = 0.15 // Resistance(ohm/km) +g = 0.0 // Conductance(mho/km) + +// Calculations +z = r+%i*2*%pi*f*l // Total impedance(ohm/km) +Z = z*L // Total impedance(ohm) +y = g+%i*2*%pi*f*c // Total susceptance(mho/km) +Y = y*L // Total susceptance(mho/km) +gamma_l = (Z*Y)**0.5 // γl +alpha_l = real(gamma_l) // αl +beta_l = imag(gamma_l) // βl +Z_c = (Z/Y)**0.5 // Surge impedance(ohm) +A = cosh(gamma_l) // Constant +B = Z_c*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(ohm) +C = (1/Z_c)*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(S) +D = A // Constant + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.15 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nA = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A),phasemag(A)) +printf("\nB = %.2f∠%.3f° Ω", abs(B),phasemag(B)) +printf("\nC = %.2e∠%.3f° S", abs(C),phasemag(C)) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2b1addfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.16 : +// Page number 145-146 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +V_r = 132.0*10**3 // Receiving end voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +L = 200.0 // Line length(km) +l = 1.3*10**-3 // Inductance(H/km) +c = 9.0*10**-9 // Capacitance(F/km) +r = 0.2 // Resistance(ohm/km) +g = 0.0 // Conductance(mho/km) +P_r = 50.0*10**6 // Power received(VA) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging power factor at receiving end + +// Calculations +z = r+%i*2*%pi*f*l // Total impedance(ohm/km) +y = g+%i*2*%pi*f*c // Total susceptance(mho/km) +Z_c = (z/y)**0.5 // Surge impedance(ohm) +gamma = (z*y)**0.5 // γ +gamma_l = gamma*L // γl +cosh_gl = cosh(gamma_l) // cosh γl +sinh_gl = sinh(gamma_l) // sinh γl +V_2 = V_r/(3**0.5) // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +I_2 = P_r/(3*V_2)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current(A) +V_1 = V_2*cosh_gl+I_2*Z_c*sinh_gl // Sending end voltage(V) +V_1kV = V_1/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +I_1 = (V_2/Z_c)*sinh_gl+I_2*cosh_gl // Sending end current(A) +angle_V2_V1 = phasemag(V_1) // Angle between V_2 and V_1(°) +angle_V2_I1 = phasemag(I_1) // Angle between V_2 and I_1(°) +angle_V1_I1 = angle_V2_V1-angle_V2_I1 // Angle between V_1 and I_1(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_V1_I1) // Sending end power factor +P_1 = 3*abs(V_1*I_1)*PF_s // Sending end power(W) +P_2 = P_r*PF_r // Receiving end power(W) +n = P_2/P_1*100 // Efficiency + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_1 = %.3f∠%.4f° kV per phase", abs(V_1kV),phasemag(V_1kV)) +printf("\nSending end current, I_1 = %.3f∠%.2f° A", abs(I_1),phasemag(I_1)) +printf("\nPower factor = %.3f ", PF_s) +printf("\nEfficiency, η = %.2f percent", n) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c42013cca --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.17 : +// Page number 147-148 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +L = 160.0 // Line length(km) +r = 0.15 // Resistance(ohm/km/phasemag) +l = 1.2*10**-3 // Inductance(H/km/phasemag) +c = 0.008*10**-6 // Capacitance(F/km/phasemag) +g = 0.0 // Conductance(mho/km/phasemag) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) Using convergent series(Complex angles) method +z = r+%i*2*%pi*f*l // Impedance(ohm/km) +Z = z*L // Total series impedance(ohm) +y = g+%i*2*%pi*f*c // Shunt admittance(S/km) +Y = y*L // Total shunt admittance(S) +A = 1+(Y*Z/2)+((Y*Z)**2/24) // Constant +B = Z*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)) // Constant(ohm) +C = Y*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)) // Constant(mho) +D = A // Constant +// Case(ii) Using convergent series(Real angles) method +gamma_l = (Z*Y)**0.5 // γl +alpha_l = real(gamma_l) // αl +beta_l = imag(gamma_l) // βl +Z_c = (Z/Y)**0.5 // Surge impedance(ohm) +A_2 = cosh(gamma_l) // Constant +B_2 = Z_c*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(ohm) +C_2 = (1/Z_c)*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(mho) +D_2 = A_2 // Constant + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.17 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i): Using convergent series(Complex Angles) method") +printf("\nA = D = %.3f∠%.1f° ", abs(A),phasemag(A)) +printf("\nB = %.f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B),phasemag(B)) +printf("\nC = %.4f∠%.1f° mho \n", abs(C),phasemag(C)) +printf("\nCase(ii): Using convergent series(Real Angles) method") +printf("\nA = D = %.3f∠%.1f° ", abs(A_2),phasemag(A_2)) +printf("\nB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_2),phasemag(B_2)) +printf("\nC = %.4f∠%.1f° S \n", abs(C_2),phasemag(C_2)) +printf("\nNOTE: Slight change in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38bd26961 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.18 : +// Page number 148 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_r = 220.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +Z = complex(40,200) // Impedance per phasemag(ohm) +Y = %i*0.0015 // Admittance(mho) +I_r = 200.0 // Receiving end current(A) +PF_r = 0.95 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +A = 1+(Y*Z/2)+((Y*Z)**2/24) // Constant +B = Z*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)+((Y*Z)**3/5040)) // Constant(ohm) +C = Y*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)+((Y*Z)**3/5040)) // Constant(mho) +D = A // Constant +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phasemag voltage(V) +I_r1 = I_r*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current(A) +E_s = A*E_r+B*I_r1 // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_ll = 3**0.5*E_s/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +// Case(b) +I_s = C*E_r+D*I_r1 // Sending end current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.18 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Sending end voltage, E_s = %.1f∠%.2f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(E_s_ll),phasemag(E_s_ll)) +printf("\nCase(b): Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.2f° A\n", abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Z = (40+j200)Ω, not Z=(60+j200)Ω as given in problem statement") +printf("\n Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dccd9fd85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.19 : +// Page number 148-149 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_r = 220.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +Z = complex(40,200) // Impedance per phasemag(ohm) +Y = %i*0.0015 // Admittance(S) +I_R = 200.0 // Receiving end current(A) +PF_r = 0.95 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +// Case(i) Nominal Ï€ method +// Case(a) +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phasemag voltage(V) +I_r = I_R*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current(A) +Y_2 = Y/2.0 // Admittance(S) +I_c2 = Y_2*E_r // Current through shunt admittance at receiving end(A) +I = I_r+I_c2 // Current through impedance(A) +IZ_drop = I*Z // Voltage drop(V) +E_s = E_r+IZ_drop // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_kV = E_s/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +// Case(b) +I_c1 = E_s*Y_2 // Current through shunt admittance at sending end(A) +I_s = I+I_c1 // Sending end current(A) +// Case(ii) Nominal T method +// Case(a) +I_r_Z2 = I_r*Z/2 // Voltage drop at receiving end(V) +E = E_r+I_r_Z2 // Voltage(V) +I_c = Y*E // Current through shunt admittance(A) +I_s_2 = I_c+I_r // Sending end current(A) +I_s_Z2 = I_s_2*(Z/2) // Voltage drop at sending end(V) +E_s_2 = I_s_Z2+E // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_2kV = E_s_2/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.19 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i): Nominal Ï€ method") +printf("\n Case(a): Sending end voltage, E_s = %.1f∠%.2f° kV", abs(E_s_kV),phasemag(E_s_kV)) +printf("\n Case(b): Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.2f° A", abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nCase(ii): Nominal T method") +printf("\n Case(a): Sending end voltage, E_s = %.1f∠%.2f° kV", abs(E_s_2kV),phasemag(E_s_2kV)) +printf("\n Case(b): Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.2f° A \n", abs(I_s_2),phasemag(I_s_2)) +printf("\nThe results are tabulated below") +printf("\n________________________________________________________") +printf("\nMETHOD E_s(kV) I_s(A)") +printf("\n________________________________________________________") +printf("\nRigorous √3*132.6∠16.46° 209.8∠39.42°") +printf("\nNominal Ï€ √3*%.1f∠%.2f° %.1f∠%.2f°", abs(E_s_kV),phasemag(E_s_kV),abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nNominal T √3*%.1f∠%.2f° %.1f∠%.2f°", abs(E_s_2kV),phasemag(E_s_2kV),abs(I_s_2),phasemag(I_s_2)) +printf("\n________________________________________________________") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8ae3e8f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.2 : +// Page number 128-129 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 10.0 // Length(km) +V_s = 11.0*10**3 // Sending end voltage(V) +P = 1000.0*10**3 // Load delivered at receiving end(W) +PF_r = 0.8 // Receiving end lagging power factor +r = 0.5 // Resistance of each conductor(ohm/km) +x = 0.56 // Reactance of each conductor(ohm/km) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +R = r*l // Resistance per phase(ohm) +X = x*l // Reactance per phase(ohm) +E_s = V_s/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I = P/(3**0.5*V_s*PF_r) // Line current(A) +// Case(b) +sin_phi_r = (1-PF_r**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_R +E_r = E_s-I*R*PF_r-I*X*sin_phi_r // Receiving end voltage(V) +E_r_ll = 3**0.5*E_r/1000 // Receiving end line to line voltage(kV) +// Case(c) +loss = 3*I**2*R // Loss in the transmission line(W) +P_s = P+loss // Sending end power(W) +n = P/P_s*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) +// Alternate method +Z = R**2+X**2 +P_A = 1.0/3*P // Load delivered(W/phase) +Q = 1.0*P*sin_phi_r/(3*PF_r) // Reactive load delivered(VAR/phase) +A = (V_s**2/3.0)-2*(P_A*R+Q*X) // Constant +B = (1/9.0)*P**2*Z/PF_r**2 // Constant +const = (A**2-4*B)**0.5 // sqrt(A^2-4B) +E_r_A = ((A+const)/2)**0.5/1000.0 // Receiving end voltage(kV/phase) +E_r_A_ll = 3**0.5*E_r_A // Receiving end line-line voltage(kV) +I_A = P/(3**0.5*E_r_A_ll*1000*PF_r) // Line current(A) +loss_A = 3*I_A**2*R // Loss in the transmission line(W) +P_s_A = P+loss_A // Sending end power(W) +n_A = P/P_s_A*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Line current, |I| = %.1f A", I) +printf("\nCase(b): Receiving end voltage, E_r = %.f V (line-to-neutral) = %.2f kV (line-to-line)", E_r,E_r_ll) +printf("\nCase(c): Efficiency of transmission = %.2f percent \n", n) +printf("\nAlternative solution by mixed condition:") +printf("\nCase(a): Line current, |I| = %.1f A", I_A) +printf("\nCase(b): Receiving end voltage, E_r = %.3f kV/phase = %.2f kV (line-line)", E_r_A,E_r_A_ll) +printf("\nCase(c): Efficiency of transmission = %.2f percent", n_A) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f330b9ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.20 : +// Page number 149-153 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +L = 280.0 // Line length(km) +Z = complex(35,140) // Series impedance(ohm) +Y = %i*930.0*10**-6 // Shunt admittance(S) +P_r = 40.0*10**6 // Power delivered(W) +V_r = 220.0*10**3 // Voltage at receiving end(V) +PF_r = 0.9 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +R = real(Z) // Resistance of the line(ohm) +// Case(a) +I_r_a = P_r/(3**0.5*V_r*PF_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Receiving end current(A) +I_s_a = I_r_a // Sending end current(A) +V_r_a = V_r/3**0.5 // phasemag voltage at receiving end(V) +V_s_a = V_r_a+I_r_a*Z // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_a_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_a // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_a_llkv = V_s_a_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +reg_a = (abs(V_s_a_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +loss_a = 3*abs(I_r_a)**2*R // Line loss(W) +input_a = P_r+loss_a // Input to line(W) +n_a = P_r/input_a*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +A_a = 1.0 // Constant +B_a = Z // Constant(ohm) +C_a = 0 // Constant(mho) +D_a = A_a // Constant +// Case(b) +V_b = V_r_a+I_r_a*Z/2 // Voltage drop across shunt admittance(V) +I_c_b = Y*V_b // Current through shunt admittance(A) +I_s_b = I_r_a+I_c_b // Sending end current(A) +V_s_b = V_b+I_s_b*Z/2 // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_b_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_b // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_b_llkv = V_s_b_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +angle_V_Is_b = phasemag(I_s_b) // Angle between V_r and I_s_b(°) +angle_V_Vs_b = phasemag(V_s_b) // Angle between V_r and V_s_b(°) +angle_Is_Vs_b = angle_V_Is_b-angle_V_Vs_b // Angle between V_s_b and I_s_b(°) +PF_s_b = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_b) // Sending end power factor +P_s_b = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_b_ll*I_s_b)*PF_s_b // Sending end power(W) +n_b = P_r/P_s_b*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_b = (abs(V_s_b_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +A_b = 1+(1.0/2)*Y*Z // Constant +B_b = Z*(1+(1.0/4)*Y*Z) // Constant(ohm) +C_b =Y // Constant(mho) +D_b = A_b // Constant +// Alternative solution for case(b) +V_s_ba = A_b*V_r_a+B_b*I_r_a // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_ba_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_ba // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_ba_llkv = V_s_ba_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_s_ba = C_b*V_r_a+D_b*I_r_a // Sending end current(A) +angle_V_Is_ba = phasemag(I_s_ba) // Angle between V_r and I_s_b(°) +angle_V_Vs_ba = phasemag(V_s_ba) // Angle between V_r and V_s_b(°) +angle_Is_Vs_ba = angle_V_Is_ba-angle_V_Vs_ba // Angle between V_s_b and I_s_b(°) +PF_s_ba = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_ba) // Sending end power factor +P_s_ba = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_ba_ll*I_s_ba)*PF_s_ba // Sending end power(W) +n_ba = P_r/P_s_ba*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_ba = (abs(V_s_ba_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +// Case(c) +I_c2_c = Y/2.0*V_r_a // Current through shunt admittance at receiving end(A) +I_c = I_r_a+I_c2_c // Current through impedance(A) +V_s_c = V_r_a+I_c*Z // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_c_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_c // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_c_llkv = V_s_c_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_c1_c = V_s_c*Y/2.0 // Current through shunt admittance at sending end(A) +I_s_c = I_c+I_c1_c // Sending end current(A) +angle_V_Is_c = phasemag(I_s_c) // Angle between V_r and I_s_c(°) +angle_V_Vs_c = phasemag(V_s_c) // Angle between V_r and V_s_c(°) +angle_Is_Vs_c = angle_V_Is_c-angle_V_Vs_c // Angle between V_s_c and I_s_c(°) +PF_s_c = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_c) // Sending end power factor +P_s_c = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_c_ll*I_s_c)*PF_s_c // Sending end power(W) +n_c = P_r/P_s_c*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_c = (abs(V_s_c_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +A_c = 1+(1.0/2)*Y*Z // Constant +B_c = Z // Constant(ohm) +C_c =Y*(1+(1.0/4)*Y*Z) // Constant(mho) +D_c = A_c // Constant +// Alternative solution for case(c) +V_s_ca = A_c*V_r_a+B_c*I_r_a // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_ca_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_ca // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_ca_llkv = V_s_ca_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_s_ca = C_c*V_r_a+D_c*I_r_a // Sending end current(A) +angle_V_Is_ca = phasemag(I_s_ca) // Angle between V_r and I_s_c(°) +angle_V_Vs_ca = phasemag(V_s_ca) // Angle between V_r and V_s_c(°) +angle_Is_Vs_ca = angle_V_Is_ca-angle_V_Vs_ca // Angle between V_s_b and I_s_c(°) +PF_s_ca = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_ca) // Sending end power factor +P_s_ca = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_ca_ll*I_s_ca)*PF_s_ca // Sending end power(W) +n_ca = P_r/P_s_ca*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_ca = (abs(V_s_ca_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +// Case(d).(i) +gamma_l = (Y*Z)**0.5 // γl +Z_c = (Z/Y)**0.5 // Surge impedance(ohm) +V_s_d1 = V_r_a*cosh(gamma_l)+I_r_a*Z_c*sinh(gamma_l) // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_d1_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_d1 // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_d1_llkv = V_s_d1_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_s_d1 = V_r_a/Z_c*sinh(gamma_l)+I_r_a*cosh(gamma_l) // Sending end current(A) +angle_V_Is_d1 = phasemag(I_s_d1) // Angle between V_r and I_s_d(°) +angle_V_Vs_d1 = phasemag(V_s_d1) // Angle between V_r and V_s_d(°) +angle_Is_Vs_d1 = angle_V_Is_d1-angle_V_Vs_d1 // Angle between V_s_d and I_s_d(°) +PF_s_d1 = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_d1) // Sending end power factor +P_s_d1 = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_d1_ll*I_s_d1)*PF_s_d1 // Sending end power(W) +n_d1 = P_r/P_s_d1*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_d1 = (abs(V_s_d1_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +A_d1 = cosh(gamma_l) // Constant +B_d1 = Z_c*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(ohm) +C_d1 = (1/Z_c)*sinh(gamma_l) // Constant(mho) +D_d1 = A_d1 // Constant +// Case(d).(ii) +A_d2 = (1+(Y*Z/2)+((Y*Z)**2/24.0)) // Constant +B_d2 = Z*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)) // Constant(ohm) +C_d2 = Y*(1+(Y*Z/6)+((Y*Z)**2/120)) // Constant(mho) +D_d2 = A_d2 // Constant +V_s_d2 = A_d2*V_r_a+B_d2*I_r_a // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_d2_ll = 3**0.5*V_s_d2 // Sending end line voltage(V) +V_s_d2_llkv = V_s_d2_ll/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_s_d2 = C_d2*V_r_a+D_d2*I_r_a // Sending end current(A) +angle_V_Is_d2 = phasemag(I_s_d2) // Angle between V_r and I_s_d(°) +angle_V_Vs_d2 = phasemag(V_s_d2) // Angle between V_r and V_s_d(°) +angle_Is_Vs_d2 = angle_V_Is_d2-angle_V_Vs_d2 // Angle between V_s_d and I_s_d(°) +PF_s_d2 = cosd(angle_Is_Vs_d2) // Sending end power factor +P_s_d2 = 3**0.5*abs(V_s_d2_ll*I_s_d2)*PF_s_d2 // Sending end power(W) +n_d2 = P_r/P_s_d2*100 // Efficiency of transmission(%) +reg_d2 = (abs(V_s_d2_ll)-V_r)/V_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.20 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Short line approximation") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_s = %.1f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_a_llkv),phasemag(V_s_a_llkv)) +printf("\nVoltage regulation = %.1f percent", reg_a) +printf("\nTransmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_a) +printf("\nA = D = %.f ", A_a) +printf("\nB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_a),phasemag(B_a)) +printf("\nC = %.f \n", C_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Nominal T method approximation") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_s = %.1f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_b_llkv),phasemag(V_s_b_llkv)) +printf("\nVoltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_b) +printf("\nTransmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_b) +printf("\nA = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_b),phasemag(A_b)) +printf("\nB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_b),phasemag(B_b)) +printf("\nC = %.2e∠%.f° S ", abs(C_b),phasemag(C_b)) +printf("\n\tALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:") +printf("\n\tSending end voltage, V_s = %.1f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_ba_llkv),phasemag(V_s_ba_llkv)) +printf("\n\tVoltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_ba) +printf("\n\tTransmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_ba) +printf("\n\tA = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_b),phasemag(A_b)) +printf("\n\tB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_b),phasemag(B_b)) +printf("\n\tC = %.2e∠%.f° S \n", abs(C_b),phasemag(C_b)) +printf("\nCase(c): Nominal Ï€ method approximation") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_s = %.f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_c_llkv),phasemag(V_s_c_llkv)) +printf("\nVoltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_c) +printf("\nTransmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_c) +printf("\nA = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_c),phasemag(A_c)) +printf("\nB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_c),phasemag(B_c)) +printf("\nC = %.2e∠%.1f° mho", abs(C_c),phasemag(C_c)) +printf("\n\tALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:") +printf("\n\tSending end voltage, V_s = %.1f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_ca_llkv),phasemag(V_s_ca_llkv)) +printf("\n\tVoltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_ca) +printf("\n\tTransmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_ca) +printf("\n\tA = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_c),phasemag(A_c)) +printf("\n\tB = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_c),phasemag(B_c)) +printf("\n\tC = %.2e∠%.f° S \n", abs(C_c),phasemag(C_c)) +printf("\nCase(d): Long Line Rigorous Solution") +printf("\n Case(i): Using Convergent Series (Real Angles) Method") +printf("\n Sending end voltage, V_s = %.f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_d1_llkv),phasemag(V_s_d1_llkv)) +printf("\n Voltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_d1) +printf("\n Transmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_d1) +printf("\n A = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_d1),phasemag(A_d1)) +printf("\n B = %.f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_d1),phasemag(B_d1)) +printf("\n C = %.2e∠%.1f° mho \n", abs(C_d1),phasemag(C_d1)) +printf("\n Case(ii): Using Convergent Series (Complex Angles) Method") +printf("\n Sending end voltage, V_s = %.f∠%.1f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(V_s_d2_llkv),phasemag(V_s_d2_llkv)) +printf("\n Voltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg_d2) +printf("\n Transmission efficiency, η = %.1f percent", n_d2) +printf("\n A = D = %.3f∠%.2f° ", abs(A_d2),phasemag(A_d2)) +printf("\n B = %.1f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_d2),phasemag(B_d2)) +printf("\n C = %.2e∠%.1f° mho \n", abs(C_d2),phasemag(C_d2)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ad2aa03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.21 : +// Page number 153 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_r = 132.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +P_L = 45.0*10**6 // Load delivered(VA) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +A = 0.99*exp(%i*0.3*%pi/180) // Constant +B = 70.0*exp(%i*69.0*%pi/180) // Constant(ohms) +C = A // Constant +D = 4.0*10**-4*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180) // Constant + +// Calculations +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phasemag voltage(V) +I_r = P_L/(3**0.5*V_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current(A) +E_s = A*E_r+B*I_r // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_llkV = 3**0.5*E_s/1000.0 // Sending end line voltage(kV) +I_s = C*I_r+D*E_r // Sending end current(A) +angle_Er_Es = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between E_r and E_s(°) +angle_Er_Is = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between E_r and I_s(°) +angle_Es_Is = angle_Er_Es-angle_Er_Is // Angle between E_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Es_Is) // Sending end power factor +P_s = 3*abs(E_s*I_s)*PF_s // Sending end power(W) +P_skW = P_s/1000.0 // Sending end power(kW) +P_r = P_L*PF_r // Receiving end power(W) +n = P_r/P_s*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.21 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Sending end voltage, E_s = %.1f∠%.f° kV (line-to-line)", abs(E_s_llkV),phasemag(E_s_llkV)) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Sending end current, I_s = %.1f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nCase(iii): Sending end power, P_s = %.f kW", P_skW) +printf("\nCase(iv) : Efficiency of transmission = %.2f percent \n", n) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b30e0564 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.23 : +// Page number 156 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +A_1 = 0.98*exp(%i*2.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 1st line +B_1 = 28.0*exp(%i*69.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 1st line(ohms) +C_1 = 0.0002*exp(%i*88.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 1st line(mho) +D_1 = A_1 // Constant of 1st line +A_2 = 0.95*exp(%i*3.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 2nd line +B_2 = 40.0*exp(%i*85.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 2nd line(ohms) +C_2 = 0.0004*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180) // Constant of 2nd line(mho) +D_2 = A_2 // Constant of 2nd line + +// Calculations +A = A_1*A_2+B_1*C_2 // Constant +B = A_1*B_2+B_1*D_2 // Constant(ohm) +C = C_1*A_2+D_1*C_2 // Constant(mho) +D = C_1*B_2+D_1*D_2 // Constant + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.23 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nA = %.3f∠%.1f° ", abs(A),phasemag(A)) +printf("\nB = %.1f∠%.f° ohm", abs(B),phasemag(B)) +printf("\nC = %.6f∠%.1f° mho", abs(C),phasemag(C)) +printf("\nD = %.3f∠%.1f° ", abs(D),phasemag(D)) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ef0b9568 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.24 : +// Page number 156-157 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +A = 0.94*exp(%i*1.5*%pi/180) // Constant +B = 150.0*exp(%i*67.2*%pi/180) // Constant(ohm) +D = A // Constant +Y_t = 0.00025*exp(%i*-75.0*%pi/180) // Shunt admittance(mho) +Z_t = 100.0*exp(%i*70.0*%pi/180) // Series impedance(ohm) + +// Calculations +C = (A*D-1)/B // Constant(mho) +A_0 = A*(1+Y_t*Z_t)+B*Y_t // Constant +B_0 = A*Z_t+B // Constant(ohm) +C_0 = C*(1+Y_t*Z_t)+D*Y_t // Constant(mho) +D_0 = C*Z_t+D // Constant + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.24 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nA_0 = %.3f∠%.f° ", abs(A_0),phasemag(A_0)) +printf("\nB_0 = %.f∠%.1f° ohm", abs(B_0),phasemag(B_0)) +printf("\nC_0 = %.6f∠%.1f° mho", abs(C_0),phasemag(C_0)) +printf("\nD_0 = %.3f∠%.1f° \n", abs(D_0),phasemag(D_0)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07edf2730 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.25 : +// Page number 163 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +z = complex(0.2,0.6) // Per phase impedance(ohm) +V_r = 6351.0 // Receiving end voltage per phase(V) +reg = 7.5/100.0 // Voltage regulation + +// Calculations +V_s = (1+reg)*V_r // Sending end voltage per phase(V) +R = real(z) // Resistance of the line(ohm) +X = imag(z) // Reactance of the line(ohm) +Z = (R**2+X**2)**0.5 // Impedance per phase(ohm) +P_m = (V_r**2/Z)*((Z*V_s/V_r)-R) // Maximum power transmitted through line(W/phase) +P_m_MW = P_m/10**6 // Maximum power transmitted through line(MW/phase) +P_m_MWtotal = 3*P_m_MW // Total maximum power(MW) +Q = -(V_r**2*X)/Z**2 // Reactive power per phase(Var) +Q_MW = Q/10**6 // Reactive power per phase(MVAR) +phi_r = atand(abs(Q_MW/P_m_MW)) // Φ_r(°) +PF_r = cosd(phi_r) // Receiving end lagging PF +I = P_m/(V_r*PF_r) // Current delivered(A) +I_KA = I/1000.0 // Current delivered(KA) +loss = 3*I**2*R // Total line loss(W) +loss_MW = loss/10**6 // Total line loss(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.25 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum power transmitted through the line, P_m = %.1f MW", P_m_MWtotal) +printf("\nReceiving end power factor = %.2f (lagging)", PF_r) +printf("\nTotal line loss = %.2f MW", loss_MW) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e02f70f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.26 : +// Page number 163-164 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 100.0 // Length of line(km) +PF_r = 1.0 // Receiving end Power factor +Z_c = 400.0 // Characteristic impedance(ohm) +beta = 1.2*10**-3 // Propagation constant(rad/km) +V_s = 230.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +beta_L = beta*L // (rad) +beta_L_d = beta_L*180/%pi // (°) +A = cosd(beta_L) // Constant +B = %i*Z_c*sin(beta_L) // Constant +alpha_angle = phasemag(A) // α(°) +beta_angle = phasemag(B) // β(°) +V_r = V_s // Receiving end voltage due to lossless line(kV) +P_max = (V_s*V_r/abs(B))-(abs(A)*V_r**2/abs(B))*cosd(beta_angle-alpha_angle) // Maximum power transferred(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.26 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum power that can be transferred to the load at receiving end, P_max = %.f MW \n", P_max) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f62b74d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.3 : +// Page number 129 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I = 200.0 // Line current(A) +PF_r = 0.8 // Receiving end lagging power factor +R = 0.6 // Total resistance of the line(ohm) +X = 1.0 // Total inductive resistance of the line(ohm) +n = 0.93 // Efficiency(%) + +// Calculations +V_r = 3*I**2*R/((3*I*PF_r/n)-3*I*PF_r) // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +sin_phi_r = (1-PF_r**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_R +V_s = V_r+I*R*PF_r+I*X*sin_phi_r // Sending end voltage(V) +V_s_ll = 3**0.5*V_s // Sending end line voltage(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSending end voltage, V_s(line-line) = %.2f V", V_s_ll) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54a76f18b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.4 : +// Page number 129 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P = 15.0*10**6 // Load delivered at receiving end(W) +PF_r = 0.85 // Receiving end lagging power factor +r = 0.905 // Resistance of each conductor(ohm/km) +V_r = 132.0*10**3 // Receiving end voltage(V) +loss_per = 7.5/100 // Loss + +// Calculations +loss = loss_per*P // Losses in line(W) +I = P/(3**0.5*V_r*PF_r) // Line current(A) +l = loss/(3*I**2*r) // Length of line(km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDistance over which load is delivered, l = %.2f km", l) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15a00fd8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.5 : +// Page number 130 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 20.0 // Length(km) +P = 5.0*10**6 // Load delivered at receiving end(W) +PF_r = 0.8 // Receiving end lagging power factor +r = 0.02 // Resistance of each conductor(ohm/km) +L = 0.65*10**-3 // Inductance of each conductor(H/km) +E_r = 10.0*10**3 // Receiving end voltage(V) + +// Calculations +R = r*l // Resistance per phase(ohm) +X = 2*%pi*f*L*l // Reactance per phase(ohm) +// Case(a) +I = P/(E_r*PF_r) // Line current(A) +sin_phi_r = (1-PF_r**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_R +E_s = E_r+I*R*PF_r+I*X*sin_phi_r // Sending end voltage(V) +E_s_kV = E_s/1000.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +reg = (E_s-E_r)/E_r*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +// Case(b) +reg_new = reg/2 // New regulation(%) +E_s_new = (reg_new/100)*E_r+E_r // New value of sending end voltage(V) +tan_phi_r1 = ((E_s_new-E_r)*(E_r/P)-R)/X // tanφ_r1 +phi_r1 = atan(tan_phi_r1) // φ_r1(radians) +phi_r1d = phi_r1*180/%pi // φ_r1(degree) +PF_r1 = cos(phi_r1) // Lagging power factor of receiving end +sin_phi_r1 = (1-PF_r1**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_r1 +I_R_new = P/(E_r*PF_r1) // New line current(A) +I_R = I_R_new*complex(PF_r1,-sin_phi_r1) +I_c = I_R-I*complex(PF_r,-sin_phi_r) // Capacitive current(A) +I_C = imag(I_c) // Imaginary part of Capacitive current(A) +c = I_C/(2*%pi*f*E_r)*10.0**6 // Capacitance(µF) +// Case(c) +loss_1 = I**2*R // Loss(W) +n_1 = P/(P+loss_1)*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) +loss_2 = I_R_new**2*R // Loss(W) +n_2 = P/(P+loss_2)*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Sending end voltage, E_s = %.2f kV", E_s_kV) +printf("\n Voltage regulation of the line = %.1f percent", reg) +printf("\nCase(b): Value of capacitors to be placed in parallel with load, c = %.2f µF", c) +printf("\nCase(c): Transmission efficiency in part(a), η_1 = %.2f percent", n_1) +printf("\n Transmission efficiency in part(b), η_2 = %.1f percent", n_2) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0b97ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.6 : +// Page number 130-131 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 10.0 // Line length(km) +Z_l = 0.5*exp(%i*60.0*%pi/180) // Load impedance(ohm/km) +P = 316.8*10**3 // Load side power(W) +PF_r = 0.8 // Load side power factor +E_r = 3.3*10**3 // Load bus voltage(V) + +// Calculations +Z_line = Z_l*l // Load impedance(ohm) +I_r = P/(E_r*PF_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Line current(A) +sin_phi_r = (1-PF_r**2)**0.5 // Sinφ_R +E_s = E_r+I_r*Z_line // Sending end voltage(V) +reg = (abs(E_s)-abs(E_r))/abs(E_r)*100 // Voltage regulation(%) +R = real(Z_line) // Resistance of the load line(ohm) +loss = abs(I_r)**2*R // Loss in the transmission line(W) +loss_kW = loss/1000.0 // Loss in the transmission line(kW) +P_s = P+loss // Sending end power(W) +angle_Er_Es = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between V_r and V_s(°) +angle_Er_Ir = acosd(PF_r) // Angle between V_r and I_r(°) +angle_Es_Is = angle_Er_Es+angle_Er_Ir // Angle between V_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Es_Is) // Sending end power factor + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage regulation = %.2f percent", reg) +printf("\nSending end voltage, E_s = %.f∠%.1f° V", abs(E_s),phasemag(E_s)) +printf("\nLine loss = %.f kW", loss_kW) +printf("\nSending end power factor = %.2f ", PF_s) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b87dcefc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.7 : +// Page number 132-133 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_s = 66.0 // Voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 150.0 // Line length(km) +r = 0.25 // Resistance of each conductor(ohm/km) +x = 0.5 // Inductive reactance of each conductor(ohm/km) +y = 0.04*10**-4 // Capacitive admittance(s/km) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +R = r*l // Total resistance(ohm) +X = x*l // Inductive reactance(ohm) +Y = y*l // Capacitive resistance(s) +Y_2 = Y/2 // 1/2 of Capacitive resistance(s) +// Case(b) +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm) +A = 1+(Y*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180)*Z/2) // Line constant +V_R_noload = V_s/abs(A) // Receiving end voltage at no-load(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Total resistance, R = %.1f ohm", R) +printf("\n Inductive reactance, X = %.1f ohm", X) +printf("\n Capacitive resistance, Y = %.1e s", Y) +printf("\n Capacitive resistance, Y/2 = %.1e s", Y_2) +printf("\nCase(b): Receiving end voltage at no-load, V_R = %.2f kV", V_R_noload) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c0588fec --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.8 : +// Page number 133-134 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +V_r = 132.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +L = 100.0 // Line length(km) +r = 0.17 // Resistance(ohm/km/phase) +l = 1.1*10**-3 // Inductance(H/km/phase) +c = 0.0082*10**-6 // Capacitance(F/km/phase) +P_L = 70.0*10**6 // Load at receiving end(W) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging load power factor + +// Calculations +E_r = V_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +I_r = P_L/(3**0.5*V_r*PF_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Receiving end current(A) +R = r*L // Total resistance(ohm/phase) +X = 2*%pi*f*l*L // Inductive reactance(ohm/phase) +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm/phase) +Y = 2*%pi*f*c*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180)/L // Shunt admittance of line(mho/phase) +E = E_r+I_r*(Z/2) // Voltage across shunt admittance(V/phase) +I_s = I_r+E*Y // Sending end current(A) +E_s = E+I_s*(Z/2) // Sending end voltage(V/phase) +E_s_ll = 3**0.5*abs(E_s)/1000 // Sending end line to line voltage(kV) +angle_Er_Es = phasemag(E_s) // Angle between E_r and V_s(°) +angle_Er_Is = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between E_r and I_s(°) +angle_Es_Is = angle_Er_Es-angle_Er_Is // Angle between E_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Es_Is) // Sending end power factor + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage at sending end, E_s = %.2f∠%.2f° V/phase = %.f kV (line-to-line)", abs(E_s),phasemag(E_s),E_s_ll) +printf("\nCurrent at sending end, I_s = %.1f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_s),phasemag(I_s)) +printf("\nSending end power factor = %.3f (lagging)", PF_s) diff --git a/3472/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce b/3472/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..267c9917a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 3: STEADY STATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.9 : +// Page number 134 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +E_r = 66.0*10**3 // Line voltage at receiving end(V) +l = 120.0 // Line length(km) +r = 0.1 // Resistance(ohm/km/phase) +x = 0.3 // Inductive reactance(ohm/km/phase) +y = 0.04*10**-4 // Capacitive susceptance(S/km/phase) +P_L = 10.0*10**6 // Load at receiving end(W) +PF_r = 0.8 // Lagging load power factor + +// Calculations +R = r*l // Total resistance(ohm/phase) +X = x*l // Inductive reactance(ohm/phase) +Y = y*l // Susceptance(mho) +Z = complex(R,X) // Total impedance(ohm/phase) +V_r = E_r/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +I_r = P_L/(3**0.5*E_r*PF_r)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_r)) // Load current(A) +V_1 = V_r+I_r*(Z/2) // Voltage across capacitor(V) +I_c = %i*Y*V_1 // Charging current(A) +I_s = I_r+I_c // Sending end current(A) +V_s = V_1+I_s*(Z/2) // Sending end voltage(V/phase) +V_s_ll = 3**0.5*abs(V_s)/1000.0 // Sending end line to line voltage(kV) +angle_Vr_Vs = phasemag(V_s) // Angle between V_r and V_s(°) +angle_Vr_Is = phasemag(I_s) // Angle between V_r and I_s(°) +angle_Vs_Is = angle_Vr_Vs-angle_Vr_Is // Angle between V_s and I_s(°) +PF_s = cosd(angle_Vs_Is) // Sending end power factor +P_s = 3*abs(V_s*I_s)*PF_s // Sending end power(W) +n = P_L/P_s*100 // Transmission efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 3.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSending end voltage, |V_s| = %.f V/phase = %.3f V (line-to-line)", abs(V_s),V_s_ll) +printf("\nSending end current, |I_s| = %.2f A", abs(I_s)) +printf("\nTransmission efficiency = %.2f percent \n", n) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in finding sending end power factor") +printf("\n Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e4aa69d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.1 : +// Page number 183 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_1 = 9.0 // Potential across top unit(kV) +V_2 = 11.0 // Potential across middle unit(kV) +n = 3.0 // Number of disc insulators + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +K = (V_2-V_1)/V_1 // Ratio of capacitance b/w pin & earth to self capacitance +// Case(b) +V_3 = V_2+(V_1+V_2)*K // Potential across bottom unit(kV) +V = V_1+V_2+V_3 // Voltage between line and earth(kV) +V_l = 3**0.5*V // Line voltage(kV) +// Case(c) +eff = V/(n*V_3)*100 // String efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Ratio of capacitance b/w pin & earth to self-capacitance of each unit, K = %.2f ", K) +printf("\nCase(b): Line voltage = %.2f kV", V_l) +printf("\nCase(c): String efficiency = %.f percent", eff) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4411ed97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.2 : +// Page number 183-184 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +m = 10.0 // Mutual capacitance of top insulator in terms of C + +// Calculations +X = 1+m // Mutual capacitance in terms of C +Y = (1.0+2)+m // Mutual capacitance in terms of C +Z = (1.0+2+3)+m // Mutual capacitance in terms of C +U = (1.0+2+3+4)+m // Mutual capacitance in terms of C +V = (1.0+2+3+4+5)+m // Mutual capacitance in terms of C + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMutual capacitance of each unit:") +printf("\n X = %.f*C", X) +printf("\n Y = %.f*C", Y) +printf("\n Z = %.f*C", Z) +printf("\n U = %.f*C", U) +printf("\n V = %.f*C", V) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7553031b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.3 : +// Page number 184 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 3.0 // Number of insulators + +// Calculations +V_1 = 155.0/475.0 // Potential across top unit +V_2 = 154.0/155.0*V_1 // Potential across middle unit +V_3 = 166.0/155.0*V_1 // Potential across bottom unit +eff = 100/(n*V_3) // String efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage across top unit, V_1 = %.3f*V", V_1) +printf("\nVoltage across middle unit, V_2 = %.3f*V", V_2) +printf("\nVoltage across bottom unit, V_3 = %.2f*V", V_3) +printf("\nString efficiency = %.2f percent", eff) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c25ec540 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.4 : +// Page number 184-185 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_3 = 17.5 // Voltage across line unit(kV) +c = 1.0/8 // Shunt capacitance = 1/8 of insulator capacitance +n = 3.0 // Number of insulators + +// Calculations +K = c // String constant +V_1 = V_3/(1+3*K+K**2) // Voltage across top unit(kV) +V_2 = (1+K)*V_1 // Voltage across middle unit(kV) +V = V_1+V_2+V_3 // Voltage between line & earth(kV) +eff = V*100/(n*V_3) // String efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLine to neutral voltage, V = %.2f kV", V) +printf("\nString efficiency = %.2f percent", eff) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8580249b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.5 : +// Page number 185 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 8.0 // Number of insulators + +// Calculations +A = 1.0/(n-1) // Line to pin capacitance +B = 2.0/(n-2) // Line to pin capacitance +C = 3.0/(n-3) // Line to pin capacitance +D = 4.0/(n-4) // Line to pin capacitance +E = 5.0/(n-5) // Line to pin capacitance +F = 6.0/(n-6) // Line to pin capacitance +G = 7.0/(n-7) // Line to pin capacitance + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLine-to-pin capacitance are:") +printf("\n A = %.3f*C", A) +printf("\n B = %.3f*C", B) +printf("\n C = %.3f*C", C) +printf("\n D = %.3f*C", D) +printf("\n E = %.3f*C", E) +printf("\n F = %.3f*C", F) +printf("\n G = %.3f*C", G) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16f14b894 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.6 : +// Page number 186 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +m = 6.0 // Mutual capacitance +n = 5.0 // Number of insulators + +// Calculations +E_4 = (1+(1/m)) // Voltage across 4th insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E_3 = (1+(3/m)+(1/m**2)) // Voltage across 3rd insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E_2 = (1+(6/m)+(5/m**2)+(1/m**3)) // Voltage across 2nd insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E_1 = (1+(10/m)+(15/m**2)+(7/m**3)+(1/m**4)) // Voltage across 1st insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E_5 = 100/(E_4+E_3+E_2+E_1+1) // Voltage across 5th insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E4 = E_4*E_5 // Voltage across 4th insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E3 = E_3*E_5 // Voltage across 3rd insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E2 = E_2*E_5 // Voltage across 2nd insulator as percent of E_5(%) +E1 = E_1*E_5 // Voltage across 1st insulator as percent of E_5(%) +eff = 100/(n*E1/100) // String efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage distribution as a percentage of voltage of conductor to earth are:") +printf("\n E_1 = %.2f percent", E1) +printf("\n E_2 = %.2f percent", E2) +printf("\n E_3 = %.1f percent", E3) +printf("\n E_4 = %.1f percent", E4) +printf("\n E_5 = %.2f percent", E_5) +printf("\nString efficiency = %.f percent \n", eff) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8365baf --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.7 : +// Page number 186-187 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 3.0 // Number of insulators +C_1 = 0.2 // Capacitance in terms of C +C_2 = 0.1 // Capacitance in terms of C + +// Calculations +// Without guard ring +e_2_a = 13.0/13.3 // Potential across middle unit as top unit +e_1_a = 8.3/6.5*e_2_a // Potential across bottom unit +E_a = 1+(1/(8.3/6.5))+(1/e_1_a) // Voltage in terms of e_1 +eff_a = E_a/n*100 // String efficiency(%) +e1_a = 1/E_a // Voltage across bottom unit as a % of line voltage +e2_a = 1/(8.3/6.5)*e1_a // Voltage across middle unit as a % of line voltage +e3_a = 1/e_1_a*e1_a // Voltage across top unit as a % of line voltage +// With guard ring +e_2_b = 15.4/15.5 // Potential across middle unit as top unit +e_1_b = 8.3/7.7*e_2_b // Potential across bottom unit +E_b = 1+(1/(8.3/7.7))+(1/e_1_b) // Voltage in terms of e_1 +eff_b = E_b/n*100 // String efficiency(%) +e1_b = 1/E_b // Voltage across bottom unit as a % of line voltage +e2_b = 1/(8.3/7.7)*e1_b // Voltage across middle unit as a % of line voltage +e3_b = 1/e_1_b*e1_b // Voltage across top unit as a % of line voltage + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWithout guard ring:") +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_1 = %.2f*E", e1_a) +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_2 = %.2f*E", e2_a) +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_3 = %.2f*E", e3_a) +printf("\n String efficiency = %.1f percent \n", eff_a) +printf("\nWith guard ring:") +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_1 = %.2f*E", e1_b) +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_2 = %.2f*E", e2_b) +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit, e_3 = %.3f*E", e3_b) +printf("\n String efficiency = %.2f percent", eff_b) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50deb663b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.8 : +// Page number 187-188 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 3.0 // Number of insulators + +// Calculations +V_1 = 0.988 // Voltage across top unit as middle unit +V_3 = 1.362 // Voltage across bottom unit as middle unit +V_2 = 1/(V_1+1+V_3) // Voltage across middle unit as % of line voltage to earth +V1 = V_1*V_2*100 // Voltage across top unit as % of line voltage to earth +V2 = V_2*100 // Voltage across middle unit as % of line voltage to earth +V3 = V_3*V_2*100 // Voltage across bottom unit as % of line voltage to earth +eff = 100/(n*V3/100) // String efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Voltage across top unit as a percentage of line voltage to earth, V_1 = %.2f percent", V1) +printf("\n Voltage across middle unit as a percentage of line voltage to earth, V_2 = %.2f percent", V2) +printf("\n Voltage across bottom unit as a percentage of line voltage to earth, V_3 = %.2f percent", V3) +printf("\nCase(b): String efficiency = %.2f percent", eff) diff --git a/3472/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce b/3472/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31dac7aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 4: OVERHEAD LINE INSULATORS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.9 : +// Page number 188 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 3.0 // Number of insulators +V = 20.0 // Voltage across each conductor(kV) +c = 1.0/5 // Capacitance ratio + +// Calculations +V_2 = 6.0/5.0 // Voltage across middle unit as top unit +V_1 = V/(1+2*V_2) // Voltage across top unit(kV) +V_3 = V_2*V_1 // Voltage across bottom unit(kV) +C_x = c*(1+(1/V_2)) // Capacitance required + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 4.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Voltage on the line-end unit, V_3 = %.2f kV", V_3) +printf("\nCase(b): Value of capacitance required, Cx = %.3f*C", C_x) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e781e9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.1 : +// Page number 198 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +u = 5758.0 // Ultimate strength(kg) +S = 2.0 // Sag(m) +s = 2.0 // Factor of safety +L = 250.0 // Span length(m) + +// Calculations +T = u/s // Allowable max tension(kg) +w = S*8.0*T/L**2 // weight(kg/m) +l = L/2 // Half span length(m) +half_span = l+(w**2*l**3/(6*T**2)) // Half span length(m) +total_length = 2*half_span // Total length(m) +weight = w*total_length // Weight of conductor(kg) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWeight of conductor = %.2f kg", weight) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.10/Example12_10.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.10/Example12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb91a03e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.10/Example12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.10 : +// Page number 201-202 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 250.0 // Span(m) +d = 1.42 // Diameter(cm) +w = 1.09 // Dead weight(kg/m) +wind = 37.8 // Wind pressure(kg/m^2) +r = 1.25 // Ice thickness(cm) +f_m = 1050.0 // Maximum working stress(kg/sq.cm) + +// Calculations +w_i = 913.5*%pi*r*(d+r)*10**-4 // Weight of ice on conductor(kg/m) +w_w = wind*(d+2*r)*10**-2 // Wind load of conductor(kg/m) +w_r = ((w+w_i)**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Resultant pressure(kg/m) +a = %pi*d**2/4.0 // Area(cm^2) +T_0 = f_m*a // Tension(kg) +S = w_r*L**2/(8*T_0) // Total sag(m) +vertical_sag = S*(w+w_i)/w_r // Vertical component of sag(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Sag in inclined direction = %.f m", S) +printf("\nCase(ii): Sag in vertical direction = %.2f m", vertical_sag) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.11/Example12_11.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.11/Example12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb405ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.11/Example12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.11 : +// Page number 202-203 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +a = 120.0 // Area(mm^2) +ds = 2.11 // Diameter of each strand(mm) +W = 1118.0/1000 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +L = 200.0 // Span(m) +stress = 42.2 // Ultimate tensile stress(kg/mm^2) +wind = 60.0 // Wind pressure(kg/m^2) +t = 10.0 // Ice thickness(mm) + +// Calculations +n = 3.0 // Number of layers +d = (2*n+1)*ds // Overall diameter of conductor(mm) +u = stress*a // Ultimate strength(kg) +T = u/4.0 // Working stregth(kg) +// Case(a) +S_a = W*L**2/(8*T) // Sag in still air(m) +// Case(b) +area = d*100*10.0*10**-6 // Projected area to wind pressure(m^2) +w_w = wind*area // Wind load/m(kg) +w_r = (W**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Resultant weight/m(kg) +S_b = w_r*L**2/(8*T) // Total sag with wind pressure(m) +w_i = 0.915*%pi/4*((d+2*t)**2-(d**2))/1000.0 // Weight of ice on conductor(kg/m) +area_i = (d+2*t)*1000.0*10**-6 // Projected area to wind pressure(m^2) +w_n = wind*area_i // Wind load/m(kg) +w_r_c = ((W+w_i)**2+w_n**2)**0.5 // Resultant weight/m(kg) +S_c = w_r_c*L**2/(8*T) // Total sag with wind pressure and ice coating(m) +S_v = S_c*(W+w_i)/w_r_c // Vertical component of sag(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a) : Sag in still air, S = %.2f m", S_a) +printf("\nCase(b) : Sag with wind pressure, S = %.2f m", S_b) +printf("\n Sag with wind pressure and ice coating, S = %.2f m", S_c) +printf("\n Vertical sag, S_v = %.2f m \n", S_v) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: calculation mistake in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d967e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.2 : +// Page number 198 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 250.0 // Span length(m) +h = 10.0 // Difference in height(m) +r = 1.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +w = 2.5 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +wind = 1.2 // Wind load(kg/m) +s = 3.0 // Factor of safety +tensile = 4300.0 // Maximum tensile strength(kg/sq.cm) + +// Calculations +W = (w**2+wind**2)**0.5 // Total pressure on conductor(kg/m) +f = tensile/s // Permissible stress in conductor(kg/sq.cm) +a = %pi*r**2 // Area of the conductor(sq.cm) +T = f*a // Allowable max tension(kg) +x = (L/2)-(T*h/(L*W)) // Point of maximum sag at the lower support(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPoint of maximum sag at the lower support, x = %.2f metres", x) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04d7dd31a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.3 : +// Page number 198-199 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +a = 2.5 // Cross-sectional area(sq.cm) +L = 250.0 // Span(m) +w_c = 1.8 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +u = 8000.0 // Ultimate strength(kg/cm^2) +wind = 40.0 // Wind load(kg/cm^2) +s = 3.0 // Factor of safety + +// Calculations +d = (4.0*a/%pi)**0.5 // Diameter(cm) +T = u*a/s // Allowable max tension(kg) +w_w = wind*d/100.0 // Horizontal wind force(kg) +w_r = (w_c**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Resultant force(kg/m) +S = w_r*L**2/(8*T) // Slant sag(m) +vertical_sag = S*(w_c/w_r) // Vertical sag(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVertical sag = %.3f metres", vertical_sag) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1da68593b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.4 : +// Page number 199 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +a = 110.0 // Cross-sectional area(sq.mm) +w_c = 844.0/1000 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +U = 7950.0 // Ultimate strength(kg) +L = 300.0 // Span(m) +s = 2.0 // Factor of safety +wind = 75.0 // Wind pressure(kg/m^2) +h = 7.0 // Ground clearance(m) +d = 2.79 // Diameter of copper(mm) +n = 7.0 // Number of strands + +// Calculations +dia = n*d // Diameter of conductor(mm) +w_w = wind*dia/1000.0 // Horizontal wind force(kg) +w = (w_c**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Resultant force(kg) +T = U/2.0 // Allowable tension(m) +l = L/2.0 // Half-span(m) +D = w*l**2/(2*T) // Distance(m) +height = h+D // Height above ground at which the conductors should be supported(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nHeight above ground at which the conductors should be supported = %.2f metres", height) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71b843d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.5 : +// Page number 199 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +w_w = 1.781 // Wind pressure on conductor(kg/m) +w_i = 1.08 // Weight of ice on conductor(kg/m) +D = 6.0 // Maximum permissible sag(m) +s = 2.0 // Factor of safety +w_c = 0.844 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +u = 7950.0 // Ultimate strength(kg) + +// Calculations +w = ((w_c+w_i)**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Total force on conductor(kg/m) +T = u/s // Allowable maximum tension(kg) +l = ((D*2*T)/w)**0.5 // Half span(m) +L = 2.0*l // Permissible span between two supports(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPermissible span between two supports = %.f metres \n", L) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Horizontal wind load, w_w = 1.781 kg/m, not 1.78 kg/m as mentioned in problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db90f76f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.6 : +// Page number 199-200 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +a = 0.484 // Area of conductor(sq.cm) +d = 0.889 // Overall diameter(cm) +w_c = 428/1000.0 // Weight(kg/m) +u = 1973.0 // Breaking strength(kg) +s = 2.0 // Factor of safety +L = 200.0 // Span(m) +t = 1.0 // Ice thickness(cm) +wind = 39.0 // Wind pressure(kg/m^2) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +l = L/2.0 // Half span(m) +T = u/s // Allowable maximum tension(kg) +D_1 = w_c*l**2/(2*T) // Maximum sag due to weight of conductor(m) +// Case(ii) +w_i = 913.5*%pi*t*(d+t)*10**-4 // Weight of ice on conductor(kg/m) +w = w_c+w_i // Total weight of conductor & ice(kg/m) +D_2 = w*l**2/(2*T) // Maximum sag due to additional weight of ice(m) +// Case(iii) +D = d+2.0*t // Diameter due to ice(cm) +w_w = wind*D*10**-2 // Wind pressure on conductor(kg/m) +w_3 = ((w_c+w_i)**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Total force on conductor(kg/m) +D_3 = w_3*l**2/(2*T) // Maximum sag due to (i), (ii) & wind(m) +theta = atand(w_w/(w_c+w_i)) // θ(°) +vertical_sag = D_3*cosd(theta) // Vertical sag(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Maximum sag of line due to weight of conductor, D = %.2f metres", D_1) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Maximum sag of line due to additional weight of ice, D = %.2f metres", D_2) +printf("\nCase(iii): Maximum sag of line due to (i),(ii) plus wind, D = %.2f metres", D_3) +printf("\n Vertical sag = %.2f metres", vertical_sag) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea011306d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.7 : +// Page number 200 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 428/1000.0 // Weight(kg/m) +u = 1973.0 // Breaking strength(kg) +s = 2.0 // Factor of safety +l = 200.0 // Span(m) +h = 3.0 // Difference in tower height(m) + +// Calculations +T = u/s // Allowable maximum tension(kg) +x_2 = (l/2.0)+(T*h/(W*l)) // Point of minimum sag from tower at higher level(m) +x_1 = l-x_2 // Point of minimum sag from tower at lower level(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPoint of minimum sag, x_1 = %.1f metres", x_1) +printf("\nPoint of minimum sag, x_2 = %.1f metres", x_2) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.8/Example12_8.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.8/Example12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce1b55025 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.8/Example12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.8 : +// Page number 200-201 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +h_1 = 50.0 // Height of tower P1(m) +h_2 = 80.0 // Height of tower P2(m) +L = 300.0 // Horizontal distance b/w towers(m) +T = 2000.0 // Tension in conductor(kg) +w = 0.844 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) + +// Calculations +h = h_2-h_1 // Difference in height of tower(m) +x_2 = (L/2.0)+(T*h/(w*L)) // Point of minimum sag from tower P2(m) +x_1 = (L/2.0)-(T*h/(w*L)) // Point of minimum sag from tower at lower level(m) +P = (L/2.0)-x_1 // Distance of point P(m) +D = w*P**2/(2*T) // Height of P above O(m) +D_2 = w*x_2**2/(2*T) // Height of P2 above O(m) +mid_point_P2 = D_2-D // Mid-point below P2(m) +clearance = h_2-mid_point_P2 // Clearance b/w conductor & water(m) +D_1 = w*x_1**2/(2*T) // Height of P1 above O(m) +mid_point_P1 = D-D_1 // Mid-point above P1(m) +clearance_alt = h_1+mid_point_P1 // Clearance b/w conductor & water(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nClearance between conductor & water at a point midway b/w towers = %.2f m above water\n", clearance) +printf("\nALTERNATIVE METHOD:") +printf("\nClearance between conductor & water at a point midway b/w towers = %.2f m above water", clearance_alt) diff --git a/3472/CH12/EX12.9/Example12_9.sce b/3472/CH12/EX12.9/Example12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe03be1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH12/EX12.9/Example12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 5: MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 5.9 : +// Page number 201 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 300.0 // Span(m) +T_still = 45.0 // Temperature in still air(°C) +a = 226.0 // Area(mm^2) +d = 19.53/10 // Overall diameter(cm) +w_2 = 0.844 // Weight of conductor(kg/m) +u = 7950.0 // Ultimate strength(kg) +alpha = 18.44*10**-6 // Co-efficient of linear expression(/°C) +E = 9.32*10**3 // Modulus of elasticity(kg/mm^2) +t = 0.95 // Ice thickness(cm) +wind = 39.0 // Wind pressure(kg/m^2) +T_worst = -5.0 // Temperature in worst condition(°C) + +// Calculations +w_i = 915.0*%pi*t*(d+t)*10**-4 // Weight of ice on conductor(kg/m) +w_w = wind*(d+2*t)*10**-2 // Wind load of conductor(kg/m) +w_1 = ((w_2+w_i)**2+w_w**2)**0.5 // Total force on conductor(kg/m) +t = T_still-T_worst // Temperature(°C) +l = L/2.0 // Half span(m) +T = u/2.0 // Allowable tension(kg) +A = 1.0 // Co-efficient of x^3 +B = a*E*(alpha*t+((w_1*l/T)**2/6))-T // Co-efficient of x^2 +C = 0 // Co-efficient of x +D = -(w_2**2*l**2*a*E/6) // Co-efficient of constant +T_2_sol = roots([A,B,C,D]) // Roots of tension of a line +T_2_s = T_2_sol(3) // Feasible solution of tension of +T_2 = 1710.0 // Tension in conductor(kg). Obtianed directly from textbook +sag = w_2*l**2/(2*T_2) // Sag at erection(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 5.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSag at erection = %.2f metres", sag) +printf("\nTension of the line, T_2 = %.f kg (An app. solution as per calculation) = %.f kg (More correctly as standard value)", T_2_s,T_2) diff --git a/3472/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce b/3472/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb9ce56d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 6: INTERFERENCE OF POWER LINES WITH NEIGHBOURING COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS + +// EXAMPLE : 6.1 : +// Page number 206 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +d = 4.0 // Spacing b/w conductors(m) +D = 2.0 // Distance of telephone line below conductor(m) +s = 60.0/100 // Spacing b/w telephone line(m) +r = 2.0 // Radius of power line(mm) +I = 150.0 // Current in power line(A) + +// Calculations +D_ac = (D**2+((d-s)/2)**2)**0.5 // Distance b/w a & c(m) +D_ad = (D**2+(((d-s)/2)+s)**2)**0.5 // Distance b/w a & d(m) +M = 4.0*10**-7*log(D_ad/D_ac)*1000 // Mutual inductance b/w circuits(H/km) +V_CD = 2.0*%pi*f*M*I // Voltage induced in the telephone line(V/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 6.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMutual inductance between the circuits, M = %.e H/km", M) +printf("\nVoltage induced in the telephone line, V_CD = %.2f V/km", V_CD) diff --git a/3472/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce b/3472/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b32b5d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 6: INTERFERENCE OF POWER LINES WITH NEIGHBOURING COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS + +// EXAMPLE : 6.2 : +// Page number 206-207 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 160.0 // Length of line(km) +V = 132.0*10**3 // Line voltage(V) +P = 25.0*10**6 // Load delivered(W) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +r = 5.0/1000 // Radius of power line conductor(m) +d = 4.0 // Spacing b/w conductors(m) +OS = 6.0 // Distance(m) +OT = 6.5 // Distance(m) +CT = 18.0 // Distance(m) + +// Calculations +AO = 3**0.5*d/2.0 // Distance A to O(m). From figure E6.2 +AS = OS+AO // Distance A to S(m) +AT = AO+OT // Distance A to T(m) +OB = d/2.0 // Distance O to B(m) +BS = (OB**2+OS**2)**0.5 // Distance B to S(m) +BT = (OB**2+OT**2)**0.5 // Distance B to T(m) +M_A = 0.2*log(AT/AS) // Mutual inductance at A(mH/km) +M_B = 0.2*log(BT/BS) // Mutual inductance at B(mH/km) +M = M_B-M_A // Mutual inductance at C(mH/km) +I = P/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Current(A) +E_m = 2.0*%pi*f*M*I*10**-3*l // Induced voltage(V) +V_A = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +h = AO+CT // Height(m) +V_SA = V_A*log10(((2*h)-AS)/AS)/log10(((2*h)-r)/r) // Potential(V) +H = CT // Height(m) +V_B = V_A // Phase voltage(V) +V_SB = V_B*log10(((2*H)-BS)/BS)/log10(((2*H)-r)/r) // Potential(V) +V_S = V_SB-V_SA // Total potential of S w.r.t earth(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 6.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInduced voltage at fundamental frequency, E_m = %.1f V", E_m) +printf("\nPotential of telephone conductor S above earth, V_S = %.f V \n", V_S) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Changes in obtained answer is due to precision and calculation mistakes in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f06c32ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.1 : +// Page number 211 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.5 // Core diameter(cm) +t = 1.25 // Insulation thickness(cm) +rho = 4.5*10**14 // Resistivity of insulation(ohm-cm) +l = 10.0**5 // Length(cm) + +// Calculations +D = d+2*t // Overall diameter(cm) +R_i = rho/(2*%pi*l)*log(D/d) // Insulation resistance(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInsulation resistance per km, R_i = %.2e ohm\n", R_i) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Mistake in final answer in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c16e707c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.10 : +// Page number 215-216 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +e_1 = 3.6 // Inner relative permittivity +e_2 = 2.5 // Outer relative permittivity +d = 1.0 // Conductor diameter(cm) +d_1 = 3.0 // Sheath diameter(cm) +D = 5.0 // Overall diameter(cm) +V_l = 66.0 // Line Voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +V = V_l/3**0.5*2**0.5 // Peak voltage on core(kV) +g1_max = 2*V/(d*(log(d_1/d)+e_1/e_2*log(D/d_1))) // Maximum stress in first dielectric(kV/km) +g_max = 2*V/(d_1*(e_2/e_1*log(d_1/d)+log(D/d_1))) // Maximum stress in second dielectric(kV/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum stress in first dielectric, g_1_max = %.2f kV/cm", g1_max) +printf("\nMaximum stress in second dielectric, g_max = %.2f kV/cm", g_max) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22ebce036 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.11 : +// Page number 216-217 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 85.0 // Line Voltage(kV) +g_max = 55.0 // Maximum stress(kV/cm) + +// Calculations +V_1 = 0.632*V // Intersheath potential(kV) +d = 0.736*V/g_max // Core diameter(cm) +d_1 = 2*V/g_max // Intersheath diameter(cm) +D = 3.76*V/g_max // Overall diameter(cm) +d_un = 2*V/g_max // Core diameter of ungraded cable(cm) +D_un = 2.718*d_1 // Overall diameter of ungraded cable(cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDiameter of intersheath, d_1 = %.2f cm", d_1) +printf("\nVoltage of intersheath, V_1 = %.2f kV, to neutral", V_1) +printf("\nConductor diameter of graded cable, d = %.2f cm", d) +printf("\nOutside diameter of graded cable, D = %.2f cm", D) +printf("\nConductor diameter of ungraded cable, d = %.2f cm", d_un) +printf("\nOutside diameter of ungraded cable, D = %.2f cm", D_un) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eae925cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.12 : +// Page number 219 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +c = 0.3 // Capacitance b/w any 2 conductor & sheath earthed(µF/km) +l = 10.0 // Length(km) +V = 33.0 // Line Voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +C_eq = l*c // Capacitance b/w any 2 conductor & sheath earthed(µF) +C_p = 2.0*C_eq // Capacitance per phase(µF) +kVA = V**2*2*%pi*f*C_p/1000.0 // Three-phase kVA required(kVA) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEquivalent star connected capacity, C_eq = %.f µF", C_eq) +printf("\nkVA required = %.1f kVA", kVA) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b216b785d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.13 : +// Page number 219 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 11.0*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +C_c = 3.7 // Measured capacitance(µF) + +// Calculations +C_0 = 2*C_c // Capacitance(µF) +I_ch = 2*%pi*f*C_0*V/3**0.5*10**-6 // Charging current per phase(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCharging current drawn by a cable = %.2f A", I_ch) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62d9e231e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.14 : +// Page number 219-220 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +c_s = 0.90 // Capacitance b/w all conductors(µF) +C_0 = 0.4 // Capacitance b/w two conductor(µF) +V = 11.0*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +C_s = c_s/3.0 // Capacitance measured(µF) +C_c = (C_0-C_s)/2.0 // Capacitance(µF) +C_a = 3.0/2*(C_c+(1/3.0)*C_s) // Capacitance b/w any two conductors(µF) +C_b = 2.0*C_c+(2.0/3)*C_s // Capacitance b/w any two bounded conductors and the third conductor(µF) +C_o = 3.0*C_c+C_s // Capacitance to neutral(µF) +I_c = 2.0*%pi*f*C_o*V/3**0.5*10**-6 // Charging current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Capacitance between any two conductors = %.3f µF", C_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Capacitance between any two bounded conductors and the third conductor = %.1f µF", C_b) +printf("\nCase(c): Capacitance to neutral, C_0 = %.2f µF", C_o) +printf("\n Charging current taken by cable, I_c = %.3f A \n", I_c) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in textbook answer") diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487b6a5a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.15 : +// Page number 220-221 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 13.2*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +C_BC = 4.2 // Capacitance b/w two cores(µF) + +// Calculations +C_n = 2.0*C_BC // Capacitance to neutral(µF) +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Operating phase voltage(V) +I_c = 2.0*%pi*f*C_n*V/3**0.5*10**-6 // Charging current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.15 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCharging current drawn by cable, I_c = %.2f A", I_c) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ce1dea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.16 : +// Page number 222-223 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 33.0*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 4.0 // Length(km) +d = 2.5 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +t = 0.5 // Radial thickness of insulation(cm) +e_r = 3.0 // Relative permittivity of the dielectric +PF = 0.02 // Power factor of unloaded cable + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +R = r+t // External radius(cm) +e_0 = 8.85*10**-12 // Permittivity +C = 2.0*%pi*e_0*e_r/log(R/r)*l*1000 // Capacitance of cable/phase(F) +// Case(b) +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_c = V_ph*2.0*%pi*f*C // Charging current/phase(A) +// Case(c) +kVAR = 3.0*V_ph*I_c // Total charging kVAR +// Case(d) +phi = acosd(PF) // Φ(°) +delta = 90.0-phi // δ(°) +P_c = V_ph*I_c*sind(delta)/1000 // Dielectric loss/phase(kW) +// Case(e) +E_max = V_ph/(r*log(R/r)*1000) // RMS value of Maximum stress in cable(kV/cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Capacitance of the cable, C = %.3e F/phase", C) +printf("\nCase(b): Charging current = %.2f A/phase", I_c) +printf("\nCase(c): Total charging kVAR = %.4e kVAR", kVAR) +printf("\nCase(d): Dielectric loss/phase, P_c = %.2f kW", P_c) +printf("\nCase(e): Maximum stress in the cable, E_max = %.1f kV/cm (rms)", E_max) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3553c459 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.2 : +// Page number 211 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R = 495.0*10**6 // Insulation resistance(ohm/km) +d = 3.0 // Core diameter(cm) +rho = 4.5*10**14 // Resistivity of insulation(ohm-cm) + +// Calculations +l = 1000.0 // Length of cable(m) +r_2 = d/2.0 // Core radius(cm) +Rho = rho/100.0 // Resistivity of insulation(ohm-m) +r1_r2 = exp((2*%pi*l*R)/Rho) // r1/r2 +r_1 = 2*r_2 // Cable radius(cm) +thick = r_1-r_2 // Insulation thickness(cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInsulation thickness = %.1f cm", thick) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2975e342 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.3 : +// Page number 212 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 66.0*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +l = 1.0 // Length of cable(km) +d = 15.0 // Core diameter(cm) +D = 60.0 // Sheath diameter(cm) +e_r = 3.6 // Relative permittivity +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +C = e_r/(18.0*log(D/d))*l // Capacitance(µF) +I_ch = V/3**0.5*2*%pi*f*C*10**-6 // Charging current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance of single-core cable, C = %.3f µF", C) +printf("\nCharging current of single-core cable = %.2f A", I_ch) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60b14d907 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.4 : +// Page number 212 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_l = 132.0 // Line Voltage(kV) +g_max = 60.0 // Maximum Line Voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +V = V_l/3**0.5*2**0.5 // Phase Voltage(kV) +d = 2*V/g_max // Core diameter(cm) +D = 2.718*d // Overall diameter(cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMost economical diameter of a single-core cable, d = %.1f cm", d) +printf("\nOverall diameter of the insulation, D = %.3f cm\n", D) +printf("\nNOTE: Slight change in obtained answer due to precision") diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e573631b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.6 : +// Page number 212-213 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 11.0*10**3 // Line Voltage(V) +dia_out = 8.0 // Outside diameter(cm) + +// Calculations +D = dia_out/2.0 // Overall diameter(cm) +d = (D)/2.718 // Conductor diameter(cm) +r = d/2 // Conductor radius(cm) +g_m = 2*V/(d*log(D/d)*10) // Maximum value of electric field strength(kV/m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nConductor radius, r = %.3f cm", r) +printf("\nElectric field strength that must be withstood, g_m = %.f kV/m", g_m) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d0fb350e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.7 : +// Page number 214 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R_3 = 1.00 // Cable radius(cm) +R_1 = 2.5 // Cable radius(cm) + +// Calculations +R_2 = (R_1*R_3)**0.5 // Location of intersheath(cm) +alpha = R_1/R_2 // α +ratio = 2.0/(1+alpha) // Ratio of maximum electric field strength with & without intersheath + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLocation of intersheath, R_2 = %.2f cm", R_2) +printf("\nRatio of maximum electric field strength with & without intersheath = %.3f ", ratio) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6082725f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.8 : +// Page number 215 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 33.0 // Line Voltage(kV) +D_2 = 2.0 // Conductor diameter(cm) +D_1 = 3.0 // Sheath diameter(cm) + +// Calculations +R_2 = D_2/2 // Conductor radius(cm) +R_1 = D_1/2 // Sheath radius(cm) +g_max = V/(R_2*log(R_1/R_2)) // RMS value of maximum stress in the insulation(kV/cm) +g_min = V/(R_1*log(R_1/R_2)) // RMS value of minimum stress in the insulation(kV/cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum stress in the insulation, g_max = %.2f kV/cm (rms)", g_max) +printf("\nMinimum stress in the insulation, g_min = %.2f kV/cm (rms)", g_min) diff --git a/3472/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce b/3472/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..155fe19f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 7: UNDERGROUND CABLES + +// EXAMPLE : 7.9 : +// Page number 215 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.5 // Conductor diameter(cm) +D = 6.0 // Sheath diameter(cm) +V_l = 66.0 // Line Voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +alpha = (D/d)**(1.0/3) // α +d_1 = d*alpha // Best position of first intersheath(cm) +d_2 = d_1*alpha // Best position of second intersheath(cm) +V = V_l/3**0.5*2**0.5 // Peak voltage on core(kV) +V_2 = V/(1+(1/alpha)+(1/alpha**2)) // Peak voltage on second intersheath(kV) +V_1 = (1+(1/alpha))*V_2 // Voltage on first intersheath(kV) +stress_max = 2*V/(d*log(D/d)) // Maximum stress without intersheath(kV/cm) +stress_min = stress_max*d/D // Minimum stress without intersheath(kV/cm) +g_max = V*3/(1+alpha+alpha**2) // Maximum stress with intersheath(kV/cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 7.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum stress without intersheath = %.2f kV/cm", stress_max) +printf("\nBest position of first intersheath, d_1 = %.2f cm", d_1) +printf("\nBest position of second intersheath, d_2 = %.3f cm", d_2) +printf("\nMaximum stress with intersheath = %.2f kV/cm", g_max) +printf("\nVoltage on the first intersheath, V_1 = %.2f kV", V_1) +printf("\nVoltage on the second intersheath, V_2 = %.2f kV \n", V_2) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e907ca51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.1/Example15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.1 : +// Page number 227 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 30.0/10 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +delta = 0.95 // Air density factor +m = 0.95 // Irregularity factor +E = 230.0 // Line voltage(kV) +g_0 = 30.0/2**0.5 // Breakdown strength of air(kV/cm) + +// Calculations +E_0 = E/3**0.5 // Disruptive critical voltage(kV) +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +D = exp(E_0/(m*delta*g_0*r))*r/100 // Minimum spacing between conductors(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMinimum spacing between conductors, D = %.3f m \n", abs(D)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook due to precision") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03c16aca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.2/Example15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.2 : +// Page number 227-228 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 220.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +d = 1.5 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D = 300.0 // Distance b/w conductor(cm) +delta = 1.05 // Air density factor +g_0 = 21.1 // Breakdown strength of air(kV/cm) +m = 1.0 // Irregularity factor + +// Calculations +E = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +E_0 = m*g_0*delta*r*log(D/r) // Disruptive critical voltage to neutral(kV/phase) +E_0_ll = 3**0.5*E_0 // Line-to-line Disruptive critical voltage(kV) +P = 244.0*10**-5*(f+25)/delta*(r/D)**0.5*(E-E_0)**2 // Corona loss(kW/km/phase) +P_total = P*3.0 // Corona loss(kW/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCritical disruptive voltage, E_0 = %.2f kV/phase = %.2f kV (line-to-line)", E_0,E_0_ll) +printf("\nCorona loss, P = %.2f kW/km \n", P_total) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the final answer in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2809f6ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.3/Example15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.3 : +// Page number 228 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 132.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +d = 1.17 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D = 300.0 // Distance b/w conductor(cm) +m = 0.96 // Irregularity factor +b = 72.0 // Barometric pressure(cm) +t = 20.0 // Temperature(°C) + +// Calculations +delta = 3.92*b/(273.0+t) // Air density factor +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +E_0 = 21.1*m*delta*r*log(D/r) // Critical disruptive voltage for fair weather condition(kV/phase) +E_0_foul = 0.8*E_0 // Critical disruptive voltage for foul weather(kV/phase) +E = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +P_fair = 244.0*10**-5*(f+25)/delta*(r/D)**0.5*(E-E_0)**2 // Corona loss for fair weather condition(kW/km/phase) +P_foul = 244.0*10**-5*(f+25)/delta*(r/D)**0.5*(E-E_0_foul)**2 // Corona loss for foul weather condition(kW/km/phase) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCorona loss in fair weather, P = %.3f kW/km/phase", P_fair) +printf("\nCorona loss in foul weather, P = %.3f kW/km/phase", P_foul) diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adf1ede3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.4/Example15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.4 : +// Page number 228-229 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 110.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 175.0 // Line length(km) +d = 1.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D = 300.0 // Distance b/w conductor(cm) +t = 26.0 // Temperature(°C) +b = 74.0 // Barometric pressure(cm) +m = 0.85 // Irregularity factor +m_v_local = 0.72 // Roughness factor for local corona +m_v_gen = 0.82 // Roughness factor for general corona + +// Calculations +delta = 3.92*b/(273.0+t) // Air density factor +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +E_0 = 21.1*m*delta*r*log(D/r) // Critical disruptive voltage(kV) rms +E_v_local = 21.1*m_v_local*delta*r*(1+(0.3/(delta*r)**0.5))*log(D/r) // Critical disruptive voltage for local corona(kV) rms +E_v_gen = 21.1*m_v_gen*delta*r*(1+(0.3/(delta*r)**0.5))*log(D/r) // Critical disruptive voltage for general corona(kV) rms +E = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +// Case(i) +P_c_i = 244.0*10**-5*(f+25)/delta*(r/D)**0.5*(E-E_0)**2 // Peek"s formula for fair weather condition(kW/km/phase) +P_c_i_total = P_c_i*l*3 // Total power loss(kW) +// Case(ii) +P_c_ii = 244.0*10**-5*(f+25)/delta*(r/D)**0.5*(E-0.8*E_0)**2 // Peek"s formula for stormy condition(kW/km/phase) +P_c_ii_total = P_c_ii*l*3 // Total power loss(kW) +// Case(iii) +F_iii = 0.0713 // From text depending on E/E_0 +P_c_iii = 21.0*10**-6*f*E**2*F_iii/(log10(D/r))**2 // Peterson"s formula for fair condition(kW/km/phase) +P_c_iii_total = P_c_iii*l*3 // Total power loss(kW) +// Case(iv) +F_iv = 0.3945 // From text depending on E/E_0 +P_c_iv = 21.0*10**-6*f*E**2*F_iv/(log10(D/r))**2 // Peterson"s formula for stormy condition(kW/km/phase) +P_c_iv_total = P_c_iv*l*3 // Total power loss(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Power loss due to corona using Peek formula for fair weather condition, P_c = %.3f kW/km/phase", P_c_i) +printf("\n Total corona loss in fair weather condition using Peek formula = %.1f kW", P_c_i_total) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Power loss due to corona using Peek formula for stormy weather condition, P_c = %.2f kW/km/phase", P_c_ii) +printf("\n Total corona loss in stormy condition using Peek formula = %.f kW", P_c_ii_total) +printf("\nCase(iii): Power loss due to corona using Peterson formula for fair weather condition, P_c = %.4f kW/km/phase", P_c_iii) +printf("\n Total corona loss in fair condition using Peterson formula = %.2f kW",P_c_iii_total) +printf("\nCase(iii): Power loss due to corona using Peterson formula for fair weather condition, P_c = %.4f kW/km/phase", P_c_iv) +printf("\n Total corona loss in stormy condition using Peterson formula = %.1f kW \n",P_c_iv_total) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the final answer in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a01c56a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.5/Example15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.5 : +// Page number 229 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 132.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) +dia = 1.956 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +v_c = 210.0 // Disrputive voltage(kV) +g_0 = 30.0/2**0.5 // Breakdown strength of air(kV/cm) + +// Calculations +r = dia/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +V_c = v_c/3**0.5 // Disrputive voltage/phase(kV) +m_0 = 1.0 // Irregularity factor +delta = 1.0 // Air density factor +d = exp(V_c/(m_0*delta*g_0*r))*r // Spacing between conductors(cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpacing between the conductors, d = %.f cm \n", abs(d)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to precision") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6094a20f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.6/Example15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.6 : +// Page number 229 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P_c1 = 53.0 // Total corona loss(kW) +V_1 = 106.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) +P_c2 = 98.0 // Total corona loss(kW) +V_2 = 110.9 // Operating line voltage(kV) +V_3 = 113.0 // Operating line voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +E_1 = V_1/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +E_2 = V_2/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +P_ratio = (P_c2/P_c1)**0.5 +E_0 = (P_ratio*E_1-E_2)/(P_ratio-1) // Disruptive critical voltage(kV) +E_3 = V_3/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(kV) +W = ((E_3-E_0)/(E_1-E_0))**2*P_c1 // Corona loss at 113 kV(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDisruptive critical voltage, E_0 = %.f kV", E_0) +printf("\nCorona loss at 113 kV, W = %.f kW\n", W) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed2622625 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.7/Example15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.7 : +// Page number 229-230 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 3.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +e_r = 4.0 // Relative permittivity +d_1 = 3.5 // Internal diameter of porcelain bushing(cm) +d_2 = 9.0 // External diameter of porcelain bushing(cm) +V = 25.0 // Voltage b/w conductor and clamp(kV) + +// Calculations +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +r_1 = d_1/2.0 // Internal radius of porcelain bushing(cm) +r_2 = d_2/2.0 // External radius of porcelain bushing(cm) +g_2max = r/(e_r*r_1) // Maximum gradient of inner side of porcelain +g_1max = V/(r*log(r_1/r)+g_2max*r_1*log(r_2/r_1)) // Maximum gradient on surface of conductor(kV/cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum gradient on surface of conductor, g_1max = %.2f kV/cm", g_1max) +printf("\nSince, gradient exceeds 21.1 kV/cm, corona will be present") diff --git a/3472/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce b/3472/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a45ac0d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH15/EX15.8/Example15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 8: CORONA + +// EXAMPLE : 8.8 : +// Page number 230 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D = 150.0 // Spacing b/w conductor(cm) +delta = 1.0 // Air density factor + +// Calculations +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +V_d = 21.1*delta*r*log(D/r) // Disruptive critical voltage(kV/phase) +V_d_ll = 3**0.5*V_d // Line voltage for commencing of corona(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 8.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLine voltage for commencing of corona = %.2f kV \n", V_d_ll) +printf("\nNOTE: Solution is incomplete in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e94acc2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.1/Example16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.1 : +// Page number 235-236 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Z_L1 = complex(14.3,97) // Series impedance of line L1(ohm) +Z_PL1 = complex(0,-3274) // Shunt impedance of line L1(ohm) +Z_L2 = complex(7.13,48.6) // Series impedance of line L2(ohm) +Z_PL2 = complex(0,-6547) // Shunt impedance of line L2(ohm) +Z_L3 = complex(9.38,64) // Series impedance of line L3(ohm) +Z_PL3 = complex(0,-4976) // Shunt impedance of line L3(ohm) + +// Calculations +Y_S12 = 1.0/Z_L1 // Series admittance(mho) +Y_P12 = 1.0/Z_PL1 // Shunt admittance(mho) +Y_S23 = 1.0/Z_L3 // Series admittance(mho) +Y_P23 = 1.0/Z_PL3 // Shunt admittance(mho) +Y_S13 = 1.0/Z_L2 // Series admittance(mho) +Y_P13 = 1.0/Z_PL2 // Shunt admittance(mho) +Y_11 = Y_P12+Y_P13+Y_S12+Y_S13 // Admittance(mho) +Y_12 = -Y_S12 // Admittance(mho) +Y_13 = -Y_S13 // Admittance(mho) +Y_21 = Y_12 // Admittance(mho) +Y_22 = Y_P12+Y_P23+Y_S12+Y_S23 // Admittance(mho) +Y_23 = -Y_S23 // Admittance(mho) +Y_31 = Y_13 // Admittance(mho) +Y_32 = Y_23 // Admittance(mho) +Y_33 = Y_P13+Y_P23+Y_S23+Y_S13 // Admittance(mho) +Y_bus = [[Y_11, Y_12, Y_13], + [Y_21, Y_22, Y_23], + [Y_31, Y_32, Y_33]] + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\n[Y_bus] = \n"); disp(Y_bus) diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1f3a5e08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.3/Example16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.3 : +// Page number 236-237 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_a = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +V_b = 1.0*exp(%i*-36.87*%pi/180) // Voltage(p.u) +V_c = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +Z_1 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_2 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_3 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_13 = complex(0,0.4) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_23 = complex(0,0.4) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_14 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_24 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_34 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_12 = complex(0,0) // Reactance(p.u) + +// Calculations +I_1 = V_a/Z_1 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_2 = V_b/Z_2 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_3 = V_c/Z_3 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_4 = 0.0 // Current injection vector(p.u) +y1 = 1.0/Z_1 // Admittance(p.u) +y2 = 1.0/Z_2 // Admittance(p.u) +y3 = 1.0/Z_3 // Admittance(p.u) +y13 = 1.0/Z_13 // Admittance(p.u) +y23 = 1.0/Z_23 // Admittance(p.u) +y14 = 1.0/Z_14 // Admittance(p.u) +y24 = 1.0/Z_24 // Admittance(p.u) +y34 = 1.0/Z_34 // Admittance(p.u) +y12 = 0.0 // Admittance(p.u) +Y_11 = y1+y13+y14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_12 = y12 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_13 = -y13 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_14 = -y14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_21 = Y_12 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_22 = y2+y23+y24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_23 = -y23 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_24 = -y24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_31 = Y_13 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_32 = Y_23 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_33 = y3+y13+y23+y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_34 = -y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_41 = Y_14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_42 = Y_24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_43 = Y_34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_44 = y14+y24+y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_bus = [[Y_11, Y_12, Y_13, Y_14], + [Y_21, Y_22, Y_23, Y_24], + [Y_31, Y_32, Y_33, Y_34], + [Y_41, Y_42, Y_43, Y_44]] // Bus admittance matrix +I_bus = [I_1, + I_2, + I_3, + I_4] +V = inv(Y_bus)*I_bus // Bus voltage(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage at bus 1, V_1 = %.4f%.4fj p.u", real(V(1,1:1)),imag(V(1,1:1))) +printf("\nVoltage at bus 2, V_2 = %.4f%.4fj p.u", real(V(2,1:1)),imag(V(2,1:1))) +printf("\nVoltage at bus 3, V_3 = %.4f%.4fj p.u", real(V(3,1:1)),imag(V(3,1:1))) +printf("\nVoltage at bus 4, V_4 = %.4f%.4fj p.u\n", real(V(4,1:1)),imag(V(4,1:1))) +printf("\nNOTE: Node equation matrix could not be represented in a single equation. Hence, it is not displayed") diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d35112a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.4/Example16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.4 : +// Page number 237-238 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_a = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +V_b = 1.0*exp(%i*-36.87*%pi/180) // Voltage(p.u) +V_c = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +Z_1 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_2 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_3 = complex(0,1) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_13 = complex(0,0.4) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_23 = complex(0,0.4) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_14 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_24 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_34 = complex(0,0.2) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_12 = complex(0,0) // Reactance(p.u) + +// Calculations +I_1 = V_a/Z_1 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_2 = V_b/Z_2 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_3 = V_c/Z_3 // Current injection vector(p.u) +I_4 = 0.0 // Current injection vector(p.u) +y1 = 1.0/Z_1 // Admittance(p.u) +y2 = 1.0/Z_2 // Admittance(p.u) +y3 = 1.0/Z_3 // Admittance(p.u) +y13 = 1.0/Z_13 // Admittance(p.u) +y23 = 1.0/Z_23 // Admittance(p.u) +y14 = 1.0/Z_14 // Admittance(p.u) +y24 = 1.0/Z_24 // Admittance(p.u) +y34 = 1.0/Z_34 // Admittance(p.u) +y12 = 0.0 // Admittance(p.u) +Y_11 = y1+y13+y14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_12 = y12 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_13 = -y13 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_14 = -y14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_21 = Y_12 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_22 = y2+y23+y24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_23 = -y23 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_24 = -y24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_31 = Y_13 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_32 = Y_23 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_33 = y3+y13+y23+y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_34 = -y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_41 = Y_14 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_42 = Y_24 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_43 = Y_34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_44 = y14+y24+y34 // Equivalent admittance(p.u) +Y_bus = [[Y_11, Y_12, Y_13, Y_14], + [Y_21, Y_22, Y_23, Y_24], + [Y_31, Y_32, Y_33, Y_34], + [Y_41, Y_42, Y_43, Y_44]] // Bus admittance matrix +K = Y_bus([1,2],1:2) +L = Y_bus([1,2],3:4) +M = Y_bus([3,4],3:4) +N = Y_bus([3,4],1:2) +inv_M = inv([M(1,1:2);M(2,1:2)]) // Multiplication of marix [L][M^-1][N] +Y_bus_new = K-L*inv_M*N // New bus admittance matrix + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\n[Y_bus]_new = \n"); disp(Y_bus_new) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Mistake in representing the sign in final answer in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a94fe3b34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.5/Example16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.5 : +// Page number 238 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_1 = 2.0 // Voltage(p.u) +I_2 = 2.0*exp(%i*45.0*%pi/180) // Voltage(p.u) +y1 = complex(0,-1.0) // Admittance(p.u) +y2 = complex(0,-2.0) // Admittance(p.u) +y12 = complex(0,-2.0) // Admittance(p.u) + +// Calculations +E_1 = I_1*y1 // Voltage element(p.u) +E_2 = I_2*y2 // Voltage element(p.u) +Y_11 = y1+y12 // Self Admittance(p.u) +Y_12 = -y12 // Mutual Admittance(p.u) +Y_21 = Y_12 // Mutual Admittance(p.u) +Y_22 = y2+y12 // Self Admittance(p.u) +Y_bus = [[Y_11, Y_12], + [Y_21, Y_22]] // Bus admittance matrix +I_bus = [I_1, + I_2] +V = inv(Y_bus)*I_bus +V_1 = V(1,1:1) // Voltage(p.u) +V_2 = V(2,1:1) // Voltage(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\n[Y_bus] = \n"); disp(Y_bus) +printf("\nV_1 = %.3f∠%.1f° p.u", abs(V_1),phasemag(V_1)) +printf("\nV_2 = %.3f∠%.1f° p.u\n", abs(V_2),phasemag(V_2)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in V_1 in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.6/Example16_6.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.6/Example16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52a4aea97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.6/Example16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.6 : +// Page number 238 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Y_bus = [[-%i*10.5, 0, %i*5.0, %i*5.0], + [0, -%i*8.0, %i*2.5, %i*5.0], + [%i*5.0, %i*2.5, -%i*18.0, %i*10.0], + [%i*5.0, %i*5.0, %i*10.0, -%i*20.0]] // Bus admittance matrix + +// Calculations +Z_bus = inv(Y_bus) // Bus impedance matrix + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\n[Z_bus] = \n'); disp(Z_bus) diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.7/Example16_7.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.7/Example16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a852cde19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.7/Example16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.7 : +// Page number 239 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Y_C = complex(0,0.1) // Shunt admittance(mho) +Z_L = complex(0,0.2) // Series impedance(mho) + +// Calculations +Y_L = 1.0/Z_L // Series admittance(mho) +Y_11 = Y_C+Y_C+Y_L+Y_L // Admittance(mho) +Y_12 = -Y_L // Admittance(mho) +Y_13 = -Y_L // Admittance(mho) +Y_21 = Y_12 // Admittance(mho) +Y_22 = Y_L+Y_L+Y_C+Y_C // Admittance(mho) +Y_23 = -Y_L // Admittance(mho) +Y_31 = Y_13 // Admittance(mho) +Y_32 = Y_23 // Admittance(mho) +Y_33 = Y_L+Y_L+Y_C+Y_C // Admittance(mho) +Y_bus = [[Y_11, Y_12, Y_13], + [Y_21, Y_22, Y_23], + [Y_31, Y_32, Y_33]] // Bus admittance matrix +S_11 = conj(Y_bus(1,1:1)) +S_12 = conj(Y_bus(1,2:2)) +S_13 = conj(Y_bus(1,3:3)) +S_21 = S_12 +S_22 = conj(Y_bus(2,2:2)) +S_23 = conj(Y_bus(2,3:3)) +S_31 = S_13 +S_32 = S_23 +S_33 = conj(Y_bus(3,3:3)) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPower flow expressions are:") +printf("\nS_1 = %.1fj|V_1|^2 %.1fjV_1V_2* %.1fjV_3*", imag(S_11),imag(S_12),imag(S_13)) +printf("\nS_2 = %.1fjV_2V_1* + %.1fj|V_2|^2 %.1fjV_2V_3*", imag(S_21),imag(S_22),imag(S_23)) +printf("\nS_3 = %.1fjV_3V_1* %.1fjV_3V_2* + %.1fj|V_3|^2", imag(S_31),imag(S_32),imag(S_33)) diff --git a/3472/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce b/3472/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9025902e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH16/EX16.8/Example16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 9: LOAD FLOW STUDY USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES + +// EXAMPLE : 9.8 : +// Page number 242 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_1 = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +S_g2 = complex(0,1.0) // Complex power generated(p.u) +S_D2 = complex(0.5,1.0) // Complex power demand(p.u) +Z_L = complex(0,0.5) // Impedance(p.u) + +// Calculations +Y_L = 1.0/Z_L // Admittance(p.u) +Y_22 = Y_L // Admittance(mho) +Y_21 = -Y_L // Admittance(mho) +S_2 = S_g2-S_D2 +V_2_0 = 1.0 // Initial guess +V_2_1 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_0))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 1st iteration +V_2_2 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_1))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 2nd iteration +V_2_3 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_2))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 3rd iteration +V_2_4 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_3))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 4th iteration +V_2_5 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_4))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 5th iteration +V_2_6 = 1.0/Y_22*((conj(S_2/V_2_5))-Y_21*V_1) // V_2(p.u). In 6th iteration + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 9.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nBy G-S method, V_2 = %.6f∠%.5f° p.u\n", abs(V_2_6),phasemag(V_2_6)) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..358b50f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.1/Example17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.1 : +// Page number 270 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Z = 0.1 // Impedance of transmission line(p.u) +M = 0.3 // Stability margin +X = 1.0 // Constant(p.u) + +// Calculations +sin_delta_0 = 1-M // Sin(δ_0) +delta_0 = asind(sin_delta_0) // δ_0(°) +P_0 = X/Z*sin_delta_0 // Magnitude of P_0(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nOperating power angle, δ_0 = %.2f° ", delta_0) +printf("\nP_0 = %.2f p.u", P_0) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.10/Example17_10.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.10/Example17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd31ce787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.10/Example17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.10 : +// Page number 275-276 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +E_1 = 1.1 // Sending end voltage(p.u) +x_d1 = 1.0 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T1 = 0.1 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l1 = 0.4 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l2 = 0.4 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T2 = 0.1 // Reactance(p.u) +E_2 = 1.0 // Receiving end voltage(p.u) +x_d2 = 1.0 // Reactance(p.u) +x_L = 1.0 // Shunt inductor reactance(p.u) +x_C = 1.0 // Static capacitor reactance(p.u) +delta = 30.0 // δ(°) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +Z_1_a = x_d1+x_T1+(x_l1/2.0) // Reactance(p.u) +X_1_a = %i*Z_1_a +Z_2_a = x_T2+x_d2 // Reactance(p.u) +X_2_a = %i*Z_2_a +Z_3_a = -x_C // Reactance(p.u) +X_3_a = %i*Z_3_a +X_a = X_1_a+X_2_a+(X_1_a*X_2_a/X_3_a) // Transfer reactance(p.u) +P_max_a = E_1*E_2/abs(X_a) // Maximum steady state power if static capacitor is connected(p.u) +P_a = P_max_a*sind(delta) // Value of P(p.u) +Q_a = (E_1*E_2/abs(X_a))*cosd(delta)-(E_2**2/abs(X_a)) // Value of Q(p.u) +// Case(b) +Z_1_b = x_d1+x_T1+(x_l1/2.0) // Reactance(p.u) +X_1_b = %i*Z_1_b +Z_2_b = x_T2+x_d2 // Reactance(p.u) +X_2_b = %i*Z_2_b +Z_3_b = x_L // Reactance(p.u) +X_3_b = %i*Z_3_b +X_b = X_1_b+X_2_b+(X_1_b*X_2_b/X_3_b) // Transfer reactance(p.u) +P_max_b = E_1*E_2/abs(X_b) // Maximum steady state power if static capacitor is replaced by an inductive reactor(p.u) +P_b = P_max_b*sind(delta) // Value of P(p.u) +Q_b = (E_1*E_2/abs(X_b))*cosd(delta)-(E_2**2/abs(X_b)) // Value of Q(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Maximum steady state power if static capacitor is connected, P_max = %.3f p.u", P_max_a) +printf("\n Value of P = %.3f p.u", P_a) +printf("\n Value of Q = %.3f p.u", Q_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Maximum steady state power if static capacitor is replaced by an inductive reactor, P_max = %.3f p.u", P_max_b) +printf("\n Value of P = %.3f p.u", P_b) +printf("\n Value of Q = %.4f p.u", Q_b) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.11/Example17_11.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.11/Example17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e563ac669 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.11/Example17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.11 : +// Page number 303 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +G = 100.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +H = 5.0 // Inertia constant(MJ/MVA) +P_a = 20.0 // Acceleration power(MVA) + +// Calculations +GH = G*H // Energy stored in rotor at synchronous speed(MJ) +M = GH/(180*f) // Angular momentum +acceleration = P_a/M // Acceleration(°/sec^2) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nKinetic energy stored in the rotor at synchronous speed, GH = %.f MJ", GH) +printf("\nAcceleration = %.f°/sec^2", acceleration) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.12/Example17_12.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.12/Example17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fac566d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.12/Example17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.12 : +// Page number 303-304 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +G = 20.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +H = 9.0 // Inertia constant(kWsec/MVA) +P_m = 26800.0 // Rotational loss(hp) +P_e = 16000.0 // Electric power developed(kW) + +// Calculations +GH = G*H // Energy stored in rotor at synchronous speed(MJ) +P_m_kW = P_m*0.746 // Rotational loss(kW) +P_a = P_m_kW-P_e // Acceleration power(kW) +P_a1 = P_a/1000.0 // Acceleration power(MW) +M = GH/(180*f) // Angular momentum +acceleration = P_a1/M // Acceleration(°/sec^2) +acceleration_1 = acceleration*%pi/180.0 // Acceleration(rad/sec^2) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nKinetic energy stored in the rotor at synchronous speed, GH = %.f MJ", GH) +printf("\nAcceleration = %.f°/sec^2 = %.2f rad/sec^2 \n", acceleration,acceleration_1) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: H = 9 kW-sec/MVA, not 9 kW-sec/kVA as mentioned in the textbook statement") diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.13/Example17_13.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.13/Example17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4d7576e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.13/Example17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.13 : +// Page number 304 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +alpha = 200.0 // Acceleration(°/sec^2) +alpha_rad = 3.49 // Acceleration(rad/sec^2) +n = 10.0 // Number of cycle + +// Calculations +t = 1/f*n // Time(sec) +delta_rel = ((alpha_rad*2)**0.5*0.5)**2 // Relation of change in rotor angle with time(rad) +delta = delta_rel*t**2 // Change in torque angle(rad) +delta_deg = delta*180/%pi // Change in torque angle in that period(°) +rpm_rad = (alpha_rad*2*delta)**0.5 // r.p.m(rad/sec) +rpm = rpm_rad*60.0/(%pi*P) // r.p.m +speed_rotor = (120*f/P)+rpm // Rotor speed at the end of 10 cycles(r.p.m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nChange in torque angle in that period, δ = %.4f rad = %.f elect degree", delta,delta_deg) +printf("\nRotor speed at the end of 10 cycles = %.2f r.p.m", speed_rotor) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.14/Example17_14.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.14/Example17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8881564e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.14/Example17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.14 : +// Page number 304 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Power = 20.0*10**3 // Rating of generator(kVA) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +fault = 0.5 // Reduction in output under fault +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +P_m = Power*PF // Output power before fault(kW) +P_e = fault*P_m // Output after fault(kW) +P_a = P_m-P_e // Accelerating power(kW) +w_s = 4.0*%pi*f/P // Speed +T_a = P_a*10**3/w_s // Accelerating torque at the time the fault occurs(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAccelerating torque at the time the fault occurs, T_a = %.2f N-m", T_a) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.16/Example17_16.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.16/Example17_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289900484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.16/Example17_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.16 : +// Page number 304-305 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +S = 1000.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +N = 1500.0 // Speed of alternator(r.p.m) +WR_sq = 5.0*10**6 // WR^2(lb.ft^2) + +// Calculations +H = 2.31*10**-10*WR_sq*N**2/S // Inertia constant(MJ/MVA) +H_100 = H*1000.0/100 // Inertia constant on 100 MVA(MJ/MVA) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nValue of inertia constant, H = %.1f MJ/MVA", H) +printf("\nValue of inertia constant in 100 MVA base, H = %.f MJ/MVA", H_100) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.17/Example17_17.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.17/Example17_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91a9bb9c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.17/Example17_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.17 : +// Page number 305 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_1 = 500.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +H_1 = 4.0 // Inertia constant(MJ/VA) +MVA_2 = 1000.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +H_2 = 3.5 // Inertia constant(MJ/VA) +MVA = 100.0 // Base MVA + +// Calculations +KE_T = H_1*MVA_1+H_2*MVA_2 // Total KE of the system(MJ) +H_total = KE_T/MVA // Equivalent H for the two to common 100MVA base(MJ/MVA) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.17 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEquivalent H for the two to common 100 MVA base, H = %.f MJ/MVA", H_total) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.18/Example17_18.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.18/Example17_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..327aba200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.18/Example17_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.18 : +// Page number 305 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 210.0 // Rating of generator(MVA) +P = 2.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +MI = 60.0*10**3 // Moment of inertia(kg-mt^2) + +// Calculations +N = 120.0*f/P // Speed(r.p.m) +KE = 1.0/2*MI*(2*%pi*N/f)**2/10**6 // Energy stored in the rotor at rated speed(MJ) +H = KE/MVA // Inertia constant(MJ/MVA) +G = MVA +M = G*H/(180*f) // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/elect.degree) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.18 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEnergy stored in the rotor at the rated speed, KE = %.2e MJ", KE) +printf("\nValue of inertia constant, H = %.2f MJ/MVA", H) +printf("\nAngular momentum, M = %.3f MJ-sec/elect.degree", M) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.19/Example17_19.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.19/Example17_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4eb1afc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.19/Example17_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.19 : +// Page number 305 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P_accl = 30.0 // Acceleration power(MVA) +M = 0.474 // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/elect.degree). From Example 10.18 + +// Calculations +acceleration = P_accl/M // Acceleration of the rotor(elect.degree/sec^2) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.19 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAcceleration of the rotor = %.2f elect.degree/sec^2", acceleration) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.2/Example17_2.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.2/Example17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e440f9107 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.2/Example17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.2 : +// Page number 270 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +x_s = 0.85 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T1 = 0.157 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T2 = 0.157 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l1 = 0.35 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l2 = 0.35 // Reactance(p.u) +E = 1.50 // Sending end voltage(p.u) +V_L = 1.0 // Load voltage(p.u) +P_0 = 1.0 // Stable power output(p.u) + +// Calculations +x = x_s+x_T1+x_T2+(x_l1/2) // Total reactance(p.u) +P_max = E*V_L/x // Maximum power limit(p.u) +M = (P_max-P_0)/P_max*100 // Steady state stability margin(%) +V_Lmin = P_0*x/E // Minimum value of V_L(p.u) +E_min = P_0*x/V_L // Minimum value of E(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMinimum value of |E|, |E_min| = %.3f p.u", E_min) +printf("\nMinimum value of |V_L|, |V_Lmin| = %.3f p.u", V_Lmin) +printf("\nMaximum power limit, P_0 = %.2f p.u", P_max) +printf("\nSteady state stability margin, M = %.1f percent", M) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.20/Example17_20.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.20/Example17_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e22ef781b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.20/Example17_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.20 : +// Page number 305 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 50.0 // Rating of alternator(MVA) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +KE = 150.0 // Kinetic energy stored in rotor(MJ) +P_m = 25.0 // Machine input(MW) +P_e = 22.5 // Developed power(MW) +n = 10.0 // Number of cycles + +// Calculations +P_a = P_m-P_e // Accelerating power(MW) +H = KE/MVA // Inertia constant(MJ/MVA) +G = MVA +M_deg = G*H/(180*f) // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/elect.degree) +M = G*H/(%pi*f) // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/rad) +acceleration = P_a/M // Accelerating power(rad/sec^2) +t = 1/f*n // Time(sec) +delta = 1.309*t**2 // Term in δ + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.20 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAccelerating power = %.3f rad/sec^2", acceleration) +printf("\nNew power angle after 10 cycles, δ = (%.3f + δ_0) rad", delta) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.21/Example17_21.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.21/Example17_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a43e66d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.21/Example17_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.21 : +// Page number 305-306 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +G = 20.0 // Rating of turbo-generator(MVA) +V = 13.2 // Voltage(kV) +H = 9.0 // Inertia constant(kW-sec/kVA) +P_s = 20.0 // Input power less rotational loss(MW) +P_e = 15.0 // Output power(MW) + +// Calculations +KE = G*H // Kinetic energy stored(MJ) +M = G*H/(180*f) // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/elect.degree) +P_a = P_s-P_e // Accelerating power(MW) +alpha = P_a/M // Acceleration(elect.degree/sec^2) +alpha_deg = alpha/2.0 // Acceleration(degree/sec^2) +alpha_rpm = 60.0*alpha_deg/360 // Acceleration(rpm/sec) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.21 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Kinetic energy stored by rotor at synchronous speed, GH = %.f MJ", KE) +printf("\nCase(b): Acceleration, α = %.f degree/sec^2", alpha_deg) +printf("\n Acceleration, α = %.2f rpm/sec", alpha_rpm) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.22/Example17_22.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.22/Example17_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3c2ce1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.22/Example17_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.22 : +// Page number 306 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +G = 20.0 // Rating of turbo-generator(MVA) +V = 13.2 // Voltage(kV) +H = 9.0 // Inertia constant(kW-sec/kVA) +P_s = 20.0 // Input power less rotational loss(MW) +P_e = 15.0 // Output power(MW) +n = 10.0 // Number of cycles + +// Calculations +KE = G*H // Kinetic energy stored(MJ) +M = G*H/(180*f) // Angular momentum(MJ-sec/elect.degree) +P_a = P_s-P_e // Accelerating power(MW) +alpha = P_a/M // Acceleration(elect.degree/sec^2) +alpha_deg = alpha/2.0 // Acceleration(degree/sec^2) +alpha_rpm = 60.0*alpha_deg/360 // Acceleration(rpm/sec) +t = 1.0/f*n // Time(sec) +delta = 1.0/2*alpha*t**2 // Change in torque angle(elect.degree) +N_s = 120*f/P // Synchronous speed(rpm) +speed = N_s+alpha_rpm*t // Speed at the end of 10 cycles(rpm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.22 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nChange in torque angle in that period, δ = %.f elect degrees.", delta) +printf("\nSpeed in rpm at the end of 10 cycles = %.2f rpm", speed) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.23/Example17_23.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.23/Example17_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3df59f14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.23/Example17_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.23 : +// Page number 306 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +G = 20.0 // Rating of turbo-generator(MVA) +PF = 0.75 // Lagging power factor +fault = 0.5 // Fault reduces output power +N_s = 1500.0 // Synchronous speed(rpm). From Example 10.22 + +// Calculations +P_prefault = PF*G // Pre-fault output power(MW) +P_a = P_prefault*fault // Post-fault output power(MW) +w = 2.0*%pi*N_s/60 // ω(rad/sec) +T_a = P_a*10**6/w // Accelerating torque at the time of fault occurrence(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.23 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAccelerating torque at the time of fault occurrence, T_a = %.f N-m", T_a) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.24/Example17_24.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.24/Example17_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baf1e4a86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.24/Example17_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.24 : +// Page number 306-307 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +x_d = %i*0.2 // Transient reactance of generator(p.u) +P_e = 0.8 // Power delivered(p.u) +V_t = 1.05 // Terminal voltage(p.u) +H = 4.0 // Inertia constant(kW-sec/kVA) +x_t = %i*0.1 // Transformer reactance(p.u) +x_l = %i*0.4 // Transmission line reactance(p.u) +V = 1.0 // Infinite bus voltage(p.u) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +x_12 = x_d+x_t+(x_l/2) // Reactance b/w bus 1 & 2(p.u) +y_12 = 1/x_12 // Admittance b/w bus 1 & 2(p.u) +y_21 = y_12 // Admittance b/w bus 2 & 1(p.u) +y_10 = 0.0 // Admittance b/w bus 1 & 0(p.u) +y_20 = 0.0 // Admittance b/w bus 2 & 0(p.u) +Y_11 = y_12+y_10 // Admittance at bus 1(p.u) +Y_12 = -y_12 // Admittance b/w bus 1 & 2(p.u) +Y_21 = -y_12 // Admittance b/w bus 2 & 1(p.u) +Y_22 = y_21+y_20 // Admittance at bus 2(p.u) +x_32 = x_t+(x_l/2) // Reactance b/w bus 3 & 1(p.u) +theta_t = asind(P_e*abs(x_32)/V_t) // Angle(°) +V_t1 = V_t*exp(%i*theta_t*%pi/180) // Terminal voltage(p.u) +I = (V_t1-V)/x_32 // Current(p.u) +E = V_t1+I*x_d // Alternator voltage(p.u) +sine = poly(0,"sin") +P_e1 = 2.0*abs(E) // Developed power(p.u) in terms of sin δ +P_m_P_e = P_e-P_e1*sine +M = 2*H/(2*%pi*f) // Angular momentum +acc = (P_e-P_e1*sine)*2*%pi*f/(2*H) // Acceleration = α (rad/sec^2) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.24 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSwing equation is, %.4f*α = %.1f - %.3fsin δ\n", M,P_e,P_e1) +printf("\nNOTE: Swing equation is simplified and represented here") +printf("\n ERROR: x_d = 0.2 p.u, not 0.1 p.u as mentioned in textbook statement") diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.26/Example17_26.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.26/Example17_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca201d5d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.26/Example17_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.26 : +// Page number 308-309 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X_d = 0.25 // Transient reactance of generator(p.u) +X_t1 = 0.15 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_t2 = 0.15 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_t3 = 0.15 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_t4 = 0.15 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_l1 = 0.20 // Reactance of line(p.u) +X_l2 = 0.20 // Reactance of line(p.u) +X_tr = 0.15 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +P_m = 1.0 // Power delivered(p.u) +E = 1.20 // Voltage behind transient reactance(p.u) +V = 1.0 // Infinite bus voltage(p.u) + +// Calculations +X_14 = X_d+((X_t1+X_t2+X_l1)/2)+X_tr // Reactance before fault(p.u) +x_1_b = X_t1+X_t2+X_l1 // Reactance(p.u). From figure (b) +x_2_b = X_l2+X_t4 // Reactance(p.u). From figure (b) +x_1 = x_1_b*X_t3/(x_1_b+x_2_b+X_t3) // Reactance(p.u). From figure (c) +x_2 = x_1_b*x_2_b/(x_1_b+x_2_b+X_t3) // Reactance(p.u). From figure (c) +x_3 = X_t3*x_2_b/(x_1_b+x_2_b+X_t3) // Reactance(p.u). From figure (c) +X_14_fault = x_1+X_d+x_2+X_tr+((x_1+X_d)*(x_2+X_tr)/x_3) // Reactance under fault(p.u) +X_14_after_fault = X_d+X_t1+X_l1+X_t2+X_tr // Reactance after fault is cleared(p.u) +P_max = V*E/X_14 // Maximum power transfer(p.u) +gamma_1 = (V*E/X_14_fault)/P_max // γ_1 +gamma_2 = (V*E/X_14_after_fault)/P_max // γ_2 +delta_0 = asin(P_m/P_max) // δ_0(radians) +delta_0_degree = delta_0*180/%pi // δ_0(°) +delta_m = %pi-asin(P_m/(gamma_2*P_max)) // δ_1(radians) +delta_m_degree = delta_m*180/%pi // δ_1(°) +delta_c = acosd((P_m/P_max*(delta_m-delta_0)+gamma_2*cos(delta_m)-gamma_1*cos(delta_0))/(gamma_2-gamma_1)) // Clearing angle(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.26 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCritical clearing angle, δ_c = %.2f° ", delta_c) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.27/Example17_27.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.27/Example17_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07831e501 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.27/Example17_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.27 : +// Page number 309-310 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P_m = 1.0 // Power delivered(p.u) +P_max = 1.8 // Maximum power(p.u) +gamma_1_P_max = 0.4 // Reduced maximum power after fault(p.u) +gamma_2_P_max = 1.30 // Maximum power after fault clearance(p.u) + +// Calculations +delta_0 = asin(P_m/P_max) // δ_0(radians) +delta_0_degree = delta_0*180/%pi // δ_0(°) +delta_f = %pi-asin(P_m/(gamma_2_P_max)) // δ_1(radians) +delta_f_degree = delta_f*180/%pi // δ_1(°) +gamma_1 = gamma_1_P_max/P_max // γ_1 +gamma_2 = gamma_2_P_max/P_max // γ_2 +delta_c = acosd(1.0/(gamma_2-gamma_1)*((delta_f-delta_0)*sin(delta_0)+(gamma_2*cos(delta_f)-gamma_1*cos(delta_0)))) // Clearing angle(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.27 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCritical angle, δ_c = %.2f° ", delta_c) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.28/Example17_28.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.28/Example17_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e318b6bb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.28/Example17_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.28 : +// Page number 310 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +sin_delta_0 = 0.45 // Supplying percent of peak power capacity before fault +x = 4.0 // Reactance under fault increased +gamma_2 = 0.7 // Peak power delivered after fault clearance + +// Calculations +delta_0 = asin(sin_delta_0) // δ_0(radians) +delta_0_degree = delta_0*180/%pi // δ_0(°) +gamma_1 = 1.0/x // γ_1 +delta_m = %pi-asin(sin_delta_0/(gamma_2)) // δ_m(radians) +delta_m_degree = delta_m*180/%pi // δ_m(°) +delta_c = acosd(1.0/(gamma_2-gamma_1)*((delta_m-delta_0)*sin(delta_0)+(gamma_2*cos(delta_m)-gamma_1*cos(delta_0)))) // Clearing angle(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.28 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCritical clearing angle, δ_c = %.f° ", delta_c) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.3/Example17_3.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.3/Example17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..958fb26e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.3/Example17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.3 : +// Page number 270-271 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +E_1 = 1.25 // Sending end voltage(p.u) +x_d = 1.0 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T1 = 0.2 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l1 = 1.0 // Reactance(p.u) +x_l2 = 1.0 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T2 = 0.2 // Reactance(p.u) +E_2 = 1.0 // Receiving end voltage(p.u) +x_L = 1.0 // Shunt inductor reactance(p.u) +x_C = 1.0 // Shunt capacitor reactance(p.u) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +Z_1_a = x_d+x_T1+(x_l1/2.0) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_2_a = x_T2+x_d // Reactance(p.u) +Z_3_a = x_L // Reactance(p.u) +Z_a = Z_1_a+Z_2_a+(Z_1_a*Z_2_a/Z_3_a) // Transfer reactance(p.u) +P_max_1 = E_1*E_2/Z_a // Maximum power transfer if shunt inductor is connected at bus 2(p.u) +// Case(b) +Z_1_b = x_d+x_T1+(x_l1/2.0) // Reactance(p.u) +Z_2_b = x_T2+x_d // Reactance(p.u) +Z_3_b = -x_C // Reactance(p.u) +Z_b = Z_1_b+Z_2_b+(Z_1_b*Z_2_b/Z_3_b) // Transfer reactance(p.u) +P_max_2 = E_1*E_2/Z_b // Maximum power transfer if shunt capacitor is connected at bus 2(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Maximum power transfer if shunt inductor is connected at bus 2, P_max1 = %.3f p.u", P_max_1) +printf("\nCase(b): Maximum power transfer if shunt capacitor is connected at bus 2, P_max2 = %.2f p.u", P_max_2) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.30/Example17_30.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.30/Example17_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5da1258f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.30/Example17_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.30 : +// Page number 310-311 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 60.0 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 6.0 // Number of poles +H = 4.0 // Inertia constant(p.u) +P_e = 1.0 // Power supplied by generator(p.u) +E = 1.2 // Internal voltage(p.u) +V = 1.0 // Infinite bus voltage(p.u) +X = 0.3 // Line reactance(p.u) +del_t = 0.05 // Δt = Interval step size(sec) + +// Calculations +P_max = E*V/X // Maximum power(p.u) +delta_0 = asind(P_e/P_max) // δ_0(°) +G = P_e +M = G*H/(180*f) // Angular momentum(p.u) +P_a_0 = 1.0/2*(P_e-0) // (p.u) +alpha_0 = P_a_0/M // α_0(°/sec^2) +del_w_r_1 = alpha_0*del_t // Δω_r_1(°/sec) +w_r_1 = 0+del_w_r_1 // ω_r_1(°/sec) +del_delta_1 = w_r_1*del_t // Δδ_1(°) +delta_1 = delta_0+del_delta_1 // δ_1(°) +P_a_1 = 1.0*(P_e-0) // (p.u) +alpha_1 = P_a_1/M // α_1(°/sec^2) +del_w_r_2 = alpha_1*del_t // Δω_r_2(°/sec) +w_r_2 = del_w_r_1+del_w_r_2 // ω_r_2(°/sec) +del_delta_2 = w_r_2*del_t // Δδ_2(°) +delta_2 = delta_1+del_delta_2 // δ_2(°) +del_w_r_3 = del_w_r_2 // Δω_r_3(°/sec) +w_r_3 = w_r_2+del_w_r_3 // ω_r_3(°/sec) +del_delta_3 = w_r_3*del_t // Δδ_3(°) +delta_3 = delta_2+del_delta_3 // δ_3(°) +del_w_r_4 = del_w_r_2 // Δω_r_4(°/sec) +w_r_4 = w_r_3+del_w_r_4 // ω_r_4(°/sec) +del_delta_4 = w_r_4*del_t // Δδ_4(°) +delta_4 = delta_3+del_delta_4 // δ_4(°) +del_w_r_5 = del_w_r_2 // Δω_r_5(°/sec) +w_r_5 = w_r_4+del_w_r_5 // ω_r_5(°/sec) +del_delta_5 = w_r_5*del_t // Δδ_5(°) +delta_5 = delta_4+del_delta_5 // δ_5(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.30 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPower angle, δ_0 = %.2f° ", delta_0) +printf("\nValue of δ vs t are:") +printf("\n_________________________") +printf("\n t(Sec) : δ(degree)") +printf("\n_________________________") +printf("\n %.1f : %.2f°", 0,delta_0) +printf("\n %.2f : %.2f°", (del_t),delta_1) +printf("\n %.2f : %.2f°", (del_t+del_t),delta_2) +printf("\n %.2f : %.2f°", (del_t*3),delta_3) +printf("\n %.2f : %.2f°", (del_t*4),delta_4) +printf("\n %.2f : %.2f°", (del_t*5),delta_5) +printf("\n_________________________") diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.4/Example17_4.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.4/Example17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beec4bda6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.4/Example17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.4 : +// Page number 271 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // Voltage(kV) +L = 220.0 // Line length(km) +P = 0.58 // Initial real power transfer(p.u) +PF = 0.85 // Lagging power factor +V_L = 1.00 // Load bus voltage(p.u) +x_d = 0.460 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T1 = 0.200 // Reactance(p.u) +x_T2 = 0.15 // Reactance(p.u) +x_line = 0.7 // Reactance(p.u) + +// Calculations +x = x_d+x_T1+x_T2+(x_line/2) // Net reactance(p.u) +phi = acosd(PF) // Φ(°) +Q = P*tand(phi) // Reactive power(p.u) +E = ((V_L+(Q*x/V_L))**2+(P*x/V_L)**2)**0.5 // Excitation voltage of generator(p.u) +P_max = E*V_L/x // Maximum power transfer(p.u) +M = (P_max-P)/P_max*100 // Steady state stability margin(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum power transfer, P_max = %.2f p.u", P_max) +printf("\nStability margin, M = %.f percent", M) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.5/Example17_5.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.5/Example17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b0fa65a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.5/Example17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.5 : +// Page number 271-272 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_A = 1.0 // Voltage at bus A(p.u) +Z_AB = %i*0.5 // Impedance(p.u) +S_DA = 1.0 // p.u +S_DB = 1.0 // p.u +V_B = 1.0 // Voltage at bus B(p.u) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) & (ii) +X = abs(Z_AB) // Reactance(p.u) +sin_delta = 1.0*X/(V_A*V_B) // Sin δ +delta = asind(sin_delta) // δ(°) +V_2 = V_B +V_1 = V_A +Q_gB = (V_2**2/X)-(V_2*V_1*cosd(delta)/X) +// Case(iii) +V_2_3 = 1/2.0**0.5 // Solving quadratic equation from textbook +delta_3 = acosd(V_2_3) // δ(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Q_gB = %.3f", Q_gB) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Phase angle of V_B, δ = %.f° ", delta) +printf("\nCase(iii): If Q_gB is equal to zero then amount of power transmitted is, V_2 = %.3f∠%.f° ", V_2_3,delta_3) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.6/Example17_6.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.6/Example17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed09d1279 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.6/Example17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.6 : +// Page number 272 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +A = 0.98*exp(%i*0.3*%pi/180) // Constant +B = 82.5*exp(%i*76.0*%pi/180) // Constant(ohm) +C = 0.0005*exp(%i*90.0*%pi/180) // Constant(mho) +D = A // Constant +V_S = 110.0 // Sending end voltage(kV) +V_R = 110.0 // Receiving end voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +alpha = phasemag(A) // α(°) +beta = phasemag(B) // β(°) +P_max = (V_S*V_R/abs(B))-(abs(A)*V_R**2/abs(B)*cosd((beta-alpha))) // Maximum power transfer(MW) +B_new = abs(B)*sind(beta) // Constant(ohm) +beta_new = 90.0 // β(°) +P_max_new = (V_S*V_R/B_new)-(V_R**2/B_new*cosd(beta_new)) // Maximum power transfer(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSteady state stability limit, P_max = %.2f MW", P_max) +printf("\nSteady state stability limit if shunt admittance is zero & series resistance neglected, P_max = %.2f MW \n", P_max_new) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to precision") diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.png b/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e82294481 Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Example17_8.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Example17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..092fd7d61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.8/Example17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.8 : +// Page number 273-275 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +V = 33.0*10**3 // Line voltage(V) +R = 6.0 // Resistance per phase(ohm) +X = 15.0 // Reactance per phase(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_S = V/3**0.5 // Sending end phase voltage(V) +V_R = V/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +beta = atand(X/R) // β(°) +Z = (R**2+X**2)**0.5 // Impedance(ohm) +delta_0 = 0.0 // δ(°) +P_0 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_0-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_1 = 30.0 // δ(°) +P_1 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_1-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_2 = 60.0 // δ(°) +P_2 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_2-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_3 = beta // δ(°) +P_3 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_3-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_4 = 90.0 // δ(°) +P_4 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_4-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_5 = 120.0 // δ(°) +P_5 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_5-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) +delta_6 = (acosd(R/Z))+beta // δ(°) +P_6 = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_6-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power received(MW/phase) + + +delta = [delta_0,delta_1,delta_2,delta_3,delta_4,delta_5,delta_6] +P = [P_0,P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4,P_5,P_6] +a = gca() ; +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot(delta,P,'ro-') +a.x_label.text = 'Electrical degree' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Power in MW/phase' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E10.7 . Power angle diagram") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes +xstring(70,14.12,'P_max = 14.12 MW/phase(approximately)') +P_max = V_R/Z**2*(V_S*Z-V_R*R)/10**6 // Maximum power transmitted(MW/phase) +delta_equal = 0.0 // δ With no phase shift(°) +P_no_shift = (V_R/Z**2)*(V_S*Z*cosd((delta_equal-beta))-V_R*R)/10**6 // Power transmitted with no phase shift(MW/phase) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPower angle diagram is plotted and is shown in the Figure 1") +printf("\nMaximum power the line is capable of transmitting, P_max = %.2f MW/phase", P_max) +printf("\nWith equal voltage at both ends power transmitted = %.f MW/phase", abs(P_no_shift)) diff --git a/3472/CH17/EX17.9/Example17_9.sce b/3472/CH17/EX17.9/Example17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da2747b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH17/EX17.9/Example17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 10: POWER SYSTEM STABILITY + +// EXAMPLE : 10.9 : +// Page number 275 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 132.0*10**3 // Sending end voltage(V) +Z_line = complex(4,6) // Line impedance per phase(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_S = V/3**0.5 // Sending end phase voltage(V) +V_R = V/3**0.5 // Receiving end phase voltage(V) +Z = abs(Z_line) // Impedance(ohm) +R = real(Z_line) // Resistance per phase(ohm) +P_max_phase = ((V_S*V_R/Z)-(R*V_R**2/Z**2))/10**6 // Maximum steady state power that can be transmitted over the line(MW/phase) +P_max_total = 3.0*P_max_phase // Maximum steady state power that can be transmitted over the line(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 10.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum steady state power that can be transmitted over the line, P_max = %.f MW (total 3-phase)", P_max_total) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12a6b7a59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.1/Example18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.1 : +// Page number 330 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +rating = 1000.0 // Rating of alternator(kW) +load = 1600.0 // Total load(kW) +X_fl = 100.0 // Full load speed regulation of alernator X(%) +Y_fl = 104.0 // Full load speed regulation of alernator Y(%) +X_nl = 100.0 // No load speed regulation of alernator X(%) +Y_nl = 105.0 // No load speed regulation of alernator Y(%) + +// Calculations +h = poly(0,"h") +PB = (Y_nl-X_nl)-h +PR = rating/(Y_nl-X_nl)*PB // Load shared by machine X(kW) in terms of h +QQ = (Y_fl-X_fl)-h +RQ = rating/(Y_fl-X_fl)*QQ // Load shared by machine Y(kW) in terms of h +h_1 = roots(PR+RQ-load) +PB_1 = (Y_nl-X_nl)-h_1 +PR_1 = rating/(Y_nl-X_nl)*PB_1 // Load shared by machine X(kW) +QQ_1 = (Y_fl-X_fl)-h_1 +RQ_1 = rating/(Y_fl-X_fl)*QQ_1 // Load shared by machine Y(kW) +load_cease = rating/(Y_nl-X_nl) // Y cease supply load(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoad shared by machine X, PR = %.f kW", PR_1) +printf("\nLoad shared by machine Y, RQ = %.f kW", RQ_1) +printf("\nLoad at which machine Y ceases to supply any portion of load = %.f kW", load_cease) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3a9645ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.10/Example18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.10 : +// Page number 336 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_1 = 10000.0 // Total balanced load(kW) +V = 33000.0 // Voltage(V) +PF_1 = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +R = 1.6 // Resistance of feeder(ohm/phase) +X = 2.5 // Reactance of feeder(ohm/phase) +load_2 = 4460.0 // Load delivered by feeder(kW) +PF_2 = 0.72 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +I = load_1*1000/(3**0.5*V*PF_1)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_1)) // Total line current(A) +I_1 = load_2*1000/(3**0.5*V*PF_2)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_2)) // Line current of first feeder(A) +I_2 = I-I_1 // Line current of first feeder(A) +Z_1 = complex(R,X) // Impedance of first feeder(ohm) +Z_2 = I_1*Z_1/I_2 // Impedance of second feeder(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nImpedance of second feeder, Z_2 = %.2f∠%.1f° ohm \n", abs(Z_2),phasemag(Z_2)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to wrong values of substitution") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba9b941c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.11/Example18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.11 : +// Page number 337 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P = 9.0 // Load supplied from substation(MW) +V = 33000.0 // Voltage(V) +PF_1 = 1.0 // Unity power factor +Z_A = complex(2.0,8.0) // Impedance of circuit A(ohm) +Z_B = complex(4.0,4.0) // Impedance of circuit B(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Voltage at receiving end per phase(V) +P_A = 1.0/3*P // Power supplied by line A(MW) +P_B = 2.0/3*P // Power supplied by line B(MW) +I_A = P_A*10**6/(3**0.5*V) // Current through line A(A) +I_B = P_B*10**6/(3**0.5*V) // Current through line B(A) +IA_ZA_drop = I_A*Z_A // I_A Z_A drop(V/phase) +IB_ZB_drop = I_B*Z_B // I_B Z_B drop(V/phase) +phase_boost = real(IB_ZB_drop)-real(IA_ZA_drop) // Voltage in phase boost(V/phase) +quad_boost = imag(IB_ZB_drop)-imag(IA_ZA_drop) // Voltage in quadrature boost(V/phase) +constant_P = V_ph+IA_ZA_drop // Assumed that sending end voltage at P is kept constant(V/phase) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage in-phase boost = %.2f V/phase", phase_boost) +printf("\nVoltage in quadrature boost = %.f V/phase", quad_boost) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e1d77e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.12/Example18_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.12 : +// Page number 337 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_A = 15000.0 // Capacity of station A(kW) +cap_B = 10000.0 // Capacity of station B(kW) +cap_C = 2000.0 // Capacity of station C(kW) +speed_reg_A = 2.4/100 // Speed regulation of A +speed_reg_B = 3.2/100 // Speed regulation of B +slip_C = 4.5/100 // Full load slip +local_load_B_a = 10000.0 // Local load on station B(kW) +local_load_A_a = 0 // Local load on station A(kW) +local_load_both = 10000.0 // Local load on both station(kW) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +speed_A = speed_reg_A/cap_A // % of speed drop for A +speed_C = slip_C/cap_C // % of speed drop for C +speed_B = speed_reg_B/cap_B // % of speed drop for B +X = local_load_B_a*speed_B/(speed_A+speed_B+speed_C) // Load on C when local load of B is 10000 kW and A has no load(kW) +// Case(b) +Y = local_load_both*(speed_B-speed_A)/(speed_A+speed_B+speed_C) // Load on C when both station have local loads of 10000 kW(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Load on C when local load of B is 10000 kW and A has no load, X = %.f kW", X) +printf("\nCase(b): Load on C when both station have local loads of 10000 kW, Y = %.f kW", Y) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b53c5fc0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.13/Example18_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.13 : +// Page number 337-338 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 20.0 // Length of cable(km) +r = 0.248 // Resistance(ohm/km) +x = 0.50*10**-3 // Inductance(H/m) +V_gen = 6600.0 // Generation voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +V = 33000.0 // Transmission voltage(V) +rating = 10.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +loss_cu = 100.0 // Copper loss at full load(kW) +x_tr = 2.5/100 // Transformer reactance +load = 7.5 // Load to be transmitted(MW) +PF = 0.71 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +R = l*r // Resistance of the cable(ohm) +I_fl = rating*10**6/(3**0.5*V) // Transformer current at full load(A) +R_eq = loss_cu*1000/(3*I_fl**2) // Equivalent resistance per phase of transformer(ohm) +R_total_hv = R+2.0*R_eq // Total resistance per conductor in terms of hv side(ohm) +X = 2.0*%pi*f*l*x // Reactance of cable per conductor(ohm) +per_X_tr = V/3**0.5*x_tr/I_fl // % reactance of transformer(ohm) +X_total_hv = X+2.0*per_X_tr // Total reactance per conductor in terms of hv side(ohm) +I = load*10**6/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current at receiving end(A) +IR = I*R_total_hv // IR drop(V) +IX = I*X_total_hv // IX drop(V) +E_r = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage at station B(V) +cos_phi_r = PF +sin_phi_r = (1-PF**2)**0.5 +E_s = ((E_r*cos_phi_r+IR)**2+(E_r*sin_phi_r+IX)**2)**0.5/1000 // Sending end voltage(kV) +E_s_ll = 3**0.5*E_s // Sending end line voltage(kV) +V_booster = 3**0.5*(E_s-E_r/1000) // Booster voltage between lines(kV) +tan_phi_s = (E_r*sin_phi_r+IX)/(E_r*cos_phi_r+IR) // tanΦ_s +phi_s = atand(tan_phi_s) // Φ_s(°) +cos_phi_s = cosd(phi_s) // cosΦ_s +P_s = 3.0*E_s*I*cos_phi_s // Power at sending end(kW) +loss = P_s-load*1000 // Loss(kW) +loss_per = loss/(load*1000)*100 // loss percentage + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoss in the interconnector as a percentage of power received = %.3f percent", loss_per) +printf("\nRequired voltage of the booster = %.3f kV (in terms of H.V) \n", V_booster) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") +printf("\n kVA rating of booster is not calculated in textbook and here") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc2da888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.2/Example18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.2 : +// Page number 330-331 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 5000.0 // Rating of alternator(kVA) +N = 1500.0 // Speed(rpm) +V = 6600.0 // Voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +x = 0.15 // Short circuit reactance + +// Calculations +E = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I = kVA*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Full load current of alternator(A) +V_drop = E*x // Synchronous reactance drop(V) +X = V_drop/I // Synchronous reactance per phase(ohm) +P = 120*f/N // Number of poles +n = N/60 // Speed(rps) +phi = acosd(PF) // Φ(°) +// Case(a) +theta_a = 2.0 // For a 4 pole m/c. 1 mech degree = 2 elect degree +E_s_a = E*sind(theta_a) // Synchronizing voltage(V) +I_s_a = E_s_a/X // Synchronizing current(A) +P_s_a = E*I_s_a // Synchronizing power per phase(W) +P_s_a_total = 3.0*P_s_a // Total synchronizing power(W) +P_s_a_total_kw = P_s_a_total/1000.0 // Total synchronizing power(kW) +T_s_a = P_s_a_total/(2*%pi*n) // Synchronizing torque(N-m) +// Case(b) +sin_phi = sind(phi) +OB = ((E*PF)**2+(E*sin_phi+V_drop)**2)**0.5 // Voltage(V) +E_b = OB // Voltage(V) +alpha_phi = atand((E*sin_phi+V_drop)/(E*PF)) // α+Φ(°) +alpha = alpha_phi-phi // α(°) +E_s_b = 2.0*E_b*sind(2.0/2) // Synchronizing voltage(V) +I_s_b = E_s_b/X // Synchronizing current(A) +P_s_b = E*I_s_b*cosd((alpha+1.0)) // Synchronizing power per phase(W) +P_s_b_total = 3.0*P_s_b // Total synchronizing power(W) +P_s_b_total_kw = P_s_b_total/1000.0 // Total synchronizing power(kW) +T_s_b = P_s_b_total/(2*%pi*n) // Synchronizing torque(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Synchronizing power for no-load, P_s = %.1f kW", P_s_a_total_kw) +printf("\n Synchronizing torque for no-load, T_s = %.f N-m", T_s_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Synchronizing power at full-load, P_s = %.1f kW", P_s_b_total_kw) +printf("\n Synchronizing torque at full-load, T_s = %.f N-m \n", T_s_b) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31876c981 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.3/Example18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.3 : +// Page number 331-332 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 6600.0 // Voltage(V) +R = 0.045 // Resistance(ohm) +X = 0.45 // Reactance(ohm) +Load = 10000.0*10**3 // Total load(W) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +I_a = 437.5 // Armature current(A) + +// Calculations +I = Load/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Load current(A) +I_working = PF*I // Working component of current(A) +I_watless = (1-PF**2)**0.5*I // Watless component of current(A) +I_second = (I_a**2+I_watless**2)**0.5 // Load current supplied by second alternator(A) +PF_second = I_a/I_second // Lagging power factor of second alternator +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Terminal voltage per phase(V) +I_R = I_second*R // Voltage drop due to resistance(V) +I_X = I_second*X // Voltage drop due to reactance(V) +sin_phi_second = (1-PF_second**2)**0.5 +E = ((V_ph+I_R*PF_second+I_X*sin_phi_second)**2+(I_X*PF_second-I_R*sin_phi_second)**2)**0.5 // EMF of the alternator(V/phase) +E_ll = 3**0.5*E // Line-to-line EMF of the alternator(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nArmature current of other alternator = %.1f A", I_second) +printf("\ne.m.f of other alternator = %.f V (line-to-line)", E_ll) +printf("\nPower factor of other alternator = %.3f (lagging)", PF_second) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b03931f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.4/Example18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.4 : +// Page number 332-333 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X = 10.0 // Reactance(ohm) +I_a = 220.0 // Armature current(A) +PF = 1.0 // Unity power factor +V = 11000.0 // Phase voltage(V) +emf_raised = 0.2 // EMF rasied by 20% + +// Calculations +I_X = I_a*X // Reactance drop(V) +E_0 = (V**2+I_X**2)**0.5 // EMF(V) +E_00 = (1+emf_raised)*E_0 // New value of induced emf(V) +U = ((E_00**2-I_X**2)**0.5-V)/X // Current(A) +I_1 = (I_a**2+U**2)**0.5 // Current(A) +PF_1 = I_a/I_1 // Lagging power factor +I_X_2 = (E_00**2+V**2)**0.5 // Reactance drop(V) +I_2 = I_X_2/X // Current corresponding to this drop(A) +PF_2 = E_00/I_X_2 // Leading power factor +P_max = V*I_2*PF_2/1000 // Maximum power output(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nNew value of machine current = %.1f A", I_1) +printf("\nNew vaue of power factor, p.f = %.4f (lagging)", PF_1) +printf("\nPower output at which alternator break from synchronism = %.f kW", P_max) +printf("\nCurrent corresponding to maximum load = %.f A", I_2) +printf("\nPower factor corresponding to maximum load = %.4f (leading) \n", PF_2) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c99c94415 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.5/Example18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.5 : +// Page number 333 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 10000.0 // Voltage(V) +rating = 10000.0 // Full load rating(kW) +V_drop_per = 0.2 // Voltage drop of 20% for 10000 kW + +// Calculations +V_drop = V_drop_per*rating // Voltage drop(V) +sin_theta_2 = (V_drop/2)/V // Sin(θ/2) +theta_2 = asind(sin_theta_2) // θ/2(°) +theta = 2.0*theta_2 // Phase angle between busbar sections, θ(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPhase angle between busbar sections, θ = %.2f° \n", theta) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fab1f3b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.6/Example18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.6 : +// Page number 334 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_1 = 20000.0 // Total load(kW) +V = 11000.0 // Voltage(V) +PF_1 = 1.0 // Unity power factor +load_2 = 8000.0 // Load supplied(kW) +PF_2 = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +R = 0.5 // Resistance(ohm/phase) +X = 0.8 // Reactance(ohm/phase) + +// Calculations +I_1 = load_1*1000/(3**0.5*V*PF_1) // Load current(A) +I_2 = load_2*1000/(3**0.5*V*PF_2)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_2)) // Current supplied by local generators(A) +I_3 = I_1-I_2 // Current through interconnector(A) +angle_I_3 = phasemag(I_3) // Current through interconnector leads reference phasor by angle(°) +V_drop = (R+%i*X)*I_3 // Voltage drop across interconnector(V) +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +V_S = V_ph+V_drop // Sending end voltage(V/phase) +V_S_ll = 3**0.5*V_S // Sending end voltage(V) +angle_V_S_ll = phasemag(V_S_ll) // Angle of sending end voltage(°) +PF_S = cosd(angle_I_3-angle_V_S_ll) // Power factor at sending station + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage at this latter station = %.f∠%.2f° V (line-to-line)", abs(V_S_ll),angle_V_S_ll) +printf("\nPower factor at this latter station = %.4f (leading)", PF_S) diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43f7fe3dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.7/Example18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.7 : +// Page number 334 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 33000.0 // Voltage(V) +R = 0.7 // Resistance(ohm/phase) +X = 3.5 // Reactance(ohm/phase) +load_1 = 60.0 // Load on generator at station X(MW) +PF_1 = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +load_2 = 40.0 // Local load taken by consumer(MW) +PF_2 = 0.707 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_1 = load_1*10**6/(3**0.5*V*PF_1)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_1)) // Load current on generator at X(A) +I_2 = load_2*10**6/(3**0.5*V*PF_2)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_2)) // Current due to local load(A) +I_3 = I_1-I_2 // Current through interconnector(A) +angle_I_3 = phasemag(I_3) // Current through interconnector leads reference phasor by angle(°) +V_drop = (R+%i*X)*I_3 // Voltage drop across interconnector(V) +V_Y = V_ph-V_drop // Voltage at Y(V) +angle_V_Y = phasemag(V_Y) // Angle of voltage at Y(°) +phase_diff = angle_I_3-angle_V_Y // Phase difference b/w Y_Y and I_3(°) +PF_Y = cosd(phase_diff) // Power factor of current received by Y +P_Y = 3*abs(V_Y*I_3)*PF_Y/1000.0 // Power received by station Y(kW) +phase_XY = abs(angle_V_Y) // Phase angle b/w voltages of X & Y(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoad received from station X to station Y = %.f kW", P_Y) +printf("\nPower factor of load received by Y = %.4f (lagging)", PF_Y) +printf("\nPhase difference between voltage of X & Y = %.2f° (lagging) \n", phase_XY) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..275567475 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.8/Example18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.8 : +// Page number 335 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_tie = 11000.0 // Tie line Voltage(V) +Z = (3.5+%i*7.0) // Impedance of tie line(ohm/conductor) +V = 6600.0 // Bus bar voltage(V) +Z_per = (2.5+%i*7.5) // Percentage impedance on 1000kVA rating +kVA = 2500.0 // Load receieved by other(kVA) + +// Calculations +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_fl_LV = 100.0*V_tie/V_ph // LV side Full load current of each transformer(A) +R_eq = V_ph*real(Z_per)/(100*I_fl_LV) // Equivalent resistance of transformer(ohm/phase) +X_eq = 3.0*R_eq // Equivalent reactance of transformer(ohm/phase) +R_phase = real(Z)*(V/V_tie)**2 // Resistance of line per phase(ohm) +X_phase = imag(Z)*(V/V_tie)**2 // Resistance of line per phase(ohm) +R_total = 2.0*R_eq+R_phase // Total resistance per phase(ohm) +X_total = 2.0*X_eq+X_phase // Total resistance per phase(ohm) +Z_total = R_total+%i*X_total // Total impedance(ohm/phase) +I = kVA*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Load current(A) +V_drop = I*Z_total // Voltage drop per phase(V) +V_A = V_ph +V_AA = V_A+V_drop // Sending end voltage per phase(V) +V_increase = abs(V_AA)-V_A // Increase in voltage required(V/phase) +percentage_increase = V_increase/V_A*100 // Percentage increase required(%) +phase_diff = phasemag(V_AA) // Angle at which V_A & V_B are displaced(°) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Percentage increase in voltage = %.2f percent", percentage_increase) +printf("\nCase(b): Phase angle difference between the two busbar voltages = %.2f° \n", phase_diff) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Several calculation mistakes in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce b/3472/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f8584bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH18/EX18.9/Example18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 11: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LOAD SHARING OF POWER GENERATING SOURCES + +// EXAMPLE : 11.9 : +// Page number 335-336 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X = 2.80 // Combined reactance(ohm/phase) +load_1 = 7000.0 // Consumer load at station A(kW) +PF_1 = 0.9 // Lagging power factor +V = 11000.0 // Voltage(V) +load_2 = 10000.0 // Load supplied by station B(kW) +PF_2 = 0.75 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_1 = load_1*10**3/(3**0.5*V*PF_1)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_1)) // Current at A due to local load(A) +I_2 = load_2*10**3/(3**0.5*V*PF_2)*exp(%i*-acos(PF_2)) // Current at B due to local load(A) +IA_X = 0.5*(load_1+load_2)*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Current(A) +Y_1 = 220.443/V_ph // Solved manually referring textbook +X_1 = (1-Y_1**2)**0.5 +angle_1 = atand(Y_1/X_1) // Phasor lags by an angle(°) +IA_Y = (6849.09119318-V_ph*X_1)/X // Current(A) +Y_X = IA_Y/IA_X +angle_2 = atand(Y_X) // Angle by which I_A lags behind V_A(°) +PF_A = cosd(angle_2) // Power factor of station A +angle_3 = acosd(PF_2)+angle_1 // Angle by which I_2 lags V_A(°) +I_22 = load_2*10**3/(3**0.5*V*PF_2)*exp(%i*-angle_3*%pi/180) // Current(A) +I = 78.7295821622-%i*(IA_Y-177.942225747) // Current(A) +I_B = I_22-I // Current(A) +angle_4 = abs(phasemag(I_B))-angle_1 // Angle by which I_B lags behind V_B(°) +PF_B = cosd(angle_4) // Power factor of station B + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 11.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPower factor of station A = %.4f (lagging)", PF_A) +printf("\nPower factor of station B = %.4f (lagging)", PF_B) +printf("\nPhase angle between two bus bar voltages = %.f° (V_B lagging V_A)", angle_1) diff --git a/3472/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce b/3472/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..641f5335a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 2: THERMAL STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.1 : +// Page number 25-26 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +//Given data +M = 15000.0+10.0 // Water evaporated(kg) +C = 5000.0+5.0 // Coal consumption(kg) +time = 8.0 // Generation shift time(hours) + +//Calculations +//Case(a) +M1 = M-15000.0 +C1 = C-5000.0 +M_C = M1/C1 // Limiting value of water evaporation(kg) +//Case(b) +kWh = 0 // Station output at no load +consumption_noload = 5000+5*kWh // Coal consumption at no load(kg) +consumption_noload_hr = consumption_noload/time // Coal consumption per hour(kg) + +//Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 2.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Limiting value of water evaporation per kg of coal consumed, M/C = %.f kg", M_C) +printf("\nCase(b): Coal per hour for running station at no load = %.f kg\n", consumption_noload_hr) diff --git a/3472/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce b/3472/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18ba2b484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 2: THERMAL STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.2 : +// Page number 26 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +//Given data +amount = 25.0*10**5 // Amount spent in 1 year(Rs) +value_heat = 5000.0 // Heating value(kcal/kg) +cost = 500.0 // Cost of coal per ton(Rs) +n_ther = 0.35 // Thermal efficiency +n_elec = 0.9 // Electrical efficiency + +//Calculations +n = n_ther*n_elec // Overall efficiency +consumption = amount/cost*1000 // Coal consumption in 1 year(kg) +combustion = consumption*value_heat // Heat of combustion(kcal) +output = n*combustion // Heat output(kcal) +unit_gen = output/860.0 // Annual heat generated(kWh). 1 kWh = 860 kcal +hours_year = 365*24.0 // Total time in a year(hour) +load_average = unit_gen/hours_year // Average load on the power plant(kW) + +//Result +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 2.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAverage load on power plant = %.2f kW\n", load_average) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the final answer in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce b/3472/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9d92df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 2: THERMAL STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.3 : +// Page number 26 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +//Given data +consumption = 0.5 // Coal consumption per kWh output(kg) +cal_value = 5000.0 // Calorific value(kcal/kg) +n_boiler = 0.8 // Boiler efficiency +n_elec = 0.9 // Electrical efficiency + +//Calculations +input_heat = consumption*cal_value // Heat input(kcal) +input_elec = input_heat/860.0 // Equivalent electrical energy(kWh). 1 kWh = 860 kcal +loss_boiler = input_elec*(1-n_boiler) // Boiler loss(kWh) +input_steam = input_elec-loss_boiler // Heat input to steam(kWh) +input_alter = 1/n_elec // Alternator input(kWh) +loss_alter = input_alter*(1-n_elec) // Alternate loss(kWh) +loss_turbine = input_steam-input_alter // Loss in turbine(kWh) +loss_total = loss_boiler+loss_alter+loss_turbine // Total loss(kWh) +output = 1.0 // Output(kWh) +Input = output+loss_total // Input(kWh) + +//Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 2.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nHeat Balance Sheet") +printf("\nLOSSES: Boiler loss = %.3f kWh", loss_boiler) +printf("\n Alternator loss = %.2f kWh", loss_alter) +printf("\n Turbine loss = %.3f kWh", loss_turbine) +printf("\n Total loss = %.2f kWh", loss_total) +printf("\nOUTPUT: %.1f kWh", output) +printf("\nINPUT: %.2f kWh\n", Input) diff --git a/3472/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce b/3472/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654ae14ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH20/EX20.4/Example20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 13: WAVE PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 13.4 : +// Page number 366 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R_1 = 60.0 // Surge impedance of underground cable(ohm) +R_2 = 400.0 // Surge impedance of overhead line(ohm) +e = 100.0 // Maximum value of surge(kV) + +// Calculations +i = e*1000/R_1 // Current(A) +k = (R_2-R_1)/(R_2+R_1) +e_ref = k*e // Reflected voltage(kV) +e_trans = e+e_ref // Transmitted voltage(kV) +e_trans_alt = (1+k)*e // Transmitted voltage(kV). Alternative method +i_ref = -k*i // Reflected current(A) +i_trans = e_trans*1000/R_2 // Transmitted current(A) +i_trans_alt = (1-k)*i // Transmitted current(A). Alternative method + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 13.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nReflected voltage at the junction = %.f kV", e_ref) +printf("\nTransmitted voltage at the junction = %.f kV", e_trans) +printf("\nReflected current at the junction = %.f A", i_ref) +printf("\nTransmitted current at the junction = %.f A\n", i_trans) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in textbook in finding Reflected current") diff --git a/3472/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce b/3472/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bac32f82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH20/EX20.5/Example20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 13: WAVE PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 13.5 : +// Page number 366 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R_A = 500.0 // Surge impedance of line A(ohm) +R_B = 70.0 // Surge impedance of line B(ohm) +R_C = 600.0 // Surge impedance of line C(ohm) +e = 20.0 // Rectangular voltage wave(kV) + +// Calculations +E_2 = e*(1+((R_B-R_A)/(R_B+R_A))) // Transmitted wave(kV) +E_4 = E_2*(1+((R_C-R_B)/(R_C+R_B))) // First voltage impressed on C(kV) +E_3 = E_2*(R_C-R_B)/(R_C+R_B) // Reflected wave(kV) +E_5 = E_3*(R_A-R_B)/(R_A+R_B) // Reflected wave(kV) +E_6 = E_5*(1+((R_C-R_B)/(R_C+R_B))) // Transmitted wave(kV) +second = E_4+E_6 // Second voltage impressed on C(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 13.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFirst voltage impressed on C = %.1f kV", E_4) +printf("\nSecond voltage impressed on C = %.1f kV", second) diff --git a/3472/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce b/3472/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb425a338 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH20/EX20.6/Example20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 13: WAVE PROPAGATION ON TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 13.6 : +// Page number 367 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Z = 100.0 // Surge impedance of cable(ohm) +Z_1 = 600.0 // Surge impedance of open wire(ohm) +Z_2 = 1000.0 // Surge impedance of open wire(ohm) +e = 2.0 // Steep fronted voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +Z_t = Z_1*Z_2/(Z_1+Z_2) // Resultant surge impedance(ohm) +E = e*(1+((Z_t-Z)/(Z_t+Z))) // Transmitted voltage(kV) +I_1 = E*1000/Z_1 // Current(A) +I_2 = E*1000/Z_2 // Current(A) +E_ref = e*(Z_t-Z)/(Z_t+Z) // Reflected voltage(kV) +I_ref = -E_ref*1000/Z // Reflected current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 13.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage in the cable = %.3f kV", E) +printf("\nCurrent in the cable, I_1 = %.2f A", I_1) +printf("\nCurrent in the cable, I_2 = %.3f A", I_2) +printf("\nVoltage in the open-wire lines i.e Reflected voltage = %.3f kV", E_ref) +printf("\nCurrent in the open-wire lines i.e Reflected current = %.2f A", I_ref) diff --git a/3472/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce b/3472/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c81f12e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH21/EX21.1/Example21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 14: LIGHTNING AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING + +// EXAMPLE : 14.1 : +// Page number 382 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +RI_072 = 72000.0 // Charactersistic of lightning arrester +Z_c = 500.0 // Surge impedance(ohm) +V = 500.0 // Surge voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +V_a = 2.0*V // Voltage at the end of line at open-circuit(kV) +ratio_a = V_a/V // Ratio of voltage when line in open-circuited +// Case(b) +I = V*1000/Z_c // Surge current(A) +R = RI_072/(I)**0.72 // Resistance of LA(ohm) +ratio_b = R/Z_c // Ratio of voltage when line is terminated by arrester + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 14.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Ratio of voltages appearing at the end of a line when line is open-circuited = %.f", ratio_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Ratio of voltages appearing at the end of a line when line is terminated by arrester = %.f", ratio_b) diff --git a/3472/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce b/3472/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3087d143 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH21/EX21.2/Example21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 14: LIGHTNING AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING + +// EXAMPLE : 14.2 : +// Page number 383 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +rating = 5000.0 // Rating of transformer(kVA) +V_hv = 66.0 // HV voltage(kV) +V_lv = 11.0 // LV voltage(kV) +V = 66.0 // System voltage(kV) +fluctuation = 0.1 // Voltage fluctuations +BIL = 350.0 // BIL for 66kV(kV) +dynamic_ov = 1.3 // Dynamic over-voltage = 1.3*system operating voltage +V_power_freq = 1.5 // Power frequency breakdown voltage of arrester = 1.5*arrester rating(kV) +lower_limit = 0.05 // Margin of lower limit of arrester rating + +// Calculation & Result +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 14.2 : SOLUTION :-") +V_rating = V*(1+fluctuation)*0.8*(1+lower_limit) // Voltage rating of arrester(kV) +if(round(V_rating)==51) then + V_rating_choosen = 50.0 // Arrester rating choosen(kV) + V_discharge = 176.0 // Discharge voltage for 50kV arrester(kV) + protective_margin = BIL-V_discharge // Protective margin available(kV) + V_power_frequency_bd = V_rating_choosen*V_power_freq // Power frequency breakdown voltage(kV) + Over_voltage_dynamic = dynamic_ov*V/3**0.5 // Dynamic overvoltage(kV) + if(V_power_frequency_bd>Over_voltage_dynamic) then + printf("\nFirst arrester with rating 50 kV (rms) & discharge voltage 176 kV chosen is suitable") + end +elseif(round(V_rating)==61) then + V_rating_choosen = 60.0 // Arrester rating choosen(kV) + V_discharge = 220.0 // Discharge voltage for 50kV arrester(kV) + protective_margin = BIL-V_discharge // Protective margin available(kV) + V_power_frequency_bd = V_rating_choosen*V_power_freq // Power frequency breakdown voltage(kV) + Over_voltage_dynamic = dynamic_ov*V/3**0.5 // Dynamic overvoltage(kV) + if(V_power_frequency_bd>Over_voltage_dynamic) + printf("\nSecond arrester with rating 60 kV (rms) & discharge voltage 220 kV chosen is suitable") + end +else(round(V_rating)==74) then + V_rating_choosen = 73.0 // Arrester rating choosen(kV) + V_discharge = 264.0 // Discharge voltage for 50kV arrester(kV) + protective_margin = BIL-V_discharge // Protective margin available(kV) + V_power_frequency_bd = V_rating_choosen*V_power_freq // Power frequency breakdown voltage(kV) + Over_voltage_dynamic = dynamic_ov*V/3**0.5 // Dynamic overvoltage(kV) + if(V_power_frequency_bd>Over_voltage_dynamic) then + printf("\nThird arrester with rating 73 kV (rms) & discharge voltage 264 kV chosen is suitable") + end +end diff --git a/3472/CH22/EX22.1/Example22_1.sce b/3472/CH22/EX22.1/Example22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83d63de1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH22/EX22.1/Example22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 15: INSULATION CO-ORDINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 15.1 : +// Page number 398-399 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 30.0 // Height of arrester located(m) +BIL = 650.0 // BIL(kV) +de_dt = 1000.0 // Rate of rising surge wave front(kV/µ-sec) +V = 132.0 // Transformer voltage at HV side(kV) +E_a = 400.0 // Discharge voltage of arrester(kV) +v = 3.0*10**8 // Velocity of surge propagation(m/sec) + +// Calculations +E_t = E_a+(2.0*de_dt*L/300) // Highest voltage the transformer is subjected(kV) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 15.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nHighest voltage to which the transformer is subjected, E_t = %.f kV", E_t) diff --git a/3472/CH22/EX22.2/Example22_2.sce b/3472/CH22/EX22.2/Example22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0cd766d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH22/EX22.2/Example22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 15: INSULATION CO-ORDINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 15.2 : +// Page number 399 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_hv = 132.0 // Voltage at the HV side of transformer(kV) +V_lv = 33.0 // Voltage at the LV side of transformer(kV) +V = 860.0 // Insulator allowable voltage(kV) +Z = 400.0 // Line surge impedance(ohm) +BIL = 550.0 // BIL(kV) + +// Calculations +V_rating_LA = V_hv*1.1*0.8 // Voltage rating of LA(kV) +E_a = 351.0 // Discharge voltage at 5 kA(kV) +I_disc = (2*V-E_a)*1000/Z // Discharge current(A) +L_1 = 37.7 // Separation distance in current b/w arrester tap and power transformer tap(m) +dist = 11.0 // Lead length from tap point to ground level(m) +de_dt = 500.0 // Maximum rate of rise of surge(kV/µ-sec) +Inductance = 1.2 // Inductance(µH/metre) +di_dt = 5000.0 // di/dt(A/µ-sec) +lead_drop = Inductance*dist*di_dt/1000 // Drop in the lead(kV) +E_d = E_a+lead_drop // (kV) +V_tr_terminal = E_d+2*de_dt*L_1/300 // Voltage at transformer terminals(kV) +E_t = BIL/1.2 // Highest voltage the transformer is subjected(kV) +L = (E_t-E_a)/(2*de_dt)*300 // Distance at which lightning arrester located from transformer(m) +L_lead = (E_t-E_a*1.1)/(2*de_dt)*300 // Distance at which lightning arrester located from transformer taken 10% lead drop(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 15.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRating of L.A = %.1f kV", V_rating_LA) +printf("\nLocation of L.A, L = %.f m", L) +printf("\nLocation of L.A if 10 percent lead drop is considered, L = %.1f m", L_lead) +printf("\nMaximum distance at which a ligtning arrester is usually connected from transformer is %.f-%.f m", L-2,L+3) diff --git a/3472/CH23/EX23.1/Example23_1.sce b/3472/CH23/EX23.1/Example23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b09c2055 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH23/EX23.1/Example23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 16: POWER SYSTEM GROUNDING + +// EXAMPLE : 16.1 : +// Page number 409 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 132.0*10**3 // Voltage(V) +n = 3.0 // Number of phase +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +l = 50.0 // Line length(km) +C = 0.0157*10**-6 // Capacitance to earth(F/km) + +// Calculations +L = 1/(n*(2*%pi*f)**2*C*l) // Inductance(H) +X_L = 2*%pi*f*L // Reactance(ohm) +I_F = V/(3**0.5*X_L) // Current(A) +rating = I_F*V/(3**0.5*1000) // Rating of arc suppression coil(kVA) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 16.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance, L = %.1f Henry", L) +printf("\nRating of arc suppression coil = %.f kVA \n", rating) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more approximation in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ca53dff1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.1/Example24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.1 : +// Page number 422-423 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +no_phase = 3.0 // Number of phases in ac transmission system +V = 380.0*10**3 // Voltage b/w lines(V) +load = 100.0 // Load(MW) +PF = 0.9 // Power factor +l = 150.0 // Line length(km) +n = 0.92 // Efficiency +r = 0.045 // Resistance(ohm/km/sq.cm) +w_cu_1 = 0.01 // Weight of 1 cm^3 copper(kg) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +P_loss = (1-n)*load // Power loss in the line(MW) +I_L = load*10**6/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current(A) +loss_cu = P_loss/no_phase*10**6 // I^2*R loss per conductor(W) +R = loss_cu/I_L**2 // Resistance per conductor(ohm) +R_km = R/l // Resistance per conductor per km(ohm) +area = r/R_km // Conductor area(Sq.cm) +volume = area*100.0 // Volume of copper per km run(cm^3) +W_cu_km = volume*w_cu_1 // Weight of copper per km run(kg) +W_cu = no_phase*l*1000*W_cu_km // Weight of copper for 3 conductors of 150 km(kg) +// Case(ii) +W_cu_dc = 1.0/2*PF**2*W_cu // Weight of copper conductor in dc(kg) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWeight of copper required for a three-phase transmission system = %.f kg", W_cu) +printf("\nWeight of copper required for the d-c transmission system = %.f kg \n", W_cu_dc) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a018c867 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.2/Example24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.2 : +// Page number 423 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P_1 = 1.0 // Assume P1 to be 1 + +// Calculations +P_2 = (3.0*2)**0.5 // 3-phase power transmitted in terms of P_1 +inc_per = (P_2-P_1)/P_1*100 // Increase in power transmitted(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPercentage increase in power transmitted = %.f percent", inc_per) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96520138e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.3/Example24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.3 : +// Page number 424 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +PF = 0.95 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +P_1 = 1.0 // Power in terms of V*I_1 +P_2 = 2.0*PF**2 // Power in terms of V*I_1 +P_additional_percentage = (P_2-P_1)/P_1*100 // Percentage additional power transmitted in a 3-phase 3-wire system + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPercentage additional power transmitted in a 3-phase 3-wire system = %.f percent", P_additional_percentage) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adc332977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.4/Example24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.4 : +// Page number 424-425 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 3.0 // 3-phase 4 wire ac system + +// Calculations +a2_a1 = 1.0/6 // Ratio of cross-sectional area of 2 wire dc to 3-phase 4-wire system +ratio_cu = 3.5/2*a2_a1 // Copper for 3 phase 4 wire system to copper for 2 wire dc system + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCopper for 3-phase 4-wire system/Copper for 2-wire dc system = %.3f : 1", ratio_cu) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6975ac3c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.5/Example24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.5 : +// Page number 425 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 60.0 // Line length(km) +P = 5.0 // Load(MW) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +V = 33.0*10**3 // Voltage(V) +n = 0.85 // Transmission efficiency +rho = 1.73*10**-8 // Specific resistance of copper(ohm-mt) +density = 8900.0 // Density(kg/mt^3) + +// Calculations +I = P*10**6/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current(A) +line_loss = (1-n)*P*1000/n // Line loss(kW) +line_loss_phase = line_loss/3.0 // Line loss/phase(kW) +R = line_loss_phase*1000/I**2 // Resistance/phase(ohm) +a = rho*L*1000/R // Area of cross section of conductor(m^2) +volume = 3.0*a*L*1000 // Volume of copper(m^3) +W_cu = volume*density // Weight of copper in 3-phase system(kg) +I_1 = P*10**6/V // Current in single phase system(A) +R_1 = line_loss*1000/(2*I_1**2) // Resistance in single phase system(ohm) +a_1 = rho*L*1000/R_1 // Area of cross section of conductor in single phase system(m^2) +volume_1 = 2.0*a_1*L*1000 // Volume of copper(m^3) +W_cu_1 = volume_1*density // Weight of copper in 1-phase system(kg) +reduction_cu = (W_cu-W_cu_1)/W_cu*100 // Reduction in copper(%) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWeight of copper required for 3-phase 2-wire system = %.2e kg", W_cu) +printf("\nReduction of weight of copper possible = %.1f percent \n", reduction_cu) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7a194cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.6/Example24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.6 : +// Page number 427-428 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 250.0 // Cable length(m) +P = 80.0*10**3 // Load(W) +V = 400.0 // Voltage(V) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +time = 4000.0 // Time of operation(hours/annum) +a = poly(0,'a') // Area of each conductor(Sq.cm) +cost_instal = 15.0*a+25 // Cost of cable including installation(Rs/m) +interest_per = 0.1 // Interest & depreciation +cost_waste_per = 0.1 // Cost of energy wasted(Rs/unit) +r = 0.173 // Resistance per km of 1 cm^2(ohm) + +// Calculations +I = P/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current(A) +energy_waste = 3.0*I**2*r/a*L*10**-3*time*10**-3 // Energy wasted per annum(kWh) +cost_energy_waste = cost_waste_per*energy_waste // Annual cost of energy wasted as losses(Rs) +capitaL_cost_cable = cost_instal*L // Capital cost of cable(Rs) +annual_cost_cable = capitaL_cost_cable*cost_waste_per // Annual cost on cable(Rs) +area = (1081.25/375)**0.5 // Area = a(Sq.cm). Simplified and taken final answer + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEconomical cross-section of a 3-core distributor cable, a = %.1f cm^2", area) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73082f6ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.7/Example24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.7 : +// Page number 428 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 110.0*10**3 // Voltage(V) +l_1 = 24.0*10**6 // Load(MW) +t_1 = 6.0 // Time(hours) +l_2 = 8.0*10**6 // Load(MW) +t_2 = 6.0 // Time(hours) +l_3 = 4.0*10**6 // Load(MW) +t_3 = 12.0 // Time(hours) +PF = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +a = poly(0,'a') // Cross-section of each conductor(Sq.cm) +cost_line = 12000.0+8000*a // Cost of line including erection(Rs/km) +R = 0.19/a // Resistance per km of each conductor(ohm) +cost_energy = 8.0/100 // Energy cost(Rs/unit) +interest_per = 0.1 // Interest & depreciation. Assumption + +// Calculations +annual_charge = interest_per*cost_line // Total annual charge(Rs) +I_1 = l_1/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current for load 1(A) +I_2 = l_2/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current for load 2(A) +I_3 = l_3/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current for load 3(A) +I_2_t = I_1**2*t_1+I_2**2*t_2+I_3**2*t_3 // I^2*t +annual_energy = 3.0*R*365/1000*I_2_t // Annual energy consumption on account of losses(kWh) +cost_waste = annual_energy*cost_energy // Cost of energy wasted per annum(Rs) +area = (2888.62809917355/800.0)**0.5 // Economical cross-section = a(Sq.cm). Simplified and taken final answer + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMost economical cross-section, a = %.2f cm^2", area) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5522c76d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.8/Example24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.8 : +// Page number 428-429 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cost_km_cu = 2800.0 // Cost per km for each copper conductor of sq.cm(Rs) +LF_I = 80.0/100 // Load factor of load current +LF_loss = 65.0/100 // Load factor of losses +interest_per = 10.0/100 // Rate of interest and depreciation +cost_energy = 5.0/100 // Cost of energy(Rs/kWh) +rho = 1.78*10**-8 // Resistivity(ohm-m) + +// Calculations +P_2 = cost_km_cu*interest_per // Cost in terms of L(Rs) +time_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +P_3 = cost_energy*rho*10**4*time_year*LF_loss // Cost in terms of I^2 & L(Rs) +delta = (P_2/P_3)**0.5 // Economical current density for the transmission line(A/sq.cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMost economical current density for the transmission line, δ = %.f A/sq.cm", delta) diff --git a/3472/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce b/3472/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47de007ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH24/EX24.9/Example24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 17: ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 17.9 : +// Page number 429 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 1000.0 // Maximum demand(kW) +energy_cons = 5.0*10**6 // Annual energy consumption(kWh) +PF = 0.85 // Power factor +capital_cost = 80000.0 // Capital cost of cable(Rs/km) +cost_energy = 5.0/100 // Energy cost(Rs/kWh) +interest_per = 10.0/100 // Rate of interest and depreciation +r_specific = 1.72*10**-6 // Specific resistance of copper(ohm/cubic.cm) +V = 11.0 // Voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +I = MD/(3**0.5*V*PF) // Line current corresponding to maximum demand(A) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +LF = energy_cons/(MD*hours_year) // Load factor +loss_LF = 0.25*LF+0.75*LF**2 // Loss load factor +P_2 = capital_cost*interest_per // Cost in terms of L(Rs) +P_3 = 3.0*I**2*r_specific*10**4*hours_year*loss_LF*cost_energy // Cost in terms of I^2 & L(Rs) +a = (P_3/P_2)**0.5 // Most economical cross-section of conductor(sq.cm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 17.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMost economical cross-section of the conductor, a = %.2f cm^2 \n", a) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.1/Example25_1.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.1/Example25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb15cb6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.1/Example25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.1 : +// Page number 437 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_A = 225.0 // Potential at point A(V) +R_A = 5.0 // Resistance of line A(ohm) +V_B = 210.0 // Potential at point B(V) +R_B = 1.0 // Resistance of line B(ohm) +V_C = 230.0 // Potential at point C(V) +R_C = 1.0 // Resistance of line C(ohm) +V_D = 230.0 // Potential at point D(V) +R_D = 2.0 // Resistance of line D(ohm) +V_E = 240.0 // Potential at point E(V) +R_E = 2.0 // Resistance of line E(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_0 = ((V_A/R_A)+(V_B/R_B)+(V_C/R_C)+(V_D/R_D)+(V_E/R_E))/((1/R_A)+(1/R_B)+(1/R_C)+(1/R_D)+(1/R_E)) // Potential at point O(V) +I_A = (V_A-V_0)/R_A // Current leaving supply point A(A) +I_B = (V_B-V_0)/R_B // Current leaving supply point B(A) +I_C = (V_C-V_0)/R_C // Current leaving supply point C(A) +I_D = (V_D-V_0)/R_D // Current leaving supply point D(A) +I_E = (V_E-V_0)/R_E // Current leaving supply point E(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPotential of point O, V_0 = %.f V", V_0) +printf("\nCurrent leaving supply point A, I_A = %.f A", I_A) +printf("\nCurrent leaving supply point B, I_B = %.f A", I_B) +printf("\nCurrent leaving supply point C, I_C = %.f A", I_C) +printf("\nCurrent leaving supply point D, I_D = %.2f A", I_D) +printf("\nCurrent leaving supply point E, I_E = %.2f A", I_E) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.2/Example25_2.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.2/Example25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b736b34c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.2/Example25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.2 : +// Page number 437-438 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I = 600.0 // Constant current drawn(A) +D = 8.0 // Distance b/w two sub-stations(km) +V_A = 575.0 // Potential at point A(V) +V_B = 590.0 // Potential at point B(V) +R = 0.04 // Track resistance(ohm/km) + +// Calculations +x = poly(0,'x') // x(km) +I_A = ((-V_B+R*I*D+V_A)-(R*I)*x)/(D*R) // Simplifying +V_P = V_A-I_A*R*x // Potential at P in terms of x(V) +dVP_dx = derivat(V_P) // dV_P/dx +x_sol = roots(dVP_dx) // Value of x(km) +I_A_1 = ((-V_B+R*I*D+V_A)-(R*I)*x_sol)/(D*R) // Current drawn from end A(A) +I_B = I-I_A_1 // Current drawn from end B(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPoint of minimum potential along the track, x = %.2f km", x_sol) +printf("\nCurrent supplied by station A, I_A = %.f A", I_A_1) +printf("\nCurrent supplied by station B, I_B = %.f A \n", I_B) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.3/Example25_3.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.3/Example25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1ccbba6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.3/Example25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.3 : +// Page number 438-439 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 400.0 // Length of cable(m) +i = 1.0 // Load(A/m) +I_1 = 120.0 // Current at 40m from end A(A) +l_1 = 40.0 // Distance from end A(A) +I_2 = 72.0 // Current at 72m from end A(A) +l_2 = 120.0 // Distance from end A(A) +I_3 = 48.0 // Current at 200m from end A(A) +l_3 = 200.0 // Distance from end A(A) +I_4 = 120.0 // Current at 320m from end A(A) +l_4 = 320.0 // Distance from end A(A) +r = 0.15 // Cable resistance(ohm/km) +V_A = 250.0 // Voltage at end A(A) +V_B = 250.0 // Voltage at end A(A) + +// Calculations +I = poly(0,"I") // Current from end A(A) +A_A1 = l_1*r*(I-(1.0/2)*i*l_1) // Drop over length(V) +I_d_1 = 40.0 // Distributed tapped off current(A) +I_A1_A2 = I-l_1-l_2 // Current fed in over length(A) +A1_A2 = (l_2-l_1)*r*(I_A1_A2-(1.0/2)*i*(l_2-l_1)) // Drop over length(V) +I_d_2 = 80.0 // Distributed tapped off current(A) +I_A2_A3 = I_A1_A2-(I_2+I_d_2) // Current fed in over length(A) +A2_A3 = (l_3-l_2)*r*(I_A2_A3-(1.0/2)*i*(l_3-l_2)) // Drop over length(V) +I_d_3 = 80.0 // Distributed tapped off current(A) +I_A3_A4 = I_A2_A3-(I_3+I_d_3) // Current fed in over length(A) +A3_A4 = (l_4-l_3)*r*(I_A3_A4-(1.0/2)*i*(l_4-l_3)) // Drop over length(V) +I_d_4 = 120.0 // Distributed tapped off current(A) +I_A4_B = I_A3_A4-(I_4+I_d_4) // Current fed in over length(A) +A4_B = (l-l_4)*r*(I_A4_B-(1.0/2)*i*(l-l_4)) // Drop over length(V) +V_drop = A_A1+A1_A2+A2_A3+A3_A4+A4_B // Total voltage drop in terms of I +I = roots(V_drop) // Current(A) +I_total = 760.0 // Total load current(A) +I_B = I_total-I // Current from B(A) +A_A3 = 2.0*r/1000*(l_1*(I-20)+(l_2-l_1)*(I-200)+(l_3-l_2)*(I-352)) // Potential drop over length A_A3(V) +V_A3 = V_A-A_A3 // Voltage at the lowest run lamp(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPosition of lowest-run lamp, A_3 = %.f m", l_3) +printf("\nVoltage at the lowest-run lamp = %.1f V", V_A3) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.4/Example25_4.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.4/Example25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b45f361 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.4/Example25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.4 : +// Page number 439 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 450.0 // Length of wire(m) +V_A = 250.0 // Voltage at end A(V) +V_B = 250.0 // Voltage at end A(V) +r = 0.05 // Conductor resistance(ohm/km) +i = 1.5 // Load(A/m) +I_C = 20.0 // Current at C(A) +l_C = 60.0 // Distance to C from A(m) +I_D = 40.0 // Current at D(A) +l_D = 100.0 // Distance to D from A(m) +l_E = 200.0 // Distance to E from A(m) + +// Calculations +x = poly(0,"x") // Current to point D from end A(A) +AD = (I_C+x)*r*l_C+x*r*(l_D-l_C) // Drop in length AD +BD = (i*r*V_A**2/2)+(I_D-x)*r*(450-l_D) // Drop in length BD +x_sol = roots(AD-BD) // Current(A) +I_F = x_sol-I_D // Current supplied to load from end A(A) +l_F = l_E+(I_F/i) // Point of minimum potential at F from A(m) +V_F = V_B-(375.0-I_F)*(250-(l_F-200))*r/1000 // Potential at F from end B(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPoint of minimum potential occurs at F from A = %.2f metres", l_F) +printf("\nPotential at point F = %.2f V", V_F) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.6/Example25_6.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.6/Example25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d6e7dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.6/Example25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.6 : +// Page number 440-441 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l_AB = 100.0 // Length between A & B(m) +l_BC = 150.0 // Length between B & C(m) +l_CD = 200.0 // Length between C & D(m) +l_AD = 350.0 // Length between A & D(m) +l_AE = 200.0 // Length between A & E(m) +l_ED = 250.0 // Length between E & D(m) +I_B = 10.0 // Current at B(A) +I_C = 20.0 // Current at C(A) +I_D = 50.0 // Current at D(A) +I_E = 39.0 // Current at E(A) + +// Calculations +x = poly(0,"x") // Current in section AB(A) +ABCDEA = x*l_AB+(x-I_B)*l_BC+(x-I_B-I_C)*l_CD+(x-I_B-I_C-I_D)*l_ED+(x-I_B-I_C-I_D-I_E)*l_AE // KVL around loop ABCDEA +x_sol = roots(ABCDEA) // Current in section AB(A) +V_AD = x_sol*l_AB+(x_sol-I_B)*l_BC+(x_sol-I_B-I_C)*l_CD // Voltage drop from A to D in terms of Ï/a_1(V) +R_AD = (l_AB+l_BC+l_CD)*(l_AE+l_ED)/(l_AB+l_BC+l_CD+l_AE+l_ED) // Resistance of n/w across terminals AD in terms of Ï/a +I_AD = V_AD/(R_AD+l_AD) // Current in interconnector AD(A) +V_A_D = I_AD*l_AD // Voltage drop between A & D in terms of Ï/a_2 +a2_a1 = V_A_D/V_AD +length_with = (l_AB+l_BC+l_CD+l_AE+l_ED+l_AD) // Length of conductor with interconnector(m) +length_without = (l_AB+l_BC+l_CD+l_AE+l_ED) // Length of conductor without interconnector(m) +volume_with = a2_a1*length_with/length_without // Weight of copper with interconnector + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRatio of weight of copper with & without interconnector = %.3f : 1 (or) 1 : %.2f", volume_with,1/volume_with) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.7/Example25_7.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.7/Example25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4924ab19e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.7/Example25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.7 : +// Page number 441-442 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +r_out = 0.05 // Resistance of each outer per 100 metre length(ohm) +r_neutral = 0.10 // Resistance of each neutral per 100 metre length(ohm) +V_A = 200.0 // Potential at point A(V) +V_B = 200.0 // Potential at point B(V) +l_AC = 100.0 // Length between A & C(m) +l_CD = 150.0 // Length between C & D(m) +l_DB = 200.0 // Length between D & B(m) +l_AF = 200.0 // Length between A & F(m) +l_FE = 100.0 // Length between F & E(m) +l_EB = 150.0 // Length between E & B(m) +I_C = 20.0 // Current at point C(A) +I_D = 30.0 // Current at point D(A) +I_F = 60.0 // Current at point F(A) +I_E = 40.0 // Current at point E(A) + +// Calculations +x = poly(0,"x") // Current in positive outer alone(A) +equ_1 = r_out*(l_DB*(I_D-x))-r_out*(l_AC*(I_C+x)+l_CD*x) +x_sol = roots(equ_1) // Current in positive outer alone(A) +y = poly(0,"y") // Current in negative outer alone(A) +equ_2 = r_out*((I_E-y)*l_FE+(I_E+I_F-y)*l_AF)-r_out*(l_EB*y) +y_sol = roots(equ_2) // Current in negative outer alone(A) +I_pos_out = I_C+x_sol // Current entering positive outer(A) +I_neg_out = I_E+I_F-y_sol // Current returning via negative outer(A) +I_middle = I_neg_out-I_pos_out // Current in the middle wire towards G(A) +r_CD = r_out*l_CD/100.0 // Resistance between C & D(ohm) +r_D = r_out*l_DB/100.0 // Resistance between D & B(ohm) +r_IH = r_neutral*l_FE*0.5/100.0 // Resistance between I & H(ohm) +r_IJ = r_neutral*l_FE*0.5/100.0 // Resistance between I & J(ohm) +r_GH = r_neutral*l_AF*0.5/100.0 // Resistance between G & H(ohm) +r_AF = r_out*l_AF/100.0 // Resistance between A & F(ohm) +I_CD = x_sol // Current flowing into D from C(A) +I_out_D = I_D-x_sol // Current flowing into D from outer side(A) +I_GH = I_C+I_middle // Current flowing into H from G(A) +I_IH = I_F-I_GH // Current flowing into H from I(A) +I_BJ = I_E-(I_D-I_IH) // Current flowing into J from B(A) +I_FE = y_sol-I_E // Current flowing into E from F(A) +I_IJ = I_D-I_IH // Current flowing into J from I(A) +V_C = V_A-(I_pos_out*r_out-I_middle*r_neutral) // Potential at load point C(A) +V_D = V_C-(I_CD*r_CD+I_IH*r_IH-I_GH*r_GH) // Potential at load point D(A) +V_F = V_A-(I_middle*r_neutral+I_GH*r_neutral+I_neg_out*r_AF) // Potential at load point F(A) +V_E = V_F-(-I_IH*r_IH+I_IJ*r_IJ-I_FE*r_out) // Potential at load point E(A) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPotential difference at load point C = %.3f V", V_C) +printf("\nPotential difference at load point D = %.3f V", V_D) +printf("\nPotential difference at load point E = %.3f V", V_E) +printf("\nPotential difference at load point F = %.3f V", V_F) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.8/Example25_8.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.8/Example25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a9061b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.8/Example25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.8 : +// Page number 442-443 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 440.0 // Voltage between outer(V) +I_pos = 210.0 // Ligting load current on positive side(A) +I_neg = 337.0 // Ligting load current on negative side(A) +I_power = 400.0 // Power load current(A) +P_loss = 1.5 // Loss in each balancer machine(kW) + +// Calculations +P = I_power*V/1000.0 // Power(kW) +load_pos = I_pos*V*0.5/1000.0 // Load on positive side(kW) +load_neg = I_neg*V*0.5/1000.0 // Load on negative side(kW) +loss_total = 2*P_loss // Total loss on rotary balancer set(kW) +load_main = P+load_pos+load_neg+loss_total // Load on main machine(kW) +I = load_main*1000/V // Current(A) +I_M = I-610.0 // Current through balancer machine(A) +I_G = 127.0-I_M // Current through generator(A) +output_G = I_G*V*0.5/1000.0 // Output of generator(kW) +input_M = I_M*V*0.5/1000.0 // Input to balancer machine(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoad on the main machine = %.2f kW", load_main) +printf("\nOutput of generator = %.2f kW", output_G) +printf("\nInput to balancer machine = %.2f kW", input_M) diff --git a/3472/CH25/EX25.9/Example25_9.sce b/3472/CH25/EX25.9/Example25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ec686ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH25/EX25.9/Example25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 18: POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 18.9 : +// Page number 444 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_a = 11.0*10**3 // Line voltage at A(V) +Z_AB = complex(1.0,0.8) // Impedance between A & B(ohm) +Z_AC = complex(3.0,2.0) // Impedance between A & C(ohm) +Z_BD = complex(3.0,4.0) // Impedance between B & D(ohm) +Z_CD = complex(1.0,0.7) // Impedance between C & D(ohm) +I_B = 60.0 // Current at B(A) +I_C = 30.0 // Current at C(A) +I_D = 50.0 // Current at D(A) +pf_B = 0.8 // Power factor at B +pf_C = 0.9 // Power factor at C +pf_D = 0.707 // Power factor at D + +// Calculations +sin_phi_B = (1-pf_B**2)**0.5 +I_B1 = I_B*(pf_B-%i*sin_phi_B) // Load current(A) +sin_phi_C = (1-pf_C**2)**0.5 +I_C1 = I_C*(pf_C-%i*sin_phi_C) // Load current(A) +sin_phi_D = (1-pf_D**2)**0.5 +I_D1 = I_D*(pf_D-%i*sin_phi_D) // Load current(A) +V_A = V_a/3**0.5 // Phase voltage at A(V) +I_AC = I_C1 // Current in section AC when C & D is removed(A) +I_BD = I_D1 // Current in section BD when C & D is removed(A) +I_AB = I_B1+I_D1 // Current in section AB when C & D is removed(A) +V_AC_drop = I_AC*Z_AC // Voltage drop at section AC(V) +V_AB_drop = I_AB*Z_AB // Voltage drop at section AB(V) +V_BD_drop = I_BD*Z_BD // Voltage drop at section BD(V) +V_drop_D = V_BD_drop+V_AB_drop // Total drop upto D(V) +pd_CD = V_drop_D-V_AC_drop // Potential difference between C & D(V) +Z_C_D = Z_AB+Z_BD+Z_AC // Impedance of network looking from terminal C & D(ohm) +I_CD = pd_CD/(Z_C_D+Z_CD) // Current flowing in section CD(A) +I_AC = I_CD+I_C1 // Current flowing in section AC(A) +I_BD = I_D1-I_CD // Current flowing in section BD(A) +I_AB = I_BD+I_B1 // Current flowing in section AB(A) +V_drop_AC = I_AC*Z_AC // Drop caused by current flowing in section AC(V/phase) +V_drop_AC_line = V_drop_AC*3**0.5 // Drop caused by current flowing in section AC(V) +V_C = V_a-V_drop_AC_line // Voltage at C(V) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 18.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent in section CD, I_CD = (%.2f%.2fj) A", real(I_CD),imag(I_CD)) +printf("\nCurrent in section AC, I_AC = (%.2f%.2fj) A", real(I_AC),imag(I_AC)) +printf("\nCurrent in section BD, I_BD = (%.2f%.2fj) A", real(I_BD),imag(I_BD)) +printf("\nCurrent in section AB, I_AB = (%.2f%.2fj) A", real(I_AB),imag(I_AB)) +printf("\nVoltage at load point C = %.2f∠%.2f° kV", abs(V_C)/1000,phasemag(V_C)) diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.1/Example27_1.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.1/Example27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..330f770b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.1/Example27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.1 : +// Page number 466-467 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 500.0 // Generator voltage(V) +rating = 10.0 // Rating of the generator(kVA) +n_up = 1.0/2 // Turns ratio of step-up transformer +Z_line = complex(1.0,2.0) // Transmission line impedance(ohm) +n_down = 10.0/1 // Turns ratio of step-down transformer +load = complex(2.0,4.0) // Load(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_base_gen = V // Base voltage(V) +kVA_base_gen = rating // Base rating(kVA) +I_base_gen = kVA_base_gen*1000/V_base_gen // Base current(A) +Z_base_gen = V_base_gen/I_base_gen // Base impedance(ohm) +V_base_line = V_base_gen/n_up // Voltage base of the transmission line(V) +kVA_base_line = rating // Base rating of transmission line(kVA) +I_base_line = kVA_base_line*1000/V_base_line // Base current of transmission line(A) +Z_base_line = V_base_line/I_base_line // Base impedance of transmission line(ohm) +Z_line_1 = Z_line/Z_base_line // Impedance of transmission line(p.u) +V_base_load = V_base_line/n_down // Base voltage at the load(V) +kVA_base_load = rating // Base rating of load(kVA) +I_base_load = kVA_base_load*1000/V_base_load // Base current of load(A) +Z_base_load = V_base_load/I_base_load // Base impedance of load(ohm) +Z_load = load/Z_base_load // Load impedance(p.u) +Z_total = Z_line_1+Z_load // Total impedance(p.u) +I = 1.0/Z_total // Current(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent, I = %.3f∠%.2f° p.u", abs(I),phasemag(I)) diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.10/Example27_10.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.10/Example27_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee218b356 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.10/Example27_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.10 : +// Page number 472 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_alt = 625.0 // Alternator rating(kVA) +V_alt = 480.0 // Voltage rating of alternator(V) +load = 500.0 // Load(kW) +V_load = 480.0 // Load voltage(V) +X_st = 8.0/100 // Sub-transient reactance + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 625.0 // Base kVA +V_base = 480.0 // Base voltage(V) +I_load = load/kVA_base // Load cuurent(A) +V = 1.0 // Terminal voltage(p.u) +E_st = V+%i*I_load*X_st // Sub-transient voltage(p.u) +I_st = E_st/(%i*X_st) // Sub-transient current(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInitial symmetrical rms current at the generator terminal = (%.1f%.1fj) p.u", real(I_st),imag(I_st)) diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.11/Example27_11.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.11/Example27_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74e57098 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.11/Example27_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.11 : +// Page number 472-473 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X_d_st_G = 0.15 // Sub-transient reactance of generator(p.u) +X_d_st_M = 0.45 // Sub-transient reactance of motor(p.u) +X = 0.10 // Leakage reactance of transformer(p.u) +V = 0.9 // Terminal voltage of the generator(p.u) +I_G = 1.0 // Output current of the generator(p.u) +PF = 0.8 // Power factor of the load + +// Calculations +sin_phi = (1-PF**2)**0.5 +I = I_G*(PF+%i*sin_phi) // Load current(p.u) +E_st_G = V+%i*I*X_d_st_G // Sub-transient voltage of the generator(p.u) +E_st_M = V-%i*I*X_d_st_M // Sub-transient voltage of the motor(p.u) +I_st_g = E_st_G/(%i*(X_d_st_G+X)) // Sub-transient current in the generator at fault(p.u) +I_st_m = E_st_M/(%i*(X_d_st_M-X)) // Sub-transient current in the motor at fault(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Sub-transient current in the fault in generator = %.3f∠%.3f° p.u", abs(I_st_g),phasemag(I_st_g)) +printf("\nCase(b): Sub-transient current in the fault in motor = %.3f∠%.2f° p.u \n", abs(I_st_m),180+phasemag(I_st_m)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Sub-transient reactance of motor is 0.45 p.u & not 0.35 p.u as mentioned in textbook statement") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.12/Example27_12.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.12/Example27_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6106a0e66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.12/Example27_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.12 : +// Page number 473-474 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_G = 625.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +V_G = 2.4 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_st_G = 8.0/100 // Sub-transient reactance of generator +rating_M = 250.0 // Motor rating(HP) +V_M = 2.4 // Voltage rating of motor(kV) +n = 90.0/100 // Efficiency of motor +X_st_M = 20.0/100 // Sub-transient reactance of motor + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 625.0 // Base kVA +input_M = rating_M*0.746/n // Each motor input(kVA) +X_st_m_pu = X_st_M*kVA_base/input_M // Sub-transient reactance of motor(p.u) +I_base = kVA_base/(3**0.5*V_M) // Base current(A) +Z_th = %i*X_st_m_pu/3*X_st_G/(X_st_m_pu/3+X_st_G) // Thevenin impedance(p.u) +I_st = 1.0/Z_th // Initial symmetrical current at F(p.u) +I_st_g = I_st*(X_st_m_pu/3/(X_st_m_pu/3+X_st_G)) // Fault current rating of generator breaker(p.u) +I_st_m = (I_st-I_st_g)/3 // Fault current rating of each motor breaker(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSub-transient fault current at F = %.2fj p.u", imag(I_st)) +printf("\nFault current rating of generator breaker = %.1fj p.u", imag(I_st_g)) +printf("\nFault current rating of each motor breaker = %.2fj p.u", imag(I_st_m)) diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.2/Example27_2.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.2/Example27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9de270bce --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.2/Example27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.2 : +// Page number 467-468 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 33.0 // Transmission line operating voltage(kV) +R = 5.0 // Transmission line resistance(ohm) +X = 20.0 // Transmission line reactance(ohm) +kVA_tr = 5000.0 // Rating of step-up transformer(kVA) +X_tr = 6.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +kVA_A = 10000.0 // Rating of alternator A(kVA) +X_A = 10.0 // Reactance of alternator A(%) +kVA_B = 5000.0 // Rating of alternator B(kVA) +X_B = 7.5 // Reactance of alternator B(%) + +// Calculations +kVA_base = kVA_A // Base rating(kVA) +X_gen_A = X_A*kVA_base/kVA_A // Reactance of generator A(%) +X_gen_B = X_B*kVA_base/kVA_B // Reactance of generator B(%) +X_trans = X_tr*kVA_base/kVA_tr // Reactance of transformer(%) +X_per = kVA_base*X/(10*kV**2) // X(%) +R_per = kVA_base*R/(10*kV**2) // R(%) +Z_F1 = (X_gen_A*X_gen_B/(X_gen_A+X_gen_B))+X_trans // Impedance upto fault(%) +kVA_F1 = kVA_base*(100/Z_F1) // Short-circuit kVA fed into the fault(kVA) +R_per_F2 = R_per // R(%) +X_per_F2 = X_per+Z_F1 // X(%) +Z_F2 = (R_per_F2**2+X_per_F2**2)**0.5 // Total impedance upto F2(%) +kVA_F2 = kVA_base*(100/Z_F2) // Short-circuit kVA fed into the fault at F2(kVA) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): kVA at a short-circuit fault between phases at the HV terminal of transformers = %.f kVA", kVA_F1) +printf("\nCase(b): kVA at a short-circuit fault between phases at load end of transmission line = %.f kVA \n", kVA_F2) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here & approximation in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.3/Example27_3.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.3/Example27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f219efe4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.3/Example27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.3 : +// Page number 468-469 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_a = 40000.0 // Capacity of transmission line(kVA) +x_a = 10.0 // Reactance of transmission line(%) +kVA_b = 20000.0 // Capacity of transmission line(kVA) +x_b = 5.0 // Reactance of transmission line(%) +kVA_c = 50000.0 // Capacity of transmission line(kVA) +x_c = 20.0 // Reactance of transmission line(%) +kVA_d = 30000.0 // Capacity of transmission line(kVA) +x_d = 15.0 // Reactance of transmission line(%) +kVA_e = 10000.0 // Capacity of transmission line(kVA) +x_e = 6.0 // Reactance of transmission line(%) +kVA_T1 = 150000.0 // Capacity of transformer(kVA) +x_T1 = 10.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +kVA_T2 = 50000.0 // Capacity of transformer(kVA) +x_T2 = 8.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +kVA_T3 = 20000.0 // Capacity of transformer(kVA) +x_T3 = 5.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +kVA_GA = 150000.0 // Capacity of generator(kVA) +x_sA = 90.0 // Synchronous reactance of generator(%) +x_tA = 30.0 // Transient reactance of generator(%) +kVA_GB = 50000.0 // Capacity of generator(kVA) +x_sB = 50.0 // Synchronous reactance of generator(%) +x_tB = 17.5 // Transient reactance of generator(%) +V = 33.0 // Feeder voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 200000.0 // Base rating(kVA) +X_a = kVA_base/kVA_a*x_a // Reactance(%) +X_b = kVA_base/kVA_b*x_b // Reactance(%) +X_c = kVA_base/kVA_c*x_c // Reactance(%) +X_d = kVA_base/kVA_d*x_d // Reactance(%) +X_e = kVA_base/kVA_e*x_e // Reactance(%) +X_T1 = kVA_base/kVA_T1*x_T1 // Reactance(%) +X_T2 = kVA_base/kVA_T2*x_T2 // Reactance(%) +X_T3 = kVA_base/kVA_T3*x_T3 // Reactance(%) +X_sA = kVA_base/kVA_GA*x_sA // Synchronous reactance(%) +X_tA = kVA_base/kVA_GA*x_tA // Transient reactance(%) +X_sB = kVA_base/kVA_GB*x_sB // Synchronous reactance(%) +X_tB = kVA_base/kVA_GB*x_tB // Transient reactance(%) +X_eq_ab = X_a+X_b // Equivalent reactance of transmission lines a & b(%) +X_eq_abc = X_eq_ab*X_c/(X_eq_ab+X_c) // Equivalent reactance of transmission line c with series combination of a & b(%) +X_CF = (X_eq_abc+X_sA)*X_d/(X_eq_abc+X_sA+X_d) // Total reactance b/w sub-station C & F(%) +// Case(i) +X_tr_genA = kVA_base/kVA_GA*x_tA // Reactance in transient state of generator A(%) +X_T1_tr = kVA_base/kVA_T1*x_T1 // Reactance in transient state of transformer T1(%) +X_CF_tr = X_CF // Total reactance in transient state b/w sub-station C & F(%) +X_eq_tAF = X_tr_genA+X_T1_tr+X_CF_tr // Equivalent transient reactance from generator A to substation F(%) +X_tr_genB = kVA_base/kVA_GB*x_tB // Reactance in transient state of generator B(%) +X_T2_tr = kVA_base/kVA_T2*x_T2 // Reactance in transient state of transformer T2(%) +X_eq_tBF = X_tr_genB+X_T2_tr // Equivalent transient reactance from generator B to substation F(%) +X_eq_tF = X_eq_tAF*X_eq_tBF/(X_eq_tAF+X_eq_tBF) // Equivalent transient reactance upto substation F(%) +X_eq_tfault = X_eq_tF+X_T3 // Equivalent transient reactance upto fault point(%) +kVA_t_sc = kVA_base/X_eq_tfault*100 // Transient short circuit kVA(kVA) +I_t_sc = kVA_t_sc/(3**0.5*V) // Transient short circuit rms current(A) +I_t_sc_peak = 2**0.5*I_t_sc // Peak value of transient short circuit current(A) +// Case(ii) +X_S_genA = kVA_base/kVA_GA*x_sA // Reactance in steady state of generator A(%) +X_eq_SAF = X_S_genA+X_T1+X_CF // Equivalent steady state reactance from generator A to substation F(%) +X_eq_SBF = X_sB+X_T2 // Equivalent steady state reactance from generator B to substation F(%) +X_eq_SF = X_eq_SAF*X_eq_SBF/(X_eq_SAF+X_eq_SBF) // Equivalent steady state reactance upto substation F(%) +X_eq_Sfault = X_eq_SF+X_T3 // Equivalent steady state reactance upto fault point(%) +kVA_S_sc = kVA_base/X_eq_Sfault*100 // Steady state short circuit kVA(kVA) +I_S_sc = kVA_S_sc/(3**0.5*V) // Sustained short circuit rms current(A) +I_S_sc_peak = 2**0.5*I_S_sc // Peak value of sustained short circuit current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Transient short circuit current at X = %.f A (peak value)", I_t_sc_peak) +printf("\nCase(ii): Sustained short circuit current at X = %.f A (peak value) \n", I_S_sc_peak) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.4/Example27_4.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.4/Example27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03026583b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.4/Example27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.4 : +// Page number 469-470 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_gen = 21000.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +kV_gen = 13.8 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_tr_gen = 30.0 // Transient reactance of generator(%) +kVA_trans = 7000.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +kV_trans_lv = 13.8 // LV voltage rating of transformer(kV) +kV_trans_hv = 66.0 // HV voltage rating of transformer(kV) +X_trans = 8.4 // Reactance of transformer(%) +l = 50.0 // Tie line length(miles) +x = 0.848 // Reactance of tie line(ohm/mile) +l_fault = 20.0 // Location of fault from station A(miles) + +// Calculations +kVA_base = kVA_gen // Base rating(kVA) +X_A = X_tr_gen // Reactance of generator A(%) +X_B = X_tr_gen // Reactance of generator B(%) +X_T1 = 3.0*X_trans // Reactance of transformer T1(%) +X_T2 = 3.0*X_trans // Reactance of transformer T2(%) +X_1 = kVA_base/(10*kV_trans_hv**2)*x*l_fault // Reactance(%) +X_2 = X_1*(l-l_fault)/l_fault // Reactance(%) +X_AF = X_A+X_T1+X_1 // Resultant reactance A to F(%) +X_BF = X_B+X_T2+X_2 // Resultant reactance B to F(%) +X_eq_fault = X_AF*X_BF/(X_AF+X_BF) // Equivalent reactance upto fault(%) +kVA_SC = kVA_base/X_eq_fault*100 // Short circuit kVA((kVA) +I_SC = kVA_SC/(3**0.5*kV_trans_hv) // Short circuit current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nShort circuit current = %.f A \n", I_SC) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.5/Example27_5.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.5/Example27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f48af78f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.5/Example27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.5 : +// Page number 470-471 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_G1 = 100.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +X_G1 = 30.0 // Reactance of generator(%) +MVA_G2 = 150.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +X_G2 = 20.0 // Reactance of generator(%) +MVA_G3 = 200.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +X_G3 = 15.0 // Reactance of generator(%) +MVA_T1 = 150.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T1 = 10.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +MVA_T2 = 175.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T2 = 8.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +MVA_T3 = 200.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T3 = 6.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +MVA_T4 = 100.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T4 = 5.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +MVA_T5 = 150.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T5 = 5.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +Z_L1 = complex(0.5,1.0) // Line impedance(ohm/km) +L1 = 100.0 // Line length(km) +Z_L2 = complex(0.4,1.2) // Line impedance(ohm/km) +L2 = 50.0 // Line length(km) +Z_L3 = complex(0.4,1.2) // Line impedance(ohm/km) +L3 = 50.0 // Line length(km) +Z_L4 = complex(0.3,1.0) // Line impedance(ohm/km) +L4 = 60.0 // Line length(km) +kV_L1 = 220.0 // Voltage towards line(kV) +kV_L2 = 220.0 // Voltage towards line(kV) +kV_L3 = 132.0 // Voltage towards line(kV) +kV_L4 = 132.0 // Voltage towards line(kV) + +// Calculations +MVA_base = 200.0 // Base rating(MVA) +X_d_G1 = (MVA_base/MVA_G1)*(X_G1/100) // Reactance of generator(p.u) +X_d_G2 = (MVA_base/MVA_G2)*(X_G2/100) // Reactance of generator(p.u) +X_d_G3 = (MVA_base/MVA_G3)*(X_G3/100) // Reactance of generator(p.u) +X_T_1 = (MVA_base/MVA_T1)*(X_T1/100) // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_T_2 = (MVA_base/MVA_T2)*(X_T2/100) // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_T_3 = (MVA_base/MVA_T3)*(X_T3/100) // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_T_4 = (MVA_base/MVA_T4)*(X_T4/100) // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +X_T_5 = (MVA_base/MVA_T5)*(X_T5/100) // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +Z_L1_base = kV_L1**2/MVA_base // L1 base impedance(ohm) +Z_L_1 = Z_L1*L1/Z_L1_base // Line impedance(p.u) +Z_L2_base = kV_L2**2/MVA_base // L2 base impedance(ohm) +Z_L_2 = Z_L2*L2/Z_L2_base // Line impedance(p.u) +Z_L3_base = kV_L3**2/MVA_base // L3 base impedance(ohm) +Z_L_3 = Z_L3*L3/Z_L3_base // Line impedance(p.u) +Z_L4_base = kV_L4**2/MVA_base // L4 base impedance(ohm) +Z_L_4 = Z_L4*L4/Z_L4_base // Line impedance(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\np.u values of the single line diagram are as below") +printf("\nGenerators p.u reactances :") +printf("\n X_d_G1 = %.1f p.u", X_d_G1) +printf("\n X_d_G2 = %.3f p.u", X_d_G2) +printf("\n X_d_G3 = %.2f p.u", X_d_G3) +printf("\nTransformers p.u reactances :") +printf("\n X_T1 = %.3f p.u", X_T_1) +printf("\n X_T2 = %.4f p.u", X_T_2) +printf("\n X_T3 = %.2f p.u", X_T_3) +printf("\n X_T4 = %.1f p.u", X_T_4) +printf("\n X_T5 = %.3f p.u", X_T_5) +printf("\nLines p.u impedances :") +printf("\n Z_L1 = (%.3f + %.3fj) p.u", real(Z_L_1),imag(Z_L_1)) +printf("\n Z_L2 = (%.3f + %.3fj) p.u", real(Z_L_2),imag(Z_L_2)) +printf("\n Z_L3 = (%.3f + %.3fj) p.u", real(Z_L_3),imag(Z_L_3)) +printf("\n Z_L4 = (%.3f + %.3fj) p.u \n", real(Z_L_4),imag(Z_L_4)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: (1). Reactance of T2 is 8 percent & not 1 percent as mentioned in the textbook problem statement") +printf("\n (2). Several calculation mistakes in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.6/Example27_6.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.6/Example27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..746c48c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.6/Example27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.6 : +// Page number 471 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_gen = 21000.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +kV_gen = 13.8 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_tr_gen = 30.0 // Transient reactance of generator(%) +kVA_trans = 7000.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +kV_trans_lv = 13.8 // LV voltage rating of transformer(kV) +kV_trans_hv = 66.0 // HV voltage rating of transformer(kV) +X_trans = 8.4 // Reactance of transformer(%) +l = 50.0 // Tie line length(miles) +x = 0.848 // Reactance of tie line(ohm/mile) +l_fault = 20.0 // Location of fault from station A(miles) + +// Calculations +kVA_base = kVA_gen // Base rating(kVA) +kV_base_lv = kV_trans_lv // Base voltage on L.V side(kV) +kV_base_hv = kV_trans_hv // Base voltage on H.V side(kV) +Z_gen_pu = %i*X_tr_gen/100 // Impedance of generator(p.u) +Z_trans_pu = %i*X_trans*3/100 // Impedance of transformer(p.u) +Z_F_left = %i*x*l_fault*kVA_base/(kV_base_hv**2*1000) // Impedance of line to left of fault F(p.u) +Z_F_right = Z_F_left*(l-l_fault)/l_fault // Impedance of line to right of fault(p.u) +Z_AF = Z_gen_pu+Z_trans_pu+Z_F_left // Impedance(p.u) +Z_BF = Z_gen_pu+Z_trans_pu+Z_F_right // Impedance(p.u) +Z_eq = Z_AF*Z_BF/(Z_AF+Z_BF) // Equivalent impedance(p.u) +I_F = 1.0/abs(Z_eq) // Fault current(p.u) +I_base = kVA_base/(3**0.5*kV_base_hv) // Base current(A) +I_F_actual = I_F*I_base // Actual fault current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nActual fault current = %.f A \n", I_F_actual) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.7/Example27_7.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.7/Example27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a61e5ba94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.7/Example27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.7 : +// Page number 471-472 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_G1 = 50.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV_G1 = 15.0 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_G1 = 0.2 // Reactance of generator(p.u) +MVA_G2 = 25.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV_G2 = 15.0 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_G2 = 0.2 // Reactance of generator(p.u) +kV_T = 66.0 // Voltage rating of transformer(kV) +X_T = 0.1 // Reactance of transformer(p.u) +kV_fault = 66.0 // Voltage at fault occurence(kV) +kv_base = 69.0 // Base voltage(kV) +MVA_base = 100.0 // Base MVA + +// Calculations +X_d_G1 = X_G1*MVA_base/MVA_G1 // Sub-transient reactance referred to 100 MVA(p.u) +E_G1 = kV_fault/kv_base // Voltage(p.u) +X_d_G2 = X_G2*MVA_base/MVA_G2 // Sub-transient reactance referred to 100 MVA(p.u) +E_G2 = kV_fault/kv_base // Voltage(p.u) +X_net = X_d_G1*X_d_G2/(X_d_G1+X_d_G2) // Net sub-transient reactance(p.u) +E_g = (E_G1+E_G2)/2 // Net voltage(p.u). NOTE: Not sure how this comes +I_fault = E_g/(%i*(X_net+X_T)) // Sub-transient fault current(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSub-transient fault current = %.3fj p.u \n", imag(I_fault)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.8/Example27_8.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.8/Example27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e5bfe023 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.8/Example27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.8 : +// Page number 472 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X_d_st = 0.2 // Sub-transient reactance(p.u) +X_d_t = 0.4 // Transient reactance(p.u) +X_d = 1.0 // Direct axis reactance(p.u) +I_pu = 1.0 // Load current(p.u) +PF = 0.80 // Lagging power factor + +// Calculations +V = 1.0 // Terminal voltage(p.u) +sin_phi = (1-PF**2)**0.5 +I = I_pu*(PF-%i*sin_phi) // Load current(p.u) +E_st = V+%i*I*X_d_st // Voltage behind sub-transient reactance(p.u) +E_t = V+%i*I*X_d_t // Voltage behind transient reactance(p.u) +E = V+%i*I*X_d // Voltage behind direct axis reactance(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage behind sub-transient reactance = %.2f∠%.2f° p.u", abs(E_st),phasemag(E_st)) +printf("\nVoltage behind transient reactance = %.2f∠%.2f° p.u", abs(E_t),phasemag(E_t)) +printf("\nVoltage behind direct axis reactance, E = %.2f∠%.2f° p.u", abs(E),phasemag(E)) diff --git a/3472/CH27/EX27.9/Example27_9.sce b/3472/CH27/EX27.9/Example27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06277625e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH27/EX27.9/Example27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 1: SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY CALCULATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.9 : +// Page number 472 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_G = 7500.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +kV_G = 6.9 // Voltage rating of generator(kV) +X_d_st = 9.0/100 // Sub-transient reactance of generator +X_d_t = 15.0/100 // Transient reactance of generator +X_d = 100.0 // Synchronous reactance of generator(%) +kVA_T = 7500.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +kV_T_delta = 6.9 // Voltage rating of transformer delta side(kV) +kV_T_wye = 115.0 // Voltage rating of transformer wye side(kV) +X = 10.0/100 // Transformer reactance + +// Calculations +I_base_ht = kVA_T/(3**0.5*kV_T_wye) // Base current at ht side(A) +I_base_lt = kVA_T/(3**0.5*kV_T_delta) // Base current at lt side(A) +I_f_st = 1.0/(%i*(X_d_st+X)) // Sub-transient current after fault(p.u) +I_f_ht = abs(I_f_st)*I_base_ht // Initial fault current in h.t side(A) +I_f_lt = abs(I_f_st)*I_base_lt // Initial fault current in l.t side(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 1.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInitial symmetrical rms current in the h.v side = %.f A", I_f_ht) +printf("\nInitial symmetrical rms current in the l.v side = %.f A \n", I_f_lt) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH28/EX28.1/Example28_1.sce b/3472/CH28/EX28.1/Example28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1459da0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH28/EX28.1/Example28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 2: FAULT LIMITING REACTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.1 : +// Page number 479-480 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_A = 2500.0 // Rating of alternator A(kVA) +x_A = 8.0 // Reactance of alternator A(%) +kVA_B = 5000.0 // Rating of alternator B(kVA) +x_B = 6.0 // Reactance of alternator B(%) +kVA_CB = 150000.0 // Rating of circuit breaker(kVA) +kVA_T = 10000.0 // Rating of transformer(kVA) +x_T = 7.5 // Reactance of transformer(%) +V = 3300.0 // System voltage(V) + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 10000.0 // Base kVA +X_A = kVA_base/kVA_A*x_A // Reactance of generator A(%) +X_B = kVA_base/kVA_B*x_B // Reactance of generator B(%) +X_eq = X_A*X_B/(X_A+X_B) // Combined reactance of A & B(%) +kVA_SC_G = kVA_base/X_eq*100 // Short-circuit kVA due to generators(kVA) +kVA_SC_T = kVA_base/x_T*100 // Short-circuit kVA due to grid supply(kVA) +X = (kVA_base*100/(kVA_CB-kVA_SC_G))-x_T // Reactance necessary to protect switchgear(%) +I_fl = kVA_base*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Full load current corresponding to 10000 kVA(A) +X_phase = X*V/(3**0.5*I_fl*100) // Actual value of reactance per phase(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 2.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nReactance necessary to protect the switchgear = %.3f ohm/phase", X_phase) diff --git a/3472/CH28/EX28.2/Example28_2.sce b/3472/CH28/EX28.2/Example28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8a768304 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH28/EX28.2/Example28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 2: FAULT LIMITING REACTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.2 : +// Page number 480 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +X = 10.0 // Reactance of reactor(%) +kVA = 30000.0 // Rating of generator(kVA) +X_sc = 20.0 // Short-circuit reactance(%) + +// Calculations +X_1 = 1.0/3*(X_sc+X) // Combined reactance of generator A,B,C & associated reactors(%) +X_2 = X_1+X // Combined reactance upto fault(%) +X_total_a = X_2/2.0 // Total reactance upto fault(%) +kVA_SC_a = 100/X_total_a*kVA // Short-circuit kVA(kVA) +X_total_b = 1.0/4*X_sc // Total reactance upto fault when E,F,G & H are short-circuited(%) +kVA_SC_b = 100/X_total_b*kVA // Short-circuit kVA(kVA) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 2.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): kVA developed under short-circuit when reactors are in circuit = %.f kVA", kVA_SC_a) +printf("\nCase(b): kVA developed under short-circuit when reactors are short-circuited = %.f kVA", kVA_SC_b) diff --git a/3472/CH28/EX28.4/Example28_4.sce b/3472/CH28/EX28.4/Example28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a72b383e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH28/EX28.4/Example28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 2: FAULT LIMITING REACTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.4 : +// Page number 481 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 20000.0 // Rating of generator(kVA) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +V = 11.0*10**3 // Voltage of generator(V) +X_G = 20.0 // Generator short-circuit reactance(%) +x = 60.0 // Reactance falls to 60% normal value + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 20000.0 // Base kVA +X = poly(0,"X") // Reactance of each reactors E,F,G & H(%) +X_AE = X+X_G // Reactances of A & E in series(%) +X_BF = X+X_G // Reactances of B & F in series(%) +X_CD = X+X_G // Reactances of C & D in series(%) +X_eq = X_AE/3 // X_eq = X_AE*X_BF*X_CD/(X_BF*X_CD+X_AE*X_CD+X_AE*X_BF). Combined reactances of 3 groups in parallel(%) +X_f = X_eq+X // Reactances of these groups to fault via tie-bar(%) +X_sol = roots(6.66666666666667-(100-x)/100*(X_f)) // Value of reactance of each reactors E,F,G & H(%) +I_fl = kVA_base*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Full load current corresponding to 20000 kVA & 11 kV(A) +X_ohm = X_sol*V/(3**0.5*100*I_fl) // Ohmic value of reactance X(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 2.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nReactance of each reactor = %.4f ohm \n", X_ohm) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH28/EX28.5/Example28_5.sce b/3472/CH28/EX28.5/Example28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..404de3c55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH28/EX28.5/Example28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 2: FAULT LIMITING REACTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 2.5 : +// Page number 481-482 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_base = 10000.0 // Base kVA +V = 6.6*10**3 // Voltage of generator(V) +X_A = 7.5 // Reactance of generator A(%) +X_B = 7.5 // Reactance of generator B(%) +X_C = 10.0 // Reactance of generator C(%) +X_D = 10.0 // Reactance of generator D(%) +X_E = 8.0 // Reactance of reactor E(%) +X_F = 8.0 // Reactance of reactor F(%) +X_G = 6.5 // Reactance of reactor G(%) +X_H = 6.5 // Reactance of reactor H(%) + +// Calculations +Z_1 = X_B*X_C/(X_H+X_B+X_C) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.7 +Z_2 = X_H*X_C/(X_H+X_B+X_C) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.7 +Z_3 = X_B*X_H/(X_H+X_B+X_C) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.7 +Z_4 = Z_2+X_F // Impedance(%). Fig E2.8 & Fig 2.9 +Z_5 = Z_3+X_E // Impedance(%). Fig E2.8 & Fig 2.9 +Z_6 = X_D*Z_1/(X_D+Z_1+Z_4) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.10 +Z_7 = X_D*Z_4/(X_D+Z_1+Z_4) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.10 +Z_8 = Z_1*Z_4/(X_D+Z_1+Z_4) // Impedance(%). Fig E2.10 +Z_9 = Z_7+X_G // Impedance(%). Fig E2.11 & Fig 2.12 +Z_10 = Z_8+Z_5 // Impedance(%). Fig E2.11 & Fig 2.12 +Z_11 = Z_9*Z_10/(Z_9+Z_10) // Impedance(%). Fig 2.12 & Fig 2.13 +Z_12 = Z_6+Z_11 // Impedance(%). Fig 2.13 +Z_eq = X_A*Z_12/(X_A+Z_12) // Final Impedance(%). Fig 2.13 & Fig 2.14 +MVA_SC = kVA_base*100/(Z_eq*1000) // Instantaneous symmetrical short-circuit MVA for a fault at X(MVA) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 2.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInstantaneous symmetrical short-circuit MVA for a fault at X = %.f MVA \n", MVA_SC) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more approximation in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.1/Example29_1.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.1/Example29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a82ffc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.1/Example29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.1 : +// Page number 487-488 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_R = complex(12.0,24.0) // Line current(A) +I_Y = complex(16.0,-2.0) // Line current(A) +I_B = complex(-4.0,-6.0) // Line current(A) + +// Calculations +alpha = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +I_R0 = 1.0/3*(I_R+I_Y+I_B) // Zero sequence component(A) +I_R1 = 1.0/3*(I_R+alpha*I_Y+alpha**2*I_B) // Positive sequence component(A) +I_R2 = 1.0/3*(I_R+alpha**2*I_Y+alpha*I_B) // Negative sequence component(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPositive sequence current, I_R1 = (%.3f + %.1fj) A", real(I_R1),imag(I_R1)) +printf("\nNegative sequence current, I_R2 = (%.3f + %.2fj) A", real(I_R2),imag(I_R2)) +printf("\nZero sequence current, I_R0 = (%.1f + %.2fj) A", real(I_R0),imag(I_R0)) diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.10/Example29_10.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.10/Example29_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c0a51af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.10/Example29_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.10 : +// Page number 494 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R = 20000.0 // Resistance of voltmeter(ohm) +E_R = 100.0 // Line-to-neutral voltage(A) +E_Y = 200.0*exp(%i*270.0*%pi/180) // Line-to-neutral voltage(A) +E_B = 100.0*exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Line-to-neutral voltage(A) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +V_R0 = 1.0/3*(E_R+E_Y+E_B) // Zero sequence voltage(V) +V_R1 = 1.0/3*(E_R+a*E_Y+a**2*E_B) // Positive sequence voltage(V) +V_R2 = 1.0/3*(E_R+a**2*E_Y+a*E_B) // Negative sequence voltage(V) +I_R1 = V_R1/R // Positive sequence current(A) +I_R2 = V_R2/R // Negative sequence current(A) +V_Y1 = a**2*V_R1 // Positive sequence voltage of line Y(V) +V_Y2 = a*V_R2 // Negative sequence voltage of line Y(V) +V_Y = V_Y1+V_Y2 // Voltmeter reading connected to the yellow line(V) +I_Y = abs(V_Y)/R*1000 // Current through voltmeter(mA) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltmeter reading connected to the yellow line, |V_Y| = %.1f V", abs(V_Y)) +printf("\nCurrent through voltmeter, I_Y = %.3f mA \n", I_Y) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.11/Example29_11.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.11/Example29_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1930f940 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.11/Example29_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.11 : +// Page number 495 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // Voltage(V) +Z_ab = 20.0 // Resistor load(ohm) +Z_bc = -%i*40.0 // Capacitor load(ohm) +Z_ca = 5.0+%i*10.0 // Inductor and resistance load(ohm) + +// Calculations +V_ab = V // Line voltage(V) +V_bc = V*exp(%i*-120.0*%pi/180) // Line voltage(V) +V_ca = V*exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Line voltage(V) +I_ab = V_ab/Z_ab // Current(A) +I_bc = V_bc/Z_bc // Current(A) +I_ca = V_ca/Z_ca // Current(A) +I_a = I_ab-I_ca // Line current(A) +I_b = I_bc-I_ab // Line current(A) +I_c = I_ca-I_bc // Line current(A) +phi = -120.0-phasemag(I_a) // φ(°) +P = abs(I_a*V_bc)*cosd(phi)/1000 // Wattmeter reading(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLine currents are:") +printf("\n I_a = %.1f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_a),phasemag(I_a)) +printf("\n I_b = %.1f∠%.2f° A", abs(I_b),phasemag(I_b)) +printf("\n I_c = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c),phasemag(I_c)) +printf("\nWattmeter reading, P = %.2f kW \n", P) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.4/Example29_4.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.4/Example29_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efa29406d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.4/Example29_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.4 : +// Page number 489-490 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R_bc = 5.0 // Resistance of resistor connected b/w b & c(ohm) +R_ca = 10.0 // Resistance of resistor connected b/w c & a(ohm) +R_ab = 20.0 // Resistance of resistor connected b/w a & b(ohm) +V = 100.0 // Voltage of balanced system(V) + +// Calculations +E_A = -V // Voltage across resistor connected b/w b & c(V) +angle = 60.0 // Angle in delta system(°) +E_B = V*exp(%i*60.0*%pi/180) // Voltage across resistor connected b/w c & a(V) +E_C = V*exp(%i*-60.0*%pi/180) // Voltage across resistor connected b/w a & b(V) +I_A = E_A/R_bc // Current flowing across resistor connected b/w b & c(A) +I_B = E_B/R_ca // Current flowing across resistor connected b/w c & a(A) +I_C = E_C/R_ab // Current flowing across resistor connected b/w a & b(A) +alpha = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +I_A0 = 1.0/3*(I_A+I_B+I_C) // Zero sequence delta current(A) +I_A1 = 1.0/3*(I_A+alpha*I_B+alpha**2*I_C) // Positive sequence delta current(A) +I_A2 = 1.0/3*(I_A+alpha**2*I_B+alpha*I_C) // Negative sequence delta current(A) +I_a0 = 0.0 // Zero sequence star current(A) +I_a1 = (alpha-alpha**2)*I_A1 // Positive sequence star current(A) +I_a2 = (alpha**2-alpha)*I_A2 // Negative sequence star current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent in the resistors are:") +printf("\n I_A = (%.f+%.fj) A", real(I_A),imag(I_A)) +printf("\n I_B = (%.f+%.2fj) A", real(I_B),imag(I_B)) +printf("\n I_C = (%.1f%.2fj) A", real(I_C),imag(I_C)) +printf("\nSequence components of currents in the resistors:") +printf("\n Zero-sequence current, I_A0 = (%.3f+%.2fj) A", real(I_A0),imag(I_A0)) +printf("\n Positive-sequence current, I_A1 = (%.2f+%.fj) A", real(I_A1),imag(I_A1)) +printf("\n Negative-sequence current, I_A2 = (%.2f%.2fj) A", real(I_A2),imag(I_A2)) +printf("\nSequence components of currents in the supply lines:") +printf("\n Zero-sequence current, I_a0 = %.f A", I_a0) +printf("\n Positive-sequence current, I_a1 = %.1fj A", imag(I_a1)) +printf("\n Negative-sequence current, I_a2 = (%.1f+%.2fj) A", real(I_a2),imag(I_a2)) diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.5/Example29_5.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.5/Example29_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcd081621 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.5/Example29_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.5 : +// Page number 490-491 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +E_a = 100.0 // Line to line voltage(V) +E_b = 150.0 // Line to line voltage(V) +E_c = 200.0 // Line to line voltage(V) + +// Calculations +e_A = 1.0 // 100 V = 1 unit +e_B = 1.5 // 150 V = 1 unit +e_C = 2.0 // 200 V = 1 unit +cos_alpha = (e_C**2-e_A-e_B**2)/(2*e_B) +alpha = acosd(cos_alpha) // angle(°) +cos_beta = (e_A+e_B*cos_alpha)/e_C +beta = acosd(cos_beta) // angle(°) +E_A = E_a*exp(%i*180.0*%pi/180) // Voltage(V) +E_B = E_b*exp(%i*(180.0-alpha)*%pi/180) // Voltage(V) +E_C = E_c*exp(%i*-beta*%pi/180) // Voltage(V) +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +E_A0 = 1.0/3*(E_A+E_B+E_C) // Zero sequence voltage(V) +E_A1 = 1.0/3*(E_A+a*E_B+a**2*E_C) // Positive sequence delta voltage(V) +E_A1_mag = abs(E_A1) // Magnitude of positive sequence delta voltage(V) +E_a1 = -%i/3**0.5*E_A1 // Positive sequence star voltage(V) +E_a1_mag = abs(E_a1) // Magnitude of positive sequence star voltage(V) +E_A2 = 1.0/3*(E_A+a**2*E_B+a*E_C) // Negative sequence delta voltage(V) +E_A2_mag = abs(E_A2) // Magnitude of negative sequence delta voltage(V) +E_a2 = %i/3**0.5*E_A2 // Negative sequence star voltage(V) +E_a2_mag = abs(E_a2) // Magnitude of negative sequence star voltage(V) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMagnitude of positive sequence delta voltage, |E_A1| = %.f V", E_A1_mag) +printf("\nMagnitude of positive sequence star voltage, |E_a1| = %.1f V", E_a1_mag) +printf("\nMagnitude of negative sequence delta voltage, |E_A2| = %.f V", E_A2_mag) +printf("\nMagnitude of negative sequence star voltage, |E_a2| = %.f V", E_a2_mag) diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.6/Example29_6.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.6/Example29_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f4ebd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.6/Example29_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.6 : +// Page number 491-492 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 2300.0 // Rated voltage(V) +kVA = 500.0 // kVA rating +E_A = 2760.0*exp(%i*0*%pi/180) // Line voltage(V) +E_B = 2300.0*exp(%i*-138.6*%pi/180) // Line voltage(V) +E_C = 1840.0*exp(%i*124.2*%pi/180) // Line voltage(V) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +E_A1 = 1.0/3*(E_A+a*E_B+a**2*E_C) // Positive sequence voltage(V) +E_A2 = 1.0/3*(E_A+a**2*E_B+a*E_C) // Negative sequence voltage(V) +E_a1 = -%i/3**0.5*E_A1 // Positive sequence star voltage(V) +E_a2 = %i/3**0.5*E_A2 // Negative sequence star voltage(V) +E_a0 = 0.0 // Zero sequence voltage(V) +E_a = E_a1+E_a2+E_a0 // Symmetrical voltage component(V) +R = V**2/(kVA*1000) // Resistance(ohm) +I_a = abs(E_a)/R // Current in line a(A) +E_b = a**2*E_a1+a*E_a2+E_a0 // Symmetrical voltage component(V) +I_b = abs(E_b)/R // Current in line b(A) +E_c = a*E_a1+a**2*E_a2+E_a0 // Symmetrical voltage component(V) +I_c = abs(E_c)/R // Current in line c(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent in line a, |I_a| = %.1f A", I_a) +printf("\nCurrent in line b, |I_b| = %.f A", I_b) +printf("\nCurrent in line c, |I_c| = %.1f A \n", I_c) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.7/Example29_7.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.7/Example29_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d5c41dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.7/Example29_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.7 : +// Page number 492-493 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 2300.0 // Rated voltage(V) +kVA = 500.0 // kVA rating +I_1 = 100.0 // Line current(A) +I_2 = 100.0*exp(%i*180*%pi/180) // Line current(A) +I_3 = 0 // Line current(A) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +I_10 = 1.0/3*(I_1+I_2+I_3) // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 1(A) +I_11 = 1.0/3*(I_1+a*I_2+a**2*I_3) // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 1(A) +I_12 = 1.0/3*(I_1+a**2*I_2+a*I_3) // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 1(A) +I_20 = I_10 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 2(A) +I_21 = a**2*I_11 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 2(A) +I_22 = a*I_12 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 2(A) +I_30 = I_10 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 3(A) +I_31 = a*I_11 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 3(A) +I_32 = a**2*I_12 // Symmetrical component of line current for phase 3(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSymmetrical component of line current for phase 1:") +printf("\n I_10 = %.1f A", abs(I_10)) +printf("\n I_11 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_11),phasemag(I_11)) +printf("\n I_12 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_12),phasemag(I_12)) +printf("\nSymmetrical component of line current for phase 2:") +printf("\n I_20 = %.1f A", abs(I_20)) +printf("\n I_21 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_21),phasemag(I_21)) +printf("\n I_22 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_22),phasemag(I_22)) +printf("\nSymmetrical component of line current for phase 3:") +printf("\n I_30 = %.1f A", abs(I_30)) +printf("\n I_31 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_31),phasemag(I_31)) +printf("\n I_32 = %.2f∠%.f° A", abs(I_32),phasemag(I_32)) diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.8/Example29_8.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.8/Example29_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5379b825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.8/Example29_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.8 : +// Page number 493 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_a = 1000.0 // Current to earth(A) +I_b = 0 // Current(A) +I_c = 0 // Current(A) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +I_a0 = 1.0/3*(I_a+I_b+I_c) // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_b0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_c0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_a1 = 1.0/3*(I_a+a*I_b+a**2*I_c) // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_b1 = a**2*I_a1 // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_c1 = a*I_a1 // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_a2 = 1.0/3*(I_a+a**2*I_b+a*I_c) // Negative sequence component of current(A) +I_b2 = a*I_a2 // Negative sequence component of current(A) +I_c2 = a**2*I_a2 // Negative sequence component of current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nZero sequence component of current for all phases are") +printf("\n I_a0 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_a0),phasemag(I_a0)) +printf("\n I_b0 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_b0),phasemag(I_b0)) +printf("\n I_c0 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c0),phasemag(I_c0)) +printf("\nPositive sequence component of current for all phases are") +printf("\n I_a1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_a1),phasemag(I_a1)) +printf("\n I_b1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_b1),360+phasemag(I_b1)) +printf("\n I_c1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c1),phasemag(I_c1)) +printf("\nNegative sequence component of current for all phases are") +printf("\n I_a2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_a2),phasemag(I_a2)) +printf("\n I_b2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_b2),phasemag(I_b2)) +printf("\n I_c2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c2),360+phasemag(I_c2)) diff --git a/3472/CH29/EX29.9/Example29_9.sce b/3472/CH29/EX29.9/Example29_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57fc867a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH29/EX29.9/Example29_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 3: SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS' ANALYSIS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.9 : +// Page number 493-494 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_A = 1000.0 // Current through line A(A) +I_C = 0 // Current through line C(A) + +// Calculations +I_B = 1000.0*exp(%i*180.0*%pi/180) // Current through line B(A) +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +I_a0 = 1.0/3*(I_A+I_B+I_C) // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_b0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_c0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence component of current(A) +I_a1 = 1.0/3*(I_A+a*I_B+a**2*I_C) // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_b1 = a**2*I_a1 // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_c1 = a*I_a1 // Positive sequence component of current(A) +I_a2 = 1.0/3*(I_A+a**2*I_B+a*I_C) // Negative sequence component of current(A) +I_b2 = a*I_a2 // Negative sequence component of current(A) +I_c2 = a**2*I_a2 // Negative sequence component of current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 3.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent in line A, I_A = %.f∠%.f° A", abs(I_A),phasemag(I_A)) +printf("\nCurrent in line B, I_B = %.f∠%.f° A", abs(I_B),phasemag(I_B)) +printf("\nCurrent in line C, I_C = %.f A", I_C) +printf("\nSymmetrical current components of line A are:") +printf("\n I_a0 = %.f A", abs(I_a0)) +printf("\n I_a1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_a1),phasemag(I_a1)) +printf("\n I_a2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_a2),phasemag(I_a2)) +printf("\nSymmetrical current components of line B are:") +printf("\n I_b0 = %.f A", abs(I_b0)) +printf("\n I_b1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_b1),phasemag(I_b1)) +printf("\n I_b2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_b2),phasemag(I_b2)) +printf("\nSymmetrical current components of line C are:") +printf("\n I_c0 = %.f A", abs(I_c0)) +printf("\n I_c1 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c1),phasemag(I_c1)) +printf("\n I_c2 = %.1f∠%.f° A", abs(I_c2),phasemag(I_c2)) diff --git a/3472/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce b/3472/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef07b4ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 3: HYDRO-ELECTRIC STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.1 : +// Page number 41 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Q = 95.0 // Minimum run-off(m^3/sec) +h = 40.0 // Head(m) + +// Calculations +w = 1000.0 // Density of water(kg/m^3) +weight = Q*w // Weight of water per sec(kg) +work_done = weight*h // Work done in one second(kg-mt) +kW_1 = 75.0/0.746 // 1 kW(kg-mt/sec) +power = work_done/kW_1 // Power production(kW) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +output = power*365*24.0 // Yearly gross output(kWhr) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 3.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFirm capacity = %.f kW", power) +printf("\nYearly gross output = %.2e kWhr.", output) diff --git a/3472/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce b/3472/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0a304697 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 3: HYDRO-ELECTRIC STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.3 : +// Page number 41 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +A = 200.0 // Catchment area(Sq.km) +F = 1000.0 // Annual rainfall(mm) +H = 200.0 // Effective head(m) +K = 0.5 // Yield factor +n = 0.8 // Plant efficiency + +// Calculations +P = 3.14*n*K*A*F*H*10**-4 // Available continuous power(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 3.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAvailable continuous power of hydro-electric station , P = %.f kW", P) diff --git a/3472/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce b/3472/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a7cb173 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 3: HYDRO-ELECTRIC STATIONS + +// EXAMPLE : 3.4 : +// Page number 41-42 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_factor = 0.15 // Load factor +P = 10.0*10**3 // Rated installed capacity(kW) +H = 50.0 // Head of plant(m) +n = 0.8 // Efficiency of plant + +//Calculation +units_day = P*load_factor // Total units generated daily on basis of load factor(kWhr) +units_week = units_day*24.0*7 // Total units generated for one week(kWhr) +Q = units_week/(9.81*H*n*24*7) // Minimum flow of water(cubic mt/sec) + +//Result +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 3.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMinimum flow of river water to operate the plant, Q = %.3f cubic mt/sec", Q) diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.1/Example30_1.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.1/Example30_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5b769b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.1/Example30_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.1 : +// Page number 510-512 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 15.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV = 6.9 // Generator voltage(kV) +X_1 = 25.0 // Positive sequence reactance(%) +X_2 = 25.0 // Negative sequence reactance(%) +X_0 = 8.0 // Zero sequence reactance(%) +X = 6.0 // Reactor placed in line(%) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +Z_1 = %i*X_1/100 // Positive sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_2 = %i*X_2/100 // Negative sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_g0 = %i*X_0/100 // Impedance(p.u) +Z = %i*X/100 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_0 = Z_g0+3*Z // Zero sequence impedance(p.u) +E_a = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +E_b = a**2*E_a // Voltage(p.u) +// Case(a) +I_a0_a = 0 // Current(A) +I_a1_a_pu = 1.0/(Z_1+Z_2) // Current(p.u) +I_a1_a = I_a1_a_pu*MVA*1000/(3**0.5*kV) // Current(A) +I_a2_a = -I_a1_a // Current(A) +I_b0_a = 0 // Current(A) +I_b1_a = a**2*I_a1_a // Current(A) +I_b2_a = a*I_a2_a // Current(A) +I_a_a = I_a1_a+I_a2_a // Line current(A) +I_b_a = I_b1_a+I_b2_a // Line current(A) +I_c_a = -I_b_a // Line current(A) +I_g_a = 0 // Ground wire current(A) +V_a_a = (E_a-I_a1_a*Z_1-I_a2_a*Z_2-I_a0_a*Z_0)*kV*1000/3**0.5 // Voltage(V) +V_b_a = (a**2*E_a+%i*3**0.5*I_a1_a_pu*Z_1)*kV*1000/3**0.5 // Voltage(V) +V_c_a = V_b_a // Voltage(V) +// Case(b) +I_a1_b_pu = E_a/(Z_1+(Z_2*Z_0/(Z_2+Z_0))) // Current(p.u) +I_a1_b = I_a1_b_pu*MVA*1000/(3**0.5*kV) // Current(A) +I_a2_b_pu = -Z_0*Z_2/(Z_2*(Z_0+Z_2))*I_a1_b_pu // Current(p.u) +I_a2_b = -Z_0*Z_2/(Z_2*(Z_0+Z_2))*I_a1_b // Current(A) +I_a0_b_pu = -Z_0*Z_2/(Z_0*(Z_0+Z_2))*I_a1_b_pu // Current(p.u) +I_a0_b = -Z_0*Z_2/(Z_0*(Z_0+Z_2))*I_a1_b // Current(A) +I_a_b = I_a0_b+I_a1_b+I_a2_b // Line current(A) +I_b_b = I_a0_b+a**2*I_a1_b+a*I_a2_b // Line current(A) +I_c_b = I_a0_b+a*I_a1_b+a**2*I_a2_b // Line current(A) +I_0_b = 3*I_a0_b // Current in the ground resistor(A) +V_a_b_pu = E_a-I_a1_b_pu*Z_1-I_a2_b_pu*Z_2-I_a0_b_pu*Z_0 // Voltage(p.u) +V_a_b = abs(V_a_b_pu)*kV*1000/(3**0.5) // Voltage(V) +V_b_b = 0 // Voltage(V) +V_c_b = 0 // Voltage(V) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Initial symmetrical rms line current when ground is not involved in fault, I_a = %.f A", abs(I_a_a)) +printf("\n Initial symmetrical rms line current when ground is not involved in fault, I_b = %.f A", real(I_b_a)) +printf("\n Initial symmetrical rms line current when ground is not involved in fault, I_c = %.f A", real(I_c_a)) +printf("\n Ground wire current = %.f A", I_g_a) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_a = %.f V", real(V_a_a)) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_b = %.f V", real(V_b_a)) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_c = %.f V", real(V_c_a)) +printf("\nCase(b): Initial symmetrical rms line current when fault is solidly grounded, I_a = %.f A", abs(I_a_b)) +printf("\n Initial symmetrical rms line current when fault is solidly grounded, I_b = (%.f+%.fj) A", real(I_b_b),imag(I_b_b)) +printf("\n Initial symmetrical rms line current when fault is solidly grounded, I_c = (%.f+%.fj) A", real(I_c_b),imag(I_c_b)) +printf("\n Ground wire current = %.fj A", imag(I_0_b)) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_a = %.f V", V_a_b) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_b = %.f V", V_b_b) +printf("\n Line to neutral voltage, V_c = %.f V\n", V_c_b) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here and approximation in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.10/Example30_10.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.10/Example30_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..819d7598b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.10/Example30_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.10 : +// Page number 519-520 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_A = 30.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +kV_A = 11.0 // Alternator rating(kV) +X_1 = 2.5 // Reactance to positive sequence current(ohm) +X_2 = 0.8*X_1 // Reactance to negative sequence current(ohm) +X_0 = 0.3*X_1 // Reactance to zero sequence current(ohm) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +Z_1 = %i*X_1 // Positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = %i*X_2 // Negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_0 = %i*X_0 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_02 = Z_0*Z_2/(Z_0+Z_2) // Impedance(ohm) +E_a = kV_A*1000/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_a1 = E_a/(Z_1+Z_02) // Positive sequence current(A) +I_a2 = -Z_0/(Z_0+Z_2)*I_a1 // Negative sequence current(A) +I_a0 = -Z_2/(Z_0+Z_2)*I_a1 // Zero sequence current(A) +I_0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence current(A) +I_a = I_a0+I_a1+I_a2 // Line current(A) +I_b = I_0+a**2*I_a1+a*I_a2 // Line current(A) +I_c = I_0+a*I_a1+a**2*I_a2 // Line current(A) +// Case(b) +I_n = 3*abs(I_0) // Current through ground(A) +// Case(c) +V_a2 = Z_02*I_a1 // Negative sequence voltage(V) +V_a = 3*abs(V_a2) // Voltage of healthy phase to neutral(V) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Currents in the faulted phase are") +printf("\n I_a = %.f A", abs(I_a)) +printf("\n I_b = %.f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_b),phasemag(I_b)) +printf("\n I_c = %.f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_c),phasemag(I_c)) +printf("\nCase(b): Current through ground, I_n = %.f A", I_n) +printf("\nCase(c): Voltage of healthy phase to neutral, V_a = %.f V\n", V_a) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.11/Example30_11.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.11/Example30_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb7909999 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.11/Example30_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.11 : +// Page number 520-521 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 6.0 // Number of alternator +kV_A = 6.6 // Alternator rating(kV) +X_1 = 0.9 // Positive sequence reactance(ohm) +X_2 = 0.72 // Negative sequence reactance(ohm) +X_0 = 0.3 // Zero sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_n = 0.2 // Resistance of grounding resistor(ohm) + +// Calculations +E_a = kV_A*1000/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +// Case(a) +Z_1_a = %i*X_1/n // Positive sequence impedance when alternators are in parallel(ohm) +Z_2_a = %i*X_2/n // Negative sequence impedance when alternators are in parallel(ohm) +Z_0_a = %i*X_0/n // Zero sequence impedance when alternators are in parallel(ohm) +I_a_a = 3*E_a/(Z_1_a+Z_2_a+Z_0_a) // Fault current assuming 'a' phase to be fault(A) +// Case(b) +Z_0_b = 3*Z_n+%i*X_0 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +I_a_b = 3*E_a/(Z_1_a+Z_2_a+Z_0_b) // Fault current(A) +// Case(c) +Z_0_c = %i*X_0 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +I_a_c = 3*E_a/(Z_1_a+Z_2_a+Z_0_c) // Fault current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Fault current if all alternator neutrals are solidly grounded, I_a = %.f A", imag(I_a_a)) +printf("\nCase(b): Fault current if one alternator neutral is grounded & others isolated, I_a = %.1f∠%.1f° A", abs(I_a_b),phasemag(I_a_b)) +printf("\nCase(c): Fault current if one alternator neutral is solidly grounded & others isolated, I_a = %.2fj A\n", imag(I_a_c)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.12/Example30_12.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.12/Example30_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46d32187e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.12/Example30_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.12 : +// Page number 521-522 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_A = 30.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +kV_A = 6.6 // Alternator rating(kV) +X_G = 10.0 // Reactance of alternator(%) +kV_lv_T = 6.6 // Transformer lv side rating(kV) +kV_hv_T = 33.0 // Transformer hv side rating(kV) +X_T = 6.0 // Reactance of transformer(%) +kV_line = 33.0 // Transmission line voltage(kV) +X_line = 4.0 // Transmission line reactance(ohm) +X_g2 = 70.0 // Negative sequence reactance is 70% of +ve sequence reactance of generator(%) + +// Calculations +MVA_base = 30.0 // Base MVA +kV_base = 6.6 // Base kV +Z_base = kV_base**2/MVA_base // Base impedance(ohm) +Z_g1 = %i*Z_base*X_G/100 // Positive sequence impedance of alternator(ohm) +Z_T1 = %i*Z_base*X_T/100 // Positive sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +Z_L1 = %i*(kV_base/kV_line)**2*X_line // Positive sequence impedance of transmission line(ohm) +Z_g2 = X_g2/100*Z_g1 // Negative sequence impedance of alternator(ohm) +Z_T2 = %i*Z_base*X_T/100 // Negative sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +Z_T0 = %i*Z_base*X_T/100 // Zero sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +Z_L2 = Z_L1 // Negative sequence impedance of transmission line(ohm) +Z_1 = Z_g1+Z_T1+Z_L1+Z_T1 // Positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_g2+Z_T2+Z_L2+Z_T2 // Negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_0 = Z_T0 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +E_a = kV_base*1000/3**0.5 // Base voltage(V) +// Case(a) +I_sc = E_a/Z_1 // Fault current if all 3 phases short circuited(A) +// Case(b) +I_a = 3*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Fault current if single line is grounded assuming 'a' to be grounded(A) +// Case(c) +I_b = %i*3**0.5*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2) // Fault current for a short circuit between two lines(A) +I_c = -%i*3**0.5*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2) // Fault current for a short circuit between two lines(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Fault current if all 3 phases short circuited, I_sc = %.f∠%.f° A", abs(I_sc),phasemag(I_sc)) +printf("\nCase(b): Fault current if single line is grounded, I_a = %.fj A", imag(I_a)) +printf("\nCase(c): Fault current for a short circuit between two lines, I_b = %.f A", real(I_b)) +printf("\n Fault current for a short circuit between two lines, I_c = %.f A\n", real(I_c)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: (1).Calculation mistake in Z_2 in the textbook solution") +printf("\n (2).Transformer reactance is 6 percent, not 5 percent as in problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.13/Example30_13.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.13/Example30_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9de20838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.13/Example30_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.13 : +// Page number 522 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 6.9 // Alternator rating(kV) +MVA = 10.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +X_st = 0.15 // Sub-transient reactance(p.u) +X_2 = 0.15 // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +X_0 = 0.05 // Zero sequence reactance(p.u) +X = 0.397 // Grounding reactor(ohm) + +// Calculations +MVA_base = 10.0 // Base MVA +kV_base = 6.9 // Base kV +Z_base = kV_base**2/MVA_base // Base impedance(ohm) +Z_n = X/Z_base // Grounding reactor(p.u) +Z_1 = %i*X_st // Positive sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_2 = %i*X_2 // Negative sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_0 = %i*(X_0+3*Z_n) // Zero sequence impedance(p.u) +E_a = 1.0 // Phase voltage(p.u) +I_a_pu = 3*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Sub-transient current in the faulty phase(p.u) +I_base = kV_base*1000/(3**0.5*Z_base) // Base current(A) +I_a = abs(I_a_pu)*I_base // Sub-transient current in the faulty phase(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSub-transient current in the faulty phase, I_a = %.f A\n", I_a) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.14/Example30_14.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.14/Example30_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e49b7bba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.14/Example30_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.14 : +// Page number 522-523 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 10000.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +kV = 13.8 // Generator rating(kV) +X_st = 10.0 // Sub-transient reactance(%) +X_2 = 10.0 // Negative sequence reactance(%) +X_0 = 5.0 // Zero sequence reactance(%) +X = 8.0 // Grounding reactor(%) +X_con = 6.0 // Reactance of reactor connecting generator & transformer(%) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +Z_1 = %i*(X_st+X_con)/100 // Positive sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_2 = %i*(X_2+X_con)/100 // Negative sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_0 = %i*X_con/100 // Zero sequence impedance(p.u) +E_a = 1.0 // Phase voltage(p.u) +I_a1 = E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Sub-transient current in the faulty phase(p.u) +I_A1 = %i*I_a1 // Positive sequence current(p.u) +I_A2 = -%i*I_a1 // Negative sequence current(p.u) +I_A = I_A1+I_A2 // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase a(p.u) +I_B1 = a**2*I_A1 // Positive sequence current(p.u) +I_B2 = a*I_A2 // Negative sequence current(p.u) +I_B = I_B1+I_B2 // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase b(p.u) +I_C1 = a*I_A1 // Positive sequence current(p.u) +I_C2 = a**2*I_A2 // Negative sequence current(p.u) +I_C = I_C1+I_C2 // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase c(p.u) +I_base = kVA/(3**0.5*kV) // Base current(A) +I_A_amp = I_A*I_base // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase a(p.u) +I_B_amp = I_B*I_base // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase b(p.u) +I_C_amp = I_C*I_base // Initial symmetrical r.m.s current in phase c(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInitial symmetrical r.m.s current in all phases of generator are,") +printf("\n I_A = %.f A", abs(I_A_amp)) +printf("\n I_B = %.f∠%.f° A", abs(I_B_amp),phasemag(I_B_amp)) +printf("\n I_C = %.f∠%.f° A", abs(I_C_amp),phasemag(I_C_amp)) diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.2/Example30_2.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.2/Example30_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9d1dfc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.2/Example30_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.2 : +// Page number 512 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 10000.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +I_1 = 30.0 // Positive sequence current(%) +I_2 = 10.0 // Negative sequence current(%) +I_0 = 5.0 // Zero sequence current(%) +d = 1.0/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +D = 5.0 // Triangular spacing(m) +kV = 30.0 // Generator voltage on open-circuit(kV) +l = 20.0 // Distance of line at short circuit occurance(km) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +Z_g1 = kV**2*I_1*I_2/kVA // Positive phase sequence reactance of generator(ohm) +Z_g2 = Z_g1*I_2/I_1 // Negative phase sequence reactance of generator(ohm) +Z_g0 = Z_g1*I_0/I_1 // Zero phase sequence reactance of generator(ohm) +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +Z_l1 = 2.0*%pi*f*(0.5+4.606*log10(D/r))*10**-7*l*1000 // Positive phase sequence reactance of line(ohm) +Z_l2 = 2.0*%pi*f*(0.5+4.606*log10(D/r))*10**-7*l*1000 // Negative phase sequence reactance of line(ohm) +Z_1 = %i*(Z_g1+Z_l1) // Z1 upto the point of fault(ohm) +Z_2 = %i*(Z_g2+Z_l2) // Z2 upto the point of fault(ohm) +E_a = kV*1000/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_a1 = E_a/(Z_1+Z_2) // Positive sequence current in line a(A) +I_a2 = -I_a1 // Negative sequence current in line a(A) +I_a0 = 0 // Zero sequence current in line a(A) +I_b0 = 0 // Zero sequence current in line b(A) +I_c0 = 0 // Zero sequence current in line c(A) +I_a = I_a0+I_a1+I_a2 // Current in line a(A) +I_b = I_b0+a**2*I_a1+a*I_a2 // Current in line b(A) +I_c = I_c0+a*I_a1+a**2*I_a2 // Current in line c(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent in line a, I_a = %.f A", abs(I_a)) +printf("\nCurrent in line b, I_b = %.f A", real(I_b)) +printf("\nCurrent in line c, I_c = %.f A", real(I_c)) diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.3/Example30_3.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.3/Example30_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac8ab68d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.3/Example30_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.3 : +// Page number 512-513 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 10000.0 // Alternator rating(kVA) +Z_g1 = complex(0.5,4.7) // Positive sequence impedance(ohm/phase) +Z_g2 = complex(0.2,0.6) // Negative sequence impedance(ohm/phase) +Z_g0 = complex(0,0.43) // Zero sequence impedance(ohm/phase) +Z_l1 = complex(0.36,0.25) // Impedance(ohm) +Z_l2 = complex(0.36,0.25) // Impedance(ohm) +Z_l0 = complex(2.9,0.95) // Impedance(ohm) +V = 6600.0 // Voltage(V) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +// Case(a) +E_a = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +Z_1 = Z_g1+Z_l1 // Z1 upto the point of fault(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_g2+Z_l2 // Z2 upto the point of fault(ohm) +Z_0 = Z_g0+Z_l0 // Z0 upto the point of fault(ohm) +I_a = 3*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Fault current(A) +// Case(b) +I_a0 = abs(I_a)/3 // Zero sequence current of line a(A) +I_a1 = abs(I_a)/3 // Positive sequence current of line a(A) +I_a2 = abs(I_a)/3 // Negative sequence current of line a(A) +I_b0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence current of line b(A) +I_b1 = a**2*I_a1 // Positive sequence current of line b(A) +I_b2 = a*I_a2 // Negative sequence current of line b(A) +I_c0 = I_a0 // Zero sequence current of line c(A) +I_c1 = a*I_a1 // Positive sequence current of line c(A) +I_c2 = a**2*I_a2 // Negative sequence current of line c(A) +// Case(c) +V_b = E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0)*((a**2-a)*Z_2+(a**2-1)*Z_0) // Voltage of the line b(V) +V_c = E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0)*((a-a**2)*Z_2+(a-1)*Z_0) // Voltage of the line c(V) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Fault current, |I_a| = %.f A", abs(I_a)) +printf("\nCase(b): Zero sequence current of line a, I_a0 = %.f A", I_a0) +printf("\n Positive sequence current of line a, I_a1 = %.f A", I_a1) +printf("\n Negative sequence current of line a, I_a2 = %.f A", I_a2) +printf("\n Zero sequence current of line b, I_b0 = %.f A", I_b0) +printf("\n Positive sequence current of line b, I_b1 = (%.1f%.1fj) A", real(I_b1),imag(I_b1)) +printf("\n Negative sequence current of line b, I_b2 = (%.1f+%.1fj) A", real(I_b2),imag(I_b2)) +printf("\n Zero sequence current of line c, I_c0 = %.f A", I_c0) +printf("\n Positive sequence current of line c, I_c1 = (%.1f+%.1fj) A", real(I_c1),imag(I_c1)) +printf("\n Negative sequence current of line c, I_c2 = (%.1f%.1fj) A", real(I_c2),imag(I_c2)) +printf("\nCase(c): Voltage of the sound line to earth at fault, |V_b| = %.f V", abs(V_b)) +printf("\n Voltage of the sound line to earth at fault, |V_c| = %.f V\n", abs(V_c)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.4/Example30_4.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.4/Example30_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d21f554a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.4/Example30_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.4 : +// Page number 513-514 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 11000.0 // Alternator voltage(V) +kVA = 50000.0 // Alternator rating(kVA) +Z_l1 = complex(0.4,0.7) // Positive sequence impedance of feeder(ohm) +Z_l2 = complex(0.4,0.7) // Negative sequence impedance of feeder(ohm) +Z_l0 = complex(0.7,3.0) // Zero sequence impedance of feeder(ohm) +Z_g1_A = complex(0,0.6) // Positive sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g1_B = complex(0,0.6) // Positive sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g2_A = complex(0,0.4) // Negative sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g2_B = complex(0,0.4) // Negative sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g0_A = complex(0,0.2) // Zero sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g0_B = complex(0,0.2) // Zero sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_n_A = complex(0,0.2) // Neutral reactance(ohm) +Z_n_B = complex(0,0.2) // Neutra reactance(ohm) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +Z_g1 = 1.0/((1/Z_g1_A)+(1/Z_g1_B)) // Equivalent positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_g2 = 1.0/((1/Z_g2_A)+(1/Z_g2_B)) // Equivalent negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_g0 = 1.0/((1/Z_g0_A)+(1/Z_g0_B)) // Equivalent zero sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_n = 1.0/((1/Z_n_A)+(1/Z_n_B)) // Equivalent neutral impedance(ohm) +Z_1 = Z_l1+Z_g1 // Positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_l2+Z_g2 // Negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_0 = Z_l0+Z_g0+3*Z_n // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +Z = Z_0*Z_2/(Z_0+Z_2) // Impedance(ohm) +E_R = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +I_R1 = E_R/(Z_1+Z) // Postive sequence current(A) +I_R2 = -Z*I_R1/Z_2 // Negative sequence current(A) +I_R0 = -Z*I_R1/Z_0 // Zero sequence current(A) +I_R = I_R0+I_R1+I_R2 // Fault current in line(A) +I_Y = I_R0+a**2*I_R1+a*I_R2 // Fault current in line(A) +I_B = I_R0+a*I_R1+a**2*I_R2 // Fault current in line(A) +I_earth = 3.0*I_R0 // Current through earth reactance(A) +V_neutral = abs(I_earth*Z_n) // Magnitude of potential above earth attained by generator neutral(V) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFault current in the line R, I_R = %.f A", abs(I_R)) +printf("\nFault current in the line Y, I_Y = (%.f%.fj) A", real(I_Y),imag(I_Y)) +printf("\nFault current in the line B, I_B = (%.f+%.fj) A", real(I_B),imag(I_B)) +printf("\nPotential above earth attained by the alternator neutrals = %.f V\n", V_neutral) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Voltage is 11000 not 11000 kV as given in textbook statement") +printf("\n Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.5/Example30_5.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.5/Example30_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb7d7aaf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.5/Example30_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.5 : +// Page number 514-515 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 6600.0 // Alternator voltage(V) +kVA = 10000.0 // Alternator rating(kVA) +x_1 = 15.0 // Reactance to positive sequence current(%) +x_2 = 75.0 // Reactance to negative sequence current(%) +x_0 = 30.0 // Reactance to zero sequence current(%) +R_earth = 0.3 // Earth resistance(ohm) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +E_g = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +// Case(a) +I = kVA*1000/(3**0.5*V) // Full load current of each alternator(A) +X = x_1*V/(100*3**0.5*I) // Positive sequence reactance(ohm) +Z_g1 = %i*X // Equivalent positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_g2 = Z_g1*x_2/100 // Equivalent negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_g0 = Z_g1*x_0/100 // Equivalent zero sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_1 = Z_g1/3 // Positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_g2/3 // Negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_0 = Z_g0/3 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +I_a_a = 3*E_g/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Fault current(A) +// Case(b) +Z_0_b = Z_g0 // Impedance(ohm) +I_a_b = 3*E_g/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0_b) // Fault current(A) +// Case(c) +Z_0_c = R_earth*3+Z_g0 // Impedance(ohm) +I_a_c = 3*E_g/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0_c) // Fault current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Fault current if all the alternator neutrals are solidly earthed, I_a = %.fj A", imag(I_a_a)) +printf("\nCase(b): Fault current if only one of the alternator neutrals is solidly earthed & others isolated = %.fj A", imag(I_a_b)) +printf("\nCase(c): Fault current if one of alternator neutrals is earthed through resistance & others isolated = %.f A\n", abs(I_a_c)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.6/Example30_6.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.6/Example30_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc919ad90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.6/Example30_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.6 : +// Page number 515-516 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_G = 2000.0 // Generator rating(kVA) +X_G = 10.0 // Generator reactance(%) +kVA_T1 = 2000.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +lv_T1 = 6.6 // LV side voltage(kV) +hv_T1 = 11.0 // HV side voltage(kV) +X_T1 = 5.0 // Transformer reactance(%) +X_cable = 0.5 // Cable reactance(ohm) +V_cable = 11.0 // Cable voltage(V) +kVA_T2 = 2000.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +lv_T2 = 6.6 // LV side voltage(kV) +hv_T2 = 11.0 // HV side voltage(kV) +X_T2 = 5.0 // Transformer reactance(%) + +// Calculations +a = exp(%i*120.0*%pi/180) // Operator +kVA_base = 2000.0 // Base kVA +kV = 6.6 // Base voltage(kV) +X_1 = X_G*kV**2*10/kVA_base // 10% reactance at 6.6 kV(ohm) +X_2 = X_T1*kV**2*10/kVA_base // 5% reactance at 6.6 kV(ohm) +X_3 = (kV/hv_T1)**2*X_cable // 0.5 ohm at 11kV when referred to 6.6kV(ohm) +Z_g1 = %i*X_1 // Positive sequence impedance of generator(ohm) +Z_g2 = Z_g1*0.7 // Negative sequence impedance of generator equal to 70% of +ve sequence impedance(ohm) +T1_Z_T1_1 = %i*X_2 // Positive sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +T1_Z_T1_2 = %i*X_2 // Negative sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +Z_C1 = %i*X_3 // Positive sequence impedance of cable(ohm) +Z_C2 = %i*X_3 // Negative sequence impedance of cable(ohm) +T2_Z_T2_1 = %i*X_2 // Positive sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +T2_Z_T2_2 = %i*X_2 // Negative sequence impedance of transformer(ohm) +Z_1 = Z_g1+T1_Z_T1_1+Z_C1+T2_Z_T2_1 // Positive sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_g2+T1_Z_T1_2+Z_C2+T2_Z_T2_2 // Negative sequence impedance(ohm) +Z_0 = %i*X_2 // Zero sequence impedance(ohm) +E_a = kV*1000/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +// Case(a) +I_a1 = E_a/(Z_1+Z_2) // Positive sequence current(A) +I_a2 = -I_a1 // Negative sequence current(A) +I_a0 = 0 // Zero sequence current(A) +I_a = I_a1+I_a2+I_a0 // Fault current in line a(A) +I_b = (a**2-a)*I_a1 // Fault current in line b(A) +I_c = -I_b // Fault current in line c(A) +// Case(b) +I_a_b = 3*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Fault current for line to ground fault(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Fault current for line fault are") +printf("\n I_a = %.f A", abs(I_a)) +printf("\n I_b = %.f A", abs(I_b)) +printf("\n I_c = %.f A", abs(I_c)) +printf("\nCase(b): Fault current for line to ground fault, |I_a| = %.f A\n", abs(I_a_b)) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.7/Example30_7.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.7/Example30_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..383ba9512 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.7/Example30_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.7 : +// Page number 516-518 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_G1 = 40.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV_G1 = 13.2 // Generator voltage(kV) +X_st_G1 = 0.15 // Sub-transient reactance(p.u) +X_2_G1 = 0.15 // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +X_0_G1 = 0.08 // Zero sequence reactance(p.u) +MVA_G3 = 60.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV_G3 = 13.8 // Generator voltage(kV) +X_st_G3 = 0.20 // Sub-transient reactance(p.u) +X_2_G3 = 0.20 // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +X_0_G3 = 0.08 // Zero sequence reactance(p.u) +MVA_T1 = 40.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +kV_lv_T1 = 13.8 // Transformer low voltage(kV) +kV_hv_T1 = 138 // Transformer high voltage(kV) +X_1_T1 = 0.10 // Positive sequence reactance(p.u) +X_2_T1 = 0.10 // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +X_0_T1 = 0.08 // Zero sequence reactance(p.u) +MVA_T5 = 30.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +kV_lv_T5 = 13.8 // Transformer low voltage(kV) +kV_hv_T5 = 138 // Transformer high voltage(kV) +X_1_T5 = 0.10 // Positive sequence reactance(p.u) +X_2_T5 = 0.10 // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +X_0_T5 = 0.08 // Zero sequence reactance(p.u) +X_neutral = 0.05 // Reactance of reactor connected to generator neutral(p.u) + +// Calculations +MVA_base = 100.0 // Base MVA +kV_line = 138.0 // Base voltage for line(kV) +kV_G = 13.8 // Base voltage for generator(kV) +X_st_G1_pu = %i*X_st_G1*(kV_G1/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G1 // Impedance of G1 & G2(p.u) +X_2_G1_pu = %i*X_2_G1*(kV_G1/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G1 // Impedance of G1 & G2(p.u) +X_g0_G1_pu = %i*X_0_G1*(kV_G1/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G1 // Impedance of G1 & G2(p.u) +X_gn_G1_pu = %i*X_neutral*(kV_G1/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G1 // Impedance of G1 & G2(p.u) +X_st_G3_pu = %i*X_st_G3*(kV_G3/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G3 // Impedance of G3(p.u) +X_2_G3_pu = %i*X_2_G3*(kV_G3/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G3 // Impedance of G3(p.u) +X_g0_G3_pu = %i*X_0_G3*(kV_G3/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G3 // Impedance of G3(p.u) +X_gn_G3_pu = %i*X_neutral*(kV_G3/kV_G)**2*MVA_base/MVA_G3 // Impedance of G3(p.u) +X_1_T1_pu = %i*X_1_T1*MVA_base/MVA_T1 // Impedance of T1,T2,T3 & T4(p.u) +X_2_T1_pu = %i*X_2_T1*MVA_base/MVA_T1 // Impedance of T1,T2,T3 & T4(p.u) +X_0_T1_pu = %i*X_0_T1*MVA_base/MVA_T1 // Impedance of T1,T2,T3 & T4(p.u) +X_1_T5_pu = %i*X_1_T5*MVA_base/MVA_T5 // Impedance of T5 & T6(p.u) +X_2_T5_pu = %i*X_2_T5*MVA_base/MVA_T5 // Impedance of T5 & T6(p.u) +X_0_T5_pu = %i*X_0_T5*MVA_base/MVA_T5 // Impedance of T5 & T6(p.u) +X_1_line_20 = %i*20.0*100/kV_line**2 // Impedance of 20 ohm line(p.u) +X_2_line_20 = %i*20.0*100/kV_line**2 // Impedance of 20 ohm line(p.u) +X_0_line_20 = 3.0*X_1_line_20 // Impedance of 20 ohm line(p.u) +X_1_line_10 = %i*10.0*100/kV_line**2 // Impedance of 10 ohm line(p.u) +X_2_line_10 = %i*10.0*100/kV_line**2 // Impedance of 10 ohm line(p.u) +X_0_line_10 = 3.0*X_1_line_10 // Impedance of 10 ohm line(p.u) +// Positive,negative and zero sequence network +Z_1_1 = X_1_T1_pu+X_1_T1_pu+X_1_line_20 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_2_1 = X_1_T1_pu+X_1_T5_pu+X_1_line_10 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_3_1 = X_1_T1_pu+X_1_T5_pu+X_1_line_10 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_4_1 = Z_1_1*Z_2_1/(Z_1_1+Z_2_1+Z_3_1) // Impedance after star-delta transformation(p.u) +Z_5_1 = Z_3_1*Z_1_1/(Z_1_1+Z_2_1+Z_3_1) // Impedance after star-delta transformation(p.u) +Z_6_1 = Z_3_1*Z_2_1/(Z_1_1+Z_2_1+Z_3_1) // Impedance after star-delta transformation(p.u) +Z_7_1 = X_st_G1_pu+Z_4_1 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_8_1 = X_st_G1_pu+Z_5_1 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_9_1 = Z_7_1*Z_8_1/(Z_7_1+Z_8_1) // Impedance in parallel(p.u). Refer Fig E4.14(e) & E4.14(f) +Z_10_1 = Z_9_1+Z_6_1 // Impedance(p.u). Refer Fig E4.14(f) & E4.14(g) +Z_11_1 = Z_10_1*X_st_G3_pu/(Z_10_1+X_st_G3_pu) // Impedance in parallel(p.u). Refer Fig E4.14(g) & E4.14(h) +Z_1 = Z_11_1 // Positive sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_2 = Z_1 // Negative sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_0 = X_g0_G3_pu+3.0*X_gn_G3_pu // Zero sequence impedance(p.u) +E_g = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +I_f_pu = 3*E_g/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // L-G fault current(p.u) +I_f = abs(I_f_pu)*MVA_base*1000/(3**0.5*kV_G) // Actual fault current(A) +MVA_fault = abs(I_f_pu)*MVA_base // Fault MVA + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFault current for a L-G fault at C = %.f A\n", I_f) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.8/Example30_8.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.8/Example30_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4967851a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.8/Example30_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.8 : +// Page number 518-519 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV_G = 11.0 // Generator rating(kV) +X_1_G = %i*0.1 // Positive sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +X_2_G = %i*0.1 // Negative sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +X_0_G = %i*0.02 // Zero sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +Z = 1.0 // Earthing resistor(ohm) +X_1_T1 = %i*0.1 // Positive sequence reactance of 2-winding transformer(p.u) +X_2_T1 = %i*0.1 // Negative sequence reactance of 2-winding transformer(p.u) +X_0_T1 = %i*0.1 // Zero sequence reactanc of 2-winding transformere(p.u) +X_1_T2_hv = %i*0.05 // Positive sequence reactance of hv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_2_T2_hv = %i*0.05 // Negative sequence reactance of hv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_0_T2_hv = %i*0.05 // Zero sequence reactanc of hv 3-winding transformere(p.u) +X_1_T2_lv_1 = %i*0.02 // Positive sequence reactance of lv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_2_T2_lv_1 = %i*0.02 // Negative sequence reactance of lv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_0_T2_lv_1 = %i*0.02 // Zero sequence reactanc of lv 3-winding transformere(p.u) +X_1_T2_lv_2 = %i*0.05 // Positive sequence reactance of lv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_2_T2_lv_2 = %i*0.05 // Negative sequence reactance of lv 3-winding transformer(p.u) +X_0_T2_lv_2 = %i*0.05 // Zero sequence reactanc of lv 3-winding transformere(p.u) + +// Calculations +MVA_b = 10.0 // Base MVA +kV_b = 11.0 // Base voltage(kV) +Z_n = Z*MVA_b/kV_b**2 // Impedance(p.u) +Z_1 = X_1_G+X_1_T1+X_1_T2_hv+((X_1_T2_lv_1*X_1_T2_lv_2)/(X_1_T2_lv_1+X_1_T2_lv_2)) // Positive sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_2 = X_2_G+X_2_T1+X_2_T2_hv+((X_2_T2_lv_1*X_2_T2_lv_2)/(X_2_T2_lv_1+X_2_T2_lv_2)) // Negative sequence impedance(p.u) +Z_0 = ((X_0_T1+X_0_T2_hv)*X_0_T2_lv_2/(X_0_T1+X_0_T2_hv+X_0_T2_lv_2))+X_0_T2_lv_1+3*Z_n // Zero sequence impedance(p.u) +E = 1.0 // Voltage(p.u) +I_f_pu = 3*E/(Z_1+Z_2+Z_0) // Fault current(p.u) +I_f = MVA_b*1000*abs(I_f_pu)/(3**0.5*kV_b) // Fault current(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFault current, I_f = %.f A\n", I_f) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH30/EX30.9/Example30_9.sce b/3472/CH30/EX30.9/Example30_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a6a0ae4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH30/EX30.9/Example30_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 4: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEMS + +// EXAMPLE : 4.9 : +// Page number 519 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA_G = 10.0 // Generator rating(MVA) +kV_G = 11.0 // Generator rating(kV) +X_1_G = 27.0 // Positive sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +X_2_G = 9.0 // Negative sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +X_0_G = 4.5 // Zero sequence reactance of generator(p.u) +X_1_L = 9.0 // Positive sequence reactance of line upto fault(p.u) +X_2_L = 9.0 // Negative sequence reactance of line upto fault(p.u) +X_0_L = 0 // Zero sequence reactance of line upto fault(p.u) + +// Calculations +E_a = kV_G*1000/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +Z_1 = %i*(X_1_G+X_1_L) // Positive sequence reactance(p.u) +Z_2 = %i*(X_2_G+X_2_L) // Negative sequence reactance(p.u) +I_b = %i*3**0.5*E_a/(Z_1+Z_2) // Fault current in line b(p.u) +I_c = -I_b // Fault current in line c(p.u) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 4.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFault current in line b, I_b = %.f A", abs(I_b)) +printf("\nFault current in line c, I_c = %.f A", real(I_c)) diff --git a/3472/CH32/EX32.1/Example32_1.sce b/3472/CH32/EX32.1/Example32_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95cfce6e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH32/EX32.1/Example32_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER + +// EXAMPLE : 6.1 : +// Page number 545 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +f = 50.0 // Generator frequency(Hz) +kV = 7.5 // emf to neutral rms voltage(kV) +X = 4.0 // Reactance of generator & connected system(ohm) +C = 0.01*10**-6 // Distributed capacitance(F) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +v = 2**0.5*kV // Active recovery voltage i.e phase to neutral(kV) +V_max_restrike = v*2 // Maximum restriking voltage i.e phase to neutral(kV) +// Case(b) +L = X/(2.0*%pi*f) // Inductance(H) +f_n = 1/(2.0*%pi*(L*C)**0.5*1000) // Frequency of transient oscillation(kHZ) +// Case(c) +t = 1.0/(2.0*f_n*1000) // Time(sec) +avg_rate = V_max_restrike/t // Average rate of rise of voltage upto first peak of oscillation(kV/s) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 6.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Maximum re-striking voltage(phase-to-neutral) = %.1f kV", V_max_restrike) +printf("\nCase(b): Frequency of transient oscillation, f_n = %.1f kHz", f_n) +printf("\nCase(c): Average rate of rise of voltage upto first peak of oscillation = %.f kV/s \n", avg_rate) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more approximation in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH32/EX32.3/Example32_3.sce b/3472/CH32/EX32.3/Example32_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c58296f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH32/EX32.3/Example32_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER + +// EXAMPLE : 6.3 : +// Page number 545-546 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 132.0 // Voltage(kV) +pf = 0.3 // Power factor of the fault +K3 = 0.95 // Recovery voltage was 0.95 of full line value +f_n = 16000.0 // Natural frequency of the restriking transient(Hz) + +// Calculations +kV_phase = kV/3**0.5 // System voltage(kV) +sin_phi = sind(acosd(pf)) // Sinφ +K2 = 1.0 +v = K2*K3*kV/3**0.5*2**0.5*sin_phi // Active recovery voltage(kV) +V_max_restrike = 2*v // Maximum restriking voltage(kV) +t = 1.0/(2.0*f_n) // Time(sec) +RRRV = V_max_restrike/(t*10**6) // Rate of rise of restriking voltage(kV/µ-sec) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 6.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRate of rise of restriking voltage, R.R.R.V = %.2f kV/µ-sec", RRRV) diff --git a/3472/CH32/EX32.5/Example32_5.sce b/3472/CH32/EX32.5/Example32_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0216229c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH32/EX32.5/Example32_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER + +// EXAMPLE : 6.5 : +// Page number 565 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 132.0 // Voltage(kV) +C = 0.01*10**-6 // Phase to ground capacitance(F) +L = 6.0 // Inductance(H) +i = 5.0 // Magnetizing current(A) + +// Calculations +V_pros = i*(L/C)**0.5/1000 // Prospective value of voltage(kV) +R = 1.0/2*(L/C)**0.5/1000 // Resistance to be used across the contacts to eliminate the restriking voltage(k-ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 6.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage across the pole of a CB = %.1f kV", V_pros) +printf("\nResistance to be used across the contacts to eliminate the restriking voltage, R = %.2f k-ohm\n", R) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Unit of final answer R is k-ohm, not ohm as in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH32/EX32.6/Example32_6.sce b/3472/CH32/EX32.6/Example32_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16e218df7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH32/EX32.6/Example32_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER + +// EXAMPLE : 6.6 : +// Page number 567 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I = 1200.0 // Rated normal current(A) +MVA = 1500.0 // Rated MVA +kV = 33.0 // Voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +I_breaking = MVA/(3**0.5*kV) // Rated symmetrical breaking current(kA) +I_making = I_breaking*2.55 // Rated making current(kA) +I_short = I_breaking // Short-time rating(kA) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 6.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRated normal current = %.f A", I) +printf("\nBreaking current = %.2f kA (rms)", I_breaking) +printf("\nMaking current = %.f kA", I_making) +printf("\nShort-time rating = %.2f kA for 3 secs", I_short) diff --git a/3472/CH32/EX32.8/Example32_8.sce b/3472/CH32/EX32.8/Example32_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc1d99f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH32/EX32.8/Example32_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 6: CIRCUIT BREAKER + +// EXAMPLE : 6.8 : +// Page number 569 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 7500.0 // Rated kVA +X_st = 9.0 // Sub-transient reactance(%) +X_t = 15.0 // Transient reactance(%) +X_d = 100.0 // Direct-axis reactance(%) +kV = 13.8 // Voltage(kV). Assumption + +// Calculations +kVA_base = 7500.0 // Base kVA +kVA_sc_sustained = kVA_base/X_d*100 // Sustained S.C kVA +I_sc_sustained = kVA_base/(3**0.5*kV) // Sustained S.C current(A). rms +I_st = kVA*100/(X_st*3**0.5*kV) // Initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker(A) +I_max_dc = 2**0.5*I_st // Maximum possible dc component of the short-circuit(A) +I_moment = 1.6*I_st // Momentary current rating of the breaker(A) +I_interrupt = 1.1*I_st // Current to be interrupted by the breaker(A) +I_kVA = 3**0.5*I_interrupt*kV // Interrupting kVA + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 6.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Sustained short circuit KVA in the breaker = %.f kVA", kVA_sc_sustained) +printf("\n Sustained short circuit current in the breaker = %.1f A (rms)", I_sc_sustained) +printf("\nCase(b): Initial symmetrical rms current in the breaker = %.f A (rms)", I_st) +printf("\nCase(c): Maximum possible dc component of the short-circuit in the breaker = %.f A", I_max_dc) +printf("\nCase(d): Momentary current rating of the breaker = %.f A (rms)", I_moment) +printf("\nCase(e): Current to be interrupted by the breaker = %.f A (rms)", I_interrupt) +printf("\nCase(f): Interrupting kVA = %.f kVA \n", I_kVA) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook due to more approximation in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH33/EX33.1/Example33_1.sce b/3472/CH33/EX33.1/Example33_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f4cc386f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH33/EX33.1/Example33_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.1 : +// Page number 595-596 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_setting = 150.0 // Current setting of IDMT(%) +t_mult = 0.5 // Time multiplier setting +ratio_CT = 500.0/5 // CT ratio +CT_sec = 5.0 // Secondary turn +I_f = 6000.0 // Fault current + +// Calculations +I_sec_fault = I_f/ratio_CT // Secondary fault current(A) +PSM = I_sec_fault/(CT_sec*I_setting/100) // Plug setting multiplier +t = 3.15 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +time_oper = t*t_mult // Operating time(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 7.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime of operation of the relay = %.3f sec", time_oper) diff --git a/3472/CH33/EX33.2/Example33_2.sce b/3472/CH33/EX33.2/Example33_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ba042a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH33/EX33.2/Example33_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.2 : +// Page number 596 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +ratio = 525.0/1 // CT ratio +CT_sec = 1.0 // Secondary turn +t_mult = 0.3 // Time multiplier setting +I_f = 5250.0 // Fault current(A) + +// Calculations +I_sec_fault = I_f/ratio // Secondary fault current(A) +PSM = I_sec_fault/(1.25*CT_sec) // Plug setting multiplier +t = 3.15 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +time_oper = t*t_mult // Operating time(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 7.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime of operation of the relay = %.3f sec", time_oper) diff --git a/3472/CH33/EX33.3/Example33_3.sce b/3472/CH33/EX33.3/Example33_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7b211b08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH33/EX33.3/Example33_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.3 : +// Page number 596 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 20.0 // Transformer MVA +overload = 30.0 // Overload of transformer(%) +kV = 11.0 // Bus bar rating(kV) +CT_trans = 1000.0/5 // Transformer CT +CT_cb = 400.0/5 // Circuit breaker CT +ps = 125.0 // Plug setting(%) +ts = 0.3 // Time setting +I_f = 5000.0 // Fault current(A) +t_margin = 0.5 // Discriminative time margin(sec) + +// Calculations +I_sec_fault = I_f/CT_cb // Secondary fault current(A) +CT_cb_sec = 5.0 // Secondary turn +PSM = I_sec_fault/(ps/100*CT_cb_sec) // Plug setting multiplier +t = 2.8 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +time_oper = t*ts // Operating time of feeder relay(sec) +I_ol = (1+(overload/100))*MVA*1000/(3**0.5*kV) // Overload current(A) +I_sec_T = I_ol/CT_trans // Secondary current(A) +CT_T_sec = 5.0 // Secondary turn of transformer +PSM_T = I_sec_T/CT_T_sec // Minimum plug setting multiplier of transformer +I_sec_T1 = I_f/CT_trans // Secondary fault current(A) +ps_T1 = 1.5 // Plug setting as per standard value +PSM_T1 = I_sec_T1/(CT_T_sec*ps) // Plug setting multiplier of transformer +t_T1 = 7.0 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +time_setting = (time_oper+t_margin)/t_T1 // Time setting of transformer + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 7.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nOperating time of feeder relay = %.2f sec", time_oper) +printf("\nMinimum plug setting of transformer relay, P.S > %.2f ", PSM_T) +printf("\nTime setting of transformer = %.3f ", time_setting) diff --git a/3472/CH33/EX33.4/Example33_4.sce b/3472/CH33/EX33.4/Example33_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4e6e3e6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH33/EX33.4/Example33_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.4 : +// Page number 596-597 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_f = 2000.0 // Fault current(A) +ratio_CT = 200.0/1 // CT ratio +R_1 = 100.0 // Relay 1 set on(%) +R_2 = 125.0 // Relay 2 set on(%) +t_margin = 0.5 // Discriminative time margin(sec) +TSM_1 = 0.2 // Time setting multiplier of relay 1 + +// Calculations +CT_sec = 200.0 // CT secondary +PSM_1 = I_f*100/(CT_sec*R_1) // PSM of relay 1 +t_1 = 2.8 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +time_oper_1 = TSM_1*t_1 // Operating time of relay with TSM of 0.2(Sec) +PSM_2 = I_f*100/(CT_sec*R_2) // PSM of relay 2 +t_2 = 3.15 // Time against this PSM(sec). From graph E7.1 in textbook page no 595 +actual_time_2 = time_oper_1+t_margin // Actual time of operation of relay 2(sec) +TSM_2 = actual_time_2/t_2 // Time setting multiplier of relay 2 + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 7.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime of operation of relay 1 = %.2f sec", time_oper_1) +printf("\nActual time of operation of relay 2 = %.2f sec", actual_time_2) +printf("\nT.S.M of relay 2 = %.4f", TSM_2) diff --git a/3472/CH33/EX33.6/Example33_6.sce b/3472/CH33/EX33.6/Example33_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ba6d2f11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH33/EX33.6/Example33_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 7: PROTECTIVE RELAYS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.6 : +// Page number 611 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_min = 0.1 // Relay minimum pick up current(A) +slope = 10.0 // Slope characteristic(%) +CT_ratio = 400.0/5 // CT ratio +I_1 = 320.0 // Current(A) +I_2 = 304.0 // Current(A) + +// Calculations +I_op_coil = (I_1-I_2)/CT_ratio // Current in operating coil(A) +I_re_coil = 1.0*(I_1+I_2)/(2*CT_ratio) // Current in restraining coil(A) +I_re_coil_slope = I_re_coil*slope/100 // Current in restraining coil with slope(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 7.6 : SOLUTION :-") +if(I_op_coilslope) then + printf("\nRelay would trip the circuit breaker, since the point lie on +ve torque regime") +else then + printf("\nRelay would not trip the circuit breaker, since the point do not lie on +ve torque regime") +end diff --git a/3472/CH34/EX34.5/Example34_5.sce b/3472/CH34/EX34.5/Example34_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a360a492f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH34/EX34.5/Example34_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS AND AC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 8.5 : +// Page number 625-626 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 50.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +V = 33.0*10**3 // Alternator voltage(V) +CT_ratio = 2000.0/5 // CT ratio +R = 7.5 // Resistor earthed generator neutral(ohm) +I = 0.5 // Current above which pick up current(A) + +// Calculations +I_min = CT_ratio*I // Minimum current required to operate relay(A) +x = I_min*R/(V/3**0.5)*100 // Winding unprotected during normal operation(%) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 8.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWinding of each phase unprotected against earth when machine operates at nominal voltage, x = %.2f percent", x) diff --git a/3472/CH34/EX34.6/Example34_6.sce b/3472/CH34/EX34.6/Example34_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8512df487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH34/EX34.6/Example34_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS AND AC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 8.6 : +// Page number 626 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 50.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +kV = 11.0 // Alternator voltage(kV) +X = 2.0 // Synchronous reactance per phase(ohm) +R = 0.7 // Resistance per phase(ohm) +R_n = 5.0 // Resistance through which alternator is earthed(ohm) +ofb = 25.0 // Out-of-balance current(%) + +// Calculations +I_fl = MVA*1000/(3**0.5*kV) // Full load current(A) +I_ofb = ofb/100*I_fl // Out-of-balance current(A) +x = R_n/((kV*1000/(3**0.5*100*I_ofb))-(R/100)) // Portion of winding unprotected(%) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 8.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPortion of winding unprotected, x = %.f percent", x) diff --git a/3472/CH34/EX34.7/Example34_7.sce b/3472/CH34/EX34.7/Example34_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..859e083f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH34/EX34.7/Example34_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS AND AC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 8.7 : +// Page number 626-627 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 11.0 // Alternator voltage(kV) +MVA = 5.0 // Alternator rating(MVA) +X = 2.0 // Reactance per phase(ohm) +ofb = 35.0 // Out-of-balance current(%) +R_n = 5.0 // Resistance through which star point is earthed(ohm) + +// Calculations +I_fl = MVA*1000/(3**0.5*kV) // Full load current(A) +I_ofb = ofb/100*I_fl // Out-of-balance current(A) +x = I_ofb*R_n*100/(kV*1000/3**0.5) // Portion of winding unprotected(%) +protected = 100.0-x // Winding that is protected against earth faults(%) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 8.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPercentage of winding that is protected against earth faults = %.2f percent", protected) diff --git a/3472/CH34/EX34.8/Example34_8.sce b/3472/CH34/EX34.8/Example34_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..561a59f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH34/EX34.8/Example34_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS AND AC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 8.8 : +// Page number 627 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kV = 11.0 // Alternator voltage(kV) +P = 100.0 // Alternator maximum rating(MW) +PF = 0.8 // Power factor +X = 0.1 // Reactance of alternator(pu) +i = 500.0 // Current(A) +per = 10.0 // Windings unprotected(%) + +// Calculations +I = P*1000/(3**0.5*kV*PF) // Rated current of alternator(A) +a = i/I // Relay setting +I_n = a*I*100/per // Current through neutral(A) +R = kV*1000/(3**0.5*I_n) // Magnitude of neutral earthing resistance(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 8.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMagnitude of neutral earthing resistance, R = %.2f ohm\n", R) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Unit of resistance is not mentioned in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH35/EX35.2/Example35_2.sce b/3472/CH35/EX35.2/Example35_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b64e07936 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH35/EX35.2/Example35_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS + +// EXAMPLE : 9.2 : +// Page number 635-636 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_lv = 220.0 // LV side voltage of transformer(V) +V_hv = 11000.0 // HV side voltage of transformer(V) +ratio_CT = 600.0/(5/3**0.5) // CT ratio on LV side of transformer + +// Calculations +CT_pri = 600.0 // Primary CT +CT_sec = 5.0/3**0.5 // Secondary CT +I_1 = V_lv/V_hv*CT_pri // Line current in secondary of transformer corresponding to primary winding(A) +I_2 = CT_sec*3**0.5 // Current in secondary of CT(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 9.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRatio of CTs on 11000 V side = %.f : %.f \n", I_1,I_2) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Mistake in representing the final answer in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH35/EX35.3/Example35_3.sce b/3472/CH35/EX35.3/Example35_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94791899b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH35/EX35.3/Example35_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS + +// EXAMPLE : 9.3 : +// Page number 636 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_lv = 11.0*10**3 // LV side voltage of transformer(V) +V_hv = 66.0*10**3 // HV side voltage of transformer(V) +ratio_CT = 250.0/5 // CT ratio on LV side of transformer + +// Calculations +V_hv_phase = V_hv/3**0.5 // HV side phase voltage(V) +ratio_main_T = V_hv_phase/V_lv // Ratio of main transformer +I_2 = 250.0 // Primary CT +I_1 = I_2/(ratio_main_T*3**0.5) // Primary line current(A) +CT_sec = 5.0 // Secondary CT +secondary_side = CT_sec/3**0.5 // HV side CT secondary + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 9.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRatio of CTs on high voltage side = %.1f : %.1f = (%.f/%.2f√3) : (%.f/√3) ", I_1,secondary_side,I_2,ratio_main_T,CT_sec) diff --git a/3472/CH35/EX35.4/Example35_4.sce b/3472/CH35/EX35.4/Example35_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9ebde03f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH35/EX35.4/Example35_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS + +// EXAMPLE : 9.4 : +// Page number 636 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_hv = 33.0 // HV side voltage of transformer(kV) +V_lv = 6.6 // LV side voltage of transformer(kV) +ratio_CT = 100.0/1 // CT ratio on LV side of transformer + +// Calculations +CT_pri = 100.0 // Primary CT +CT_sec = 1.0 // Secondary CT +I_hv = V_lv/V_hv*CT_pri // Line current on HV side(A) +I_lv = CT_sec/3**0.5 // Line current on LV side(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 9.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRatio of protective CTs on 33 kV side = %.f : %.f/√3 = %.f : %.f ", I_hv,CT_sec,3**0.5*I_hv,I_lv*3**0.5) diff --git a/3472/CH35/EX35.5/Example35_5.sce b/3472/CH35/EX35.5/Example35_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..369e627d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH35/EX35.5/Example35_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS + +// EXAMPLE : 9.5 : +// Page number 636-637 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA = 200.0 // Transformer rating(kVA) +E_1 = 11000.0 // HV side voltage of transformer(kV) +E_2 = 400.0 // LV side voltage of transformer(kV) +ratio_CT = 500.0/5 // CT ratio on LV side of transformer +I_f = 750.0 // Fault current(A) + +// Calculations +I_2 = 500.0 // Primary CT +I_1 = 5.0 // Secondary CT +I_1_T = E_2*I_2/(3**0.5*E_1) // Primary current in transformer(A) +I_hv_T = I_1_T*3**0.5 // Equivalent line current on HV side(A) +I_pilot_lv = I_1*3**0.5 // Pilot current on LV side(A) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 9.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCT ratios on high voltage side = %.2f : %.2f \n", I_hv_T,I_pilot_lv) +printf("\nNOTE: Circulating current is not calculated") diff --git a/3472/CH35/EX35.6/Example35_6.sce b/3472/CH35/EX35.6/Example35_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27c4f3d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH35/EX35.6/Example35_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 9: PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS + +// EXAMPLE : 9.6 : +// Page number 640 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MVA = 50.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +V_hv = 132.0 // HV side voltage of transformer(kV) +V_lv = 33.0 // LV side voltage of transformer(kV) +CT_sec = 1.0 // Secondary CT rating + +// Calculations +I_FL = MVA*1000/(3**0.5*V_lv) // Full-load current(A) +CT_ratio_33kV = I_FL/CT_sec // CT ratio on 33 kV side +CT_ratio_132kV = (I_FL*V_lv/V_hv)/(CT_sec/3**0.5) // CT ratio on 132 kV side + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 9.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCT ratio on 33 kV side = %.f : 1 ", CT_ratio_33kV) +printf("\nCT ratio on 132 kV side = %.f : 1 = %.f√3 : 1 ", CT_ratio_132kV,CT_ratio_132kV/3**0.5) diff --git a/3472/CH36/EX36.1/Example36_1.sce b/3472/CH36/EX36.1/Example36_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..083e9bfe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH36/EX36.1/Example36_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 10: PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE, SHUNT INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS + +// EXAMPLE : 10.1 : +// Page number 647-648 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +G2_per = 70.0 // G2 is fed at 70% distance from A in section AB(%) +X_T = 10.0 // Transformer reactance(%) +zone_1_per = 80.0 // Setting for first zone(%) +zone_2_per = 50.0 // Setting for second zone(%) +CT_ratio = 400.0/5 // CT ratio +PT_ratio = 166000.0/110 // PT ratio +Z_AB = complex(20.0,60.0) // Section AB impedance(ohm) +Z_BC = complex(10.0,25.0) // Section BC impedance(ohm) +MVA = 10.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +kV_hv = 166.0 // HV side voltage(kV) +kV_lv = 33.0 // LV side voltage(kV) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) Without infeed +Z_sec_1 = zone_1_per/100*Z_AB*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // First zone setting(ohm) +Z_BC_hv = Z_BC*(kV_hv/kV_lv)**2 // Z_BC on 166 kV base(ohm) +Z_T = %i*10*X_T*kV_hv**2/(MVA*1000) // Transformer impedance(ohm) +Z_sec_2 = (Z_AB+zone_2_per/100*Z_BC_hv+Z_T)*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Second zone setting(ohm) +Z_sec_3 = (Z_AB+Z_BC_hv+Z_T)*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Third zone setting(ohm) +// Case(ii) With infeed +I_AB = 2.0 // Current ratio +Z_zone_1 = (G2_per/100*Z_AB)+I_AB*(zone_1_per-G2_per)/100*Z_AB // First zone impedance(ohm) +Z_1 = Z_zone_1*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // First zone setting(ohm) +Z_zone_2 = (G2_per/100*Z_AB)+I_AB*(((zone_1_per-zone_2_per)/100*Z_AB)+(zone_2_per/100*Z_BC_hv)+Z_T) // Second zone impedance(ohm) +Z_2 = Z_zone_2*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Second zone setting(ohm) +under_reach = Z_zone_2-(Z_AB+zone_2_per/100*Z_BC_hv+Z_T) // Under-reach due to infeed(ohm) +Z_zone_3 = (G2_per/100*Z_AB)+I_AB*(((zone_1_per-zone_2_per)/100*Z_AB)+Z_BC_hv+Z_T) // Third zone impedance(ohm) +Z_3 = Z_zone_3*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Third zone setting(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 10.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) Without infeed:") +printf("\n First zone relay setting = (%.2f + %.2fj) ohm", real(Z_sec_1),imag(Z_sec_1)) +printf("\n Second zone relay setting = (%.1f + %.1fj) ohm", real(Z_sec_2),imag(Z_sec_2)) +printf("\n Third zone relay setting = (%.1f + %.1fj) ohm", real(Z_sec_3),imag(Z_sec_3)) +printf("\nCase(ii) With infeed:") +printf("\n First zone relay setting = (%.3f + %.2fj) ohm", real(Z_1),imag(Z_1)) +printf("\n Second zone relay setting = (%.1f + %.1fj) ohm", real(Z_2),imag(Z_2)) +printf("\n Third zone relay setting = (%.1f + %.fj) ohm\n", real(Z_3),imag(Z_3)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in Z_BC. Hence, changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH36/EX36.2/Example36_2.sce b/3472/CH36/EX36.2/Example36_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bea3a190 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH36/EX36.2/Example36_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART III : SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION +// CHAPTER 10: PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE, SHUNT INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS + +// EXAMPLE : 10.2 : +// Page number 648 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +CT_ratio = 300.0/5 // CT ratio +PT_ratio = 166000.0/110 // PT ratio +Z_AB = complex(40.0,160.0) // Section AB impedance(ohm) +Z_BC = complex(7.5,15.0) // Section BC impedance(ohm) +kV_hv = 166.0 // HV side voltage(kV) +kV_lv = 33.0 // LV side voltage(kV) +MVA = 5.0 // Transformer rating(MVA) +X_T = 6.04 // Transformer reactance(%) + +// Calculations +Z_T = %i*10*X_T*kV_hv**2/(MVA*1000) // Tranformer impedance(ohm) +Z_fault = Z_AB+Z_T // Fault impedance(ohm) +Z_sec = Z_fault*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Relay setting for primary protection(ohm) +Z_BC_hv = Z_BC*(kV_hv/kV_lv)**2 // Z_BC on 166 kV base(ohm) +Z = Z_AB+Z_T+Z_BC_hv // For backup protection of line BC(ohm) +Z_sec_set = Z*CT_ratio/PT_ratio // Relay setting(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART III - EXAMPLE : 10.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nImpedance seen by relay = (%.f + %.fj) ohm", real(Z_fault),imag(Z_fault)) +printf("\nRelay setting for high speed & backup protection = (%.1f + %.2fj) ohm", real(Z_sec_set),imag(Z_sec_set)) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.1/Example39_1.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.1/Example39_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..355c660d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.1/Example39_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.1 : +// Page number 676 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +capital_cost_group = 8000.0 // Capital cost of group drive(Rs) +n_single = 5.0 // Number of individual drive +capital_cost_single = 2500.0 // Capital cost of individual drive(Rs) +energy_cons_group = 40000.0 // Annual energy consumption of group drive(kWh) +energy_cons_single = 30000.0 // Annual energy consumption of group drive(kWh) +cost_energy = 8.0/100 // Cost of energy per kWh(Rs) +dmo_group = 12.0 // Depreciation,maintenance & other fixed charges for group drive(%) +dmo_single = 18.0 // Depreciation,maintenance & other fixed charges for individual drive(%) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +annual_cost_energy_a = energy_cons_group*cost_energy // Annual cost of energy(Rs) +dmo_cost_a = capital_cost_group*dmo_group/100 // Depreciation,maintenance & other fixed charges per year for group drive(Rs) +yearly_cost_a = annual_cost_energy_a+dmo_cost_a // Total yearly cost(Rs) +// Case(b) +total_cost = capital_cost_single*n_single // Capital cost of individual drive(Rs) +annual_cost_energy_b = energy_cons_single*cost_energy // Annual cost of energy(Rs) +dmo_cost_b = total_cost*dmo_single/100 // Depreciation,maintenance & other fixed charges per year for individual drive(Rs) +yearly_cost_b = annual_cost_energy_b+dmo_cost_b // Total yearly cost(Rs) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTotal annual cost of group drive = Rs. %.f ", yearly_cost_a) +printf("\nTotal annual cost of individual drive = Rs. %.f ", yearly_cost_b) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.10/Example39_10.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.10/Example39_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b187e2f4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.10/Example39_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.10 : +// Page number 687 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 220.0 // DC shunt motor voltage(V) +I_a1 = 50.0 // Armature current at 800rpm(A) +N_1 = 800.0 // Speed of dc shunt motor(rpm) +N_2 = 1000.0 // Speed of dc shunt motor with additional resistance(rpm) +I_a2 = 75.0 // Armature current with additional resistance(A) +R_a = 0.15 // Armature resistance(ohm) +R_f = 250.0 // Field resistance(ohm) + +// Calculations +E_b1 = V-R_a*I_a1 // Back emf at 800 rpm(V) +I_f1 = V/R_f // Shunt field current(A) +E_b2 = V-R_a*I_a2 // Back emf at 1000 rpm(V) +I_f2 = E_b2*N_1*I_f1/(E_b1*N_2) // Shunt field current at 1000 rpm(A) +R_f2 = V/I_f2 // Field resistance at 1000 rpm(ohm) +R_add = R_f2-R_f // Additional resistance required(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAdditional resistance to be inserted in the field circuit to raise the speed = %.1f ohm\n", R_add) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in E_b2 in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.11/Example39_11.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.11/Example39_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f2ed671 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.11/Example39_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.11 : +// Page number 687 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 220.0 // DC series motor voltage(V) +I_1 = 20.0 // Armature current at 800rpm(A) +N_1 = 800.0 // Speed of dc series motor(rpm) +R_div = 0.4 // Diverter resistance(ohm) +R_a = 0.5 // Armature resistance(ohm) +R_f = 0.2 // Series field resistance(ohm) + +// Calculations +E_b1 = V-(R_a+R_f)*I_1 // Back emf at 800 rpm(V) +I_2 = I_1*R_div/(R_div+R_f) // Series field current at new speed(A) +E_b2 = V-(R_a*I_1+R_f*I_2) // Back emf at new speed(V) +N_2 = I_1*N_1*E_b2/(I_2*E_b1) // New speed with diverter(rpm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed of motor with a diverter connected in parallel with series field, N_2 = %.f rpm", N_2) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.12/Example39_12.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.12/Example39_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a3fa1a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.12/Example39_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.12 : +// Page number 687-688 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +speed_per = 15.0 // Motor speed increased by(%) + +// Calculations +N_2 = (100+speed_per)/100 // New speed N_2(rpm) +phi_2 = 1/N_2*100 // Flux_2 in terms of full load flux +I_sc1 = 0.75 // New series field current in terms of I_a1 +I_a2 = N_2 // Armature current in terms of I_a1 +R_d = I_sc1/(I_a2-I_sc1)*100 // Diverter resistance in terms of series field resistance(%) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDiverter resistance, R_d = %.1f percent of field resistance", R_d) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.13/Example39_13.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.13/Example39_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dd87cff1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.13/Example39_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.13 : +// Page number 689 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 250.0 // Voltage of DC shunt motor(V) +N_1 = 400.0 // No load speed(rpm) +R_a = 0.5 // Armature resistance(ohm) +N_2 = 200.0 // Speed with additional resistance(rpm) +I_a = 20.0 // Armature current(A) + +// Calculations +k_phi = (V-I_a*R_a)/N_1 // kΦ +R = (V-k_phi*N_2)/I_a // Resistance(ohm) +R_add = R-R_a // Additional resistance to be placed in armature circuit(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nResistance to be placed in the armature circuit = %.f ohm\n", R_add) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: The given data doesnt match with example 1.7 as mentioned in problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.14/Example39_14.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.14/Example39_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19171c727 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.14/Example39_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.14 : +// Page number 689 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // Voltage of DC shunt motor(V) +hp = 20.0 // Power of DC shunt motor(hp) +I = 44.0 // Current drawn by motor(A) +N_1 = 1000.0 // Speed(rpm) +N_2 = 800.0 // Speed with additional resistance(rpm) +R_sh = 200.0 // Shunt field resistance(ohm) + +// Calculations +output = hp*746 // Motor output(W) +I_f1 = V/R_sh // Shunt field current(A) +I_a1 = I-I_f1 // Armature current(A) +E_b1 = output/I_a1 // Back emf(V) +R_a = (V-E_b1)/I_a1 // Armature resistance(ohm) +I_a2 = I_a1*(N_2/N_1)**2 // Armature current at N2(A) +E_b2 = N_2/N_1*E_b1 // Back emf at N2(V) +r = ((V-E_b2)/I_a2)-R_a // Resistance connected in series with armature(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nResistance to be connected in series with armature to reduce speed, r = %.2f ohm", r) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.15/Example39_15.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.15/Example39_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3189856f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.15/Example39_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.15 : +// Page number 690 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 15.0 // Power of DC shunt motor(hp) +V = 400.0 // Voltage of DC shunt motor(V) +N_reduce = 20.0 // Speed is to be reduced by(%) +I_f = 3.0 // Field current(A) +R_a = 0.5 // Armature resistance(ohm) +n = 0.85 // Efficiency of motor + +// Calculations +motor_input = hp*746/n // Motor input(W) +I = motor_input/V // Motor current(A) +I_a1 = I-I_f // Armature current(A) +I_a2 = I_a1 // Armature current at new speed(A) +E_b1 = V-I_a1*R_a // Back emf(V) +E_b2 = E_b1*(100-N_reduce)/100 // Back emf at new speed(V) +r = ((V-E_b2)/I_a2)-R_a // Ohmic value of resistor connected in the armature circuit(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.15 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nOhmic value of resistor connected in the armature circuit, r = %.2f ohm", r) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.16/Example39_16.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.16/Example39_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f290e6f98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.16/Example39_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.16 : +// Page number 697-698 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +p = 6.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +R_2 = 0.3 // Rotor resistance per phase(ohm) +N_1 = 960.0 // Rotor speed(rpm) +N_2 = 800.0 // New rotor speed with external resistance(rpm) + +// Calculations +N_s = 120*f/p // Synchronous speed(rpm) +S_1 = (N_s-N_1)/N_s // Slip at full load +S_2 = (N_s-N_2)/N_s // New slip +R = (S_2/S_1*R_2)-R_2 // External resistance per phase added in rotor circuit to reduce speed(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nExternal resistance per phase added in rotor circuit to reduce speed, R = %.1f ohm", R) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.17/Example39_17.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.17/Example39_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c44ab73a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.17/Example39_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.17 : +// Page number 699 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 50.0 // DC shunt motor rating(hp) +V = 440.0 // Voltage(V) +I_b = 150.0 // Breaking current(A) +N_reduce = 40.0 // Speed of motor fallen by(%) +R_a = 0.1 // Armature resistance(ohm) +I_a_fl = 100.0 // Full-load armature current(A) +N_fl = 600.0 // Full-load speed(rpm) + +// Calculations +E_b = V-I_a_fl*R_a // Back emf of motor(V) +V_a = V+E_b // Voltage across armature when braking starts(V) +R_b = V_a/I_b // Resistance required(ohm) +R_extra = R_b-R_a // Extra resistance required(ohm) +T_fl = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N_fl) // Full-load torque(N-m) +T_initial_b = T_fl*I_b/I_a_fl // Initial breaking torque(N-m) +E_b2 = E_b*(100-N_reduce)/100 // Back emf at new speed(V) +I = (V+E_b2)/R_b // Current(A) +EBT = T_fl*I/I_a_fl // Torque when motor speed reduced by 40%(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.17 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nBraking torque = %.1f N-m", T_initial_b) +printf("\nTorque when motor speed has fallen, E.B.T = %.1f N-m\n", EBT) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.18/Example39_18.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.18/Example39_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7be75add --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.18/Example39_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.18 : +// Page number 699-700 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // Voltage of IM(V) +p = 4.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +hp = 25.0 // Power developed(hp) +S = 0.04 // Slip +R_X_2 = 1.0/4 // Ratio of rotor resistance to standstill reactance i.e R2/X2 + +// Calculations +N_s = 120*f/p // Synchronous speed(rpm) +N_fl = N_s*(1-S) // Full load speed(rpm) +T_fl = hp*735.5*60/(2*%pi*N_fl*9.81) // Full-load torque(kg-m) +S_1 = 1.0 // Slip at standstill +X_R_2 = 1.0/R_X_2 // Ratio of standstill reactance to rotor resistance +T_s_fl = S_1/S*((1+(S*X_R_2)**2)/(1+(S_1*X_R_2)**2)) // T_standstill/T_fl +T_standstill = T_s_fl*T_fl // Standstill torque(kg-m) +S_instant = (N_s+N_fl)/N_s // Slip at instant of plugging +T_initial = (S_instant/S)*((1+(S*X_R_2)**2)/(1+(S_instant*X_R_2)**2))*T_fl // Initial plugging torque(kg-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.18 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInitial plugging torque = %.1f kg-m", T_initial) +printf("\nTorque at standstill = %.f kg-m\n", T_standstill) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake from full-load torque onwards. Hence, change in obtained answer from that of textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.19/Example39_19.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.19/Example39_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e3ec5267 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.19/Example39_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.19 : +// Page number 701 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +T = 312.5 // Load torque(N-m) +N = 500.0 // Speed limit(rpm) +R_total = 1.0 // Total resistance of armature & field(ohm) + +// Calculations +input_load = 2*%pi*N*T/60 // Input from load(W) +E = 345.0 // Voltage from magnetization curve(V). From Fig E1.5 page no 701 +I = 47.5 // Current from magnetization curve(A). From Fig E1.5 page no 701 +R = E/I // Resistance(ohm) +R_add = R-R_total // Additional resistance required(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.19 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nValue of resistance to be connected in motor circuit = %.2f ohm", R_add) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.2/Example39_2.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.2/Example39_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89227e8c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.2/Example39_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.2 : +// Page number 680 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_sc = 6.0 // Short circuit current = 6 times full load current +s_fl = 5.0 // Full load slip(%) +tap = 60.0 // Auto-tranformer tapping(%) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +I_s_fl_a = I_sc/3.0 // I_s/I_fl +T_s_fl_a = I_s_fl_a**2*s_fl/100 // Starting torque in terms of full-load torque with star-delta starter +// Case(b) +I_s_fl_b = tap/100*I_sc // I_s/I_fl +T_s_fl_b = I_s_fl_b**2*s_fl/100 // Starting torque in terms of full-load torque with auto-transformer starter + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Starting torque in terms of full-load torque with star-delta starter, I_s/I_fl = %.1f ", T_s_fl_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Starting torque in terms of full-load torque with auto-transformer starter, I_s/I_fl = %.3f ", T_s_fl_b) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.20/Example39_20.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.20/Example39_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8020c90c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.20/Example39_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.20 : +// Page number 702 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +V = 500.0 // Shunt motor voltage(V) +load = 400.0 // Hoist load(kg) +speed = 2.5 // Hoist raised speed(m/sec) +n_motor = 0.85 // Efficiency of motor +n_hoist = 0.75 // Efficiency of hoist + +// Calculations +P_output = load*speed*9.81 // Power output from motor(W) +P_input = P_output/(n_motor*n_hoist) // Motor input(W) +I = P_input/V // Current drawn from supply(A) +output_G = load*speed*9.81*n_motor*n_hoist // Generator output(W) +R = V**2/output_G // Resistance required in the armature circuit for rheostatic braking(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.20 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent drawn by the motor from supply = %.1f A", I) +printf("\nResistance required in the armature circuit for rheostatic braking, R = %.f ohm", R) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.21/Example39_21.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.21/Example39_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7b059c35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.21/Example39_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.21 : +// Page number 705 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +t = 1.0 // Time(hour) +hp = 15.0 // Motor rating(hp) +T = 2.0 // Time constant(hour) +theta_f = 40.0 // Temperature rise(°C) + +// Calculations +P = (1.0/(1-exp(-t/T)))**0.5*hp // One-hour rating of motor(hp) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.21 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nOne-hour rating of motor, P = %.f hp\n", P) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more approximation in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.22/Example39_22.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.22/Example39_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f31dd4298 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.22/Example39_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.22 : +// Page number 706 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 10.0 // Motor rating(hp) +d = 0.7 // Diameter of cylinder(m) +l = 1.0 // Length of cylinder(m) +w = 380.0 // Weight of motor(kgm) +heat_specific = 700.0 // Specific heat(J/kg/1°C) +heat_dissipation = 15.0 // Outer surface heat dissipation rate(W/sq.cm/°C) +n = 0.88 // Efficiency + +// Calculations +output = hp*735.5 // Output of motor(W) +loss = (1-n)/n*output // Losses(W) +area_cooling = %pi*d*l // Cooling surface area(sq.m) +theta_m = loss/(area_cooling*heat_dissipation) // Final temperature rise(°C) +T_sec = w*heat_specific/(area_cooling*heat_dissipation) // Thermal time constant(sec) +T_hour = T_sec/3600 // Thermal time constant(hours) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.22 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFinal temperature rise, θ_m = %.1f°C", theta_m) +printf("\nThermal time constant of the motor = %.2f hours\n", T_hour) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Mistake in calculating thermal time constant in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.23/Example39_23.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.23/Example39_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e3f721b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.23/Example39_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.23 : +// Page number 706 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 25.0 // Motor rating(hp) +T = 100.0/60 // Heating time constant(hour) +theta = 40.0 // Temperature rise(°C) +t = 0.5 // Time(hour) +n = 0.85 // Motor maximum efficiency + +// Calculations +output = hp*735.5/1000 // Output of motor(kW) +output_max = output*n // Power at maximum efficiency(kW) +theta_f2 = theta/(1-exp(-t/T)) // θ_f2(°C) +loss = 1+(output/output_max)**2 // Losses at 18.4 kW output in terms of W +P = ((theta_f2/theta*loss)-1)**0.5*output_max // Half-hour rating of motor(kW) +P_hp = P*1000/735.5 // Half-hour rating of motor(hp) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.23 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nHalf-hour rating of motor, P = %.f kW = %.1f hp (metric)\n", P,P_hp) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake from final temperature rise onwards in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.24/Example39_24.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.24/Example39_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..089658642 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.24/Example39_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.24 : +// Page number 706 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +theta_f1 = 40.0 // Temperature rise(°C) +T = 100.0 // Heating time constant(min) +rated_2 = 2.0 // Motor at twice the continuously rating + +// Calculations +loss_cu = 2.0**2 // Copper loss at twice full load in terms of W +loss_total = loss_cu+1 // Total losses at full load in terms of W +theta_f2 = theta_f1*loss_total/rated_2 // θ_f2(°C) +t = log(1-(theta_f1/theta_f2))*(-T) // Time for which motor can run at twice the continuously rated output without overheating(min) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.24 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMotor can run at twice the continuously rated output without overheating for time, t = %.f min", t) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.25/Example39_25.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.25/Example39_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9af102b6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.25/Example39_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.25 : +// Page number 706-707 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kW = 20.0 // Motor output(kW) +theta_1 = 50.0 // Temperature rise not to be exceeded on overload(°C) +t_1 = 1.0 // Time on overload(hour) +theta_2 = 30.0 // Temperature rise on full-load(°C) +t_2 = 1.0 // Time on full-load(hour) +theta_3 = 40.0 // Temperature rise on full-load(°C) +t_3 = 2.0 // Time on full-load(hour) + +// Calculations +e_lambda = 1.0/3 // Obtained directly from textbook +theta_f = theta_2/(1-e_lambda) // θ_f(°C) +theta_f1 = theta_1/(1-e_lambda) // θ'_f(°C) +P = (theta_f1/theta_f)**0.5*kW // Maximum overload that can be carried by the motor(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.25 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum overload that can be carried by the motor, P = %.1f kW", P) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.26/Example39_26.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.26/Example39_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a61686a04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.26/Example39_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.26 : +// Page number 707-708 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp_1 = 100.0 // Motor load(hp) +t_1 = 10.0 // Time of operation(min) +hp_2 = 0 // Motor load(hp) +t_2 = 5.0 // Time of operation(min) +hp_3 = 60.0 // Motor load(hp) +t_3 = 8.0 // Time of operation(min) +hp_4 = 0 // Motor load(hp) +t_4 = 4.0 // Time of operation(min) + +// Calculations +t_total = t_1+t_2+t_3+t_4 // Total time of operation(min) +rms = ((hp_1**2*t_1+hp_2**2*t_2+hp_3**2*t_3+hp_4**2*t_4)/t_total)**0.5 // rms horsepower + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.26 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRequired size of continuously rated motor = %.f H.P\n", rms) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook") +printf("\n Actual value is written here instead of standard values") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.27/Example39_27.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.27/Example39_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..999799459 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.27/Example39_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.27 : +// Page number 708 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp_1 = 200.0 // Motor load(hp) +t_1 = 5.0 // Time of operation(min) +hp_2 = 100.0 // Motor load(hp) +t_2 = 10.0 // Time of operation(min) +hp_3 = 0 // Motor load(hp) +t_3 = 3.0 // Time of operation(min) + +// Calculations +m = hp_1/t_1 // Slope of uniform rise power +t_total = t_1+t_2+t_3 // Total time of operation(min) +ans = integrate('(m*x)**2','x', 0, t_1) // Integarted uniform area upto 5 min +rms = ((ans+hp_2**2*t_2+hp_3**2*t_3)/t_total)**0.5 // rms horsepower + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.27 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nrms horsepower = %.1f HP. Therefore, a motor of %.f H.P should be selected", rms,rms+4) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.28/Example39_28.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.28/Example39_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a20cc1f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.28/Example39_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.28 : +// Page number 710 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 440.0 // DC shunt motor voltage(V) +hp = 50.0 // Motor rating(hp) +N = 600.0 // Speed(rpm) +I = 80.0 // Current at full-load(A) +I_1 = 1.1 // Lower current limit in terms of full current +I_2 = 1.5 // Upper current limit in terms of full current +J = 20.0 // Moment of inertia(kg-m^2) + +// Calculations +T = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N) // Full load torque of motor(N-m) +T_avg_start = (I_1+I_2)/2*T // Average starting torque(N-m) +T_g = ((I_1+I_2)/2-1)*T // Torque available for acceleration(N-m) +alpha = T_g/J // Angular acceleration(rad/sec^2) +t = 2*%pi*N/(60*alpha) // Time taken to accelerate the motor(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.28 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken to accelerate the motor to rated speed against full load torque, t = %.2f sec\n", t) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.29/Example39_29.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.29/Example39_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..520026cba --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.29/Example39_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.29 : +// Page number 710 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 50.0 // Motor rating(hp) +N = 600.0 // Speed(rpm) +energy = 276.0 // Stored energy(kg-m/hp) + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +T = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N*g) // Full load torque of motor(kg-m) +J = hp*energy*2*g/(2*%pi*N/60)**2 // Moment of inertia(kg-m^2) +alpha = T*g/J // Angular acceleration(rad/sec^2) +t = 2*%pi*N/(60*alpha) // Time taken to accelerate the motor to rated speed(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.29 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken to accelerate the motor to rated speed, t = %.2f sec", t) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.3/Example39_3.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.3/Example39_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7958fd845 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.3/Example39_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.3 : +// Page number 680-681 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // IM voltage(V) +s_fl = 5.0 // Full-load slip(%) +I_fl = 20.0 // Full load current drawn from supply by IM(A) +Z = 2.5 // Impedance per phase(ohm) +I_max = 50.0 // Maximum current drawn(A) + +// Calculations +V_phase = V/3**0.5 // Normal phase voltage(V) +P = (100**2*I_max*Z/V_phase)**0.5 // Tapping to be provided to auto-transformer(%) +I_s = I_max/(P/100) // Starting current taken by motor(A) +T_s_fl = (I_s/I_fl)**2*s_fl/100 // Starting torque in terms of full-load torque +T_s_fl_R = (I_max/I_fl)**2*s_fl/100 // Starting torque in terms of full-load torque when a resistor is used + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTapping to be provided on an auto-transformer, P = %.1f percent", P) +printf("\nStarting torque in terms of full-load torque, T_s = %.3f*T_fl ", T_s_fl) +printf("\nStarting torque in terms of full-load torque if a resistor were used in series, T_s = %.4f*T_fl ", T_s_fl_R) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.30/Example39_30.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.30/Example39_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c4fcffaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.30/Example39_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.30 : +// Page number 710 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +J = 1270.0 // Moment of inertia of fly-wheel(kg-m^2) +N = 500.0 // Speed(rpm) +hp = 50.0 // Motor rating(hp) + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +T = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N*g) // Full load torque of motor(kg-m) +T_m = 2*T // Accelerating torque(kg-m) +alpha = T_m*g/J // Angular acceleration(rad/sec^2) +t = 2*%pi*N/(60*alpha) // Time taken to accelerate a fly-wheel(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.30 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken to accelerate a fly-wheel, t = %.1f sec", t) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.31/Example39_31.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.31/Example39_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b26cb7d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.31/Example39_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.31 : +// Page number 710-711 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +N_1 = 1000.0 // Speed of dc shunt motor(rpm) +N_2 = 400.0 // Speed of dc shunt motor(rpm) +R = 14.0 // Resistance connected across armature(ohm) +E_1 = 210.0 // EMF induced in armature at 1000 rpm(V) +J = 17.0 // Moment of inertia(kg-m^2) +T_F = 1.0 // Frictional torque(kg-m) + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +output = E_1**2/R // Motor output(W) +T_E = output*60/(2*%pi*N_1*g) // Electric braking torque(kg-m) +w_1 = 2*%pi*N_1/60 // ω_1(rad/sec) +k = T_E/w_1 +t = J/(g*k)*log(N_1/N_2) // Time taken for dc shunt motor to fall in speed with constant excitation(sec) +kw = T_E*N_2/N_1 // kω +t_F = J/(g*k)*log((1+T_E)/(1+kw)) // Time for the same fall if frictional torque exists(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.31 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken for dc shunt motor to fall in speed with constant excitation, t = %.1f sec", t) +printf("\nTime for the same fall if frictional torque exists, t = %.1f sec", t_F) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.32/Example39_32.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.32/Example39_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..806eba506 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.32/Example39_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.32 : +// Page number 711 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // Voltage of synchronous motor(V) +p = 8.0 // Number of poles +J = 630.0 // Moment of inertia(kg-m^2) +T_E = 165.0 // Braking torque(kg-m) +kw_1 = 690.0 // Electric braking torque(kg-m) +T_F = 1.4 // Frictional torque(kg-m) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz). Assumed normal supply frequency + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +// Case(a) Plugging +T_B = T_E+T_F // Torque(kg-m) +beta = T_B*g/J // Retardation(rad/sec^2) +N_s = 120*f/p // Synchronous speed(rad/sec) +w = 2*%pi*N_s/60 // ω(rad/sec) +t_a = integrate('-1.0/beta','w', w, 0) // Time taken to stop the motor(sec) +n_a = integrate('-w/(2*%pi*beta)','w', w, 0) // Number of revolutions +// Case(b) Rheostatic braking +k = kw_1/w +t_b = J/(g*k)*log((T_F+kw_1)/T_F) // Time taken to stop the motor(sec) +n_b = 1.0/(2*%pi*k)*(J/(g*k)*(T_F+kw_1)*(1-exp(-k*g*t_b/J))-T_F*t_b) // Number of revolutions + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.32 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Time taken to come to standstill by plugging, t = %.1f sec", t_a) +printf("\n Number of revolutions made to come to standstill by plugging, n = %.f revolutions", n_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Time taken to come to standstill by rheostatic braking, t = %.1f sec", t_b) +printf("\n Number of revolutions made to come to standstill by rheostatic braking, n = %.f revolutions\n", n_b) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in finding number of revolution in case(a) in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.33/Example39_33.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.33/Example39_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52a207005 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.33/Example39_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.33 : +// Page number 712-713 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 500.0 // Rating of IM(hp) +N_nl = 40.0 // No-load speed(rpm) +S_fl = 0.12 // Slip at full-load +T_l = 41500.0 // Load torque(kg-m) +t = 10.0 // Duration of each rolling period(sec) + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +T_fl = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N_nl*g*(1-S_fl)) // Torque at full-load(kg-m) +T_m = 2.0*T_fl // Motor torque at any instant(kg-m) +slip = S_fl*N_nl // Slip(rpm) +slip_rad = slip*2*%pi/60 // Slip(rad/sec) +k = slip_rad/T_fl +J = -g*t/(k*log(1-(T_m/T_l))) // Inertia of flywheel(kg-m^2) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.33 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInertia of flywheel required, J = %.3e kg-m^2\n", J) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR : J = 2.93*10^6 kg-m^2 and not 2.93*10^5 as mentioned in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.34/Example39_34.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.34/Example39_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d6c3b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.34/Example39_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.34 : +// Page number 713 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +T_l = 150.0 // Load torque(kg-m) +t = 15.0 // Duration of load torque(sec) +T_m = 85.0 // Motor torque(kg-m) +N = 500.0 // Speed(rpm) +s_fl = 0.1 // Full-load slip + +// Calculations +g = 9.81 +slip = N*s_fl*2*%pi/60 // Slip(rad/sec) +k = slip/T_m +T_0 = 0 // No-load torque(kg-m) +J = -g*t/(k*log((T_l-T_m)/(T_l-T_0))) // Moment of inertia of flywheel(kg-m^2) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.34 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInertia of flywheel required, J = %.f kg-m^2\n", J) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR : Calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.4/Example39_4.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.4/Example39_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51b88afe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.4/Example39_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.4 : +// Page number 681-682 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 30.0 // Power of cage IM(hp) +V = 500.0 // Cage IM voltage(V) +P = 4.0 // Number of poles +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +I_fl = 33.0 // Full load current(A) +s = 4.0/100 // Slip +Z = 3.5 // Impedance per phase(ohm) +tap = 60.0 // Auto-transformer tap setting(%) + +// Calculations +// Case(1) +I_s_1 = 3**0.5*(V/Z) // Starting current taken from line(A) +N_s = 120*f/P // Speed(rpm) +N_fl = N_s-N_s*s // Full load speed of motor(rpm) +T_fl = hp*746*60/(2*%pi*N_fl) // Full load torque(N-m) +T_s_1 = (I_s_1/I_fl)**2*s*T_fl // Starting torque(N-m) +// Case(2) +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage in star(V) +I_s_2 = V_ph/Z // Starting current(A/phase) +T_s_2 = (I_s_2/(I_fl/3**0.5))**2*s*T_fl // Starting torque(N-m) +// Case(3) +V_ph_at = V*tap/(3**0.5*100) // Phase voltage of auto-transformer secondary(V) +V_impressed = V_ph_at*3**0.5 // Volatage impressed on delta-connected stator(V) +I_s_3 = V_impressed/Z // Starting current(A/phase) +I_s_line = 3**0.5*I_s_3 // Motor starting line current from auto-transformer secondary(A) +I_s_line_3 = tap/100*I_s_line // Starting current taken from supply(A) +T_s_3 = (I_s_3/(I_fl/3**0.5))**2*s*T_fl // Starting torque(N-m) +// Case(4) +I_s_4 = 3**0.5*V/Z // Starting current from line(A) +T_s_4 = T_fl*s*(I_s_4/I_fl)**2 // Starting torque(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(1): Starting torque for direct switching, T_s = %.f N-m", T_s_1) +printf("\n Starting current taken from supply line for direct switching, I_s = %.f A", I_s_1) +printf("\nCase(2): Starting torque for star-delta starting, T_s = %.f N-m", T_s_2) +printf("\n Starting current taken from supply line for star-delta starting, I_s = %.1f A per phase", I_s_2) +printf("\nCase(3): Starting torque for auto-transformer starting, T_s = %.f N-m", T_s_3) +printf("\n Starting current taken from supply line for auto-transformer starting, I_s = %.f A", I_s_line_3) +printf("\nCase(4): Starting torque for series-parallel switch, T_s = %.f N-m", T_s_4) +printf("\n Starting current taken from supply line for series-parallel switch, I_s = %.f A\n", I_s_4) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes and more approximation in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.5/Example39_5.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.5/Example39_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fc531d9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.5/Example39_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.5 : +// Page number 682 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 400.0 // IM voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +I_s = 5.0 // Full voltage starting current in terms of full load current +T_s = 2.0 // Full voltage starting torque in terms of full load torque +tap = 65.0 // Auto-tranformer tapping(%) + +// Calculations +V_ph = V/3**0.5 // Phase voltage(V) +V_ph_motor = tap/100*V_ph // Motor phase voltage when auto-transformer is used(V) +I_ph_motor = tap/100*I_s // Motor phase current in terms of full load current +I_1 = tap/100*I_ph_motor // Line current from supply in terms of full load current +T = (tap/100)**2*T_s // Starting torque in terms of full load current +V_applied = V_ph/2**0.5 // Voltage to be applied to develop full-load torque(V) +I_line = V_applied/V_ph*I_s // Line current in terms of full load current + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i): Motor current per phase = %.2f*I_fl ", I_ph_motor) +printf("\nCase(ii): Current from the supply, I_1 = %.2f*I_fl ", I_1) +printf("\nCase(iii): Starting torque with auto-transformer starter, T = %.3f*T_fl ", T) +printf("\nVoltage to be applied if motor has to develop full-load torque at starting, V = %.f V", V_applied) +printf("\nLine current from the supply to develop full-load torque at starting = %.2f*I_fl ", I_line) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.6/Example39_6.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.6/Example39_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8213ac133 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.6/Example39_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.6 : +// Page number 682 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hp = 10.0 // IM rating(hp) +V = 400.0 // IM voltage(V) +pf = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +n = 0.9 // Efficiency of IM +I_sc = 7.2 // Short-circuit current at 160V(A) +V_sc = 160.0 // Voltage at short-circuit(V) + +// Calculations +I_fl = hp*746/(3**0.5*V*pf*n) // Full-load line current(A) +I_sc_fv = V/V_sc*I_sc // Short-circuit current at full voltage(A) +I_s = I_sc_fv/3.0 // Starting current with star-delta starter(A) +I_s_fl = I_s/I_fl // Ratio of starting current to full load current + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRatio of starting current to full-load current, I_s/I_fl = %.1f \n", I_s_fl) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in final answer in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.7/Example39_7.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.7/Example39_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19310d3b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.7/Example39_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.7 : +// Page number 685-686 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 230.0 // Voltage of DC shunt motor(V) +N_1 = 1000.0 // No load speed(rpm) +R_sh = 40.0 // Shunt resistance(ohm) +N_2 = 1200.0 // Speed with series resistance(rpm) + +// Calculations +phi_2 = N_1/N_2 // Flux_2 in terms flux_1 +I_N1 = V/R_sh // Exciting current at 1000 rpm(A) +phi_1 = 11.9 // Flux corresponding to I_N1(mWb) +phi_N2 = phi_1*phi_2 // Flux at 1200 rpm(mWb) +I_phi_N2 = 3.25 // Exciting current corresponding to phi_N2(A) +R = V/I_phi_N2 // Resistance in field circuit(ohm) +R_extra = R-R_sh // Resistance to be placed in series with shunt field(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nResistance to be placed in series with shunt field = %.1f ohm", R_extra) diff --git a/3472/CH39/EX39.9/Example39_9.sce b/3472/CH39/EX39.9/Example39_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b86bfc686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH39/EX39.9/Example39_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 1: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 1.9 : +// Page number 686-687 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_f1 = 25.0 // Current without diverter(A) +N_1 = 500.0 // Speed of dc series motor without diverter(rpm) + +// Calculations +I_a2 = ((3.0/2)**0.5*I_f1**2*3/2)**0.5 // Field current with diverter(A) +N_2 = I_f1*N_1*3/(2*I_a2) // Speed with diverter(rpm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 1.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed when field winding is shunted by a diverter, N_2 = %.f rpm", N_2) +printf("\nCurrent when field winding is shunted by a diverter, I_a2 = %.1f A", I_a2) diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.1/Example40_1.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.1/Example40_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b4614c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.1/Example40_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.1 : +// Page number 724-725 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P = 15.0*10**3 // Power supplied(W) +V = 220.0 // Voltage(V) +T_w = 1000.0 // Temperature of wire(°C) +T_c = 600.0 // Temperature of charges(°C) +k = 0.6 // Radiatting efficiency +e = 0.9 // Emissivity + +// Calculations +rho = 1.016/10**6 // Specific resistance(ohm-m) +d_square = 4*rho*P/(%pi*V**2) // d^2 in terms of l +T_1 = T_w+273 // Absolute temperature(°C) +T_2 = T_c+273 // Absolute temperature(°C) +H = 5.72*10**4*k*e*((T_1/1000)**4-(T_2/1000)**4) // Heat produced(watts/sq.m) +dl = P/(%pi*H) +l = (dl**2/d_square)**(1.0/3) // Length of wire(m) +d = dl/l // Diameter of wire(m) +T_2_cold = 20.0+273 // Absolute temperature at the 20°C normal temperature(°C) +T_1_cold = (H/(5.72*10**4*k*e)+(T_2_cold/1000)**4)**(1.0/4)*1000 // Absolute temperature when charge is cold(°C) +T_1_c = T_1_cold-273 // Temperature when charge is cold(°C) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDiameter of the wire, d = %.3f cm", d*100) +printf("\nLength of the wire, l = %.2f m", l) +printf("\nTemperature of the wire when charge is cold, T_1 = %.f°C absolute = %.f°C \n", T_1_cold,T_1_c) +printf("\nNOTE: Slight changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.2/Example40_2.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.2/Example40_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f8a7f3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.2/Example40_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.2 : +// Page number 725 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +P = 15.0*10**3 // Power supplied(W) +V = 220.0 // Voltage(V) +T_w = 1000.0 // Temperature of wire(°C) +T_c = 600.0 // Temperature of charges(°C) +k = 0.6 // Radiatting efficiency +e = 0.9 // Emissivity +thick = 0.25/1000 // Thickness of nickel-chrome strip(m) + +// Calculations +rho = 1.016/10**6 // Specific resistance(ohm-m) +R = V**2/P // Resistance(ohm) +l_w = R*thick/rho // Length of strip in terms of w +T_1 = T_w+273 // Absolute temperature(°C) +T_2 = T_c+273 // Absolute temperature(°C) +H = 5.72*10**4*k*e*((T_1/1000)**4-(T_2/1000)**4) // Heat produced(watts/sq.m) +wl = P/(2*H) +w = (wl/l_w)**0.5 // Width of nickel-chrome strip(m) +l = w*l_w // Length of nickel-chrome strip(m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWidth of nickel-chrome strip, w = %.3f cm", w*100) +printf("\nLength of nickel-chrome strip, l = %.1f m", l) diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.3/Example40_3.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.3/Example40_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..557f98f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.3/Example40_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.3 : +// Page number 726-727 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +R = 50.0 // Resistance of each resistor in oven(ohm) +n = 6.0 // Number of resistance +V = 400.0 // Supply voltage(V) +tap = 50.0 // Auto-transformer tapping(%) + +// Calculations +// Case(a)(i) +P_a_i = n*V**2/R*10**-3 // Power consumption for 6 elements in parallel(kW) +// Case(a)(ii) +P_each_a_ii = V**2/(R+R)*10**-3 // Power consumption in each group of 2 resistances in series(kW) +P_a_ii = n/2*P_each_a_ii // Power consumption for 3 groups(kW) +// Case(b)(i) +V_b_i = V/3**0.5 // Supply voltage against each resistance(V) +P_each_b_i = 2*V_b_i**2/R*10**-3 // Power consumption in each branch(kW) +P_b_i = n/2*P_each_b_i // Power consumption for 2 elements in parallel in each phase(kW) +// Case(b)(ii) +V_b_ii = V/3**0.5 // Supply voltage to any branch(V) +P_each_b_ii = V_b_ii**2/(R+R)*10**-3 // Power consumption in each branch(kW) +P_b_ii = n/2*P_each_b_ii // Power consumption for 2 elements in series in each phase(kW) +// Case(c)(i) +P_each_c_i = V**2/(R+R)*10**-3 // Power consumption by each branch(kW) +P_c_i = n/2*P_each_c_i // Power consumption for 2 elements in series in each branch(kW) +// Case(c)(ii) +P_each_c_ii = 2*V**2/R*10**-3 // Power consumption by each branch(kW) +P_c_ii = n/2*P_each_c_ii // Power consumption for 2 elements in parallel in each branch(kW) +// Case(d) +V_d = V*tap/100 // Voltage under tapping(V) +ratio_V = V_d/V // Ratio of normal voltage to tapped voltage +loss = ratio_V**2 // Power loss in terms of normal power + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): AC Single phase 400 V supply") +printf("\n Case(i) : Power consumption for 6 elements in parallel = %.1f kW", P_a_i) +printf("\n Case(ii): Power consumption for 3 groups in parallel with 2 element in series = %.1f kW", P_a_ii) +printf("\nCase(b): AC Three phase 400 V supply with star combination") +printf("\n Case(i) : Power consumption for 2 elements in parallel in each phase = %.1f kW", P_b_i) +printf("\n Case(ii): Power consumption for 2 elements in series in each phase = %.1f kW", P_b_ii) +printf("\nCase(c): AC Three phase 400 V supply with delta combination") +printf("\n Case(i) : Power consumption for 2 elements in series in each branch = %.1f kW", P_c_i) +printf("\n Case(ii): Power consumption for 2 elements in parallel in each branch = %.1f kW", P_c_ii) +printf("\nCase(d): Power loss will be %.2f of the values obtained as above with auto-transformer tapping", loss) diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.4/Example40_4.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.4/Example40_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e315d65dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.4/Example40_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.4 : +// Page number 728 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +w_brass = 1000.0 // Weight of brass(kg) +time = 1.0 // Time(hour) +heat_sp = 0.094 // Specific heat +fusion = 40.0 // Latent heat of fusion(kcal/kg) +T_initial = 24.0 // Initial temperature(°C) +melt_point = 920.0 // Melting point of brass(°C) +n = 0.65 // Efficiency + +// Calculations +heat_req = w_brass*heat_sp*(melt_point-T_initial) // Heat required to raise the temperature(kcal) +heat_mel = w_brass*fusion // Heat required for melting(kcal) +heat_total = heat_req+heat_mel // Total heat required(kcal) +energy = heat_total*1000*4.18/(10**3*3600*n) // Energy input(kWh) +power = energy/time // Power(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAmount of energy required to melt brass = %.f kWh", energy) diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.5/Example40_5.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.5/Example40_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..480c63bfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.5/Example40_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.5 : +// Page number 728-729 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_2 = 12.0 // Secondary voltage(V) +P = 30.0*10**3 // Power(W) +PF = 0.5 // Power factor + +// Calculations +I_2 = P/(V_2*PF) // Secondary current(A) +Z_2 = V_2/I_2 // Secondary impedance(ohm) +R_2 = Z_2*PF // Secondary resistance(ohm) +sin_phi = (1-PF**2)**0.5 +X_2 = Z_2*sin_phi // Secondary reactance(ohm) +h = R_2/X_2 +H_m = h // Height up to which the crucible should be filled to obtain maximum heating effect in terms of H_c + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nHeight up to which the crucible should be filled to obtain maximum heating effect, H_m = %.3f*H_c \n", H_m) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in textbook solution and P is 30 kW not 300 kW") diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.6/Example40_6.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.6/Example40_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01c586c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.6/Example40_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.6 : +// Page number 732 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 10.0 // Length of material(cm) +b = 10.0 // Breadth of material(cm) +t = 3.0 // Thickness of material(cm) +f = 20.0*10**6 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 400.0 // Power absorbed(W) +e_r = 5.0 // Relative permittivity +PF = 0.05 // Power factor + +// Calculations +e_0 = 8.854*10**-12 // Absolute permittivity +A = l*b*10**-4 // Area(Sq.m) +C = e_0*e_r*A/(t/100) // Capacitace of parallel plate condenser(F) +X_c = 1.0/(2*%pi*f*C) // Reactance of condenser(ohm) +phi = acosd(PF) // Φ(°) +R = X_c*tand(phi) // Resistance of condenser(ohm) +V = (P*R)**0.5 // Voltage necessary for heating(V) +I_c = V/X_c // Current flowing in the material(A) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage necessary for heating, V = %.f V", V) +printf("\nCurrent flowing in the material, I_c = %.2f A\n", I_c) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here & approximation in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.7/Example40_7.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.7/Example40_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33bac80b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.7/Example40_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.7 : +// Page number 732-733 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 4.0 // Length of material(cm) +b = 2.0 // Breadth of material(cm) +t = 1.0 // Thickness of material(cm) +l_e = 20.0 // Length of area(cm) +b_e = 2.0 // Breadth of area(cm) +dis = 1.6 // Distance of separation of electrode(cm) +f = 20.0*10**6 // Frequency(Hz) +P = 80.0 // Power absorbed(W) +e_r1 = 5.0 // Relative permittivity +e_r2 = 1.0 // Relative permittivity of air +PF = 0.05 // Power factor + +// Calculations +e_0 = 8.854*10**-12 // Absolute permittivity +A_1 = (l_e-l)*b_e*10**-4 // Area of one electrode(sq.m) +A_2 = l*b*10**-4 // Area of material under electrode(sq.m) +d = dis*10**-2 // Distance of separation of electrode(m) +d_1 = t*10**-2 // (m) +d_2 = (d-d_1) // (m) +C = e_0*((A_1*e_r2/d)+(A_2/((d_1/e_r1)+(d_2/e_r2)))) // Capacitance(F) +X_c = 1.0/(2*%pi*f*C) // Reactance(ohm) +phi = acosd(PF) // Φ(°) +R = X_c*tand(phi) // Resistance(ohm) +V = (P*R)**0.5 // Voltage applied across electrodes(V) +I_c = V/X_c // Current through the material(A) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nVoltage applied across electrodes, V = %.f V", V) +printf("\nCurrent through the material, I_c = %.1f A\n", I_c) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH40/EX40.8/Example40_8.sce b/3472/CH40/EX40.8/Example40_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6556eaee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH40/EX40.8/Example40_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 2: HEATING AND WELDING + +// EXAMPLE : 2.8 : +// Page number 736-737 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +weight = 3000.0 // Weight of steel(kg) +I = 5000.0 // Current(A) +V_arc = 60.0 // Arc voltage(V) +R_t = 0.003 // Resistance of transformer(ohm) +X_t = 0.005 // Reactance of transformer(ohm) +heat_sp = 0.12 // Specific heat of steel +heat_latent = 8.89 // Latent heat of steel(kilo-cal/kg) +t_2 = 1370.0 // Melting point of steel(°C) +t_1 = 18.0 // Initial temperature of steel(°C) +n = 0.6 // Overall efficiency + +// Calculations +R_arc_phase = V_arc/I // Arc resistance per phase(ohm) +IR_t = I*R_t // Voltage drop across resistance(V) +IX_t = I*X_t // Voltage drop across reactance(V) +V = ((V_arc+IR_t)**2+IX_t**2)**0.5 // Voltage(V) +PF = (V_arc+IR_t)/V // Power factor +heat_kg = (t_2-t_1)*heat_sp+heat_latent // Amount of heat required per kg of steel(kcal) +heat_total = weight*heat_kg // Heat for 3 tonnes(kcal) +heat_actual_kcal = heat_total/n // Actual heat required(kcal) +heat_actual = heat_actual_kcal*1.162*10**-3 // Actual heat required(kWh) +P_input = 3*V*I*PF*10**-3 // Power input(kW) +time = heat_actual/P_input*60 // Time required(min) +n_elect = 3*V_arc*I/(P_input*1000)*100 // Electrical efficiency(%) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 2.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken to melt 3 metric tonnes of steel = %.f minutes", time) +printf("\nPower factor of the furnace = %.2f ", PF) +printf("\nElectrical efficiency of the furnace = %.f percent\n", n_elect) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation and substitution mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH41/EX41.1/Example41_1.sce b/3472/CH41/EX41.1/Example41_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec06443ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH41/EX41.1/Example41_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 3: ELECTROLYTIC AND ELECTRO-METALLURGICAL PROCESSES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.1 : +// Page number 747-748 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 20.0 // Length of shaft(cm) +d = 10.0 // Diameter of shaft(cm) +thick = 1.5 // Layer of nickel(mm) +J = 195.0 // Current density(A/sq.m) +n_I = 0.92 // Current efficiency +g = 8.9 // Specific gravity of nickel + +// Calculations +Wt = %pi*l*d*thick/10*g*10**-3 // Weight of nickel to be deposited(kg) +ece_nickel = 1.0954 // Electro-chemical equivalent of nickel(kg/1000 Ah) +Q_I = Wt*1000/(ece_nickel*n_I) // Quantity of electricity required(Ah) +time = Q_I/(%pi*l*d*10**-4*J) // Time taken(hours) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 3.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nQuantity of electricity = %.f Ah", Q_I) +printf("\nTime taken for the process = %.f hours", time) diff --git a/3472/CH41/EX41.2/Example41_2.sce b/3472/CH41/EX41.2/Example41_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c697e3d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH41/EX41.2/Example41_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 3: ELECTROLYTIC AND ELECTRO-METALLURGICAL PROCESSES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.2 : +// Page number 748 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +no_cells = 600.0 // Number of cells employed for copper refining +I = 4000.0 // Current(A) +V = 0.3 // Voltage per cell(V) +hour = 90.0 // Time of plant operation(hours) +ece_cu = 1.1844 // Electro-chemical equivalent of copper(kg/1000 Ah) + +// Calculations +Ah_week = I*hour // Ah per week per cell +Ah_year = Ah_week*52 // Ah per year per cell +Wt = no_cells*ece_cu*Ah_year/(1000*10**3) // Weight of copper refined per year(tonnes) +energy = V*I*no_cells*hour*52/1000 // Energy consumed(kWh) +consumption = energy/Wt // Consumption(kWh/tonne) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 3.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAnnual output of refined copper = %.f tonnes", Wt) +printf("\nEnergy consumption = %.1f kWh/tonne\n", consumption) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Substitution & calculation mistake in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH41/EX41.3/Example41_3.sce b/3472/CH41/EX41.3/Example41_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f00c3bb61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH41/EX41.3/Example41_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 3: ELECTROLYTIC AND ELECTRO-METALLURGICAL PROCESSES + +// EXAMPLE : 3.3 : +// Page number 748 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +hour = 24.0 // Time(hour) +I = 3500.0 // Average current(A) +n = 0.9 // Current efficiency +valency = 3.0 // Aluminium valency +w = 27.0 // Atomic weight of aluminium +ece_Ag = 107.98 // Electro-chemical equivalent of silver +Wt_dep = 0.00111 // Silver deposition by one coulomb(gm) + +// Calculations +chemical_eq_Al = w/valency // Chemical equivalent of aluminium +eme_Al = Wt_dep/ece_Ag*chemical_eq_Al // Electro-chemical equivalent of aluminium(gm/coulomb) +Wt_Al_liberated = I*hour*3600*n*eme_Al/1000 // Weight of aluminium liberated(Kg) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 3.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nWeight of aluminium produced from aluminium oxide = %.1f kg", Wt_Al_liberated) diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.2/Example42_2.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.2/Example42_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5b368b0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.2/Example42_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.2 : +// Page number 753 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +lumens = 800.0 // Flux emitted by a lamp(lumens) +cp = 100.0 // cp of a lamp +d = 2.0 // Distance b/w plane surface & lamp(m) +theta_ii = 45.0 // Inclined surface(°) +theta_iii = 90.0 // Parallel rays(°) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +mscp = lumens/(4.0*%pi) // mscp of lamp +// Case(b) +I_i = cp/d**2 // Illumination on the surface when it is normal(lux) +I_ii = cp/d**2*cosd(theta_ii) // Illumination on the surface when it is inclined to 45°(lux) +I_iii = cp/d**2*cosd(theta_iii) // Illumination on the surface when it is parallel to rays(lux) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): mscp of the lamp, mscp = %.f ", mscp) +printf("\nCase(b): Case(i) : Illumination on the surface when it is normal, I = %.f lux", I_i) +printf("\n Case(ii) : Illumination on the surface when it is inclined to 45°, I = %.3f lux", I_ii) +printf("\n Case(iii): Illumination on the surface when it is parallel to rays, I = %.f lux\n", abs(I_iii)) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in case(a) in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.3/Example42_3.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.3/Example42_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f33a8cecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.3/Example42_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.3 : +// Page number 753-754 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cp = 200.0 // cp of a lamp +per = 0.6 // Reflector directing light +D = 10.0 // Diameter(m) +h = 6.0 // Height at which lamp is hung(m) + +// Calculations +flux = cp*4*%pi // Flux(lumens) +I_i = cp/h**2 // Illumination at the centre without reflector(lux) +d = (h**2+(D/2)**2)**0.5 // (m) +I_without = (cp/h**2)*(h/d) // Illumination at the edge without reflector(lux) +I_with = cp*4*%pi*per/(25*%pi) // Illumination at the edge with reflector(lux) +theta = acosd(h/d) // θ(°) +w = 2.0*%pi*(1-cosd(theta/2)) // ω(steradian) +phi = cp*w // Φ(lumens) +I_avg = phi/(25*%pi) // Average illumination over the area without reflector(lux) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Illumination at the centre without reflector = %.2f lux", I_i) +printf("\n Illumination at the centre with reflector = %.1f lux", I_with) +printf("\nCase(ii): Illumination at the edge of the surface without reflector = %.2f lux", I_without) +printf("\n Illumination at the edge of the surface with reflector = %.1f lux", I_with) +printf("\nAverage illumination over the area without the reflector, I = %.3f lux\n", I_avg) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Slight calculation mistake & more approximation in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.5/Example42_5.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.5/Example42_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0bd6a1ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.5/Example42_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.5 : +// Page number 754 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +flux = 900.0 // Lamp emitting light(lumens) +D = 30.5 // Diameter of globe(cm) +B = 250.0*10**-3 // Uniform brightness(Ambert) + +// Calculations +cp = %pi/4*D**2*(B/%pi) // Candle power +flux_emit = cp*4*%pi // Flux emitted by globe(lumens) +flux_abs = flux-flux_emit // Flux absorbed by globe(lumens) +light_abs_per = flux_abs/flux*100 // Light absorbed(%) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\ncp of the globe = %.f ", cp) +printf("\nPercentage of light emitted by lamp that is absorbed by the globe = %.1f percent\n", light_abs_per) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here & approximation in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Ex42_6.png b/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Ex42_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdc30ba94 Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Ex42_6.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Example42_6.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Example42_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f28dfd28f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.6/Example42_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.6 : +// Page number 754-755 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cp_0 = 500.0 // Candle power +theta_0 = 0.0 // θ(°) +cp_1 = 560.0 // Candle power +theta_1 = 10.0 // θ(°) +cp_2 = 600.0 // Candle power +theta_2 = 20.0 // θ(°) +cp_3 = 520.0 // Candle power +theta_3 = 30.0 // θ(°) +cp_4 = 400.0 // Candle power +theta_4 = 40.0 // θ(°) +cp_5 = 300.0 // Candle power +theta_5 = 50.0 // θ(°) +cp_6 = 150.0 // Candle power +theta_6 = 60.0 // θ(°) +cp_7 = 50.0 // Candle power +theta_7 = 70.0 // θ(°) +h = 6.0 // Height of lamp(m) + +// Calculations +I_0 = cp_0/h**2*(cosd(theta_0))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_0 = h*tand(theta_0) // Distance(m) +I_1 = cp_1/h**2*(cosd(theta_1))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_1 = h*tand(theta_1) // Distance(m) +I_2 = cp_2/h**2*(cosd(theta_2))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_2 = h*tand(theta_2) // Distance(m) +I_3 = cp_3/h**2*(cosd(theta_3))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_3 = h*tand(theta_3) // Distance(m) +I_4 = cp_4/h**2*(cosd(theta_4))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_4 = h*tand(theta_4) // Distance(m) +I_5 = cp_5/h**2*(cosd(theta_5))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_5 = h*tand(theta_5) // Distance(m) +I_6 = cp_6/h**2*(cosd(theta_6))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_6 = h*tand(theta_6) // Distance(m) +I_7 = cp_7/h**2*(cosd(theta_7))**3 // Illumination(lux) +l_7 = h*tand(theta_7) // Distance(m) +l = [-l_7,-l_6,-l_5,-l_4,-l_3,-l_2,-l_1,l_0,l_0,l_1,l_2,l_3,l_4,l_5,l_6,l_7] +I = [I_7,I_6,I_5,I_4,I_3,I_2,I_1,I_0,I_0,I_1,I_2,I_3,I_4,I_5,I_6,I_7] +a = gca() ; +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot(l,I,'ro-') // Plot of illumination curve +x = [0,0,0,0,0,0] +y = [0,5,10,11,14,16] +plot(x,y) // Plot of straight line +a.x_label.text = 'Distance(metres)' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Illumination(flux)' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E4.4 . Illumination on a horizontal line below the lamp") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nThe curve showing illumination on a horizontal line below lamp is represented in Figure E4.4") diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.7/Example42_7.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.7/Example42_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..749f4853e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.7/Example42_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.7 : +// Page number 755 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 9.15 // Lamp space(m) +h = 4.575 // Height(m) +P = 100.0 // Power(candle) + +// Calculations +theta_3_max = 0 // θ(°) +cos_theta_3_max_cubic = cosd(theta_3_max)**3 +theta_4_max = atand(2) // θ(°) +cos_theta_4_max_cubic = cosd(theta_4_max)**3 +theta_5_max = atand(4) // θ(°) +cos_theta_5_max_cubic = cosd(theta_5_max)**3 +theta_6_max = atand(6) // θ(°) +cos_theta_6_max_cubic = cosd(theta_6_max)**3 +I_max = P/h**2*(cos_theta_3_max_cubic+2*cos_theta_4_max_cubic+2*cos_theta_5_max_cubic+2*cos_theta_6_max_cubic) // Max illumination(lux) +theta_4_min = atand(1) // θ(°) +cos_theta_4_min_cubic = cosd(theta_4_min)**3 +theta_5_min = atand(3) // θ(°) +cos_theta_5_min_cubic = cosd(theta_5_min)**3 +theta_6_min = atand(5) // θ(°) +cos_theta_6_min_cubic = cosd(theta_6_min)**3 +I_min = P/h**2*2*(cos_theta_4_min_cubic+cos_theta_5_min_cubic+cos_theta_6_min_cubic) // Minimum illumination(lux) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum illumination on the floor along the centre line = %.2f lux", I_max) +printf("\nMinimum illumination on the floor along the centre line = %.2f lux", I_min) diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.8/Example42_8.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.8/Example42_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2f4f675b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.8/Example42_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.8 : +// Page number 758 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +b = 15.25 // Breadth of workshop(m) +l = 36.6 // Length of workshop(m) +no = 20.0 // Number of lamps +P = 500.0 // Power of each lamp(W) +n = 15.0 // Luminous efficiency of each lamp(lumens/watt) +df = 0.7 // Depreciation factor +cou = 0.5 // Co-efficient of utilization + +// Calculations +lumen_lamp = no*P*n // Lamp lumens +lumen_plane = lumen_lamp*df*cou // Lumens on the working plane +I = lumen_plane/(l*b) // Illumination(lm/sq.m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nIllumination on the working plane = %.1f lm per sq.m\n", I) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: The breadth should be 15.25m but mentioned as 5.25m in textbook statement") diff --git a/3472/CH42/EX42.9/Example42_9.sce b/3472/CH42/EX42.9/Example42_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdca63f25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH42/EX42.9/Example42_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 4: ILLUMINATION + +// EXAMPLE : 4.9 : +// Page number 758-759 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +b = 27.45 // Breadth of hall(m) +l = 45.75 // Length of hall(m) +I_avg = 108.0 // Average illumination(lumens/sq.m) +h = 0.75 // Height(m) +cou = 0.35 // Co-efficient of utilization +pf = 0.9 // Pereciation factor +P_fl = 80.0 // Fluorescent lamp power(W) +n_100 = 13.4 // Luminous efficiency for 100W filament lamp(lumens/watt) +n_200 = 14.4 // Luminous efficiency for 200W filament lamp(lumens/watt) +n_80 = 30.0 // Luminous efficiency for 80W fluorescent lamp(lumens/watt) + +// Calculations +area = b*l // Area to be illuminated(Sq.m) +I_total = area*I_avg // Total illumination on working plane(lumens) +gross_lumen = I_total/(cou*pf) // Gross lumens required +P_required = gross_lumen/n_200 // Power required for illumination(W) +P_required_kW = P_required/1000 // Power required for illumination(kW) +no_lamp = P_required/200 // Number of lamps +P_required_new = gross_lumen/n_80 // Power required when fluorescent lamp used(W) +P_required_new_kW = P_required_new/1000 // Power required when fluorescent lamp used(kW) +P_saving = P_required_kW-P_required_new_kW // Saving in power(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 4.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSuitable scheme: Whole area divided into %.f rectangles & 200-watt fitting is suspended at centre of each rectangle", no_lamp) +printf("\nSaving in power consumption = %.1f kW", P_saving) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f257d607 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.1 : +// Page number 778 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +speed = 45.0 // Scheduled speed(kmph) +D = 1.5 // Distance between 2 stops(km) +t = 20.0 // Time of stop(sec) +alpha = 2.4 // Acceleration(km phps) +beta = 3.2 // Retardation(km phps) + +// Calculations +t_total = D*3600/speed // Total time(sec) +T = t_total-t // Actual time for run(sec) +k = (alpha+beta)/(alpha*beta) // Constant +V_m = (T/k)-((T/k)**2-(7200*D/k))**0.5 // Maximum speed over the run(kmph) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum speed over the run, V_m = %.f kmph", V_m) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.10/Example43_10.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.10/Example43_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b44ae441e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.10/Example43_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.10 : +// Page number 784 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 350.0 // Weight of train(tonne) +G = 1.0 // Gradient +alpha = 0.8 // Acceleration(km phps) +u = 0.25 // Co-efficient of adhesion +r = 44.5 // Train resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +F_t = 277.8*W_e*alpha+W*r+98.1*W*G // Tractive effort(N) +adhesive_weight = F_t/(u*9.81*1000) // Adhesive weight(tonnes) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMinimum adhesive weight of the locomotive = %.1f tonnes\n", adhesive_weight) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Train resistance is 44.5 N per tonne & not 45 N per tonne as mentioned in textbook problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.11/Example43_11.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.11/Example43_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04866946a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.11/Example43_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.11 : +// Page number 784 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 400.0 // Weight of train(tonne) +G = 100.0/75 // Gradient +alpha = 1.6 // Acceleration(km phps) +r = 66.75 // Train resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) +V = 48.0 // Speed(kmph) +n = 0.7 // Overall efficiency of equipment + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +F_t = 277.8*W_e*alpha+W*r+98.1*W*G // Tractive effort(N) +t = V/alpha // Time(sec) +energy_a = F_t*V*t/(2*3600**2) // Energy usefully employed(kWh) +G_r = 98.1*G+r // Force(N) +work_tonne_km = G_r*1000 // Work done per tonne per km(Nw-m) +energy_b = work_tonne_km/(n*3600) // Energy consumption(Wh per tonne-km) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Energy usefully employed in attaining speed = %.2f kWh", energy_a) +printf("\nCase(b): Specific energy consumption at steady state speed = %.1f Wh per tonne-km", energy_b) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.12/Example43_12.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.12/Example43_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6daa0b040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.12/Example43_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.12 : +// Page number 784-785 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 200.0 // Trailing weight(tonne) +G = 1.0 // Gradient(%) +alpha = 1.0 // Acceleration(km phps) +u = 0.2 // Co-efficient of adhesion +r = 50.0 // Train resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +W_L = ((277.8*(100+I)/100*alpha)+98.1*G+r)*W/(u*9.81*1000-((277.8*(100+I)/100*alpha)+98.1*G+r)) // Weight of locomotive(tonnes) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMinimum adhesive weight of a locomotive, W_L = %.1f tonnes\n", W_L) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in textbook solution in calculating W_L") diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7b0f6502 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.2 : +// Page number 778 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_m = 65.0 // Maximum speed(kmph) +t = 30.0 // Time of stop(sec) +speed = 43.5 // Scheduled speed(kmph) +alpha = 1.3 // Acceleration(km phps) +D = 3.0 // Distance between 2 stops(km) + +// Calculations +t_total = D*3600/speed // Total time of run including stop(sec) +T = t_total-t // Actual time for run(sec) +V_a = D/T*3600 // Average speed(kmph) +beta = 1/((7200.0*D/V_m**2*((V_m/V_a)-1))-(1/alpha)) // Value of retardation(km phps) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nValue of retardation, β = %.3f km phps\n", beta) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") +printf("\n ERROR: β unit is km phps & not km phps as mentioned in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.3/Example43_3.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.3/Example43_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b34a37915 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.3/Example43_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.3 : +// Page number 778-779 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +speed = 25.0 // Scheduled speed(kmph) +D = 800.0/1000 // Distance between 2 stations(km) +t = 20.0 // Time of stop(sec) +V_m_per = 20.0 // Maximum speed higher than(%) +beta = 3.0 // Retardation(km phps) + +// Calculations +t_total = D*3600/speed // Total time of run including stop(sec) +T = t_total-t // Actual time for run(sec) +V_a = D/T*3600 // Average speed(kmph) +V_m = (100+V_m_per)*V_a/100 // Maximum speed(kmph) +alpha = 1/((7200.0*D/V_m**2*((V_m/V_a)-1))-(1/beta)) // Value of acceleration(km phps) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nRate of acceleration required to operate this service, α = %.2f km phps", alpha) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.4/Example43_4.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.4/Example43_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e20524e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.4/Example43_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.4 : +// Page number 779 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D = 2.0 // Distance between 2 stations(km) +V_a = 40.0 // Average speed(kmph) +V_1 = 60.0 // Maximum speed limitation(kph) +alpha = 2.0 // Acceleration(km phps) +beta_c = 0.15 // Coasting retardation(km phps) +beta = 3.0 // Braking retardation(km phps) + +// Calculations +t_1 = V_1/alpha // Time for acceleration(sec) +T = 3600*D/V_a // Actual time of run(sec) +V_2 = (T-t_1-(V_1/beta_c))*beta*beta_c/(beta_c-beta) // Speed at the end of coasting period(kmph) +t_2 = (V_1-V_2)/beta_c // Coasting period(sec) +t_3 = V_2/beta // Braking period(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nDuration of acceleration, t_1 = %.f sec", t_1) +printf("\nDuration of coasting, t_2 = %.f sec", t_2) +printf("\nDuration of braking, t_3 = %.f sec", t_3) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.5/Example43_5.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.5/Example43_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20ad42d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.5/Example43_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.5 : +// Page number 781-782 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +r = 1.0 // Tractive resistance(N/tonne) + +// Calculations +tractive_res_i = 0.278*r // Tractive resistance(N/tonne) = Energy consumption(Wh/tonne-km) +beta = 1/277.8 // Tractive resistance(N/tonne) = Retardation(km kmps/tonne) +energy = 98.1*1000/3600 // 1% gradient = energy(Wh per tonne km) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Tractive resistance of 1 N per tonne = %.3f Wh per tonne-km", tractive_res_i) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Tractive resistance of 1 N per tonne = %.5f km phps per tonne", beta) +printf("\nCase(iii): 1 percent gradient = %.2f Wh per tonne km\n", energy) +printf("\nNOTE: Slight change in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.6/Example43_6.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.6/Example43_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f09be3e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.6/Example43_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.6 : +// Page number 782 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 254.0 // Weight of motor-coach train(tonne) +no = 4.0 // Number of motor +t_1 = 20.0 // Time(sec) +V_m = 40.25 // Maximum speed(kmph) +G = 1.0 // Gradient(%) +gamma = 3.5 // Gear ratio +n = 0.95 // Gear efficiency +D = 91.5/100 // Wheel diameter(m) +r = 44.0 // Train resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +alpha = V_m/t_1 // Acceleration(km phps) +F_t = 277.8*W_e*alpha+W*r+98.1*W*G // Tractive effort(N) +T = F_t*D/(2*n*gamma) // Torque developed(N-m) +T_each = T/no // Torque developed by each motor(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTorque developed by each motor = %.f N-m\n", T_each) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here & more approximation in textbook") +printf("\n ERROR: W = 254 tonne, not 256 tonne as mentioned in textbook problem statement") diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.7/Example43_7.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.7/Example43_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2afb0db70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.7/Example43_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.7 : +// Page number 782 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 203.0 // Weight of motor-coach train(tonne) +no = 4.0 // Number of motors +T = 5130.0 // Shaft torque(N-m) +V_m = 42.0 // Maximum speed(kmph) +G = 100.0/250 // Gradient +gamma = 3.5 // Gear ratio +n = 0.93 // Gear efficiency +D = 91.5/100 // Wheel diameter(m) +r = 45.0 // Train resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +F_t = n*4*T*2*gamma/D // Tractive effort(N) +alpha = (F_t-W*r-98.1*W*G)/(277.8*W_e) // Acceleration(km phps) +t_1 = V_m/alpha // Time taken by train to attain speed(sec) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTime taken by train to attain speed, t_1 = %.1f sec", t_1) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Ex43_8.png b/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Ex43_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be2c075fb Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Ex43_8.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Example43_8.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Example43_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e609fd39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.8/Example43_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.8 : +// Page number 782-783 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_a = 42.0 // Average speed of train(kmph) +D = 1400.0/1000 // Distance(km) +alpha = 1.7 // Acceleration(km phps) +beta = 3.3 // Retardation(km phps) +r = 50.0 // Tractive resistance(N/tonne) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +T = D*3600/V_a // Time for run(sec) +k = (alpha+beta)/(alpha*beta) // Constant +V_m = (T/k)-((T/k)**2-(7200*D/k))**0.5 // Maximum speed over the run(kmph) +t_1 = V_m/alpha // Time of acceleration(sec) +t_3 = V_m/beta // Time(sec) +t_2 = T-(t_1+t_3) // Time(sec) +D_1 = D-(V_a*t_1/(2*3600)) // Distance(km) +We_W = (100+I)/100 // W_e/W +energy = (0.0107*V_m**2*We_W/D)+(0.278*r*D_1/D) // Energy consumption(Wh per tonne-km) +a = gca() ; +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot([0,t_1,t_1,(t_1+t_2),(t_1+t_2),(t_1+t_2+t_3)],[0,V_m,V_m,V_m,V_m,0]) // Plotting speed-time curve +plot([t_1,t_1],[0,V_m],'r--') +plot([t_1+t_2,t_1+t_2],[0,V_m],'r--') +a.x_label.text = 'Time(seconds)' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Speed (km/h)' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E5.1 . Speed-time curve for the run") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed-time curve for the run is shown in Figure E5.1") +printf("\nEnergy consumption at the axles of train = %.1f Wh per tonne-km", energy) diff --git a/3472/CH43/EX43.9/Example43_9.sce b/3472/CH43/EX43.9/Example43_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa0ce06e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH43/EX43.9/Example43_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 5: ELECTRIC TRACTION-SPEED TIME CURVES AND MECHANICS OF TRAIN MOVEMENT + +// EXAMPLE : 5.9 : +// Page number 783 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V_A = 48.0 // Speed(kmph) +t_1 = 24.0 // Time taken to accelerate from rest to speed(sec) +t_2 = 69.0 // Coasting time(sec) +r = 58.0 // Constant resistance(N/tonne) +beta = 3.3 // Retardation(km phps) +t_3 = 11.0 // Retardation time(sec) +t_iii_a = 20.0 // Station stop time(sec) +t_iii_b = 15.0 // Station stop time(sec) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) + +// Calculations +alpha = V_A/t_1 // Acceleration(km phps) +V_B = beta*t_3 // Speed at B(km phps) +beta_c = (V_A-V_B)/t_2 // Retardation during coasting(km phps) +distance_acc = 1.0/2*t_1*V_A/3600 // Distance covered during acceleration(km) +distance_coasting = (V_A**2-V_B**2)/(2*beta_c*3600) // Distance covered during coasting(km) +distance_braking = t_3*V_B/(3600*2) // Distance covered during braking(km) +distance_total = distance_acc+distance_coasting+distance_braking // Total distance(km) +speed_iii_a = distance_total*3600/(t_1+t_2+t_3+t_iii_a) // Scheduled speed with a stop of 20 sec(kmph) +speed_iii_b = distance_total*3600/(t_1+t_2+t_3+t_iii_b) // Scheduled speed with a stop of 15 sec(kmph) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 5.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Acceleration, α = %.f km phps", alpha) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Coasting retardation, β_c = %.2f km phps", beta_c) +printf("\nCase(iii): Scheduled speed with a stop of 20 seconds = %.2f kmph", speed_iii_a) +printf("\n Scheduled speed with a stop of 15 seconds = %.2f kmph\n", speed_iii_b) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH44/EX44.1/Example44_1.sce b/3472/CH44/EX44.1/Example44_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce86b46df --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH44/EX44.1/Example44_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 6: MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION + +// EXAMPLE : 6.1 : +// Page number 788 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_1 = 10.0 // Current(A) +T_1 = 54.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_2 = 20.0 // Current(A) +T_2 = 142.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_3 = 30.0 // Current(A) +T_3 = 250.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_4 = 40.0 // Current(A) +T_4 = 365.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_5 = 50.0 // Current(A) +T_5 = 480.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_6 = 60.0 // Current(A) +T_6 = 620.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_7 = 70.0 // Current(A) +T_7 = 810.0 // Torque(N-m) +E = 500.0 // Operating voltage(V) +R_a = 0.6 // Armature resistance(ohm) + +// Calculations +N_1 = 9.55*(E-I_1*R_a)*I_1/T_1 // Speed(rpm) +N_2 = 9.55*(E-I_2*R_a)*I_2/T_2 // Speed(rpm) +N_3 = 9.55*(E-I_3*R_a)*I_3/T_3 // Speed(rpm) +N_4 = 9.55*(E-I_4*R_a)*I_4/T_4 // Speed(rpm) +N_5 = 9.55*(E-I_5*R_a)*I_5/T_5 // Speed(rpm) +N_6 = 9.55*(E-I_6*R_a)*I_6/T_6 // Speed(rpm) +N_7 = 9.55*(E-I_7*R_a)*I_7/T_7 // Speed(rpm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 6.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed-current of the motor") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n Current(A) : Speed(rpm) ") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_1,N_1) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_2,N_2) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_3,N_3) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_4,N_4) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_5,N_5) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_6,N_6) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", I_7,N_7) +printf("\n_______________________________________\n") +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH44/EX44.2/Example44_2.sce b/3472/CH44/EX44.2/Example44_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b05cc7f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH44/EX44.2/Example44_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 6: MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION + +// EXAMPLE : 6.2 : +// Page number 788-789 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +N_1 = 500.0 // Speed(rpm) +I_1 = 50.0 // Current(A) +E_1 = 220.0 // Armature voltage(V) +I_2 = 100.0 // Current(A) +E_2 = 350.0 // Armature voltage(V) +I_3 = 150.0 // Current(A) +E_3 = 440.0 // Armature voltage(V) +I_4 = 200.0 // Current(A) +E_4 = 500.0 // Armature voltage(V) +I_5 = 250.0 // Current(A) +E_5 = 540.0 // Armature voltage(V) +I_6 = 300.0 // Current(A) +E_6 = 570.0 // Armature voltage(V) +R_wb = 0.08 // Armature and brush resistance(ohm) +R_f = 0.05 // Resistance of series field(ohm) +V = 600.0 // Operating voltage(V) + +// Calculations +R_a = R_wb+R_f // Armature resistance(ohm) +N_11 = N_1/E_1*(V-I_1*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_1 = 9.55*E_1*I_1/N_1 // Torque(N-m) +N_2 = N_1/E_2*(V-I_2*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_2 = 9.55*E_2*I_2/N_1 // Torque(N-m) +N_3 = N_1/E_3*(V-I_3*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_3 = 9.55*E_3*I_3/N_1 // Torque(N-m) +N_4 = N_1/E_4*(V-I_4*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_4 = 9.55*E_4*I_4/N_1 // Torque(N-m) +N_5 = N_1/E_5*(V-I_5*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_5 = 9.55*E_5*I_5/N_1 // Torque(N-m) +N_6 = N_1/E_6*(V-I_6*R_a) // Speed(rpm) +T_6 = 9.55*E_6*I_6/N_1 // Torque(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 6.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed-torque curve for motor") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n Speed(rpm) : Torque(N-m) ") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_11,T_1) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_2,T_2) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_3,T_3) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_4,T_4) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_5,T_5) +printf("\n %.f : %.f ", N_6,T_6) +printf("\n_______________________________________\n") +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH44/EX44.3/Example44_3.sce b/3472/CH44/EX44.3/Example44_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4ec99ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH44/EX44.3/Example44_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 6: MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION + +// EXAMPLE : 6.3 : +// Page number 790 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 650.0 // Voltage supply(V) +r_A = 45.0 // Radius of driving wheel(cm) +r_B = 43.0 // Radius of driving wheel(cm) +N_A = 400.0 // Speed(rpm) +drop = 10.0 // Voltage drop(%) + +// Calculations +rho = r_B/r_A +IR = drop*V/100 // Voltage drop(V) +V_A = (rho*(V-IR)+IR)/(1+rho) // Voltage(V) +V_B = V-V_A // Voltage(V) +N_A_A = N_A*(V_A-IR)/(V-IR) // N"_A(rpm) +N_B_B = N_A_A*r_A/r_B // N"_B(rpm) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 6.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpeed of first motor when connected in series, N_A = %.f rpm", N_A_A) +printf("\nSpeed of second motor when connected in series, N_B = %.f rpm\n", N_B_B) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH44/EX44.4/Example44_4.sce b/3472/CH44/EX44.4/Example44_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a70a81581 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH44/EX44.4/Example44_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 6: MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION + +// EXAMPLE : 6.4 : +// Page number 791 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +F_t = 33800.0 // Tractive effort(N) +V = 48.3 // Velocity(kmph) +T = 53400.0 // Tractive effort(N) + +// Calculations +HP = F_t*V*1000/(60*60*746) // HP on level track(hp) +HP_i = HP*(T/F_t)**0.5 // hp delivered by locomotive for dc series motor(hp) +HP_ii = HP*T/F_t // hp delivered by locomotive for induction motor(hp) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 6.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nhp delivered by the locomotive when dc series motor is used = %.f HP", HP_i) +printf("\nhp delivered by the locomotive when induction motor is used = %.f HP", HP_ii) diff --git a/3472/CH44/EX44.5/Example44_5.sce b/3472/CH44/EX44.5/Example44_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89faf730a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH44/EX44.5/Example44_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 6: MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION + +// EXAMPLE : 6.5 : +// Page number 792-793 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +I_1 = 100.0 // Current(A) +N_1 = 71.0 // Speed(kmph) +F_t1 = 2225.0 // Tractive effort(N) +I_2 = 150.0 // Current(A) +N_2 = 57.0 // Speed(kmph) +F_t2 = 6675.0 // Tractive effort(N) +I_3 = 200.0 // Current(A) +N_3 = 50.0 // Speed(kmph) +F_t3 = 11600.0 // Tractive effort(N) +I_4 = 250.0 // Current(A) +N_4 = 45.0 // Speed(kmph) +F_t4 = 17350.0 // Tractive effort(N) +I_5 = 300.0 // Current(A) +N_5 = 42.0 // Speed(kmph) +F_t5 = 23200.0 // Tractive effort(N) +D_A = 101.6 // Size of wheels(cm) +ratio_gear = 72.0/23 // Gear ratio +D_B = 106.7 // Size of wheels(cm) +ratio_gear_new = 75.0/20 // Gear ratio + +// Calculations +N_B = ratio_gear*D_B/(ratio_gear_new*D_A) // Speed in terms of V(kmph) +F_tB = D_A*ratio_gear_new/(ratio_gear*D_B) // Tractive effort in terms of F_tA(N) +N_B1 = N_B*N_1 // Speed(kmph) +F_tB1 = F_tB*F_t1 // Tractive effort(N) +N_B2 = N_B*N_2 // Speed(kmph) +F_tB2 = F_tB*F_t2 // Tractive effort(N) +N_B3 = N_B*N_3 // Speed(kmph) +F_tB3 = F_tB*F_t3 // Tractive effort(N) +N_B4 = N_B*N_4 // Speed(kmph) +F_tB4 = F_tB*F_t4 // Tractive effort(N) +N_B5 = N_B*N_5 // Speed(kmph) +F_tB5 = F_tB*F_t5 // Tractive effort(N) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 6.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nNew characteristics of motor") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n Current(A) : Speed(kmph) : F_t(N)") +printf("\n_______________________________________") +printf("\n %.f : %.1f : %.f ", I_1,N_B1,F_tB1) +printf("\n %.f : %.1f : %.f ", I_2,N_B2,F_tB2) +printf("\n %.f : %.1f : %.f ", I_3,N_B3,F_tB3) +printf("\n %.f : %.1f : %.f ", I_4,N_B4,F_tB4) +printf("\n %.f : %.1f : %.f ", I_5,N_B5,F_tB5) +printf("\n_______________________________________\n") +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH45/EX45.1/Example45_1.sce b/3472/CH45/EX45.1/Example45_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36b5e80df --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH45/EX45.1/Example45_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 7: CONTROL OF MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.1 : +// Page number 798 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +no = 2.0 // Number of motors +V_m = 48.0 // Uniform speed(kmph) +t = 30.0 // Time(sec) +F_t_m = 13350.0 // Average tractive effort per motor(N) + +// Calculations +F_t = no*F_t_m // Average tractive effort(N) +energy = t*F_t*V_m/(2*3600**2) // Useful energy for acceleration(kWh) +energy_loss = energy/no // Approximate loss of energy in starting rheostats(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 7.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nApproximate loss of energy in starting rheostats = %.3f kWh", energy_loss) diff --git a/3472/CH45/EX45.2/Example45_2.sce b/3472/CH45/EX45.2/Example45_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6cc5dffe --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH45/EX45.2/Example45_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 7: CONTROL OF MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.2 : +// Page number 798 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 175.0 // Weight of multiple unit train(tonnes) +no = 6.0 // Number of motors +F_t = 69000.0 // Total tractive effort(N) +V = 600.0 // Line voltage(V) +I = 200.0 // Average current(A) +V_m = 38.6 // Speed(kmph) +R = 0.15 // Resistance of each motor(ohm) + +// Calculations +alpha = F_t/(277.8*W) // Acceleration(km phps) +T = V_m/alpha // Time for acceleration(sec) +t_s = (V-2*I*R)*T/(2*(V-I*R)) // Duration of starting period(sec) +t_p = T-t_s // (sec) +energy_total_series = no/2*V*I*t_s // Total energy supplied in series position(watt-sec) +energy_total_parallel = no*V*I*t_p // Total energy supplied in parallel position(watt-sec) +total_energy = (energy_total_series+energy_total_parallel)/(1000*3600) // Energy supplied during starting period(kWh) +energy_waste_series = (no/2)/2*(V-2*I*R)*I*t_s // Energy wasted in starting resistance in series position(watt-sec) +energy_waste_parallel = no*(V/2)/2*I*t_p // Energy wasted in starting resistance in parallel position(watt-sec) +total_energy_waste = (energy_waste_series+energy_waste_parallel)/(1000*3600) // Total energy wasted in starting resistance(kWh) +energy_lost = (no*I**2*R*T)/(1000*3600) // Energy lost in motor resistance(kWh) +useful_energy = T*F_t*V_m/(2*3600**2) // Useful energy supplied to train(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 7.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEnergy supplied during the starting period = %.2f kWh", total_energy) +printf("\nEnergy lost in the starting resistance = %.1f kWh", total_energy_waste) +printf("\nUseful energy supplied to the train = %.1f kWh", useful_energy) diff --git a/3472/CH45/EX45.3/Example45_3.sce b/3472/CH45/EX45.3/Example45_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..774891b67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH45/EX45.3/Example45_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 7: CONTROL OF MOTORS + +// EXAMPLE : 7.3 : +// Page number 799 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 132.0 // Weight of electric train(tonnes) +no = 4.0 // Number of motors +V = 600.0 // Voltage of motor(V) +I = 400.0 // Current per motor(A) +F_t_m = 19270.0 // Tractive effort per motor at 400A & 600V(N) +V_m = 39.0 // Train speed(kmph) +G = 1.0 // Gradient +r = 44.5 // Resistance to traction(N/tonne) +inertia = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) +R = 0.1 // Resistance of each motor(ohm) + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+inertia)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +F_t = F_t_m*no // Total tractive effort at 400A & 600V(N) +alpha = (F_t-W*r-98.1*W*G)/(277.8*W_e) // Acceleration(km phps) +T = V_m/alpha // Time for acceleration(sec) +t_s = (V-2*I*R)*T/(2*(V-I*R)) // Duration of starting period(sec) +V_transition = alpha*t_s // Speed at transition(km phps) +t_p = T-t_s // (sec) +loss_series = (no/2*((V-2*I*R)/2)*I*t_s)/(1000*3600) // Energy lost during series period(kWh) +loss_parallel = (no*(V/2)/2*I*t_p)/(1000*3600) // Energy lost during parallel period(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 7.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Duration of starting period, t_s = %.1f sec", t_s) +printf("\nCase(ii) : Speed of train at transition, αt = %.1f sec", V_transition) +printf("\nCase(iii): Case(a): Rheostatic losses during series starting = %.2f kWh", loss_series) +printf("\n Case(b): Rheostatic losses during parallel starting = %.2f kWh\n", loss_parallel) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes in the textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH46/EX46.1/Example46_1.sce b/3472/CH46/EX46.1/Example46_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f9cd203d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH46/EX46.1/Example46_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 8: BRAKING + +// EXAMPLE : 8.1 : +// Page number 806 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 525.0 // Voltage of motor(V) +I_1 = 50.0 // Current(A) +T_1 = 216.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_2 = 70.0 // Current(A) +T_2 = 344.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_3 = 80.0 // Current(A) +T_3 = 422.0 // Torque(N-m) +I_4 = 90.0 // Current(A) +T_4 = 500.0 // Torque(N-m) +V_m = 26.0 // Speed(kmph) +R_b = 5.5 // Resistance of braking rheostat(ohm) +R_m = 0.5 // Resistance of motor(ohm) + +// Calculations +I = 75.0 // Current drawn at 26 kmph(A) +back_emf = V-I*R_m // Back emf of the motor(V) +R_t = R_b+R_m // Total resistance(ohm) +I_del = back_emf/R_t // Current delivered(A) +T_b = T_3*I_del/I_3 // Braking torque(N-m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 8.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nBraking torque = %.f N-m", T_b) diff --git a/3472/CH46/EX46.2/Example46_2.sce b/3472/CH46/EX46.2/Example46_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7b2523b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH46/EX46.2/Example46_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 8: BRAKING + +// EXAMPLE : 8.2 : +// Page number 806 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 525.0 // Voltage of motor(V) +I_1 = 50.0 // Current(A) +N_1 = 1200.0 // Speed(rpm) +I_2 = 100.0 // Current(A) +N_2 = 950.0 // Speed(rpm) +I_3 = 150.0 // Current(A) +N_3 = 840.0 // Speed(rpm) +I_4 = 200.0 // Current(A) +N_4 = 745.0 // Speed(rpm) +N = 1000.0 // Speed opearting(rpm) +R = 3.0 // Resistance(ohm) +R_m = 0.5 // Resistance of motor(ohm) + +// Calculations +I = 85.0 // Current drawn at 1000 rpm(A) +back_emf = V-I*R_m // Back emf of the motor(V) +R_t = R+R_m // Total resistance(ohm) +I_del = back_emf/R_t // Current delivered(A) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 8.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCurrent delivered when motor works as generator = %.f A", I_del) diff --git a/3472/CH46/EX46.3/Example46_3.sce b/3472/CH46/EX46.3/Example46_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e8f5b048 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH46/EX46.3/Example46_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 8: BRAKING + +// EXAMPLE : 8.3 : +// Page number 810 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 400.0 // Weight of train(tonne) +G = 100.0/70 // Gradient(%) +t = 120.0 // Time(sec) +V_1 = 80.0 // Speed(km/hr) +V_2 = 50.0 // Speed(km/hr) +r_kg = 5.0 // Tractive resistance(kg/tonne) +I = 7.5 // Rotational inertia(%) +n = 0.75 // Overall efficiency + +// Calculations +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +r = r_kg*9.81 // Tractive resistance(N-m/tonne) +energy_recuperation = 0.01072*W_e*(V_1**2-V_2**2)/1000 // Energy available for recuperation(kWh) +F_t = W*(r-98.1*G) // Tractive effort during retardation(N) +distance = (V_1+V_2)*1000*t/(2*3600) // Distance travelled by train during retardation period(m) +energy_train = abs(F_t)*distance/(3600*1000) // Energy available during train movement(kWh) +net_energy = n*(energy_recuperation+energy_train) // Net energy returned to supply system(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 8.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEnergy returned to lines = %.2f kWh\n", net_energy) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistakes & more approximation in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH46/EX46.4/Example46_4.sce b/3472/CH46/EX46.4/Example46_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550c2a55c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH46/EX46.4/Example46_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 8: BRAKING + +// EXAMPLE : 8.4 : +// Page number 810 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +W = 355.0 // Weight of train(tonne) +V_1 = 80.5 // Speed(km/hr) +V_2 = 48.3 // Speed(km/hr) +D = 1.525 // Distance(km) +G = 100.0/90 // Gradient(%) +I = 10.0 // Rotational inertia(%) +r = 53.0 // Tractive resistance(N/tonne) +n = 0.8 // Overall efficiency + +// Calculations +beta = (V_1**2-V_2**2)/(2*D*3600) // Braking retardation(km phps) +W_e = W*(100+I)/100 // Accelerating weight of train(tonne) +F_t = 277.8*W_e*beta+98.1*W*G-W*r // Tractive effort(N) +work_done = F_t*D*1000 // Work done by this effort(N-m) +energy = work_done*n/(1000*3600) // Energy returned to line(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 8.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nEnergy returned to the line = %.1f kWh", energy) diff --git a/3472/CH46/EX46.5/Example46_5.sce b/3472/CH46/EX46.5/Example46_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fecc3fbf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH46/EX46.5/Example46_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 8: BRAKING + +// EXAMPLE : 8.5 : +// Page number 811-812 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console +funcprot(0) + +// Given data +area = 16.13 // Area of brakes(sq.cm/pole face) +phi = 2.5*10**-3 // Flux(Wb) +u = 0.2 // Co-efficient of friction +W = 10.0 // Weight of car(tonnes) + +// Calculations +a = area*10**-4 // Area of brakes(sq.m/pole face) +F = phi**2/(2*%pi*10**-7*a) // Force(N) +force = F*u // Braking effect considering flux and coefficient of friction(N) +beta = u*F/(W*1000)*100 // Rate of retardation produced by braking effect(cm/sec^2) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 8.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nBraking effect, F = %.f N", force) +printf("\nRate of retardation produced by this braking effect, β = %.2f cm/sec^2", beta) diff --git a/3472/CH47/EX47.1/Example47_1.sce b/3472/CH47/EX47.1/Example47_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93557b0b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH47/EX47.1/Example47_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 9: ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEMS AND POWER SUPPLY + +// EXAMPLE : 9.1 : +// Page number 817-818 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +L = 3.0 // Length of section ACB of rail(km) +L_B_A = 2.0 // Distance of B from A(km) +I_load = 350.0 // Loading(A/km) +r_rail = 0.035 // Resistance of rail(ohm/km) +r_feed = 0.03 // Resistance of negative feeder(ohm/km) + +// Calculations +x_val = integrate('I_load*(L-x)','x',0,L_B_A) +I = x_val/(L_B_A-0) // Current in negative feeder(A) +x = L-(I/I_load) // Distance from feeding point(km) +C = integrate('r_rail*I_load*x','x',0,x) +V = r_feed*L_B_A*I // Voltage produced by negative booster(V) +rating = V*I/1000 // Rating of the booster(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 9.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum potential difference between any two points of the rails, C = %.2f V", C) +printf("\nRating of the booster = %.1f kW", rating) diff --git a/3472/CH47/EX47.2/Example47_2.sce b/3472/CH47/EX47.2/Example47_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b81630ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH47/EX47.2/Example47_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART IV : UTILIZATION AND TRACTION +// CHAPTER 9: ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEMS AND POWER SUPPLY + +// EXAMPLE : 9.2 : +// Page number 820 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D = 50.0 // Distance between poles(m) +w = 0.5 // Weight of trolley wire per metre(kg) +T = 520.0 // Maximum tension(kg) + +// Calculations +l = D/2 // Half distance b/w poles(m) +d = w*l**2/(2*T) // Sag(m) +wire_length = 2*(l+(2*d**2/(3*l))) // Length of wire required(m) + +// Results +disp("PART IV - EXAMPLE : 9.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nMaximum sag, d = %.4f metres", d) +printf("\nLength of wire required = %.f metres", wire_length) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..116a3826e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.1 : +// Page number 73 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +connected_load = 450.0*10**3 // Connected load(kW) +maximum_demand = 250.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +units_generated = 615.0*10**6 // Units generated per annum(kWh) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +demand_factor = maximum_demand/connected_load // Demand factor +// Case(ii) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +average_demand = units_generated/hours_year // Average demand(kW) +load_factor = average_demand/maximum_demand*100 // Load factor(%) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Demand factor = %.3f ", demand_factor) +printf("\nCase(ii): Load factor = %.1f percent", load_factor) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..574c4fb72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.10 : +// Page number 76 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_installed = 210.0*10**3 // Installed capacity of the station(kW) +capital_cost_kW = 1000.0 // Capital cost of station(Rs/kW) +fixed_cost_per = 0.13 // Fixed cost = 13% * cost of investment +variable_cost_per = 1.3 // Variable cost = 1.3*fixed cost +LF_1 = 1.0 // Load factor +LF_2 = 0.5 // Load factor + +// Calculations +MD = cap_installed // Maximum demand(kW) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +capital_cost = capital_cost_kW*cap_installed // Capital cost of station(Rs) +// Case(i) At 100% load factor +fixed_cost_1 = capital_cost*fixed_cost_per // Fixed cost(Rs) +variable_cost_1 = variable_cost_per*fixed_cost_1 // Variable cost(Rs) +operating_cost_1 = fixed_cost_1+variable_cost_1 // Operating cost per annum(Rs) +units_gen_1 = LF_1*MD*hours_year // Total units generated(kWh) +cost_gen_1 = operating_cost_1*100/units_gen_1 // Cost of generation per kWh(Paise) +// Case(ii) At 50% load factor +fixed_cost_2 = capital_cost*fixed_cost_per // Fixed cost(Rs) +units_gen_2 = LF_2*MD*hours_year // Total units generated(kWh) +variable_cost_2 = variable_cost_1*units_gen_2/units_gen_1 // Variable cost(Rs) +operating_cost_2 = fixed_cost_2+variable_cost_2 // Operating cost per annum(Rs) +cost_gen_2 = operating_cost_2*100/units_gen_2 // Cost of generation per kWh(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCost of generation per kWh at 100 percent load factor = %.2f paise", cost_gen_1) +printf("\nCost of generation per kWh at 50 percent load factor = %.1f paise", cost_gen_2) +printf("\nComment: As the load factor is reduced, cost of generation is increased\n") +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: (1) In problem statement, Capital cost of station must be Rs. 1000/kW, not Rs. 1000/MW") +printf("\n (2) Calculation mistake in Total units generated in Case(i) in textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5840303c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.11 : +// Page number 76 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 100.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +capital_cost = 200.0*10**6 // Capital cost(Rs) +LF = 0.4 // Annual load factor +cost_fueloil = 15.0*10**6 // Annual cost of fuel and oil(Rs) +cost_tax = 10.0*10**6 // Cost of taxes, wages and salaries(Rs) +interest = 0.15 // Interest and depreciation + +// Calculations +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +units_gen = MD*LF*hours_year // Units generated per annum(kWh) +fixed_charge = interest*capital_cost // Annual fixed charges(Rs) +running_charge = cost_fueloil+cost_tax // Annual running charges(Rs) +annual_charge = fixed_charge+running_charge // Total annual charges(Rs) +cost_unit = annual_charge*100/units_gen // Cost per unit(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCost per unit generated = %.f paise", cost_unit) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac7162455 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.12 : +// Page number 76-77 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_installed = 500.0 // Installed capacity of the station(MW) +CF = 0.45 // Capacity factor +LF = 0.6 // Annual laod factor +cost_fueloil = 10.0*10**7 // Annual cost of fuel,oil etc(Rs) +capital_cost = 10**9 // Capital cost(Rs) +interest = 0.15 // Interest and depreciation + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +MD = cap_installed*CF/LF // Maximum demand(MW) +cap_reserve = cap_installed-MD // Reserve capacity(MW) +// Case(ii) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +units_gen = MD*10**3*LF*hours_year // Units generated per annum(kWh) +fixed_charge = interest*capital_cost // Annual fixed charges(Rs) +running_charge = cost_fueloil // Annual running charges(Rs) +annual_charge = fixed_charge+running_charge // Total annual charges(Rs) +cost_unit = annual_charge*100/units_gen // Cost per kWh generated(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Minimum reserve capacity of station = %.f MW", cap_reserve) +printf("\nCase(ii): Cost per kWh generated = %.f paise", cost_unit) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21e42734d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.13 : +// Page number 77 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +gen_expense = 850000.0 // Annual generation expense(Rs) +fuel_expense = 2800000.0 // Annual fuel expense(Rs) +trans_expense = 345000.0 // Annual transmission expense(Rs) +dist_expense = 2750000.0 // Annual distribution expense(Rs) +repair_expense = 300000.0 // Annual repairs,etc expense(Rs) +unit_gen = 600.0*10**6 // Number of units generated per year(kWh) +MD = 75.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +gen = 0.9 // Fixed charges for generation +fuel = 0.15 // Fixed charges for fuel +transm = 0.85 // Fixed charges for transmission +dist = 0.95 // Fixed charges for distribution +repair = 0.5 // Fixed charges for repairs,etc +loss_dist = 0.2 // Losses in transmission and distribution + +// Calculations +fixed_gen = gen_expense*gen // Fixed charge on generation(Rs) +running_gen = gen_expense*(1-gen) // Running charge on generation(Rs) +fixed_fuel = fuel_expense*fuel // Fixed charge on fuel(Rs) +running_fuel = fuel_expense*(1-fuel) // Running charge on fuel(Rs) +fixed_trans = trans_expense*transm // Fixed charge on transmission(Rs) +running_trans = trans_expense*(1-transm) // Running charge on transmission(Rs) +fixed_dist = dist_expense*dist // Fixed charge on distribution(Rs) +running_dist = dist_expense*(1-dist) // Running charge on distribution(Rs) +fixed_repair = repair_expense*repair // Fixed charge on repairs,etc(Rs) +running_repair = repair_expense*(1-repair) // Running charge on repairs,etc(Rs) +fixed_charge = fixed_gen+fixed_fuel+fixed_trans+fixed_dist+fixed_repair // Total fixed charges(Rs) +running_charge = running_gen+running_fuel+running_trans+running_dist+running_repair // Total running charges(Rs) +fixed_unit = fixed_charge/MD // Fixed charges per unit(Rs) +units_dist = unit_gen*(1-loss_dist) // Total number of units distributed(kWh) +running_unit = running_charge*100/units_dist // Running charges per unit(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTwo part tariff is Rs %.3f per kW of maximum demand plus %.3f paise per kWh", fixed_unit,running_unit) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c51cd69f --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.14 : +// Page number 77 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_installed = 100.0*10**3 // Installed capacity of the station(kW) +capital_cost_kW = 1000.0 // Capital cost(Rs/kW) +depreciation = 0.15 // Annual depreciation charge +royalty_kW = 2.0 // Royalty per kW per year(Rs) +royalty_kWh = 0.03 // Royalty per kWh per year(Rs) +MD = 70.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.6 // Annual load factor +cost_salary = 1000000.0 // Annual cost of salaries,maintenance charges etc(Rs) +cost_salary_per = 0.2 // Annual cost of salaries,maintenance charges etc charged as fixed charges + +// Calculations +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +unit_gen = MD*LF*hours_year // Units generated/annum(kWh) +capital_cost = cap_installed*capital_cost_kW // Capital cost of plant(Rs) +depreciation_charge = depreciation*capital_cost // Depreciation charges(Rs) +salary_charge = cost_salary_per*cost_salary // Cost on salaries, maintenance etc(Rs) +fixed_charge = depreciation_charge+salary_charge // Total annual fixed charges(Rs) +cost_kW_fixed = (fixed_charge/MD)+royalty_kW // Cost per kW(Rs) +salary_charge_running = (1-cost_salary_per)*cost_salary // Annual running charge on salaries, maintenance etc(Rs) +cost_kWh_running = (salary_charge_running/unit_gen)+royalty_kWh // Cost per kWh(Rs) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nGeneration cost in two part form is given by, Rs. (%.2f*kW + %.3f*kWh) ", cost_kW_fixed,cost_kWh_running) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51ce0fcf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.15 : +// Page number 78 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_installed = 100.0*10**3 // Installed capacity of station(kW) +cost_gen = 30.0 // Generating cost per annum(Rs/kW) +cost_fixed = 4000000.0 // Fixed cost per annum(Rs) +cost_fuel = 60.0 // Cost of fuel(Rs/tonne) +calorific = 5700.0 // Calorific value of fuel(kcal/kg) +rate_heat_1 = 2900.0 // Plant heat rate at 100% capacity factor(kcal/kWh) +CF_1 = 1.0 // Capacity factor +rate_heat_2 = 4050.0 // Plant heat rate at 50% capacity factor(kcal/kWh) +CF_2 = 0.5 // Capacity factor + +// Calculations +cost_fixed_kW = cost_fixed/cap_installed // Fixed cost per kW(Rs) +cost_fixed_total = cost_gen+cost_fixed_kW // Fixed cost per kW capacity(Rs) +average_demand_1 = CF_1*cap_installed // Average demand at 100% capacity factor(kW) +average_demand_2 = CF_2*cap_installed // Average demand at 50% capacity factor(kW) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +unit_gen_1 = CF_1*hours_year // Energy generated per annum with average demand of 1 kW(kWh) +unit_gen_2 = CF_2*hours_year // Energy generated per annum with average demand of 0.5 kW(kWh) +cost_kWh_fixed_1 = cost_fixed_total*100/unit_gen_1 // Cost per kWh due to fixed charge with 100% CF(Paise) +cost_kWh_fixed_2 = cost_fixed_total*100/unit_gen_2 // Cost per kWh due to fixed charge with 50% CF(Paise) +kg_kWh_1 = rate_heat_1/calorific // Weight(kg) +kg_kWh_2 = rate_heat_2/calorific // Weight(kg) +cost_coal_1 = kg_kWh_1*cost_fuel*100/1000.0 // Cost due to coal at 100% CF(Paise/kWh) +cost_coal_2 = kg_kWh_2*cost_fuel*100/1000.0 // Cost due to coal at 50% CF(Paise/kWh) +cost_total_1 = cost_kWh_fixed_1+cost_coal_1 // Total cost per unit with 100% CF(Paise) +cost_total_2 = cost_kWh_fixed_2+cost_coal_2 // Total cost per unit with 50% CF(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.15 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nOverall generating cost per unit at 100 percent capacity factor = %.3f paise", cost_total_1) +printf("\nOverall generating cost per unit at 50 percent capacity factor = %.3f paise\n", cost_total_2) +printf("\nNOTE: Slight changes in obtained answer from that of textbook answer is due to more precision here") diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..219ab6581 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.16 : +// Page number 78 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 75.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.4 // Yearly load factor +cost_capital = 60.0 // Capital cost(Rs/annum/kW) +cost_kWh = 1.0 // Cost per kWh transmitted(Paise) +charge_trans = 2000000.0 // Annual capital charge for transmission(Rs) +charge_dist = 1500000.0 // Annual capital charge for distribution(Rs) +diversity_trans = 1.2 // Diversity factor for transmission +diversity_dist = 1.25 // Diversity factor for distribution +n_trans = 0.9 // Efficiency of transmission system +n_dist = 0.85 // Efficiency of distribution system + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +capital_cost = cost_capital*MD // Annual capital cost(Rs) +fixed_charge_sub = capital_cost+charge_trans // Total fixed charges for supply to substation per annum(Rs) +sum_MD_sub = MD*diversity_trans // Sum of all maximum demand of substation(kW) +cost_kW_sub = fixed_charge_sub/sum_MD_sub // Yearly cost per kW demand at substation(Rs) +running_cost_unit_sub = 1/n_trans // Running cost per unit supplied at substation(Paise) +// Case(b) +sum_MD_con = sum_MD_sub*diversity_dist // Sum of all maximum demand of consumer(kW) +fixed_charge_con = capital_cost+charge_trans+charge_dist // Total fixed charges for supply to cosnumers(Rs) +cost_kW_con = fixed_charge_con/sum_MD_con // Yearly cost per kW demand on consumer premises(Rs) +running_cost_unit_con = running_cost_unit_sub/n_dist // Running cost per unit supplied to consumer(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Yearly cost per kW demand at the substations = Rs. %.2f ", cost_kW_sub) +printf("\n Cost per kWh supplied at the substations = %.2f paise\n", running_cost_unit_sub) +printf("\nCase(b): Yearly cost per kW demand at the consumer premises = Rs. %.2f ", cost_kW_con) +printf("\n Cost per kWh supplied at the consumer premises = %.3f paise", running_cost_unit_con) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6595d582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.17 : +// Page number 79 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +kVA_tariff_hv = 60.0 // HV supply per kVA per annum(Rs) +kWh_tariff_hv = 3.0/100 // HV supply per kWh annum(Rs) +kVA_tariff_lv = 65.0 // LV supply per kVA per annum(Rs) +kWh_tariff_lv = 3.3/100 // LV supply per kWh annum(Rs) +cost_equip_kVA = 50.0 // Cost of transformers and switchgear per kVA(Rs) +loss_full_load = 0.02 // Full load transformation loss +fixed_charge_per = 0.2 // Fixed charges per annum +no_week = 50.0 // Number of working weeks in a year + +// Calculations +rating_equip = 1000/(1-loss_full_load) // Rating of transformer and switchgear(kVA) +cost_equip = cost_equip_kVA*rating_equip // Cost of transformers and switchgear(Rs) +fixed_charge = fixed_charge_per*cost_equip // Fixed charges per annum on HV plant(Rs) +X = poly(0,"X") // Number of working hours per week +units_consumed = (no_week*X)*1000.0 // Yearly units consumed by load +total_units = units_consumed/(1-loss_full_load) // Total units to be paid on HV supply +// Case(a) +annual_cost_hv = (kVA_tariff_hv*rating_equip)+(kWh_tariff_hv*cost_equip*X)+fixed_charge // Annual cost(Rs) +// Case(b) +annual_cost_lv = (kVA_tariff_lv*1000.0)+(kWh_tariff_lv*units_consumed) // Annual cost(Rs) +p = annual_cost_hv-annual_cost_lv // Finding unknown value i.e working hours in terms of X +x = roots(p) // Finding unknown value i.e working hours + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.17 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAbove %.1f working hours per week the H.V supply is cheaper ", x) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3a7851d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.18 : +// Page number 79-80 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_1 = 10.0*10**3 // Load per annum(kVA) +time_1 = 1800.0 // Time(hours) +load_2 = 6.0*10**3 // Load per annum(kVA) +time_2 = 600.0 // Time(hours) +load_3 = 0.25*10**3 // Load per annum(kVA) +time_3 = 400.0 // Time(hours) +rating_trans = 10.0*10**3 // Transformer rating(kVA) +pf = 0.8 // Lagging power factor +n_fl_A = 98.3/100.0 // Full load efficiency of transformer A +n_fl_B = 98.8/100.0 // Full load efficiency of transformer B +loss_A = 70.0 // Core loss at rated voltage of transformer A(kW) +loss_B = 40.0 // Core loss at rated voltage of transformer B(kW) +cost_A = 250000.0 // Cost of transformer A(Rs) +cost_B = 280000.0 // Cost of transformer B(Rs) +interest_per = 0.1 // Interest and depreciation charges +cost_energy_unit = 3.0 // Energy costs per unit(Paise) + +// Calculations +// Transformer A +output_A = rating_trans*pf // kW output at full load(kW) +input_A = output_A/n_fl_A // Input at full load(kW) +cu_loss_fl_A = input_A-output_A-loss_A // Copper loss at full load(kW) +cu_loss_2_A = (load_2/load_1)**2*cu_loss_fl_A // Copper loss at 6 MVA output(kW) +cu_loss_3_A = (load_3/load_1)**2*cu_loss_fl_A // Copper loss at 0.25 MVA output(kW) +ene_iron_loss_A = loss_A*(time_1+time_2+time_3) // Energy consumed due to iron losses(kWh) +ene_cu_loss_A = time_1*cu_loss_fl_A+time_2*cu_loss_2_A+time_3*cu_loss_3_A // Energy consumed due to copper losses(kWh) +total_loss_A = ene_iron_loss_A+ene_cu_loss_A // Total loss per annum(kWh) +cost_energy_A = cost_energy_unit/100*total_loss_A // Energy cost per annum due to losses(Rs) +// Transformer B +output_B = rating_trans*pf // kW output at full load(kW) +input_B = output_B/n_fl_B // Input at full load(kW) +cu_loss_fl_B = input_B-output_B-loss_B // Copper loss at full load(kW) +cu_loss_2_B = (load_2/load_1)**2*cu_loss_fl_B // Copper loss at 6 MVA output(kW) +cu_loss_3_B = (load_3/load_1)**2*cu_loss_fl_B // Copper loss at 0.25 MVA output(kW) +ene_iron_loss_B = loss_B*(time_1+time_2+time_3) // Energy consumed due to iron losses(kWh) +ene_cu_loss_B = time_1*cu_loss_fl_B+time_2*cu_loss_2_B+time_3*cu_loss_3_B // Energy consumed due to copper losses(kWh) +total_loss_B = ene_iron_loss_B+ene_cu_loss_B // Total loss per annum(kWh) +cost_energy_B = cost_energy_unit/100*total_loss_B // Energy cost per annum due to losses(Rs) +diff_capital = cost_B-cost_A // Difference in capital costs(Rs) +annual_charge = interest_per*diff_capital // Annual charge due to this amount(Rs) +diff_cost_energy = cost_energy_A-cost_energy_B // Difference in energy cost per annum(Rs) +cheap = diff_cost_energy-annual_charge // Cheaper in cost(Rs) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.18 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTransformer B is cheaper by Rs. %.f per year \n", cheap) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Full load efficiency for transformer B is 98.8 percent, not 98.3 percent as given in problem statement") +printf("\n Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook answer is due to more precision") diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..531d82932 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.19 : +// Page number 80-81 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +fixed_cost = 4.0*10**4 // Fixed cost of plant(Rs) +salvage_value = 4.0*10**3 // Salvage value(Rs) +n = 20.0 // Useful life(years) +r = 0.06 // Sinking fund depreciation compounded annually + +// Calculations +n_2 = n/2 // Halfway of useful life(years) +// Case(a) +total_dep_A = fixed_cost-salvage_value // Total depreciation in 20 years(Rs) +dep_10_A = total_dep_A/2 // Depreciation in 10 years(Rs) +value_10_A = fixed_cost-dep_10_A // Value at the end of 10 years(Rs) +// Case(b) +P_B = fixed_cost // Capital outlay(Rs) +q_B = (salvage_value/fixed_cost)**(1/n) // q = (1-p) +value_10_B = P_B*(q_B)**n_2 // Value at the end of 10 years(Rs) +// Case(c) +P_C = fixed_cost // Capital cost of plant(Rs) +P__C = salvage_value // Scrap value(Rs) +Q_C = P_C-P__C // Cost of replacement(Rs) +q_C = Q_C/(((1+r)**n-1)/r) // Yearly charge(Rs) +amount_dep = q_C*((1+r)**n_2-1)/r // Amount deposited at end of 10 years(Rs) +value_10_C = P_C-amount_dep // Value at the end of 10 years(Rs) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.19 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Valuation halfway through its life based on Straight line depreciation method = Rs %.1e ", value_10_A) +printf("\nCase(b): Valuation halfway through its life based on Reducing balance depreciation method = Rs %.2e ", value_10_B) +printf("\nCase(c): Valuation halfway through its life based on Sinking fund depreciation method = Rs %.2e ", value_10_C) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e27794c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.2 : +// Page number 73 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +maximum_demand = 480.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.4 // Annual load factor + +// Calculation +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +energy_gen = maximum_demand*LF*hours_year // Total energy generated annually(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTotal energy generated annually = %.5e kWh", energy_gen) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517fa00dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.20 : +// Page number 81 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +h = 30.0 // Mean head(m) +area_catch = 250.0 // Catchment area(Square km) +average_rain = 1.25 // Average rainfall per annum(m) +utilized_rain = 0.7 // Rainfall utilized +LF = 0.8 // Expected load factor +n_turbine = 0.9 // Mechanical efficiency of turbine +n_gen = 0.95 // Efficiency of generator + +// Calculations +water_avail = utilized_rain*area_catch*10**6*average_rain // Water available(m^3) +sec_year = 365.0*24*60*60 // Total seconds in a year +Q = water_avail/sec_year // Quantity available per second(m^3) i.e Discharge(m^3/sec) +w = 1000.0 // Density of water(kg/m^3) +n = n_turbine*n_gen // Overall efficiency +P = 0.736/75*Q*w*h*n // Average output of generator units(kW) +rating_gen = P/LF // Rating of generator(kW) +rating_gen_each = rating_gen/2.0 // Rating of each generator(kW) +rating_turbine = rating_gen/2*(1/(0.736*n_gen)) // Rating of each turbine(metric hp) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.20 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nChoice of units are:") +printf("\n 2 generators each having maximum rating of %.f kW ", rating_gen_each) +printf("\n 2 propeller turbines each having maximum rating of %.f metric hp \n", rating_turbine) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook answer is due to more precision here') diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.png b/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dee85be4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..844fd63fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.21 : +// Page number 81-82 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +t0 = 0.0 // Time 12 morning +l0 = 4.0 // Load at 12 morning(kW*1000) +t1 = 1.0 // Time 1 a.m +l1 = 3.5 // Load at 1 a.m(kW*1000) +t2 = 2.0 // Time 2 a.m +l2 = 3.0 // Load at 2 a.m(kW*1000) +t3 = 3.0 // Time 3 a.m +l3 = 3.0 // Load at 3 a.m(kW*1000) +t4 = 4.0 // Time 4 a.m +l4 = 3.5 // Load at 4 a.m(kW*1000) +t5 = 5.0 // Time 5 a.m +l5 = 3.0 // Load at 5 a.m(kW*1000) +t6 = 6.0 // Time 6 a.m +l6 = 6.0 // Load at 6 a.m(kW*1000) +t7 = 7.0 // Time 7 a.m +l7 = 12.5 // Load at 7 a.m(kW*1000) +t8 = 8.0 // Time 8 a.m +l8 = 14.5 // Load at 8 a.m(kW*1000) +t9 = 9.0 // Time 9 a.m +l9 = 13.5 // Load at 9 a.m(kW*1000) +t10 = 10.0 // Time 10 a.m +l10 = 13.0 // Load at 10 a.m(kW*1000) +t11 = 11.0 // Time 11 a.m +l11 = 13.5 // Load at 11 a.m(kW*1000) +t113 = 11.50 // Time 11.30 a.m +l113 = 12.0 // Load at 11.30 am(kW*1000) +t12 = 12.0 // Time 12 noon +l12 = 11.0 // Load at 12 noon(kW*1000) +t123 = 12.50 // Time 12.30 noon +l123 = 5.0 // Load at 12.30 noon(kW*1000) +t13 = 13.0 // Time 1 p.m +l13 = 12.5 // Load at 1 p.m(kW*1000) +t133 = 13.50 // Time 1.30 p.m +l133 = 13.5 // Load at 1.30 p.m(kW*1000) +t14 = 14.0 // Time 2 p.m +l14 = 14.0 // Load at 2 p.m(kW*1000) +t15 = 15.0 // Time 3 p.m +l15 = 14.0 // Load at 3 p.m(kW*1000) +t16 = 16.0 // Time 4 p.m +l16 = 15.0 // Load at 4 p.m(kW*1000) +t163 = 16.50 // Time 4.30 p.m +l163 = 18.0 // Load at 4.30 p.m(kW*1000) +t17 = 17.0 // Time 5 p.m +l17 = 20.0 // Load at 5 p.m(kW*1000) +t173 = 17.50 // Time 5.30 p.m +l173 = 17.0 // Load at 5.30 p.m(kW*1000) +t18 = 18.0 // Time 6 p.m +l18 = 12.5 // Load at 6 p.m(kW*1000) +t19 = 19.0 // Time 7 p.m +l19 = 10.0 // Load at 7 p.m(kW*1000) +t20 = 20.0 // Time 8 p.m +l20 = 7.5 // Load at 8 p.m(kW*1000) +t21 = 21.0 // Time 9 p.m +l21 = 5.0 // Load at 9 p.m(kW*1000) +t22 = 22.0 // Time 10 p.m +l22 = 5.0 // Load at 10 p.m(kW*1000) +t23 = 23.0 // Time 11 p.m +l23 = 4.0 // Load at 11 p.m(kW*1000) +t24 = 24.0 // Time 12 morning +l24 = 4.0 // Load at 12 morning(kW*1000) + +// Calculations +t = [t0,t1,t2,t3,t4,t5,t6,t7,t8,t9,t10,t11,t12,t13,t14,t15,t16,t17,t18,t19,t20,t21,t22,t23,t24] +l = [l0,l1,l2,l3,l4,l5,l6,l7,l8,l9,l10,l11,l12,l13,l14,l15,l16,l17,l18,l19,l20,l21,l22,l23,l24] +a = gca() ; +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot(t,l,'ro-') // Plot of Chronological load curve +T = [0,0.5,1,1.5,2.5,4.5,6,7,9,9.5,10,11,12,13,15.5,18.5,20.5,23.5,24] // Solved time +L = [20,18,17,15,14.5,14,13.5,13,12.5,12,11,10,7.5,6,5,4,3.5,3,3] // Solved load +plot(T,L,'--mo') // Plot of load duration curve +a.x_label.text = 'Time & No. of hours' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Load in 10^3 kW' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E7.2 . Plot of Chronological load curve and load duration curve") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes +xstring(17.5,17,'Chronological load curve') +xstring(1.1,17,'Load duration curve') + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.21 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nThe chronological load curve and the load duration curve is shown in the Figure E7.2\n") +printf("\nNOTE: The time is plotted in 24 hours format') diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.22/Example7_22.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.22/Example7_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96aa6f505 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.22/Example7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.22 : +// Page number 82 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 20.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.6 // Load factor +CF = 0.48 // Plant capacity factor +UF = 0.8 // Plant use factor + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +avg_demand = LF*MD // Average demand(kW) +ene_daily = avg_demand*24.0 // Daily energy produced(kWh) +// Case(b) +cap_installed = avg_demand/CF // Installed capacity(kW) +cap_reserve = cap_installed-MD // Reserve capacity(kW) +// Case(c) +max_ene_C = cap_installed*24.0 // Maximum energy that could be produced daily(kWh) +// Case(d) +max_ene_D = ene_daily/UF // Maximum energy that could be produced daily as per schedule(kWh) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.22 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Daily energy produced = %.f kWh", ene_daily) +printf("\nCase(b): Reserve capacity of plant = %.f kW", cap_reserve) +printf("\nCase(c): Maximum energy that could be produced daily when plant runs at all time = %.f kWh", max_ene_C) +printf("\nCase(d): Maximum energy that could be produced daily when plant runs fully loaded = %.f kWh", max_ene_D) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.23/Example7_23.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.23/Example7_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93ff6f367 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.23/Example7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.23 : +// Page number 83-84 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_3sets = 600.0 // Capacity of 3 generators(kW) +no_3 = 3.0 // Number of sets of 600 kW +cap_4thset = 400.0 // Capacity of 4th generator set(kW) +no_4 = 1.0 // Number of sets of 400 kW +MD = 1600.0 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.45 // Load factor +cost_capital_kW = 1000.0 // Capital cost per kW installed capacity(Rs) +cost_annual_per = 0.15 // Annual cost = 15% of capital cost +cost_operation = 60000.0 // Annual operation cost(Rs) +cost_maintenance = 30000.0 // Annual maintenance cost(Rs) +fixed_maintenance = 1.0/3 // Fixed cost +variable_maintenance = 2.0/3 // Variable cost +cost_fuel_kg = 40.0/100 // Cost of fuel oil(Rs/kg) +cost_oil_kg = 1.25 // Cost of lubricating oil(Rs/kg) +calorific = 10000.0 // Calorific value of fuel(kcal/kg) +oil_consum = 1.0/400 // Consumption of lubricating oil. 1kg for every 400kWh generated +fuel_consum = 1.0/2 // Consumption of fuel. 1kg for every 2kWh generated +n_gen = 0.92 // Generator efficiency +heat_lost = 1.0/3 // Heat lost in the fuel to cooling water +theta = 11.0 // Difference of temperature between inlet and outlet(°C) + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +rating_3set_A = cap_3sets/n_gen // Rating of first 3 sets(kW) +rating_4th_A = cap_4thset/n_gen // Rating of 4th set(kW) +// Case(b) +avg_demand_B = LF*MD // Average demand(kW) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +energy_B = avg_demand_B*hours_year // Annual energy produced(kWh) +// Case(c) +total_invest = (no_3*cap_3sets+cap_4thset*no_4)*cost_capital_kW // Total investment(Rs) +annual_cost = cost_annual_per*total_invest // Annual cost(Rs) +maintenance_cost = fixed_maintenance*cost_maintenance // Maintenance cost(Rs) +fixed_cost_total = annual_cost+maintenance_cost // Total fixed cost per annum(Rs) +fuel_consumption = energy_B*fuel_consum // Fuel consumption(Kg) +cost_fuel = fuel_consumption*cost_fuel_kg // Cost of fuel(Rs) +oil_consumption = energy_B*oil_consum // Lubrication oil consumption(Kg) +cost_oil = oil_consumption*cost_oil_kg // Cost of Lubrication oil(Rs) +var_maintenance_cost = variable_maintenance*cost_maintenance // Variable part of maintenance cost(Rs) +variable_cost_total = cost_fuel+cost_oil+var_maintenance_cost+cost_operation // Total variable cost per annum(Rs) +cost_total_D = fixed_cost_total+variable_cost_total // Total cost per annum(Rs) +cost_kWh_gen = cost_total_D/energy_B*100 // Cost per kWh generated(Paise) +// Case(c) +n_overall = energy_B*860/(fuel_consumption*calorific)*100 // Overall efficiency(%) +// Case(d) +weight_water_hr = heat_lost*fuel_consumption/(hours_year*theta)*calorific // Weight of cooling water required(kg/hr) +weight_water_min = weight_water_hr/60.0 // Weight of cooling water required(kg/min) +capacity_pump = weight_water_min*MD/avg_demand_B // Capacity of cooling water pump(kg/min) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.23 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Rating of first 3 sets of diesel engine = %.f kW", rating_3set_A) +printf("\n Rating of 4th set of diesel engine = %.f kW", rating_4th_A) +printf("\nCase(b): Annual energy produced = %.1e kWh", energy_B) +printf("\nCase(c): Total fixed cost = Rs %.f ", fixed_cost_total) +printf("\n Total variable cost = Rs %.f ", variable_cost_total) +printf("\n Cost per kWh generated = %.f paise", cost_kWh_gen) +printf("\nCase(d): Overall efficiency of the diesel plant = %.1f percent", n_overall) +printf("\nCase(e): Quantity of cooling water required per round = %.2e kg/hr = %.f kg/min", weight_water_hr,weight_water_min) +printf("\n Capacity of cooling-water pumps under maximum load = %.f kg/min \n", capacity_pump) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook answer is due to more precision here') diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.24/Example7_24.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.24/Example7_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..840dedbac --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.24/Example7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.24 : +// Page number 84 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_installed = 30.0*10**3 // Rating of each generators(kW) +no = 4.0 // Number of installed generators +MD = 100.0*10**3 // Maximum demand(kW) +LF = 0.8 // Load factor +cost_capital_kW = 800.0 // Capital cost per kW installed capacity(Rs) +depreciation_per = 0.125 // Depreciation,etc = 12.5% of capital cost +cost_operation = 1.2*10**6 // Annual operation cost(Rs) +cost_maintenance = 600000.0 // Annual maintenance cost(Rs) +fixed_maintenance = 1.0/3 // Fixed cost +variable_maintenance = 2.0/3 // Variable cost +cost_miscellaneous = 100000.0 // Miscellaneous cost(Rs) +cost_fuel_kg = 32.0/1000 // Cost of fuel oil(Rs/kg) +calorific = 6400.0 // Calorific value of fuel(kcal/kg) +n_gen = 0.96 // Generator efficiency +n_thermal = 0.28 // Thermal efficiency of turbine +n_boiler = 0.75 // Boiler efficiency +n_overall = 0.2 // Overall thermal efficiency + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +rating_turbine = cap_installed/(n_gen*0.736) // Rating of each steam turbine(metric hp) +// Case(b) +avg_demand_B = LF*MD // Average demand(kW) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +energy_B = avg_demand_B*hours_year // Annual energy produced(kWh) +// Case(c) +steam_consumption_C = (0.8+3.5*LF)/LF // Average steam consumption(kg/kWh) +// Case(d) +LF_D = 1.0 // Assumption that Load factor for boiler +steam_consumption_D = (0.8+3.5*LF_D)/LF_D // Steam consumption(kg/kWh) +energy_D = cap_installed*1.0 // Energy output per hour per set(kWh) +evaporation_cap = steam_consumption_D*energy_D // Evaporation capacity of boiler(kg/hr) +// Case(e) +total_invest = no*cap_installed*cost_capital_kW // Total investment(Rs) +capital_cost = depreciation_per*total_invest // Capital cost(Rs) +maintenance_cost = fixed_maintenance*cost_maintenance // Maintenance cost(Rs) +fixed_cost_total = capital_cost+maintenance_cost // Total fixed cost per annum(Rs) +var_maintenance_cost = variable_maintenance*cost_maintenance // Variable part of maintenance cost(Rs) +input_E = energy_B/n_overall // Input into system per annum(kWh) +weight_fuel = input_E*860/calorific // Weight of fuel(kg) +cost_fuel = weight_fuel*cost_fuel_kg // Cost of fuel(Rs) +variable_cost_total = cost_operation+var_maintenance_cost+cost_miscellaneous+cost_fuel // Total variable cost per annum(Rs) +cost_total_E = fixed_cost_total+variable_cost_total // Total cost per annum(Rs) +cost_kWh_gen = cost_total_E/energy_B*100 // Cost per kWh generated(Paise) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.24 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Rating of each steam turbine = %.f metric hp", rating_turbine) +printf("\nCase(b): Energy produced per annum = %.3e kWh", energy_B) +printf("\nCase(c): Average steam consumption per kWh = %.1f kg/kWh", steam_consumption_C) +printf("\nCase(d): Evaporation capacity of boiler = %.f kg/hr", evaporation_cap) +printf("\nCase(e): Total fixed cost = Rs %.2e ", fixed_cost_total) +printf("\n Total variable cost = Rs %.2e ", variable_cost_total) +printf("\n Cost per kWh generated = %.2f paise\n", cost_kWh_gen) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in obtained answer from that of textbook answer is due to more precision here') diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.png b/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4434614f Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Ex7_25.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Example7_25.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Example7_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e280847ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.25/Example7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.25 : +// Page number 85 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +w1 = 1.0 // Week 1 +Q1 = 200.0 // Discharge during week 1(m^2/sec) +w2 = 2.0 // Week 2 +Q2 = 300.0 // Discharge during week 2(m^2/sec) +w3 = 3.0 // Week 3 +Q3 = 1100.0 // Discharge during week 3(m^2/sec) +w4 = 4.0 // Week 4 +Q4 = 700.0 // Discharge during week 4(m^2/sec) +w5 = 5.0 // Week 5 +Q5 = 900.0 // Discharge during week 5(m^2/sec) +w6 = 6.0 // Week 6 +Q6 = 800.0 // Discharge during week 6(m^2/sec) +w7 = 7.0 // Week 7 +Q7 = 600.0 // Discharge during week 7(m^2/sec) +w8 = 8.0 // Week 8 +Q8 = 1000.0 // Discharge during week 8(m^2/sec) +w9 = 9.0 // Week 9 +Q9 = 500.0 // Discharge during week 9(m^2/sec) +w10 = 10.0 // Week 10 +Q10 = 400.0 // Discharge during week 10(m^2/sec) +w11 = 11.0 // Week 11 +Q11 = 500.0 // Discharge during week 11(m^2/sec) +w12 = 12.0 // Week 12 +Q12 = 700.0 // Discharge during week 12(m^2/sec) +w13 = 13.0 // Week 13 +Q13 = 100.0 // Discharge during week 13(m^2/sec) +no_week = 13.0 // Total weeks of discharge + +// Calculations +Q_average = (Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6+Q7+Q8+Q9+Q10+Q11+Q12+Q13)/no_week // Average weekly discharge(m^3/sec) +// Hydrograph +W = [0,w1,w1,w2,w2,w3,w3,w4,w4,w5,w5,w6,w6,w7,w7,w8,w8,w9,w9,w10,w10,w11,w11,w12,w12,w13,w13,w13] +Q = [200,Q1,Q2,Q2,Q3,Q3,Q4,Q4,Q5,Q5,Q6,Q6,Q7,Q7,Q8,Q8,Q9,Q9,Q10,Q10,Q11,Q11,Q12,Q12,Q13,Q13,Q13,0] +a = gca() +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot(W,Q) // Plotting hydrograph +q = Q_average +w = [0,w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,w8,w9,w10,w11,w12,w13,14] +q_dash = [q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q,q] // Plotting average weekly discharge +plot(w,q_dash,'r--') +a.x_label.text = 'Time(week)' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Q(m^3/sec)' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E7.4 . Plot of Hydrograph") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes +xstring(13,560,'Q_av') +xstring(12.02,110,'Q_min') +xstring(2.02,1110,'Q_max') + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.25 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nThe hydrograph is shown in the Figure E7.4") +printf("\nAverage discharge available for the whole period = %.f m^3/sec", Q_average) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.png b/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d02304619 Binary files /dev/null and b/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.png differ diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Example7_26.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Example7_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70cfd3823 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.26/Example7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.26 : +// Page number 85-86 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +Q1 = 1100.0 // Discharge in descending order(m^3/sec) +Q2 = 1000.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q3 = 900.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q4 = 800.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q5 = 700.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q6 = 600.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q7 = 500.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q8 = 400.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q9 = 300.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q10 = 200.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +Q11 = 100.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +no_week = 13.0 // Total weeks of discharge +h = 200.0 // Head of installation(m) +n_overall = 0.88 // Overall efficiency of turbine and generator +w = 1000.0 // Density of water(kg/m^3) + +// Calculations +n1 = 1.0 // Number of weeks for 1100 discharge(m^3/sec) +n2 = 2.0 // Number of weeks for 1000 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n3 = 3.0 // Number of weeks for 900 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n4 = 4.0 // Number of weeks for 800 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n5 = 6.0 // Number of weeks for 700 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n6 = 7.0 // Number of weeks for 600 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n7 = 9.0 // Number of weeks for 500 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n8 = 10.0 // Number of weeks for 400 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n9 = 11.0 // Number of weeks for 300 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n10 = 12.0 // Number of weeks for 200 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +n11 = 13.0 // Number of weeks for 100 and above discharge(m^3/sec) +P1 = n1/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n1 +P2 = n2/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n2 +P3 = n3/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n3 +P4 = n4/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n4 +P5 = n5/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n5 +P6 = n6/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n6 +P7 = n7/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n7 +P8 = n8/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n8 +P9 = n9/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n9 +P10 = n10/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n10 +P11 = n11/no_week*100 // Percentage of total period for n11 +P = [0,P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9,P10,P11] +Q = [Q1,Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6,Q7,Q8,Q9,Q10,Q11] // Plotting flow duration curve +a = gca() ; +a.thickness = 2 // sets thickness of plot +plot(P,Q,'ro-') +a.x_label.text = 'Percentage of time' // labels x-axis +a.y_label.text = 'Q(m^3/sec)' // labels y-axis +xtitle("Fig E7.5 . Plot of Flow-duration curve") +xset('thickness',2) // sets thickness of axes +xgrid(4) +Q_1 = 1.0 // Discharge(m^3/sec) +P_1 = 0.736/75*w*Q_1*h*n_overall // Power developed for Q_1(kW) +Q_av = 600.0 // Average discharge(m^3/sec). Obtained from Example 1.7.25 +P_av = P_1*Q_av/1000.0 // Average power developed(MW) +Q_max = Q1 // Maximum discharge(m^3/sec) +P_max = P_1*Q_max/1000.0 // Maximum power developed(MW) +Q_10 = 1070.0 // Discharge for 10% of time(m^3/sec). Value is obtained from graph +P_10 = P_1*Q_10/1000.0 // Installed capacity(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.26 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nFlow-duration curve is shown in the Figure E7.5") +printf("\nMaximum power developed = %.f MW", P_max) +printf("\nAverage power developed = %.f MW", P_av) +printf("\nCapacity of proposed station = %.f MW \n", P_10) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more precision here & approximation in textbook solution") diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f863200e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.3 : +// Page number 73 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +cap_baseload = 400.0*10**3 // Installed capacity of base load plant(kW) +cap_standby = 50.0*10**3 // Installed capacity of standby unit(kW) +output_baseload = 101.0*10**6 // Annual baseload station output(kWh) +output_standby = 87.35*10**6 // Annual standby station output(kWh) +peakload_standby = 120.0*10**3 // Peak load on standby station(kW) +hours_use = 3000.0 // Hours of standby station use/year(hrs) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +LF_1 = output_standby*100/(peakload_standby*hours_use) // Annual load factor(%) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +CF_1 = output_standby*100/(cap_standby*hours_year) // Annual capacity factor(%) +// Case(ii) +peakload_baseload = peakload_standby // Peak load on baseload station(kW) +LF_2 = output_baseload*100/(peakload_baseload*hours_use) // Annual load factor on baseload station(%) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +CF_2 = output_baseload*100/(cap_baseload*hours_year) // Annual capacity factor on baseload station(%) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Standby Station") +printf("\n Annual load factor = %.2f percent", LF_1) +printf("\n Annual capacity factor = %.2f percent\n", CF_1) +printf("\nCase(ii): Base load Station") +printf("\n Annual load factor = %.2f percent", LF_2) +printf("\n Annual capacity factor = %.2f percent\n", CF_2) +printf("\nNOTE: Incomplete solution in the textbook") ; diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f61f3e733 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.4 : +// Page number 74 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 500.0 // Maximum demand(MW) +LF = 0.5 // Annual load factor +CF = 0.4 // Annual capacity factor + +// Calculations +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +energy_gen = MD*LF*hours_year // Energy generated/annum(MWh) +plant_cap = energy_gen/(CF*hours_year) // Plant capacity(MW) +reserve_cap = plant_cap-MD // Reserve capacity of plant(MW) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nReserve capacity of plant = %.f MW", reserve_cap) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5531672cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.5 : +// Page number 74 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_1 = 150.0 // Load supplied by station(MW) +load_2 = 120.0 // Load supplied by station(MW) +load_3 = 85.0 // Load supplied by station(MW) +load_4 = 60.0 // Load supplied by station(MW) +load_5 = 5.0 // Load supplied by station(MW) +MD = 220.0 // Maximum demand(MW) +LF = 0.48 // Annual load factor + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +units = LF*MD*hours_year // Number of units supplied annually +// Case(b) +sum_demand = load_1+load_2+load_3+load_4+load_5 // Sum of maximum demand of individual consumers(MW) +diversity_factor = sum_demand/MD // Diversity factor +// Case(c) +DF = MD/sum_demand // Demand factor + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Number of units supplied annually = %.2e units", units) +printf("\nCase(b): Diversity factor = %.3f ", diversity_factor) +printf("\nCase(c): Demand factor = %.3f = %.1f percent", DF,DF*100) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e64fb484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.6 : +// Page number 74 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +power_del_1 = 1000.0 // Power delivered by station(MW) +time_1 = 2.0 // Time for which power is delivered(hours) +power_del_2 = 500.0 // Power delivered by station(MW) +time_2 = 6.0 // Time for which power is delivered(hours) +days_maint = 60.0 // Maintenance days +max_gen_cap = 1000.0 // Maximum generating capacity(MW) + +// Calculations +energy_sup_day = (power_del_1*time_1)+(power_del_2*time_2) // Energy supplied for each working day(MWh) +days_total = 365.0 // Total days in a year +days_op = days_total-days_maint // Operating days of station in a year +energy_sup_year = energy_sup_day*days_op // Energy supplied per year(MWh) +hours_day = 24.0 // Total hours in a day +working_hours = days_op*hours_day // Hour of working in a year +LF = energy_sup_year*100/(max_gen_cap*working_hours) // Annual load factor(%) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nAnnual load factor = %.1f percent", LF) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..773007c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.7 : +// Page number 74 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_industry = 750.0 // Industrial consumer load supplied by station(MW) +load_commercial = 350.0 // Commercial establishment load supplied by station(MW) +load_power = 10.0 // Domestic power load supplied by station(MW) +load_light = 50.0 // Domestic light load supplied by station(MW) +MD = 1000.0 // Maximum demand(MW) +kWh_gen = 50.0*10**5 // Number of kWh generated per year + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +sum_demand = load_industry+load_commercial+load_power+load_light // Sum of max demand of individual consumers(MW) +diversity_factor = sum_demand/MD // Diversity factor +// Case(ii) +hours_year = 365.0*24 // Total hours in a year +average_demand = kWh_gen/hours_year // Average demand(MW) +LF = average_demand/MD*100 // Load factor(%) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Diversity factor = %.2f ", diversity_factor) +printf("\nCase(ii): Annual load factor = %.f percent", LF) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b603987c --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.8 : +// Page number 74-75 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +load_domestic = 15000.0 // Domestic load supplied by station(kW) +diversity_domestic = 1.25 // Diversity factor of domestic load +DF_domestic = 0.7 // Demand factor of domestic load +load_commercial = 25000.0 // Commercial load supplied by station(kW) +diversity_commercial = 1.2 // Diversity factor of commercial load +DF_commercial = 0.9 // Demand factor of commercial load +load_industry = 50000.0 // Industrial load supplied by station(kW) +diversity_industry = 1.3 // Diversity factor of industrial load +DF_industry = 0.98 // Demand factor of industrial load +diversity_factor = 1.5 // Overall system diversity factor + +// Calculations +// Case(a) +sum_demand = load_domestic+load_commercial+load_industry // Sum of max demand of individual consumers(MW) +MD = sum_demand/diversity_factor // Maximum demand +// Case(b) +MD_domestic = load_domestic*diversity_domestic // Maximum domestic load demand(kW) +connected_domestic = MD_domestic/DF_domestic // Connected domestic load(kW) +MD_commercial = load_commercial*diversity_commercial // Maximum commercial load demand(kW) +connected_commercial = MD_commercial/DF_commercial // Connected commercial load(kW) +MD_industry = load_industry*diversity_industry // Maximum industrial load demand(kW) +connected_industry = MD_industry/DF_industry // Connected industrial load(kW) + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(a): Maximum demand = %.f kW", MD) +printf("\nCase(b): Connected domestic load = %.1f kW", connected_domestic) +printf("\n Connected commercial load = %.1f kW", connected_commercial) +printf("\n Connected industrial load = %.1f kW", connected_industry) diff --git a/3472/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce b/3472/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..532b32629 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART I : GENERATION +// CHAPTER 7: TARIFFS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN POWER GENERATION + +// EXAMPLE : 7.9 : +// Page number 75-76 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +MD = 10000.0 // Maximum demand(kW) +load_1 = 2000.0 // Load from 11 PM-6 AM(kW) +t_1 = 7.0 // Time from 11 PM-6 AM(hour) +load_2 = 3500.0 // Load from 6 AM-8 AM(kW) +t_2 = 2.0 // Time from 6 AM-8 AM(hour) +load_3 = 8000.0 // Load from 8 AM-12 Noon(kW) +t_3 = 4.0 // Time from 8 AM-12 Noon(hour) +load_4 = 3000.0 // Load from 12 Noon-1 PM(kW) +t_4 = 1.0 // Time from 12 Noon-1 PM(hour) +load_5 = 7500.0 // Load from 1 PM-5 PM(kW) +t_5 = 4.0 // Time from 1 PM-5 PM(hour) +load_6 = 8500.0 // Load from 5 PM-7 PM(kW) +t_6 = 2.0 // Time from 5 PM-7 PM(hour) +load_7 = 10000.0 // Load from 7 PM-9 PM(kW) +t_7 = 2.0 // Time from 7 PM-9 PM(hour) +load_8 = 4500.0 // Load from 9 PM-11 PM(kW) +t_8 = 2.0 // Time from 9 PM-11 PM(hour) + +// Calculations +energy_gen = (load_1*t_1)+(load_2*t_2)+(load_3*t_3)+(load_4*t_4)+(load_5*t_5)+(load_6*t_6)+(load_7*t_7)+(load_8*t_8) // Energy generated during 24 hours(kWh) +LF = energy_gen/(MD*24.0) // Load factor +no_units = 3.0 // Number of generating set +cap_1 = 5000.0 // Capacity of first generating unit(kW) +cap_2 = 3000.0 // Capacity of second generating unit(kW) +cap_3 = 2000.0 // Capacity of third generating unit(kW) +cap_reserve = cap_1 // Reserve capacity(kW) i.e largest size of generating unit +cap_installed = cap_1+cap_2+cap_3+cap_reserve // Installed capacity(kW) +cap_factor = energy_gen/(cap_installed*24.0) // Plant capacity factor +cap_plant = cap_3*t_1+(cap_3+cap_2)*t_2+(cap_2+cap_1)*t_3+cap_2*t_4+(cap_2+cap_1)*t_5+(cap_3+cap_2+cap_1)*t_6+(cap_3+cap_2+cap_1)*t_7+cap_1*t_8 // Capacity of plant running actually(kWh) +use_factor = energy_gen/cap_plant // Plant use factor + +// Results +disp("PART I - EXAMPLE : 7.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nNumber of generator units = %.f", no_units) +printf("\nSize of generator units required are %.f kW, %.f kW and %.f kW", cap_1,cap_2,cap_3) +printf("\nReserve plant capacity = %.f kW", cap_reserve) +printf("\nLoad factor = %.2f = %.f percent", LF,LF*100) +printf("\nPlant capacity factor = %.4f = %.2f percent", cap_factor,cap_factor*100) +printf("\nPlant use factor = %.3f = %.1f percent", use_factor,use_factor*100) +printf("\n\nNOTE: Capacity of plant is directly taken & operating schedule is not displayed here") + diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e853e8ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.1 : +// Page number 100 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D = 100.0 // Distance between conductors(cm) +d = 1.25 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) + +// Calculations +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR of conductor(cm) +L = 4.0*10**-4*log(D/r_GMR) // Loop inductance(H/km) +X_L = 2*%pi*f*L // Reactance of transmission line(ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.1 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoop inductance of transmission line, L = %.2e H/km", L) +printf("\nReactance of transmission line, X_L = %.2f ohm", X_L) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a01892f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.10/Example9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.10 : +// Page number 109 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 5.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +d_1 = 400.0 // Distance between conductor 1 & 2(cm) +d_2 = 500.0 // Distance between conductor 2 & 3(cm) +d_3 = 600.0 // Distance between conductor 1 & 3(cm) + +// Calculations +D_eq = (d_1*d_2*d_3)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(cm) +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR(cm) +L = 0.2*log(D_eq/r_GMR) // Inductance per phase per km(mH) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.10 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per km of 3 phase transmission line, L = %.3f mH \n", L) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67f4a53e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.11/Example9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.11 : +// Page number 109 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 3.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D_12 = 200.0 // Distance between conductor 1 & 2(cm) +D_23 = 200.0 // Distance between conductor 2 & 3(cm) +D_31 = 400.0 // Distance between conductor 1 & 3(cm) + +// Calculations +D_eq = (D_12*D_23*D_31)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(cm) +r = d/2.0 // Radius of conductor(cm) +L = (0.5+2*log(D_eq/r))*10**-7 // Inductance/phase/m(H) +L_mH = L*1000.0*1000.0 // Inductance per phase per km(mH) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.11 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance of each conductor per phase per km, L = %.3f mH \n", L_mH) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..264606c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.12/Example9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.12 : +// Page number 109-110 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D_ab = 400.0 // Distance between conductor a & b(cm) +D_bc = 400.0 // Distance between conductor b & c(cm) +D_ca = 800.0 // Distance between conductor c & a(cm) + +// Calculations +I_ab = 1.0*exp(%i*-240.0*%pi/180) // I_a/I_b +I_cb = 1.0*exp(%i*-120.0*%pi/180) // I_c/I_b +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR(cm) +L_a = 2.0*10**-7*complex(log((D_ab*D_ca)**0.5/r_GMR),(3**0.5/2*log(D_ab/D_ca))) // Inductance per phase of A(H/m) +L_amH = L_a*10.0**6 // Inductance per phase of A(mH/km) +L_b = 2.0*10**-7*complex(log((D_bc*D_ab)**0.5/r_GMR),(3**0.5/2*log(D_bc/D_ab))) // Inductance per phase of B(H/m) +L_bmH = L_b*10.0**6 // Inductance per phase of B(mH/km) +L_c = 2.0*10**-7*complex(log((D_ca*D_bc)**0.5/r_GMR),(3**0.5/2*log(D_ca/D_bc))) // Inductance per phase of C(H/m) +L_cmH = L_c*10.0**6 // Inductance per phase of C(mH/km) +D_eq = (D_ab*D_bc*D_ca)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(cm) +L_avg = 0.2*log(D_eq/r_GMR) // Average inductance per phase(mH/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.12 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance of conductor a, L_a = (%.4f%.2fj) mH/km", real(L_amH),imag(L_amH)) +printf("\nInductance of conductor b, L_b = %.3f mH/km", abs(L_bmH)) +printf("\nInductance of conductor c, L_c = (%.4f+%.2fj) mH/km", real(L_cmH),imag(L_cmH)) +printf("\nAverage inductance of each phase, L_avg = %.3f mH/km", L_avg) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c51ad1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.13/Example9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.13 : +// Page number 110 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D_a_a = 0.9 // Self GMD of conductor a(cm) +D_a_aa = 40.0 // Distance between conductor a & a'(cm) +D_a_b = 1000.0 // Distance between conductor a & b(cm) +D_a_bb = 1040.0 // Distance between conductor a & b'(cm) +D_aa_b = 960.0 // Distance between conductor a' & b(cm) +D_c_a = 2000.0 // Distance between conductor a & c(cm) +D_c_aa = 1960.0 // Distance between conductor a' & c(cm) +D_cc_a = 2040.0 // Distance between conductor a & c'(cm) + +// Calculations +D_aa_aa = D_a_a // Self GMD of conductor a'(cm) +D_aa_a = D_a_aa // Distance between conductor a' & a(cm) +D_s1 = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD in position 1(cm) +D_s2 = D_s1 // Self GMD in position 2(cm) +D_s3 = D_s1 // Self GMD in position 3(cm) +D_s = (D_s1*D_s2*D_s3)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent self GMD(cm) +D_aa_bb = D_a_b // Distance between conductor a' & b'(cm) +D_AB = (D_a_b*D_a_bb*D_aa_b*D_aa_bb)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +D_BC = D_AB // Mutual GMD(cm) +D_cc_aa = D_c_a // Distance between conductor a' & c'(cm) +D_CA = (D_c_a*D_c_aa*D_cc_a*D_cc_aa)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +D_m = (D_AB*D_BC*D_CA)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent Mutual GMD(cm) +L = 0.2*log(D_m/D_s) // Inductance per phase(mH/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.13 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per phase, L = %.3f mH/km", L) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98af403ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.14/Example9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.14 : +// Page number 110-111 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +r = 6.0/1000 // Radius of conductor(m) +D_a_cc = 5.0 // Distance between conductor a & c'(m) +D_b_bb = 6.0 // Distance between conductor b & b'(m) +D_c_aa = 5.0 // Distance between conductor c & a'(m) +D_acc_bbb = 3.0 // Distance between conductor ac' & bb'(m) +D_bbb_caa = 3.0 // Distance between conductor bb' & ca'(m) +D_a_c = 6.0 // Distance between conductor a & c(m) + +// Calculations +r_GMR = 0.7788*r // GMR of conductor(m) +D_a_b = (D_acc_bbb**2+((D_b_bb-D_a_cc)/2)**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor a & b(m) +D_a_bb = (D_acc_bbb**2+(D_a_cc+(D_b_bb-D_a_cc)/2)**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor a & b'(m) +D_a_aa = ((D_acc_bbb+D_bbb_caa)**2+D_c_aa**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor a & a'(m) +D_a_a = r_GMR // Self GMD of conductor a(m) +D_aa_aa = D_a_a // Self GMD of conductor a'(m) +D_aa_a = D_a_aa // Distance between conductor a' & a(m) +D_S1 = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD in position 1(m) +D_bb_b = D_b_bb // Distance between conductor b' & b(m) +D_S2 = (D_a_a*D_b_bb*D_aa_aa*D_bb_b)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD in position 2(m) +D_S3 = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD in position 3(m) +D_S = (D_S1*D_S2*D_S3)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent self GMD(m) +D_aa_bb = D_a_b // Distance between conductor a' & b'(m) +D_aa_b = D_a_bb // Distance between conductor a' & b(m) +D_AB = (D_a_b*D_a_bb*D_aa_b*D_aa_bb)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(m) +D_BC = D_AB // Mutual GMD(m) +D_c_a = D_a_c // Distance between conductor c & a(m) +D_cc_aa = D_c_a // Distance between conductor a' & c'(m) +D_cc_a = D_a_cc // Distance between conductor c' & a(m) +D_CA = (D_c_a*D_c_aa*D_cc_a*D_cc_aa)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(m) +D_m = (D_AB*D_BC*D_CA)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent Mutual GMD(m) +L = 0.2*log(D_m/D_S) // Inductance per phase(mH/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.14 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per phase, L = %.2f mH/km", L) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9d8d1d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.15/Example9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.15 : +// Page number 111 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D_eq = 2.88 // Equilateral spacing of line(m) + +// Calculations +D = D_eq/2**(1.0/3) // Distance(m) +D_13 = 2.0*D // Distance between conductor 1 & 3(m) +D_12 = D // Distance between conductor 1 & 2(m) +D_23 = D // Distance between conductor 2 & 3(m) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.15 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nSpacing between conductor 1 & 2 to keep inductance same, D_12 = %.1f m", D_12) +printf("\nSpacing between conductor 2 & 3 to keep inductance same, D_23 = %.1f m", D_23) +printf("\nSpacing between conductor 1 & 3 to keep inductance same, D_13 = %.1f m", D_13) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2216698e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.16/Example9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.16 : +// Page number 112 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 40.0 // Length of line(km) +d = 5.0/1000 // Diameter of wire(m) +D = 1.5 // Spacing between conductor(m) +h = 7.0 // Height of conductors above ground(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of wire(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +// Neglecting presence of ground +C_ab_1 = %pi*e/(log(D/r)) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_ab_12 = C_ab_1*l*1000.0*10**6 // Capacitance(μF) +// Taking presence of ground +C_ab_2 = %pi*e/log(D/(r*(1+(D/(2*h))**2)**(1.0/2))) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_ab_22 = C_ab_2*l*1000.0*10**6 // Capacitance(μF) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.16 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance of line neglecting presence of ground, C_ab = %.3f μF", C_ab_12) +printf("\nCapacitance of line taking presence of ground, C_ab = %.3f μF", C_ab_22) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28e1d356a --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.17/Example9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.17 : +// Page number 114-115 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.0/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +D_AB = 4.0 // Spacing between conductor A & B(m) +D_BC = 4.0 // Spacing between conductor B & C(m) +D_CA = 8.0 // Spacing between conductor C & A(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +D = 4.0 // Assuming coomon distance(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +C_A = 2*%pi*e/(log(D/r)-complex(-0.5,0.866)*log(2))*1000.0 // Capacitance of conductor A(F/km) +C_Au = C_A*10.0**6 // Capacitance of conductor A(μF/km) +C_B = 2*%pi*e/log(D/r)*1000.0 // Capacitance of conductor B(F/km) +C_Bu = C_B*10.0**6 // Capacitance of conductor B(μF/km) +C_C = 2*%pi*e/(log(D/r)-complex(-0.5,-0.866)*log(2))*1000.0 // Capacitance of conductor C(F/km) +C_Cu = C_C*10.0**6 // Capacitance of conductor C(μF/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.17 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance of conductor A, C_A = (%.5f+%.6fj) μF/km", real(C_Au),imag(C_Au)) +printf("\nCapacitance of conductor B, C_B = %.6f μF/km", C_Bu) +printf("\nCapacitance of conductor C, C_C = (%.5f%.6fj) μF/km", real(C_Cu),imag(C_Cu)) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487df35b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.18/Example9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.18 : +// Page number 115 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.0/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +D_AB = 4.0 // Spacing between conductor A & B(m) +D_BC = 4.0 // Spacing between conductor B & C(m) +D_CA = 8.0 // Spacing between conductor C & A(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +D_eq = (D_AB*D_BC*D_CA)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(m) +C_n = 2*%pi*e/log(D_eq/r)*1000.0 // Capacitance to neutral(F/km) +C_nu = C_n*10.0**6 // Capacitance to neutral(μF/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.18 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nNew value of capacitance, C_n = %.5f μF/km \n", C_nu) +printf("\nNOTE: Changes in the obtained answer from that of textbook is due to more approximation in the textbook") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964a14077 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.19/Example9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.19 : +// Page number 115 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.6 // Outside diameter of conductor(cm) +D_RY = 8.0 // Spacing between conductor R & Y(m) +D_YB = 8.0 // Spacing between conductor Y & B(m) +D_RB = 16.0 // Spacing between conductor R & B(m) +h = 13.0 // Height of conductor from ground(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +h_12 = (D_RY**2+(2*h)**2)**(1.0/2) // Height of conductor 1 & 2(m) +h_23 = h_12 // Height of conductor 2 & 3(m) +h_31 = (D_RB**2+(2*h)**2)**(1.0/2) // Height of conductor 3 & 1(m) +h_1 = 2*h // Height of transposed conductor 1(m) +h_2 = 2*h // Height of transposed conductor 2(m) +h_3 = 2*h // Height of transposed conductor 3(m) +D_eq = (D_RY*D_YB*D_RB)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(m) +h_123 = (h_12*h_23*h_31)**(1.0/3) // Height(m) +h_1_2_3 = (h_1*h_2*h_3)**(1.0/3) // Height(m) +C_n = 2*%pi*e/(log(D_eq*100/r)-log(h_123/h_1_2_3))*1000.0 // Capacitance of conductor A(F/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.19 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance per phase to neutral of a line, C_n = %.1e F/km", C_n) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af7bf6c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.2 : +// Page number 101 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 100.0 // Length of 3-phase transmission line(km) +D = 120.0 // Distance between conductors(cm) +d = 0.5 // Diameter of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR of conductor(cm) +L = 2.0*10**-4*log(D/r_GMR) // Inductance per phase(H/km) +L_l = L*l // Inductance per phase for 100km length(H) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.2 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per phase of the system, L = %.4f H \n", L_l) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: In textbook to calculate L, log10 is used instead of ln i.e natural logarithm. So, there is change in answer") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3003b65a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.20/Example9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.20 : +// Page number 117-118 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.5 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D = 200.0 // Distance of separation(cm) +l = 100.0 // Length of line(km) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(cm) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +D_m = (D*(3**0.5)*D*(3**0.5)*D*D)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +D_s = (2*D*r)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD(cm) +C_n = 2*%pi*e/log(D_m/D_s)*1000.0 // Phase-to-neutral capacitance(F/km) +C_nu = C_n*l*10.0**6 // Phase-to-neutral capacitance(μF) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.20 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nPhase-to-neutral capacitance, C_n = %.2f μF", C_nu) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69817c35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.21/Example9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.21 : +// Page number 118 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.5/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +D = 5.0 // Distance of separation(m) +h = 2.0 // Height of separation(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +m = (D**2+h**2)**(1.0/2) // (m) +n = (D**2+(h*2)**2)**(1.0/2) // (m) +D_ab = (D*m)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor a & b(m) +D_bc = (D*m)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor b & c(m) +D_ca = (2*D*h)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor c & a(m) +D_eq = (D_ab*D_bc*D_ca)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent GMD(m) +D_s1 = (r*n)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 1(m) +D_s2 = (r*h)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 2(m) +D_s3 = (r*n)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 3(m) +D_s = (D_s1*D_s2*D_s3)**(1.0/3) // Self GMD(m) +C_n = 2*%pi*e/log(D_eq/D_s)*1000.0 // Capacitance per phase to neutral(F/km) +C_nu = C_n*10.0**6 // Capacitance per phase to neutral(μF/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.21 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance per phase to neutral, C_n = %.2f μF/km", C_nu) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fa8cc8a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.22/Example9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.22 : +// Page number 119 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.5/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +V = 132.0*10**3 // Line voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +h = 4.0 // Height(m) +H = 8.0 // Height of separation(m) +D_1_33 = 7.0 // Distance between conductors 1 & 3'(m) +D_1_22 = 9.0 // Distance between conductors 1 & 2'(m) +D_1_11 = 8.0 // Distance between conductors 1 & 1'(m) +D_1 = 1.0 // Distance(m) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 1.0/(36*%pi)*10**-9 // Constant ε_0 +D_12 = (h**2+D_1**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductors 1 & 2(m) +D_122 = (h**2+D_1_11**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductors 1 & 2'(m) +D_111 = (D_1_11**2+D_1_33**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductors 1 & 1'(m) +D_1_2 = (D_12*D_122)**(1.0/2) // Mutual GMD(m) +D_2_3 = (D_12*D_122)**(1.0/2) // Mutual GMD(m) +D_3_1 = (D_1_33*D_1_11)**(1.0/2) // Mutual GMD(m) +D_eq = (D_1_2*D_2_3*D_3_1)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent GMD(m) +D_s1 = (r*D_111)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 1(m) +D_s2 = (r*D_1_22)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 2(m) +D_s3 = (r*D_111)**(1.0/2) // Self GMD in position 3(m) +D_s = (D_s1*D_s2*D_s3)**(1.0/3) // Self GMD(m) +C_n = 2*%pi*e/log(D_eq/D_s) // Capacitance per phase to neutral(F/m) +X_cn = 1/(2.0*%pi*f*C_n) // Capacitive reactance to neutral(ohms/m) +V_ph = V/(3**0.5) // Phase voltage(V) +I_charg = V_ph/X_cn*1000.0 // Charging current per phase(A/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.22 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitive reactance to neutral, X_cn = %.2e ohms/m", X_cn) +printf("\nCharging current per phase, I_charg = %.3f A/km", I_charg) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..163ccdf74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.23/Example9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.23 : +// Page number 119 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 0.8/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +D_a_b = 5.0 // Distance between conductors a & b(m) +D_b_c = 5.0 // Distance between conductors b & c(m) +D_c_a = 8.0 // Distance between conductors c & a(m) +l = 25.0 // Length of line(km) + +// Calculations +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 8.854*10**-12 // Constant ε_0 +D_e = (D_a_b*D_b_c*D_c_a)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent GMD(m) +L = 2*((1.0/4)+log(D_e/r))*10**-4 // Inductance(H/km) +X_L = 2*%pi*f*L // Inductive reactance per km(ohms) +C = %pi*e/log(D_e/r) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_l = C*1000.0*l // Capacitance for entire length(F) +C_lu = C_l*10.0**6 // Capacitance for entire length(μF) +X_c = 1/(2.0*%pi*f*C_l) // Capacitive reactance to neutral(ohm) +X_ck = X_c/1000.0 // Capacitive reactance to neutral(kilo-ohm) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.23 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductive reactance of the line per kilometer per phase, X_L = %.3f ohm", X_L) +printf("\nCapacitance of the line, C = %.3f μF", C_lu) +printf("\nCapacitive reactance of the transmission line, X_c = %.1f kilo-ohm\n", X_ck) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Change in obtained answer from that of textbook due to wrong substitution in finding Capacitance") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcf5cded4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.24/Example9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.24 : +// Page number 119-120 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +V = 250.0 // Line voltage(V) +f = 50.0 // Frequency(Hz) +D = 1.5 // Distance of separation(m) +d = 1.5/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +l = 50.0 // Length of line(km) + +// Calculations +// Case(i) +r = d/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 8.854*10**-12 // Constant ε_0 +C = %pi*e/log(D/r) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_l = C*1000.0*l // Capacitance for entire length(F) +C_lu = C_l*10.0**6 // Capacitance for entire length(μF) +// Case(ii) +I_charg = 2.0*%pi*f*C_l*V*1000.0 // Charging current(mA) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.24 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCase(i) : Capacitance of the line, C = %.3f μF", C_lu) +printf("\nCase(ii): Charging current, I_charg = %.2f mA", I_charg) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.25/Example9_25.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.25/Example9_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7da4ececf --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.25/Example9_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.25 : +// Page number 120 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d_1 = 6.0 // Distance between conductor 1 & 2(m) +d_2 = 6.0 // Distance between conductor 2 & 3(m) +d_3 = 12.0 // Distance between conductor 3 & 1(m) +dia = 1.24/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) +l = 100.0 // Length of line(km) + +// Calculations +r = dia/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 8.854*10**-12 // Constant ε_0 +d = (d_1*d_2*d_3)**(1.0/3) // Distance(m) +C = 2*%pi*e/log(d/r) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_l = C*1000.0*l // Capacitance for entire length(F) +C_lu = C_l*10.0**6 // Capacitance for entire length(μF) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.25 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance of the line, C = %.3f μF", C_lu) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.26/Example9_26.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.26/Example9_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8acc46e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.26/Example9_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.26 : +// Page number 120 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 2.0 // Spacing between conductors(m) +dia = 1.25/100 // Diameter of conductor(m) + +// Calculations +r = dia/2 // Radius of conductor(m) +e = 8.854*10**-12 // Constant ε_0 +C = 2*%pi*e/log(d/r) // Capacitance(F/m) +C_u = C*1000*10.0**6 // Capacitance for entire length(μF/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.26 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nCapacitance of each line conductor, C = %.4f μF/km", C_u) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ce3f4c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.3 : +// Page number 101 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D = 135.0 // Spacing between conductors(cm) +r = 0.8 // Radius of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +L = (1+4*log(D/r))*10**-7*1000.0 // Loop inductance per km(H) +L_mH = L*1000.0 // Loop inductance per km(mH) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.3 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nLoop inductance of line per km, L = %.2f mH", L_mH) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a496b294 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.4 : +// Page number 101 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +l = 80.0 // Length of 3-phase transmission line(km) +D = 100.0 // Distance between conductors(cm) +d = 1.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR of conductor(cm) +L = 2.0*10**-7*log(D/r_GMR) // Inductance per phase(H/m) +L_l = L*l*1000.0 // Inductance per phase for 80km(H) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.4 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per phase of the system, L = %.4f H \n", L_l) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in textbook to find Inductance per phase of the system") diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e911282 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.5 : +// Page number 103-104 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D_a_b = 120.0 // Distance between conductors a & b(cm) +D_a_bb = 140.0 // Distance between conductors a & b'(cm) +D_aa_b = 100.0 // Distance between conductors a' & b(cm) +D_aa_bb = 120.0 // Distance between conductors a' & b'(cm) +D_a_aa = 20.0 // Distance between conductors a & a'(cm) +d = 2.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +D_m = (D_a_b*D_a_bb*D_aa_b*D_aa_bb)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +D_a_a = 0.7788*d/2.0 // Self GMD of conductor a(cm) +D_aa_aa = D_a_a // Self GMD of conductor a'(cm) +D_aa_a = D_a_aa // Distance between conductors a' & a(cm) +D_s = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD(cm) +L = 4*10**-4*log(D_m/D_s) // Total inductance of the line(H/km) +L_mH = L*1000.0 // Total inductance of the line(mH/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.5 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nTotal inductance of the line, L = %.2f mH/km", L_mH) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8be078040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.6 : +// Page number 104 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D_a_b = 175.0 // Distance between conductors a & b(cm) +D_a_aa = 90.0 // Distance between conductors a & a'(cm) +d = 2.5 // Diameter of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR(cm) +D_a_a = GMR // Self GMD of conductor a(cm) +D_aa_aa = D_a_a // Self GMD of conductor a'(cm) +D_aa_a = 90.0 // Distance between conductors a' & a(cm) +D_s = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD of conductor A = Self GMD of conductor B(cm) +D_a_bb = (D_a_aa**2+D_a_b**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductors a & b'(cm) +D_m = ((D_a_b*D_a_bb)**2)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +L = 4*10**-4*log(D_m/D_s) // Inductance of the line(H/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.6 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance of the line, L = %.1e H/km", L) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0fb7626 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.7 : +// Page number 104 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +D_a_a = 100.0 // Distance between conductors a & a(cm) +D_a_b = 25.0 // Distance between conductors a & b(cm) +d = 2.0 // Diameter of conductor(cm) + +// Calculations +r = d/2.0 // Conductor radius(cm) +GMR = 0.7788*r // GMR(cm) +D_a_aa = GMR // GMR of conductors a & a'(cm) +D_aa_a = D_a_aa // GMR of conductors a' & a(cm) +D_aa_aa = D_a_a // GMR of conductors a' & a'(cm) +D_s = (D_a_a*D_a_aa*D_aa_aa*D_aa_a)**(1.0/4) // Self GMD of conductor A = Self GMD of conductor B(cm) +D_a_bb = (D_a_a**2+D_a_b**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductors a & b'(cm) +D_aa_b = D_a_bb // Distance between conductors a' & b(cm) +D_aa_bb = D_a_b // Distance between conductors a' & b'(cm) +D_m = (D_a_b*D_a_bb*D_aa_b*D_aa_bb)**(1.0/4) // Mutual GMD(cm) +L = 2*10**-7*log(D_m/D_s) // Inductance/conductor/mt(H) +L_mH = 2.0*L*1000.0*1000.0 // Loop inductance per km(mH) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.7 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance per km of the double circuit line, L = %.1f mH", L_mH) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b97d4967 --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.8 : +// Page number 104-105 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +n = 7.0 // Number of strands +r = 1.0 // Radius of each conductor. Assume it 1 for calculation purpose + +// Calculations +D_1_2 = 2.0*r // Distance between conductor 1 & 2 +D_1_6 = 2.0*r // Distance between conductor 1 & 6 +D_1_7 = 2.0*r // Distance between conductor 1 & 7 +D_3_4 = 2.0*r // Distance between conductor 3 & 4 +D_1_4 = 4.0*r // Distance between conductor 1 & 4 +D_1_3 = (D_1_4**2-D_3_4**2)**(1.0/2) // Distance between conductor 1 & 3 +D_1_5 = D_1_3 // Distance between conductor 1 & 5 +GMR = 0.7788*r // GMR +n_o = n-1 // Number of outside strands +D_s = (GMR**n*(D_1_2**2*D_1_3**2*D_1_4*D_1_7)**6*(2*r)**n_o)**(1.0/49) // GMR +overall_radius = 3*r // Overall conductor radius +ratio = D_s/overall_radius // Ratio of GMR to overall conductor radius + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.8 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nGeometric mean radius of the conductor, D_s = %.3f*r", D_s) +printf("\nRatio of GMR to overall conductor radius = %.4f ", ratio) diff --git a/3472/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce b/3472/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b7bc30b --- /dev/null +++ b/3472/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Texbook on POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING +// A.Chakrabarti, M.L.Soni, P.V.Gupta, U.S.Bhatnagar +// DHANPAT RAI & Co. +// SECOND EDITION + +// PART II : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION +// CHAPTER 2: CONSTANTS OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES + +// EXAMPLE : 2.9 : +// Page number 108-109 +clear ; clc ; close ; // Clear the work space and console + +// Given data +d = 1.8 // Diameter of conductor(cm) +D_A_B = 4.0 // Distance between conductor A & B(cm) +D_B_C = 9.0 // Distance between conductor B & C(cm) +D_A_C = 6.0 // Distance between conductor A & C(cm) + +// Calculations +D_eq = (D_A_B*D_B_C*D_A_C)**(1.0/3) // Equivalent distance(cm) +r_GMR = 0.7788*d/2.0 // GMR(cm) +L = 2*10**-4*log(D_eq/r_GMR) // Inductance per phase(H/km) +L_mH = L*1000.0 // Inductance per phase(mH/km) + +// Results +disp("PART II - EXAMPLE : 2.9 : SOLUTION :-") +printf("\nInductance of the line per phase, L = %.3f mH/km \n", L_mH) +printf("\nNOTE: ERROR: Calculation mistake in the textbook") diff --git a/3504/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3504/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea5bb421 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//To determine the resistance of a 1-km strip of copper of rectangular cross section 2.5 cm by 0.05 cm. +clc; +rho=1.724*10^-8 //Restivity of the given material(ohm-metre) +l=1 //Length of strip(km) +A=(2.5*0.05*10^-4)/10^3 //Cross sectional area of copper strip(m^2) +R=(rho*l)/A +disp(R,'Resistance of the given copper strip(ohm)') diff --git a/3504/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3504/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820318986 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//To determine the rise of temperature. +clc; +R_1=3.42 //Resistance at room temperature,at 20 degree C(ohm) +R_2=4.22 //Resistance at full load(ohm) +alpha=0.00426 //Temperature coefficient +T_1=20 //Room temperature(degree C) +T_2=(((R_2*(1+(alpha*T_1)))/R_1)-1)/alpha +R_t=T_2-T_1 +disp(R_t,'Rise in temperature(degree C)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..badf1bf8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//To determine the value of the ganged condenser C and resistor R so that the current through Z_l is zero. +clc; +w=100 //(rad/sec) +//Equating real and imaginary parts for [-w^2C^2 + 1/R(2*j*w*C + 1 - (j*10^3)/w)]=0 +C=10^3/(2*w^2) //Capacitance(Farad) +R=1/(w^2*C^2) //Resistance(ohm) diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..139a0f270 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//To determine the current through load resistor R of the given circuit. +clc; +Z=[1+%i*1-%i*1+2 -2;-2 2+1] +D=det(Z) +Z_2=[3 1+%i*1;-2 0] +D_2=det(Z_2) +I_2=D_2/D +disp(I_2,'Current through load resistor R(Polar form)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757d52b54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//To determine the voltage V_23 of the given network. +clc; +Z=[(1/2)+(1/3) -(1/3) -(1/2);-(1/3) (1/3)+(1/(%i*4)) 0;-(1/2) 0 (1/2)+(1/(%i*2))] +D=det(Z) +Z_2=[(1/2)+(1/3) 1 -(1/2);-(1/3) 0 0;-(1/2) 0 (1/2)+(1/(%i*2))] +D_2=det(Z_2) +Z_3=[(1/2)+(1/3) -(1/3) 1;-(1/3) (1/3)+(1/(%i*4)) 0;-(1/2) 0 0] +D_3=det(Z_3) +V_2=D_2/D +V_3=D_3/D +V_23=V_2-V_3 +//Using Cramer's rule +disp(V_23,'Required voltage in the polar form(V)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8a227ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//To determine V_23 of the given network. +clc; +I=(3+%i*4)/(3+%i*4+2+%i*2) +V_23=I*(%i*4+2) +//The circuit cannot be solved by mesh analysis as the current source is present.Thus the obtained value is not assumed to be inaccurate. diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0e4f729f --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//To write the KVL equation and obtain the voltage across the capacitor C for the given parameters. +clc; +Z=[5-%i*5 5+%i*3;5+%i*3 10+%i*6] +D=det(Z) +Z_1=[10 5+%i*3;10-%i*10 10+%i*6] +D_1=det(Z_1) +I_1=D_1/D +V=I_1*(-%i*10) +disp(V,'Voltage across the capacitor C(Volts)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c40ec6403 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//To calculate the current through each resistor,the voltage across each resistor and the voltage at each node of the circuit. +clc; +R_1=25 +R_2=10 +R_3=15 +R_4=50 +R_5=25 +R_6=100 +R_7=500 +R_8=125 +//Given resistances in kilo-ohm. +Req_123=R_1+R_2+R_3 //Equivalent of(R_1,R_2,R_3) +Req_1234=(Req_123*R_4)/(Req_123+R_4) //Equivalent of(R_1,R_2,R_3,R_4) +Req_678=(R_6*R_7*R_8)/((R_7*R_8)+(R_6*R_8)+(R_6*R_7)) //Equivalent of(R_6,R_7,R_8) +Req=Req_1234+R_5+Req_678 +disp(Req,'Equivalent resistance in kilo-ohm') +V=100 //Volts +i=V/Req //mA +i_1=i/2 //Current through R_1,R_2 andR_3(mA) +i_2=i_1 //Current through R_4(mA) +V_R1=R_1*i_1 //Volts +V_R2=R_2*i_1 //Volts +V_R3=R_3*i_1 //Volts +V_R4=R_4*i_2 //Volts +V_R5=R_5*i //Volts +V_R6=Req_678*i //Volts +V_R7=V_R6 //Volts +V_R8=V_R6 //Volts +i_3=V_R6/(100) //Current through R_6(mA) +i_4=V_R7/(500) //Current through R_7(mA) +i_5=V_R8/(125) //Current through R_8(mA) +V_a=V +V_b=V_a-V_R1 +V_c=V_b-V_R2 +V_d=V_c-V_R3 +V_e=V_d-V_R5 + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b3475ac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//To find the equivalent inductive reactance. +clc; +Z=%i*(3+5+6)-%i*2-%i*3+%i*4-%i*2-%i*3+%i*4 +disp(Z,'Equivalent inductive reactance(ohm)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09ee67b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//To write KVL equation of the given circuits. +clc; +k=0.5 +wL_1=4 +wL_2=9 +wM=k*(wL_1*wL_2) //ohm +Z_1=[3-%i*1 -3-%i*2;-3-%i*2 8+%i*4] //Impedance matrix of circuit 2.56(a) +Z_2=[3-%i*1 -3-%i*8;-3-%i*8 8+%i*4] //Impedance matrix of circuit 2.56(b) diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd730bbd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//To determine the voltage V_ab across the terminals a,b of the given network. +clc; +M_1=[3+%i*5 10;-2+%i*3 0] +D_1=det(M_1) +M_2=[3+%i*5 -2+%i*3;-2+%i*3 5+%i*5] +D_2=det(M_2) +I_2=D_1/D_2 +V_ab=I_2*3 +disp(V_ab,'Voltage across the terminals a,b of the given network(Polar Form)') + + + + + diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b19f61b19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//To find the voltage across R,in the given network by mesh analysis. +clc; +R=2 //Resistance(ohm) +Z=[12 -2 0;-2 34 -2;0 -2 12] +D=det(Z) +Z_1=[5 -2 0;0 34 -2;10 -2 12] +D_1=det(Z_1) +Z_2=[12 5 0;-2 0 -2;0 10 12] +D_2=det(Z_2) +Z_3=[12 -2 5;-2 34 0;0 -2 10] +D_3=det(Z_3) +I_2=D_2/D //Current(A) +I_3=D_3/D //Current(A) +V_R=(I_2-I_3)*R +disp(V_R,'Required voltage across R(V)') +//Negative voltage shows reverse polarity,with the numerical value being the same. diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f64a1358c --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//To find the power dissipated in the resistor R in the ladder network shown in the given figure. +clc; +R=1 //Resistance(ohm) +Z=[2 -1 0;-1 3 -1;0 -1 3] +D=det(Z) +Z_2=[2 1 0;-1 0 -1;0 0 3] +D_2=det(Z_2) +i_2=D_2/D //Current(A) +P=(i_2)^2*R +disp(P,'Power dissipated in the resistor R(W)') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddbbfbb30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To determine the current in each loop of the circuit. +clc; +M=[5.11 -0.71 0 -3.25;-0.71 1.86 -0.92 -0.23;0 -0.92 2.86 -1.12;-3.25 -0.23 -1.12 5.55] +D=det(M) +M_1=[1.5 -0.71 0 -3.25;-1.3 1.86 -0.92 -0.23;-7.1 -0.92 2.86 -1.12;-2.1 -0.23 -1.12 5.55] +D_1=det(M_1) +M_2=[5.11 1.5 0 -3.25;-0.71 -1.3 -0.92 -0.23;0 -7.1 2.86 -1.12;-3.25 -2.1 -1.12 5.55] +D_2=det(M_2) +M_3=[5.11 -0.71 1.5 -3.25;-0.71 1.86 -1.3 -0.23;0 -0.92 -7.1 -1.12;-3.25 -0.23 -2.1 5.55] +D_3=det(M_3) +M_4=[5.11 -0.71 0 1.5;-0.71 1.86 -0.92 -1.3;0 -0.92 2.86 -7.1;-3.25 -0.23 -1.12 -2.1] +D_4=det(M_4) +i_1=D_1/D +i_2=D_2/D +i_3=D_3/D +i_4=D_4/D +//Loop currents in Ampere using Cramer's rule,Negative sign indicates that the current is in the reverse direction. + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1f30d3b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//To find the voltage V_0 in the given circuit. +clc; +R=30 +Z=[31 -13 0 0 0 -10 0 0 0;-13 35 -9 0 -11 0 0 0 0;0 -9 31 -10 0 0 0 0 0;0 0 -10 79 -30 0 0 0 -9;0 -11 0 -30 53 -7 0 -5 0;-10 0 0 0 -7 47 -30 0 0;0 0 0 0 0 -30 41 0 0;0 0 0 0 -5 0 0 27 -2;0 0 0 -9 0 0 0 -2 29] +D=det(Z) +Z_4=[31 -13 0 -15 0 -10 0 0 0;-13 35 -9 27 -11 0 0 0 0;0 -9 31 -23 0 0 0 0 0;0 0 -10 0 -30 0 0 0 -9;0 -11 0 -20 53 -7 0 -5 0;-10 0 0 12 -7 47 -30 0 0;0 0 0 -7 0 -30 41 0 0;0 0 0 7 -5 0 0 27 -2;0 0 0 -10 0 0 0 -2 29] +D_4=det(Z_4) +i_4=D_4/D //Current(A) +V_0=R*i_4 +disp(V_0,'Required voltage(V)') +//Negative sign indicates opposite direction of current. +//Answer in the book is wrong. diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23cebb3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//To calculate the power delivered by the source in the given circuit. +clc; +Z=[3+%i*1 -%i -2;-%i 2+%i*3 -%i*2;-2 %i*2 3+%i*1] +D=det(Z) +Z_1=[15.7 -%i -2;0 2+%i*3 -%i*2;0 %i*2 3+%i*1] +D_1=det(Z_1) +V_1=D_1/D +//Power delivered =V_1*I*cos(theta)=Real(V_1*I),which on simplification equals 100 watts. diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f54289a0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//To determine the node voltages for the given network. +clc; +Z=[(1/5)+(1/%i*2)+(1/4) -(1/4);(-1/4) (1/4)+(1/%i*2)+(1/2)] +D=det(Z) +Z_1=[1 -0.25;%i*2.5 0.75+%i*0.5] +D_1=det(Z_1) +V_1=D_1/D //Voltage in polar form +disp(V_1,'Voltage at node 1') +Z_2=[0.45-%i*0.5 -0.25;-0.25 0.75+%i*0.5] +D_2=det(Z_2) +V_2=D_2/D //Voltage in polar form +disp(V_2,'Voltage at node 2') diff --git a/3504/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3504/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f0f1d531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3504/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//To find the voltage across the capacitor. +clc; +Z=[4+%i*5 -2 -(1+%i*3);-2 5-%i*2 %i*2;-(1+%i*3) %i*2 2+%i*2] +D=det(Z) +Z_2=[4+%i*5 5 -(1+%i*3);-2 0 %i*2;-(1+%i*3) 0 2+%i*2] +D_2=det(Z_2) +I_2=D_2/D //Current in loop 1 in polar form +Z_3=[4+%i*5 -2 5;-2 5-%i*2 0;-(1+%i*3) %i*2 0] +D_3=det(Z_3) +I_3=D_3/D //Current in loop 2 in polar form +V_c=(I_2-I_3)*(-%i*2) +disp(V_c,'Volatge across the capacitor') diff --git a/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.JPG b/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..618da087d Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.sce b/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5cd618e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH10/EX10.1/Ex_10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 10.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +Xx=-30//crosstalk in dB +L=0.3//typical value +N=5//no. of switches Nb+Nc +SXR=Xx-L*(N)-10*log10(5*(10^(-L*N/10))/N)//Signal power to noise power in dB +mprintf('Minimum and maximum SXR values=%fdB',SXR) + diff --git a/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.JPG b/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6631fd0a1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.sce b/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3252677b --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH10/EX10.2/Ex_10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 10.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +PB=40//power budget in dB +x=-30//crosstalk in dB assumed +N=4//no. of switches +Lin=1//insertion loss of in dB +Linw=Lin*N//worst case insertion loss of in dB +Lc=2//worst case connector loss in dB +L=Linw+2*Lc//total power lost in the worst case signal path in dB +Power_margin=PB-L//power margin in dB +K=0; +for i=1:N +K=K+(((-1)^(i+1))*(10^(-x/10))^i); +end +SbyN=10*log10(K)//Signal power to noise power in dB +mprintf('Signal power to noise power =%fdB',SbyN) +mprintf('\nPower Margin =%fdB',Power_margin)//The Textbook answer is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.JPG b/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..472247de3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.sce b/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87edf6cce --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH11/EX11.1/Ex_11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 11.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +BW=7//bandwidth in MHz +SNR=60//signal to noise ratio in dB +Pin=0//Launched power in dBm +Trise_source=20//risetime at source LED in ns +delta_lambda=20//spectra width in nm +lambda=850;//operating wavelength in nm +c=2.998*10^5;//velocity of light in Km/sec +R=0.3//Detector PIN FET responsivity in A/W +Cdiode=3//diode capacitance in pf +trise_detector=1//risetime at detector in ns +S=-30//sensitivity in dbm +Lsplice=0.2//splice loss in dB/connector +NA=0.2//numerical aperture for GI/MM +n1=1.46//refractive index of core +A=2//attenuation in dB/Km +Ls=3//loss due to source in dB +Ld=1//loss due to detector in dB +Psm=5//system margin in dB +c=3*10^8//velocity of light in m/s + +//solution + +Available_power=Pin-S;//available power in dB +Total_loss=Ls+Ld+Psm; +Power_left=Available_power-Total_loss;//power left in dB +L=(Power_left+Lsplice)/(Lsplice/2+2); +tmod=L*10^3*(NA^2)/(2*c*n1);//modal dispersion in s +Bit_rate=1/tmod;//bit rate in bps +mprintf('Maximum permissible link length is =%fKm',L); + +mprintf('\nMaximum permissible bit rate is =%fMbps',Bit_rate/10^6);//division by 10^6 to convert the unit from bps to Mbps//the answer is different because of rounding off diff --git a/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.JPG b/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..322529e2a Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.sce b/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b65d3b6e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH11/EX11.2/Ex_11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 11.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +BW=7//bandwidth in MHz +SNR=60//signal to noise ratio in dB +Pin=0//Launched power in dBm +Trise_source=4//risetime at source LED in ns +delta_lambda=1//spectra width in nm +lambda=1300;//operating wavelength in nm +c=2.998*10^5;//velocity of light in Km/sec +R=0.3//Detector PIN FET responsivity in A/W +Cdiode=3//diode capacitance in pf +trise_detector=5//risetime at detector in ns +F=2.1//amplifier noise figure in dB +Camp=2//amplifier capacitance in pf +L=2//minimum link length in Km +Lsplice=0.5//splice loss in dB/connector +NA=0.22//numerical aperture for GI/MM +BWGI=600//GI/MM fiber bandwidth in MHz F3dB_optical +Te=630//temperate in Kelvin +K=1.38064852 *10-23//boltzman constant in m2 kg s-2 K-1 +//solution +Rload=1/(2*%pi*(Cdiode+Camp)*BW)*10^6//maximum load resistance in ohm Actual value +Rload=4300//approximated value in ohm +BWRx=1/(2*%pi*(Cdiode+Camp)*Rload)//receiver BW in Hz +SbyN=10^(SNR/10)//SNR in normal scale +Pmin=10*log10(sqrt(SbyN*4*K*Te*BW/(0.5*Rload*R^2)))//input power in W +L1=Pmin/0.2//power budget limited link length in Km +mprintf('Maximum permissible link length is =%fKm',L1); + +Trise_required=(0.35/BW)*10^3//Bandwith budgetting rise time required is rise time required in ns//multiplication by 10^3 to convert msec to ns +Trise_receiver=2.19*Rload*(Cdiode+Camp)*10^-3//rise time of receiver in ns//multiplication by 10^3 to convert msec to ns +Trise_fiber=sqrt(Trise_required^2-Trise_receiver^2-Trise_source^2)//fiber dispersion in ns +//for GI +f3dB_electrical=0.71*BWGI;//3dB elctrical BW in MHzKm +t_intra_modal=1//intra modal dispersion in ns/Km +t_inter_modal=3//intermodal dispersion in ns/Km +t_fiber_GI=sqrt(t_intra_modal^2+t_inter_modal^2);//rise time of fiber in ns/Km +L2=Trise_fiber/t_fiber_GI//link length in Km +mprintf('\n Maximum permissible link length for GI is =%fKm',L2); diff --git a/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.JPG b/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78a83b8e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.sce b/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25e93bbd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH13/EX13.1/Ex_13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 13.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +Sigma_s=0.1//source dispersion inns +Sigma_D=0.1//detector dispersion in ns +Sigma_F=0.05//fiber dispersion in ns +bitrate=622//bitrate in Mbps +STM_rate=250//4 channel VSB PCM +Power_margin=30//power margin in dB +system_margin=6//system margin in dB +Average_loss=0.6//average loss in dB/Km + +//solution +Sigma_max=STM_rate/bitrate//max dispersion allowed +L2=sqrt((Sigma_max-Sigma_s^2-Sigma_D^2)/(Sigma_F^2))//dispersion limited maximum length in Km +L1=(Power_margin-system_margin)/Average_loss//Attenuation limited length in km +mprintf("Since dispersion limited maximum length is less than Attenuation limited length \nso present system length limit is =%fKm ",L2) diff --git a/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.JPG b/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a31adde5c Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.sce b/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74c35b794 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH14/EX14.1/Ex_14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 14.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +N=256//no. of nodes +Lc=0.25//loss per coup;er in dB +Power_margin=30//power margin in dB +system_margin=6//system margin in dB +Average_loss=0.6//average loss in dB/Km +TxRX_powergain=32//transmitter to receiver power gain in dB +Avg_Tr_loss=0.5//average transmitter loss in dB/Km + +//solution +Nc=log2(N)//since 2x2 couplers are used +Ns=N/2//each stage coupler +T_Nc=Nc*Ns//total no. of couplers +Total_Lc=Nc*Lc//total coupler loss in dB +Permissible_loss=TxRX_powergain-Total_Lc//permissible cable loss in dB +L=Permissible_loss/Avg_Tr_loss//Transmission distance in Km +mprintf("Transmission distance =%fKm ",L) diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.JPG b/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d5da04de Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.sce b/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3440fa031 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH16/EX16.1/Ex_16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 16.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lambda=850;//operating wavelength in nm +Beta2=-1//dispersion regime ps^2/Km +Gama=2//nonlinearity in /W-Km +TFWHM=10//fundamental soliton width in ps +To=TFWHM/1.763//pulse width in ps +Ppeak=1/(Gama*(To^2))//peak power in W +mprintf("Peak power required to maintain fundamental soliton=%fmW",Ppeak*10^3)//multiplication by 10^3 is to convert the unit from w to mW diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.JPG b/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47d71f224 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.sce b/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..553c953dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH16/EX16.2/Ex_16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 16.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lambda=1.55;//operating wavelength in um +Beta2=-1//dispersion regime ps^2/Km +B=10//bitrate in Gb/s +two_qo=12//separation between two neighbouring solitons in normalized units +LT=%pi*exp(two_qo/2)/(8*(two_qo/2)^2*abs(Beta2)*10^-24)/(B^2*(10^18))//distance transmission limit in Km +mprintf('For 10Gb/s bit rate , transmission distance is limited to =%f Km',LT)//the answer is different because of rounding off + diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.JPG b/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019f615bd Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.sce b/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e43e802ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH16/EX16.3/Ex_16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 16.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +alpha=0.2//fiber loss in dB/Km +LA=50//Amplifier spacing in Km +G=(alpha*LA)//gain in fiber +PbyPo=G*log(G)/(G-1)//Multiple of power required by single soliton +mprintf('Multiple of power required by single soliton =%f ',PbyPo)// the answer is slightly varing due to rounding error diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.JPG b/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e91f3110 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.sce b/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ef9541f --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH16/EX16.4/Ex_16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 16.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lambda=1.55;//operating wavelength in um +LA=50//Amplifier spacing in Km +qo=6//Half of separation between two neighbouring solitons in normalized units +Beta2=-1//dispersion regime ps^2/Km +B=1/(4*(qo)^2*abs(Beta2))//bandwidth in THz +mprintf('Communication Link bitrate is limited to =%f GHz',B*10^3)// Multiplication by 10^3 to convert unit fron THz to GHz +//the answer is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.JPG b/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..735128530 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.sce b/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e5d810f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH16/EX16.5/Ex_16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 16.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +LT=10000//Transmission distance in Km +alpha=0.2//fiber loss in dB/Km +lambda=1.55*10^-6;//operating wavelength in m +Gama=2//nonlinearity in /W-Km +LA=50//Amplifier spacing in Km +D=1//dispersion parameter ps/(Km-nm) +FG=3.518//Fiber gain factor +fj=0.1//timing jitter factor +h=6.62607004 * 10-34 //planck's constant in m2 kg / s +nsp=2//spontaneous emission factor +qo=6//Half of separation between two neighbouring solitons in normalized units +B1=((9*%pi*fj^2*LA)/(nsp*FG*qo*lambda*h*Gama*D*10^-3))//variable converting la +B2=B1^(1/3)//variable +B=B2/LT//bandwidth in THz +mprintf('Communication Link bitrate is limited to =%f Gb/s',B*10^3)// Multiplication by 10^3 to convert unit fron THz to GHz +//the answer is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.1/EXP_2_1.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.1/EXP_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6a4f9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.1/EXP_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//case-1 +ncore=1.46//refractive index of core +nclad=1//refractive index of cladding +c=3e5//velocity of light in Km/s +L=1// length of path in Km +NA=sqrt(ncore^2-nclad^2)//Numerical aperture +delt_tau_by_L=(NA^2)/(2*c*ncore) //multipath pulse broadening in s/Km +delt_tau=delt_tau_by_L*L//bandwidth distance product Hz +BL=(1/delt_tau)*L//bandwidth distance product Hz +mprintf('Numerical aperture=%f',NA);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf('\nMultipath pulse broadening=%fns/Km',delt_tau_by_L*1e9);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong//multiplication by 1e9 to convert s/Km to ns/Km +mprintf('\nBandwidth distance product=%fMHz',BL*1e-6);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert Hz to MHz +//case-2 +ncore=1.465//refractive index of core +nclad=1.45//refractive index of cladding +NA=sqrt(ncore^2-nclad^2)//Numerical aperture +delt_tau_by_L=(NA^2)/(2*c*ncore) //multipath pulse broadening in s/m +BL=(1/delt_tau_by_L)*L//bandwidth distance product Hz +mprintf('\n\nNumerical aperture=%f',NA); +mprintf('\nMultipath pulse broadening=%fns/Km',delt_tau_by_L*1e9);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong//multiplication by 1e9 to convert s/Km to ns/Km +mprintf('\nBandwidth distance product=%fGHz',BL*1e-9);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert Hz to GHz diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5f486a4a Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.10/EX_2_10.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.10/EX_2_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274be1ec5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.10/EX_2_10.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.10/Exp_2_10.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.10/Exp_2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9894ad55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.10/Exp_2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.10 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +//case-1 +n1=1.49;//refractive index of core +n2=1.46//refractive index of cladding +c=3*10^5;//speed of light in Km/s +t1=n1/c;//time delay for one traveling along axis in s/Km +t2=(n1^2/n2)/c//time delay for one traveling along path that is totally reflecting at the first interface in s/km +mprintf("time delay for traveling along axis =%f us/Km",t1*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from s/Km to us/Km +mprintf("\ntime delay for traveling along path that is totally reflecting at the first interface =%fus/km",t2*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from s/Km to us/Km +//case-2 +n1=1.47;//refractive index of core +n2=1.46//refractive index of cladding +c=3*10^5;//speed of light in Km/s +t1=n1/c;//time delay for one traveling along axis in +t2=(n1^2/n2)/c//time delay for one traveling along path that is totally reflecting at the first interface +mprintf("\ntime delay for traveling along axis =%f us/Km",t1*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from s/Km to us/Km +mprintf("\ntime delay for traveling along path that is totally reflecting at the first interface =%fus/km",t2*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from s/Km to us/Km + +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong it has got wrong unit diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EXP_2_2.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EXP_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5212896b --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EXP_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lamda1=0.7//wavelength in um +lamda2=1.3//wavelength in um +lamda3=2//wavelength in um +f_lambda1=(303.33*(lamda1^-1)-233.33)//equation for lambda1 +f_lambda2=(303.33*(lamda2^-1)-233.33)//equation for lambda2 +f_lambda3=(303.33*(lamda3^-1)-233.33)//equation for lambda3 +mprintf("Material dispersion at Lambda 0.7um=%f",f_lambda1) +mprintf("\nMaterial dispersion at Lambda 1.3um=%f",f_lambda2)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\nMaterial dispersion at Lambda 2um=%f",f_lambda3)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf('\nIts is a standard silica fiber') diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EX_2_2.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EX_2_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ff89a22 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.2/EX_2_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.3/EX_2_3.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.3/EX_2_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..170281976 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.3/EX_2_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6863c0633 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +ncore=1.505//refractive index of core +nclad=1.502//refractive index of cladding +V=2.4//v no. for single mode +lambda=1300e-9//operating wavelength in m +//to find +NA=sqrt(ncore^2-nclad^2)//numerical aperture +a=V*(lambda)/(2*%pi*NA)//dimension of fiber core in m +//display +mprintf("The numarical aperture =%f",NA); +mprintf("\n Dimension of fiber core =%f um",a*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from m to um diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.4/EX_2_4.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.4/EX_2_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f95fb5874 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.4/EX_2_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e201862e --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given + +V=2//v no. for single mode +a=4//radius of fiber in um +//to find +w=a*(0.65+1.619*V^(-3/2)+2.87*V^-6)//effective mode radius in um +//display + +mprintf("Effective mode radius =%f um",w) diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.6/EX_2_6.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.6/EX_2_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f2a41cd2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.6/EX_2_6.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.6/ExP_2_6.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.6/ExP_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995e8bb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.6/ExP_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given + m=0// for dominant mode + v=0// for dominant mode + n1=1.5// refractive index of core + delta=0.01// core clad index difference + a=5// fiber radius in um + lambda=1.3//wavelength of operation in um +// to find + k0=(2*%pi/lambda)//constant in /m +beta=sqrt((k0^2)*(n1^2)-(2*k0*n1*sqrt(2*delta)/a))//propagation constant in rad/um + mprintf('Propagation constant=%f rad/um',beta)//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.8/EXP_2_8.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.8/EXP_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..581314c60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.8/EXP_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +M=1000;//modes supported +lambda=1.3;//operating wavelength in um +n1=1.5;//refractive index of core +n2=1.48;//refractive index of cladding +//to find +V=sqrt(2*M)// normalised frequency V no. +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)//numerical apperture +R=lambda*V/(2*%pi*NA)//radius of fiber in um +//display +mprintf("Core Radius=%fum",R)//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b08d23440 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.9/EX_2_9.JPG b/3506/CH2/EX2.9/EX_2_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b9b5961 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH2/EX2.9/EX_2_9.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH2/EX2.9/Exp_2_9.sce b/3506/CH2/EX2.9/Exp_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c47664c6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH2/EX2.9/Exp_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 2.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +lambda=1.3;//wavelength of operation in um +n1=1.5;// refractive index of core +n2=1.48;// refractive index of cladding +k0=2*%pi/lambda;//constant in /m +//case-1 +b=0.5//normalized propagation constant +k0=2*%pi/lambda//constant +beta=k0*sqrt(n2^2+b*(n1^2-n2^2))//propagation constant +mprintf("Propagation constant=%frad/um",beta)//The answers vary due to round off error +//case-2 +//given +lambda=1.3;//wavelength of operation in um +n1=1.5;// refractive index of core +n2=1.48;// refractive index of cladding +k0=2*%pi/lambda;//constant in /m +b=0.5//normalized propagation constant +k0=2*%pi/lambda//constant +b=(((n1+n2)/2)^2-n2^2)/(n1^2-n2^2)//normalized propagation constant +mprintf("\nPropagation constant=%f ",b)//The answers vary due to round off error + +//case-3 +//given +lambda=1.3;//wavelength of operation in um +n1=1.5;// refractive index of core +n2=1.0;// refractive index of cladding +k0=2*%pi/lambda;//constant in /m +b=0.5//normalized propagation constant +k0=2*%pi/lambda//constant +beta=k0*sqrt(n2^2+b*(n1^2-n2^2))//propagation constant +mprintf("\nPropagation constant=%f rad/um",beta)//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3506/CH3/EX3.1/EXP_3_1.sce b/3506/CH3/EX3.1/EXP_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0a29adab --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH3/EX3.1/EXP_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +PL=1;//length of preform in m +PD=25e-3;//daimeter of preform in m +OD=125e-6;//outer daimeter of optical fiber in m +V=%pi*((PD/2)^2)*PL;//volume of Preform cylinder in m^3 +L=V/(%pi*((OD)^2));//Length of optical fiber in m +mprintf("Length of optical fiber=%fKm",L/1e3);//division by 1e3 to convert unit from m to Km diff --git a/3506/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.JPG b/3506/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c8b03c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH3/EX3.2/EXP_3_2.sce b/3506/CH3/EX3.2/EXP_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b738a3623 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH3/EX3.2/EXP_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 3.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +NA1=0.2;//numerical apperture of fiber 1 +NA2=0.1;//numerical apperture of fiber 2 +D1=12;// core daimeter of fiber 1 in um +D2=6;// core daimeter of fiber 2 in um +Losses=20*log10(NA1/NA2)+20*log10(D1/D2);// total fiber to fiber coupling losses due to NA mismatch and size mismatch +mprintf("total losses=%fdB ",Losses); + diff --git a/3506/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.JPG b/3506/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c642ba33 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.JPG b/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e96906558 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce b/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cd4b8e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 4.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +tau_r=12*10^-9//radiative recombination time in s +tau_nr=35*10^-9//non-radiative recombination time in s +n1=3.5//refractive index of semiconductor +n2=1//refractive index of air +d=0.4*10^-6//active later thickness in m +V=8//recombination velocity +eta_int=1/(1+(tau_r/tau_nr))//internal quantum efficiency +tau=1/((tau_r^-1)+(tau_nr^-1)+(2*V/d))//total recombination time in s +f=sqrt(3)/(2*%pi*tau)//bandwidth in Hz +F3=((n1-n2)^2/(n1+n2)^2)//fresnel reflection +eta_ext=eta_int*(1-F3)//external quantum efficiency +mprintf("internal quantum efficiency=%f",eta_int)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\ntotal recombination time =%f ns",tau*1e9)//multiplication by 1e9 to convert unit from s to ns//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\nbandwidth =%f MHz",f*1e-6)//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert unit from Hz to MHz///The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\nfresnel reflection=%f ",F3)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\nexternal quantum efficiency=%f",eta_ext)//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.JPG b/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87304e75d Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce b/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a9498c97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 4.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +lambda=1.3//wavelength of laser in um +w=5//active layer width in um +d=2//active layer thickness in um +n1=3.5//refractive index of core +n2=3.49//refractive index of cladding +//to find +k0=2*%pi/lambda//propagation constant +row=0.3//confinement factor +neff=sqrt(n2^2+row)//effective refractive index +D=k0*d*(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2))//normalized thickness +W=k0*w*(sqrt(neff^2-n2^2))//normalized width// the answer given in textbook is wrong +Wlat=w*(sqrt(2*log(2)))*(0.32+2.1*(W^-1.5))//Full width lateral at half maximum in um/ the answer given in textbook is wrong +Wtra=d*(sqrt(2*log(2)))*(0.32+2.1*(D^-1.5))//Full width transverse at half maximum in um/ the answer given in textbook is wrong +mprintf("Normalized thickness=%f",D)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n Normalized width =%f",W)//multiplication by 1e9 to convert unit from s to ns/// the answer given in textbook is wrong +mprintf("\nFull width lateral at half maximum =%f um",Wlat)//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert unit from Hz to MHz//// the answer given in textbook is wrong +mprintf("\nFull width transverse at half maximum =%f um",Wtra)//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert unit from Hz to MHz//// the answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.JPG b/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..521098ab2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce b/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c9839240 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 4.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +clear all; +Eg=1.3//band gap energy in eV +l=0.4//cavity length in mm +R1=0.5//reflectivities on ends +R2=0.5//reflectivities on ends +alpha=3//loss coefficient in /mm +current_density=30*10^5//current density in amp/m^2 +area=0.2*0.5*10^-6//laser active area in m^2 + +lambda=1.24/Eg//emission wavelength in um +gth=alpha+(1/(2*l))*log(1/(R1*R2))// Threshold Gain +threshold_current=current_density*area//threshold current in A +mprintf("Emission wavelength =%f nm",lambda)//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from um to nm +mprintf("\nThreshold Gain=%f/mm",gth) +mprintf("\nThreshold current =%f mA",threshold_current*1e3)//for converting unit from A to mA diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.JPG b/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1775a108a Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce b/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79a4eda17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + //Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 4.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +clear all; +lamda=0.85*10^-6//wavelength of operation in m +delta_lamda=36*10^-9//spectral width in m +fractional_width=delta_lamda/lamda//fractional width +mprintf("Fractional width=%f percent",fractional_width*100)//multiplication by 100 to represent information in percentage diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.JPG b/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc34d0ba Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Exp_5_1.sce b/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Exp_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6066c2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH5/EX5.1/Exp_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 5.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given + +optical_power=10*10^-6//optical power in W +R=0.5//Responsivity in A/W +Is=optical_power*R//shot noise current in A +Id=2*10^-9//dark current in A +Rl=1e6//Load resistance in ohm +B=1e6//bandwidth in Hz +T=300//Temperature in K +K=1.38*10^-20//Boltzman constant in m2 g s-2 K-1 +q=1.609*10^-19//charge of a electron in Coulombs +Ith=4*K*T*B/Rl//Mean Square Thermal noise current in A +SNR=(Is^2)/(2*q*(Is+Id)+Ith)//Signal to noise ratio +mprintf("Thermal noise current=%f*10^-18A",Ith*10^18) +mprintf("\nShot noise current=%f*10^-6A",Is*10^6) +mprintf("\nSignal to noise ratio=%fdB",10*log10(SNR))//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.JPG b/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..391306f6c Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Exp_5_2.sce b/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Exp_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c019df9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH5/EX5.2/Exp_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 5.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +eta=0.6//quantum efficiency +Po=10*10^-6//optical power in W +q=1.6*10^-19//charge of an elctron in columb +lambda=0.85*10^-6//wavelength in m +h=6.6*10^-34//planck's constant +c=3*10^8//velocity of light in m/s +Rl=50//load Resistance in ohm +R=(q*eta*lambda)/(h*c)//responsivity in A/W +I=R*Po//current in A +V=Rl*I//Voltage in V +mprintf("Responsivity=%f",R) +mprintf("\nCurrent=%fuA",I*10^6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from A to uA +mprintf("\nVoltage=%fmV",V*10^3)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from V to mV diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.JPG b/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1917e84b Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Exp_5_3.sce b/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Exp_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27389f7a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH5/EX5.3/Exp_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 5.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +tau_tr=2*1e-9//transit time in sec +Rl=50//load resistance in ohm +Cd=3*1e-12//Junction capacitance in farad +tau=2*Rl*Cd//Circuit time constant in sec +f3dB=(0.35/tau_tr)//3dB bandwidth in Hz +mprintf("Circuit time constant =%f ns",tau*1e9)//multiplication by 1e9 to convert unit from s to ns +mprintf("\n3dB bandwidth=%fMHz",f3dB*1e-6)//multiplication by 1e-6 to convert unit from Hz to MHz diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.JPG b/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e511fdf18 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Exp_5_4.sce b/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Exp_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6de69c9e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH5/EX5.4/Exp_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 5.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +I=100*1e-9//current in A +P=5*1e-9//Incident power in W +h=6.6*10^-34//planck's constant +c=3*10^8//velocity of light in m/s +q=1.6*10^-19//charge of an elctron in columb +eta=0.7//quantum efficiency +lambda=1.5*10^-6//wavelength in m +R=I/P;//APD responsivity in A/W +M= (R*h*c)/(q*eta*lambda);//Multiplication factor +mprintf("Responsivity=%f",R) +mprintf("\nMultiplication factor=%f",M) diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.JPG b/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff01f009c Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Exp_5_5.sce b/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Exp_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17ba15f4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH5/EX5.5/Exp_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 5.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +h=6.6*10^-34//planck's constant +c=3*10^8//velocity of light in m/s +q=1.6*10^-19//charge of an elctron in columb +lambda=0.85*10^-6//wavelength in m +I=0.1//incident light intensity in mW/mm2 +Iph1=10*1e-6//photocurrent in pin in A +Iph2=500*1e-6//photocurrent in APD in A +A=0.2//detector area in mm2 +P=I*A//Power seen by detector in mW +photons_generated=P*1e-3/(h*c/lambda)//photons Generated +Rate=Iph1/q//rate of carrier generation for pin +eta=Rate/photons_generated;//Quantum efficiency for pin +M=Iph2/Iph1//Multiplication factor +mprintf('Quantum efficiency is=%f',eta);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf('\n Avalanche multiple factor=%f',M); + diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c12a9f163 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32ddaac38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +lamda=1.55;//wavelength in um +n1=1.51;//Film refractive index +n2=1.5;//substrate refractive index +t=(lamda)/(2*%pi*sqrt(n1*n1-n2*n2));//Thickness of film in um +mprintf('Film thickness=%fum',t); + diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ee11ff6f Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a56c99809 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +b=0.5//normalized propoagation constant +V=(2*atan(b/(1-b))/(sqrt(1-b)))//normalized frequency +mprintf('Normalized frequency=%f',V) +lamda=1.3;//wavelength in um +n1=2.21;//Film refractive index +n2=2.2;//substrate refractive index +t=(lamda)/(2*%pi*sqrt(n1*n1-n2*n2));//Thickness of film in um +mprintf('\nFilm thickness=%fum',t); diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80187677a Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d22b23907 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +lamda=1.3;//wavelength in um +nf=1.51;//Film refractive index +t=1.5;//Film thickness in um +ns=1.5//Waveguide refractive index +na=1//refractive index of air +V=(2*%pi*t/lamda)*sqrt(nf^2-ns^2)//V-number +a=(ns^2-na^2)/(nf^2-ns^2)//asymmetry parameter of the waveguide +Vc=atan(a^0.5)//cutoff V-number +mprintf("V-number=%f",V) +mprintf("\nasymmetry parameter of the waveguide=%f",a) +mprintf("\nCutoff V-number=%f",Vc) diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb357ba05 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15d5733ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +delta_phi=%pi +d=4*10^-6//seperation between electrodes +n=2.2// approximate inder in absence of voltage +r13=30*10^-12//poper electro optic coefficient +row=0.4//overlap factor +lambda=1300*1e-9//wavelength in m +L=8*10^-3//length of electrode in m +delta_n=delta_phi*lambda/(2*%pi*L)//change in refractive index +V_pi=2*d*delta_n/(n^3*row*r13)//Voltahe required for using the device as BPSK modulator +mprintf("Voltage required for using the device as BPSK modulator=%fV",V_pi) +mprintf("\nVoltage length product for unit length is=%fVm",V_pi) diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2996a72ad Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e32c3ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +d=10*10^-6//seperation between electrodes +ne=2.2// approximate inder in absence of voltage +r33=32*10^-12//poper electro optic coefficient +lambda=1*1e-6//wavelength in m +L=5*10^-3//length of electrode in m +V=d*lambda/(2*%pi*ne^3*r33*L)//Voltahe required for using the device as BPSK modulator +mprintf("Voltage required for using the device as BPSK modulator=%fV",V)//the answer is different because of rounding off error + diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.JPG b/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e78947ff Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce b/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..778196a59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 6.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +delta_L=1/100//error in effective interaction length +P=(%pi/2*delta_L)^2//cross talk power output in W +mprintf("cross talk power output=%fx10^-4W",P*10^4);//multiplication by 10^4 to convert unit from W to 10^-4 W +PdB=10*log10(P)//power in dB +mprintf("\ncross talk power output=%fdB",PdB) diff --git a/3506/CH7/EX7.1/Ex_7_1.JPG b/3506/CH7/EX7.1/Ex_7_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c22309d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH7/EX7.1/Ex_7_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH7/EX7.1/exp_7_1.sce b/3506/CH7/EX7.1/exp_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00cc6f803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH7/EX7.1/exp_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 7.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +//given +delta_lambda=60e-9;//delta lambda in m +lambda=1550e-9;//wavelength in m +c=3e8//velocity of light in m/s +CS=75*1e9//Channel spacing in Hz +Power_margin=30//power margin in dB +Fiber_loss=0.25//fiber loss in dB/Km +channel_capacity=2.5*1e9//channel capacity STM-16 in bps +delta_f=(c*delta_lambda)/lambda^2;//frequency bandwidth in Hz +transmission_distance=Power_margin/Fiber_loss//Transmission distance in Km +No_channels=round(delta_f/CS);//No. of channels +distance_bitrate_product=No_channels*channel_capacity*transmission_distance//distance bitrate product in bpsKm +mprintf("frequency bandwidth =%f x10^12Hz",delta_f/1e12)////division by 1e12 to convert unit from Hz to 10^12 Hz +mprintf("\nTransmission distance =%f Km",transmission_distance) +mprintf("\nNo. of channels=%i",No_channels) +mprintf("\nDistance bitrate product =%f Tbits/sKm",distance_bitrate_product/1e12)////division by 1e12 to convert unit from bits/sKm to Tbits/sKm diff --git a/3506/CH8/EX8.1/Ex_8_1.JPG b/3506/CH8/EX8.1/Ex_8_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ee598d34 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH8/EX8.1/Ex_8_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH8/EX8.1/exp_8_1.sce b/3506/CH8/EX8.1/exp_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ea943fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH8/EX8.1/exp_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 8.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +eta=0.8;//quantum efficiency of detection +Ps=2e-9;//received optical power in W +h=6.62*1e-34;//plancks constant +lambda=1500*1e-9//wavelength in m +c=3*1e8//velocity of light in m/s +new=c/lambda;//frequency in Hz +B=1e6;//Signal Bandwidth in Hz +SNR=(eta*Ps)/(2*h*new*B);//signal to noise ratio +SNRdB=10*log10(SNR)//signal to noise ratio in dB) +mprintf("signal to noise ratio=%f",SNR)//the answer in textbook is wrong +mprintf("\nsignal to noise ratio=%f dB",SNRdB)//the answer in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.JPG b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c62af2968 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e377fad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/Ex_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lambda=1.3*1e-6//wavelength in m +c=3*1e8//velocity of light in m/s +SNRoutdB=30//signal to noise ratio at outputin dB +SNRout=10^(SNRoutdB/10);//signal to noise ratio at output normal scale +new=c/lambda;//frequency in Hz +h=6.6e-34;//plancks constant +P=0.5e-3;//Input power in W +NFdB=4//noise figure in dB +NF=10^(NFdB/10);//noise figure in normal scale +SNRin=NF*SNRout//signal to noise ratio at input normal scale +delta_Be=P/(2*h*new*SNRin);//receiver bandwidth in Hz +mprintf('Signal to noise ratio at Input=%f',SNRin) +mprintf('\nReciever bandwidth is=%fx10^14Hz',delta_Be/1e14);// division by 1e14 to convert the unit from Hz to 10^14 Hz +// The answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e377fad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +lambda=1.3*1e-6//wavelength in m +c=3*1e8//velocity of light in m/s +SNRoutdB=30//signal to noise ratio at outputin dB +SNRout=10^(SNRoutdB/10);//signal to noise ratio at output normal scale +new=c/lambda;//frequency in Hz +h=6.6e-34;//plancks constant +P=0.5e-3;//Input power in W +NFdB=4//noise figure in dB +NF=10^(NFdB/10);//noise figure in normal scale +SNRin=NF*SNRout//signal to noise ratio at input normal scale +delta_Be=P/(2*h*new*SNRin);//receiver bandwidth in Hz +mprintf('Signal to noise ratio at Input=%f',SNRin) +mprintf('\nReciever bandwidth is=%fx10^14Hz',delta_Be/1e14);// division by 1e14 to convert the unit from Hz to 10^14 Hz +// The answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.JPG b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4904ad8dc Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c310c23b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/Ex_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +PASE=1e-3;//amplified spontaneous emission power in W +Gdb=20;//optical amplifier gain in dB +G=10^(Gdb/10);//optical amplifier gain in normal scale +delta_newbynew=5e-6;//fractional bandwidth +h=6.6e-34;//planck's constant +ns=PASE/((G-1)*h/delta_newbynew);//noise factor +mprintf('noise factor is=%fx10^21',ns/1e21);// division by 1e21 to convert the unit from Hz to 10^21 Hz +// The answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c310c23b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +PASE=1e-3;//amplified spontaneous emission power in W +Gdb=20;//optical amplifier gain in dB +G=10^(Gdb/10);//optical amplifier gain in normal scale +delta_newbynew=5e-6;//fractional bandwidth +h=6.6e-34;//planck's constant +ns=PASE/((G-1)*h/delta_newbynew);//noise factor +mprintf('noise factor is=%fx10^21',ns/1e21);// division by 1e21 to convert the unit from Hz to 10^21 Hz +// The answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.JPG b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a83210b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42f2ad35a --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/Ex_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +L=50//link length in Km +Fiber_loss=0.2//fiber loss in dB/Km +Req_Gain=Fiber_loss*L//required Gain +Fn1db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn2db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn3db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn1=10^(Fn1db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +Fn2=10^(Fn2db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +Fn3=10^(Fn3db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +G1=10^(Req_Gain/10)//gain in normal scale +G2=10^(Req_Gain/10)//gain in normal scale +Fneff=Fn1+(Fn2/G1)+(Fn3/(G1*G2));//Effective noise figure +SNRindb=30;//Signal to noise ratio at input in dB +SNRout=10^(SNRindb/10)/Fneff;//Signal to noise ratio at output in dB +SNRoutdb=10*log10(SNRout); +mprintf("Required Gain=%f",Req_Gain) +mprintf("\nEffective noise figure=%f",Fneff) +mprintf("\nSignal to noise ratio at output =%f dB",SNRoutdb) diff --git a/3506/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42f2ad35a --- /dev/null +++ b/3506/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optical Fiber communication by A selvarajan +//example 9.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.1 +clc; +clear all; +L=50//link length in Km +Fiber_loss=0.2//fiber loss in dB/Km +Req_Gain=Fiber_loss*L//required Gain +Fn1db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn2db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn3db=5//Noise figure in dB +Fn1=10^(Fn1db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +Fn2=10^(Fn2db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +Fn3=10^(Fn3db/10);//Noise figure in normal scale for all amplifiers +G1=10^(Req_Gain/10)//gain in normal scale +G2=10^(Req_Gain/10)//gain in normal scale +Fneff=Fn1+(Fn2/G1)+(Fn3/(G1*G2));//Effective noise figure +SNRindb=30;//Signal to noise ratio at input in dB +SNRout=10^(SNRindb/10)/Fneff;//Signal to noise ratio at output in dB +SNRoutdb=10*log10(SNRout); +mprintf("Required Gain=%f",Req_Gain) +mprintf("\nEffective noise figure=%f",Fneff) +mprintf("\nSignal to noise ratio at output =%f dB",SNRoutdb) diff --git a/3511/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3511/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad4d88b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +p02=6; // Inlet pressure in bar +T02=900; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p0fs=1; // Outlet pressure in bar +eff_isenT=0.85; // insentropic efficiency of turbine +alpha_2=75; // Nozzle outlet angle in degree +u=250; // Mean blade velocity in m/s +Cp=1.15*10^3; // Specific heat in J/ kg K +r=1.333; // Specific heat ratio + +T0fs=T02/(p02/p0fs)^((r-1)/r); // Isentropic temperature at the exit of the final stage +Del_Toverall=eff_isenT*(T02-T0fs); // Actual overall temperature drop +c2=2*u/sind (alpha_2); // absolute velocity +c3= c2*cosd (alpha_2);// absolute velocity +c1=c3; // From velocity triangles +Del_Tstage=(c2^2-c1^2)/(2*Cp); // Stage temperature drop +n=Del_Toverall/Del_Tstage; // Number of stages + +disp (round (n),"Number of stages n ="); diff --git a/3511/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3511/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2db7249d --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +N=10000; // Speed of gas turbine in rpm +T01=700+273.15; // Total head temperature at nozzle entry in kelvin +P01=4.5; //Total head pressure at nozzle entry in bar +P02=2.6; // Outlet pressure from nozzle in bar +p3=1.5;// Pressure at trbine outlet annulus in bar +M=0.5; // Mach number at outlet +alpha_2=70; // outlet nozzle angle in degrees +D=64; // Blade mean diameter in cm +m=22.5; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +eff_T=0.99; // turbine mechanical efficiency +Cp=1.147; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K +r=1.33; // Specific heat ratio +fl=0.03; // frictional loss +R=284.6; // characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +eff_N=1-fl; // Nozzle efficiency +T_02=(P02/P01)^((r-1)/r)*T01; // Isentropic temperature after expansion +T02=T01-eff_N*(T01-T_02); // Actual temperature after expansion +c2=sqrt (2*Cp*10^3*(T01-T02)); // Absolute velocity +u=(3.14*D*10^-2*N)/60; // Mean blade velocity +// From velocity triangles +wt2=c2*sind (alpha_2)-u; +ca=c2*cosd (alpha_2); +beta_2=atand((wt2)/ca); +T3=T02/(P02/p3)^((r-1)/r); // Assuming rotor losses are negligible +c3=M*sqrt (r*R*T3); // Absolute velocity +beta_3=atand(u/c3); +ct2=c2*sind(alpha_2); +P=eff_T*m*(ct2)*u/1000; // Power developed + +disp ("degree",beta_3,"Gas angle at exit = ","degree",beta_2,"Gas angle at entry","(i)."); +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",P,"Power developed = ","(ii)."); diff --git a/3511/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3511/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35b84b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +alpha_2=65; // Nozzle discharge angle in degree +c3=300; // Absolute velocity in m/s +alpha_3=30; // in degrees + +ca2=c3*cosd (alpha_3); // Axial velocity +c2=ca2/cosd(alpha_2); // Absolute velocity +// ca3=ca2=ca and equal blade angles then +ca=ca2; +beta_2=atand((c2*sind(alpha_2)+c3*sind(alpha_3))/(2*ca)); // Blade angle +beta_3=beta_2; // equal blade angles +u=c2*sind(alpha_2)-ca2*tand(beta_2); // Mean blade velocity +// From velocity triangles +ct2=c2*sind(alpha_2); +ct3=c3*sind(alpha_3); +WT=u*(ct2+ct3)/1000; // Work done +sigma=u/c2; // optimum speed ratio +eff_B=4*(sigma*sind(alpha_2)-sigma^2); + +disp ("degree",beta_2,"Blade angle = beta_2= beta_3 = "); +disp ("kJ/kg (roundoff error)",WT,"Power Produced = "); +disp ("%",eff_B*100,"Blade efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3511/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aef2d3bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +P01=7; // Pressure at inlet in bar +T01=300+273.15; // Temperature at inlet in kelvin +P02=3; // Pressure at outlet in bar +alpha_2=70; // Nozzle angle in degree +eff_N=0.9; // Isentropic efficiency of nozzle +WT=75; // Power Produced in kW +Cp=1.15; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K +r=1.33; // Specific heat ratio + +T_02=T01*(P02/P01)^((r-1)/r); // Isentropic temperature after expansion +T02=T01-eff_N*(T01-T_02); // Actual temperature after expansion +c2=sqrt (2*Cp*10^3*(T01-T02)); // Absolute velocity +// For optimum blade speed ratio +u=(c2*sind (alpha_2)/2); // Mean blade velocity +beta_2=atand((c2*sind(alpha_2)-u)/(c2*cosd(alpha_2))); // Blade angle +// From velocity triangles +ct2=c2*sind(alpha_2); +w2=c2*cosd(alpha_2)/cosd(beta_2); +w3=w2; // Equal inlet and outlet angles +beta_3=54; // in degrees +ct3=w3*sind(beta_3)-u; +m=(WT*10^3)/(u*(ct2+ct3)); // Gas mass flow rate + +disp ("degree",beta_2,"Blade angle = "); +disp ("kg/s",m,"Gas Mass Flow Rate = "); diff --git a/3511/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3511/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..893986aeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc; +P01=4.6; // Total head inlet pressure in bar +T01=700+273.15; // Total head inlet temperature in kelvin +P2=1.6; // Static head pressure at mean radius in bar +Dm_h=10; // Mean blade diameter/blade height +lc=0.1; // Nozzle losses coefficient +alpha_2=60; // Nozzle outlet angle in degree +Cp=1.147; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K +r=1.33; // Specific heat ratio +m=20; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +R=284.6; // characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T_2=T01*(P2/P01)^((r-1)/r); // Isentropic temperature after expansion +T2=(lc*T01+T_2)/(1+lc); // Actual temperature after expansion +c2=sqrt(2*Cp*10^3*(T01-T2)); // Absolute velocity +// From velocity triangles +ca=c2*cosd(alpha_2); +row=P2*10^5/(R*T2); // Density of gas +A=m/(ca*row); // Area +Dm=sqrt (A*Dm_h/3.14); // Mean Diameter +h=Dm/10; // Blade height +rm=Dm/2; // Mean radius +// At root +r_root=(Dm-h)/2; +//At the tip +r_tip=(Dm+h)/2; +// Free vorte flow +ct_mean=c2*sind (alpha_2); +// At the root +ct2_root=(ct_mean*rm)/r_root; +alpha2_root=atand(ct2_root/ca); +c2_root=ct2_root/sind (alpha2_root); +T2_root=T01-c2_root^2/(2*Cp*10^3); +// At the tip +ct2_tip=ct_mean*rm/r_tip; +alpha2_tip = atand (ct2_tip/ca); +c2_tip=ct2_tip/sind(alpha2_tip); +T2_tip=T01-c2_tip^2/(2*Cp*10^3); + +disp ("degree",alpha2_root,"Discharge angle at the root = ","m/s",c2_root,"Gas velocity at the root = ","K",T2_root,"Gas Temperature at the root = ","A the Root"); +disp ("degree",alpha2_tip,"Discharge angle at the tip = ","m/s",c2_tip,"Gas velocity at the tip = ","K",T2_tip,"Gas Temperature at the tip = ","A the tip"); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dba042b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +p1=1; // Pressure before compression in bar +T1=350; // Temperature before compression in kelvin +T3=2000; // Temperature after combustion in kelvin +rp=1.3; // Pressure ratio +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T2=T1*(rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at the end of the compression +T4=T3*(1/rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature after expansion +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work done during compression +WT=Cp*(T3-T4); // Work done during expansion +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +p2=rp*p1; // Pressure at state 2 +p3=p2; p4=p1; // Constant pressure process +V1=R*T1/(p1*10^5); // specific Volume at state 1 +V2=R*T2/(p2*10^5); // specific Volume at state 2 +V3=R*T3/(p3*10^5); // specific Volume at state 3 +V4=R*T4/(p4*10^5); // specific Volume at state 4 +imep=WN*10^3/(V4-V2); // Mean effective pressure +q=Cp*(T3-T2); // Heat supplied +eff=WN/q; // Efficiency of a Joule cycle +disp ("bar",imep*10^-5,"Mean effective pressure = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"Efficiency of a Joule cycle = "); + diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a571fdbb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +T1=15+273; // Inlet temperature of air at compressor inlet in kelvin +rp=6; // Compressor pressure ratio +T3=750+273; // Maximum permissible temperature in kelvin +T5=T3; // After reheat +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +c=rp^((r-1)/r); +T2=T1*c; // Temperature at state 2 +p3_p4=sqrt (rp); // For maximum expansion work +T4=T3/(p3_p4)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at state 4 +T6=T4; // As pressure ratio is same +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Compressor work +WT=Cp*(T3-T4)+Cp*(T5-T6); // Turbine work +T7=T4; // Because of 100% regeneration +q=Cp*(T3-T7)+Cp*(T5-T4); // Heat supplied +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +eff=WN/q; // Efficiency of the plant +Wratio=WN/WT; // Work ratio +disp ("kJ/kg of air",q,"Heat supplied = "); +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",WN,"Net shaft work = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"The cycle thermal efficiency = "); +disp (Wratio,"Work ratio = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be77d3868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +Tmin=5+273; // Minimum operating temperature in kelvin +Tmax=839+273; // Maximum operating temperature in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +eff_carnot=1-Tmin/Tmax; // Efficiency of the carnot cycle +c=1/(1-eff_carnot); +p2_p1=c^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio +disp (p2_p1,"(i).Pressure ratio at which efficiency equals Carnot cycle efficiency = "); +t=Tmax/Tmin; // Temperature ratio +// Pressure ratio for maximum work is obtained when +c=sqrt (t); +p2_p1=c^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio +eff=1-1/c;// Efficiency at maximum work output +disp (p2_p1,"(ii).Pressure ratio at which maximum work is obtained = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"(iii).Efficiency at maximum work output = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb500abfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +rp=4;// Overall pressure ratio +T1=300; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +T3=1000; // Temperature at state 3 in kelvin +Cp=1; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717; // Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K + +// Basic cycle +r=Cp/Cv; // Specific heat ratio +c=rp^((r-1)/r); +t=T3/T1; // Temperature ratio +WN=Cp*T1*(t*(1-1/c)-(c-1)); // Net work output +eff=(1-1/c)*100; // Efficiency of the cycle + +// Basic cycle with heat exchanger +WN_he=WN; +eff_he=(1-c/t)*100; // Efficiency of the cycle with heat exchanger +dev_WN1=(WN_he-WN)*100/WN; //Percentage deviation of Net work from basic cycle +dev_eff1=(eff_he-eff)*100/eff; // Percentage deviation of efficiency from basic cycle + +// Basic cycle with intercooled compressor +WN_ic=(Cp*T1)*(t*(1-1/c)-2*(sqrt(c)-1)); +eff_ic=(1-(((t/c)+sqrt(c)-2)/(t-sqrt(c))))*100; +dev_WN2=(WN_ic-WN)*100/WN; //Percentage deviation of Net work from basic cycle +dev_eff2=(eff_ic-eff)*100/eff; // Percentage deviation of efficiency from basic cycle + +// Basic cycle with heat exchanger and intercooled compressor +WN_iche=WN_ic; +eff_iche=(1-((2*(sqrt(c)-1))/(t*(1-1/c))))*100; +dev_WN3=(WN_iche-WN)*100/WN; //Percentage deviation of Net work from basic cycle +dev_eff3=(eff_iche-eff)*100/eff; // Percentage deviation of efficiency from basic cycle + +printf ("Cycle \t\t\t\t\t\t WN(kJ/kg) \t\tefficiency (in percentage)\t\t percentage Change in WN \t\tpercentage change in efficiency"); +printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(roundoff error) \t(roundoff error) \t\t\t (roundoff error)\t\t\t\t (roundoff error)"); +printf ("\n\nBasci cycle \t\t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f\t\t\t\t\t - \t\t\t\t\t -",WN,eff); +printf ("\n\nWith Heat Exchanger \t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f\t\t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f",WN_he,eff_he,dev_WN1,dev_eff1); +printf ("\n\nWith intercooling \t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f\t\t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f",WN_ic,eff_ic,dev_WN2,dev_eff2); +printf ("\n\nWith Heat Exchanger & Intercooling \t\t %f \t\t\t %f\t\t\t\t\t %f \t\t\t %f",WN_iche,eff_iche,dev_WN3,dev_eff3); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b42b7f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +T1=27+273; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +T3=827+273; // Temperature at state 3 in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +t=T3/T1; // Temperature ratio +Wmax=Cp*((T3*(1-1/sqrt(t)))-T1*(sqrt(t)-1)); // Maximum work +eff_wmax=(1-1/sqrt(t)); // Efficiency of brayton cycle +Tmax=T3; Tmin=T1; +eff_carnot=(Tmax-Tmin)/Tmax; // Carnot efficiency +disp ("kJ/kg of air",Wmax,"Maximum net work per kg of air = "); +disp ("%",eff_wmax*100,"Brayton cycle efficiency = "); +disp ("%",eff_carnot*100,"Carnot cycle efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dd175c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +p1=1; // Pressure at state 1 in bar +T1=300; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +p4=5; // Pressure at state 4 in bar +T5=1250; // Temperature at state 5 in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +rp=p4/p1; // pressure ratio +p2=sqrt (rp); // Because of perfect intercooling +c1=p2^((r-1)/r); +T2=T1*c1; // Temperature at state 2 +T4=T2; T3=T1; + +Wc1=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work of compressor 1 +Wc=2*Wc1; // net work of compressor +WT1=Wc; +T6=T5-(WT1/Cp); // Temperature at state 6 +p5_p6=(T5/T6)^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio +p6=rp/p5_p6; // Pressure at state 6 +p7=p1; T7=T5;p8=p6; +T8=T7*(p7/p8)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature in state 8 +WT2=Cp*(T7-T8); // Turbine 2 work +q=Cp*(T5-T4)+Cp*(T7-T6); // Heat supplied +eff=WT2/q; // Efficiency of the cycle +// With regenerator +T9=T8; +q_withregen=Cp*((T5-T9)+(T7-T6)); // Heat supplied with regenerator +eff_withregen=WT2/q_withregen; // Efficiency of the cycle with regenerator +I_eff=(eff_withregen-eff)/eff_withregen; // Percentage improvement in efficiency + +disp ("%",eff*100,"Efficiency of the cycle = ","kJ/kg",q,"Heat supplied = ","kJ/kg",WT2,"Work of turbine = ","(i). Without regenerator "); +disp ("%",eff_withregen*100,"Efficiency of the cycle = ","kJ/kg (roundoff error)",q_withregen,"Heat supplied = ","(ii). With regenerator" ); + +disp ("%",I_eff*100,"Percentage improvement in efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43714e242 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +p1=1; // pressure at inlet in bar +T1=27+273; // Temperature at inlet in kelvin +T4=1200; // Maximum temperature in kelvin +t=T4/T1; // Temperature ratio +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +rp=t; +c=rp^((r-1)/r); +x=(1-sqrt(c)/rp)/(1-c/rp); +eff2_1=x; +r1=sqrt(rp); +r2=r1; r3=r1; r4=r1; + +disp (eff2_1,"Efficiency ratio of power plants = "); +disp (r4,"pressure ratio of LPT = ",r3,"pressure ratio of HPT = ",r2,"pressure ratio of HPC = ",r1,"pressure ratio of LPC = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09d68535 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +m=30; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +p1=1; // pressure of air at compressor inlet in bar +T1=273+15; // Temperature of air at compressor inlet in kelvin +p2=10.5; // Pressure of air at compressor outlet +T_R=420; // Temperature rise due to combustion in kelvin +p4=1.2; // Pressure at turbine outlet in bar +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +T2=T1*(p2/p1)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at state 2 +T3=T2+T_R; // Temperature at state 3 +p3=p2; +T4=T3/(p3/p4)^((r-1)/r); +Wc=m*Cp*(T2-T1); // Compressor work +WT=m*Cp*(T3-T4); // Turbine work +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work output +Q=m*Cp*(T3-T2); // Heat supplied +eff_th=WN/Q; // Thermal efficiency + +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"Thermal efficiency = ","kW (roundoff error)",WN,"Power output = ","kW",Q,"Heat supplied = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a16acc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +p1=1; // Pressure before compression in bar +T1=350; // Temperature before compression in kelvin +T3=2000; // Temperature after combustion in kelvin +rp=1.3; // Pressure ratio +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T2=T1*(rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at the end of the compression +T4=T3*(1/rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature after expansion +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work done during compression +WT=Cp*(T3-T4); // Work done during expansion +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +T5=T4; // For a perfect heat exchange +q=Cp*(T3-T5); // Heat added +eff2=WN/q; // Efficiency of a modified Joule cycle +eff1=0.072220534; // Efficiency of a joule cycle +disp ("%",eff2*100,"Efficiency of a modified Joule cycle = "); +disp (eff2/eff1,"Improvement in efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b4b51759 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +rp=6; // Pressure ratio +T1=300; // Inlet air temperature to the compressor in kelvin +T3=577+273; // Inlet temperature of air at turbine in kelvin +Vr=240; // Volume rate in m^3/s +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +p1=1; // pressure at state 1 in bar + +T2=T1*(rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at the end of the compression +T4=T3*(1/rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature after expansion +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work done during compression +WT=Cp*(T3-T4); // Work done during expansion +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +q=Cp*(T3-T2); // Heat supplied +row1=p1*10^5/(R*T1); // Density of air at state 1 +P=WN*Vr*row1; // Power output +eff=WN/q; // Efficiency of a cycle +disp ("MW (roundoff error)",P/1000,"Power Output = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"Efficiency of a cycle = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72a2e5d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +T1=300; // Inlet air temperature to the compressor in kelvin +p1=1; // pressure at state 1 in bar +T2=475; // Temperature at discharge in kelvin +p2=5;// Pressure at state 2 +T5=655; // Temperature after heat exchanger in kelvin +T3=870+273; // Temperature at he turbine inlet in kelvin +T4=450+273; // Temperature after turbine in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work done during compression +WT=Cp*(T3-T4); // Work done during expansion +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +q=Cp*(T3-T5); // Heat supplied +eff=WN/q; // Efficiency of a cycle + +disp ("kJ/kg",WN,"(i). The output per kg of air = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"(ii).The efficiency of the cycle = "); +disp ("kJ/kg",Wc,"(iii). The work required to drive the compressor = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd8e085c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +p1=1.4; // Pressure at state 1 in bar +T1=310; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +rp=5; // Pressure ratio +Tmax=1050; // Maximum temperatuer in kelvin +WN=3000; // Net output in kW +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T3=Tmax; +T2=T1*(rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at the state 2 +T4=T3/(rp)^((r-1)/r); // Temperature at the state 4 +T5=T4; // As regenerator effectiveness in 100 % +m=WN/(Cp*((T3-T4)-(T2-T1))); // mass flow rate of air +eff=(T3-T4-T2+T1)/(T3-T5); // Efficiency of a cycle +disp ("%",eff*100,"(i). Thermal efficiency of the cycle = "); +disp ("kg/min (roundoff error)",m*60,"(ii). The mass flow rate of air per minute = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91c185702 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +T1=290; // Compressor inlet temperature in kelvin +T2=460; // Compressor outlet temperature in kelvin +T3=900+273; // Turbine inlet temperature in kelvin +T4=467+273; // Turbine outlet temperature in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +c=T2/T1; // Temperature ratio +rpc=c^(r/(r-1)); // Compression ratio +WN=(Cp*((T3-T4)-(T2-T1))); // Specific power +T5=T4; // Assuming regenerator effectiveness to be 100% +eff=WN/(Cp*(T3-T5)); // Overall efficiency of the cycle +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Work required to drive the compressor +rpt=(T3/T4)^(r/(r-1)); // Turbine pressure ratio +disp (rpt," Turbine pressure ratio = ",rpc," Compressor pressure ratio = ","(i)."); +disp ("kJ/kg",WN,"(ii). Specific power output = "); +disp ("%",eff*100, "(iii). Overall efficiency of the cycle = "); +disp ("kJ/kg",Wc," (iv). Work required to drive the compressor = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc57d3b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +nW_WT=0.563; // Ratio of net work to turbine work +T1=300; // Inlet temperature to the compressor in kelvin +eff=0.35; // Thermal efficiency of the unit +m=10; // massflow rate in kg/s +Cp=1; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +c=1/(1-eff); // For ideal simple cycle +T2=T1*c; // Temperature at state 2 +Wc=Cp*(T2-T1); // Compressor work +WT=Wc/(1-nW_WT); // Turbine work +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work +q=WN/eff; // Net heat supplied per kg of air +T3=(q/Cp)+T2; // Temperature at state 3 +T4=T3/c; // Temperature at state 4 +T3_T4=T3-T4; // Temperature drop across the turbine +disp ("K",T3_T4,"Temperature drop across the turbine = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f989c947b --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +p=336.5; //specific power output of a turbine in kW/kg +T4=700; // Temperature at turbine outlet in kelvin +Cp=1; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717; // Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K + +r=Cp/Cv; // Specific heat ratio +T3=T4+(p/Cp); // Temperature at turbine inlet +p3_p4=(T3/T4)^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio across the turbine +disp (round(p3_p4),"Pressure ratio across the turbine = "); diff --git a/3511/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3511/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..372c3ddb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +T1=300; // Minimum operating temperature in kelvin +T3=900; // Maximum operating temperature in kelvin +p1=1; // Minimum pressure in bar +p3=4; // Maximum pressure in bar +m=1600; // Mass flowrate in kg/min +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K + +p2=p3; p4=p1; // Constant pressure process +c=(p2/p1)^((r-1)/r); +eff=(1-1/c); // The efficiency of the cycle +t=T3/T1; // ratio of maximum and minimum temperature +W=Cp*T1*(t*(1-1/c)-(c-1)); // Work output per kg of air +P=(m/60)*W; // Shaft power available +disp ("%",eff*100," Thermal efficiency of the plant = "); +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",P,"Shaft power available for external Load = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3cc245b --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +p01=1; // Pressure at state 1 in bar +T01=30+273; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +p02=6; // Pressure of air after compressed in bar +eff_c=0.87; // Isentropic efficiency of compressor +T03=700+273; // Temperature at state 3 in kelvin +eff_T=0.85; // Isentropic efficiency of the turbine +CV=43.1; // calorific value of fuel in MJ/kg +ma=80; // Mass flow rate of air in kg/min + +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); // from T-S diagram +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; // Temperature after compression +// Neglecting the addition of fuel in the combustion chamber we have mf+ma=ma +mf=(ma/60)*Cpg*(T03-T02)/(CV*10^3); +ma_mf=(ma/60)*(1/mf); // Air fuel ratio +A_F=ma_mf; +p04=p01;p03=p02; +T_04=T03*(p04/p03)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +WN=(ma/60)*Cpg*(T03-T04)-(ma/60)*Cpa*(T02-T01); //The net power of installation +eff_th=WN/(mf*CV*10^3); // The overall thermal efficiency + +disp (A_F,"(i).Air fuel ratio of the turbine gases = "); +disp ("K",T04,"(ii).The final temperature of exhaust gases = "); +disp ("kW",WN,"(iii).The net power of installation = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"(iv).The overall thermal efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c50ed2574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +eff_C=0.85; // Isentropic efficiency of the compressor +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +r=1.4; // specific heat ratio +eff_pc=(((r-1)/r)*log (rp))/log (((rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_C)+1); +disp ("%",eff_pc*100,"Polytropic efficiency = "); +disp ("variation of compressor efficiency with compression ratio is shown in window1"); +xset('window',1); +function eff_c=f(rc) + eff_c=(rc^0.286-1)/(rc^0.326-1); +endfunction +rc=linspace (2,10,4); +plot(rc,f); +title ("variation of compressor efficiency with compression ratio","fontsize",4,"color","blue"); +xlabel("compression ratio (rc)","fontsize",4,"color","blue"); +ylabel ("Compressor efficiency","fontsize",4,"color","blue"); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..129cef6dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +eff_pe=0.88; // Compressor and turbine polytropic efficiencies +T01=310; // Temperature at LP compressor inlet in kelvin +p01=14; // Pressure at LP compressor inlet in bar +rp=2; // Compressor pressure ratio +T03=300;// Temperature at HP compressor inlet in kelvin +m=180; // Mass flow of Helium in kg/s +Q=500; // Heat input to gas turbine in MW +T07=700; // Helium Temperature at entry to reactor channels in kelvin +P_precoller=0.34; // Pressure loss in pre-cooler and intercooler in bar +P_loss_HE=0.27; // Pressure loss in heat exchanger in bar +P_loss_RC=1.03; // Pressure loss in reactor channel in bar +eff_pc=0.88; // Polytropiic efficiency +Cp=5.19;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.66; // Specific heat ratio + +n_1_n=((r-1)/r)*(1/eff_pc); +T02=T01*rp^n_1_n; +T04=T03*rp^n_1_n; +T05=((Q*10^3)/(m*Cp))+T07; +T_press_loss=P_precoller+P_loss_HE+P_loss_RC; // Total pressure loss +p05=56-T_press_loss; +p06=p01+P_precoller+P_loss_HE; +n__1_n=eff_pc*((r-1)/r); +T06=T05/(p05/p06)^n__1_n; +WC=m*Cp*((T02-T01)+(T04-T03)); // Work of compressor +WT=m*Cp*(T05-T06); // Work of Turbine +WN=WT-WC; // Net work output +eff_th=WN/(Q*10^3); // Efficiency +eff=(T07-T04)/(T06-T04); // Effectiveness + +disp ("MW (roundoff error)",WN/1000,"Power output = "); +disp ("% (roundoff error)",eff_th*100,"Thermal efficiency = "); +disp ("% (roundoff error)",eff*100,"Effectiveness = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d2488c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +WN=1500; // Net work output in kW +T01=25+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +p03=4; // Turbine inlet pressure in bar +T03=700+273;// turbine inlet temperature in kelvin +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +eff_over=0.21; // Overall efficiency +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +T02=T01+T01*(rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c; +Q=WN/eff_over; +m=Q/(Cp*(T03-T02)); +Wn=WN/m; // Net work per kg +T04=T03-T02+T01-(Wn/Cp); +T_04=T03/rp^((r-1)/r); +eff_T=(T03-T04)/(T03-T_04); + +disp ("kg/s",m,"Mass flow rate = "); +disp ("%",eff_T*100,"Isentropic efficiency of the Turbine = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6924b887c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +eff_c=0.86; // Compressor efficiency +eff_Thp=0.84;// High pressure turbine efficiency +eff_Tlp=0.8;// Low pressure turbine efficiency +eff_M=0.92; // Mechanical efficiency +T03=660+273; // in kelvin +T05=625+273; // In kelvin +T01=15+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +eff= 0.75; // Heat exchanger effectiveness + +T_02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=((T_02-T01)/eff_c)+T01; +T04=T03-((T02-T01)/eff_M); +// In HP turbine +T_04=T03-((T03-T04)/eff_Thp); +p_04=rp/(T03/T_04)^(r/(r-1)); +// In LP turbine +p05=p_04;p_06=p01; +T_06=T05/(p05/p_06)^((r-1)/r); +T06=T05-(eff_Tlp*(T05-T_06)); +T07=T02+eff*(T06-T02); +Q=Cp*(T03-T07+T05-T04); +Wc=Cp*(T02-T01); +WT=Cp*(T03-T04+T05-T06); +eff_th=(WT-Wc)/Q; + +disp ("bar",p_04,"(i).Pressure of gas entering low pressure turbine = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"Overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f07812768 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +T01=38+273; // Inlet temperature of compressor in kelvin +eff_c=0.82; // Compressor efficiency +T03=650+273; // Turbine inlet temperature in kelvin +eff_T=0.8; // Turbine efficiency +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +t=T03/T01; +// For maximun specific work we know that +ropt=(sqrt (t*eff_c*eff_T))^(r/(r-1)); +T_02=T01*ropt^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +T_04=T03/ropt^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +eff_th=((Cpg*(T03-T04))-(Cpa*(T02-T01)))/(Cpg*(T03-T02)); + +disp (ropt,"Optimum pressure ratio = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100, "Overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a920784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +p01=1; // Stagnation pressure at entry in bar +pa=0.93; // Static pressure at entry in bar +T1=10+273;// Static temperature in entry in kelvin +p02=6; // Pressure at state 2 in bar +T02=230+273; // Temperature at state 2 in kelvin +P=5100; // Turbine output power in kW +A=0.1; // Compressor entry area in m^2 +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic constant in J/kg K +T04=460+273; // Exhaust pipe temperature in kelvin + +M=sqrt (((p01/pa)^((r-1)/r)-1)/((r-1)/2)); +T01=T1*(1+(r-1)/2*M^2); +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); +eff_c=(T_02-T01)/(T02-T01); +row_s=(pa*10^5)/(R*T1); +a=sqrt (r*R*T1); +V=M*a; +m=row_s*A*V; +T03=(P/(m*Cpg))+T04; + +disp ("%",eff_c*100,"Compressor efficiency = "); +disp ("kg/s",m,"Mass flow rate = "); +disp ("K (roundoff error)",T03,"Turbine inlet stagnation temperature = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b50e3c222 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +T01=27+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +rp=3; // Pressure ratio +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic constant in J/kg K + +T_02=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +// Turbines 70 years ago +eff_c=0.65; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.7; // Turbine efficiency +T03=700+273; // in kelvin +T02=T01*(1+((rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c)); +T04=T03*(1-eff_T*(1-(1/rp^((rg-1)/rg)))); +eff_th=(Cpg*(T03-T04)-Cpa*(T02-T01))/(Cpg*(T03-T02)); +WR=(Cpg*(T03-T04)-Cpa*(T02-T01))/(Cpg*(T03-T04)); + +disp (WR,"Work ratio = ",eff_th*100,"The Efficiency = ","(i).70 years ago"); + +//Modern turbines +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.9; // Turbine efficiency +T03=1000+273; // in kelvin +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +T_04=T03/rp^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +Wc=Cpa*(T02-T01); +WT=Cpg*(T03-T04); +WN=WT-Wc; +eff_th=WN/(Cpg*(T03-T02)); +WR=WN/WT; + +disp (WR,"Work ratio = ","%",eff_th*100,"The Efficiency = ","(ii).Modern turbines"); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0532c208 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +rp=7; // Pressure ratio +T03=1000; // Maximum temperature in kelvin +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.9; // Turbine efficiency +T01=288; // Air entering temperature in kelvin +PN=750; // Power output in kW +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic constant in J/kg K + +// Actual cycle +T02=T01*(1+((rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c)); +T04=T03*(1-(eff_T*(1-(1/rp^((r-1)/r))))); +WN_a=(Cpa*(T03-T04)-Cpa*(T02-T01)); +eff_th=WN_a/(Cpa*(T03-T02)); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"The Efficiency = ","kJ/kg",WN_a,"Net work = ","(i).Actual cycles"); + +// Ideal cycle +WN=Cpa*((T03*(1-(1/rp^((r-1)/r))))-T01*((rp^((r-1)/r)-1))); +eff_th=1-(1/rp^((r-1)/r)); +ma=PN/WN_a; + +disp ("kg/s",ma,"Mass flow rate = ","%",eff_th*100,"The Efficiency = ","kJ/kg",WN,"Net work = ","(ii).Ideal cycles"); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d3548738 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +m=5; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +p01=1; // Pressure at state 1 in bar +p02=5; // Pressure at state 2 in bar +eff_c=0.85;// Compressor efficiency +eff_Thp=0.87; // High pressure turbine efficiency +eff_Tlp=0.82; // Low pressure turbine efficiency +T03=675+273; // HP turbine inlet temperature in kelvin +eff=0.7; // Effectiveness of the heat exchanger +T01=15+273; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic constant in J/kg K +p03=p02; + +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +T04=T01-T02+T03; +T_04=T03-(T03-T04)/eff_Thp; +p04=p03/(T03/T_04)^(r/(r-1)); +p05=p01; +T_05=T04/(p04/p05)^((r-1)/r); +T05=T04-eff_Tlp*(T04-T_05); +T0x=eff*(T05-T02)+T02; +Wlpt=Cpa*(T04-T05); +Plpt=Wlpt*m; +Q=Cpa*(T03-T0x); +eff_th=Wlpt/Q; + +disp ("Intermediate pressure p04 and temperature T04 between the two turbine stages "); +disp ("K",T04,"To4 = ","bar",p04,"P04 = "); +disp ("kW",Plpt,"Power output of LP turbine = "); +disp ("kJ/kg",Q,"Heat supplied = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"The Overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb86eb983 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +rlp=3; // Pressure ratio +rhp=rlp; +eff_c=0.82; // Compressor efficiency +T04=650+273; // Temperature at state 4 in kelvin +T05=540+273; // Temperature at state 5 in kelvin +eff_T=0.87; // Efficiency of turbine +T01=15+273; // Temperature at compressor inlet in kelvin +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +T02=T01*(1+(rlp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c); +T03=T02*(1+(rhp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c); +T_06=T05/(rlp)^(2*(rg-1)/rg); +T06=T05-eff_T*(T05-T_06); +x1=1-((T02-T01)/(((Cpg/Cpa)*(T05-T06)-(T03-T02)))); +x=abs (x1); +T07=T04*(1-(eff_T*(1-(1/rhp^((rg-1)/rg))))); +eff_th=(x*Cpg*(T04-T07))/((1-x)*Cpg*(T05-T03)+x*Cpg*(T04-T02)); + +disp ("%",(x)*100,"Percentage of the total air intake that passes to the power turbine = "); +disp ("% (Roundoff error)",(eff_th)*100,"The overall efficiency = "); + diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f9908eab --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +p01=1; // Air inlet pressure in bar +T01=7+273;// Air inlet temperature in kelvin +p02=4; // Pressure at state 2 in bar +eff_c=0.82;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +T03=800+273; // Maximum temperature at the turbine inlet in kelvin +eff_T=0.85; // Isentropic efficiency of the turbine +CV=43.1; // calorific value of fuel in MJ/kg +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +LS=0.85; +mf=1; // Let assume mass of fuel to be 1 kg + +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); // from T-S diagram +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; // Temperature after compression +Wc=Cpa*(T02-T01); // Work of compression +Q=Cpg*(T03-T02); // Heat supplied +p04=p01;p03=p02; +T_04=T03*(p04/p03)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +WT=Cpg*(T03-T04); // Turbine work +WN=WT-Wc; // Net work done +eff_th=WN/(Q/LS); // The thermal efficiency +ma_mf=(LS*CV*10^3/Q)-1; // AIR FUEL ratio +ma=mf*ma_mf; +sfc=(3600/(ma_mf*WN)); // specific fuel consumption +Wc_WT=(Wc*ma)/(WT*(ma+mf)); // work ratio + +disp ("kJ/kg of air",Wc,"(i).Compressor work = "); +disp ("kJ/kg of air",Q,"(ii).Heat supplied = "); +disp ("kJ/kg of air",WT,"(iii).Turbine work = "); +disp ("kJ/kg of air",WN,"(iv).Net work = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"(v).Thermal Efficiency = "); +disp (ma_mf,"(vi).Air/Fuel ratio = ") +disp ("kg/kWh",sfc,"(vii).Specific fuel consumption ="); +disp (Wc_WT,"(viii).Ratio of compressor work to turbine work = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97c6a8cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +rp=2; // Pressure ratio +T01=15+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +T05=700+273; // Temperature at state 5 in kelvin +T07=T05; +eff_c=0.85; // compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.85; // Turbine efficiency +eff=0.5; // Effectiveness of heat exchanger +Cp=1.147;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +T03=T01; +// p02/p01=p04/p03=rp +//p04/p01=p05/p08=rp^2 +T_02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +T04=T02; +T_06=T05/rp^((rg-1)/rg); +T06=T05-eff_T*(T05-T_06); +T08=T06; +T09=T04+eff*(T08-T04); +WN=Cp*(T07-T08); +Q=Cp*(2*T05-T06-T09); +eff_th=WN/Q; + +disp ("kJ/kg",WN,"Net work done = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"The overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e6817029 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +T01=270+273; // Temperature at state 1 in kelvin +T03=T01; +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +rp=6; // Pressure ratio +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +T05=1150+273; // Temperature at inlet to expansion in kelvin +eff_T=0.9; // Turbine efficiency +n=1.24; // Polytropic index +R=10.05; // in kJ/kg K + +T_02=T01*rp^((n-1)/n); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +Cv=R/(n-1); +Cp=R+Cv; +Wc=2*Cp*(T02-T01); +T_06=T05/rp^((n-1)/n); +T06=T05-eff_T*(T05-T_06); +WT=2*Cp*(T05-T06); +Q=Cp*(T05-T02)+Cp*(T05-T06); +WN=WT-Wc; +eff_th=WN/Q; + +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"The Cycle efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9725905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +clc; +eff_c=0.82; // Isentropic efficency of the compressor +eff_T=0.85; // Isentropic efficency of the turbine +eff_m=0.99; // Mechanical transmission efficiency +rp=7; // Pressure ratio +T03=1000; // Maximum cycle temperature in kelvin +eff_comb=0.97; // Combustion efficiency +CV=43.1; // Calorific value in MJ/kg +ma=20; // Air mass flow rate in kg/s +eff_reg=0.75; // Regenerator effectiveness +del_P=0.1; // Regenerator gas side pressure loss in bar +T01=327; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Ambient pressure in bar +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +//(i).With Regeneration and pressure loss +T_02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +p04=p01+del_P; +p03=rp/p01; +T_04=T03*(p04/p03)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04_1=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +T05=T02+eff_reg*(T04_1-T02); +mf1=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T05))/(CV*10^3*eff_comb); // By neglecting the effect of change in mass flow rate due to mf in combustion chamber +p03_p04_1=p03/p04; +WT1=(ma+mf1)*Cpg*(T03-T04_1); // Turbine work +WN1=(ma+mf1)*Cpg*(T03-T04_1)-(ma*Cpa*(T02-T01)/eff_m); // Net work output +sfc1=mf1*3600/WN1; // Specifc fuel consumption +eff_th1=WN1/(mf1*CV*10^3); // Thermal efficiency + + + +//(ii).Without Regenerator and without pressure loss + +p04=p01; +T_04=T03*(p04/p03)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04_2=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +mf2=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T02))/(CV*10^3*eff_comb); +WT2=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T04_2)); +WN2=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T04_2))-(ma*Cpa*(T02-T01)/eff_m); // Net work output +p03_p04_2=p03/p04; +sfc2=mf2*3600/WN2; // Specific fuel consumption +eff_th2=WN2/(mf2*CV*10^3); // Thermal efficiency + + +//(iii).With Regenerator and without pressure loss +T_02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +p04=p01; +p03=rp/p01; +T_04=T03*(p04/p03)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04_3=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +T05=T02+eff_reg*(T04_3-T02); +WT3=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T05)); +mf3=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T05))/(CV*10^3*eff_comb); // By neglecting the effect of change in mass flow rate due to mf in combustion chamber +p03_p04_3=p03/p04; +WN3=(ma+mf3)*Cpg*(T03-T04_3)-(ma*Cpa*(T02-T01)/eff_m); // Net work output +sfc3=mf3*3600/WN3; // Specifc fuel consumption +eff_th3=WN3/(mf3*CV*10^3); // Thermal efficiency + + +printf("Quantities \t\t\t \t\tRegenerator \t\t\t\t\t\t Without"); +printf ("\n\t\t\t\twith Del_P\t\twithout Del_P\t\t\t\tregenerator and Del_P"); +printf ("\n\t\t\t\t(roundoff error)\t(roundoff error)\t\t\t(roundoff error)"); +printf("\n\n P03/P04\t\t\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",p03_p04_1,p03_p04_3,p03_p04_2); +printf ("\n\nT04 (K)\t\t\t\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",T04_1,T04_3,T04_2); +printf ("\n\nmf (kg/s)\t\t\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",mf1,mf3,mf2); +printf ("\n\nWT (kW)\t\t\t\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",WT1,WT3,WT2); +printf ("\n\nsfc (kg/kW h)\t\t\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",sfc1,sfc3,sfc2); +printf ("\n\nefficiency (in percentage)\t%f\t\t%f\t\t\t\t\t%f",eff_th1*100,eff_th3*100,eff_th2*100); + +printf ("\n\nAs can be seen from the table that pressure loss plays a major role in the efficiency than the regenerator. \n\nHence,more care should be taken in the design to have minimum pressure loss."); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b4731b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc; +eff_c=0.8; // Isentropic efficiency of compression each stage +eff_CT=0.88; // Isentropic efficiency of compressor turbine +eff_PT=0.88; // Isentropic efficiency of power turbine +eff_trans=0.98; // Turbine to compressor transmission efficiency +rp=3; // Pressure ratio in each stage of compression +T08=297; // Temperature after intercooler in kelvin +ma=15; // Air mass flow in kg/s +eff_reg=0.8; // Regenerator effectiveness +del_P=0.1; // Regenerator gas side pressure loss in bar +T01=327; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Ambient pressure in bar +T03=1000; // Maximum cycle temperature in kelvin +CV=43.1; // Calorific value in MJ/kg +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +p03=rp^2; // Pressre at state 3 in bar +T_07=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T07=T01+(T_07-T01)/eff_c; +WLPC=ma*Cpa*(T07-T01); // Work of low pressue compressor +T_02=T08*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T08+(T_02-T08)/eff_c; +WHPC=ma*Cpa*(T02-T08); +WC=WLPC+WHPC; // Compressor work +WCa=WC/eff_trans; // Actual compressor work +// Neglecting effect of mf +T09=T03-(WCa/(ma*Cpg)); +T_09=T03-(T03-T09)/eff_PT; +p09=p03/(T03/T_09)^(rg/(rg-1)); +p04=p01+del_P; +T_04=T09*(p04/p09)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T09-eff_PT*(T09-T_04); +WTP=ma*Cpg*(T09-T04); // Work output of power turbine +T05=T02+eff_reg*(T04-T02); +mf=(ma*Cpg*(T03-T05))/(CV*10^3); +sfc=mf*3600/(WTP);//Specifc fuel consumption +eff_th=WTP/(mf*CV*10^3); // Thermal efficiency + + +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",WTP,"Work output of power turbine = "); +disp ("kg/kW h",sfc,"Specifc fuel consumption = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"Thermal efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13400f716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc; +Wplant=1850; // Plant work output in KW +p01=1; // Ambient pressure in bar +T01=27+273; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +T03=720+273; // Maximum cycle temperature in kelvin +rp=2.5; // Pressure ratio +eff_T=0.80; // Turbine and compressor efficiency +eff_reg=0.75; // Regenerator effectiveness +eff_comb=0.98; // Combustion efficiency +CV=43.1; // Calorific value in MJ/kg +del_p=0.03; // Pressure drop +p02=6.25; // Pressure in bar +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +T_07=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +T07=T01+(T_07-T01)/eff_T; +T02=T07; +WLPC=Cpa*(T07-T01); // Work of low pressure compressor +WHPT=WLPC; +T09=T03-WHPT/Cpg; +T_09=T03-(T03-T09)/eff_T; +p03=(1-del_p)^2*p02 +p09=p03/(T03/T_09)^(rg/(rg-1)); +p10=p09*(1-del_p); +T10=T03; +p04=p01+del_p; +T_04=T10*(p04/p10)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T10-eff_T*(T10-T_04); +Wlpt=Cpg*(T10-T04); +WN=Wlpt-WHPT; +ma=Wplant/WN; +T05=T02+eff_reg*(T04-T02); +Q=Cpg*(T03-T05+T10-T09); +eff_th=WN/Q; +WHPT_1=ma*WHPT; +Wlpt_1=ma*Wlpt; +mf=ma*Q*3600/(eff_comb*CV*10^3); +sfc=mf/Wplant; + +disp ("K",T_07,"T_07 = "); +disp ("K",T07,"T07 = "); +disp ("K",T09,"T09 = "); +disp ("K",T_09,"T_09 = "); +disp ("K",T_04,"T_04 = "); +disp ("K",T04,"T04 = "); +disp ("K",T05,"T05 = "); +disp ("bar",p03,"P03 = "); +disp ("bar",p09,"P09 = "); +disp ("bar",p10,"P10 = "); +disp ("kg/s",ma,"Mass flow rate = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"The overall efficiency = "); +disp ("kg of fuel/kW h",sfc,"Specific fuel consumption = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..644f9b9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +rp=11.3137; // Pressure ratio +WN=0; // Net work output +Q=476.354; // Heat added per kg of air mass in kJ +T01=300; // Inlet air total temperature in kelvin +eff_T=0.71; // turbine efficiency +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +T_02=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +T03_T02=Q/Cpa; +T03_T_04=rp^((r-1)/r); +T04_T03=1-(eff_T*(1/T03_T_04)*(T03_T_04-1)); +T04=T01+(T03_T02); +T03=T04/T04_T03; +t=T03/T01; //Temperature ratio +T02=T03-T03_T02; +eff_C=(T_02-T01)/(T02-T01); // Compressor efficiency + +disp ("%",eff_C*100,"Compressor Efficiency = ",); +disp (t,"Temperature ratio = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27d986f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +eff_C=0.7042; // Efficiency of the compressor +eff_T=0.71; // Efficiency of the turbine +Q=476.354; // Head added in kJ/kg +WR=0.0544; // Work ratio +T01=300;// Total inlet temperature in kelvin +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +c_t=(1-WR)*(eff_T*eff_C); +t=((Q/(Cpg*T01))+1-1/eff_C)/(1-c_t/eff_C); // Temperature ratio +c=c_t*t; +rp=c^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio + +disp (rp,"Pressure ratio = "); +disp (t,"Temperature ratio = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea6388eca --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +WR=0.3; // Work ratio +rp=12; // Pressure ratio +t=4; // Temperature ratio +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +c=rp^((r-1)/r); +eff_C_T=1/((1-WR)*t/c); +tmin=c/eff_C_T; +eff=1-1/c; + +disp (tmin,"Minimum Temperature ratio = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"Efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3511/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e15991a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +eff_pe=0.85; // Polytropic efficiency of the compressor +T_02_T01=2; +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air + +rc=(T_02_T01)^(r/(r-1)); +eff_C=(T_02_T01-1)/(((rc^(((r-1)/r)*(1/eff_pe)))-1)); // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=(1-(1/rc)^(eff_pe*(r-1)/r))/(1-(1/rc)^((r-1)/r)); // Turbine efficiency + + +disp ("%",eff_C*100," Isentropic compressor efficiency = "); +disp ("%",eff_T*100," Isentropic Turbine efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea1631c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +CV=43; // Calorific value of fuel in MJ/kg +mf=0.18*9000/3600; // Fuel consumption in kg/s +F=9; // Thrust in kN +ci=500; // Aircraft velocity in m/s +ma=27; // Mass of air passing through compressor in kg/s + +A_F=ma/mf; // Air fuel ratio +PT=F*ci; // Thrust power +Q=mf*(CV*10^3); // Heat supplied +eff=PT/Q; // Overall efficiency +disp (A_F,"Air fuel ratio = "); +disp ("%",eff*100,"Overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a49eacc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +ma=(12*10^4)/3600; // Air flow rate in kg/s +T01=15+273; // Temperature in kelvin +rp=4; // pressure ratio +p01=1.03; // Pressure in bar +T02=182+273; // Temperature in kelvin +T03=815+273; // Temperature in kelvin +T04=650+273; // Temperature in kelvin +ci=800*1000/3600; // Velocity in m/s +eff_nozzle=0.90; // Nozzle efficiency +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +p03=4.12; // in bar + +eff_c=1/((T02-T01)/(T01*((rp^((r-1)/r))-1))); +eff_T=eff_c; +Wc=ma*Cpa*(T02-T01); +rp_T=(1/(1-((T03-T04)/(eff_T*T03))))^((r/(r-1))); +p04=p03/rp_T; +p04_pc=1/(1-((rg-1)/((rg+1)*eff_nozzle)))^(rg/(rg-1)); +p5=p01; +T_5=T04*(p5/p04)^((rg-1)/rg); +T5=T04-eff_nozzle*(T04-T_5); +cj=sqrt(2*Cpg*10^3*(T04-T5)); +F=ma*(cj-ci); + +disp ("%",eff_c*100,"Efficiency of the compressor = "); +disp ("%",eff_T*100,"Efficiency of the Turbine = "); +disp ("kW",Wc,"Compressor work = "); +disp ("m/s (roundoff error)",cj,"The exit speed of gases = "); +disp ("N (roundoff error)",F,"Thrust developed = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb25c7b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc; +T03=1200; // Maximum turbine inblet temperature in kelvin +rc=4.25; // Pressure ratio across compressor +ma=25; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +eff_C=0.87; // Isentropic efficiency of the compressor +eff_T=0.915; // Isentropic efficiency of turbine +eff_n=0.965; // Propelling nozzle efficiency +eff_Tr=0.985; // Transmission efficiency +del_pcomb=0.21; // Combustion chamber pressure loss in bar +Cpa=1.005; // Specific heat at constant pressure of air in kJ/kg K +ra=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +Cpg=1.147; // Specific heat of fuel in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33; // Specific heat of fuel +T01=293; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Ambient pressure in bar +A_F=50; // Air Fuel ratio +p02=rc/p01; + +T02=(T01*((rc)^((ra-1)/ra)-1)/eff_C)+T01; // Actual temperature at state 2 +T04=T03-((Cpa*(T02-T01))/(eff_Tr*Cpg)); // Temperature at state 4 +rt=(1/(1-((T03-T04)/(eff_T*T03))))^(1/((rg-1)/rg)); // Pressure ratio across turbine +p04=(p02-del_pcomb)/rt; // Pressure at 4 +p5=p01; +T_5=T04/(p04/p5)^((rg-1)/rg); // Temperature at 5 +T5=T04-eff_n*(T04-T_5); +c5=sqrt (2*Cpg*10^3*(T04-T5)); +F=ma*c5; // Total design thrust +p04_pc=1/(1-((1/eff_n)*((rg-1)/(rg+1))))^(rg/(rg-1)) +pc=p04*(1/p04_pc); +Tc=T04*(1/p04_pc)^((rg-1)/rg); +R=Cpg*10^3*(rg-1)/rg; +cj=sqrt (rg*R*Tc); +row_c=(pc*10^5)/(R*Tc); +A=ma/(row_c*cj); // Area of the propelling nozzle +d=sqrt (4*A/3.14); // Diameter of the nozzle +pa=p01; +Fp=(pc-pa)*10^5*A;// Pressure thrust +Fm=ma*cj; +Ft=Fp+Fm; // Total thrust +sfc=(ma/A_F)*3600/Ft; + +disp ("N (roundoff error)",F," Total design thrust/s = "); +disp ("N (roundoff error)",Ft,"Total thrust /s = "); +disp ("kg/ N thrust h",sfc, "Specific fuel consumption = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99adf06e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +p03=4.5; // Pressure at turbine inlet in bar +T03=800+273; // Temperature at turbine inlet in kelvin +p04=1.75; // Pressure at turbine outlet in bar +eff_T=0.75; //Turbine efficiency +p05=1.03; // Pressure at state 5 in bar +Cp=1.05; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.38; // Specific heat ratio + +T04=T03*(1-eff_T*(1-(1/(p03/p04)^((r-1)/r)))); // Temperature at state 4 +cj=sqrt (2*Cp*10^3*T04*(1-(1/(p04/p05)^((r-1)/r)))); // Velocity leaving nozzle + +disp ("K",T04,"(i).Temperature of the gas entering the jet (nozzle) = "); +disp ("m/s",cj,"(ii).Velocity of gas leaving the jet = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea4e7389 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +cj=2700; // The effective jet velocity from jet engine in m/s +ci=1350; // Flight velocity in m/s +ma=78.6; // Air flow rate in m/s + +a=ci/cj; +F=ma*(cj-ci); // Thrust +P=F*ci; // Thrust power +eff_P=2*a/(a+1); // Propulsive efficiency + +disp ("N",F,"(i).Thrust = "); +disp ("MN",P/10^6,"(ii). Thrust power = "); +disp ("%",eff_P*100,"(iii). Propulsive efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34887bc87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc; +pa=0.458; // Ambient pressure in bar +Ta=248; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +Ci=805*1000/3600; // Speed of the aircraft in m/s +rp=4;// Pressure ratio +DelP_comb=0.21; // Combustion chamber pressure loss in bar +T03=1100; // Turbine inlet temperature in kelvin +eff_ram=0.95; // Intake duct efficiency +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.90; // Turbine efficiency +eff_m=0.99; // Mechanical efficiency of transmission +eff_nozzle=0.95; // Nozzle efficiency +CV=43; // Low calorific value in MJ/kg +Ac=0.0935; // Nozzle outlet area in m^2 +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +p01=pa*(1+eff_ram*((1+Ci^2/(2*Cpa*Ta*10^3))^(r/(r-1))-1)); +p02=p01*rp; +T01=Ta+Ci^2/(2*Cpa*10^3); +T02=T01+T01*(rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_c; +T04=T03-(Cpa*(T02-T01))/(Cpg*eff_m); +p03=p02-DelP_comb; +T_04=T03-(T03-T04)/eff_T; +p04=p03*(T_04/T03)^(r/(r-1)); +p04_pc=1/(1-(((rg-1)/(rg+1))/eff_nozzle))^(rg/(rg-1)); +Tc=T04*(1/p04_pc)^((rg-1)/rg); +pc=p04/p04_pc; +row_c=(pc*10^5)/(R*Tc); +cj=sqrt (rg*R*Tc); +m=row_c*Ac*cj; +F=m*(cj-Ci)+Ac*(pc-pa)*10^5; // Total thrust +mf=(m*Cpg*(T03-T02))/(CV*10^3); +sfc=mf*3600/F; // specific fuel consumption + +disp ("N (roundoff error)",F,"Total thrust = "); +disp ("kg/N h (roundoff error)",sfc,"specific fuel consumption = "); + diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a33ca376d --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +ci=600*1000/3600; // Velocity in m/s +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +pa=0.458; // Ambient pressure in bar +Ta=-15+273; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +rp=9; // pressure ratio +T03=1200; // Maximum temperature in kelvin +eff_ram=0.9; // Intake duct efficiency +eff_c=0.89; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.93; // Turbine efficiency +eff_m=0.98; // Mechanical efficiency of transmission + +cj=ci +T_01=Ta+(ci^2/(2*Cpa*10^3)); +p_01=pa*(T_01/Ta)^(r/(r-1)); +p01=eff_ram*(p_01-pa); +p02=rp*p01; +T01=T_01; +T_02=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/(eff_c); +T_04=T03*(1/rp)^((rg-1)/rg); +T04=T03-eff_T*(T03-T_04); +WN=Cpg*(T03-T04)-Cpa*(T02-T01)/eff_m;// net work done +eff_th=WN/(Cpg*(T03-T02)); // Thermal efficiency + +disp ("kJ/kg (roundoff error)",WN,"Net work done = "); +disp ("%",eff_th*100,"Thermal efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40e2e1714 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +pa=0.7; // Ambient pressure in bar +Ta=1+273; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +Ci=800*1000/3600; // Speed of the aircraft in m/s +rp=5;// Pressure ratio +eff_ram=1.00; // Intake duct efficiency +eff_c=0.85; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.90; // Turbine efficiency +eff_comb=0.98; //Combustion efficiency +eff_nozzle=0.95; // Nozzle efficiency +rp_T=2.23;// Turbine pressure ratio +CV=43; // Low calorific value in MJ/kg +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.005;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.4;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +F=25000; // Thrust in N + +cj=2*Ci; +T_01=Ta+(Ci^2/(2*Cpa*10^3)); +T01=T_01; +T02=T01+(T01*(((rp)^((r-1)/r))-1))/eff_c; +p_01=pa*(1+Ci^2/(2*Cpa*10^3*Ta))^(r/(r-1)); +p01=eff_ram*(p_01-pa); +p02=rp*p01; +T03=(T02-T01)/(eff_T*(1-1/rp_T^((r-1)/r))); +ma=F/(cj-Ci); +// Neglecting the effect of the mass addition of fuel on the right hand side +mf=(ma*Cpa*(T03-T02))/(eff_comb*CV*10^3); + +disp ("kg/s",ma,"Mass flow rate of air = "); +disp ("kg/s (roundoff error)",mf,"Mass flow rate of fuel = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..763c4c538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc; +Ta=288; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +pa=1.01; // Ambient pressure in bar +p04=2.4; // Stagnation pressure in bar +T04=1000;// Stagnation temperature in kelvin +m=23; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +rp=1.75; // Pressure ratio +eff_f=0.88 ; // Efficiency of the fan +eff_ft=0.9; // Efficiency of the fan turbine +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=284.6; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +T01=Ta; +p01=pa; +pc=p04*(2/(r+1))^(r/(r-1)); +// since pc>pa the nozzle will choke +Tc=T04*(2/(r+1)); +row_c=pc*10^5/(R*Tc); +cj=sqrt (r*R*Tc); +A=m/(row_c*cj); +p1=pa; +F=m*cj+(A*(pc-p1)*10^5); +// For fan engine +T_02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_f; +// For cold nozzle +m_nozzle=2*m; // Flow through cold nozzle +pc1=p01*rp*(2/(r+1))^(r/(r-1)); +F_cold=m_nozzle*sqrt (2*Cpa*10^3*(T02-T01)); +// Fan Turbine +T05=T04-((m_nozzle*Cpa*(T02-T01))/(m*Cpg)); +T_05=T04-(T04-T05)/eff_ft; +p_05=p04*(T_05/T04)^(rg/(rg-1)); +pc=p_05*(2/(rg+1))^(rg/(rg-1)); +F_hot=m*sqrt (2*Cpg*10^3*(T05-T01)); +Takeoffthrust= F_cold + F_hot; + +disp ("m^2 (roundoff error)",A,"Nozzle Exit area = "); +disp ("N (roundoff error)",F,"Total Thrust = "); +disp ("N (roundoff error)",Takeoffthrust,"Take-off Thrust = "); diff --git a/3511/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3511/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44ac536d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc; +ma=18.2; // Massflow rater in m/s +Mi=0.6; // Mach number +pa=0.55; // Ambient pressure in bar +Ta=255; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +rp=5; // Pressure ratio +T03=1273; // Maximum temperature in kelvin +eff_c=0.81; // Compressor efficiency +eff_T=0.85; // Turbine efficiency +eff_nozzle=0.915; // Nozzle efficiency +eff_ram=0.9; // Intake duct efficiency +CV=45870; // Low calorific value in kJ/kg +Cpa=1.005;// Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cpg=1.147;// Specific heat of fuel at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +rg=1.33;// Specific heat ratio of fuel +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio of air +R=284.6; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +ci=Mi*sqrt(r*R*Ta); +T_01=Ta+ci^2/(2*Cpa*10^3); +T01=T_01; +p_01=pa*(T01/Ta)^(r/(r-01)); +p01=eff_ram*(p_01-pa)+pa; +p02=rp*p01; +T02=T01*(1+((rp^((r-1)/r))-1)/eff_c); +Wc=ma*Cpa*(T02-T01); +WT=Wc; +mf=ma/((CV/(Cpg*(T03-T02)))-1); +f1=mf/ma; +T04=T03-(WT/((ma+mf)*Cpg)); +rp_T=(1/(1-((1-(T04/T03))/eff_T)))^(r/(r-1)); +p03=p02; +p04=p03/rp_T; +p04_pc=1/(1-((rg-1)/((rg+1)*eff_nozzle)))^(rg/(rg-1)); +pc=p04_pc/p04; +Tc=T04*(1/p04_pc)^((rg-1)/rg); +cj=sqrt (r*R*Tc); +row_c=pc*10^5/(R*Tc); +An=(ma+mf)/(row_c*cj); +F=(ma+mf)*cj-ma*ci+An*(pc-pa); +Fp=F*ci; + +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",Wc,"Work of compression = "); +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",WT,"Power output of the turbine = "); +disp (f1,"Fuel-Air ratio = "); +disp ("N (roundoff error)",F,"Thrust = "); +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",Fp/1000,"Thrust power = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1daf6307a --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +N=11500; // Speed in rpm +T01=21+273; // Inlet total temperature in kelvin +p01=1;// Inlet total pressure in bar +p02=4;// Outlet total pressure in bar +D=0.75; // impeller diameter in m +mu=0.92;// slip factor +Cp=1.005; // specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +u=3.14*D*N/60; +W=mu*u^2; +T02=W/(Cp*10^3)+T01; +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); +eff_c=(T_02-T01)/(T02-T01); + +disp ("%",eff_c*100,"Efficiency of the compressor = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29506976f --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +m=30; // mass flow rate in kg/s +N=15000; // Speed in rpm +r2=0.3; // Radius in m +D2=r2*2; // Diameter in m +w2=100; // Relative velocity in m/s +beta_1=80; // in degrees +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +T01=300 // Inlet temperature in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +u2=3.14*D2*N/60; +ct2=u2-(w2*cosd (beta_1)); +Fr=m*ct2*r2; +P=Fr*(2*3.14*N/60); +W=u2*ct2; +P02=p01*(1+(W*10^-3/(Cp*T01)))^(r/(r-1)); + +disp ("Nm",Fr,"Torque = "); +disp ("kW",P/1000,"Power = "); +disp ("bar",P02,"Head Developed = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e858564d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +m=35; // mass flow rate of air in kg/s +D=0.76; // Impeller diameter in m +N=11500; // speed in rpm +eff_c=0.8; // Efficiency of the compressor +rp=4.2; // Pressure ratio +cr=120; // Radial velocity in m/s +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +T01=47+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T_02=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; +// ignoring the effects of the velocity of flow +p02=rp/p01; +row2=p02*10^5/(R*T02); +Atip=m/(row2*cr); +AW=Atip/(3.14*D); // Axial width + +disp ("cm",AW*100,"Axial Width = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53cce853f --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +D=0.15; // Inlet eye diameter in m +N=20000; // Speed in rpm +ca1=107; // Axial velocity in m/s +T01=294; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1.03; // Inlet pressure in kg/cm^2 +Cp=1.005; // specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +u1=3.14*D*N/60; +beta_1=atand (ca1/u1);// Blade angle +cr=u1/cosd (beta_1); +a=sqrt (r*R*(T01-ca1^2/(2*Cp*10^3))); +M=cr/a; // Mach number at the tip + +disp ("degree",beta_1,"(i).Theoretical angle of the blade at this point = "); +disp (M,"(ii).Mach number of the flow at the tip of the eye = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab17942fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +T01=0+273; // Inlet gas temperature in kelvin +p01=0.7; // Inlet pressure in bar +p02=1.05; // Delivery pressure in bar +eff_c=0.83; // Compressor efficiency +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717;// Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +T_02=T01*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); +T02=T01+(T_02-T01)/eff_c; // Final temperature of the gas +Wc=Cp*(T02-T01); // Work of compression + +// With additional compressor +T_03=T02*(p02/p01)^((r-1)/r); +T03=T02+(T_03-T02)/eff_c; +T_03=T01*(p02/p01)^(2*(r-1)/r); +eff_overall=(T_03-T01)/(T03-T01); + +disp ("K",T02,"Final temperature of the gas = "); +disp ("kJ/kg",Wc," Work of compression = "); +disp ("%",eff_overall*100,"Overall efficiency = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbb11b731 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +N=12500; // Speed in rpm +m=15; // Mass flow rate in kg/s +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +eff_c=0.75; // Isentropic efficiency +mu=0.9; // Slip factor +pi=0.3; // Flow coefficient at impeller exit +D=0.15; // Hub diameter in m +ca2=150; // Axial velocity in m/s +T01=275; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717;// Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +u2=ca2/pi; +P=m*mu*u2^2/1000; // Power output +D2=u2*60/(3.14*N); +T1=T01-ca2^2/(2*Cp*10^3); +p1=p01*(T1/T01)^(r/(r-1)); +row1=p1*10^5/(R*T1); +A1=m/(row1*ca2); +D1=sqrt ((A1*4/(3.14))+D^2); +p3_p1=rp; +p2=2*p1; +T_2=T1*(p2/p1)^((r-1)/r); +T2=T1+(T_2-T1)/eff_c; +row2=p2*10^5/(R*T2); +W2=(m)/(row2*ca2*3.14*D2); + +disp ("kW",P,"Power = "); +disp ("Impeller Diameters"); +disp ("cm",D2*100,"D2 = ","cm (roundoff error)",D1*100,"D1 = "); +disp ("Impeller width") +disp ("cm (roundoff error)",W2*100,"W2 = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cea20760c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +m=14; // mass flow rate in kg/s +rp=4; // pressure ratio +N=12000; // Speed in rpm +T01=288; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1.033; // Inlet pressure in bar +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717;// Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +mu=0.9; // Slip factor +chi=1.04; // Power input factor +eff_c=0.8; // Compressor efficiency + +T03=(((rp^((r-1)/r))-1)*T01/eff_c)+T01;; +U=sqrt ((T03-T01)*Cp*10^3/(chi*mu)); +D=U*60/(3.14*N); + +T3=T03/1.2; +c2=sqrt (r*R*T3); +ca2=sqrt (c2^2-(mu*U)^2); +T02=eff_c*(T03-T01)+T01; +Loss=T03-T02; +T2=T3-Loss/2 +p2=p01*(T2/T01)^(r/(r-1)); +row2=p2*10^5/(R*T2); +A=m/(row2*ca2); +Depth=A/(2*3.14*D/2); + +disp ("cm",D*100,"Overall diameter of the Impeller = "); +disp ("cm (roundoff error)",Depth*100,"Depth of the diffuser = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c48b8ea8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +N=10000; // Speed in rpm +Q=600; // Flow rate m^2/min +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +eff_c=0.82; // Compressor efficiency +T01=293; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +p01=1.0; // Inlet pressure in bar +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717;// Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +ca=60; // Axial velocity in m/s +D2_D1=2 ;// Diameter ratio + +T_03=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +T03=T01+(T_03-T01)/eff_c; +u2=sqrt (Cp*10^3*(T03-T01)); +Wc=u2^2; // Work of compression +D2=(u2*60/(3.14*N)); +D1=D2/D2_D1; +T1=T01-(ca^2/(2-Cp*10^3)); +p1=p01*(T1/T01)^(r/(r-1)); +row1=p1*10^5/(R*T1); +Wroot=(Q/60)*(1/(ca*3.14*D1)); +u1=3.14*N*D1/60; +alpha_root=atand (ca/u1); +alpha_tip= atand (ca/u2); + +disp ("(i).Power input "); +disp ("kW/kg/s",Wc/1000,"Wc = "); +disp ("(ii).Impeller Diameters"); +disp ("m",D2,"D2 = ","m",D1,"D1 = "); +disp ("(iii).Impeller and diffuser blade angles at inlet"); +disp ("degree",alpha_tip,"alpha_tip = ","degree",alpha_root,"alpha_root = "); diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef65918ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +rp=4; // Pressure ratio +eff_c=0.8; // Compressor efficiency +N=15000; // Speed in rpm +T01=293; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +De=0.25; // Diameter of eye in m +C1=150; // Absolute velocity in m/s +Di=0.6; // Impeller diameter in m +a1=25; // in degree +Cp=1.005;// Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K +Cv=0.717;// Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T02=T01*rp^((r-1)/r); +DelT_actual=(T02-T01)/eff_c; +P=Cp*10^3*DelT_actual; // Power input +u1=3.14*De*N/60; +ct1=C1*sind (a1); +// At Exit +u2=3.14*Di*N/60; +ct2=(P+(u1*ct1))/u2; +mu=ct2/u2; // Slip factor + +disp (mu,"Slip Factor = "); + diff --git a/3511/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3511/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3b86f1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +P=180*10^3; // Power input in J +N=15000; // Speed in rpm +a1=25; // in degrees +De=0.25; // Mean dia of the eye in m +Di=0.6;// Impeller tip diameter in m +c1=150; // Absolute air velocity at inlet in m/s + +u1=3.14*De*N/60; +u2=3.14*Di*N/60; +ct1=c1*sind (a1); +ct2=(P+(u1*ct1))/u2; +mu=ct2/u2; +z=(1.98)/(1-mu); // Number of impeller vanes +disp(z,"Number of impeller vanes using Stanitz formulae = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dccc6bef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +n=10; // No of stages in the axial flow compressor +rp=5; // Overall pressure ratio +eff_C=0.87; // Overall isentropic efficiency +T1=15+273; // Temperature of air at inlet in kelvin +u=210; // Blade speed in m/s +ca=170; // Axial velocity in m/s +wf=1; // Work factor +r=1.33; // Specific heat ratio +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K + +Del_Tstage=(T1*(rp^((r-1)/r)-1))/(n*eff_C); // Temperature increase per stage +// By property relations and let us assume +// tan_beta1-tan_beta2=Del_Tstage*Cp/(wf*u*ca) +// tan_beta1+tan_beta2=u/ca for 50% reaction +// To solve this above equations using matrix method +a=[1,-1;1,1]; c=[(Del_Tstage*Cp*10^3/(wf*u*ca));u/ca]; +b=a\c; +beta1=atand(b(1));// Blade angles at inlet +beta2=atand(b(2)); // Blade angles at outlet + +disp ("degree (roundoff error)",beta2,"Blade angle at outlet = ","degree (roundoff error)",beta1,"Blade angle at inlet = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0465b841b --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +u=250; // Mean blade speed in m/s +rp=1.3; // Pressure ratio +ca=200; // Axial velocity in m/s +p01=1; // Inlet pressure in bar +T01=300; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +R1=0.5; // Degree of reaction +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in KJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +Del_T=(rp^((r-1)/r)-1)*T01; +//tan_beta1+tan_beta2=(R*2*u/ca); +//tan_beta1-tan_beta2=(Del_T*Cp*10^3/(u*ca)); +A=[1 1;1 -1]; B=[(R1*2*u/ca) ;(Del_T*Cp*10^3/(u*ca))]; +tan_beta=A\B; +beta_1=atand (tan_beta(1)); +beta_2=atand (tan_beta(2)); +alpha_1=beta_2; alpha_2=beta_1; + +disp ("degree",beta_2,"beta2 = ","degree",beta_1,"beta1 = "); +disp ("degree",alpha_2,"alpha2 = ","degree",alpha_1,"alpha1 = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8757dd54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +n=4; // Number of stage +rp=10; // Pressure ratio +eff_p_ac=0.92; // Ploytropic efficiency of axial compressor +eff_p_cc=0.83; // Polytropic efficiency of centrifugal compressor +Del_Trise=30; // Axial compressor stage temperature in kelvin +R=0.5; // Reaction stage +beta_2=20; // Outlet stator angle in degree +D=0.25; // Mean diameter of each stage in m +wf=0.8; // Work done factor +ca=150; // Axial velocity in m/s +Di=0.33; //Impeller diameter in m +mu=0.9; // Slip factor +p01=1.01; // Ambient pressure in bar +T01=288; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +pif=1.04; // Power input factor +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in KJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +beta_1=atand (sqrt ((Cp*10^3*Del_Trise/(wf*ca^2))+(tand(beta_2)^2))); +u=ca*(tand (beta_1)+tand(beta_2)); +Nac=(u/(3.14*D)); +r1=(1+n*Del_Trise/T01)^(eff_p_ac*r/(r-1)); // Total pressure ratio across the axial compressor + +r2=rp/r1; // Pressure ratio across centrifugal compressor +T02=T01*r1^((r-1)/(eff_p_ac*r)); +T03=T02*r2^((r-1)/(eff_p_cc*r)); +Del_Tsc=T03-T02; +u=sqrt ((Del_Tsc*Cp*10^3)/(pif*mu)); +Ncc=u/(3.14*Di); + +disp ("rps (roundoff error)",Nac,"Speed of the axial compressor = "); +disp ("rps (roundoff error)",Ncc,"Speed of the centrifugal compressor = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16ee79351 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +P1=1.0132; // Inlet air pressure in bar +T01=288; // Inlet air temperature in kelvin +ca=150; // axial velocity in m/s +dtip=60; // Tip diameter of rotor in cm +dhub=50; // Hub diameter of rotor in cm +N=100; // Speed of rotor in rps +t_angle=30; // Deflected angle of air in degree (in question it is 30.2 but in solution it is 30) +P2_P1=1.2; // Stage pressure ratio +Cp=1005; // Specific heat in J/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +u=(3.142857*(dhub+dtip)*10^-2*N)/2; // Mean blade velocity +beta_1=atand(u/ca); // Blade angle at inlet +beta_2=beta_1-t_angle; // As air is deflected by 30 +// from velocity triangle +x=ca*tand(beta_2); +alpha_2=atand ((u-x)/ca); +C1=ca; +T1=T01-(C1^2/(2*Cp)); // Static temperature at inlet +P2=P1*P2_P1; // Pressure at outlet +T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r); // Static temperature at outlet +row_2=(P2*10^5)/(R*T2); // Density at outlet +m=3.14*(dtip^2-dhub^2)*ca*row_2*10^-4/4; // Mass flow rate +wf=1; // Work factor +P=wf*u*ca*m*(tand(beta_1)-tand(beta_2))/1000; // Power developed +R=ca*(tand(beta_1)+tand(beta_2))/(2*u); // Degree of reaction + +disp ("kg/s",m,"Mass flow rate = "); +disp("kW (Error due to more decimal values in expression)",P,"Power developed = "); +disp (R,"Degree of Reaction = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6fc103fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +beta_1=45; // Inlet blade angle in degree +beta_2=10; // Outlet blade angle in degree +rp=6; // Compressor pressure ratio +eff_C=0.85;// Overall isentropic efficiency +T1=37+273; // Inet static temperature in kelvin +u=200; // Blade speed in m/s +Cp=1005; // Specific heat in J/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +// (i). wf=1 +wf=1; // Work factor +ca=u/(tand(beta_1)+tand(beta_2)); // Axial velocity +Del_Tstage=wf*u*ca*(tand(beta_1)-tand(beta_2))/Cp; // Stage temperature drop +Del_Toverall=(T1*(rp^((r-1)/r)-1))/eff_C; // Overall temperature drop +n=Del_Toverall/Del_Tstage; // No of stages + +disp (n,"Number of stages required = ","(i).wf = 1"); + +// (ii).wf = 0.87 +wf =0.87; // Work factor +ca=u/(tand(beta_1)+tand(beta_2)); // Axial velocity +Del_Tstage=wf*u*ca*(tand(beta_1)-tand(beta_2))/Cp; // Stage temperature drop +Del_Toverall=T1*(rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_C; // Overall temperature drop +n=Del_Toverall/Del_Tstage; // No of stages + +disp (n,"Number of stages required = ","(ii).wf = 0.87"); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e37bf1934 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +rp=4; // Total head pressure ratio +eff_O=0.85; // Overall total head isentropic efficiency +T01=290; // Total head inlet temperature in kelvin +alpha_1=10; // Inlet air angle in degree +alpha_2=45; // Outlet air angle in degree +u=220; // Blade velocity in m/s +wf=0.86; // Wok done factor +R=284.6; // Characteristic gas constant in kJ/kg K +Cp=1005; // Specific heat in J/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio + +eff_P=1/(log10(((rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/eff_O)+1)/(log10(rp)*((r-1)/r)));; +// From velocity triangle +ca=u/(tand(alpha_1)+tand(alpha_2)); // Axial velocity +Del_Tstage=wf*u*ca*(tand(alpha_2)-tand(alpha_1))/Cp; // Stage temperature rise +T02=T01*(rp)^((r-1)/(r*eff_P)); // Total head temperature +T02_T01=T02-T01; // Total temperature rise +n=T02_T01/Del_Tstage; // Total number of stages +// from velocty traingles +w1=ca/cosd(alpha_2); +c1=ca/cosd(alpha_1); +T1=T01-c1^2/(2*Cp); // Static temperature +M=w1/sqrt(r*R*T1); // Mach number at inlet + +disp (eff_P*100,"Polytropic efficiency of the compressor = "); +disp (n,"Total number of stages = "); +disp (M,"Mach number at inlet = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b44bb889c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +Q=1000; // Flow rate of free air in m^3/min +P1=0.98; // Inlet pressure in bar +T1=15+273; // Inlet temperature in kelvin +Dm=0.6; // Mean diameter in m +h=6.75; // blade length in cm +CL=0.6; CD=0.05; // At zero angle of incidence +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +k=1-0.1; //Blade occupys 10% of axial area +N=6000; // speed in rpm +Ac=19.25*10^-4; // Projected area in m^2 +n=50; +eff_C=1; // Efficiency of compressor + +row=(P1*10^5)/(R*T1); // Density +A=k*3.14*Dm*h*10^-2; // Area of axial +ca=Q/(60*A); // Axial velocity +u=3.14*Dm*N/60; // Blade velocity +beta_1=atand(u/ca); // Blade angle at inlet +w=sqrt (ca^2+u^2); // From velocity triangle +L=CL*row*w^2*Ac/2; +D=CD*row*w^2*Ac/2; +P=(L*cosd(beta_1)+D*sind (beta_1))*u*n*10^-3; // Power input / stage +m=Q*row/60;// mass flow rate +rp=((P*eff_C/(m*Cp*T1))+1)^(r/(r-1)); // pressure ratio +P2=rp*P1; // Pressure + +disp ("kW (Roundoff error )",P,"Power input/stage = "); +disp ("bar",P2,"Pressure at outlet = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfbb9325d --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +T1=290; // Temperature at inlet in kelvin +n=10; // Number of stages +rp=6.5; // Pressure ratio +m=3; // mass flow rate in kg/s +eff_C=0.9; // isentropic efficiency of the compression +ca=110; // Axial velocity in m/s +u=180; // Mean blade velocity in m/s +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +T_2=(rp)^((r-1)/r)*T1; // temperature after isentropic compression +T2=((T_2-T1)/eff_C)+T1; // Temperature after actual compression +P=m*Cp*(T2-T1); // Power given to the air +Del_Tstage=(T2-T1)/n; // Temperature rise per stage +Del_ct=Cp*10^3*Del_Tstage/u; // For work done per kg of air per second +// To find blade angles let solve the following equations +// Del_ct=ca(tan beta_1-tan beta_2) for symmetrical stages +// u=ca(tan beta_1=tan beta_2) for degree of reaction = 0.5 +// Solving by matrix method +A=[1,-1;1,1]; C=[Del_ct/ca;u/ca]; +B=A\C; +// Blade angles at entry and exit +beta_1=atand(B(1)); +beta_2=atand(B(2)); + +disp ("kW (roundoff error)",P,"Power given to the air = "); +disp ("degree",beta_2,"Blade angle at exit = ","degree",beta_1,"Blade angle at inlet = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba05eed7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc; +rp=4; // Overall pressure ratio +m=3; // mass flow rate in kg/s +eff_pc=0.88; // Polytropic efficiency +Del_Tstage=25; // The stagnation temperature pressure rise in kelvin +c1=165; // Absolute velocity in m/s +alpha_1=20; // air angle from axial direction in degree +wf=0.83; // Workdone factor +D=18; // Mean diameter of the last stage rotor in cm +P01=1.01; // Ambient pressure in bar +T01=288; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +Cp=1005; // Specific heat in J/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +n=1/(1-(r-1)/(r*eff_pc)); +T02=T01*(rp)^((n-1)/n); // Total pressure at stage 2 +Del_Toverall= T02-T01; // Overall temperature difference +Ns=Del_Toverall/Del_Tstage; // Number of stages +eff_C=((rp^((r-1)/r)-1)/(rp^((r-1)/(r*eff_pc))-1));// Efficiency of compressor +rp1=(1+(eff_C*Del_Tstage/T01))^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio acrocc first stage +Del_Tstage1=Del_Toverall/Ns; // Temperature rise across stage 1 +T0ls=T02-Del_Tstage1; // Temperature at inlet to last stage +rpls=(1+(eff_C*Del_Tstage1/T0ls))^(r/(r-1)); // Pressure ratio acrocc last stage +// For symmetrical blade, R=0.5 +beta_2=alpha_1; +ca=c1*cosd (alpha_1); // Axial velocity +beta_1=atand(sqrt(((Cp*Del_Tstage1/(wf*ca))/ca)+(tand(beta_2))^2)); // blade angle +u=ca*(tand(beta_1)+tand(beta_2)); // mean velocity of blade +N=60*u/(3.14*D*10^-2*60); // Speed in rps +Po=rp/rpls; // Total pressure at inlet to the last stage +T0=T0ls; // Total temperature to the last stage +Tst=T0-c1^2/(2*Cp); // Static temperature +Pst=Po/(T0/Tst)^((r-1)/r); // Static pressure +row=(Pst*10^5)/(R*Tst); // Density +h=m/(ca*row*3.14*D*10^-2);// Length of last stage + +disp (Ns,"Number of stages = "); +disp (rp1,"Pressure ratio across first stage = "); +disp (" (roundoff error)",rpls,"Temperature at inlet to last stage = "); +disp ("degree (roundoff error)",beta_1,"beta1=" ); +disp ("rps (roundoff error)",N,"Speed = "); +disp ("cm (roundoff error)",h*100,"Length of last stage = "); diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5d15553c --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +N=6000; // Speed in rpm +Del_rise=20; // Stagnation temperature rise in kelvin +wf=0.93; // Work done factor eff_c=0.89; // Isentropic efficiency of the state +c1=140; // Inlet velocity in m/s +p01=1.01; // Ambient pressure in bar +T01=288; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +M1=0.95; // Mach number +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in J/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K +H_T_ratio=0.6; // Hub tip ratio in +eff_s=0.89; // Stage efficiency +T1=T01-c1^2/(2*Cp*10^3); +w1=M1*sqrt (r*R*T1); +beta_1=acosd (c1/w1); +u=w1*sind (beta_1); +beta_2=atand (tand(beta_1)-((Cp*10^3*Del_rise)/(u*wf*c1))); +p1=p01/(T01/T1)^(r/(r-1)); +row_1=(p1*10^5)/(R*T1); +Rtip=60*u/(2*3.14*N); +Rroot=H_T_ratio*Rtip; +Rm=(Rtip+Rroot)/2; +h=Rtip-Rroot; +m=row_1*2*3.14*Rm*h*c1; +rp=(1+(eff_s*Del_rise)/(T01))^(r/(r-1)); +P=m*Cp*Del_rise; +uroot=2*3.14*Rroot*N/60; +beta_1root=atand (uroot/c1); +beta_2root=atand (tand (beta_1root)-((Cp*10^3*Del_rise)/(wf*uroot*c1))); + +disp ("degree",beta_2,"beta 2 = ","degree",beta_1,"beta 1 = ","Rotor air angles at tip:","m",Rtip,"Tip Radius = ","(i). "); +disp ("kg/s (Roundoff error)",m,"Mass flow rate = ","(ii)."); +disp ("kW",P,"Power input = ",rp,"Stagnation pressure ratio = ","(iii)."); +disp ("degree",beta_2root,"beta 2 = ","degree",beta_1root,"beta 1 = ","Rotor air angles at root sections","(iv)."); + diff --git a/3511/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3511/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaf44d850 --- /dev/null +++ b/3511/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +rp=1.35; // Actual pressure ratio +DelT_rise=30; // Actual temperature rise in K +beta_1=47; // Inlet blade angle in degree +beta_2=15; // Outlet blade angle in degree +u=225; // Peripheral velocity in m/s +ca=180; // Axial velocity in m/s +T01=27+273; // Ambient temperature in kelvin +Cp=1.005; // Specific heat in KJ/kg K +r=1.4; // Specific heat ratio +R=287; // Characteristic gas constant in J/kg K + +eff_s=(rp^((r-1)/r)-1)*T01/DelT_rise; +wf=(DelT_rise*Cp*10^3)/(u*ca*(tand(beta_1)-tand(beta_2))); + +disp ("%",eff_s*100,"Stage Efficiency = "); +disp (wf,"Work done factor = "); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf0b1b4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 21 +clear +clc; +m=5600;//mean +sd=840;//psi +lwrlmt=5600; +uprlmt=6200; +z=-0.7142; +p=23.89;//probability +sp=(100-p)-p; +mprintf("Therefore the percentage of the specimens falling between 5000 and 6200 = %.2f percentage",sp); +//(b) Percentage of specimens falling below 4000 +z=4000-(lwrlmt/sd); +p=0.0287; //The probability from tables +p=p*100; +pa=100-p +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability above 4000 = %.2f percentage",pa); +//(c) +z=3500-(lwrlmt/sd); +p=0.0062;//The probability from tables +pa=p*100; +mprintf("\nTherefore the percentage of specimen falling below 3500 = %.2f percentage",pa); + diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_1.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf0b1b4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.1/ch2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 21 +clear +clc; +m=5600;//mean +sd=840;//psi +lwrlmt=5600; +uprlmt=6200; +z=-0.7142; +p=23.89;//probability +sp=(100-p)-p; +mprintf("Therefore the percentage of the specimens falling between 5000 and 6200 = %.2f percentage",sp); +//(b) Percentage of specimens falling below 4000 +z=4000-(lwrlmt/sd); +p=0.0287; //The probability from tables +p=p*100; +pa=100-p +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability above 4000 = %.2f percentage",pa); +//(c) +z=3500-(lwrlmt/sd); +p=0.0062;//The probability from tables +pa=p*100; +mprintf("\nTherefore the percentage of specimen falling below 3500 = %.2f percentage",pa); + diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32efc5098 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +m=118.5;// volts mean +sd=1.2;// volts psi +p1=0.0188;//The probability from tables +p1=p1*100; +x=116; +z=x-(m/sd); +p2=0.8944;//The probability from tables +p2=p2*100; +p=p2-p1; +mprintf("Therefore the percentage of specimen falling between 116 and 120 volts = %.2f percentage",p); +//(b) +p=1.2; //The probability from tables +x=115; +z=1.404; +m=115+z; +av=m-z +mprintf("\nThe adjustment is 116.404 – 115 = %.2f Voltage",av); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.2/ch2_2.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.2/ch2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32efc5098 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.2/ch2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +m=118.5;// volts mean +sd=1.2;// volts psi +p1=0.0188;//The probability from tables +p1=p1*100; +x=116; +z=x-(m/sd); +p2=0.8944;//The probability from tables +p2=p2*100; +p=p2-p1; +mprintf("Therefore the percentage of specimen falling between 116 and 120 volts = %.2f percentage",p); +//(b) +p=1.2; //The probability from tables +x=115; +z=1.404; +m=115+z; +av=m-z +mprintf("\nThe adjustment is 116.404 – 115 = %.2f Voltage",av); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d683e1edc --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +m=10;// cm mean +sd=0.03;// standard deviation +x=10.075; +z=0.9938 //The values of Z from normal tables +z=z*100; +t=100-z; +mprintf("Therefore 100-99.38 = %.2f percent of items are falling greater than 10.075 cms.",t); +//(b) +z=1.04; +x=(z*sd)-m; +mprintf("\nBelow %.2f value of diameter will 15 percentage piston rings fall",x); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_3.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d683e1edc --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.3/ch2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +m=10;// cm mean +sd=0.03;// standard deviation +x=10.075; +z=0.9938 //The values of Z from normal tables +z=z*100; +t=100-z; +mprintf("Therefore 100-99.38 = %.2f percent of items are falling greater than 10.075 cms.",t); +//(b) +z=1.04; +x=(z*sd)-m; +mprintf("\nBelow %.2f value of diameter will 15 percentage piston rings fall",x); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22978af9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +sd=0.01;// standard deviation +x=0.567; +z=-2.16//The values of Z from normal tables +m=(z*sd)-x; +mprintf("Therefore the mean weight required is %.3f.",abs(m)); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_4.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22978af9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.4/ch2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 22 +clear +clc; +sd=0.01;// standard deviation +x=0.567; +z=-2.16//The values of Z from normal tables +m=(z*sd)-x; +mprintf("Therefore the mean weight required is %.3f.",abs(m)); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc310e63c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 23 +clear +clc; +m=10;//years mean +sd=2;// years standard deviation +z=1.64;//The values of Z from normal tables +x=(z*sd)-m; +mprintf("Therefore the value of x =%.3f.years",abs(x)); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_5.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc310e63c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.5/ch2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// To determine percentage of specimens +//page no 23 +clear +clc; +m=10;//years mean +sd=2;// years standard deviation +z=1.64;//The values of Z from normal tables +x=(z*sd)-m; +mprintf("Therefore the value of x =%.3f.years",abs(x)); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..059ea33a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// To determine probabilty +//page no 24 +clear +clc; +n=50; +p=0.25; +q=0.75; +sd=3.062; // standard deviation +x1=14.5; +x2=15.5; +x3=11.5 +p1=0.7422*100 // probability from table +p2=0.8340*100 // probability from table +//(a) Exactly 15 defective +m=n*p +z1=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +z2=((x2-m)/sd)*100 +p=(p2-p1) +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability Exactly 15 defective = %.2f percentage",p); +//(b) Less than or equal to 11 defective +z3=((x3-m)/sd)*100 +p3=37.45 +mprintf("\nTherefore the probabilityLess than or equal to 11 defective = %.2f percentage",p3); +//(c) More than 15 or 15 defectives +z4=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +p4=100-p1 +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability More than 15 or 15 defectives = %.2f percentage",p4); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_6.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..059ea33a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.6/ch2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// To determine probabilty +//page no 24 +clear +clc; +n=50; +p=0.25; +q=0.75; +sd=3.062; // standard deviation +x1=14.5; +x2=15.5; +x3=11.5 +p1=0.7422*100 // probability from table +p2=0.8340*100 // probability from table +//(a) Exactly 15 defective +m=n*p +z1=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +z2=((x2-m)/sd)*100 +p=(p2-p1) +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability Exactly 15 defective = %.2f percentage",p); +//(b) Less than or equal to 11 defective +z3=((x3-m)/sd)*100 +p3=37.45 +mprintf("\nTherefore the probabilityLess than or equal to 11 defective = %.2f percentage",p3); +//(c) More than 15 or 15 defectives +z4=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +p4=100-p1 +mprintf("\nTherefore the probability More than 15 or 15 defectives = %.2f percentage",p4); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e15d32448 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// To determine probabilty +//page no 25 +clear +clc; +sd=3.1622; // standard deviation +x1=7.5; +x2=8.5; +x3=13.5; +x3=6.5; +m=10; +p1=0.2148*100; // probability from table +p2=0.3192*100; // probability from table +p3=0.8643*100; // probability from table +p4=0.1357*100; // probability from table + +//(a) Exactly 8 defectives +z1=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +z2=((x2-m)/sd)*100 +pa=(p2-p1) +mprintf("\nTherefore for exactly 8 defectives = %.2f percentage",pa); +//(b) For 14 or more defectives +z3=((x3-m)/sd)*100 +pa2=100-p3 +mprintf("\nFor 14 or more is = %.2f percentage",pa2); +//(c) For less than 6 defectives +z4=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +mprintf("\nFor less than 6 defectives = %.2f percentage",p4); diff --git a/3513/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_7.sce b/3513/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e15d32448 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH2/EX2.7/ch2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// To determine probabilty +//page no 25 +clear +clc; +sd=3.1622; // standard deviation +x1=7.5; +x2=8.5; +x3=13.5; +x3=6.5; +m=10; +p1=0.2148*100; // probability from table +p2=0.3192*100; // probability from table +p3=0.8643*100; // probability from table +p4=0.1357*100; // probability from table + +//(a) Exactly 8 defectives +z1=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +z2=((x2-m)/sd)*100 +pa=(p2-p1) +mprintf("\nTherefore for exactly 8 defectives = %.2f percentage",pa); +//(b) For 14 or more defectives +z3=((x3-m)/sd)*100 +pa2=100-p3 +mprintf("\nFor 14 or more is = %.2f percentage",pa2); +//(c) For less than 6 defectives +z4=((x1-m)/sd)*100 +mprintf("\nFor less than 6 defectives = %.2f percentage",p4); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..858c979a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// percentage of rework +//page no 103 +clear +clc; +x=41.283; +r=0.280; +k=20; +ucl=2.07; //Upper specification limit USL +lcl=2.03 ; //Lower specification limit LSL +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +X1=x/k; +R1=r/k; + +//a) Control limit for R – chart +ucl1 = D4*R1; +lcl1 = D3*R1; +cl1=R1; +mprintf("\nControl limit for R – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",ucl1); +mprintf("\nlcl = %.2f ",lcl1); +mprintf("\nCL = %.2f ",cl1); +//Control limits for X – chart +ucl2=X1+A2*R1; +lcl2=2.05393; +cl2=X1; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",ucl2); +mprintf("\nlcl = %.2f ",lcl2); +mprintf("\nCL = %.2f ",cl2); + +//(b) Process Capability +cl3=X1; +sd=R1/d2; +pc=6*sd +mprintf("\n Process Capability = %.2f ",pc); + +//(d) UNTL (upper natural tolerance limit) +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 - 3*sd; +USL = 2.07; +LSL = 2.03; +z=(USL-X1)/sd +p=0.8051*100 //The probability from the tables for z +rw=100-p; +mprintf("\n Therefore the rework is = %.2f percent]",rw); + + diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_1.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..858c979a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.1/ch6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// percentage of rework +//page no 103 +clear +clc; +x=41.283; +r=0.280; +k=20; +ucl=2.07; //Upper specification limit USL +lcl=2.03 ; //Lower specification limit LSL +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +X1=x/k; +R1=r/k; + +//a) Control limit for R – chart +ucl1 = D4*R1; +lcl1 = D3*R1; +cl1=R1; +mprintf("\nControl limit for R – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",ucl1); +mprintf("\nlcl = %.2f ",lcl1); +mprintf("\nCL = %.2f ",cl1); +//Control limits for X – chart +ucl2=X1+A2*R1; +lcl2=2.05393; +cl2=X1; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",ucl2); +mprintf("\nlcl = %.2f ",lcl2); +mprintf("\nCL = %.2f ",cl2); + +//(b) Process Capability +cl3=X1; +sd=R1/d2; +pc=6*sd +mprintf("\n Process Capability = %.2f ",pc); + +//(d) UNTL (upper natural tolerance limit) +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 - 3*sd; +USL = 2.07; +LSL = 2.03; +z=(USL-X1)/sd +p=0.8051*100 //The probability from the tables for z +rw=100-p; +mprintf("\n Therefore the rework is = %.2f percent]",rw); + + diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3e7ebab --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Compute the control limits +//page no 105 +clear +clc; +K = 25; +n = 5; +X1 = 357.5; +R1 = 8.8; +USL=14.8; +LSL= 14.0; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +d3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCLR = D4*R2; +LCL = d3*R2; +CL = R2; +//(a) Control limits for X -chart. +UCL = X2 + A2*R2; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",UCL); +LCL = X2 - A2*R2; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n lcl = %.2f ",LCL); +CL = X2 +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n cl = %.2f ",CL); + +//(b) Since the process is in a state of statistical control +X21=14.3; +sd=R2/d2; +pc=sd*6; +mprintf("\nProcess capability = %.2f ",pc); + +//(c) +mprintf("\nSince 6σ1 > (USL – LSL), the process is not capable of meeting the specification limits. i.e., 0.907 > 0.8. Rejections are inevitable"); +UNTL = X21 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X21 - 3*sd; +CL = X21; +X=14; +Z=(X-X21)/sd; +p = 0.0239*100 //=Probability from tables +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",p); +//(e) To minimise the percentage of rejection the possible ways are : change the process +//centre to the specification mean i.e., 14.3 to 14.4. The calculations are shown +//below. +X21=14.4; // To minimise the percentage of rejection +Z=(X-X21)/sd; +p = 0.0041*100 //=Probability from tables +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",p); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_2.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3e7ebab --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.2/ch6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Compute the control limits +//page no 105 +clear +clc; +K = 25; +n = 5; +X1 = 357.5; +R1 = 8.8; +USL=14.8; +LSL= 14.0; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +d3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCLR = D4*R2; +LCL = d3*R2; +CL = R2; +//(a) Control limits for X -chart. +UCL = X2 + A2*R2; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n ucl = %.2f ",UCL); +LCL = X2 - A2*R2; +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n lcl = %.2f ",LCL); +CL = X2 +mprintf("\nControl limit for X – chart\n cl = %.2f ",CL); + +//(b) Since the process is in a state of statistical control +X21=14.3; +sd=R2/d2; +pc=sd*6; +mprintf("\nProcess capability = %.2f ",pc); + +//(c) +mprintf("\nSince 6σ1 > (USL – LSL), the process is not capable of meeting the specification limits. i.e., 0.907 > 0.8. Rejections are inevitable"); +UNTL = X21 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X21 - 3*sd; +CL = X21; +X=14; +Z=(X-X21)/sd; +p = 0.0239*100 //=Probability from tables +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",p); +//(e) To minimise the percentage of rejection the possible ways are : change the process +//centre to the specification mean i.e., 14.3 to 14.4. The calculations are shown +//below. +X21=14.4; // To minimise the percentage of rejection +Z=(X-X21)/sd; +p = 0.0041*100 //=Probability from tables +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",p); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f051af969 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Compute percentage of the product will not meet the specification +//page no 107 +clear +clc; +//a +UCL=129; +LCL=121; +X1=125; +CL=X1; +USL=135; +LSL=121; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R2=(UCL-X1)/A2; +mprintf("\nR2 = %.2f ",R2); +sd=R2/d2; +PC=6*sd; +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd //Percentage of rejection +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n a) Probability from table 0.0122 = 1.22 "); +Z=(LSL-127)/sd //Percentage of rejection +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n b) Probability from table 0.00135 = 0.135 "); +TR=0.135*2; +mprintf("\n c)Since it is symmetric the total percentage of rejection = %.2f ",TR); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_3.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f051af969 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.3/ch6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Compute percentage of the product will not meet the specification +//page no 107 +clear +clc; +//a +UCL=129; +LCL=121; +X1=125; +CL=X1; +USL=135; +LSL=121; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R2=(UCL-X1)/A2; +mprintf("\nR2 = %.2f ",R2); +sd=R2/d2; +PC=6*sd; +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd //Percentage of rejection +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n a) Probability from table 0.0122 = 1.22 "); +Z=(LSL-127)/sd //Percentage of rejection +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n b) Probability from table 0.00135 = 0.135 "); +TR=0.135*2; +mprintf("\n c)Since it is symmetric the total percentage of rejection = %.2f ",TR); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c59eaf4ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Compute the control limits +//page no 109 +clear +clc; +//(a) +X1=15350; +R1 = 411.4; +SR = 411.4 +K = 25; +n = 4; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +USL = X2 + A2*R1; +LCL = X2 - A2*R1; +CL=X2; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL1 = D4*R1; +LCL1 = D3*R1; +CL1 = R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f ",UCL1); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f ",LCL1); +mprintf("\CL = %.2f ",CL1); +//(b) Specification limits are +USL = 625; +LCL = 595; +sd=R1/d2; +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 - 3*sd; +PC=6*sd; +mprintf("\Process capability = %.2f ",PC); +Z=(595-614)/sd; +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n a) Probability from table 0.947 = 91.47 percent "); +mprintf("\n Rework = 8.53 percent "); +Z1=(625-618.97)/sd; +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z1); +mprintf("\n Probability from table 0.7734 = 77.34 percent "); +mprintf("\n Rework = 22.66 percent "); + + + + + diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_4.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c59eaf4ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.4/ch6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Compute the control limits +//page no 109 +clear +clc; +//(a) +X1=15350; +R1 = 411.4; +SR = 411.4 +K = 25; +n = 4; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +USL = X2 + A2*R1; +LCL = X2 - A2*R1; +CL=X2; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL1 = D4*R1; +LCL1 = D3*R1; +CL1 = R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f ",UCL1); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f ",LCL1); +mprintf("\CL = %.2f ",CL1); +//(b) Specification limits are +USL = 625; +LCL = 595; +sd=R1/d2; +UNTL = X1 + 3*sd; +LNTL = X1 - 3*sd; +PC=6*sd; +mprintf("\Process capability = %.2f ",PC); +Z=(595-614)/sd; +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z); +mprintf("\n a) Probability from table 0.947 = 91.47 percent "); +mprintf("\n Rework = 8.53 percent "); +Z1=(625-618.97)/sd; +mprintf("\nPercentage of rejection = %.2f ",Z1); +mprintf("\n Probability from table 0.7734 = 77.34 percent "); +mprintf("\n Rework = 22.66 percent "); + + + + + diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a860ce32f --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Compute process average and std. deviation +//page no 112 +clear +clc; + +USL = 51; +LSL = 45; +UNTL=USL; +LNTL=LSL; +sd=1; +X2=48; +mprintf("\The process average = %.2f \n",X2); +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R2= sd*d2; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2 + A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2 - A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_5.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a860ce32f --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.5/ch6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Compute process average and std. deviation +//page no 112 +clear +clc; + +USL = 51; +LSL = 45; +UNTL=USL; +LNTL=LSL; +sd=1; +X2=48; +mprintf("\The process average = %.2f \n",X2); +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R2= sd*d2; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2 + A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2 - A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..673ea2dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Compute the 3σ limits +//page no 113 +clear +clc; +USL = 125; +LSL = 115; +X1 = 120; +sd = 1.5; +X2=X1; +n = 4; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R1=sd*d2; +n=4; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X1+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X1-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +Xnew=122.4; +Xnew2=117.6; +Zb=(Xnew/Xnew2)/sd; +pr = 0.0418; //probability +Za =(125-122.4)/sd; +pr = 95.82; //probability +mprintf("\probability = %.2f \n",pr); +sdn=sd/sqrt(n); +Za =(117.74-117.6)/sdn; +pr = 57.14; //probability +Zb =(122.26-122.4)/sdn; +pr = 42.86; //probability +mprintf("\probability = %.2f \n",pr); +P=100-pr; +mprintf("\final probability = %.2f \n",P); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.6/ch6_6.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.6/ch6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..673ea2dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.6/ch6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Compute the 3σ limits +//page no 113 +clear +clc; +USL = 125; +LSL = 115; +X1 = 120; +sd = 1.5; +X2=X1; +n = 4; +A2 = 0.73; +d2 = 2.059; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.28; +R1=sd*d2; +n=4; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X1+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X1-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +Xnew=122.4; +Xnew2=117.6; +Zb=(Xnew/Xnew2)/sd; +pr = 0.0418; //probability +Za =(125-122.4)/sd; +pr = 95.82; //probability +mprintf("\probability = %.2f \n",pr); +sdn=sd/sqrt(n); +Za =(117.74-117.6)/sdn; +pr = 57.14; //probability +Zb =(122.26-122.4)/sdn; +pr = 42.86; //probability +mprintf("\probability = %.2f \n",pr); +P=100-pr; +mprintf("\final probability = %.2f \n",P); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17932af52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Compute rejections percentage +//page no 117 +clear +clc; +n = 2; +K = 2; +R1 = 0.81; +X = 27.635; +USL = 1.207; +LSL = 1.033; +d2 = 1.128; +A2 = 1.88; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 3.27; +X2=X/K; +X2=R1/K; +sd=R1/d2 +mprintf("\(a) Standard Deviation = %.2f \n",sd); +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//b) The percentage of rejection +Z =(1.033-1.1054)/sd; +mprintf("\Z = %.2f \n",Z); +pr = 0.59; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr); +T=USL-LSL; +T2=6*sd; +mprintf("\n (c) 0.1722 (T2) < 0.174(T) the process is capable of meeting the specification limits."); +//(d) +X2=1.12; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R1; +mprintf("\ (b) UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.7/ch6_7.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.7/ch6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17932af52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.7/ch6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Compute rejections percentage +//page no 117 +clear +clc; +n = 2; +K = 2; +R1 = 0.81; +X = 27.635; +USL = 1.207; +LSL = 1.033; +d2 = 1.128; +A2 = 1.88; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 3.27; +X2=X/K; +X2=R1/K; +sd=R1/d2 +mprintf("\(a) Standard Deviation = %.2f \n",sd); +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//b) The percentage of rejection +Z =(1.033-1.1054)/sd; +mprintf("\Z = %.2f \n",Z); +pr = 0.59; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr); +T=USL-LSL; +T2=6*sd; +mprintf("\n (c) 0.1722 (T2) < 0.174(T) the process is capable of meeting the specification limits."); +//(d) +X2=1.12; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R1; +mprintf("\ (b) UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35fc08ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Determine the control limits for X -R chart. +//page no 119 +clear +clc; +USL = 175; +LSL = 135; +n = 5; +K = 50; +X1 = 7660; +R1=880; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +X2 = 153.2; +sd=R2/d2; +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +USL = 175; +LSL = 135; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.81; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.8; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n Total portion of the product which does not confirm with the specifications = %.2f \n",R2); +//(c) +Cl=155; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.41; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.59; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n The total rejections will be = %.2f \n",R2); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.8/ch6_8.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.8/ch6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35fc08ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.8/ch6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Determine the control limits for X -R chart. +//page no 119 +clear +clc; +USL = 175; +LSL = 135; +n = 5; +K = 50; +X1 = 7660; +R1=880; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Control limits for X -chart +UCL = X2+A2*R1; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R1; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +X2 = 153.2; +sd=R2/d2; +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +USL = 175; +LSL = 135; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.81; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.8; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n Total portion of the product which does not confirm with the specifications = %.2f \n",R2); +//(c) +Cl=155; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.41; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.59; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n The total rejections will be = %.2f \n",R2); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88613e0f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//Determine the control limits for X and R chart.. +//page no 121 +clear +clc; + +K = 20; +X1 = 669.2; +R1=126.0; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//(a) Control limits for R-chart +mprintf("Control limits for R-chart"); +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +R2=(R1-14-19)/(K-2); +//Again Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("Again Control limits for R-chart"); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +R2=(R1-14-19-13)/(K-3); +//Control limits for X -chart +mprintf("Control limits for X-chart"); +UCL = X2+A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +X2=33.22; +mprintf("Again Control limits for X-chart"); +UCL = X2+A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +//(b) +sd=R2/d2; +mprintf("\Standard Deviation = %.2f \n",sd); +pc=6*sd; +mprintf("\process capability = %.2f \n",pc); +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +USL = 38; +LSL = 28; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.52; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.09; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n The total rejections will be = %.2f \n",R2); diff --git a/3513/CH6/EX6.9/ch6_9.sce b/3513/CH6/EX6.9/ch6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88613e0f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH6/EX6.9/ch6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//Determine the control limits for X and R chart.. +//page no 121 +clear +clc; + +K = 20; +X1 = 669.2; +R1=126.0; +X2=X1/K; +R2=R1/K; +A2 = 0.58; +d2 = 2.326; +D3 = 0.0; +D4 = 2.11; +//(a) Control limits for R-chart +mprintf("Control limits for R-chart"); +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +R2=(R1-14-19)/(K-2); +//Again Control limits for R-chart +UCL = D4*R2; +mprintf("Again Control limits for R-chart"); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = D3*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = R1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +R2=(R1-14-19-13)/(K-3); +//Control limits for X -chart +mprintf("Control limits for X-chart"); +UCL = X2+A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +X2=33.22; +mprintf("Again Control limits for X-chart"); +UCL = X2+A2*R2; +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL = X2-A2*R2; +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL = X2; +//(b) +sd=R2/d2; +mprintf("\Standard Deviation = %.2f \n",sd); +pc=6*sd; +mprintf("\process capability = %.2f \n",pc); +UNTL = X2+3*sd; +LNTL = X2-3*sd; +mprintf("\UNTL = %.2f \n",UNTL); +mprintf("\LNTL = %.2f \n",LNTL); +USL = 38; +LSL = 28; +Z=(LSL-CL)/sd; +pr1 = 0.52; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr1); +Z=(USL-CL)/sd; +pr2 = 99.09; //probability +mprintf("\n Hence probability = %.2f \n",pr2); +R=100-pr2; +R2=pr1+R; +mprintf("\n The total rejections will be = %.2f \n",R2); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5df44549 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 139 +clear +clc; +d=116; +n=1000; +P1=d/n; +//Control limits for p-chart +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(116-15-18)/(18*50); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Again one more subgroup is crossing the crossing limits +P1 =(116-15-18-12)/(17*50); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_1.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5df44549 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.1/ch7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 139 +clear +clc; +d=116; +n=1000; +P1=d/n; +//Control limits for p-chart +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(116-15-18)/(18*50); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Again one more subgroup is crossing the crossing limits +P1 =(116-15-18-12)/(17*50); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfd8c5444 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Calculate value of standard fraction defective would you recommend for the future +//page no 153 +clear +clc; +P1=0.04; +n=1600; +minsg=P1+(25/100)*n; +maxsg=P1-(25/100)*n; + +//(a) Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//The individual control limits for the 3rd day +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("The individual control limits for the 3rd day"); +n=900; +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//The individual control limits for the 6th day +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("The individual control limits for the 6th day"); +n=2000; +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_10.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfd8c5444 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.10/ch7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Calculate value of standard fraction defective would you recommend for the future +//page no 153 +clear +clc; +P1=0.04; +n=1600; +minsg=P1+(25/100)*n; +maxsg=P1-(25/100)*n; + +//(a) Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//The individual control limits for the 3rd day +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("The individual control limits for the 3rd day"); +n=900; +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//The individual control limits for the 6th day +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("The individual control limits for the 6th day"); +n=2000; +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aca5acedc --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 143 +clear +clc; +d=20; +n=4000; +P1=0.116; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(116-15-18)/(18*50); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Again one more subgroup is crossing the crossing limits +P1 =(116-15-18-12)/(17*50); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_2.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aca5acedc --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.2/ch7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 143 +clear +clc; +d=20; +n=4000; +P1=0.116; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(116-15-18)/(18*50); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +//Again one more subgroup is crossing the crossing limits +P1 =(116-15-18-12)/(17*50); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf29035e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 144 +clear +clc; +d=312; +n=65; +P1=d/(n*15); +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(312-6)/(65*14); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_3.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf29035e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.3/ch7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 144 +clear +clc; +d=312; +n=65; +P1=d/(n*15); +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1 =(312-6)/(65*14); +//Again control limits +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682c71ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 147 +clear +clc; +d=26; +ns=447; +P1=d/ns; +n=48; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_4.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682c71ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.4/ch7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 147 +clear +clc; +d=26; +ns=447; +P1=d/ns; +n=48; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e693a650e --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 148 +clear +clc; +ds=2349; +ns=19720; +P1=ds/ns; +n=960; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_5.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e693a650e --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.5/ch7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 148 +clear +clc; +ds=2349; +ns=19720; +P1=ds/ns; +n=960; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40673fb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 148 +clear +clc; +ds=614; +ns=33725; +P1=ds/ns; +n=6000; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_6.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40673fb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.6/ch7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 148 +clear +clc; +ds=614; +ns=33725; +P1=ds/ns; +n=6000; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dca766204 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 150 +clear +clc; +ds=158; +ns=2196; +P1=ds/ns; +n=54; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.7/ch7_7.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.7/ch7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dca766204 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.7/ch7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 150 +clear +clc; +ds=158; +ns=2196; +P1=ds/ns; +n=54; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a5d104b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 151 +clear +clc; +ds=127; +ns=1547; +P1=ds/ns; +n=188; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_8.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a5d104b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.8/ch7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 151 +clear +clc; +ds=127; +ns=1547; +P1=ds/ns; +n=188; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea801870c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 152 +clear +clc; +ds=230; +ns=4150; +P1=ds/ns; +n=200; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1=(230-30)/(4150-200); +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_9.sce b/3513/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea801870c --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH7/EX7.9/ch7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the control limits for the p-chart using 3σ limits +//page no 152 +clear +clc; +ds=230; +ns=4150; +P1=ds/ns; +n=200; +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\P1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.2f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); +P1=(230-30)/(4150-200); +//Control limits for p-chart +mprintf("\Again for \nP1 = %.4f \n",P1); +UCL=P1+3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\UCL = %.2f \n",UCL); +LCL=P1-3*sqrt((P1*(1-P1))/n); +mprintf("\LCL = %.4f \n",LCL); +CL=P1; +mprintf("\CL = %.2f \n",CL); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81823dc4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of system RA = 0.8 +//page no 218 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.7; +RC = 0.9; +RAB = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)); +RS=RAB*RC; +mprintf("\RS = %.2f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.1/ch9_1.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.1/ch9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81823dc4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.1/ch9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of system RA = 0.8 +//page no 218 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.7; +RC = 0.9; +RAB = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)); +RS=RAB*RC; +mprintf("\RS = %.2f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9355d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of the configuration +//page no 218 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.7; +RB = 0.7; +RC = 0.9; +RD = 0.8; +RE = 0.9; + +RAB = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)); +RABC=RAB*RC; +RABCD = 1-((1-RABC)*(1-RD)); +RABCDE = RABCD*RE; +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.2/ch9_2.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.2/ch9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9355d79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.2/ch9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of the configuration +//page no 218 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.7; +RB = 0.7; +RC = 0.9; +RD = 0.8; +RE = 0.9; + +RAB = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)); +RABC=RAB*RC; +RABCD = 1-((1-RABC)*(1-RD)); +RABCDE = RABCD*RE; +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f8cb150 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of the configuration +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.8; +RC = 0.8; +RD = 0.95; +RE = 0.85; + +RABC = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABCDE1 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\RABC = %.4f \n",RABC); +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE1); +RABC=0.992; +RD=0.95; +RE = 1-((1-RE)*(1-RE)); +RABCDE2 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\(b) WKT RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE2); +I=RABCDE2-RABCDE1; +mprintf("\Improvement in R = %.4f \n",I); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.3/ch9_3.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.3/ch9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f8cb150 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.3/ch9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the reliability of the configuration +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.8; +RC = 0.8; +RD = 0.95; +RE = 0.85; + +RABC = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABCDE1 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\RABC = %.4f \n",RABC); +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE1); +RABC=0.992; +RD=0.95; +RE = 1-((1-RE)*(1-RE)); +RABCDE2 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\(b) WKT RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE2); +I=RABCDE2-RABCDE1; +mprintf("\Improvement in R = %.4f \n",I); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a7c683a --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Determine the probability of success for the foll. +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +PA=90; +PB=80; +PC=75; +PD=80; + +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.8; +RC = 0.8; +RD = 0.95; +RE = 0.85; + +RABC = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABCDE1 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\RABC = %.4f \n",RABC); +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE1); +RABC=0.992; +RD=0.95; +RE = 1-((1-RE)*(1-RE)); +RABCDE2 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\(b) WKT RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE2); +I=RABCDE2-RABCDE1; +mprintf("\Improvement in R = %.4f \n",I); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.4/ch9_4.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.4/ch9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a7c683a --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.4/ch9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Determine the probability of success for the foll. +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +PA=90; +PB=80; +PC=75; +PD=80; + +RA = 0.8; +RB = 0.8; +RC = 0.8; +RD = 0.95; +RE = 0.85; + +RABC = 1-((1-RA)*(1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABCDE1 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\RABC = %.4f \n",RABC); +mprintf("\RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE1); +RABC=0.992; +RD=0.95; +RE = 1-((1-RE)*(1-RE)); +RABCDE2 = RABC*RD*RE; +mprintf("\(b) WKT RABCDE = %.4f \n",RABCDE2); +I=RABCDE2-RABCDE1; +mprintf("\Improvement in R = %.4f \n",I); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca13118e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Determine the probability of survival for an operating period of 800 hrs +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +SSA = 12500; +SSC = 11000; +SSE = 15550; +SSB = 2830; +SSD = 9850; +t=800; +MTBFA=12500; +MTBFB=2830; +MTBFC=11000; +MTBFD=9850; +MTBFE=15550; +dA=1/MTBFA; +dB=1/MTBFB; +dC=1/MTBFC; +dD=1/MTBFD; +dE=1/MTBFE; +dS=dA+dB+dC+dD+dE; +RS =%e^(-dS*t); +mprintf("\Rs = %.4f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.5/ch9_5.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.5/ch9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca13118e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.5/ch9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Determine the probability of survival for an operating period of 800 hrs +//page no 219 +clear +clc; +SSA = 12500; +SSC = 11000; +SSE = 15550; +SSB = 2830; +SSD = 9850; +t=800; +MTBFA=12500; +MTBFB=2830; +MTBFC=11000; +MTBFD=9850; +MTBFE=15550; +dA=1/MTBFA; +dB=1/MTBFB; +dC=1/MTBFC; +dD=1/MTBFD; +dE=1/MTBFE; +dS=dA+dB+dC+dD+dE; +RS =%e^(-dS*t); +mprintf("\Rs = %.4f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49f6109ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Determine the probability of survival of the system +//page no 220 +clear +clc; +t=1500; +dt=1.56*10^-5; +dr=2*10^-5; +df=1.7*10^-5; +ds=dt+dr+df; +RS =%e^(-ds*t); +mprintf("\Rs = %.4f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.6/ch9_6.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.6/ch9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49f6109ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.6/ch9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Determine the probability of survival of the system +//page no 220 +clear +clc; +t=1500; +dt=1.56*10^-5; +dr=2*10^-5; +df=1.7*10^-5; +ds=dt+dr+df; +RS =%e^(-ds*t); +mprintf("\Rs = %.4f \n",RS); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6f0112e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Determine the reliability of the system for 20 hrs. of operating period +//page no 220 +clear +clc; +dA = 0.01; +dB = 0.015; +dC = 0.02; +dD = 0.02; +dE = 0.025; +t=20; +RA =%e^(-dA*t); +RB =%e^(-dB*t); +RC =%e^(-dC*t); +RD =%e^(-dD*t); +RE =%e^(-dE*t); +RBC = 1-((1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABC = RA*RBC; +RABCD = 1-((1-RABC)*(1-RD)); +RABCDE = RE*RABCD; + +mprintf("RABCDE = Rs = %.4f \n",RABCDE); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.7/ch9_7.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.7/ch9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6f0112e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.7/ch9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Determine the reliability of the system for 20 hrs. of operating period +//page no 220 +clear +clc; +dA = 0.01; +dB = 0.015; +dC = 0.02; +dD = 0.02; +dE = 0.025; +t=20; +RA =%e^(-dA*t); +RB =%e^(-dB*t); +RC =%e^(-dC*t); +RD =%e^(-dD*t); +RE =%e^(-dE*t); +RBC = 1-((1-RB)*(1-RC)); +RABC = RA*RBC; +RABCD = 1-((1-RABC)*(1-RD)); +RABCDE = RE*RABCD; + +mprintf("RABCDE = Rs = %.4f \n",RABCDE); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b6efe991 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//determine the reliability of the total system for 150 hrs. of operation +//page no 221 +clear +clc; +RS=0.9; +RM=0.92; +RC=0.85; +RB=0.95; +RP=0.99; +Rf=0.95; +Rb1=0.6686; +Rb2=0.6686; +Rblower1=RS*RM*RC*RB; +Rblower2=Rblower1; +Rblower=1-((1-Rb1)*(1-Rb2)); +Rsystem=Rblower*RP*Rf; +mprintf("Rsystem = %.4f \n",Rsystem); diff --git a/3513/CH9/EX9.8/ch9_8.sce b/3513/CH9/EX9.8/ch9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b6efe991 --- /dev/null +++ b/3513/CH9/EX9.8/ch9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//determine the reliability of the total system for 150 hrs. of operation +//page no 221 +clear +clc; +RS=0.9; +RM=0.92; +RC=0.85; +RB=0.95; +RP=0.99; +Rf=0.95; +Rb1=0.6686; +Rb2=0.6686; +Rblower1=RS*RM*RC*RB; +Rblower2=Rblower1; +Rblower=1-((1-Rb1)*(1-Rb2)); +Rsystem=Rblower*RP*Rf; +mprintf("Rsystem = %.4f \n",Rsystem); diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c8686b83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.1/Ex_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 1.1 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +G= -100; +R1= 2.2;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula G=-Rf/R1 +Rf= -G*R1; +Rf= Rf*10^-3;// in kohm +disp(Rf,"The value of Rf in kohm is ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3efe4a459 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.10/Ex_1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.10 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V1=2;// in V +V2=3;// in V +Rf=3;// in kohm +R1=1;// in kohm +disp("Output voltage when only 2V voltage source is acting in volt") +Vo1= (1+Rf/R1)*V1; +disp(Vo1); +disp("Output voltage due to 3V voltage source in volt") +Vo2= (1+Rf/R1)*V2; +disp(Vo2); +Vo= Vo1+Vo2;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Total output voltage in volts") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea50164c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.11/Ex_1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 1.11 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=500;// in kohm +min_vvs= 0;// minimum value of variable resistor in ohm +max_vvs= 10;// maximum value of variable resistor in ohm +Ri_min= 10+min_vvs;// in kohm +Ri_max= 10+max_vvs;//in kohm +// Av= Vo/Vi= -Rf/Ri +disp("Closed loop voltage gain corresponding to Ri(min) is ") +Av=-Rf/Ri_min; +disp(Av) +disp("and closed loop voltage gain corresponding to Ri(max) is ") +Av=-Rf/Ri_max; +disp(Av) +disp("Thus the closed loop gain of the circuit can be adjusted at any value between -25 to -50 with the help of variable resistor.") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0157d930b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.12/Ex_1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 1.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=200;// in kohm +R1= 20;// in kohm +// Av= Vo/Vi= -Rf/Ri +Av= -Rf/R1; +Vi_min= 0.1;// in V +Vi_max= 0.5;// in V +// Vo= Av*Vi +Vo_min= Av*Vi_min;// in V +Vo_max= Av*Vi_max;// in V +disp("Output voltage ranges from "+string(Vo_min)+"V to "+string(Vo_max)+"V") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ac290929 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.13/Ex_1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 1.13 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 250;// in kohm +// Output voltage expression, Vo= -5*Va+3*Vb +// and we know that for a difference amplifier circuit, +// Vo= -Rf/R1*Va + [R2/(R1+R2)]*[1+Rf/R1]*Vb +// Comparing both the expression, we get +// -Rf/R1*Va= -5*Va, or +R1= Rf/5;// in kohm +disp(R1,"The value of R1 in kohm") +// and +R2= 3*R1^2/(R1+Rf-3*R1) +disp(R2,"The value of R2 in kohm") + +// Note : Answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c09565ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.14/Ex_1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 1.14 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vi_1= 150;// in µV +Vi_2= 140;// in µV +Vd= Vi_1-Vi_2;// in µV +Vd=Vd*10^-6;// in V +Vc= (Vi_1+Vi_2)/2;// in µV +Vc=Vc*10^-6;// in V +// Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd)) + +// (i) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 100 +Ad=4000; +CMRR= 100; +Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd));// in volt +Vo= Vo*10^3;// in mV +disp(Vo,"(i) Output voltage in mV") + +// (ii) For Ad=4000 and CMRR= 10^5 +Ad=4000; +CMRR= 10^5; +Vo= Ad*Vd*(1+Vc/(CMRR*Vd));// in volt +Vo= Vo*10^3;// in mV +disp(Vo,"(ii) Output voltage in mV") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f55817a60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.15/Ex_1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.15 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=470;// in kohm +R1=4.3;// in kohm +R2=33;// in kohm +R3=33;// in kohm +Vi= 80;// in µV +Vi=Vi*10^-6;// in volt +A1= 1+Rf/R1; +A2=-Rf/R2; +A3= -Rf/R3; +A=A1*A2*A3; +Vo= A*Vi;// in volt +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1e846a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.16/Ex_1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 1.16 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 33;// in kΩ +R2= 10;// in kΩ +R3= 330;// in kΩ +V1= '50mV sin(1000 t)'; +V2= '10mV sin(3000 t)'; +Vo1= R3/R1*50*10^-3; +Vo2= R3/R2*10*10^-3; +// Vo= -Vo1-Vo2; +disp("Output voltage is "+string(-Vo1)+" sin (1000 t)"+string(-Vo2)+" sin(3000 t)") + diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b67488fde --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.17/Ex_1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 1.17 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1=10;// in kohm +R2=150;// in kohm +R3=10;// in kohm +R4=300;// in kohm +V1= 1;// in V +V2= 2;// in V +Vo= [(1+R4/R2)*(R3*V1/(R1+R3))-(R4/R2)*V2]; +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62fdc32a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.18/Ex_1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.18 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1=12;// in kohm +Rf=360;// in kohm +V1= -0.3;// in V +Vo= (1+Rf/R1)*V1;// in V +disp(Vo,"Output voltage result in volts is : ") + +// Part(b) +Vo= 2.4;// in V +// We know, Vo= (1+Rf/R1)*V1 +V1= Vo/(1+Rf/R1); +V1= V1*10^3;// in mV +disp(V1,"Input voltage in mV to result in an output of 2.4 Volt is") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a07edbc56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.19/Ex_1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 1.19 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=68;// in kohm +R1=33;// in kohm +R2=22;// in kohm +R3=12;// in kohm +V1= 0.2;// in V +V2=-0.5;// in V +V3= 0.8;// in V +Vo= -Rf/R1*V1 + (-Rf/R2)*V2 + (-Rf/R3)*V3;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c074e871 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.2/Ex_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 1.2 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 200;// in kohm +R1= 2;// in kohm +vin=2.5;// in mV +vin=vin*10^-3;// in volt +G= -Rf/R1; +vo= G*vin;// in V +disp(vo,"The output voltage in volt is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ece2f5db --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.20/Ex_1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 1.20 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf=100;// in kohm +R1=20;// in kohm +V1= 1.5;// in V +Vo1= V1; +Vo= -Rf/R1*Vo1;// in volts +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92f043274 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.22/Ex_1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 1.22 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +vo= -10;// in V +i_f= 1;// in mA +i_f= i_f*10^-3;//in A +// Formula vo= -i_f*Rf +Rf= -vo/i_f;// in Ω +// The output voltage, vo= -(v1+5*v2) (i) +// vo= -Rf/R1*v1 - Rf/R2*v2; (ii) +// Comparing equations (i) and (2) +R1= Rf/1;// in Ω +R2= Rf/5;// in Ω +Rf= Rf*10^-3;// in kΩ +R1= R1*10^-3;// in kΩ +R2= R2*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(Rf,"The value of Rf in kΩ is : ") +disp(R1,"The value of R1 in kΩ is : ") +disp(R2,"The value of R2 in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b82b97c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.24/Ex_1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 1.24 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 9;// in kΩ +R2= 1;// in kΩ +R3= 2;// in kΩ +R4= 3;// in kΩ +// The output voltage, vo1= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo1BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (i) +// Voltage at node va= R4*v1/(R3+R4) +vaBYv1= R4/(R3+R4);// (ii) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo1BYv1= vo1BYva*vaBYv1;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo2= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo2BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (iv) +// Voltage at node va= R3*v2/(R3+R4) +vaBYv2= R3/(R3+R4);// (v) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo2BYv2= vo2BYva*vaBYv2;// (iii) +// Total output vo= vo1 + vo2 +disp("Total voltage is "+string(vo1BYv1)+" v1 + "+string(vo2BYv2)+" v2") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a347f258 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.25/Ex_1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 1.25 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 9;// in kΩ +R2= 1;// in kΩ +R3= 2;// in kΩ +R4= 3;// in kΩ +// The output voltage, vo1= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo1BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (i) +// Voltage at node va= R4*v1/(R3+R4) +vaBYv1= R4/(R3+R4);// (ii) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo1BYv1= vo1BYva*vaBYv1;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo2= (1+R1/R2)*va +vo2BYva= (1+R1/R2);// (iv) +// Voltage at node va= R3*v2/(R3+R4) +vaBYv2= R3/(R3+R4);// (v) +// From (i) and (ii) +vo2BYv2= vo2BYva*vaBYv2;// (iii) +// The output voltage, vo3= (-R1/R2)*v3 +vo3BYv3= (-R1/R2);// (i) + +// Total output vo= vo1 + vo2 + vo3 +disp("Total voltage is "+string(vo1BYv1)+" v1 + "+string(vo2BYv2)+" v2 "+string(vo3BYv3)+" v3") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc111402e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.26/Ex_1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 1.26 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// omega_t= Ao*omega_b +// 2*%pi*f_t = Ao*2*%pi*f_b +// f_t= Ao*f_b +// Part (i) +Ao1= 10^5; +f_b1= 10^2;// in Hz +f_t1= Ao1*f_b1;// in Hz +// Part (ii) +Ao2= 10^6; +f_t2= 10^6;// in Hz +f_b2= f_t2/Ao2;// in Hz +// Part (iii) +f_b3= 10^3;// in Hz +f_t3= 10^8;// in Hz +Ao3= f_t3/f_b3; +// Part (iv) +f_b4= 10^-1;// in Hz +f_t4= 10^6;// in Hz +Ao4= f_t4/f_b4; +// Part (v) +Ao5= 2*10^5; +f_b5= 10;// in Hz +f_t5= Ao5*f_b5;// in Hz +disp(f_t1,"The value of f_t1 in Hz is : ") +disp(f_b2,"The value of f_b2 in Hz is : ") +disp(Ao3,"The value of Ao3 is : ") +disp(Ao4,"The value of Ao4 is : ") +disp(f_t5,"The value of f_t5 in Hz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce4edd8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.27/Ex_1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 1.27 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 86;// in dB +A= 40;// in dB +f=100;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +// From 20*log(S) = 20*log(Ao/A), where S, stands for sqrt(1+(f/fb)^2) +S= 10^((Ao-A)/20); +// S= sqrt(1+(f/fb)^2) +fb= f/sqrt(S^2-1);// in Hz +Ao= 10^(Ao/20); +ft= Ao*fb;// in Hz +ft= round(ft*10^-6);// in MHz +disp(Ao,"The value of Ao is : ") +disp(fb,"The value of fb in Hz is : ") +disp(ft,"The value of ft in MHz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a757f7b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.28/Ex_1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 1.28 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 10^4;// in V/V +f_t= 10^6;// in Hz +R2byR1= 20; +omega_t= 2*%pi*f_t; +omega_3dB= omega_t/(1+R2byR1); +f3dB= omega_3dB/(2*%pi);// in Hz +f3dB= f3dB*10^-3;// in kHz +disp(f3dB,"3-dB frequency of the closed loop amplifier in kHz is : ") +f3dB= 0.1*f3dB;// in Hz +voBYvi= -R2byR1/sqrt(1+(2*%pi*f3dB/omega_3dB)^2); +voBYvi= abs(voBYvi);// in v/v +disp(voBYvi,"Gain in v/v is : ") + + + diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7e9944e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.3/Ex_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 1.3 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +G=-10; +Ri= 100;// in kohm +R1= Ri;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula G=-R2/R1 +R2= R1*abs(G);// ohm +R1= R1*10^-3;// in kohm +R2= R2*10^-6;// in Mohm +disp(R1,"Value of R1 in kohm is : ") +disp(R2,"and value of R2 in Mohm is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915f50a16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.4/Ex_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 1.4 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 100;// in kohm +R2= 500;// in kohm +V1= 2;// in volt +Vo= (1+R2/R1)*V1;// in volt +disp(Vo,"Output voltage for noninverting amplifier in volt") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c07130df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.5/Ex_1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 1.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rf= 1;// in Mohm +Rf=Rf*10^6;//in ohm + +// Part(a) +V1=1;//in volt +V2=2;//in volt +V3=3;//in volt +R1= 500;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;//in ohm +R2= 1;// in Mohm +R2=R2*10^6;//in ohm +R3= 1;// in Mohm +R3=R3*10^6;//in ohm +Vo= -Rf*(V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3);// in volt +disp(Vo,"(a) Output voltage in volt is : ") + +// Part(b) +V1=-2;//in volt +V2=3;//in volt +V3=1;//in volt +R1= 200;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;//in ohm +R2= 500;// in kohm +R2=R2*10^3;//in ohm +R3= 1;// in Mohm +R3=R3*10^6;//in ohm +Vo= -Rf*(V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3);// in volt +disp(Vo,"(b) Output voltage in volt is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22dc681b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.6/Ex_1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 1.6 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +disp("Minimum closed loop voltage gain for R2=0 and R1= 2 kohm") +R2=0; +R1=2;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +Av_min= (1+R2/R1) +disp(Av_min) + +disp("Maximum closed loop voltage gain for maximum value of R2=100 kohm and R1= 2 kohm") +R2=100;// in kohm +R1=2;// in kohm +Av_max= (1+R2/R1) +disp(Av_max) diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36bf0cb8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.7/Ex_1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 1.7 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V1= 745;// in µV +V2= 740;// in µV +V1=V1*10^-6;// in volt +V2=V2*10^-6;// in volt +CMRR=80;// in dB +Av=5*10^5; +// (i) +// CMRR in dB= 20*log(Ad/Ac) +Ad=Av; +Ac= Ad/10^(CMRR/20); +// (ii) +Vo= Ad*(V1-V2)+Ac*(V1+V2)/2; +disp(Vo,"Output voltage in volt is : ") + +// Note:- In the book, there is calculation error to evaluate the value of Ac, so the value of Ac is wrong ans to evaluate the output voltage there is also calculation error diff --git a/3515/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce b/3515/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f21271a16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH1/EX1.8/Ex_1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 1.8 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 1;// in Mohm +Ri=R1;// in Mohm +Rf=1;// in Mohm +A_VF= -Rf/R1; +disp(A_VF,"Voltage gain is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55063165c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.1/Ex_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Exa 2.1 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_S= 0;// As source is connected to ground +V_G= 1.5;// in V +V_D= 0.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +// Part(a) V_D= 0.5;// in V +V_D= 0.5;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 0.5 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + +// Part(b) V_D= 0.9;// in V +V_D= 0.9;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 0.9 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + +// Part(c) V_D= 3;// in V +V_D= 3;// in V +V_DS= V_D-V_S;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +if V_GS < Vt then + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in cut off region") +elseif V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in triode region"); +else + disp("At V_D = 3 , the device is in saturation region"); + +end + + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..978b8ff48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.10/Ex_2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 2.10 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 15;// in V +Vt= 1;// in V +V_D= 10;// in V +V_S= 5;// in V +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +R_G1= 8;// in MΩ +R_G1= R_G1*10^6;// in Ω +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;//in A +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +R_S= V_S/I_D;// in Ω +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KnWbyL*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*I_D/KnWbyL);// in V +// Formula V_OV= V_GS-Vt +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_G= V_GS+V_S;// in V +// Formul V_G= R_G2*V_DD/(R_G1+R_G2) +R_G2= R_G1*V_G/(V_DD-V_G);//in Ω +R_D= R_D*10^-3;// in kΩ +R_S= R_S*10^-3;// in kΩ +R_G2= R_G2*10^-6;// in MΩ +disp(R_D,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") +disp(R_S,"The value of R_S in kΩ is : ") +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(R_G2,"The value of R_G2 in MΩ is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccb8f6e54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.11/Ex_2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Exa 2.11 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 15;// in V +KnWbyL= 0.25;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1.5;// in V +V_A= 50;// in V +R_D= 10;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_L= 10;// in kΩ +R_L= R_L*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 10;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +// I_D= 1/2*KnWbyL*(V_D-Vt)^2 , (V_GS= V_D, as dc gate current is zero) (i) +// V_D= V_DD- I_D*R_D (ii) +I_D= 1.06;// in mA +I_D = I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_D= V_DD- I_D*R_D;// in V +V_GS=V_D;// in V +// The coordinates of operating point +V_GSQ= V_D;// in V +I_DQ= I_D*10^3;// in mA +disp("The coordinates of operating points are V_GSQ = "+string(V_GSQ)+" V and I_DQ= "+string(I_DQ)+" mA") +gm= KnWbyL*(V_GS-Vt);// in A/V +r_o= V_A/I_D;//in Ω +// The gain is : Av= vo/vi = -gm*(R_D||R_L||r_o) +Av= -gm*[R_D*R_L*r_o/(R_D*R_L+R_D*r_o+R_L*r_o)];// in V/V +// i_i= (vi-vo)/R_G +// i_i= vi/R_G*(1-vo/vi) and Rin= vi/i_i = R_G/(1-Av) +Rin= R_G/(1-Av);// in Ω +Rin= Rin*10^-6;// in MΩ +disp(Rin,"The input resistance in MΩ is : ") +disp("The largest allowable input signal vi is determined by the need to keep the MOSFET in saturation at all times") +disp(" V_DS >= V_GS- vt") +disp("By enforcing this condition with equality at the point V_GS is maximum and V_DS is correspondingly minimum") +disp(" V_DSmin= V_GSmax -Vt") +disp(" V_DS-|Av| vi = V_GS + vi -Vt") +disp(" 4.4 - 3.3 vi = 4.4 + vi -1.5") +disp("which results in vi= 0.34V") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed6af751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.12/Ex_2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 2.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in mA +V_D= 3;// in V +Vt= -1;// in V +KpWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KpWbyL=KpWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KpWbyL*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL);// in V +// For PMOS +V_OV= -V_OV;// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +R_D= V_D/I_D;// in Ω +V_Dmax= V_D+abs(Vt);// in V +R_D= V_Dmax/I_D;// in Ω +R_D= R_D*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_D,"The largest value that R_D can have while maintaining saturation-region operation in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09845639e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.14/Ex_2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 2.14 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_GS1= 1.5;// in V +Vt= 1;// in V +r_DS1= 1;// in kΩ +r_DS1= r_DS1*10^3;// in Ω +r_DS2= 200;// in kΩ +// r_DS1= 1/(KnWbyL*(V_GS1-Vt)) (i) +// r_DS2= 1/(KnWbyL*(V_GS2-Vt)) (i) +// dividing equation (i) by (ii) +V_GS2= (r_DS1/r_DS2)*(V_GS1-Vt)+Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS2,"To Optain rDS= 200, The value of V_GS should be (in volt)") +// For V_GS= 1.5 ;// V +// W2= 2*W1; +// r_DS1/r_DS2= 2 +r_DS2= r_DS1/2;// in Ω +disp(r_DS2,"For V_GS= 1.5 V , the value of r_DS2 in Ω is : ") +// For V_GS= 3.5 V +r_DS2= 200/2;// in Ω +disp(r_DS2,"For V_GS= 3.5 V , the value of r_DS2 in Ω is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8e6cfdcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.15/Ex_2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 2.15 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.2;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in mA +Vt= 1;// in V +KpWbyL= 0.1;// in mA/V^2 +KpWbyL=KpWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +// Formul I_D= 1/2*KpWbyL*(V_GS-VT)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL)+Vt;// in V +V_DSmin= V_GS-Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"Required V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(V_DSmin,"The minimum required V_DS in volts is : ") +// For I_D= 0.8 mA +I_D = 0.8*10^-3;// in A +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/KpWbyL)+Vt;// in V +V_DSmin= V_GS-Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"Required V_GS in volts is : ") +disp(V_DSmin,"The minimum required V_DS in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62168d2c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.16/Ex_2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.16 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_SS= -5;// in V +unCox= 60;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1;// in V +W= 100;// in µm +L= 3;// in µm +V_G=0;// in V +V_DD= 5;// in V +V_D=0;//in V +I_D= 1*10^-3;// in A +// I_D= (V_DD-V_D)/R_D +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +R_D= R_D*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_D,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D*L/(unCox*W))+Vt;// in V +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +R_S= (V_S-V_SS)/I_D;// in Ω +R_S= R_S*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_S,"The resistance in kΩ is "); + + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e11262be --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.17/Ex_2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 2.17 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_D= 3.5;// in V +I_D= 115*10^-6;//in A +upCox= 60;// in µA/V^2 +upCox= upCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 0.8;//in µm +V_GS= -1.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +R= V_D/I_D;// in Ω +R= R*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R,"The value required for R in kΩ is : ") +// Formul I_D= 1/2*upCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +W= 2*I_D*L/(upCox*(V_GS-Vt)^2) +disp(W,"The value required for W in µm is : ") + +// Note: Calculation of evaluating the value of W in the book is wrong , so the Answer of the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..055b49fed --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.18/Ex_2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.18 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 1;// in V +unCox= 120;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L1=1;// in µm +L2=L1;// in µm +I_D= 120;//in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;//in A +V_GS1= 1.5;//in V +V_G2= 3.5;// in V +V_S2= 1.5;// in V +V_DD= 5;// in V +V_D2= 3.5;// in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2 +W1= 2*I_D*L1/(unCox*(V_GS1-Vt)^2);// in µm +disp(W1,"The value of W1 in µm is : ") +V_GS2= V_G2-V_S2;//in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2 +W2= 2*I_D*L2/(unCox*(V_GS2-Vt)^2);// in µm +disp(W2,"The value of W2 in µm is : ") +R= (V_DD-V_D2)/I_D;// in Ω +R= R*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R,"Resistance in kΩ"); diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4de42ea80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.19/Ex_2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Exa 2.19 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 2;// in V +K1WbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +K1WbyL= K1WbyL*10^-3;//in mA/V^2 +I_D= 10;//in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;//in A +V_DD= 10;// in V +R_D= 4;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω + +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V1= -V_GS;// in V +// Part (b) +I_D= 2;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +V2= V_DD-I_D*R_D;//in V +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V3= -V_GS;// in V +// Part (c) +I_D= 1;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +// Formul I_D= 1/2*K1WbyL*(V_GS-Vt)^2 +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V4= V_GS;// in V +// Part (d) +I_D= 2;// in mA +R_D= 2.5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +V_SS= 10;// in V +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_GS= sqrt(2*I_D/K1WbyL)+Vt;// in V +V5= -V_SS+I_D*R_D;// in V +disp(V1,"The value of V1 in volts is : ") +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volts is : ") +disp(V3,"The value of V3 in volts is : ") +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volts is : ") +disp(V5,"The value of V5 in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..340898a06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.2/Ex_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Exa 2.2 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +unCox= 100;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 1;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=10;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +V_GS= 1.5;// in V +Vt= 0.7;// in V +// For V_DS= 0.5 V +V_DS= 0.5;// in V +if V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + I_D= unCox*W/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2]; + I_D= I_D*10^6;// in µA + disp(I_D,"The device is in triode region. SO the drain current in the triode region in µA is : ") +else + I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-VT)^2; + I_D= I_D*10^6;// in µA + disp(I_D,"The device is in saturation region. SO the drain current in the saturation region in µA is : ") +end +// For V_DS= 0.9 V +V_DS= 0.9;// in V +if V_DS<= (V_GS-Vt) then + I_D= unCox*W/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2]; + I_D= I_D*10^6;// in µA + disp(I_D,"The device is in triode region. So the drain current in the triode region in µA is : ") +else + I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-Vt)^2 + I_D= I_D*10^6;// in µA + disp(I_D,"The device is in saturation region. So drain current in the saturation region in µA is : ") +end + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aff13a79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.20/Ex_2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.20 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +unCox= 20*10^-6;//in A/V^2 +upCox= unCox/2.5;// in A/V^2 +V_DD= 3;//in V +Vt= 1;// in V +W= 30;// in µm +L= 10;// in µm +// V_GS1= V_GS2 +// Formula V_DD= V_GS1+V_GS2 +V_GS1= V_DD/2;//in V +V_GS2= V_GS1;// in V +V2= V_GS1;// inV +I1= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(V_GS1-Vt)^2;// in A +// Both transistor have V_D = V_G and therefore they are operating in saturation +//1/2*unCox*W/L*(V4-Vt)^2 = 1/2*upCox*W/L*(V_DD-V4-Vt) +V4= (V_DD-Vt+sqrt(unCox/upCox))/(1+sqrt(unCox/upCox)); +I3= 1/2*unCox*W/L*(1.39-Vt)^2 +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volt is : ") +I1= I1*10^6;// in µA +disp(I1,"The value of I1 in µAis : ") +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volt is : ") +I3= I3*10^6;// in µA +disp(I3,"The value of I3 in µAis : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c0a51a49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.22/Ex_2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// Exa 2.22 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 0.9;// in V +V_A= 50;// in V +V_D= 2;// in V +R_L= 10;// in MΩ +R_L= R_L*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 10;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +I_D= 500;// in µA +I_D= I_D*10^-6;// in A +V_GS= V_D;// in V +ro= V_A/I_D;// in Ω +gm= 2*I_D/(V_GS-Vt);// in A/V +// vo= -gm*vi*(ro || R_L) +vo_by_vi = -gm*(ro*R_L/(ro+R_L));// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi ,"The voltage gain in V/V is : ") +// For I= 1 mA or twice the current +I_D1= I_D;// in A +I_D2= 2*I_D1;// in A +gm1= gm;// in A/V +// Effect on V_D +// I_D1/I_D2 = (V_GS1-Vt)^2/(V_GS2-Vt)^2 +V_GS1= V_GS; +V_GS2= Vt+sqrt(2)*(V_GS1-Vt);// in V +disp(V_GS2,"The new value of V_GS in volts is : ") +// Effect on gm +// gm1/gm2= sqrt(I_D1/I_D2) +gm2= sqrt(I_D2/I_D1)*gm1;// in A/V +gm2= gm2*10^3;// in mA/V +disp(gm2,"The new value of gm2 in mA/V is : ") +// Effect on ro +// ro1/ro2= I_D2/I_D1 +ro1= ro;// in Ω +ro2= I_D1*ro1/I_D2;// in Ω +ro2= ro2*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(ro2,"The new value of ro in kΩ/V is : ") +ro2= ro2*10^3;// in Ω +// Effect on gain +// Av= -gm*(ro2 || R_L) +Av= -gm*(ro2*R_L/(ro2+R_L));// in V/V +disp(Av,"The new value of voltage gain in V/V is : ") + +// Note: There is some difference between the new value of voltage gain in book and coding. The reason behind this is that , +// the accurate value of new value of gm is 1.2856487 and in the book 1.3 has taken at place of 1.2856487. +// If we take this value of new value of gm 1.3 at place of 1.2856487 then our new voltage gain value will be same as in the book + + + + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de2f2b396 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.23/Ex_2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 2.23 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 1;// in mA +I_D= I_D*10^-3;// in A +gm= 1;//in mA/V +gm= gm*10^-3;//in A/V +f_L= 10;// in Hz +R_S= 6;// in kΩ +R_S= R_S*10^3;// in Ω +R_D= 10;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +vo_by_vi= -gm*R_D/(1+gm*R_S);// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi,"Mid band gain in V/V is : "); +// Formula f_L= 1/(2*%pi*(1/gm || R_S)) * CS +CS= 1/(2*%pi*(1/gm*R_S/(1/gm+R_S))*f_L) ;//in F +CS= CS*10^6;// in µF +disp(CS,"The value of Cs in µF is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b462e93a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.24/Ex_2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Exa 2.24 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Rsig= 100;// in kΩ +Rsig= Rsig*10^3;// in Ω +R_G= 4.7;// in MΩ +R_G= R_G*10^6;// in Ω +R_D= 15;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_L= R_D;// in Ω +gm= 1;//in mA/V +gm= gm*10^-3;//in A/V +ro=150;// in kΩ +ro=ro*10^3;// in Ω +Cgs= 1;// in pF +Cgs=Cgs*10^-12;//in F +Cgd= 0.4;// in pF +Cgd=Cgd*10^-12;//in F +vgsBYvsig= R_G/(Rsig+R_G); +Rdesh_L= R_D*R_L/(R_D+R_L);// in Ω +voBYvgs= -gm*Rdesh_L; +Av= voBYvgs/vgsBYvsig;// in V/V +disp(Av,"The Mid-band gain in V/V is :") +CM= Cgd*(1+gm*Rdesh_L);// in F +// f_H= 1/(2*%pi*(Rsig || R_G)*(Cgs*CM)) +f_H= 1/(2*%pi*(Rsig * R_G/(Rsig + R_G))*(Cgs+CM));// in Hz +f_H= f_H*10^-3;// in kHz +disp(f_H,"Frequency in kHz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c19db7204 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.3/Ex_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 2.3 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vt= 0.7;// in V +I_D= 100;// in µA +I_D=I_D*10^-6;// in A +// When +V_GS= 1.2;// in V +V_DS= V_GS;// in V +// At this condition, device is in saturation region, so I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_GS-VT)^2 +unCoxWby2L= I_D/(V_GS-Vt)^2; +// For +V_DS= 3;// in V +V_GS= 1.5;// in V +// In this condition, device is in saturation region, so +I_D= unCoxWby2L*(V_GS-Vt)^2;// in A +I_D= I_D*10^6;// in µA +disp(I_D,"For V_DS= 3V and V_GS= 1.5 V, The value of I_D in µA is : ") +// For +V_GS= 3.2;// in V +r_DS= 1/(2*unCoxWby2L*(V_GS-Vt));// in Ω +disp(r_DS,"For V_GS = 3.2 V, Drain to source resistance in Ω is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f53ef6ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.4/Ex_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 2.4 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I_D= 0.4;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 0.7;// in V +V_SS= -2.5;// in V +V_DD= 2.5;// in V +unCox= 100;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +W= 32;// in m +L= 1;// in m +// V_GS-Vt= V_OV +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +V_G= 0; +// Formula V_GS= V_G-V_S +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +R_S= (V_S-V_SS)/I_D// in Ω +R_S= R_S*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_S,"The value of R_S in kΩ is : ") +V_D= 0.5;// in V +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;//in Ω +R_D= R_D*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_D,"The value of R_D in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19e512b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.5/Ex_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 2.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 3;// in V +I_D= 80;// in µA +I_D=I_D*10^-6;// in A +Vt= 0.6;// in V +unCox= 200;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 0.8;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=4;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +// V_GS-Vt= V_OV +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_D= 1;// in V +V_G= V_D;// in V +R= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +R= R*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R,"The value of R in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c817e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.6/Ex_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 2.6 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 10;// in V +I_D= 0.4;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 2;// in V +unCox= 20;// in µA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +L= 10;//in µm +L= L*10^-6;// in m +W=100;// in µm +W=W*10^-6;// in m +V_S= 0;// in V as source is connected to ground +// I_D= unCox*W/(2*L)*(V_OV)^2 +V_OV= sqrt(I_D/(unCox*W/(2*L)));// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +V_D= V_GS;// in V +R= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;// in Ω +R= R*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R,"The value of R in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28681c05e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.7/Ex_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 2.7 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A +Vt= 1;// in V +V_DS= 0.1;// in V +V_D= V_DS;// in V +V_GS= 5;// in V +V_DD= V_GS;// in V +// Formula I_D= K'nW/L*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2] +I_D= KnWbyL*[(V_GS-Vt)*V_DS-V_DS^2/2];// in A +R_D= (V_DD-V_D)/I_D;//in Ω +R_D= R_D*10^-3;// in kΩ +disp(R_D,"The required value of R_D in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c33d9420c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.8/Ex_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Exa 2.8 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +KnWbyL= 1;// in mA/V^2 +KnWbyL=KnWbyL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 1;// in V +V_DD= 10;// in V +R_D= 6;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_S= 6;// in kΩ +R_S= R_S*10^3;// in Ω +R_G1= 10;// in MΩ +R_G1= R_G1*10^6;// in Ω +R_G2= 10;// in MΩ +R_G2= R_G2*10^6;// in Ω +V_G= V_DD*R_G2/(R_G1+R_G2);// in V +// V_S= R_S*I_D +// V_GS= V_G-V_S= V_G-R_S*I_D +// Formula I_D= K'nW/2*L*(V_GS-Vt)^2, Putting the value of V_GS, We get +// 18*I_D^2 -25*I_D +8= 0 +// I_D= 0.89 mA or I_D= 0.5 +I_D= 0.5;// in mA +I_D=I_D*10^-3;// in A +V_S= R_S*I_D;// in V +V_GS= V_G-V_S;// in V +V_D= V_DD-I_D*R_D;// in V +I_D= I_D*10^3;// in mA +disp(I_D,"The value of I_D in mA is : ") +disp(V_S,"The value of V_S in volt is : ") +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +disp(V_D,"The value of V_D in volt is : ") +disp("Since V_D > V_G - Vt , the transistor is operating in saturation , as initially assumed") + + diff --git a/3515/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce b/3515/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17c757cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH2/EX2.9/Ex_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 2.9 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R_D= 20;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R1= 30;// in kΩ +R1= R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 20;// in kΩ +R2= R2*10^3;// in Ω +V_DD= 5;// in V +Vtn= 1;// in V +Kn= 0.1;// in mA/V^2 +Kn=Kn*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +V_GS= R2*V_DD/(R1+R2);// in V +// I_D= 1/2*µnCox*W/L*(V_GS-Vtm)^2 +I_D = Kn*(V_GS-Vtn)^2 ;// in mA (As Kn= 1/2*µnCox*W/L) +V_DS= V_DD-I_D*R_D;// in V +I_D= I_D*10^3;// in mA +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volt is : ") +disp(I_D,"The value of I_D in mA is : ") +disp(V_DS,"The value of V_DS in volt is : ") +disp("Since V_DS = 3V > V_DS(sat) = V_GS-Vtn = 2 - 1V, the transistor is indeed biased in the saturation region") + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e963bf825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.1/Ex_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 3.1 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_E= -0.7;// in V +Bita=50; +RC= 5;// in kΩ +RE= 10;// in kΩ +RE= RE*10^3;// in Ω +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BE= -10;// in volt +I_E= (V_E-V_BE)/RE;// in A +disp(I_E*10^3,"Emitter current in mA is : ") +// I_E= I_B+I_C and I_C= Bita*I_B, so +I_B= I_E/(1+Bita);// in A +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +I_C= I_E-I_B;//in A +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is :") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..094798ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.10/Ex_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 3.10 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BB= 3;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_T= 25*10^-3;// in V +bita=100; +RC= 3;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +RB= 100;// in kΩ +RB=RB*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= (V_BB-V_BE)/RB;// in V +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +r_pi= bita/gm;// in Ω +// v_be= r_pi/(RB+r_pi)*v_i +v_be_by_v_i= r_pi/(RB+r_pi); +// v_o= -gm*v_be*RC +v_o_by_v_i= -gm*v_be_by_v_i*RC;// in V/V +Av= v_o_by_v_i;// in V/V +disp(round(Av),"Voltage gain in V/V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec0bdc811 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.11/Ex_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 3.11 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 4;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +R_E= 3.3;// in kΩ +R_E=R_E*10^3;// in Ω +RC= 4.7;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= V_E/R_E;// in A +bita=100; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= alpha*I_E;//in A +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +V_C= V_CC-I_C*RC;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +I_B= I_E/(1+bita);// in A +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4107689b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.12/Ex_3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CC= 10;// in V +bita=100; +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_C= 2;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= (V_B-V_BE)/R_B;// in A +I_C= bita*I_B;//in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V +I_E= I_C;// in A (approx) +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mAis : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0788031 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.13/Ex_3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Exa 3.13 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 0;// in V +V_EB= 0.7;// in V +bita=100; +V_EC= 0.2;// in V +V_E= V_EB+V_B;// in V +V_CC= 5;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// V_E= V_B+V_EB (i) +// V_C= V_E-V_EC= V_B+V_EB-V_EC (ii) +// I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/R_C= (V_CC-V_B-V_EB)/R_C (iii) +// I_B= V_B/R_B (iv) +// I_C= (V_C+V_CC)/R_C= (V_B+V_EB-V_EC+V_CC)/R_B (v) +// By using relationship, I_E= I_B+I_C +V_B= (9*V_CC-11*V_EB+V_EC)/12;// in V +V_E= V_B+V_EB;// in V +V_C= V_B+V_EB-V_EC;// in V +I_E= (V_CC-V_B-V_EB)/R_C// in amp +I_C= (V_B+V_EB-V_EC+V_CC)/R_B;// in amp +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in amp +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c9e32013 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.14/Ex_3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 3.14 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +bita=100; +hFE= 100; +VCEsat= 0.2;// in V +VBEsat= 0.8;// in V +VBEactive= 0.7;// in V +VBB= 5;// in V +VCC= 10;// in V +R_C= 3;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 50;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// Formula VCC= ICsat*R_C+VCEsat +ICsat= (VCC-VCEsat)/R_C;//A +disp(ICsat*10^3,"The value of IC(sat) in mA is : ") +IBmin= ICsat/bita;// in A +// Apply KVL to input circuit, VBB= IB*R_B+VBEsat +IB= (VBB-VBEsat)/R_B;// in A +disp(IB*10^6,"Actual base current in µA is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28c47d296 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.16/Ex_3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 3.16 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// bita= alpha/(1-alpha) +// At alpha= 0.5 +alpha= 0.5; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.5, the value of bita is : ") +// At alpha= 0.9 +alpha= 0.9; +bita = alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.9, the value of bita is : ") +// At alpha= 0.5 +alpha= 0.999; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"At alpha=0.999, the value of bita is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dd9100c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.17/Ex_3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 3.17 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// alpha= bita/(1-bita) +// At bita= 1 +bita=1; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=1, the value of alpha is : ") + // At bita= 2 +bita=2; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=2, the value of alpha is : ") +// At bita= 100 +bita=100; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=100, the value of alpha is : ") +// At bita= 200 +bita=200; + alpha= bita/(1+bita); + disp(alpha,"At bita=200, the value of alpha is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f0f2f13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.18/Ex_3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + // Exa 3.18 +format('v',9); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.76;// in V +VT= 0.025;// in V +I_C= 10*10^-3;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(VBE/VT));// in A +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") +// Part(a) for VBE = 0.7 V +VBE= 0.7;// in V +I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +disp(I_C*10^3,"For VBE = 0.7 V , The value of I_C in mA is : ") + +// Part (b) for I_C= 10 µA +I_C= 10*10^-6;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +VBE= VT*log(I_C/I_S); +disp(VBE,"For I_C = 10 µA, The value of VBE in V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..056c13466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.19/Ex_3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.19 +format('v',9); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VT= 0.025;// in V +I_B= 100;// in µA +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +I_C= 10*10^-3;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(VBE/VT) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(VBE/VT));// in A +alpha= I_C/(I_C+I_B); +bita= I_C/I_B; +IS_by_alpha= I_S/alpha;// in A +IS_by_bita= I_S/bita;// in A +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : "); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : "); +disp(IS_by_alpha,"The value of Is/alpha in A is :"); +disp(IS_by_bita,"The value of Is/bita in A is : "); diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7cf305b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.2/Ex_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 3.2 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_E= 1.7;// in V +V_B= 1;// in V +RC= 5;// in kΩ +RE= 5;// in kΩ +RE= RE*10^3;// in Ω +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +RB= 100;//in kΩ\ +RB= RB*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_BE= -10;// in volt +I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/RE;// in A +I_B= V_B/RB;// in V +// Formula I_B= (1-alpha)*I_E +alpha= 1-I_B/I_E; +disp(alpha,"Value of alpha is : ") +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +disp(bita,"Value of bita is : ") +V_C= (I_E-I_B)*RC-V_CC;// in volt +disp(V_C,"Collector voltage in volts is : ") + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e895f397 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.20/Ex_3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Exa 3.20 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VCC= 10.7;// in V +R_C= 10;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I1= (VCC-VBE)/R_C;// in A +disp(I1*10^3,"The value of I1 in mA is : ") +// Part (b) +VC= -4;//in V +VB= -10;// in V +R_C= 5.6;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 2.4;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC=12;// V +I_C= (VC-VB)/R_B;// in A +V2= VCC- (R_C*I_C); +disp(V2,"The value of V2 in volt is : "); +// Part (c) +VCC= 0; +VCE= -10;// in V +R_C= 10;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +I_C= (VCC-VCE)/R_C;// in A +V4= 1;// in V +I3= I_C;// in A (approx) +disp(V4,"The value of V4 in volt is : "); +disp(I3*10^3,"The value of I3 in mA is : ") +// Part (d) +VBE= -10;// in V +VCC= 10;// in V +R_B= 5;//in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +R_C= 15;//in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +// I5= I_C and +// I5= (V6-0.7-VBE)/R_B and I_C= (VCC-V6)/R_C +V6= (VCC*R_B+R_C*(0.7+VBE))/(R_C+R_B); +disp(V6,"The value of V6 in volt is : ") +I5= (V6-0.7-VBE)/R_B;// in A +disp(I5*10^3,"The value of I5 in mA is : ") + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a11bf34c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.21/Ex_3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// Exa 3.21 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +V_C= 2;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 4.3;// in V +R_B= 200;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_C= V_C/R_C;// in A +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in A +Beta= I_C/I_B; +disp("Part (a)") +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +disp(Beta,"The value of Beta is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_C= 2.3;// in V +R_C= 230;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 4.3;// in V +R_B= 20;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I= V_C/R_C;// current through 230Ω resistro i.e. I_C + I_B in A +I_B= (V_B-V_C)/R_B;// in A +I_C= I-I_B;// in A +Beta= abs(I_C/I_B); +disp("Part (b)") +disp(I_C*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"Base current in mA is : ") +disp(Beta,"The value of Beta is : ") + +// Part (c) +V_E= 10;// in V +R_E= 1;// in kΩ +R_E=R_E*10^3;// in Ω +V_1= 7;// in V +R_C= 1;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +V_B= 6.3;// in V +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= (V_E-V_1)/R_C;//in A +I_C=I_E;// in A (approx) +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= (V_B-V_C)/R_B;// in A +Beta= I_E/I_B-1; +disp("Part (c)") +disp(I_E*10^3,"Emitter current in mA is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +disp(V_C,"Collector voltage in volts is : ") +disp(Beta,"The value of Beta is : ") + +// Note : In the book the value of base current in the first part is wrong due to calculation error. +// In the part (b) the values of collector current and Beta are wrong due to calculation error in the first line of part (b) diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77a69287c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.22/Ex_3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + // Exa 3.22 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +bita= 30; +R_C= 2.2;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 2.2;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC= 3;// in V +VCE= -3;// in V +VBE= 0.7;// in V +V_B= 0;// in V +V_E= V_B-VBE;// in V +I_E= (V_E-VCE)/R_B;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A +V_C= VCC-I_E*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp("Part (a)") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in V is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in V is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in V is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") +// Part (b) +R_C= 560;// in Ω +R_B= 1.1;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +VCC= 9;// in V +VCE= 3;// in V +V_B= 3;// in V +V_E= V_B+VBE;// in V +I_E= (VCC-V_E)/R_B;// in A +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= I_E*alpha;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp("Part (b)") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in V is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in V is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in V is : ") +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14accfa3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.23/Ex_3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 3.23 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE= 0.7;// in V +VCC= 9;// in V +VCE= -9;// in V +V_B= -1.5;// in V +R_C= 10;// in kΩ +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +R_B=R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_B= abs(V_B)/R_B;// in A +V_E= V_B-VBE;// in V +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : ") +I_E= (V_E-VCE)/R_B;// in A +Beta= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= Beta/(1+Beta); +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha in volt is : ") +disp(Beta,"The value of Beta in volt is : ") +V_C= VCC-I_E*alpha*R_C;// in V +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : ") +// When Beta = infinite then +alpha= 1 ;// As infinite/(1+infinite) = 1 +I_B= 0; +V_B=0; +V_C= VCC-I_E*R_C;// in volt +disp("When Beta = infinite then :-") +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volt is : ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbf4bc526 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.24/Ex_3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 3.24 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +VBE_1= 0.7;// in V +VBE_2= 0.5;// in V +V_T= 0.025;// in V +I_C1= 10;// in mV +I_C1= I_C1*10^-3;// in A +// I_C1= I_S*%e^(VBE_1/V_T) (i) +// I_C2= I_S*%e^(VBE_2/V_T) (ii) +// Devide equation (ii) by (i) +I_C2= I_C1*%e^((VBE_2-VBE_1)/V_T);// in A +disp(I_C2*10^6,"The value of I_C2 in µA is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d403c246 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.25/Ex_3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 3.25 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 10;// in kΩ +R1=R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 10;// in kΩ +R2=R2*10^3;// in Ω +I_C=.5;// mA +V_T= 0.025;//in V +I_C= I_C*10^-3;// in A +V= 10;// in V +Vth= V*R1/(R1+R2);// in V +Rth= R1*R2/(R1+R2);//in Ω +vo= I_C*Rth;// in V +vi=V_T;// in V +vo_by_vi= vo/vi;//in V/V +disp(vo_by_vi,"The value of vo/vi in V/V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d8361d57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.27/Ex_3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 3.27 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 2;// in V +V_CC=5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_E= 1*10^3;// in Ω +R_C= 1*10^3;// in Ω +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +I_E= V_E/R_E;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;//in V +disp("At V_B= +2 V") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_B= 0;//in V +V_E= 0;// in V +I_E= 0;// in A +V_C= 5;// in V +disp("At V_B= 0 V") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : ") +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b9c51c3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.28/Ex_3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 3.28 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_B= 0;// in V +R_E=1*10^3;//in Ω +R_C=1*10^3;//in Ω +V_CC=5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +I_E= (1+V_E)/R_E;// in A +I_C= I_E;// (approx) in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;//in V +disp("Part (i)") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volt is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volt is : "); +// For saturation +V_CE=0.2 ;// V +V_CB= -0.5;// in V +// I_C= 5-V_C/R_C and V_C= V_E-VCE, So +// I_C= (5.2-V_E)/R_C +// I_E= (V_E+1)/R_E and at the edge of saturation I_C=I_E, +V_E= 4.2/2;/// in V +V_B= V_E+0.7;// in V +V_C= V_E+0.2;// in V +disp("Part (ii) ") +disp(V_E,"The value of V_E in volts is : "); +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : "); + +// Note: In the book , there is a miss print in the last line of this question because V_E+0.2= 2.1+0.2 = 2.3 (not 2.8) , so answer in the book is wrong + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d206a565f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.29/Ex_3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 3.29 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC=5;// in V +V_E= 1;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_E=5*10^3;//in Ω +R_C=5*10^3;//in Ω +R_B= 20*10^3;// in Ω +I_E= (V_CC-V_E)/R_E;// in A +// For pnp transistor V_BE= V_E-V_B +V_B= V_E-V_BE;// in V +I_B= V_B/R_B;// in A +I_C= I_E-I_B;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C-V_CC;// in V +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= I_C/I_E; +disp(V_B,"The value of V_B in volts is : "); +disp(I_B*10^3,"The value of I_B in mA is : "); +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : "); +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : "); +disp(V_C,"The value of V_C in volts is : "); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : "); +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : "); diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e5f4f530 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.3/Ex_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Exa 3.3 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_CE= 3.2;// in V +RC= 6.8;// in kΩ +RC= RC*10^3;// in Ω +I_S= 1*10^-15;// in A +V_T= 25*10^-3;// in V +I_C1= (V_CC-V_CE)/RC;// in A +// Formula I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE1/V_T) +V_BE1= V_T*log(I_C1/I_S);// in volt +disp(I_C1*10^3,"Collector current in mA is : ") +disp(V_BE1,"Value of V_BE in volts is : ") + +// Part (b) +v_in= 5*10^-3;// in V +Av= -(V_CC-V_CE)/V_T;// in V/V +disp(Av,"Voltage gain in V/V is : ") +v_o= abs(Av )*v_in;// in V +disp(v_o,"Change in output voltage in volts is : ") + +// Part (c) for V_CE= 0.3 V +V_CE= 0.3;// in V +I_C2= (V_CC-V_CE)/RC;// in A +// I_C1= I_S*%e^(V_BE1/V_T) (i) +// I_C2= I_S*%e^(V_BE2/V_T) (ii) +// divide the equation (ii) by (i) +delta_V_BE= V_T*log(I_C2/I_C1);// in volt ( where delta_V_BE = V_BE2-V_BE1 ) +disp(delta_V_BE*10^3 ,"The positive increament in V_BE in mV is : ") + +// Part (d) +v_o= 0.99*V_CC;// in V +I_C3= (V_CC-v_o)/RC;// in A +delta_V_BE= V_T*log(I_C3/I_C1);// in V +disp(delta_V_BE*10^3 ,"The negative increament in V_BE in mV is : ") + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faaedacd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.30/Ex_3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 3.30 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC=5;// in V +V_T= 0.025;// in V +R_C=7.5*10^3;//in Ω +I_C= 0.5;// in mA +I_C= I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_E=I_C;// (approx) in A +V_C= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in V +disp(V_C,"dc voltage at the collector in volt is : ") +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is : ") +// v_be= -v_i +// v_c= -gm*v_be*R_C +vcbyvi= gm*R_C;// in V/V +disp(vcbyvi,"The value of vc/vi in V/V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fde1010b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.31/Ex_3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 3.31 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_T= 0.025;// in V +I_E= 0.5;// in mA +I_E= I_E*10^-3;// in mA +Rsig= 50;// in Ω +R_C= 5*10^3;// in Ω +re= V_T/I_E;// in ohm +Rin= Rsig+re;// in ohm +disp(Rin,"Input resistance in Ω is : ") +// Part(b) +// vo= -0.99*ie*R_C and ie= -v_sig/Rin +vo_by_v_sig= 0.99*R_C/Rin;// in V/V +disp(vo_by_v_sig,"The value of vo/vsig in V/V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96784c08f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.32/Ex_3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Exa 3.32 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +bita= 200; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +R_C= 100;// in Ω +R_B= 10;// in kΩ +Rsig= 1;// in kΩ +Rsig= Rsig*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +V_T= 25*10^-3; +V=1.5;// in V +I_E= 10;// in mA +I_E= I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_C= alpha*I_E;// in A +V_C= I_C*R_C;// in V +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +V_B= V-(R_B*I_B) +gm= I_C/V_T;// in A/V +rpi= bita/gm;// in Ω +Rib= rpi;// in Ω +disp(Rib,"The value of Rib in Ω is : ") +Rin= R_B*rpi/(R_B+rpi);// in Ω +disp(Rin,"The value of Rin in Ω is : ") +// vbe= v_sig*Rin/(Rsig+Rin); +vbe_by_vsig= Rin/(Rsig+Rin); +// vo= -gm*vbe*R_C and = -gm*v_sig*Rin/(Rsig+Rin) +vo_by_vsig= -gm*R_C*vbe_by_vsig;// in V/V +disp(vo_by_vsig,"Overall voltage gain in V/V is : ") +// if +vo= 0.4;//(±) in V +vs= vo/abs(vo_by_vsig);// in V +vbe= vbe_by_vsig*vs;// in V +disp(vs*10^3,"The value of v_sig in mV is : ") +disp(vbe*10^3,"The value of v_be in mV is : ") + +// Note: There is some difference between in this coding and book solution. But Coding is correct. + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b371e39fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.33/Ex_3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +// Exa 3.33 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_T= 0.025;// in V +// Part(a) +disp("Part (a)") +V_BE= 690;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_B= 50;// in µA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_E= I_C/alpha;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(b) +disp("Part (b)") +V_BE= 690;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_E= 1.070;// in mA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= I_C/I_E; +bita= alpha/(1-alpha); +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"The value of I_B in µA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(c) +disp("Part (C)") +V_BE= 580;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_E= 0.137;// in mA +I_B= 7;// in µA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +// I_C= alpha*I_E = bita*I_B +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(d) +disp("Part (d)") +V_BE= 780;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_C= 10.10;// in mA +I_B= 120;// in µA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +bita= I_C/I_B; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_E= I_C/alpha;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_E*10^3,"The value of I_E in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + +// Part(e) +disp("Part (e)") +V_BE= 820;// in mV +V_BE=V_BE*10^-3;// in V +I_E= 75;// in mA +I_B= 1050;// in µA +I_E=I_E*10^-3;// in A +I_B=I_B*10^-6;// in A +// I_C= alpha*I_E = bita*I_B +bita= I_E/I_B-1; +alpha= bita/(1+bita); +I_C= bita*I_B;// in A +// I_C= I_S*%e^(V_BE/V_T) +I_S= I_C/(%e^(V_BE/V_T)); +disp(bita,"The value of bita is : ") +disp(alpha,"The value of alpha is : ") +disp(I_C*10^3,"The value of I_C in mA is : ") +disp(I_S,"The value of I_S in amp is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67898da65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.4/Ex_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.4 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in V +V_CE= 5;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +I_C= 5*10^-3;// in mA +bita= 100; +R_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/I_C;// in Ω +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +R_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/I_B;// in Ω +disp(R_C*10^-3,"The value of R_C in kΩ is : ") +disp(I_B*10^6,"The value of I_B in µA is : ") +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") + +// Note: The value of base current in the book is wrong + + + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9448bdbe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.5/Ex_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 3.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 6;// in V +bita= 100; +R_C= 2;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 530;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +// when I_C=0 +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*R_C;// in volt +V_CE= 0:0.1:6;// in Volt +I_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/R_C*1000;// in mA +plot(V_CE,I_C); +title("DC load line") +xlabel("V_CE in volts") +ylabel("I_C in mA") +disp("DC load line shown in figure") +// When V_CE= 0 +I_C= V_CC/R_C;//in A +// Operating point for silicon transistor +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +I_B= (V_CC-V_BE)/R_B;//in A +I_CQ= bita*I_B;// in A +V_CEQ= V_CC-I_CQ*R_C;// in volt +disp("Operating point is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a0b97d56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.6/Ex_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 3.6 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 12;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +bita= 100; +R_C= 10;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +R_B= 100;// in kΩ +R_B= R_B*10^3;// in Ω +I_BQ= (V_CC-V_BE)/((1+bita)*R_C+R_B);// in A +I_CQ= bita*I_BQ;// in A +V_CEQ= V_CC-(I_CQ+I_BQ)*R_C;// in volt +// For dc load line +// When +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-(I_C+I_BQ)*R_C;// in volt +// When +V_CE= 0; +I_C= (V_CC-I_BQ*R_C)/R_C;//in A +disp("Q- point values for circuit is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46bb6592e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.7/Ex_3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 3.7 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 15;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CE= 5;// in V +I_C= 5;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +bita= 100; +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +disp(I_B*10^6,"Base current in µA is : ") +//Apply KVL to collector circuit , V_CC= (I_C+I_B)*R_C+V_CE +R_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/(I_C+I_B);// in Ω +disp(R_C*10^-3,"The value of R_C in kΩ is : ") +//Apply KVL to base or input circuit, V_CC= (I_C+I_B)*R_C+V_CE + I_B*R_B +R_B= (V_CC-V_BE-(I_C+I_B)*R_C)/I_B;// in ohm +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c2f19dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.8/Ex_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 3.8 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +V_CE= 3;// in V +I_C= 1;// in mA +I_C=I_C*10^-3;// in A +bita= 100; +I_B= I_C/bita;// in A +// V_CE= V_BE+V_CB and V_CB= I_B*R_B +R_B= (V_CE-V_BE)/I_B;// in Ω +disp(R_B*10^-3,"The value of R_B in kΩ is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce b/3515/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a48bd0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH3/EX3.9/Ex_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 3.9 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 10;// in kΩ +R1=R1*10^3;// in Ω +R2= 5;// in kΩ +R2=R2*10^3;// in Ω +RC= 1;// in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;// in Ω +RE= 2;// in kΩ +RE=RE*10^3;// in Ω +V_CC= 15;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +// When +I_C=0; +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*(RC+RE);// in V +// When V_CE= 0 +I_C= V_CC/(RC+RE);// in A +V_B= V_CC*R2/(R1+R2);// in V +I_E= (V_B-V_BE)/RE;// in A +I_C= I_E;// in A (approx) +I_CQ= I_C;// in A +V_CE= V_CC-I_C*(RC+RE);// in V +V_CEQ= V_CE;// in V +V_CE= 0:0.1:15;// in Volt +I_C= (V_CC-V_CE)/(RC+RE)*1000;// in mA +plot(V_CE,I_C); +title("DC load line") +xlabel("V_CE in volts") +ylabel("I_C in mA") +disp("DC load line shown in figure") +disp("Operating point is "+string(V_CEQ)+" V and "+string(I_CQ*10^3)+" mA") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0f0811f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.1/Ex_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Exa 4.1 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CC= 10;// in volt +V_EE= -10;// in volt +I= 1;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +R_C= 10;// in kohm +R_C=R_C*10^3;// in kohm +V_BE=0.7;// in volt + +i_C1= I/2;// in A +i_C2= i_C1;// in A +disp(i_C1*10^3,"Value of i_C1 in mA is : ") + +V_C1= V_CC-i_C1*R_C;// in V +// For V_cm=0 volt +V_E= -0.7;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =0 , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") + +// For V_cm= -5 volt +V_cm= -5;// in V +V_B= V_cm;// in V +// From V_BE= V_B-V_E +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =-5V , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") + +// For V_cm= 5 volt +V_cm= 5;// in V +V_B= V_cm;// in V +V_E= V_B-V_BE;// in volt +V_CE1= V_C1-V_E;// in volt +disp(V_CE1,"For V_cm =5V , The alue of V_CE1 in volt is ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22c0dfc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.10/Ex_4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 4.10 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +delta_RDbyRD= 2/100; +delta_WLbyWL= 2/100; +delta_Vt= 2;//in mV +delta_Vt= delta_Vt*10^-3;// in V +//(From Exa 4.4) +V_A= 20;// in V +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +V_OS1= V_OV/2*delta_RDbyRD;// in V + +// V_OS due to W/L ratio +V_OS2= V_OV/2*delta_WLbyWL;// in V + +// V_OS due to threshold voltage +V_OS3= delta_Vt;// in V +// Total offset voltage +V_OS= sqrt(V_OS1^2+V_OS2^2+V_OS3^2);// in V +V_OS= V_OS*10^3;// in mV +disp(V_OS,"Total offset voltage in mV is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd3554937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.11/Ex_4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 4.11 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +WLn= 100; +WLp= 200; +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +RSS= 25;// in kΩ +RSS= RSS*10^3;// in Ω +I=0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +V_A= 20;// in V +i_D= I/2;// in A +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WLn*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WLn));// in V +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"Value of Gm in mA/V is : ") +ro2= V_A/(I/2);// in ohm +ro4= ro2;// in ohm +Ro= ro2*ro4/(ro2+ro4);// in ohm +disp(Ro*10^-3,"Value of Ro in kΩ is : ") +Ad= gm*Ro;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Value of Ad in V/V is :") +// Finding the value of gm3 +upCox= 0.1;// mA/V^2 +upCox=upCox*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +// Formula i_D= 1/2*upCox*WLp*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(upCox*WLp));// in V +gm3= I/V_OV;// in A/V +Acm= 1/(2*gm3*RSS);//in V/V +disp(abs(Acm),"Value of |Acm| in V/V is : ") +CMRRindB= 20*log10(abs(Ad)/abs(Acm));//in dB +disp(round(CMRRindB),"CMRR in dB is :") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf04d1d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.12/Ex_4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 4.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +V_A= 100;// in V +Bita=160; +VT=25;// in mV +VT= VT*10^-3;//in V +gm= (I/2)/VT;// in A/V +Gm= gm;// Short circuit trnsconductance in mA/V +disp(Gm*10^3,"The value of Gm in mA/V") +ro2= V_A/(I/2);// in ohm +ro4= ro2;// in ohm +Ro= ro2*ro4/(ro2+ro4);// in ohm +disp(Ro*10^-3,"The value of Ro in kΩ is :") +Ad= Gm*Ro;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Value of Ad in V/V is :") +r_pi= Bita/gm;//in Ω +Rid= 2*r_pi;// in Ω +disp(Rid*10^-3,"The value of Rid in kΩ is :") + diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..021a65536 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.13/Ex_4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Exa 4.13 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vtp= -0.8;// in V +KpWL= 3.5;// in mA/V^2 +I=0.7;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +R_D= 2;// in kΩ +R_D=R_D*10^3;// in Ω +KpWL=KpWL*10^-3;//in A/V^2 +v_G1= 0;// in V +v_G2=v_G1;// in V +VSS= 2.5;// in V +VDD=VSS;// in V +VCS= 0.5;// in V +// Part (a) +V_OV= -sqrt(I/KpWL);// in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +V_GS= V_OV+Vtp;// in V +disp(V_GS,"The value of V_GS in volts is : ") +V_G= 0;// as gate is connected ground +v_S1= V_G-V_GS;// in V +v_S2= v_S1;// in V +disp(v_S1,"The value of V_S in volts is : ") +v_D1= I/2*R_D-VDD;// in V +v_D2=v_D1;// in V +disp(v_D1,"The value of v_D1 in V is : ") +disp(v_D2,"The value of v_D2 in V is : ") + +// Part (b) +V_CMmin= I*R_D/2-VDD+Vtp;// in V +V_CMmax= VSS-VCS+Vtp+V_OV;// in V +disp(V_CMmin,"The value of V_CMmin in volt is : ") +disp(V_CMmax,"The value of V_CMmax in volt is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35a06e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.14/Ex_4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 4.14 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_OV= 0.2;// in V +gm=1;// in mA/V +gm=gm*10^-3;// in A/V +Vt=0.8;// in V +unCox= 90;// in µA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +// gm= I/V_OV +I= gm*V_OV;// in A +disp(I*10^3,"Bias current in mA is : ") +I_D= I/2;// in A +// Formula I_D= 1/2*unCox*WLn*V_OV^2 +WbyL= 2*I_D/(unCox*V_OV^2); +disp(WbyL,"W/L ratio is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e38d4ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.15/Ex_4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 4.15 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=0.5;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +WbyL= 50; +unCox= 250;// in µA/V^2 +unCox=unCox*10^-6;// in A/V^2 +V_A= 10;// in V +R_D= 4;//in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;//in Ω +V_OV= sqrt(I/(WbyL*unCox));//in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in V is : ") +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is ") +I_D=I/2;// in A +ro= V_A/I_D;// in Ω +disp(ro*10^-3,"The value of ro in kΩ is : ") +Ad= gm*(R_D*ro/(R_D+ro));// in V/V +disp(Ad,"The value of Ad in V/V is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05e58d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.16/Ex_4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 4.16 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +I=1;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_C=1;// in mA +i_C=i_C*10^-3;// in A +V_CC= 5;// in V +V_CM= -2;// in V +V_BE= 0.7;// in V +R_C= 3;// in kΩ +R_C= R_C*10^3;// in Ω +Alpha=1; +Bita=100; +V_B= 1;// in V +i_C1= Alpha*I;// in A +i_C2=0; +v_E= V_B-V_BE;// in V +disp(v_E,"Emitters voltage in volts is : ") +v_C1= V_CC-i_C1*R_C;// in V +v_C2= V_CC-i_C2*R_C;// in V +disp("Output voltage is "+string(v_C1)+" V and "+string(v_C2)+" V") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..325d66bd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.2/Ex_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +// Exa 4.2 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_DD= 1.5;// in V +V_SS= V_DD;// in V +KnWL= 4;// in mA/V^2 +KnWL=KnWL*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +Vt= 0.5;// in V +I=0.4;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;//in A +R_D= 2.5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω + +// Part (a) +disp("Part (a)") +V_OV= sqrt(I/KnWL);// in V +V_GS= V_OV+Vt;// in V +disp(V_OV,"Value of V_OV in volt is : ") +disp(V_GS,"Value of V_GS in volt is : ") + +// Part (b) +disp("Part (b)") +V_CM= 0;// in volt +V_S= -V_GS;// in volt +disp(V_S,"Value of V_S in volt is :") +I=0.4;// in mA +i_D1= I/2;// in mA +disp(i_D1,"Value of i_D1 in mA is :") +i_D1=i_D1*10^-3;// in A +V_D1= V_DD-i_D1*R_D;// in V +V_D2=V_D1;// in V +disp(V_D1,"Value of V_D1 in volt is ") +disp(V_D2,"Value of V_D2 in volt is ") + + +// Part (c) +disp("Part (c)") +V_CM=1;// in V +V_GS= 0.82;// in V +V_G= 1;// in V +V_S= V_G-V_GS;// in V +disp(V_S,"Value of V_S in volt is :") +i_D1= I/2;// in mA +disp(i_D1,"Value of i_D1 in mA is :") +i_D1=i_D1*10^-3;// in A +V_D1= V_DD-i_D1*R_D;// in V +V_D2=V_D1;// in V +disp(V_D1,"Value of V_D1 in volt is ") +disp(V_D2,"Value of V_D2 in volt is ") + +// Part (d) +disp("Part (d)") +V_CM_max= Vt+V_DD-i_D1*R_D +disp(V_CM_max,"Highest value of V_CM in volt is :") + +// Part (e) +V_S= 0.4;// in V +disp("Part (e)") +V_CM_min= -V_SS+V_S+Vt+V_OV;// in V +disp(V_CM_min,"Lowest value of V_CM in volt is") +V_Smin= V_CM_min-V_GS;// in volt +disp(V_Smin,"Lowest value of V_S in volt is") + diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cc6305e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.3/Ex_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 4.3 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +format('v',5) +// Given data +I= 0.4;// in mA +unCox= 0.2;// in mA/V^2 +i_D= I/2;// in mA +V_OV1= 0.2;// in V +V_OV2= 0.3;// in V +V_OV3= 0.4;// in V +WbyL1= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV1^2); +gm1= I/V_OV1;// in mA/V +WbyL2= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV2^2); +gm2= I/V_OV2;// in mA/V +WbyL3= 2*i_D/(unCox*V_OV3^2); +gm3= I/V_OV3;// in mA/V +disp("Vov (in V) "+string(V_OV1)+" "+string(V_OV2)+" "+string(V_OV3)) +disp("W/L "+string(WbyL1)+" "+string(WbyL2)+" "+string(WbyL3)) +disp("gm(in mA/V) "+string(gm1)+" "+string(gm2)+" "+string(gm3)) diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b15a1cd7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.4/Ex_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 4.4 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +format('v',11) +V_A= 20;// in V +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +disp(V_OV,"The value of V_OV in volts is : ") +gm= I/V_OV;// in A/V; +disp(gm*10^3,"The value of gm in mA/V is : ") +r_o= V_A/i_D;// in Ω +disp(r_o*10^-3,"The value of r_o in kΩ is : ") +// Ad= v_o/v_id = gm*(R_D || r_o) +Ad= gm*(R_D*r_o/(R_D+r_o)) ;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") + + diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66a7d231f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.5/Ex_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// Exa 4.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_SS= 25;// in kΩ +R_SS= R_SS*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +gm= i_D/V_OV;// in A/V; + +// Part (a) +Ad= 1/2*gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +Acm= -R_D/(2*R_SS);// in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +CMRR= abs(Ad)/abs(Acm); +CMRRindB= round(20*log10(CMRR));// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") + + +// Part (b) +disp("Part (b) when output is taken differentially") +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +Acm= 0; +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +// CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm) = infinite ;// in dB +disp("Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") +disp("infinite"); + +// Part (c) +disp("Part (c) when output is taken differentially but the drain resistance have a 1% mismatch.") +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V +disp(Ad,"Differential gain in V/V is : ") +// delta_R_D= 1% of R_D +delta_R_D= R_D*1/100;// in Ω +Acm= R_D/(2*R_SS)*delta_R_D/R_D;// in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is ") +CMRRindB= 20*log10(abs(Ad)/abs(Acm));// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"Common mode rejection ratio in dB is : ") + +// Note: In the book, there is putting wrong value of Ad (20 at place of 10) to evaluate the value of CMRR in dB in part(c) , So the answer of CMRR in dB of Part (c) is wrong + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..deb8412b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.6/Ex_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 4.6 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data (From Exa 4.4) +R_D= 5;// in kΩ +R_D= R_D*10^3;// in Ω +R_SS= 25;// in kΩ +R_SS= R_SS*10^3;// in Ω +I= 0.8;// in mA +I=I*10^-3;// in A +i_D= I/2;// in A +unCox= 0.2;// mA/V^2 +unCox= unCox*10^-3;// in A/V^2 +WbyL= 100; +// Formula i_D= 1/2*unCox*WbyL*V_OV^2 +V_OV= sqrt(2*i_D/(unCox*WbyL));// in V +gm= i_D/V_OV;// in A/V; +// gm mismatch have a negligible effect on Ad +Ad= gm*R_D;// in V/V(approx) +// delta_gm= 1% of gm +delta_gm = gm*1/100;// in A/V +Acm= R_D/(2*R_SS)*delta_gm/gm; +CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm); +disp(CMRRindB,"CMRR in dB is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a7de15af --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.7/Ex_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 4.7 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +V_CM= 0; +V_BE= -0.7;// in volt +v_E= V_CM-V_BE;// in volt +disp(v_E,"Value of v_E in volts is : ") + +I_E= (5-0.7)/10^3;// in A +v_B1= 0.5;// in V +v_B2= 0;// in V +// Due to Q1 is off; therefore +v_C1= -5;// in V +v_C2= I_E*10^3-5;// in V +disp(v_C1,"Value of v_C1 in volts is : ") +disp(v_C2,"Value of v_C2 in volts is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51645764b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.8/Ex_4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 4.8 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +iE1_by_I= 0.99; // as it is given that iE1= 0.99 *I +VT= 0.025;// in volt +// Formula iE1= I/(1+%e^(-vid/VT)) +// %e^(-vid/VT)= 1/iE1_by_I-1 +vid= log( 1/iE1_by_I-1)*(-VT);// in volt +disp(round(vid*10^3),"Input differential signal in mVis : ") diff --git a/3515/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce b/3515/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48f180905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH4/EX4.9/Ex_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Exa 4.9 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Beta= 100; + +// Part (a) +RE= 150;// in Ω +VT= 25;// in mV +VT= VT*10^-3;// in V +IE= 0.5;// in mA +IE=IE*10^-3;// in A +re1= VT/IE;//in Ω +R_id= 2*(Beta+1)*(re1+RE);// in Ω +R_id= round(R_id*10^-3);// in kΩ +disp(R_id,"The input differential resistance in kΩ is :") + +// Part (b) +RC=10;//in kΩ +RC=RC*10^3;//in Ω +Rsig= 5+5;// in kΩ +VoltageGain1= R_id/(Rsig+R_id);//voltage gain from the signal source to the base of Q1 and Q2 in V/V +VoltageGain2= 2*RC/(2*(re1+RE));// voltage gain from the bases to the output in V/V +Ad= VoltageGain1*VoltageGain2;//in V/V +disp(Ad,"The overall differential voltage gain in V/V is "); + +// Part (c) +format('e',9) +delta_RC= 0.02*RC; +R_EE= 200;//in kΩ +R_EE=R_EE*10^3;//in Ω +Acm= RC/(2*R_EE)*delta_RC/RC;//in V/V +disp(Acm,"Common mode gain in V/V is :") + +// Part (d) +format('v',4); +CMRRindB= 20*log10(Ad/Acm);// in dB +disp(CMRRindB,"CMRR in dB is : ") + +// Part (e) +V_A= 100;// in V +r_o= V_A/(IE);// in Ω +// Ricm= (Beta+1)*(R_EE || r_o/2) +Ricm= (Beta+1)*(R_EE*(r_o/2)/(R_EE+(r_o/2))); +disp(Ricm*10^-6,"Input common mode resistance in MΩ is : ") + + diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bb18b1fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.1/Ex_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 5.1 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 800;// unit less +Af= 50;// unit less +// Formula Af= A/(1+Bita*A) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +disp(Bita*100,"Percentage of output which is feedback to the input in % is ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2710724a --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.10/Ex_5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Exa 5.10 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=50; +R_E= 100;// in ohm +R_S= 1;// in kohm +R_S=R_S*10^3;// in ohm +r_pi= 1100;// in ohm +h_ie= r_pi; +// Formula Av= Vo/Vs, But Vo= gm*vpi*R_E and Vs= Ib*(Ri+rpi), so +Av= gm*R_E/(R_S+h_ie) +// As Vo=Vf, so +Bita=1; +D= 1+Bita*Av; +Avf= Av/D; +Ri= R_S+r_pi;// in ohm +Ri= Ri*10^-3;// in kohm +R_if= Ri*D;// in kohm +// Ro= infinite, so +// Rof= infinite +disp(Av,"Value of Av is : ") +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita is : ") +disp(D,"The value of D is : ") +disp(Avf,"Value of Avf is : ") +disp(Ri,"Value of Ri in kohm") +disp(R_if,"Value of R_if in kohm is : ") +disp("Value of Ro and Rof is : ") +disp("infinite") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ff58199d --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.11/Ex_5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 5.11 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=2;// in mA/V +gm=gm*10^-3;// in A/V +r_d= 40;// in kohm +r_d= r_d*10^3;// in ohm +Rs= 3;// in kohm +Rs= Rs*10^3;// in ohm +miu= gm*r_d; +Bita=1; +Av= miu*Rs/(r_d+Rs); +D= 1+Bita*Av; +Avf= Av/D; +// Ri=infinite, so R_if = Ri*D = infinite +Rof= r_d/D;// in ohm +disp(Av,"Value of Av is : ") +disp(D,"Value of D is ") +disp(Avf,"Value of Avf is : ") +disp("Value of R_if is ") +disp("infinite") +disp(Rof,"Value of Rof in ohm is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87af61c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.12/Ex_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 5.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +gm=75;// in A/V +Rs= 1;// in kohm +Rs= Rs*10^3;// in ohm +R_E= 1;// in kohm +R_E= R_E*10^3;// in ohm +rpi= 1;// in kohm +rpi= rpi*10^3;// in ohm +hie=rpi; + +Io= -gm; +Vi= Rs+R_E+rpi; +Gm= Io/Vi; +disp(Gm,"Value of Gm is : ") +Bita=-R_E; +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita is : ") +D= 1+Bita*Gm; +disp(D,"Value of D is : ") +Gmf= Gm/D; +disp(Gmf,"Value of Gmf is : ") +Ri= Rs+R_E+hie;// in ohm +Rif= Ri*D;// in ohm +Rif=Rif*10^-3;// in kohm +disp(Rif,"Value of Rif in kohm is : ") +// Ro=infinite, so R_of = Ro*D = infinite +disp("Value of R_of is ") +disp("infinite") + diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51bf4c083 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.19/Ex_5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.19 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 10^5; +Af= 100; +// Formula Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; + +//when A= 10^3 +A=10^3; +Af_desh= A/(1+A*Bita); + +delta_Af= Af_desh-Af; +Perc_Change_inAf= delta_Af/Af*100;// in % +disp(Perc_Change_inAf,"Percentage change in Af is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..241d99ff9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.2/Ex_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.2 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Af= 100;// unit less +Vi= 50;// in mV +Vi= Vi*10^-3;// in V +Vs= 0.5;// in V +// Formula Af= Vo/Vs +Vo= Af*Vs;// in V +A= Vo/Vi; +disp(A,"Value of A is : ") +// Formula Af= A/(1+B*A) +B= 1/Af-1/A; +B=B*100;// in % +disp(B,"Value of B is in percent : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cd2c2b73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.20/Ex_5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 5.20 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A= 100; +Vs=1;// in volt +Bita=1;// as in the voltage follower, the output voltage is same as input +Af= A/(1+Bita*A); +CLG= 1+A*Bita;// closed loop gain +disp(CLG,"Closed loop gain is : ") +CLG_dB= 20*log10(CLG); +disp(CLG_dB,"Closed loop gain in dB is : ") +Vo= Af*Vs;// in V +disp(Vo,"Value of Vo in volt is : ") +Vi= Vs-Vo;// in V +disp(round(Vi*10^3),"Value of Vi in mV is : ") +// If A decrease 10%,i.e. +A=90; +Af_desh= A/(1+Bita*A); +Per_gain_reduction= (Af_desh-Af)/Af*100;// in % +disp(Per_gain_reduction,"Percentage of gain reduction in %") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f1684c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.21/Ex_5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 5.21 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +// Part (a) +PerError= 1;// in % +A= 10^5;// (Assumed value) +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp("% error A Aß 1+Aß") +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) +// Part (b) +PerError= 5;// in % +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) +// Part (c) +PerError= 50;// in % +ABita= 1/PerError*100; +Bita= 1/(PerError*A); +disp(string(PerError)+" "+string(A)+" "+string(ABita)+" "+string(1+ABita)) diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b84ae57a --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.22/Ex_5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.22 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +S= -20;// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain in dB +// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain = 1/(1+AB) = S +// or (1+AB) = -S +AB= 10^(-S/20) - 1; +disp(AB,"The loop gain AB for which the sensitivity of closed loop gain to open loop gain is -20 dB, is : ") + +// Part (b) when +S= 1/2;// sensitivity of closed to open loop gain in dB +//S= 1/(1+AB) +AB= 1/S-1; +disp(AB,"The loop gain AB for which the sensitivity of closed loop gain to open loop gain is 1/2 ,is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a9847309 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.23/Ex_5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 5.23 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=10^5; +Af= 10^3; +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +GDF= 1+A*Bita;// gain densitivity factor +disp(GDF,"Gain densitivity factor is : ") +// Part (a) when A drops 10 % +A_desh= A-A*10/100; +Af_desh= A_desh/(1+A_desh*Bita); +CorresPer= (Af-Af_desh)/Af*100;// corresponding percentage in % +disp(CorresPer,"When A drops by 10 % then corresponding percentage is ") +// Part (b) when A drops 30 % +A_desh= A-A*30/100; +Af_desh= A_desh/(1+A_desh*Bita); +CorresPer= (Af-Af_desh)/Af*100;// corresponding percentage in % +disp(CorresPer,"When A drops by 30 % then corresponding percentage is ") + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6702bb9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.24/Ex_5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.24 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=100; +Af= 10; +f_L= 100;// in Hz +f_H= 10;// in kHz +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita) +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +f_desh_L= f_L/(1+A*Bita);// in Hz +f_desh_H= f_H/(1+A*Bita);// in kHz +disp(f_desh_L,"Low frequency in Hz is : ") +disp(f_desh_H,"High frequency in kHz is : ") + +// Note: In the book Calculation to find the value of high frequency i.e. f_desh_H is wrong so the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591f1d47c --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.25/Ex_5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.25 +format('v',7);clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vs= 100;// in mV +Vf= 95;// in mV +Vs= Vs*10^-3;// in V +Vf= Vf*10^-3;// in V +Vo=10;// in V +Vi= Vs-Vf;// in V +Av= Vo/Vi;// in V/V +disp(Av,"Value of A in V/V is : ") +Bita= Vf/Vo;// in V/V +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita in V/V is : ") + +// Note: In the book Calculation to find the value of Bita is wrong so the asnwer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..156ee1183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.26/Ex_5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.26 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Is= 100;// in µA +Is= Is*10^-6;// in A +If= 95;// in µA +If= If*10^-6;// in A +Io= 10;// in mA +Io= Io*10^-3;// in A +A= Io/(Is-If);// n A/A +Bita= If/Io;// A/A +disp(A,"Value of A in A/A is : ") +disp(Bita,"Value of Bita in A/A is : ") + +// Note: In the book , to evaluating the value of Bita, they putted wrong value of If (95 at place of 90) diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecfd716b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.28/Ex_5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.28 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +A=2000;//V/V +Bita= 0.1;// inV/V +Ri= 1;// in kohm +Ri= Ri*10^3;// in ohm +Ro= 1;// in kohm +Ro= Ro*10^3;// in ohm +Af= A/(1+A*Bita); +disp(Af,"The gain Af in volt is : ") +Rif= Ri*(1+A*Bita);// in ohm +disp(Rif*10^-3,"The input resistance in kohm is : ") +Rof= Ro/(1+A*Bita);// in ohm +disp(Rof*10^-3,"The output resistance in kohm is : ") + + +// Note: In the book, to finding the value of Af, Rif and Rof there is missprinting to putting the value of Bita but value of Af and Rif is correct because to calculating Af and Rif , the value of Bita is taken .1 (not .01) +// but to evaluating the value of Rof calculation is also wrong so the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f02b7d373 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.29/Ex_5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.29 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data + +// Part (b) +Af= 10; +A= 10^4; +// Af= A/(1+A*Bita); +Bita= 1/Af-1/A; +// Bita= R1/(R1+R2) +R2_by_R1= 1/Bita-1; +disp(R2_by_R1,"Value of R2/R1 is : ") + +// Part (c) +Vs= 1;// in V +Vo= (1+R2_by_R1)*Vs; +disp(Vo,"Value of Vo in volt is : ") +Vf= Vo/(1+R2_by_R1) +disp(Vf,"Value of Vf in volt is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f08740257 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.3/Ex_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 5.3 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Bita= 5/100; +f_H= 50;// in kHz +f_H= f_H*10^3;// in Hz +f_L= 50;// in kHz +Amid= 1000; +f_LF= f_L/(1+Bita*Amid);// in Hz +f_HF= f_H*(1+Bita*Amid);// in Hz +disp(f_LF,"Value of f_LF in Hz is : ") +disp(f_HF*10^-6,"Value of f_LF in MHz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7733b24cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.4/Ex_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 5.4 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +dAf_by_Af= 0.2/100; +dA_by_A= 150/2000; +A=2000; +// Formula dAf_by_Af = 1/(1+Bita*A) * dA_by_A +Bita= dA_by_A/(A*dAf_by_Af )-1/A; +Af= A/(1+Bita*A); +disp(Bita*100,"Value of Bita in percent is ") +disp(Af,"Value of Af is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4cf0d3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.5/Ex_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Exa 5.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 140; +Avf= 17.5; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +disp(Bita,"Fraction of the output is ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85c409173 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.6/Ex_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 5.6 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 100; +Avf= 50; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +disp(Bita,"The vlaue of bita is ") + +// Part(ii) +Avf= 75; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Av= Avf/(1-Bita*Avf) +disp(Av,"Value of amplifier gain is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aa131784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.7/Ex_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 5.7 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Av= 50; +Avf= 25; +// Formula Avf= Av/(1+Av*Bita) +Bita= 1/Avf-1/Av; +// Part(i) +Av=50; +Avf= 40; +Perc_reduction= (Av-Avf)/Av*100;// Percentage of reduction in stage gain in % +disp(Perc_reduction,"Without feedback, percentage of reduction in stage gain in % is : ") + +// Part(ii) +Av= 40; +Avf= 25; +gain_with_neg_feed= Av/(1+Bita*Av); +Perc_reduction= (Avf-gain_with_neg_feed)/Avf*100;// in % +disp(Perc_reduction,"With feedback, percentage reduction in stage gain in % is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce b/3515/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb42fb13b --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH5/EX5.8/Ex_5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 5.8 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Ao= 10^4; +Afo= 50; +omega_H= 2*%pi*100;// in rad/s +// Formula Afo= Ao/(1+Ao*Bita) +Bita= 1/Afo-1/Ao; +omega_f_H= omega_H*(1+Ao*Bita); +disp("Closed loop bandwidth in rad/s is : ") +disp(string(omega_f_H)+" or 2*%pi*20*10^3"); +disp("So the bandwidth increase form 100 Hz to 20 kHz on the gain decreases form 104 to 50") + diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d7ae872e --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.1/Ex_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Exa 6.1 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +Vf= 0.0125;// in volt +Vo= 0.5;// in volt +Bita= Vf/Vo; +// For oscillator A*Bita= 1 +A= 1/Bita; +disp("Amplifier Should have a minimum gain of "+string(A)+" to provide oscillation") diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3fbb4381 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.10/Ex_6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Exa 6.10 +format('v',8); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 220;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +C1= 250;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1); +disp(f,"Frequency of oscilltions in Hz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34c88775a --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.11/Ex_6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 6.11 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R= 10;// in kohm +R=R*10^3;// in ohm +f=1000; +fie= 60;// in ° +// The impedence of given circuit , Z= R+j*1/(omega*C) +// the phase shift, tan(fie)= imaginary part/ Real part +// tand(fie) = 1/(omega*R*C) +C= 1/(2*%pi*R*tand(fie)); +disp(C*10^12,"The value of C in pF is : ") + +// Note : There is an calculation error to evaluate the value of C, So the answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f24a80c2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.12/Ex_6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 6.12 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 50;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= 300;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2= 100;// in pF +C2= C2*10^-12;// in F +C_eq= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C_eq));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-6,"Frequency of oscillations in MHz is : ") +Bita= C2/C1; +// (iii) +// A*Bita >=1, so A*Bita= 1 (for sustained oscillations) +Amin= 1/Bita; +disp(Amin,"Minimum gain to substain oscillations is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce27709d --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.14/Ex_6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 6.14 +format('v',4); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L1= 2;// in mH +L1= L1*10^-3;// in H +L2= 1.5;// in mH +L2= L2*10^-3;// in H +// Formula f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt((L1+L2)*C) +// For f= 1000 kHz, C will be maximum +f=1000;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +Cmax= 1/((2*%pi*f)^2*(L1+L2));// in F +// For f= 2000 kHz, C will be maximum +f=2000;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +Cmin= 1/((2*%pi*f)^2*(L1+L2));// in F +disp(Cmin*10^12,"Minimum Capacitance in pF is : ") +disp(Cmax*10^12,"Maximum Capacitance in pF is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d80e17f --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.2/Ex_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 6.2 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 50;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +R3=R2;// in ohm +C1= 60;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +C3=C2;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1*sqrt(6)); +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscilltions in kHz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38e5ab2bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.3/Ex_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 6.3 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +f=2;// in kHz +f=f*10^3;// in Hz +// Let +R= 10;// in kohm (As R should be greater than 1 kohm) +R=R*10^3;// in ohm +// Formula f= 1/(2*%pi*R*C) +C= 1/(2*%pi*f*R);// in F +C= C*10^9;// in nF +// For Bita to be 1/3, Choose +R4= R;// in ohm +R3= 2*R4;// in ohm +disp(C,"Value of C in nF is : ") +disp(R3*10^-3,"Value of R3 in kohm is : ") +disp(R4*10^-3,"Value of R4 in kohm is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1506d3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.4/Ex_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 6.4 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +R1= 200;// in kohm +R1=R1*10^3;// in ohm +R2=R1;// in ohm +C1= 200;// in pF +C1= C1*10^-12;// in F +C2=C1;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1);// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscilltions in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of f in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53e04af83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.5/Ex_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 6.5 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 100;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= .001;// in µF +C1= C1*10^-6;// in F +C2= .01;// in µF +C2= C2*10^-6;// in F +C= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +// (i) +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(round(f*10^-3),"Operating frequency in kHz is : ") +// (ii) +Bita= C1/C2; +disp(Bita,"Feedback fraction is : ") +// (iii) +// A*Bita >=1, so Amin*Bita= 1 +Amin= 1/Bita; +disp(Amin,"Minimum gain to substain oscillations is : ") + diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48f35971a --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.6/Ex_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 6.6 +format('v',6); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 15;// in µH +L= L*10^-6;// in H +C1= .004;// in µF +C1= C1*10^-6;// in F +C2= .04;// in µF +C2= C2*10^-6;// in F +C= C1*C2/(C1+C2);// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscillations in kHz is : ") diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f279d67e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.7/Ex_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 6.7 +format('v',7); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 0.01;// in H +C= 10;// in pF +C= C*10^-12;// in F +f= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f*10^-3,"Frequency of oscillations in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of f in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3515/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce b/3515/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd685f6e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3515/CH6/EX6.8/Ex_6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 6.8 +format('v',5); +clc; +clear; +close; +// Given data +L= 0.8;// in H + +C= .08;// in pF +C= C*10^-12;// in F +C_M= 1.9;// in pF +C_M= C_M*10^-12;// in F +C_T= C*C_M/(C+C_M);// in F +R=5;// in kohm +f_s= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));// in Hz +disp(f_s*10^-3,"Series resonant frequency in kHz is : ") +// (ii) +f_p= 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C_T));// in Hz +disp(f_p*10^-3,"parallel resonant frequency in kHz is : ") + +// Note: Calculation to find the value of parallel resonant frequency in the book is wrong, so answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced0d28ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 1// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +r1=2;//inner coaxial cable radius +r2=5;//sheath radius over the insulation +Em1=40;//max stress in the insulation in kV/cm +Em2=25;//max stress in the insulation in kV/cm +epsilon1=6; +epsilon2=4; +x=Em1/Em2; +r=x*((epsilon1*r1)/(epsilon2));//radial thickness of the dielectric +printf("radial thickness of the dielectric %f cm",r) +inner=r-r1;//inner thickness of dielectric +outer=r2-r;//outer thickness of dielectric +printf("inner thickness of dielectric %f cm",inner) +printf("outer thickness of dielectric %f cm",outer) +V1=Em1*r1*log(r/r1);//voltage drop across dielectric in kV +V2=Em2*r*log(r2/r);//voltage drop across outer dielectric +printf("voltage drop across dielectric %f kV",V1) +printf("voltage drop across outer dielectric %f kV",V2) +pv = V1+V2;//peak voltage of cable +printf("peak voltage of cable %f kV",pv) +pvrms=pv/sqrt(2); +printf("peak voltage in rms %f kV",pvrms) + + + + + + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61f8a1d62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 10// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +a=1;//inner thickness of cable in cm +epsilonr1=4.5; +epsilonr2=3.6; +r1=2;//in cm +b=2.65;//in cm +V=53.8;//in kV +Emax1=V/(a*[log(r1)+(epsilonr1/epsilonr2)*log(1.325)]); +printf("max stress in rubber %f kV/cm",Emax1) +Emax2=V/(r1*[((epsilonr2/epsilonr1)*log(r1))+ log(1.325)]); +printf("max stress in paper %f kV/cm",Emax2) + + + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3b5bb887 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +V=100;//in kV +Em=55;//max permissible gradient in kV/cm +//voltage gradient at the conductor surface is inversely proportional to the core radius +r=V*sqrt(2)/Em;//conductor radius in cm +printf("conductor radius %f cm",r) + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3d58c135 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +l=10*10^3;//core cable length in m +Res=0.5;//insulation resistance in Mohms +R=1.5;//core diameter in cm +R1=3;//sheath diameter in cm +resistivity=Res*2*%pi*l/log(R1/R); +printf("resistivity of the material %e Mohms.m",resistivity ) + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3774afe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +l=10;//length of cable in km +C4=0.5*10^-6 * l;//in F +printf("Capacitance %f F",C4) +f=50;//in Hz +V=10^4;//in V +Ic=2*V*2*%pi*f*C4/sqrt(3);//line charging current in A +chargKVA=sqrt(3)*V*Ic*10^-3; +printf("charging KVA %f KVAr",chargKVA) + + + + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..766f5b592 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +C2 = 0.75/3;//capacitance between 3 core bunched together and lead sheath in uF/km +C3=0.56//in uf/km +V=33*10^3; +f=50;//in Hz +C4=0.5*(C2+C3)*10;//capacitance per km b/w any two cores +printf("capacitance per km b/w any two cores %f uF",C4) +ChargKVAr=V^2*2*%pi*f*C4/10^9; +printf("Charging KVAr %f KVAr",ChargKVAr) +//given ans in book is wrong the capacitance of 10km b/w 2 cores is 4.05uF + + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe8c34f60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 6// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +l=85;//in km +r=1;//core cables of conductore radius r in cm +f=50;//in Hz +Rex=3.0;//external radii in cm +Rin=2.5;//internal radii in cm +Rac=0.0875;//conductor AC resistance in ohms/km +rest=23.2*10^-6;//resistivity of lead in ohms cm +tc=0.004;//temperature coefficient +Rc=Rac*(1+tc*f)*l;//conductor resistance in ohms +Rsh=rest*l*10^5/(%pi*(Rex^2-Rin^2)); +printf("conductor resistance %f ohms",Rc) +printf("resistance of sheath %f ohms",Rsh) +rsh=0.5*(Rin+Rex);//mean radius of sheath +D=8;//cable to cable spacing in cm +Xm=2*%pi*f*2*log(D/rsh)*10^-7*l*10^3;//conductor to sheath mutual inductive reactance for 85km length +printf("inductive reactance %f ohms",Xm) +Ref=Rc+(Xm^2*Rsh)/(Rsh^2+Xm^2);//effective AC resistance of conductor +printf("effective resistance %f ohms",Ref) +Xc=11.1;//resistance with sheaths open ckt in ohms +Xef=Xc-(Xm^2)/(Rsh^2+Xm^2);//effective reactance per cable +printf("effective reactance per cable %f ohms",Xef) +s=Rsh*(Xm^2)/(Rc*(Rsh^2 + Xm^2));//sheath loss to conductor loss +printf("sheath loss to conductor loss %f",s) +I=400;//current in A +emf=I*Xm;//emf induced without bonding per sheath in V +printf("emf induced %f V",emf) + + + + + + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4adf50df --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +D=15;//conductor spacing in cm +rsh=2.75;//sheath radius in cm +I=250;//current in A +f=50;//in Hz +Xm=2*%pi*f*2*log(D/rsh)*10^-7*10^3;//conductor to sheath mutual inductive reactance +E=I*Xm;//indused sheath field in V/km +printf("indused sheath field %f V/km",E) +E1=sqrt(3)*E;//voltage b/w sheaths when bonded at one end +printf("voltage b/w sheaths when bonded at one end %f V/km",E1) + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0b40cb69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 8// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +a=2; +b=5.3; +alpha=(b/a)^0.33; +r1=1.385;//radii of intersheaths in cm +r2=1.92;//radii of intersheaths in cm +r=1;//conductor radius in cm +ri=2.65;//sheath of inside radius in cm +V=66;//voltage in kv +Vpeak=66*sqrt(2)/sqrt(3);//peak voltage +V2=Vpeak/(1+1/alpha+(1/alpha)^2);//in kV +V1=(1+1/r1)*V2;//in kV +printf("%f kV",V2) +printf("%f kV",V1) +Emax0=Vpeak/(r*log(ri/r)); +printf("max stress without sheaths %f kV/cm",Emax0) +Emin0=Vpeak/(ri*log(ri/r)); +printf("min stress without sheaths %f kV/cm",Emin0) +Emax=3*Emax0/(1+alpha+alpha^2); +printf("max stress %f kV/cm",Emax) +Emin=Emax/alpha; +printf("min stress %f kV/cm",Emin) + diff --git a/3523/CH12/EX12.17.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dc85908f --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH12/EX12.17.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 9// Ch 12 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +V = -18.2;//in kV +V1 = 45.2;//in kV +V2 = 23;//in kV + +E1max = 2.28*(V-V1);//max stress in layers +E2max = 2.12*(V1-V2);//max stress in layers +E3max = 2.06*V2;//max stress in layers + +// as E1max=E2max=E3max=Emax +Emax = 2.06*V2; +printf("max stress is %f kV",Emax) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f60e630df --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +iload=5*1e-3;//Load current in A + +//Capacitances of Cockcroft-Waltobn type voltage doubler in F +C1=0.01*1e-6; +C2=0.05*1e-6; + +f=50;//frequency in Hz +Vs=100*1e3//Supply voltage in V + +//Ripple voltage in volt +dv=iload/(C2*f) +printf('Ripple voltage in V %f',dv) + +//Voltage drop in Volt +Vdrop=iload/f*(1/C1+1/(2*C2)) +printf('Voltage drop in V %f',Vdrop) + +//Average output voltage +V_av=2*sqrt(2)*Vs-Vdrop//in V +printf('Avarage voltage in V %f',V_av) + +//Ripple factor +RF=Vdrop/(2*sqrt(2)*Vs)*100//in percentage +printf('Ripple voltage in percentage %f',RF) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d675c739 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +n=12;//no ofstage +C1=0.125*1e-6;//Each stage capacitor in F +C2=1000e-12;//Load capacitance in F +R1=70;//Front resistance in ohm +R2=400;//Tail resistance in ohm + +R1T=R1*n; +R2T=R2*n; +C1T=C1/n; + +theta=sqrt(C1T*C2*R1T*R2T); + +eta=1/(1+(1+R1T/R2T)*C2/C1T); + +alpha=R2T*C1T/(2*eta*theta); + +//Wavetail time in us +T2=7*theta*1e6; +printf('Wave tail time in us %f',T2) + +//Wave front time in us +T1=T2/25; +printf('Wave front time in us %f',T1) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.11/Ex16_11.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.11/Ex16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4617fb4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.11/Ex16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +C = 8*10^-6;//in Farad +L = 8*10^-6;//in Henry +V = 25*10^3;//in V +T1 = 8;//in us time for the first peak +ohmega = 0.02*10^-6;//in sec^-1 +R = sqrt((4*L/C)-(4*L^2*ohmega^2)); +printf("resistance is %f ohms \n",R) +gama = R/(2*L);//in sec^-1 +printf("parameter gama is %f sec^-1 \n",gama) + +//Now eq for generated impulse pulse is I(t)= 156.25*10^3exp(-12.3*10^4t)sin(0.02*10^6t)A + + + + diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8970b928b --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +clear all +clc +close + +iload=5*1e-3;//Load current in A + +//Capacitances of Cockcroft-Waltobn type voltage tripler in F +C1=0.01*1e-6; +C2=0.05*1e-6; +C3=0.10*1e-6; + +f=50;//frequency in Hz +Vs=100*1e3//Supply voltage in V + +//Ripple voltage in V +dv=iload/f*(2/C1+1/C3) +printf('Ripple voltage in V %f',dv) + +//Voltage drop in V +Vdrop=iload/f*(1/C2+1/C1+1/(2*C3)) +printf('Voltage drop in V %f',Vdrop) + +//Average output voltage in V +V_av=3*sqrt(2)*Vs-Vdrop +printf('Avarage voltage in V %f',V_av) + +//Ripple factor in percentage +RF=Vdrop/(3*Vs*sqrt(2))*100 +printf('Ripple voltage in percentage %f',RF) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..890ebaa64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +Vs=200*1e3//Supply voltage +f=50//Frequency in Hz +n=12//Number of stages + +C=0.15*1e-6//Each stage capacitance in F +iload=5*1e-3//Load current in A + +//Ripple voltage in V +dv=iload/(f*C*2)*n*(n+1) +printf('Ripple voltage in V %f',dv) + +//Voltage drop in V +Vdrop=iload/(f*C)*(2*n^3/3+n^2/2-n/6+n*(n+1)/4) +printf('Voltage drop in V %f',Vdrop) + +//Average output voltage in V +V_av=2*n*sqrt(2)*Vs-Vdrop +printf('Avarage voltage in V %f',V_av) + +//Ripple factor in percentage +RF=Vdrop/(2*n*Vs*sqrt(2))*100 +printf('Ripple voltage in percentage %f',RF) + +//Otimum number of stages +nopt=sqrt(sqrt(2)*f*C*Vs/iload) +printf('Optimum number of stgaes for minimum voltage drop %f',int(nopt)) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f8d862a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +f=50;//Power frequency +xl=8/100;//leakage reactance +r=3.5/100;//resistance +Vc=500;//Charging voltage in kV +Ic=4;//Charging current in A +capc=100;//kVA rating of transformer +vhigh=250;//Voltage rating of secondary of transformer in kV +vlow=220;//Voltage rating of primary of transformer in V + +//Reactance of cable in kiloohm +Xc=Vc/Ic + +//Leakage recatance of transformer in kiloohm +XL=xl*(vhigh^2/capc) + +//Additional series inductance +xh=Xc-XL; + +//Inductance of the required series inductor in Henry +L=xh/(2*%pi*f)*1e3; +printf('Inductance of the required series inductor in %f Henry \n',L) + +//Total circuit resistance in kiloohm +R=r*(vhigh^2/capc) + +//The maxium current can be supplied by transformer in A +I=capc/vhigh; + +Vsec = I*R; +printf("exciting voltage on the transformer secondary %f kV \n",Vsec) + +//Exciting voltage of secondary of transformer in kV +Vexsec=I*R; + +//Input voltage to primary of transformer in V +Vin=Vexsec*1e3*vlow/(vhigh*1e3); +printf('Input voltage to primary of transformer in %f V \n',Vin) + +//Input power to transformer in kW +Pin=Vin*capc/vlow +printf('Input power to primary of transformer in %f kW \n',Pin) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce5d76375 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +u=10//speed of belt in m/s +w=0.1//width of the belt in m +rhos=0.5*1e-6//surface charge density on the belt in C/m^2 +Rleak=1e14//Resistanc ein ohm + +//Charging current in A +I=rhos*u*w +printf('Charging current in uA %f',I*1e6) + +//Potentail difference between the dome and the base in V +V=I*Rleak +printf('Potentail difference between the dome and the base in MV is %f',V/1e6) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bfdbc538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +C1=0.125*10^-6;//in Farad +C2=1*10^-9;//in Farad +R1=360;//in ohms +R2=544;//in ohms +theta = sqrt(C1*C2*R1*R2);//in usec +n = 1/[1+(1+(R1/R2))*(C2/C1)]; +alpha = (R2*C1)/(2*theta*n); +printf("theta parameter of wave eq %f us \n",theta*10^6) +printf("n the parameter of circuit eq %f \n",n) +printf("alpha parameter of circuit eq %f \n",alpha) +T2 = 10.1*theta;//duration of lightning impulse pulse in us +T1 = T2/45;//duration of lightning impulse pulse in us +printf("duration of lightning impulse pulse %f us \n",T2*10^6) +printf("duration of lightning impulse pulse %f us \n",T1*10^6) +//answer in the book for T1 is wrong + +T = T1/T2; +printf("generated lighting impulse is %f us \n",T) +alpha1 = [alpha-sqrt((alpha^2)-1)]/theta;//in us^-1 +alpha2 = [alpha+sqrt((alpha^2)-1)]/theta;//in us^-1 +printf("aplha1 parameter of wave eq is %f us^-1 \n",alpha1*10^-6) +printf("aplha1 parameter of wave eq is %f us^1 \n",alpha2*10^-6) + +//answer in the book is slightly different +// Now eq of waveform of generated pulse is e(t)=99.75(e^-0.015t - e^-2.77t) + diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69044cc5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +C1=0.125*10^-6;//in Farad +C2=1*10^-9;//in Farad +R1=360;//in ohms +R2=544;//in ohms +theta = sqrt(C1*C2*R1*R2);//in usec +n = 1/[1+(R1/R2)+(C2/C1)]; +alpha = (R2*C1)/(2*theta*n); +printf("theta parameter of wave eq %f us \n",theta*10^6) +printf("n the parameter of circuit eq %f \n",n) +printf("alpha parameter of circuit eq %f \n",alpha) +T2 = 16.25*theta;//duration of lightning impulse pulse in us +T1 = T2/120;//duration of lightning impulse pulse in us +printf("duration of lightning impulse pulse %f us \n",T2*10^6) +printf("duration of lightning impulse pulse %f us \n",T1*10^6) +//answer in the book for T1 is wrong + +T = T1/T2; +printf("generated lighting impulse is %f us \n",T) +alpha1 = [alpha-sqrt((alpha^2)-1)]/theta;//in us^-1 +alpha2 = [alpha+sqrt((alpha^2)-1)]/theta;//in us^-1 +printf("aplha1 parameter of wave eq is %f us^-1 \n",alpha1*10^-6) +printf("aplha1 parameter of wave eq is %f us^1 \n",alpha2*10^-6) + +// Now eq of waveform of generated pulse is e(t)=60.2(e^-0.0088t - e^-4.62t) + diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9b5b921d --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +//Elements of circuits +C1=0.125*1e-6;//in F +C2=1e-9;//in F + +T1=250*1e-6; +T2=2500*1e-6; +alpha=4; +theta=T2/6; + +X=(1+C2/C1)*1/alpha^2; +R1=alpha*theta/C2*(1-sqrt(1-X));//in ohm + +R2=alpha*theta/(C1+C2)*(1+sqrt(1-X));//in ohm + +//Circuit efficiency +eta=1/(1+(1+R1/R2)*C2/C1) +printf('Circuit efficiency %f',eta) diff --git a/3523/CH16/EX16.7.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d656858b --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH16/EX16.7.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +n=8;//no ofstage +C1=0.16*1e-6;//Each stage capacitor in F +C2=1e-9;//Load capacitance in F +T2=50*1e-6; +T1=1.2*1e-6; +Vch=120;//Charging voltage in kV + +//Total capacitance in F +CT=C1/n; + +alpha=6.4; +theta=T2/9.5; + +X=(1+C2/C1)/alpha^2; +R1=alpha*theta/C2*(1-sqrt(1-X));//in ohm + +R2=alpha*theta/(CT+C2)*(1+sqrt(1-X));//in ohm +//Perstage shaping resistance in ohm +printf('Perstage shaping resistance in %f ohm',R1/n) + +Vdc=n*Vch; +eta=1/(1+(1+R1/R2)*C2/CT) + +//Maximum output voltage +Vmax=eta*Vdc; +printf('Maxium output voltage in %f kV',Vmax) + +//Energy rating in J +E=0.5*CT*(Vdc*1e3)^2; +printf('Energy rating in %f J',E) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d0424ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +qm=10*1e-6;//q/m ratio in C/kg +E=8*1e5;//Electric field in V/m +g=9.8;//Universal gravitational constant + +y=-1;//in meters +t=sqrt(-2*y/g); + +//Calculation of separation distance between particles +x=(qm*E*t^2)/2; +printf('Distance of separation between particles in %f m',2*x) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc9d1af21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +a=25*10^-6;//jet radius in m +b=750*10^-6;//concentric cylinder of radius +q=50*10^-12;//charge +l = 120*10^-6;//length of jet inside the cylinder +Epsilon_o = 8.84*10^-12; +C=(2*%pi*Epsilon_o*l)/log(b/a); +printf("capacitance is %e F",C) +r=50*10^-6;//drop radius +Vp = (3*a^2*log(b/a)*q)/(8*%pi*Epsilon_o*r^3); +printf("min voltage required for generating drops %f kV",Vp/1e3) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50a38bfc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +rho=30*1e-3;//Charge density in C/m^3 +Vo=30*1e3;//Voltage in V + +//Calculation of pumping pressure +P=Vo*rho; +printf('Pumping pressure is %f N/m^2',P) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..277da7f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +dia=0.03*1e-3;//Diameter of drop in m +rho=2000;//Desnity of ink in kg/m +vz=25;//velocity in z direction in m/sec +L1=15*1e-3;//Length of deflection plate in m +L2=12*1e-3;//distance from the exit end of the deflection plate to the print surface in m +q=100*1e-15;//Charge of drop in C +d=2*1e-3;//Spacing in m +Vo=3500;//Charging voltage in V + +//Mass of drop in kg +m=(4/3)*%pi*rho*(dia/2)^3; + +to=L1/vz; +vxo=q*Vo*to/(m*d); +xo=0.5*vxo*to; + +t1=(L1+L2)/vz; +printf("time required for the drop to reach the print surface is %f s \n",t1) + +//Calculation of vertical displacement of the drop on the print surface in mm +x1=xo+vxo*(t1-to); +printf('Vertical displacement of the drop on the print surface is %f m \n',x1) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e525cf81a --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +epsr=2.8;//Dielectric constant of plastic +epso=8.84*1e-12;//Permittivity of air in F/m +rho_s=25*1e-6;//Surface charge in C/m^3 +a=25*1e-6;//Thickness of palstic in m +b=75*1e-6;//distance in m + +//Calculation of electric stress in the foil/plastic laminate in MV/m +Ea=b*rho_s/(a*epso+b*epso*epsr) +printf('Electric stress Ea in the foil/plastic laminate in %f MV/m \n',Ea/1e6) + +Eb=a*rho_s/(a*epso+b*epso*epsr); +printf("field inside the electret %f V/m \n",Eb) +//Calculation of charge desnity in uC/m^2 +rho_sc=epso*Eb; +printf('Calculation of charge desnity in %f uC/m^2 \n',rho_sc*1e6) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07f9f6e3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +epso=8.84*1e-12;//Permittivity of air in F/m +mui=1.5*1e-4;//Mobility in m^2/sec.V +V=100;//Applied voltage in V +d=0.01;//Distance between two parallel plates in m +mus=0.001*mui;//Miobility of charged smoke particles + +//Calculation of current density in nA/m^2 +J=4*epso*mus*V^2/d^3; +printf('Calculation of current density in %f nA/m^2',J*1e9) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8ba67064 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +epso=8.84*1e-12;//Permittivity of air in F/m +rho=15*1e-3;//Charge density in C/m^3 +Ebd=3*1e6;//Breakdown voltage in V/m + +//Thickness of dust layer in mm +dbd=Ebd*epso/rho +printf('Thickness of dust layer is %f mm',dbd*1e3) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d5cdd1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +mi=133*1.67*1e-27;//Mass of cesium in kg +qi=1.6*1e-19;//Charge in C +Va=3500;//Accelerating voltage in V +I=0.2;//Ion current in A + +//Calculation of velocity of ejected ions in km/s +vi=sqrt(2*qi*Va/mi); +printf('Velocity of ejected ions is %f m/s',vi) + +//Calculation of propulsion force in mN +F=vi*mi*I/qi +printf('propulsion force is %f N',F) diff --git a/3523/CH19/EX19.18.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a2a32a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH19/EX19.18.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +V = 120*10^3;//voltage b/w collecting parallel plates in V +d=0.6;//in meters +y1=1.2;//vertical dimension of the plates in m +cm = 10*10^-6;//charge to mass ratio in C/kg +g =-9.8;//gravitational force +//intergrating -9.8t with initial conditions we obtain y = -4.9t^2 +y = 4.9;//at t=y0 +t0 = sqrt(y1/y); +printf("phosphate particle exit plate at %f sec",t0) +EF = (cm*V)/d;//velosity of particle in x direction is governed by electrostatic force +printf("electrostatic force %f m/s^2",EF) +//integrating twice and subsituting initial conditions we have x = t^2; t=t0 +x=(t0)^2; +printf("particle exits the plate at %f m",x) + + diff --git a/3523/CH2/EX2.8.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da2d6bdb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11// Ch 2 +clear all +clc +close + +phi1=0; +phi3=10; + +phir=[phi1;phi3]; +sl=[1.25 -0.014;-0.014 0.8381]; //elements of global stiffness matrix +sr=-[-0.7786 -0.4571;-0.4571 -0.3667];//elements of global stiffness matrix + +phil=inv(sl)*sr*phir + +printf('value of potentials at the nodes are %f \n',phil) diff --git a/3523/CH2/EX2.8.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79e6390bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 5 // Ch 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data : +R=0.25; // in meter sphere radius +R1=0.75;//gap b/w two spheres in meters +S=1; // in meter is equal to R1+R2 +S1=0.067; // in meter +S2=0.0048; +S3=0.01795; +S4=0.00128; +Epsilon_o=8.85*1e-12; +Q1 = %pi*Epsilon_o; + +Q=Q1/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o); +Qp=S1*Q; +Qpp=S2*Q; +F1=Q/R^2+Qp/(R-S1)^2+Qpp/(R-S1)^2; + +Qs=0.25*Q; +Qsp=0.01795*Q; +Qspp=0.00128*Q; +F2=Qs/(R1-S1)^2+Qsp/(R1-S1)^2+Qspp/(R1-S1)^2 + +E=F1+F2 + +printf("Max field at surface is %e V/m",E) +// NOTE: answer in the book is wrong as Q = Q1/2*%pi*Epsilon_o + diff --git a/3523/CH2/EX2.8.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb05ca5ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 6 // Ch 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +V=400*10^3; // applied voltage in kV +r_eq=0.08874; // equivalent radius in meters +H=12; // bundle height in meters +d=9; // pole to pole spacing in meters +Epsilon_o=8.85*10^-12; +x=sqrt((2*H)^2 + d^2); +Q = (V*2*%pi*Epsilon_o) / [(log(2*H/r_eq)) - log(x/d)]; +q = Q/2; +printf("charge per bundle is %e C/m \n",Q) +printf("charge per subconductor is %e C/m \n",q) +r = 0.0175; //subconductor radius in meters +R = 0.45; //subconductor-to-subconductor spacing in meters +q = 2.44*1e-6; //charge per subconductor in C/m +d = 9; //in meters +Epsilon_o = 8.85*10^-12; //in F/m +x=[(1/r) + (1/R)]; +y=[(1/r) - (1/R)]; + +Max = (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*(x); //maximum surface field in V/m +printf("maximum surface field is %e V/m \n ", Max) + +Min = (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[y]; //minimum surface field in V/m +printf("minimum surface field is %f V/m \n", Min) + +Avg = (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/r]; //average surface field in V/m +printf("average surface field is %f V/m \n", Avg) + +E_01 = [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/r + 1/R]] - [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/(d+r)+1/(d+R+r)]];//field at outer point of subconductor in V/m +disp(E_01, "field at outer point of subconductor 1(V/m) =") +E_02 = [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/r + 1/R]] - [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/(d-R-r)+1/(d-r)]]; +disp(E_02, "field at outer point of subconductor 2(V/m) =") +E_l1 = [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/r - 1/R] - (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/(d-r)+1/(d+R-r)]]; +disp(E_l1, "field at inner point of subconductor 1(V/m) =") +E_l2 = [(q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/r - 1/R] - (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1/(d-R-r)+1/(d+R)]]; +disp(E_l2, "field at inner point of subconductor 2(V/m) =") +Avg = (E_01 + E_02)/2 // average maximum gradient in V/m +disp(Avg, "average maximum gradient is") + +//answers in the book is wrong for subconductor 2, El1 and El2 diff --git a/3523/CH2/EX2.8.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da1c888aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 7// Ch 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +q = 1; // line charge in C/m +Epsilon_o=8.85*10^-12; +x1 = [1/3 + 1/7];//infinite sequence +x2 = [1 + 1/5 + 1/9];//infinite sequence +x3 = [1/5 + 1/9];//infinite sequence +E = (q/(2*%pi*Epsilon_o))*[1 - x1 + x2 + x3 - x1]; +printf("total electric field is %e V/m",E) +// answer by this program is the round of value diff --git a/3523/CH2/EX2.8.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e023d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH2/EX2.8.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 7// Ch 2 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +z=10; //length of graded cylindrical bushing in cm +a=2; // radius of conductor inside bushing in cm +V=150; //AC voltage in kV +E_bd=50; // field strength in kV/cm +x0 = 2; +x1 = 6.24; +t_gd = V*sqrt(2)/E_bd; +printf("thickness of graded design is %f cm \n", t_gd) +zr = z*(t_gd + a);// bushing length must satisfy curve for the profile +printf("bushing length %f cm^2", zr) +V1 = integrate('4*%pi*zr','r',x0,x1); +printf("volume of graded design is %f cm^2 \n", V1) +t = 2*[exp(t_gd/2)-1]; +printf("thickness of regular design is %f cm \n",t) +V2 = %pi*[(a + t)^2 - (a^2)]; +printf("volume of regular design is %f cm^2 \n",V2) +// Note: There is caluclation error to find the volume of regular design. +// So answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99ef09c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 1// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +R=8314; // gas constant in J/kg.mol.K +T=300; // temperature 27 deg C, 27+293=300K +M=32; // oxygen is diatomic +v = sqrt(3*R*(T/M)); +printf("speed of oxygen molecule %f m/s",v) +// Note: Value of R is given wrong in book +// So answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f323cc75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 10// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +l=200*10^-10;// wavelength in angstrom +h=4.15*10^-15;//planks constant +c=3*10^8;//speed of light +me=9.11*10^-31; +BE=13.6;//binding energy in eV +PE=(h*c)/l;//in eV +printf("photon enegy %f eV",PE) +KE = PE-BE;//in eV +printf("kinetic energy of photoelectron %f ev",KE) +ve=sqrt((2*KE*1.6*10^-19)/me); +printf("velosity of photoelectron %e m/s",ve) + + diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8830f36a --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +I = 1; +I0 = 6; +x=20;//in cm +u = -(1/x)*log(I/I0); +printf("absorption coefficient %f cm^-1",u) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9890502cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 12// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +c=3*10^8; +h=4.15*10^-15; +lmax=1000*10^-10; +We=(c*h)/lmax; +printf("binding energy of gas %f eV",We) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e6198019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 14// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +p=1.01*10^5/760;// 1 torr in N/m2 +k=1.38*10^-23; +T=273; //in Kelvin +n=85*10^2;//no of collisions per meter +N=p/(k*T); +printf("no of gas molecules %e atoms/m^3",N) +r_a=sqrt(n/(%pi*N*1)); +printf("diameter of argon atom %e m",r_a) + + + diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384adafc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 15// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +Ie=3;//current flow in amperes +A=8*10^-4;//area of the electrodes in m^2 +V=20;//voltage across the electrodes +d=0.8;//spacing between the electrodes in meters +n_e=1*10^17;//electron density in m^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19; +ke=(Ie*d)/(A*V*n_e*e); +printf("mobility of electrons %f m^2/sV",ke) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a506577 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 17// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +E = 5; //electric field in V/m +n_o = 10^11; //ion density in ions/m3 +T = 293; // in kelvin +z = 0.02; //distance in meters +e = 1.6*10^-19; //in couloumb +k = 1.38*10^-23; // in m2 kg s-2 K-1 +n1 = n_o*exp((-e*E*z)/(k*T));//ion density 0.02m away +n2 = n_o*exp((e*E*z)/(k*T));//ion density -0.02m away +printf("ion density 0.02m away %e ions/m^3 \n",n1) +printf("ion density -0.02m away %e ions/m^3 \n",n2) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3af5b30d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 18// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +E = 250; //electric field in V/m +r1 = 0.3*10^-3//intial diameter of cloud in meters +k = 1.38*10^-23;//in m2 kg s-2 K-1 +T = 293; //in kelvin +e = 1.6*10^-19;// in couloumb +z = 0.05;//drift distance in meters +r = (6*k*T*z)/(e*E);//diameter before drift +printf("diameter before drift %e m \n",r) +r2 = sqrt (r1^2 + r );//diamter after drifting a distance +printf("diameter after drift %e m \n",r2) +// round off value calculated for r and r2 diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18960a5b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +a = 9003;//constant in m-1kPa-1 +B = 256584;//in V/m.kPa +p = 0.5;//in kPa +M = 1/(a*p);//mean free path in meters +printf("mean free path of electron in nitrogen %e m",M) +Vi = B/a; //ionization potential of nitrogen +printf("ionization potential of nitrogen %f V",Vi) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6438a0b9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 2// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +R=8314; // gas constant in J/kg.mol.K +T=298;//in kelvin +M=32; // oxygen is diatomic +m=2*10^-3; // in kg +p=1.01*10^5; // 1 atm=1.01*10^5 N/m2 +G = (m*R*T)/(M*p);//volume of gas + +x=(3/2)*p;//no. of molecules per unit volume where x=N*0.5*m*v^2 is given as (3/2)*p) +printf("volume of gas %e m^3 \n",G) +KE = x*G;//total translational kinetic energy +printf("total translational kinetic energy is %f J \n",KE) +// Note: Value of G is calculated in book is wrong diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..287151af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +R=8314; // gas constant in J/kg.mol.K +T=300; // temperature 27 deg C, 27+293=300K +me=0.10; //mean free path in meters +rm=1.7*10^-10 //molecular radius in angstrom +M=28 //im mole^-1 +m0=4.8*10^-26 //mass of nitrogen molecule +N = 1/[4*%pi*((rm)^2)*me]; // no. of molecules in gas +printf("no. of molecules %e",N) +p = [(N*m0)/M]*R*T; // max pressure in chamber in N/m2 +printf("max pressure in chamber %f N/m2",p) +// Note: Calculation in the book is wrong So answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e20dd028 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 4// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +v = 1.6*10^-19; // avg kinetic energy in j +k = 1.38*10^-23 //boltzmann constant in J/K +T = (2*v)/(3*k); +printf("temperature %e K",T) + diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2e6edcd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +m = 1;//in kg +M=2.016;//molecular weight of helium +k = 8314// gas constant in J/kg.mol.K +p = 1.01*10^5;//1 atm=1.01*10^5 N/m2 +T = 273;//in kelvin +G = m*k*T/(M*p);//volume of 1kg of helium in m^3 +printf("volume of 1kg of helium is %f m^3",G) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54e34d33f --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +z1=-1;//ion at a distance equal to mean free path, -x=mfp +z2=-5;//ion at a distance equal to five times the mean free path, -x=5mfp +//n0 is the density of ions at the origin +n1 = exp(z1);//density of ions at distance equal to the mean free path +n2 = exp(z2);//density of ions at distance equal to five times the mean free path +printf("density of ions at distance equal to the mean free path %fn0",n1) +printf("density of ions at distance equal to five times the mean free path %fn0",n2) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4fb82dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 7// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +N = 178*10^-3 //gas density in kg/m^3 +p = 1.01*10^5 //pressure +v = sqrt((3*p)/N); //mean square velosity of helium atoms +printf("mean square velosity of helium atoms %f m/s",v) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..414cc4249 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +k = 1.38*10^-21; //boltzmanns constant +T = 293; // temperature in K +e = 1.6*10^-19; +E = (1.5*k*T)/e; +printf("energy of free electron %f eV",E) diff --git a/3523/CH3/EX3.7.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a6cc6279 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH3/EX3.7.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 9// Ch 3 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d = 0.075; //density of solid atomic hydrogen in g/cm^3 +N_A = 6.0224*10^23; //1g of H consists of N_A atoms +N = N_A*d; // number of atoms/cm^3 +printf("no. of atoms/cm^3 %e",N) +x = 1/N;//avg volume occupied by one atom in cm^3 +y = (x)^(1/3);//avg seperation between atoms in cm +printf("avg vokume occupied by one atom %e cm^3",x) +printf("avg seperation between atoms %e cm",y) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbb15ecd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 1// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +I1 = 2.7*10^-8;//steady state current in Amperes +V = 10; //voltage in kV +d1 = 0.005; //spacing between the plane electrodes in meters +d2 = 0.01; // spacing incresed in meters +I2 = 2.7*10^-7;//increased steady state current in amperes +e = 1.6*10^-19; +x = 1/(d2-d1); +y = log(I2/I1); +alpha = x*y;//ionization coefficient +printf("ionization coefficient %f m^-1",alpha) +I0 = I1*exp(-alpha*d1);//photoelctric current +printf("photoelectric current %e A",I0) +n0 = I0/e; +printf("no of electrons emitted from cathode %e electrons/s",n0) + diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b777c450 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 10// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d = 0.001; //in meters +p = 101.3; //in kPa +alpha = (17.7 + log(d))/d;//ionization coefficient in m^-1 +x = alpha/p; //in m^-1kPa^-1 +s = 11253.7; //constant in m-1kPa-1 +B = 273840; //constant in V/m kPa +E1 = p/((-1/B)*log(x/s));// in V/m +Vs1 = E1*d; //break down voltage in V +printf("ionization coefficient %f m^-1 \n",alpha) +printf("electric field %e V/m \n",E1) +printf("breakdown voltage %f kV \n",Vs1*10^-3) +E2 = 468*10^4;// in V/m +Vs2 = E2*d;//breakdown voltage by meel and loeb's eq +printf("breakdown voltage %f kV \n",Vs2*10^-3) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..018fb93d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 11// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d = 0.05; //electron current of an avalanche in uniform field gap of d in meters +t = 0.2*10^-6; //current decline abruptly in t sec +tc = 35*10^-9; //time constant +ve = d/t;//electron drift velocity in m/s +alpha = 1/(tc*ve);//townsend's ionization coefficient +printf("electron drift velocity %e m/s",ve) +printf("ionization coefficient %f m^-1",alpha) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc8682536 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 12// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +V = 200;//alternating voltage in kV(rms) +x = 0.1;//uniform gap in meters +f = 50;//frequency of voltage in Hz +k = 1.4*10^-4;//mobility of positive ions in m2/s.V +Ea = V*sqrt(2)*10^3/x;//alternating field in V/m +printf("alternating field %e V/m",Ea) +w = k*Ea/(2*%pi*f); +t = sinm(x/w)/314; +printf("travel time of positive ions from one electrode to other %f sec",t) +fmax = k*Ea/(2*%pi*x) +printf("maximum frequency that can be applied %f Hz",fmax) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..777c725ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +I = 10^9; +alpha = 460.5;//ionization coefficient +d = log(I)/alpha;//electrode spacing in meter +printf("electrode spacing %f m",d) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fd8ae6e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +a=4*1e4; +b=15*1e5; +lb=0; +ub=0.0005; +i=integrate('(a-b*sqrt(x))','x',lb,ub) +as=exp(i);//Avalanche size +printf('Avalache size %f',as) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bdc6319d --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data + +a=7.5*1e5; +b=-4*1e4; +c=59.97; +p = poly([c, b,a], 'x', 'c'); +alpha=roots(p); +printf('The distance it must travel to produce an avalanche of 1E9 electrons is (in m) %f',alpha(2)) + diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8ee424ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear all +clc +close + +a=7.5*1e5; +b=-4*1e4; +c=43.75; +p = poly([c, b,a], 'x', 'c'); +alpha=roots(p); +printf('Minimum distance measured from the cathode at which an electron may start an avalanche having a size of 1E19 is (in m) %f',alpha(2)) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5503972ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 7// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +V = 9*10^3; //in V +d = 0.002;//two parallel plates spaced by distance d in meters +// 1/mean free path is equal to a*p where a is constant +s = 11253.7;//constant value in m^-1kPa^-1 +B = 273840;//constant value in V/mkPa +p = 101.3;// in kPa +E = V/d; +t = (-B*p)/E; +alpha = p * s * exp(t); +printf("electric field %e V/m \n",E) +printf("ionization cofficient %f m^-1 \n",alpha) +z = 1/(exp(alpha*d)-1);//secondary coefficient of ionization +printf("secondary coefficient of ionization %f \n",z) diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..599f0f4d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 8// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +//current between two parallel plates were 1.22,1.82,2.22 of the initiating photocurrent I1,I2,I3 +x = 1.22;//x is I1/I0 I1=1.22I0 +y = 1.82;//y is I2/I0 I2=1.82I0 +w = 2.22;//z is I3/I0 I3=2.22I0 +d1 = 0.005; //in meters +d2 = 0.01504; //in meters +d3 = 0.019; //in meters +// first ionization coefficients alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3 +alpha1 = log(x)/d1; +alpha2 = log(y)/d2; +alpha3 = log(w)/d3; +printf("first ionization coefficient %f m^-1 \n",alpha1) +printf("second ionization coefficient %f m^-1 \n",alpha2) +printf("third ionization coefficient %f m^-1 \n",alpha3) +// E/p and p were maintained constant so at d3 the secondary ionization coefficient mechanism must be acting without any change in alpha +z = (w - exp(alpha1*d3))/(w*(exp(alpha1*d3)-1));//secondary ionization coefficient +printf("secondary ionization coefficient %f \n",z) + + diff --git a/3523/CH4/EX4.10.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c8eafac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH4/EX4.10.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 9// Ch 4 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +E = 1596; //in V/m +p = 0.133; //in kPa +a = E/p; // in V/m kPa kept constant as in example 8 +alpha1 = 39.8;//from example 8 +z = 0.0363; //from example 8 +d = (1/alpha1)*[log(1/z + 1)];//distance at the transition to a self-sustained discharge +printf("distance at the transition to a self-sustained discharge %f m",d) +V = E*d;//voltage at the transition to a self sustained discharge +printf("Voltage at the transition to a self sustained discharge %f V",V) diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..003adc9cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 10// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +m1=0.92;//smoothness coefficient +m2=0.95;//weather coefficient +Deq=600;//mean geometric distance b/w conductors in cm +V = 275;//line operating at voltage V in kV +p=75;//pressure in cm Hg +t = 35;//in degree C +r=1;//radius of conductors in cm +delta=3.92*p/(273+t);//relative air density +printf("relative air density %f",delta) +E0=30*delta*(1+0.3/sqrt(delta*r))*m1*m2;//corona onset field +printf("corona onset field %f kVpeak/cm",E0) +V0 = E0*log(Deq);//onset voltage in kVpeak +printf("onset voltage %f kVpeak",V0) +V0rms=V0/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage +printf("rms onset voltage %f kV",V0rms) +V0ll=V0rms*sqrt(3);//onset voltage line to line +printf("line to line onset voltage %f kV line to line",V0ll) +K= 0.05; +f=50;//in Hz +Vph=(V*10^3)/sqrt(3); +Pc=3.73*K*f*(Vph^2)*10^-5/(Deq/r)^2; +printf("corona power loss %f kW/(cond.km)",Pc) +Ic=Pc/Vph; +printf("corona current %e A/km",Ic) diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef34232e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 10// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +m1=0.9;//smoothness coefficient +m2=0.9;//weather coefficient +r=3.175;//radius of conductor in cm +V=525;//rated voltage in kV where no corona is present +delta=1;//relative air-density factor +Deq=112.63;//in cm +E0=30*delta*(1+0.3/sqrt(delta*r))*m1*m2;//corona onset field +printf("corona onset field %f kVpeak/cm",E0) +E0rms=E0/sqrt(2); +printf("rms corona onset field %f kV/cm",E0rms) +V0=E0*r*log(Deq); +printf("corona onset voltage %f kV",V0) +V0ll=V0*sqrt(3); +printf("corona onset voltage lin to line %f kV",V0ll) +V1=2.5*V;//line to line voltage higher than V0 so corona is present on the conductor +re=5;//effective radius of corona envelope in cm +printf("envelope radius %f cm",re) + + + + diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a075768e --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 2// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d = 0.001;//in meters +p = 101.3; //gas pressure in kPa +C = -2400.4;//constant value +A = 0.027;//constant value +As = 10^8;//avalanche size +//secondary ionization coefficient is much smaller than unity therefore ionization coefficient (alpha) is equal to electron attachment coefficient +E = (2400.4*p)/0.027; //alpha is equal to e- attachment coeff occurs at this eq +Vs1 = E*d;//breakdown voltage in V +printf("electric field %e V/m \n",E) +printf("breakdown voltage %f V \n",Vs1) +Vs2 = (log(As)-C*p*d)/A; //in V +printf("breakdown voltage corresponding to an avalanche size %f V \n",Vs2) +//as the avalanche self-space charge is neglected the breakdown voltage will be same irrespective of the polarity of the stressed plate acc. to eq (5.4) N2>=N1; +Vspos = 9.4;//in kV when N2>=N1 in which no of e- in second avalanche is greater than equal to no of e- in first avalanche +printf("positive voltage breakdown %f kV \n",Vspos) +Vsneg = 9.2;//in kV when Neph >= 1 where Neph is no of e-photoemitted from the cathode +printf("negative voltage breakdown %f kV \n",Vsneg) diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e5542b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 3// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d = 0.001;//in meters +p1 = 3*101.3; //gas pressure of 3 atmp in kPa +p2 = 5*101.3; //gas pressure of 5 atmp in kPa +C = 2400.4;//constant value +A = 0.027;//constant value +As = 10^8;//avalanche size +Vs1 = C*p1*d/A;//breakdown voltage at 3 atm +Vs2 = C*p2*d/A;//breakdown voltage at 5 atm +Vs3 = (log(As)+C*p1*d)/A;//breakdown voltage at 3 atm corresponding to an avalanche size +Vs4 = (log(As)+C*p2*d)/A;//breakdown voltage at 5 atm corresponding to an avalanche size +printf("breakdown voltage at 3 atm %f kV \n",Vs1*10^-3) +printf("breakdown voltage at 5 atm %f kV \n",Vs2*10^-3) +printf("breakdown voltage at 3 atm corresponding to an avalanche size %f kV \n",Vs3*10^-3) +printf("breakdown voltage at 5 atm corresponding to an avalanche size %f kV \n",Vs4*10^-3) +//acc. to eq N2>=N1 and Neph>=1 with increase of gas pressure improves the dielectric strength of the gas since breakdown voltage increses with gas pressure +Vs1pos = 27.5;//postive breakdown voltage at 3 atm in kV +Vs1neg = 27.73;//negative breakdown voltage at 3 atm in kV +Vs2pos = 45.2;//postive breakdown voltage at 5 atm in kV +Vs2neg = 45.5;//negative breakdown voltage at 5 atm in kV +printf("positive breakdown voltage at 3 atm %f kV \n",Vs1pos) +printf("negative breakdown voltage at 3 atm %f kV \n",Vs1neg) +printf("positive breakdown voltage at 5 atm %f kV \n",Vs2pos) +printf("negative breakdown voltage at 5 atm %f kV \n",Vs2neg) diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..761be0065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 5// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d=0.001; +a = 0.1*10^-2;//radii of concentric circle in meters +b = 2.1*10^-2;//radii of concentric circle in meters +p = 101.3;//gas pressure in kPa +p1=3*p; +p2=5*p; +C = -2400.4;//constant value +A = 0.027;//constant value +As = 10^8;//avalanche size +ri = 0.0772;//in m +V0 = [log(10^8)-{(C*p)*(ri-a)}]*(b-a)/[A*{(1/a)-(1/ri)}]; +printf("corona onset voltage is %f kV \n",V0) +V0pos = 13.1;//in kV +V0neg = 13.7;//in kV +printf("positive corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V0pos) +printf("negative corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V0neg) + +//acc. to eq N2>=N1 and Neph>=1 with increase of gas pressure improves the dielectric strength of the gas since breakdown voltage increses with gas pressure diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13ef66fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 6// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +d=0.001; +a = 0.1*10^-2;//radii of concentric circle in meters +b = 2.1*10^-2;//radii of concentric circle in meters +p = 101.3;//gas pressure in kPa +p1=3*p; +p2=5*p; +C = -2400.4;//constant value +A = 0.027;//constant value +As = 10^8;//avalanche size +ri = 0.0772;//in m +V01 = [log(10^8)-{(C*p1)*(ri-a)}]*(b-a)/[A*{(1/a)-(1/ri)}]; +V02 = [log(10^8)-{(C*p2)*(ri-a)}]*(b-a)/[A*{(1/a)-(1/ri)}]; +printf("corona onset voltage at 3atmp is %f kV \n",V01) +printf("corona onset voltage at 5atmp is %f kV \n",V02) +V01pos = 41.9;//in kV at 3 atmp +V01neg = 42.2;//in kV at 3 atmp +V02pos = 69.2;//in kV at 5 atmp +V02neg = 69.8;//in kV at 5 atmp +printf("positive corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V01pos) +printf("negative corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V01neg) +printf("positive corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V02pos) +printf("negative corona onset voltage %f kV \n",V02neg) +//answer given in the book is wrong + +//acc. to eq N2>=N1 and Neph>=1 with increase of gas pressure improves the dielectric strength of the gas since breakdown voltage increses with gas pressure diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06c969de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 8// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data + +delta=1;//at standard temp and pressure +r=1;//radius of conductors in cm +s=40;//subconductor to subconductor spacing in cm +D=500; //phase to phase spacing in cm +E0=30*delta*(1+(0.3/sqrt(delta*r)));//corona onset field in kVpeak/cm +printf("corona onset field %f kVpeak/cm",E0) + +V01=E0*log(D/r);//corona onset voltage using single conductor +printf("corona onset voltage V01 is %f kVpeak",V01) +V01rms=V01/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage V01rms %f kV",V01rms) + +x2 = log(D /(sqrt(s*r))); +y2 = (1+((2*r)/s)); + +V02=2*E0*r*(x2/y2);//corona onset voltage using bundle-2 conductor arranged horizontally and vertically +printf("corona onset voltage V02 is %f kVpeak",V02) +V02rms=V02/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage V02rms is %f kV",V02rms) + + +x3 = log(D /((sqrt(2)*(s)^2*r)^0.3)); +y3 = (1+((3*sqrt(3)*r)/s)); + +V03=3*E0*r*(x3/y3);//corona onset voltage using bundle-3 conductor arranged at vertices of an upright or inverted triangle +printf("corona onset voltage V03 is %f kVpeak",V03) +V03rms=V03/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage V03rms is %f kV",V03rms) + + +x4 = log(D /((sqrt(2)*(s)^3*r)^0.25)); +y4 = (1+((4*sqrt(2)*r)/s)); + +V04=4*E0*r*(x4/y4);//corona onset voltage using bundle-4 conductor arranged at vertices of a square +printf("corona onset voltage V04 is %f kVpeak",V04) +V04rms=V04/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage V04rms is %f kV",V04rms) + + +x5 = log(D /((sqrt(2)*(s)^3*r)^0.25)); +y5 = (1+((3*sqrt(2)*r)/s)); + +V05=4*E0*r*(x5/y5);//corona onset voltage using bundle-4 conductor arranged at vertices of a diamond form square +printf("corona onset voltage V05 is %f kVpeak",V05) +V05rms=V05/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage V05rms is %f kV",V05rms) + +//acc. to eq 5.18 in question 7 corona onset voltage is calculated diff --git a/3523/CH5/EX5.6.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f7c9910 --- /dev/null +++ b/3523/CH5/EX5.6.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 9// Ch 5 +clc; +clear; +close; +// given data +Deq=600;//mean geometric distance b/w conductors in cm +delta=1;//at standard temp and pressure +r=1;//radius of conductors in cm +E0=30*delta*(1+(0.3/sqrt(delta*r)));//corona onset field in kVpeak/cm +printf("corona onset field %f kVpeak/cm",E0) +V0=E0*log(Deq);//corona onset voltage +printf("corona onset voltage %f kVpeak",V0) +V0rms=V0/sqrt(2);//rms onset voltage in kV +printf("corona rms onset voltage %f kV",V0rms) diff --git a/3525/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3525/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07742caa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3525/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//Example 1.1 +//page-4 + +clear; clc; close; +format('v',7); +//To calculate maximum flux density and number of turns on high voltage side + +//given data +E1=3300;//in volt +E2=250; //in volt +A=0.0125;//in metre square +f=50;//in hertz +N2=70;//no. of turns on low voltage side +//calculations +//(a)maximum flux density +Bm=E2/(4.44*A*f*N2);// in teslas +//(b)number of turns on high voltage side +T1=(E1*N2)/E2;//no of turns on high voltage side +disp(Bm,"(a)maximum flux density in teslas");//+0.002 error +disp(T1,"(b)number of turns on high voltage side") diff --git a/3525/CH1/EX1.1/R1_1.txt b/3525/CH1/EX1.1/R1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b3dd5ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3525/CH1/EX1.1/R1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + (a)maximum flux density in teslas + + 1.287 + + (b)number of turns on high voltage side + + 924. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3526/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce b/3526/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b6ab86f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0)//EXAMPLE 10.6 +//page 293 +//INITIALISATION OF VARIABLES +c1=2;..........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1300 celsius +p1=1;........//No.of phases at 1300 celsius +c2=2;........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1250 celsius +p2=2;.........//No.of phases at 1250 celsius +c3=2;.........//NO.of independent Chemical components at 1200 celsius +p3=1;.......//No.of phases at 1200 celsius +//CALCULATIONS +f1=1+c1-p1;...........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1300 celsius +f2=1+c2-p2;...........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1250 celsius +f3=1+c3-p3;..........//Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1200 celsius +disp(f1,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1300 celsius ") +disp(f2,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1250 celsius ") +disp(f3,"Degrees of freedom of both Copper and NIckel at 1200 celsius ") diff --git a/3526/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce b/3526/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f70c9cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.8 +//page 295 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Nia=40;......//no, of grams of nickel in alloy at alla temperature +%NiL=32;......//Mass of Nickel present in Liquid +%Nialpha=45;......//Mass of NIckel present in alpha +//CALCULATIONS +x=(%Nia-%NiL)/(%Nialpha-%NiL);.....//Mass fraction of alloy in percent +disp(x,"Mass fraction of alloy in percent:") +printf("By converting 62percent alpha and 38percent Liquid are present.:") diff --git a/3526/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce b/3526/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1eb704f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 10.9 +//page 296 +// Initialisation of Variables +%NiL=37;......// percentage of NI the Liquid contains at 1270 degree celsius +%NiS=50;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1270 degree celsius +%NiL2=32;........//percentage of NI the Liquidcontains at 1250 degree celsius +%NiS2=45;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1250 degree celsius +%NiS3=40;........//percentage of NI the Solid contains at 1200 degree celsius +%NiL3=40;.......//percentage of NI the Liquid contains at 1300 degree celsius +//CALCULATIONS +%L=((%NiS-%NiL3)/(%NiS-%NiL))*100;......//Percentage of Liquid at 1270 degree celsius +%S=((%NiS3-%NiL)/(%NiS-%NiL))*100;.......//Percentage of Solid qt 1270 degree celsius +%L2=((%NiS2-%NiL3)/(%NiS2-%NiL2))*100;....//Percentage of Liquid at 1250 degree celsius +%S2=((%NiS3-%NiL2)/(%NiS2-%NiL2))*100;....//Percentage of Solid qt 1250 degree celsius +printf("At 1300 degree celsius only one phase so 100 percent Liquid") +disp(round(%L),"Percentage of Liquid at 1270 degree celsius :") +disp(round(%S),"Percentage of Solid qt 1270 degree celsius:") +disp(round(%L2),"Percentage of Liquid at 1250 degree celsius :") +disp(round(%S2),"Percentage of Solid at 1250 degree celsius:") +printf("At 1200 degree celsius only one phase so 100 percent Solid ") diff --git a/3526/CH11/EX11.2/EX11_2.sce b/3526/CH11/EX11.2/EX11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce3e211e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH11/EX11.2/EX11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.2 +//page 319 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Sn=2;......//Amount of Tin Dissolved in alpha solid solution +%Sn2=10;.....//Amount of Tin Dissolved in alpha+beeta solid solution at 0 degree celsius +m=100;........//Total mass of the Pb-Sn alloy in gm +Pbm=90;.......//Total mass of the Pb in Pb-Sn alloy in gm +//CALCULATIONS +B=((%Sn2-%Sn)/(m-%Sn))*100;.......//The amount of beeta Sn that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0 Degree celsius +B2=100-B;......//The amount of alpha Sn that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0 Degree celsius +Sn1=(%Sn/100)*(B2);......//The mass of Sn in the alpha phase in g +Sn2=%Sn2-Sn1;.....//The mass of Sn in beeta phase in g +Pb1=B2-Sn1;....//The mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g +Pb2=Pbm-Pb1;.........//The mass of Pb in the beeta phase in g +disp(B,"c.Amount of beeta forms of Pb-Sn in gm:") +disp(Sn1,"d.The mass of Sn in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(Sn2,"d.The mass of Sn in beeta phase in g:") +disp(Pb1,"e.The mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(Pb2,"e.The mass of Pb in the beeta phase in g:") diff --git a/3526/CH11/EX11.3/EX11_3.sce b/3526/CH11/EX11.3/EX11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b07ea38a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH11/EX11.3/EX11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.3 +//page 321 +// Initialisation of Variables +M=200;........//Mass of alpha phase of alloy in gm +%Sn=61.9;......//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +%Pb=19;.......//Percentage of the Pb in the alpha phase in percent +%Pb2=97.5;.....//Percentage of the Sn in the beeta phase in percent +//CALCULLATIONS +W1=(%Pb2-%Sn)/(%Pb2-%Pb);.....//Weight fraction of alpha phase +W2=(%Sn-%Pb)/(%Pb2-%Pb);.......//Weight fraction of beeta phase +Ma=M*W1;......//The mass of the alpha phase in 200g in g +Mb=M-Ma;......//The amount of the beeta phase in g at 182 degree celsius +MPb1=Ma*(1-(%Pb/100));.......//Mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g +MSn1=Ma-MPb1;......//Mass of Sn in alpha phase +MPb2=Mb*(1-(%Pb2/100));.....//Mass of Pb in beeta phase +MSn2=123.8-MSn1;.....//mass of Sn in beeta Phase +disp(W1,"Weight fraction of alpha phase") +disp(W2,"Weight fraction of beeta phase") +disp(Ma,"The mass of the alpha phase in 200g in g:") +disp(Mb,"The amount of the beeta phase in g at 182 degree celsius:") +disp(MPb1,"Mass of Pb in the alpha phase in g:") +disp(MSn1,"Mass of Sn in alpha phase") +disp(MPb2,"Mass of Pb in beeta phase:") +disp(MSn2,"mass of Sn in beeta Phase:") diff --git a/3526/CH11/EX11.5/EX11_5.sce b/3526/CH11/EX11.5/EX11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c0cb09b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH11/EX11.5/EX11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 11.3 +//page 325 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Sn=61.9;......//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +%Pb=19;.......//Percentage of the Pb in the alpha phase in percent +%Sn2=30;....//Percentage of the Sn in the eutectic alloy in percent +//CALCULATIONS +%Pa=(%Sn-%Sn2)/(%Sn-%Pb);......//The amount of compositions of primary alpha in Pb-Sn +%L=(%Sn2-%Pb)/(%Sn-%Pb);......//The amount of composition of eutectic in Pb-Sn +disp(round(%Pa*100),"The amount of compositions of primary alpha in Pb-Sn:") +disp(round(%L*100),"The amount of composition of eutectic in Pb-Sn:") diff --git a/3526/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3526/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fecb1b251 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 11.6 +//page 330 +clc +per_L_200=((40-18)/(55-18))*100 +Per_L_210=((40-17)/(50-17))*100 +disp(per_L_200,"L200 in percentage") +disp(Per_L_210,"L210 in percentage") +//answer variation is due to round off \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3526/CH12/EX12.1/EX12_1.sce b/3526/CH12/EX12.1/EX12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91b7e714f --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH12/EX12.1/EX12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.1 +//page 347 +// Initialisation of Variables +r1=0.111;......//Rate of copper in min^-1 at 135 degree celsius +r2=0.004;.......//Rate of copper in min^-1 at 88 degree celsius +T1=408;.......//Temperature in K +T2=361;.......//Temperature in K +R=1.987;......//Gas constant +Q=20693;.......//Change in Rates +slope=(log(r1)-log(r2))/((1/T1)-(1/T2));....//Slope of the straight line ploted ln(Growth rate) as a function of 1=T, +A=r1/(exp(-Q/(R*T1)));.....//Constant +disp(A,"Constant A=") +disp(slope,"Slpoe of the straight line -Q/R") diff --git a/3526/CH12/EX12.10/EX12_10.sce b/3526/CH12/EX12.10/EX12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c071c013 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH12/EX12.10/EX12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.10 +//page 366 +// Initialisation of Variables +%M=0.60;.......//Percentage of Carbon in Martensite at 750 degree celsius +%a=50;......//Percentage of Carbon in Austenite at 750 degree celsius +%c=0.02;......//Percentage of Carbon atoms in Steel +X=(%a/100)*(%M-%c)+%c;......//The carbon content of Steel in percentage +disp(X,"The carbon content of hypoeutectoid Steel in percentage:") diff --git a/3526/CH12/EX12.3/EX12_5.sce b/3526/CH12/EX12.3/EX12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b2ec14a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH12/EX12.3/EX12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.5 +//page 357 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in peralite in composition +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in Ferrite +//CALCULATIONS +%ferrite=((%Fe-%G)/(%Fe-%A))*100;........//Amount of ferrite present in peralite +%C=((%G-%A)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......//Amount of Cementite present in peralite +disp(%ferrite,"Amount of ferrite present in peralite:") +disp(%C,"Amount of Cementite present in peralite:") diff --git a/3526/CH12/EX12.7/EX12_7.sce b/3526/CH12/EX12.7/EX12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c7f3c633 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH12/EX12.7/EX12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.7 +//page 359 +// Initialisation of Variables +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in primary alpha in percent +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite in percent +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in eutectoid composition at 727 degree celsius +%C=0.60;...//Carbon percentage in Pearlite in percent +//CALCULATIONS +%alpha=((%Fe-%C)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......// Composition of Phase Ferrite in alloy +%Ce=((%C-%A)/(%Fe-%A))*100;.......//Composition of Cementite in percent in alloy +%PF=((%G-%C)/(%G-%A))*100;......//Percentage of microconstituents Primary Ferrite in alloy +%P=((%C-%A)/(%G-%A))*100;.......//Percentage of microconstituents Pearlite in alloy +disp(%alpha,"Composition of Phase Ferrite in alloy :") +disp(%Ce,"Composition of Cementite in percent in alloy:") +disp(%PF,"Percentage of microconstituents Primary Ferrite in alloy:") +disp(%P,"Percentage of microconstituents Pearlite in alloy:") diff --git a/3526/CH12/EX12.8/EX12_8.sce b/3526/CH12/EX12.8/EX12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8bd7b102 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH12/EX12.8/EX12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 12.8 +//page 364 +// Initialisation of Variables +d=0.001;........//Actual distence between one alpha plate to next alpha plate +S=14;..........//Spacings between between one alpha plate to next alpha plate +//CALCULATIONS +lamida=d/S;......//The interlamellar spacing between one alpha plate to next alpha plate in Pearlite Microstructure +disp(lamida,"The interlamellar spacing between one alpha plate to next alpha plate in Pearlite Microstructure:") diff --git a/3526/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce b/3526/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d1492477 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 13.1 +//page 380 +// Initialisation of Variables +%Fe=6.67;......//Carbon percentage in Cementite by weight +%G=0.77;.......//Carbon percentage in eutectoid composition in steel by weight +%A=0.0218;......//Carbon percentage in Ferrite +%Fe3C=16;....//Percentage of alpha ferrite in steel +%P=95;......//Percentage of Pearlite in Steel +//CALCULATIONS +X1=((%Fe3C/100)*(%Fe-%A))+%A;.....//Carbon content present in Steel +X2=%Fe-((%P/100)*(%Fe-%G));.....//Carbon content present in Steel +disp(X1,"Carbon content present in Steel:") +disp(X2,"Carbon content present in Steel:") +printf("The carbon content is on the order of 1.065 to 1.086 percent, consistent with a 10110 steel") diff --git a/3526/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3526/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..446df843b --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//page 385 +clc +primary_alpha=((0.77-.5)/(0.77-0.0218))*100 +pearlite=((0.5-0.0218)/(0.77-0.0218))*100 +disp(primary_alpha,"primary alpha in percentage =") +disp(pearlite,"pearlite in percentage =") +//Answer difference is due to roundoff \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3526/CH14/EX14.1/EX14_1.sce b/3526/CH14/EX14.1/EX14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddedaa42d --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH14/EX14.1/EX14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 14.1 +//page 427 +// Initialisation of Variables +d1=0.5;..........//Diameter of a steel Cable in in. +rhoy=70000;........//Yield Strength of Steel Cable in psi +rhoa1=36000;........//Yield Strength of Aluminum in psi +rhos=0.284;..........//Density of Steel in lb/in^3 +rhoa2=0.097;.........//Density of Aluminum in lb/in^3 +//CALCULATIONS +F=rhoy*((%pi/4)*(d1^2));........//Load applied on Aluminum in lb +d2=sqrt((F/rhoa1)*(4/(%pi)));.......//Diameter of Aluminum in in. +Ws=(%pi/4)*(d1^2)*12*rhos;..........//Weight of Steel in lb/ft +Wa=(%pi/4)*(d2^2)*12*rhoa2;..........//Weight of Aluminum in lb/ft +disp(F,"a. Load applied on Aluminum in lb:") +disp(d2,"b. Diameter of Aluminum in in.: ") +disp(Ws,"c. Weight of Steel in lb/ft:") +disp(Wa,"Weight of Aluminum in lb/ft:") diff --git a/3526/CH15/EX15.1/EX15_1.sce b/3526/CH15/EX15.1/EX15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c872f7f64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH15/EX15.1/EX15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 15.1 +//page 459 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho=3.2;.............//Specific Gravity of SiC in g/cm^2 +Ww=385;.............//Weight of Ceramic when dry in g +Wd=360;.............//Weight of Ceramic after Soaking in water in g +Ws=224;.............//Weight of Ceramic Suspended in water in g +//CALCULATIONS +A=((Ww-Wd)/(Ww-Ws))*100;..........//Apparent Porosity in percent +B=(Wd)/(Ww-Ws);..........//Bulk Density of Ceramic +T=((rho-B)/rho)*100;.......//True Porosity of Ceramic in Percent +C=T-A;..............//Closed pore percent of ceramic +F=C/T;..............//Fraction Closed Pores of Ceramic +disp(A,"Apparent Porosity in percent:") +disp(B,"Bulk Density of Ceramic:") +disp(T,"True Porosity of Ceramic in Percent:") +disp(F,"Fraction Closed Pores of Ceramic:") diff --git a/3526/CH15/EX15.2/EX15_2.sce b/3526/CH15/EX15.2/EX15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af83d3f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH15/EX15.2/EX15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 15.2 +//page 462 +// Initialisation of Variables +R=2.5;..........//Ratio of O to Si in SiO2 +W1=69.62;........//Weight of B2O3 in g/ml +W2=60.08;........//Weight of SiO2 in g/ml +//CALCULATIONS +Fb1=(R-2)/3.5;...........//Mole Fraction of B2O3 +Fb2=1-Fb1;.........//Mole fraction of SiO2 +Wp=((Fb1*W1)/((Fb1*W1)+(Fb2*W2)))*100;.......//Weight Percent of B2O3 +disp(Fb1,"Mole Fraction of B2O3:") +disp(Wp,"Weight Percent of B2O3:") diff --git a/3526/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce b/3526/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02e2cb8d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.2 +//page 482 +// Initialisation of Variables +W=28;...............//Molecular weight of Ethylene in g/mol +W1=200000;............//Molecular weight of Benzoyl Peroxide in g/mol +W2=1000;............//Weight of Polyethylene in gm +W3=242;.............//Molecular Weight of Benzoyl Peroxide in g/mol +//Calculations +DP=W1/W;..............// Degree of Polymerization +n=(W2*6.02*10^23)/W;..............//No. of Monomers present +M=n/DP;......................//NO. of Benzoyl Peroxide Molecules to be present +Ai=(M*W3)/6.02*10^23;............//Amount of Initiator needed in gm +disp(DP,"Degree of Polymerization :") +disp(n,"No. of Monomers present :") +disp(M,"NO. of Benzoyl Peroxide Molecules to be present:") +disp(Ai,"Amount of Initiator needed in gm:") diff --git a/3526/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce b/3526/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62711b295 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.3 +//page 484 +// Initialisation of Variables +W1=116;................//Molecular Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in g/mol +W2=146;................//Molecular Weight of Adipic Acid in g/mol +W3=18;.................//Molecular Weight of Water in g/mol +W=1000;................//Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in gm +//Calculations +N=W/W1;................//No. of Moles of Hexamethylene Diamine +X=N*W2;................//Weight of Adipic Acid required +Y=N*W3;................//Weight of Water in gm +N2=W+X-2*Y;.............//Amount of Nylon Produced +disp(N2,"Amount of Nylon Produced:") diff --git a/3526/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce b/3526/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a322ecd52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.4 +//page 486 +// Initialisation of Variables +W1=116;................//Molecular Weight of Hexamethylene Diamine in g/mol +W2=146;................//Molecular Weight of Adipic Acid in g/mol +W3=18;.................//Molecular Weight of Water in g/mol +W4=120000;.............//Molecular Weight of 6,6-nylon in g/mol +//alculations +M=W1+W2-2*W3;..........//Molecular Weight of the repeated unit +DOP=W4/M;...............//Degree of Polymerization of 6,6-nylon +disp(DOP,"Degree of Polymerization of 6,6-nylon:") diff --git a/3526/CH16/EX16.7/EX16_7.sce b/3526/CH16/EX16.7/EX16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd5c44336 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH16/EX16.7/EX16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.7 +//page 499 +// Initialisation of Variables +M=56;.........//Molecular Weight of Polyethylene +P=0.88;........//Measured density of PolyethyleneInitial +P1=0.915;........//Measured density of Polyethylene Final +Pa=0.87;........//Density of Amorphous Polyethylene +//Caluculations +Pc=M/(7.42*4.95*(2.55*10^-24)*6.02*10^23);...........//Density of complete Crystalline polymer +Cp1= ((Pc/P)*((P-Pa)/(Pc-Pa)))*100;..................//Crystallinity of Polyethylene initial +Cp2= ((Pc/P1)*((P1-Pa)/(Pc-Pa)))*100;................//Crystallinity of Polyethylene final +disp(Pc,"Density of Crystalline polymer:") +disp(Cp1,"Crystall. of Polyethylene initial:") +disp(Cp2,"Crystall. of Polyethylene final:") diff --git a/3526/CH16/EX16.9/EX16_9.sce b/3526/CH16/EX16.9/EX16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe9c18f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH16/EX16.9/EX16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 16.7 +//page 500 +//INITIALISATION OF VAREIABLES +sig1=980;...............//Initial Stress of POlyisoprene in psi +sig2=1000;.............//Fnal Stress of POlyisoprene in psi +sig3=1500;.............// Stress of POlyisoprene after one year in psi +t1=6;................//time in weeks +t2=52;.............//time in weeks +//CALCULATIONS +Rt=-t1/(log(sig1/sig2));.....//Relaxation time in weeks +sig=sig3/(%e^(-t2/Rt));........//Initial Stress to be placed in psi +disp(round(Rt),"Relaxation time in weeks:") +disp(round (sig),"Initial Stress to be placed in psi:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a86653b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.1 +//page 527 +// Initialisation of Variables +per1=2;.............//Percent weight of ThO2 +per2=98;..............//Percentage weight of Nickle +rho1=9.69;...........//Density of ThO2 in g/cm^3 +rho2=8.9;............//Density of Nickel in g/cm^3 +r=0.5*10^-5;........//Radius of ThO2 particle in cm +//calculations +f=(2/rho1)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2));.........//Volume fraction of ThO2 per cm^3 of composite +v=(4/3)*(%pi)*r^3;...........//Volume of ech ThO2 sphere in cm^3 +c=f/v;.................//Concentration of ThO2 particles in particles/cm^3 +disp(c,"Concentration of ThO2 in particles/cm^3:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..841a74820 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.10/EX17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.10 +//page 554 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi=500000;...............//Modulus Elasticity of Epoxyin psi +f=500;.....................//Force applied on Epoxy in pounds +q=0.10;....................//Stretchable distence in in. +rho=0.0451;..................//Density of Epoxy in lb/in^3 +d=1.24;....................//Diameter of Epoxy in in +e=12000;....................//Yeild Strngth of Epoxy in psi +E2=77*10^6;................//Modulus of high Carbon Fiber in psi +Fc=0.817;..................//Volume fraction of Epoxy remaining +Fc2=0.183;..................//Min volume Faction of Epoxy +rho2=0.0686;...............//Density of high Carbon Fiber in lb/in^3 +emax=q/120;................//MAX. Strain of Epoxy +E=psi*emax;................//Max Modulus of elasticity in psi +A=f/E;....................//Area of Structure in in^2 +W=rho*%pi*((d/2)^2)*120;...........//Weight of Structure in ib +c=W*0.80;..........................//Cost of Structure in Dollars +Ec=e/emax;..................//Minimum Elasticity of composite in psi +A2=f/e;....................//Area of Epoxy in in^2 +At=A2/Fc;................//Total Volume of Epoxy +V=At*120;................//Volume of Structure in in^3 +W2=((rho2*Fc2)+(rho*Fc))*V;.............//Weight of Structure in lb +Wf=(Fc2*1.9)/((Fc2*1.9)+(Fc*1.25));...........//Weight Fraction of Carbon +Wc=Wf*W2;.....................//Weight of Carbon +We=0.746*W2;.................//Weight of Epoxy +c2=(Wc*30)+(We*0.80);.............//Cost of Each Struct. + disp(c2,"Cost of Each Struct.:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a852f14a --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.2 +//page 528 +// Initialisation of Variables +per1=75;..............//Percent Weight of WC +per2=15;..............//Percent Weight of TiC +per3=5;...............//Percent Weight of TaC +per4=5;...............//Percent Weight of Co +rho1=15.77;...........//Density of WC in g/cm^3 +rho2=4.94;............//Density of TiC in g/cm^3 +rho3=14.5;............//Density of TaC in g/cm^3 +rho4=8.90;............//Density of Co in g/cm^3 +//Calculations +f1=(per1/rho1)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.......//Volume fraction of WC +f2=(per2/rho2)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Tic +f3=(per3/rho3)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Tac +f4=(per4/rho4)/((per1/rho1)+(per2/rho2)+(per3/rho3)+(per4/rho4));.....//Volume fraction of Co +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2)+(f3*rho3)+(f4*rho4);........//Density of composite in g/cm^3 +disp(rho,"Density of composite in g/cm^3:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5bb51ba9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.3 +//page 530 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho1=19.3;...........//Density of pure Tungsten in g/cm^3 +rho2=10.49;............//Density of pure Silver in g/cm^3 +f1=0.75;..............//Volume fraction of Tungsten +f2=0.25;...........//Volume fraction of Silver and pores +//Calculations +per=((f2*rho2)/((f2*rho2)+(f1*rho1)))*100;.........//Percentage weight of silver +disp(per,"Percentage Weight of Silver:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1709e71f --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.4 +//page 531 +// Initialisation of Variables +rho1=0.95;...........//Density of polyethylene in g/cm^3 +rho2=2.4;...........//Density of clay in g/cm^3 +f1=0.65;...............//Volume fraction of Polyethylene +f2=0.35;...............//Volume fraction of Clay +f3=1.67;.............//Volume fraction of polyethylene after sacrifice +f4=1.06;.............//Volume fraction of Clay after sacrifice +pa1=650;............// No. of parts of polyethylene in 1000cm^3 composite in cm^3 +pa2=350;............// No. of parts of clay in 1000cm^3 composite in cm^3 +//Calculations +pa3=(pa1*rho1)/454;.........//No. of parts of Polyethylene in 1000cm^3 composite in lb +pa4=(pa2*rho2)/454;.........//No. of parts of clay in 1000cm^3 composite in lb +co1=pa3* 0.05;................//Cost of material Polyethylenein Dollars +co2=pa4* 0.05;................//Cost of materials clay in Dollars +c0=co1+co2;...................//Cost of materials in Dollars +rho3=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);.........//Composite density in g/cm^3 +co3=f3* 0.05;................//Cost of material polyethylene after savings in Dollars +co4=f4* 0.05;................//Cost of material clay after savings in Dollars +c1=co3+co4;.................//Cost of materials after savings in Dollars +rho4=(0.8*rho1)+(0.2*rho2);..............//Density of composite after saving in g/cm^3 +disp(rho3,"Composite density in g/cm^3:") +disp(rho4,"Composite densityafter saving in g/cm^3:") + diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2683fa7d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.7 +// Initialisation of Variables +//page 536 +f1=0.4;...............//Volume fraction of Fiber +f2=0.6;...............//Volume fraction of Aluminium +rho1=2.36;...........//Density of Fibers in g/cm^3 +rho2=2.70;...........//Density of Aluminium in g/cm^3 +psi1=55*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Fiber in psi +psi2=10*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Aluminium in psi +ts1=400000;..............//Tensile strength of fiber in psi +ts2=5000;..............//Tensile strength of Aluminium in psi +//Calculations +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);........//Density of mixture in g/cm^3 +Ec1=(f1*psi1)+(f2*psi2);........//Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi +TSc=(f1*ts1)+(f2*ts2);........//Tensile Strength of mixture in psi +Ec2=1/((f1/psi1)+(f2/psi2));........//Modulus of elasticity perpendicular to fibers in psi +disp(rho,"Density of mixture in g/cm^3:") +disp(Ec1,"Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi:") +disp(TSc,"Tensile Strength of mixture in psi:") +disp(Ec2,"Modulus of elasticity perpendicular to fibers in psi:") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1010d68cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.8/EX17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.8 +//page 534 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi1=10.5*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Glass in psi +psi2=0.4*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Nylon in psi +a1=0.3;.....................//area of glass in cm^3 +a2=0.7;.....................//area of Nylon in cm^3 +//Calculations +psi=psi1/psi2;..............//Fraction of elasticity +fo=a1/(a1+(a2*(1/psi)));..........//Fraction of applied force carried by Glass fiber +disp(fo,"Fraction of applied force carried by Glass fiber :") +printf(" Almost all of the load is carried by the glass fibers.") diff --git a/3526/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce b/3526/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1214dfb62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH17/EX17.9/EX17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 17.9 +//page 542 +// Initialisation of Variables +psi=10*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of 7075-T6 in psi +psi1=55*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Boron fiber in psi +psi2=11*10^6;..............//Modulus of elasticity of Typical AL-LI in psi +f1=0.6;...............//Volume fraction of Boron Fiber +f2=0.4;...............//Volume fraction of typical AL-LI +rho1=0.085;...........//Density of Boron Fibers in lb/in*3 +rho2=0.09;...........//Density of typical AL-LI in lb/in^3 +//Calculations +sm1=psi/(((2.7*(2.54)^3))/454);..........//Specific Modulus of current alloy in in. +rho=(f1*rho1)+(f2*rho2);........//Density of composite in lb/in^3 +Ec=(f1*psi1)+(f2*psi2);........//Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi +sm2=Ec/rho;..........//Specific Modulus of composite in in. +disp(sm1,"Specific Modulus of current alloy in in.:") +disp(rho,"Density of composite in lb/in^3:") +disp(Ec,"Modulus of elasticity of mixture in psi:") +disp(sm2,"Specific Modulus of composite in in.:") diff --git a/3526/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/3526/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ad3b1c2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Page 26 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 2.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1.5*10^-7;........//Radius of a particle in cm +rho=7.8;..........//Density of iron magnetic nano- particle in cm^3 +//CALCULATIONS +v=(4/3)*%pi*(r)^3;.....//Volume of each Iron magnetic nano -particle in cm^3 +m=rho*v;.......//Mass of each iron nano-particle in g +disp(v,"Volume of each Iron magnetic nano -particle in cm^3:") +disp(m,"Mass of each iron nano-particle in g:") diff --git a/3526/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce b/3526/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cad80bf07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Page 37 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 2.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +Es=1.8;........//Electro negativity of Silicon from fig.2-8 +Eo=3.5;........//Electro negativity of Oxygen from fig.2-8 +//CALCULATION +F=exp(-0.25*(Eo-Es)^2);........//Fraction covalent of SiO2 +disp(F,"Fraction covalent of SiO2 :") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc5ab1007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//page 53 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +Cn=8;......//No. of Corners of the Cubic Crystal Systems +c=1;......//No. of centers of the Cubic Crystal Systems in BCC unit cell +F=6;.......//No. of Faces of the Cubic Crystal Systems in FCC unit cell +//CALCULATIONS +N1=Cn/8;.....//No. of latice points per unit cell in SC unit cell +N2=(Cn/8)+c*1;....//No. of latice points per unit cell in BCC unit cells +N3=(Cn/8)+F*(1/2);....//No. of latice points per unit cell in FCC unit cells +disp(N1,"No. of latice points per unit cell in SC unit cell:") +disp(N2,"No. of latice points per unit cell in BCC unit cells:") +disp(N3,"No. of latice points per unit cell in FCC unit cells:") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77fb17232 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//page 70 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.11 +// Initialisation of Variables +E=12;......//No. of Edges in the octahedral sites of the unit cell +S=1/4;.......//so only 1/4 of each site belongs uniquelyto each unit cell +N=E*S+1;.....//No.of site belongs uniquely to each unit cell +disp(N,"No.of octahedral site belongs uniquely to each unit cell:") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c32d221a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//page 72 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.12 +// Initialisation of Variables +r1=0.066;.......//Radius of Mg+2 from Appendix B in nm +r2=0.132;.......//Radius of O-2 from Appendix B in nm +Am1=24.312;.......//Atomic masses of Mg+2 in g/mol +Am2=16;.......//Atomic masses of O-2 in g/mol +Na=6.02*10^23;......//Avogadro’s number +//CALCULATIONS +a0=2*r1+2*r2;...........//Lattice constant for MgO in nm +rho=((4*Am1)+(4*16))/((a0*10^-8)*Na);.....//Density of MgO in g/cm^3 +disp(a0*10^-8,"Lattice constant for MgO in cm:") +disp(rho,"Density of MgO in g/cm^3:") +//Answer given in the book is wrong \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cc2d0a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//page 75 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.13 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;............//Radius of each atom in units +n=8;.........//No. of atoms present in Diamond cubic Silicon per cell +//CALCULATIONS +v=(4/3)*%pi*r^3;..........// Volume of each atom in Diamond cubic Silicon +a0=(8*r)/sqrt(3);..........//Volume of unit cell in Diamond cubic Silicon +Pf=(n*v)/a0^3;............//Packing factor of Diamond cubic Silicon +disp(Pf,"Packing factor of Diamond cubic Silicon:") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56c0c9094 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//page 56 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.14 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;.........// one unit of radius of each atom of FCC cell +a0=(4*r)/sqrt(2);..........//Lattice constant for FCC cell +v=(4*%pi*r^3)/3;.........//volume of one atom in FCC cell +Pf=(4*v)/(a0)^3;........//Packing factor in FCC cell +disp(Pf,"Packing factor in FCC cell") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4ede0491 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//page 57 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +a0=2.866*10^-8;..........//Lattice constant for BCC iron cells in cm +m=55.847;..........//Atomic mass of iron in g/mol +Na=6.02*10^23;......//Avogadro’s number in atoms/mol +n=2;.........//number of atoms per cell in BCC iron +//CALCULATIONS +v=a0^3;........//Volume of unit cell for BCC iron in cm^3/cell +rho=(n*m)/(v*Na);.......//Density of BCC iron +disp(v,"Volume of unit cell for BCC iron in cm^3/cell:") +disp(rho,"Density of BCC iron in g/cm^3:") diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ba1279c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +a=5.156;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +b=5.191;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +c=5.304;........//The lattice constants for the monoclinic unit cells in Angstroms +beeta=98.9;.......//The angle fro the monoclinic unit cell +a2=5.094;........//The lattice constants for the tetragonal unit cells in Angstroms +c2=5.304;........//The lattice constants for the tetragonal unit cells in Angstroms +//CALCULATIONS +v2=(a2^2)*c2;........//volume of a tetragonal unit cell +v1=a*b*c*sin(beeta*%pi/180);........//volume of a monoclinic unit cell +Pv=(v1-v2)/(v1)*100;........//The percent change in volume in percent +disp(v2,"volume of a tetragonal unit cell in A^3:") +disp(v1,"volume of a monoclinic unit cell in A^3:") +disp(Pv,"The percent change in volume in percent:") +//valu of pv is wrong in book diff --git a/3526/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce b/3526/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aaf58890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//page 64 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 3.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +r=1;.......//Radius of each atom in units +l=0.334;.......//Lattice parameter of (010) in nm +//CALCULATIONS +a1=2*r;........//Area of face for (010) +a2=l^2;...........//Area of face of (010) in cm^2 +pd=1/a2;........//Planar density of (010) in atoms/nm^2 +pf=%pi*r^2/(a1)^2;......//Packing fraction of (010) +disp(pd*10^14,"Planar density of (010) in atoms/cm^2:") +disp(pf,"Packing fraction of (010):") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c46cbb4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//page 87 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.1 +// Initialisation of Variables +Lp=0.36151;........//The lattice parameter of FCC copper in nm +T1=298;..........//Temperature of copper in K +Qv=20000;...........//Heat required to produce a mole of vacancies in copper in cal +R=1.987;.........//The gas constant in cal/mol-K +//CALCULATIONS +n=4/(Lp*10^-8)^3;..........//The number of copper atoms or lattice points per cm^3 in atoms/cm^3 +nv1=n*exp(-Qv/(T1*R));.......//concentration of vacancies in copper at 25 degree celsius in vacancies /cm^3 +nv2=nv1*1000;.......//concentration of vacancies in copper atoms at T2 temperature +T2=-Qv/(R*log(nv2/n));.......//temperature at which this number of vacancies forms in copper in K +disp(round(T2-273),"Temperature at which this number of vacancies forms in copper in Degree celsius:") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61c3e2ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//page 88 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.2 +// Initialisation of Variables +n1=2;..........//No. of Atoms in BCC iron Crystal +m=55.847;..........//Atomic mass of BCC iron crystal +a0=2.866*10^-8;......//The lattice parameter of BCC iron in cm +Na=6.02*10^23;.......//Avogadro’s number in atoms/mol +rho1=7.87;........//Required density of iron BCC in g/cm^3 +//CALCULATIONS +rho2=(n1*m)/(a0^3*Na);..........//The expected theoretical density of iron BCC +X=(rho1*a0^3*Na)/m;.........//Number of iron atoms and vacancies that would be present in each unit cell for the required density +n2=n1-X;..........// no. of vacacies per unit cell +V=n2/a0^3;.........//The number of vacancies per cm^3 +disp(rho2,"The expected theoretical density of iron BCC ") +disp(X,"Number of iron atoms that would be present in each unit cell for the required density:") +disp(V,"The number of vacancies per cm^3 :") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdb8eb638 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//page 90 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +a01=0.2866;............//The Lattice parameter of BCC in nm +a02=0.3571;............//The Lattice parameter of FCC in nm +r=0.071;............//Radius of carbon atom in nm +ni1=12;..........//No. of interstitial sites per unit cell for BCC +ni2=4;...........//No. of interstitial sites per unit cell for FCC +//CALCULATIONS +Rb=(sqrt(3)*a01)/4;.......//Radius of iron atom in nm +Ri1=sqrt(0.3125*a01^2)-Rb;.......// Interstitial Radius of iron atom in nm +Rf=(sqrt(2)*a02)/4;.........//the radius of the iron atom in nm +Ri2=(a02-(2*Rf))/2;................//the radius of the interstitial site in nm +%C1=(ni1/(ni1+2))*100;...........//The atomic percentage of carbon contained in the BCC iron in percent +%C2=(ni2/(ni2+4))*100;...........//The atomic percentage of carbon contained in the FCC iron in percent +disp(Rb,"Radius of iron atom in nm") +disp(Ri1,"Interstitial Radius of iron atom in nm:") +disp(Rf,"the radius of the iron atom in nm:") +disp(Ri2,"the radius of the interstitial site in nm:") +disp(%C1,"The atomic percentage of carbon contained in BCC iron in percent:") +disp(%C2,"The atomic percentage of carbon contained in FCC iron in percent:") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b88232c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//page 96 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.4 +// Initialisation of Variable +a0=0.396;.........//Lattice parameter of magnesium oxide +h=1;..............//Because b is a [110] direction +k=1;..............//Because b is a [110] direction +l=0;............//Because b is a [110] direction +//CALCULATIONS +b=a0/sqrt(2);..........//The length of Burgers vector in nm +disp(b,"The length of Burgers vector in nm:") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1caaefd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//page 97 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +a01=0.36151;......//The lattice parameter of copper in nm +//CALCULATIONS +F=sqrt(2)*a01;........//Face Diagonal of copperin nm +b=(1/2)*(F);..........//The length of the Burgers vector, or the repeat distance in nm +disp(F,"Face Diagonal of copperin nm:") +disp(b,"The length of the Burgers vector in nm:") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69da0514e --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//page 98 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +n=2;........//No. of Atoms present per cell in BCC +a0=2.866*10^-8;.....//The lattice parameter of BCC iron in cm +rho1=0.994*10^15;.......//Planar density of (112)BCC in atoms/cm^2 +//CALCULATIONS +a=sqrt(2)*a0^2;.........//Area of BCC iron in cm^2 +rho2=n/a;........//Planar density of (110)BCC in atoms/cm^2 +d1=a0*10^-9/(sqrt(1^2+1^2+0));......//The interplanar spacings for (110)BCC in cm +d2=a0*10^-9/(sqrt(1^2+1^2+2^2));......//The interplanar spacings for (112)BCC in cm +disp(rho2,"Planar density of (110)BCC in atoms/cm^2:") +disp(d1,"The interplanar spacings for (110)BCC in cm:") +disp(d2,"The interplanar spacings for (112)BCC in cm:") diff --git a/3526/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce b/3526/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12be5d1d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//page 105 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 4.10 +// Initialisation of Variables +g=16;.......// No. of grains per square inch in a photomicrograph +M=250;..........//Magnification in a photomicrograph +N=(M/g)*100;........//The number of grains per square inch +n=(log10(100)/log10(2))+1;........//the ASTM grain size number +disp(n,"the ASTM grain size number:") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86ee51470 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.2 +//page 119 +// Initialisation of Variables +R1=5*10^8;.........//The rate of moement of interstitial atoms in jumps/s 500 degree celsius +R2=8*10^10;.........//The rate of moement of interstitial atoms in jumps/s 800 degree celsius +T1=500;..........//Temperature at first jump in Degree celsius +T2=800;..........//Temperature at second jump in Degree celsius +R=1.987;..........//Gas constant in cal/mol-K +//CALCULATIONS +Q=log(R2/R1)/(exp(1/(R*(T1+273)))-exp(1/(R*(T2+273))));.....//Activation Energy for Interstitial Atoms in cal/mol +disp(Q,"Activation Energy for Interstitial Atoms in cal/mol:") +//answer in book is wrong diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39381b2b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.3 +//page 124 +// Initialisation of Variables +X=0.1;.......//Thickness of SIlicon Wafer in cm +n=8;.......//No. of atoms in silicon per cell +ni=1;..........//No of phosphorous atoms present for every 10^7 Si atoms +ns=400;.......//No of phosphorous atoms present for every 10^7 Si atoms +ci1=(ni/10^7)*100;..........//Initial compositions in atomic percent +cs1=(ns/10^7)*100;...........//Surface compositions in atomic percent +G1=(ci1-cs1)/X;.....//concentration gradient in percent/cm +a0=1.6*10^-22;........//The lattice parameter of silicon +v=(10^7/n)*a0;......//volume of the unit cell in cm^3 +ci2=ni/v;..........//The compositions in atoms/cm^3 +cs2=ns/v;..........//The compositions in atoms/cm^3 +G2=(ci2-cs2)/X;.....//concentration gradient in percent/cm^3.cm +disp(G1,"concentration gradient in percent/cm:") +disp(G2,"concentration gradient in percent/cm^3.cm:") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8032dc78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.4 +//page 129 +// Initialisation of Variables +N=1;..........//N0. of atoms on one side of iron bar +H=1;..........//No. of atoms onother side of iron bar +d=3;.......//Diameter of an impermeable cylinder in cm +l=10;.....//Length of an impermeable cylinder in cm +A1=50*10^18*N;..........// No. of gaseous Atoms per cm^3 on one side +A2=50*10^18*H;..........//No. of gaseous Atom per cm^3 on one side +B1=1*10^18*N;...........//No. of gaseous atoms per cm^3 on another side +B2=1*10^18*H;..........//No. of gaseous atoms per cm^3 on another side +t=973;...........//The di¤usion coefficient of nitrogen in BCC iron at 700 degree celsius in K +Q=18300;.........//The activation energy for di¤usion of Ceramic +Do=0.0047;.......//The pre-exponential term of ceramic +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +//CALCULATIONS +T=A1*(%pi/4)*d^2*l;....//The total number of nitrogen atoms in the container in N atoms +LN=0.01*T/3600;......//The maximum number of atoms to be lost per second in N atoms per Second +JN=LN/((%pi/4)*d^2);.........//The Flux of ceramic in Natoms per cm^2. sec. +Dn=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The di¤usion coefficient of Ceramic in cm^2/Sec +deltaX=Dn*(A1-B1)/JN;.........//minimum thickness of the membrane in cm +LH=0.90*T/3600;........//Hydrogen atom loss per sec. +JH=LH/((%pi/4)*d^2);.........//The Flux of ceramic in Hatoms per cm^2. sec. +Dh=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The di¤usion coeficient of Ceramic in cm^2/Sec +deltaX2=((1.86*10^-4)*(A2-B2))/JH;.......//Minimum thickness of the membrane in cm +disp(deltaX,"Minimum thickness of the membrane of Natoms in cm") +disp(deltaX2,"Minimum thickness of the membrane of Hatoms in cm") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e83657fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +n=2;..........//no of atoms/ cell in BCC Tungsten +a0=3.165;..........//The lattice parameter of BCC tungsten in Angstromes +W=n/(a0*10^-8)^3;.........//The number of tungsten atoms per cm^3 +Cth=0.01*W;......//The number of thorium atoms per cm^3 +Cg=-Cth/0.01;.......//The concentration gradient of Tungsten in atoms/cm^3.cm +Q=120000;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Q2=90000;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Q3=66400;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of Tungsten +Do=1.0;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +Do2=0.74;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +Do3=0.47;.......//The pre-exponential term of Tungsten +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +t=2273;..........//The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in BCC iron at 2000 degree celsius in K +//CALCULATIONS +D1=Do*exp(-Q/(R*t));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J1=-D1*Cg;............//Volume Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. +D2=Do2*exp(-Q2/(R*t));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J2=-D2*Cg;............//Grain boundary Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. +D3=0.47*exp(-66400/(1.987*2273));........//The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec +J3=-D3*Cg;............//Surfae Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec. + +disp(W,"The number of tungsten atoms per cm^3:") +disp(Cth,"The number of thorium atoms per cm^3:") +disp(Cg,"The concentration gradient of Tungsten in atoms/cm^3.cm:") +disp(D1,"The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J1,"Volume Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") +disp(D2,"The diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J2,"Grain boundry Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") +disp(D3*10^7,"The Surface diffusion coeficient of Tungsten in cm^2/Sec:") +disp(J3,"Surface Diffusion in Th atoms/cm^2.sec.:") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96cef7bde --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5.6 +//page 155 +clc +T=[1173 1273 1373 1473] +//in K + +//for loop t + +for i=1:1:4 +t(i)=0.0861/exp(-16558/T(i)) +end +disp(t,"The combination temp in second is") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84926d0f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5.6 +//page 155 +clc +T=[1173 1273 1373 1473] +//in K + + +//for loop t + +for i=1:1:4 +t(i)=0.0861/exp(-16558/T(i)) +end +disp(t,"The combination temp in second is") diff --git a/3526/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce b/3526/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c744c2dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 5.8 +// Initialisation of Variables +H=10;.......//Required time to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears +t1=1173;......//Temperature at carburizing a batch of 500 steel gears in K +t2=1273;.......//Temperature at carburizing a batch of 500 steel gears in K +Q=32900;.........//The activation energy for diffusion of BCC steel +R=1.987;.........//Gas constant in cal/mol.K +c1=1000;......//cost per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 900degree centigrades +c2=1500;......//Cost per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 1000 degree centigrade +H2=(exp(-Q /(R*t1))*H*3600)/exp(-Q /(R*t2));.......// Time requried to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears at 1000 degree centigrade +Cp1=c1*H/500;.......//The cost per Part of steel rods at 900 degree centigrade +Cv=(c2*3.299)/500;.......//The cost per Part of steel rods at 1000 degree centigrade +disp(H2/3600,"Time requried to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel gears at 1000 degree centigrade:") +disp(Cp1,"The cost of carburizing per Part of steel rods at 900 degree centigrade") +disp(Cv,"The cost of carburizing per Part of steel rods at 1000 degree centigrade") diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a7d0b28f --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//page 152 +clc +F=1000//in lb +Ao=(%pi/4)*(0.505)^2//in^2 +rho=F/Ao +delta_I=0.001//in +I_o=2//in +e=delta_I/I_o +disp(rho,"The value in psi is=") +disp(e,"The value of epselon") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79cd35b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.2 +//page 152 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=45000;.......//Force applied on an aluminum rod in lb +e=25000;.......//the maximum allowable stress on the rod in psi +l2=150;.......//the minimum length of the rod in in +e1=0.0025;......//The strain appiled on rod +sigma=16670;.........//Stress applied on rod in psi +L=0.25;........//The maximum allowable elastic deformation in in +//CALCULATIONS +Ao1=F/e;........//The required crosssectional area of the rod +d=sqrt((Ao1*4)/%pi);......//Diameter of rod in in +l1=e1*L;...........//The maximum length of the rod in in +e2=L/e1;...........//The minimum strain allowed on rod +Ao2=F/sigma;........//The minimum cross-sectional area in in^2 +disp(Ao1,"The required crosssectional area of the rod in in^2:") +disp(d,"Diameter of rod in in:") +disp(l1,"The maximum length of the rod in in:") +disp(e2,"The minimum strain allowed on rod:") +disp(Ao2,"The minimum cross-sectional area in in^2:") diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8b824ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.3 +// Initialisation of Variables +sigma1=35000;.......//Stress applied of aluminum alloy in psi from table 6-1 +e1=0.0035;........//Strain applied of aluminum alloy from table 6-1 +sigma2=30000;.......//Stress applied of aluminum alloy in psi +Lo=50;.........//initial length of aluminum alloy +//CALCULATIONS +E=sigma1/e1;........//Modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloy +e2=sigma2/E;.......//Strain applied of aluminum alloy +L=Lo+(e2*Lo);......//The length after deformation of bar in in +disp(E,"Modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloy from table 6-1:") +disp(L,"The length after deformation of bar in in") +disp(e2,"Strain applied of aluminum alloy:") diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f90c0d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.4 +// Initialisation of Variables +Lf=2.195;........//Final length after failure +d1=0.505;.......//Diameter of alluminum alloy in in +d2=0.398;......//Final diameter of alluminum alloy in in +Lo=2;..........//Initial length of alluminum alloy +//CALCULATIONS +A0=(%pi/4)*d1^2;........//Area of original of alluminum alloy +Af=(%pi/4)*d2^2;........//Area of final of alluminum alloy +%E=((Lf-Lo)/Lo)*100;.....//Percentage of Elongation +%R=((A0-Af)/A0)*100;......//Percentage of Reduction in area +disp(%E,"Percentage of Elongation:") +disp(%R,"Percentage of Reduction in area:") +printf("The final length is less than 2.205 in because, after fracture, the elastic strain is recovered.") diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58f87b797 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.5 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=8000;.......//Load applied for the aluminum alloy in lb +F2=7600;......//Load applied for the aluminum alloy in lb at fracture +dt1=0.505;.......//diameter of for the aluminum alloy in in +dt2=0.497;.......//The diameter at maximum load +Lt=2.120;..........//Final length at maxium load +Lot=2;.............//Initial length of alluminum alloy +Ff=7600;.........//Load applied for the aluminum alloy after fracture in lb +df=0.398;.......//The diameter at maximum load after fracture +Lf=0.205;.......//Final length at fracture +//CALCULATIONS +Es=F/((%pi/4)*dt1^2);.....//Engineering stress in psiAt the tensile or maximum load +Ts=F/((%pi/4)*dt2^2);.....//True stress in psi At the tensile or maximum load +Ee=(Lt-Lot)/Lot;........//Engineering strain At the tensile or maximum load +Te=log(Lt/Lot);........//True strain At the tensile or maximum load +Es2=F2/((%pi/4)*dt1^2);......//Engineering stress At fracture: +Ts2=F2/((%pi/4)*df^2);......//True stress At fracture: +Ee2=Lf/Lot;..........//Engineering strain At fracture: +Te2=log(((%pi/4)*dt1^2)/((%pi/4)*df^2));.......//True strain At fracture: +disp(Es,"Engineering stress in psiAt the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Ts,"True stress in psi At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Ee,"Engineering strain At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Te,"True strain At the tensile or maximum load") +disp(Es2,"Engineering stress At fracture:") +disp(Ts2,"True stress At fracture") +disp(Ee2,"Engineering strain At fracture:") +disp(Te2,"True strain At fracture:") diff --git a/3526/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce b/3526/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ba52c4e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 6.6 +// Initialisation of Variables +Fs=45000;.......//The flexural strength of a composite material in psi +Fm=18*10^6;........//The flexural modulus of composite material in psi +w=0.5;.......//wide of sample in in +h=0.375;......//Height of sample in in +l=5;..........//Length of sample in in +//CALCULATIONS +F=Fs*2*w*h^2/(3*l);......//The force required to fracture the material in lb +delta=(l^3)*F/(Fm*4*w*h^3);.......//The deflection of the sample at fracture +disp(F,"The force required to fracture the material in lb:") +disp(delta,"The deflection of the sample at fracture in in") diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf13a6b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.1 +//page 181 +// Initialisation of Variables +f=1.12;.......//Geometry factor for the specimen and flaw +sigma=45000;.....//Applied stress on Steel in psi +K=80000;.........//The stress intensity factor +//CALCULATIONS +a=(K/(f*sigma))^2/%pi;........//Depth of crank in in +disp(a,"Depth of crank that will propagate in the steel in in:") diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..421c80341 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.11 +//page 199 +// Initialisation of Variables +N=5.256*10^5;......//No. of cycles that the shaft will experience in one year +F=12500;.........//applied load on shaft in lb +L=96;...........//Length of Kliin produced from tool steel in in. +sigma1=72000;...........//the applied stress on Shaft +f=2;............//Factor of saftey of shaft +sigma2=sigma1/f;......//the maximum allowed stress level +//CALCULATIONS +d1=(16*F*L/(sigma1*%pi))^(1/3);..........//The Diameter of Shaft in in. +d2=(16*F*L/(sigma2*%pi))^(1/3);.......//The minimum diameter required to prevent failure +disp(d1,"The Diameter of Shaft in in.:") +disp(d2,"The minimum diameter required to prevent failure in in.:") diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..955d28ce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.2 +//page 183 +// Initialisation of Variables +T=60000;........//Tensile strength Of Sialon (acronym for silicon aluminum oxynitride) in psi +sigma=500;.....//The stress at which the part unexpectedly fails in psi +a=0.01;.........//Depth of thin crack in in +//CALCULATIONS +r=a/(T/(2*sigma))^2;.....//The radius of the crack tip in in +disp(r*2.54*10^8,"The radius of the crack tip in Angstroms") diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd7247f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.3 +//page 184 +// Initialisation of Variables +F=40000;..........// Maximum Tensile load in lb +K=9000;........//Fracture toughness of Ceramic +w=3;.........// plate made of Sialon width +//CALCULATIONS +A=F*sqrt(%pi)/K;......//Area of ceramic +T=A/w;........// Thickness of Ceramic +disp(T,"THickness of ceramic :") diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e269ec695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.8 +//page 193 +// Initialisation of Variables +m=9;.........//Weibull modulus of an ceramic +sigma1=250;.......//The flexural strength in MPa +F1=0.4;.......//probability of failure +F2=0.1;.......//Expected the probability of failure +//CALCULATIONS +sigma2=exp(log(sigma1)-(log(log(1/(1-F1)))/m ));.....// The characteristic strength of the ceramic +sigma3=exp((log(log(1/(1-F2)))/m)+log(sigma2));........//Expected level of stress that can be supported in MPa +disp(sigma2,"The characteristic strength of the ceramic in MPa:") +disp(sigma3,"Expected level of stress that can be supported in MPa:") + diff --git a/3526/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce b/3526/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfc213b78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//page 195 +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 7.9 +// Initialisation of Variables +Ln1=0.5 +Ln2=-2.0 + +sigma1=52;........//the maximum allowed stress level on ceramic at one point in MP. +sigma2=23.5;.......//the maximum allowed stress level on ceramic at another point in MP. +//CALCULATIONS +m=(Ln1-Ln2)/(log(sigma1)-log(sigma2));.......//Weibull modulus of ceramic +disp(m,"Weibull modulus of ceramic:") diff --git a/3526/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce b/3526/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d36e8feed --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.1 +//page 221 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=1;.......//Thickness of Copper plate in cm +tf=0.50;.....//Cold reducetion of coopper in cm in step1 +tf2=0.16;.....// Further Cold reduction of cooper in cm in step2 +//CALCULATIONS +%CW1=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;......//Amount of Cold work accomplished in step1 +%CW2=((tf-tf2)/tf)*100;.....//Amount of Cold work accomplished in step2 +%CW=((t0-tf2)/t0)*100;.......//Actual Total Cold work in percent +disp(%CW1,"Amount of Cold work accomplished in step1:") +disp(%CW2,"Amount of Cold work accomplished in step2:") +disp(%CW,"Actual Total Cold work in percent:") diff --git a/3526/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce b/3526/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c51c3f09a --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.2 +//page 222 +// Initialisation of Variables +tf=0.1;.......//Thickness of cooper to produce in cm +%CW1=40;.......//cold work to produce a tensile strengthof 65,000 psi +%CW2=45;.......//cold work to produce a tensile strengthof 60,000 psi +//CALCULATIONS +Tmax=(tf/(1-(%CW1/100)));.........//Maximum thicknessproduced in step1 in cm +Tmin=(tf/(1-(%CW2/100)));.........//Minimum thicknessproduced in step2 in cm +disp(Tmax,"Maximum thicknessproduced in cm:") +disp(Tmin,"Minimum thicknessproduced in cm:") diff --git a/3526/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce b/3526/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caaabb227 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//EXAMPLE 8.5 +//page 228 +clc; +// Initialisation of Variables +D0=0.40;........//Let’s assume that the starting diameter of the copper wire in in. +Df=0.20;........// Diameter of the copper wire to be produced in in. +sigma1=22000;..........//Yeidl strength at 0% cold work +//CALCULATIONS +CW=((D0^2-Df^2)/D0^2)*100;.........//The fianal Cold Work in percent +F=sigma1*(%pi/4)*D0^2;........//The draw force required to deform the initial wire in lb +sigma2=F/((%pi/4)*Df^2);.....// The stress acting on the wire after passing through the die in psi +disp(CW,"The fianal Cold Work in percent:") +disp(F,"The draw force required to deform the initial wire in lb:") +disp(sigma2,"The stress acting on the wire after passing through the die in psi:") + + diff --git a/3526/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce b/3526/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6119340d --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.6 +//page 235 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=5;.......//Assming we are able to purchase only 5-cm thick stock +t02=1;......//Thickness of strip in cm +tf=0.182;......//Final thickness of strip in cm +%CW2=80;.......//cold work of a strip in percent +M=1085;.......// The melting point of copper in degree celsius +//CALCULATIONS +%CW=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;.......//Cold work between from 5 to 0.182 cm in percent +tf2=(1-(%CW2/100))*t0;.....// Final Thickness of strip in cm +Tr=0.4*(M+273);...// Recrystallization temperature By using 0.4Tm relationship in degree celsius +%CW3=((t02-tf)/t02)*100;.....//Cold work of the strip of 1 cm thickness +disp(%CW,"Cold work between from 5 to 0.182 cm in percent:") +disp(tf2,"1. Final Thickness of strip in cm") +disp(Tr-273,"2. Recrystallization temperature By using 0.4Tm relationship in degree celsius:") +disp(%CW3,"3. Cold work of the strip of 1 cm thickness :") diff --git a/3526/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce b/3526/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01c59ad7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 8.7 +//page 237 +// Initialisation of Variables +t0=5;.........//We are able to purchase strip of 5cm thickness in cm +tf=0.182;.....//Thickness to be produced in cm +tf2=0.167;.......//Thickness to procedure in cm +//CALCULATIONS +%HW=((t0-tf)/t0)*100;.....//Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.182 cm in percent +%HW2=((t0-tf2)/t0)*100;......//Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.167 cm in percent +disp(%HW,"Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.182 cm in percent:") +disp(%HW2,"Hot work for a strip from 5cm to 0.167 cm in percent") diff --git a/3526/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3526/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7ba0180d --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 9.1 +//page 250 +// Initialisation of Variables +deltaT=236;.......//Typical Undercooling for HomogeneousNucleation from the table 9-1 for cooper +Tm=1358;.......//Freezing Temperature from the table 9-1 for cooper in degree celsius +deltaH=1628;.......// Latent Heat of Fusion from the table 9-1 for cooper in J/cm^3 +sigma1=177*10^-7;.....//Solid-Liquid Interfacial Energyfrom the table 9-1 for cooper in J/cm^2 +a0=3.615*10^-8;......//The lattice parameter for FCC copper in cm +//CALCULATIONS +r=(2*sigma1*Tm)/(deltaH*deltaT);......//Critical Radius of copper in cm +V=a0^3;....//Volume of FCC unit cell of copper in cm^3 +V2=(4/3)*%pi*r^3;....//Critical volume of FCC copper +N=V2/V;......//The number of unit cells in the critical nucleus +Nc=4*round(N);......//Since there are four atoms in each unit cell of FCC metals +disp(r*10^8,"Critical Radius of copper in cm:") +disp(V,"Volume of FCC unit cell of copper in cm^3:") +disp(V2,"Critical volume of FCC copper :") +disp(round(N),"The number of unit cells in the critical nucleus :") +disp(Nc,"Since there are four atoms in each unit cell of FCC metals:") diff --git a/3526/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3526/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8395d5208 --- /dev/null +++ b/3526/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc;funcprot(0);//EXAMPLE 9.2 +//page 255 +// Initialisation of Variables +d=18;//Diameter of the casting in in +x=2;//Thickness of the casting in in +B=22//Mold constant of casting +V=(%pi/4)*d^2;//Volume of the casting in in^3 +A=2*(%pi/4)*d^2+%pi*d*x;//The surface area of the casting in contact with the mold +x=(0.708*A)/V +disp(x,"The thickness in inches=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c869fd4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.8.2\n') +//given data +T=0.1//time period of periodic motion in sec +W=2*%pi/T +k=12/2//number of elements in half cycle +mprintf('\tNo of elements in one cycle 2k=12,t(j) in degrees\n') +mprintf('t(j) f(j) cos(t(j)) f(j)*cos(t(j)) sin(t(j)) f(j)*sin(t(j) cos(2*t(j)) f(j)*cos(2*t(j)) sin(2*t(j)) f(j)*sin(2*t(j)) cos(3*t(j)) f(j)*cos(3*t(j) sin(3*t(j)) f(j)*sin(3*t(j)\n') +f(1)=10/6 +for j=1:6 + t(j)=j*(%pi/k) + m(j)=cos(t(j)) + n(j)=f(j)*m(j) + o(j)=sin(t(j)) + p(j)=f(j)*o(j) + q(j)=cos(2*t(j)) + r(j)=f(j)*q(j) + s(j)=sin(2*t(j)) + u(j)=f(j)*s(j) + v(j)=cos(3*t(j)) + x(j)=f(j)*v(j) + y(j)=sin(3*t(j)) + z(j)=f(j)*y(j) + f(j+1)=f(j)+f(1) +mprintf('%3.0f\t',t(j)*(180/%pi)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',f(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',m(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',n(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',o(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',p(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',q(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',r(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',s(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',u(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',v(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',x(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',y(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\n',z(j)) +end +f(7)=f(j)-f(1) +for j=7:12 + t(j)=j*(%pi/k) + m(j)=cos(t(j)) + n(j)=f(j)*m(j) + o(j)=sin(t(j)) + p(j)=f(j)*o(j) + q(j)=cos(2*t(j)) + r(j)=f(j)*q(j) + s(j)=sin(2*t(j)) + u(j)=f(j)*s(j) + v(j)=cos(3*t(j)) + x(j)=f(j)*v(j) + y(j)=sin(3*t(j)) + z(j)=f(j)*y(j) + f(j+1)=f(j)-f(1) + mprintf('%3.0f\t',t(j)*(180/%pi)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',f(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',m(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',n(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',o(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',p(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',q(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',r(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',s(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',u(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',v(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',x(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',y(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\n',z(j)) +end +sumf(j)=f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)+f(7)+f(8)+f(9)+f(10)+f(11)+f(12) +sumcos(t(j))=m(1)+m(2)+m(3)+m(4)+m(5)+m(6)+m(7)+m(8)+m(9)+m(10)+m(11)+m(12) +sumfjcos(t(j))=n(1)+n(2)+n(3)+n(4)+n(5)+n(6)+n(7)+n(8)+n(9)+n(10)+n(11)+n(12) +sumsin(t(j))=o(1)+o(2)+o(3)+o(4)+o(5)+o(6)+o(7)+o(8)+o(9)+o(10)+o(11)+o(12) +sumfjsin(t(j))=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)+p(4)+p(5)+p(6)+p(7)+p(8)+p(9)+p(10)+p(11)+p(12) +sumcos2(t(j))=q(1)+q(2)+q(3)+q(4)+q(5)+q(6)+q(7)+q(8)+q(9)+q(10)+q(11)+q(12) +sumfjcos2(t(j))=r(1)+r(2)+r(3)+r(4)+r(5)+r(6)+r(7)+r(8)+r(9)+r(10)+r(11)+r(12) +sumsin2(t(j))=s(1)+s(2)+s(3)+s(4)+s(5)+s(6)+s(7)+s(8)+s(9)+s(10)+s(11)+s(12) +sumfjsin2(t(j))=u(1)+u(2)+u(3)+u(4)+u(5)+u(6)+u(7)+u(8)+u(9)+u(10)+u(11)+u(12) +sumcos3(t(j))=v(1)+v(2)+v(3)+v(4)+v(5)+v(6)+v(7)+v(8)+v(9)+v(10)+v(11)+v(12) +sumfjcos3(t(j))=x(1)+x(2)+x(3)+x(4)+x(5)+x(6)+x(7)+x(8)+x(9)+x(10)+x(11)+x(12) +sumsin3(t(j))=y(1)+y(2)+y(3)+y(4)+y(5)+y(6)+y(7)+y(8)+y(9)+y(10)+y(11)+y(12) +sumfjsin3(t(j))=z(1)+z(2)+z(3)+z(4)+z(5)+z(6)+z(7)+z(8)+z(9)+z(10)+z(11)+z(12) +a0=sumf(j)/(2*k) +a1=sumfjcos(t(j))/k +b1=sumfjsin(t(j))/k +a2=sumfjcos2(t(j))/k +b2=sumfjsin2(t(j))/k +a3=sumfjcos3(t(j))/k +b3=sumfjsin3(t(j))/k +disp('The fourier components of periodic motion shown in example 1.8.1 are as follows') +mprintf('\nao=%f\na1=%f\nb1=%f\na2=%f\nb2=%f\na3=%f\nb3=%f\n',a0,a1,b1,a2,b2,a3,b3) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7d67f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.4.2\n') +//given data +//case 1 +//x1=(1/2)*cos((%pi/2)*t)...x1=a*cos(W1*t) +//x2=sin(%pi*t)...x2=b*sin(W2*t) +//calculations +W1=(%pi/2) +W2=%pi +t1=2*%pi/(W1) +t2=2*%pi/(W2) +p1=[t1 t2] +T1=lcm(p1) +//case 2 +//x1=2*cos((%pi*t)...x1=a*cos(W3*t) +//x2=2*cos(2*t)...x2=a*cos(W4*t) +W3=%pi +W4=2 +t3=2*%pi/(W3) +t4=2*%pi/(W4) +p2=[t3 t4] +T2=lcm(p2) +//output +mprintf('Case(i)\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nThe time period of combined wave is %f sec\nCase(ii)\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nThe time period of combined wave is %f sec',t1,t2,T1,t3,t4,T2) +mprintf('\nNOTE: The time period of combined motion in case (ii) cannot be calculated\n since pi is a non-terminating and non recurring number.\n But SCILAB takes the value of pi to be 3.141593 and therefore\n calculates the LCM of pi and the time period of first wave in case (ii.') diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ex1_3.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7d67f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.4.2/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.4.2\n') +//given data +//case 1 +//x1=(1/2)*cos((%pi/2)*t)...x1=a*cos(W1*t) +//x2=sin(%pi*t)...x2=b*sin(W2*t) +//calculations +W1=(%pi/2) +W2=%pi +t1=2*%pi/(W1) +t2=2*%pi/(W2) +p1=[t1 t2] +T1=lcm(p1) +//case 2 +//x1=2*cos((%pi*t)...x1=a*cos(W3*t) +//x2=2*cos(2*t)...x2=a*cos(W4*t) +W3=%pi +W4=2 +t3=2*%pi/(W3) +t4=2*%pi/(W4) +p2=[t3 t4] +T2=lcm(p2) +//output +mprintf('Case(i)\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nThe time period of combined wave is %f sec\nCase(ii)\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nTime period of first wave is %f sec\nThe time period of combined wave is %f sec',t1,t2,T1,t3,t4,T2) +mprintf('\nNOTE: The time period of combined motion in case (ii) cannot be calculated\n since pi is a non-terminating and non recurring number.\n But SCILAB takes the value of pi to be 3.141593 and therefore\n calculates the LCM of pi and the time period of first wave in case (ii.') diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9383af80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.5.1\n') +//given data +//x1=a*sin(W1*t) +//x2=b*sin(W2*t) +//calculations +a=1.90//amplitude of first wave in cm +b=2.00//amplitude of second wave in cm +W1=9.5//frequency of first wave in rad/sec +W2=10.0//frequency of second wave in rad/sec +xmax=b+a//maximum amplitude of motion in cms +xmin=abs(a-b)//minimum amplitude of motion in cms +f=abs(W1-W2)/(2*%pi)//beat frequency in Hz +t=1/f//time period of beat in sec +//output +mprintf('The maximum amplitude of motion is %4.4f cms\nThe minimum amplitude of motion is %4.4f cms\n The beat frequency is %4.4f Hz\n the time period is %4.4f sec',xmax,xmin,f,t) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_4.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9383af80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.5.1/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.5.1\n') +//given data +//x1=a*sin(W1*t) +//x2=b*sin(W2*t) +//calculations +a=1.90//amplitude of first wave in cm +b=2.00//amplitude of second wave in cm +W1=9.5//frequency of first wave in rad/sec +W2=10.0//frequency of second wave in rad/sec +xmax=b+a//maximum amplitude of motion in cms +xmin=abs(a-b)//minimum amplitude of motion in cms +f=abs(W1-W2)/(2*%pi)//beat frequency in Hz +t=1/f//time period of beat in sec +//output +mprintf('The maximum amplitude of motion is %4.4f cms\nThe minimum amplitude of motion is %4.4f cms\n The beat frequency is %4.4f Hz\n the time period is %4.4f sec',xmax,xmin,f,t) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ex1_6.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d4966f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.6.1/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.6.1\n') +//given data +//case 1 +//a complex number is represented as Z=X+j*Y where j is imaginary +//V=3 +j*7 +x1=3 +y1=7 +//calculations +r1=sqrt(x1^2+y1^2) + if (y1/x1)>0 then theta1=atan(y1/x1) + else theta1=%pi-atan(abs(y1/x1)) + end +theta1=atan(y1/x1) +//case 2 +//V=-5 +j*4 +x2=-5 +y2=4 +//calculations +r2=sqrt(x2^2+y2^2) + if (y2/x2)>0 then theta1=atan(y2/x2) + else theta2=%pi-atan(abs(y2/x2)) + end +//output +mprintf('case(i) V=3+j*7 is represented as V=%3.3f*e^(j*(%3.3f))\ncase(ii) V=-5+j*4 is represented as V=%3.3f*e^(j*(%3.3f))',r1,theta1,r2,theta2) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ex1_7.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe16f356e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.6.2/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.6.2\n') +//given data +//Z=r*e^(i*theta) is represented as Z=r*cos(theta) + i*r*sin(theta)= x +i*y +//where r*cos(theta)=x and r*sin(theta)=y +//case 1 +//V=5*e^(j*0.10) +r1=5 +theta1=0.1 +x1=r1*cos(theta1) +y1=r1*sin(theta1) +v1=complex(x1,y1) +//case 2 +//V=17*e^(-j*3.74) +r2=17 +theta2=-3.74 +x2=r2*cos(theta2) +y2=r2*sin(theta2) +v2=complex(x2,y2) +//output +mprintf('case(i):V=5*e^(j*0.10) is represented as') +disp(v1) +mprintf('\ncase(ii):V=17*e^(-j*3.74) is represented as') +disp(v2) +mprintf('\nNOTE:complex number is represented as x+y*i in SCILAB') diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d4966f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.6.1\n') +//given data +//case 1 +//a complex number is represented as Z=X+j*Y where j is imaginary +//V=3 +j*7 +x1=3 +y1=7 +//calculations +r1=sqrt(x1^2+y1^2) + if (y1/x1)>0 then theta1=atan(y1/x1) + else theta1=%pi-atan(abs(y1/x1)) + end +theta1=atan(y1/x1) +//case 2 +//V=-5 +j*4 +x2=-5 +y2=4 +//calculations +r2=sqrt(x2^2+y2^2) + if (y2/x2)>0 then theta1=atan(y2/x2) + else theta2=%pi-atan(abs(y2/x2)) + end +//output +mprintf('case(i) V=3+j*7 is represented as V=%3.3f*e^(j*(%3.3f))\ncase(ii) V=-5+j*4 is represented as V=%3.3f*e^(j*(%3.3f))',r1,theta1,r2,theta2) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_8.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4c7f118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.7.1/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.7.1\n') +//given data +Po=25//amplitude of force in N +Xo=0.05//ampliyude of displacement in m +W=20*%pi +//calculations +//case 1 +t0=0 +t1=1 +v1=integrate('sin(W*t)*cos(W*t-%pi/6)','t',t0,t1) +WD1=Po*Xo*W*v1 +//case 2 +t0=0 +t1=1/40 +v2=integrate('sin(W*t)*cos(W*t-%pi/6)','t',t0,t1) +WD2=Po*Xo*W*v2 +//output +mprintf(' (i)work done during the first second is %f N-m\n (ii)work done during the first 1/40th of second is %f N-m',WD1,WD2) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe16f356e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.6.2\n') +//given data +//Z=r*e^(i*theta) is represented as Z=r*cos(theta) + i*r*sin(theta)= x +i*y +//where r*cos(theta)=x and r*sin(theta)=y +//case 1 +//V=5*e^(j*0.10) +r1=5 +theta1=0.1 +x1=r1*cos(theta1) +y1=r1*sin(theta1) +v1=complex(x1,y1) +//case 2 +//V=17*e^(-j*3.74) +r2=17 +theta2=-3.74 +x2=r2*cos(theta2) +y2=r2*sin(theta2) +v2=complex(x2,y2) +//output +mprintf('case(i):V=5*e^(j*0.10) is represented as') +disp(v1) +mprintf('\ncase(ii):V=17*e^(-j*3.74) is represented as') +disp(v2) +mprintf('\nNOTE:complex number is represented as x+y*i in SCILAB') diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.8.2/Ex1_10.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.8.2/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c869fd4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.8.2/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.8.2\n') +//given data +T=0.1//time period of periodic motion in sec +W=2*%pi/T +k=12/2//number of elements in half cycle +mprintf('\tNo of elements in one cycle 2k=12,t(j) in degrees\n') +mprintf('t(j) f(j) cos(t(j)) f(j)*cos(t(j)) sin(t(j)) f(j)*sin(t(j) cos(2*t(j)) f(j)*cos(2*t(j)) sin(2*t(j)) f(j)*sin(2*t(j)) cos(3*t(j)) f(j)*cos(3*t(j) sin(3*t(j)) f(j)*sin(3*t(j)\n') +f(1)=10/6 +for j=1:6 + t(j)=j*(%pi/k) + m(j)=cos(t(j)) + n(j)=f(j)*m(j) + o(j)=sin(t(j)) + p(j)=f(j)*o(j) + q(j)=cos(2*t(j)) + r(j)=f(j)*q(j) + s(j)=sin(2*t(j)) + u(j)=f(j)*s(j) + v(j)=cos(3*t(j)) + x(j)=f(j)*v(j) + y(j)=sin(3*t(j)) + z(j)=f(j)*y(j) + f(j+1)=f(j)+f(1) +mprintf('%3.0f\t',t(j)*(180/%pi)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',f(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',m(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',n(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',o(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',p(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',q(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',r(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',s(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',u(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',v(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',x(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',y(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\n',z(j)) +end +f(7)=f(j)-f(1) +for j=7:12 + t(j)=j*(%pi/k) + m(j)=cos(t(j)) + n(j)=f(j)*m(j) + o(j)=sin(t(j)) + p(j)=f(j)*o(j) + q(j)=cos(2*t(j)) + r(j)=f(j)*q(j) + s(j)=sin(2*t(j)) + u(j)=f(j)*s(j) + v(j)=cos(3*t(j)) + x(j)=f(j)*v(j) + y(j)=sin(3*t(j)) + z(j)=f(j)*y(j) + f(j+1)=f(j)-f(1) + mprintf('%3.0f\t',t(j)*(180/%pi)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',f(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',m(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',n(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',o(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',p(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',q(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',r(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',s(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',u(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',v(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',x(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\t\t',y(j)) +mprintf('%3.4f\n',z(j)) +end +sumf(j)=f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+f(5)+f(6)+f(7)+f(8)+f(9)+f(10)+f(11)+f(12) +sumcos(t(j))=m(1)+m(2)+m(3)+m(4)+m(5)+m(6)+m(7)+m(8)+m(9)+m(10)+m(11)+m(12) +sumfjcos(t(j))=n(1)+n(2)+n(3)+n(4)+n(5)+n(6)+n(7)+n(8)+n(9)+n(10)+n(11)+n(12) +sumsin(t(j))=o(1)+o(2)+o(3)+o(4)+o(5)+o(6)+o(7)+o(8)+o(9)+o(10)+o(11)+o(12) +sumfjsin(t(j))=p(1)+p(2)+p(3)+p(4)+p(5)+p(6)+p(7)+p(8)+p(9)+p(10)+p(11)+p(12) +sumcos2(t(j))=q(1)+q(2)+q(3)+q(4)+q(5)+q(6)+q(7)+q(8)+q(9)+q(10)+q(11)+q(12) +sumfjcos2(t(j))=r(1)+r(2)+r(3)+r(4)+r(5)+r(6)+r(7)+r(8)+r(9)+r(10)+r(11)+r(12) +sumsin2(t(j))=s(1)+s(2)+s(3)+s(4)+s(5)+s(6)+s(7)+s(8)+s(9)+s(10)+s(11)+s(12) +sumfjsin2(t(j))=u(1)+u(2)+u(3)+u(4)+u(5)+u(6)+u(7)+u(8)+u(9)+u(10)+u(11)+u(12) +sumcos3(t(j))=v(1)+v(2)+v(3)+v(4)+v(5)+v(6)+v(7)+v(8)+v(9)+v(10)+v(11)+v(12) +sumfjcos3(t(j))=x(1)+x(2)+x(3)+x(4)+x(5)+x(6)+x(7)+x(8)+x(9)+x(10)+x(11)+x(12) +sumsin3(t(j))=y(1)+y(2)+y(3)+y(4)+y(5)+y(6)+y(7)+y(8)+y(9)+y(10)+y(11)+y(12) +sumfjsin3(t(j))=z(1)+z(2)+z(3)+z(4)+z(5)+z(6)+z(7)+z(8)+z(9)+z(10)+z(11)+z(12) +a0=sumf(j)/(2*k) +a1=sumfjcos(t(j))/k +b1=sumfjsin(t(j))/k +a2=sumfjcos2(t(j))/k +b2=sumfjsin2(t(j))/k +a3=sumfjcos3(t(j))/k +b3=sumfjsin3(t(j))/k +disp('The fourier components of periodic motion shown in example 1.8.1 are as follows') +mprintf('\nao=%f\na1=%f\nb1=%f\na2=%f\nb2=%f\na3=%f\nb3=%f\n',a0,a1,b1,a2,b2,a3,b3) diff --git a/3532/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3532/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4c7f118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 1.7.1\n') +//given data +Po=25//amplitude of force in N +Xo=0.05//ampliyude of displacement in m +W=20*%pi +//calculations +//case 1 +t0=0 +t1=1 +v1=integrate('sin(W*t)*cos(W*t-%pi/6)','t',t0,t1) +WD1=Po*Xo*W*v1 +//case 2 +t0=0 +t1=1/40 +v2=integrate('sin(W*t)*cos(W*t-%pi/6)','t',t0,t1) +WD2=Po*Xo*W*v2 +//output +mprintf(' (i)work done during the first second is %f N-m\n (ii)work done during the first 1/40th of second is %f N-m',WD1,WD2) diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26547987e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.5.2\n') +//given data +G=0.83*10^11//rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +J=14.7 //mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +l1=0.6 //lenght of section 1 in m +l2=1.8 //lenght of section 2 in m +l3=0.25 //lenght of section 3 in m +d1=0.05 //dia of section 1 in m +d2=0.08 //dia of section 2 in m +d3=0.03 //dia of section 3 in m +//calculations +Kt1=(G/l1)*(%pi/32)*d1^4 //(%pi/32)*d^4 is the section modulus +Kt2=(G/l2)*(%pi/32)*d2^4 +Kt3=(G/l3)*(%pi/32)*d3^4 +Kt=1/((1/Kt1)+(1/Kt2)+(1/Kt3)) //total effective stiffness of the torsional system +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J)//natural freq in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The natural frequency of torsional oscillation for the given system is\n %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz.',Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:Since the value of Kt in the textbook has been rounded of\n to 3 decimal places,the final answer varies slightly.') diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.3.4/Ex2_6.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.3.4/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c58b1adb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.3.4/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.3.4\n') +//given data +M=35//mass of flywheel in Kgs +r=0.3/2 //distance of centre of mass from pivot in m +T=1.22 //time period of oscillation in sec +g=9.81//accelaration due to gravity in m/(sec^2) +//concept is as follows +//Jo=mass moment of inertia about pivot, Wn=natural freqency +//thetadd=theta double dot(double differentiation) +//Jo*thetadd=-M*g*r*theta ....sum of moments is = to zero +//Jo*thetadd +(M*g*r*theta)=0 +//Wn=sqrt((M*g*r*)/Jo)=2*pi/T +//calculations +Jo=M*g*r/((2*%pi/T)^2) +Jg=Jo-M*r^2 //mass moment of inertia about geometric axis +//output +mprintf('Mass moment of inertia about pivot is %4.4f Kg-m^2\n Mass moment of inertia about geometric axis is %4.4f Kg-m^2',Jo,Jg) diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_8.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05c64876 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.4.1/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.4.1\n') +//given data +l=1 //lenght in m +d=0.005 //dia of rod im m +D=0.2 //dia of dotor in m +M=2 //mass of motor in Kg +G=0.83 *10^11 //modulus of rigidity in N/m^2 +//calculations +J=M*((D/2)^2)/2 //mass moment of inertia in Kg-m^2 +Ip=(%pi/32)*d^4 //section modulus in m^4 +Kt=G*Ip/l //stiffness in N-m/rad +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) //natural freqency in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The natural freqency of vibration of torsional pendulum is %4.4f rad/sec\n or %4.4f Hz',Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:In book the natural freqency of vibration of torsional pendulum\nis given as 36 Hz which is wrong.') diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.5.1/Ex2_9.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.5.1/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd2b201b --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.5.1/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.5.1\n') +//given data +k1=2000 //stiffness of spring 1 in N/m +k2=1500 //stiffness of spring 2 in N/m +k3=3000 //stiffness of spring 3 in N/m +k4=500 //stiffness of spring 4 in N/m +k5=500 //stiffness of spring 5 in N/m +fn =10 //natural frequency of system in Hz +//calculations +Ke1=1/((1/k1)+(1/k2)+(1/k3)) // effective stiffness of top 3 springs in series in N/m +Ke2=k4+k5 // effective stiffness of lower 2 springs in parallel in N/m +Ke=Ke1+Ke2 // total effective stiffness of sring system +M=Ke/(2*%pi*fn)^2 //reqired mass such that the natural frequency of system is 10 Hz (in Kg) +//output +mprintf(' The mass required such that the natural frequency of system is 10 Hz\n is %4.4f Kg',M) diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.5.2/Ex2_10.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.5.2/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26547987e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.5.2/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.5.2\n') +//given data +G=0.83*10^11//rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +J=14.7 //mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +l1=0.6 //lenght of section 1 in m +l2=1.8 //lenght of section 2 in m +l3=0.25 //lenght of section 3 in m +d1=0.05 //dia of section 1 in m +d2=0.08 //dia of section 2 in m +d3=0.03 //dia of section 3 in m +//calculations +Kt1=(G/l1)*(%pi/32)*d1^4 //(%pi/32)*d^4 is the section modulus +Kt2=(G/l2)*(%pi/32)*d2^4 +Kt3=(G/l3)*(%pi/32)*d3^4 +Kt=1/((1/Kt1)+(1/Kt2)+(1/Kt3)) //total effective stiffness of the torsional system +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J)//natural freq in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The natural frequency of torsional oscillation for the given system is\n %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz.',Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:Since the value of Kt in the textbook has been rounded of\n to 3 decimal places,the final answer varies slightly.') diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c58b1adb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.3.4\n') +//given data +M=35//mass of flywheel in Kgs +r=0.3/2 //distance of centre of mass from pivot in m +T=1.22 //time period of oscillation in sec +g=9.81//accelaration due to gravity in m/(sec^2) +//concept is as follows +//Jo=mass moment of inertia about pivot, Wn=natural freqency +//thetadd=theta double dot(double differentiation) +//Jo*thetadd=-M*g*r*theta ....sum of moments is = to zero +//Jo*thetadd +(M*g*r*theta)=0 +//Wn=sqrt((M*g*r*)/Jo)=2*pi/T +//calculations +Jo=M*g*r/((2*%pi/T)^2) +Jg=Jo-M*r^2 //mass moment of inertia about geometric axis +//output +mprintf('Mass moment of inertia about pivot is %4.4f Kg-m^2\n Mass moment of inertia about geometric axis is %4.4f Kg-m^2',Jo,Jg) diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05c64876 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.4.1\n') +//given data +l=1 //lenght in m +d=0.005 //dia of rod im m +D=0.2 //dia of dotor in m +M=2 //mass of motor in Kg +G=0.83 *10^11 //modulus of rigidity in N/m^2 +//calculations +J=M*((D/2)^2)/2 //mass moment of inertia in Kg-m^2 +Ip=(%pi/32)*d^4 //section modulus in m^4 +Kt=G*Ip/l //stiffness in N-m/rad +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) //natural freqency in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The natural freqency of vibration of torsional pendulum is %4.4f rad/sec\n or %4.4f Hz',Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:In book the natural freqency of vibration of torsional pendulum\nis given as 36 Hz which is wrong.') diff --git a/3532/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3532/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd2b201b --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 2.5.1\n') +//given data +k1=2000 //stiffness of spring 1 in N/m +k2=1500 //stiffness of spring 2 in N/m +k3=3000 //stiffness of spring 3 in N/m +k4=500 //stiffness of spring 4 in N/m +k5=500 //stiffness of spring 5 in N/m +fn =10 //natural frequency of system in Hz +//calculations +Ke1=1/((1/k1)+(1/k2)+(1/k3)) // effective stiffness of top 3 springs in series in N/m +Ke2=k4+k5 // effective stiffness of lower 2 springs in parallel in N/m +Ke=Ke1+Ke2 // total effective stiffness of sring system +M=Ke/(2*%pi*fn)^2 //reqired mass such that the natural frequency of system is 10 Hz (in Kg) +//output +mprintf(' The mass required such that the natural frequency of system is 10 Hz\n is %4.4f Kg',M) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b009c42d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.3.2\n') +//given data +m=10 //mass of solid in Kg +Kr=3000 //stiffness of natural rubber in N/m +Kf=12000 //stiffness of felt in N/m +Cr=100 //damping coefficient of natural rubber in N-sec/m +Cf=330 //damping coefficient of felt in N-sec/m +//calculations +Ke=1/((1/Kf)+(1/Kr)) //equivalent stiffness in N/m +Ce=1/((1/Cf)+(1/Cr)) //equivalent damping coefficient N-sec/m +Wn=sqrt(Ke/m) // undamped natural freq in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) // undamped natural freq in Hz +zeta=Ce/(2*sqrt(Ke*m)) //damping factor +Wd=sqrt(1-zeta^2)*Wn //damped natural freuency in rad/sec(eqn 3.3.16) +fd=Wd/(2*%pi) // damped natural frequency in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The undamped natural frequency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz\n The damped natural freuency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz',Wn,fn,Wd,fd) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b009c42d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.3.2\n') +//given data +m=10 //mass of solid in Kg +Kr=3000 //stiffness of natural rubber in N/m +Kf=12000 //stiffness of felt in N/m +Cr=100 //damping coefficient of natural rubber in N-sec/m +Cf=330 //damping coefficient of felt in N-sec/m +//calculations +Ke=1/((1/Kf)+(1/Kr)) //equivalent stiffness in N/m +Ce=1/((1/Cf)+(1/Cr)) //equivalent damping coefficient N-sec/m +Wn=sqrt(Ke/m) // undamped natural freq in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) // undamped natural freq in Hz +zeta=Ce/(2*sqrt(Ke*m)) //damping factor +Wd=sqrt(1-zeta^2)*Wn //damped natural freuency in rad/sec(eqn 3.3.16) +fd=Wd/(2*%pi) // damped natural frequency in Hz +//output +mprintf(' The undamped natural frequency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz\n The damped natural freuency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz',Wn,fn,Wd,fd) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c30824a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.3.3\n') +//given data +m=600//mass of gun barrel in Kgs +k=294000//stiffness in N/m +x=1.3//recoil of gun in meters +//calculations +E=0.5*k*x^2//energy stored at the end of recoil +Vo=sqrt(2*E/m)//velocity of recoil +Cc=2*sqrt(k*m)//critical damping in N-sec/m +Wn=sqrt(k/m)//natural frequency of undamped vibration in rad/sec +T=2*%pi/Wn//time period of undamped vibration in sec +Trecoil=(1/4)*T//time period for recoil or outward stroke in sec +//x=(1.3+28.8*t)*e^(-22.1*t) from eqn 3.3.24 +mprintf('a)the initial recoil velocity of barrel is %f m/s\nb)critical damping co-efficient of the dashpot which is engaged at\nthe end of recoil stroke is %f N-sec/m\n\nsubstituting the value for t in eqn 3.3.24,starting from t=0.1 sec\nwith an increment of 0.01sec we get the following observations\n',Vo,Cc) +t=0.1 +for i=1:20 + x=(1.3 +28.8*t)*exp(-22.1*t) + mprintf('x=%f at t=%f\n',x,t) + t=t+0.01 +end +mprintf('As x approaches the value of 0.05m,the value of t=0.22sec') +Trec=0.22 +Tret=Trecoil+Trec +mprintf('\nc)Therefore time required for barrel to return to position 5cm from\n the initial position is %f sec',Tret) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_5.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f515bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.4.1\n') +//given data +J=0.06 //moment of inertia of disc of pendulum in Kg-m^2 +G=4.4*10^10 //rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +l=0.4 //lenght of shaft in m +d=0.1 //diametre of shaft in m +a1=9 //amplitude of first oscillation in degrees +a2=6 //amplitude of second oscillation in degrees +a3=4 //amplitude of third oscillation in degrees +//calculations +delta=log(a1/a2) //logarithmic decrement eqn 3.4.1 explained in sec 3.4 +zeta=delta/sqrt(4*%pi^2+delta^2) //representing zeta from eqn 3.4.1 in sec 3.4 +Kt=(G/l)*(%pi/32)*d^4 //(%pi/32)*d^4 is the section modulus +C=zeta*2*sqrt(Kt*J) // torsional damping coefficient which is the damping torque at unit velocity (similar to eqn 3.3.6 in sec 3.3) +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) // undamped natural freq in rad/sec +T=2*%pi/(sqrt(1-zeta^2)*Wn) //periodic time of vibration +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq of undamped vibration +//output +mprintf(' a)logarithmic decrement is %4.4f\n b)damping torque at unit velocity is %4.4f N-m/rad\n c)periodic time of vibration is %4.5f sec\n frequency of vibration if the disc is removed from viscous fluid is %4.4f Hz',delta,C,T,fn) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f515bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.4.1\n') +//given data +J=0.06 //moment of inertia of disc of pendulum in Kg-m^2 +G=4.4*10^10 //rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +l=0.4 //lenght of shaft in m +d=0.1 //diametre of shaft in m +a1=9 //amplitude of first oscillation in degrees +a2=6 //amplitude of second oscillation in degrees +a3=4 //amplitude of third oscillation in degrees +//calculations +delta=log(a1/a2) //logarithmic decrement eqn 3.4.1 explained in sec 3.4 +zeta=delta/sqrt(4*%pi^2+delta^2) //representing zeta from eqn 3.4.1 in sec 3.4 +Kt=(G/l)*(%pi/32)*d^4 //(%pi/32)*d^4 is the section modulus +C=zeta*2*sqrt(Kt*J) // torsional damping coefficient which is the damping torque at unit velocity (similar to eqn 3.3.6 in sec 3.3) +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) // undamped natural freq in rad/sec +T=2*%pi/(sqrt(1-zeta^2)*Wn) //periodic time of vibration +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) //natural freq of undamped vibration +//output +mprintf(' a)logarithmic decrement is %4.4f\n b)damping torque at unit velocity is %4.4f N-m/rad\n c)periodic time of vibration is %4.5f sec\n frequency of vibration if the disc is removed from viscous fluid is %4.4f Hz',delta,C,T,fn) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fedb6e9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.6.1/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.6.1\n') +//given data +m=5 //mass in spring mass system )in kg) +k=980//stiffnes of spring in N/m +u=0.025//coefficient of friction +g=9.81//acceleration due to gravity +//calculations +F=u*m*g//frictional force in N +Wn=sqrt(k/m)// freq of free oscillations in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)// freq of free oscillations in Hz +Ai=0.05//initial amplitude in m +Ar=0.5*Ai//reduced amplitude in m +totAreduc=Ai-Ar//total reduction in amp in m +Areducpercycl=4*F/k //reduction in amplitude/cycle explained in section 3.6.2 in eqn 3.6.6 +n=round(totAreduc/Areducpercycl) //number of cycles for 50% reduction in amplitude +Treduc=n*(2*%pi/Wn)//time taken to achieve 50%reduction +//output +mprintf(' a)The frequency of free oscillations is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz\n b)number of cycles taken for 50 percent reduction in amplitude is %1.0f cycles\n c)time taken to achieve 50 percent reduction in amplitude is %4.4f sec',Wn,fn,n,Treduc) diff --git a/3532/CH3/EX3.6.2/Ex3_7.sce b/3532/CH3/EX3.6.2/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3b71f4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH3/EX3.6.2/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 3.6.2\n') +//given data +k=9800//stiffnes of spring in N/m +m=40 //mass in spring mass system )in kg) +g=9.81//acceleration due to gravity +F=49//frictional force in N +x=0.126//total extension of spring in m +xeq=m*g/k//extension of spring at equillibrium in m +xi=x-xeq//initial extension of spring from equillibrium in m +Alosspercycl=4*F/k//reduction in amplitude/cycle explained in section 3.6.2 in eqn 3.6.6 +n=int(xi/Alosspercycl)//number of complete cycles that system undergoes +Af=xi-n*Alosspercycl//amplitude at the end of n cycles +SF=k*Af//spring force acting on the upward direction for an extension of Af +if F0 then + phiD=(180/%pi)*atan((Ct*W)/(Kt-J*W^2));//from eqn 4.2.6(in degrees) +else + phiD=180+(180/%pi)*atan((Ct*W)/(Kt-J*W^2)); + +end +//output +mprintf(' a)The maximum angular displacement from rest position is %4.4f radians\n b)The maximum couple applied to dashpot is %4.4f N-m\n c)angle by which the angular displacement lags the torque is %4.4f degrees',theta,MaxDcoup,phiD) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_12.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccfe11d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.1/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.1\n') +//given data +m=1000//mass of machine in kg +Fo=490//amp of force in N +f=180//freq inRPM +//calculations +//case a) +K=1.96*10^6//total stiffness of springs in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*f/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +Xst1=Fo/K//amplitude of steady state +X1=Xst1*(1/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//amp of vibration Eqn 4.2.15 in Sec 4.2.1 +Ftr1=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +//case b) +K=9.8*10^4//total stiffness of springs in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*f/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +Xst2=Fo/K//amplitude of steady state +X2=Xst2*(1/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//amp of vibration Eqn 4.2.15 in Sec 4.2.1 +Ftr2=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +//output +mprintf(' a)The amplitude of motion of machine is %f m and the maximum force transmitted\n to the foundation because of the unbalanced force when\n K=1.96*10^6 N/m is %4.4f N\n b)for same case as in a)if K=9.8*10^4 N/m then\n the amplitude of motion of machine is %f m\n and the maximum force transmitted to the foundation because of\n the unbalanced force %4.4f N',X1,Ftr1,X2,Ftr2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_13.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d2ebbd0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.2/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.2\n') +//given data +m=75//mass of machine in kg +K=11.76*10^5//stiffness of springs in N/m +zeta=0.2 +mo=2//mass of piston in kg +stroke=0.08//in m +e=stroke/2//in m +N=3000//spee in c.p.m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +y=(mo/m) +Fo=mo*W^2*e//max force exerted +X=y*e*bet^2/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn 4.3.2 +Ftr=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +mprintf(' a)The amplitude of vibration of machine is %f m and the \n the vibratory force Ftr transmitted to the foundation is %5.4f N',X,Ftr) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of values in textbook') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_14.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a536569 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.10.3/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.3\n') +// given data +m=20 //mass in kgs +k=125600 //overall eqivalent stiffness i.e 4*31400 in N/m +c=1568 //overall damping coefficient i.e 4*392 in N-sec/m +n=500 //vibrating speed of machine in cpm +//y=Ysin(w*t) +Y=0.00005 //vibrating amplitude of machine in m +W=2*%pi*n/60 //vibrating frequency in rad/sec +Wn=sqrt(k/m) //natural frequency in rad/sec +bet=(W/Wn) //speed ratio +zeta=c/(2*sqrt(k*m)) //damping factor +//calculations +X=Y*sqrt((1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)) //absolute amplitude of vibration of radio from eqn (4.4.6) +Z=Y*((bet^2)/sqrt(((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//from eqn 4.4.11 +FdynT=Z*sqrt((c*W)^2+k^2)//dynamic load total +Fdyn=FdynT/4 //dynamic load on each isolator +FdynTmax=m*W^2*X //max dynamic load on the isolators +Fdynmax=FdynTmax/4 //max dynamic load on each isolator +//output +mprintf('a) The amplitude of vibration of radio is %f metres \n b)the dynamic load on each isolator due to vibration is %3.3f N',X,Fdyn) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_15.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4696ee57f --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.1/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.1\n') +//given data +T=2//period of free vibration in sec +f=1//vertical harmonic frequency of machine in in Hz +Z=2.5//amplitude of vibrotometer mass relative to vibrotometer frame in mm +//calculations +Wn=2*%pi/T +W=2*%pi*f +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0//for vibrotometers +Y=Z*(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))/bet^2//amplitude of vibration of machine Eqn 4.4.11 in Sec 4.4.2 +//output +mprintf(' The amplitude of vibration of support of machine is %4.4f mm',Y) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_16.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44826cf62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.2/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.2\n') +//given data +fn=5.75//natural frequency in Hz +zeta=0.65 +ZbyY=1.01 +//case 1 +//substituting for (Z/Y)=1.01 and (W/Wn)=r^2 in Eqn 4.4.11 we get the quadratic eqn as follows +//0.02*r^4-0.31*r^2+1=0 +//solving for r in above eqn whose rootes are r1 and r2 +r1=sqrt(((0.31)+sqrt(((-0.31)^2)-4*0.02*1))/(2*0.02)) +r2=sqrt(((0.31)-sqrt(((-0.31)^2)-4*0.02*1))/(2*0.02)) +if r1>r2 then + r=r1 + else r=r2 +end +bet=r//bet=(W/Wn) +f1=bet*fn +//case 2 +ZbyY=0.98 +//substituting for (Z/Y)=0.98 and (W/Wn)=r^2 in Eqn 4.4.11 we get the quadratic eqn as follows +//0.04*r^4+0.31*r^2-1=0 +//solving for r in above eqn whose rootes are r3 and r4 +r3=sqrt((-0.31+sqrt(((0.31)^2)-4*0.04*-1))/(2*0.04)) +r4=sqrt((-0.31-sqrt(((0.31)^2)-4*0.04*-1))/(2*0.04)) +t1=real(r3) +t2=real(r4) +if t1>t2 then + r=r3 + else r=r4 +end +bet=r//bet=(W/Wn) +f2=bet*fn +mprintf('The lowest frequency beyond which the amplitude can be measured within\n (i)one percent error is %4.4f Hz\n (ii)two percent error is %4.4f Hz',f1,f2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_17.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..827e5825e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.3/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.3\n') +//given data +J=0.049//moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +Kt=0.98//stiffness in N-m/rad +Ct=0.11//damping coefficient in N-m_sec/rad +N=15//R.P.M +thetaRD=2//relative amplitude between ring and shaft in degrees +//calculations +W=N*2*%pi/60 //frequency of vibrating shaft in rad/sec +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) //natural freqency in rad/sec +zeta=(Ct/(2*sqrt(Kt*J))) //damping factor +thetaRR=(thetaRD/(57.3)) //relative amplitude in radians +bet=(W/Wn) +thetamax=thetaRR*((sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/bet^2)) +maxacc=(W^2)*thetamax +//output +mprintf('The maximum acceleration of the shaft is %4.4f rad/(sec^2)',maxacc) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_18.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b568e3c24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.11.4/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.4\n') +//given data +RF=1800//resonant frequency in rpm +L=0.050//lenght of steel reed in metres +B=0.006//width of steel reed in metres +t=0.00075//thickness of steel reed in metres +E=19.6*10^10//young's modulus in N/(m^2) +//calculations +Wn=2*%pi*RF/60//natural frequency in radians +I=(B*t^3)/12//moment of inertia in (m^4) +m=3*E*I/((Wn^2)*L^3)//required mass +//output +mprintf('The required mass M to be placed at the end of the reeds of Frahm tachometer is %f Kgs',m) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccfe11d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.1\n') +//given data +m=1000//mass of machine in kg +Fo=490//amp of force in N +f=180//freq inRPM +//calculations +//case a) +K=1.96*10^6//total stiffness of springs in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*f/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +Xst1=Fo/K//amplitude of steady state +X1=Xst1*(1/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//amp of vibration Eqn 4.2.15 in Sec 4.2.1 +Ftr1=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +//case b) +K=9.8*10^4//total stiffness of springs in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*f/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +Xst2=Fo/K//amplitude of steady state +X2=Xst2*(1/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//amp of vibration Eqn 4.2.15 in Sec 4.2.1 +Ftr2=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +//output +mprintf(' a)The amplitude of motion of machine is %f m and the maximum force transmitted\n to the foundation because of the unbalanced force when\n K=1.96*10^6 N/m is %4.4f N\n b)for same case as in a)if K=9.8*10^4 N/m then\n the amplitude of motion of machine is %f m\n and the maximum force transmitted to the foundation because of\n the unbalanced force %4.4f N',X1,Ftr1,X2,Ftr2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d2ebbd0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.2\n') +//given data +m=75//mass of machine in kg +K=11.76*10^5//stiffness of springs in N/m +zeta=0.2 +mo=2//mass of piston in kg +stroke=0.08//in m +e=stroke/2//in m +N=3000//spee in c.p.m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +y=(mo/m) +Fo=mo*W^2*e//max force exerted +X=y*e*bet^2/(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn 4.3.2 +Ftr=Fo*sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//force transmitted,Eqn 4.10.2 in Sec 4.10.1 +mprintf(' a)The amplitude of vibration of machine is %f m and the \n the vibratory force Ftr transmitted to the foundation is %5.4f N',X,Ftr) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of values in textbook') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a536569 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.10.3\n') +// given data +m=20 //mass in kgs +k=125600 //overall eqivalent stiffness i.e 4*31400 in N/m +c=1568 //overall damping coefficient i.e 4*392 in N-sec/m +n=500 //vibrating speed of machine in cpm +//y=Ysin(w*t) +Y=0.00005 //vibrating amplitude of machine in m +W=2*%pi*n/60 //vibrating frequency in rad/sec +Wn=sqrt(k/m) //natural frequency in rad/sec +bet=(W/Wn) //speed ratio +zeta=c/(2*sqrt(k*m)) //damping factor +//calculations +X=Y*sqrt((1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)) //absolute amplitude of vibration of radio from eqn (4.4.6) +Z=Y*((bet^2)/sqrt(((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//from eqn 4.4.11 +FdynT=Z*sqrt((c*W)^2+k^2)//dynamic load total +Fdyn=FdynT/4 //dynamic load on each isolator +FdynTmax=m*W^2*X //max dynamic load on the isolators +Fdynmax=FdynTmax/4 //max dynamic load on each isolator +//output +mprintf('a) The amplitude of vibration of radio is %f metres \n b)the dynamic load on each isolator due to vibration is %3.3f N',X,Fdyn) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4696ee57f --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.1\n') +//given data +T=2//period of free vibration in sec +f=1//vertical harmonic frequency of machine in in Hz +Z=2.5//amplitude of vibrotometer mass relative to vibrotometer frame in mm +//calculations +Wn=2*%pi/T +W=2*%pi*f +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0//for vibrotometers +Y=Z*(sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))/bet^2//amplitude of vibration of machine Eqn 4.4.11 in Sec 4.4.2 +//output +mprintf(' The amplitude of vibration of support of machine is %4.4f mm',Y) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44826cf62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.2\n') +//given data +fn=5.75//natural frequency in Hz +zeta=0.65 +ZbyY=1.01 +//case 1 +//substituting for (Z/Y)=1.01 and (W/Wn)=r^2 in Eqn 4.4.11 we get the quadratic eqn as follows +//0.02*r^4-0.31*r^2+1=0 +//solving for r in above eqn whose rootes are r1 and r2 +r1=sqrt(((0.31)+sqrt(((-0.31)^2)-4*0.02*1))/(2*0.02)) +r2=sqrt(((0.31)-sqrt(((-0.31)^2)-4*0.02*1))/(2*0.02)) +if r1>r2 then + r=r1 + else r=r2 +end +bet=r//bet=(W/Wn) +f1=bet*fn +//case 2 +ZbyY=0.98 +//substituting for (Z/Y)=0.98 and (W/Wn)=r^2 in Eqn 4.4.11 we get the quadratic eqn as follows +//0.04*r^4+0.31*r^2-1=0 +//solving for r in above eqn whose rootes are r3 and r4 +r3=sqrt((-0.31+sqrt(((0.31)^2)-4*0.04*-1))/(2*0.04)) +r4=sqrt((-0.31-sqrt(((0.31)^2)-4*0.04*-1))/(2*0.04)) +t1=real(r3) +t2=real(r4) +if t1>t2 then + r=r3 + else r=r4 +end +bet=r//bet=(W/Wn) +f2=bet*fn +mprintf('The lowest frequency beyond which the amplitude can be measured within\n (i)one percent error is %4.4f Hz\n (ii)two percent error is %4.4f Hz',f1,f2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..827e5825e --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.3\n') +//given data +J=0.049//moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +Kt=0.98//stiffness in N-m/rad +Ct=0.11//damping coefficient in N-m_sec/rad +N=15//R.P.M +thetaRD=2//relative amplitude between ring and shaft in degrees +//calculations +W=N*2*%pi/60 //frequency of vibrating shaft in rad/sec +Wn=sqrt(Kt/J) //natural freqency in rad/sec +zeta=(Ct/(2*sqrt(Kt*J))) //damping factor +thetaRR=(thetaRD/(57.3)) //relative amplitude in radians +bet=(W/Wn) +thetamax=thetaRR*((sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/bet^2)) +maxacc=(W^2)*thetamax +//output +mprintf('The maximum acceleration of the shaft is %4.4f rad/(sec^2)',maxacc) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b568e3c24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.11.4\n') +//given data +RF=1800//resonant frequency in rpm +L=0.050//lenght of steel reed in metres +B=0.006//width of steel reed in metres +t=0.00075//thickness of steel reed in metres +E=19.6*10^10//young's modulus in N/(m^2) +//calculations +Wn=2*%pi*RF/60//natural frequency in radians +I=(B*t^3)/12//moment of inertia in (m^4) +m=3*E*I/((Wn^2)*L^3)//required mass +//output +mprintf('The required mass M to be placed at the end of the reeds of Frahm tachometer is %f Kgs',m) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dfd86913 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.2.1\n') +//given data +//T=To*sin(W*t) +To=0.588 //maximum value of periodic torque in N-m +W=4// freqency of applied force in rad/sec +J=0.12//moment of inertia of wheel in kg-m^2 +Kt=1.176//stiffness of wire in N-m/rad +Ct=0.392/1 //damping coefficient in N-m_sec/rad +//calculations +theta=To/sqrt((Kt-J*W^2)^2+(Ct*W)^2)//Equation for torsional vibration amplitude from Fig (4.2.2) and Eqn (4.2.5) +MaxDcoup=Ct*W*theta//maximum damping couple in N-m +if atan((Ct*W)/(Kt-J*W^2))>0 then + phiD=(180/%pi)*atan((Ct*W)/(Kt-J*W^2));//from eqn 4.2.6(in degrees) +else + phiD=180+(180/%pi)*atan((Ct*W)/(Kt-J*W^2)); + +end +//output +mprintf(' a)The maximum angular displacement from rest position is %4.4f radians\n b)The maximum couple applied to dashpot is %4.4f N-m\n c)angle by which the angular displacement lags the torque is %4.4f degrees',theta,MaxDcoup,phiD) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebbfc6c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.2.2\n') +//given data +Wd=9.8*2*%pi// damped natural freqency in rad/sec +Wp=9.6*2*%pi//freqency from forced vibration test in rad/sec +//calculations +//(Wp/Wn)=sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)...(1) from Eqn 4.2.18 from Sec 4.2.1 +//(Wd/Wn)=sqrt(1-zeta^2)...(2) from Eqn 4.2.19 from Sec 4.2.1 +//dividing (1) by (2) +x=(Wp/Wd) +//x=[sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)]/[sqrt(1-zeta^2)] +zeta=sqrt((1-x)/(2-x))//damping factor obtained on simplifying the above eqn +//substituting for zeta in eqn 2 above +Wn=Wd/sqrt(1-zeta^2)//natural frequency of system in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//natural frequency of system in Hz +//output +mprintf('The damping factor for the system is %f and\n the natural frequency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.2f Hz',zeta,Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The damping factor zeta given in textbook is 0.196,which is wrong.') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebbfc6c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.2.2\n') +//given data +Wd=9.8*2*%pi// damped natural freqency in rad/sec +Wp=9.6*2*%pi//freqency from forced vibration test in rad/sec +//calculations +//(Wp/Wn)=sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)...(1) from Eqn 4.2.18 from Sec 4.2.1 +//(Wd/Wn)=sqrt(1-zeta^2)...(2) from Eqn 4.2.19 from Sec 4.2.1 +//dividing (1) by (2) +x=(Wp/Wd) +//x=[sqrt(1-2*zeta^2)]/[sqrt(1-zeta^2)] +zeta=sqrt((1-x)/(2-x))//damping factor obtained on simplifying the above eqn +//substituting for zeta in eqn 2 above +Wn=Wd/sqrt(1-zeta^2)//natural frequency of system in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//natural frequency of system in Hz +//output +mprintf('The damping factor for the system is %f and\n the natural frequency is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.2f Hz',zeta,Wn,fn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The damping factor zeta given in textbook is 0.196,which is wrong.') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d47e288 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations b G.K.Grover\n Example 4.3.1\n') +//given data +m=1200//mass of motor in kg +mo=1//unbalanced mass on motor in kg +e=0.06//location of unbalanced mass from motor in m +Wn=2210*(2*%pi/60)//resonant freq in rad/sec +W=1440*(2*%pi/60)//operating freq +//calculations +//case 1 +zeta=0.1 +bet=(W/Wn) +y=(mo/m)//from eqn 4.3.2 +X1=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//case 2 +zeta=0 +X2=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//output +mprintf('If the damping is less than 0.1 then the amplitude of \n vibration will be between %f m and %f m',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ex4_4.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d02fc736f --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.3.2/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.3.2\n') +//given data +m=320//mass of engine in kg +mo=24//reciprocating mass on motor in kg +r=0.15//vertical stroke in m +e=r/2 +delst=0.002//stati defln in m +C=490/(0.3)//damping recistance in N-sec/m +g=9.81// gravity in m/sec^2 +N=480//speed in rpm in case b) +//calculation +Wn=sqrt(g/delst) //natural freqency in rad/sec +Nr=Wn/(2*%pi)*60 //resonant speed in rpm +W=(2*%pi*N/60) +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=(C/(2*m*Wn)) //damping factor +y=(mo/m)//from eqn 4.3.2 +X=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//output +mprintf(' a)speed of driving shaft at which esonance occurs is %4.4f RPM\n b)The amplitude of steady state forced vibrations when the driving shaft \n of the engine rotates at 480 RPM is %f m',Nr,X) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d47e288 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations b G.K.Grover\n Example 4.3.1\n') +//given data +m=1200//mass of motor in kg +mo=1//unbalanced mass on motor in kg +e=0.06//location of unbalanced mass from motor in m +Wn=2210*(2*%pi/60)//resonant freq in rad/sec +W=1440*(2*%pi/60)//operating freq +//calculations +//case 1 +zeta=0.1 +bet=(W/Wn) +y=(mo/m)//from eqn 4.3.2 +X1=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//case 2 +zeta=0 +X2=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//output +mprintf('If the damping is less than 0.1 then the amplitude of \n vibration will be between %f m and %f m',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_5.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b19a1838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.1\n') +//given data +T=0.8//time period of free vibration in sec +t=0.3//time for which the vertical distance has to be calculated +//y=18*sin(2*pi*t) +Y=18//max amplitude in mm +//calculations +W=2*%pi +Wn=(2*%pi/T) +bet=(W/Wn) +x=(Y/(1-bet^2))*(sin(W*t)-bet*sin(Wn*t))// from eqn 4.4.17 explained in the same problem +//output +mprintf('The vertical distance moved by mass in the first 0.3 sec is %4.4f mm',x) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.4.2/Ex4_6.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.2/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a40f5466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.2/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.2\n') +//given data +m=0.9//mass in kg +K=1960//stiffness in N/m +Y=5//amp of vibration of support in m +N=1150//frequency in cycles per min +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=N*2*%pi/60//frequency of vibration of support +bet=(W/Wn) +//case 1 +zeta=0 +X1=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//case 2 +zeta =0.2 +X2=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//output +mprintf('The amplitude of vibration when damping factor=0 is %4.4f mm \n If damping factor=0.2,then amplitude of vibration is %4.4f mm',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.4.3/Ex4_7.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.3/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..975af1a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.4.3/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.3\n') +//given data +delst=0.1//steady state defln in m +g=9.81//acceleration due to gravity +Y=0.08//amp of vibration of automobile in m +lambda=14//wavelenght of profile in m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(g/delst) +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//frequency of vibration of automobile in Hz +Vc=(3600/1000)*lambda*fn//critical speed in km/hr +V=60 //speed in km/hr +W=V*(1000/3600)*(2*%pi/lambda) +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +X=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//output +mprintf(' The critical speed of automobile %4.4f km/hr\n The amplitude of vibration at 60 Km/Hr is %4.4f m',Vc,X) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d02fc736f --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.3.2\n') +//given data +m=320//mass of engine in kg +mo=24//reciprocating mass on motor in kg +r=0.15//vertical stroke in m +e=r/2 +delst=0.002//stati defln in m +C=490/(0.3)//damping recistance in N-sec/m +g=9.81// gravity in m/sec^2 +N=480//speed in rpm in case b) +//calculation +Wn=sqrt(g/delst) //natural freqency in rad/sec +Nr=Wn/(2*%pi)*60 //resonant speed in rpm +W=(2*%pi*N/60) +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=(C/(2*m*Wn)) //damping factor +y=(mo/m)//from eqn 4.3.2 +X=(y*e)*(bet)^2/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)//from eqn 4.3.2 +//output +mprintf(' a)speed of driving shaft at which esonance occurs is %4.4f RPM\n b)The amplitude of steady state forced vibrations when the driving shaft \n of the engine rotates at 480 RPM is %f m',Nr,X) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ex4_8.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7f52cdb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.5.1/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.5.1\n') +//given data +X=0.015//amplitude of vibration of spring mass dashpot system in m +f=100//frquency of vibration of spring mass dashpot system in Hz +zeta=0.05 +fnD=22//damped natural frequency in Hz +m=0.5//mass in kg +//calculations +W=2*%pi*fnD +c=2*m*W*zeta// from Eqn 3.3.6 and Eqn 3.3.7 +Epercycl=%pi*c*(2*%pi*f)*X^2//Eqn 4.5.1...energy dissipated per cycle +Epersec=Epercycl*f//energy dissipated per sec +//output +mprintf(' The power required to vibrate spring mass dashpot system with \n an amplitude of 1.5 cm and at frequency of 100 Hz is %4.4f Watts',Epersec) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of value of pi') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b19a1838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.1\n') +//given data +T=0.8//time period of free vibration in sec +t=0.3//time for which the vertical distance has to be calculated +//y=18*sin(2*pi*t) +Y=18//max amplitude in mm +//calculations +W=2*%pi +Wn=(2*%pi/T) +bet=(W/Wn) +x=(Y/(1-bet^2))*(sin(W*t)-bet*sin(Wn*t))// from eqn 4.4.17 explained in the same problem +//output +mprintf('The vertical distance moved by mass in the first 0.3 sec is %4.4f mm',x) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_9.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e07c87c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.6.1\n') +//given data +mprintf('NOTE:The mass given in textbook should be equal\n to 3.7 kgs and not 8.7 Kgs') +m=3.7//mass in kg +g=9.81// gravity +K=7550////stiffness of in N/m +u=0.22//coefficient of friction +Fo=19.6//amp of force in N +f=5//frequency of force +//calculations +F=u*m*g//frictional force +W=2*%pi*f +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +bet=(W/Wn) +X=(Fo/K)*sqrt(1-(4*F/(%pi*Fo))^2)/(1-bet^2)//Eqn 4.6.2 in Sec 4.6 +Ceq=4*F/(%pi*W*X)//equivalent viscous damping Eqn 4.6.1 in Sec 4.6 +//output +mprintf('\nThe amplitude of vibration of mass is %f m\n The equivalent viscous damping is %f N-sec/m',X,Ceq) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of value of pi in the taxtbook') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a40f5466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.2\n') +//given data +m=0.9//mass in kg +K=1960//stiffness in N/m +Y=5//amp of vibration of support in m +N=1150//frequency in cycles per min +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=N*2*%pi/60//frequency of vibration of support +bet=(W/Wn) +//case 1 +zeta=0 +X1=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//case 2 +zeta =0.2 +X2=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//output +mprintf('The amplitude of vibration when damping factor=0 is %4.4f mm \n If damping factor=0.2,then amplitude of vibration is %4.4f mm',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..975af1a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.4.3\n') +//given data +delst=0.1//steady state defln in m +g=9.81//acceleration due to gravity +Y=0.08//amp of vibration of automobile in m +lambda=14//wavelenght of profile in m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(g/delst) +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//frequency of vibration of automobile in Hz +Vc=(3600/1000)*lambda*fn//critical speed in km/hr +V=60 //speed in km/hr +W=V*(1000/3600)*(2*%pi/lambda) +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=0 +X=Y*(sqrt(1+(2*zeta*bet)^2)/sqrt((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2))//Eqn (4.4.6) +//output +mprintf(' The critical speed of automobile %4.4f km/hr\n The amplitude of vibration at 60 Km/Hr is %4.4f m',Vc,X) diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7f52cdb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.5.1\n') +//given data +X=0.015//amplitude of vibration of spring mass dashpot system in m +f=100//frquency of vibration of spring mass dashpot system in Hz +zeta=0.05 +fnD=22//damped natural frequency in Hz +m=0.5//mass in kg +//calculations +W=2*%pi*fnD +c=2*m*W*zeta// from Eqn 3.3.6 and Eqn 3.3.7 +Epercycl=%pi*c*(2*%pi*f)*X^2//Eqn 4.5.1...energy dissipated per cycle +Epersec=Epercycl*f//energy dissipated per sec +//output +mprintf(' The power required to vibrate spring mass dashpot system with \n an amplitude of 1.5 cm and at frequency of 100 Hz is %4.4f Watts',Epersec) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of value of pi') diff --git a/3532/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3532/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e07c87c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 4.6.1\n') +//given data +mprintf('NOTE:The mass given in textbook should be equal\n to 3.7 kgs and not 8.7 Kgs') +m=3.7//mass in kg +g=9.81// gravity +K=7550////stiffness of in N/m +u=0.22//coefficient of friction +Fo=19.6//amp of force in N +f=5//frequency of force +//calculations +F=u*m*g//frictional force +W=2*%pi*f +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +bet=(W/Wn) +X=(Fo/K)*sqrt(1-(4*F/(%pi*Fo))^2)/(1-bet^2)//Eqn 4.6.2 in Sec 4.6 +Ceq=4*F/(%pi*W*X)//equivalent viscous damping Eqn 4.6.1 in Sec 4.6 +//output +mprintf('\nThe amplitude of vibration of mass is %f m\n The equivalent viscous damping is %f N-sec/m',X,Ceq) +mprintf('\nNOTE: slight differnce in answer compared to textbook\n is due approximation of value of pi in the taxtbook') diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cfe37007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.3.2\n') +//given data +m1=5*0.75//mass of rod 1 in kgs +m2=5*1.00//mass of rod 2 in kgs +l1=0.75//lenght of rod 1 in m +l2=1.00//lenght of rod 2 in m +K=2940//stiffness of spring in N/m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(3*(m1+m2)*K/(m1*m2))//natural frequency in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//natural frequency in Hz as solved in the textbook itself +b1=(K*l2) +b2=(K*l1-m1*l1*Wn^2/3) +x=(b2/b1) +Fmax=K*(l1*1-l2*x)/57.3//to convert into radians +//output +mprintf('The frequency of the resulting vibrations if the efect of gravity\n is neglected is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz.\n The angular movement of CD is %3.3f degrees(out of phase) \n with the movement of AB.\n The maximum force in the spring is %4.4f N',Wn,fn,x,Fmax) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_4.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3cdc65b --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.3.3\n') +//given data +m1=500//mass of disc 1 in Kgs +m2=1000//mass of disc 2 in Kgs +D1=1.25//outer dia of disc 1 in m +D2=1.9//outer dia of disc 2 in m +l=3.0//lenght of shaft in m +d=0.10//dia of shaft in m +G=0.83*10^11//rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +//calculations +J1=m1*(D1/2)^2/2//mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +J2=m2*(D2/2)^2/2//mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +Ip=(%pi/32)*d^4//section modulus of shaft in m^4 +Kt=G*Ip/l//stiffness in N-m/rad +Wn=sqrt(Kt*(J1+J2)/(J1*J2))//from Eqn 5.3.28,Sec 5.3.3 +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) +Kt1=2*Kt +Kt2=2*Kt*2^4 +Kte=1/((1/Kt1)+(1/Kt2)) +x=sqrt(Kte/Kt)//ratio of modified natural freq to original natural frequency +//output +mprintf('The natural frequency of the torsional vibration is\n %4.4f rad/sec or %3.3f Hz.\n The ratio of modified natural frequency to original natural frequency\n is %3.3f.Which means stiffening a system increases its natural frequency',Wn,fn,x) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cfe37007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.3.2\n') +//given data +m1=5*0.75//mass of rod 1 in kgs +m2=5*1.00//mass of rod 2 in kgs +l1=0.75//lenght of rod 1 in m +l2=1.00//lenght of rod 2 in m +K=2940//stiffness of spring in N/m +//calculations +Wn=sqrt(3*(m1+m2)*K/(m1*m2))//natural frequency in rad/sec +fn=Wn/(2*%pi)//natural frequency in Hz as solved in the textbook itself +b1=(K*l2) +b2=(K*l1-m1*l1*Wn^2/3) +x=(b2/b1) +Fmax=K*(l1*1-l2*x)/57.3//to convert into radians +//output +mprintf('The frequency of the resulting vibrations if the efect of gravity\n is neglected is %4.4f rad/sec or %4.4f Hz.\n The angular movement of CD is %3.3f degrees(out of phase) \n with the movement of AB.\n The maximum force in the spring is %4.4f N',Wn,fn,x,Fmax) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3cdc65b --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.3.3\n') +//given data +m1=500//mass of disc 1 in Kgs +m2=1000//mass of disc 2 in Kgs +D1=1.25//outer dia of disc 1 in m +D2=1.9//outer dia of disc 2 in m +l=3.0//lenght of shaft in m +d=0.10//dia of shaft in m +G=0.83*10^11//rigidity modulus in N/m^2 +//calculations +J1=m1*(D1/2)^2/2//mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +J2=m2*(D2/2)^2/2//mass moment of inertia in kg-m^2 +Ip=(%pi/32)*d^4//section modulus of shaft in m^4 +Kt=G*Ip/l//stiffness in N-m/rad +Wn=sqrt(Kt*(J1+J2)/(J1*J2))//from Eqn 5.3.28,Sec 5.3.3 +fn=Wn/(2*%pi) +Kt1=2*Kt +Kt2=2*Kt*2^4 +Kte=1/((1/Kt1)+(1/Kt2)) +x=sqrt(Kte/Kt)//ratio of modified natural freq to original natural frequency +//output +mprintf('The natural frequency of the torsional vibration is\n %4.4f rad/sec or %3.3f Hz.\n The ratio of modified natural frequency to original natural frequency\n is %3.3f.Which means stiffening a system increases its natural frequency',Wn,fn,x) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ex5_8.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cee0aee50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.7.1/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.7.1\n') +//given data +J1=0.735//moment of inertia of main system in Kg-m^2 +Kt1=7.35*10^5//torsional stiffness +To=294//amplitude of applied torque +W=10^3//frequency of applied torque +//u=ratio of absorber mass to main mass i.e M2/M1 +//Wn is exitation frequency +//calculations +W1=sqrt(Kt1/J1) +//case1 +x1=0.8//where x=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +x2=1.2//where x=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +if u1>u2 then + u=u1 +else + u=u2 +end +J2=u*J1//moment of inertia of absorber in Kg-m^2 +Kt2=u*Kt1// total torsional stiffness of absorber +K=Kt2/(4*0.1^2)//stiffness of each spring in N/m +b2=-(To/Kt2)//amplitude of vibration in rad +//output +mprintf('The maximum moment of inertia of absorber(J2) is %4.4f Kg-m^2 and\n %f is the stiffness of each of the four absorber springs such that\n the resonant frequencies are at least 20 percent from exitation frequency.\n The amplitude of vibration of this absorber(b2) at exitation frequency\n is %f radians',J2,K,b2) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ex5_9.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c7585937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.7.2/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.7.2\n') +//given data +W1=220*2*%pi/60//vibrating frequency at 220 RPM (in rad/sec) +W2=W1//frequency to which the spring mass system is tuned to. +M2=1//mass in spring mass system in kgs +N1=188//first resonant freq of spring mass system in cpm +N2=258//second resonant freq of spring mass system in cpm +//u=ratio of absorber mass to main mass i.e M2/M1 +//calculations +K2=M2*W2^2 +Wn1=N1*2*%pi/60//first resonant freq of spring mass system in rad/sec +Wn2=N2*2*%pi/60//second resonant freq of spring mass system in rad/sec +//case 1 +W=Wn1 +x1=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +W=Wn2 +x2=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//therefore +u=(u1+u2)/2//which is equal to M2/M1 +M1=M2/u// mass of main system in kgs +K1=K2/u//stiffness of main system in N/m +//now +Wn21=150*2*%pi/60//new first resonant frequency in rad/sec +Wn22=310*2*%pi/60//new second resonant frequency in rad/sec +W=Wn21 +x1=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +W=Wn22 +x2=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//choosing the higher value +if u1>u2 then + u=u1 +else + u=u2 +end +M3=M1*u// mass of main system in kgs +K3=K1*u//stiffness of main system in N/m +//output +mprintf(' The mass of main system required is %4.4f kgs\n stiffness of main system reqired is %5.5f N/m\n If the resonant frequencies lie outside the range of 150 to 310 rpm then\n mass of main system is %4.4f kgs\n stiffness of main system is %5.5f N/m',M1,K1,M3,K3) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cee0aee50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.7.1\n') +//given data +J1=0.735//moment of inertia of main system in Kg-m^2 +Kt1=7.35*10^5//torsional stiffness +To=294//amplitude of applied torque +W=10^3//frequency of applied torque +//u=ratio of absorber mass to main mass i.e M2/M1 +//Wn is exitation frequency +//calculations +W1=sqrt(Kt1/J1) +//case1 +x1=0.8//where x=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +x2=1.2//where x=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +if u1>u2 then + u=u1 +else + u=u2 +end +J2=u*J1//moment of inertia of absorber in Kg-m^2 +Kt2=u*Kt1// total torsional stiffness of absorber +K=Kt2/(4*0.1^2)//stiffness of each spring in N/m +b2=-(To/Kt2)//amplitude of vibration in rad +//output +mprintf('The maximum moment of inertia of absorber(J2) is %4.4f Kg-m^2 and\n %f is the stiffness of each of the four absorber springs such that\n the resonant frequencies are at least 20 percent from exitation frequency.\n The amplitude of vibration of this absorber(b2) at exitation frequency\n is %f radians',J2,K,b2) diff --git a/3532/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3532/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c7585937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 5.7.2\n') +//given data +W1=220*2*%pi/60//vibrating frequency at 220 RPM (in rad/sec) +W2=W1//frequency to which the spring mass system is tuned to. +M2=1//mass in spring mass system in kgs +N1=188//first resonant freq of spring mass system in cpm +N2=258//second resonant freq of spring mass system in cpm +//u=ratio of absorber mass to main mass i.e M2/M1 +//calculations +K2=M2*W2^2 +Wn1=N1*2*%pi/60//first resonant freq of spring mass system in rad/sec +Wn2=N2*2*%pi/60//second resonant freq of spring mass system in rad/sec +//case 1 +W=Wn1 +x1=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +W=Wn2 +x2=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//therefore +u=(u1+u2)/2//which is equal to M2/M1 +M1=M2/u// mass of main system in kgs +K1=K2/u//stiffness of main system in N/m +//now +Wn21=150*2*%pi/60//new first resonant frequency in rad/sec +Wn22=310*2*%pi/60//new second resonant frequency in rad/sec +W=Wn21 +x1=(W/W2) +u1=[x1^2-1]^2/x1^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//case 2 +W=Wn22 +x2=(W/W2) +u2=[x2^2-1]^2/x2^2//from Eqn 5.7.9,Sec 5.7.1. +//choosing the higher value +if u1>u2 then + u=u1 +else + u=u2 +end +M3=M1*u// mass of main system in kgs +K3=K1*u//stiffness of main system in N/m +//output +mprintf(' The mass of main system required is %4.4f kgs\n stiffness of main system reqired is %5.5f N/m\n If the resonant frequencies lie outside the range of 150 to 310 rpm then\n mass of main system is %4.4f kgs\n stiffness of main system is %5.5f N/m',M1,K1,M3,K3) diff --git a/3532/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3532/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c16e4d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 6.8.2\n') +//given data +m1=250;m2=100//mass of two blocks in Kgs +c1=80;c2=60,c=20//damping coefficients in N-sec/m +F1=1000;F2=1500//amplitude of force acting on block 1 and 2 rsptly +k=250000//stiffness of spring in N/m +W=60//frequency of applied force in rad/sec +//calculations +M=[m1,0;0,m2]; +K=[k,-k;-k,k]; +C=[c+c1,-c;-c,c+c2]; +R=[F1;F2;0;0]; +X=K-(W^2)*M +Y=W*C +G=[X,-Y;Y,X] +AB=inv(G) *R//from Eqn6.8.4 in Sec 6.8 +X1=sqrt(AB(1,1)^2 +AB(3,1)^2) +X2=sqrt(AB(2,1)^2 +AB(4,1)^2) +//output +mprintf('The amplitude of vibrations are %fm for mass 1 and %fm for mass 2',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH6/EX6.8.2/Ex6_15.sce b/3532/CH6/EX6.8.2/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c16e4d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH6/EX6.8.2/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 6.8.2\n') +//given data +m1=250;m2=100//mass of two blocks in Kgs +c1=80;c2=60,c=20//damping coefficients in N-sec/m +F1=1000;F2=1500//amplitude of force acting on block 1 and 2 rsptly +k=250000//stiffness of spring in N/m +W=60//frequency of applied force in rad/sec +//calculations +M=[m1,0;0,m2]; +K=[k,-k;-k,k]; +C=[c+c1,-c;-c,c+c2]; +R=[F1;F2;0;0]; +X=K-(W^2)*M +Y=W*C +G=[X,-Y;Y,X] +AB=inv(G) *R//from Eqn6.8.4 in Sec 6.8 +X1=sqrt(AB(1,1)^2 +AB(3,1)^2) +X2=sqrt(AB(2,1)^2 +AB(4,1)^2) +//output +mprintf('The amplitude of vibrations are %fm for mass 1 and %fm for mass 2',X1,X2) diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad1c9349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.2.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +y1=g*(M1*a(1,1)+M2*a(1,2)) +y2=g*(M1*a(2,1)+M2*a(2,2)) +Wn=sqrt(g*(M1*y1+M2*y2)/(M1*y1^2+M2*y2^2)) +//now to find out lower natural frequency +F1=M1*y1*Wn^2 +F2=M2*y2*Wn^2 +y1new=F1*a(1,1)+F2*a(1,2) +y2new=F1*a(2,1)+F2*a(2,2) +Wnnew=sqrt((F1*y1new+F2*y2new)/(M1*y1new^2+M2*y2new^2))//actual natural frequency in rad/sec +//output +mprintf(' The practical natural frequency Wn is %4.4f rad/sec,but the lower \n natural frequency Wn`is %4.4f rad/sec which is closer to the actual\n natural frequency',Wn,Wnnew) diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d7ff7f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.7.2\n') +//given data +J(1)=100//moment of inertia of first rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(2)=50//moment of inertia of second rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(3)=10//moment of inertia of third rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(4)=50//moment of inertia of fourth rotor in Kg-m^2 +Kt(1)=10^4//stiffness of shaft between 1 and 2 in N-m/rad +Kt(2)=10^4//stiffness of shaft between 2 and 3 in N-m/rad +Kt(3)=2*10^4//stiffness of shaft between 3 and 4 in N-m/rad +To=10000//amplitude of applied torque in N-m +W=5//frequency of applied torque in rad/sec +//calculations +b(1)=-(0.789*To)/3825//twist of shaft 1 in rad +P(1)=J(1)*W^2 +Q(1)=P(1)*b(1)//twisting moment of shaft 1 in N-m +R(1)=Q(1) +S(1)=R(1)/Kt(1)//twist of shaft 1 in radians +b(2)=b(1)-S(1)//twist of shaft 2 in rad +P(2)=J(2)*W^2 +Q(2)=P(2)*b(2) +R(2)=Q(1)+Q(2)+To//twisting moment of shaft 2 in N-m +S(2)=R(2)/Kt(2)//twist of shaft 2 in radians +b(3)=b(2)-S(2)//twist of shaft 3 in rad +P(3)=J(3)*W^2 +Q(3)=P(3)*b(3) +R(3)=Q(2)+Q(3)//twisting moment of shaft 3 in N-m +S(3)=R(3)/Kt(3)//twist of shaft 3 in radians +b(4)=b(3)-S(3)//twist of shaft 4 in rad +P(4)=J(4)*W^2 +Q(4)=P(4)*b(4) +R(4)=Q(3)+Q(4)//twisting moment of shaft 4 in N-m +mprintf('The amplitudes of discs are as follows\n disc1=%4.4f rad\n disc2=%4.4f rad\n disc3=%4.4f rad\n disc4=%4.4f rad',b(1),b(2),b(3),b(4)) +mprintf('\nThe twists of shaft are as follows\nfirst shaft=%5.5f rad\nsecond shaft=%5.5f rad\nthird shaft=%5.5f rad',S(1),S(2),S(3)) +mprintf('\nThe twisting moments of shafts are as follows\nfirst shaft=%5.5f N-m\nsecond shaft=%5.5f N-m\nthird shaft=%5.5f N-m',R(1),R(2),R(3)) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The slight difference in values are due to the more accurate values\ncalculated by SCILAB') diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad1c9349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.2.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.2.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +y1=g*(M1*a(1,1)+M2*a(1,2)) +y2=g*(M1*a(2,1)+M2*a(2,2)) +Wn=sqrt(g*(M1*y1+M2*y2)/(M1*y1^2+M2*y2^2)) +//now to find out lower natural frequency +F1=M1*y1*Wn^2 +F2=M2*y2*Wn^2 +y1new=F1*a(1,1)+F2*a(1,2) +y2new=F1*a(2,1)+F2*a(2,2) +Wnnew=sqrt((F1*y1new+F2*y2new)/(M1*y1new^2+M2*y2new^2))//actual natural frequency in rad/sec +//output +mprintf(' The practical natural frequency Wn is %4.4f rad/sec,but the lower \n natural frequency Wn`is %4.4f rad/sec which is closer to the actual\n natural frequency',Wn,Wnnew) diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ex7_4.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b5f13fc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.3.1/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.3.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +y1=g*M1*a(1,1)//considering only M1 to be acting +y2=g*M2*a(2,2)//considering only M2 to be acting +W1=sqrt(g/y1) +W2=sqrt(g/y2) +Wn=sqrt(1/((1/W1^2)+(1/W2^2)))//applying Eqn 7.3.7,Sec7.3 +//output +mprintf(' The natural frequency of transverse vibration obtained from \n Dunkerly method is %4.4f rad/sec which is slightly lower\n than the correct value',Wn) diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ex7_5.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c14b212b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.4.1/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.4.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +x1(1)=1;x2(1)=1 +for i=1:10//upto 10th iteration for more perfect answer +F1(i)=100*x1(i)//'i' represents the dash(') +F2(i)=50*x2(i) +x1(i)=F1(i)*a(1,1)+F2(i)*a(1,2) +x2(i)=F1(i)*a(2,1)+F2(i)*a(2,2) +r=(x2(i)/x1(i)) +x2(i+1)=r +x1(i+1)=1 +end +x1dd=1 +W1=(x1dd/x1(10)) +W2=(r/x2(10)) +Wn=sqrt((W1+W2)/2)//natural frequency in rad/sec +mprintf('The natural frequency of system in iilustrative example 7.2.1 obtained by\nStodala method is Wn=%f rad/sec',Wn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The obtained answer is more near to the perfect answer \since 10 iterations/trials\nhas been carried out.In textbook only upto 3rd iteration has been carried out') diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b5f13fc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.3.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +y1=g*M1*a(1,1)//considering only M1 to be acting +y2=g*M2*a(2,2)//considering only M2 to be acting +W1=sqrt(g/y1) +W2=sqrt(g/y2) +Wn=sqrt(1/((1/W1^2)+(1/W2^2)))//applying Eqn 7.3.7,Sec7.3 +//output +mprintf(' The natural frequency of transverse vibration obtained from \n Dunkerly method is %4.4f rad/sec which is slightly lower\n than the correct value',Wn) diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c14b212b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.4.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +x1(1)=1;x2(1)=1 +for i=1:10//upto 10th iteration for more perfect answer +F1(i)=100*x1(i)//'i' represents the dash(') +F2(i)=50*x2(i) +x1(i)=F1(i)*a(1,1)+F2(i)*a(1,2) +x2(i)=F1(i)*a(2,1)+F2(i)*a(2,2) +r=(x2(i)/x1(i)) +x2(i+1)=r +x1(i+1)=1 +end +x1dd=1 +W1=(x1dd/x1(10)) +W2=(r/x2(10)) +Wn=sqrt((W1+W2)/2)//natural frequency in rad/sec +mprintf('The natural frequency of system in iilustrative example 7.2.1 obtained by\nStodala method is Wn=%f rad/sec',Wn) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The obtained answer is more near to the perfect answer \since 10 iterations/trials\nhas been carried out.In textbook only upto 3rd iteration has been carried out') diff --git a/3532/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ex7_10.sce b/3532/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d7ff7f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH7/EX7.7.2/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 7.7.2\n') +//given data +J(1)=100//moment of inertia of first rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(2)=50//moment of inertia of second rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(3)=10//moment of inertia of third rotor in Kg-m^2 +J(4)=50//moment of inertia of fourth rotor in Kg-m^2 +Kt(1)=10^4//stiffness of shaft between 1 and 2 in N-m/rad +Kt(2)=10^4//stiffness of shaft between 2 and 3 in N-m/rad +Kt(3)=2*10^4//stiffness of shaft between 3 and 4 in N-m/rad +To=10000//amplitude of applied torque in N-m +W=5//frequency of applied torque in rad/sec +//calculations +b(1)=-(0.789*To)/3825//twist of shaft 1 in rad +P(1)=J(1)*W^2 +Q(1)=P(1)*b(1)//twisting moment of shaft 1 in N-m +R(1)=Q(1) +S(1)=R(1)/Kt(1)//twist of shaft 1 in radians +b(2)=b(1)-S(1)//twist of shaft 2 in rad +P(2)=J(2)*W^2 +Q(2)=P(2)*b(2) +R(2)=Q(1)+Q(2)+To//twisting moment of shaft 2 in N-m +S(2)=R(2)/Kt(2)//twist of shaft 2 in radians +b(3)=b(2)-S(2)//twist of shaft 3 in rad +P(3)=J(3)*W^2 +Q(3)=P(3)*b(3) +R(3)=Q(2)+Q(3)//twisting moment of shaft 3 in N-m +S(3)=R(3)/Kt(3)//twist of shaft 3 in radians +b(4)=b(3)-S(3)//twist of shaft 4 in rad +P(4)=J(4)*W^2 +Q(4)=P(4)*b(4) +R(4)=Q(3)+Q(4)//twisting moment of shaft 4 in N-m +mprintf('The amplitudes of discs are as follows\n disc1=%4.4f rad\n disc2=%4.4f rad\n disc3=%4.4f rad\n disc4=%4.4f rad',b(1),b(2),b(3),b(4)) +mprintf('\nThe twists of shaft are as follows\nfirst shaft=%5.5f rad\nsecond shaft=%5.5f rad\nthird shaft=%5.5f rad',S(1),S(2),S(3)) +mprintf('\nThe twisting moments of shafts are as follows\nfirst shaft=%5.5f N-m\nsecond shaft=%5.5f N-m\nthird shaft=%5.5f N-m',R(1),R(2),R(3)) +mprintf('\nNOTE:The slight difference in values are due to the more accurate values\ncalculated by SCILAB') diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f91c1baa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.2.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +m=5//mass of rotor in kg +d=0.01//dia of shaft in m +I=(%pi/64)*d^4///moment of area in m^4 +l=0.4//bearing span in m +e=0.02//distance of CG away from geometric centre of rotor in mm +N=3000//speed of shaft in RPM +//calculations +k=48*E*I/l^3//stiffness of shaft in N/m +Wn=sqrt(k/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +r=(bet^2*e/(1-bet^2))//from Eqn 8.2.2 in Sec 8.2 +rabs=abs(r)//absolute value of displacement +Rd=k*rabs/1000//total dynamic load in bearings in N(divide by 1000 since r is in mm) +F=Rd/2//dynamic load on each bearings in N +//output +mprintf(' The amplitude of steady state vibration of shaft is %f mm\nNOTE:negetive sign shows that displacement is out of phase with centrifugal force\nThe dynamic force transmtted to the bearings is %4.4f N\n The dynamic load on each bearing is %4.4f N',r,Rd,F) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f91c1baa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.2.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +m=5//mass of rotor in kg +d=0.01//dia of shaft in m +I=(%pi/64)*d^4///moment of area in m^4 +l=0.4//bearing span in m +e=0.02//distance of CG away from geometric centre of rotor in mm +N=3000//speed of shaft in RPM +//calculations +k=48*E*I/l^3//stiffness of shaft in N/m +Wn=sqrt(k/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +r=(bet^2*e/(1-bet^2))//from Eqn 8.2.2 in Sec 8.2 +rabs=abs(r)//absolute value of displacement +Rd=k*rabs/1000//total dynamic load in bearings in N(divide by 1000 since r is in mm) +F=Rd/2//dynamic load on each bearings in N +//output +mprintf(' The amplitude of steady state vibration of shaft is %f mm\nNOTE:negetive sign shows that displacement is out of phase with centrifugal force\nThe dynamic force transmtted to the bearings is %4.4f N\n The dynamic load on each bearing is %4.4f N',r,Rd,F) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61792beb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.3.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +m=4//mass of rotor in kg +g=9.81//acc due to gravity in m/sec^2 +d=0.009//dia of shaft in m +I=(%pi/64)*d^4///moment of area in m^4 +l=0.48//bearing span in m +e=0.003//distance of CG away from geometric centre of rotor in mm +N=760//speed of shaft in RPM +c=49//equivalent viscous damping in N-sec/m +//calculations +K=48*E*I/l^3//stiffness of shaft in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=c/(2*sqrt(K*m)) +r=e*(bet^2/sqrt(((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//from Eqn 8.3.4 ,Sec 8.3 +Fd=sqrt((K*r)^2+(c*W*r)^2)//dynamic load on bearing in N +Fs=m*g//static load in N +Fmax=Fd+Fs//maximum static load on the shaft under dynamic condition in N +smax=(Fmax*l/4)*(d/2)/I//maximum stress under dynamic condition in N/m^2 +ss=(Fs*l/4)*(d/2)/I//maximum stress under dead load condition in N/m^2 +Fdamp=(c*W*r)//damping force in N +Tdamp=Fdamp*r//damping torque in N-m +P=2*%pi*N*Tdamp/60//power in Watts +//output +mprintf(' The mamximum stress in the shaft under dynamic condition is %.3f N/(m^2)\n The dead load stress is %.3f N/(m^2)\n The power required to drive the shaft at 760 RPM is %4.4f Watts',smax,ss,P) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.3.1/Ex8_2.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.3.1/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61792beb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.3.1/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.3.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +m=4//mass of rotor in kg +g=9.81//acc due to gravity in m/sec^2 +d=0.009//dia of shaft in m +I=(%pi/64)*d^4///moment of area in m^4 +l=0.48//bearing span in m +e=0.003//distance of CG away from geometric centre of rotor in mm +N=760//speed of shaft in RPM +c=49//equivalent viscous damping in N-sec/m +//calculations +K=48*E*I/l^3//stiffness of shaft in N/m +Wn=sqrt(K/m) +W=2*%pi*N/60 +bet=(W/Wn) +zeta=c/(2*sqrt(K*m)) +r=e*(bet^2/sqrt(((1-bet^2)^2+(2*zeta*bet)^2)))//from Eqn 8.3.4 ,Sec 8.3 +Fd=sqrt((K*r)^2+(c*W*r)^2)//dynamic load on bearing in N +Fs=m*g//static load in N +Fmax=Fd+Fs//maximum static load on the shaft under dynamic condition in N +smax=(Fmax*l/4)*(d/2)/I//maximum stress under dynamic condition in N/m^2 +ss=(Fs*l/4)*(d/2)/I//maximum stress under dead load condition in N/m^2 +Fdamp=(c*W*r)//damping force in N +Tdamp=Fdamp*r//damping torque in N-m +P=2*%pi*N*Tdamp/60//power in Watts +//output +mprintf(' The mamximum stress in the shaft under dynamic condition is %.3f N/(m^2)\n The dead load stress is %.3f N/(m^2)\n The power required to drive the shaft at 760 RPM is %4.4f Watts',smax,ss,P) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb812c820 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.4.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +p=M1*a(1,1)+M2*a(2,2)//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +q=M1*M2*(a(1,1)*a(2,2)-(a(1,2)^2))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Wn1=sqrt((p-sqrt(p^2-4*q))/(2*q))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Wn2=sqrt((p+sqrt(p^2-4*q))/(2*q))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Nc1=Wn1*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +Nc2=Wn2*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +//output +mprintf(' The critical speeds for the system shown in fig 7.2.1 are %4.4f RPM and %4.4f RPM',Nc1,Nc2) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_3.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb812c820 --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.4.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +I=4*10^-7//moment of area in m^4 +M1=100;M2=50//mass of discs 1 and 2 in Kgs +c=0.18//distance of disc 1 from support in m +l=0.3//distance of disc 2 from support in m +g=9.81//aceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +//calculations +a=[(c^3/(3*E*I)),(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c));(c^2/(6*E*I)*(3*l-c)),(l^3/(3*E*I))]//from SOM +p=M1*a(1,1)+M2*a(2,2)//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +q=M1*M2*(a(1,1)*a(2,2)-(a(1,2)^2))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Wn1=sqrt((p-sqrt(p^2-4*q))/(2*q))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Wn2=sqrt((p+sqrt(p^2-4*q))/(2*q))//from Eqn 8.4.6 ,Sec 8.4 +Nc1=Wn1*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +Nc2=Wn2*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +//output +mprintf(' The critical speeds for the system shown in fig 7.2.1 are %4.4f RPM and %4.4f RPM',Nc1,Nc2) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4659fd16d --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.6.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +M=10//mass of rotor in kg +g=9.81//acc due to gravity in m/sec^2 +ra=0.12//radius of gyration in m +l=0.3//lenght of steel shaft in m +b=0.06//thickness of rotor in m +I=10*10^-8//moment of inertia of section in m^4 +//calculations +r=sqrt((ra^2/2)+(b^2/12)) +h=3*(r^2)/l^2//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +g1=sqrt((2/h)*((h+1)-sqrt((h+1)^2-h)))//natural frequency,from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +g2=sqrt((2/h)*((h+1)+sqrt((h+1)^2-h)))//natural frequency,from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +W1=g1*sqrt(3*E*I/(M*l^3))//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +W2=g2*sqrt(3*E*I/(M*l^3))//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +Nc1=W1*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +Nc2=W2*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +//output +mprintf(' The operating speed of 10000 RPM is not near to either of \n the critical speeds i.e %4.4f RPM or %4.4f RPM.\n Therefore the operating speed is safe.',Nc1,Nc2) diff --git a/3532/CH8/EX8.6.1/Ex8_4.sce b/3532/CH8/EX8.6.1/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4659fd16d --- /dev/null +++ b/3532/CH8/EX8.6.1/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +clear +mprintf('Mechanical vibrations by G.K.Grover\n Example 8.6.1\n') +//given data +E=1.96*10^11//youngs modulus in N/m^2 +M=10//mass of rotor in kg +g=9.81//acc due to gravity in m/sec^2 +ra=0.12//radius of gyration in m +l=0.3//lenght of steel shaft in m +b=0.06//thickness of rotor in m +I=10*10^-8//moment of inertia of section in m^4 +//calculations +r=sqrt((ra^2/2)+(b^2/12)) +h=3*(r^2)/l^2//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +g1=sqrt((2/h)*((h+1)-sqrt((h+1)^2-h)))//natural frequency,from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +g2=sqrt((2/h)*((h+1)+sqrt((h+1)^2-h)))//natural frequency,from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +W1=g1*sqrt(3*E*I/(M*l^3))//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +W2=g2*sqrt(3*E*I/(M*l^3))//from Eqn 8.6.4 ,Sec 8.6 +Nc1=W1*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +Nc2=W2*60/(2*%pi)//critical speed in RPM +//output +mprintf(' The operating speed of 10000 RPM is not near to either of \n the critical speeds i.e %4.4f RPM or %4.4f RPM.\n Therefore the operating speed is safe.',Nc1,Nc2) diff --git a/3535/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3535/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69999d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.1, Page 21 +clc +clear +//Find Atomic weight of Boron +I10 = 0.199 // Isotopic abundance of B10 (Value used in question is wrong) +A10 = 10.012937 //Atomic weight of B10 +I11 = 0.801 // Isotopic abundance of B11 +A11 = 11.009306 //Atomic weight of B11 +//Calculation +W = (I10*A10)+(I11*A11) +printf("The atomic weight of Boron = %f",W); + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3535/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7951ee79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.2, Page 22 +clc +clear +//Find number of 10B molecules in 5g of Boron +m = 5 //g +Na = 0.6022*10**24 //atoms/mol +AB = 10.811 //Atomic weight of 10B , g/mol +NB = (m*Na)/(AB) +printf("The number of Boron atoms = %e atoms",NB); + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3535/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbf7ebbcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.3, Page 22 +clc +clear +//Estimate the mass on an atom of U 238. From Eq. (1.3) +//Calculating the approximate weight +Mapprox = 238/(6.022*10**23) +//Calculating the precise weight +M = 238.050782/(6.022142*10**23) +printf("The approximate mass on an atom of U 238 = %e g/atom",Mapprox); +printf("\n The precise mass on an atom of U 238 = %e g/atom",M); +printf("Varies by a negligible error") +//Answers may vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3535/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3535/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca5889cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.4, Page 23 +clc +clear +//Density of Hydrogen atom in water +p = 1 // density of water in g cm^-3 +Na = 6.022*10^23 // molucules/mol +A = 18 // atomic weight of water in g/mol +N = (p*Na)/A +NH = 2*N +printf("The density of water = %e molecules/cm3",N); +printf("\n The density of hydrogen atoms = %e atoms/cm3",NH); +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b818b3c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.1, Page 280 +clc +clear +// Thermal utilization factor +Summation = ((0.0055*103.4)+(0.720*687)+(99.2745*2.73))/100 +sigma = 0.0034 +f = 7.662/(7.662+(sigma*450)) +printf("Total thermal macroscopic = %f N^U cm^1\n",Summation) +printf(" f = %f \n",f) +// Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab4cefc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.2, Page 280 +clc +clear +// Thermal fission factor +neeta = (2.42*587)/(687 +(2.73*0.98/0.02)) +printf(" Thermal fission factor = %f \n",neeta) +// Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..468908422 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.3, Page 282 +clc +clear +// Find the probability +P = exp(-6.85*10**-4*368) +Pnl = 1/(1+(578*6.85*10**-4)) +printf("Fast-neutron nonleakage probability = %f \n",P) +printf(" Thermal-neutron nonleakage probability = %f \n",Pnl) +// Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e906bb48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.4, Page 283 +clc +clear +// k of a homogeneous +f = 687/(687 +(0.0034*40000)) +k = 2.07*f +printf("f = %f \n",f) +printf(" k = %f \n",k) +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c087abf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.5, Page 284 +clc +clear +//Calculate radius R +L = 578 +T = 368 +Bc = 6.358*10**-4 +R = sqrt(%pi^2/Bc) +printf(" R = %f cm \n",R) +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c3c9730 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.6, Page 285 +clc +clear +// mass of U235 +m = (((4/3)*%pi*125**3*1.60)*235)/(40000*12) +printf(" m = %f kg \n",m*10**-3) +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec044083a --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.7, Page 285 +clc +clear +// Keff +Keff = 1/(1-0.0065*0.1) +printf(" Keff = %f \n",Keff) +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3535/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc957f65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 10, Example 10.8, Page 293 +clc +clear +//Resulting reactor period +bt = 0.0065 +dt = 0.00065 +T = (bt*12.8)/dt +Pt = 10000 +P0 = 10 +t = T*log(Pt/P0) +printf(" Resulting reactor period = %f sec \n",T) +printf(" t = %f sec\n",t) +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3535/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d656369f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.1, Page 29 +clc +clear +//Find the inscrease in mass of the Satellite +v = 7.5*10**3 +c = 2.998*10**8 +//Calculating the expression using the taylor series +FMI = (1/2)*(v**2/c**2) +printf("The fractional mass increase = %e",FMI); +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3535/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..462741b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.2, Page 33 +clc +clear +//Find the energy equivalent in MeV of the electron rest mass +m1 = 9.109*10**-31 // kg +m2 = 5.486*10**-4 // atomic mass units +c1 = 2.998*10**8 // m/s +c2 = 931.49 // MeV/u +E1 = (m1*c1*c1)/(1.602*10**-13) +E2 = m2*c2 +printf("E = %f MeV",E1); +printf("\n E measured in atomic mass unit and appropriate conversion factor= %f MeV",E2); + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3535/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9798dba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.3, Page 37 +clc +clear +//maximum wavelength of light required to liberate photoelectrons +A = 2.35 //eV +h = 4.136*10**-15 // eV/s^-1 +c = 2.998*10**8 // m/s +v = A/h +w = c/v +printf("v-min = %e s^-1",v); +printf("\n Maximum wavelength = %f nm which corresponds to green",w*10**9); + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3535/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..040b6a860 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.4, Page 39 +clc +clear +//Recoil Kinetic Energy +m1 = 9.109*10**-31 // kg +c1 = 2.998*10**8 // m/s +E = 3 //Mev +mc2 = (m1*c1*c1)/(1.602*10**-13) // converting to MeV +E1 = 1/((1/E)+(1/mc2)*(1-cos(%pi/4))) +printf("\n Recoil kinetic energy = %f MeV",E1); + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3535/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9fa4ccb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.1, Page 66 +clc +clear +//Energy required to remove electron in the ground state +//Obtaining values from table 1.5 +h = 6.626*10**-34 // J s +m = 9.109*10**-31 // kg +e = 1.6022*10**-19 // C +E0 = 8.854*10**-12 // F m^-1 +E1 = -(m*(2*e**2)**2)/(8*E0**2*h**2) +EJ = E1/(1.6022*10**-19) // converting to eV +printf("\n E1 in Joules = %e J",E1); +printf("\n E1 in eV = %f EV",EJ); + +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3535/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48159607b --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.2, Page 79 +clc +clear +// Estimate the mass of Ga +//Based on equation 3.16 +av = 15.835 // MeV +as = 18.33 // MeV +ac = 0.714 // MeV +aa = 23.30 // MeV +ap = 11.2 // MeV +A = 70 +c2 = (1/931.5) +mn = 1.0072765 +mp = 1.0086649 +me = 0.00054858 +a = av*A +b = as*A**(2/3) +c = ac*(31**2/A**(1/3)) +d = aa*((A-62)**2/A) +c = ap/sqrt(A) +BE = (a-b-c-d)*c2 // BE/C^2 +M = 31*mn+39*mp-BE+31*me +printf("\n Nuclear binding energy = %f u",BE); // answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n Atomic mass = %f u",M); + +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3535/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..069bd8e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.1, Page 86 +clc +clear +//Binding energy +mn = 1.0078250 +mp = 1.0086649 +M = 4.0026032 // mass of He +MD = 2*mn+2*mp-M //Mass defect +BE = MD*931.5 +printf("\n Mass defect = %f u",MD); +printf("\n Nuclear binding energy = %f MeV",BE); // answer provided in the textbook is wrong +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3535/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbeb86040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.2, Page 89 +clc +clear +//Binding energy +O15 = 15.0030654 // atomic mass of O15 isotope +mn = 1.00866492 +O16 = 15.9949146 // atomic mass of O16 isotope +c2 = 931.5 // C^2 in MeV +S = (O15+mn-O16)*c2 +printf("\n Binding energy = %f MeV",S); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3535/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a1ed738 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.3, Page 94 +clc +clear +// Q value of an endothermic and exothermic reaction +//Exothermic reaction +Be = 9.012182 //Reactants +He = 4.002603 //Reactants +C12 = 12 //Product +n = 1.008664 //Product +C2 = 931.5 // C^2 in MeV +Exo1 = Be+He +Exo2 = C12+n +Dif1 = Exo1-Exo2 +Q1 = Dif1*C2 +printf("\n Q of the exothermic reaction = %f MeV",Q1); +//Endothermic reaction +O = 15.994915 //Reactants +n = 1.008664 //Reactant +C13 = 13.003354 //Product +He = 4.002603 //product +End1 = O+n +End2 = C13+He +Dif2 = End1-End2 +Q2 = Dif2*C2 +printf("\n Q of the exothermic reaction = %f MeV",Q2); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3535/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e714fb75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.4, Page 95 +clc +clear +// Q value in a reaction +MH = 1.00782503 +MD = 2.01410178 +me = 0.00054858 +C2 = 931.5 +Q = (2*MH-MD-2*me)*C2 +printf("\n Q of the reaction = %f MeV",Q);// Answer provided in the text is wrong +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3535/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1f26d0ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.5, Page 96 +clc +clear +// Q value of the reaction +mn = 1.0086649 +MB = 10.0129370 +MHe = 4.0026032 +MLi = 7.0160040 +C2 = 931.5 +Q = (mn+MB-MHe-MLi)*C2 -0.48 +printf("\n Q of the reaction = %f MeV",Q); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c88b5e136 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.1, Page 103 +clc +clear +// Initial Kinetic energy +MRa = 226.025402 +MRn = 222.017571 +MHe = 4.00260325 +C2 = 931.5 +Ad = 222 +Aa = 4 +Q = (MRa-MRn-MHe)*C2 +E = Q*(Ad/(Ad+Aa)) +R = Q-E +printf("\n Q of the reaction = %f MeV",Q); +printf("\n Kinetic Enerfy of the reaction = %f MeV",E); +printf("\n The reminder of Q is the kinetic energy of the product nucleus,Rn = %f MeV",R); +// Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9648501f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.2, Page 117 +clc +clear +//Probablility of decay by positron emission +//3 decay modes +LBp = 0.009497 +LBm = 0.02129 +LEC = 0.02381 +L = LBp+LBm+LEC +P = LBp/L +printf("\n Probability of decay = %f ",P); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25ca34d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.4, Page 127 +clc +clear +//Time takes for the activity of daughter is within 5% of that of parent +t = -log(1-0.95)/(1.083*10^-2) +printf("\n Time = %f h ",t); +printf("\n Time = %f d ",t/24); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c041c421 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.6, Page 129 +clc +clear +// Age of the wood +//based on eq 5.74 +t = -(5730/log(2))*log(1.2/6.4) +printf("\n Time = %f y ",t); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30ba279f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.7, Page 129 +clc +clear +// Calculate the time +//based on eq 5.74 +t = (14.05*10**9/log(2))*log(1+(0.31232/1.37208)) +printf("\n Time = %e y ",t); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3535/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..656794b8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.8, Page 130 +clc +clear +// Calculate the time +//based on eq 5.74 +t = (4.88*10**10/log(2))*log(1+((0.80-0.710)/1.37208)) +printf("\n Time = %e y ",t); +//Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3535/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51aa281b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.1, Page 142 +clc +clear +// Minimum Kinetic energy +Q = [1.311 -0.6259 -0.1582] //Q in MeV of all the reactions +Ex = [1.994 2.11 0.1695] +KE = Q+Ex +printf("Kinetic Energy for 13C(d,t)12C = %f \n",KE(1)) +printf(" Kinetic Energy for 14C(p,n)14N = %f \n",KE(2)) +printf(" Kinetic Energy for 14C(n,a)11B = %f",KE(3)) diff --git a/3535/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3535/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf304d4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.2, Page 145 +clc +clear +// Maximum Energy loss +me = 0.0005486 +M = 4.003 +EM = 4 +Emax = 4*(me/M)*EM +printf("Emax = %f keV",Emax*10^3) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3535/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..013d1e29c --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.4, Page 155 +clc +clear +// Initail fragment of KE +MU = 235.043923 +mn = 1.008665 +MXE = 138.918787 +MSr = 94.919358 +Ep = abs(MU+mn-MXE-MSr-(2*mn*931.5)) +printf("Ep = %f keV",Ep)// Answer provided in the textbook is wrong +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3535/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4eed53321 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.5, Page 158 +clc +clear +// Energy released +MLa = 138.906348 +MMo = 94.905842 +MXE = 138.918787 +MSr = 94.919358 +Ep = (MXE+MSr-MLa-MMo)*(931.5) +printf("Ep = %f MeV",Ep) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2338a43b --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.1, Page 177 +clc +clear +// Thickness of shield +Wmu = 0.07066 // meu of water +Lmu = 0.7721 // meu of lead +Wx= log(10)*(1/Wmu) +Lx= log(10)*(1/Lmu) +printf("Thickness of water shield = %f cm\n",Wx) +printf(" Thickness of lead shield = %f cm",Lx) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f39ee592 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.2, Page 179 +clc +clear +// Total interaction coefficient +Femu = 0.05951 // meu/p of iron +Pbmu = 0.06803 // meu/p of lead +w = 0.5 +mew= (w*Femu)+(w*Pbmu) +Pmix = 2*(1/((1/7.784)+(1/11.35))) +mmix = mew*Pmix +printf("(mew/p)^mix = %f cm^2/g\n",mew) +printf(" (mew)^mix = %f cm^-1",mmix) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c5a178f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.3, Page 180 +clc +clear +// Absorption coefficient +AbsC = 0.03343*((2*0.99985*0.333)+(2*0.00015*0.000506)+(0.99756*0.000190)+(0.00039*0.239)+(0.000160*0.00205)) +printf(" Absorption coefficient = %f cm^-1",AbsC) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40bb0576b --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.4, Page 186 +clc +clear +// Flux density +Sp = 1.295*10**13 +r = 100 +mew = 0.3222 +phimax = 2*10**3 +phi = Sp*10^-2/(4*%pi*r**2) +t = -(1/mew)*log(phimax/phi) +printf("phi = %e cm^-2/s^-1\n",phi) +printf(" t = %f cm^-1",t) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7fffe7f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.5, Page 199 +clc +clear +// Activity of the sample +lambda = 7.466*10**-5 +m = 2 +Na = 0.6022*10**24 +A = 55 +sigma = 13.3*10**-24 +delta = 10**13 +t = 120 +Activity= lambda*(m*Na/A)*sigma*delta*t +printf("Activity = %e Bq\n",Activity) + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..286d1aa9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.6, Page 206 +clc +clear +// Energy required +Z = 79 +E = 700/Z +printf("E = %f MeV\n",E) + +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3535/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f8003496 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.7, Page 209 +clc +clear +// Range in water +x = poly([-2.5839, 1.3767, 0.20954],'x','c') +r = log10(2) +pow = horner(x,r) +Rp = 10**pow +RT = 3*Rp +printf("Rp = %f cm\n",Rp) +printf("RT = %f cm\n",RT) +//Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3535/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c2e4a8a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9, Example 9.1, Page 241 +clc +clear +// Iron kerma and absorbed dose rates +Sp = 10**14 +r = 100 +mew = 0.03031 +mtr = 0.02112 // mew/pro +men = 0.01983 // mew/pro +p0 = 10**-6*Sp*exp(-mew*r)/(4*%pi*r**2) +K0 = 1.602*10**-10*mtr*p0 +D0 = 1.602*10**-10*men*p0 +printf("p0 = %f cm^-2s^-1\n",p0) +printf(" K0 = %e Gy/s\n",K0) +printf(" D0 = %e Gy/s\n",D0) +// Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3535/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..292800b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 9, Example 9.2, Page 242 +clc +clear +// kerma rate +fsMs = (0.6022/18)*((2*12.8*0.5)+(3.5*0.1107)) +K = 1.602*10**-10*fsMs*10**10*0.1 +printf("fsUs/p = %f cm^2/g\n",fsMs) +printf(" K = %f Gy/s\n",K) +// Answers may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3535/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3535/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7344f0eac --- /dev/null +++ b/3535/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 9, Example 9.3, Page 245 +clc +clear +//Find fluence and H +Sp = 10**9 +dt = 600 +r = 1500 +E = 0.03103 +phi = Sp*dt/(4*%pi*r**2) +H = 1.602*10**-10*E*phi +printf("fluence = %e cm^2\n",phi) +printf(" H = %f microSv\n",H*10**8) +// Answer may vary due to round off error diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..009d996e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the location of screen from slits +d=0.08 //units in cm +d=d*10^-2 //units in mts +betaa=6*10^-4 //units in mts +v=8*10^11 //units in kHz +c=3*10^8 //units in mts +lamda=c/(v*10^3) //units in mts +d=(betaa*d)/lamda //units in mts +printf("The distance of the screen from the slits is %.2fmts",d) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..877edc1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The distance of the screen from the slits is 1.28mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2dafb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To Find the thickness of the glass plate +lamda=4800 //units in Angstrom +lamda=4800*10^-10 //units in mts +n=5 +u1=1.4 //first refractive index +u2=1.7 //second refractive index +t=(n*lamda)/(u2-u1) //units in mts +printf("thickness of glass plate is %f mts",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b62290625 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +thickness of glass plate is 0.000008 mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3b8ce41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the refractive index of oil +v=0.2 //units in cm +area=1 //units in m^2 +area=area*10^4 //units in cm^2 +t=v/area //units in cm +n=1 +lamda=5.5*10^-5 //units in cm +r=0 //units in degrees +u=(n*lamda)/(2*t*cos(r)) +printf("Refractive index of oil is u=%.2f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..160ebbd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Refractive index of oil is u=1.38 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9d8202fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fringe width +dist1=0.005 //units in mm +dist2=15 //units in cm +alpha=dist1/dist2 //units in radians +lamda=6000*10^-9 //units in cm +betaa=(lamda)/(2*alpha) //units in + +printf("Fringe width beta=%.3fcm",betaa) + +//In text book answer is printed wrong as 0.09 cm answer is 0.009 cm diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dfb2d9b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Fringe width beta=0.009cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c46d18215 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fringe width +D=0.005 //units in mm +d=15 //units in cm +lemda=6000 //units in angstroam +lemda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +alpha=D/d //units in radians +beta=lemda/(2*alpha) +printf("fringe width is %.2f cm",beta) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc21ffd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +fringe width is 0.09 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4a7b5ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the distance from the fringe +n=10 +lamda=6000*10^-10 //units in mts +alpha=0.01 +x=(((2*n)-1)*lamda)/(4*alpha) //units in mts +printf("Distance from 10th fringe is %.6f mts",x) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85c12de12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Distance from 10th fringe is 0.000285 mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b1bc836b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the diameter of the 5th bright ring +n=5 +lemda=5460 //units in angstroam +lemda=5460*10^-8 //units in cm +u=1.50 +f=400 //units in cm +R=(u-1)*2*f +D=sqrt(2*(2*n-1)*lemda*R) +printf("The diameter of the 5th fringe %.2f mts",D) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25b002537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The diameter of the 5th fringe 0.63 mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f613cd4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 1_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength in the visible region +u=1.33 +t=500 //units in angstroam +t=500*10^-10 //units in mts +n=0 //when n=0 +lemda1=(4*u*t)/((2*n)+1) +printf("when n=0 then lemda1 is %.11f mts",lemda1) +n=1 //when n=1 +lemda2=(4*u*t)/((2*n)+1) +printf("\nwhen n=1 then lemda2 is %.11f mts",lemda2) +n=2 //when n=1 +lemda3=(4*u*t)/((2*n)+1) +printf("\n when n=2 then lemda3 is %.11f mts",lemda3) +n=3 //when n=1 +lemda4=(4*u*t)/((2*n)+1) +printf("\n when n=3 then lemda4 is %.11f mts",lemda4) +printf("\n Of all the wavelengths reflected in the visible region is %.11f mts",lemda3) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31d34de88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +when n=0 then lemda1 is 0.00000026600 mts +when n=1 then lemda2 is 0.00000008867 mts + when n=2 then lemda3 is 0.00000005320 mts + when n=3 then lemda4 is 0.00000003800 mts + Of all the wavelengths reflected in the visible region is 0.00000005320 mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5789c68c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the order of interference of the dark band +t=1.5*10^-6 //units in cm +lemda=5*10^-7 //units in cm +i=60 //units in degree +u=1.33 +r=asin((sin(i*%pi/180))/u)*(180/%pi) //units in degree +n=(2*u*t*cos(r*%pi/180))/lemda +printf("The order of interference of the dark band is %.0f",n) +//In this question,the thickness and lemda values are given wrong +//To get the answer i have followed the values that are taken in the answer diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee2cc5e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The order of interference of the dark band is 6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af0ca4004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_18 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the smallest thickness of the plate +lemda=5890 //units in angstroam +lemda=5890*10^-10 //units in mts +u=1.5 +n=1 +r=60 //units in degree +t=(n*lemda)/(2*u*cos(r*%pi/180))*10^10 +printf("Thickness of the glass plate is %.0f angstroam",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7c2fcf4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of the glass plate is 3927 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a6cd2b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_19 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the diameter of 20th ring +D4=0.4 //units in cm +D12=0.7 //units in cm +D20=sqrt(2*(D12^2-D4^2)+D4^2) +printf("The diameter of the 20th dark ring is %.4f cm",D20) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb25eebaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The diameter of the 20th dark ring is 0.9055 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a18a4f976 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength +//First case to calculte the wavelengths of the light source to obtain fringes 0.46*10^-2 mts +lamda1=4200 //units in armstrongs +lamda1=lamda1*10^-10 //units in mts +betaa=0.64*10^-2 //units in mts +D_d=betaa/lamda1 //units in mts +//Second caseDistance between slits and screen is reduced to half +beeta1=0.46*10^-2 //units in mts +lamdaD_d=beeta1*2 //units in mts +lamda=(lamda1*lamdaD_d)/betaa //units in mts +lamda=lamda*10^10 //units in armstrongs +printf("The wavelength of the Light source is %.1fArmstrongs",lamda) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924cad728 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the Light source is 6037.5Armstrongs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caec42e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_20 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the liquid +D10=1.40 //units in cm +d10=1.27 //units in cm +u=D10^2/d10^2 +printf("Refractive index of the liquid is %.3f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5648548c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Refractive index of the liquid is 1.215 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f534ac7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_21 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of light used +D5=0.3 //units in cm +D25=0.8 //units in cm +R=100 //units in cm +P=20 +lemda=(D25^2-D5^2)/(4*P*R) +printf("The wavelength of the light used is %f cm",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02c460cec --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the light used is 0.000069 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c78e08ef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1_22 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the number of lines +theta=18.233 //units in degrees +n=1 +lamda=6.56*10^-7 //units in meters +m=(0.02*sin(theta*%pi/180))/(n*lamda) +printf("Number of lines M=%d",m) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2c59355 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Number of lines M=9539 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..301fcb2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_23 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the smallest thickness of the plate +lemda=5890 //units in angstroam +lemda=5890*10^-10 //units in mts +u=1.5 +r=60 //units in degrees +t=lemda/(2*u*cos(r*%pi/180))*10^10 +printf("The smallest thickness of the plate %.0f angstroam",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a207f5fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The smallest thickness of the plate 3927 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57fb10b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_24 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the liquid +lemda=5.895*10^-7 //units in mts +D=0.3*10^-2 //units in mts +R=1 //units in mts +n=5 +u=(4*R*n*lemda)/D^2 +printf("The reractive index of the liquid is %.2f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5beb55d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The reractive index of the liquid is 1.31 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a055c32e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_25 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the value of the slit width +lemda=6500 //units in angstroam +theta=30 //units in degrees +a=lemda/sin(theta*%pi/180) +printf("The value of the slit is %.0f angstroam",a) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a945961 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The value of the slit is 13000 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..267deed4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_26 +clc(); +clear; +//tofind the amplitude of the resultant wave +pathdifference=1/4 //in terns of lamda +phasedifference=(2*%pi)*pathdifference //In terms of lamda +amplitude=2*cos(phasedifference/2) //in terms of a +printf("Amplitude A=%.3f*a",amplitude) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cde9f532d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Amplitude A=1.414*a \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..117f8e912 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 1_27 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength in the visible region +t=5000 //units in angstroam +t=5000*10^-10 //units in mts +u=1.33 +n=0 //let us take n=0 +lemda=(4*u*t)/(2*n+1) +printf("The wavelength in the infrared region is %.10f",lemda) +n=1 //let us take n=1 +lemda1=(4*u*t)/(2*n+1) +printf("\n The wavelength in the IR region is %.10f",lemda1) +n=2 //let us take n=2 +lemda3=(4*u*t)/(2*n+1) +printf("\n The wavelength in the visible region is %.10f",lemda3) +n=3 //let us take n=3 +lemda4=(4*u*t)/(2*n+1) +printf("\n The wavelength in the UV region is %.10f",lemda4) +printf("\n\n In all wavelengths reflacted The wavelength in the visible region %.10f",lemda3) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56a601482 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + The wavelength in the infrared region is 0.0000026600 + The wavelength in the IR region is 0.0000008867 + The wavelength in the visible region is 0.0000005320 + The wavelength in the UV region is 0.0000003800 + + In all wavelengths reflacted The wavelength in the visible region 0.0000005320 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..162af1a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_28 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the order of interference of the dark fringe +u=1.33 +t=1.5*10^-4 //units in cm +i=60 //units in degrees +lemda=5*10^-5 //units in cm +r=asin(sin(60*%pi/180)/u)*180/%pi +n=(2*u*t*cos(r*%pi/180))/lemda +printf("The order of interface of the dark fringe is %.0f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2637a8221 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The order of interface of the dark fringe is 6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..490be0ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_29 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the smallest thickness of the plate +lemda=5890 //units in angstroam +//lemda=5890*10^-10 //units in mts +u=1.5 +r=60 //units in degrees +t=lemda/(2*u*cos(r*%pi/180)) +printf("The smallest thickness of the plate is %.0f angstroam",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8552207b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The smallest thickness of the plate is 3927 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6188eb32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 1_3 +clc; +clear; +//To compare the intensity at a point distance 1mm from the center to that at its center and to find minimum dist from center of point +//Path difference=(Y*d)/D +y=1 //units in mm +y=y*10^-3 //units in mts +D=1 //units in mts +d=1 //units in mm +d=d*10^-3 //units in mts +pathdifference=(y*d)/D //units in mts +lamda=5893 //units in armstrongs +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in mts +phasedifference=(2*pathdifference)/lamda //units in pi radians +ratioofintensity=(cos((phasedifference/2)*%pi))^2 +printf("The ratio of intensity with central maximum is %.4f\n",ratioofintensity) +pathdifference=lamda/4 +distance=(pathdifference*D)/d //units in mts +printf("The Distance of the point on the screen from center is %fmts",distance) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5c604aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The ratio of intensity with central maximum is 0.3363 +The Distance of the point on the screen from center is 0.000147mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5951d0d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_30 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of air film +lemda=500 //units in nanometers +lemda=500*10^-9 //units in meters +n=10 +D=2 //units in millimeters +D=2*10-3 //units in meters +R=D^2/(4*n*lemda) //units in meters +t=(D^2/(8*R))*10^6 +printf("Thickness of air film is %.1f micrometers",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffe89e33e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Thickness of air film is 2.5 micrometers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab0038657 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1_30 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of the light +D5=0.336 //units in centimeters +D5=0.336*10^-2 //units in meters +D15=0.59 //units in centimeters +D15=0.59*10^-2 //units in meters +m=10 +R=100 //units in centimeters +R=100*10^-2 //units in meters +lemda=((D15^2-D5^2)/(4*m*R))*10^9 +printf("Wavelength of the light is %.0f nanometers",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8cc9dc6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength of the light is 588 nanometers \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b2dc8a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_32 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the radius of curvature of the lens +lemda=5900 //units in angstroam +lemda=5900*10^-10 //units in meters +D=0.5 //units in centimeters +D=0.5*10^-2 //units in meters +n=10 +R=D^2/(4*n*lemda) +printf("The radius of the curvature of lens is %.3f meters",R) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d442c4fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The radius of the curvature of lens is 1.059 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b223cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_33 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the liquid +lemda=5.895*10^-7 //units in meters +D=0.3 //units in centimeters +D=0.3*10^-2 //units in meters +R=100 //units in centimeters +R=100*10^-2 //units in meters +n=5 +u=(4*R*n*lemda)/D^2 +printf("The refractive index of the liquid is %.3f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..903a5d4da --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The refractive index of the liquid is 1.310 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24ff6bf2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_34 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the liquid +D1=1.40 //units in centimeters +D1=1.40*10^-2 //units in meters +D2=1.27 //units in centimeters +D2=1.27*10^-2 //units in meters +u=(D1/D2)^2 +printf("Refractive index of the liquid is %.3f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d982a4251 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Refractive index of the liquid is 1.215 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8ecbd564 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_35 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the intensity ratio of the bright and dark fringes +I1=1 +I2=25 +A1=sqrt(I1) +A2=sqrt(I2) +Imax=(A1+A2)^2 +Imin=(A2-A1)^2 +printf("The intensity ratio is \n\t Imax:Imin %d:%d",Imax,Imin) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21fa6fff9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The intensity ratio is + Imax:Imin 36:16 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d46d8c612 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_36 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the order which will be visible at this point +lemda1=6000 //units in angstroam +lemda1=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +lemda2=4500 //units in angstroam +lemda2=4500*10^-8 //units in cm +n1=21 +n2=(n1*lemda1)/lemda2 +printf("The order is %.0f",n2) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d972c3d6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The order is 28 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e2b1b3fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_37 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the separation between the slits +lemda=5100 //units in angstroam +lemda=5100*10^-8 //units in cm +D=200 //units in cm +betaa=0.01 //units in mts +betaa=0.01*10^-3 //units in cm +d=(lemda*D)/betaa*10^-3 +printf("The separation between the slits is %.2f mts",d) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07f8be986 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The separation between the slits is 1.02 mts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb88cca24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_38 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of the mica sheet +d=0.1 //units in cm +D=50 //units in cm +u=1.58 +x=0.2 //units in cm +t=(x*d)/(D*(u-1)) +printf("The thickness of the mica sheet is %.6f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7cf9e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness of the mica sheet is 0.000690 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d50ec4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_39 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fringe width +lemda=5000 //units in angstroam +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in cm +d=0.05 //units in cm +D=50 //units in cm +betaa=(lemda*D)/d +printf("Fringe width is %.2f cm",betaa) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa2299b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Fringe width is 0.05 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6513d9c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_4 +clc; +clear; +//To find the ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity +I1=10 //units in watts per square mts +I2=25 //units in watts per square mts +I1_I2=I1/I2 +a1_a2=sqrt(I1_I2) +Imax_Imin=(a1_a2+1)^2/(a1_a2-1)^2 +printf("The ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is %f",Imax_Imin) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc21ec0f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity is 19.727086 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16aaa746b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_40 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of source of light +betaa=0.30 //units in cm +d=0.04 //units in cm +D=180 //units in cm +lemda=((betaa*d)/D)*10^8 +printf("The wavelength of source of light is %.0f angstroam",lemda) +//In text book answer is printed wrong as 6700A But the correct answer is 6667 A diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1a1d6fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of source of light is 6667 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc2dc59b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_41 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of monochromatic light +betaa=0.4 //units in mm +betaa=0.4*10^-1 //units in cm +d=0.1 //units in cm +D=80 //units in cm +lemda=(d*betaa)/D*10^8 +printf("The wavelength of monochromatic light is %.0f angstroam",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51be7de17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of monochromatic light is 5000 angstroam \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14b635fca --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_42 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the fringe width +lemda=5000 //units in angstroam +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in cm +d=0.05 //units in cm +D=50 //units in cm +betaa=(lemda*D)/d +printf("Fringe width is %.2f cm",betaa) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa2299b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Fringe width is 0.05 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0d94720a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_43 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the thickness of the soap film +lemda=7000 //units in angstroam +lemda=7000*10^-8 //units in cm +u=1.33 +n=2 +t=(((2*n)+1)*(lemda/2))/(2*u) +printf("Thickness of the soap film is %.8f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46cd8c771 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of the soap film is 0.00006579 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ae0ffdb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1_44 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the refractive index of the transparent sheet +lemda=5460*10^-8 //units in cm +t=6.3*10^-4 //units in cm +n=6 +u=(n*lemda)/t+1 +printf("The refractive index of the transparent sheet is %.2f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1be512090 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of the transparent sheet is 1.52 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f7e1a1c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_45 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of the glass plate +lemda=5000 //units in angstroam +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in cm +u=1.56 +n=16 +t=(n*lemda)/(u-1) +printf("Thickness of the glass plate is %.6f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5549185cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Thickness of the glass plate is 0.001429 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..340e1c019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 1_46 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the least thickness of the glass plate +lemda=6000 //units in angstroam +lemda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +u=1.5 +r=50 //units in degree +n=1 //n=1 for least thickness +t=(n*lemda)/(2*u*cos(r*%pi/180)) +printf("Least Thickness of the glass plate is %.7f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c18e0152 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Least Thickness of the glass plate is 0.0000311 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df46b66b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_47 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the thickness of the glass plate +lemda=5000 //units in angstroam +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in cm +s_beta=6 +u=1.5 +t=((s_beta)*lemda)/(u-1) +printf("The thickness of the glass plate is %.4f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5938c34af --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness of the glass plate is 0.0006 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4b842cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_48 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the liquid +D8=1.42 //units in cm +d8=1.25 //units in cm +u=(D8)^2/(d8)^2 +printf("The refractive index of the liquid is %.2f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c358d841d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of the liquid is 1.29 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a21a9f01e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_49 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the thickness of the thinnest film +u=1.33 +lemda=6000 //units in angstroam +lemda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +i=0 //units in degrees +r=0 //units in degrees +n=1 +t=(n*lemda)/(2*u*cos(r)) +printf("Thickness of the thinnest film is %.7f cm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb6ca3782 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of the thinnest film is 0.0000226 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80c9118ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_5 +clc; +clear; +//To Calculate the amplitude ratio of the sources +Imax=9 +Imin=1 +Imax_Imin=Imax/Imin +amax_amin=sqrt(Imax_Imin) + a1_a2=amax_amin-1 + printf("the ratio of amplitudes %d/%d",a1_a2,1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48c21d1fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +the ratio of amplitudes 2/1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..219c81360 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_50 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the radius of curvature of the plano convex lens +lamda=6000 //units in angstroam +lamda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +m=18 +Dm=0.65 //units in cm +n=8 +Dn=0.35 //units in cm +R=(Dm^2-Dn^2)/(4*lamda*(m-n)) +printf("Radius of curvature of the plano convex lens is %.0f cm",R) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d99cd5d9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Radius of curvature of the plano convex lens is 125 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c38726f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1_51 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the refraactive index of the liquid +D12air=1.45 //units in cm +D12liq=1.25 //units in cm +u=(D12air)^2/(D12liq)^2 +printf("Refractive index of the liquid is %.4f",u) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d293554 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Refractive index of the liquid is 1.3456 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1f0e9e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1_52 +clc(); +clear; +//To find diameter of 25th ring +dm=0.62 //units in cm +ds=0.3 //units in cm +d25=2*(dm^2-ds^2)+ds^2 //units in cm^2 +d25=sqrt(d25) //units in cm +printf("Diameter of 25th ring is %.3f cm",d25) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2f3ffe3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Diameter of 25th ring is 0.824 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab67a385 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1_53 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the radius of the curvature +lamda=5890 //units in angstroam +lamda=5890*10^-8 //units in cm +//diameter of the 15th ring +m=15 +Dm=0.590 //units in cm +//diameter of the 5th ring +n=5 +Dn=0.336 //units in cm +R=(Dm-Dn)/(4*lamda*(m-n)) +printf("the radius of the curvature of the convex lens is %.2f cm",R) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da5d7ad4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +the radius of the curvature of the convex lens is 107.81 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad0c5a94e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_54 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of the light +R=70 //units in cm +//Diameter of the 10th dark ring +D=0.433 //units in cm +n=10 +lamda=D^2/(4*R*n) //units in cm +printf("The wavelength of the light is %f cm",lamda) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bc595b8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the light is 0.000067 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17d483ddb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1_6 +clc; +clear; +//find the distance between the slits +lamda=500 //units in nm +lamda=500*10^-9 +D=2 //units in mts +f=100 +d1=5 //units in cm +d1=5*10^-2 //units in mts +betaa=d1/f //unitd in mts +//the distance between the slits +d=(lamda*D)/betaa //units in mts +d=d*10^3 //units in mm +printf("distance between slits is %dmm",d) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a18c3fa27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +distance between slits is 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4099e2e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1_7 +clc; +clear; +//Calculate the fringe width +d=0.2 //units in mm +d=0.2*10^-3 //units in mts +lamda=550 //units in nm +lamda=550*10^-9 //units in mts +D=1 //units in mts +betaa=(lamda*D)/d //units in mts +betaa=betaa*10^3 //units in mm +printf("Fringe width on a screen at a distance of 1m from the slits is %.2fmm",betaa) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc5fcafc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Fringe width on a screen at a distance of 1m from the slits is 2.750000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5192c4a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 1_8 +clc; +clear; +//To Calculate the Angular position of the 10th maximum and first minimum +//The distance from centre where 10th maximum is obtained by +lamda=5460 //units in angstrom +lamda=5460*10^-10 //units in mts +n=10 +d=0.1 //units in mm +d=0.1*10^-3 //units in mts +D=2 //units in mts +x10=(n*lamda*D)/d //units in mts +//angular position with respect to center is +tantheta=(x10/D) //units in radians +z=atan(tantheta)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +printf("Angular position of 10th maximum is theta=%.3f degrees",z) +x1=(lamda*D)/(2*d) //units n mts +printf("\n The distance from centre where 1st minimum is obtained is %f metres",x1) +tantheta1=(x1/D) //units in radians +z1=atan(tantheta1)*(180/%pi) //units in degrees +printf("\n Angular position with respect to center is theta=%.3f degrees",z1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8986f514 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Angular position of 10th maximum is theta=3.125 degrees + The distance from centre where 1st minimum is obtained is 0.005460 metres + Angular position with respect to center is theta=0.156 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8d0eba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To Find the least distance of that point from central maximum +lamda1=650 //units in nm +lamda1=650*10^-9 //units in mts +lamda2=500 //units in nm +lamda2=500*10^-9 //units in mts +D=1 //units in mts +d=0.5 //units in mm +d=0.5*10^-3 //units in mts +n_m=lamda2/lamda1 +printf("This means that 10th bright fringe of 650 nm coincides with 13th fringe of wavelength 500 nm") +n=10 //least distance of that point from central maximum +x=((n*lamda1*D)*10^3)/d +printf("\n least distance of that point from central maximum is %d mm",x) diff --git a/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt b/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a69538e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +This means that 10th bright fringe of 650 nm coincides with 13th fringe of wavelength 500 nm + least distance of that point from central maximum is 13 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1ae619ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the number of lines in one centimeter of granting surface +lemda=5*10^-5 //units in centimeters +theta=30 //units in degrees +k=2 +e=(k*lemda)/sin(theta*%pi/180) +n=e^-1 +printf("no of lines per centimeter is %.0f",n) +//in text book the answer is printed wrong as 1000 correct answer is 5000 diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..440a9b890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +no of lines per centimeter is 5000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d8bcb19f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the width of the central maxima +d=2 //units in meters +lemda=500*10^-9 //units in meters +a=1.5*10^-3 //units in meters +x=((2*d*lemda)/a)*10^3 +printf("width of central maximum is %.2f mm",x) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f88ca131c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + width of central maximum is 1.33 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa66a6534 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the slit width +d=2 //units in meters +lemda=500*10^-9 //units in meters +x=5*10^-3 //units in meters +a=(d*lemda)/x*10^3 +printf("The slit width is %.1f mm",a) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35641f46b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The slit width is 0.2 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59126edca --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the half angular width of the central bright +lemda=6000*10^-10 //units in meters +a=12*10^-7 //units in meters +theta=asin(lemda/a)*180/%pi +printf("The half angular width of the central bright is %.0f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a10dddbcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The half angular width of the central bright is 30 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9b1e454 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_13 +clc(); +clear; +//deduce the missing order of a double slit +a=0.16*10^-3 //units in m +b=0.8*10^-3 //units in m +n_p=(a+b)/a +for j=1:3 +printf("For p=%d n=%d\n",j,j*n_p); +end diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f074692e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +For p=1 n=6 +For p=2 n=12 +For p=3 n=18 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..939135588 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angular separation between two wave lengths +N=6*10^5 //units in lines per meter +m=3 +lemda1=500*10^-9 //units in meters +lemda2=510*10^-9 //units in meters +theta1=asin(m*N*lemda1)*180/%pi +theta2=asin(m*N*lemda2)*180/%pi +theta=(theta2-theta1) +printf("The angular separation between two wave lengths is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f49c5736 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The angular separation between two wave lengths is 2.48 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..080efe3d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the highest order that ca be seen +n=5906*10^2 //units in line/cm +lamda=600*10^-9 //units in cm +m=1/(n*lamda) +printf("Maximum order that can be seen is %d",m) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f6783b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Maximum order that can be seen is 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c02efc60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angular separation of two lines of sodium in the first order spectrum +N=5*10^5 //units in lines per meter +m=1 +lemda1=5890*10^-10 //units in meters +lemda2=5896*10^-10 //units in meters +theta1=asin(m*N*lemda1)*180/%pi +theta2=asin(m*N*lemda2)*180/%pi +theta=(theta2-theta1) +printf("The angular separation is %.3f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..380e78b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angular separation is 0.018 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051a69b80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the slit width +theta=15 //units in degrees +lemda=6500 //units in angstrom +lemda=6500*10^-8 +n=1 +a=(n*lemda)/sin(theta*%pi/180) +printf("slit width of white light is %f",a) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9be549fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + slit width of white light is 0.000251 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2ecc234 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2_18 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of the light +theta=15 //units in degrees +a=2.5*10^-6 //units in meters +lemda=((a*%pi*sin(theta*%pi/180))/(1.43*%pi))*10^10 +printf("The wavelength of light is %.0f angstrom",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bafb4ad8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of light is 4525 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28cc60d3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_19 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of the spectral line +n=2 +N=4250 //units in centimeters +theta=30 //units in degrees +lemda=(((1/N)*sin(theta*%pi/180))/n)*10^8 +printf("The wavelength of the spectral line is %.0f angstrom",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b35886d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of the spectral line is 5882 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8758ff256 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the difference in the angles of deviation in the first and third spectra +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in meters +e=1/6000 +theta1=asin(lemda/e)*180/%pi //for first order +theta2=asin((3*lemda)/e)*180/%pi //for third order +theta=(theta2-theta1) +printf("The difference in the angles of deviation is %.1f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9af68144f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The difference in the angles of deviation is 46.7 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0d58b916 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_23 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angular separation +lemda=600*10^-9 //units in meters +n=1 +a=1*10^-6 //units in meters +theta=asin((n*lemda)/a)*180/%pi +printf("The angular separation is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd1da1ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angular separation is 36.87 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a7139227 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_21 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the no. of orders are visible +N=10520 //units in centimeters +lemda=5*10^-5 //units in centimeters +theta=90 //units in degrees +n=((1/N)*sin(theta*%pi/180))/lemda +printf("number of orders that are visible in granting spectra is %.0f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c4304e1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + number of orders that are visible in granting spectra is 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0886d7457 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2_22 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate slit width +lemda=6000 //units in angstrom +x=4.2 //units in millimeters +x=4.2*10^-3 //units in meters +D=60 //units in centimeters +D=60*10^-3 //units in meters +d=((D*lemda)/x)*10^-9 +printf("The Slit width of the screen is %f",d) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f05cf4c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Slit width of the screen is 0.000086 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62ef3df30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2_23 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the possible order of spectra +N=5.095*10^3 //units in lines per inch +lemda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +m=(1/N)/lemda +printf("The possible order of the spectra is %.0f",m) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee3d593d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The possible order of the spectra is 3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..979924e11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_4_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of light +D=150 //units in centimeters +d=0.03 //units in centimeters +betaa=0.3 //units in centimeters +lemda=((betaa*d)/D)*10^8 +printf("Wavelength of the light is %.0f angstrom",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a2696862 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength of the light is 6000 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0ce3188 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the minimum number of lines +lemda=5890 //units in angstrom +lemda=5890*10^-8 //units in centimeters +dlemda=6*10^-8 //units in centimeters +k=2 +width=2.5 //units in centimeters +n=(lemda/(k*dlemda))/width +printf("no of lines per cm is %.1f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e8c14f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +no of lines per cm is 196.3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52357fde9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the total number of lines for the first order +lemda=5890 //units in angstrom +lemda=5890*10^-8 //units in centimeters +dlemda=6*10^-8 //units in centimeters +k=1 +N=lemda/(k*dlemda) +printf("Total no. of lines for the first order is %.0f",N) +//To calculate the total number of lines for the second order +k=2 +N=lemda/(k*dlemda) +printf("\nTotal no. of lines for the second order is %.0f",N) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d71a9bf6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Total no. of lines for the first order is 982 + +Total no. of lines for the second order is 491 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ddfb8143 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angle of separation +lemda1=5016*10^-8 //units in cm +lemda2=5048*10^-8 //units in cm +k=2 +e=2.54/15000 //units in cm +theta1=asin((2*lemda1)/e)*180/%pi +theta2=asin((2*lemda2)/e)*180/%pi +theta=(theta2-theta1) +theta=theta*100 +theta=(theta*101)/60 +printf("The angle of separation is %f degrees",theta) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as 16 Minutes correct answer is 45 minutes diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f11c4247 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The angle of separation is 45.326904 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eedf8154 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the dispersive power of the granting in the third order spectrum +k=3 +e=1/4000 //units in cm +lemda=5000*10^-8 //units in cm +theta=asin((k*lemda)/e) +dt_dl=k/(e*cos(theta)) +printf("Disperssive power of the granting in the third order spectrum is %.0f",dt_dl) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7c196bde --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Disperssive power of the granting in the third order spectrum is 15000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b2e01acc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2_7 +clc(); +clear; +//TO find the highest order of the spectrum +N=5000 //units in lines/cm +lemda=6000*10^-8 //units in cm +theta=90 //units in degrees +k=((1/N)*sin(theta))/lemda +printf("The highest order of the spectrum that can be seen is %.0f",k) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05e7c1945 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The highest order of the spectrum that can be seen is 3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a269995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find wave length and maximum grating +theta1=10 //units in degrees +d=5*10^-9 //units in cm +dtheta=3 //units in degrees +lamda=(sin(theta1*%pi/180)*d)/(cos(theta1*%pi/180)*(dtheta/3600)*(%pi/180)) +lamda1=lamda+d +lamda1=lamda1*10^8 +d=d*10^8 +n=lamda1/(d*2) +k=2 +Ne=(n*k*lamda)/(sin(theta1*%pi/180)) +printf("wave length is lamda=%.7f meters",lamda) +printf("\nMaximum grating require Ne=%.2f cm",Ne) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23a0c1351 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +wave length is lamda=0.0000606 meters +Maximum grating require Ne=4.23 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f3a49c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the resolving power and grating element +sintheta1=0.3 +sintheta2=0.2 +lamda=5000 //units in A +e=(lamda/(sintheta1-sintheta2))*10^-8 //units in cm +width=2.5 //units in cm +n=width/e //units in cm +resolvingpower=2*n +printf("Grating element is e=%.5f cm\n",e) +printf("Resolving power=%d",resolvingpower) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c5aa3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Grating element is e=0.00050 cm +Resolving power=9999 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38cb7675 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength for half wave plate +t=0.9*10^-6 //units in meters +u0=1.658 +ue=1.486 +lemda=(4*t*(u0-ue)) +printf("Thickness of half wave plate is %.10f meters",lemda) +//To calculate the wavelength for half wave plate +lemda=(2*t*(u0-ue))*10^9 +printf("\nThickness of half wave plate is %.1f mm",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73c4f9d37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH2/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Thickness of quarter wave plate is 619.2 mm + +Thickness of half wave plate is 309.6 mm diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001f99696 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of a half wave plate +lemda=500*10^-9 //units in meters +ue=1.553 +u0=1.544 +t=(lemda/(2*(ue-u0)))*10^3 +printf("Thickness of quartz half wave plate is %.4f mm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..701985ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of quartz half wave plate is 0.0278 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18bf5af19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of the quarter wave plate for sodium light +lemda=589*10^-9 //units in meters +ue=1.553 +u0=1.544 +t=lemda/(4*(ue-u0)) +printf("Thickness of quartz half wave plate is %f mm",t) diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9840a4171 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thickness of quartz half wave plate is 0.000016 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f9b11561 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the thickness of a quarter wave plate for monochromotic light +lemda=600*10^-9 //units in meters +u0=1.5533 +ue=1.5442 +t=lemda/(4*(u0-ue))*10^3 +printf("The thickness of a quarter wave plate for monochromotic light is %.4f mm ",t) diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57af386d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness of a quarter wave plate for monochromotic light is 0.0165 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9920c896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the minimum thickness of half wave and quarter wave plates +lemda=589.3*10^-9 //units in meters +u0=1.65833 +ue=1.48640 +t1=lemda/(2*(u0-ue)) +printf("thickness of half wave plate is %.7f mm",t1) +t2=lemda/(4*(u0-ue)) +printf("\n thickness of quarter wave plate is %.8f mm",t2) +printf("\n \n the minimum thickness of wave plate is %.7f mm",t1) diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb37d818a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +thickness of half wave plate is 0.0000017 mm + thickness of quarter wave plate is 0.00000086 mm + + the minimum thickness of wave plate is 0.0000017 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38cb7675 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength for half wave plate +t=0.9*10^-6 //units in meters +u0=1.658 +ue=1.486 +lemda=(4*t*(u0-ue)) +printf("Thickness of half wave plate is %.10f meters",lemda) +//To calculate the wavelength for half wave plate +lemda=(2*t*(u0-ue))*10^9 +printf("\nThickness of half wave plate is %.1f mm",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73c4f9d37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Thickness of quarter wave plate is 619.2 mm + +Thickness of half wave plate is 309.6 mm diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..370b5da5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the density of the germanium +n=8 +a=5.62*10^-10 //units in meters +M=710.59 //atomic weight of Ge units in a.m.u +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +Density=(n*M)/(a^3*N) +printf("Density of the germanium is %.0f kg/m^3",Density) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2cfcff47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Density of the germanium is 53199 kg/m^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f517e804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the percentage of volume +r1=1.258 //units in meters +r2=1.292 //units in meters +v1=((4*r1)/sqrt(3))^3/2 +v2=(2*sqrt(2)*1.292)^3/4 +v=(v1-v2)/v2*100 +printf("The percentage of volume changed during this structural change is %.3f",v) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3297d74c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The percentage of volume changed during this structural change is 0.496 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7885868b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 4_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate where the radius of the atom is present +a=4/sqrt(2) +R=a/2-1 +printf("The radius of the atom is at R=%.3fr",R) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be61d42e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The radius of the atom is at R=0.414r \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4be54ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 4_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate distance betweenadjacent atoms +molwt=23+35.5 //units in grams/mol +avagadro=6.023*10^23 //units in gm/mol +mass=molwt/avagadro //units in gm +unitvol=2.18 //units in gm/cm^3 +noofmol=unitvol/mass //units in gm/cm^3 +total=2*noofmol //units in gm/cm^3 +printf("number of atoms in NaCl is") +disp(total) +printf("atom/cm^3") +a=(1/total)^(1/3) +a=a*10^8 //units in A +printf("\nradius a=%.2f A",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30b1606ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +number of atoms in NaCl is 4.489D+22 atom/cm^3 +radius a=2.81 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d3a88d05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the glancing angle for the second order diffraction +lemda=0.071*10^-9 //units in meters +a=0.28*10^-9 //units in meters +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +n=2 +theta=(asin((n*lemda)/(2*(a/(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))))))*180/%pi +printf("The glancing angle for the second order diffraction is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7560c278 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The glancing angle for the second order diffraction is 21.01 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e909d425 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the space of the reflecting plane and the volume of the unit cell +lemda=3*10^-10 //units in meters +theta=40 //units in degrees +h=1 +k=0 +l=0 +n=1 +d=(n*lemda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180))*10^10 +printf("The space of the reflecting plane is %.3f angstrom",d) +v=(d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)*10^-10)^3 +printf("\n\nThe volume of the unit cell is %.33f m^3",v) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69ebd7e37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The space of the reflecting plane is 2.334 angstrom + +The volume of the unit cell is 0.000000000000000000000000000012708 m^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a632de67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find miller indices +n=1 +lamda=0.82*10^-10 //units in meters +theta=75.86 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +d=d*10^11 +printf("obtained d value is d=%dA",d) +printf("\n As rounding of d equal to 3 A that is d=a miller indices that are possible are (0,0,1),(0,1,0),(1,0,0)") diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b798136cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +obtained d value is d=4A + As rounding of d equal to 3 A that is d=a miller indices that are possible are + (0,0,1),(0,1,0),(1,0,0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f755680f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength and energy of X-ray beam +theta=27.5 //units in degrees +n=1 +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +H=6.625*10^-34 //planks constant +c=3*10^10 //velocity of light units in meters +a=5.63*10^-10 //units in meters +lemda=(2*(a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))*sin(theta*%pi/180))/n*10^10 +printf("The wavelength of X-Ray beam is %.0f angstrom",lemda) +lemda=lemda*10^-10 //units in cm +E=(H*c)/lemda +E=E*10^20 //units in Joules +E=E/(1.6*10^-19) +printf("\n\nThe energy of X-ray beam is ") +disp(E) +printf("eV") diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b82fe3dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The wavelength of X-Ray beam is 3 angstrom + +The energy of X-ray beam is + 4.138D+25 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8fa4efc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the lattice parameter of Lead +lemda=1.5*10^-10 //units in meters +theta=34 //units in degrees +n=1 +h=2 +k=0 +l=2 +a=(n*lemda)/(2*sin(theta))*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)*10^10 +printf("the lattice parameter of the Lead is %.3f angstrom",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ef24264 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + the lattice parameter of the Lead is 4.009 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ccb83825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the lattice constant +M=55.85 //units in a.m.u +density=7860 //units in kg/m^3 +n=2 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +a=((n*M)/(density*N))^(1/3)*10^9 +printf("Lattice constant is %.2f angstrom",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd93c1b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Lattice constant is 0.29 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac6dc603 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the lattice constant +M=6.94 //units in a.m.u +density=530 //units in kg/m^3 +n=2 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +a=((n*M)/(density*N))^(1/3)*10^10 +printf("Lattice constant is %.2f angstrom",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f83254a44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Lattice constant is 3.52 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f4c4205a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the number of atoms per unit cell +a=2.9*10^-10 //units in meters +density=7870 //units in kg/m^3 +M=55.85 //units in kg/m^3 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +n=(a^3*density*N)/M +printf("number of atoms %.0f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2b311bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +number of atoms 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dc706bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the density +n=8 +a=5.6*10^-10 //units in meters +M=710.59 //units in a.m.u +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +Density=(n*M)/(a^3*N) +printf("Density is %.0f kg/m^3",Density) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..033fbba71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Density is 53771 kg/m^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f8e15df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the lattice constant +M=55.85 //units in a.m.u +density=7860 //units in kg/m^3 +n=2 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +a=(((n*M)/(density*N))^(1/3))*10^9 +printf("lattice constant is %.3f angstrom",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9df0c0c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + lattice constant is 0.287 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..307cb9deb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the lattice constant +M=6.94 //units in a.m.u +density=530 //units in kg/m^3 +n=2 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +a=((n*M)/(density*N))^(1/3)*10^10 +printf("lattice constant is %.3f angstrom",a) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40afbb50c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +lattice constant is 3.517 angstrom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dbefdbca --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the number of atoms per unit cell +a=2.9*10^-10 //units in meters +M=55.85 //units in kg/m^3 +density=7870 //units in kg/m^3 +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +n=(a^3*density*N)/M +printf("number of atoms %.0f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7428f541a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +number of atoms 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d30825bbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the density of copper +r=0.1278*10^-9 //units in meters +M=63.5 //units in a.m.u +N=6.02*10^26 //units in kg/mol +n=4 +a=sqrt(8)*r +density=(n*M)/(N*a^3) +printf("density of copper is %.3f kg/m^3",density) +//in text book anser printed wrong as 893.66 correct answer is 8933.25 diff --git a/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt b/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..317210e2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +density of copper is 8933.254 kg/m^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d279ddc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 5_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the number of atoms per meter square of plane +//For (100) Plane +a=2 +noofatomspercell=1/4*2*a +noofatomsperunitarea=noofatomspercell/a^2 //units in Terms of R +printf("Number of atoms per unit area of 100 plane %.2f*R^-2",noofatomsperunitarea) +//For (110) Plane +a=2 +noofatomspercell=1/4*2*a +noofatomsperunitarea=noofatomspercell/(sqrt(2)*a^2) //units in Terms of R +printf("\nNumber of atoms per unit area of 110 plane %.2f*R^-2",noofatomsperunitarea) +//For (111) Plane +a=2 +noofatomspercell=1/4*2*a +bc=sqrt(2)*a +ad=(sqrt(3)/2)*sqrt(2)*a +area=0.5*bc*ad +noofatomsperunitarea=noofatomspercell/area //units in Terms of R +printf("\nNumber of atoms per unit area of 110 plane %.2f*R^-2",noofatomsperunitarea) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c831bee --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Number of atoms per unit area of 100 plane 0.25*R^-2 +Number of atoms per unit area of 110 plane 0.18*R^-2 +Number of atoms per unit area of 110 plane 0.29*R^-2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ef8b28e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine interplanar spacing andmiller indices +n=1 +lamda=1.54 //Units in A +theta=20.3 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in A +printf("Interplanar spacing d=%d A\n",d) +a=3.16 +hkl=a/d +hkl2=hkl^2 +printf("In order to get h^2+k^2+l^2=%d as l=0 then h=1 and k=1",hkl2) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc1014f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Interplanar spacing d=2 A +In order to get h^2+k^2+l^2=2 as l=0 then h=1 and k=1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7efbb2207 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 5_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavenength and energy +n=4 +a=107.87 //units in amu +N=10500 +row=6.052*10^26 +a=((n*a)/(N*row))^(1/3)*10^10 //units in A +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in A +theta=19. //units in degrees +lamda=2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180) //units in A +printf("Wavelength is lamda=%.2fA",lamda) +lamda=lamda*10^-10 //units in meters + +h=6.625*10^-34 //Plancks constant +c=3*10^8 //units in meter/sec +energy=(h*c)/(lamda*1.6*10^-19) //units in eV +printf("\n energy is =%d eV",energy) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..454e929a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Wavelength is lamda=1.53A + energy is =8099 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..310f8f558 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength ansd maximum order of diffraction +n=1 +d=0.282*10^-9 //units in meters +theta=8.583 //units in degrees +lamda=((2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180))/n)*10^9 //units in nm +printf("wavelength is lamda=%.3f nm",lamda) +//When theta=90 degrees +lama=lamda*10^9 //units in meters +n=(2*d)/lamda*10^9 +printf("\nMaximum order of diffraction is n=%d",n) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19b54f2e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +wavelength is lamda=0.084 nm +Maximum order of diffraction is n=6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dce2462f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the Maximum possible diffraction order +lamda=1.5 //units in A.U +d=1.6 //units in A.U +n=(2*d)/lamda +printf("Maximum possible diffraction order = %.0f",n) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce508a640 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Maximum possible diffraction order = 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67682d7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To clculate the inter frame spacing +lamda=1.5418*10^-10 //units in mts +theta=30 //units in degrees +d=lamda/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +d=d*10^10 //units in A +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +printf("The inter frame spacing is a=%.2f A",a) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ac9d427a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The inter frame spacing is a=2.67 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a53c087c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the glancing angle for the second order diffraction +d100=0.28 //units in nm +n=2 +lamda=0.071 //units in nm +d110=d100/sqrt(2) +theta=asin(( n*lamda)/(2*d110))*180/%pi +printf("The glancing angle is %d degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b7bcf2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The glancing angle is 21 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..422cf70a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the distane between (110) planes +a=0.38 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +printf("Distance between (110) planes d = %.2f nm",d) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f808069c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Distance between (110) planes d = 0.27 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..884f58c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To compare the density of lattice points +//For (110) plane +area=sqrt(2) //units in a +areacontains=(1/4)*4 +density=1/area //units in a +//(111) plane +areaa=1/sqrt(2) //interms of a +eo=sqrt(3)/sqrt(2) +area1=eo/sqrt(2) +density=(3*(1/6))/(area1) +printf("The ratio of density of planes is %.3f:%.3f",sqrt(2),sqrt(3)) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e9f77eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of density of planes is 1.414:1.732 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d76469d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_18 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the glancing angle +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +lamda=0.065*10^-9 //units in m +n=2 +a=0.26*10^-9 //units in nm +sintheta=(n*lamda*sqrt(h^2+k^2+k^2))/(2*a) +theta=asin(sintheta)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Theta=%.2f degrees",theta) +//the answer in the textbook is given wrong as theta=20.7 degrees but the right answer is 25.66 degrees diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f904fe22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Theta=25.66 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccb7010ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_19 +clc(); +clear; +//To compute the cube edge of unit cell +n=1 +lamda=1.54*10^-10 //units in meters +theta=19.2 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+k^2)*10^10 //units in A +printf("Cube edge of unit cell a=%.2f A",a) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fb8bb4a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Cube edge of unit cell a=4.06 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1339ae7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 5_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To show d100:d110:d111=sqrt(6):sqrt(3):sqrt(2) +//For d100 +h=1 +k=0 +l=0 +d100=1/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //Units in terms of a +//For d110 +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +d110=1/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //Units in terms of a +//For d111 +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d111=1/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //Units in terms of a +printf("d100:d110:d111=%.3f:%.3f:%.3f",d100,d110,d111) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bdf30d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +d100:d110:d111=1.000:0.707:0.577 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a367514 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5_20 +clc(); +clear; +//To compute the cube edge of unit cell +n=1 +lamda=1.54*10^-10 //units in m +theta=19.2 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+k^2) +printf("Cube edge of unit cell a=") +disp(a) +printf("meters") diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b6810b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Cube edge of unit cell a= + 4.055D-10 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28aac16fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_21 +clc(); +clear; +//To find intercepts along x and y axis +oa_ob=3/2 +oa_oc=1/2 +b=0.184 //units in nm +ob=(1/oa_ob)*b +c=0.197 //units in nm +oc=(1/oa_oc)*c +printf("OB=%.3f nm",ob) +printf("\nOC=%.3f nm",oc) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab729fbd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +OB=0.123 nm +OC=0.394 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96b4729e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_22 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the interplanar spacing distance +h=1 +k=2 +l=3 +a=0.82 //units in nm +b=0.94 //units in nm +c=0.75 //units in nm +d=((h/a)^2+(k/b)^2+(l/c)^2)^-0.5 //units in nm +printf("Interplanar spacing d=%.3f nm",d) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..286c4f5b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Interplanar spacing d=0.213 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e653a892f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_23 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the interplanar spacing +n=2 +lamda=0.12 //units in nm +theta=28 //units in degrees +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +printf("Interplanar spacong d=%.2f nm",d) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced6bf132 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Interplanar spacong d=0.26 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4959c6984 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_24 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the interplanar spacing and lamda +n1=3 +lamda=97 //units in pm +theta1=23 //units in degrees +theta2=60 //units in degrees +lamda1=(n1*lamda*sin(theta1*%pi/180))/(sin(theta2*%pi/180)) //units in pm +d=(n1*lamda)/(2*sin(theta2*%pi/180)) +printf("lamda=%d pm",lamda1) +printf("\n d=%d pm",d) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b147339d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + lamda=131 pm + d=168 pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..404bbcf94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_25 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength at which planes give rise to maximum intensity +d=275 //units in pm +theta=45 //units in degrees +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in pm +n=3 +printf("\nFor n=3 lamda=%.2f",lamda/n) +n=4 +printf("\nFor n=4 lamda=%.2f",lamda/n) +printf("\nLamda lies beyond the range of wavelengths of polychromatic source") diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df930bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +For n=3 lamda=129.64 +For n=4 lamda=97.23 +Lamda lies beyond the range of wavelengths of polychromatic source \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1418acab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_26 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the braggs angle and Wavelength +theta2=87 //units in degrees +theta=theta2/2 //units in degrees +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +a=0.2 //units in nm +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +lamda=2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180) //units in nm +printf("lamda=%.3f nm",lamda) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e6a5e64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + lamda=0.159 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba07869e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 5_27 +clc(); +clear; +//To identify unit cell and determine its dimensions +printf("We have the relation sin^(theta)=((lamda/(2*a))^2*(h^2+k^2+l^2))=(j*((lamda/(2*a))^2)") +printf("\n This can be used to Estimate the cell parameters and Indexing") diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eddb1979e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +We have the relation sin^(theta)=((lamda/(2*a))^2*(h^2+k^2+l^2))=(j*((lamda/(2*a))^2) + This can be used to Estimate the cell parameters and Indexing \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e916a0ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_28 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the effective temprature +theta=28.5 //units in degrees +d=0.203 //units in nm +lamda=(2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180))*10^-9 //units in nano meters +h=6.626*10^-34 +m=1.67*10^-27 +k=1.38*10^-23 +t=h^2/(3*m*k*lamda^2) +printf("The effective tempratures is T=%d K",t) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98e7e660 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The effective tempratures is T=169 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49616acaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5_29 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Braggs angle +h=6.624*10^-34 +m=9.1*10^-31 //units in Kgs +e=1.6*10^-19 //units in eV +vo=80 //units in nm +lamda=(h/sqrt(2*m*e*vo))*10^9 //units in m +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +lp=0.35 //units in nm +d111=lp/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +theta=asin(lamda/(2*d111))*(180/%pi) +printf("Braggs angle is %.2f Degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a280ec689 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Braggs angle is 19.85 Degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57eba4193 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the interplanar spacing +a=450 //units in nm +h=2 +k=2 +l=0 +d220=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +printf("Inter planar spacing d220=%.1f nm",d220) +//in text book the answer is printed wrong as 15.1 nm The answer is 159 nm diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d729103ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Inter planar spacing d220=159.1 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b6f269ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5_30 +clc(); +clear; +//To give an explanation for the differences between samples +lamda=0.152 //units in nm +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +theta1=21 //units in degrees +theta2=383 //units in degrees +d111a=lamda/(2*sin(theta1*%pi/180)) //units in nm +d111b=lamda/(2*sin(theta2*%pi/180)) //units in nm +alpha1=d111a*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +alpha2=d111b*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in nm +printf("For sample A Alpha=%.3f nm",alpha1) +printf("\nFor sample B Alpha=%.3f nm",alpha2) +//In text book answers are printed wrong as 0.363nm and 0.361nm correct answers are 0.3 nm and 0.275nm diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50660766f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +For sample A Alpha=0.367 nm +For sample B Alpha=0.337 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3691321 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 5_31 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the lattice parameter and atomic diameter +lamda=0.171 //units in nm +theta1=30 //units in degrees +theta2=35.283 //units in degrees +d100=lamda/(2*sin(theta1*%pi/180)) +d200=lamda/(2*sin(theta2*%pi/180)) +h=1 +k=1 +l=0 +alpha1=d100*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +alpha2=d200*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +printf("As alpha1 != alpha2 that is %.3f!=%.3f \tMetal is not bee",alpha1,alpha2) +a=0.296 //units in nm +diam=a/(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) +printf("\nAtomic diameter is a=%.2f nm",diam) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b2816cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + As alpha1 != alpha2 that is 0.242!=0.209 Metal is not bee +Atomic diameter is a=0.21 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ca4a2ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_32 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the plane which gives reflection +D=0.228 //units in nm +lamda=0.154 //units in nm +hkl=((2*D)/((lamda/2)*sqrt(3)))^2 +printf("Tha maximum value that is possible for h^2+k^2+l^2=%.2f so (h,k,l) values are (2,2,2)",hkl) +//In text book answer printed wrong as 13.98 correct answer is 11.69 diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad9cce0b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Tha maximum value that is possible for h^2+k^2+l^2=11.69 so (h,k,l) values are (2,2,2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abea72a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5_33 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength and maximum order of diffraction +d=0.282*10^-9 //units in meters +theta=8.583 //units in degrees +lamda=2*d*(sin(theta*%pi/180)) +lamda1=lamda*10^10 //units in A +theta=90 //units in degrees +n=(2*(d)*sin(theta*%pi/180))/lamda +printf("wave length lamda=%.3fA",lamda1) +printf("\nMaximum order of diffraction n=%d",round(n)) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfb3bec61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +wave length lamda=0.842A +Maximum order of diffraction n=7 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6233ad166 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_34 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angle at which it occurs +n=3 +lemda=0.79*10^-10 //units in meters +d=3.04*10^-10 //units in meters +theta=asin((n*lemda)/(2*d))*180/%pi +printf("The angle at which it occurs is %.3f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..983251ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.34/Ex5_34.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angle at which it occurs is 22.942 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40b988032 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 5_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the interplanar spacing +r=1.278*10^-10 //units in meters +a=(4*r)/sqrt(2) //units in meters +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +d111=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) //units in meters +printf("Inter planar spacing d111=") +disp(d111) +printf("meters") diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e8bc328 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Inter planar spacing d111= 2.087D-10 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c14e1ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the lattice parameter of lead +theta=30 //units in degrees +n=1 +l=1.54*10^-10 //units in meters +d=(n*l)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +h=2 +k=2 +l=0 +a=d*(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) //units in meters +a=a*10^10 //units in Armstrongs +printf("Lattice parameter is a=%.1f A",a) +//in text book the answer is printed wrong as 4.1A The answer is 4.4A nm diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dc599a30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Lattice parameter is a=4.4 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c34d79b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 5_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the inter planar spacing +//For theta=6.45 +theta=6.45 //units in degrees +lamda=0.58 //units in Armstrongs +d_n=lamda/sin(6.45*%pi/180) //units in Armstrongs +printf("Inter planara spacing at %.2fDegrees is d/n=%.3f Armstrongs",theta,d_n) +//For theta=9.15 +theta=9.15 //units in degrees +lamda=0.58 //units in Armstrongs +d_n=lamda/sin(9.15*%pi/180) //units in Armstrongs +printf("\nInter planara spacing at %.2fDegrees is d/n=%.3f Armstrongs",theta,d_n) +//For theta=13 +theta=13 //units in degrees +lamda=0.58 //units in Armstrongs +d_n=lamda/sin(13*%pi/180) //units in Armstrongs +printf("\nInter planara spacing at %.2fDegrees is d/n=%.3f Armstrongs",theta,d_n) +//In text book the answers are printed wrong as 2.568A, 1.817A,1.288A the correct answers are 5.163A,3.647A,2.578A diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a9ef3a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Inter planara spacing at 6.45Degrees is d/n=5.163 Armstrongs +Inter planara spacing at 9.15Degrees is d/n=3.647 Armstrongs +Inter planara spacing at 13.00Degrees is d/n=2.578 Armstrongs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d01454140 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the order of braggs equation +d=1.181 //units in A +theta=90 //units in degrees +lamda=1.540 +n=(2*d*sin(theta*%pi/180))/lamda + +printf("The order of Braggs equation is %d",n) diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b03aacf --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The order of Braggs equation is 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63e7008fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find lattice parameter +n=1 +lamda=0.58 //units in A +theta=9.5 //units in degrees +a=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) +printf("lattice parametera=%.3fA",a) +//In text book answer printed wrong as 3.52A correct answer is 1.75A diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d18ab1a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + lattice parametera=1.757A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca71f5780 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the glancing angle +theta1=8.58 //units in degrees +n1=3 +lamda1=0.842 //units in A +n2=3 +lamda2=0.842 //units in A +sintheta3=(sin(theta1*%pi/180)*n1*lamda1)/(n2*lamda2) +theta3=asin(sintheta3)*180/%pi*3 +printf("The Glancing angle is Theta3=%.2f degrees",theta3) + + diff --git a/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt b/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98c8e6ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Glancing angle is Theta3=25.74 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae0d79777 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the relative population +h=6.626*10^-34 +v=4.32*10^14 +kb=1.38*10^-23 +t=300 +k=(h*v)/(kb*t) +n1_n2=%e^k +printf("Relative population N1/N2=") +disp(n1_n2) diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62352cf38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Relative population N1/N2= 1.065D+30 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..497f7b1ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 6_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how many photons emitted and power density +v=3*10^8 +lamda=632.8*10^-9 +fre=v/lamda +outpow=2.3*10^-3 +n=1 +h=6.626*10^-34 +N=(outpow*n)/(h*fre) +printf("Number of photons emitted is") +disp(N) +printf("photons/second\n") +spotarea=1*10^-6 +density=outpow/spotarea +printf("Power density is %d kW/met^2",density) diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d87358bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Number of photons emitted is + 7.322D+15 photons/second + +Power density is 2300 kW/met^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8652782c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the wavelength of emission from GaAs +Eg=1.44*1.6*10^-19 +h=6.626*10^-34 +c=3*10^8 +lamda=(h*c)/Eg +printf("Wavelength = %.10f",lamda) diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66fb40f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Wavelength = 0.0000008628 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..940061a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 6_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the band gap +lamda=1.55 //units in eV +eg=1.24/lamda //units in eV +printf("Band gap is Eg=%.1feV",eg) diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c30a1e9a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Band gap is Eg=0.8eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2519550b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the relative population of the states in Ruby laser +h=6.626*10^-34 +v=3*10^8 //units in met/sec +kb=1.381*10^-23 //units in J/L +t=300 //units in K +n_no=exp((h*v)/(kb*t)) +printf("The relative population of two states is N/N0=") +disp(n_no) +//In textb book answer is printed wrong as 8*10^31 correct answer is 1.000048 diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..401851643 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The relative population of two states is N/N0= 1.000048 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c620053 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to spontaneous emission +c=3*10^8 //units in met/sec +lamda=0.5*10^-9 +v=(c/lamda)*10^-3 //units in hz +h=6.626*10^-34 //units in J S +kb=1.381*10^-23 //units in J/K +t=1000 +b21_a21=1/(exp((h*v)/(kb*t))-1) +printf("The ratio of Simulated emission to spontaneous emission B21/A21=") +disp(b21_a21) diff --git a/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ff006de4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The ratio of Simulated emission to spontaneous emission B21/A21= 3.145D-13 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6e58455a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate Critical angle numerical apperture and acceptance angle +n1=1.5 +n2=1.47 +phi=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi //units in degrees +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +accetangle=asin(NA)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("Critical angle=%.1f degrees",phi) +printf("\n Numerical apperture=%.2f",NA) +printf("\nAcceptance angle=%.1f Degrees",accetangle) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f3d15f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Critical angle=78.5 degrees + Numerical apperture=0.30 +Acceptance angle=17.4 Degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d52b4fec --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the material of the core +NA=0.39 +delta=0.05 +n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta) +printf("The refractive index of the material of the core is %.4f",n1) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed272c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of the material of the core is 1.2333 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48640f462 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fractional index for an optical fiber +n1=1.563 +n2=1.498 +delta=(n1-n2)/n1 +printf("The fractioal index of an optical fiber is %.4f",delta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc9880eab --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fractioal index of an optical fiber is 0.0416 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5123dfcfc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperature and acceptance angle +n1=1.48 +n2=1.45 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +printf("The numerical aperature is %.4f",NA) +theta=asin(NA)*180/%pi +printf("\nThe acceptance angle is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cc00386f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The numerical aperature is 0.2965 +The acceptance angle is 17.25 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0e33d1d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of the core +NA=0.39 +delta=0.05 +n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta) +printf("The refractive index of the core is %.3f",n1) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b53dd40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The refractive index of the core is 1.233 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491e6939d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fractional index +n1=1.563 +n2=1.498 +delta=(n1-n2)/n1 +printf("The fractional index is %.4f",delta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eb312e66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fractional index is 0.0416 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f9198572 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperture +n1=1.55 +n2=1.50 +n0=1 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0 +printf("The numerical aperture is %.2f",NA) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd27de32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The numerical aperture is 0.39 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e9b14747 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the angle of acceptance +n1=1.563 +n2=1.498 +theta=asin(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2))*180/%pi +printf("The acceptance angle is %.2f degrees",theta ) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..314c5cda5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The acceptance angle is 26.49 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff4320907 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_17 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the critical angle +n1=1.53 +n2=1.42 +theta=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi +printf("The critical angle is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994d9886e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The critical angle is 68.14 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..983afd8b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7_18 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the numerical aperature and acceptance angle +n1=1.6 +n2=1.4 +n0=1.33 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0 +printf("The numerical aperature is %.3f",NA) +theta=asin(NA)*180/%pi +printf("\nThe acceptance angle is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83b0b982a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The numerical aperature is 0.582 +The acceptance angle is 35.62 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..696c9f123 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_19 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fractional index +n1=1.5 +n2=1.3 +delta=(n1-n2)/n1 +printf("The fractional index is %.3f",delta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b107b26c --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fractional index is 0.133 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfcb68435 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate the numerical aperture +n1=1.46 +delta=0.05 +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) +printf("The numerical aperture is %.2f",NA) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..129f5653b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The numerical aperture is 0.46 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beeb659a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_20 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the angle of refraction theta1 at the interface +n1=1.55 +n2=1.6 +theta2=60 //units in degrees +theta1=asin((n1*sin(theta2*%pi/180))/n2)*180/%pi +printf("The angle of refraction is %.2f degrees",theta1) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9331dc28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angle of refraction is 57.03 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91125f6c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_21 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the refractive index of core +delta=0.14 +n2=1.3 +n1=n2/(1-delta) +printf("The refractive index of core is %.2f",n1) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e96f50c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.21/Ex7_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The refractive index of core is 1.51 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..691bfde00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 7_22 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperature +theta=26.80 //units in degrees +NA=sin(theta*%pi/180) +printf("The numerical aperature is %.4f",NA) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1263b1951 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The numerical aperature is 0.4509 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fadf75396 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To compare the acceptance angle +NA=0.3 +thetaa=asin(NA)*180/%pi //units in degrees +theta1=asin(NA/sin(45*%pi/180))*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("for meridional rays theta=%.2f degrees",thetaa) +printf("\n for skew rays theta=%.2f degrees",theta1) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e30d81c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + for meridional rays theta=17.46 degrees + for skew rays theta=25.10 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea8ceee25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle +n1=1.53 +delta=0.0196 +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) +printf("The numerical aperture is %.3f",NA) +theta=asin(NA)*180/%pi +printf("\nThe acceptance angle is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4bce20b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The numerical aperture is 0.303 +The acceptance angle is 17.63 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e544b5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate number of reflections per meter and total distance covered +n1=1.5 +n2=1.49 +phi=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi //units in degrees +a=25 //units in micro meters +leng=2*a*tan(phi*%pi/180) //units inmicro meters +totalnum=10^6/leng +printf("Total number of reflections is %d\n",totalnum) +l=1 //units in meters +distance=l*(sin(phi*%pi/180)) +printf("Total distance covered is %.4f Meters",distance) +//in text book answer printed wrong as 1.006mcorrect answer is 0.9933meters diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c8fc983 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Total number of reflections is 2321 +Total distance covered is 0.9933 Meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c48cc04f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the signal attenuation and overall signal attenuation +l=10 +pi=100 +p0=2 +signalatten=(10/l)*log10(pi/p0) // units in dB Km^-1 +printf("Signal attenuation per unit length=%.1f dB Km^-1",signalatten) +overall=signalatten*10 //units in dB +printf("\nover all Signal attenuation=%d dB",round(overall)) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d6db13c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Signal attenuation per unit length=1.7 dB Km^-1 +over all Signal attenuation=17 dB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eecd99b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 7_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the dispersion and bandwidth length product +L=10 //units in Km +n=1.55 +delta=0.026 +C=3*10^5 //units in meter per second +T=(L*n*delta)/C*10^9 +printf("The total dispersion is %.1f ns",T) +l=1/(2*T*10^-9)*10 +printf("\nThe bandwidth length product is %.2f HZ-Km",l) +//in text book answer is wrong as 7044*10^5 correct answer is 3722084.37 diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5186585c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The total dispersion is 1343.3 ns +The bandwidth length product is 3722084.37 HZ-Km \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..587b3f7a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the numerical aperture +n1=1.55 +n2=1.50 +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +printf("The numerical aperture is %.3f",NA) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..772b9b5c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The numerical aperture is 0.391 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6df1cf016 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the angle of acceptance of a optical fiber +n1=1.563 +n2=1.498 +theta=asin(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2))*180/%pi +printf("The angle of acceptance is %.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt b/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c116aead --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angle of acceptance is 26.49 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f11a0a639 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 8_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the depth of the ocean +v=1500 //units in meter per second +t=1.33 //units in seconds +D=(v*t)/2 +printf("The depth of the ocean is %.2f meters",D) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91eadb413 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The depth of the ocean is 997.50 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4bb3e2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the frequency of pure iron rod +l=40*10^-3 //units in meter +d=7.25*10^3 //units in kg/m^3 +Y=115*10^9 //units in N/m^3 +v=(1/(2*l))*sqrt(Y/d) +printf("Natural frequency v=%.3f Hz",v) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbf1719a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Natural frequency v=49784.016 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d6f26075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the capacitance +v=10^6 //units in Hz +L=1 //units in henry +C=1/(4*%pi^2*v^2*L) +C=C*10^12 //units in PF +printf("Capacitance C=%.3f PF",C) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c19073cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Capacitance C=0.025 PF \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74b94a99e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the fundamental frequency +l=3*10^-3 //units in meters +d=3.5*10^3 //units in kg/m^3 +Y=8*10^10 //units in N/m^2 +v=1/(2*l)*sqrt(Y/d) +v=v*10^-6 //units in Hz +printf("Fundamental Frequency v=%.3f Hz",v) + diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bccef76b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Fundamental Frequency v=0.797 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ffa0941e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fundamental frequency +l=0.001 //units in mts +y=7.9*10^10 //units in N/mts^2 +d=2650 //units in N/mts^2 +v=sqrt(y/d) //units in m/sec +toe=0.001 //units in m +V=v/(2*toe) //units in Hz +printf("Fundamental frequency=%.2fHz",V) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79f6a6171 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Fundamental frequency=2729987.21Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c347aec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fundamental frequency of crystal +t=0.002 //units in meters +v=5750 //units in meter per second +f=v/(2*t) +printf("The fundamental frequency of crystal is %.0f Hz",f) +//the answer in the textbook is given wrong as 1.44*10^-6 but the correct answer is 1437500 Hz diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ae72f919 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fundamental frequency of crystal is 1437500 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24a93811e --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the depth of the sea and the wavelength of pulse +v=1700 //units in meter per second +f=0.07*10^6 //units in Hz +t=0.65 //units in seconds +l=(v*t)/2 +printf("The depth of the sea is %.2f meters",l) +lemda=v/f +printf("\n\nThe wavelength of pulse is %.3f meters",lemda) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea8d9a39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The depth of the sea is 552.50 meters + +The wavelength of pulse is 0.024 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dccc7be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 8_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the sound level in decibles +I0=10^-12 //units in w/m^2 +I=5*10^-8 //units in w/m^2 +Id=10*log10(I/I0) +printf("The intensity in decibles is %.2f dB",Id) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5e837013 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The intensity in decibles is 46.99 dB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaed5db1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 8_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the noise level when four drills are working +I=90 //units in decibel +In=10*log10(4)+I +printf("new intensity level=%.2f dB",In) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a51dc61a --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + new intensity level=96.02 dB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecf03f470 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 8_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the intensity level +I=8*10^-5 //units in walt per meter square +I0=10^-12 //units in decibels +In=10*log10(I/I0) +printf("Intensity level=%.3f dB",In) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b21363ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Intensity level=79.031 dB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c3b9765d --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 8_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the fundamental frequency of crystal +t=0.002 //units in meters +V=5750 //units in meter per second +v=V/(2*t)*10^-6 +printf("The fundamental frequency of crystal %.4f MHz",v) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c5faea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fundamental frequency of crystal 1.4375 MHz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8c9ec33b --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate fundamental frequency of piezo electric crystal +l=3*10^-3 //units in meters +Y=8*10^10 //units in N/m^2 +d=2.5*10^3 //units in kg/m^3 +v=(1/(2*l))*sqrt(Y/d) +printf("Frequency=%d Hz",v) diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d39ac42e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Frequency=942809 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..357a5a5fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the natural frequency of ultrasonic waves +l=5.5*10^-3 //units in meters +Y=8*10^10 //units in N/m^2 +d=2.65*10^3 //units in kg/m^3 +v=(1/(2*l))*sqrt(Y/d) +printf("The natural frequency of ultrasonic waves is %.0f",v) +//In textbook answer printed wrong as 499 correct answer is 499493 diff --git a/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt b/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47893d161 --- /dev/null +++ b/3537/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The natural frequency of ultrasonic waves is 499493 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.1/B_1.jpg b/3542/CH2/EX2.1/B_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77b16a990 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH2/EX2.1/B_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.1/ExB_1.sce b/3542/CH2/EX2.1/ExB_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40ca0f227 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH2/EX2.1/ExB_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example no B.1 +// To determine SNR at the detector output stage +// Page no. 613 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +SNRin=20; // SNR at the receiver antenna input terminal in dB +F=6; // Noise figure in dB + +// SNR at the detector output stage +SNRout=SNRin-F; // SNR at the detector output stage in dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n SNR at the detector output stage = %0.0f dB',SNRout); diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.2/B_2.jpg b/3542/CH2/EX2.2/B_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3253a8112 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH2/EX2.2/B_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.2/ExB_2.sce b/3542/CH2/EX2.2/ExB_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50deba3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH2/EX2.2/ExB_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example no B.2 +//To compute noise figure of mobile receiver system +//Page no. 613 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +F1=3; //Coaxial cable loss in dB +F1=10^(F1/10); //Coaxial cable loss +F2=6; //Noise figure of phone in dB +F2=10^(F2/10); //Noise figure of phone + +Fsys=F1+((F2-1)/0.5); //Noise figure of mobile receiver system +Fsys=10*log10(Fsys); //Noise figure of mobile receiver system in dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Noise figure of mobile receiver system = %0.0f dB',Fsys); diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.3/B_3.jpg b/3542/CH2/EX2.3/B_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5365525c Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH2/EX2.3/B_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.3/ExB_3.sce b/3542/CH2/EX2.3/ExB_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a86c003da --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH2/EX2.3/ExB_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no B.3 +// To determine average output thermal noise power +// Page no. 614 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +T0=300; // Ambient room temperature in K +Fsys=8; // Noise figure of the system +Tant=290; // Effective temperature of antenna in K +K=1.38*10^-23; // Boltzmann's constant in J/K +B=30000; // Effective bandwidth in Hz + +Te=(Fsys-1)*T0; // Effective noise temperature in K +Ttotal=Tant+Te; // Overall system noise temperature in K + +// To determine average output thermal noise power +Pn=(1+(Ttotal/T0))*K*T0*B; // Average output thermal noise power in W +Pn=10*log10(Pn/(10^-3)); // Average output thermal noise power in dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Average output thermal noise power = %0.1f dBm',Pn); + diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.4/B_4.jpg b/3542/CH2/EX2.4/B_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c760765d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH2/EX2.4/B_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH2/EX2.4/ExB_4.sce b/3542/CH2/EX2.4/ExB_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..893cb6e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH2/EX2.4/ExB_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example no B.4 +// To determine average signal strength at the antenna terminal +// Page no. 614 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Pn=-119.5; // Average output thermal noise power in dBm +SNR=30; // SNR at the receiver output in dB + +// To determine average signal strength at the antenna terminal to provide 30dB SNR +Ps=SNR+Pn; // Average signal strength at the antenna terminal + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Average signal strength at the antenna terminal to provide 30dB SNR = %0.1f dBm',Ps); + + diff --git a/3542/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg b/3542/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a9431709 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3542/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c7484e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 3.1 +// To compute the number of channels available per cell for a)four-cell reuse system a)seven-cell reuse system a)12-cell reuse system +// Page No.61 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +B=33*10^6; // Total bandwidth allocated to particular FDD system in Hz +Bc=25*10^3; // Bandwidth per channel in Hz +Nc=2; // Number of simplex channels +Bc=Bc*Nc; // Channel bandwidth in Hz + +Ntotal=B/Bc; // Total number of channels + +//a) To compute the number of channels available per cell for four-cell reuse system +N=4; // frequency reuse factor +chpercell=Ntotal/N; // number of channels available per cell for four-cell reuse system + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The number of channels available per cell for 4-cell reuse system = %0.0f channels',chpercell); +printf('\n One control channel and 160 voice channels would be assigned to each cell.'); + +// b) To compute the number of channels available per cell for seven-cell reuse system +N=7; // frequency reuse factor +chpercell=ceil(Ntotal/N); // number of channels available per cell for seven-cell reuse system + +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n \n The number of channels available per cell for 7-cell reuse system = %0.0f channels',chpercell); +printf('\n Each cell would have one control channel, four cells would have 90 voice channels and three cells would have 91 voice channels.'); + +// c) To compute the number of channels available per cell for 12-cell reuse system +N=12; // frequency reuse factor +chpercell=Ntotal/N; // number of channels available per cell for seven-cell reuse system + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n \n The number of channels available per cell for 12-cell reuse system = %0.0f channels',chpercell); +printf('\n Each cell would have one control channel, eight cells would have 53 voice channels and four cells would have 54 voice channels.'); diff --git a/3542/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg b/3542/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..324925580 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3542/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48fe407c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 3.2 +// To find frequency reuse factor for path loss exponent (n) a)n=4 b)n=3 +// Page No.72 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +SIdB=15; // Signal to interference(dB) +io=6; // Number of cochannel cell + +// For n=4 +n1=4; // Path loss exponent +N1=7; // First consideration: frequency reuse factor N=7 +DR1=sqrt(3*N1); // Co-channel reuse ratio +si1=(1/io)*(DR1)^n1; // Signal to interference +sidB1=10*log10(si1); // Signal to interference(dB) + +// For n=3 +n2=3; // Path loss exmponent +si=(1/io)*(DR1)^n2; // Signal to interference for first consideration: frequency reuse factor N=7 +sidB=10*log10(si); // Signal to interference(dB) + +N2=12; // second consideration : frequency reuse factor N=12 since sidB hte > 30m +Ghre=20*log10(hre/3); // Mobile antenna heigth gain factor for 10m > hre > 3m +L50=Lf+Amu-Ghte-Ghre-Garea; // Total mean path loss + +// The median reeived power +Pr=EIRP-L50+Gr; + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The power at receiver = %0.2f dBm',Pr); + +//Answer is varrying due to round-off error diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93bcceae Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d502e185 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example no 4.11 +// To find the mean path loss +// Page no. 166 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +d0=1; // Reference distance in m +d=30; // Distance from transmitter in m +nSF=3.27; // Exponent value for same floor +nMF=5.22; // Path loss exponent value for multiple floors +FAF=24.4; // Floor attenuation factor for specified floor in dB +n=2; // Number of blocks +PAF=13; // Particular attenuation factor for paricular obstruction in dB +PLSFd0=31.5; // Attenuation at reference distance for same floor in dB +PLMFd0=5.5; // Attenuation at reference distance for multiple floor in dB + +//Mean path loss at same floor +PL1=PLSFd0+10*nSF*log10(d/d0)+FAF+n*PAF; + +//Mean path loss at multiple floor +PL2=PLMFd0+10*nMF*log10(d/d0)+n*PAF; + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The mean path loss at same floor = %0.1f dB',PL1); +printf('\n The mean path loss at multiple floor = %0.1f dB',PL2); diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..096317714 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68bda736f --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 4.2 +// To find a)transmitter power in dBm b)Transmitter power in dBW and the received power of antenna in dBm at free space distance of 100m from antenna and 10km +// Page No.109 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Pt=50; // Transmitter power in W +fc=900*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +C=3*10^8; // Speed of light in m/s + +//a)Transmitter power in dBm +PtdBm=round(10*log10(Pt/(1*10^(-3)))); //Transmitter power in dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Transmitter power = %0.1f dBm',PtdBm); + +//b)Transmitter power in dBW +PtdBW=round(10*log10(Pt/1)); //Transmitter power in dBW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Transmitter power = %0.1f dBW',PtdBW); + +// To find receiver power at 100m +Gt=1; //Transmitter gain +Gr=1; //Receiver gain +d=100; //Free space distance from antenna in m +L=1; //System loss factor since no loss in system +lambda=C/fc; //Carrier wavelength in m +Pr=(Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2)/((4*%pi)^2*d^2*L); //Receiver power in W +PrdBm=10*log10(Pr/10^(-3)); //Receiver power in dBm + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Receiver power = %0.1f dBm',PrdBm); + +//For Pr(10km) +d0=100; //Reference distance +d=10000; //Free space distance from antenna +Pr10km=PrdBm+20*log10(d0/d); //Received power at 10km from antenna in dBm + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Receiver power at 10km from antenna = %0.1f dBm',Pr10km); + diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f142c46a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d9d56e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 4.3 +// To find a)power at receiver b)magnitude of E-field at receiver c)rms voltage applied to receiver input +// Page no. 112 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Pt=50; // Transmitter power in Watt +fc=900*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +Gt=1; // Transmitter antenna gain +Gr=2; // Receiver antenna gain +Rant=50; // Receiver antenna resistance in ohm + +// a)Power at receiver +d=10*10^3; // Distance from antenna in meter +lambda=(3*10^8)/fc; // Carrier wavelength in meter +Prd1=10*log10((Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2)/((4*%pi)^2*d^2)); // Power at transmitter in dBW +Prd=10*log10(((Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2)/((4*%pi)^2*d^2))/(10^-3)); // Power at transmitter in dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Power at receiver = %0.1f dBW',Prd1); +printf('\n Power at receiver = %0.1f dBm',Prd); + +// b)Magnitude of E-field at receiver +Ae=(Gr*lambda^2)/(4*%pi); // Aperture gain +Pr=10^(Prd1/10); // Receiver power in W +E=sqrt((Pr*120*%pi)/Ae); // Magnitude of E-field at receiver + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n \n Magnitude of E-field at receiver = %0.4f V/m',E); + +// c)rms voltage applied to receiver input +Vant=sqrt(Pr*4*Rant)*10^3; // rms voltage applied to receiver input +//Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n \n RMS voltage applied to receiver input = %0.3f mV',Vant); diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efcd25f37 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2820a7990 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example no. 4.5 +// To calculate the Brewster angle +// Page no. 119 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Er=4; // Permittivity +x=sqrt((Er-1)/(Er^2-1)); // Sine of brewster angle +theta=asind(x); // Brewster angle +//Answer is varrying due to round off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Brewster angle = %0.2f degree',theta); diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47f2b9ac7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9b9e500c --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example no 4.6 +// To find a)the length and effective aperture of receiving antenna b)the received power at mobile +// Page no. 125 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +d=5*10^3; // distance of mobile from base station in m +E0=1*10^-3; // E-field at 1Km from transmitter in V/m +d0=1*10^3; // Distance from transmitter in m +f=900*10^6; // Carrier frequency used for the system in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +gain=2.55; // Gain of receiving antenna in dB +G=10^(gain/10); // Gain of receiving antenna + +// a)To find the length and effective aperture of receiving antenna +lambda=c/f; // Wavelength +L=lambda/4; // Length of antenna +Ae=(G*lambda^2)/(4*%pi); // Effective aperture of receiving antenna + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Length of antenna = %0.4f m',L); +printf(' = %0.2f cm',L*10^2); +printf('\n Effective aperture of receiving antenna = %0.3f m^2',Ae); + +// b)To find the received power at mobile +// Given data +ht=50; // Heigth of transmitting antenna +hr=1.5; // Heigth of receiving antenna +ERd=(2*E0*d0*2*%pi*ht*hr)/(d^2*lambda); // Electic field at distance d in V/m +Prd=((ERd^2/377)*Ae); // The received power at mobile in W +PrddB=10*log10(Prd); // The received power at mobile in dBW +PrddBm=10*log10(Prd/10^-3); // The received power at mobile in dBm +Prd=((ERd^2/377)*Ae)*10^13; // The received power at mobile in 10^-13W + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n \n The received power at mobile = %0.1f X 10^-13 W',Prd); +printf(' = %0.2f dBW',PrddB); +printf(' = %0.2f dBm',PrddBm); diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e95eb61f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb42e8739 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example no 4.7 +// To compute diffraction loss and identify Fresnel zone within which tip of obstruction lies for a)h=25m b)h=0 c)h=-25m +// Page no. 132 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda=1/3; // Wavelength in meter +d1=1*10^3; // Distance between transmitter and obstructing screen in m +d2=1*10^3; // Distance between receiver and obstructing screen in m + +// a) For h=25m +h=25; // Effective heigth of obstruction screen in m +v=h*sqrt((2*(d1+d2))/(lambda*d1*d2)); // Fresnel diffraction parameter +printf('\n a) For h=25m Fresnel diffraction parameter v = %0.2f',v); +printf('\n From the plot of Knife-edge diffraction gain as a function of Fresnel diffraction parameter, diffraction loss is 22dB.'); +Gd=-20*log10(0.225/v); // Diffraction loss for v>2.4 in dB +printf('\n Using numerical approximation, diffraction loss for v > 2.4 = %0.1f dB',Gd); +delta=(h^2/2)*((d1+d2)/(d1*d2)); // Path length difference between direct and diffracted rays +n=(2*delta)/lambda; // Number of Fresnel zones in which the obstruction lies +printf('\n Fresnel zone within which tip of obstruction lies = %0.2f',n); +printf('\n Therefore, the tip of obstruction completely blocks the first three Fresnel zones.'); + +// b) For h=0 +h=0; // Effective heigth of obstruction screen in m +v=h*sqrt((2*(d1+d2))/(lambda*d1*d2)); // Fresnel diffraction parameter +printf('\n \n b) For h=0 Fresnel diffraction parameter v = %0.0f',v); +printf('\n From the plot of Knife-edge diffraction gain as a function of Fresnel diffraction parameter, diffraction loss is 6dB.'); +Gd=-20*log10(0.5-0.62*v); // Diffraction loss for v=0 in dB +printf('\n Using numerical approximation, diffraction loss for v=0 = %0.0f dB',Gd); +delta=(h^2/2)*((d1+d2)/(d1*d2)); // Path length difference between direct and diffracted rays +n=(2*delta)/lambda; // Number of Fresnel zones in which the obstruction lies +printf('\n Fresnel zone within which tip of obstruction lies = %0.0f',n); +printf('\n Therefore, the tip of obstruction lies in middle of first Fresnel zone.'); + +// c) For h=-25m +h=-25; // Effective heigth of obstruction screen in m +v=h*sqrt((2*(d1+d2))/(lambda*d1*d2)); // Fresnel diffraction parameter +printf('\n \n c) For h=-25m Fresnel diffraction parameter v = %0.2f',v); +printf('\n From the plot of Knife-edge diffraction gain as a function of Fresnel diffraction parameter, diffraction loss is approximately 1dB.'); +Gd=0; // Diffraction loss for v<-1 in dB +printf('\n Using numerical approximation, diffraction loss for v < -1 = %0.0f in dB',Gd); +delta=(h^2/2)*((d1+d2)/(d1*d2)); // Path length difference between direct and diffracted rays +n=(2*delta)/lambda; // Number of Fresnel zones in which the obstruction lies +printf('\n Fresnel zone within which tip of obstruction lies = %0.2f',n); +printf('\n Therefore, the tip of obstruction completely blocks the first three Fresnel zones but diffraction loss is negligible.'); + diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d83ad8c63 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e15a0bbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example no 4.8 +// To determine a)the loss due to knife-edge diffraction b)the heigth of obstacle required to induce 6dB diffraction loss +// Page no. 133 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +f=900*10^6; // Operating frequency in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +hr=25; // Heigth of receiver in m +ht=50; // Heigth of transmitter in m +h=100; // Heigth of obstruction in m +d1=10*10^3; // Distance between transmitter and obstruction in m +d2=2*10^3; // Distance between receiver and obstruction in m + +// a)To determine the loss due to knife-edge diffraction +lambda=c/f; // Operating wavelength in m +ht=ht-hr; // Hegth of transmitter after subtracting smallest heigth (hr) +h=h-hr; // Heigth of obstruction after subtracting smallest heigth (hr) +bet=atan((h-ht)/d1); // From geometry of environment in rad +gamm=atan(h/d2); // From geometry of environment in rad +alpha=bet+gamm; // From geometry of environment in rad +v=alpha*sqrt((2*d1*d2)/(lambda*(d1+d2))); // Fresnel diffraction parameter + +// the loss due to knife-edge diffraction +Gd=-20*log10(0.225/v); // Diffraction loss for v>2.4 in dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The loss due to knife-edge diffraction = %0.1f dB',Gd); + +// b)To determine the heigth of obstacle required to induce 6dB diffraction loss +Gd=6; // Diffraction loss in dB +v=0; // Fresnel diffraction parameter from the plot of Knife-edge diffraction gain as a function of Fresnel diffraction parameter +// v=0 is possible only if alpha=0. Therefore bet=-gamm +// By considering this situation, the geometry of environment provides (h/d2)=(ht/(d1+d2)) +h=(ht*d2)/(d1+d2); // the heigth of obstacle required to induce 6dB diffraction loss + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The heigth of obstacle required to induce 6dB diffraction loss = %0.2f m',h); + diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.jpg b/3542/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a82e5117 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3542/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6259d0f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// Example no 4.9 +// To find a)the minimum mean square error b)the standard deviation about mean value c)received power at d=2 km d)the likelihood that the received signal level at 2 km e) the percentage of area within 2 km +// Page no. 143 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +d0=100; // First receiver distance in meter +d1=200; // Second receiver distance in meter +d2=1000; // Third receiver distance in meter +d3=3000; // Fourth receiver distance in meter +p0=0; // Receved power of first receiver in dBm +p1=-20; // Receved power of second receiver in dBm +p2=-35; // Receved power of third receiver in dBm +p3=-70; // Receved power of forth receiver in dBm + +// a)To find the minimum mean square error +n=2887.8/654.306; // Loss exponent after differentiating and equating the squared error function with zero + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Loss exponent = %0.0f',n); + +// b)To find the standard deviation about mean value +P0=-10*n*log10(d0/100); // The estimate of p0 with path loss model +P1=-10*n*log10(d1/100); // The estimate of p1 with path loss model +P2=-10*n*log10(d2/100); // The estimate of p2 with path loss model +P3=-10*n*log10(d3/100); // The estimate of p3 with path loss model +J=(p0-P0)^2+(p1-P1)^2+(p2-P2)^2+(p3-P3)^2; // Sum of squared error +SD=sqrt(J/4); // The standard deviation about mean value + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The standard deviation about mean value = %0.2f dB',SD); +// The decimal point is not given in the answer given in book. + +// c)To find received power at d=2 km +d=2000; // The distance of receiver +P=-10*n*log10(d/100); // The estimate of p2 with path loss model + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The received power (at d=2 km) = %0.2f dBm',P); +// Answer is varying due to round off error + +// d)To find the likelihood that the received signal level at 2 km +gam=-60; // The received power at 2km will be greater than this power +z=(gam-P)/SD; +Pr=(1/2)*(1-erf(z/sqrt(2))); // The probability that received signal will be greater than -60dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The probability that received signal will be greater than -60dBm = %0.1f percent',Pr*100); +// Answer is varying due to round off error + +// e)To find the percentage of area within 2 km +A=92; // From figure 4.18, area receives coverage above -60dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The percentage of area within 2 km = %0.0f percent',A); + + diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09748d8fe Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0533e3f3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example no 5.1 +// To compute received carrier frequency if mobile is moving a)towards the transmitter b)away from the transmitter c)in the direction perpendicular to arrival direction of transmitted signal +// Page no. 180 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +fc=1850*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +v=60; // Speed of receiver (vehicle) in mph +v=v*0.44704; // Speed of receiver (vehicle) in m/s +lambda=0.162;//c/f; // Wavelength in m + +// a)To compute received carrier frequency if mobile is moving towards the transmitter +theta=0; // Angle between direction of receiver and transmitter +fd=(v/lambda)*cos(theta); // Doppler shift +f=(fc+fd)*10^-6; // Received carrier frequency in MHz + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The received carrier frequency when mobile is moving towards the transmitter = %0.5f MHz',f); + +// b)To compute received carrier frequency if mobile is moving away from the transmitter +theta=180; // Angle between direction of receiver and transmitter +fd=(v/lambda)*cos(theta); // Doppler shift +f=(fc+fd)*10^-6; // Received carrier frequency in MHz + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The received carrier frequency when mobile is moving away from the transmitter = %0.6f MHz',f); + +// c)To compute received carrier frequency if mobile is moving in the direction perpendicular to arrival direction of transmitted signal +theta=90; // Angle between direction of receiver and transmitter +fd=(v/lambda)*cos(theta); // Doppler shift +f=(fc+fd)*10^-6; // Received carrier frequency in MHz + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The received carrier frequency when mobile is moving in the direction perpendicular to arrival direction of transmitted signal = %0.0f MHz',f); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28dd1e253 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d079d4bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example no 5.2 +// To find a)time delay width (deltat) b)maximum RF bandwidth +// Page no. 189 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +tN1=100*10^-6; // Excess delays for RF radio channels +tN2=4*10^-6; // Excess delays for microcellular channels +tN3=500*10^-9; // Excess delays for indoor channels +N=64; // Number of multipath bins + +// a)To find time delay width (deltat) +deltat1=(tN1/N)*10^6; // Time delay width for RF radio channels +deltat2=(tN2/N)*10^9; // Time delay width for microcellular channels +deltat3=(tN3/N)*10^9; // Time delay width for indoor channels + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The time delay width for RF radio channels = %0.4f microsecond',deltat1); +printf('\n The time delay width for microcellular channels = %0.1f nanosecond',deltat2); +printf('\n The time delay width for indoor channels = %0.4f nanosecond',deltat3); + +//b)To find maximum RF bandwidth +bandwidth1=(2/deltat1); //Maximum RF bandwidth for RF radio channels in MHZ +bandwidth2=(2/deltat2)*10^3; //Maximum RF bandwidth for microcellular channels in MHZ +bandwidth3=(2/deltat3)*10^3; //Maximum RF bandwidth for indoor channels in MHZ + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum RF bandwidth for RF radio channels = %0.2f MHz',bandwidth1); +printf('\n The maximum RF bandwidth for microcellular channels = %0.0f MHz',bandwidth2); +printf('\n The maximum RF bandwidth for indoor channels = %0.0f MHz',bandwidth3); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cfb0dd08 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37ea944d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +// Example no 5.3 +// To find average narrowband power & to compare average narrow band and wideband power +// Page no. 190 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +v=10; // Velocity of moving mobile +f=1000*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air (m/s) +P1=-70; // Received power of first component in dBm +P2=P1-3; // Received power of second component in dBm +theta=0; // Initial phase for both component +P1=(10^(P1/10))*10^-3; // Received power of first component in Watt +P2=(10^(P2/10))*10^-3; // Received power of second component in Watt +lambda=c/f; // Wavelength + +// Narrowband instantaneous power +rt2=(sqrt(P1)*cosd(0)+sqrt(P2)*cosd(0))^2; // Narrowband instantaneous power in pW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power = %0.0f pW',rt2*10^12); + +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// To find average narrowband instantaneous power +t=0.1; // Time interval in seconds +theta=((2*%pi*v*t)/lambda)/10; // Phase interval in rad +theta=theta*(180/%pi); // Phase interval in degree +theta1=theta; // Phase of first component at t=0.1s +theta2=-theta; // Phase of second component at t=0.1s +rt21=(sqrt(P1)*(complex(cosd(theta1),sind(theta1)))+sqrt(P2)*(complex(cosd(theta2),sind(theta2))))^2; // Narrowband instantaneous power in pW at t=0.1s +mgrt21=sqrt((real(rt21))^2+(imag(rt21))^2); + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power (at t=0.1s) = %0.1f pW',mgrt21*10^12); + +theta1=theta1+theta; // Phase of first component at t=0.2s +theta2=theta2-theta; // Phase of second component at t=0.2s +rt22=(sqrt(P1)*(complex(cosd(theta1),sind(theta1)))+sqrt(P2)*(complex(cosd(theta2),sind(theta2))))^2; // Narrowband instantaneous power in pW at t=0.2s +mgrt22=sqrt((real(rt22))^2+(imag(rt22))^2); + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power (at t=0.2s) = %0.1f pW',mgrt22*10^12); + +theta1=theta1+theta; // Phase of first component at t=0.3s +theta2=theta2-theta; // Phase of second component at t=0.3s +rt23=(sqrt(P1)*(complex(cosd(theta1),sind(theta1)))+sqrt(P2)*(complex(cosd(theta2),sind(theta2))))^2; //Narrowband instantaneous power in pW at t=0.3s +mgrt23=sqrt((real(rt23))^2+(imag(rt23))^2); + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power (at t=0.3s) = %0.0f pW',mgrt23*10^12); + +mgrt24=mgrt21; // Narrowband instantaneous power in pW at t=0.4s due to repeating phase + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power (at t=0.4s) = %0.1f pW',mgrt24*10^12); + +mgrt25=mgrt22; // Narrowband instantaneous power in pW at t=0.5s due to repeating phase + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The narrowband instantaneous power (at t=0.5s) = %0.1f pW',mgrt25*10^12); + +rt=(rt2+mgrt21+mgrt22+mgrt23+mgrt24+mgrt25)/6; // The average narrowband instantaneous power in pW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n An average narrowband instantaneous power = %0.0f pW',rt*10^12); + +// Wideband power +Pwb=(P1+P2); // Widebnd received power in pW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The wideband received power = %0.0f pW',Pwb*10^12); + +printf('\n Comparing narrowband and wideband received power, it is observed that they are vertually identical. But CW signal fades over observation interval (0-0.5S)'); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be2d92b44 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4764ece93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example no 5.4 +//To compute a)RMS delay spread b)maximum bit rate +//Page no. 201 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +t1=0; //Excess delay of first signal +a1=0; //Power level of first signal in dB +t2=1*10^-6; //Excess delay of second signal +a2=0; //Power level of second signal in dB +a1=10^(a1); //Power level of first signal in Watt +a2=10^(a2); //Power level of second signal in Watt + +//a)To compute RMS delay spread +t=((a1*t1+a2*t2)/(a1+a2))*10^6; //Mean excess delay +t2=((a1*t1^2+a2*t2^2)/(a1+a2))*10^12; //Mean square excess delay +sigmat=sqrt(t2-t^2); //RMS delay spread in microseconds + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The RMS delay spread = %0.1f microseconds',sigmat); + +//b)To compute maximum bit rate +Ts=(sigmat*10^-6)/0.1; //Sampling time of BPSK modulated signal +Rs=(1/Ts)*10^-3; //Maximum bit rate in kbps + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum bit rate = %0.0f kbps',Rs); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4355a559 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5ed06b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example no 5.5 +// To calculate mean excess delay, rms delay spread and maximum excess delay +// Page no. 202 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +t10dB=5*10^-6; // By definition of maximum excess delay (10dB) +t1=0; // Excess delay of first signal in seconds +a1=-20; // Power level of first signal in dB +t2=1*10^-6; // Excess delay of second signal in seconds +a2=-10; // Power level of second signal in dB +t3=2*10^-6; // Excess delay of third signal in seconds +a3=-10; // Power level of third signal in dB +t4=5*10^-6; // Excess delay of fourth signal in seconds +a4=0; // Power level of fourth signal in dB +a1=10^(a1/10); // Power level of first signal in Watt +a2=10^(a2/10); // Power level of second signal in Watt +a3=10^(a3/10); // Power level of third signal in Watt +a4=10^(a4/10); // Power level of fourth signal in Watt + +// Mean excess delay +t=((a1*t1+a2*t2+a3*t3+a4*t4)/(a1+a2+a3+a4)); // Mean excess delay in seconds +tsquare=((a1*t1^2+a2*t2^2+a3*t3^2+a4*t4^2)/(a1+a2+a3+a4)); // Mean square excess delay + +// RMS delay spread +sigmat=sqrt(tsquare-t^2); // RMS delay spread + +// Coherence bandwidth +Bc=1/(5*sigmat); // 50% Coherence bandwidth +// The answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum excess delay (10 dB) = %0.0f microsecond',t10dB*10^6); +printf('\n The mean excess delay = %0.2f microsecond',t*10^6); +printf('\n The RMS delay spread = %0.2f microsecond',sigmat*10^6); +printf('\n The coherence bandwidth = %0.0f KHz',Bc*10^-3); +printf('\n Since coherence bandwidth is greater than 30 KHz, AMPS will work without an equalizer. However, GSM requires 200 KHz bandwidth which exceeds coherence bandwidth,\n thus an equalizer would be needed for this channel'); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acee766e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22ef15e71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example no 5.6 +// To determine proper spatial sampling interval for small scale propagation, number of samples required over 10m, time required to make these measurements and Doppler spread for this channel +// Page no. 204 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +fc=1900*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +v=50; // Velocity of propagation in m/s +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air in m/s +Tc=(9*c)/(16*%pi*v*fc); // Coherence time + +// The spatial sampling interval +deltax=(v*Tc)/2; // Spatial sampling interval in meter + +// The number of samples required over 10m travel distance +d=10; // Distance to be travelled +Nx=d/deltax; // Number of samples required over 10m +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// The time required to make these measurements +t=d/v; // Time required to make these measurements + +// Doppler spread for this channel +BD=(v*fc)/c; // Doppler spread for this channel +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The proper spatial sampling interval for small scale propagation = %0.2f cm',deltax*10^2); +printf('\n The number of samples required over 10m travel distance = %0.0f',Nx); +printf('\n The time required to make these measurements = %0.1f seconds',t); +printf('\n The Doppler spread for this channel = %0.2f Hz',BD); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f0d3be84 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd254cc30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no 5.7 +// To compute the positive-going lvel crossing rate and maximum velocity of mobile +// Page no. 224 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +rho=1; // Value of normalized level of fading amplitude to rms amplitude +fm=20; // Maximum Doppler frequency in Hz +fc=900*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air in m/s + +// The positive-going level crossing rate +NR=sqrt(2*%pi)*fm*rho*exp(-rho^2); // Number of zero level crossings per second +lambda=c/fc; // Carrier wavelength + +// The maximum velocity of mobile +v=fm*lambda; // Maximum velocity of mobile in m/s +v=v*(18/5); // Maximum velocity of mobile in km/hr + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The positive-going level crossing rate = %0.2f crossings per second',NR); +printf('\n The maximum velocity of mobile = %0.0f Km/Hr',v); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75506bc01 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2779d6ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example no 5.8 +// To find the average fade duration +// Page no. 225 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +rho1=0.01; // Threshold level +rho2=0.1; // Threshold level +rho3=1; // Threshold level +fm=200; // Doppler frequency + +t1=(exp(rho1^2)-1)/(rho1*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); // The average fade duration +t2=(exp(rho2^2)-1)/(rho2*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); // The average fade duration +t3=(exp(rho3^2)-1)/(rho3*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); // The average fade duration + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The average fade duration (for rho = 0.01) = %0.1f microseconds',t1*10^6); +printf('\n The average fade duration (for rho = 0.1) = %0.0f microseconds',t2*10^6); +printf('\n The average fade duration (for rho = 1) = %0.2f microseconds',t3*10^3); diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg b/3542/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d58ef95f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3542/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b7341e62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example no 5.9 +// To find the average fade duration and average number of bit errors per second. & to determine whether the fading is slow or fast. +// Page no. 225 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +rho=0.707; // Threshold level +fm=20; // Doppler frequency +datarate=50; // Bit duration of binary digital modulation in bps +errho=0.1; // Threshold level below which bit error occurs + +t=(exp(rho^2)-1)/(rho*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); // The average fade duration +tb=1/datarate; // Bit period +t1=(exp(errho^2)-1)/(errho*fm*sqrt(2*%pi)); // The average fade duration + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The average fade duration (for rho = 0.707) = %0.1f ms',t*10^3); +printf('\n The bit period = %0.0f ms',tb*10^3); +printf('\n Since the bit period is greater than average fade duration, for 50bps datarate the signal undergoes fast Rayleigh fading.'); +printf('\n \n The average fade duration of the threshold level below which bit error occurs (for rho = 0.1) = %0.3f',t1); +printf('\n Since the average fade duration of the threshold level below which bit error occurs is less than duration of one bit,\n only one bit on average will be lost'); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58397418c Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6152ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example no 6.1 +// To compute the carrier power, percentage of total power in carrier power and power in each sideband. +// Page no. 260 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +PAM=10*10^3; // Power of transmitted AM signal +k=0.6; // Modulation index + +// To compute the carrier power +Pc=PAM/(1+k^2/2); // The carrier power + +// To compute percentage of total power in carrier power +PercentPc=(Pc/PAM)*100; // Percentage of total power in carrier power + +// To compute power in each sideband +Psideband=(PAM-Pc)/2; // The power in each sideband +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The carrier power = %0.2f kW',Pc*10^-3); +printf('\n The percentage of total power in carrier power = %0.1f percentage',PercentPc); +printf('\n The power in each sideband = %0.3f kW',Psideband*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f23af400a Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29c389cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example no 6.10 +// To demonstrate how the received signal is detected properly using baseband differential detector. +// Page no. 310 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +x1=-0.707; +y1=-0.707; +x2=0.707; +y2=-0.707; +x3=0.707; +y3=0.707; + +if x1<0 then // Applying decision rule +printf('S1 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S1 = 1'); +end +if y1<0 then +printf('\n S2 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S2 = 1'); +end +if x2<0 then +printf('\n S3 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S3 = 1'); +end +if y2<0 then +printf('\n S4 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S4 = 1'); +end +if x3<0 then +printf('\n S5 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S5 = 1'); +end +if y3<0 then +printf('\n S6 = 0'); +else +printf('\n S6 = 1'); +end diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cd993977 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.11/6_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb5c06ef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example no 6.11 +// To find 3-dB bandwidth for gaussian low pass filter to produce 0.25GMSK, 90% power bandwidth. +// Page no. 321 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Rb=270*10^3; // Channel data rate in bps +BT=0.25; // 3-dB bandwidth-bit duration product + +T=1/Rb; // Time +B=BT/T; // 3-dB bandwidth in Hz +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// 90% power bandwidth +B1=0.57*Rb; // The 90% power bandwidth +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The 3-dB bandwidth-bit duration product = %0.3f kHz',B*10^-3); +printf('\n The 90 percent power bandwidth = %0.1f kHz',B1*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b1dcaf54 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7de3c2019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example no 6.2 +// To compute a)the peak frequency deviation b)the modulation index. +// Page no. 265 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +kf=10*10^3; // Frequency deviation constant gain in Hz/V +fm=4*10^3; // Modulating frequency in Hz +A=4; // Maximum instantaneous value of input signal in V + +// To compute the peak frequency deviation +deltaf=A*kf; // The peak frequency deviation in Hz + +// To compute the modulation index +betaf=deltaf/fm; // The modulation index + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The peak frequency deviation = %0.0f kHz',deltaf*10^-3); +printf('\n The modulation index = %0.0f',betaf); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ff470be3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fe12f1d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example no 6.3 +// To determine the IF bandwidth necessary to pass the given signal. +// Page no. 267 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +fm=100*10^3; // Modulating frequency in Hz +deltaf=500*10^3; // Peak frequency deviation in Hz +betaf=deltaf/fm; // Modulation index + +// The IF bandwidth occupied by FM signal using Carson's rule +BT=2*(betaf+1)*fm; // The IF bandwidth necessary to pass the given signal + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Using Carson rule, the IF bandwidth occupied by FM signal = %0.0f kHz',BT*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bb6d5d6f Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_plot.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_plot.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61a91b990 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_plot.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78cb382c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Example no 6.4 +// To design an RLC network that implements an IF quadrature FM detector +// Page no. 273 + +clc; +clear all; +close; + +// Given data +fc=10.7*10^6; //Cut-off frequency in Hz +B=500*10^3; //Bandwidth in Hz +phi=5; //phase shift for good system in degree +Q=tand(phi)/((fc+B/2)/fc-fc/(fc+B/2)); //Q-factor +L=10*10^(-6); //Chosen value of inductor +R=Q*2*%pi*fc*L; //Value of Resistor +c1=12.13*10^(-12); //Chosen value of C1 +c=(Q/(R*2*%pi*fc))-c1; //Value of capacitor + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Value of Resistor required for RLC circuit = %0.3f kohm',R*10^(-3)); +printf('\n Value of Inductor required for RLC circuit = %0.0f microH',L*10^(6)); +printf('\n Value of Capacitor required for RLC circuit = %0.0f pF',c*10^(12)); + +// Magnitude plot +f=0.95*10^7:0.05*10^7:1.2*10^7; // Frequency range for plotting in Hz +mgh=(2*%pi*f*R*c1)/sqrt(1+Q^2*((f^2-fc^2)/(f*fc))^2); // Magnitude transfer function +subplot(211); +plot(f,mgh); +a=gca(); +a.data_bounds=[0.95*10^7 0;1.2*10^7 2]; // To see the vertical line hiddden by the y axis +xlabel("Frequency","color","blue"); +ylabel("Magnitude","color","blue"); +title("Magnitude response","fontsize","6","color","red"); + +// Phase plot +f=0.95*10^7 // Initial frequency for plotting +for i=1:6 + if f<1.25*10^7 then + phH(i)=(%pi/2)+atan(Q*((f^2-fc^2)/(f*fc))); // Phase transfer function + f=f+0.05*10^7; + end +end + +f=0.95*10^7:0.05*10^7:1.2*10^7; +subplot(212); +plot(f,phH); +a=gca(); +a.data_bounds=[0.95*10^7 1.2;1.2*10^7 2]; // To see the vertical line hiddden by the y axis +xlabel("Frequency","color","blue"); +ylabel("Phase","color","blue"); +title("Phase response","fontsize","10","color","red"); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8d83866f Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eece39a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example no 6.5 +// To determine the analog bandwidth, output SNR improvement if modulation index is increased from 3 to 5 and tradeoff bandwidth for this improvement. +// Page no. 277 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +fm=5*10^3; // Audio bandwidth of FM signal +betaf1=3; // Initial modulation index +betaf2=5; // Final modulation index + +// To determine analog bandwidth +BT1=2*(betaf1+1)*fm; // The analog bandwidth +BT2=2*(betaf2+1)*fm; // The analog bandwidth + +// To determine output SNR improvement factor +SNR1=3*betaf1^3+3*betaf1^2; // Output SNR factor for modulation index=3 +SNR1=10*log10(SNR1); // Output SNR factor for modulation index=3 in dB +SNR2=3*betaf2^3+3*betaf2^2; // Output SNR factor for modulation index=3 +SNR2=10*log10(SNR2); // Output SNR factor for modulation index=3 in dB + +// To determine improvement in output SNR by increasing modulation index +improvedSNR=SNR2-SNR1; // Improvement in output SNR by increasing modulation index + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Using Carson rule, the analog bandwidth at 3 modulation index occupied by FM signal = %0.0f KHz',BT1*10^-3); +printf('\n Using Carson rule, the analog bandwidth at 5 modulation index occupied by FM signal = %0.0f KHz',BT2*10^-3); +printf('\n Improvement in output SNR by increasing modulation index = %0.1f dB',improvedSNR); +printf('\n \n This improvement is achieved at the expenses of bandwidth. For modulation index = 3, a bandwidth of 40kHz is needed,\n while for modulation index = 5 requires bandwidth = 60kHz.'); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2fdd6c88 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd1859092 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example no 6.6 +// To determine the maximum theoretical datarate and to compare this rate to US digital cellular standard +// Page no. 280 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +SNR=20; // Signal to noise ratio of wireless communication link in dB +B=30*10^3; // RF bandwidth in Hz +SNR=10^(SNR/10); // Signal to noise ratio of wireless communication link + +// To determine the maximum theoretical datarate +C=B*(log10(1+SNR)/log10(2)); // The maximum theoretical datarate in bps + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum theoretical datarate = %0.2f kbps',C*10^-3); +printf('\n The USDC data rate is 48.6 kbps, which is only about one fourth the theoretical limit under 20dB SNR condition.'); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..779cedc35 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9a21276c --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no 6.7 +// To determine the maximum theoretical datarate and to compare this rate to GSM standard +// Page no. 280 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +SNR1=10; // Signal to noise ratio in dB +SNR2=30; // Signal to noise ratio in dB +B=200*10^3; // RF bandwidth of channel in Hz + +SNR1=10^(SNR1/10); // Signal to noise ratio +SNR2=10^(SNR2/10); // Signal to noise ratio + +// To determine the maximum theoretical datarate +C1=B*(log10(1+SNR1)/log10(2)); // The maximum theoretical datarate for SNR=10dB +C2=B*(log10(1+SNR2)/log10(2)); // The maximum theoretical datarate for SNR=30dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum theoretical datarate for 10dB SNR = %0.3f kbps',C1*10^-3); +printf('\n The maximum theoretical datarate for 30dB SNR = %0.2f Mbps',C2*10^-6); +printf('\n \n The GSM data rate is 270.833 kbps, which is only about 40 percent of the theoretical limit of 10dB SNR condition\n and about 14 percent of theoretical limit of 30dB SNR condition'); + diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22e155344 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f7b93ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example no 6.8 +// To find the first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of rectangular pulse and compare to raised cosine filter pulse +// Page no. 291 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +RectTs=41.06*10^-6; // Symbol period of rectangular pulse +cosineTs=41.06*10^-6; // Symbol period of cosine filter pulse +alpha=0.35; // Rolloff factor of cosine filter pulse + +// To find the first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of rectangular pulse +B1=2/RectTs; // The first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of rectangular pulse + +// The first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of cosine filter pulse +B2=(1/cosineTs)*(1+alpha); // The first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of cosine filter pulse + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of rectangular pulse = %0.2f kHz',B1*10^-3); +printf('\n The first zero-crossing RF bandwidth of cosine filter pulse = %0.2f kHz',B2*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.jpg b/3542/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8dea7d66 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3542/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aedbc0b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example no 6.9 +// To determine phase and values of Ik and Qk during transmission of bit stream 001011 using pi/4 DQPSK. +// Page no. 307 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +theta0=0; // Initial phase in rad +phi1=%pi/4; // Carrier phase shift for the input bit pair 11 [Feh91], [Rap91b] +phi2=(3*%pi)/4; // Carrier phase shift for the input bit pair 01 [Feh91], [Rap91b] +phi3=(-3*%pi)/4; // Carrier phase shift for the input bit pair 00 [Feh91], [Rap91b] +phi4=-%pi/4; // Carrier phase shift for the input bit pair 10 [Feh91], [Rap91b] + +// For transmission of first pair of bits 00 +theta1=theta0+phi3; // Phase of signal during transmission of first bit pair 00 +I1=cos(theta1); // In-phase pulse produced at the output of signal mapping +Q1=sin(theta1); // Quadrature pulse produced at the output of signal mapping + +// For transmission of second pair of bits 10 +theta2=theta1+phi4; // Phase of signal during transmission of second bit pair 10 +I2=cos(theta2); // In-phase pulse produced at the output of signal mapping +Q2=sin(theta2); // Quadrature pulse produced at the output of signal mapping + +// For transmission of third pair of bits 11 +theta3=theta2+phi1; // Phase of signal during transmission of third bit pair 11 +I3=cos(theta3); // In-phase pulse produced at the output of signal mapping +Q3=sin(theta3); // Quadrature pulse produced at the output of signal mapping + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Phase of signal during transmission of first bit pair 00 = %0.0f degree',theta1*(180/%pi)); +printf('\n In-phase pulse produced during transmission of first bit pair 00 = %0.3f',I1); +printf('\n Quadrature pulse produced during transmission of first bit pair 00 = %0.3f',Q1); + +printf('\n \n Phase of signal during transmission of second bit pair 10 = %0.0f degree',theta2*(180/%pi)); +printf('\n In-phase pulse produced during transmission of second bit pair 10 = %0.0f',I2); +printf('\n Quadrature pulse produced during transmission of second bit pair 10 = %0.0f',Q2); + +printf('\n \n Phase of signal during transmission of third bit pair 11 = %0.0f degree',theta3*(180/%pi)); +printf('\n In-phase pulse produced during transmission of third bit pair 11 = %0.3f',I3); +printf('\n Quadrature pulse produced during transmission of third bit pair 11 = %0.3f',Q3); diff --git a/3542/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.jpg b/3542/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf4e52e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3542/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2c673e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example no 7.3 +// To determine a)the maximum Doppler shift b)the coherence time of the channel c)the maximum number of symbolsthat could be transmitted +// Page no. 373 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +f=900*10^6; // Carrier frequency in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air (m/s) +v=80; // Velocity of mobile in km/hr +v=v*(5/18); // Velocity of mobile in m/s +lambda=c/f; // Carrier wavelength in meter + +// a)To determine the maximum Doppler shift +fd=v/lambda; // The maximum Doppler shift in Hz + +// b)To determine the coherence time of the channel +Tc=sqrt(9/(16*%pi*fd^2)); // The coherence time of the channel +// Answer is varrying due to round-off error + +// c)To determine the maximum number of symbols that could be transmitted with symbol rate 24.3 ksymbols/sec +Rs=24.3*10^3; // Symbol rate in symbols/sec +Nb=Tc*Rs; // The maximum number of transmitted symbols + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum Doppler shift = %0.2f Hz',fd); +printf('\n The coherence time of the channel = %0.2f ms',Tc*10^3); +printf('\n The maximum number of symbols that could be transmitted with symbol rate 24.3 ksymbols/sec = %0.0f symbols',Nb); diff --git a/3542/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.jpg b/3542/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ba6f78f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3542/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68af60af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example no 7.4 +// To determine probability that the SNR will drop below threshold SNR +// Page no. 383 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +M1=4; // Number of branch diversity +M2=1; // Number of branch diversity +gamm=10; // Specified SNR threshold in dB +gamm=10^(gamm/10); // Specified SNR threshold +Gamma=20; // Average SNR in dB +Gamma=10^(Gamma/10); // Average SNR + +// Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB when 4 branch diversity is used +P4=(1-exp(-gamm/Gamma))^M1; // Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB + +// Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB when single branch diversity is used +P1=(1-exp(-gamm/Gamma))^M2; // Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB when 4 branch diversity is used = %0.6f',P4); +printf('\n Probability that the SNR will drop below 10dB when single branch diversity is used = %0.3f',P1); +printf('\n \n From above results, it is observed that without diversity the SNR drops below the specified threshold with a probability that is three orders of magnitude greater \n than if four branch diversity is used.') diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.jpg b/3542/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b91b98943 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3542/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5348329a --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example no 8.1 +// To compute the mean square error distortion and output signal-to-distortion ratio. +// Page no. 420 + + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +l1=1; // 1st Quantization level +l2=3; // 2nd Quantization level +l3=5; // 3rd Quantization level +l4=7; // 4th Quantization level + +U1=(l1+l2)/2; // upper boundary of 1st level +U2=(l2+l3)/2; // upper boundary of 2nd level +U3=(l3+l4)/2; // upper boundary of 3rd level +U4=l4+(U1-l1); // upper boundary of 4th level +L1=l1-(U1-l1); // Lower boundary of 1st level + +D1=integrate('(x^3-2*x^2+x)/32','x',L1,U1); // Mean square error distortion of 1st level +D2=integrate('(x^3-6*x^2+9*x)/32','x',U1,U2); // Mean square error distortion of 2nd level +D3=integrate('(x^3-10*x^2+25*x)/32','x',U2,U3); // Mean square error distortion of 3rd level +D4=integrate('(x^3-14*x^2+49*x)/32','x',U3,U4); // Mean square error distortion of 4th level +D=D1+D2+D3+D4; // Total square error distortion + +P=integrate('x^3/32','x',L1,U4); // Signal power + +SDR=10*log10(P/D); // Output signal-to-distortion ratio. + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The mean square error distortion = %0.3f',D); +printf('\n The output signal-to-distortion ratio = %0.2f dB',SDR); +printf('\n To minimize the distortion, we need to place the quantization levels closer at amplitudes close to 8 and farther at amplitudes close to zero.'); +printf('\n This quantizer would be optimal for an input with a uniform pdf.'); diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.jpg b/3542/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c7650158 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3542/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a1ccd39d --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example no 8.2 +// To compute transmission bit rate, average and peak signal to quantization noise ratio +// Page no. 424 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +fs=8*10^3; // Sampling frequency in Hz +n=8; // Number of bits per sample +stepsize=10*10^-3; // Time after which step size is recomputed +overhead=5; // Number of overhead bits + +N=fs*n; // Number of information bits pe second +Toverhead=overhead/stepsize; // The number of overhead bits/second + +// Effective transmission bit rate +bitrate=N+Toverhead; // Transmission bit rate in bps + +// Peak signal to quantization noise ratio +PSQNR=6.02*n+4.77; // Peak signal to quantization noise ratio in dB + +// Average signal to quantization noise ratio +ASQNR=6.02*n; // Average signal to quantization noise ratio in dB + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Effective transmission bit rate = %0.1f kbps',bitrate*10^-3); +printf('\n Peak signal to quantization noise ratio = %0.2f dB',PSQNR); +printf('\n Average signal to quantization noise ratio = %0.2f dB',ASQNR); diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.jpg b/3542/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c45cf4c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3542/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9e7966f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example no 8.3 +// To compute the minimum encoding rateof given 4 sub-band coder +// Page no. 427 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +N=4; // Total number of sub-bands +L1=225; // Lower limit of first sub-band +U1=450; // Lower limit of first sub-band +L2=450; // Lower limit of second sub-band +U2=900; // Lower limit of second sub-band +L3=1000; // Lower limit of third sub-band +U3=1500; // Lower limit of third sub-band +L4=1800; // Lower limit of fourth sub-band +U4=2700; // Lower limit of fourth sub-band +E1=4; // Encoding bit of first sub-band +E2=3; // Encoding bit of second sub-band +E3=2; // Encoding bit of third sub-band +E4=1; // Encoding bit of fourth sub-band + +// Sampling rate of the sub-bands according to Nyquist theorem +sr1=2*(U1-L1); // Sampling rate of first sub-band in samples/second +sr2=2*(U2-L2); // Sampling rate of second sub-band in samples/second +sr3=2*(U3-L3); // Sampling rate of third sub-band in samples/second +sr4=2*(U4-L4); // Sampling rate of fourth sub-band in samples/second + +// Total encoding rate +SR=sr1*E1+sr2*E2+sr3*E3+sr4*E4; // Total encoding rate in bps + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Total encoding rate = %0.1f kbps',SR*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.jpg b/3542/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..452729bb9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3542/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6bed46ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example no 8.4 +// To find the upper bound of the transmission bit rate +// Page no. 439 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +FL=810*10^6; // Lower limit of forward channel frequency band +FU=826*10^6; // Upper limit of forward channel frequency band +N=1150; // Number of simultaneous users; +SE=1.68; // Spectral efficiency in bps/Hz +CR=0.5; // Coder rate +bandused=90/100; // 90% bandwidth is used + +bandwidth=bandused*(FU-FL); // Total bandwidth available for traffic channels in Hz +Cbandwidth=bandwidth/N; // Maximum channel bandwidth in Hz +ChannelDR=SE*Cbandwidth; // Maximum channel data rate in bps +DR=ChannelDR*CR; // Maximum net data rate in bps + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Maximum net data rate = %0.1f kbps',DR*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.jpg b/3542/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f1a079f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3542/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0745fbd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example no 8.5 +// To compute the gross channel data rate +// Page no. 439 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +t=20*10^-3; // Duration of encoding of one block in second +B1=50; // The first bits in Type-1 channel +CRC1=10; // Number of CRC bits in Type-1 channel +FEC=0.5; // FEC rate for Type-1 channel +B2=132; // Next bits in Type-2 channel +CRC2=5; // Number of CRC bits in Type-2 channel +B3=78; // The last bits in Type-3 channel + +N1=(B1+CRC1)/FEC; // Total number of bits transmitted in Type-1 channel +N2=(B2+CRC2); // Total number of bits transmitted in Type-2 channel +N3=B3; // Total number of bits transmitted in Type-3 channel +N=N1+N2+N3; // Total number of channel bits transmitted enery t seconda + +// The gross channel data rate +BR=N/t; // The gross channel data rate in bps + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The gross channel bit rate = %0.2f kbps',BR*10^-3); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f26361ce6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd160e1ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example no 9.1 +// To find the intermodulation frequencies generated +// Page no. 451 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +f1=1930; // First carrier frequency +f2=1932; // second carrier frequency +F1=1920; // Lower frequency of the band +F2=1940; // Upper frequency of the band + +for n=0:3 + x1=(2*n+1)*f1-2*n*f2 + if x1 < = F2 then + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies inside the band',x1); + else + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies outside the band',x1); + end +end + +for n=0:3 + x2=(2*n+2)*f1-(2*n+1)*f2 + if x2 < = F2 then + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies inside the band',x2); + else + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies outside the band',x2); + end +end + +for n=0:3 + x3=(2*n+1)*f2-2*n*f1 + if x3 < = F2 then + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies inside the band',x3); + else + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies outside the band',x3); + end +end + +for n=0:3 + x4=(2*n+2)*f2-(2*n+1)*f1 + if x4 < = F2 then + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies inside the band',x4); + else + printf('\n IF frequency %0.0f MHz lies outside the band',x4); + end +end diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..753b2595b Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39c7ad686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example no 9.2 +// To find number of channels available +// Page no. 452 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Bt=12.5*10^6; // Total spectrum allocation in Hz +Bguard=10*10^3; // Guard band allocated in Hz +Bc=30*10^3; // Channel bandwidth in Hz + +// The number of channels available +N=(Bt-2*Bguard)/Bc; // The number of channels available + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The number of channels available in FDMA system = %0.0f',N); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7237db172 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10da69a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example no 9.3 +// To find number of simultaneous users accommodated in GSm +// Page no. 455 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +m=8; // Maximum speech channels supported by single radio channel +Bc=200*10^3; // Radio channel bandwidth in Hz +Bt=25*10^6; // Total spectrum allocated for forward link +Bguard=0; // Guard band allocated in Hz + +// The number of simultaneous users accommodated in GSm +N=(m*(Bt-2*Bguard))/Bc; // The number of simultaneous users + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The number of simultaneous users accommodated in GSM system = %0.0f',N); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7a6894a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afe152911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example no 9.4 +// To find a)the time duration of a bit b)the time duration of a slot c)the time duration of a frame d)how long must a user occupying single time slot wait between two successive transmission +// Page no. 456 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +N=8; // Number of time slots in each frame +Nb=156.25; // Number of in each time slot +DR=270.833*10^3; // Data rate of transmission in channel + +// a)To find the time duration of a bit +Tb=1/DR; // The time duration of a bit in sec + +// b)To find the time duration of a slot +Tslot=Nb*Tb; // The time duration of a slot + +// c)To find the time duration of a frame +Tf=N*Tslot; // The time duration of a frame + +//d) The waiting time between two successive transmission +Tw=Tf; // The arrival time of new frame for its next transmission + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The time duration of a bit = %0.3f microseconds',Tb*10^6); +printf('\n The time duration of a slot = %0.3f ms',Tslot*10^3); +printf('\n The time duration of a frame = %0.3f ms',Tf*10^3); +printf('\n The arrival time of new frame for its next transmission = %0.3f ms',Tw*10^3); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fcdca6fc Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7439460a --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no 9.5 +// To find the frame efficiency +// Page no. 456 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Btrail=6; // Number of trailing bits per slot +Bg=8.25; // Number of guard bits per slot +Btrain=26; // Number of training bits per slot +Nb=2; // Number of burst +Bburst=58; // Number of bits in each burst +Nslot=8; // Number of slots in each frame + +N=Btrail+Bg+Btrain+2*Bburst; // Total number of bits in each slot +Nf=Nslot*N; // Total number of bits in a frame +bOH=Nslot*Btrail+Nslot*Bg+Nslot*Btrain; // Number of overhead bits per frame + +// To find the frame efficiency +nf=(1-(bOH/Nf))*100; // Frame efficiency + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The frame efficiency = %0.2f percentage',nf); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74470d005 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..856823f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example no 9.6 +// To determine the maximum throughput using ALOHA and slotted ALOHA +// Page no. 466 + +clc; +clear all; + +//The maximum throughput using ALOHA +Rmax=1/2; //Maximum rate of arrival calculated by equating ALOHA throughput formula derivative to zero +T=Rmax*exp(-1); //The maximum throughput using ALOHA + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum throughput using ALOHA = %0.4f',T); + +//The maximum throughput using slotted ALOHA +Rmax=1; //Maximum rate of arrival calculated by equating slotted ALOHA throughput formula derivative to zero +T=Rmax*exp(-1); //The maximum throughput using slotted ALOHA + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The maximum throughput using slotted ALOHA = %0.4f',T); diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2efb4d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1f70a14f --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example no 9.7 +// To evaluate 4 different radio standards and to choose the one with maximum capacity +// Page no. 472 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +ABc=30*10^3; // Channel bandwidth of system A +ACImin=18; // The tolerable value of carrier to interference ratio for system A +BBc=25*10^3; // Channel bandwidth of system B +BCImin=14; // The tolerable value of carrier to interference ratio for system B +CBc=12.5*10^3; // Channel bandwidth of system C +CCImin=12; // The tolerable value of carrier to interference ratio for system C // Value of CCImin is given wrong in book +DBc=6.25*10^3; // Channel bandwidth of system D +DCImin=9; // The tolerable value of carrier to interference ratio for system D +Bc=6.25*10^3; // Bandwidth of particular system + +ACIeq=ACImin+20*log10(Bc/ABc); // Minimum C/I for system A when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system +BCIeq=BCImin+20*log10(Bc/BBc); // Minimum C/I for system B when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system +CCIeq=CCImin+20*log10(Bc/CBc); // Minimum C/I for system C when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system +DCIeq=DCImin+20*log10(Bc/DBc); // Minimum C/I for system D when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Minimum C/I for system A when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system = %0.3f dB',ACIeq); +printf('\n Minimum C/I for system B when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system = %0.2f dB',BCIeq); +printf('\n Minimum C/I for system C when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system = %0.0f dB',CCIeq); +printf('\n Minimum C/I for system D when compared to the (C/I)min for particular system = %0.0f dB',DCIeq); +printf('\n \n Based on comparison, the smallest value of C/I should be selected for maximum capacity. So, System B offers the best capacity.') diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.jpg b/3542/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e9c10914 Binary files /dev/null and b/3542/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3542/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3542/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41c515a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3542/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example no 9.9 +// To determine the maximum number of users using a)omnidirectional base station antenna and no voice activity b)three-sectors at the base station and voice activity detection +// Page no. 472 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +W=1.25*10^6; // Total RF bandwidth in Hz +R=9600; // Baseband information bit rate in bps +EbNo=10; // Minimum acceptable SNR in dB + +// a)Maximum number of users using omnidirectional base station antenna and no voice activity +N1=1+(W/R)/EbNo; // Maximum number of users using omnidirectional + +// b)Maximum number of users using three-sectors at the base station antenna and voice activity with alpha=3/8 +alpha=3/8; // Voice activity factor +Ns=1+(1/alpha)*((W/R)/EbNo); // Maximum number of users +N2=3*Ns; // Maximum number of users using three-sectors + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Maximum number of users using omnidirectional base station antenna and no voice activity = %0.0f',N1); +printf('\n Maximum number of users using three-sectors at the base station antenna and voice activity (with alpha=3/8) = %0.0f',N2); diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.01/EX2_1.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.01/EX2_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa6dad955 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.01/EX2_1.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_1.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a432408bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.1 +// Compuatation of mode parameter +// Page no. 479 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n1=1.503; // refractive index of core +n2=1.50; // refractive index of cladding +a=4*10^-6; // core radius +lambda=1*10^-6; // light wavelength + +// Mode parameter computation +V=(2*%pi*a*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2))/(lambda); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n Mode parameter is = %0.3f ",V); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.010/EX2_10.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.010/EX2_10.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9efd237d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.010/EX2_10.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.010/Ex2_10.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.010/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6da717798 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.010/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.10 +// Calculation of Cut off wavelength +// Page no 482 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +V=2.403; // Normalized frequency +delta=0.25; // Refractive index of core +n1=1.46; // Relative refractive index +a=4.5*10^-6; // Radius of core + +// Cut off wavelenth +lambda=(2*%pi*a*n1*(sqrt(2*delta)))/V; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Cut off wavelenth(nm) = %0.0f ",lambda*10^8); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.011/EX2_11.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.011/EX2_11.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c75b145c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.011/EX2_11.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.011/Ex2_11.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.011/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20af4c798 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.011/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.11 +//Calculation of (a) reflection and (b) loss of light signal at joint areas. +// Page no 482 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=1.5; // Refractive index of core +n=1; // Refractive index of air + +// (a) Reflection at the fiber air interface +R=((n1-n)/(n1+n))^2; + +// (b) Light loss due to fiber air interface +l= -10*log10(1-R); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Reflection at the fiber air interface = %0.2f ",R); +printf("\n Light loss due to fiber air interface (dB)= %0.2f ",l); + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.012/EX2_12.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.012/EX2_12.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3ea413a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.012/EX2_12.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.012/Ex2_12.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.012/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a76713538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.012/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 2.12 +// Computation of (a) numerical aperature and (b) maximum angle of entrance +// Page no 482 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n1=1.48; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.46; // Refractive index of cladding + +// (a) Numerical Aperture +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); + +//(b) Maximum angle of entrance +theata=asind(NA); + +//Displaying result in the command window +printf("\n Numerical Aperture = %0.3f ",NA); +printf("\n Maximum angle of entrance (degress) = %0.0f ",theata); + +// Final answer in the book is wrong. Please refer example 2.11 of +// Fiber Optic Communication by Gerd Keiser book. + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.013/EX2_13.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.013/EX2_13.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce0f8dd01 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.013/EX2_13.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.013/Ex2_13.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.013/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f620ab843 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.013/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 2.13 +// Calculation of (a) core radius and (b) maximum value of angle of acceptance of the fiber +// Page no 483 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=1320*10^-9; // Wavelength of fiber +delta=0.077; // Relative refractive index +n1=1.48; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.478; // Refractive index of cladding +v=2.403; // Normalized frequency + +// (a) Core radius +a=v*lambda/(2*%pi*delta); +a=a*10^6; + +//Numerical Aperture +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); + +// (b) Angle of acceptance +theata = asind(NA); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Radius of core (in micrometer) = %0.1f ",a); +printf("\n Numerical aperture = %0.5f ",NA); +printf("\n Angle of acceptance (degrees) = %0.0f ",theata); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.014/EX2_14.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.014/EX2_14.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b45d947c Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.014/EX2_14.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.014/Ex2_14.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.014/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95bd6db03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.014/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.14 +// Calculation of critical wavelength +// Page no 483 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +a=3*10^-6; // Core diameter of fiber +delta=0.15; // Relative refractive index +v=2.405; // Normalized frequency + +// Critical wavelength +lambda=(2*%pi*a*delta)/v; +lambda=lambda*10^9; + +//Displaying The Results in Command Window +printf("\n Critical wavelength (nm)= %0.0f ",lambda); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.02/EX2_2.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.02/EX2_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67b85a2fd Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.02/EX2_2.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.02/Ex2_2.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.02/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce50cdfa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.02/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.2 +// Calculation of numerical aperature +// Page no. 479 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +v=2.111; // Mode parameter +a=4.01*10^-6; // Core radius in m +lambda=1.3*10^-6; // Wavelength of laser light m + +//Numerical aperture computation +NA=(v*lambda)/(2*%pi*a); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n Numerical aperature = %0.2f",NA); + + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.03/EX2_3.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.03/EX2_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faf473ef7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.03/EX2_3.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.03/Ex2_3.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.03/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad76693ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.03/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.3 +// Calculation of potential difference +// page no 480 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +na=10^24; // Accepter impurity level +nd=10^22; // Donor impurity level +ni=2.4*10^19; // Intrinsic electron +T=290; // Room temperature +e=1.602*10^-19; // Electric charge +K=1.38*10^-23; // Boltzmann constant + + +//Potential difference +V=(K*T)/e*(log(na*nd/(ni)^2)); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Potential difference (V) = %0.2f ",V); +// The potential difference varies with the variation of Na, Nd and ni diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.04/EX2_4.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.04/EX2_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae424c95f Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.04/EX2_4.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.04/Ex2_4.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.04/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90691e287 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.04/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.4 +// Calculation of (a) Numerical aperature and (b) critical angle +// Page no 480 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=1.5; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.47; // Refractive index of cladding + +// (a) Numerical aperature +NA= sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); + +// (b) Critical angle +theatha=asind(n2/n1); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Numerical aperature = %0.2f ",NA); +printf("\n Critical angle (degrees)= %0.1f ",theatha); + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.05/EX2_5.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.05/EX2_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39fc92e3d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.05/EX2_5.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.05/Ex2_5.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.05/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..451bc8f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.05/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2.5 +// Computation of (a) normalized frequency and (b) no. of guided modes +// Page no 480 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=0.85*10^-6; // wavelength of fiber +a=40*10^-6; // core diameter of fiber +delta=0.015; // relative refractive index +n1=1.48; // refractive index of core + +// (a) Normalized frequency +v=(2*%pi*a*n1*(2*delta)^(1/2))/lambda; +//(b) Number of guided modes +m=v^2/2; +m=ceil(m); +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Normalized frequency is = %0.1f ",v); +printf("\n Number of guided modes = %0.0f ",m); diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.06/EX2_6.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.06/EX2_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e73043c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.06/EX2_6.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.06/Ex2_6.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.06/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7abb36e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.06/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2.6 +// Computation of normalized frequency and no of guided modes +// Page no 480 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=1.30*10^-6; // Wavelength of fiber +a=25*10^-6; // Core diameter of fiber +delta=0.01; // Relative refractive index +n1=1.50; // Refractive index of core + +// (a) Normalized frequency +v=((2*%pi*a*n1)/(lambda))*((2*delta)^(1/2)); +//(b) Number of guided modes +m=v^2/2; +//m=ceil(m); + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Normalized frequency = %0.2f ",v); +printf("\n Number of guided modes = %0.0f ",m); + +//Answer varies due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.07/EX2_7.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.07/EX2_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdfcdd1a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.07/EX2_7.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_7.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3ac93874 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.7 +// Calculation of normalized frequency and no of guided modes +// Page no 481 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength of fiber +a=30*10^-6; // Core diameter of fiber +delta=0.015; // Relative refractive index +n1=1.48; // Refractive index of core + +// (a) Normalized frequency +v=(2*%pi*a*n1*(2*delta)^(1/2))/lambda; +//(b) Number of guided modes +m=v^2/2; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Normalized frequency = %0.2f ",v); +printf("\n Number of guided modes = %0.0f ",m); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.08/EX2_8.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.08/EX2_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e0938103 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.08/EX2_8.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.08/Ex2_8.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.08/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e1deacf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.08/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.8 +// Calculation of normalized frequency and no of guided modes +// Page no 481 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength of fiber +a=4*10^-6; // Core diameter of fiber +delta=0.01; // Relative refractive index +n1=1.48; // Refractive index of core +// (a) Normalized frequency +v=(2*%pi*a*n1*(2*delta)^(1/2))/lambda; +//(b) Number of guided modes +m=v^2/2; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Normalized frequency = %0.3f ",v); +printf("\n Number of guided modes = %0.0f ",m); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.09/EX2_9.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.09/EX2_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..485b02633 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.09/EX2_9.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_9.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79f0c98f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 2.9 +// Calculation of Core radius +// Page no 481 + +clc; +clear; + +//Given data +lambda=0.85*10^-6; // Wavelength of fiber +delta=0.015; // Relative refractive index +n1=1.48; // Refractive index of core +v=2.403; // Normalized frequency for single mode fiber +// Computation of core radius +a=v*lambda/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*delta)); +a=a*10^6; + +//Displaying result in the command window +printf("\n Radius of core (in micrometer) = %0.1f ",a); + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48c7a4162 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..898f7df1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2.1 +// Calculation of core diameter +// Page no 31 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=1.5; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.48; // Refractive index of cladding +N=1000; // No of modes +lambda=1.3; // Light wavelength +V=sqrt(2*N); // Mode parameter + +//core diameter +d=(lambda*V)/(2*%pi*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); + + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Mode parameter = %0.2f ",V); +printf("\n Core diameter(micrometer)= %0.0f ",d); + +// Answer is wrong in the book. diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be9cd2888 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d8e18c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 2.2 +// Calculation of (a) critical angle (b) acceptance angle and oblique angle (c) numerical aperature +// (d) percentage of light collected by the fiber and (e) diameter of fiber +// Page no 35 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=1.5; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.45; // Refractive index of cladding +V=2.405; // Mode parameter +lambda=1.55 // Wavelength of fiber + +// (a) Critical angle of the +theatha=asind(n2/n1); + +// (b) Oblique angle +oa=90-theatha; + //Acceptance angle +t1=n1*sind(oa); +th1=asind(t1); + +// (c) Numerical aperature +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); + +// (d) Percentage of light collected in fiber +P=(NA)^2*100; + +//(e) Diameter of fiber +d=V*lambda/%pi*(1/sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Critical angle (degrees) = %0.0f ",theatha); +printf("\n Oblique angle (degrees) = %0.0f ",oa); +printf("\n Acceptance angle (degrees) = %0.0f ",th1); +printf("\n Numerical aperature = %0.4f ",NA); +printf("\n Percentage of light collected in fiber = %0.1f ",P); +printf("\n Diameter of fiber (micrometer) = %0.2f ",d); + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..546556940 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab7199895 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2.3 +// Calculation of (a) critical angle (b) numerical aperature and (c) acceptance angle +// Page no 38 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=1.5; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.47; // Refractive index of cladding) + +// (a) Critical angle +theatha=asind(n2/n1); +// (b) Numerical aperature +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); +// (c) Acceptance angle +theatha1=asind(NA); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Critical angle (degrees) = %0.1f ",theatha); +printf("\n Numerical aperature = %0.2f ",NA); +printf("\n Acceptance angle (degrees) = %0.1f ",theatha1); + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..573dd6cd5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..195073848 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2.4 +// Calculation of output power +// Page no 46 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pi=1; // Input power +A=0.5; // Atteuation +L=15; // Fiber link length + +// Output Power +Po=Pi*10^((-A*L)/10); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Output Power (in mW) = %0.3f ",Po); + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0687cc5df Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fd407c35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2.5 +// Calculation of maximum transmission distance +// Page no 47 +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pi=1*10^-3; // Input power +A=0.5; // Atteuation +Po=50*10^-6; // Output Power + +// Maximum transmission distance +L=(10/A)*log10(Pi/Po); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Maximum transmission distance (in km) = %0.0f ",L); + + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d42de764d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5216051e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.6 +// Calculation of output power +// Page no 48 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pin=1*10^-3; // Input power +AL1=10; // Attenuation 1 +AL2=20; // Attenuation 2 +//Output power 1 and 2 +Po1=Pin/10; +Po2=Pin/20; +Po1=Po1*10^3; +Po2=Po2*10^6; +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Output power(in mW) = %0.1f ",Po1); +printf("\n Output power(in microW)= %0.0f",Po2); + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e863983aa Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bc4986f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ + +// Example 2.7 +// Calculation of attenuation and Rayleigh scattering coefficient for fiber +// Page no 50 +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n=1.46; // Refractive index +p=0.286; // Average photoelastic coefficient +B=7.25*10^-11; // Isothermal compressibility +k=1.38*10^-23; // Boltzmann's constant +T=1350; // Fictive temperature +l1=1*10^-6; // Wavelength 1 +l2=1.3*10^-6; // Wavelength 2 +L=10^3; // Length + +// Rayleigh scattering coefficient for length 1 +y1=8*(%pi)^3*(n)^8*(p)^2*B*k*T/(3*(l1)^4); +// Rayleigh scattering coefficient for length 2 +y2=8*(%pi)^3*(n)^8*(p)^2*B*k*T/(3*(l2)^4); +y1=y1; +y2=y2; +//Attenuation 1 +T1=exp(-(y1*L)); +//Attenuation 2 +T2=exp(-(y2*L)); + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n First Rayleigh scattering coefficient = %0.6f m^-1 ",y1); +printf("\n Second Rayleigh scattering coefficient = %0.6f m^-1 ",y2); + +printf("\n Attenuation (@ Length 1) = %0.2f (dB/km) ",T1); +printf("\n Attenuation (@ Length 2) = %0.2f (dB/km) ",T2); + + diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.png b/3543/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb10241a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3543/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d4e3091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 2.8 +// Calculation of threshold power of stimulated Brillouin scattering and Raman Scattering +// Page no 52 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +A=0.5; // Attenuation +d=5; // Core diameter +lambda=1.3; // Operating wavelength +v=0.7; // Bandwith of laser diode + +// Threshold power of stimulated Brillouin scattering +Pb=4.4*10^-3*d^2*lambda^2*A*v; +Pb=Pb*10^3; + +//Threshold power stimulated Raman Scattering +Pr=5.9*10^-2*d^2*lambda*A; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Threshold power of stimulated Brillouin scattering (in mW) = %0.2f ",Pb); +printf("\n Threshold power stimulated Raman Scattering (in W)= %0.2f",Pr); + + diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4409fbc03 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aa813430 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculation of barrier potential +// Example 3.1 +// Page no 80 +clc; +clear all; +close; + + +//Given data +p=5; // Resistivity of p-region +n=2; // Resistivity of n-region +mu=3900; +k=0.026; //Boltzmann constant +ni=2.5*10^13; //Density of the electron hole pair +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron + +//Barrier potential calculation +r0=(1/p); // Reflection at the fiber air interface +r1=(1/n); +m=r1/(mu*e); +p=6.5*10^14; //Density of hole in p -region +Vb=k*log(p*m/ni^2); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n Barrier potential(in V) = %0.3f",Vb); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f5d416d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fe327db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 3.15 +// Calculation of external efficiency +// Page no 484 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +ne1=0.20; //Total efficiency +V=3; // Voltage applied +Eg=1.43; // Bandgap energy + +// External efficiency +ne=(ne1*Eg/V)*100; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n External efficiency of the device (in percentage)= %0.1f ",ne); + diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..265b712dc Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c0ee10eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 3.16 +// Calculation of ratio of threshold current densities +// Page no 484 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +To1=160; // Device temperature +To2=55; // Device temperature +T1=293; +T2=353; +J81=exp(T1/To1); // Threshold current density +J21=exp(T2/To1); +J82=exp(T1/To2);; +J22=exp(T2/To2);; +cd1=J21/J81; // Ratio of threshold current densities +cd2=J22/J82; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Ratio of threshold current densities= %0.2f ",cd1); +printf("\n Ratio of threshold current densities= %0.2f ",cd2); diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c91c9651e Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e3c6aad --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 3.17 +//Computation of conversion efficiency +// Page no 484 + +clc; +clear; + +//Given data +i=10*10^-6; // Device current +p=5; // Electrical power +op=50 *10^-6; // Optical power +ip=5*10*10^-3; // Input power + +//Conversion efficiency +c=op/ip*100; +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Conversion efficiency (in percentage)= %0.1f ",c); + diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc98b82a Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.18/EX3_18.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b684b3d3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 3.18 +// Calculation of total power emitted +// Page no 485 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +r=0.7; // Emissivity +r0=5.67*10^-8; // Stephen's constant +A=10^-4; // Surface area +T=2000; // Temperature + +// Total power emitted +P=r*r0*A*T^4; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Total power emitted (Watts)= %0.1f ",P); + diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8f19fcb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa7403114 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 3.19 +// Computation of total energy +// Page no 485 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +h=6.63*10^-34; // Planck constant +v=5*10^14; // Bandgap frequency of laser +N=10^24; // Population inversion density +V=10^-5; // Volume of laser medium + +// Total energy +E=(1/2)*h*v*(N)*V; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Total energy (J)= %0.1f ",E); + diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.png b/3543/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20c3ad807 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH3/EX3.20/EX3_20.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3543/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..201b2eb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 3.20 +// Computation of pulse power +// Page no 485 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +L=0.1; // Length of laser +R=0.8; // Mirror reflectance of end mirror +E=1.7; // Laser pulse energy +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +t=L/((1-R)*c); // Cavity life time + +// Pulse power +p=E/t; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Pulse power (W)= %0.0f ",p); + diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.21/EX4_21.png b/3543/CH4/EX4.21/EX4_21.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e9543139 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH4/EX4.21/EX4_21.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3543/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfdec8df7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 4.21 +// Calculation of wavelength seperation between longitudinal modes. +// Page no 486 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=0.85; // Wavelength +n1=3.6; // Refractive index of GaAs +L=200*10^-6; // Length of cavity + +// Wavelength seperation between longitudinal modes. +lambda1=((lambda)^2)*(10^-12)/(2*n1*L); +lambda1=lambda1*10^9; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Wavelength seperation (in nm^2) = %0.1f ",lambda1); diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.22/EX4_22.png b/3543/CH4/EX4.22/EX4_22.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80d49620e Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH4/EX4.22/EX4_22.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3543/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c96b69b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 4.22 +// Computation of overall external efficiency +// Page no 486 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +eg=1.43; // Bandgap energy +v=2.5; // Electrical supply Voltage +nd=0.18; // Optical efficiency of laser diode + +// Computation of overall external efficiency +ne=(nd*eg/v)*100; + +//Display result in the command window +printf("\n Overall external efficiency (percentage)= %0.0f .",ne); + diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.23/EX4_23.png b/3543/CH4/EX4.23/EX4_23.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d2dddc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH4/EX4.23/EX4_23.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/3543/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..157821ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 4.23 +// Calculation of overall external efficiency of a Laser diode +// Page no 486 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +eg=1.43; // Bandgap energy +v=2.5; // Voltage applied +nd=0.30; // Optical efficiency of laser diode + +//// Overall external efficiency +ne=(nd*eg/v)*100; + +//Display result in the command window +printf("\n Overall external efficiency (percentage)= %0.0f .",ne); diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.24/EX5_24.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.24/EX5_24.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..615abc1a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.24/EX5_24.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22172a064 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 5.24 +// Calculation of (a) wavelength (b) resposivity and (c) incident power +// Page no 487 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +e=0.7; // Efficiency +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +h=6.62*10^-34 // Planck constant +E=2.2*10^-19; // Energy of photons +e1=1.6*10^-19; // Electron charge +// (a) Wavelength computation +lambda=h*c/E // Wavelength of laser source +f=c/lambda; + +// (b) Responsivity +R=e*(lambda*e1)/(h*c); + +// (c) Incident power +Ip=2*10^-6; // Photocurrent +P=Ip/R; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Wavelength of operation (micrometer)= %0.1f ",lambda*10^6); +printf("\n Responsivity R (A/W) = %0.2f ",R); +printf("\n output power P (microwWatt)= %0.2f ",P*10^6); + diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.25/EX5_25.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.25/EX5_25.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a30d4a6ea Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.25/EX5_25.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..698ab8c7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 5.25 +// Computation of (a) quantum efficiency and (b) resposivity +// page no 487 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +nh=1.5*10^12; // No. of hole pairs generated +np=2.5*10^12; // No. of incident photons +lambda=0.85*10^-6; // Wavelength of laser source +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +h=6.62*10^-34 // Planck constant +e1=1.6*10^-19; // Electronic charge + +// (a) Quantum efficiency +e=nh/np; + +// (b) Responsivity +R=e*(lambda*e1)/(h*c); // + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Quantum efficiency = %0.1f ",e); +printf("\n Responsivity R (A/W) = %0.3f ",R); diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.26/EX5_26.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.26/EX5_26.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..535c1226d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.26/EX5_26.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf5c87c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.26/Ex5_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 5.26 +// Computation of (a) wavelength (b) power and (c) resposivity +// page no 488 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +e=0.7; // Quantum efficiency +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +h=6.62*10^-34 // Planck constant +E=1.5*10^-19; // Energy of photons +e1=1.6*10^-19; // Electronic charge +I=4*10^-6; // Diode photocurrent +// (a) Wavelength of operation +lambda=h*c/E; + +// (b) Responsivity +R=e*(lambda*e1)/(h*c); // + +// (c) Incident optical power +p=I/R; //power + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Wavelength of operation (micrometer)= %0.3f ",lambda*10^6); +printf("\n Responsivity R (A/W) = %0.3f ",R); +printf("\n output power P (microwWatt) = %0.3f ",p*10^6); diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.27/EX5_27.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.27/EX5_27.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b52a94c0f Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.27/EX5_27.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2cc5cef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.27/Ex5_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 5.27 +// Computation of (a)resposivity (b)output current and (c)multiplication factor +// Page no 488 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +e=0.7; // Quantum efficiency +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +h=6.62*10^-34 // Planck constant +E=1.5*10^-19; // Energy of photons +lambda=0.85*10^-6 // Wavelength of laser source +P=0.6*10^-6; // Incident light power +e1=1.6*10^-19; // Electronic charge +I=10*10^-6; // Output current of the device + +// (a) Responsivity +R=e*(lambda*e1)/(h*c); + +// (b) Photocurrent +Ip=R*P; + +// (c) Multiplication factor +M=I/Ip + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Responsivity R (A/W) = %0.3f ",R); +printf("\n Output current Ip (microA) = %0.3f ",Ip*10^6); +printf("\n Multiplication factor M = %0.0f ",M); + +//Calculation mistake in (b)Phtocurrent in the book diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.28/EX5_28.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.28/EX5_28.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84fe6b12a Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.28/EX5_28.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dcc3b590 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 5.28 +// Computation of cut off wavelength +// Page no 488 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant. +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +Eg= 1.43*1.602*10^-19; // Bandgap energy + +// Cut off wavelength +lambda= h*c/Eg; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Cut off wavelength (micrometer) = %0.3f ",lambda*10^6); diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.29/EX5_29.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.29/EX5_29.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..634d5713d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.29/EX5_29.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdc335253 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 5.29 +// Computation of cut off wavelength +// Page no 489 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Speed of light +Eg= 0.7*1.602*10^-19; // Bandgap energy + +// Cut off wavelength +lambda= h*c/Eg; +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Cut off wavelength (micrometer) = %0.2f ",lambda*10^6); + + diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.30/EX5_30.png b/3543/CH5/EX5.30/EX5_30.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b24ca97cf Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH5/EX5.30/EX5_30.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce b/3543/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..022db86ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 5.30 +// Computation of value of reflectance +// Page no 489 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +n1=3.5; // Refractive index of silicon +n2=1; // Refractive index of photodiode + +//Value of reflectance +R=((n1-n2)/(n1+n2))^2; + +//Display result on command window +printf("\n Value of reflectance (R) = %0.2f ",R); diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23397330e Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d18d101a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.31/EX6_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 6.31 +// Calculation of a)peak photocurrent , b)shot noise and c)mean square shot noise current +// Page no 489 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n=0.7; // Efficiency +lambda=0.9*10^-6; // Wavelength +R=5*10^3; // Load resistance +I=2*10^-9; // Dark current +P=300*10^-6; // Incident power +B=15*10^6; // Bandwidth +T=298; // Room temperature +h=6.62*10^-34; +c=3*10^8; +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron +k=1.381*10^-23; // Boltzman constant + +// a)Peak photocurrent +I=(n*P*e*lambda)/(h*c); +I=I*10^6; + +//b) Shot noise and mean square shot noise current +s=2*e*B*(2+I); +s=s*10^11; + +//c) mean square shot noise current +t=(4*k*T*B)/R; +t=t*10^17; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Peak photocurrent (in nA)= %0.3f ",I); +printf("\n Shot noise(in 10^-20 A)0 = %0.1f ",s); +printf("\n Mean square shot noise current(in 10^-17 A) = %0.2f ",t); + + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e1cf2e96 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30f992c5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.32/EX6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.32 +// Calculation of signal to noise ratio +// Page no 495 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +I=152.3*10^-9; // Peak photocurrent +s=74.15*10^-20; // Shot noise +t=4.94*10^-17; // Mean square shot noise current +F=10*log10(3); // Noise figure +B=15*10^6; // Bandwidth +T=298; // Room temperature +k=1.381*10^-23; // Boltzman constant +R=5*10^3; // Load resistance +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron + + +// Signal to noise ratio +S=(I^2)/((2*e*B*(2+I))+(4*k*T*B*F)/R); +S=S*10^3; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Signal to noise ratio = %0.2f ",S); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbec06a62 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e921bbf5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.33/EX6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 6.33 +// Calculation of a)load resistance and b)bandwidth +// Page no 495 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +Cd=5*10^-12 // Capacitance of pin photodiode +B=10*10^6; // Bandwidth +Ca=10*10^-12; // Input capacitance + + +// a)Load resistance +R=1/(2*%pi*B*Cd); +R=R*10^-3; +// b)Bandwidth +Bm=1/(2*%pi*(Cd+Ca)*R); +Bm=Bm*10^-9; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Wavelength of photodiode (in Kilo ohm)= %0.2f ",R); +printf("\n Bandwidth(in MHz) = %0.3f ",Bm); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d08ec5d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c8570561 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.34/EX6_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 8.34 +// Calculation of signal to noise ratio. +// Page no 491 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=5*10^-12; // capacitor +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength +B=50*10^6; // Speed of communication +s=2*10^-9; +I=10^-7; +k=1.381*10^-23; +T=291; +x=0.3; +e=1.602*10^-19; + +// Maximum load resistance is +R=1/(2*%pi*c*B); + +S=I^2/((2*e*B*I)+(4*k*T*B/R)); +M=((4*k*T)/(e*x*R*I))^(0.435); +S1=((((M^2)*(I^2))/(2*e*B*I*M^2.3))+((4*k*T*B)/R)); +S1=10*log10(S1); +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Load resistor(in ohm) = %0.1f ",R); +printf("\n S/N(in dB) = %0.2f ",S); +printf("\n M = %0.2f ",M); +printf("\n S/N(in dB) = %0.2f ",S1); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f898a8e2b Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f3e80d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.35/EX6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 6.35 +// Calculation of a) responsivity b)incident optical power +// Page no 493 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n=0.6; // Quantum efficiency +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of electron +lambda=0.9*10^-6; // Wavelength +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +I=2*10^-6; // Photocurrent + +// a)Responsivity +R= (n*e*lambda)/(h*c); + +// b)Incident power +P=I/R; +P=P*10^6; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Responsivity(in A/W) = %0.3f ",R); +printf("\n Incident power (in microwatt) = %0.3f ",P); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23762cc9d Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e352331e --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.36/EX6_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 6.36 +// Calculation of a) responsivity b)Multiplication factor +// Page no 493 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n=0.8; // Quantum efficiency +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron +lambda=0.9*10^-6; // Wavelength +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +I=15*10^-6; // Photocurrent +P=0.6*10^-6; + +// a)Responsivity +R= (n*e*lambda)/(h*c); +// b)Multiplication factor +Ip=P*R; +M=I/Ip; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Responsivity(in A/W) = %0.3f ",R); +printf("\n Multiplication factor = %0.2f ",M); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.37/EX6_37.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.37/EX6_37.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2bbaf9f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.37/EX6_37.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e21832bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 6.37 +// Calculation of a) quantum efficiency b) responsivity +// Page no 494 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +e5=500; // No of incident photons +e8=800; // No of incident electrons +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron +lambda=1.3*10^-6; // Wavelength +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +I=15*10^-6; // Photocurrent +P=0.6*10^-6; + +// a)Quantum efficiency +n=e5/e8; +// b)Responsivity +R=(n*e*lambda)/(h*c); + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Quantum efficiency (percent) = %0.1f ",n*100); +printf("\n Responsivity(in A/W) = %0.3f ",R); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1c2835e Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7b807297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.38/EX6_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 6.38 +// Calculation of a) quantum efficiency b) responsivity +// Page no 494 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +e5=1.2*10^11; // No of electrons collected +e8=3.6*10^11; // No of incident photon +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron +lambda=0.85*10^-6; // Wavelength +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +I=15*10^-6; // Photocurrent +P=0.6*10^-6; + +// a)Quantum efficiency +n=e5/e8; +// b)Responsivity +R=(n*e*lambda)/(h*c); + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Quantum efficiency = %0.2f ",n); +printf("\n Responsivity(in A/W) = %0.3f ",R); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..447dbf023 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e714118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.39/EX6_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.39 +// Calculation of a) operating wavelength b) incidence optical power +// Page no 495 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n=0.60 // Quantum efficiency +E=1.5*10^-19; // Photons of energy +e=1.602*10^-19; // Charge of an electron +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +I=2*10^-6; // Photocurrent + + +// a)Operating wavelength +lambda=(h*c)/E; +lambda=lambda*10^6; + +// b)Incident optical power +R=(n*e)/E; +P=I/R; +P=P*10^6; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Wavelength of photodiode (in micrometer)= %0.2f ",lambda); +printf("\n Incident optical power(in microWatt) = %0.2f ",P); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.40/EX6_40.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.40/EX6_40.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6587816c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.40/EX6_40.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b0d2003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.40/Ex6_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 6.40 +// Calculation of load resistance and bandwidth +// Page no 495 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +Cd=6*10^-12 // Capacitance of pin photodiode +B=20*10^6; // Bandwidth +Ca=6*10^-12; // Input capacitance + + +// a)Load resistance +R=1/(2*%pi*B*Cd); +R=R*10^-3; +// b)Bandwidth +Bm=1/(2*%pi*(Ca+Ca)*R); +Bm=Bm*10^-9; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Load resistance (in Kilo ohm)= %0.2f ",R); +printf("\n Bandwidth(in MHz) = %0.0f ",Bm); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.png b/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e4786cd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.sce b/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..657b59f00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH6/EX6.41/EX6_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 6.41 +// Calculation of maximum bandwidth +// Page no 496 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +t=5*10^-12 // Electron transit time +G=70; // Gain of the device + + + +// Maximum bandwidth +Bm=1/(2*%pi*t*G); +Bm=Bm*10^-6; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Bandwidth(in MHz) = %0.1f ",Bm); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.png b/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0227d4675 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.sce b/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d071dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH7/EX7.42/EX7_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 7.42 +// Calculation of a)excess loss,b)insertion loss,c)crosstalk and d)split ratio for the device. +// Page no 496 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +P1=60*10^-6; // Power launched in port 1 +P2=0.004*10^-6; // Power launched in port 2 +P3=26*10^-6; // Power launched in port 3 +P4=27.5*10^-6; // Power launched in port 4 + +// a)Excess loss +E=10*log10(P1/(P3+P4)); + +//b)Insertion loss +I1=10*log10(P1/P3); +I2=10*log10(P1/P4); + +//c)Crosstalk +C=10*log10(P2/P1); + +//d)Split ratio +S=(P3/(P3+P4))*100; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Excess loss(in dB) = %0.1f ",E); +printf("\n Insertion loss(in dB) = %0.2f ",I1); +printf("\n Insertion loss (in dB)= %0.2f ",I2); +printf("\n Crosstalk (in dB)= %0.1f ",C); +printf("\n Split ratio(in percentage) = %0.1f ",S); + diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.png b/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b84865d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.sce b/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef2770a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH7/EX7.43/EX7_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 7.42 +// Calculation of a)excess loss,b)insertion loss,c)crosstalk and d)split ratio for the device. +// Page no 497 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +P1=100*10^-6; // Power launched in port 1 +P2=0.005*10^-6; // Power launched in port 2 +P3=30*10^-6; // Power launched in port 3 +P4=35*10^-6; // Power launched in port 4 + +// a)Excess loss +E=10*log10(P1/(P3+P4)); +// b)Insertion loss +I1=10*log10(P1/P3); +I2=10*log10(P1/P4); + +//c)Crosstalk +C=10*log10(P2/P1); + +//d)Split ratio +S=(P3/(P3+P4))*100; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Excess loss(in dB) = %0.2f ",E); +printf("\n Insertion loss(in dB) = %0.3f ",I1); +printf("\n Insertion loss (in dB)= %0.2f ",I2); +printf("\n Crosstalk (in dB)= %0.1f ",C); +printf("\n Split ratio(in percentage) = %0.2f ",S); +// The cross talk answer computation is wrong in the book diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.png b/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96356b46f Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.sce b/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99f0108c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH7/EX7.44/EX7_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 7.42 +// Calculation of a)excess loss,b)insertion loss,c)crosstalk and d)split ratio for the device. +// Page no 498 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +P1=116.3*10^-6; // Power launched in port 1 +P2=0.082*10^-6; // Power launched in port 2 +P3=47*10^-6; // Power launched in port 3 +P4=52*10^-6; // Power launched in port 4 + +// a)Excess loss +E=10*log10(P1/(P3+P4)); +//b)Insertion loss +I1=10*log10(P1/P3); +I2=10*log10(P1/P4); + +//c)Crosstalk +C=10*log10(P2/P1); + +//d)Split ratio +S=(P3/(P3+P4))*100; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Excess loss(in dB) = %0.1f ",E); +printf("\n Insertion loss(in dB) = %0.3f ",I1); +printf("\n Insertion loss (in dB)= %0.2f ",I2); +printf("\n Crosstalk (in dB)= %0.2f ",C); +printf("\n Split ratio(in percentage) = %0.2f ",S); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c7ba388f Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9933c707b --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.45/EX8_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 8.45 +// Calculation of incident optical power. +// Page no 499 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +lambda=1.3*10^-6; // Wavelength +B=6*10^6; // Bandwidth +S=10^5; // Total system margin +n=1; // Efficiency +v=3*10^14; +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant + + + +// Incident optical power +P=(2*S*v*h*B)/n; + +P1=10*log10(P/10^-3); + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Incident optical power(in nW) = %0.1f ",P1); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..361fd64db Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdfb757e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.46/EX8_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Example 8.46 +// Calculation of maximum repeater spacing of a)ASK hetrodyne b)PSK homodyne +// Page no 500 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +S=0.2; // Split loss +c=3*10^8; // velocity of light +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength +B1=50*10^6; // Speed of communication +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant +B2=1*10^9; // Speed of communication + + +// a)Maximum repeater spacing for ASK hetrodyne +P1=(36*h*c*B1)/lambda; +P1=10*log10(P1/10^-3); +s1=4-P1; +R1=s1/S; +P2= (36*h*c*B2)/lambda; +P2=10*log10(P2/10^-3); +s2=4-P2; +R2=s2/S; +//b)Maximum repeater spacing for PSK homodyne +K1= (9*h*c*B1)/lambda; +K1=10*log10(K1/10^-3); +K1=4-K1; +R3=K1/S; +K2= (9*h*c*B2)/lambda; +K2=10*log10(K2/10^-3); +K2=4-K2; +R4=K2/S; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Maximum repeater spacing(in Km) = %0.3f ",R1); +printf("\n Maximum repeater spacing(in Km) = %0.3f ",R2); +printf("\n Maximum repeater spacing(in Km) = %0.3f ",R3); +printf("\n Maximum repeater spacing(in Km) = %0.3f ",R4); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a2a836b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8956f3596 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.47/EX8_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 8.47 +// Calculation of incident optical power. +// Page no 499 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // velocity of light +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength +B=400*10^6; // Speed of communication + +// Maximum repeater spacing +P=(36*h*c*B)/lambda; +P=10*log10(P/10^-3); + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Incident optical power(in nW) = %0.3f ",P); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef643f433 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..100d5efb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.48/EX8_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 8.48 +// Calculation of optical power budget. +// Page no 502 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +M=-10; // Mean optical power +S=-25; // Split loss +TS=7; // Total system margin +SP=1.4; // Split loss +C=1.6; // Connector loss +SM=4; // Safety margin + + +// Net margin between LED and receiver +N=M-S; + +// Total system loss +T=TS+SP+C+SM; +// Excess power margin +E=N-T; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Excess power margin(in dB) = %0.0f ",E); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc910950a Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ca8c9fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.49/EX8_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 8.49 +// Calculation of viability of digital link. +// Page no 503 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +M=-10; // Mean optical power +S=-41; // Receiver sensitivity +TS=18.2; // Total system margin +SP=3; // Split loss +C=1.5; // Connector loss +SM=6; // Safety margin + + +// Net margin between LED and receiver +N=M-S; + +// Total system loss +T=TS+SP+C+SM; +// Excess power margin +E=N-T; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Excess power margin(in dB) = %0.1f ",E); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54f580cd0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35a110c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.50/EX8_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 8.50 +// Calculation of signal to noise ratio. +// Page no 499 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // velocity of light +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Wavelength +B=400*10^6; // Speed of communication +s=2; +// S/N ratio + +sn=(s*4.24)/(2^(1/2)); +i=(sn)^2; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Incident optical power(in nW) = %0.20f ",i); + + +// The answer is wrong in the book + diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.png b/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d87810b2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.png differ diff --git a/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.sce b/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..666ef6886 --- /dev/null +++ b/3543/CH8/EX8.51/EX8_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 7.42 +// Calculation of a)Bit rate of communication system b)Bit duration c)Time period +// Page no 504 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +f=8*10^3; // Power launched in port 1 +P2=0.082*10^-6; // Power launched in port 2 +P3=47*10^-6; // Power launched in port 3 +P4=52*10^-6; // Power launched in port 4 + +// a)Bit rate of communication system +c=32*8; +B=f*c; +B=B*10^-6; +// b)Bit duration +D=1/B; +D=D*10*10^2; +P=8*D; + + +// c)Time period +T=32*P; +T=T*10^-3; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Bit rate of communication system(in Mb/s) = %0.3f ",B); +printf("\n Bit duration(in ns) = %0.0f ",D); +printf("\n Time period(in micro sec)= %0.0f ",T); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d3f8135 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example of breaking Caesar cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +key = 3 +a = ascii('A') +ct = "L ORYH BRX" +printf("Encrypted text:\n\t%s\n",ct) + +//Decryption using function from dependency file +printf("Plaintext:\n\t%s",decrypt_caesar(ct)) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db94dcdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Attempts to break moidified Caesar cipher text using multiple possiblities + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +a = ascii('A') +ct = "KWUM PMZM" +printf("Encrypted text:\n\t%s\n",ct) +printf("Possible Plaintext:\n\t\n") + + +//Decryption using library function +printf("Attempt Number\n(Value of k)\n"); +for key = 1:25 + printf("\t%d. \t",key) + printf("%s\n",decrypt_caesar_general(ct,26-key)); +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b50e3695a --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Polygram substitution + +pt = ["HELLO" "HELL"] +ct = ["YUQQW" "TEUI"] + +for i=1:length(length(pt)) + printf("Plaintext: %s\n",pt(1,i)) + printf("Ciphertext: %s\n\n",ct(1,i)) +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2573ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Vignere tableau + +a = ascii('A') + +// Print header +printf(" \t") +for i=1:26 + printf("%c ",ascii(a+i-1)) +end +printf("\n\n") +//end of header + +for i=1:26 + printf("%c\t",ascii(a+i-1)) + for j=0:25 + printf("%c ",ascii( a + modulo( i+j+key, 26 ) ) ) + end + printf("\n") +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39779419b --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Keyword matrix for the example Fig 2.18 + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +key = "PLAYFAIREXAMPLE" + +mat = playfair_matrix(key) //calling matrix population function from the dependency file +[row,col] = size(mat) +for m=1:row + for n=1:col + printf("%c ",ascii(mat(m,n))) + end + printf("\n") +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..676729f59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Encryption process in Playfair cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +//Playfair cipher key +key = "PLAYFAIR EXAMPLE" +disp("Original plaintext:") +pt = "MY NAME IS ATUL." +disp(pt) + +//Using functions from dependency file to reformat the input + +pt = playfair_pt(pt) // substituting J to I and handling duplicates +pt_digram = digram_array(pt) // converting to digrams + +disp("Plaintext message broken down into pair of elements:") +print_matrix(pt_digram,0) +disp("") +a = ascii('A') + +key_matrix = playfair_matrix(key); +// mat contains ascii values of characters of playfair matrix +//Use "disp(mat)" to verify this +disp("Playfair Cipher Key matrix: ") + +print_matrix(key_matrix,1) + +//disp(pt_matrix) +ct_mat = encrypt_playfair(pt_digram,key_matrix) + +disp("Playfair ciphertext:") +print_matrix(ct_mat,0) + + diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6800444ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Keyword matrix for the example Fig 2.18 + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +key = "PLAYFAIR EXAMPLE" +printf("Keyword:\n%s\n\n",key) +printf("Matrix:\n") + +//calling matrix population function from dependency file +mat = playfair_matrix(key) + + +[row,col] = size(mat) +for m=1:row + for n=1:col + printf("%c ",ascii(mat(m,n))) + end + printf("\n") +end + +disp("") diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da51d3f73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Practice example for playfair cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +//Playfair cipher key +key = "HARSH" +disp("Original plaintext:") +pt = "MY NAME IS JUI KAHATE. I AM HARSHU''S SISTER." +disp(pt) + +//using functions from dependency file to reformat the input + +pt = playfair_pt(pt) // substituting J to I and handling duplicates +pt_digram = digram_array(pt) // converting to digrams + +disp("Plaintext message broken down into pair of elements:") +print_matrix(pt_digram,0) +disp("") +a = ascii('A') + + +//Calling function to calculate the playfair matrix from the dependency file +key_matrix = playfair_matrix(key); + +// mat contains ascii values of characters of playfair matrix +//Use "disp(mat)" to verify this +disp("Playfair Cipher Key matrix: ") + +print_matrix(key_matrix,1) + +//disp(pt_matrix) +ct_mat = encrypt_playfair(pt_digram,key_matrix) + +disp("Playfair ciphertext:") +print_matrix(ct_mat,0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..877595ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +////////////////////////////////////////// +// // +//(a) Encrytion scheme of hill cipher // +// // +////////////////////////////////////////// + + +//PLaintext +pt = "CAT" + +disp("Plaintext: ") +disp(pt) + +l = length(pt) +pt = strsplit(pt) + +a = ascii("A") +pt_mat = [] + +//Taking A=0,B=1,C=2,etc. +for i=1:l + pt_mat(i,1)=ascii(pt(i,1))-a +end + +disp("Plaintext matrix:") +disp(pt_mat) + +//Key matrix +key_mat = [6 24 1; 13 16 10;20 17 15] +disp("Encryption Key matrix:") +disp(key_mat) + +//ciphertext matrix +ct_mat = key_mat * pt_mat + +disp("Product: ") +disp(ct_mat) +[r,c]=size(ct_mat) + +//Taking mod for correct conversion +for i=1:r + ct_mat(i,1) = modulo(ct_mat(i,1),26) +end + +disp("Ciphertext matrix: ") +disp(ct_mat) + +disp("Ciphertext: ") + +//Conversion of code to letters +ct=[] +for i=1:r + ct(i,1) = ascii(ct_mat(i,1)+a) +end +ct = strcat(ct) +disp(ct) + + + +////////////////////////////////////////// +// // +//(b) Decrytion scheme of hill cipher // +// // +////////////////////////////////////////// + +//Ciphertext +disp("Ciphertext: ") +disp(ct) + +l = length(ct) +ct = strsplit(ct) + +a = ascii("A") +ct_mat = [] + +//Taking A=0,B=1,C=2,etc. +for i=1:l + ct_mat(i,1)=ascii(ct(i,1))-a +end + +disp("Ciphertext matrix:") +disp(ct_mat) + +//Key matrix for decryption (inverse of encryption key matrix) +key_mat = [8 5 10; 21 8 21;21 12 8] +disp("Decryption Key matrix:") +disp(key_mat) + +//ciphertext matrix +pt_mat = key_mat * ct_mat + +disp("Product: ") +disp(pt_mat) +[r,c]=size(pt_mat) + +//Taking mod for correct conversion +for i=1:r + pt_mat(i,1) = modulo(pt_mat(i,1),26) +end + +disp("Plaintext matrix: ") +disp(pt_mat) + +disp("Plaintext: ") + +//Conversion of code to letters +pt=[] +for i=1:r + pt(i,1) = ascii(pt_mat(i,1)+a) +end +pt = strcat(pt) +disp(pt) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc6ae13ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.36/Ex2_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Rail fence technique + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +disp("Original plaintext message:") +pt = "Come home tomorrow" +disp(pt) + +//function from dependency file +pt = remove_spaces(pt) + +ct = [] +k=1 + +//Writing diagonally +for i=1:length(pt) + if modulo(i,2)==0 then + continue + end + ct(k,1) = part(pt,i:i) + ct(k,2) = part(pt,i+1:i+1) + k = k+1 +end + +ct = strcat(ct) +disp("") +disp("Ciphertext:") +disp(ct) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2398a0efb --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.38/Ex2_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +//Example of simple columnar ransposition technique + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +disp("Original plaintext message:") +pt = "Come home tomorrow" +disp(pt) +disp("") + +//function from dependency file +pt = remove_spaces(pt) + +l = length(pt) + +col = 6 + +row = l/6 + if modulo(l,6)>0 then + row=row+1 + end + +//Conversion of plaintext into a message table +//function from dependency file +pt_mat = message_rectangle(pt,col) + +disp("Plaintext message rectangle:") +printf("\n") +for i=1:col + printf(" %d ",i) +end +disp(pt_mat) +disp("") + +//Column read order +col_order = [4 6 1 2 5 3] +disp("Column order: ") +disp(col_order) +disp("") +k=1 + +ct=[] +//Convert to ciphertext +for n = 1:length(col_order) + j = col_order(n) + for i=1:row + pos = (i-1)*col + j + if pos>l then + continue + end + ct(k)=pt_mat(i,j) + k=k+1 + end +end +disp("Ciphertext:") +ct = strcat(ct) +disp(ct) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..224dbbab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +//Example of simple columnar ransposition technique with multiple rounds + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci") + +pt = "Come home tomorrow" +disp("Original plaintext message:") +disp(pt) + +//function from dependency file +l = length(remove_spaces(pt)) +//disp(l) + +rounds = 2 +col_order = [4 6 1 2 5 3] +col = 6 +row = l/6 + if modulo(l,6)>0 then + row=row+1 + end + +for r=1:rounds + printf("\nRound %d:",r) + + //function from dependency file + pt_mat = message_rectangle(pt) + + disp("") + disp("Plaintext:") + disp(pt) + disp("Plaintext message rectangle:") + printf("\n") + for i=1:col + printf(" %d ",i) + end + disp(pt_mat) + + k=1 + + ct=[] + //Convert to ciphertext + for n = 1:length(col_order) + j = col_order(n) + for i=1:row + pos = (i-1)*col + j + if pos>l then + continue + end + ct(k)=pt_mat(i,j) + k=k+1 + end + end + disp("Ciphertext:") + ct = strcat(ct) + disp(ct) + pt = ct + disp("") +end + +disp("Final ciphertext:") +disp(ct) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.42/Ex2_42.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.42/Ex2_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8281e7a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.42/Ex2_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Vernam cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +a= ascii('A') + +pt = "HOW ARE YOU?" //Plaintext +disp("") +disp("Original plaintext:") +disp(pt) + +//function from dependency file +pt = remove_spaces(pt) //Processed plaintext for encryption + +disp("") +disp("Plaintext:") +disp(pt) +disp(ascii(pt)-a) + +disp("") +disp("One-time pad:") +otp = "NCBTZQARX" //OTP +disp(otp) +disp(ascii(otp)-a) + +ct = [] + +for i=1:length(pt) //Encryption stage + ct(i) = ascii(part(pt,i:i)) + ascii(part(otp,i:i)) -2*a +end + +disp("") +disp("Initial total:") +disp(ct') + + +disp("") +disp("Subtracting 26 if >25") +ct = modulo(ct,26) //Taking modulo 26 to make range b/w 0-25 +disp(ct') +ct = char(ct+a)' //Ciphertext + +disp("") +disp("Ciphertext: ") +disp(strcat(ct)) + diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.43/Ex2_43.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.43/Ex2_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40dc463c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.43/Ex2_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + +//Encryption + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +pt = "Hello John" + +disp("Plain-text message:") +disp(pt) + +a = ascii('a') +z = ascii('z') +A = ascii('A') +Z = ascii('Z') + + +ct = [] +for i=1:length(pt(k)) + x = ascii(part(pt(k,1),i:i)) + if x>=A & x<=Z then + //function from dependency file + ct(k,i) = encrypt_caesar_general(part(pt(k),i:i),1) + elseif x>=a & x<=z then + c = convstr(part(pt(k),i:i),'u') + c = encrypt_caesar_general(c,1) + c = convstr(c,'l') + ct(k,i) = c + else + ct(k,i) = part(pt(k),i:i) + end +end + +ct = strcat(ct) +disp("") +disp("Cipher text") +disp(ct) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.44/Ex2_44.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.44/Ex2_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c27d0ae1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.44/Ex2_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + +//Decryption + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +pt = "Ifmmp Kpio" + +disp("Plain-text message:") +disp(pt) + +a = ascii('a') +z = ascii('z') +A = ascii('A') +Z = ascii('Z') + + +ct = [] +for i=1:length(pt) + x = ascii(part(pt(1,1),i:i)) + if x>=A & x<=Z then + //function from dependency file + ct(1,i) = decrypt_caesar_general(part(pt,i:i),1) + elseif x>=a & x<=z then + c = convstr(part(pt,i:i),'u') + c = decrypt_caesar_general(c,1) + c = convstr(c,'l') + ct(1,i) = c + else + ct(1,i) = part(pt,i:i) + end +end + +ct = strcat(ct) +disp("") +disp("Cipher text") +disp(ct) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995225338 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Substitutition scheme of Caesar cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +a = ascii('A') +for i =0:25 + printf("%c : %c\n",ascii(a+i),encrypt_caesar(ascii(a+i))) +end +// A scheme for codifying messages +//(replacing each alphabet with an alphabet three places down the line) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.51/Ex2_51.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.51/Ex2_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4229ffd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.51/Ex2_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +// Number of parties and the corresponding number of lock-and-key pairs + +printf("Parties involved\tNumber of lock-and-key pairs required") + +n = (2:5) + +//disp(n) +num = factorial(n) +//disp(num) +den = factorial(2)*factorial(n-2) +//disp(den) + +for i=1:length(num) + printf("\n\t%d\t\t\t\t%d\n",n(i),num(i)/den(i)) +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.54/Ex2_54.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.54/Ex2_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc7803371 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.54/Ex2_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Diffie-Hellman key exchange + +n = 11 // Two prime numbers +g = 7 //need not be kept secret +printf("n: %d\ng: %d\n",n,g) + +x = 3 // Alice's secret random number +A = modulo((g^x),n) // Alice's message to Bob + //A = 2 + +y = 6 // Bob's secret random number +B = modulo((g^y),n) // Bob's message to Alice + //B = 4 + +printf("x: %d\ny: %d\nA: %d\nB: %d\n",x,y,A,B) + +K1 = modulo((B^x),n) // Alice's key + //K1 = 9 + +K2 = modulo((A^y),n) // Bob's key + //K2 = 9 +printf('Alice''s Key %d\n',K1) +printf('Bob''s Key %d',K2) + // K1 = K2, thus both Alice and Bob have the same key diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.56/Ex2_56.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.56/Ex2_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..760ca8222 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.56/Ex2_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ + +//Man-in-the-middle attack in Diffie-Hellman key exchange + +n = 11 //Large prime numbers +g = 7 //which are public + +printf("n: %d\ng: %d\n",n,g) + +x_a = 3 //Alice's x +x_t = 8 //Tom's x +y_t = 6 //Tom's y +y_b = 9 //Bob's y + +A_a = modulo(g^x_a,n) //Alice's A +A_t = modulo(g^x_t,n) //Tom's A +B_t = modulo(g^y_t,n) //Tom's B +B_b = modulo(g^y_b,n) //Bob's B + +disp("Before intrusion by Tom: ") +disp("For Alice:") +printf("x: %d\nA: %d\n",x_a,A_a) +disp("For Tom:") +printf("x: %d\ty: %d\nA: %d\tB: %d\n",x_t,y_t,A_t,B_t) +disp("For Bob:") +printf("y: %d\nB: %d\n",y_b,B_b) + +A_b = A_t //Substituting Tom's A as A for Bob +B_a = B_t //Substituting Tom's B as B for Alice +A_t = A_a //Changing Tom's A to Alice's A +B_t = B_b //Changing Tom's B to Bob's B + +disp("After intrusion by Tom during exhange of keys: ") +disp("For Alice:") +printf("x: %d\nA: %d\tB: %d\n",x_a,A_a,B_a) +disp("For Tom:") +printf("x: %d\ty: %d\nA: %d\tB: %d\n",x_t,y_t,A_t,B_t) +disp("For Bob:") +printf("y: %d\nA: %d\tB: %d\n",y_b,A_b,B_b) + + + +//Now, Tom can calculate separate keys for Alice and Bob + +K1_a = modulo(B_a^x_a,n) //Alice's key +K1_t = modulo(B_t^x_t,n) //Tom's key for Bob +K2_t = modulo(A_t^y_t,n) //Tom's key for Alice +K2_b = modulo(A_b^y_b,n) //Bob's key + +printf("\n\nKeys:\n") + +disp("Alice''s key:") +printf("\tK1: %d\n\n",K1_a) +disp("Tom''s keys:") +printf("\nTo communicate with Alice\n\tK2: %d",K2_t) +printf("\nTo communicate with Bob\n\tK1: %d\n\n",K1_t) +disp("Bob''s key:") +printf("\tK2: %d",K2_b) + +//We can see that K1_a == K2+t and K1_t == K2_b +//Thus, Tom can communicate with Alice using K2_t and with Bob using K1_t +//and easily carry out + diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69b194f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Substitutition scheme of Caesar cipher + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +a = ascii('A') +pt = "I LOVE YOU" +printf("Plaintext:\n\t%s\n",pt) + +//Encryption using encrypt_caesar function from dependency file +printf("Encrypted text:\n\t%s",encrypt_caesar(pt)) + +// A scheme for codifying messages +//(replacing each alphabet with an alphabet three places down the line) diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.65/Ex2_65.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.65/Ex2_65.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d43b2537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.65/Ex2_65.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//Understanding key range + +n = [2; 3] +states = [] +for i=1:length(n) + printf("Bits: %d\n",n(i,1)) + printf("No of states: %d",2^n(i,1)); + disp("The states are:") + for j=0:2^n(i,1)-1 + disp(dec2bin(j)) + end + disp("") +end diff --git a/3544/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3544/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1436b70ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + +// Move scilab to current file directory +[u,t,n] = file() +n = strcat(n) +file_name = basename(n)+fileext(n) +file_name = strcat(file_name) +ind=strindex(n,file_name) +path = part(n,1:ind-1) +chdir(path) + +exec("Chapter_2.sci",-1) + +pt = ["Hi Amit,", + +"Hope you are doing fine. How about meeting at the train station this friday at 5 p.m. ? Please let me know if it is OK with you.", + +"Regards.", + +"Atul"] + +disp("Plain-text message:") +disp("") +for i=1:length(length(pt)) + printf("%s\n",strcat(pt(i))) +end + +ct_full = list() +a = ascii('a') +z = ascii('z') +A = ascii('A') +Z = ascii('Z') + + +//Encryption using encrypt_caesar funtion from depenency file +for k = 1:length(length(pt)) + ct = [] + for i=1:length(pt(k)) + x = ascii(part(pt(k,1),i:i)) + if x>=A & x<=Z then + ct(k,i) = encrypt_caesar(part(pt(k),i:i)) + elseif x>=a & x<=z then + c = convstr(part(pt(k),i:i),'u') + c = encrypt_caesar(c) + c = convstr(c,'l') + ct(k,i) = c + else + ct(k,i) = part(pt(k),i:i) + end + end + ct_full(k) = ct +end + +disp("") +disp("Corresponding cipher-text message:") +disp("") +for i=1:length(ct_full) + printf("%s\n",strcat(ct_full(i))) +end diff --git a/3544/CH3/EX3.2.1.1/Ex3_2_1_1.sce b/3544/CH3/EX3.2.1.1/Ex3_2_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f58d7a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH3/EX3.2.1.1/Ex3_2_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//Example XOR operations + +A = bin2dec("101") +printf("A: %s\n\n",dec2bin(A)) +B = bin2dec("110") +printf("B: %s\n\n",dec2bin(B)) + +C = bitxor(A,B) +printf("C: %3s\n\n",dec2bin(C)) + +disp("C XOR A") +disp(dec2bin(bitxor(C,A))) + +disp("C XOR B") +disp(dec2bin(bitxor(C,B))) diff --git a/3544/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3544/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e7411c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Functioning of XOR logic + +printf("\tInput 1\tInput 2\tOutput\n\n") + +for i=0:1 + for j=0:1 + printf("\t %d\t %d\t %d\n",i,j,bitxor(i,j)) + end +end diff --git a/3544/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3544/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b80dd8d52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ + +//Stream cipher + +disp("In text format:") +disp("Plain text") +disp("Pay 100") +disp("") + +disp("Cipher text") +disp("ZTU91 ^%D") +disp("") + +disp("") + +disp("In binary format:") + +disp("Plain text") + +pt = "010111001" + +disp(pt) +disp("") + +//convert to decimal +pt = bin2dec("010111001") + +disp("XOR operation with the key") +key="100101011" +disp(key) + +//convert key to decimal +key=bin2dec(key) +disp("") + +//calculate cipher text +ct = bitxor(pt,key) +ct = dec2bin(ct) + +disp("Cipher text") +disp(ct) +disp("") diff --git a/3544/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce b/3544/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d062f4353 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +x = [1 0 1 1 0 1] + +disp("Row: ") +row = [x(1),x(6)] +printf("in binary - %d%d",row) + +//Convert to decimal +printf("\nin decimal - %d",bin2dec(strcat([string(row)]))) + +disp("") + +disp("Column: ") +col = x(2:5) +printf("in binary - %d%d%d%d",col) + +//Convert to decimal +printf("\nin decimal - %d",bin2dec(strcat([string(col)]))) + diff --git a/3544/CH3/EX3.81/Ex3_81.sce b/3544/CH3/EX3.81/Ex3_81.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562b0e531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH3/EX3.81/Ex3_81.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +//Key expansion example + +n = 0:15 +n = int8(n) +disp("Byte position(decimal)") +for i=1:length(n) + printf("%4d",n(i)) +end + +disp("") + +disp("Value(hex)") + +for i=1:length(n) + printf(" %s","0"+string(dec2hex(n(i)))) +end + +disp("") + +for i=0:3 + printf("\n\tW[%d]\t\t\t",i) + for j=1:4 + printf("0%s\t",string(dec2hex(n(i*4+j)))) + end + +end diff --git a/3544/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3544/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11259888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +//Longitudinal redundancy check + +data = [ "11100100","11011101","00111001","00101001" ] +disp("Original data") +disp(data) +data = bin2dec(data) + +lrc = 0. + +for i=1:length(data) + lrc = bitxor(lrc,data(i)) +end + +disp("LRC: ") + +for i=1:7 + if lrc<(2^(8-i)) then + printf("0") + else + printf("%s",dec2bin(lrc)) + break + end +end + diff --git a/3544/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3544/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..378f06094 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Simple message digest + +n = 7391743 //Message +printf("Original number is %d\n",n) + +n_str = string(n) //Conversion of integer to string for easy access +l = length(n_str) +n_v = strsplit(n_str,1:l-1) //String to vector of characters + +d = 1 +for i=1:l + d = d * ( ascii(n_v(i:i)) - ascii('0')) // + d = modulo(d,10) + i = i+1 +end + +printf("Message digest is %d\n",d) diff --git a/3544/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3544/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d03258c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//RSA algorithm example + +p = 47 +q = 71 + +n = p*q +z = (p-1)*(q-1) + +e = 79 // E1 & part(str,i:i)==part(str,i-1:i-1) then + mat(k,1)='X' + k=k+1 + end + mat(k,1) = part(str,i:i) + k = k+1 + end + mat = strcat(mat) +endfunction + +//Matrix creation and population for Playfair cipher +//func to populate playfair matrix +function [mat]=playfair_matrix(key) + + key = i_to_j(key) + a = ascii('A') + i = ascii('I') + j = ascii('J') + row = 5 + col = 5 + visited = zeros(26,1); + mat = ones(row,col); + + len = length(key) + + li=1 + k=1 + + for m=1:row + for n=1:col + while li<=len & visited(ascii(part(key,li:li)) - ascii('A')+1,1)~=0, + li=li+1 + if part(key,li:li)=='I' & visited(j-a+1)==1 | part(key,li:li)=='J' & visited(i-a+1)==1 then + li = li+1 + end + end + while k<=26 & visited(k,1)~=0 + k=k+1 + if k==i-a+1 & visited(j-a+1)==1 | k==j-a+1 & visited(i-a+1)==1 then + k = k+1 + end + end + if li<=len then + mat(m,n) = ascii(part(key,li:li)) + visited(ascii(part(key,li:li))-a+1,1) = 1 + else + mat(m,n) = k+ascii('A')-1 + visited(k,1) = 1 + end + + end + end + +endfunction + +//func to check and convert plaintext to suitable format for encipherment using playfair cipher +function [mat]=playfair_pt(pt) + mat = i_to_j(pt) + mat = handle_duplicates(mat) +endfunction + +function [mat]=digram_array(pt) + k = 1 + l = length(pt) + for i=1:l + if modulo(i,2)==0 then + continue + end + mat(k,1) = part(pt,i:i) + i=i+1 + if i>l then + mat(k,2) = 'X' + else + mat(k,2) = part(pt,i:i) + end + k=k+1 + end +endfunction + +function []=print_matrix(mat,new_line) + [r,c] = size(mat) + t = type(mat) + + for i=1:r + for j=1:c + if t==[1] then // real numbers return 1, characters return 10 + printf("%c ",ascii(mat(i,j))) + else + printf("%c ",mat(i,j)) + end + end + printf(" ") + if new_line~=0 then + printf("\n") + end + end +endfunction + +function [r,c]=find_letter(key_mat,a) + [row,col] = size(key_mat) + r = 0 + c = 0 + for i=1:row + for j=1:col + if ascii(key_mat(i,j))==a then + r=i + c=j + break + end + end + end +endfunction + + +function [mat]=encrypt_playfair(pt_mat,key_mat) + + [row,col] = size(pt_mat) + mat = [] + + for i=1:row + a = pt_mat(i,1) + b = pt_mat(i,2) + [r_a,c_a] = find_letter(key_mat,a) + [r_b,c_b] = find_letter(key_mat,b) + + if r_a==r_b then + c_a = modulo(c_a,5)+1 + c_b = modulo(c_b,5)+1 + elseif c_a==c_b then + r_a = modulo(r_a,5)+1 + r_b = modulo(r_b,5)+1 + else + temp = c_a + c_a = c_b + c_b = temp + end + mat(i,1) = ascii(key_mat(r_a,c_a)) + mat(i,2) = ascii(key_mat(r_b,c_b)) + + end +endfunction + + +////////////////////////////////////// +// Transposition cipher // +////////////////////////////////////// + +function [mat]=message_rectangle(str,col) + l = length(str) + row = l/6 + if modulo(l,6)>0 then + row=row+1 + end + //remove whitespace and non-alphabets from string + str = remove_spaces(str) + //Conversion of plaintext into a message table + mat = [] + k=1 + for i=1:row + for j=1:col + if k>l then + break + end + mat(i,j) = part(str,k:k) + k=k+1 + end + end +endfunction + +////////////////////////////////////// +// Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange // +////////////////////////////////////// + +function [key]=diffie_key(g,p,n) + key = modulo(g^p,n) +endfunction diff --git a/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_4.sci b/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9daaaac47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +//Euclid's extended algorithm to calculate inverse of n modulo p + +function [ans]=mod_inv(n,p) + p_ = p + q = [] + m = [] + i=1 + r = 1 + while r>=0 + if i<3 + m(i,1) = i-1 + else + m(i,1) = m(i-2,1) - m(i-1,1)*q(i-2,1) + if m(i,1)<0 + m(i,1) = m(i,1)+p_ + end + m(i,1) = modulo(m(i,1),p_) + end + if r==0 + break + end + q(i,1) = int(p/n) + r = modulo(p,n) + p = n + n = r + i = i+1 + end + ans = m(i,1) +endfunction diff --git a/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_6.sci b/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..573cf4433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3544/DEPENDENCIES/Chapter_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +/////////////////////////////// +// base-64 encoding // +/////////////////////////////// + +function [enc]=encoding_table() + a = ascii('A') + enc = [] + + + for i=0:25 + enc(i+1) = i+a + end + + + for i=26:51 + enc(i+1) = i+a+6 + end + + for i=52:61 + enc(i+1) = i-52+ascii('0') + end + + enc(63) = ascii('+') + enc(64) = ascii('/') + +endfunction diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.jpg b/3547/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b353c79d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3547/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e47d23cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 1.6 +// To find refractive index of of the glass +// Page no.25 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +phi=0.7297; // Critical angle for glass-air interface +n2=1; // Refractive index of air +n1=n2/sin(phi); // Refractive index of glass + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Refractive index of the glass = %0.1f',n1); diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.jpg b/3547/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..860418859 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3547/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a8fb091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example no 1.7 +//To calculate a)the speed of light b) The wavelenght in medium c) The wavenumber in medium +//Page no. 25 + +clc; +clear all; + +//a)The speed of light +c=3*10^8; //Speed of light in free space (m/s) +n=1.45; //Given refractive index of dielectric medium +v=(c/n); //Speed of light in medium (in m/s) + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Speed of light in medium = %0.3f X 10^8 m/s',v*10^-8); + +//b) The wavelenght in medium +f=190*10^12; //Given operating frequency of laser +lambdam=(v/f); //Wavelenght in medium + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Wavelenght of laser in medium = %0.4f micrometer',lambdam*10^(6)); + +//c) The wavenumber in medium +k=(2*%pi)/lambdam; //Wavenumber in medium + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Wavenumber in medium = %0.2f X 10^6 m^-1',k*10^-6) diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.jpg b/3547/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfb27a8f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3547/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5cfd9d61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example no. 1.8 +// To calculate a)magnitude of the wave vector of the refracted wave b)x-component and z-component of the wave vector +// Page no.26 + +clc; +clear; + +//Given data +n1=1; // Refractive index of air +n2=1.45; // Refractive index of slap +theta1=%pi/3; // Angle of incidence +lambdam=1.0889*10^(-6); // Wavelength in medium +theta2=asin(sin(theta1)/n2); // Angle of refraction + +// a)To calculate magnitude of the wave vector of the refracted wave +k=((2*%pi)/lambdam); // Wavenumber + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Magnitude of the wave vector of the refracted wave is same as wave number = %0.2f X 10^6 m^-1',k*10^(-6)); + +// b)To calculate x-component and z-component of the wave vector +kx=k*sin(theta2); // x-component of the wave vector +kz=k*cos(theta2); // z-component of the wave vector + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n z-component of the wave vector = %0.2f X 10^6 m^-1',kz*10^(-6)); +printf('\n x-component of the wave vector = %0.2f X 10^6 m^-1',kx*10^(-6)); +// The answer is varrying due to round-off error diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.jpg b/3547/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..378fba543 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3547/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..313c522c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//To find length of the medium +//Example no 1.9 +//Page no. 30 + +clc; +clear all; +bandwidth=100*10^9; //Bandwidth of optical signal +w=2*%pi*bandwidth; //Bandwidth of optical signal in rad/s +T=3.14*10^(-12); //Delay between minimum and maximum frequency component +beta2=10*(10^(-12))^2/10^3; //Group velocity dispersion parameter in s^2/km +L=T/(beta2*w); //Length of the medium + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Length of the medium = %0.0f m',L); + diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d982bd9e Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e3655c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 10.1 +// Calculation of the non linear coeffifient. +// Page no 429 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +n2=2.5*10^-20; // Kerr coefficient +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Wavelength +A=80*10^-12; // Effective area + + + +// Non linear coeffifient +g=(n2*2*%pi)/(lambda*A); +g=g*10^3; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Nonlinear coefficient = %0.3f W^-1m^-1 ",g); + diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0593bffff Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0622813b --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 10.2 +// Calculation of the lower limit on the effective area of the fiber. +// Page no 431 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +tl=1000*10^3; // Total length +as=100*10^3; // Amplifier spacing +alpha=0.046*10^-3; // Loss coefficient +L=100*10^3; +n2=2.5*10^-20; // Kerr coefficient +p=0; // Peak power at the fiber input +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Operating frequency + +// The peak power required to form a soliton +Le=(1-exp(-alpha*L))/alpha; +n=tl/as; +p=10^(p/10); +r=0.5/(Le*p); +A=(2*%pi*n2)/(lambda*r); +A=A*10^12; + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The lower limit on the effective area of the fiber = %0.2f micrometer^2",A*10^-2); +printf("\n The effective area should be greater than 43.62 μm2 to have the peak nonlinear phase shift less than or equal to 0.5 rad."); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b0de6661 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47b297c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 10.3 +// Calculation of the peak power required to form a soliton +// Page no 435 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +b=-21*10^-27; // FWHM of a fundamental soliton +Tf=50*10^-12; // Fiber dispersion coefficient +r=1.1*10^-3; // Nonlinear coefficient + +// The peak power required to form a soliton +Th=asech(sqrt(0.5)); +f=2*Th; +T0=Tf/f; +n=(sqrt(-b))/T0; +P=(n^2)/r; +//P=P*10^2; + + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The peak power required to form a soliton = %0.1f mW",P*10^2); + +// Answer is wrong in book + diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4ae8a39a Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37dcd1979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 10.4 +// Calculation of the peak power required to form a soliton +// Page no 444 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data + +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +S=0.06*10^3; // Dispersion slope +D=17*10^-6; // Dispersion coefficient +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Signal Wavelength +lc=1550*10^-9; // Signal Wavelength +lp=1549.6*10^-9; // Pump wavelength +l=50*10^3; // Length +r=2*%pi*10^10; +alpha=0.046*10^-3; // Loss coefficient + +// The peak power required to form a soliton +b3=S*(lambda^2/(2*%pi*c))+D*(lambda^3/(2*%pi^2*c^2)); +b2=-(D*lambda^2)/(2*%pi*c); +o=2*%pi*(c/lp-c/lc); +d=(b2*o)+(b3*o^2)/2; +n=alpha^2/alpha^2*r*4*d^2*(1+(4*(sin(r*d*l))^2*%e^(-alpha*l))/(1-%e^(-alpha*l)^2)); +n=n*10^-18; +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n XPM efficiency = %0.3f *10^-3",n); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41b2061e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19e002372 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 10.5 +// Calculate the efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone at −2Δf if (a) beta2 = −4ps^2/km, (b) beta2 = 0ps^2/km. +// Page no 453 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +f=50*10^9; // The bandwidth +alpha= 0.046*10^-3; // The fiber loss coefficient +L=40*10^3; // The fiber length + +Leff=(1-exp(-(alpha*L)))/alpha; // Effective fiber length + +// (a) Calculate the efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone at −2Δf beta2 = −4ps^2/km +bet21=-4*10^(-12); +j=-1; +k=0; +l=1; +n=j+k-l; + +bet1=bet21*10^(-12)/10^(3)*(2*%pi*f)^2*n; + +//The efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone +neta1=(alpha^2+4*exp(-alpha*L*10^3)*(sind(bet1*(L*10^3)/2))/Leff^2)/(alpha^2+bet1^2); + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone at −2Δf (beta2 = −4ps^2/km) = %0.1f X 10^(-3) ",neta1*10^3); + +// (b) Calculate the efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone at −2Δf beta2 = 0ps^2/km +bet22=0*10^(-12); +j=-1; +k=0; +l=1; +n=j+k-l; + +bet2=bet22*10^(-12)/10^(3)*(2*%pi*f)^2*n; + +//The efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone +neta2=(alpha^2+4*exp(-alpha*L*10^3)*(sind(bet2*(L*10^3)/2))/Leff^2)/(alpha^2+bet2^2); + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n\n The efficiency of the non-degenerate FWM tone at −2Δf (beta2 = 0ps^2/km) = %0.0f ",neta2); diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0189e4f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d641faf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 10.6 +// to find the nonlinear phase shift at the center of the pulse. Compare the exact results with those obtained using first and second-order perturbation theory +// Page no 469 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +P=6*10^(-3); // The peak power of rectangular pulse +L=40*10^3; // Fiber of length +Floss=0.2; // The fiber loss (dB/Km) +gamm=1.1*10^(-3); + +alpha=Floss/4.343; // Attenuation coefficient +Zeff=(1-exp(-alpha*10^(-3)*L))/alpha*10^3; + +// The nonlinear phase shift at the center of the pulse +phi=gamm*P*Zeff; // Nonlinear phase shift + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The nonlinear phase shift at the center of the pulse = %0.4f rad ",phi); + + +// Results using first order +B01=sqrt(1+gamm^2*P^2*(Zeff)^2); // Amplitude shift +thet1=atan(gamm*P*Zeff); // Non-linear phase shift + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n\n Amplitude shift using first order = %0.3f ",B01); +printf("\n Non-linear shift using first order = %0.5f rad",thet1); + +// Results using second order +x=1-((gamm)^2/2*P^2*Zeff^2); +y=gamm*P*Zeff; +thet2=atan(y/x); // Nonlinear phase shift +B02=x/cos(thet2); // Amplitude shift + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n\n Amplitude shift using second order = %0.5f ",B02); // Answer is varying due to round-off error +printf("\n Non-linear shift using second order = %0.5f rad",thet2); // Answer is varying due to round-off error diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..594094fd8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8dc9d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.7/EX10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 10.7 +// Calculation of the variance of (a) linear phase noise, (b) nonlinear phase noise at the receiver +// Page no 477 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +alpha=0.0461; // Loss coeffient +na=20; // No of amplifiers +L=80; // Amplifier spacing +tb=25*10^-12; // Pulse width +P=2*10^-3; // Peak power +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1550*10^-9; +n=1.5; // Spontaneous emission factor +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +r0=1.1*10^-3; // Nonlinear coefficient + +// a) linear phase noise at the receiver +G=exp(alpha*L); +f=c/lambda; +R=h*f*(G-1)*n; +E=P*tb; +rl=(na*R)/(2*E); +rl=rl*10^3; + +// (b) nonlinear phase noise at the receiver +Le=(1-exp(-alpha*L))/alpha; +rnl=((na-1)*na*(2*na-1)*R*E*r0^2*Le^2)/(3*tb^2); +rnl=rnl*10^9; + +t=rl+rnl; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The linear phase noise at the receiver = %0.2f rad^2 ",rl); +printf("\n The nonlinear phase noise at the receiver = %0.2f rad^2 ",rnl); +printf("\n The total variance = %0.2f X 10^-3 rad^2 ",t); + + diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.png b/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cadc7336a Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce b/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20982607c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 10.8 +// Calculation of the Stokes signal power at the fiber output +// Page no 480 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +p1=20; // Input power pump +ps=-10; // Input Stokes’s signal power +alpha=0.08; +L=2; // Length of fiber +alpha1=0.046; +A=40*10^-12; // Effective area of fiber +g=1*10^-13; // Raman coefficient of the fiber + +// The Stokes signal power at the fiber output +p1=10^(p1/10); +ps=10^(ps/10); +Le=(1-exp(-alpha*L))/alpha; +s=(g*p1*Le)/A; +d=alpha1*L; +pd=ps*%e^(-d+s); + + + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The Stokes signal power at the fiber output = %0.15f mW ",pd); + + diff --git a/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.png b/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..248ed8753 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.sce b/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebce9be00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH11/EX11.1/EX11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 11.1 +// Calculation of the minimum number of taps needed to compensate for the fiber dispersion +// Page no 509 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +b=22*10^-27; // Power launched in port 1 +l=800*10^3; // Power launched in port 2 +T=50*10^-12; // Power launched in port 3 + + +// Bit rate of communication system +k=ceil((%pi*b*l)/T^2); +n=(2*k)+1; + + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The number of the taps = %0.3f ",n); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39806a4c Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a10602c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example no. 2.1 +// To find a)The numerical aperture b)The acceptanca angle c)The relative index defference +// Page no. 38 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +n1=1.47; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.45; // Refractive index of cladding + +// a)The numerical aperture +NA=(n1^2-n2^2)^(1/2); // Numerical aperture + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The numerical aperture = %0.4f',NA); + +// b)The acceptanca angle +imax=asin(NA); // The acceptanca angle + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The acceptanca angle = %0.4f Radian',imax); + +// c)The relative index defference +delta=(n1-n2)/n1; // Relative index defference + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The relative index defference = %0.4f',delta); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4007054de Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59bf11276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example no. 2.10 +// To design single mode fiber such that absolute accumulated dispersion should not exceed 1100ps/nm +// Page no. 77 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda1=1530; // Left edge of wavelength range in nm +lambda2=1560; // Rigth edge of wavelength range in nm +lambda0=1545; // Center of the band in nm +L=80; // Fiber length in km + +disp('We choose center of band (lambda_0) for large maximum allowable dispersion slope.'); + +Dlambda2=1100/L; // Dispersion at rigth edge of band in ps/nm/km +S=Dlambda2/(lambda2-lambda0); // Dispersion slope in ps/nm^2/km + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Dispersion slope = %0.3f ps/nm^2/km',S); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a30a54fd Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e3958625 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example no.2.11 +// To find a)length of DCF b)power at the output of DCF c)gain of amplifier +// Page no.80 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +LTF=80; // Length of transmission fiber +beta2TF=-21; // Dispersion of transmission fiber in ps^2/km +beta2DCF=130; // Dispersion of DCF in ps^2/km +Pin=2*10^(-3); // Input power of transmission fiber in W +DCFloss=0.5; // Losses of DCF in dB/km +TFloss=0.2; // Losses of TF in dB/km +spliceloss=0.5; // Splice loss in dB + +// a)To find length of DCF +LDCF=(-beta2TF*LTF)/beta2DCF; // Length of DCF in km + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Length of DCF = %0.1f km',LDCF); + +// b)To find power at the output of DCF +PindBm=10*log10(Pin/10^(-3)); // Input power of transmission fiber in dBm +Totalloss=TFloss*LTF+DCFloss*LDCF+spliceloss; // Total loss in fiber in dB +PoutdBm=PindBm-Totalloss; // Output power of DCF in dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Output power of DCF = %0.2f dBm',PoutdBm); + +// c)To find gain of amplifier +gain=Totalloss; // gain of amplifier + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Gain of amplifier = %0.2f dBm',gain); + diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8d13dd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7313ea286 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example no. 2.12 +// To find the delay between the shortest and longest path. +// Page no. 81 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +NA=0.2; // Numerical aperture +L=2*10^3; // Fiber length in meters +n1=1.45; // Core refractive index +delta=(NA)^2/(2*n1^2); // Relative index difference +n2=n1; // since difference between core index and cladding index is smaller +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s + +// The delay between the shortest and longest path. +deltaT=((n1^2*L*delta)/(c*n2)); // the delay between the shortest and longest path. + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The delay between the shortest and longest path = %0.2f ns',deltaT*10^9); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.png b/3547/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56e9bf747 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.13/EX2_13.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faf055dbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no. 2.13 +// To calculate the propagation constant +// Page no. 82 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda0=1550*10^-9; // wavelength in meter +beta0=6*10^6; // propagation constant in rad/m +lambda1=1551*10^-9; // wavelength in meter +beta1=0.5*10^-8; // inverse group velocity in sec/meter +beta2=-10*10^-24; // second-order dispersion coefficient in sec^2/km +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +omega0=(2*%pi*c)/lambda0; // Radial frequency at lambda0 +omega1=(2*%pi*c)/lambda1; // Radial frequency at lambda1 +omega=omega1-omega0; + +// The propagation constant at 1551nm wavelength +betaomega1=(beta0+beta1*omega+beta2*omega^2/2); // Propagation constant at 1551nm wavelength + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The propagation constant at 1551nm wavelength = %0.4f X 10^6 rad/s',betaomega1*10^-6); + diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fdf9d27 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ae8013b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example No. 2.14 +// To calculate the lower limit on the transmitter power in dBm and mW units. +// Page No. 83 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +l=80; // Length of fiber in km +F1=-0.2*l; // Fiber loss in dB +F2=-0.5; // Filter loss in dB +G=15; // Amplifier gain in dB +Pout=-3; // Minimum power required at the receiver in dBm + +// Lower limit on the transmitter power +Pin=Pout-F1-F2-G; // Lower limit on the transmitter power in dBm +PinmW=10^(0.1*Pin); // Lower limit on the transmitter power in mW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The lower limit on the transmitter power in dBm = %0.1f',Pin); +printf('\n The lower limit on the transmitter power in mW = %0.4f',PinmW); + diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.16/2_14.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.16/2_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fdf9d27 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.16/2_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02b9652be --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example No. 2.16 +// To find the length of DCF so that the pulse width (FWHM) at the output of the DCF is twice the pulse width at the input of the TF +// Page No. 84 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +beta2TF=-21*(10^(-12))^2; // Dispersion coefficient of transmission fiber in s^2/km +beta2DCF=130*(10^(-12))^2; // Dispersion coefficient of dispersion compensating fiber in s^2/km +LTF=80; // Length of transmission fiber in km +TFWHM=12.5*10^(-12); // Full-width at half-maximum +T0=TFWHM/1.665; // Half-width + +// The length of required DCF +LDCF1=(sqrt(3)*T0^2-beta2TF*LTF)/beta2DCF; // Length of dispersion compensating fiber in km +LDCF2=(-sqrt(3)*T0^2-beta2TF*LTF)/beta2DCF; // Length of dispersion compensating fiber in km + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The length of DCF so that the pulse width (FWHM) at the output of the DCF is twice the pulse width at the input of the TF = %0.2f km',LDCF1); +printf(' or = %0.2f km',LDCF2); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d671989fc Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..262b6964c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example No. 2.17 +// To find the accumulated dispersion of the DCF so that the net accumulated dispersion does not exceed 1100 ps/nm +// Page no. 85 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda0=1490; // Zero dispersion wavelength in nm +lambda=1560; // Upper limit of wavelength range in nm +Sc=0.08; // Dispersion slope of transmission fiber ps/nm2/km +LTF=800; // Length of transmission fiber in km +DTF=Sc*(lambda-lambda0); // Dispersion at 1560 nm in ps/nm/km + +// The accumulated dispersion of the DCF +DLDCF=1100-DTF*LTF; // The accumulated dispersion of the DCF in ps/nm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The accumulated dispersion of the DCF should be less than %0.0f ps/nm',DLDCF); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2069d0906 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe7e0c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no. 2.2 +// To find maximum bit-rate distance product +// Page no. 41 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +n1=1.46; // Refractive index of core +delta=0.01; // Relative difference of refractive index +L=1*10^3; // Fiber length +c=3*10^(8); // Speed of ligth in km/sec + +n2=n1*(1-delta); // Refractive index of cladding +deltaT=(n1^2*L*delta)/(c*n2); // Delay in sec +BL=(((c*n2)/(n1^2*delta))/10^3)*10^-6; // maximum bit-rate distance product in Mb/s.km +deltaT=((n1^2*L*delta)/(c*n2))*10^9; // Delay in ns + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Refractive index of cladding = %0.4f',n2); +printf('\n Delay = %0.0f ns',deltaT); +printf('\n Approximate delay = %0.0f ns',deltaT+1); +printf('\n Maximum bit-rate distance product = %0.1f Mb/(s.km)',BL); + diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32563e918 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d556410 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example no.2.3 +// To compare deltaT for step index fiber with parabolic-index fiber +// Page no. 43 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +n1=1.47; // Refractive index of core +n2=1.45; // Refractive index of cladding +L=1*10^3; // Length of medium in meter +c=3*10^8; // speedof ligth in (m/s) +delta=(n1-n2)/n1; + +// The deltaT for step index fiber +deltaTSIF=((n1^2*L*delta)/(c*n2))*10^9; //Pulse width for step index fiber + +// deltaT for parabolic-index fiber +deltaTPIF=((n1^2*delta^2*L)/(8*c))*10^9; // Pulse width for parabolic-index fiber + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Pulse width for step index fiber = %0.2f ns',deltaTSIF); +printf('\n Pulse width for parabolic index fiber = %0.4f ns',deltaTPIF); + +// The answer of pulse width for parabolic index fiber is wrong in book + +disp('Thus, the intermodal dispersion can be significantly reduced by using parabolic-index fiber'); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67b4971d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d99edc69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2.4 +// a)To convert transmitted power into dBm b)To convert received power into mW +// Page no. 61 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +Ptr=0.012; // Transmitted power in watt +PrdBm=-5; // Received power in dBm + +// a)To convert transmitted power into dBm +PtrdBm=10*log10(Ptr/(10^-3)); // Transmitted power in dBm + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Transmitted power = %0.2f dBm',PtrdBm); + +// b)To convert received power into mW +PrmW=10^(-5/10); // Received power in mW + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Received power = %0.4f mW',PrmW); diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b02a0276b Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0655ea2fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example no.2.7 +// To find the core radius of step-index fiber +// Page no.69 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +n1=1.45; // Refractive index of core +delta=0.005; +n2=n1*(1-delta); // Refractive index of cladding +lambdac=1.1; // Cutoff wavelength in meter +lambda=1.55; // Operating wavelength in micrometer +a=((2.4048*lambdac*10^-6)/(2*%pi*(n1^2-n2^2)^(1/2)))/10^-6; // Core radius + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The core radius of step-index fiber = %0.3f micrometer',a); +printf('\n Operating wavelength = %0.2f micrometer',lambda); +printf('\n Cutoff wavelength = %0.1f micrometer',lambdac); + +disp('Since operating wavelength is greater than cutoff wavelength, it is single moded at this wavelength.') diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.jpg b/3547/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88529ddd8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3547/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35a8ec89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example no 2.8 +// To find the total loss and output power in mW and dBm in fiber +// Page no. 72 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +losscoe=0.046; // Loss coefficient in km^-1 +L=80; // Length of fiber in km +PindBm=3; // Input power in dBm + +// To find total loss of fiber +loss=round(4.343*losscoe*L); // Total loss in fiber + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Total loss in fiber = %0.0f dB',loss); + +// To find output power +PoutdBm=PindBm-loss; // Output power in dBm + +PoutmW=10^(PoutdBm/10); // Output power in mW + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Output power of fiber = %0.0f dBm',PoutdBm); +printf('\n Output power of fiber = %0.2f mW',PoutmW); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..704c56d78 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6a44a056 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example No. 3.1 +// To calculate the Einstein A and B coefficients +// Page no.99 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +tsp=2*10^-9; // Spontaneous lifetime associated with 2 → 1 transition in seconds + +deltaE=2.4*10^(-19); // The energy difference between the levels +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels +omega=deltaE/h; // Frequency in rad/sec +v=1.25*10^8; // The velocity of light in the medium in m/s + +// The Einstein A and B coefficients +A=(1/tsp)*10^-8; // Einstein coefficient A +B=(((1/tsp)*%pi^2*v^3)/(h*omega^3))*10^-21; // Einstein coefficient B + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Einstein coefficient A = %0.0f X 10^8 s^(-1)',A); +printf('\n Einstein coefficient B = %0.2f X 10^21 m^3/J.s^2',B); + +// The answers are varrying due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f35a575e Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6df902db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example no.3.10 +// To calculate the effective mass of the electron in the valence band. +// Page no.134 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +Eg=1.18; // Band gap in eV +Eg=1.18*1.602*10^-19; // Band gap in J +hk1=9*10^-26; // The crystal momentum in Kg.m/s +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels +f=3.94*10^14; // Light wave of frequency +m=9.109*10^(-31); // The electron rest mass in kg + +mr=(hk1)^2/(2*(h*2*%pi*f-Eg)); // The reduced mass in kg +meff1=0.07*m; // The effective mass of an electron in the conduction band + +// The effective mass of the electron in the valence band. +meff2=(mr*meff1)/(meff1-mr); // The effective mass of the electron in the valence band. + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The effective mass of the electron in the valence band = %0.2f X 10^-31 kg',meff2*10^31); +// The answer is varrying due to round-off error diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..423eeea54 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..456addb3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example no.3.11 +// To calculate (a) the optical gain coefficient Γg required to balance the cavity loss and (b) the threshold electron density Ne +// Page no.135 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +L=320*10^-6; // Cavity length +R1=0.35; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at A +R2=0.35; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at B +aint=10^3; // Internal cavity loss in m^-1 +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air +Go=1.73*10^-12; // Gain coefficient in m^3/s +Neo=3.47*10^23; // The value of the carrier density at which the gain coefficient becomes zero in m^-3 +n=3.3; // Refractive index of medium + +// (a) the optical gain coefficient Γg required to balance the cavity loss +amir=(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)); // The loss due to mirrors per m +acav=amir+aint; // The total cavity loss coefficient +gammag=acav; // The optical gain coefficient in m^-1 + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The optical gain coefficient = %0.2f X 10^3 m^-1',gammag*10^-3); + +//(b) the threshold electron density Ne +v=c/n; // Velocity of ligth in medium +Tph=1/(v*acav); // The photon lifetime in sec +Neth=Neo+1/(Go*Tph); // The threshold electron density Ne + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The threshold electron density = %0.2f X 10^23 m^-3',Neth*10^-23); + diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b432fd09d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bded7fa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Example no. 3.2 +// To calculate (a) the wavelength of light emitted, (b) the ratio of spontaneous emission rate to stimulated emission rate, (c) the ratio of stimulated emission rate to absorption rate, and (d) the population density of the excited level. +// Page no. 100 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +deltaE=1.26*10^-19; // The energy difference between two levels +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels +c=3*10^8; // The speed of ligth in m/s +kB=1.38*10^(-23); // The Boltzmann’s constant J/K +T=300; // The absolute temperature in Kelvin +N1=10^19; // The population density in the ground state in cm^(-3) + +// (a)The wavelength of light emitted +h=2*%pi*h; // The distance between two levels in J.s +f=deltaE/h; // The frequency in Hz +lambda=(c/f)*10^6; // The wavelength of ligth emitted in micrometer + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The wavelength of ligth emitted = %0.2f micrometer',lambda); + +// The calculation of this answer is wrong in the book + +// (b)The ratio of spontaneous emission rate to stimulated emission rate +RspRst=(exp(deltaE/(kB*T))-1); // The ratio of spontaneous emission rate to stimulated emission rate + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The ratio of spontaneous emission rate to stimulated emission rate = %0.2f X 10^13',RspRst*10^-13); + +// The calculation of this answer is wrong in the book + +// (c)The ratio of stimulated emission rate to absorption rate +RstRab=(exp(-deltaE/(kB*T))); // The ratio of stimulated emission rate to absorption rate + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The ratio of stimulated emission rate to absorption rate = %0.2f X 10^-14',RstRab*10^14); + +// The calculation of this answer is wrong in the book + +// (d)The population density of the excited level +N2=(N1*exp(-deltaE/(kB*T))); // The population density of the excited level in cm^(-3) + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The population density of the excited level = %0.2f X 10^5 cm^(-3)',N2*10^-5); + +// The calculation of this answer is wrong in the book + diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..492be7ba3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a40cbd16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example No. 3.3 +// To calculate the longitudinal mode spacing and the minimum gain required for laser oscillation +// Page no. 106 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +c=3*10^8; // The speed of ligth in air +L=500*10^(-6); // The distance between mirrors +n=3.5; // The refractive index +inlossdB=50; // The internal loss in dB/cm +R1=0.3; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at A +R2=0.3; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at B + +// The longitudinal mode spacing +deltaf=(c/(2*n*L))*10^-9; // The longitudinal mode spacing +L=0.05; // The distance between mirrors in cm +amir=(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)); // The loss due to mirrors per cm +aint=log(10^(inlossdB/10)); // The coefficient of internal loss due to scattering + +// The minimum gain required +g=aint+amir; // The minimum gain required for laser oscillation + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The longitudinal mode spacing = %0.2f GHz',deltaf); +printf('\n The minimum gain required for laser oscillation per cm = %0.2f cm^-1',g); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..651cc1437 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a574c8365 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example no. 3.4 +// To calculate the energy density. +// Page no. 107 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +P=20*10^(-3); // The mean power in W +A=100*10^(-12); // The area perpendicular to the direction of light propagation in m^2 +n=3.2; // Refractive index of gain medium +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +I=P/A; // The optical intensity in W/m^2 + +// The energy density +u=(n*I)/c; // The energy density in J/m^3 + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The energy density = %0.2f J/m^3',u); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99ffe7858 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3aa46603 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example no.3.5 +// To calculate the frequency of the electromagnetic wave emitted by stimulated emission. +// Page no.110 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +E=10^(-4); // The energy difference between two levels in eV +E=10^(-4)*1.602*10^(-19); // The energy difference between two levels in J +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels + +// The frequency of the electromagnetic wave emitted by stimulated emission. +f=(E/(2*%pi*h))*10^-9; // The frequency of the electromagnetic wave emitted by stimulated emission in GHz + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The frequency of the electromagnetic wave emitted by stimulated emission = %0.0f GHz',f); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0ecc1fcd Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e645ccf76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 3.6 +// To calculate the band-gap energy. +// Page no.123 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +m=9.109*10^(-31); // The electron rest mass in kg +meff1=0.07*m; // The effective mass of an electron in the conduction band +meff2=0.5*m; // The effective mass of an electron in the valence band +mr=(meff1*meff2)/(meff1+meff2); // The reduced mass +hkl=7.84*10^(-26); // The electron momentum in kg.m/s +lambda=0.8*10^(-6); // The wavelength of electromagnetic wave in m +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +hw=(h*2*%pi*c)/lambda; // The poton energy in J + +// The band-gap energy. +Eg=hw-(hkl^2/(2*mr)); // The band-gap energy in J + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The band-gap energy = %0.2f X 10^-19 J',Eg*10^19); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..773144b91 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a36bb89fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example no.3.7 +// To calculate (a) the photon lifetime, (b) the threshold current, and (c) the current required to generate a mean photon density of 8.5 × 10^21 m−3 +// Page no.130 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +w=3*10^(-6); // The active area width in meter +d=0.3*10^(-6); // The active area thickness in meter +L=500*10^(-6); // The length +Te=1*10^(-9); // Electron lifetime +Neth=0.8*10^(24); // Threshold electron density +aint=46*10^2; // Internal cavity loss in m^-1 +n=3.5; // Refrective index of the medium +R1=0.65; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at A +R2=0.65; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at B + +// (a)The photon lifetime +amir=(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)); // The loss due to mirrors per m +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in m/s +v=c/n; // Speed of ligth in medium (m/s) +Tp=1/(v*(aint+amir)); // The photon lifetime in sec + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The photon lifetime = %0.2f ps',Tp*10^12); + +// (b)The threshold current +V=w*d*L; //The active volume in m^3 +q=1.602*10^(-19); //The electron charge in C +Te=10^-9; //The electron lifetime in sec +Ith=(Neth*q*V)/Te; //The threshold current in mA + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The threshold current = %0.1f mA',Ith*10^3); + +// The answer calculated in book is wrong + +// (c)The current required to generate a mean photon density of 8.5 × 10^21 m−3 +Nph=8.5*10^21; //Mean photon density +Tph=Tp; //The photon lifetime in sec +I=(Ith+(Nph*q*V)/Tph); //The current required to generate a mean photon density of 8.5 × 10^21 m−3 + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The current required to generate a mean photon density of 8.5 × 10^21 m^-3 = %0.2f mA',I*10^3) + +// The answer calculated in book is wrong diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f07a99fc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3aece71ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example no.3.8 +// To find the wavelength of the light emitted +// Page no.133 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +RspRst=2*10^14; // The ratio of spontaneous emission rate to stimulated emission rate +T=30; // Temperature in degree celcius +kB=1.38*10^(-23); // The Boltzmann’s constant J/K +h=1.054*10^(-34); // The distance between two levels +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air + +T=T+273; // Temperature in Kelvin +w=(log(RspRst)*kB*T)/h; // Frequency in Rad + +// The wavelength of the light emitted +lambda=(2*%pi*c)/w; // The wavelength of the light emitted + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The wavelength of the light emitted = %0.2f micrometer',lambda*10^6); diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.jpg b/3547/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47262025b Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3547/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8ca77c3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example no.3.9 +// To calculate a) the frequency separation between modes (b) the wavelength separation between modes +// Page no.133 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda=1.3*10^-6; // Laser diode operating wavelength +L=300*10^-6; // Cavity length +n=3.5; // Refractive index of active region +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air (m/s) + +// a)The frequency separation between modes +deltaf=c/(2*n*L); // The frequency separation between modes in GHz + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The frequency separation between modes = %0.1f GHz',deltaf*10^-9); + +// (b)The wavelength separation between modes +deltalambda=(lambda^2*deltaf)/c; // The wavelength separation between modes + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The wavelength separation between modes = %0.1f nanometer',deltalambda*10^9); + +// The wrong unit is givan in book diff --git a/3547/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg b/3547/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51471feb5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3547/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc2529ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example no.4.2 +// To calculate the voltage required to introduce a phase shift of pi/2. +// Page no.152 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda0=1530*10^-9; // An electro-optic modulator operating wavelength +d=10*10^-6; // Thickness +L=5*10^-2; // Length +n0=2.2; // Refractive index +r33=30*10^-12; // Pockel coefficient in m/V +deltaphi=%pi/2; // Phase shift +V=(deltaphi*lambda0*d)/(%pi*L*n0^3*r33); // The voltage required to introduce a phase shift of pi/2 + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n The voltage required to introduce a phase shift of pi/2 = %0.2f V',V); diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6bbdd2d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3278fded7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example no.5.1 +// To calculate (a) the photon incidence rate, (b) the photon absorption rate, and, (c) the quantum efficiency. +// Page no.196 + +clc; +clear all; +// Given data +lambda=550*10^(-9); // The wavelength of electromagnetic wave in m +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air +h=6.626*10^(-34); // Planck's constant +alpha=10^4; // absorption coefficient +W=3*10^-4; // width of the active region +Pi=1*10^-9; // optical power +eta=0.9; // the fraction of photocarriers that contribute to the photocurrent +Rp=0; // the power transmission coefficient at the air–semiconductor interface + +// (a) the photon incidence rate +Eph=(h*c)/lambda; // The energy of a photon +Rincident=Pi/Eph; // The photon incidence rate + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The photon incidence rate = %0.2f X 10^9 photon/s',Rincident*10^-9); + +// (b) the photon absorption rate +Rabs=(Rincident*(1-exp(-alpha*W))); // The photon absorption rate + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The photon absorption rate = %0.2f X 10^9 photon/s',Rabs*10^-9) + +//c) the quantum efficiency +neta=(1-Rp)*eta*(1-exp(-alpha*W)); // The quantum efficiency + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The quantum efficiency = %0.3f',neta) diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e496bdf9b Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5f9096f --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example no.5.2 +// To calculate (a) the responsivity R and (b) the cutoff wavelength +// Page no.198 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +neta=0.9; // The quantum efficiency +Eg=1.42; // The band-gap energy in eV +lambda=1.1; // The operating (free-space) wavelength in micrometer + +// (a) The responsivity +R=(neta*lambda)/1.24; // The responsivity in A/W + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The responsivity = %0.1f A/W',R) //Wrong answer in book + +// (b) The cutoff wavelength +lambdac=1.2/Eg; //The cutoff wavelength in micrometer + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The cutoff wavelength = %0.3f micrometer',lambdac) //Wrong answer in book diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..035c60355 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af7850728 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example no.5.3 +// To find quantum efficiency at different wavelength and same responsivity +// Page no.199 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda1=0.7; // The radiation wavelength in micrometer +R=0.4; // The responsivity in A/W +lambda2=0.5; // The reduced wavelength in micrometer +neta1=(R*1.24)/lambda1; // The quantum efficiency for 0.7micrometer wavelength +neta2=neta1*(lambda2/lambda1); // The quantum efficiency for reduced wavelength 0.5micrometer + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The quantum efficiency for 0.7 micrometer wavelength = %0.4f',neta1) +printf('\n The quantum efficiency for reduced wavelength of 0.5 micrometer = %0.3f',neta2) diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbbebbb61 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..788e958ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example no.5.4 +// To determine the refractive index and thickness of the antireflection coating +// Page no.199 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda=680*10^-9; // Wavelength of red ligth in meter +nair=1; // Refractive index of air +nsilicon=3.6; // Refractive index of silicon +nAR=sqrt(nair*nsilicon); // Refractive index of antireflection coating +tAR=lambda/(4*nAR); // Thickness of antireflection coating + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n Refractive index of antireflection coating = %0.1f ',nAR) +printf('\n Thickness of antireflection coating = %0.0f nm',tAR*10^9) + + + diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994a5b655 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7d58c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 5.5 +// To calculate the inaccuracy with which resonator should be fabricated +// Page no.216 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +R1=0.9; // Reflectivity at point A +integer=4; +n=3.5; // Reflection index of silicon +F=%pi/(1-sqrt(R1)); // The finesse of the resonator and also called as the ratio of the free spectral range +lambda0=850; // Wavelength in nanometer +L=integer*lambda0/(2*n); // Resonator length in nanometer + +// The inaccuracy with which resonator should be fabricated +deltaL=L*0.5/F; + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n Resonator length = %0.0f nm',L) +printf('\n The inaccuracy in length with which resonator should be fabricated = %0.0f nm',deltaL) diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0152654d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cae6bd779 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example no.5.6 +// To find the peak current if (a) LO power = 10 dBm, (b) LO power = −10 dBm for the single-branch receiver +// Page no.229 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +L=100; // Length of fiber +loss=0.2*L; // Total fiber loss +PtdBm=12; // The peak power of the signal at the transmitter +R=0.9; // Responsivity in A/W +PrdBm=PtdBm-loss; // The power at the receiver + +// (a) the peak current LO power = 10 dBm +PLO1dBm=10; // Power at local oscillator in dBm +PLO1=10^(0.1*PLO1dBm); // Power at local oscillator in mW +Pr=10^(0.1*PrdBm); // Power at receiver in mW +Id1=R*sqrt(Pr*PLO1); // The peak current at LO power = 10dBm +I1=R*Pr/2+R*sqrt(Pr*PLO1); // The peak current after ignoring the d.c. term + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The peak current at LO power 10dBm = %0.4f mA',Id1) +printf('\n The peak current after ignoring the d.c. term = %0.3f mA',I1) + +// (b) the peak current LO power = -10 dBm +PLO2dBm=-10; // Power at local oscillator in dBm +PLO2=10^(0.1*PLO2dBm); // Power at local oscillator in mW +Id2=R*sqrt(Pr*PLO2); // The peak current at LO power = -10dBm +I2=R*Pr/2+R*sqrt(Pr*PLO2); // The peak current after ignoring the d.c. term + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The peak current at LO power -10dBm = %0.4f mA',Id2) +printf('\n The peak current after ignoring the d.c. term = %0.4f mA',I2) diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d25d832be Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac192211a --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example no.5.7 +// To find the peak current if (a) LO power = 10 dBm, (b) LO power = −10 dBm for the balanced receiver +// Page no.234 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +L=100; // Length of fiber +loss=0.2*L; // Total fiber loss +PtdBm=12; // The peak power of the signal at the transmitter +R=0.9; // Responsivity in A/W +PrdBm=PtdBm-loss; // The power at the receiver + +// (a) the peak current LO power = 10 dBm +PLO1dBm=10; // Power at local oscillator in dBm +PLO1=10^(0.1*PLO1dBm); // Power at local oscillator in mW +Pr=10^(0.1*PrdBm); // Power at receiver in mW +Id1=2*R*sqrt(Pr*PLO1); // The peak current LO power = 10 dBm + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The peak current for LO power 10 dBm = %0.4f mA',Id1) + +// (b) the peak current LO power = -10 dBm +PLO2dBm=-10; // Power at local oscillator in dBm +PLO2=10^(0.1*PLO2dBm); // Power at local oscillator in mW +Id2=2*R*sqrt(Pr*PLO2); // The peak current LO power = -10 dBm + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The peak current for LO power -10 dBm = %0.4f mA',Id2) + +// comment on the intermodulation cross-talk in a single-branch receiver and the balanced receiver +printf('\n A single-branch receiver would have a significant amount of cross-talk. In contrast, for a balanced receiver, intermodulation cross-talk is canceled out \n due to the balanced detection.') diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0616aefec Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0478f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example no.5.8 +// To find the in-phase and quadrature components of the current of a balanced IQ receiver. +// Page no.238 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +PLO=10; // Local oscillator power in mW from Example 5.7a +Pr=0.1585; // Power at receiver in mW +R=0.9; // Responsivity in A/W +st=complex((-1/sqrt(2)),(1/sqrt(2))); // The QPSK transmitted signal +Ii=R*sqrt(Pr*PLO)*real(st); // The in-phase component of the current in mA +Iq=-R*sqrt(Pr*PLO)*imag(st); // The quadrature component of the current in mA + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n The in-phase component of the current = %0.4f mA',Ii) +printf('\n The quadrature component of the current = %0.4f mA',Iq) + diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg b/3547/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1470c4a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3547/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3547/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d61f84605 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 5.9 +// To find the in-phase and quadrature components of the current of a polarization modulated (PM) QPSK signal +// Page no. 241 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +theta1=%pi/4; +Sx=expm(%i*theta1); // Signal data in x-polarization +theta2=(5*%pi)/4; +Sy=expm(%i*theta2); // Signal data in y-polarization +PLO=10; // Local oscillator power in mW from Example 5.8 +Pr=0.1585; // Power at receiver in mW from Example 5.8 +R=0.9; // Reflectivity + +// The complex photocurrent corresponding to x-polarization +Ix= (R*sqrt(Pr*PLO))*Sx/2; // The complex photocurrent corresponding to x-polarization +Iix=real(Ix); // In-phase component of phtocurrent corresponding to x-polarization +Iqx=-imag(Ix); // Quadrature component of phtocurrent corresponding to x-polarization + +// The complex photocurrent corresponding to y-polarization +Iy= (R*sqrt(Pr*PLO))*Sy/2; // The complex photocurrent corresponding to y-polarization +Iiy=real(Iy); // In-phase component of phtocurrent corresponding to y-polarization +Iqy=-imag(Iy); // Quadrature component of phtocurrent corresponding to y-polarization + +// Display result on command window +printf('\n In-phase component of phtocurrent corresponding to x-polarization = %0.4f mA',Iix); +printf('\n Quadrature component of phtocurrent corresponding to x-polarization = %0.4f mA',Iqx); +printf('\n In-phase component of phtocurrent corresponding to y-polarization = %0.4f mA',Iiy); +printf('\n Quadrature component of phtocurrent corresponding to y-polarization = %0.4f mA',Iqy); diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d67362e1d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..125659261 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 6.1 +// Calculation of the gain +// Page no 249 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +n=1.5; // Refractive ondex of air +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Wavelength +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +p=5.73*10^-17; // Power spectral density +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant + + +// Gain +f=c/lambda; + +G=(p/(2*n*h*f))+1; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Gain G = %0.0f ",G); + + + + + diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a3b301b Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e61cc70f --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 6.12 +// Calculation of the ASE power spectral density per polarization. +// Page no 296 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +si=30; // Electrical SNRs at the amplifier input +so=25; // Electrical SNRs at the amplifier output +po=2; // Signal power at output +pi=-13; // Signal power at input +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant +f=195*10^12; + +// The ASE power spectral density per polarization +fn=si-so; +fn=10^(fn/10); +G=po-pi; +G=10^(G/10); +r=(h*f*(G*fn-1))/2; +r=r*10^18; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The ASE power spectral density per polarization = %0.3f x 10^-18 W/Hz ",r); + + + diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4e00ffd9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b26f0054 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 6.13 +// Calculation of the geometric mean of the facet reflectivity R +// Page no 296 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +Gm=20; +G1=5; + +// The geometric mean of the facet reflectivity R +Gmax=10^(Gm/10); // Peak Gain +Gs=10^(G1/10); // Single pass gain +R=(sqrt(Gs)-10)/(sqrt(Gs)-Gs*10); + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The geometric mean of the facet reflectivity R = %0.3f ",R); + + + diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f11e75b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d2d4838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.13 +// Calculation of the upper bound on the single-pass gain +// Page no 297 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +n=3.5; // Refractive index +c1=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +L=200*10^-6; // Amplifier length +a=0.09; +b=-(1.2*0.1805^2+0.6); +c=1; + +// The geometric mean of the facet reflectivity R +f=c1/(2*n*L); + +x1 =( -1*b+ sqrt ((b ^2) -4*a*c)) /(2* a); // 1 s t r o o t +x2 =( -1*b- sqrt ((b ^2) -4*a*c)) /(2* a); // 2nd r o o t + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The geometric mean of the facet reflectivity R = %0.2f GHz ",f*10^-9); +printf("\n The upper bound on the single-pass gain Gs = %0.2f or ",x1); +printf("\n The upper bound on the single-pass gain Gs = %0.2f ",x2); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35d63017 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07e78b58c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 6.2 +// Calculation of the variance of the signal–ASE beat noise +// Page no 255 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +a=1.3*10^-16; // PSD of an amplifier +f=7*10^9; // Cut off frequency +Pi=10*10^-6; // Input power +R=0.8; // Responsivity +G=20; // Gain of an amplifier + +// The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise +G=10^(G/10); +P=G*Pi; + +r=4*R^2*P*a*f; +r=r*10^9; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current is = %0.2f x 10^-9 A^2",r); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f360fe551 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf87c17c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +// Example 6.3 +// Calculation of the (a) the variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current, (b) the variance of the ASE–ASE beat noise current, and (c) the total variance. +// Page no 257 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +G=30; // Gain + +nsp=5; +R=0.8; +f1=16*10^9; +fe=9*10^9; +//Pi1=-60; +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant +lambda=1530*10^-9; // Wavelegth +Pi1=-27; // Input power +Pi2=-60; +f0=16*10^9; + + +//(a) The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current for Pin=-27dBm +Po=G+Pi1; +Po=10^(Po/10); +Po=Po*10^-3; +G=10^(G/10); +f=c/lambda; +r=nsp*h*f*(G-1); +B=8*10^9; +//B=min(f/2,fe); +r0=4*R^2*Po*r*B; +//r0=r0*10^12; + +//(b) The variance of the ASE–ASE beat noise current + +r1=R^2*r^2*((2*f0)-fe)*fe; + +//r1=r1*10^11; +// (c) The total variance. + +rt=r0+r1; + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n (a) The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current for Pin=-27dBm"); + +printf("\n The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current = %0.2f x 10^-8 A^2",r0*10^8); +printf("\n The variance of the ASE–ASE beat noise current = %0.2f x 10^-11 A^2",r1*10^11); + +printf("\n The total variance = %0.3f x 10^-8 A^2",rt*10^8); +// The answers vary due to round off error + + +//Given data + +G=30; // Gain +nsp=5; +R=0.8; // +f1=16*10^9; +fe=9*10^9; +//Pi1=-60; +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant +lambda=1530*10^-9; // Wavelegth +Pi1=-27; // Input power +Pi2=-60; +f0=16*10^9; + +//(b) The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current for Pin=-60dBm +Po2=G+Pi2; +Po=10^(Po2/10); +Po=Po*10^-3; +G=10^(G/10); +f=c/lambda; +r=nsp*h*f*(G-1); +B=8*10^9; +//B=min(f/2,fe); +r0=4*R^2*Po*r*B; +//r0=r0*10^12; + +//(b) The variance of the ASE–ASE beat noise current + +r1=R^2*r^2*((2*f0)-fe)*fe; + +//r1=r1*10^11; +// (c) The total variance. + +rt=r0+r1; + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n \n (b) The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current for Pin=-60dBm"); + +printf("\n The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current = %0.2f x 10^-11 A^2",r0*10^11); +printf("\n The variance of the ASE–ASE beat noise current = %0.2f x 10^-11 A^2",r1*10^11); + +printf("\n The total variance = %0.2f x 10^-11 A^2 ",rt*10^11); diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9313df14 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c40e22534 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 6.4 +// Calculation of the amplifier gain +// Page no 262 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +Po=0; // Signal output of amplifier +//f=7*10^9; // Cut off frequency +B=7.5*10^9; // Bandwidth +R=0.9; // Responsivity +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Operating frequency +fn=4.5; // Noise figure +Ro=0.066*10^-3; // Beat noise current +h=6.626*10^-34; // Planck constant + +// The amplifier gain +P=10^(Po/10)*10^-3; +r=Ro^2/(4*R^2*B*P); +fn=10^(fn/10); +f=c/lambda; +G=(1/fn)*(((2*r)/(h*f))+1); + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The amplifier gain = %0.0f ",G); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f84c10d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b06e4ff9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 6.5 +// Calculation of the OSNR in a bandwidth of 12.49 GHz. +// Page no 263 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +G=25; // Gain +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant +lambda=1545*10^-9; // Wavelegth +Pi=-22; // Input power +fn=6; +B=12.49*10^9; + +// The OSNR in a bandwidth of 12.49 GHz +Po=G+Pi; +Po=10^(Po/10); +Po=Po*10^-3; +fn=10^(fn/10); +G=10^(G/10); +f=c/lambda; +r=(G*fn-1)*(h*f/2); +O=Po/(2*r*B); +O=10*log10(O); + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The OSNR in a bandwidth of 12.49 GHz = %0.2f dB",O); + + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2407b4671 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..190c4b4ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 6.6 +// Calculation of the single-pass gain and 3-dB bandwidth +// Page no 268 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +c1=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +f=7*10^9; // Cut off frequency +L=500*10^-6; // Input power +Gp=15; // Peak gain +n=3.2; +Gs=2.52; +R=0.32; +a=0.1024; +b=-0.6546; +c=1; + +// The single-pass gain + +x1 =( -1*b+ sqrt ((b ^2) -4*a*c)) /(2* a); // 1 s t r o o t +x2 =( -1*b- sqrt ((b ^2) -4*a*c)) /(2* a); // 2nd r o o t + +// The 3-dB bandwidth +G=10^(Gp/10); +x=(1-(R*x2))/(2*sqrt(R*x2)); +f=(c1/(%pi*L*n))*asin(x); +// f=f*10^-9; + +// Displaying results in the command window + +printf ( 'Single pass gain Gs= %0.2f or' , x1); +printf ( ' \n Single pass gain Gs= %0.2f ' , x2); +printf("\n The the 3-dB bandwidth = %0.2f GHz ",f*10^-9); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91cac0060 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db5a0bf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 6.6 +// Calculation of (a) the saturation power and (b) the bias current I +// Page no 273 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1530*10^-9; // Wavelength +t=0.3 // Overlap factor +r=7.3*10^-20; // Gain cross section +r0=1*10^-9; // Carrier lifetime +q=1.609*10^-19; +v=7.5*10^-16; // Active volume +h=6.63*10^-34 // Planck constant +A=5*10^-6; // Effective area +g=4.82*10^3; // Small signal gain coeffifient +N=3.5*10^23; // + +// (a) the saturation power and + + +f=c/lambda; +Ps=(h*f*A)/(t*r*r0); +Ps=Ps*10^-3; + +// (b) the bias current I + +I=(g/(r*r0)+N/r0)*q*v; +I=I*10^3; +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The saturation power Psat = %0.3f mW ",Ps); + +printf("\n The bias current I = %0.3f mA ",I); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.png b/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30ad5b3b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce b/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..760f07395 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 6.9 +// Calculation of the variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current. +// Page no 290 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +si=30; // Electrical SNRs at the amplifier input +so=25; // Electrical SNRs at the amplifier output +p=0; // Signal power at output +r=-126; // Signal power at input +R=0.9; // Planck constant +f=195*10^12; // Frequency +b=20*10^9; // Bandwidth + +// The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current +p1=10^(p/10)*10^-3; +rn=10^(r/10)*10^-3; +r1=rn*b; +r0=2*R^2*p1*r1; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The variance of the signal–ASE beat noise current = %0.2f x 10^-9 A^2 W/Hz",r0*10^9); + + +// The value of noise power given in example as -126 but for calculation it is taken as -128 in book. Therefore answer is varying. diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b897dbd1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcb4a1c21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 7.1 +// Compuatation of the lower limit on the transmitter power +// +// Page no. 305 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +q=1.6*10^-19; +R=1; +B=7*10^9; +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant +Q=6; +k=1.38*10^-23; // Boltzman constant +T=298; +Rl=50; +alpha=0.046; // Fiber loss coefficient +L=130; // Length + + +// The lower limit on the transmitter power +a=2*q*R*B; +b=(4*k*T*B)/Rl; +p=(2*sqrt(b)/R*Q)+((a*Q^2)/R^2); +Pi=p*exp(alpha*L); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n The lower limit on the transmitter power = %0.2f mW",Pi*10^3); +printf("\n The lower limit on the transmitter peak power is 7.23mW. If the transmitter peak power < 7.23mW, Q < 6."); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c1a88ee0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebc5cbf47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Example no. 7.2 +// To calculate exact and approximate Q-factor if the signal is (a)OOK, (b) PSK +// Page no. 311 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +lambda=1.55*10^(-6); // Wavelength of given signal +meanPin=1; // Mean fiber launch power in dBm +alpha=0.2; // fiber loss in dB/km +l=240; // fiber length in km +neta=0.7; // quantum efficiency +T = 290; // Tempearture in K +RL=100; // Length resistance in Ω +PLOdBm = 10; // Power at local oscillator in dBm +Be = 7.5*10^9; // Efficient bandwidth of filter in Hz +c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air in m/s +loss=alpha*l; // Total fiber loss +q=1.602*10^(-19); // Charge of electron +h=6.626*10^(-34); // Planck constant +kB=1.38*10^(-23); // Bolzman constant + +f=c/lambda; // mean frequency +R=(neta*q)/(h*f); // Responsivity + +//For OOK +Pin=10*log10(2)+meanPin; // peak power in dBm +P1rdBm=Pin-loss; // received peak power in dBm +P1r=(10^(P1rdBm/10))*10^(-3); // received peak power in W +PLO=(10^(PLOdBm/10))*10^(-3); // Power at local oscillator in W +I1=2*R*sqrt(P1r*PLO); // mean of bit 1 +sigma1=2*q*Be*R*(P1r+PLO)+(4*kB*T*Be)/RL; // Square of variance of bit 1 +I0=0; // mean of bit 0 +sigma0=sigma1; // Square of variance of bit 0 +Q1=(I1-I0)/(2*sqrt(sigma1)); // Exact Q-factor +Q2=sqrt((neta*P1r)/(2*h*f*Be)); // Approximate Q-factor + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Exact Q-factor if the signal is OOK = %0.1f',Q1); +printf('\n Approximate Q-factor if the signal is OOK = %0.1f',Q2); + +// For PSK +P1rdBm=meanPin-loss; // received peak power in dBm +P1r=(10^(P1rdBm/10))*10^(-3); // received peak power in W +I1=2*R*sqrt(P1r*PLO); // mean of bit 1 +sigma1=2*q*Be*R*(P1r+PLO)+(4*kB*T*Be)/RL; // Square of variance of bit 1 +I0=-I1; // mean of bit 0 +sigma0=sigma1; // Square of variance of bit 0 +Q1=I1/sqrt(sigma1); // Exact Q-factor +Q2=sqrt((2*neta*P1r)/(h*f*Be)); // Approximate Q-factor + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf('\n Exact Q-factor if the signal is PSK = %0.2f',Q1); +printf('\n Approximate Q-factor if the signal is PSK = %0.2f',Q2); diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0670feec6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca7daa787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 7.3 +// Calculation of the distance. +// Page no 315 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +B1=2.5*10^9; // Mean optical power +B2=10*10^9; // Split loss +L1=160*10^3; // Total system margin + + + +// Distance +L2=((B1/B2)^2*L1); +L2=L2*10^-3; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Distance = %0.0f Km ",L2); + + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e82a12c92 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce1db5c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 7.4 +// Compuatation of (a) OSNR in a reference bandwidth of 0.1 nm, (b) Q-factor. +// Page no. 321 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data + +f=10*10^9; +n=1.5; //Refractive index +h=6.63*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // +q=1.6*10^-19; // Electron charge +d=0.1*10^-9; // Reference bandwidth +alpha=0.0461; // Fiber loss coefficient +L=80; // Spacing +Pi=-3; // Mean fiber launch power +N=80; // Identical amplifers +fe=7*10^9; // Electrical filter bandwidth + + +// Signal calculation +df=-((c*d)/lambda^2); //Reference frequency +G=exp(alpha*L); +G1=10*log10(G); +N1=10*log10(N); +Fn=2*n; //Noise figure +Fn=10*log10(Fn); + +O=Pi-N1-G1-Fn+58; //OSNR +Pi1=2*10^(-(3/10)); // Peak power in mW +f=c/lambda; +Q=sqrt((Pi1*10^-3)/(4*N*n*h*f*(G-1)*fe)); //Q-factor + +// Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n OSNR is = %0.2f dB",O); +printf("\n Q-factor is = %0.2f ",Q); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2006b34d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7246c3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example 2.1 +// Compuatation of the transmission distance +// +// Page no. 325 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +fl=0.2 // Fiber loss +L=100; // Amplifeir spacing +n=1.4; +h=6.63*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1.55*10^-6; + +q=1.6*10^-19; // Electron charge +R=0.9; +d=0.1*10^-9; +alpha=0.0461; +L=100; // Spacing +Pi=-3; // Mean fiber launch power +//N=80; // Identical amplifers +fe=7*10^9; // Electrical filter bandwidth +q=6; +B=5*10^9; + + +// The transmission distance +l=fl*L; +G=10^(l/10); +f=c/lambda; +// r=N*n*h*f*(G-1); +Pi=10^(-(2/10)); +N=Pi/(q^2*n*h*f*(G-1)*B); +Td=N*L; +Td=Td*10^-3; + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n The transmission distance is = %0.0f km",Td); + + + + + diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a38e1f27a Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c73fcf63b --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 7.6 +// Compuatation of the Q-factor. +// +// Page no. 327 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +alpha=0.18; // Fiber loss coefficient +L=190; // Fiber length +G=20; // Gain of preamplifier +lambda=1.55*10^-6; // Operating wavelength +h=6.63*10^-34; // Planck constant +n=1.409; +G1=10^(G/10); +f0=20*10^9; +R=1.1; +q=1.6*10^-19; +fe=7.5*10^9; +Pi=1; // Input power +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +k=1.38*10^-23; +T=298; +Rl=200; + +// The Q factor +l=alpha*L; +Po=Pi-l+G; +Po=10^(Po/10)*10^-3; +f=c/lambda; +r=h*f*(G1-1)*n; +fn=2*n; +fn=10^(fn/10); +I1=R*Po+2*r*f0; +I0=2*R*r*f0; +o1=(2*q*I1*fe)+((4*k*T*fe)/Rl)+(2*R^2*r*(2*Po*fe+r*(2*f0-fe)*fe)); +o2=(2*q*I0*fe)+((4*k*T*fe)/Rl)+(2*R^2*r^2*(2*f0-fe)*fe); +Q=(I1-I0)/(sqrt(o1)+sqrt(o2)); + +//Displaying the result in command window + +printf("\n Q factor= %0.3f ",Q); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4116f33a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43c9690fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 7.7 +// Compuatation of the optimum amplifier configuration +// +// Page no. 329 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +G1=8; // Amplifier gain 1 +G2=16; // Amplifier gain 2 +fn1=7; // Noise figure of amplifier 1 +fn2=5.5; // Noise figure of amplifier 2 +H=7; // Insertion loss of the DCF +//N=80; // Identical amplifers +fe=7*10^9; // Electrical filter bandwidth +// q=6; + + +// The optimum amplifier configuration + +fn1=10^(fn1/10); +fn2=10^(fn2/10); +G2=10^(G2/10); +H=10^(H/10); +Fna=fn2+(fn1/(G2*H)); +Fna=10*log10(Fna); +G=G2+G1+H; +Fnb=fn1+(fn2/(G1*H)); + +Fnb=10*log10(Fnb); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n The optimum amplifier configuration by choosing Amp2 as the first amplifier = %0.3f dB",Fna); +printf("\n The optimum amplifier configuration by choosing Amp1 as the first amplifier = %0.3f dB",Fnb); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.png b/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc4210d8d Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce b/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc81e25c --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// Example 7.9 +// Compuatation of the (a) the length of the DCF (b) the gain G2 and (c) the Q-factor. +// +// Page no. 331 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +b=-21*10^-27; +L=100*10^3; +Lt=100; +l=0.18; // Loss +l1=0.5; // Dispersion coefficients of the TF +G1=16; // Amplifier gain +p=-2; // Mean transmitter output power +fe=7*10^9; +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +h=6.62*10^-34; // Planck constant +fn1=5.5; // Noise figure of amplifier 1 +fn2=7.5; // Noise figure of amplifier 2 +lambda=1.55*10^-6; +bd=145*10^-27; // Dispersion coefficients of the DCF + +// (a) The length of the DCF +st=b*L; +sd=-0.9*st; +Ld=sd/bd; +Ld=Ld*10^-3; +// (b) Gain G2 +Ht=l*Lt; +Hd=l1*Ld; +G2=Ht+Hd-G1; + +// (c) Q factor +Ge=G1+G2+-Hd; +Ge=10^(Ge/10); +fn1=10^(fn1/10); +fn2=10^(fn2/10); +G1=10^(G1/10); +Hd=10^(-Hd/10); +Fe=fn1+(fn2/(G1*Hd))-(1/G1); +f=c/lambda; +r=70*h*f*(((Ge*Fe)-1)/2); +Pi=2*10^(p/10)*10^-3; +Q=sqrt(Pi/(4*r*fe)); + + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n The length of the DCF = %0.2f km",Ld); +printf("\n Gain G2 = %0.2f dB",G2); +printf("\n Q factor= %0.1f ",Q); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png b/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a884a0dbe Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce b/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0034684d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// Example 8.1 +// Compuatation of error probability if the receiver is (a) a balanced homodyne or (b) a balanced heterodyne +// Page no. 354 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Po=5; // Lunch peak power +fl=50; // Fiber loss +G=30; // Preamplifier Gain +f=10*10^9; +n=1.5; +h=6.63*10^-34; // Planck constant +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1550*10^-9; +q=1.6*10^-19; // Electron charge +R=0.9; + +// Signal calculation +Pr=Po-fl+G; +Pr=10^(Pr/10)*10^-3; + +Tb=1/(f); +E=Pr*Tb; +f1=c/lambda; +G=10^(G/10); +r=n*h*f1*(G-1); +//rs=q*I; +N=r+(q/(2*R)); +Nh=r/2+(q/(2*R)); + +// Error probability +// (a) For a balanced homodyne receiver with PSK signal +Ps=1/2*erfc(sqrt(E/N)); +E1=E/2; +// If the signal is OOK +Pso=1/2*erfc(sqrt(E1/(2*N))); + +//(b) For a balanced heterodyne receiver with PSK signal +Pb=1/2*erfc(sqrt(E/(2*Nh))); +//E1=E/2; +// If the signal is OOK +Pbo=1/2*erfc(sqrt(E1/(4*Nh))); + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n For a balanced homodyne receiver with PSK signal = %0.2f X 10^-9 ",Ps*10^9); + +printf("\n For a balanced homodyne receiver with PSK signal If the signal is OOK, = %0.2f X 10^-3",Pso*10^3); +printf("\n For a balanced heterodyne receiver with PSK signal = %0.3f X 10^-9",Pb*10^9); +printf("\n For a balanced heterodyne receiver with PSK signal If the signal is OOK,= %0.2f X 10^-3",Pbo*10^3); + +// The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png b/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9898b17c Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce b/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12eb0a62a --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 8.3 +// Calculation of the maximum transmission distance. +// Page no 394 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +p=3; // Peak power +tb=40*10^9; // Bit rate +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +lambda=1550*10^-9; // Operating frequency +l=0.2; // Loss +d=80; // Distance +G=16 // Gain +h=6.626*10^-34 // Planck constant +n=1; +pb=10^-5; // Error probability +l1=80*10^3; // N spans + + +// The maximum transmission distance + +p=p+10*log10(1/2); +p=10^(p/10)*10^-3; +t=1/(tb); +E=p*t; +f=c/lambda; +fl=l*d; +G=10^(G/10); +r=n*h*f*(G-1); // Calculation is wrong in book. +//pb=1/2*(exp(-(E/r))); +N=-(E/(log(2*pb)*r)); + +L=N*l1; + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The maximum transmission distance = %0.2f km",L*10^-3); + +// In the book PSD per amplifier calcualation is wrong, therefore final answer is wrong. diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.png b/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d158f7bdc Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce b/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..700f9856d --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 8.6 +// To find the mean number of signal photons required in a shot noise-limited coherent communication system based on OOK for the following cases: (i) balanced homodyne receiver; (ii)balanced heterodyne receiver (a) a balanced homodyne or (b) a balanced heterodyne +// Page no. 384 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pb=1*10^-9; //Error probability +neta=1; //quantum efficiency + +//a)for balanced homodyne receiver +Ns=(erfinv(1-(2*neta*Pb)))^2; + +//(b)for balanced heterodyne receiver +Ns1=(erfinv(1-(2*neta*Pb))*sqrt(2))^2; + +//Displaying the result in command window +printf("\n For a balanced homodyne receiver with PSK signal = %0.0f ",Ns); +printf("\n For a balanced heterodyne receiver with PSK signal = %0.0f ",Ns1); diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2d741bc8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c799bc44b --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 9.1 +// Calculation of the (a) the channel spacing, (b) the signal bandwidth in a channel and cther total bandwidth of the WDM signal, and (c) the total data rate. +// Page no 392 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +Bs=10*10^12; // Symbol rate +n=6; // Spectral efficiency +Fs=10*10^12; // Symbol rate +N=12; // No of channels + + + +// (a) Channel spacing +B=Bs*log2(64); +f=B/n; + +// (b) Total bandwidth of the WDM signal +T1=(N-1)*f+(2*Fs)/2; +T1=T1*10^-12; +// (c) Total data rate +T2=N*B; +T2=T2*10^-12; + +// Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Channel spacing = %0.0f GHz ",f*10^-12); + +printf("\n Total bandwidth of the WDM signal = %0.0f GHz ",T1); +printf("\n Total data rate = %0.0f Gb/s ",T2); + diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d85ab5d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..089134582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 9.2 +// Calculation of the total power at the fiber output. +// Page no 393 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +p=0; // Power per channel +fl=0.2; // Fiber loss +f=50; // Wavelength + + +// The total power at the fiber output. +pc=10^(0.1*p); +tp=pc*11; +tp1=10*log10(tp); +tfl=fl*f; +to=tp1-tfl; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The total power at the fiber output = %0.3f dBm ",to); + diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bd9edd11 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f5b79f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 9.3 +// Calculation of a) The lengths of the adjacent waveguides and b) phase shift phi1 and phi2. +// Page no 400 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data + +p=0; // Power per channel +fl=0.2; // Fiber loss +m1=100; // Wavelength +m2=110; +lambda1=1550*10^-9; +lambda2=1550.8*10^-9; +c=3*10^8; // Velocity of light +b0=5.87*10^6; +b1=4.86*10^-9; + +// a) The lengths of the adjacent waveguides +l1=(2*%pi*m1)/b0; +l2=(2*%pi*m2)/b0; + + +// b) Phase shift phi1 and phi2. +dfdl=-(c/lambda1^2); +dbdl=2*%pi*b1*dfdl; +phi1=2*%pi*m1+(lambda2-lambda1)*l1*dbdl; +phi2=2*%pi*m2+(lambda2-lambda1)*l2*dbdl; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The lengths of the adjacent waveguides = %0.2f micrometer ",l1*10^6); +printf("\n The lengths of the adjacent waveguides = %0.2f micrometer",l2*10^6); +printf("\n Phase shift phi1 = %0.2f x 10^2 rad ",phi1*10^-2); +printf("\n Phase shift phi2 = %0.2f x 10^2 rad",phi2*10^-2); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3a86bbbc Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e92f52333 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 9.4 +// Calculation of the maximum reach up to which the carrier orthogonality is preserved. +// Page no 408 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +b=22*10^-27; // Power launched in port 1 +T=1.28*10^-9; // Guard interval +N=128; // Subcarriers +f=78.125*10^6; // Frequency spacing between subcarriers + +// Bit rate of communication system +I=T/(b*2*%pi*N*f); +I=I*10^-3; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The maximum reach up to which the carrier orthogonality is preserved = %0.0f km ",I); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5067f13a5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d29ca4525 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 9.5 +// Calculation of the maximum reach up to which the carrier orthogonality is preserved. +// Page no 410 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +d=30*10^-12; // Delay +b=0.5*10^-8; + +// The maximum reach up to which the carrier orthogonality is preserved +L=d/b; +L=L*10^3; + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The maximum reach up to which the carrier orthogonality is preserved = %0.3f mm ",L); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ede3ed1f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0177eb77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 9.6 +// Calculation of the ODTM to multiplex data. +// Page no 411 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +f1=10*10^9; +f2=40*10^9; + + +// The ODTM to multiplex data +b1=1/(f1); +b2=1/(f2); +b1=b1*10^12; +b2=b2*10^12; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n Bit interval for 10 Gb/s signal is = %0.0f ps ",b1); +printf("\n Bit interval for 40 Gb/s signal is = %0.0f ps ",b2); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206e1b6d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7b4827e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 9.7 +// Calculation of the (a) the total data rate and (b) the spectral efficiency. +// Page no 413 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +M=16; +np=2; // No of polarization +nc=24; // No of channels +bs=28*10^9; // Symbol rate per polarization + +// (a) The total data rate +B=bs*log2(M); +T=B*np*nc; + + +// (b) The spectral efficiency +N=bs*nc; +s=T/N; + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The total data rate = %0.3f Tb/s ",T*10^-12); + +printf("\n The spectral efficiency = %0.1f b/s/Hz ",s); + diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..213637222 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d293b6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 9.8 +// Calculation of the number of subcarriers required to transmit information. +// Page no 413 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +M=4; +np=2; // No of polarization +nc=24; // No of channels +bs=10*10^9; // Symbol rate per polarization +d=5000*10^3; // Transmission distance +b=22*10^-27; +ts= 49.3*10^-9; + +// The total data rate +B=bs*log2(M); +T=d*b*%pi*bs; +//L=T/(b*2*%pi*N*bs); +N=(bs*ts)/2; + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The number of subcarriers required to transmit information = %0.0f ",N); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png b/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92bb28fd0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png differ diff --git a/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce b/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a043f214f --- /dev/null +++ b/3547/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 9.9 +// Calculation of the (a) the signal power/subcarrier/polarization at the fiber output, (b) the data rate and (c) the spectral efficiency +// Page no 414 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Given data +fl=0.19; // Fiber loss +fg=70; // Fiber length +nc=24; // No of channels +ip=2; +bs=10*10^9; // Symbol rate per polarization +ts= 12.8*10^-9; // Symbol period +n=64; // No of subcarriers +np=2; // Launch power to the fiber + + +// (a) The signal power/subcarrier/polarization at the fiber output +T=fl*fg; +p=ip-T; +p1=10^(p/10); +s=p1/(np*n); +//s=s*10^4; + +// (b) The data rate +bs=1/ts; +B=log2(n)*bs; +bt=B*2*n; + +// (c) the spectral efficiency +Tb=n*bs; +se=bt/Tb; + + + + +//Displaying results in the command window +printf("\n The signal power/subcarrier/polarization at the fiber output = %0.3f x 10^-4 mW ",s*10^4); + +printf("\n The data rate = %0.0f Gb/s ",bt*10^-9); + +printf("\n The spectral efficiency = %0.0f b/s/Hz ",se); + +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f94dba7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Exa 1.1a + +clc; +clear all; + +Yn=80;//voltage across a resistor(Volts) +Xn=79;//Measured voltage (Volts) + +//solution +e=Yn-Xn; //absolute error +Pe=(Yn-Xn)/Yn *100;//% error +A=1-abs((Yn-Xn)/Yn); //relative accuracy +a=100*A; +printf('Absolute Error = %d V \n Percentage Error = %.2f percent\n Relative accuracy = %.4f \n Percentage of accuracy = %0.2f percent \n',e,Pe,A,a); +disp(""); diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..777c954b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Exa 1.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Refering to table 1.1- Set of 10 measurements that were recorded in the laboratory. + +X={98;101;102;97;101;100;103;98;106;99}; //From table 1.1 + +//solution +X_n= mean(X); //Average value +Prec=1-abs((X(6)-X_n)/X_n);//precision of 6th reading +printf('The precision of 6th measurement = %0.3f \n',Prec); diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97002fa04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Exa 1.3a + +clc; +clear all; + +Sv=1000; //voltmeter sensitivity(ohm/V) +Vt=80; //Voltage across unknown resistance (V) +It=10; //Current through unknown resistance (mA) +Scale=150; //Volts + +//solution + +//Neglecting milliammeter resistance +Rt=Vt/It; //Total circuit resistance(K ohm) +Rv=Sv*Scale/1000; //Voltmeter resistance(K ohm/V) +Rx=Rt*Rv/(Rv-Rt); //actual value of unknown resistance(K ohm) +err=(Rx-Rt)/Rx *100; +printf('Apparent value of resistance = %d K ohm \n Actual value of resistance = %.2f K ohm \n Percentage error = %.1f percent \n',Rt,Rx,err); +disp(""); + +// Exa 1.3b + +Sv=1000; //voltmeter sensitivity(ohm/V) +Vt=30; //Voltage across unknown resistance (V) +It=600; //Current through unknown resistance (mA) +Scale=150; //Volts + +//solution + +//Neglecting milliammeter resistance +Rt=Vt/(It*10^-3); //Total circuit resistance(ohm) +Rv=Sv*Scale; //Voltmeter resistance(ohm/V) +Rx=Rt*Rv/(Rv-Rt); //actual value of unknown resistance(ohm) +err=(Rx-Rt)/Rx *100; +printf('Apparent value of resistance = %d ohm \n Actual value of resistance = %.3f ohm \n Percentage error = %.3f \n',Rt,Rx,err); +disp("In Example1.3a, a well calibrated voltmeter may give a misleading resistance when connected across two points in a high resistance circuit.") +disp("The same voltmeter, when connected in a low resistance circuit(Examole 1.3b) may give a more dependable reading. This shows that voltmeters have a loading effect in the circuit during measurement."); +// In the 1.3b example, the answer mentioned in the textbook for Rx and percent error is isncorrect. + diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c22cf88c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Exa 1.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +x1= 49.7; +x2= 50.1; +x3= 50.2; +x4= 49.6; +x5= 49.7; + +// solution + +X_mean= (x1+x2+x3+x4+x5)/5; // Arithmatic mean + +d1= x1-X_mean; +d2= x2-X_mean; // deviation from each value +d3= x3-X_mean; +d4=x4-X_mean; +d5=x5-X_mean; + +d_total= d1+d2+d3+d4+d5; //Algebraic sum of deviations + +printf('The arithmatic mean is %.2f \n \n',X_mean); +printf(' Deviation from x1 is %.2f \n ',d1); +printf('Deviation from x2 is %.2f \n ',d2); +printf('Deviation from x3 is %.2f \n ',d3); +printf('Deviation from x4 is %.2f \n ',d4); +printf('Deviation from x5 is %.2f \n \n',d5); +printf(' The algebraic sum of deviation is %d \n',d_total); diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c323e56a --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 1.5 +//Data taken from Exa 1.4 as stated + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +x1= 49.7; +x2= 50.1; +x3= 50.2; +x4= 49.6; +x5= 49.7; +n= 5; // number of x values + +// solution + +X_mean= (x1+x2+x3+x4+x5)/5; // Arithmatic Mean +d1= x1-X_mean; +d2= x2-X_mean; // deviation from each value +d3= x3-X_mean; +d4=x4-X_mean; +d5=x5-X_mean; + +D_av= (abs(d1)+abs(d2)+abs(d3)+abs(d4)+abs(d5))/n; //Average deviation +printf('The average deviation = %.3f \n',D_av); diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b18337d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 1.6 +//Data taken from Eg 1.4 as stated + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +x1= 49.7; +x2= 50.1; +x3= 50.2; +x4= 49.6; +x5= 49.7; +n= 5; // number of x values + +// solution + +X_mean= (x1+x2+x3+x4+x5)/5; // Arithmatic Mean +d1= x1-X_mean; +d2= x2-X_mean; // deviation from each value +d3= x3-X_mean; +d4=x4-X_mean; +d5=x5-X_mean; + +Std_dev= sqrt((d1^2+d2^2+d3^2+d4^2+d5^2)/(n-1)); //Standard deviation +printf('The standard deviation = %.2f \n',Std_dev); + diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e466deaba --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 1.7 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Range= 600; //volgmeter range(volts) +Accu= 0.02; //Accuracy +X= 250; //voltage to be measured(volts) + +// Solution + +Mag= Accu * Range; //magnitude of limiting error +X_mag = Mag/X * 100; // limiting error at 250V inpercentag + +printf('Limiting error when instrument is used to measure at 250V = %.1f percentage \n',X_mag); + + diff --git a/3554/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3554/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9662b2138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 1.8 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +X= 100; // Range of voltmeter(V) +x= 70; // Measured value on voltmeter(V) +Y= 150; // Range of milliammeter +y= 80; // Measurex d value on milliammeter +Accu= 0.015; // Accuracy of instruments + +// Solution + +X_mag= Accu*X; //Magnitude of limiting error for voltmeter +Y_mag= Accu*Y; // Magnitude of limiting error for milliammeter +x_mag= X_mag/x; // limiting error at 70V +y_mag= Y_mag/y; // limiting error at 80mA + +disp("Limiting error for the power calculation is the sum of the individual limiting errors involved"); +printf(' Therefore, limiting error = %.3f percentage \n',(x_mag+y_mag)*100); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3554/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3554/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f381d119 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 10.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +// 1st measurement +f1=1; // in MHZ +C1=500; // in pf +// 2nd measurement +f2=2; //in MHz +C2=110; // in pf + +// Solution +// Using equation 10.2(page no. 278) to calculate distributed Capacitance + +Cs=(C1-4*C2)/3; // Distributed capacitance in pf +printf('The value of distributed capacitance = %d pf \n',Cs); +// using equation of resonant frequency given as f1=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*(C1+Cs)); +// Therefore +L=1/(4*(%pi)^2*f1^2*(C1+Cs)); // Inductor value + +printf(' The value of L(inductor) is =%.3f micro H \n',L*10^6); diff --git a/3554/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3554/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..227a1bcd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 10.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +f1=2; // in MHz +f2=6; // in MHz +C1=500; // in pf +C2=50; // in pf + +// Solution + +disp("Given that f2=3*f1"); +disp("Therefore by using equation 10.1"); +disp(" 1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*(C2+Cs)) = 3/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*(C1+Cs))"); +disp("Therefore"); +disp("C1+Cs=9(C2+Cs)"); +//Therefore Cs is given as +Cs=(C1-9*C2)/8;// Self capacitance in pf +printf(' \nThe value of the self capacitance is = %.2f pf \n', Cs); + + diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973ab4783 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 11.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +// Wheatstone's bridge circuit +R1=10; // k Ohms +R2=15; // k Ohms +R3=40; // k Ohms + +// Solution +// From the equation (11.4) of balanced bridge we have + +Rx=R2*R3/R1; // Unknown resistance Rx +printf(' The unknown resistance Rx is = %d k Ohms \n',Rx); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..458d8f06a --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 11.10 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +// Wien's bridge +R1=3.1; // k Ohms +C1=5.2; // micro farads +R2=25; // k Ohms +f=2.5; // kHz +R4=100;// k Ohms + +// Solution + +w=2*%pi*f; // Angular frequency +// Substituting the value of C3 from Eq. 11.22(page no. 330) in Eq.11.21(pagr no. 330) to get value of R3 as follows +R3=R4/R2 *(R1+1/(w^2*R1*C1^2)); +// Also we can get C3 from Eq. 11.22(page no. 330) +C3=1/(w^2*C1*R1*R3); +printf(' The parallel resistance of %.1f K ohms and capacitance of %.1f pf\n causes a Wien bridge to null with values of given component values. \n',R3,C3*10^6); + diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa19bc4ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 11.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +//Refering fig. 11.5 - Unbalanced Wheatstone bridge + +R1=1; // in k Ohms +R2= 2.5; // in k Ohms +R3=3.5; // in k Ohms +R4=10; // in k Ohms +V= 6; // Applied Voltage(V) +Rg=0.3; // Galvanometer resistance in k Ohms + +// Solution + +// Eth=Ea-Eb ; \\ Thevenin's equivalent voltage +Eth=V*(R4/(R2+R4) - R3/(R1+R3)); +Rth=(R1*R3/(R1+R3)) + (R2*R4/(R2+R4)) ; +// Refering the equivalent circuit connected along with the galvanometer as shown in fig. 11.6 +Ig=Eth/(Rth+Rg) ; // Current through galvanometer +printf(' The current through galvanometer is = %.2f micro Amp \n',round(Ig*10^3)); +//The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14520fe33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 11.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +// Refering Fig. 11.9(page no.311) - slightly unbalanced Wheatstone bridge +R= 700; // in Ohms +Dell_R= 35; // in Ohms +E=10; // Supplied voltage(V) +Rg=125;//Internal resistance of galvanometer(Ohms) + +// Solution + +Eth= E*Dell_R/(4*R) ; // Thevenin's equivalent voltage(V) +Rth=R; // Thevenin's equivalent resistance(Ohms) +Ig= Eth/(Rth+Rg); // Current through galvanometer(Amp) +printf(' The current through galvanometer by the approximation method is %.1f micro Amp \n',Ig*10^6); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..240568637 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 11.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refering Fig. 11.12(page no.315)- Kelvin's bridge + +Ra_b=1000;// The ratio of Ra to Rb +R1= 5; // in Ohms + +// Solution + +// We have R1=0.5*R2 +R2=R1/0.5; + +//From the eqation for Kelvin'd bridge- Rx*Ra=Rb*R2 +Rx=R2*(1/1000); // Unknown resistance +printf(' The value of Rx = %.2f Ohm \n ',Rx); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d39131b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 11.5 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refering circuit in Fig. 11.15(a) and graph in 11.15(b) on page no.317 + +R1=5; // k Ohms +R2=5; //k Ohms +R3= 5; // k Ohms +E=6; // Applied voltage(V) + +// Solution + +// The value of Rv when bridge is balanced is calculated as +Rv=R2*R3/R1; +printf(' The value of Rv = %d K Ohms \n' , Rv); +disp(" From the graph, the temperature at which bridge is balanced is = 80 degree celsius"); +disp(" From the graph, the resistance Rv for balancing bridge at 60 degree celcius comes out to be 4.5 k Ohms "); +// Therefore +Rv1=4.5; // Resistance Rv at 60 degree celcius(K ohms) +es=E*(R3/(R1+R3) - Rv1/(R2+Rv1) ); // Error signal +printf(' The amplitude of error signal at 60 degree celsius is = %.3f V \n',es); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb39d7b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 11.6 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +f=2; // kHz +C3=100; // micro farads +R1=10; // k Ohms +R2=50; // k Ohms +R3=100; // k Ohms + +// Solution + +// Using equations 11.12(a) and 11.12(b) (page no. 321)to find values of Rx and Cx + +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +Cx=R1/R2 *C3; + +printf(' The equivalent circuit consist of resistance Rx of %d K ohms \n in series with a capacitor Cx of %d micro farads \n',Rx,Cx); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c3a66ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 11.7 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +C1=0.01; // micro farads +R1=470; // k Ohms +R2=5.1; // k Ohms +R3=100; // k Ohms + +// Solution +// Using equation 11.15 given on page no. 324 to find Rx and Lx + +Rx=R2*R3/R1; +Lx=R2*R3*C1; + +printf(' The series equivalent of the unknown impedence consist of series combination\n of Rx = %.2f k Ohms and Lx= %.1f H \n' , Rx, Lx); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9511ba11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 11.8 + + clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +w=3000; // Angular frequency in rad/s +R2=10*10^3; // Ohms +R1= 2*10^3; // Ohms +C1=1*10^-6; // farads +R3=1*10^3; // Ohms + +// Solution + +// Using equations 11.19 and 11.18 (page no.326)to find values of Rx and Lx + +Rx=w^2*R1*R2*R3*C1^2/(1+w^2*R1^2*C1^2); +Lx=R2*R3*C1/(1+w^2*R1^2*C1^2); + +printf(' The series equivalent inductance and resistance of the network consist of\n Rx of %.2f k Ohms and Lx of %d mH \n',Rx/1000,Lx*10^3); diff --git a/3554/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3554/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9f63b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 11.9 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +// Refering Fig. 11.26(page no.328) - an AC bridge(SCHERING'S BRIDGE) + +R1= 1; // k Ohms +C1=0.5; // micro farads +R2=2; // k Ohms +C3=0.5; // micro farads +f= 1000; // Hz + +// Solution +// Using Equations 11.20(a) and 11.20(b) given on page no. 328 we get value Rx and Cx + +Rx=C1/C3*R2;// in k Ohms +Cx=R1/R2 * C3; // in micro farads + +D=2*%pi*f*Cx*10^-6*Rx*10^3; // Dissipation factor + +printf(' The unknown capacitance Cx is equal to %.2f micro farads\n ',Cx); +printf(' The dissipation factor = %.4f \n ',D); + diff --git a/3554/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3554/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820e88065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 12.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Chart_speed=40; // in mm/sec +Time_base=5; // in mm + +// Solution + +Period= Time_base/Chart_speed; +frequ=1/Period; +printf(' The frequency of the signal = %d cycles/sec \n',frequ); diff --git a/3554/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3554/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42d6ef687 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 12.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +fre=20; // in Hz +Time_base=5*10^-3; // in + +// Solution + +Period=1/fre; // in sec +// Since period= timebase/ chart speed; +Chart_speed=Time_base/Period; // in mm/sec + +printf(' The chart speed used to record one complete cycle on 5mm of recording paper =%.1f mm/sec \n',Chart_speed*10^3); diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeb9f7f5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 13.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refer circuit given in Fig no.13.2(b) given on page no.381 + +Shaft=3; // Shaft stroke in inches +Wiper=0.9;// in inches +R=5; // Total resistance(R1+R2) in K ohms +Vt=5; // Applied voltage in volts + +// Solution + +R2=Wiper/Shaft * R ;// in k Ohms +// Since Vo/Vt=R2/(R1+R2); +// Therefore +Vo=R2/(R) *Vt; // Output Voltage(R1+R2) +printf(' The output voltage = %.1f V \n',Vo); diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64174d9e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 13.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +Ra=5; // (R1+R2) in k Ohms +Rb=5;// (R3+R4) in k Ohms +Vt=5; // Applied voltage (V) +Shaft=5; // Shaft distance in inches + +// Solution + +disp(" As given, wiper moves 0.5 inch towards A from the centre, it will have moved 3 inches from B"); +Wiper=3; // Wiper movement from B in inches +Wiper1=2.5;//Wiper movement from A in inches +R2=Wiper/Shaft * R; // in k Ohms +R4=Wiper1/Shaft * R; // in k Ohms +//Ve=VR2-VR4 +Vc=(R2/(Ra)) *Vt - (R4/(Rb)) * Vt; + +printf(' The new value of Vc= %.1f V \n',Vc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e61b81efd --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 13.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +K=2; // Gauge factor +strain=1*10^-6; // Ratio of change in length to original length +R=130; // Resistance in Ohms + +// Solution + +// As K = ratio of dell R/R to dell L/L +Dell_R =K*R*strain ; // Change in resistance +printf(' The change in resistance = %d micro Ohms \n',Dell_R*10^6); diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c1a6e03b --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 13.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +R= 4;// Resistance of thermistor in k Ohms +R1=0.003;// Meter resistance in k Ohms +Rc=0.017; // in k Ohms +Vt=15;// in Volts + +// Solution + +// From fig. 13.2(b)- graph of Temp vs Resistance we find that,thermistor resistance at 25 degree Celsius is 4 K ohms and at 65.5556 degree Celsius it is 950 ohms. +R_25= 4;// in k Ohms +R_65=0.95; // in k Ohms + +I1=Vt/(R_25+R1+Rc); // current at 25 degree Celsius(A) +I2=Vt/(R_65+R1+Rc); // current at 65.556 degree Celsius(A) + +printf(' The current meter reading at 25 degree Celsius = %.2f mA and at 150 degree fahrenheit = %.1f mA \n', I1,I2); diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f2b4bfa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 13.5 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Input=6.3; // V +Output=5.2; // V +Range= 9.5; // inches + +// Solution + +// 0.5 inches core displacement produces 5.2 V +// Therefore, a 0.45 inch movement produces voltage as +V1=0.45*5.2/0.5; +// Similarly - 0.30 inches core movement produces voltage as +V2=-0.30*-5.2/(-0.5); // V +// Also -0.25 inch core movement produces voltage as +V3=-0.25*-5.2/(-0.5); // V + +printf('The core movement of 0.45 inch produces voltage of %.2f V and\n movement of -0.30 inch produces voltage of %.2f V \n' ,V1,V2); +printf(' The core movement of -0.25 inch from the centre produces voltage of %.1f V \n',V3); + + diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03a3a4fd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 13.6 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +K=0.32; // Coupling co efficient +Op=1;// Output in oz.in. + +// Solution + +// 1 oz.in.= 1 oz.in. * (1 ft/12 in.) * (1 lb/16 oz) * (1.3561/1 ft lb) = 7.06*10^-3 J ; + +Elec_mech= 7.06*10^-3; // Electrical energy converted to mechanical energy(J) +Ee=Elec_mech/K; // Applied Electrical energy +printf(' The electrical energy of %.2f mJ must be applied \n',Ee*10^3); +// The answer mentioned in the book is incorrect diff --git a/3554/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3554/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fadd3c985 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 13.7 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refering circuit in fig. 13.7(a) and graph in fig.13.7(b) on page no.422 + +I=10; // mA +V=30;// Volts +Illumination=400;// in l/m^2 + +// Solution + +disp(" From graph(13.7(b) , cell resistance at 400 l/m^2 is 1 K ohms"); +Rcell=1; // K ohms + +R1=V/I - Rcell; //Required series resistance + +Rdark=100;//Cells dark resistance in K ohms +Idark=V/(R1+Rdark); // Dark current +printf(' The required series resistance and dark current level are %d K ohms amd %.1f mA respectively \n',R1,Idark); diff --git a/3554/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3554/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e65631f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Exa 14.1 + + clc; +clear all; + + +// Given data + +fa=800; // The highest frequency(Hz) +Vp=2; //Volts + + +// Solution +disp("Let C1=0.1 micro farads") +C1=0.1; // micro farads +// Then Rf is given as +Rf=1/(2*%pi*C1*10^-6*fa);// Ohms +printf(' Calculated value of Rf = %.3f k Ohms. selecting nearest higher value of 2.2 k Ohms \n ',Rf/1000); + +fb=20*fa; +R1=1/(2*%pi*C1*10^-6*fb);// Ohms +printf('The calculated value of R1 = %.1f Ohms. Let R1=100 Ohms \n',R1); + +// Since R1*C1=Rf*Cf +Cf=R1*C1*10^-6/2200;//Rf is taken as 2.2 k Ohms as stated above +printf(' The value of Cf = %.5f micro farads. Let Cf=0.0047 micro farads \n',Cf*10^6); + +Rom=(1/100+1/2200)^-1; +printf(' Rom = %.1f Ohms \n',Rom); + +t=0:0.1*10^-3:1.5*2.50*10^-3; + +Vin=Vp*sin(2*%pi*fa*t);//Input Voltage equation +xlabel("Time(sec)"); +ylabel("Voltage(V)"); +title("Input Voltage"); +plot2d(t,Vin); +figure(1); + +Vo=-2200*0.1*10^-6*Vp*2*%pi*fa*cos(2*%pi*800*t);//Output voltage equation +xlabel("Time(sec)"); +ylabel("Voltage(V)"); +title("Output Voltage"); +plot2d(t,Vo); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3554/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3554/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a74078ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 14.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +Va=2;// Volts +Vb=1;// Volts +Vc=3; // Volts +Ra=3;// k Ohms +Rb=3;// k Ohms +Rc=3;// k Ohms +Rf=1;// k Ohms +Rom=270;// Ohms +Supply=15;// Volts + +// Solution + +disp(" Assuming that the opamp is initially nulled"); +// Using equation 14.8 to determine the output voltage +Vo=-(Rf/Ra *Va+Rf/Rb *Vb+Rf/Rc *Vc); +printf(' The output voltage = %d Volts \n',Vo); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3554/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3554/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e2a7a681 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 14.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +R1=2.2;// k Ohms +Rf=10;// k Ohms +R=120;// (Ra=Rb=Rc) k Ohms +E=5; // Volts +Vcc=15; // Volts +Rt=120; // k Ohms at reference temperature of 25 degree celsius +Tco=- 1; // Temperature co-efficient in K/degree celsius + +// Given data + +disp(" At 25 degree celsius, Ra=Rb=Rc=120 K. Therefore, the bridge is balanced and Va=Vb.Therefore, Vo=0."); +Delta_R=Tco*(0-25); +// For 0 degree celsius +printf(' At 0 degree celsius the change delta_R in the resistance of the thermistor is %d k Ohms \n ',Delta_R); + +Vo=-(Delta_R)*E*Rf/(2*(2*R+Delta_R)*R1); +printf(' The output voltage at 0 degree celsius = %.2f Volts \n ',Vo); +// For 100 degree celsius +Delta_R1=Tco*(100-25); +Vo1=-(Delta_R1)*E*Rf/(2*(2*R+Delta_R1)*R1); + +printf(' The output voltage at 100 degree celsius = %.2f Volts \n ',Vo1); diff --git a/3554/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3554/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c5fa2a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 14.4 +// Refer circuit 14.25 given on page no. 484 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +E=10;// Volts +R=50;// Unstrained gauge resistance(Ohms) +Gain=100;// Amplifier gain +Vo=1.5;// Output Voltage + +// Solution + +// Using the formula: Vo=E*(Delta_R/R)*gain + +Delta_R=Vo*R/(E*Gain);// Change in resistance + +printf('The change in resistance =%.2f Ohms\n This means that Rt1 and Rt3 decrease by 0.07 ohms \n and Rt2 and Rt4 increase by 0.07 ohms when a certain weight is placed on the scale platform\n',Delta_R); +// The answer mentioned in the textbook is incorrect as R=50 Ohms and not 100 Ohms. diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcdb5d451 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Exa 15.1 + +clc; +clear all; + + +// Given data +Fh=2;// kHz +Af=2;// Pass band gain + +// Solution + +disp(" Let C1= 0.01 micro farads "); +C=0.01;//micro farads +R=1/(2*%pi*Fh*C);// k Ohms +printf(' The calculated value of R is %.3f K ohms. Nearest practical value for R1 is 8.2 k Ohms\n',R); +//Af=1+Rf/R1; +// As Af=2. So, Rf=R1 +disp(" In this case , Rf=R1= 10 k Ohms is selected "); diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e395a330e --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Exa 15.10 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Second order inverting Butterworth low pass filter +// Refering Table 15.1 and 15.3 in page no 517 and 538 respectively + +Af=6;// DC gain +Fc=1.5;// KHz +Q=10; + +// Solution + +disp(" According to Table 15.1, the inverting configurations would normally be used to give an inverting low pass output. However, to obtain a gain of 6, an inverting uncommitted opamp has to br used, hence the non-inverting filter configuration must be used."); + +// From table 15.4 given on page no 538 +R2=316/Q; +R3=100/(3.16*Q-1); +// R1 treated as open circuit +printf(' \n The R1 is open while R2 and R3 are %.1f ,k Ohms %.1f k Ohms respectively \n',R2,R3); +// From equations 15.54 given on page no 538 we get R4 and R5 +R4=(5.03)*10^7/(Fc*10^3);//Ohms +R5=R4; +printf(' \n The calculated value of R4=R5=%.2f k Ohms \n',R4/1000); +disp(" use R4=R5=33 k Ohms"); + +disp(" Let R6=1.8 K ohms"); +R6=1.8; // K ohms +R7=R6*Af; +R8=(1/R6 + 1/R7)^-1; + +printf(' The values of R6 and R7 are %.1f k Ohms, %.3f K ohms respectively \n',R6,R7); +printf(' The value of R8 = %.3f k Ohms \n ',R8); diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8e877d74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 15.11 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Fc=4;// kHz +Q=8; + +// Solution + +disp(" The FLT-U2 can be used as a notch filter by summing the inverted output of the bandpass filter designed with the input signal by means of the uncommitted opamp."); + +// From table 15.3 given on page no 538 +R2=100;// k Ohms +R3=100/((3.40*Q)-1); +// R1 treated as open circuit +printf(' The R1 is open while R2 and R3 are %.1f , %.2f K ohms respectively \n',R2,R3); + +// From equations 15.54 given on page no 538 we get R4 and R5 +R4=(5.03)*10^7/(Fc*10^3); +R5=R4; +printf(' The calculated value of R4=R5=%.2f k Ohms(12 k Ohms) \n',R4/1000); +disp(" Let R6=R7=R8=10 K ohms "); +R=10000;//R=R6=R7=R8=10 k Ohms +R9=(1/R+1/R+1/R)^-1; +printf(' The value of R9 =%.2f K ohms \n',R9/1000); +disp(" The complete circuit diagram is shown in fig. 15.26 on page no. 541."); +// The value of R3 vary due to round off error. diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dfba4a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 15.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Wc=20*10^3; // Angular cutoff frequency in rad/s +C=0.01*10^-6; //in farads + +// Solution + +// As Wc=1/(R*C); +R=1/(Wc*C); + +printf(' The value of resistance required = %d k Ohms \n',R/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f43e0acf --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 15.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Fh= 2*10^3;// Cutoff frequency in Hz + +// Solution + +disp(" Let C2=C3=0.0033 micro farads "); + +// Fh=1/(2*%pi*R*C); where R=R2=R3 and C2=C3=C; +C=0.0033*10^-6; // farads +// Therefore +R=1/(2*%pi*Fh*C); +printf(' Calculated value of R = %.1f K ohms. Let, R=R2=R3=22 k Ohms is selected\n',R/1000); +// Since Rf/R1=0.586, therefore Rf=0.586*R1; +// Let fix value of R1 as +R1=10*10^3; // Ohms +Rf=0.586*R1; +printf(' The remaining components after calculation comes out to be as Rf= %.2f k Ohms and R1= %d k Ohms \n',Rf/1000,R1/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..211767976 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 15.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Second order filter + +R=47*10^3; // Ohms(R2=R3=R) +C=0.0022*10^-6; // farads(C2=C3=C) + +// Solution + +Fl=1/(2*%pi*R*C); //low cutoff frequency(Hz) +printf(' The low cutoff frequency for a high pass filter =%.2f kHz\n',Fl/1000); + diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e95c3259 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 15.5 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Fl=100;// lower cutoff frequency in Hz +Fh=1000;// higher cutoff frequency in Hz +Af=4;// pass band gain + +// Solution + +// Wide bandpass filter design +// 1. For a low pass filter Fh=1 KHz =1/(2*%pi*R*C); + +disp(" For a low pass filter section"); +disp(" Let C1=0.01 micro farads "); +C1=0.01;// micro farads +R1=1/(2*%pi*Fh*C1*10^-6); +printf('The value of resistor = %.1f K ohms \n',R1/1000); + +// 2. For a high pass filter Fl=100 Hz=1/(2*%pi*R*C); +disp(" For a high pass filter section"); +disp(" Let C2=0.01 micro farads "); +C2=0.01;// micro farads +R2=1/(2*%pi*Fl*C2*10^-6); +printf(' The value of resistor = %d K ohms \n',R2/1000); + +disp(" Since the pass band gain is 4, the gain of the high pass and low pass filter sections are set each equal to 2. Therefore, R1=Rf=10 K ohms for both sections."); + +// Q for filter +Fc=sqrt(Fl*Fh); + +Q=Fc/(Fh-Fl); +printf(' The value of Q =%.2f which is less than 10, as expected for a wide band pass filter\n',Q); diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92ce4e67b --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 15.6 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +// Refering fig. 15.17- Narrow band pass filter + +Fc=1; // kHz +Q=5; //Quality factor +Avo=8; //Voltage gain +Fc1=1.5;//New centre frequency(kHz) + +// Solution + +disp(" Let C1=C2=C3=C(say)=0.01 micro farads"); +C=0.01;//micro farads +// But +R1=Q/(2*%pi*Fc*10^3*C*10^-6*Avo); // From eqn. 15.45 on page no.530 +R2=Q/(2*%pi*Fc*10^3*C*10^-6*(2*Q^2-Avo));// From eqn. 15.47 on page no. 530 +R3=Q/(%pi*Fc*10^3*C*10^-6); // From eqn. 15.46 on agr no. 530 +printf(' The Values of R1, R2 and R3 are %.3f k Ohms(approx 10 k Ohms), %.3f k Ohms(approx 2 k Ohms and %.3f k Ohms(aprox 159 k Ohms) respectively\n',R1/1000,R2/1000,R3/1000); +// To change Fc to Fc1 we simply have to change R2 to R21 given as +R21=2000*(Fc/Fc1)^2;// since R2=2 k Ohms(approx) +printf(' The calculated value of new R2 to change Fc from 1 kHz to 1.5 kHz keeping Avo(Voltage gain) and BW constant is = %.2f ohms (approx 820 Ohms) \n',R21); + diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef83d5ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Exa 15.7 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refering fig. 15.20- Wide band reject filter + +Fl=100;// Hz +Fh=1000;// Hz + +// Solution +// 1. For a high pass filter Fh=1 KHz =1/(2*%pi*R*C); +disp(" For a high pass filter section"); +disp(" Let C1=0.01 micro farads "); +C1=0.01;// micro farads +R1=1/(2*%pi*Fh*C1*10^-6); +printf(' The value of resistor = %.1f k Ohms \n',R1/1000); + +// 2. For a low pass filter Fl=100 Hz=1/(2*%pi*R*C); +disp(" For a low pass filter section"); +disp(" Let C2=0.01 micro farads "); +C2=0.01;// micro farads +R2=1/(2*%pi*Fl*C2*10^-6); +printf(' The value of resistor = %.1f k Ohms \n',R2/1000); + +disp(" Since the pass band gain is 4, the gain of the high pass and low pass filter sections are set each equal to 2. Therefore, R1=Rf=10 k Ohmss for both section"); +disp(" Further, the gain of the summing amplifier is set to 1, therefore R2=R3=R4=10 k Ohms"); // K ohms +R=10000;//Ohms(R=R2=R3=R4) +Rom=(1/R+1/R+1/R)^-1; +printf(' The value of Rom = %.1f k Ohms\n',Rom/1000); +// There is a printing mistake as c=0.1 micro fard is printed instead of 0.01 micro farad. diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7e84a363 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 15.8 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Active notch filter + +Fn=50; //Notch out frequency(Hz) + +// Solution + +disp(" Let C=0.047 micro farads"); +C=0.047; // micro farads +R=1/(2*%pi*Fn*C*10^-6); + +printf(' The value of R is calculated as %d k Ohms \n',round(R/1000)); +disp("For R/2, two 68 k Ohms resistors connected in parallel are used and for the 2C components, two 0.047 micro farad capacitors connected in parallel are used."); + diff --git a/3554/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3554/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fadd5f844 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 15.9 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refering Fig. 15.2(a)- All pass filter +f=2.5;// Input frequency in kHz + +// Solution + +disp(" Let C=0.01 micro farads and R= 15 k Ohms"); +C=0.01;// micro farads +R=15;// k Ohms +Phi=2*atan(2*%pi*f*C*R); // phase angle in radians + +printf(' This means that the output voltage Vo has the same frequency and amplitude as the input voltage but lags it by - %d degrees\n',Phi*180/%pi); + diff --git a/3554/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3554/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7632424b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 16.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +fd=75; // Frequency deviation in KHz +fm=5;// Frequency of modulating signal in kHz + +// Solution + +// From equation 16.5 (page no. 590) we calculate Mi as +Mi=fd/fm; // Modulation index + +printf(' The modulation index =%d \n',Mi); diff --git a/3554/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3554/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..554f1d687 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Exa 17.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// A 5 bit resistive divider + +n=5;// since 5 bit resistive divider +Ip1=[1 1 0 1 1];// Digital input 1(1st element of array is MSB) +Ip2=[1 0 1 1 0];//Digital input 2(1st element of array is MSB) +V1=10;// Voltage corresponding to binary 1 +V0=0;// Voltage corresponding to binary 0 + +// Solution + +LSB_weight=1/(2^n - 1); +printf('The LSB weight = %.4f \n ',LSB_weight); +LSB2_weight=2^(2-1)/(2^n-1); +printf('The 2nd LSB weight = %.4f \n ',LSB2_weight'); +LSB3_weight=2^(3-1)/(2^n-1); +printf('The 3rd LSB weight = %.4f \n ',LSB3_weight'); +LSB_op=V1*LSB_weight;// Change in output voltage due to change in LSB +printf('The change in output voltage due to change in LSB = %.4f V \n ',LSB_op); +LSB2_op=V1*LSB2_weight; +printf('THe 2nd LSB causes a change in output voltage of %.4f V \n ',LSB2_op); +LSB3_op=V1*LSB3_weight; +printf('THe 3rd LSB causes a change in output voltage of %.4f V \n ',LSB3_op); +Va=(V1*2^4+V1*2^3+V0*2^2+V1*2^1+V1*2^0)/(2^n-1);// output voltage for digital Ip1 +Vb=(V1*2^4+V0*2^3+V1*2^2+V1*2^1+V0*2^0)/(2^n-1); +printf('The output voltage for a digital input 1 and 2 are %.2f V and %.3f V respectively \n ',Va,Vb); diff --git a/3554/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3554/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2141dcc59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +// Exa17.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +n=5;// 5 bit ladder +V=10;// For binary 1 + +// Solution +// refering table 17.4(page no. 615)-Various Output voltage for corresponding MSB + +disp("The output voltage for each bit is as follows:"); +disp(""); +for i=1:n +MSB(i)=V/2^i; //voltage corresponding to MSB i +printf(' %d MSB Va = V/2^%d = %.4f V \n ',i,i, MSB(i)); +end diff --git a/3554/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3554/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00703a724 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 17.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Vin=5;// Input voltage(Volts) +Rin=2.5;// k Ohms +Rf=1;//k Ohms + +// Solution + +Iin=Vin/Rin;//Input current(mA) +If=Iin; +Vout=-If*Rf; + +printf('The output voltage = %d Volts \n',Vout); diff --git a/3554/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3554/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db85b5236 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 17.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Vref=5;//Reference voltage(V) +R=5;// k Ohms + +// Solution + +disp("From fig. 17.18(c) , for a 4-bit D/A converter I=Vref/R* (D3+D2*2^-1+D1*2^-2+D0*^-3)"); +//16-input combinations are as follows +Ip={[0 0 0 0];[0 0 0 1];[0 0 1 0];[0 0 1 1];[0 1 0 0];[0 1 0 1];[0 1 1 0];[0 1 1 1];[1 0 0 0];[1 0 0 1]; +[1 0 1 0];[1 0 1 1];[1 1 0 0];[1 1 0 1];[1 1 1 0];[1 1 1 1]};//[D3 D2 D1 D0 bits] + +disp(" Input Bits Output Current(mA) percent Fraction of maximum "); +for i=1:16 +Iout(i)=Vref/R * (Ip(i,1)+Ip(i,2)*2^-1+Ip(i,3)*2^-2+Ip(i,4)*2^-3); + +printf(' %d %d %d %d %.3f %.3f \n',Ip(i,1),Ip(i,2),Ip(i,3),Ip(i,4),Iout(i),(Iout(i)/1.875)*100);//1.875(mA) is the highest output current +end diff --git a/3554/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3554/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68775e314 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Exa 2.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +N= 100; // Number of turns +W=20; // Width of coil(mm) +D= 30; // Depth of coil(mm) +B= 0.1; // Flux density (wb/m^2) +I= 10; // Current in coil(mA) +K= 2*10^-6; // Spring constant(Nm/degree) + +// Solution +A= W*10^-3*D*10^-3; // Area of coil(m^2) +Td= B*N*A*I*10^-3; // Deflecting torque(Nm) +disp("As deflecting torque = restoring torque(K*Theta)"); +Theta= Td/K; +printf(' The defecting torque = %.1f * 10^-6 Nm \n ', Td*10^6); +printf('Therefore, the deflection = %d degrees \n ' , Theta); diff --git a/3554/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3554/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16c5732f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Exa 20.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +V1=20;// superimposed small AF voltage(V) +V2=30;//Bridge balance voltage(V) +R1=100;// Bridge arm resistor(ohms) + +// Solution + +RF_pwr=(V2^2-V1^2)/(4*R1); +printf('RF test power = %.2f W \n',RF_pwr); diff --git a/3554/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3554/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ee1741cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 20.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +M=200;// mass in grams +Heat =1;//Sp. Heat of water(cal/gm degree) +T1=30;//Initial temperature (degree Celsius) +T2=40;//Final temperature (degree Celsius) + +// Solution + +Pwr_rad=4.18*M*Heat*(T2-T1); // in Watt +printf(' The power radiated = %.2f kW \n',Pwr_rad/1000); + +// The answer in the textbook is mentioned as 8.3 kW but by calculation it comes out to be 8.36 kW. diff --git a/3554/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3554/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd3a49072 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 20.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Vmax=8;//Maximum value of voltage +Vmin=2;//minimum value of voltage + +//Solution +SWR=(Vmax+Vmin)/(Vmax-Vmin);//Standing wave ratio +printf('Standing Wave Ratio = %.2f \n ',SWR); diff --git a/3554/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3554/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a2d589f --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 21.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Emax=20; //Max value of variable(mA) +Emin=4;//Min value of variable(mA) +Em=13;//Measured value of variable +Eref=10;//Set(ref) point of variable(mA) + +// Solution +//Ep=(Em-Eref)/(Emax-Emin)*100; // Percentage error from page no.(703) +//Therefore +Ep=(Em-Eref)/(Emax-Emin)*100; +printf('The value of Ep = %.2f percent. Since Ep is positive, the measurement is above the set point \n ',Ep); diff --git a/3554/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3554/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a081ccf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 3.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Rm= 100; // Internal resistance in Ohm's +Im= 1; // Full scale deflecfion current in milliAmpere +I= 100; // Total current in milli Ampere + +// Solution + +Rsh= (Im*Rm)/(I-Im); // Shunt resistance +printf('The value of shunt resistance = %.2f Ohm \n', Rsh); + diff --git a/3554/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3554/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aef9fea92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Exa 3.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +//Refer fig. 3.4 +Rm=100;//Ohms +Im=50; ///micro Amp + +// Solution + +//For 0-1mA range + // Ish*Rsh=Im*Rm; + disp("The four linear equations are as follows:"); + printf(' R1+R2+R3+R4 = %.2f \n ',50*100/950); //say-equaion (3.1) + + //For 0-10 mA range + printf('R1+R2+R3-(50/9950)*R4= % .3f \n ',100*50/9950); //say-equation(3.2) + + //For 0-50 mA range + printf('R1+R2-(50/49950)*R3-(50/49950)*R4 = %.3f \n ',100*50/49950); //say-equation(3.3) + + //For 0-100mA range + printf('R1-(50/99950)*R2-(50/99950)*R3-(50/99950)*R4 = %.3f \n ',50*100/99950);//say-equation(3.4) + + //converting it into matrix form + A=[1 1 1 1;1 1 1 -(50/9950);1 1 -(50/49950) -(50/49950);1 (-50/99950) (-50/99950) (-50/99950)]; + + B=[-50*100/950 ; -100*50/9950 ; -100*50/49950 ; -50*100/99950]; + + [R,y]=linsolve(A,B);A*R+B;//linear equaion solving function + + disp("The value of R1,R2 R4 and R4 are given as follows-"); + printf(' R1 = %.5f Ohms \n R2= %.5f Ohms \n R3= %.5f Ohms \n R4= %.5f Ohms \n ',R(1),R(2),R(3),R(4)); + + // The value of R3 vary due to round off errors diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07723237a --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Exa 4.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Iful = 200; // Fullscale deflection current in micro Amperes +Sen= 1/(Iful*10^-3) ; // Sensitivity of Voltmeter(K Ohms/V) + +// Solution + +printf(' The sensitivity of the voltmeter = %d k Ohms/V \n',Sen); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc5ca250b --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Exa 4.10 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Vin=10; // Input RMS voltage(V) +Ifsd=1; // Full scale deflection current(mA) +Rm=250;// Internal resistance of voltmeter(ohms) + +// Solution + +Sdc=1/(Ifsd*10^-3); // DC sensitivity(K ohm/V) +Sac=0.9*Sdc; //AC sensitivity(k Ohm/V) +Rs=Sac*Vin-Rm;// Multiplier resistor(Ohm) +printf(' The value of multiplier resistor = %.2f k Ohms \n',Rs/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e122562d --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 4.11 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +Rm=100; // Meter resistance(Ohms) +Ifsd=1; // Full scale deflection current(mA) +Rh=2000; // Half of full scale deflection resistance(Ohms) +V=3; // Internal battery voltage(V) + +// Solution +// Using equations 4.1 and 4.2 given on page no. 104 + +R1=Rh-Ifsd*10^-3*Rh/V ;// Current limiting resistance(Ohms) +R2= Ifsd*10^-3*Rm*Rh/(V-Ifsd*10^-3*Rh); // Zero adjust resistance(Ohms) + V1= V-0.05*V; // Voltage after 5 percent drop in battery voltage +R3=Ifsd*10^-3*Rh*Rm/(V1-Ifsd*10^-3*Rh);// Maximum value of R2 to compensate drop in battery + +printf(' The values of R1 and R2 are %.1f Ohms and %d Ohms respectively \n ',R1,R2); +printf('The maximum value of R2 to compensate for a 5 percentage drop \n in battery voltage is =%.2f Ohms \n',R3); + diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e59f683e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 4.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Iful= 50; // Fullscale deflection current in micro Amperes +Rm= 500; // Internal resistance in Ohms +V= 10; // Full range voltage of instrument(Volts) + +// Solution + +Rs= V/(Iful *10^-6)-Rm; // Multiplier resistance + +printf('The value of multiplier resistance = %.1f k Ohms\n',Rs/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a33e3ea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Exa 4.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Refer Fig. 4.3 on page no. 77 + +Rm=50; // Internal resistance of Voltmeter(ohms) +Ifsd=2; // full sclae deflection current(mA) + +//Solution + +// For 10V range(V4 position of switch) +V1=10;//Volts +Rt1=V1/(Ifsd*10^-3); //total resistance in k Ohms +R4=Rt1-Rm; +printf('The value of R4 = %d Ohms \n',R4); +// For a 50V range(V3 position of switch) +V2=50;//Volts +Rt2=V2/(Ifsd*10^-3); +R3=Rt2-(R4+Rm); +printf(' The value of R3 = %d k Ohms \n',R3/1000); + +// For 100V range(V2 position of switch) +V3=100;//Volts +Rt3=V3/(Ifsd*10^-3); //total resistance in k Ohms +R2=Rt3-(R3+R4+Rm); +printf(' The value of R2 = %d k Ohms \n',R2/1000); +// For a 250V range(V3 position of switch) +V4=250;//Volts +Rt4=V4/(Ifsd*10^-3); +R1=Rt4-(R2+R3+R4+Rm); +printf(' The value of R1 = %d k Ohms \n',R1/1000); + + + diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e3df5cda --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 4.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Iful= 200; // Full scale deflection current in micro Amperes +Rm= 100;// Internal resistance of the movement in Ohms +Range= 50; // Voltage range + +// Solution + +S= 1/(Iful * 10^-6); // Sensitivity of voltmeter is ohms/volt +// Rs=S*Range-Rm ; +Rs=S*Range-Rm; // Multiplier resistance + +printf(' The value of multiplier resistance = %.1f K Ohms \n', Rs/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65f78b882 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 4.5 + +clc; +clear all; +// Refer circuit diagram in Fig. 4.5 page no.79 + +// Given data + +Ifsd=50; // Full scale deflection current (micro Amp) +Rm= 1000; // Internal resistance in Ohms +V1= 5; // Range of voltmeter 1 (V) +V2=10; //Range of voltmeter 2 (V) +V3=50;// Range of voltmeter 3 (V) + +// Solution + +S= 1/(Ifsd*10^-6); // Sensitivity of voltmeter in Ohms/V + // The value of multiplier resistance for different ranges + +// For 5V range +Rs1= S*V1-Rm; + +// For 10V range +Rs2= S*V2-Rm; +// For 50V range +Rs3=S*V3-Rm; + +printf(' The value of multiplier resistance for 0-5V , 0-10V and 0-50V range are \n %d k Ohms, %d k Ohms, %d k Ohms respectively \n ',Rs1/1000,Rs2/1000,Rs3/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5784d267 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 4.6 + +clc; +clear all; +// Referring Fig. 4.6- Example on loading effect from page no.81 + +// Given data +R1=10000; // Ohms +R2=10000;// Ohms +V=100; // Applied Voltage + +// Solution + +VR2= R2/(R1+R2)* V;// True Voltage across R2 resistance +printf('True voltage across R2 = %d V \n ',VR2); + +// Case-1 : Using a voltmeter 1 having sensitivity of 1000 Ohms/V + +S1=1000; // Sensitivity in Ohms/volt +R21=S1*VR2; //R2 resistance on its 50 V range(Ohms) +Req1=R21*R2/(R21+R2);// Equivalent resistance across R2(ohms) +printf('Connecting the meter 1 across R2 causes an equivalent parallel resistance given by %.2f k Ohms \n ',Req1/1000); +V21=Req1/(Req1+R2) * V; +printf('Now the voltage across the total combination is given by %.2f V \n ',V21); + +// Case-2 : Using a voltmeter having sensitivity of 20,000 Ohms/V + +S22=20000; // Sensitivity in Ohms/volt +R22=S22*VR2;// R2 resistance on its 50V range(Ohms) +Req2=R22*R2/(R22+R2);// Equivalent resistance across R2(ohms) +printf('Connecting the meter 2 across R2 causes an equivalent parallel resistance given by %.2f k Ohms \n ',Req2/1000); +V22=Req2/(Req2+R2) * V; +printf('Now the voltage across the total combination is given by %.2f V \n ',V22); + +disp(" This example shows that a high sensitivity voltmeter(i.e voltmeter 2 in this case) should be used to get accurate readings"); +// The answers vary due to riund off error. diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ca177149 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Exa 4.7 + +clc; +clear all; +// Referring circuit given in fig. 4.7 on page no.81 + +S1=1000; // Sensitivity of meter 1 (Ohms/volt) +S2=20000;// Sensitivity of meter 2(Ohms/volt) +Rm1=200;// Meter resistance(Ohms) +Rm2=1500;// Meter resistance(Ohms) +V1=10; // Range of voltmeter 1(Volts) +V2=10; +Ra=25000; // in Ohms +Rb=5000;// in Ohms +V=30; // Applied Voltage(V) + +//Solution + +VRb= Rb/(Ra+Rb) * V; // Voltage across Rb +printf('The voltage across the resistance Rb, without either meter connected = %d V\n ',VRb); + +// For meter 1 +Rt1=S1* V1; // Total resistance of meter1 + +Req1= Rb*Rt1/(Rb+Rt1); // Total resistance across Rb +VRb1= Req1/(Req1+Ra) * V; // Voltage reading across Rb with meter1 +printf('The voltage across Rb when meter 1 is used is = %.2f V \n',VRb1); +Err1=(VRb-VRb1)/VRb *100; // Voltmeter 1 error +printf(' Voltmeter 1 error in percentage = %.1f \n ',Err1); + +// For meter 2 + +Rt2=S2* V2; // Total resistance of meter 2 + +Req2= Rb*Rt2/(Rb+Rt2); // Total resistance across Rb +VRb2= Req2/(Req2+Ra) * V; // Voltage reading across Rb with meter2 +printf('The voltage across Rb when meter 2 is used is = %.1f V \n',VRb2); + +Err2=(VRb-VRb2)/VRb *100; // Voltmeter 2 error +printf(' Voltmeter 2 error in percentage = %d \n ',Err2); diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fdcb708a --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Exa 4.8 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Ra= 45; // in k Ohms +Rb=5; // in k Ohms +V=50; // Supplied Voltage(V) +S=20; // sensitivity in k Ohms/V + +// Solution + +VRb=Rb/(Ra+Rb) * V; +printf('The voltage drop across Rb without the voltmeter connected is = %d V\n',VRb); + +// On the 5V range +Range1 = 5; // Volts + +Rm1=S*Range1;// k Ohms +Req1=Rm1*Rb/(Rm1+Rb); // k Ohms +VRb1=Req1/(Req1+Ra) *V; // Voltage across Rb on 5V range +printf(' The voltmeter reading on 5V range is = %.3f V\n',VRb1); +Err1=(VRb-VRb1)/VRb * 100; +printf(' Percentage error on 5V range in percentage = %.2f \n',Err1); + +// On 10V range + +Range2 = 10; // Volts + +Rm2=S*Range2;// k Ohms +Req2=Rm2*Rb/(Rm2+Rb); // k Ohms +VRb2=Req2/(Req2+Ra) *V; // Voltage across Rb on 10V range +printf(' The voltmeter reading on 10V range is = %.3f V\n',VRb2); +Err2=(VRb-VRb2)/VRb * 100; +printf(' Percentage error on 10V range in percentage = %.3f \n',Err2); + +// On 30V range + +Range3 = 30; // Volts + +Rm3=S*Range3;// k Ohms +Req3=Rm3*Rb/(Rm3+Rb); // k Ohms +VRb3=Req3/(Req3+Ra) *V; // Voltage across Rb on 30V range +printf(' The voltmeter reading on 30V range is = %.3f V \n',VRb3); +Err3=(VRb-VRb3)/VRb * 100; +printf(' Percentage error on 30V range in percentage = %.1f \n',round(Err3)); + +disp(" In this example, the 30V range introduces the least error due to loading. However, the voltage being measured causes only a 10% full scale deflection, whereas on the 10V range the applied voltage causes approximately a one third of the fullscale deflection with less than 3% error."); +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3554/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3554/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27b204e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 4.9 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// As per values given in Fig.4.19(page no.94) + +ein=10; // Input RMS voltage(V) +Ifsd=1; // Full scale deflection current(mA) +Rm=200;// Internal resistance of voltmeter(Ohms) + +// Solution + +Range=0.45*ein; // Range of Voltmeter +Sdc=1/(Ifsd*10^-3); // DC Sensitivity of meter movement(k Ohm/V) +Rs=Sdc* Range-Rm;// Multiplier resistance(Ohm) +printf(' The value of the multiplier resistor = %.1f k Ohms\n',Rs/1000); diff --git a/3554/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3554/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..560e11c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +R=100; // in k Ohms +C=1; //in micro farads +ei=1;// Applied voltage to integrator(V) +t1=1; // time in Sec + +// Solution + +// Using equation 5.1 from page no. 118 +eo=ei*t1/(R*10^3*C*10^-6); // Output voltage from integrator +printf(' The voltage at output of integrator after 1 sec is = %d Volts \n',eo); + diff --git a/3554/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3554/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c80c2476d --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 5.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// With reference to data given in Exa 5.1 + +ei=1; // Applied input voltage to integrator(V) +t1=1; // sec + +// Given data + +er=5;// Reference voltage applied at time t1 to integrator(V) + +// Solution +// Using equation 5.3 from page no. 118 + +t2=ei/er * t1;// Time interval t2(sec) +printf(' The time interval of t2 is = %.1f sec \n',t2); diff --git a/3554/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3554/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3262a4955 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 5.3 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// 3 1/2 digit display + +V1=1; // Volts +V2=10;//Volts + +// Solution +disp("Number of full digits is 3."); +n=3;//Full digits +Reso=1/10^n; +printf(' Resolution = %.3f . Hence, meter cannot distinguish two values if their difference is less than %.3f \n ',Reso,Reso); +printf('For full scale reading of 1V, the resolution is %.3f V \n ',V1*Reso); +printf('For full scale reading of 10V, the resolution is %.2f V \n ',V2*Reso); diff --git a/3554/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3554/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b5cfb0f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.4 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +n=4; // Number of full digits +V1=12.98;//Reading 1 to be measured(V) +V2=0.6973;//Reading 2 to be measured(V) + +// Solution + +Reso=1/10^n; //Resolution +printf(' Resolution is %.4f \n ',Reso); +disp("There are 5 digit places in 4 and 1/2 digits display, therefore 12.98 would be displayed as 12.980"); +disp(""); +printf(' Resolution on 1V range = %.4f. Any reading upto the 4th decimal can be displayed \n ',1*Reso); +disp("Therefore. 12.98 would be displayed as 12.980 and 0.6973 will be displayed as 0.6973"); +disp(""); +printf(' Resolution on 10V range = %.3f. Therefore. 12.98 would be dislayed as 12.98 \n ',10*Reso); +disp("Therefore on a 10V range,the reading of 0.6973 would be displayed as o.697 instead of 0.6973"); diff --git a/3554/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3554/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e3c80d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 7.1 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data +// Referring to waveform shown in fig 7.50 on page 211 + +V_attn= 0.5; // Vertical attenuator(V/div) +div=3; // No of vertical divisions + +// Solution + +// Using equation : Vp-p=(volts/div) * (no. Of div/1); + +Vp_p=V_attn * div/1 ; + +printf(' The peak to peak amplitude of the signal = %.1f Volts \n',Vp_p); + diff --git a/3554/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3554/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964e9bda6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3554/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 7.2 + +clc; +clear all; + +//Given data +// Refering waveform shown in fig 7.50 on page no. 211 + +div=4; // No of horizontal divisions for One cycle +// Given data +time_div= 2; // Time per div control in micro sec/div + +// Solution + +// The period of signal is given as T=(time/div) *(No of div/ cycle); +T=time_div *10^-6 * div/1 ; // Time period is calculated over 1 cycle +F= 1/T; // Frequency is inverse of time period + +printf(' The frequency of signal = %d kHz \n',F/1000); diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ece05ff59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +C = 4600; +Q = -1.6020 * 10^(-19); + +// +// Calculations Charge Electron +Q_coulumb = Q * C; +// +disp("Example 1-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Q_Coulumb = Charge Electron = %.10f nC",Q_coulumb*10^9) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6968ef319 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +t = 0.5000; +// +// Calculations Current +i = 5 * sin(4*%pi*t) + 20*%pi*t*cos(4*%pi*t); +// +disp("Example 1- 2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n i = Current = %.10f mA",i) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae09bca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +t0 = 1.0000; t1 = 2.0000; +// +// Calculations Charge Electron +I = integrate('(3*t^2)-t','t',t0,t1); +// +disp("Example 1-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \ I = Current = %.3f C",I) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab343032e --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +i = 2.0000; +delta_t = 10.0000; +delta_w = 2300.0000 +// +// Calculations Voltage Drops +delta_q = i * delta_t; +v = delta_w/delta_q; +// +disp("Example 1-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \ v = Voltage Drop Acroos The Bulb = %.3f Volt",v) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25ecf548a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +t = 0.0030; +i = 5*cos(60*%pi*t); +// +// Calculations Voltage and Power for v = 3i +v_a = 3*i; +P_a = v_a*i; +// Calculation Voltage and Power for v = 3di/dt +v_b = -900*%pi*sin(60*%pi*t) +P_b = v_b*i; +// +disp("Example 1-5 Solution : "); +disp("a. Voltage and Power for v = 3i: "); +printf(" \n v_a = Voltage = %.3f Volt",v_a) +printf(" \n P_a = Power = %.3f Watt",P_a) +disp("") +disp("b. Voltage and Power for v = 3di/dt: "); +printf(" \n v_b = Voltage = %.3f Volt",v_b) +printf(" \n P_b = Power = %.3f Watt",P_b) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c783408a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +t = 2.0000; +p = 100.0000; +// +// Calculations Energy Bulb +W_kj = p*t*60*60; +W_h = p*t; +// +disp("Example 1-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n W_kj = Energy Bulb = %.3f Kilo - Joule",W_kj/1000) +printf(".\n W_h = Energy Bulb = %.3f Watt - Hour",W_h) + diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e39e20d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V1 = 20.0000; +V2 = 12.0000; +V3 = 8.0000; +I1 = 5.0000; +I2 = 6.0000; +// +// Calculations Power 1 +P1 = -V1*I1 +// Calculations Power 2 +P2 = V2*I1; +// Calculations Power 3 +P3 = V3*I2; +// Calculations Power 4 +P4 = 8*(-0.2*I1) +// +disp("Example 1-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n P1 = Power Supplied = %.3f Watt",P1) +printf(".\n P2 = Power Absorbed = %.3f Watt",P2) +printf(".\n P3 = Power Absorbed = %.3f Watt",P3) +printf(".\n P4 = Power Supplied = %.3f Watt",P4) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e93c90267 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +e = 1.6000 * 10^(-19) +n = 10^15; +p = 4.0000; +// +// Calculations Current +i = n*e; +// Calculations Voltage +vo = p/i; +// +disp("Example 1-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n v = Voltage = %.3f KV",vo/1000) diff --git a/3556/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3556/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d037325 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts +// Example 1 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +p = 700.0000 +c_base = 12.0000; +c_100 = 16.0000; +c_200 = 10.0000; +c_300 = 6.0000; +// +// Calculations Electric Bill +C1 = 12.0000; +C2 = (100 * c_100)/100; +C3 = (200 * c_200)/100; +C4 = (400 * c_300)/100; +Total = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4; +Average = Total/p; +// +disp("Example 1-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Total = Total Charge = %.3f Dollars",Total) +printf(" \n Average = Average Cost = %.3f Cents/Kwh",Average*100) diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d6518150 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Y11 = complex(1.0000,1.5000); +Y12 = complex(0.0000,2.5000); +Y21 = complex(11.0000,0.0000); +Y22 = complex(15.0000,0.0000); +I11 = complex(20.0000,0.0000); +I21 = complex(0.0000,0.0000); +// +// Calculations V1 and V2 +Y = [ Y11 Y12; + Y21 Y22]; +Y1 = [I11 Y12; + I21 Y22]; +Y2 = [Y11 I11; + Y21 I21]; +V1 = det(Y1)/det(Y); +V2 = det(Y2)/det(Y); +V1_mag = norm(V1); +V1_angle = atand(imag(V1),real(V1)); +V2_mag = norm(V2); +V2_angle = atand(imag(V2),real(V2)); +// Calculations Ix +Ix = V1/complex(0.0000,-2.5000); +Ix_mag = norm(Ix); +Ix_angle = atand(imag(Ix),real(Ix)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1_mag = Magnitude of V1 = %.3f Volt",V1_mag) +printf(" \n V1_angle = Angle of V1 = %.3f Volt",V1_angle) +printf(" \n V2_mag = Magnitude of V2 = %.3f Volt",V2_mag) +printf(" \n V2_angle = Angle of V2 = %.3f Volt",360+V2_angle) +printf(" \n Ix_mag = Magnitude of Ix = %.3f Volt",Ix_mag) +printf(" \n Ix_angle = Angle of Ix = %.3f Volt",Ix_angle) + + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0769ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 10 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z1 = complex(5.0000,0.0000) +Z2 = complex(20.0000,15.0000) +I2 = complex(0.0000,8.0000) +Is = complex(15.0000,0.0000) +// Calculations Inorton (In) +I3 = complex(3.0000,0.0000)+ I2; +In = I3; +In_mag = norm(In); +In_angle = atand(imag(In),real(In)); +// Calculation Io +Io = (Z1/(Z1+Z2))*In; +Io_mag = norm(Io); +Io_angle = atand(imag(Io),real(Io)) +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-10 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Io_mag = Magnitude of Io = %.3f Volt",Io_mag) +printf(" \n Io_angle = Angle of Io = %.3f degree",Io_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00c969c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 12 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +R1 = 10000.0000; +R2 = R1; +C1 = 2.0000 * 10^-6; +C2 = 1.0000 * 10^-6; +w = 200.0000; +// Calculations Z1 dan Z2 +Z1 = complex(R1,0.0000) +Z2 = Z1; +Zc1 = complex(0.000,-1/(w*C1)); +Zc2 = complex(0.0000,-1/(w*C2)); +// Calculations Rf +Zf = (Z2 * Zc2)/(Z2 + Zc2) +// Calculations Ri +Zi = Z1 + Zc1; +// Calculations Closed Loop Gain +C = -Zf/Zi; +C_mag = norm(C) +C_angle = atand(imag(C),real(C)) +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-10 Solution : "); +printf(" \n C_mag = Magnitude of Closed Loop Gain = %.3f Volt",C_mag) +printf(" \n C_angle = Angle of Closed Loop Gain = %.3f degree",C_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bb1fd9e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 15 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +R1 = 10000.0000; +R2 = 1.0000 * 10^6; +C = 1.0000 * 10^-9; +// Calculations Ceg +Ceq = (1+(R2/R1))*C +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-15 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Ceq = C Equivalen = %.3f Volt",Ceq) diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27b367634 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Vs_mag = 10.0000; +Vs_angle = 45.0000; +V2_mag = 31.4100; +V2_angle = -87.1800; +// +// Calculations V1 +Vs = complex(Vs_mag*cosd(Vs_angle),Vs_mag*sind(Vs_angle)); +V2 = complex(V2_mag*cosd(V2_angle),V2_mag*sind(V2_angle)); +V1 = Vs + V2; +V1_mag = norm(V1); +V1_angle = atand(real(V1),imag(V1)) +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1_mag = Magnitude of V1 = %.3f Volt",V1_mag) +printf(" \n V1_angle = Angle of V1 = %.3f Volt",90-V1_angle) + + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf437f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z11 = complex(8.0000,8.000); +Z12 = complex(0.0000,2.0000); +Z21 = complex(0.0000,2.0000); +Z22 = complex(4.0000,-4.0000); +V11 = complex(0.0000,50.0000); +V21 = complex(0.0000,-30.0000); +// +// Calculations V1 and V2 +Z = [ Z11 Z12; + Z21 Z22]; +Z1 = [V11 Z12; + V21 Z22]; +Z2 = [Z11 V11; + Z21 V21]; +I1 = det(Z1)/det(Z); +I2 = det(Z2)/det(Z); +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle = atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +// Calculations I0 +Io_mag = -I2_mag +Io_angle = -I2_angle; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of I1 = %.3f Volt",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle of I1 = %.3f Volt",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of I2 = %.3f Volt",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle of I2 = %.3f Volt",I2_angle) +printf(" \n Io_mag = Magnitude of Io = %.3f Volt",Io_mag) +printf(" \n Io_angle = Angle of Io = %.3f Volt",180-Io_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c33bf9a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z11 = complex(8.0000,-2.000); +Z12 = complex(-8.0000,0.0000); +Z21 = complex(-8.0000,0.0000); +Z22 = complex(14.000,1.0000); +V1 = complex(10.0000,6.0000); +V2 = complex(-24.0000,-35.0000); +// Calculations Vo +Z = [Z11 Z12; + Z21 Z22]; +Z1 = [V1 Z12; + V2 Z22]; +I1 = det(Z1)/det(Z); +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +I2 = complex(-3,000); +Vo = complex(0,-2)*(I1 - I2); +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle of Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_angle + 360) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e51bc3474 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 5 +clear; clc; close; +// Given data +Z1 = complex(8.0000,10.000); +Z2 = complex(0.0000,-2.0000); +Z3 = complex(0.0000,-2.0000); +Z4 = complex(4.000,0.0000); +V1 = complex(0.0000,20.0000); +I2 = complex(2.6470,-1.1760) +// Calculations Io_1 +Zp1 = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1 + Z2); +Io_1 = V1/(Zp1 + Z3 + Z4) +Io_1_mag = norm(Io_1); +Io_1_angle = atand(imag(Io_1),real(Io_1)); +// Calculations Io_2 +Io_2 = -I2 +// Calculations Io +Io = Io_1 + Io_2; +Io_mag = norm(Io); +Io_angle = atand(imag(Io),real(Io)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Io_mag = Magnitude of Io = %.3f Volt",Io_mag) +printf(" \n Io_angle = Angle of Io = %.3f Volt",Io_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..267a56563 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 6 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +V1 = complex(-1.0000,0.0000); +Z1 = complex(0.0000,-5.000); +Z2 = complex(4.0000,0.0000); +Z3 = complex(1.0000,4.0000) +Z4 = complex(0.0000,-2.0000) +Z5 = complex(1.0000,10.0000) +Vs1 = complex(10*cosd(0.0000),10*sind(0.0000)) +// Calculations V2 +Zp1 = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1 + Z2); +V2 = ( 1/(Z3+Zp1))*Vs1 +V2_mag = norm(V2) +V2_angle = atand(imag(V2),real(V2)) +// Calculations V3 +Zp2 = (Z2*Z4)/(Z2 + Z4); +Zs1 = Z5 + Zp2; +I1 = (complex(0,10)/Zs1)*complex(0,-2); +V3 = I1 +V3_mag = norm(V3) +V3_angle = atand(imag(V3),real(V3)) +// Calculation Vo +Vo = V1 + V2 + V3; +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo)) +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle of Vo = %.3f degree",Vo_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb3ff433a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 7 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z1 = complex(0.0000,-6.000); +Z2 = complex(8.0000,0.0000); +Z3 = complex(4.0000,0.0000) +Z4 = complex(0.0000,12.0000) +Vs = complex(120*cosd(75.0000),120*sind(75.0000)) +// Calculations Is +Is = Vs/Z1; +Is_mag = norm(Is); +Is_angle = atand(imag(Is),real(Is)); +// Calculations Zp1 +Zp1 = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1+Z2); +// Calculations Zp2 +Zp2 = (Z3*Z4)/(Z3+Z4); +// Calculations Zth +Zth = Zp1 + Zp2; +Zth_mag = norm(Zth); +Zth_angle = atand(imag(Zth),real(Zth)) +// Calculations Vth +I1 = Vs/(Z1+Z2); +I2 = Vs/(Z3+Z4); +Vth = (Z3*I2) + (-Z1*I1); +Vth_mag = norm(Vth); +Vth_angle = atand(imag(Vth),real(Vth)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Zth_mag = Magnitude of Zth = %.3f Volt",Zth_mag) +printf(" \n Zth_angle = Angle of Zth = %.3f degree",Zth_angle) +printf(" \n Vth_mag = Magnitude of Vth = %.3f Volt",Vth_mag) +printf(" \n Vth_angle = Angle of Vth = %.3f degree",Vth_angle+360) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e37da1fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 8 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z1 = complex(0.0000,-6.000); +Z2 = complex(8.0000,0.0000); +Z3 = complex(4.0000,0.0000) +Z4 = complex(0.0000,12.0000) +Vs = complex(120*cosd(75.0000),120*sind(75.0000)) +// Calculations Is +Is = Vs/Z1; +Is_mag = norm(Is); +Is_angle = atand(imag(Is),real(Is)); +// Calculations Zp1 +Zp1 = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1+Z2); +// Calculations Zp2 +Zp2 = (Z3*Z4)/(Z3+Z4); +// Calculations Zth +Zth = Zp1 + Zp2; +Zth_mag = norm(Zth); +Zth_angle = atand(imag(Zth),real(Zth)) +// Calculations Vth +I1 = Vs/(Z1+Z2); +I2 = Vs/(Z3+Z4); +Vth = (Z3*I2) + (-Z1*I1); +Vth_mag = norm(Vth); +Vth_angle = atand(imag(Vth),real(Vth)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Zth_mag = Magnitude of Zth = %.3f Volt",Zth_mag) +printf(" \n Zth_angle = Angle of Zth = %.3f degree",Zth_angle) +printf(" \n Vth_mag = Magnitude of Vth = %.3f Volt",Vth_mag) +printf(" \n Vth_angle = Angle of Vth = %.3f degree",Vth_angle+360) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3556/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02c9bddce --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition +// +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 10 : Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis +// Example 10 - 9 +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Z1 = complex(2.0000,-4.000); +Z2 = complex(4.0000,3.0000); +Io = complex(10.0000,0.0000) +Is = complex(15.0000,0.0000) +// Calculations Vth +Vth = (Io*Z1) - (5*Z2); +Vth_mag = norm(Vth); +Vth_angle = atand(imag(Vth),real(Vth)) +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 10-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vth_mag = Magnitude of Vth = %.3f Volt",Vth_mag) +printf(" \n Vth_angle = Angle of Vth = %.3f degree",Vth_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eadd8f9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC Power Analysis +// Example 11 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; + +// Given data +Vm_mag = 120.0000; +Vm_angle = 45.0000; +Im_mag = 10.0000; +Im_angle = -10.0000; +// +// Calculations Average Power +P = 0.5000 * Vm_mag * Im_mag * cosd(Vm_angle - Im_angle); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 11-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n P = Average Power = %.3f Watt",P) + + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a22e5aee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 10 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 30.0000; +V_angle = 0.0000; +Z1 = complex(6,0) +Z2 = complex(0,-2) +Z3 = complex(4,0) +// +// Calculations Total Impendance +Ztot = Z1 + (Z2*Z3)/(Z2 + Z3) +// Calculation Power Factor +Z_real = real(Ztot); +Z_imag = imag(Ztot); +Z_mag = norm(Ztot); +Z_angle = atand(Z_imag,Z_real); +pf = cosd(Z_angle); +// Calculations Pmax +I_mag = V_mag/Z_mag; +Pmax = V_mag * I_mag * pf; +// +disp("Example 11-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Pf = Power Factor = %.3f A",pf) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Average Power Supplied by Source = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77750efe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 11 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 60.0000; +V_angle = -10.0000; +I_mag = 1.5000; +I_angle = 50.0000; +// +// Calculations Complex Power and Apparent Power +V_rms = V_mag/sqrt(2); +I_rms = I_mag/sqrt(2); +S_mag = V_rms * I_rms; +S_angle = V_angle - I_angle; +S_apparent = S_mag; +// Calculaions Real and Reactive Power +P = S_mag * cosd(S_angle); +Q = S_mag * sind(S_angle); +// Calculations Power Factor and Impedance Load +pf = cosd(S_angle); +Z_mag = V_mag/I_mag; +Z_angle = V_angle - I_angle; +// +disp("Example 11-11 Solution : "); +disp("a. Complex Power and Apparent Power : "); +printf(" \n S_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power = %.3f VA",S_mag) +printf(" \n S_angle = Angle of Complex Power = %.3f degree",S_angle) +printf(" \n S_apparent = Angle of Complex Power = %.3f VA",S_apparent) +disp("") +disp("b. Real and Reactive Power : "); +printf(" \n P = Real Power = %.3f Watt",P) +printf(" \n Q = Reactive Power = %.3f Var",Q) +disp("") +disp("C. Power Factor and Load Impedance : "); +printf(" \n pf = Power Factor = %.3f leading",pf) +printf(" \n Z_mag = Magnitude of Load Impedance = %.3f Ohm",Z_mag) +printf(" \n Z_angle = Angle of Load Impedance = %.3f degree",Z_angle) + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93eea10ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +S_load = 12.0000; +pf_load = 0.8560; +Vrms_load = 120.0000; +Vrms_angle = 0.0000; +// +// Calculations Average dan Reactive Power +P_load = S_load * pf_load; +Q_load = S_load * sqrt(1 - ((pf_load)^2)); +// Calculations Peak Current +S = complex(P_load*1000,Q_load*1000) +V = complex(Vrms_load*cosd(0),Vrms_load*sind(0)) +I_stars = norm(S/V); +I_peak = I_stars * sqrt(2); +// Calculations Load Impedance +Irms_mag = I_stars; +Irms_real = real(S/V); +Irms_imag = imag(S/V); +Irms_angle = -atand(Irms_imag,Irms_real); +Z_mag = Vrms_load/Irms_mag; +Z_angle = Vrms_angle - Irms_angle; +// +disp("Example 11-12 Solution : "); +disp("a. Real and Reactive Power : "); +printf(" \n P_load = Real Power = %.3f KW",P_load) +printf(" \n Q_load = Reactive Power = %.3f Kvar",Q_load) +disp("") +disp("b. Peak Current : "); +printf(" \n I_peak = Peak Current = %.3f A",I_peak) +disp("") +disp("C. Load Impedance : "); +printf(" \n Z_mag = Magnitude of Load Impedance = %.3f Ohm",Z_mag) +printf(" \n Z_angle = Angle of Load Impedance = %.3f degree",Z_angle) + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bceed290 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z_line = complex(4,2) +Z_load = complex(15,-10) +S_load = 12.0000; +pf_load = 0.8560; +Vrms_mag = 220.0000; +Vrms_angle = 0.0000; +Vrms = complex(Vrms_mag*cosd(Vrms_angle),Vrms_mag*sind(Vrms_angle)) +// Calculations Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed by The Source +Z_total = Z_line + Z_load; +I_total = Vrms/Z_total; +I_total_mag = norm(I_total); +I_total_angle = atand(imag(I_total),real(I_total)); +S_source = Vrms*conj(I_total); +P_source = real(S_source); +Q_source = imag(S_source); +// Calculations Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed by The Line +V_line = Z_line * I_total; +S_line = V_line * conj(I_total); +P_line = real(S_line); +Q_line = imag(S_line); +// Calculations Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed by The Load +V_load = Z_load * I_total; +S_load = V_load * conj(I_total); +P_load = real(S_load); +Q_load = imag(S_load); +// +disp("Example 11-12 Solution : "); +disp("a. Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed By The Source : "); +printf(" \n P_Source = Real Power Absorbed By The Source = %.3f KW",P_source) +printf(" \n Q_Source = Reactive Power Absorbed By The Source = %.3f Kvar",Q_source) +disp("") +disp("b. Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed By The Line : "); +printf(" \n P_line = Real Power Absorbed By The Line = %.3f KW",P_line) +printf(" \n Q_line = Reactive Power Absorbed By Line = %.3f Kvar",Q_line) +disp("") +disp("c. Real Power and Reactive Power Absorbed By The Load : "); +printf(" \n P_load = Real Power Absorbed By The Load = %.3f KW",P_load) +printf(" \n Q_load = Reactive Power Absorbed By Load = %.3f Kvar",Q_load) diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00161c97f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 14 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(60*cosd(-30),60*sind(-30)) +Z2 = complex(40*cosd(45),40*sind(45)) +Vrms_mag = 120.0000; +Vrms_angle = 10.0000; +Vrms = complex(Vrms_mag*cosd(Vrms_angle),Vrms_mag*sind(Vrms_angle)) +// Calculations I1 and I2 +I1 = Vrms/Z1; +I2 = Vrms/Z2; +// Calculation S1, S2 and St +S1 = (Vrms_mag)^2/conj(Z1); +S2 = (Vrms_mag)^2/conj(Z2); +St = S1 + S2; +// Calculations Total Apparent Power +St_mag = norm(St); +// Calculations Total Real Power +Pt = real(St); +// Calculations Total Reactive Power +Qt = imag(St); +// Calculations Power Factor +pf = Pt/St_mag; +// +disp("Example 11-14 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. St_mag = Total Apparent Power = %.3f VA",St_mag) +printf(" \n b. Pt = Total Real Power = %.3f Watt",Pt) +printf(" \n c. Qt = Total Reactive Power = %.3f VAR",Qt) +printf(" \n c. Pf = Power Factor = %.3f Lagging",pf) diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bd079bf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 15 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +pf_old = 0.8000; +pf_new = 0.9500; +f = 60.0000; +Vrms_mag = 120.0000; +Vrms_angle = 0.0000; +P_load = 4.0000; +Vrms = complex(Vrms_mag*cosd(Vrms_angle),Vrms_mag*sind(Vrms_angle)) +// Calculations S1 dan Q1 +S1 = (P_load*1000)/pf_old; +Q1 = S1 * sind(acosd(pf_old)); +// Calculations S2 dan Q2 +S2 = (P_load*1000)/pf_new; +Q2 = S2 * sind(acosd(pf_new)); +// Calculations Reactive Power of Capacitors and Capacitance of Capacitors +Qc = Q1 - Q2; +C = Qc/(2*%pi*f*(Vrms_mag)^2); +// +disp("Example 11-15 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. Qc = Reactive Power of Capacitors = %.3f VAR",Qc) +printf(" \n a. C = Capacitance of Capacitors = %.7f MikroFarad",C*1000000) diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..750f23b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 16 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(12,10) +Z2 = complex(8,-6) +Vs_mag = 150.0000; +Vs_angle = 0.0000; +Vs = complex(Vs_mag*cosd(Vs_angle),Vs_mag*sind(Vs_angle)) +// Calculations Irms +Ztot = Z1 + Z2; +Irms = Vs/Ztot; +// Calculations Vrms +Vrms = Z2*Irms; +// Calculations Complex Power +S = Vrms * conj(Irms); +// Calculations Wattmeter Reading +P = real(S); +// +disp("Example 11-16 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. P = Wattmeter Reading = %.3f Watt",P) + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbbe2bf61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 17 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +P = 200.0000; +P_max = 1600.0000; +Demand_Charge = 5.0000; +Energy_Charge_1 = 8.0000; +Energy_Charge_2 = 5.0000; +// Calculations Total Demand Charge +Total_Demand_Charge = P_max * Demand_Charge +// Calculations Energy Charge for The First +Energy_Charge_1 = (Energy_Charge_1 * 50000)/100; +// Calculation Energy Charge Another +Remaining_Energy = (200*1000) - (50000); +Energy_Charge_2 = (Energy_Charge_2 * Remaining_Energy)/100; +// Calculations Total Bills +Total_Bills = Total_Demand_Charge + Energy_Charge_1 + Energy_Charge_2; +// +disp("Example 11-17 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. Total_Bills = Total Bills For Month = %.3f Dollar",Total_Bills) + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4a677556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 18 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +P = 300.0000; +Vrms = 13.0000; +pf = 0.8000; +Hours = 520; +Energy_Charge = 0.0600; +pf_penalty = 0.001; +pf_credit = 0.001; +// Calculations Energy Consumed +W = P * Hours; +// Calculations Delta Energy Consumed +Delta_W = (5*pf_penalty)*W; +// Calculation Total Energy Consumed +Wt = W + Delta_W; +// Calculations Cost Per Month +Cost = Energy_Charge * Wt; +// +disp("Example 11-18 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. Cost = Cost For Month = %.3f Dollar",Cost) diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd1744259 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z = complex(30,-70) +V = complex(120*cos(0),120*sin(0)) +// +// Calculations Current +I = V/Z; +I_real = real(I); +I_imag = imag(I); +I_magnitude = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(I_imag,I_real); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 11-2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_magnitude = Magnitude of Current = %.3f A",I_magnitude) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of Current = %.3f A",I_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb544816a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 5.0000; +V_angle = 30.0000; +R = 4.0000; +Rc = 2.0000; +V_s = complex(5*cosd(30),5*sind(30)) +Z_s = complex(4,-2) +// +// Calculations Total Current +I_s = V_s/Z_s; +I_real = real(I_s); +I_imag = imag(I_s); +I_magnitude = norm(I_s); +I_angle = atand(I_imag,I_real); +// Calculations Average Power Absorbed by The Source +P_avg = 0.5000 * V_mag * I_magnitude * cosd(V_angle - I_angle); +// Calculations Average Power Absorbed by The Resistor +IR = I_magnitude; +VR = IR * R; +P_R = 0.5*VR*IR; +// +disp("Example 11-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n P_avg = Average Power Absorbed by Source = %.3f Watt",P_avg) +printf(" \n P_R = Average Power Absorbed by Resistor = %.3f Watt",P_R) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e4ec7ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +I_mag_1 = 4.0000; // I_mag_1 = Magnitude of Source Current 4 Ampere for Mesh 1 +I_angle_1 = 0.0000; // I_angle_1 = Angle of Source Current 0 Degree for Mesh 1 +I_mag_2 = 10.5800; // I_mag_2 = Magnitude of Source Current 10.58 Ampere for Mesh 2 +I_angle_2 = 79.1000; // I_angle_2 = Angle of Source Current 79.10 Degree for Mesh 2 +V_mag_v = 60.0000; // V_mag_v = Magnitude of Source Voltage 60 Volt +V_angle_v = 30.0000; // V_angle_v = Angle of Source Voltage 30 Degree +V_mag_i = 184.9840; // V_mag_i = Magnitude of Source Voltage 184.9840 Volt +V_angle_i = 6.2100; // V_angle_i = Angle of Source Current 6.2100 Degree +R2 = 20.0000; // R2 = Resistance of Resistor 20 Ohm +XL = 10.0000; // XL = Reactance of Inductor 10 Ohm +XC = 5.0000; // XC = Reactance of Capasitor 5 Ohm +// +// Calculations Average Power Generated by The Source Voltage +P_5 = 0.5000 * V_mag_v* I_mag_2 * cosd(V_angle_v - I_angle_2); // P_5 = Average Power Generated by The Source Voltage +// Calculations Average Power Generated by The Source Current +P_1 = -0.5000 * V_mag_i* I_mag_1 * cosd(V_angle_i - I_angle_1); // P_1 = Average Power Generated by The Source Current +// Calculations Power Absorbed by Resistor +V_20 = R2 * I_mag_1; // V_20 = Voltage of Resistor 20 Ohm +P_2 = 0.5000 * V_20 * I_mag_1; // P_2 = Power Absorbed by Resistor 20 Ohm +// Calculations Power Absorbed by Inductor +I_mag_1_real = I_mag_1*cosd(I_angle_1); // I_mag_1_real = Real Part of Current for Mesh 1 +I_mag_1_imag = I_mag_1*sind(I_angle_1); // I_mag_1_imag = Imaginary Part of Current for Mesh 1 +I_mag_2_real = I_mag_2*cosd(I_angle_2); // I_mag_2_real = Real Part of Current for Mesh 2 +I_mag_2_imag = I_mag_2*sind(I_angle_2); // I_mag_2_imag = Imaginary Part of Current for Mesh 2 +I_L_10_mag_real = I_mag_1_real - I_mag_2_real; // I_L_10_mag_real = Real Part of Current Through Inductor +I_L_10_mag_imag = I_mag_1_imag - I_mag_2_imag; // I_L_10_mag_imag = Imaginary Part of Current Through Inductor +I_L_10_mag = norm(complex(I_L_10_mag_real,I_L_10_mag_imag)); // V_L_10_mag = Magnitude of Current Through Inductor +V_L_10_mag = XL*I_L_10_mag; // P_3 = Power Absorbed by Inductor +P_3 = 0.5000 * V_L_10_mag * I_L_10_mag * cosd(90.0000) +// Calculations Power Absorbed by Capasitor +V_C_5_mag = norm(complex(I_mag_2_real,I_mag_2_imag))*XC; // V_C_5_mag = Magnitude of Current Through Capasitor +P_4 = 0.5000 *V_C_5_mag*norm(complex(I_mag_2_real,I_mag_2_imag))*cosd(90.0000); // P_4 = Power Absorbed by Capasitor +// +disp("Example 11-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \n P_1 = Average Power Generated by Source Current = %.3f Watt",P_1) +printf(" \n P_2 = Average Power Absorbed by Resistor 20 Ohm = %.3f Watt",P_2) +printf(" \n P_3 = Average Power Absorbed by Inductor 10 Ohm = %.3f Watt",P_3) +printf(" \n P_4 = Average Power Absorbed by Capasitor 5 Ohm = %.3f Watt",P_4) +printf(" \n P_5 = Average Power Generated by Source Voltage = %.3f Watt",P_5) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22f5ef951 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 10.0000; +V_angle = 0.0000; +Z1 = complex(0,5) +Z2 = complex(8,-6) +Z3 = complex(4,0) +// +// Calculations Zth +Zth1 = (Z2*Z3)/(Z2 + Z3) +Zth = Zth1 + Z1 +// Calculation Vth +Vth = (Z2/(Z2 + Z3))*complex(V_mag*cosd(0.0000),V_mag*sind(0.0000)); +Vth_mag = norm(Vth) +Vth_angle = atand(imag(Vth)/real(Vth)); +// Calculations Load Impedance +ZL = conj(Zth); +ZL_Real = real(ZL); +ZL_Imag = imag(ZL); +// Calculation Maximum Average Power +Pmax = (Vth_mag)^2/(8*real(Zth)) +// +disp("Example 11-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n ZL_Real = Real Part of Load Impedance = %.3f Ohm",ZL_Real) +printf(" \n ZL_Real = Real Part of Load Impedance = %.3f Ohm",ZL_Imag) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Average Power = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09afc930d --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 150.0000; +V_angle = 30.0000; +Z1 = complex(40,-30) +Z2 = complex(0,20) +// +// Calculations Zth +Zth = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1 + Z2) +// Calculation Vth +Vth = (Z2/(Z1 + Z2))*complex(V_mag*cosd(30.0000),V_mag*sind(30.0000)); +Vth_mag = norm(Vth); +Vth_angle = atand(imag(Vth)/real(Vth)); +// Calculations Resistance of Load Impedance +RL = norm(Zth); +// Calculation Maximum Average Power +I = Vth/(Zth + complex(RL,0)); +I_mag = norm(I); +Pmax = 0.500 * (I_mag)^2 * RL; +// +disp("Example 11-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n RL = Resistance of Load Impedance = %.3f Ohm",RL) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Average Power Absorbed by Resistor = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98a11290 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +t0 = 0.0000; t1 = 2.0000; +t3 = 2.0000; t4 = 4.0000; +R = 2.0000; +// +// Calculations I1 +I1_rms = integrate('(5*t)^2','t',t0,t1); +// Calculations I2 +I2_rms = integrate('-10^2','t',t4,t3); +// Calculations I_rms +I_rms = sqrt(0.2500*(I1_rms + I2_rms)); +// Calculations Pmax +Pmax = (I_rms)^2 * R; +// +disp("Example 11-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_rms = Current RMS = %.3f A",I_rms) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Average Power Absorbed by Resistor = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cc13cac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +t0 = 0.0000; t1 = %pi; +t3 = %pi; t4 = 2*%pi; +R = 10.0000; +// +// Calculations V1_rms +V1_rms = integrate('(10*sin(t))^2','t',t0,t1); +// Calculations V2_rms +V2_rms = integrate('0^2','t',t4,t3); +// Calculations I_rms +V_rms_1 = (V1_rms + V2_rms); +V_rms = sqrt((1/(2*%pi))*V_rms_1); +// Calculations Pmax +Pmax = (V_rms)^2/R; +// +disp("Example 11-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V_rms = Voltage RMS = %.3f A",V_rms) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Average Power Absorbed by Resistor = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + + diff --git a/3556/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3556/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b160b59a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 11 : AC power Analysis +// Example 11 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +I_max = 4.0000; +I_rms = I_max/sqrt(2); +I_angle = 10.0000; +V_max = 120.0000; +V_rms = V_max/sqrt(2); +V_angle = -20.0000; +w = 100.0000*%pi; +// +// Calculations Apparent Power +S = V_rms * I_rms; +// Calculations Power Factor +pf = cosd(V_angle - I_angle); +// Calculations R and C +Z_mag = V_max/I_max; +Z_angle = V_angle - I_angle; +R = Z_mag * cosd(Z_angle); +X = Z_mag * sind(Z_angle); +C = -1*(10^6)/(w*X); +// +disp("Example 11-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n S = Apparent Power = %.3f VA",S) +printf(" \n pf = Power Factor = %.3f ",pf) +printf(" \n R = Resistance of Resistor = %.3f Ohm",R) +printf(" \n C = Capasitance of Capasitor = %.3f Mikrofarad",C) + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d33554222 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 10 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +V1_mag = 120.0000 * sqrt(3); +V1_angle = 30.0000; +V2_mag = 120.0000 * sqrt(3); +V2_angle = -90.000; +Van_mag = 120.0000; +Van_angle = 0.0000; +Vbn_mag = Van_mag; +Vbn_angle = -120.0000; +Vcn_mag = Van_mag; +Vcn_angle = 120.0000; +Zan = complex(0,5); +Zbn = complex(10,0); +Zcn = complex(0,-10); +V1 = complex(V1_mag*cosd(V1_angle),V1_mag*sind(V1_angle)); +V2 = complex(V2_mag*cosd(V2_angle),V2_mag*sind(V2_angle)); +Z11 = complex(10,5) +Z12 = complex(-10,0); +Z21 = Z12; +Z22 = complex(10,-10); +// Calculations Determinants +delta = det([Z11 Z12; Z21 Z22]); +delta_mag = norm(delta); +delta_real = real(delta); +delta_imag = imag(delta); +delta_angle = atand(delta_imag,delta_real); +// Calculations Determinants For Source Voltage V1 +delta1 = det([V1 Z12; V2 Z22]); +delta1_mag = norm(delta1); +delta1_real = real(delta1); +delta1_imag = imag(delta1); +delta1_angle = atand(delta1_imag,delta1_real); +// Calculations Determinants For Source Voltage V2 +delta2 = det([Z11 V1; Z12 V2]); +delta2_mag = norm(delta2); +delta2_real = real(delta2); +delta2_imag = imag(delta2); +delta2_angle = atand(delta2_imag,delta2_real); +// Calculations Mesh Current I1 +I1_mag = delta1_mag/delta_mag; +I1_angle = delta1_angle - delta_angle +// Calculations Mesh Current I2 +I2_mag = delta2_mag/delta_mag; +I2_angle = delta2_angle - delta_angle +// Calculations Line Current a +I_a_mag = I1_mag; +I_a_angle = I1_angle +// Calculations Line Current b +I1 = complex(I1_mag*cosd(I1_angle),I1_mag*sind(I1_angle)) +I2 = complex(I2_mag*cosd(I2_angle),I2_mag*sind(I2_angle)) +I_b_mag = norm(I2 - I1); +I_b_angle = atand(imag(I2 - I1),real(I2 - I1)) +// Calculations Line Current c +I_c_mag = I2_mag +I_c_angle = -180.0000 + I2_angle; +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Load for Phase A +Sal =(I_a_mag)^2*Zan; +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Load for Phase B +Sbl =(I_b_mag)^2*Zbn; +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Load for Phase C +Scl =(I_c_mag)^2*Zcn; +// Calculations Total Complex Power Absorbed by the Load +Stl = Sal + Sbl + Scl; +Stl_real = real(Stl); +Stl_imag = imag(Stl); +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Source for Phase A +Sas =(complex(Van_mag*cosd(Van_angle),Van_mag*sind(Van_angle)))*conj(complex(I_a_mag*cosd(I_a_angle),I_a_mag*sind(I_a_angle))); +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Load for Phase B +Sbs =(complex(Vbn_mag*cosd(Vbn_angle),Vbn_mag*sind(Vbn_angle)))*conj(complex(I_b_mag*cosd(I_b_angle),I_b_mag*sind(I_b_angle))); +// Calculations Power Absorbed by the Load for Phase C +Scs =(complex(Vcn_mag*cosd(Vcn_angle),Vcn_mag*sind(Vcn_angle)))*conj(complex(I_c_mag*cosd(I_c_angle),I_c_mag*sind(I_c_angle))); +// Calculations Total Complex Power Absorbed by The Source +Sts = Sas + Sbs + Scs; +Sts_real = -real(Sts); +Sts_imag = -imag(Sts); +// +disp("Example 12-10 Solution : "); +disp("a. The Line Currents: "); +printf(" \n I_a_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n I_a_angle = Angle of Line Currents a = %.3f degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n I_b_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n I_b_angle = Angle of Line Currents b = %.3f degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n I_c_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n I_c_angle = Angle of Line Currents c = %.3f degree",I_c_angle) +disp("") +disp("b Total Power Complex Absorbed By The Load"); +printf(" \n Stl_real = Real Part of Power Complex = %.3f Watt",Stl_real) +printf(" \n Stl_imag = Imaginary Part of Power Complex = %.3f Var",Stl_imag) +disp("") +disp("c. Total Power Complex Absorbed By The Source"); +printf(" \n Sts_real = Real Part of Power Complex = %.3f Watt",Sts_real) +printf(" \n Sts_imag = Imaginary Part of Power Complex = %.3f Var",Sts_imag) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22c7aa9c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Van_mag = 100.0000; +Van_angle = 0.0000; +Vbn_mag = 100.0000; +Vbn_angle = 120.0000; +Vcn_mag = 100.0000; +Vcn_angle = -120.0000; +Ia_mag = 6.6700; +Ia_angle = 0.0000; +Ib_mag = 8.9400; +Ib_angle = 93.4400; +Ic_mag = 10.0000; +Ic_angle = -66.8700; +// Calculations The Wattmeter Reading 1 +P1 = Van_mag * Ia_mag * cosd(Van_angle - Ia_angle); +// Calculations The Wattmeter Reading 2 +P2 = Vbn_mag * Ib_mag * cosd(Vbn_angle - Ib_angle); +// Calculations The Wattmeter Reading 3 +P3 = Vcn_mag * Ic_mag * cosd(Vcn_angle - Ic_angle); +// Calculations Total Power Absorbed +PT = P1 + P2 + P3; +// +disp("Example 12-13 Solution : "); +disp("a. Wattmeter Reading : "); +printf(" \n P1 = Wattmeter Reading 1 = %.3f Watt",P1) +printf(" \n P2 = Wattmeter Reading 2 = %.3f Watt",P2) +printf(" \n P3 = Wattmeter Reading 3 = %.3f Watt",P3) +disp("") +disp("b. Total Power Absorbed : "); +printf(" \n PT = Total Power Absorbed = %.3f Watt",PT) diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48550d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +P1 = 1560.0000; +P2 = 2100.0000; +Vp = 220.0000; +// Calculations The Total Real Power and Per Phase Real Power +PT = P1 + P2; +PT_p = PT/3; +// Calcullation The Total Reactive Power +QT = sqrt(3)*(P2 - P1); +QT_p = QT/3; +// Calculation Power Angle +pf = cosd(atand(QT,PT)) +// Calculation Phase Impedance +Ip = PT_p/(Vp*pf); +Zp_mag = Vp/Ip; +Zp_angle = atand(QT,PT); +// +disp("Example 12-14 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. PT_p = Total Real Power Per Phase = %.3f Watt",PT_p) +printf(" \n b. QT_p = Total Reactive Power Per Phase = %.3f Var",QT_p) +printf(" \n c. pf = Power Angle = %.3f (Lagging)",pf) +printf(" \n d. Zp_mag = Magnitude of Phase Impedance = %.3f Ohm",Zp_mag) +printf(" \n e. Zp_angle = Angle of Phase Impedance = %.3f degree",Zp_angle) + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcdbb0ac3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 15 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Zy = complex(8,6); +VL = 208.0000; +// Calculations Wattmeter Reading 1 dan Wattmeter Reading 2 +Zy_mag = norm(Zy); +Zy_angle = atand(imag(Zy),real(Zy)); +Vp = VL/sqrt(3); +IL = Vp/Zy_mag; +P1 = VL*IL*cosd(Zy_angle + 30.0000); +P2 = VL*IL*cosd(Zy_angle - 30.0000); +// Calculations Total Real Power +PT = P1 + P2; +// Calculations Total Reactive Power +QT = sqrt(3)*(P2 - P1); +// +disp("Example 12-15 Solution : "); +disp("a. Wattmeter Reading : "); +printf(" \n P1 = Reading of Wattmeter W1 = %.3f Watt",P1) +printf(" \n P2 = Reading of Wattmeter W2 = %.3f Watt",P2) +disp("") +disp("b. Total Real Power : "); +printf(" \n PT = Total Real Power = %.3f Watt",PT) +disp("") +disp("c. Total Reactive Power : "); +printf(" \n QT = Total Real Power = %.3f Watt",QT) diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3e2e1a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V_mag = 110.0000; +V_angle = 0.0000; +Zy1 = complex(5,-2); +Zy2 = complex(10,8); +// +// Calculations Current Line A (Ia) +Zy = Zy1 + Zy2; +Zy_real = real(Zy); +Zy_imag = imag(Zy); +Zy_mag = norm(Zy); +Zy_angle = atand(Zy_imag,Zy_real); +I_a_mag = V_mag/Zy_mag; +I_a_angle = V_angle - Zy_angle; +// Calculations Current Line B (Ib) +I_b_mag = I_a_mag; +I_b_angle = -120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// Calculations Current Line C (Ic) +I_c_mag = I_a_mag; +I_c_angle = -240.0000 + I_a_angle; +// +disp("Example 12-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Ia_mag = Magnitude of Line Current a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n Ia_angle = Angle of Line Current a = %.3f Degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n Ib_mag = Magnitude of Line Current b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n Ib_angle = Angle of Line Current b = %.3f Degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n Ic_mag = Magnitude of Line Current c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n Ic_angle = Angle of Line Current c = %.3f Degree",I_c_angle) + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21a402f2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Van_mag = 100.0000; +Van_angle = 10.0000; +Zdelta = complex(8,4); +// +// Calculations Line Voltage (Vab) +Vab_mag = (3)^0.5 * Van_mag +Vab_angle = Van_angle + 30.0000; +// Calculatioan Phase Current AB +I_AB_mag = Vab_mag/norm(Zdelta) +Zdelta_real = real(Zdelta) +Zdelta_imag = imag(Zdelta) +Zdelta_angle = atand(Zdelta_imag,Zdelta_real) +I_AB_angle = Vab_angle - Zdelta_angle +// Calculations Phase Current BC +I_BC_mag = I_AB_mag; +I_BC_angle = -120.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Phase Current CA +I_CA_mag = I_AB_mag; +I_CA_angle = 120.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Line Current a +I_a_mag = (3)^0.5 * I_AB_mag; +I_a_angle = -30.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Line Current b +I_b_mag = I_a_mag; +I_b_angle = -120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// Calculations Line Current c +I_c_mag = I_a_mag; +I_c_angle = 120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// +disp("Example 12-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_AB_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents AB = %.3f A",I_AB_mag) +printf(" \n I_AB_angle = Angle of Phase Current AB = %.3f Degree",I_AB_angle) +printf(" \n I_BC_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents BC = %.3f A",I_BC_mag) +printf(" \n I_BC_angle = Angle of Phase Current BC = %.3f Degree",I_BC_angle) +printf(" \n I_CA_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents CA = %.3f A",I_CA_mag) +printf(" \n I_CA_angle = Angle of Phase Current CA = %.3f Degree",I_CA_angle) +printf(" \n I_a_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n I_a_angle = Angle of Line Current a = %.3f Degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n I_b_mag = Magnitude of Line Current b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n I_b_angle = Angle of Line Current b = %.3f Degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n I_c_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n I_c_angle = Angle of Line Current c = %.3f Degree",I_c_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2dbc009c --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vab_mag = 330.0000; +Vab_angle = 0.0000; +Zdelta = complex(20,-15); +// +// Calculations Phase Voltage (VAB) +VAB_mag = Vab_mag +VAB_angle = Vab_angle +// Calculatioan Phase Current AB +I_AB_mag = VAB_mag/norm(Zdelta) +Zdelta_real = real(Zdelta) +Zdelta_imag = imag(Zdelta) +Zdelta_angle = atand(Zdelta_imag,Zdelta_real) +I_AB_angle = Vab_angle - Zdelta_angle +// Calculations Phase Current BC +I_BC_mag = I_AB_mag; +I_BC_angle = -120.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Phase Current CA +I_CA_mag = I_AB_mag; +I_CA_angle = 120.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Line Current a +I_a_mag = (3)^0.5 * I_AB_mag; +I_a_angle = -30.0000 + I_AB_angle; +// Calculations Line Current b +I_b_mag = I_a_mag; +I_b_angle = -120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// Calculations Line Current c +I_c_mag = I_a_mag; +I_c_angle = 120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// +disp("Example 12-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_AB_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents AB = %.3f A",I_AB_mag) +printf(" \n I_AB_angle = Angle of Phase Current AB = %.3f Degree",I_AB_angle) +printf(" \n I_BC_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents BC = %.3f A",I_BC_mag) +printf(" \n I_BC_angle = Angle of Phase Current BC = %.3f Degree",I_BC_angle) +printf(" \n I_CA_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents CA = %.3f A",I_CA_mag) +printf(" \n I_CA_angle = Angle of Phase Current CA = %.3f Degree",I_CA_angle) +printf(" \n I_a_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n I_a_angle = Angle of Line Current a = %.3f Degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n I_b_mag = Magnitude of Line Current b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n I_b_angle = Angle of Line Current b = %.3f Degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n I_c_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n I_c_angle = Angle of Line Current c = %.3f Degree",I_c_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbd9e50a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +Vab_mag = 210.0000; +Vab_angle = 0.0000; +ZY = complex(40,25); +// +// Calculations Phase Voltage (Van) +Van_mag = Vab_mag/(3)^0.5 +Van_angle = -30.0000; +// Calculatioan Line Current a +I_a_mag = Van_mag/norm(ZY) +ZY_real = real(ZY) +ZY_imag = imag(ZY) +ZY_angle = atand(ZY_imag,ZY_real) +I_a_angle = Van_angle - ZY_angle +// Calculations Line Current b +I_b_mag = I_a_mag; +I_b_angle = -120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// Calculations Line Current c +I_c_mag = I_a_mag; +I_c_angle = 120.0000 + I_a_angle; +// Calculations Phase Current AB +I_AB_mag = I_a_mag; +I_AB_angle = I_a_angle; +// Calculations Phase Current BC +I_BC_mag = I_b_mag; +I_BC_angle = I_b_angle; +// Calculations Phase Current CA +I_CA_mag = I_c_mag; +I_CA_angle = I_c_angle; +// +disp("Example 12-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_AB_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents AB = %.3f A",I_AB_mag) +printf(" \n I_AB_angle = Angle of Phase Current AB = %.3f Degree",I_AB_angle) +printf(" \n I_BC_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents BC = %.3f A",I_BC_mag) +printf(" \n I_BC_angle = Angle of Phase Current BC = %.3f Degree",I_BC_angle) +printf(" \n I_CA_mag = Magnitude of Phase Currents CA = %.3f A",I_CA_mag) +printf(" \n I_CA_angle = Angle of Phase Current CA = %.3f Degree",I_CA_angle) +printf(" \n I_a_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n I_a_angle = Angle of Line Current a = %.3f Degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n I_b_mag = Magnitude of Line Current b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n I_b_angle = Angle of Line Current b = %.3f Degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n I_c_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n I_c_angle = Angle of Line Current c = %.3f Degree",I_c_angle) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0f056e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vp_mag = 110.0000; +Vp_angle = 0.0000; +Ip_mag = 6.8100; +Ip_angle = -21.8000; +Z1 = complex(10,8); +Z2 = complex(5,-2); +// +// Calculations Complex Power Absorbed by The Source +S_s_mag = -3*Vp_mag*Ip_mag; +S_s_angle = Vp_angle + (-1*Ip_angle); +P_s = S_s_mag * cosd(S_s_angle); +Q_s = S_s_mag * sind(S_s_angle); +// Calculations Complex Power Absorbed By Load 1 +Z1_mag = norm(Z1); +Z1_real = real(Z1); +Z1_imag = imag(Z1); +Z1_angle = atand(Z1_imag,Z1_real) +S_1_mag = 3*(Ip_mag)^2.00*Z1_mag +S_1_angle = Z1_angle +P_1 = S_1_mag * cosd(S_1_angle); +Q_1 = S_1_mag * sind(S_1_angle); +// Calculations Complex Power Absorbed By Load 2 +Z2_mag = norm(Z2); +Z2_real = real(Z2); +Z2_imag = imag(Z2); +Z2_angle = atand(Z2_imag,Z2_real) +S_2_mag = 3*(Ip_mag)^2.00*Z2_mag +S_2_angle = Z2_angle +P_2 = S_2_mag * cosd(S_2_angle); +Q_2 = S_2_mag * sind(S_2_angle); +// +disp("Example 12-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n S_s_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power Absorbed by The Source = %.3f VA",S_s_mag) +printf(" \n S_s_Angle = Angle of Complex Power Absorbed by The Source = %.3f Degree",S_s_angle) +printf(" \n P_s = Real Power Absorbed by The Source = %.3f Watt",P_s) +printf(" \n Q_s = Reactive Power Absorbed by The Source = %.3f Var",Q_s) +printf(" \n S_1_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power Absorbed by The Load 1 = %.3f VA",S_1_mag) +printf(" \n S_1_Angle = Angle of Complex Power Absorbed by The Load 1 = %.3f Degree",S_1_angle) +printf(" \n P_1 = Real Power Absorbed by The Load 1 = %.3f Watt",P_1) +printf(" \n Q_1 = Reactive Power Absorbed by The Load 1 = %.3f Var",Q_1) +printf(" \n S_2_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power Absorbed by The Load 2 = %.3f VA",S_2_mag) +printf(" \n S_2_Angle = Angle of Complex Power Absorbed by The Load 2 = %.3f Degree",S_2_angle) +printf(" \n P_2 = Real Power Absorbed by The Load 2 = %.3f Watt",P_2) +printf(" \n Q_2 = Reactive Power Absorbed by The Load 2 = %.3f Var",Q_2) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98332ef5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +P_motor = 5600.0000; +VL_motor = 220.0000; +IL_motor = 18.200; +// +// Calculations Complex Power Motor +S_motor = (3)^0.5*VL_motor*IL_motor; +// Calculations Power Factor Motor +pf_motor = (P_motor/S_motor); +// +disp("Example 12-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Pf = Power Factor Motor = %.3f ",pf_motor) + + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efa3c7daf --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +VLL = 240.0000; +f = 60.0000; +// Load 1 +P1 = 30.00000; +pf1 = 0.60000; +// Load 2 +Q2 = 45.00000; +pf2 = 0.80000; +// Calculations Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Load 1 +S1 = P1/pf1; +Q1 = S1 * sqrt(1-((pf1)^2)); +// Calculations Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Load 2 +S2 = Q2/sqrt(1-((pf2)^2)); +P2 = S2 * pf2; +// Calculations Total Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Load +ST = complex(P1,Q1) + complex(P2,Q2); +PT = real(ST); +QT = imag(ST); +ST_mag = norm(ST); +ST_angle = atand(QT,PT) +// Calculations Line Current For Load 1 +IL1 = (50.0000 * 1000)/(sqrt(3)*240*1000); +Ia1_mag = IL1; +Ia1_angle = acosd(pf1); +// Calculations Line Current For Load 2 +IL2 = (75.0000 * 1000)/(sqrt(3)*240*1000); +Ia2_mag = IL2; +Ia2_angle = acosd(pf2); +// Calculations Line Current for Load +Ia_tot_real = (Ia1_mag * cosd(Ia1_angle))+(Ia2_mag * cosd(Ia2_angle)); +Ia_tot_imag = (Ia1_mag * sind(Ia1_angle))+(Ia2_mag * sind(Ia2_angle)); +Ia_tot_mag = norm(complex(Ia_tot_real,Ia_tot_imag)) +Ia_tot_angle = atand(Ia_tot_imag,Ia_tot_real) +// Calculations KVAR for Three Capacitors and Each Capacitor +angle_old = ST_angle; +angle_new = acosd(0.9000); +Qc = PT * (tand(angle_old)-tand(angle_new)); +Qc1 = Qc/3; +// Calculations Capacitance Each Capacitor +C = Qc1/((2*(%pi)*f)*(VLL)^2) + +// +disp("Example 12-8 Solution : "); +disp("a. Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Total Load : "); +disp("Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Load 1: "); +printf(" \n S1 = Complex Power of Load 1 = %.3f KVA",S1) +printf(" \n P1 = Real Power of Load 1 = %.3f KW",P1) +printf(" \n Q1 = Reactive Power of Load 1 = %.3f KVAR",Q1) +disp("") +disp("Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Load 2: "); +printf(" \n S2 = Complex Power of Load 2 = %.3f KVA",S2) +printf(" \n P2 = Real Power of Load 2 = %.3f KW",P2) +printf(" \n Q2 = Reactive Power of Load 2 = %.3f KVAR",Q2) +disp("") +disp("Complex, Real and Reactive Power of Total Load : "); +printf(" \n ST_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power of Total Load = %.3f KVA",ST_mag) +printf(" \n ST_angle = Angle of Complex Power of Total Load = %.3f Degree",ST_angle) +printf(" \n PT = Real Power of Total Load = %.3f KW",PT) +printf(" \n QT = Reactive Power of Total Load = %.3f KVAR",QT) +disp("") +disp("b. Line Current for Total Load : "); +disp("Line Current for Load 1: "); +printf(" \n Ia1_mag = Magnitude of Line Current For Load 1 = %.3f mA",Ia1_mag*1000) +printf(" \n Ia1_angle = Angle of Line Current For Load 1 = %.3f Degree",-Ia1_angle) +disp("") +disp("Line Current for Load 2: "); +printf(" \n Ia2_mag = Magnitude of Line Current For Load 2 = %.3f mA",Ia2_mag*1000) +printf(" \n Ia2_angle = Angle of Line Current For Load 2 = %.3f Degree",-Ia2_angle) +disp("") +disp("Total Line Current : "); +printf(" \n Ia2_mag = Magnitude of Total Line Current For Load = %.3f mA",Ia_tot_mag*1000) +printf(" \n Ia2_angle = Angle of Total Line Current For Load = %.3f Degree",-Ia_tot_angle) +disp("") +disp("c. Capacitance of Capasitor for Improving Power Factor : "); +printf(" \n Qc = KVAR for Three Capacitors = %.3f KVAR",Qc) +printf(" \n Qc1 = KVAR for Each Capacitor = %.3f KVAR",Qc1) +printf(" \n C = Capacitance of Capacitor = %.3f PF",C*1D+09) diff --git a/3556/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3556/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9affbd095 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 12 : Three Phase Circuit +// Example 12 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +ZA = complex(15,0); +ZB = complex(10,5); +ZC = complex(6,-8); +VL_mag = 100.0000; +VL_angle = 0.0000; +// +// Calculations Voltage Line a +V_a_mag = 100.0000; +V_a_angle = 0.0000; +// Calculations Voltage Line b +V_b_mag = V_a_mag; +V_b_angle = 120.0000; +// Calculations Voltage Line c +V_c_mag = V_a_mag; +V_c_angle = -120.0000 +// Calculations Line Current a +I_a_mag = V_a_mag/norm(ZA); +ZA_real = real(ZA); +ZA_imag = imag(ZA); +ZA_angle = atand(ZA_imag,ZA_real) +I_a_angle = V_a_angle - ZA_angle; +// Calculations Line Current b +I_b_mag = V_b_mag/norm(ZB); +ZB_real = real(ZB); +ZB_imag = imag(ZB); +ZB_angle = atand(ZB_imag,ZB_real) +I_b_angle = V_b_angle - ZB_angle; +// Calculations Line Current c +I_c_mag = V_c_mag/norm(ZC); +ZC_real = real(ZC); +ZC_imag = imag(ZC); +ZC_angle = atand(ZC_imag,ZC_real) +I_c_angle = V_c_angle - ZC_angle; +// Calculations Neutral Current +I_a_real = I_a_mag * cosd(I_a_angle); +I_a_imag = I_a_mag * sind(I_a_angle); +I_b_real = I_b_mag * cosd(I_b_angle); +I_b_imag = I_b_mag * sind(I_b_angle); +I_c_real = I_c_mag * cosd(I_c_angle); +I_c_imag = I_c_mag * sind(I_c_angle); +I_neutral_real = I_a_real + I_b_real + I_c_real; +I_neutral_imag = I_a_imag + I_b_imag + I_c_imag; +I_neutral_mag = norm(complex(I_neutral_real,I_neutral_imag)) +I_neutral_angle = atand(I_neutral_imag,I_neutral_real) +// +disp("Example 12-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_a_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents a = %.3f A",I_a_mag) +printf(" \n I_a_angle = Angle of Line Current a = %.3f Degree",I_a_angle) +printf(" \n I_b_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents b = %.3f A",I_b_mag) +printf(" \n I_b_angle = Angle of Line Current b = %.3f Degree",I_b_angle) +printf(" \n I_c_mag = Magnitude of Line Currents c = %.3f A",I_c_mag) +printf(" \n I_c_angle = Angle of Line Current c = %.3f Degree",I_c_angle) +printf(" \n I_neutral_mag = Magnitude of Neutral Current = %.3f A",I_neutral_mag) +printf(" \n I_neutral_angle = Angle of Neutral Current = %.3f Degree",(180.0000 + I_neutral_angle)) + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..687a7ddab --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(4.0000,-1.0000); +Z2 = complex(2.0000,-4.0000) +V1 = complex(12.0000,0.0000); + +// Calculations I2 and I1 +I2 = V1/Z1; +I1 = Z2*I2; +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle = atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current 1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current 1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of Current 2 = %.3f A",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle at Current 2 = %.3f degree",I2_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d30f7ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 10 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +I11 = 0.2000; +V11 = 240.0000; +I21 = 4.0000; +V21 = 12.0000; +I12 = 4.2000; +V12 = 240.0000; +I22 = 4.0000; +V22 = 252.0000; +// +// Calculations Two Winding Transformer The Power Rating S1 and S2 +S11 = V11 * I11; +S21 = V21 * I21; +// Calculations Autotransformaer The Power Rating S1 and S2 +S12 = V12 * I12; +S22 = V22 * I22; +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-10 Solution : "); +printf(" \n S11 = Power Rating Two Winding Transformer S1 = %.3f VA",S11) +printf(" \n S21 = Power Rating Two Winding Transformer S2 = %.3f VA",S21) +printf(" \n S12 = Power Rating Autotransformer S1 = %.3f VA",S12) +printf(" \n S22 = Power Rating Autotransformwer S2 = %.3f VA",S22) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..813e5c988 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 11 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V1 = complex(120*cosd(30.0000),120*sind(30.0000)); +ZL = complex(8.0000,6.0000) +N1 = 80.0000; +N2 = 120.0000; +// +// Calculatioons I1, I2 dan Io +V2 = ((N1 + N2)/N1)*V1 +I2 = V2/ZL; +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle = atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +I1 = ((N1 + N2)/N1)*I2; +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +Io = I2 - I1; +Io_mag = norm(Io); +Io_angle = atand(imag(Io),real(Io)); +// Complex Power +S2 = V2*conj(I2); +S2_mag = norm(S2); +S2_angle = atand(imag(S2),real(S2)) +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-11 Solution : "); +disp("a. Current I1, I2 and Io : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current 1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current 1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of Current 2 = %.3f A",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle at Current 2 = %.3f degree",I2_angle) +printf(" \n Io_mag = Magnitude of Current Io = %.3f A",Io_mag) +printf(" \n Io_angle = Angle at Current Io = %.3f degree",Io_angle) +disp("") +disp("The Complex Power Supplied to The Load : "); +printf(" \n S2_mag = Magnitude of Power Complex = %.3f KVA",S2_mag/1000) +printf(" \n S2_angle = Angle at Power Complex = %.3f degree",S2_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02f75ca8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +ST = 42000.0000; +n = 5.0000; +VL2 = 240.0000; +// +// Calculatioons Line Voltage and Current on The Primary Side +IL2 = ST/(sqrt(3)*VL2); +IL1 = (n/(sqrt(3)))*IL2; +VL1 = (sqrt(3)/n)*VL2; +// Calculations KVA Rating +KVA = ST/3 +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-12 Solution : "); +disp("a. Type Transformer Connection is Y - Delta ") +disp("b. Line Voltage and Current on The Primary Side : "); +printf(" \n IL1 = Line Current on The Primary Side = %.3f A",IL1) +printf(" \n VL1 = Voltage Current on The Primary Side = %.3f Voltage",VL1) +disp("c. KVA Rating : "); +printf(" \n KVA = KVA Rating Each TRansformer = %.3f KVA",KVA/1000) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf44622d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 15 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V1 = 120.0000; +n = 3.0000; +// +// Calculatioons V2 +V2 = V1/n; +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-15 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V2 = Voltage Accros Thr Load = %.3f Volt",V2) + diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..666b41883 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 16 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Zth = 192.0000; +ZL = 12.0000; +// +// Calculations n +n = sqrt(ZL/Zth); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-16 Solution : "); +printf(" \n n = Turns Ratio Speaker = %.3f turn",n) + diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1044e25d --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 17 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vp = 2400.0000; +Vs = 240.0000; +Ns = 72.0000; +P_bulbs = 100.0000; +P_TV = 350.0000; +P_Kitchen = 15000.0000; +n_bulbs = 8; +// +// Calculations Np +Np = Ns *(Vp/Vs) +// Calculations Ip +P = (n_bulbs*P_bulbs)+ P_TV + P_Kitchen; +Ip = P/Vp; + +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-17 Solution : "); +printf(" \n a. n = Turns Ratio Speaker = %.3f turn",Np) +printf(" \n b. Ip = Current In The Primary Winding = %.3f A",Ip) + diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae25556b --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z11 = complex(4.0000,3.0000); +Z12 = complex(0.0000,-8.0000); +Z21 = complex(0.0000,-8.0000); +Z22 = complex(5.0000,18.0000); +V1 = complex(100.0000,0.0000); +V2 = complex(0.0000,0.0000) +// Calculations Delta, Delta_1, Delta_2 +delta = det([ Z11 Z12; + Z21 Z22]); +delta_1 = det([V1 Z12; + V2 Z22]); +delta_2 = det([Z11 V1; + Z21 V2]); +I1 = delta_1/delta; +I2 = delta_2/delta; +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle = atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current 1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current 1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of Current 2 = %.3f A",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle at Current 2 = %.3f degree",I2_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72a4c0368 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +L1 = 5.0000; +L2 = 4.0000; +C = (1/16); +M = 2.5000; +w = 4.0000; +Vs = complex(60.0000*cosd(30.0000),60*sind(30.0000)); +I2 = complex(3.2540*cosd(160.6000),3.2540*sind(160.6000)); +// +// Calculations Coupling Coefficient +k = M/sqrt(L1*L2); +// Calculations I1 +I1 = complex(1.2000*cosd(180.0000),1.20000*sind(180.0000))*I2 +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle= atand(imag(I1),real(I1)) +// Calculations I2 +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle= atand(imag(I2),real(I2)) +// Calculations The Total Energy Stored +angle_deg = (4/%pi)*180; +angle_I1 = angle_deg + I1_angle; +I1_t = I1_mag * cosd(angle_I1); +angle_I2 = angle_deg + I2_angle; +I2_t = I2_mag * cosd(angle_I2); +W = 0.5 * L1 * (I1_t)^2 + 0.5 * L2 * (I2_t)^2 + M*I1_t*I2_t; +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current 1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current 1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of Current 2 = %.3f A",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle at Current 2 = %.3f degree",I2_angle) +printf(" \n W = Total Energy Stored = %.3f Joule",W) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb38109fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(60.0000,-100.0000); +Z2 = complex(30.0000,40.0000); +ZL = complex(80.0000,60.0000); +Z_20 = complex(0.0000,20.0000); +Z_40 = complex(0.0000,40.0000); +M = 5.0000; +V = complex(50*cosd(60.0000),50*sind(60.0000)) +// +// Calculations Zin +Zin_1 = M^2/(Z_40 + Z2 + ZL) +Zin_2 = Z1 + Z_20; +Zin = Zin_1 + Zin_2 +Zin_mag = norm(Zin); +Zin_angle = atand(imag(Zin),real(Zin)) +// Calculation I1 +I1 = V/Zin +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)) +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Zin_mag = Magnitude of Zin = %.3f A",Zin_mag) +printf(" \n Zin_angle = Angle at Zin = %.3f degree",Zin_angle) +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current 1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current 1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..107d7e18d --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +L1 = 8.0000; +L2 = 5.0000; +M = -1.00000; +Z1 = complex(4.0000,0.0000); +ZL = complex(10.0000,0.0000); +V = complex(60*cosd(90.0000),60*sind(90.0000)) +I2 = complex(0.0000,0.0600) +// +// Calculations I1 +I1 = complex(5.0000,-10.0000)*I2 +I1_mag = norm(I1); +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +// Calculation I2 +I2_mag = norm(I2); +I2_angle = atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +// Calculation Vo +Vo = complex(-10.0000,0.0000)*I2; +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo)); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current I1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current I1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n I2_mag = Magnitude of Current I2 = %.3f A",I2_mag) +printf(" \n I2_angle = Angle at Current I2 = %.3f degree",I2_angle) +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Voltage Vo = %.3f A",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle at Voltage Vo = %.3f degree",Vo_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57c095f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V1 = 2400.0000; +V2 = 120.0000; +N2 = 50.0000; +S = 9600.0000; +// +// Calculations Turn Ratio +n = V2/V1; +// Calculations the Number of Turn on The Primary Side +N1 = N2/n; +// Calculations Current I1 +I1 = S/V1; +// Calculation Currwent I2 +I2 = I1/n; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n n = Turn Ratio = %.3f ",n) +printf(" \n N1 = The Number of Turn on The Primary Side = %.3f turns",N1) +printf(" \n I1 = Magnitude of Current I1 = %.3f A",I1) +printf(" \n I2 = Magnitude of Current I2 = %.3f A",I2) diff --git a/3556/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3556/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50364345b --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 13 : Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(4.0000,-6.0000); +ZL = complex(20.0000,0.0000); +Vs = complex(120*cosd(0.0000),120*sind(0.0000)) +n = 2.0000; +// +// Calculations I1 +ZR = ZL/n^2; +Zin = Z1 + ZR; +I1 = Vs/Zin +I1_mag = norm(I1) +I1_angle = atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +// Calculation I2 +I2 = -I1/n; +Vo = ZL*I2; +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo))+360.0000; +// Complex Power +S = Vs*conj(I1); +S_mag = norm(S); +S_angle = atand(imag(S),real(S)) +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1_mag = Magnitude of Current I1 = %.3f A",I1_mag) +printf(" \n I1_angle = Angle at Current I1 = %.3f degree",I1_angle) +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Voltage Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle at Voltage Vo = %.3f degree",Vo_angle) +printf(" \n S_mag = Magnitude of Complex Power = %.3f VA",S_mag) +printf(" \n S_angle = Angle at Complex Power = %.3f degree",S_angle) + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3556/CH14/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..361265879 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Magnetically Couple Circuits +// Example 13 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +L1 = 10.0000; +L2 = 4.0000; +M = 2.00000 +// +// Calculations La +La = L1 - M; +// Calculation Lb +Lb = L2 - M; +// Calculation LC +Lc = M +// Display the result +disp("Example 13-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n La = Inductance of Inductor a = %.3f A",La) +printf(" \n Lb = Inductance of Inductor b = %.3f A",Lb) +printf(" \n Lc = Inductance of Inductor c = %.3f A",Lc) diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0835b50b --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 11 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +fb = 100.0000; +fo = 200.0000; +R = 150.0000; +// +// Calculations Inductance of Inductor +B = 2*%pi*fb; +L = R/B +// Calculations Capacitance of Capacitor +Wo = 2 * %pi * fo +C = 1/((Wo^2)*L) +// +disp("Example 14-12 Solution : "); +printf(" \n L = Inductance of Inductor = %.3f H",L) +printf(" \n C = Capacitance of Capacitor = %.3f mikro - Farad",C*10^6) diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2fe2d401 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +fc = 500.0000; +DC_gain = 4.0000; +Cf = 0.2000 * 10^(-6) +// +// Calculations Resistance of Resistor +Rf = 1/(2*%pi*fc*Cf); +// Calculations Resistance of Resistor +Ri = Rf/DC_gain; +// +disp("Example 14-12 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rf = Resistance of Resistor Rf = %.3f Kilo-ohm",Rf) +printf(" \n Ri = Resistance of Resistor Ri = %.3f Kilo-ohm",Ri) + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..072fe0805 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +f1 = 250.0000; +f2 = 3000.0000; +K = 10.0000; +R = 20.0000 * 10^3; +Ri = 10.0000 * 10^3; +// +// Calculations Capacitance of Capacitor C2 +C2 = 1/(2*%pi*f1*R) +// Calculations Capacitance of Capacitor C1 +C1 = 1/(2*%pi*f2*R) +// Calculations Rf +Rf = (K *(f1 + f2) * Ri)/f2; +// +disp("Example 14-13 Solution : "); +printf(" \n C2 = Capacitance of Capacitor C2 = %.3f nanoFarad",C2*10^9) +printf(" \n C1 = Capacitance of Capacitor C1 = %.3f nanoFarad",C1*10^9) +printf(" \n R = Resistance of Resistor R = %.3f Kilo-ohm",R/1000) +printf(" \n Rf = Resistance of Resistor Rf = %.3f Kilo-ohm",Rf/1000) +printf(" \n Ri = Resistance of Resistor Ri = %.3f Kilo-ohm",Ri/1000) + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b5decc0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 14 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +L1 = 1.8480; +L2 = 0.7650; +C1 = 0.7650; +C2 = 1.8480; +R = 1.0000; +R1 = 10.0000 * 10^3; +f_cutoff = 50.0000 * 10^3; +wc = 1.0000; +wc1 = 2*%pi*f_cutoff; +// +// Calculations Frequency Scale Factor +Kf = wc1/wc +// Calculations Magnitude Scale Factor +Km = R1/R +// Calculation L11 and L21 +L11 = (Km/Kf)*L1; +L21 = (Km/Kf)*L2; +// Calculation C11 and C21 +C11 = C1/(Km*Kf); +C21 = C2/(Km*Kf); +// +disp("Example 14-14 Solution : "); +printf(" \n L11 = Inductance of Induktor 1 = %.3f miliHenry",L11*10^3) +printf(" \n L21 = Inductance of Induktor 2 = %.3f miliHenry",L21*10^3) +printf(" \n C11 = Capacitance of Capacitor 1 = %.3f pikoFarad",C11*10^12) +printf(" \n C21 = Capacitance of Capacitor 2 = %.3f pikoFarad",C21*10^12) + + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b6d76732 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 17 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +f0_upper = 1600.0000 * 10^3; +f0_lower = 540.0000 * 10^3; +L = 10^-6 +// +// Calculations C1 The High End of The AM Band +C1 = 1/(4*(%pi)^2*(f0_upper)^2*L); +// Calculations C1 The Low End of The AM Band +C2 = 1/(4*(%pi)^2*(f0_lower)^2*L); +// +disp("Example 14-18 Solution : "); +printf(" \n C1 = Capacitance of Capacitor The High End of The AM Band = %.3f nanoFarad",C1*10^9) +printf(" \n C2 = Capacitance of Capacitor The Low End of The AM Band = %.3f nanoFarad",C2*10^9) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..490e283e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 18 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +f0 = 770.0000; +f1 = 697.0000; +f2 = 852.0000; +R = 600.0000; +// +// Calculations Bandwidth +B = 2*%pi*(f2 - f1); +// Calculations L +L = R/B; +// Calculation C +C = 1/(4*(%pi)^2*(f0)^2*L); +// +disp("Example 14-18 Solution : "); +printf(" \n C = Capacitance of Capacitor = %.3f nanoFarad",C*10^9) +printf(" \n L = Inductance of Inductor = %.3f Henry",L) + + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..930156fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +w=poly(0,'w') +h=syslin('c',(200*w)/(w^2+12*w+20)) +clf();bode(h,0.01,100); diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b9abc7dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; +// +w=poly(0,'w') +h=syslin('c',(w+10)/(w^3+10*w^2+25*w)) +clf();bode(h,0.01,100); diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffdbde24a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +s=poly(0,'s') +h=syslin('c',(s + 1.00)/(s^2+12*s+100)) +clf();bode(h,0.01,100); diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b25a350 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +s=poly(0,'s') +h=syslin('c',10000*s/(s + 1)*(s + 5)*(s + 20)) +clf();bode(h,0.01,100); diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed28bdf09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R = 2.0000; +L = 0.0010; +C = 0.4 * 10^(-6); +Vm = 20.0000; +// +// Calculations Resonant Frequency +Wo = 1/sqrt(L*C) +// Calculations The Lower Half Power Frequency and The Upper Power Frequency +W1_a = R/(2*L); +W1_b = 1/(L*C); +W1 = -W1_a + sqrt((W1_a)^2+(W1_b)) +W2 = W1_a + sqrt((W1_a)^2+(W1_b)) +// Calculations Bandwidth and Quality Factor +B = W2 - W1; +Q = Wo/B; +// Calculations Amplitude of The Current at Wo, W1 and W2 +I_wo = Vm/R; +I_w1 = Vm/(sqrt(2)*R); +I_w2 = I_w1; +// +disp("Example 14-7 Solution : "); +disp("a. The Resonant Frequency, The Lower dan Upper Power Frequency: "); +printf(" \n Wo = Resonant Frequency = %.3f krad/s",Wo/1000) +printf(" \n W1 = The Lower Half Power Frequency = %.3f krad/s",W1/1000) +printf(" \n W2 = The Upper Half Power Frequency = %.3f krad/s",W2/1000) +disp("") +disp("b. Bandwidth and Quality Factor"); +printf(" \n B = Bandwidth = %.3f krad/s",B/1000) +printf(" \n Q = Imaginary Part of Power Complex = %.3f ",Q) +disp("") +disp("c. Amplitude of The Current at Wo, W1 and W2"); +printf(" \n I_wo = Amplitude of The Current at Wo = %.3f A",I_wo) +printf(" \n I_w1 = Amplitude of The Current at W1 = %.3f A",I_w1) +printf(" \n I_w2 = Amplitude of The Current at W2 = %.3f A",I_w2) + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5de3f8932 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R = 8000.0000; +L = 0.00020; +C = 8 * 10^(-6); +Vm = 10.0000; +// +// Calculations Resonant Frequency +Wo = 1/sqrt(L*C) +// Calculations Quality Factor and Bandwidth +Q = R/(Wo*L); +B = Wo/Q; +// Calculations The Lower Half Power Frequency and The Upper Power Frequency +W1 = Wo - (B/2); +W2 = Wo + (B/2); +// Calculations Power Dissipated at Wo, W1 and W2 +P_wo = Vm^2/(2*R); +P_w1 = Vm^2/(4*R) +P_w2 = P_w1; + +// +disp("a. The Resonant Frequency, Bandwidth and Quality Factor: "); +printf(" \n Wo = Resonant Frequency = %.3f krad/s",Wo/1000) +printf(" \n B = Bandwidth = %.3f rad/s",B) +printf(" \n Q = Imaginary Part of Power Complex = %.3f ",Q) +disp("") +disp("b. The Resonant Frequency, The Lower dan Upper Power Frequency: "); +printf(" \n W1 = The Lower Half Power Frequency = %.3f krad/s",W1/1000) +printf(" \n W2 = The Upper Half Power Frequency = %.3f krad/s",W2/1000) +disp("") +disp("c. Power Dissipated at Wo, W1 and W2"); +printf(" \n P_wo = Power Dissipated at Wo = %.3f mW",P_wo*1000) +printf(" \n P_w1 = Power Dissipated at W1 = %.3f mW",P_w1*1000) +printf(" \n P_w2 = Power Dissipated at W2 = %.3f mW",P_w2*1000) + diff --git a/3556/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_19.sce b/3556/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7ba58b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 14 : Frequency Response +// Example 14 - 19 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +fc = 2500.0000; +R1 = 6.0000; +R2 = R1; +// +// Calculations C for Highpass Filter +C = 1/(2*%pi*fc*R1) +// Calculations L for Lowpass Filter +L = R2/(2*%pi*fc) +// +disp("Example 14-19 Solution : "); +printf(" \n C = Capacitance of Capacitor = %.3f mikroFarad",C*10^6) +printf(" \n L = Inductance of Inductor = %.3f mikrohenry",L*10^6) + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..148dbf6b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +v = 120.00; +i = 2.00; +// +// +// Calculations Resistance +R = v/i; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n R : Resistance = %.3f Ohm ", R); + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e3608e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 10 + +clear; clc; close; // Clear the work space and console. +// +// Given data +Rac = 10; +Rcd = 1; +Rcb1 = 6; +Rcb2 = 3; +Rdb1 = 12; +Rdb2 = 4; +Rdb31 = 1; +Rdb32 = 5; +// +// +// Calculations +// Calculations Rdb3 +Rdb3 = Rdb31 + Rdb32; +// Calculations Rp1 +Rp1 = (Rdb1*Rdb2)/(Rdb1+Rdb2); +// Calculations Rp2 +Rp2 = (Rcb1*Rcb2)/(Rcb1+Rcb2); +// Calculations Rp3 +Rp3 = (Rp1*Rdb3)/(Rp1+Rdb3); +// Calculations Rs1 +Rs1 = Rcd + Rp3; +// Calculations Rp4 +Rp4 = (Rp2*Rs1)/(Rp2+Rs1); +// Calculations Resistance Equivalent +Reg = Rac + Rp4; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-10 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rdb3 = Rdb31 Series Rdb32 = %.3f ohm",Rdb3) +printf(" \n Rp1 = Rdb1 Parallel Rdb2 = %.3f ohm",Rp1) +printf(" \n Rp2 = Rcb1 Parallel Rcb2 = %.3f ohm",Rp2) +printf(" \n Rp3 = Rp1 Parallel Rdb3 = %.3f ohm",Rp3) +printf(" \n Rs1 = Rcd Series Rp3 = %.3f ohm",Rs1) +printf(" \n Rp4 = Rp2 Parallel Rs1 = %.3f ohm",Rp4) +printf(" \n Reg = Rac + Rp4 = %.3f ohm",Reg) + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c8e2d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 11 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +G12 = 12.00; +G8 = 8.00; +G5 = 5.00; +G6 = 6.00; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations RP1 +GP1 = G12 + G8; +// Calculations GS1 +GS1 = (GP1*G5)/(GP1 + G5); +// Calculations Reg +Geg = (GS1 + G6); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-11 Solution : "); +printf(" \n GP1 = G12 Parallel G8 = %.3f mho",GP1) +printf(" \n GS1 = GP1 Series G5 = %.3f mho",GS1) +printf(" \n Geg = GS1 Parallel G6 = %.3f mho",Geg) + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c64d7ca3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = 12.00; +R4 = 4.00; +R6 = 6.00; +R3 = 3.00; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations RP1 +RP1 = (R3*R6)/(R3 + R6); +// Calculations Total Current +I = V/(RP1+R4); +// Calculations Vo +Vo = (RP1/(RP1+R4))*V +// Calcukations Io +Io = Vo/R3; +// Calculatiuons power dissipated in the 3 ohm resistor +Po = Vo * Io; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-12 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo : Voltage in the 3 Ohm Resistor = %.3f Volt ", Vo); +printf(" \n Io : Current in the 3 Ohm Resistor = %.3f Ampere ", Io); +printf(" \n Po : Power Dissipated in the 3 Ohm Resistor = %.3f Watt ", Po); + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67c26d2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +I = 30.00/1000; +R6 = 6.00*1000; +R12 = 12.00*1000; +R9 = 9.00*1000; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations RP1 +RP1 = (R6 + R12); +// Calculations current branch 1 +I1 = (RP1/(RP1+ R9))* I; +// Calculations current branch 2 +I2 = (R9/(RP1 + R9))* I; +// Calcukations Vo +Vo = R9*I1 +// Calculatiuons Po +Po = Vo * I; +// Calculations P9 +P9 = (I1^2)*R9; +// Calculations P6 +P6 = (I2^2) * R6; +// Calculations P12 +P12 = (I2^2) * R12; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-13 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo : Voltage in the 9 Ohm Resistor = %.3f Volt ",Vo); +printf(" \n Po : Power supllied by the source = %.3f Watt ",Po); +printf(" \n P9 : Power absorbed in the 9 ohm resistor = %.3f Watt ",P9); +printf(" \n P6 : Power absorbed in the 6 ohm resistor = %.3f Watt ",P6); +printf(" \n P12 : Power absorbed in the 12 ohm resistor = %.3f Watt ",P12); + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..118a790d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 14 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Ra = 15; +Rb = 10; +Rc = 25; + +// +// Calculations +// Convert Delta Network to Equivalent Y Network +// Calculations Rtot +Rtot = Ra + Rb + Rc; +// Calculations R1 +R1 = (Rb*Rc)/Rtot; +// Calculations R2 +R2 = (Rc*Ra)/Rtot; +// Calculations R3 +R3 = (Ra*Rb)/Rtot; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-14 Solution : "); +printf(" \n R1 : Resistance 1 = %.3f Ohm ", R1); +printf(" \n R2 : Resistance 2 = %.3f Ohm ", R2); +printf(" \n R3 : Resistance 3 = %.3f ohm ", R3); diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bcc0beaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 15 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = 120.00; +Rac = 12.50; +Rcb = 15.00; +Rcn = 5.00; +Rbn = 20.00; +Ran = 10.00; +Rab = 30.00; +// +// Calculations +// Convert Y Network to Equivalent Delta Network +// Calculations Rabc +Rabc = (Ran*Rbn)+ (Rbn*Rcn) + (Rcn*Ran) +// Calculations Ra +Ra = Rabc/Ran; +// Calculations Rb +Rb = Rabc/Rbn; +// Calculations Rc +Rc = Rabc/Rcn; +// Calculations RP1 +RP1 = (Rc*Rab)/(Rc+Rab); +// Calculations RP2 +RP2 = (Rb*Rac)/(Rb+Rac); +// Calculations RP3 +RP3 = (Ra*Rcb)/(Ra+Rcb); +// Calculations RS1 +RS1 = RP2 + RP3; +// Calculations Req +Req = (RP1*RS1)/(RP1 + RS1) +// Calculations Current (I) +I = V/Req +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-15 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rab : Resistance Equivalen(Rab) = %.3f Ohm ",Req); +printf(" \n I : Current (I) = %.3f A",I); + + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7584f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 16 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = 9.00; +p1 = 20.00; +p2 = 15.00; +p3 = 10.00; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations Ptot +Ptot = p1 + p2 + p3 +// Calculations Itot +Itot = Ptot/V; +// Calculations I1 +I1 = p1/V; +// Calculations I2 and I3 +I2 = Itot - I1; +I3 = I2; // +// Calculations R1 +R1 = p1/(I1^2); +// Calculations R2 +R2 = p2/(I2^2); +// Calculations R3 +R3 = p3/(I3^2); +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-16 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I : Total current supplied the battery = %.3f A ",Itot); +printf(" \n I1 : Current Through bulb 1 = %.3f A ",I1); +printf(" \n I2 : Current Through bulb 2 = %.3f A ",I2); +printf(" \n I3 : Current Through bulb 3 = %.3f A ",I3); +printf(" \n R1 : Resistance bulb 1 = %.3f Ohm ",R1); +printf(" \n R2 : Resistance bulb 2 = %.3f Ohm ",R2); +printf(" \n R3 : Resistance bulb 3 = %.3f Ohm ",R3); + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ffc708d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 17 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V1 = 1.00; +V2 = 5.00; +V3 = 50.00; +V4 = 100.00; +Rm = 2000.00 +Ifs = 0.00010 +// +// Calculations +// Calculations R1 +R1 = (V1/Ifs) - Rm; +// Calculations R2 +R2 = (V2/Ifs) - Rm; +// Calculations R3 +R3 = (V3/Ifs) - Rm; +// Calculations R4 +R4 = (V4/Ifs) - Rm; +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-17 Solution : "); +printf(" \n R1 : Resistance for range 0 - 1 volt = %.3f Kilo-ohm ",R1/1000); +printf(" \n R2 : Resistance for range 0 - 5 volt = %.3f Kilo-ohm ",R2/1000); +printf(" \n R3 : Resistance for range 0 - 50 volt = %.3f Kilo-ohm ",R3/1000); +printf(" \n R4 : Resistance for range 0 - 100 volt = %.3f Kilo-ohm ",R4/1000); + diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..425473340 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +v = 30.00; +R = 5000.00; +// +// Calculations Current +i = v/R; +// Calculations Conductance +G = 1/R; +// Calculation Power p1 +p1 = v*i; +// Calculation Power p2 - Various Way +p2 = (i^2)*R; +// Calculation Power p3 - Various Way +p3 = (v^2)*G; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n i : Current = %.3f A ", i); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f Watt",p1); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f Watt ",p2); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f Watt ",p3); +// +disp("Another Solution : "); +printf(" \n i : Current = %.3f mA ", i*1000); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f mWatt",p1*1000); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f mWatt ",p2*1000); +printf(" \n P : Power = %.3f mWatt ",p3*1000); diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d614bbc3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +v = 20.00; +R1 = 2.00; +R2 = 3.00; +// +// Calculations Current +i = v/(R1 + R2); +// Calculations Voltage (v1) +v1 = i * R1; +// Calculations Voltage (v2) +v2 = i * R2; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n i : Current = %.3f A ", i); +printf(" \n v1 : Voltage = %.3f Volt",v1); +printf(" \n v2 : Voltage = %.3f Volt",v2); diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a3b50ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +v1 = -12.00; +v2 = -4.00; +R1 = 4.00; +R2 = 6.00; +// +// vo = -6i +// 2vo = -12i +// Calculations Current +v = -(v1 + v2); +i = v/(R1 + R2 - 12); +// Calculations Voltage (v0) +vo = -6*i; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n i : Current = %.3f A ", i); +printf(" \n v1 : Voltage = %.3f Volt",vo); diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4daa3401 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +i = 3.00; +R = 4.00; +// + +// Calculations Current (io) +io = 3/0.50; +// Calculations Voltage (vo) +vo = 4*io; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n io : Current = %.3f A ", io); +printf(" \n vo : Voltage = %.3f Volt",vo); diff --git a/3556/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3556/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6732bc6d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 2: Basic Laws +// Example 2 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R1 = 5; +R2 = 1; +R3 = 2; +R4 = 6; +R5 = 3; +R6 = 8; +R7 = 4; +// +// Calculations +// R1 Series R2 +Rs1 = R1 + R2; +// R4 Parallel R5 +Rp1 = (R4*R5)/(R4+R5); +// R3 Series Rp1 +Rs2 = R3 + Rp1; +// Rs2 Parallel Rs1 +Rp2 = (Rs1*Rs2)/(Rs1+Rs2); +// Rp2 Series R6 and R7 +Reg = R6 + Rp2 + R7; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 2-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rs1 = R1 Series R2 = %.3f ohm",Rs1) +printf(" \n Rp1 = R4 Parallel R5 = %.3f ohm",Rp1) +printf(" \n Rs2 = R3 Parallel Rp1 = %.3f ohm",Rs2) +printf(" \n Rp2 = Rs1 Parallel Rs1 = %.3f ohm",Rp2) +printf(" \n Reg = R6 + Rp2 + R7 = %.3f ohm ",Reg); + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e94460f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +I1 = 5.00; +I4 = 10.00; +R2 = 4.00; +R3 = 2.00; +R5 = 6.00; +A = [3.00 -1.00; -3.00 5.00]; +A1= [20.00 -1.00; 60.00 5.00]; +A2 =[3.00 20.00; -3.00 60.00]; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations V1 and V2 +V1 = det(A1)/det(A); +V2 = det(A2)/det(A); +// Calculations I2, I3, I5 +I2 = (V1 - V2)/R2; +I3 = V1/R3; +I5 = V2/R5; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1 = Voltage V1 = %.3f Volt",V1) +printf(" \n V2 = Voltage V2 = %.3f Volt",V2) +printf(" \n I1 = Current I1 = %.3f A",I1) +printf(" \n I2 = Current I2 = %.3f A",I2) +printf(" \n I3 = Current I3 = %.3f A",I3) +printf(" \n I4 = Current I4 = %.3f A",I4) +printf(" \n I5 = Current I5 = %.3f A",I5) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fea97325d --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// Given data +Vs = 4.00 +VBE = 0.70 +Rb = 20000.00 +beta = 50.00 +// +// Calculations +// Calculations Ib +Ib = ((Vs - VBE)/Rb)*10^6; +// Calculations Ic +Ic = beta * Ib; +// Calculations Vo +Vo = 6.00 - 100*Ic; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-12 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Ib = Current basis = %.3f A",Ib) +printf(" \n Ic = Current collector = %.3f A",Ic) +printf(" \n Vo = Voltage collector - emitter = %.3f A",Vo) + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bfac0677 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 2 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +A = [3.00 -2.00 -1.00; + -4.00 7.00 -1.00; + 2.00 -3.00 1.00]; +A1 = [12.00 -2.00 -1.00; + 0.00 7.00 -1.00; + 0.00 -3.00 1.00]; +A2 = [3.00 12.00 -1.00; + -4.00 0.00 -1.00; + 2.00 0.00 1.00]; +A3 = [3.00 -2.00 12.00; + -4.00 7.00 0.00; + 2.00 -3.00 0.00]; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations V1, V2 and V3 +V1 = det(A1)/det(A); +V2 = det(A2)/det(A); +V3 = det(A3)/det(A); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-2 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1 = Voltage at Node 1 = %.3f Volt",V1) +printf(" \n V2 = Voltage at Node 2 = %.3f Volt",V2) +printf(" \n V3 = Voltage at Node 3 = %.3f Volt",V3) diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f833f89c --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 4 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +A = [3.00 -1.00 -2.00; + 6.00 -1.00 -2.00; + 6.00 -5.00 -16.00]; +A1 = [0.00 -1.00 -2.00; + 80.00 -1.00 -2.00; + 40.00 -5.00 -16.00]; +A3 = [3.00 0.00 -2.00; + 6.00 80.00 -2.00; + 6.00 40.00 -16.00]; +A4 = [3.00 -1.00 0.00; + 6.00 -1.00 80.00; + 6.00 -5.00 40.00]; +// Calculations +// Calculations V1, V2, V3 and V4 +V1 = det(A1)/det(A); +V2 = V1 - 20.00; +V3 = det(A3)/det(A); +V4 = det(A4)/det(A); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-4 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1 = Voltage at Node 1 = %.3f Volt",V1) +printf(" \n V2 = Voltage at Node 2 = %.3f Volt",V2) +printf(" \n V3 = Voltage at Node 3 = %.3f Volt",V3) +printf(" \n V4 = Voltage at Node 4 = %.3f Volt",V4) diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e152b0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 5 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data + +A = [3.00 -2.00; + -1.00 2.00]; +A1= [1.00 -2.00; + 1.00 2.00]; +A2 =[3.00 1.00; + -1.00 1.00]; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations I1 and I2 +I1 = det(A1)/det(A); +I2 = det(A2)/det(A); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-5 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1 = Current for mesh I1 = %.3f A",I1) +printf(" \n I2 = Current for mesh I2 = %.3f A",I2) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1649fa353 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +A = [11.00 -5.00 -6.00; + -5.00 19.00 -2.00; + -1.00 -1.00 2.00]; +A1 = [12.00 -5.00 -6.00; + 0.00 19.00 -2.00; + 0.00 -1.00 2.00]; +A2 = [11.00 12.00 -6.00; + -5.00 0.00 -2.00; + -1.00 0.00 2.00]; +A3 = [11.00 -5.00 12.00; + -5.00 19.00 0.00; + -1.00 -1.00 0.00]; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations I1, I2 and I3 +I1 = det(A1)/det(A); +I2 = det(A2)/det(A); +I3 = det(A3)/det(A); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1 = Current for mesh 1 = %.3f A",I1) +printf(" \n I2 = Current for mesh 2 = %.3f A",I2) +printf(" \n I3 = Current for mesh 3 = %.3f A",I3) + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17744a51f --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +// Diagonal term of G +G11 = (1/5.00) + (1/10.00); +G22 = (1/5.00) + (1/8.00) + (1/1.00); +G33 = (1/8.00) + (1/8.00) + (1/4.00); +G44 = (1/8.00) + (1/2.00) + (1.00); +// Off Diagonal term of G +G12 = (-1/5.00); G13 = 0.00; G14 = 0.00; +G21 = -0.20; G23 = -1/8.00; G24 = -1.00; +G31 = G13; G32 = G23; G34 = -0.1250; +G41 = G14; G42 = G24; G43 = G34; +// Input Current +I1 = -3.00; +I2 = -3.00; +I3 = 0.00; +I4 = 6.00; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations V1, V2, V3 and V4 +G = [ G11 G12 G13 G14; + G21 G22 G23 G24; + G31 G32 G33 G34; + G41 G42 G43 G44]; +I = [ I1; I2; I3; I4]; +V = inv(G)*I +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V1 = Voltage for Node 1 = %.3f Volt",V(1)) +printf(" \n V2 = Voltage for Node 2 = %.3f Volt",V(2)) +printf(" \n V3 = Voltage for Node 3 = %.3f Volt",V(3)) +printf(" \n V4 = Voltage for Node 4 = %.3f Volt",V(4)) + diff --git a/3556/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3556/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06717fe13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis +// Example 3 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +// Diagonal term of R +R11 = 9.00; +R22 = 10.00; +R33 = 9.00; +R44 = 8.00; +R55 = 4.00; +// Off Diagonal term of R +R12 = -2.00; R13 = -2.00; R14 = 0.00; R15 = 0.00; +R21 = -2.00; R23 = -4.00; R24 = -1.00; R25 = -1.00; +R31 = R13; R32 = R23; R34 = 0.00; R35 = 0.00; +R41 = R14; R42 = R24; R43 = R34; R45 = -3.00; +R51 = R15; R52 = R25; R53 = R35; R54 = R45; +// Input Voltage +V1 = 4.00; +V2 = 6.00; +V3 = -6.00; +V4 = 0.00; +V5 = -6.00; +// +// Calculations +// Calculations I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 +R = [ R11 R12 R13 R14 R15; + R21 R22 R23 R24 R25; + R31 R32 R33 R34 R35; + R41 R42 R43 R44 R45; + R51 R52 R53 R54 R55]; +V = [ V1; V2; V3; V4; V5]; +I = inv(R)*V; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 3-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I1 = Current for Mesh 1 = %.3f A",I(1)) +printf(" \n I2 = Current for Mesh 2 = %.3f A",I(2)) +printf(" \n I3 = Current for Mesh 3 = %.3f A",I(3)) +printf(" \n I4 = Current for Mesh 4 = %.3f A",I(4)) +printf(" \n I5 = Current for Mesh 5 = %.3f A",I(5)) +R + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8df2bb037 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R = 76.00000 +Vs1 = 12.0000; +Vs2 = 24.0000; +// +// Calculations Io for Vs = 12.0000 +I21 = Vs1/R; +Io_1 = I21; +// Calculations Io for Vs = 24.0000 +I22 = Vs2/R; +Io_2 = I22; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Io_1 = Current Io For Vs 12 Volt = %.3f A",Io_1) +printf(" \n Io_2 = Current Io For Vs 24 Volt = %.3f A",Io_2) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2925dfe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 13 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R2 = 2.00; +R3 = 3.00; +R6 = 6.00; +R12 = 12.00; +Vth = 22.00; +// +// Calculations +// Series R2 and R3 +Rs1 = R2 + R3; +// Parallel R6 and R12 +Rp1 = (R6*R12)/(R6 + R12); +// Resistance Total +Rt = Rs1 + Rp1; +// Calculations Maximum Power +Pmax = (Vth^2)/(4*Rt); +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-13 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rth = Rl = %.3f Ohm",Rt) +printf(" \n Pmax = Maximum Power = %.3f Watt",Pmax) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f3970ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 16 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Voc = 12.4000; +VL = 12.0000; +PL = 2.0000; +RL1 = 8.0000; +// Part a +// Calculations Vs +Vs = Voc; +// Calculations RL +RL = (VL)^2/(PL); +// Calculations IL +IL = VL/RL; +// Calculation Internal Resistance +Rs = (Voc - VL)/IL;; +// +// Part b +// Calculations V +V8 = (RL1/(Rs + RL1))*Vs; +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-16 Solution : "); +printf(" Part a") +printf(" \n Vs = Source Voltage = %.3f Volt",Vs) +printf(" \n Rs = Resistance Internal = %.3f Ohm",Rs) +printf(" \n Part b") +printf(" \n V8 = Load Voltage With 8 Ohm = %.3f Volt",V8) + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72dff20cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 17 + +clear; clc; close; +// Given data +R1 = 500.0000; +R2 = 125.0000; +R3 = 200.0000; +// +// Calculations Rx +Rx = (R3/R1)*R2; // Rx = Resistance x +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-17 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Rx = Resistance X = %.3f Ohm",Rx) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2142dd443 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 18 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vs = 220.0000; +R1 = 1000.0000; +R3 = 3000.0000; +R4 = 400.0000; +R6 = 600.0000; +Rm = 40.0000; +// +// Calculations Rp1 +Rp1 = (R1*R3)/(R1 + R3); +// Calculations Rp2 +Rp2 = (R4*R6)/(R4 + R6); +// Calculations Rs1 +Rth = Rp1 + Rp2 +// Calculation Vth +V1 = (R1/(R1 + R3))*Vs; +V2 = (R6/(R4+R6))*Vs; +Vth = V1 - V2; +// Calculation IG +IG = Vth/(Rth + Rm) +// +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-18 Solution : "); +printf(" \n IG = Current Through The Galvanometer = %.3f mA",IG*1000) + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..405bbd380 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R1 = 8.00000 +R2 = 4.0000; +Vs = 6.0000; +Is = 3.0000; +// +// Calculations V4 for Vs = 6 Volt +I1 = Vs/(R1+R2); +V1 = R2*I1; +// Calculations V4 for Is = 3 Ampere +I3 = (R1/(R1+R2))*Is; +V2 = R2*I3; +// Calcucations Total V4 +V4 = V1 + V2; +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-3 Solution : "); +printf(" \n V4 = Voltage For R 4 ohm = %.3f Volt",V4) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de3a29155 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R2 = 2.00000; +R4 = 4.0000; +R8 = 8.0000; +R3 = 3.0000; +Vs = 12.0000; +Is1 = 2.0000; +// +// Calculations R6 = R2 Series R4 +R6 = R2 + R4; +// Calculations Is2 +Is2 = Vs/R6; +// Calculations Rp1 = R3 Parallel R6 +Rp1 = (R6*R3)/(R6+R3); +// Calculations Vo +Vo = ((Rp1*R8)/(Rp1+R8))*Is1 +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo = Voltage For R 8 ohm = %.3f Volt",Vo) + + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3556/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79b0df3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 1 : DC Circuits +// Chapter 4 : Circuit Theorems +// Example 4 - +8 +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +R4 = 4.00000; +R12 = 12.0000; +R1 = 1.0000; +Vs = 32.0000; +Is = -2.0000; +RL1 = 6.0000; +RL2 = 16.0000; +RL3 = 36.0000; +// +// Calculations Rth +Rth1 = (R4*R12)/(R4+R12); +Rth = R1 + Rth1; +// Calculations Vth +I1 = (Vs + (R12*Is))/(R4+R12) +I2 = Is; +Vth = R12*(I1-I2) +// Calculation IL1 for RL = 6 Ohm +IL1 = Vth/(Rth + RL1) +// Calculation IL2 for RL = 16 Ohm +IL2 = Vth/(Rth + RL2) +// Calculation IL3 for RL = 36 Ohm +IL3 = Vth/(Rth + RL3) +// Display the result +disp("Example 4-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vth = Voltage Thevenin = %.3f Volt",Vth) +printf(" \n Rth = Resistance Thevenin = %.3f Ohm",Rth) +printf(" \n IL1 = Load Current For RL 6 Ohm = %.3f A",IL1) +printf(" \n IL2 = Load Current For RL 16 Ohm = %.3f A",IL2) +printf(" \n IL3 = Load Current For RL 36 Ohm = %.3f A",IL3) + + + + diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10a34ce23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 1 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vm = 12.0000; +theta = 10.0000; +w = 50.0000; +// +// Calculations Perioda T +T = (2*%pi)/w; +// Calculations Frquency f +f = 1/T; +// +disp("Example 9-1 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vm = Amplitude = %.3f Volt",Vm) +printf(" \n theta = Phase = %.3f degree",theta) +printf(" \n w = Angular The frequency = %.3f rad/s",w) +printf(" \n T = Period = %.3f s",T) +printf(" \n f = Frequency = %.3f Hz",f) + diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517b83fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 10 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(0.0000,-10.0000); +Z2 = complex(3.0000,-2.0000); +Z3 = complex(8.0000,10.0000); +// +// Calculations Zp = Z2//Z3 +Zp = (Z2*Z3)/(Z2+Z3); +// Calculations Ztot +Zin = Z1 + Zp +Zin_real = real(Zin); +Zin_imaginer = imag(Zin); +// +disp("Example 9-10 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Zin_real = Real Part of Zin = %.3f Ohm",Zin_real) +printf(" \n Zin_angle = Imaginer Part of Zin = %.3f Ohm",Zin_imaginer) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e7b118e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 11 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +L = 5.0000; +C = 0.0100; +w = 4.0000; +R = 60.0000; +Vs = complex(20*cosd(-15.0000),20*sind(-15.0000)); +ZL = complex(0.0000,w*L); +ZC = complex(0.0000,-1/(w*C)); +ZR = complex(R,0.0000); +// +// Calculations Zp = ZL//ZC +Zp = (ZL*ZC)/(ZL+ZC); +// Calculations Ztot +Ztot = ZR + Zp; +// Calculations Vo +Vo = ((Zp)/(Ztot)) * Vs; +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo)); +// +disp("Example 9-11 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle of Vo = %.3f degree",Vo_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaa14b1a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Vs = complex(50*cosd(0.0000),50*sind(0.0000)); +Z1 = complex(2.0000,-4.0000); +Z2 = complex(0.0000,4.0000); +Z3 = complex(8.0000,0.0000); +Z4 = complex(0.0000,-3.0000); +Z5 = complex(8.0000,6.0000); +Z6 = complex(12.0000,0.0000); +// Delta Network Converted to Y Network +Ztot1 = Z1 + Z2 + Z3; +Zan = (Z1*Z2)/Ztot1 +Zbn = (Z2*Z3)/Ztot1 +Zcn = (Z1*Z3)/Ztot1 +// Calculations Zp1 and Zp2 +Zp1 = (Zbn + Z4); +Zp2 = Zcn + Z5; +// Calculations Ztot +Zp = (Zp1*Zp2)/(Zp1+Zp2); +Ztot = Z6 + Zan + Zp; +Ztot_mag = norm(Ztot); +Ztot_angle = atand(imag(Ztot),real(Ztot)); +// Calculations I +I = Vs/Ztot; +I_mag = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(imag(I),real(I)); +// +disp("Example 9-12 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_mag = Magnitude of I = %.3f A",I_mag) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of I = %.3f degree",I_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c680b52d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 12 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(20.0000,-20.0000); +Z2 = complex(20.0000,0.0000); +Z3 = complex(0.0000,-20.0000); +// Calculations Zp +Zp = (Z1*Z2)/(Z1+Z2); +// Calculations V1 +Ztot = Zp + Z3; +V1 = (Zp/(Zp+Z3)) +// Calculations Vo +Vo = (complex(20.0000,0.0000)/Z1)*V1; +Vo_mag = norm(Vo); +Vo_angle = atand(imag(Vo),real(Vo)); +// +disp("Example 9-13 Solution : "); +printf(" \n Vo_mag = Magnitude of Vo = %.3f Volt",Vo_mag) +printf(" \n Vo_angle = Angle of Vo = %.3f degree",Vo_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fad68c953 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 3 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +Z1 = complex(40*cosd(50.0000),40*sind(50.0000)); +Z2 = complex(20*cosd(-30.0000),20*sind(-30.0000)); +Z3 = complex(10*cosd(-30.0000),10*sind(-30.0000)); +Z4 = complex(3.0000,-4.0000); +Z5 = complex(2.0000,4.0000); +Z6 = conj(complex(3.0000,-5.0000)); +// +// Calculations Part a +Ztot_a = Z1 + Z2; +Ztot_a_mag = norm(Ztot_a); +Ztot_a_angle = atand(imag(Ztot_a),real(Ztot_a)) +Ztot_mag_a = sqrt(Ztot_a_mag); +Ztot_angle_a = 0.500 * Ztot_a_angle; +// Calculations Part b +Ztot_b = (Z3 + Z4)/(Z5*Z6); +Ztot_mag_b = norm(Ztot_b); +Ztot_angle_b = atand(imag(Ztot_b),real(Ztot_b)); +// +disp("Example 9-3 Solution : "); +disp("a. Part a : "); +printf(" \n Ztot_mag_a = Magnitude of Ztot a = %.3f ",Ztot_mag_a) +printf(" \n Ztot_angle_a = Angle of Ztot a = %.3f degree",Ztot_angle_a) +disp("") +disp("b. Part b : "); +printf(" \n Ztot_mag_b = Magnitude of Ztot b = %.3f ",Ztot_mag_b) +printf(" \n Ztot_angle_b = Angle of Ztot b = %.3f degree",Ztot_angle_b) + diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae19fed19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 6 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +I1 = complex(4*cosd(30.0000),4*sind(30.0000)); +I2 = complex(5*cosd(-110.0000),5*sind(-110.0000)); +// +// Calculations I +I = I1 + I2; +I_mag = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(imag(I),real(I)); +// +disp("Example 9-6 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_mag = Magnitude of I = %.3f ",I_mag) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of I = %.3f degree",I_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dc1f0c8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 7 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = complex(50*cosd(75.0000),50*sind(75.0000)); +Z = complex(4.0000,-10.0000); +// +// Calculations I +I = V/Z; +I_mag = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(imag(I),real(I)); +// +disp("Example 9-7 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_mag = Magnitude of I = %.3f A",I_mag) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of I = %.3f degree",I_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bf61195b --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 8 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = complex(12*cosd(45.0000),12*sind(45.0000)); +Z = complex(6*cosd(90.0000),6*sind(90.0000)); +// +// Calculations I +I = V/Z; +I_mag = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(imag(I),real(I)); +// +disp("Example 9-8 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_mag = Magnitude of I = %.3f A",I_mag) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of I = %.3f degree",I_angle) diff --git a/3556/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3556/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f707fb6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3556/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Fundamental of Electric Circuit +// Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O Sadiku +// Mc Graw Hill of New York +// 5th Edition + +// Part 2 : AC Circuits +// Chapter 9 : Sinusoids and Phasors +// Example 9 - 9 + +clear; clc; close; +// +// Given data +V = complex(10*cosd(0.0000),10*sind(0.0000)); +Z = complex(5.0000,-2.5000); +Xc = complex(0.0000,0.40000); +// +// Calculations I +I = V/Z; +I_mag = norm(I); +I_angle = atand(imag(I),real(I)); +// Calculations Vc +Vc = I/Xc; +Vc_mag = norm(Vc); +Vc_angle = atand(imag(Vc),real(Vc)); +// +disp("Example 9-9 Solution : "); +printf(" \n I_mag = Magnitude of I = %.3f ",I_mag) +printf(" \n I_angle = Angle of I = %.3f degree",I_angle) +printf(" \n Vc_mag = Magnitude of Vc = %.3f ",Vc_mag) +printf(" \n Vc_angle = Angle of Vc = %.3f degree",Vc_angle) diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbe48f480 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 10.1// + +T1=1173;//K// Absolute Temperature +T2=673;//K // Absolute Temperature +R=8.314;//J/mol.K // Universal gas constant +a=10^6;//(G900/G400) +C=10^-3;//preexponential term +Q=-(R*log(a))/((1/T1)-(1/T2))*C +mprintf("Q = %i KJ per mol",Q) + + diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..758af18a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 10.10// +xc=15; +x=7; +xm=2; +m=round((xc-x)/(xc-xm)*100) +mprintf("m = %i mol percent",m) diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d5939d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 10.4// + +//(a)= 0.5 wt % C we must quenchfrom the austenite boundary (770degree C) to ~520 degree in ~0.6, giving +a=770;//degree C //austenite boundary +b=520;//Degree C //temprature +t=0.6;//s //seconds // time +dt1=(a-b)/t +mprintf("dt1 = %i degree C/s",dt1) +//(b)=0.77 wt % C steel, we quench from the eutectoid temperature(727degree C) to ~550degree C in 0.7s, giving +a1=727;//degree C //eutectoid temperature +b1=550;//degree C //temperature +t1=0.7;//s//seconds //time +dt2=(a1-b1)/t1 +mprintf("\ndt2 = %i degree C/s",dt2) +//(c)= 1.13 wt %C steel we quench from the austenite boundary (880degree C) to ~550degree C in ~3.5 +a2=880;//degree C //eutectoid temperature +t3=0.35;//s //seconds //time +dt3=(a2-b1)/t3 +mprintf("\ndt3 = %i degree C/s",dt3) +mprintf("\nThe calculated answer in the textbook is wrong") diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1458adc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 10.5// +//(a) = For 0.5 wt % C steel indicates that complete bainite formation will have ocuurred 5degree C above Ms,by +a=180;//s //second +b=1;//m //minute +c=60;//s//seconds +d=a*(b/c) +mprintf("d= %i min",d) +//(b)= For 0.77 wt % C steel gives a time of +a1=1.9*10^4;//s //seconds +b1=3600;//s/h //seconds per hour +c1=a1/b1 +mprintf("\nc1 = %f h ",c1) +//(c)= for 1.13 wt % C steel gives an austempering time of +mprintf("\n= Figure 10.15 for 1.13 wt percent C steel gives an austempering time of ~1day ") + + diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e0d6833 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 10.6// + +//Jominy end squench test on this alloy produces a hardness of Rockwell C45 at 22/16 in from the quenched end which is equal +a=22;//in +b=16;//in +c=25.4;//mm/in +Dqe=(a/b)*c +mprintf("Dqe = %i mm",Dqe) + +x=[0 2 4 6 8 10 15 20 25 30 40 50]; +y=[600 300 150 70 50 20 15 10 6 5 3 2]; +plot2d(x,y, style=1); +xlabel("Distance from quenched end ,Dqe (Jominy distance)", "fontsize", 3) +ylabel("Cooling rate at 700 degree C C/sec ", "fontsize", 3) +mprintf("\nFrom the figure which applies to carbon and low-alloy steels,we see that the cooling rate was approximately \n 4 degree C/s (at 700 degree C) ") diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82e1ddb1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 10.8// +x=4.5;//wt % // x is the overall composition +xk=0;//wt % // composition for two phases +xth=53;//wt % //coposition for two phases +//(a) +wt=(x-xk)/(xth-xk)*100 +mprintf("wt = %f percent",wt) +mprintf("\n As the G.P zones are precursors to the equlibrium precipitation the maximum amount would be 8.49 percent") diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3557/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c010e5935 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 10.9// + +T1=290;//degree C //recrystallization temperature +T2=920;// degree C //solidus temperature +T3=273;//K //Kelvin +T4=(T1+T3)/(T2+T3) +disp(T4) diff --git a/3557/CH10/EX17.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3557/CH10/EX17.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a45c55834 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH10/EX17.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 10.10// +xc=15;//mol % //cubic phase composition of CaO +x=7;//mol % //x for overall composition +xm=2;//mol % //monoclinic phase composition of CaO +m=(xc-x)/(xc-xm)*100 +mprintf("m = %i mol percent",m) diff --git a/3557/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3557/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e504969f --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example11.1// +Ni=0.55;//wt % // steel and nominal alloy content +Cr=0.50;//wt % //steel and nominal alloy content +Mo=0.20;//wt % //steel and nominal alloy content +C=0.30;//wt %//steel and nominal alloy content +a=100-(Ni+Cr+Mo+C) +mprintf("a = %f g Fe ",a) +a1=55.85;//g /mol // atomic mass of iron +b=0.6023*10^24;//atoms/ mol //Avagardo's constant +NFe=(a/a1)*b +mprintf("\nNFe = %e atoms",NFe) +//similarly +c=58.71;//g/mol // atomic mass of nickel +Nni=(Ni/c)*b +mprintf("\nNni = %e atoms",Nni) +d=52.00;//g/mol // atomic mass of chromium +NCr=(Cr/d)*b +mprintf("\nNCr = %e atoms",NCr) +e=95.94;//g/mol //atomic mass of Molybdenum +NMo=(Mo/e)*b +mprintf("\nNMo = %e atoms",NMo) +f=12.01;//g/mol //atomic mass of Carbon +NC=(C/f)*b +mprintf("\nNC = %e atoms",NC) +//so in a 100-g there shold be +Ntotal=NFe+Nni+NCr+NMo+NC +mprintf("\nNtotal = %e atoms",Ntotal) +//The atomic fraction of each alloying element is then +XNi=Nni/Ntotal +mprintf("\nXNi = %e ",XNi) +XCr=NCr/Ntotal +mprintf("\nXCr = %e",XCr) +XMo=NMo/Ntotal +mprintf("\nXMo = %e",XMo) +Xc=NC/Ntotal +mprintf("\nXc = %e",Xc) +XNi=5.19*10^-3;//atoms +XCr=5.32*10^-3;//atoms +XMo=1.16*10^-3;//atoms +//which for a 100000 atom alloy gives +h=10^5;//atoms //given +NNi=XNi*h +mprintf("\nNNi = %i atoms",NNi) +NCr=XCr*h +mprintf("\nNCr = %i atoms",NCr) +NMo=XMo*h +mprintf("\nNMo = %i atoms",NMo) +Nc=Xc*h +mprintf("\nNc = %i atoms",Nc) + diff --git a/3557/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3557/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df7bd1696 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example11.2// +pFe=7.87;//Mg/m^3 // Density of iron (From Appendix 1) +pAl=2.70;//Mg/m^3 // Density of Aluminium (From Appendix 1) +mFe=25;//kg // resulting mass saving +a=1;//Mg // given +b=10^3;//kg //given +V=(mFe/pFe)*(a/b) +mprintf("V = %e m^3",V) +//the mass of new aluminium parts would be +mAl=pAl*V*(b/a) +mprintf("\nmAl = %f kg",mAl) +//the resulting mass saving is then +m=mFe-mAl +mprintf("\nm = %f kg",m) diff --git a/3557/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3557/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0888cbdba --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example12.1// + +a=26.98;//amu //atomic mass of Aluminium +b=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen +c=2;//Number of atoms +d=3;//Number of atoms +Al2O3=(c*a)+(d*b) +mprintf("Al2O3 = %f amu",Al2O3) +e=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of silicon +SiO2=e+(c*b) +mprintf("\nSiO2 = %f amu",SiO2) +f=(d*Al2O3)/((d*Al2O3)+(c*SiO2)) +mprintf("\nf = %f",f) diff --git a/3557/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3557/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80c6dd64e --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example12.2// +Na=22.99;//amu //atomic mass of sodium +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen +a=2;//Number of atoms +c = 2; +Na2O=c*Na+O +mprintf("Na2O = %f amu",Na2O) +d=3;//Number of atoms +C=12.00;//amu //atomic mass of Carbon +Na2CO3=c*Na+C+d*O +mprintf("\nNa2CO3 = %f amu",Na2CO3) +Ca=40.08;//amu //atomic mass of calcium +CaO=Ca+O +mprintf("\nCaO = %f amu",CaO) +CaCO3=Ca+C+d*O +mprintf("\nCaCO3 = %f amu",CaCO3) +a1=150;//Kg //kilogram +Na2Co=a1*(Na2CO3/Na2O) +mprintf("\nNa2Co = %i kg",Na2Co) +b=100;//kg //kilogram +CaCo=b*(CaCO3/CaO) +mprintf("\nCaCo = %i kg",CaCo) +mprintf("\nSio2 required = 750Kg") +SiO2=750;//kg //Kiligram +wt1=(Na2Co/(Na2Co+CaCo+SiO2))*100 +mprintf("\nwt1 = %f wt percent Na2CO3",wt1) +wt2=(CaCo/(Na2Co+CaCo+SiO2))*100 +mprintf("\nwt2 = %f wt percent CaCO3",wt2) +wt3=SiO2/(Na2Co+CaCo+SiO2)*100 +mprintf("\nwt3 = %f wt percent SiO2",wt3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3557/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3557/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe22e4ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example12.3// +Li=6.94;//amu //atomic mass of Lithium +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen +a=2;//Number of atoms +LiO2=a*Li+O +mprintf("LiO2 = %f amu",LiO2) +Al=26.98;//amu +b=3;//Number of atoms +Al2O3=a*Al+b*O +mprintf("\nAl2O3 = %f amu",Al2O3) +Si=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of Silicon +SiO2=Si+a*O +mprintf("\nSiO2 = %f amu",SiO2) +g=4;//given +wt1=(LiO2)/(LiO2+Al2O3+g*SiO2 )*100 +mprintf("\nwt1 = %f percent",wt1) +wt2=Al2O3/(LiO2+Al2O3+g*SiO2 )*100 +mprintf("\nwt2 = %f percent",wt2) +wt3=(g*SiO2)/(LiO2+Al2O3+g*SiO2 )*100 +mprintf("\nwt3 = %f perecent ",wt3) diff --git a/3557/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3557/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..914ec5631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example12.4// +Al=26.98;//amu //atomic mass of Aluminium +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen +Si=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of Silicon +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of Hydrogen +i=2;//Number of atoms +j=3;//Number of atoms +m1=(i*Al+j*O)+i*(Si+i*O)+i*(i*H+O) +mprintf("m1 = %f amu",m1) +m2=i*(i*H+O)//amu +mprintf("\nm2 = %f amu",m2) +//As a result the mass of H2O driven off will be +k=5;//kg //Kilograms +mH2O=(m2/m1)*k +mprintf("\nmH2O = %f kg",mH2O) +j=10^3;//g //As 1Kg = 10^3grams +m3=mH2O*j +mprintf(" = %i g ",m3) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b03779061 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 13.1// + +a=25000;//amu //average molecular weight of polyethylene +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon //(From Appendix) +H=1.008;//amu // atomic mass of Hydrogen ////(From Appendix) +b=2;//number of atoms +d=4;//number of atoms +n=a/((b*C)+(d*H)) +mprintf("n = %i ",n) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b2987b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example13.2// + +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of Hydrogen //(From Appendix 1) +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen //(From Appendix 1) +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon ////(From Appendix 1) +a=2;//Number of atoms +b=4;//Number of atoms +d=750;//average degree of polymerization +H2O2=((a*H)+(a*O))/(d*((a*C)+(b*H)))*100 +mprintf("H2O2 = %f wt percent",H2O2) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9ee159c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 13.3// + +l=0.154//nm //length of a single bond +n=750;// number of bonds +L=l*sqrt(2*n) +mprintf("L = %f nm",L) +a=109.5;//degree +b=2;//given +Le=2*n*l*sind(a/b) +mprintf("\nLe = %i nm",Le) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df74c7af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 13.4// +S=32.06;//amu //atomic mass of sulphur //(From Appendix 1) +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon //(From Appendix 1) +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of hydrogen //(From Appendix 1) +a=5;//Number of atoms +b=8;//Number of atoms +ms=S/((a*C)+(b*H))*100 +mprintf("ms = %f ",ms) +c=20;//g //amount of sulphur added +fr=c/ms +mprintf("\nfr = %f ",fr) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d462b9ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example13.5// + +a=33.3;//g // of each components (acrylonitrile, butadiene, and sytrene) +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon //(From Appendix 1) +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of hydrogen //(From Appendix 1) +N=14.01;//amu //atomic mass of Nitrogen //(From Appendix 1) +b=3;//Number of atoms +A=a/((b*C)+(b*H)+(N)) +mprintf("A = %f mol",A) +c=4;//Number of atoms +d=6;//Number of atoms +B=a/((c*C)+(d*H)) +mprintf("\nB = %f mol",B) +d=8;//Number of atoms +S=a/((d*C)+(d*H)) +mprintf("\nS = %f mol",S) +fA=A/(A+B+S) +mprintf("\nfA = %f ",fA) +fB=B/(A+B+S) +mprintf("\nfB = %f",fB) +fS=S/(A+B+S) +mprintf("\nfS = %f",fS) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dad32b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 13.6// +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon //(From Appendix 1) +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of hydrogen //(From Appendix 1) +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of oxygen //(From Appendix 1) +a=6;//Number of atoms +b=2;//Number of atom +mw=((a*C)+(a*H)+O)+1.5*(C+(b*H)+O)-1.5*((b*H)+O) +mprintf("mw = %f g (Answer is not mentioned in the texbook)",mw) +//the mass of the polymer i question is +p=1.4;//g/cm^3 +V=10;//cm^3 +m=p*V +mprintf("\nm = %i g",m) +//Therefore the numbers of mers in the cylinder is +c=0.6023*10^24;//mers //Avogardo's Number +n1=m/(mw/c) +mprintf("\nn1 = %e mers",n1) +//which gives the molecular weight +wt=n1*mw +mprintf("\nwt = %e amu",wt) diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b73b707c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 13.7// + +//For 1Kg =of final product +a=0.33;//wt % //glass fiber +b=1;//kg //kilogram +p=a*b +mprintf("p = %f kg glass",p) +p1=b-a +mprintf("\n p1 = %f kg nylon 66",p1) +//The total volume of the product +mn=0.67;//kg //given +mg=0.33;//kg//given +pn=1.14;//Mg/m^3 //density of nylon 66 +pg=2.54;//Mg/m^3 //density of reinforcing glass +c=1;//Mg //Milligram +d=1000;//kg //given +Vp=((mn/pn)+(mg/pg))*(c/d) +mprintf("\nVp = %e m^3",Vp) +//The over all density of the final product is then +p=(c/Vp)*(c/d) +mprintf("\np = %f Mg/m^3",p) + + diff --git a/3557/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3557/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47a8ca4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 13.8// + +//There is one H2O2 molecule (=two OH groups) per polyethylene molecule For 0.15 wt%H2O2 +C=12.01;//amu //atomic mass of carbon //(From Appendix 1) +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of hydrogen //(From Appendix 1) +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of oxygen //(From Appendix 1) +a=2;//Number of atoms +b=4;//Number of atoms +c=0.15;//wt % H2O2 +d=0.16; //wt % H2O2 +n1=(((a*H)+(a*O))/(((a*C)+(b*H))*c))*100 +mprintf("n1 = %i ",n1) +n2=(((a*H)+(a*O))/(((a*C)+(b*H))*d))*100 +mprintf("\nn2 = %i ",n2) +d=((n2-n1)/n1)*100 +mprintf("\nd = %f percent",d) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1771639f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 14.1// + +//(a)=The mass of each component will be +a=1.00;//m^3 //composite +b=0.70;//m^3 //Vol % E-glass fibers +c=a-b +mprintf("c = %f m^3",c) +d=2.54;//Mg/m^3 //density Of E-glass +mg=d*b +mprintf("\nmg = %f Mg",mg) +e=1.1;//Mg/m^3 //density of epoxy +me=e*c +mprintf("\nme = %f Mg",me) +w=(mg/(mg+me))*100 +mprintf("\nw = %f percent",w) +//(b)= The density will be given by +p=mg+me +mprintf("\np = %f Mg/m^3",p) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68072e84a --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 14.10// +a=175;//Mpa //the tensile strength of pure aluminium +b=1.02*10^-1;//kg/mm^2/Mpa +c=2.70;//Mg/m^3 //density of aluminium +d=10^3;//kg/Mg //given +e=1;//m^3 //cubic meter +f=10^9;//mm^3 //given +sp=(a*b)/(c*d*(e/f)) +mprintf("sp = %e mm",sp) +a1=350;//mm //the tensile strength of the dispersion strengthened aluminium +b1=1.02*10^-1;//mm//given +c1=2.83;//Mg/m^3// density of aluminium +g=10^-6;//given +s=(a1*b1)/(c1*g) +mprintf("\ns = %e mm",s) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d02829126 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 14.11// + +a=4100;//strength (psi) +b=3100;//strength (psi) +i1=((a-b)/b)*100 +mprintf("i1 = %f percent",i1) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f24a0de82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 14.2// + +C=12.01;//amu // atomic mass of Carbon +H=1.008;//amu //atomic mass of hydrogen +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of oxygen +a=200;//degree of polymerization +b=6;//numbers of atoms +e=10;//numbers of atoms +d=5;//numbers of atoms +mw=(a)*(b*C+e*H+d*O) +mprintf("mw = %i g/mol (Answer calculated in the texbook is wrong)",mw) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e5c2bff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Example 14.3// +Ca=40.08;//amu //atomic mass of Calcium +O=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of oxygen +Si=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of Silicon +a=2;//Number of atoms +f1=(3*(Ca+O))/(3*(Ca+O)+(Si+a*O)) +mprintf("f1 = %f",f1) +b=1;//given +f2=b-f1 +mprintf("\nf2= %f",f2) +//Similarly +f3=(2*(Ca+O))/(2*(Ca+O)+(Si+a*O)) +mprintf("\nf3= %f",f3) +f4=b-f3 +mprintf("\nf4= %f",f4) +Mg=26.98;//amu //atomic mass of magnesium +c=3;//Number of atoms +f5=(3*(Ca+O))/(3*(Ca+O)+(a*Mg+c*O)) +mprintf("\nf5= %f",f5) +f6=b-f5 +mprintf("\nf6= %f",f6) +Mn=55.85;//amu //atomic mas of Magnese +f7=(4*(Ca+O))/((4*(Ca+O))+(a*Mg+c*O)+(a*Mn+c*O)) +mprintf("\nf7 = %f",f7) +Al=26.98;//amu //atomic mass of aluminium +f8=((a*Al)+(c*O))/(4*(Ca+O)+(a*Mg+c*O)+(a*Mn+c*O)) +mprintf("\nf8= %f",f8) +//Total mass of CaO +mcs=45;//kg +mc2s=11;//kg +i=8;//kg +j=27;//kg +mc=(f1*mcs)+(f3*j)+(f5*mc2s)+(f7*i) +mprintf("\nmc = %f kg",mc) +//Similarly +ma=(f6*mc2s)+(f8*i) +mprintf("\nma = %f kg",ma) +ms=(f2*mcs)+(f4*j) +mprintf("\nms = %f kg",ms) +t=(mc+ma +ms) +mprintf("\nt = %f percentage",t) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc1d69047 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 14.4// + +a0=1.0;//m^3 // composite +d=a0-a +mprintf("d= %f m^3",d) +pA=2.70;//Mg/m^3 //density of aluminium (at 20degree C) +a1=3.97;//Mg/m^3 //density of Al2O3 +a=0.1;//m^3 //meter //For 1m^3 we shall have 0.1m^3 of Al2O3 +ma=a1*a +mprintf("\nma = %f Mg",ma) +b=0.9;//m^3 //cubic meter +ma1=pA*b +mprintf("\nma1 = %f Mg",ma1) +pc=(ma+ma1) +mprintf("\npc = %f Mg/m^3",pc) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..054a53c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 14.5// + +Em=6.9*10^3;//MPa //polymeric matrix modulus +Ef=72.4*10^3;//MPa //E- glass -reinforced epoxy +vm=0.4; //volume fractions of matrix and fibers +vf=0.6; //volume fractions of matrix and fibers +Ec=vm*Em+vf*Ef +mprintf("Ec = %e MPa",Ec) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01b8de13a --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 14.6// +vm=0.4; +km=0.17;//W/(m.K) +vf=0.6; +kf=0.97;//W/(m.K) +kc=vm*km+vf*kf +mprintf("kc = %f W/(m.K)",kc) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..671c17615 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 14.7// +Em=6.9*10^3;//MPa +Ef=72.4*10^3;//MPa +vm=0.4; +Ef=72.4*10^3;//MPa +vf=0.6; +km=0.17;//W/(m.k) +kf=0.97;//W/(m.k) +vm=0.4; +vf=0.6; +Ec=(Em*Ef)/((vm*Ef)+(vf*Em)) +mprintf("Ec = %e MPa",Ec) +kc=(km*kf)/((vm*kf)+(vf*km)) +mprintf("\nkc = %f W/(m.k)",kc) diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbda30df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Example 14.8// +Ec=366;//MPa // composite modulus +El=207;//modulus for Co +Eh=704;//modulus for WC Phase +vl=0.5;//low modulus phase +vh=0.5;// high modulus phase +n=1; //given +n1=(1/2);//given +n2=0.01;//given +n3=-0.01;//given +n4=-1;//given +A=(Ec)^n +mprintf("A = %i ",A) +B=(vl*(El)^n)+(vh*(Eh)^n) +mprintf(" B = %f ",B) +C=B/A +mprintf(" C = %f ",C) +A1=(Ec)^n1 +mprintf("\nA1 = %f ",A1) +B1=(vl*(El)^n1)+(vh*(Eh)^n1) +mprintf(" B1 = %f ",B1) +C1=B1/A1 +mprintf(" C1 = %f ",C1) +A2=(Ec)^n2 +mprintf("\nA2 = %f ",A2) +B2=(vl*(El)^n2)+(vh*(Eh)^n2) +mprintf(" B2 = %f ",B2) +C2=B2/A2 +mprintf(" C2 = %i ",C2) +A3=(Ec)^n3 +mprintf("\nA3 = %f ",A3) +B3=(vl*(El)^n3)+(vh*(Eh)^n3) +mprintf(" B3 = %f ",B3) +C3=B3/A3 +mprintf(" C3 = %f ",C3) +A4=(Ec)^n4 +mprintf("\nA4 = %e ",A4) +B4=(vl*(El)^n4)+(vh*(Eh)^n4) +mprintf(" B4 = %e ",B4) +C4=B4/A4 +mprintf(" C4 = %f ",C4) +x=[1 1/2 0.01 -0.01 -1]; +y=[1.24 1.07 1.00 0.999 1.15]; +plot2d(x,y, style=1) +ylabel("B/A","fontsize",4) +//Therefore +mprintf("\n n=0") diff --git a/3557/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3557/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda4b6cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 14.9// + +vm=(1.000-0.733);// volume fractions of matrix //(The values of vm are taken from table 14.10 and 14.11) +Em=6.9*10^3;//MPa //polymeric matrix modulus +vf=0.733;//volume fractions of fibers // (The values of vf are taken from table 14.10 and 14.11) +Ef=72.4*10^3;//MPa//E- glass -reinforced epoxy +Ec=(vm*Em)+(vf*Ef) +mprintf("Ec = %e MPa",Ec) +//for this case Ec=56*10^3 MPa or +a=56;//Mpa(The values are from table 14.12) +b=54.9;//(The values are taken from table 14.12) +e=((a-b)/a)*100 +mprintf("\n e = %f percent",e) +mprintf("\n The calculated value comes within 2 percent of the measured value" ) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..405317efc --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 15.1// + +V=432*10^-3;//V //Voltage +I=10;//A //current +R=V/I //Ohm's Law +mprintf("R = %e ohm",R) +A=0.5*10^-3;//m//Area +l=1;//m //length +p=(R*(%pi*(A)^2))/l +mprintf("\np = %e ohm m",p) +s=1/p +mprintf("\ns = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s) + + diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a08f0eed --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 15.10// + +a=17;//A //current along the long dimension +b=1*10^-6;//m //thin strip with dimension +c=1*10^-3;//m //thin strip wide dimension +d=a/(b*c) +mprintf("d = %e A/m^2",d) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b24c57615 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 15.11// + +q=0.16*10^-18;//C/ion //unit charge +a=1;//ion +b=4;//given +c=6*10^-3;//nm +d=10^-9;//m/nm +Ti=a*b*q*c*d +mprintf("Ti = +%e C m",Ti) +a1=2;//ions +b1=(-2);//given +c1=-6*10^-3;//nm +O2m=a1*b1*q*c1*d +mprintf("\nO2m = +%e C m",O2m) +c2=-9*10^-3;//nm +O2b=a*b1*q*c2*d +mprintf("\nO2b = +%e C m",O2b) +Qd1=Ti+O2m+O2b +mprintf("\nQd1 = %e C m",Qd1) +//(b) +//For Cubic BaTiO3, there are not net shift and by , deffinition +mprintf("\nQd = 0") diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e03b57ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 15.12// + +//Using result of sample problem 15.11a and the unit cell geometry of figure 15.22 +Qd=10.56*10^-30;//C m// The tetragonal BaTiO3 unit cell +V1=0.403*10^-9;//m //length of the tetragonal unit cell +V2=0.399*10^-9;//m //width of the tetragonal unit cell +P=Qd/(V1*V2^2) +mprintf("P = %f C/m^2",P) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937c8afec --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example15.13// +pSi=2.33;//g cm^-3 //Density of Silicon +a=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of silicon +b=10^6;//cm^3/m^3 +c=1;//g.atom +e=0.6023*10^24;//atoms/g.atom //Avogadro's Number +p=(pSi*b*(c/a)*e) +mprintf("p = %e atoms/m^3",p) +ne=14*10^15;//m^-3 //carrier density //(From the table 15.5) +f=ne/p +mprintf("\nf = %e ",f) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91da5e9f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 15.14// +vm=0.5; +sim=(35.6*10^6);//ohm^-1 m^-1 +vf=0.5; +sif=(10^-11);//ohm^-1 m^-1 +sc=(vm*sim)+(vf*sif) +mprintf("sc = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",sc) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35a253176 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example15.2// +s=58.00*10^6;//ohm^-1 m^-1 +q=0.16*10^-18;//C +u=3.5*10^-3;//m^2/(V.s) +n1=s/(q*u) +mprintf("n1 = %e m^-3",n1) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5599950f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 15.3// + +pcu=8.93;// g cm^-3 //Density of Copper +a=63.55;//amu //atomic mass of copper +c=10^6;//cm^3/m^3 //given +d=1;//g.atom //given +h=0.6023*10^24;//atoms/g.atom //Avogardo's Number +p=pcu*c*(d/a)*(h) +mprintf("p = %e atoms/m^3",p) +a1=104*10^27;//m^-3 //density of free electrons in copper at room temperature +e=a1/p +mprintf("\ne = %f",e) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebb6a989f --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example15.4// +u=3.5*10^-3;//m^2/(V.s) +E=0.5;//V.m^-1 +v=u*E +mprintf("v = %e m/s",v) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c05eb3433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 15.5// + +a=5.6;//eV //energy band gap +b=2;//ev //given +E=a/b +//Using T=25 degree C= 298K +mprintf("E = %f eV",E) +T=298;//K //temperature +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV K^-1//Boltzmann's constant +c1=(%e^(E/(k*T)))+1 +//mprintf("c1 = %e ",c1) +fE=1/c1 +mprintf("\n fE = %e ",fE) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64d42c66c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 15.6// + +a=1.107;//eV //conduction band in silicon +b=2;//eV//electron volt //Given +E=a/b +mprintf("E = %f eV",E) +k=86.2*10^-6;//eVk^-1 //Boltzmann's constant +T=298;//k //kelvin //Temperature +c=(%e^(E/(k*T)))+1 +//mprintf("c = %e ",c) +fE=1/c +mprintf("\nfE = %e ",fE) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaece24f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 15.7// + +prt=24.4*10^-9;//ohm m //room temperature value of restivity +a=0.0034;//C^-1 //temperature coefficient of restivity +t=200;// degree C //tempertaure +tn=20;//degree C //room temperature +p=(prt)*(1+a*(t-tn)) +mprintf("p = %e ohm m",p) +s=1/p +mprintf("\ns = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s) diff --git a/3557/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3557/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5dc1628c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 15.8// +//from the figure +//p20,Cu-0.1Si ~23.610^*9 ohm m +prt=23.6*10^-9//ohm m //room temperature value of restivity +a=0.00393;//C^-1//temperature coefficient of restivity +t=100;//C //temperature +tn=20;//C//room temperature +p=prt*(1+a*(t-tn)) +mprintf("p = %e ohm m",p) diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da69e6e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16.1// + +l=400*10^-9;//m //meter //wavelength +h=(0.6626*10^-33);//J s //Joule-second //Plank's constant +a=0.2998*10^9;//m/s //speed of light +c=(6.242*10^18);//eV/J //1 Coulomb of charge +E=((h*a)/l)*c +mprintf("E = %f eV",E) diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00ccfd7bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 16.2 // + +n=1.458;//Average refractive index of silica glass (SiO2) +thethac=asind(1/n) +mprintf("thethac = %f degree",thethac) + + diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52406efbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 16.3// + +n=1.59;// Average refractive index Polystyrene +R=((n-1)/(n+1))^2;//Fresnel's formula +disp(R) diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1715c7254 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 16.4// + +n=1.458;//Average refractive index Silica Glass (SiO2) +Rs=(((n-1)/(n+1))^2)//Fresnel's formula +mprintf("Rs = %f ",Rs) +mprintf("(Instead of equal to sign it is given addition sign in the texbook)") +//For PbO +n1=2.60;//refractive index of PbO +Rp=((n1-1)/(n1+1))^2//Fresnel's formula +mprintf("\nRp = %f",Rp) +R=Rp/Rs +mprintf("\nR = %f",R) diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5191eb9ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 16.5// +h=(0.663*10^-33);//J s //Joule-second//Plank's constant +c=(3.00*10^8);//m/s //meter per second //speed of light +l=400*10^-9;//nm// wavelength +a=6.242*10^18;//eV/J //1 Coulomb of charge +dEb=(h*c)/l +mprintf("dEb = %e V",dEb) +dEb1=dEb*a +mprintf("\ndEb1 = %f eV (Answer calculated in the textbook is wrong)",dEb1) +l1=700*10^-9;//nm //wavelength +dEr=(h*c)/l1 +mprintf("\ndEr %e eV",dEr) +dEr1=dEr*a +mprintf("\ndEr1= %f eV",dEr1) +mprintf("\ndelE range: 2.84*10^-19 to 4.97*10^-19J (=1.77 to 4.88 eV)") diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8856a80b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16.6// + +h=0.663*10^-33;//J s //Planck's constant +c=0.300*10^9;//m/s //speed of light +Eg=1.47;//eV // energy gap for GaAs +a=6.242*10^18;//eV/J //1 Coulomb of charge +l=(h*c/Eg)*a +mprintf("l = %e m",l) +mprintf(" = 844nm (As 1nano = 10^-9)") diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7021fe147 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 16.7// + +ncladding=1.460;//index of refraction for cladding +ncore=1.470;// index of refraction for glass-fiber core +thethac=asind(ncladding/ncore) +mprintf("The value of ncore taken while calculating is ncore=1.479 but in the question the value of ncore is given n=1.470") +mprintf("\nthethac = %f degree ",thethac) diff --git a/3557/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3557/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1fc4d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16.8// +h=0.663*10^-33;//J s //Planck's constant +c=3.00*10^9;//m/s //speed of light +Eg=2.59;//eV //energy gap for CdS +a=(6.242*10^18);//eV/J //1 Coulomb of charge +l=((h*c)/Eg)*a +mprintf("l = %e m",l) +mprintf(" = 479nm (As 1 nano = 10^-9)") diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54aff4636 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 17.1// + +psi=2.33;//g cm^-3 //Density of Silicon +a=28.09;//amu //atomic mass of silicon +b=10^6;//cm^3/m^3 //given +c=1;//g.atom //given +d=0.6023*10^24;//atoms/g.atom //Avogadro's Number +p=psi*b*(c/a)*d +mprintf("p = %e atoms/m^3",p) +e=28;//conduction electron +f=10^14;//atoms //given +n=(e/f)*p +mprintf("\nn = %e m^-3",n) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0069f09b --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.10// + +//(a) +Eg=1.107;//eV //bands gap +h=(0.663*10^-33);//J s //Planck's constant +c=(3*10^8);//m/s //speed of light +q=0.16*10^-18;//J/eV // 1 Coulomb of charge +a=10^9;//nm/m //given +l=((h*c)/(Eg*q))*a +mprintf(" Answer calculated in the texbook is wrong") +mprintf("\nl = %i nm",l) +//(b) +Eg1=0.049;//eV// band gap +l1=((h*c)/(Eg1*q))*a +mprintf("\nl1 = %i nm",l1) + diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad96584b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.11// + +b=100;//g //doped GaAs +c=10^9;//ppb Se +d=100;//g //given +a=(d/c)*b +mprintf("a = %e g Se",a) +S=78.96;//g/g.atom //atomic mass of selenium +Se=a/S +mprintf("\nSe = %e g atom",Se) +Ga=69.72;//g/mol //atomic mass of gallium +As=74.92;//g/mol //atomic mass of arsenic +G=(b-a)/(Ga+As) +mprintf("\nG = %f mol",G) +m=(Se/(G+Se))*100 +mprintf("\nm = %e mol percent",m) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2db1cca7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.12// + +n=(1.4*10^12);//m^-3 //density of charge carrier +q=(0.16*10^-18);//C // Coulomb of Charge +ue=0.720;//m^2 /(V s) //Electron mobility of GaAs +uh=0.020;//m^2 /(V s) //Hole mobility of GaAs +s=n*q*(ue+uh) +mprintf("s = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s) +Eg=1.47;//eV //band gap +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV/K //Boltzmann constant +T=300;//K //absolute temperature +s0=s*%e^((Eg)/(2*k*T)) +mprintf("\ns0 = %e ohm^-1 m^-1 ",s0) +T2=323;//k //absolute temperature +s50=s0*%e^-((Eg)/(2*k*T2)) +mprintf("\ns50 = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s50) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b834d1147 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 17.13// + +ue=0.070;//Electron Mobility CdTe (From table 17.5) +uh=0.007;//holes Mobility CdTe (From table 17.5) +fe=ue/(ue+uh) +mprintf("fe = %f ",fe) +fh=uh/(ue+uh) +mprintf("\nfh = %f ",fh) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e7f5815 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 17.14// + +b=1.008;//g //atomic mass of Hydrogen +c=28.09;//g //atomic mass of Silicon +a=100;//given +e=0.2;//given +f=0.8;//given +a2=f*c //(cross multiplying) +//mprintf("a2 = %f ",a2) +a3=b*a //(cross multiplication) +//mprintf("a3 = %f ",a3) +a4=e*b //(cross multiplication) +//mprintf("a4 = %f g Si",a4) +a5=e*a3//multiplication +//mprintf("a5 = %f g Si",a5) +x=a5/(a2-a4) +mprintf("x = %f g H",x) +x1=0.889;//g H +x2=a-x1 +mprintf("\nx2 = %f g Si",x2) +a7=2.3; //g cm^-3 //density of pure amporhous silicon +//the volume occupied by the silicon will be +V=x2/a7 +mprintf("\nV = %f cm^3",V) +//Therefore the density of the alloy will be +p=a/V +mprintf("\np = %f g cm^-3",p) +//which is an increase of +a1=((p-a7)/(a7))*100 +mprintf("\na1 = %f percent ",a1) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffe787a5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 17.15// + +//(a) +y1=1190;// degree C //y1 coordinate of the location where the line crosses the y axis. +y2=1414;// degree C //y2 coordinate of the location where the line crosses the y axis. +x1=99.985;;// wt % //composition of Si +x2=100; //wt % // composition of Si +a=y2-y1;//(subracting y intercept of linear euation) +//mprintf("a = %i",a) +a1=x2-x1 //(subracting m slope of line of linear equation) +//mprintf("a1 = %f ",a1) +m=a/a1; //(Obtaining m value) +mprintf("m = %e ",m) +b=y2-m*x2; //(Obtaining b value) +mprintf("\nb = %e ",b) +y3=1360;//degree C //composition +x=(y3-b)/m +mprintf("\nx = %f ",x) +//The segregation coefficienct is calculated in terms of impurity levels +Cs=x2-x +mprintf("\nCs = %f wt percent Al",Cs) +x3=90;//percent //si composition +Cl=x2-x3; +mprintf("\nCl = %i wt percent Al",Cl) +K=Cs/Cl +mprintf("\nK = %e ",K) + +//(b) For the liquids line a similar staright line expression take place on the values +a4=y2-y3;//(subracting y intercept of linear euation) +//mprintf("a4 = %i",a4) +a5=x2-x3 //(subracting m slope of line of linear equation) +//mprintf("a5 = %f ",a5) +m1=a4/a5; //(Obtaining m value) +mprintf("\nm1 = %e ",m1) +b1=y2-m1*x2; //(Obtaining b value) +mprintf("\nb1 = %f ",b1) +//A 99 wt % Si bar will have a liquids temperature +x4=99;// +T=m1*(x4)+b1 +mprintf("\nT = %f degree C",T) +//The corresponding solids composition is given by +x5=(T-b)/m +mprintf("\nx1 = %f wt percent Si",x1) +//An alternate composition expression +x5=99.999638;//Wt % Si +c=100;//percent +i=(x2-x5)/c +mprintf("\ni = %e Al",i) +mprintf("\nor 3.62 parts per million Al") +mprintf("\nThese calculations are susceptible to round-off errors. Values of m and bin the solidus line equation must be carried to several palces") diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25c9ba475 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 17.16// + +Ic=5;//mA //Collector Current +Ve=5;//mV // Emitter Voltage +Ic1=50;//mA //Collector Current +Ve2=25;//mV //Emitter voltage +a=log(Ic1/Ic)//(Taking antilog to remove the exponential term) +//mprintf("a = %f mV",a) +b=(Ve2-Ve)//(Subtracting the terms) +//mprintf("b = %i ",b) +B=b/a //(Dividing the terms) +mprintf("B = %f mV ",B) +I0=Ic*%e^-(Ve/B) +mprintf("\n I0 = %f mA",I0) +//Therefore +B1=8.69;//mV //constant +Ve3=50;//mV //emitter voltage +I01=2.81;//mA // collector current +Ic=I01*%e^(Ve3/B1) +mprintf("\nIc = %i mA",Ic) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4080d3008 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 17.2// + +n=23*10^18; //m^-3 //density of conduction electron +q=0.16*10^-18;//C //one elementary charge +ue=0.364;//m^2/(V.s) //electron mobility of germanium +uh=0.190;//m^2/(V.s)//hole mobility of germanium +si=n*q*(ue+uh) +mprintf("si = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",si) +Eg=0.66;//eV //band gap +k=(86.2*10^-6);//eV/K //Boltzmann constant +T=300;//K //absolute temperature +s0=si*%e^(Eg/(2*k*T)) +mprintf("\ns0 = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s0) +//Then +T1=473;//K //absolute temperature +s2=s0*%e^-(Eg/(2*k*T1)) +mprintf("\ns2 = %i ohm^-1 m^-1",s2) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d46a96749 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 17.3// + +T1=293;//K //Temperature +T2=373;//K //Temperature +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV/K //Boltzmann constant +T3=1100;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //conductivity +T4=250;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //conductivity +Eg=-(2*k*(log(T3/T4)))/((1/T2)-(1/T1)) +mprintf("Eg = %f eV",Eg) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfe836c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.4// + +//For 100g of doped silicon there will be +b=100;//ppb //Al by weight +c=10^9;//given +d=100;//g Al +a=(b/c)*d +mprintf("a = %e g Al",a) +e=26.98;//g/g.atom //atomic mass of aluminium +Al=a/e +mprintf("\nAl = %e g atom",Al) +f=28.09;//g/g.atom // atomic mass of Silicon +Si=(b-a)/f +mprintf("\nSi = %f g atoms",Si) +pAl=((Al)/(Si+Al))*100 +mprintf("\npAl = %e atomic percent",pAl) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b6350a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 17.5// + +a=1.107;//eV //band gap +b=2;//eV //given +c=0.1;//eV //Fermi level shifted upward +E=(a/b)-c +mprintf("E = %f eV",E) +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV k^-1//Boltazmann constant +T=298;//K //Temperature +fE=1/((%e^(E/(k*T)))+1) +mprintf("\nfE = %e ",fE) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..527d9d110 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 17.6// + +s=100;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //preexponential constant +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV K^-1 //Boltzmann constant +T=298;//K //Temperature +Eg=1.0;//eV // band gap +Ed=0.9;//eV //donor level +//AT 25 degree C +s0=s*%e^((Eg-Ed)/(k*T)) +mprintf("s0 = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s0) +//At 30degree C +T1=303;//K//temperature +s=s0*%e^-((Eg-Ed)/(k*T1)) +mprintf("\ns = %i ohm^-1 m^-1",s) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bad1d0159 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 17.7// + +s=60;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //extrinsic conductivity +q=0.16*10^-18;//C //1 coulomb of charge +ue=0.364;//m^2/(V.s) //electron mobility +n=s/(q*ue) +mprintf("n = %e m^-3",n) +a=1.03*10^21;//atomsP/m^3 +b=30.97;//g P +c=0.6023*10^24;//atoms P //Avaogardo's Number +d=1;//cm^3 Ge //given +e=5.32//g Ge // Density of Germanium +f=1;//m^3 //given +g=10^6;//cm^3 //given +p=a*(b/c)*(d/e)*(f/g) +mprintf("\np = %e g P/g Ge",p) +j=10^9;//as 10^9= 1 billion +i=p*j +mprintf("\ni = %f ppb P",i) +mprintf(" ( As 10^9 = 1 billion)") diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ee762592 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 17.8// + +a=23*10^18;//m^-3 +q=0.16*10^-18;//C //1 coulomb of charge +b=0.364;//m^2/(V.s)//Electron mobility of germanium +c=0.190;//m^2/(V.s) //Hole Mobility of Germanium +s300K=a*q*(b+c) +mprintf("s300K = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",s300K) +Eg=0.66;//V //band gap +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV/K //Boltzmann constant +T=300;//K //absolute temperature +s0=s300K*%e^((Eg)/(2*k*T)) +mprintf("\ns0 = %e ohm^-1 m^-1",s0) +Eg1=-0.66;//eV//band gap +i=60;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //extrinsic conductivity +j=log(i/s0);// Taking log to remove exponential term +//mprintf("j = %f ",j) +T1=1/((j*2*k)/Eg1);//(Cross multiply and dividing) +mprintf("\nT1 = %i K = 135degree C",T1) +//(b) +Ed=0.012;//eV +T2=373;//K //absolute temperature +s1=i*%e^((Ed)/(k*T2)) +mprintf("\ns1 = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",s1) +//At 300K +T3=300;//K //absolute temperature +s2=s1*%e^-((Ed)/(k*T3)) +mprintf("\ns2 = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",s2) diff --git a/3557/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3557/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fc2019af --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + //Example 17.9// + +//Extrinsic data +s1=60;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //conduvtivity +ln1=log(s1) +mprintf("ln1 = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",ln1) +t1=373;//K //Temperature +T1=1/t1 +mprintf("\nT1 = %e k^-1",T1) +s2=54.8;//ohm^-1 m^-1//conductivity +ln2=log(s2) +mprintf("\nln2 = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",ln2) +t2=300;//K //Temperature +T2=1/t2 +mprintf("\nT2 = %e k^-1",T2) + +//Intrinsic Data +s3=60;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //conductivity +ln3=log(s3) +mprintf("\nln3 = %f ohm^-1 m^-1",ln3) +t3=408;//K //Temperature +T3=1/t3 +mprintf("\nT3 = %e K^-1",T3) +s4=2.04;//ohm^-1 m^-1 //conductivity +ln4=log(s4) +mprintf("\nln4 = %f Ohm^-1 m^-1",ln4) +t4=300;//K //Temperaure +T4=1/t4 +mprintf("\nT4 = %e K",T4) +x=[2.68 3.33 2.45 3.33]; +y=[4.09 4.00 4.09 0.713]; +plot2d(x,y, style=1) +ylabel("ln sigma (ohm^-1 m^-1)", "fontsize", 4); +xlabel("1/T*10^3 (K^-1)", "fontsize", 4 ); + diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..314292ebe --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 18.1// +ur=1.01; +u0=4*%pi*10^-7;//henry/m +H=2*10^5;//amperes/m +B=ur*u0*H +mprintf("B = %f weber/m^2",B) +//Using second equality, we obtain +M=(ur-1)*(H) +mprintf("\nM = %e amperes/m",M) diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40825bde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example18.3// + +x=[6*10^4 1*10^4 0 -1*10^4 -2*10^4 -3*10^4 -4*10^4 -5*10^4 -6*10^4 -6*10^4 -1e4 0 1e4 2e4 3e4 4e4 5e4 6e4] +y=[0.65 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.46 0.30 0 -0.44 -0.65 -0.65 -0.58 -0.56 -0.53 -0.46 -0.30 0 0.44 0.65] +plot2d(x,y, style=1) +xlabel("H(10^4 A/m)", "fontsize", 2); +ylabel("Br(web/m2"); +mprintf("(b) The remanent induction Br =0.56 weber/m^2 at (H = 0)") +mprintf("\n(c) The coercive field Hc = -4*10^4 amperes/m (at B= 0)") diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..071742498 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 18.4// + +n=8;//numbers Ni2+/ unit cell +n1=2; //moment of Ni2+ +m=n*n1 +mprintf("m = %i ",m) +a=18.4;// measured value of nickel ferrite +e=((a-m)/a)*100 +mprintf("\ne = %i percent",e) diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..667dfa062 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 18.5// + +a=18.4;// measured value of nickel ferrite +ub=9.274*10^-24;//A m^2// ampere-meters square //Moment +v=(0.833*10^-9);//m //meter // volume of unit cell +Ms=(a*ub)/v^3 +mprintf("Ms = %e A/m",Ms) diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23cd0d564 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example18.6// + +a=8.9*10^4;//(amperes/m)(webers/m^2) // Area +mprintf("a= %e (amperes.webers)/m^3",a) +//one ampere weber is equal to 1joule. The area is then a volume density of energy ,or +e=8.9*10^4//J/m^3 //energy loss +b= 10^-3; //As 1Kilogram = 10^3 gram +e1=e*b +mprintf("\ne1 = %i kJ/m^3 (per cycle) (As 1Kilogram = 10^3 garm)",e1) diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be4f4420c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 18.7// + +y=[0 9 9.2 5.3 0]; //B(webers/m^2) +x=[0 0.30 0.46 0.53 0.56]; //(BH(weber A/m^3 = J/m^3) +plot2d(x,y, style=1) +mprintf("(BH)max ~10*10^3 J/m^3") +ylabel("BH*(kJ/m^3)","fontsize",4); +xlabel("B(web/m^2)","fontsize",4); diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d9829eec --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 18.8// +r=0.067;//nm +R=0.132;//nm +ra=r/R +disp(ra) diff --git a/3557/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce b/3557/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ed60dd8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 18.8// + +//(a) +a=8;// magnetic moment/unit cell +b=5;//moment of Mn2+ +m=a*b +mprintf("m = %i ",m) + +//(b) +c=16;//(number Fe3+/unit cell) +d=5;//(moment of Fe3+) +m1=-(a*b)+(c*d) +mprintf("\nm1 = %i ",m1) + +//(c) A 50:50 mixture will give +a1=0.5;//given +m2=(a1*m1)+(a1*m1) +mprintf("\nm2 = %i ",m2) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c570ffc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 19.1// + +t=0;//time +y=100;//nm//thickness of oxide coating +c4=1;//given +c5=y^2-c4*t;//substituting value in the equation +mprintf("c5 = %e nm^2",c5) +//For +t1=1;//h //hour //time +y1=200;//nm //thickness of oxide coating +c4=y1^2-c5 //substituting values in the equation +mprintf("\nc4 = %e nm^2/h",c4) +//Then +t2=24;//h//hour //time +y2=c4*t2+c5 +mprintf("\ny2 = %e nm^2",y2) +mprintf("\nor y=854nm (=0.854 mew m) ") diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5d5b5cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example19.10// + +k=45*10^-3;// wear coefficient +P=50;//Kg //Kilograms //Load +x=5;//mm //millimeter //distance +H=235;//kg/mm^2 //hardness of the surface being worn away +V=(k*P*x)/(3*H) +mprintf("V = %f mm^3",V) +//As the volume of a hemisphere is (1/12)*pi*d^3 +a=12; //volume of hemisphere +d=nthroot(((a*V)/%pi),3) +mprintf("\nd = %f mm ",d) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ac07ca4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19.11// + +EK=(-7112);//eV // the innermost electron orbital shell +EL=(-708);//eV // the innermost electron next shell +Eka=abs(EK-EL) +mprintf("Eka = %i eV",Eka) +EM=(-53);//eV //heavier electrons +Ekb=abs(EK-EM) +mprintf("\nEkb = %i eV",Ekb) +EKLL=abs(EK-EL)-abs(EL) +mprintf("\nEKLL = %i eV",EKLL) + diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..207c6bac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example19.2// + +a=2; //Number of atoms +b=63.55;//amu //atomic mass of copper //(From Appendix 1) +c=16.00;//amu //atomic mass of Oxygen //(From Appendix 1) +d=8.93;//density +e=6.00;//Mg/m^3 //density of Cu2O +R=([(a*b)+c]*d)/(a*b*e);//Pilling-Bedworth +disp(R) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5db1129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example19.3// + +//The current indicates a flow rate of electrons +a=10*10^-3;//C/s // coulomb per second +b=1;//electron +c=0.16*10^-18;//C //1 Coulomb of charge +I=a*b/c +mprintf("I = %e electrons/s",I) + +//As the oxidation of each iron atom generates two electrons +d=1;//reaction +e=2;//electrons +r=I*d/e +mprintf("\nr = %e reaction/s",r) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f883f3763 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 19.4// + +//(a) +mprintf("Inspection of Table 19.2 indicates that zinci is anodic to iron. Therefore zinci will be corroded") + +//(b)Again using Table 19.2 the voltage will be +b=(-0.763);//V //Electrode potential versus normal hydrogen at 25 degree C //(From the table) +a=(-0.440);//V ///Electrode potential versus normal hydrogen at 25 degree C +voltage=a-b +mprintf("\nvoltage = %f V",voltage) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d27fcafff --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 19.5// + +a=100;//g Fe //corrosion +b=55.85;//g Fe/g atom Fe // Atomic mass of iron (From Appendix 1) +c=1/2;//mole O2 //Given +d=1;//mole Fe //Given +m=(a/b)*(c/d) +mprintf("m = %f mole O2",m) + +//Using ideal gas law, we obtain +//At STP +n=0.895;//mole //number of moles +R=8.314;//J/mol K //gas constant +T=273;//K //Temperature of the gas +a1=1;//atm //atmosphere +b1=1;//Pa //Pascal +P=9.869*10^-6;//atm // atmosphere //pressure of the gas +V=(n*R*T)/(a1*b1/P) +mprintf("\n V= %f m^3",V) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..409a90ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19.6// + +a=0.000;//V //volt //standard state potential for the hydrogen half cell +b=(-0.763);//V //volt //standard state potential for the zinci half cell +V0=a-b +mprintf("V0 = %f V",V0) +n=2;//As two electrons are transferred per Zn atom +V=0.45;//V //Cell voltage +c=(-0.059);//From the formula +pH=((V-V0)*n)/(c*n) +mprintf("\npH = %f ",pH) + diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b24f2e68c --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 19.7// + +f1=24.31;//g //atomic mass of magnesium +e=0.6023*10^24;//atoms //Avogardo's Number +q=0.16*10^-18;// C/electron //1 coulomb of charge +a=2;//kg //Kilogram //sacrificial anode of magnesium +b=3;// months //period +c=1000;//g //gram +d=1;//kg //kilogram +f=2;//electrons/atom +h=1;//month //period +a1=31;//d //days //period +a3=1;//d //days //period +b1=24;//h //hours //time +b2=1;//h //hours //time +c1=3600;//s //seconds //time +d1=1;//A //ampere //current +e1=1;// C/s //coloumb per second +current=(a/b)*(c/d)*(e/f1)*f*q*(h/a1)*(a3/b1)*(b2/c1)*(d1/e1) +mprintf("current %f A ",current) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f1d455b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19.8// + +b=0.09;//V //constant equal to slope of the electrochemical potential plot +i=1;//A/m^2 //corresponding current density +i0=10^-3// A/m^2 //standard state current density +n=b*log10(i/i0) +mprintf("n = %f V",n) + +//Giving an electrochemical potential at 1A/m^2 of +a=(-0.763);//V //standard state potential for the zinci half cell +V=a+n +mprintf("\nV = %f V",V) diff --git a/3557/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3557/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96968f541 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 19.9// + +h=(0.6626*10^-33);//J s //Joule-second //Planck's Constant +c=(0.2998*10^9);//m/s //meters per second //speed of light +l=400*10^-9;//m //meters // Wavelength +a=6.242*10^18;//eV/J //1 Coulomb of charge +E=((h*c)/l)*a +mprintf("E = %f eV",E) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..819e2089a --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 2.1// +d= 8.93;//g/cm^3 // density of copper +a=63.55;//amu // atomic mass of copper +//The volume sampled +c=1;//mew meter //deep cylinder in the surface of solid copper +e=2;//given +f=1;//cm //centimeter +g=10^4;//mew m +vs=(%pi*(c/e)^2)*(1/10^4)^3//Volume sampled formula +mprintf(" vs = %e cm^3",vs) +//Thus, the number of atoms sampled +a1=8.93;//g/cm^3 +b=0.602*10^24;//atoms//Avogadro's number +c1=63.55;//g +ns=a1*vs*b/c1 +mprintf("\n ns = %e atoms",ns) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94a54857e --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.10// +a=2;//Given +b=370;//kJ/mol //Bond energy +c=680;//kJ/mol //Bond energy +r=a*b +mprintf("r = %i kJ/mol",r) +re=r-c +mprintf("\nre = %i kJ/mol",re) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c9c32649 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.12// +kr=16.16*10^-135;// J m^12 //constant of attraction +ka=10.37*10^-78;//J m^6 //constant of replusion +a0=(2*(kr/ka))^(1/6) +mprintf("a0 = %e m = 0.382nm (As 1 nano = 10^-9)",a0) +a1=0.382*10^-9;//meter +E=-(ka/a1^6)+(kr/a1^12) +mprintf("\nE = %e J",E) +a=-1.66*10^-21;//J/bond +b=(0.602*10^24);// bonds/mole +Eb=a*b +mprintf("\nEb = %e J/mol = 0.999 kJ/mol (As 10^3gram = 1Kilogram)",Eb) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e76dc358 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.2// +a=24.31;//g //atomic mass of Mg (in gram) +a1=16.00;//g //atomic mass of O (in gram) +m=a+a1;// mass of 1 mol of MgO +mprintf("m = %f g ",m) +v=22.37;//mm //Volume +b=10^-3;//cm^3/mm^3 +d=m/(v^3*b) +mprintf("\nd = %f g/cm^3",d) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acbd5bb4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.3// +d= 1.74;// g/cm^3 //density of Mg +a= 24.31;//amu //atomic mass of Mg +v=a/d;// volume of 1 mol +mprintf("v = %f cm^3/mol",v) +c=10;//mm/cm +e= (v)^(1/3);//cm //edge of cube +//mprintf("\ne = %f cm",e) +e1=e*c +mprintf("\ne1 = %f mm",e1) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f28436a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 2.5// + +rna=0.098;//nm // Ionic radius of Sodium (From appendix 2) +rcl=0.181;//nm // Ionic radius of Cholrine (From Appendix 2) +a0=rna+rcl +mprintf("a0 = %f nm",a0) +k0=9*10^9;//V m/C //Proportionality constant +z1=0.16*10^-18;//C //coloumb //valence of charged ion +z2=0.16*10^-18;//C //coloumb //valence of charged ion +q=1;// charge of single electron +q1=-1;//charge of single electron +a1=0.278*10^-9;//nm// separation distance between the centers of th ions +FC=-(k0*q*z1*q1*z2)/(a1^2) +mprintf("\nFC = %e N",FC) +// Nothing that 1V C=1J, we obtain + +//(b) Because FC+FR =0 +FR=-FC +mprintf("\nFR = %e N",FR) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1327761 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.6// +rNa=0.098//nm // Ionic radius of Sodium (From appendix 2) +rO=0.132//nm // // Ionic radius of Oxygen (From appendix 2) +a0=rNa+rO//nm +mprintf("a0 = %f nm",a0) +k0=9*10^9;//m/C // proportionality constant +q=1;//charge of single electron +z1=0.16*10^-18;//C //valence of the charged ions +z2=0.16*10^-18;//C //valence of the charged ions +q1=-2;//charge of single electron +a1=0.231*10^-9;//nm //separation distance between the centers of th ions +Fc=-(k0*q*z1*q1*z2)/(a1)^2 +mprintf("\nFc = %e N",Fc) +Fr=-Fc +mprintf("\n Fr = %e N",Fr) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517b72418 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.7// + +a=sqrt(3);// Given //By formula +b=1;//Given +r=a-b +disp(r) diff --git a/3557/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3557/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa1b72592 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example2.8// +//From Appendix 2 +rAl=0.057;//nm //Ionic radius of Aluminium +rB=0.02;//nm //Ionic radius of Boron +rCa=0.106;//nm //Ionic radius of Calcium +rMg=0.078;//nm// Ionic radius of Magnesium +rSi=0.039;//nm //Ionic radius of Silicon +rTi=0.064;//nm //Ionic radius of Titanium +rO=0.132//nm //Ionic radius of Oxygen +r=rAl/rO +mprintf("r = %f ",r) +//For B2O3 +r1=rB/rO +mprintf("\nr1 = %f ,giving CN=2",r1) +//For CaO +r2=rCa/rO +mprintf("\nr2 = %f ,giving CN=8",r2) +//For MgO +r3=rMg/rO +mprintf("\nr3 = %f ,giving CN=6",r3) +//For SiO2 +r4=rSi/rO +mprintf("\nr4 = %f ,giving CN=4",r4) +//For TiO2 +r5=rTi/rO +mprintf("\nr5 = %f ,giving CN=6",r5) +mprintf("\nThe coordination number for the cation is obtain from Table 2.1") diff --git a/3557/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3557/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe71ac12b --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 20.2// +wt=570;//kg// wt savings/aircraft +a=50;//airc raft +b=830;//1per yr/kg // (fuel/year)/(wt savings) +f=wt*b*a +mprintf("f = %e l",f) diff --git a/3557/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3557/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c408a0719 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 20.3// +a=1.21;//dollar/kg +b=0.70;// fabrication yield rate +phenolic=a/b +mprintf("phenolic =$ %f /kg ",phenolic) +a1=4.30;//dollar/kg +b1=0.95;// fabrication yield rate +polyester=a1/b1 +mprintf("\npolyester $%f /kg",polyester) +//Then the net materials cost per part is +c=2.9;//g/part +d=1;//kg //kilogram +e=1000;//g //gram +p=phenolic*c*d/e +mprintf("\np = $%f /part =0.5cents/part",p) +py=polyester*c*d/e +mprintf("\npy =$%f /part =1.3cents/part",py) +a1=10;//dollar per hour/operator +b1=1;//operator +c1=35;//s/cycle +d1=4;//parts/cycle +e1=1;//hour +f1=3600;//s //seconds +p1=a1*b1*(c1/d1)*(e1/f1) +mprintf("\np1 = %f /part = 2.4cents/part",p1) +c2=20;//s/cycle +g1=5;//operator +py1=a1*(b1/g1)*(c2/d1)*(e1/f1) +mprintf("\npy1 =$%f /part =0.3 cents/part",py1) +//The total cost (materials+labour)is then +a3=0.5;//cents/parts +b3=2.4;//cents/parts +phenolic1=a3+b3 +mprintf("\nphenolic1 = %f cents/part",phenolic1) +a4=1.3;//cents/part +b4=0.3;//cents/part +polyester2=(a4+b4);// /part +mprintf("\npolyester2 = %f cents/part",polyester2) +//the greatly reduced labor cost have given a net economic advantage to the polyster + diff --git a/3557/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce b/3557/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2d908ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example20.4// + +Ek=(-7112);//eV //the innermost electron orbital shell +El=(-708);//ev //the innermost electron next shell +Eka=abs(Ek-El) +mprintf("Eka = %i eV",Eka) + diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a1d91191 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.11// +u=1; +u1=1; +v=1; +v1=1; +w=0; +w1=1; +a=(u*u1)+(v*v1)+(w*w1) +//mprintf("a = %i",a) +b=(sqrt((u^2)+(v^2)+(w^2)))*(sqrt((u1^2)+(v1^2)+(w1^2))) +//mprintf("b = %i",b) +c=acosd(a/b) +mprintf("c = %f degree ",c) + diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4ec37ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 3.12// +//As the problem is in the statement in the book +mprintf("As the problem is in the statement in the book it cannot be solved using scilab") diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e33591dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 3.13// +//As the problem is in the statement in the book +mprintf("As the problem cannot be solved using scilab This problem is same as sample problem 3.10 ") diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ed84b091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.14 (a)// +a=2;//given +rw=0.137;//nm // atomic radius of Tungsten +r=a*rw +mprintf("r = %f nm",r) +r1=1/(r) //Taking inverse of r +mprintf("\nr1 = %f atoms/nm",r1) +//Example 3.14 (b) +b=0.143;// atomic radius of Aluminium +a1=(4*b)/(sqrt(2)) //Face centered cubic +mprintf("\n a1 = %f nm",a1) +r2=sqrt(3)*a1; //body diagonal length +mprintf("\n r2 = %f nm",r2) +r3=1/(r2); //linear density //Taking inverse of r2 i.e body diagonal length +mprintf("\n r3 = %f atoms/nm",r3) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..767b9065f --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 3.15 (a)// +rW=0.137;//nm //atomic radius of tungsten (From appendix 2) +a=(4*rW)/(sqrt(3))//Body centered cubic +mprintf("a = %f nm",a) +l=sqrt(2)*a; // face diagonal length +mprintf("\n l = %f nm",l) + +//The area of the (111) plane within yhe unit cell +c=sqrt(3);//given +d=2;//given +h=(c/d)*l +//mprintf("h = %f ",h) +A=(1/2)*l*h +mprintf("\nA = %f nm^2",A) +c1=3;//atoms +d1=1/6;//atoms +ad=(c1*d1)/A +mprintf("\nad = %f atoms/nm^2",ad) + +//(b) +// Following the calculations of sample problem 3.14b we find that the length of the body diagonal is +b=0.143;// atomic radius of Aluminium +a1=(4*b)/(sqrt(2)) //Face centered cubic +//mprintf("\n a1 = %f nm",a1) +l1=sqrt(2)*a1; +mprintf("\nl1 = %f nm",l1) +//the area of the (111) plane within the unit cell is +A1=(1/2)*l1*(c/d)*l1 +mprintf("\nA1 = %f nm^2",A1) +e1=(1/2);//atoms +ad2=((c1*d1)+(c1*e1))/A1 +mprintf("\nad2 %f atoms/nm^2",ad2) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc9a48863 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.16// +// Following the calculations of sample problem 3.3 we find that the length of the body diagonal is +rMg=0.078;//nm // Ionic radius of Magnesium (From Appendix 2) +rO=0.132;//nm // Ionic radius of Oxygen (From Appendix 2) +a=2*rMg+2*rO +//mprintf("a = %f nm",a) +l=sqrt(3)*a +mprintf("l = %f nm",l) +c=1;// Mg^2+ +i=c/l//nm +mprintf("\n i = %f Mg^2+/nm",i) +//similarly +i2=c/l +mprintf("\n i2 = %f O2-/nm",i2) +mprintf("\n(1.37Mg2+ + 1.37O2-)/nm") diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01c39c5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.17// + +// Following the calculations of sample problem 3.3 we find that the length of the body diagonal is +rMg=0.078;//nm // Ionic radius of Magnesium (From Appendix 2) +rO=0.132;//nm // Ionic radius of Oxygen (From Appendix 2) +a=2*rMg+2*rO +//mprintf("a = %f nm",a) +l=sqrt(2)*a +mprintf("l = %f nm",l) +d=(sqrt(3)*l)/2 //height +//mprintf("\nd = %f",d) +A=(1/2)*l*d //planar area +mprintf("\n A = %f nm^-2",A) +c=2;//ions +id=c/A; //ionic density for Mg2+ +mprintf("\n id = %f nm^-2 (ionic density for Mg2+)",id) +id1=c/A;//ionic density for O2- +mprintf("\n id1 = %f nm^-2 (ionic density for O2-)",id1) +mprintf("\n 13.1(Mg^2+ or O^2-)/nm^2") diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c99f241 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3.18// +rsi=0.117;//nm //atomic radius of silicon (From appendix 2) +a=8;//given // (a is obtain by cross multiplication) +l= a*rsi//nm //body diagonal length +mprintf("l = %f nm",l) +//the linear density +b=2;//atoms //From the figure 3.23 there are two atoms per lattice point therefore we choose value 2 atoms in linear density +ld=b/l +mprintf("\n ld = %f atoms/nm",ld) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..077d69580 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.19// + +e=0.117;//nm //atomic radius of silicon (From Appendix 2) +a=(8/sqrt(3))*e +mprintf("a= %f nm",a) +s=sqrt(2)*a +mprintf("\n s= %f nm",s) +i=2;//atoms //From the figure 3.23 there are two atoms per lattice point therefore we choose value 2 atoms in planar density +A=(1/2)*s*(sqrt(3)/2)*s //area of traingle +mprintf("\n A = %f nm^2",A) +p=i/A;//planar density +mprintf("\n p = %f atoms/nm^2",p) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ce3b10ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3.2// +rCu=0.128;//nm //atomic radius copper (From appendix 2) +a=(4/sqrt(2))*rCu +mprintf("a = %f nm",a) +//The density of the unit cells is +a1=4;// atoms +b1=63.55;//gram //atomic mass of copper +c1=0.6023*10^24;//atoms// Avogardo's number +d=10^7;//nm/cm +p=(a1/a^3)*(b1/c1)*d^3 +mprintf("\n p = %f g/cm^3",p) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ead2cc6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Example 3.20// +c=1;//centimeter // opposite side of a triangle +e=3;//centimeter // adjacent side of a triangle +a=atand(c/e)// (As tan = oppposite side/adjacent side) +mprintf("a = %f degree ",a) +a1=180;//degree +b1=2;//given +theta= (a1-a)/b1 +mprintf("\ntheta = %f degree",theta) +//Braggs law +rMg=0.078;//nm // Ionic radius of Magnesium (From Appendix 2) +rO=0.132;//nm // Ionic radius of Oxygen (From Appendix 2) +a2=2*rMg+2*rO +//mprintf("a2 = %f nm",a2) +h=1; //spacing between adjacent plane +k=1;//spacing between adjacent plane +l=1;//spacing between adjacent plane +d=(a2)/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +mprintf("\n d = %f nm",d) +//substituting to obtain lamda for n=1 +//for n=1 +l1=b1*d*sind(theta) +mprintf("\n l1= %f nm",l1) +//for n=2 +l2=(b1*d*sind(theta))/b1 +mprintf("\n l2 = %f nm",l2) +//for n=3 +l3=(b1*d*sind(theta))/e; +mprintf("\n l3 = %f nm",l3) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..433d29ee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 3.21// +a= 0.404;//nm //lattice parameter +a1=1;//given +b1=1;//given +c1=1;//given +b=sqrt(a1+b1+c1) +d111=a/b +mprintf("d111 = %f = nm",d111) +a2=2;//given +b2=0;//given +c2=0;//given +d200=a/sqrt(a2^2+b2+c2); +mprintf("\n d200 = %f nm",d200) +a3=2;//given +b3=2;//given +c3=0;//given +d220=a/sqrt(a3^2+b3^2+c3); +mprintf("\n d220 = %f nm",d220) +l=0.1542;//nm// from the figure 3.39 +thetha111=asind(l/(a2*d111)) +mprintf("\nthetha111 = %f degree",thetha111) +t111=a2*thetha111 +mprintf("\nt111 = %f degree",t111) +thetha200=asind(l/(a2*d200)) +mprintf("\nthetha200 = %f degree",thetha200) +t200=a2*thetha200 +mprintf("\nt200 = %f degree",t200) +thetha220=asind(l/(a2*d220)) +mprintf("\nthetha220 = %f degree",thetha220) +t220=a2*thetha220 +mprintf("\nt220 = %f degree",t220) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e2f9b38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.3// +rMg=0.078;//nm // Ionic radius of Magnesium (From Appendix 2) +rO=0.132;//nm // Ionic radius of Oxygen (From Appendix 2) +a=2*rMg+2*rO +mprintf("a = %f nm",a) +Vu=(a)^3;//nm +mprintf("\nVu = %f nm^3",Vu) +b=4;//by formula +c=4/3;//By formula +volume=((b*c)*%pi*(rMg)^3)+((b*c)*%pi*(rO)^3) +mprintf("\nvolume = %f nm^3",volume) +IPF=volume/Vu; +mprintf("\nIPF = %f ",IPF) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b6a439df --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3.4// +a=24.31;//gram //atomic mass of magnesium +b=16.00;//gram // atomic mass of oxygen +c=0.6023*10^24;//Avogardo's number +v=0.0741;//nm^3 //unit cell volume +d=10^7;//nm/cm +e=4;//Number of electrons +p=((((e*a)+(e*b))/(c))/(v))*d^3 +mprintf("p = %f g/cm^3",p) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99679293d --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 3.5// +a=0.741;//nm //unit cell dimensions +b=0.494;//nm //unit cell dimensions +c=0.255;//nm //unit cell dimensions +v=a*b*c +mprintf("v = %f nm^3",v) +a1=12.01;//gram //atomic mass of carbon +b1=1.008;//gram // atomic mass of Hydogen +c1=0.6023*10^24;//atoms // Avogardo's number +d1=2;//Number of electrons +e1=4;//Number of electrons +m=((d1*a1)+(e1*b1))/c1 +mprintf("\nm = (%e n)g",m) +//Therefore, the unit cell density is, +d=10^7;//nm/cm +p=(m/v)*d^3 +mprintf("\n p = %f g/cm^3 (As answer in the textbook is calculated wrong)",p) +//solving for n gives +n=2 +//Aa a result, there are +mprintf("\n4(=2n)C atoms + 8(=4n)H atoms per unit cell.") diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7110ff1e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.6// +a=2;//body diagonal +b=4;//body diagonal +c=a*b ;//(using cross multiplication) +//mprintf("c= %i ",c) +d=sqrt(3); +Vu=(c/d)^3 +mprintf("Vu = %f rSi^3",Vu) +Va=c*(4/3)*%pi +mprintf("\n Va = %f rSi^3",Va) +APF=Va/Vu; +mprintf("\nAPF = %f ",APF) diff --git a/3557/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3557/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e56452257 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3.7// +a=98.5;// Unit cell volume +b=0.117;//nm //nanometer //atomic radius of Silicon +V=a*b^3 +mprintf("V = %f nm^3",V) +a1=8;//atoms +c=28.09;//gram //atomic mass of silicon +d=0.6023*10^24;//atoms //Avogardo's number +e=10^7;//nm/cm +P=(a1/V)*(c/d)*(e^3) +mprintf("\nP = %f g/cm^3",P) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..523f44447 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example4.1// +rCu=0.128;//nm //atomic radius of copper +rNi=0.125;//nm //atomic radius of nickel +d=((rCu-rNi)/rCu)*100 +mprintf("d = %f percent (<15percent)",d) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27c200330 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example4.2// +a=4;//body-centered cubic as given in table 3.3 +b=sqrt(3); //body-centered cubic as given in table 3.3 +c=1;// as we take R common from the equation +ri=(1/2)*(a/b)-c +mprintf("ri = %f R",ri) +//from the appendix 2, R=0.124nm giving +R=0.124;//nm //atomic radius of iron +ri1=ri*R +mprintf("\nri1 = %f nm",ri1) +rC=0.077;//nm //atomic radius of carbon from the appendix 2 +R1=rC/ri1 +mprintf("\nR1 = %f ",R1) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..987c5cde0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example4.3 // +a=2.70*10^6;//g/m^3 //density of aluminium +b=26.98;//g // atomic mass +c=0.602*10^24;//atoms //atomic mass unit +at=a/(b/c) +mprintf("at = %e atoms m^-3",at) +//Then density of vacant sites will be +d=2.29*10^-5;//atom^-1 //fraction of aluminium sites vacant at 400 degree celsius +v=d*at +mprintf("\nv= %e m^-3",v) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ca484e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example4.4// +//(a) +RFe=0.124;//nm //atomic radius of iron +r=2*RFe +mprintf("r = %f nm",r) +//(b) +RAl=0.143;//nm //atomic radius of Aluminium +r1=2*RAl +mprintf("\nr1 = %f nm",r1) +//(c) +a=2;//given +RO=0.132;//nm // Ionic radius of Oxygen +b=cosd(30);//given +r2=2*(a*RO)*(b) +mprintf("\nr2 = %f nm",r2) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb3b40b1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 4.5// + +b=0.286;//nm // repeat distance between the adjacent atoms +t=2;// degree //Given +a=1;// rad +c=57.3;//degree +D=b/(t*(a/c)) +mprintf("D = %f nm",D) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e59f89d --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.6// +a=3.98;//in.^2 // area of region +b=100;//grain density +c=300;//grain density +A100=a*(b/c)^2 +mprintf("A100 = %f in^2",A100) +//Then the grain density becomes +d=32;//grains +N=d/A100 +mprintf("\nN = %f grains/in^2",N) +i=2;//from the equation +e=log(N); +f=log(i); +j=1;//from the equation +G=(e/f)+j +mprintf("\nG = %f \nor \n G=7+",G) + diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c30739484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 4.7// + +a=0.74;//APF for the fcc metal structure +b=8.84;//g/cm^3 //density of thin film of nickel +c=8.91;//g/cm^3;// density of normal nickel +APF=a*(b/c) +disp(APF) diff --git a/3557/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3557/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77a3b3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.8// +a=0.404;//nm //lattice parameter +b=1;// lowest-angle +d111=a/sqrt(b^2+b^2+b^2) +mprintf("d111 = %f nm",d111) +l=3.7*10^-3;//nm //nanometer +c=2;//given +thetha=asind(l/(c*d111)) +mprintf("\nthetha = %f degree",thetha) +t=2*thetha +mprintf("\nt = %f degree",t) diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ca003014 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5.1// +k=2.95*10^-4;// kg/(m^-4.s) //At 400 degree Celsius k rises +k1=1.05*10^-8;//kg/(m^-4.s) // The value of k at 300 degree celsius +R=8.314;//J/(mol.K) //universal gas constant +T=673;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +T1=573;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +a=log(k/k1);// Taking antilog to remove exponential term +//mprintf("a=%e ",a) +c=(1/T)-(1/T1); //subtracting the term +//mprintf("c = %e ",c) +Q=(-(a/c))*R //cross multiplication of the term +mprintf("Q = %e J/mol = 328 kJ/mol",Q) diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ff2c18c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.2// +nv=2.29*10^-5;//the fraction of aluminium lattice sites vacant +Ev=0.76;//eV //elevtrom volts +k=86.2*10^-6;//eV //Boltzmann's constant +T=673;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +T1=933;// K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +//At 400degree C(=673K) +a=Ev/(k*T)// solving the exponential raise to equation +//mprintf("a = %f ",a) +C=nv*%e^a +mprintf("C = %f",C) +//At 660 degree C (=993K) +b=Ev/(k*T1)//solving the exponential raise to equation +//mprintf("b = %f ",b) +N=C*%e^-b +mprintf("\nN = %e ",N) +mprintf("\nor roughly nine vacancies occur for every 10,000 lattice sites ") diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..407456640 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 5.3// +c1=5;//at % //drop in carbon concentration 5 to 4 at % +c2=4;// at % //drop in carbon concentration 5 to 4 at % +x1=1;//mm //millimetre +x2=2;//mm //millimetre +d=(c1-c2)/(x1-x2) +mprintf("d = %i at percent /mm",d) +a=7.63;//g/cm^3 //gram per cubic centimeter +b=0.6023*10^24;//atoms //Avgardo's number +c=55.85;//g //atomic mass of iron (from appendix 1) +p=a*(b/c) +mprintf("\np = %e atoms/cm^3",p) +a1=0.01;//given +c1=1;//mm //millimetre +d1=10^6;//cm^3/m^3 +e1=10^3;//mm/m +d2=-((a1*p)*c1)*(d1)*(e1) +mprintf("\nd2 = %e atoms/m^4",d2) +D0=20*10^-6;//m^2/s //preexponential constant +Q=142000;//J/mol //activation energy for defect motion +R=8.314;//J/mol/K //universal gas constant +T=1273;//K //Kelvin // absolute temperature +Dc=D0*(%e^-(Q/(R*T))) +mprintf("\nDc = %e m^2/s",Dc) +c2=(-8.23*10^29);//atoms/m^4 +J=-Dc*c2 +mprintf("\nJ =%e atoms/(m^2.s)",J ) + diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8919c8d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.4// +cx=0.5;//carbon content +b=1;//given +e=b-cx +mprintf("e = %f ",e) +c=0.4755;//As z= 0.45 therefore erf (z) is obtained //Interpolating table 5.1 gives +d=0.5205;//As z=0.50 therefore erf(z) is obtained //Interpolating table 5.1 gives +g=0.45;//given +z=(((e-c)/(d-c))*(e-g))+g +mprintf("\nz = %f",z) +x=1*10^-3;//Using the diffusivity from sample problem 5.3 +D=2.98*10^-11;//m^2/s //Arrhenius equation +m=(x^2)/(4*(z^2)*D) +//mprintf("\nm = %e ",m) +i=1;//h //hour +j=3.6*10^3;//s //second +t=m*(i/j) +mprintf("\nt = %f h",t) + diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36daf22c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5.5// +x=1*10^-3;//m// Using the diffusivity from sample problem 5.3 +D=2.98*10^-11;//m^2/s //arrhenius equations +a=0.95;//from the figure 5.11 +d=(x^2)/((a^2)*(D))// calculating the value of d +mprintf("d = %e h",d) +b=1;//h //hour +c=3.6*10^3;//s //second +t=d*(b/c) +mprintf("\nt = %f h",t) diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc065f965 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.6// +x=0.75*10^-3;//m //meter //given +t=3.6*10^4;//s //seconds //time +a=0.95;//given +D=(x^2)/((a^2)*(t)) +mprintf("D = %e m^2/s",D) +b=20*10^-6;//m^2/s //preexponential constant +c=142000;//J/mol //activation energy for defect motion +d=8.314;//J/(mol.K)//universal gas constant +e=c/d +//mprintf("\ne = %e",e) +y=(-log(D/b)) +T1=inv(y/e) +mprintf("\nT1 = %i K = 952 degree C",T1) diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06e98d276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.7// +D=(-1.0*10^-8);//m^2/s //constant diffusion coefficient +ch=1.5;//kg/m^3 //constant surface concentrationsof the diffusing species +ct=0.3;//kg/m^3 //constant surface concentrationsof the diffusing species +x=5*10^-3;//m //meter //solid of thickness +y=(-D)*(((ch-ct)/(x))) +//mprintf("y = %e kg/m^2 h",y) +t=3.6*10^3;//s/h //time +J=y*t +mprintf("J = %e kg/m^2.h",J) +//The total mass of hydrogen being purified will then be this flux times the membrane area +A=0.2;//m^2 //membrane area +m=J*A +mprintf("\nm = %e kg/h",m) diff --git a/3557/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3557/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5dc7aff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 5.8// + +cx=0.01;// distance of x +c0=0;////for initially pure A +c=cx-c0 +mprintf("c = %f ",c) +a=1;//given +e=a-c +mprintf("\ne = %f ",e) +b=0.9928;//As z= 1.90 erf(z)=0.9928 //Interpolating table 5.1 gives +d=0.99;//Interpolating table 5.1 gives +f=0.9891;//As z=1.80 erf(z)=0.9891 //Interpolating table 5.1 gives +h=1.90;//given +i=1.80;//given +z=-((((b-d)/(b-f))*(h-i))-h) +mprintf("\nz = %f ",z) +D=1*10^-10;//m^2/s// grain boundary +D1=1*10^-14;//m^2/s // volume of bulk grain +t=1;//h //hour //time +t1=3.6*10^3;//s/h //time +x=2*z*sqrt(D*t*t1) +mprintf("\nx = %e m ",x) +a1=10^3;//(As 1milli = 10^-3) +a2=a1*x +mprintf(" = %f mm",a2) +//(b) For comparison +x1=2*z*sqrt(D1*t*t1) +mprintf("\nx1 = %e m ",x1) +b1=10^6;//(As mew = 10^-6) +b2=b1*x1 +mprintf(" = %f mew m",b2) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..504333ec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 6.1// + +s=300*10^6;//Pa //pascal //strain +a=0.0043;// From the figure +E1=s/a +mprintf("E1 = %e GPa= 70GPa ",E1) +mprintf(" (As G= 10^9)") +//The 0.2% offset construction gives +mprintf("\nY.S. =410MPa") +//The maximum for the stress stain curve gives +mprintf("\n T.S = 480MPa") +ef=0.08;//percent //the strain at fracture +f=100*ef +mprintf("\n f = %i percent",f) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b5c4fbef --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.10// + +ap=5*10^-1;//percent per hour +Q=2*10^5;//J/mol //activation energy +R=8.314;//J/mol.K// universal gas constant +T=1273;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +T1=873;//given //absolute temperature +C=ap*%e^((Q)/(R*T)) +mprintf("C = %e percent per hour",C) +//applying this amount to the service temprature yield +C1=C*%e^-((Q)/(R*T1)) +mprintf("\n C1 = %e percent per hour",C1) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a9a824ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6.11// +s=125;//ksi +s=95;//ksi +s=65;//ksi +T=540;//degree C +T=595;//degree C +T=650;//degree C +x=[540 595 650] +y=[125 95 65 ] +plot2d(x,y, style=1) +ylabel("stress (ksi)","fontsize",2 ); +xlabel("T(degree C)") +mprintf(" T = 585 degree C") diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eef02579e --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6.12// + +s1=2;//MPa //MegaPascal +s2=1;//MPa //Megapascal +a=60;//days //relaxation time for a rubber band at 25 degree C +t=(a)*log(s1/s2) +mprintf("t = %f days",t) +Q=30*10^3;//J/mol //activation energy for the relaxation process +R=8.314;//J/(mol.K) // universal gas constant +T1=308;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +T2=298;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +t35=a*exp((Q/R)*((1/T1)-(1/T2))) +mprintf("\n t35 = %f days",t35) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e602d2229 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 6.13// +a=514;//K //Kelvin //Temperature +b=273;//K //Kelvin //Temperature +apt=a+b +mprintf("apt = %i K for eta = 10^13.4P",apt) +c=696;//K //Kelvin //Temperature +spt=c+b//for eta=10^7.6P +mprintf("\n spt = %i K",spt) +i=(10^13.4); //P //Pascal //preexponential constant +j=(10^7.6);//P // Pascal //preexponential constant +f=8.314;//J/(mol K) //universal gas constant +a1=log(i/j); //(Taking antilog of i and j to remove exponential term) +//mprintf("\na1 = %f ",a1) +b1=(1/apt)-(1/spt);//(subtracting the temperature) +//mprintf("\nb1 = %e ",b1) +Q=(a1/b1)*f +mprintf("\nQ = %e J/mol = 465kJ (As 1K = 10^3)",Q) +eta0=i*%e^-((Q)/(f*apt)) +mprintf("\n eta0 = %e P",eta0) +h=10^4;//given +//for eta=10^4 P and eta=10^8 P +//for eta = 10^4 +T=Q/((f)*log(h/eta0)) +mprintf("\n T = %i K = 858 degree C",T) +//for eta=10^8P +h1=10^8;//P //Pascal +T1=Q/((f)*log(h1/eta0)) +mprintf("\n T1 = %i K = 680 degree C",T1) +//Therefore working range = 680 to 858 degree C + +//For melting range eta=50 to 500 P + eta=50;//P //Pascal +T2=Q/((f)*log(eta/eta0)) +mprintf("\n T2 = %i K = 993 degree C",T2) + eta1 = 500;// P //Pascal +T3=Q/((f)*log(eta1/eta0)) +mprintf("\n T3 = %i K = 931 degree C",T3) +mprintf("\n melting range = 931 to 993 degree C") diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7adbb0732 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.2// +p=50000;//N //tensile load +A0=5*10^-3;//m //area of the sample parallel to the applied load +s=p/(%pi*A0^2) +mprintf("s = %e N/m^2 637 MPa",s) +mprintf(" (As M= 10^6)") +s1=637*10^6;//Pa //Pascal //modulus of elasticity +E=200*10^9;//Pa // Pascal //Youngs Modulus +E1=s1/E +mprintf("\n E1 = %e ",E1) + + diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2877cf472 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 6.3// + +P=6*10^3//N //Newton // load on the sample +A0=(10/2)*10^-3;//N/m^2 +s=P/(%pi*A0^2) +mprintf("s = %e N/m^2 = 76.4 MPa",s) +mprintf(" (As M= 10^6)") +s1=76.4;//MPa //Megapascal //modulus od elasticity +E=70*10^3;//MPa//Megapascal //Young's Modulus +e=s1/E +mprintf("\n e = %e",e) +//the strain of diameter is calculated as +v=0.33;//given +ed=-v*e +mprintf("\n ed = %e ",ed) +//resulting diameter +d0=10;//mm +df=d0*(ed+1) +mprintf("\n df = %f mm",df) +//compressive stress +ed1=+3.60*10^-4;//the diameter strain will be of equal magnitude but opposite sign +df1=d0*(ed1+1); +mprintf("\n df1 = %f mm",df1) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea1a2bd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.4// + +rO=0.132;//nm //Ionic radius of Oxygen (From appendix 2) +p=2*rO +mprintf("p = %f nm",p) +a=7.0*10^9;//Pa //The theoretical strength of the defect free glass +p1=0.264*10^-9//m +c=1*10^-6;//m //crack length +s=(1/2)*a*(p1/c)^(1/2) +mprintf("\ns = %e Mpa = 57MPa (As M =10^6)",s) + diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8244baad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6.5// +L=50*10^-3;//m //Distance between support +m=404*10^3;//N/m //Initial slope of load-deflection curve +b=13*10^-3;//m //test piece geometry +h=7*10^-3;//m //test piece geometry +E=((L^3)*m)/(4*b*h^3) +mprintf("E = %e N/m^2 =2830MPa (As M= 10^6)",E) + diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79144c479 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.6// + +E=830;//MPa //Megapascal //Young's Modulus +s=1;//MPa //MegaPascal //modulus of elasticity +e=s/E +mprintf("e = %e",e) +//(b) +E1=1.3;//MPa//Megapascal //Young's Modulus +e1=s/E1 +mprintf("\n e1 = %f",e1) +//(c)E=200 GPa= 2*10^5 Mpa +E2=2*10^5;//MPa//Megapascal //Young's Modulus +e2=s/E2//Mpa +mprintf("\n e2 = %e",e2) + diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d018d6aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.7// + +//From hooke law' +s=0.2489;//nm //nanometer // modulus of elasticity +s1=0.2480;// nm //nanometer // modulus of elasticity +e=(s-s1)/s1 +printf("e = %f ",e) +s2=1000;//Mpa //MegaPascal //sigma +E=s2/e +mprintf("\n E = %e",E) +mprintf(" 275 GPa (As G=10^9) (Answer calculated in the textbook is wrong)") diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e87eaa2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6.8// +si=0.690;//MPa //Megapascal //tensile stress +a=cosd(40);//degree +b=cosd(60);//degree +torque=si*a*b +mprintf("torque = %f MPa (38.3psi)",torque) +t=0.94;//MPa //MegaPascal //torque +sig=t/(a*b) +mprintf("\n sig = %f Mpa (356psi)",sig) diff --git a/3557/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3557/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6de54b79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example6.9// +P=3000;//kg //load +D=10;//mm//diamter sphere of tungsten carbide +d=3.91;//mm //diameter impression in the iron surface +BHN=(2*P)/((%pi*D)*(D-sqrt(D^2-d^2))) +mprintf("BHN = %i",BHN) +//From the Figure 6.28b +printf("\n(TS)BHN=240 = 800 Mpa") diff --git a/3557/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3557/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d566e9e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.1// + +R=8.314;//J/mol.K // Gas constant (From appendix 3) +a=3*R +mprintf("a = %f J/mol K",a) +//for aluminum there are 26.98 g per g-atom +b=1;//mol // +c=26.98;//g //grams // atomic mass of aluminium (From appendix 1) +d=1000;//g/kg +a1=a*(b/c)*d +mprintf("\n a1 = %i J/kg.K",a1) diff --git a/3557/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3557/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19e6cd9c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7.2// +a=8.8*10^-6;//mm/(mm degree C) //linear coefficient of thermal expansion +L0=0.1;//mm //Given direction +T=1000;//degree Celsius // Temperature +T1=25;//degree Celsius //Temperature +dL=a*L0*(T-T1) +mprintf("dL = %e m ",dL) +b=10^3;// (As 1 milli = 10^-3 milli) +dL1= dL*b +mprintf("\ndL1 = %f mm (As 1 milli = 10^-3 milli)",dL1) diff --git a/3557/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3557/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63adb67f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 7.3// +k=398;//J/s.m.K // thermal conductivity +T=0;//degree Celsius //temperature gradient +T1=50;//degree Celsius //temperature gradient +x=10*10^-3;//m //metre +A=-k*((T-T1)/x) +mprintf("A = %e J/m^2.s",A) diff --git a/3557/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3557/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f11080cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 7.4// + +//The thermal expansion coefficient for AL2O3 over the range +a=8.8*10^-6//mm/(mm degree C) //Linear coefficient of Thermal expansion +//If we take room temperature as 25degree C +T=1000;//degree C //Temperature +T1=25;//degree C //Temperature +e=a*(T-T1) +mprintf("e = %e",e) +//an E for sintered Al2O3 as +E=370*10^3;//MPa // sintered Al2O3 +si=E*e +mprintf("\n si = %i MPa (compressive) (Answer calculated in textbook is wrong)",si) diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46d7adf89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8.2// + +Y=1;// dimensionless geometry factor +YS=1460//MPa //MegaPascal // overall stress applied at failure +b=0.5;//Y.S //given +Kic=98;//MPa sqrt(m) //fracture toughness +a=(Kic^2)/((%pi)*(b*YS)^2) +mprintf("a = %e m = 5.74 mm (As 1milli = 10^-3 )",a) + diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36b09377f --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8.3// + +a=25*10^-6;// m // length of surface crack +// (a) For Sic, +b=3;//MPa sqrt(m) //fracture toughness +s1=b/(sqrt(%pi*a)) +mprintf("s1 = %i MPa",s1) +// (b) For PSZ, +c=9;//MPa sqrt(m)// fracture toughness +s2=c/(sqrt(%pi*a)) +mprintf("\n s2 = %i MPa (Answer calculated in textbook is wrong)",s2) diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2566e4b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 8.4// +T.S=800;//MPa +F.S=T.S/4 +mprintf("F.S = %i MPa",F.S) +ss=F.S/2 +mprintf("\n ss = %i Mpa",ss) diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51098a279 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example8.5// +Q=78.6*10^3;//J/mol //Activation energy +R=8.314;//J/mol //universal gas constant +T=323;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +T1=223;//K //Kelvin //absolute temperature +C=1/(%e^-((Q)/(R*T))) +mprintf("C = %e s^-1",C) +t50=C*(%e^-(Q/(R*T1))) +mprintf("\n t50 = %e s^-1",t50) +t=5.0*10^5;//s //seconds +a=1;//h //hour +b=3.6*10^3;//s //seconds +t1=t*(a/b) +mprintf("\n t1 = %i h =5days, 20h (Answer calculated in the textbook is wrong)",t1) + diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd599a804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 8.6// + +u=0.293;//mm^-1 //linear absorption coefficient for the material +x=10;//mm //x-ray beam intensity transmitted +I=%e^-(u*x) +disp(I) diff --git a/3557/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3557/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72128898 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.7// +//(a) +a=2.70;//Mg/m^3 //Density of aluminium (From appendix 1) +b=6320;//m/s //velocity of sound +ZAl=a*b +mprintf("ZAl = %e Mg/(m^2s)",ZAl) +a1=7.85;//Mg/m^3 //Density of Manganese (From Appendix 1) +b1=5760;//m/s //Velocity of sound +Zst=a1*b1 +mprintf("\n Zst = %e Mg/(m^2s)",Zst) +Ir=[(Zst-ZAl)/(Zst+ZAl)]^2 +mprintf("\n Ir = %f ",Ir) + +//(b) For the reverse direction of ultrasonic-pulse travel +Ir1=[(ZAl-Zst)/(ZAl+Zst)]^2 +mprintf("\n Ir1 = %f ",Ir1) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f522df92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 9.1// +//Assuming constant pressure of 1 atm above the alloy +//There are two components (Pb &Sn) and two phases +c=2; +p=2; +F=c-p+1 +disp(F) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a939d6ed5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 9.10// + +x=4.5;//wt % //x is overall composition +xk=0;//wt %//composition of two phases +xth=53;//wt % //composition of two phases +wt=(x-xk)/(xth-xk)*100 +mprintf("wt = %f percent ",wt) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14caeb0c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 9.11// +//(a) +xL=54;//wt % //liquid solution composition +x=50;//wt % //x is the overall composition +xa=18;//wt % //composition of two phases +wta=(xL-x)/(xL-xa)*100 +mprintf("wta = %f percent",wta) +wtL=(x-xa)/(xL-xa)*100 +mprintf("\nwtL =%f percent",wtL) +//Similarly, at 100 degree C, we obtain +xb=99;//wt % //composition of two phases +xa=5;//wt % //composition of two phases +wta1=(xb-x)/(xb-xa)*100 +mprintf("\nwta1 = %f ",wta1) +wtb=(x-xa)/(xb-xa)*100 +mprintf("\nwtb = %f percent",wtb) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cd9598c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 9.12// + +Al2O3=1;// solid composition +SiO2=2; // solid composition +molp=(Al2O3/(Al2O3+SiO2))*100 +mprintf("molp = %f percent",molp) +xm=60;//mol % //composition of mullite +x=33.3;//mol% // x is overall comosition +xs=0;//mol % //composition of SiO2 +mols=(xm-x)/(xm-xs)*100 +mprintf("\nmols = %f mol percent ",mols) +molm=(x-xs)/(xm-xs)*100 +mprintf("\nmolm = %f mol percent",molm) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08e967f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 9.3// + +xss=66;//wt % //solid solution composition +xL=18;//wt % //liquid solution composition +x=50;//x is overall composition +a=1;//kg //weight of alloy +mL=((xss-x)/(xss-xL))*a; +mprintf("mL = %f kg ",mL) +b=10^3;//grams ////As 1kg= 10^3grams +mL1=mL*b +mprintf("\nmL1= %i g",mL1) +mss=((x-xL)/(xss-xL))*a +mprintf("\nmss = %f kg ",mss) +mss1=mss*b //As 1kg= 10^3grams +mprintf("\nmss1=%i g",mss1) + diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eae46dda --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 9.4// + +xfe3c=6.69;//wt % //Fe3C composition +x=0.77;//wt % //x is the overall composition +xa=0;//wt % //composition of two phases +a=1;//kg +ma=((xfe3c-x)/(xfe3c-xa))*a +mprintf("ma = %f kg ",ma) +b=10^3;//g //As 1kg = 10^3grams +ma1=ma*b +mprintf("\nma1 = %i g ",ma1) +mfe3c=((x-xa)/(xfe3c-xa))*a +mprintf("\nmfe3c = %f kg ",mfe3c) +mfe3c1=mfe3c*b +mprintf("\nmfe3c1 = %i g",mfe3c1) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f78320559 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 9.5// + +xcub=15;//wt % //cubic phase +x1=8;//mol % CaO//x1 is the overall composition +xmono=2;//wt % //monoclinic phase +monoclinic=(xcub-x1)/(xcub-xmono)*100 +mprintf("monoclinic = %f mol percent",monoclinic) +cubic=(x1-xmono)/(xcub-xmono)*100 +mprintf("\ncubic = %f mol percent",cubic) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b03ddb658 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + //Example 9.6// +//(a) +x1=70;//wt % //x1 is the overall composition +xa=30;//wt % //composition of two phases +xb=90;//wt % //composition of two phases +xl=60;//wt %// +a=1;//kg +mb1=((x1-xa)/(xb-xa))*a +mprintf("mb1 = %f kg ",mb1) +b=10^3;//g//As 1kg = 10^3grams +mb3=mb1*b////As 1kg = 10^3grams +mprintf("\nmb1= %i g",mb3) +mb2=((x1-xl)/(xb-xl))*a +mprintf("\n mb2 = %f kg ",mb2) +mb4=mb2*b//As 1kg = 10^3g +mprintf("\nmb4= %i g",mb4) +fp=mb4/mb3 +mprintf("\n fp =%f ",fp) + diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a95cd89a --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 9.7// + +xy=0.77;//wt % // composition of two phases +x1=0.50;//wt % //x1 is the overall composition +xa=0.02;//wt % //composition of two phases +a=1;//kg +ma=((xy-x1)/(xy-xa))*a +mprintf("ma = %f kg ",ma) +b=10^3;//grams //As 1 kg = 10^3grams +ma1=ma*b +mprintf ("\nma1= %i g",ma1) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da2bd0da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 9.8// +//(a) 1153degre c is just below he eutectic temperature +x1=3.00;//wt % //x1 is the overall composition +xc=2.08;//wt % //composition of two phases +xC=100;//wt %//composition of two phases +a=1;//kg +mc=((x1-xc)/(xC-xc))*a +mprintf("mc = %f kg ",mc) +b=10^3;//g //As 1kg = 10^3 grams +mc2=mc*b +mprintf("\nmc2= %f g",mc2) +//(b) At room temperature, we obtain +xa=0; +mc1=((x1-xa)/(xC-xa))*a +mprintf("\n mc1 = %f kg ",mc1) +mc3=mc1*b +mprintf("\nmc3= %i g",mc3) diff --git a/3557/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3557/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54b75db50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3557/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 9.9// +xl=12.6;//wt % //liquid solution composition +xa=1.6;//wt %// composition of two phases +x1=10;//wt % //x1 is the overall composition +xb=100;//wt %//composition of two phases +a=1;//kg +ma=((xl-x1)/(xl-xa))*a +mprintf("ma = %f kg ",ma) +b=10^3;//g //As 1kg = 10^3grams +ma2=ma*b +mprintf("\nma2= %i g",ma2) + +//At 576degree C, the overall microstructure is alpha+beta, the amount of each are +ma1=((xb-x1)/(xb-xa))*a +mprintf("\nma1 = %f kg ",ma1) +ma3=ma1*b +mprintf("\nma3= %i g",ma3) +mb=((x1-xa)/(xb-xa))*a +mprintf("\nmb = %f kg ",mb) +mb1=mb*b +mprintf("\nmb1= %i g",mb1) +ae= ma3-ma2 +mprintf("\nae = %i g",ae) +a1=0.016;//wieght fraction +a2=1.000;//wieght fraction +si1=(a1)*(ma2) +mprintf("\nsi1 = %f g",si1) +si2=(a1)*(ae) +mprintf("\nsi2 = %f g",si2) +si3=(a2)*(mb1) +mprintf("\nsi3 = %i g",si3) diff --git a/3564/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3564/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec0eee9f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3564/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +// Display mode +mode(0); + +// Display warning for floating point exception +ieee(1); + +clc; +disp("Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed. William S. Janna Chapter - 1 Example # 1.1 ") + +//Weight in lbf +F = 150; + +//Solving part a +disp("Part a)") +//Acceleration due to gravity in ft/s2 +a = 32.2; + +//Calculating mass of the person in slug +disp("Mass of person in lbf.s2/ft (or slug) is") +m = F/a +//Answer varies slightly because of round-off error + +//Solving part b +disp("Part b)") +//New aceleration due to gravity in ft/s2 +a = a/6; +//Calculating new weight of the person in lbf +disp("Weight of person on the moon in lbf is") +F = m*a diff --git a/3564/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3564/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbe2ce887 --- /dev/null +++ b/3564/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +// Display mode +mode(0); + +// Display warning for floating point exception +ieee(1); + +clc; +disp("Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed. William S. Janna Chapter - 1 Example # 1.2 ") + +//Solving part a +disp("Part a)") +//Volume of water in m3 +V = 1; +//Mass of water in kg +m = 1000; +//Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 +a = 9.81; + +//Weight of 1 m3 water in N +disp("Weight of water in N is") +F = m*a + +//Solving part b +disp("Part b)") +//New aceleration due to gravity in m/s2 +a = (2*a)/5; +//Calculating new weight of the water in N +disp("Weight of water on Mars in N is") +F = m*a +//Answer varies slightly because of round-off error diff --git a/3564/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3564/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6ab8d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3564/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ + +// Display mode +mode(0); + +// Display warning for floating point exception +ieee(1); + +clc; +disp("Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed. William S. Janna Chapter - 1 Example # 1.3 ") + +//Solving part a +disp("Part a)") +//Mass in kg +m = 0.001; +//Deltay in mm +deltay = 5; +//Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 +g = 9.81; +//Area of contact in m2 +A = 0.5; + +//Using Appendix table A.5 for properties of linseed oil +//Viscosity myu in N.s/m2 +myu = 0.0331; + +//Force therefore in N is +F = m*g; +//Shear stress in N/m2 is +tau = F/A; + +//Since shear stress is myu*(velocity gradient) i.e. myu*(deltaV/deltay) +//deltaV = V - 0 = V + +//Velocity of the plate in mm/s is +disp("Velocity of the plate in mm/s is") +V = (tau*deltay)/myu +//Answer varies slightly because of round-off error + +//Solving part b +disp("Part b)") +//Using Appendix table A.5 for properties of water +//Viscosity myu in N.s/m2 +myu = 0.89/1000; + +//Velocity of the plate in mm/s is +V = (tau*deltay)/myu; +disp("Velocity of the plate in m/s is") +V = V/1000 +//Answer varies slightly because of round-off error + +//Solving part c +disp("Part c)") +//Initial shear stress in N/m2 is +tau0 = 4; +//Inital viscosity myu0 in N.s/m2 +myu0 = 0.004; +if tau Minimum locked rotor torque = 150% rated torque + +// Display result on command window + +printf("\n Resistance of the resistors required = %0.4f Ohm ",Rex); +printf("\n Stator voltage per phase at locked rotor = %0.2f V ",VT1_N); +disp('Expected minimum locked rotor torque = 1.5 Trated'); + + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f18df762a Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6893e689 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.21/EX5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 5.21 +// Computation of Inductance and voltage rating of each series connected +// inductor required to limit the starting current to approximately 2*Irated. +// Page No. 236 + +clc; +clear all; +close; + +// Given data +KVA=6.7; // Average locked rotor KVA/hp +hp=7.5; // Motor horsepower +Vline=208; // Line voltage +I=48; // Total current +Rlr=0.294; // Locked rotor resistance +Xlr=0.809; // Locked rotor impedance +f=60; // Frequency of motor + +// Corresponding approximate load current +Ilr=KVA*1000*hp/(sqrt(3)*Vline); +Vphase=Vline/sqrt(3); // Voltage/phase + +// Applying ohm's law to one phase +Zlr=Vphase/Ilr; // Impedance +Xex=sqrt((Vphase^2/I^2)-(Rlr^2))-Xlr; +L=Xex/(2*%pi*f); +L=L*10^03; +VXl=I*Xex; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n The inductance of each series connected inductor = %0.2f mH ",L); +printf("\n The voltage rating of each series connected inductor = %0.1f V ",VXl); + + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99c03fad4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bd189876 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 5.3 +// Computation of (a) Speed at which maximum torque is developed (b) Maximum +// torque that the machine can develop (c) Rated shaft torque (d) Which NEMA +// design fits this motor? +// Page No. 184 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +f=60; // Frequency in Hz +p=4; // Number of poles +hp=40; // Horsepower +n=1751; // Rated speed of machine +v=460/sqrt(3); // Voltage +s=0.1490; // Slip +R2=0.153; // Rotor resistance +R1=0.102; +X1=0.409; // Rotor reactance +X2=0.613; + +// (a) Speed at which maximum torque is developed +STDmax=R2/(sqrt(R1^2+(X1+X2)^2)); +ns=120*f/p; //stator spped +nr=ns*(1-s); + +// (b) Maximum torque that the machine can develop +TDmax=(21.12*v^2)/(2*ns*(sqrt(R1^2+(X1+X2)^2)+R1)); + +// (c) Rated shaft torque +TDshaft=hp*5252/n; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Speed at which maximum torque is developed = %0.0f r/min ",nr); +printf("\n Maximum torque that the machine can develop = %0.1f lb-ft ",TDmax); +printf("\n Rated shaft torque = %0.1f lb-ft ",TDshaft); +printf("\n Maximum torque is developed at slip of 0.1490 and \n hence machine is placed in design A category "); diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b125ce6ce Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cfdeb7fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 5.4 +// Computation of (a) Amount of torque that must be removed from the motor +// shaft to maintain 1760r/min (b) Expected minimum startimg torque for the +// lower voltage (c) Percent change in developed torque caused by 10% drop in +// system voltage. +// Page No. 185 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data + +hp=50; // Horsepower +n=1760; // Rated speed of machine +v1=460; + + +// (a) Amount of torque that must be removed from the motor shaft to maintain +// 1760r/min +v2=v1*0.90; +Trated=hp*5252/n; //Rated torque +TD2=Trated*(v2/v1)^2; +Treduction=Trated-TD2; + +// (b) Expected minimum startimg torque for the lower voltage + +Tlr=1.40*Trated; +Tlr2=Tlr*(v2/v1)^2; + +// (c) Percent change in developed torque caused by 10% drop in system voltage + +Tchange=(TD2-Trated)/Trated; +Tchanger=(Tlr2-Tlr)/Tlr; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Amount of torque that must be removed from the motor shaft = %0.1f lb-ft",Treduction); +printf("\n Expected minimum starting torque for the lower voltage = %0.1f lb-ft ",Tlr2); +printf("\n Percent change in developed torque = %0.0f Percent ",Tchanger*100); diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab613c387 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d10f548e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 5.5 +// Computation of minimum value of (a) Shaft speed (b) Rotor current referred +// to the stator +// Page No. 187 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +f=60; // Frequency in Hz +p=12; // Number of poles +nr=591.1; // Rated speed of machine +v=575; // Voltage rating of the machine +R2=0.055; + +// (a) Shaft speed +ns=120*f/p; // Speed (r/min) +s1=(ns-nr)/ns; // Slip 1 +s2=1.25*s1; // Slip 2 +nr1=ns*(1-s2); + +// (b) Rotor current referred to the stator +V=v/sqrt(3); +I2=V*s2/R2; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Shaft speed = %0.0f r/min ",nr1); +printf("\n Rotor current referred to the stator = %0.0f A ",I2); + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..307395ae7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe573b8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 5.6 +// Determine (a) New operating speed if a system disturbance causes a 10% drop +// in voltage and 6% drop in frequency (b) New shaft horsepower. +// Page No. 190 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +etaV=0.90; // Efficiency related to voltage +V=230; // Voltage +etaF=0.94; // Efficiency related to voltage +f=60; // Frequency +N=6; // Number of poles +nr1=1175; // Speed of motor +P=20; // Horsepower of motor + +// (a) New operating speed if a system disturbance causes a 10% drop in +// voltage and 6% drop in frequency +V2=etaV*V; // New voltage after 10% drop +f2=etaF*f; // New frequency after 6% drop +ns1=120*f/N; +ns2=120*0.94*f/N; +s1=(ns1-nr1)/ns1; // Speed difference + +s2=s1*((V/V2)^2)*(f2/f); +nr2=ns2*(1-s2); // New speed + +// (b) New shaft horsepower +P2=P*(nr2/nr1); // With a constant torque load T2=T1 + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n New operating speed in case of voltage and frequency drop = %0.0f r/min ",nr2); +printf("\n New shaft horsepower = %0.1f hp ",P2); + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea716da08 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ebcf6cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 5.7 +// Determine expected locked-rotor line current +// Page No. 192 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Ir1=151; // Rated current +V1=230; // Rated voltage +V2=220; // Motor starting voltage +F1=60; // Rated frequency +F2=50; // Motor starting frequency + +// Expected locked-rotor line current +Ir2=Ir1*((V2/F2)/(V1/F1)); + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Expected locked-rotor line current = %0.0f A ",Ir2); + + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0efe979c Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915351ce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 5.8 +// Determine (a) Expected minimum locked-rotor torque (b) Repeat (a) when +// voltage and frequency dropped to 230V and 58Hz +// Page No. 193 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +HPrated=75; // Rated horsepower +nrated=1750; // Rated speed +V1=240; // Rated voltage +V2=230; // Voltage after drop +F1=60; // Rated frequency +F2=58; // Frequency after drop + +// (a) Expected minimum locked-rotor torque +Trated=5252*HPrated/nrated; // Rated torque +Tlr=Trated*1.2; // Minimum locked-rotor torque is 120% rated + +// (b) Expected minimum locked-rotor torque when voltage and frequency dropped +// to 230V and 58Hz +Tlr2=Tlr*((V2/F2)^2)*((F1/V1)^2); + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Expected minimum locked-rotor torque = %0.0f lb-ft",Tlr); +printf("\n Expected minimum locked-rotor torque after drop = %0.0f lb-ft",Tlr2); + diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.png b/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc11e323b Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce b/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1915fa0f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 5.9 +// Determine (a) Shaft r/min (b) Slip +// Page No. 194 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +F1=60; // Rated frequency +N=4; // Number of poles +F2=50; // New frequency +ns=1770; // Rated speed + +// (a) Shaft r/min +ns60=120*F1/N; // Speed at rated ferquency +ns50=120*F2/N; // Speed at 50 Hz frequency +s60=(ns60-ns)/ns60; // Slip at 60 Hz frequency + +// Using eq. (5.16) and by solving..s50=29.251/nr50 +// Using eq. (4.3) and solving for nr50 we get the quadratic equation.. +// Using various values of quadratic equations, we have +a=1; +b=-1500; +c=43876.5; +r1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a); // Root 1 + +r2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a); // Root 2 +// Answer 'r2' is not valid + +// (b) Slip +s50=(ns50-r1)/ns50; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Shaft speed = %0.0f r/min",r1); +printf("\n Slip = %0.3f ",s50); + diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png b/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0104e2be Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce b/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c9278007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +// Example 6.1 +// Determine (a) Locked rotor current in each winding (b) Phase displacement +// angle between the two currents (c) Locked rotor torque in terms of the +// machine constant (d) External resistance required in series with the auxillary +// winding in order to obtain a 30 degree phase displacement between the currents +// in the two windings (e) Locked rotor torque for the conditions in (d) +// (f) Percent increase in locked rotor torque due to the addition of external +// resistance +// Page No. 257 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Zmw=2.00+%i*3.50 // Main winding impedance +Zaw=9.15+%i*8.40 // Auxillary winding impedance +VT=120; // Transformer voltage +Xaw=8.40; // Auxillary winding reactance +Raw=9.15; // Auxillary winding resistance + +// (a) Locked rotor current in each winding +// Main winding impedance in polar form +// Complex to Polar form... +Zmw_Mag=sqrt(real(Zmw)^2+imag(Zmw)^2); // Magnitude part +Zmw_Ang=atan(imag(Zmw),real(Zmw))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// Auxillary winding impedance in polar form +// Complex to Polar form... +Zaw_Mag=sqrt(real(Zaw)^2+imag(Zaw)^2); // Magnitude part +Zaw_Ang=atan(imag(Zaw),real(Zaw))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// Main winding current +Imw_Mag=VT/Zmw_Mag; // Main winding current magnitude +Imw_Ang=0-Zmw_Ang; // Main winding current angle + +// Auxillary winding current +Iaw_Mag=VT/Zaw_Mag; // Auxillary winding current magnitude +Iaw_Ang=0-Zaw_Ang; // Auxillary winding current angle + +// (b) Phase displacement angle between the two currents +Alpha=abs(Imw_Ang-Iaw_Ang); + +// (c) Locked rotor torque in terms of the machine constant +Tlr=Imw_Mag*Iaw_Mag*sind(Alpha); + +// (d) External resistance required in seris with the auxillary winding in +// order to obtain a 30 degree phase displacement between the currents in the +// two windings +Theta_awi=Imw_Ang+30; // Required phase angle +Theta_awz=-Theta_awi; +Rx=(Xaw/tand(Theta_awz))-Raw; + +// (e) Locked rotor torque for the conditions in (d) +Zawnew=Raw+Rx+%i*Xaw; // Auxillary winding impedance +// Complex to Polar form... +Zmwnew_Mag=sqrt(real(Zawnew)^2+imag(Zawnew)^2); // Magnitude part +Zmwnew_Ang=atan(imag(Zawnew),real(Zawnew))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +Iawnew_Mag=VT/Zmwnew_Mag; // Auxillary winding current magnitude +Iawnew_Ang=0-Zmwnew_Ang; // Auxillary winding current magnitude +Tlenew=Imw_Mag*Iawnew_Mag*sind(30); + +// (f) Percent increase in locked rotor torque due to the addition of external +// resistance +PI=(Tlenew-Tlr)/Tlr*100; + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Main winding current magnitude = %0.1f A ",Imw_Mag); +printf("\n Main winding current angle = %0.1f deg ",Imw_Ang); +printf("\n Auxillary winding current magnitude = %0.2f A ",Iaw_Mag); +printf("\n Auxillary winding current angle = %0.1f deg ",Iaw_Ang); +printf("\n Phase displacement angle = %0.1f deg ",Alpha); +printf("\n Locked rotor torque in terms of the machine constant = %0.2f.Ksp ",Tlr); +printf("\n External resistance required = %0.2f Ohm ",Rx); +printf("\n Locked rotor torque = %0.1f.Ksp ",Tlenew); +printf("\n Percent increase in locked rotor torque = %0.1f Percent increase ",PI); + diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png b/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04bb6e898 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc80a231f --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +// Example 6.2 +// Determine (a) Capacitance required in series with the auxillary winding +// in order to obtain a 90 degree phase displacement between the current in +// the main winding and the current in the auxillary winding at locked rotor +// (b) Locked rotor torque in terms of the machine constant +// Page No. 265 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Zmw=2.00+%i*3.50 // Main winding impedance +Zaw=9.15+%i*8.40 // Auxillary winding impedance +VT=120; // Transformer voltage +Xaw=8.40; // Auxillary winding reactance +Raw=9.15; // Auxillary winding resistance +f=60; // Frequency +Tlr=107.1; // Original torque + +// (a) Capacitance required in series with the auxillary winding +// Main winding impedance in polar form +// Complex to Polar form... +Zmw_Mag=sqrt(real(Zmw)^2+imag(Zmw)^2); // Magnitude part +Zmw_Ang=atan(imag(Zmw),real(Zmw))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// Auxillary winding impedance in polar form +// Complex to Polar form... +Zaw_Mag=sqrt(real(Zaw)^2+imag(Zaw)^2); // Magnitude part +Zaw_Ang=atan(imag(Zaw),real(Zaw))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// Main winding current +Imw_Mag=VT/Zmw_Mag; // Main winding current magnitude +Imw_Ang=0-Zmw_Ang; // Main winding current angle + +// Auxillary winding current +Iaw_Mag=VT/Zaw_Mag; // Auxillary winding current magnitude +Iaw_Ang=0-Zaw_Ang; // Auxillary winding current angle + +Theta_awi=90-60.26; // Required phase angle +Theta_awz=-Theta_awi; + +Xc=Xaw-Raw*tand(Theta_awz); // Capacitive reactance + +C=1/2*%pi*f*Xc; // Required capacitance + + +// (b) Locked rotor torque in terms of the machine constant +Zawnew=Raw+%i*Xaw-%i*Xc; // Auxillary winding impedance +// Complex to Polar form... +Zawnew_Mag=sqrt(real(Zawnew)^2+imag(Zawnew)^2); // Magnitude part +Zawnew_Ang=atan(imag(Zawnew),real(Zawnew))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +Iawnew_Mag=VT/Zawnew_Mag; // Auxillary winding current magnitude +Iawnew_Ang=0-Zawnew_Ang; // Auxillary winding current magnitude + +Tlenew=Imw_Mag*Iawnew_Mag*sind(90); + +// Percent change increase in locked rotor torque +PI=(Tlenew-Tlr)/Tlr*100; + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Required capacitance = %0.1f microF ",C); +printf("\n Percent increase in locked rotor torque = %0.0f Percent",PI); + +//Note: Capacitor computation is wrong in the book diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png b/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..316fdbb36 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81a014c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.3 +// Determine (a) NEMA standard horsepower rating of machine (b) Required +// running capacitance (c) Additional capacitance required for starting +// Page No. 271 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +hp=35; // Power in hp +p=3; // Number of phase +f=60; // Frequency + + +// (a) NEMA standard horsepower rating of machine + +Prated3ph=hp*p/2; + +// (b)Required running capacitance + +C1=26.5*f; + +// (c) Additional capacitance required for starting. + +C2=230*f-C1; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n NEMA standard horsepower rating of machine = %0.1f hp ",Prated3ph); +printf("\n Required running capacitance = %0.0f microF ",C1); +printf("\n Additional capacitance required for starting = %0.0f microF ",C2); + diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png b/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..febb6f820 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce b/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78eb2ca49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 6.4 +// Computation of (a) Motor line current and motor phase current (b) Motor line +// current and motor phase current if one line opens (c) Line and phase +// currents if the power factor when single phasing is 82.0 percent. +// Page No. 274 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Vline=2300; // Line voltage +Fp3ph=3; // Frequency of three phase +PF=0.844; // Power factor +PF1=0.820; // 82.2 percent power factor +Pin=350*746/(0.936*2); // Input power + + +// (a) Motor line current and motor phase current + +Iline3ph=Pin/(sqrt(3)*Vline*PF); +Iphase3ph=Iline3ph; + +//(b) Motor line current and motor phase current if one line opens + +Iline1ph=(sqrt(3)*Iline3ph*PF)/PF; +Iphase1ph=Iline1ph; + +// (c) Line and phase currents if the power factoe when single phasing is 82.0 percent. + +Iline=(Iline1ph*PF)/PF1; +Iphase=Iline; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Motor line current = %0.1f A ",Iline3ph); +printf("\n Motor phase current = %0.1f A ",Iphase3ph); +printf("\n Motor line current if one line opens = %0.1f A ",Iline1ph); +printf("\n Motor phase current if one line opens = %0.1f A ",Iphase1ph); +printf("\n Line current if the power factor is 82.0 percent = %0.1f A",Iline); +printf("\n Phase current if the power factor is 82.0 percent = %0.1f A ",Iphase); + diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png b/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db2043d17 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a567446c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 7.1 +// Determine (a) Torque load on the shaft (b) Torque angle if the voltage +// drops to 224V (c) Will the rotor pull out of synchronism? +// Page No. 282 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +f=60; // Frequency +P=4; // Number of poles +Pshaft=10; // Shaft power in hp +V1=240; // Rated voltage +V2=224; // New voltage +phirel1=30; // Torque angle + + +// (a) Torque load on the shaft +ns=120*f/P; // speed of machine +Trel=Pshaft*5252/ns; + + +// (b) Torque angle if the voltage drops to 224V +phirel2=asind((V1^2/V2^2)*sind(2*phirel1))/2 + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Torque load on the shaft = %0.2f lb-ft ",Trel); +printf("\n Torque angle if the voltage drops to 224V = %0.2f deg ",phirel2); +printf("\n Because torque angle is less than 45 degree, \n the rotor will not pull out of synchronism ") + diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png b/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71ebf0a53 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe64cb8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 7.2 +// Determine (a) Resolution (b) Number of steps required for the rotor to make +// 20.6 revolutions (c) Shaft speed if the stepping frequency is 1800 pulses/s +// Page No. 287 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +betaa=2; // Step angle +theta=20.6; // Number of revolutions +fp=1800; // Stepping frequency + + +// (a) Resolution +stepsperrev=360/betaa; // Speed of machine + + +// (b) Number of steps required for the rotor to make 20.6 revolutions +steps=theta*360/betaa; + + +// (c) Shaft speed if the stepping frequency is 1800 pulses/s. +n=betaa*fp/360; + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Resolution = %0.0f ",stepsperrev); +printf("\n Number of steps required for the rotor to make 20.6 revolutions = %0.0f ",steps); +printf("\n Shaft speed if the stepping frequency is 1800 pulses/s = %0.0f r/s ",n); + diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png b/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbbf804ff Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35ca5aaba --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 7.3 +// Determine (a) Synchronous speed (b) Rail speed assuming slip of 16.7% +// Page No. 299 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +f=50; // Frequency of machine +tau=0.24; // Pole pitch +s=0.167; // Slip + +// (a) The synchronous speed +Us=2*tau*f; + +// (b) Rail speed assuming slip of 16.7 percent +U=Us*(1-s); + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n The synchronous speed = %0.0f m/s ",Us); +printf("\n Rail speed assuming slip of 16.7 percent = %0.1f m/s ",U); + diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.png b/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30c23eef4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce b/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24ec65239 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +// Example 8.1 +// Determine (a) Developed torque (b) Armature current (c) Excitation voltage +// (d) Power angle (e) Maximum torque +// Page No. 317 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +f=60; // Operating frequency +P=4; // Number of poles +Pmech=100; // Mechanical power +eta=0.96; // Efficiency +FP=0.80; // Power factor leading +V=460; // Motor voltage +Xs_Mag=2.72; // Synchronous reactnace magnitude +Xs_Ang=90; // Synchronous reactnace magnitude +deltaPull=-90; // Pullout power angle +// (a) Developed torque +ns=120*f/P; // Synchronous speed +Td=5252*Pmech/(ns*eta); + + +// (b) Armature current +S=Pmech*746/(eta*FP); +Theta=-acosd(FP); // Power factor angle (negative as FP is leading) +V1phi=V/sqrt(3); // Single line voltage +S1phi_Mag=S/3; // Magnitude +S1phi_Ang=Theta; // Angle +VT_Mag=V1phi; +VT_Ang=0; +Ia_Mag=S1phi_Mag/VT_Mag; // Armature current magnitude +Ia_Ang=S1phi_Ang-VT_Ang; // Armature current angle +Ia_Ang=-Ia_Ang; // Complex conjugate of Ia + +// (c) Excitation voltage +Var1_Mag=Ia_Mag*Xs_Mag; +Var1_Ang=Ia_Ang+Xs_Ang; + +///////// +N01=VT_Mag+%i*VT_Ang; +N02=Var1_Mag+%i*Var1_Ang; +// Polar to Complex form + +N01_R=VT_Mag*cos(-VT_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number 1 +N01_I=VT_Mag*sin(VT_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number 1 + +N02_R=Var1_Mag*cos(-Var1_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number 2 +N02_I=Var1_Mag*sin(Var1_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number 2 + +FinalNo_R=N01_R-N02_R; +FinalNo_I=N01_I-N02_I; +FinNum=FinalNo_R+%i*FinalNo_I; +// Complex to Polar form... + +FN_M=sqrt(real(FinNum)^2+imag(FinNum)^2); // Magnitude part +FN_A = atan(imag(FinNum),real(FinNum))*180/%pi;// Angle part
 +////// +Ef_Mag=FN_M; +Ef_Ang=FN_A; +// (d) Power angle +delta=Ef_Ang; + +// (e) Maximum torque +Pin=3*(-VT_Mag*Ef_Mag/Xs_Mag)*sind(deltaPull); // Active power input +Tpull=5252*Pin/(746*ns); + + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Developed torque = %0.0f lb-ft ",Td); +printf("\n Armature current magnitude= %0.2f A ",Ia_Mag); +printf("\n Armature current angle= %0.2f deg ",Ia_Ang); +printf("\n Excitation voltage magnitude = %0.0f V ",Ef_Mag); +printf("\n Excitation voltage angle = %0.1f deg ",Ef_Ang); +printf("\n Power angle = %0.1f deg ",delta); +printf("\n Maximum torque = %0.0f lb-ft ",Tpull); + + diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png b/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..150eb54d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce b/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78d9c790d --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example 8.2 +// Determine (a) The minimum value of excitation that will maintain +// synchronism (b) Repeat (a) using eq.(8.16) (c) Repeat (a) using eq.(8.21) +// (d) Power angle if the field excitation voltage is increased to 175% of the +// stability limit determined in (c) +// Page No. 322 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pin=40; // Input power +Pin1phase=40/3; // Single phase power +Xs=1.27; // Synchronous reactnace +VT=220/sqrt(3); // Voltage +delta=-90; // Power angle + +f=60; // Operating frequency +P=4; // Number of poles +Pmech=100; // Mechanical power +eta=0.96; // Efficiency +FP=0.80; // Power factor leading +V=460; // Motor voltage +Xs_Mag=2.72; // Synchronous reactnace magnitude +Xs_Ang=90; // Synchronous reactnace magnitude +deltaPull=-90; // Pullout power angle + +// (a) The minimum value of excitation that will maintain synchronism +Ef=98; // From the graph (Figure 8.13) + +// (b) The minimum value of excitation using eq.(8.16) +Ef816=-Pin*Xs*746/(3*VT*sind(delta)); + + +// (c) The minimum value of excitation using eq.(8.21) +Ef821=Xs*Pin1phase*746/(VT); + +// (d) Power angle if the field excitation voltage is increased to 175% +delta2=Ef816*sind(delta)/(1.75*Ef816); +delta2=asind(delta2); + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n The minimum value of excitation = %0.0f V ",Ef); +printf("\n The minimum value of excitation using eq.(8.16) = %0.0f V ",Ef816); +printf("\n The minimum value of excitation using eq.(8.21) = %0.0f V ",Ef821); +printf("\n Power angle = %0.0f deg ",delta2); diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png b/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45bcea3a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce b/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbeb0366a --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +// Example 8.3 +// Determine (a) System active power (b) Power factor of the synchronous motor +// (c) System power factor (d) Percent change in synchronous field current +// required to adjust the system power factor to unity (e) Power angle of the +// synchronous motor for the conditions in (d) +// Page No. 324 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data + +Php=400; // Power in hp +eta=0.958; // Efficiency +Pheater=50000; // Resistance heater power +Vs=300; // Synchronous motor voltage +eta2=0.96; // Synchronous motor efficiency +Xs=0.667; // Synchronous reactnace +VT=460; // 3-Phase supply voltage +delta=-16.4; // Power angle + +// (a) System active power +Pindmot=Php*0.75*746/(eta); // Motor operating at three quarter rated load +Psynmot=Vs*0.5*746/(eta2); // Synchronous motor power +Psys=Pindmot+Pheater+Psynmot; +Psysk=Psys/1000; + +// (b) Power factor of the synchronous motor +Pin=Psynmot; // Power input +Vtph=VT/sqrt(3); // Voltage per phase +Ef=-(Pin*Xs)/(3*Vtph*sind(delta)); +// Complex to Polar form... + +Ef_Mag=Ef; // Magnitude part +Ef_Ang=delta; // Angle part
 +Vtph_Mag=Vtph; +Vtph_Ang=0; +//////////// +N01=Ef_Mag+%i*Ef_Ang; // Ef in polar form +N02=Vtph_Mag+%i*Vtph_Ang; // Vt in polar for + +N01_R=Ef_Mag*cos(-Ef_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number Ef +N01_I=Ef_Mag*sin(Ef_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number Ef + +N02_R=Vtph_Mag*cos(-Vtph_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number Vt +N02_I=Vtph_Mag*sin(Vtph_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number Vt + +FinalNo_R=N01_R-N02_R; +FinalNo_I=N01_I-N02_I; +FinNum=FinalNo_R+%i*FinalNo_I; +// Complex to Polar form... + +FN_M=sqrt(real(FinNum)^2+imag(FinNum)^2); // Magnitude part +FN_A = atan(imag(FinNum),real(FinNum))*180/%pi;// Angle part
 + +Ia_Mag=FN_M/Xs; // Magnitude of Ia +Ia_Ang=FN_A-(-90); // Angle of Ia +Theta=0-Ia_Ang; +FP=cosd(Theta); // Power factor + + +// (c) System power factor +ThetaIndMot=acosd(0.891); // Induction motor power factor +Thetaheat=acosd(1); // Heater power factor +ThetaSyncMot=-34.06; // Synchronous motor power factor +Qindmot=tand(27)*Pindmot; +Qsynmot=tand(ThetaSyncMot)*Psynmot; +Qsys=Qindmot+Qsynmot; +Ssys=Psys+%i*Qsys; // System variable in complex form + +// Complex to Polar form... + +Ssys_Mag=sqrt(real(Ssys)^2+imag(Ssys)^2); // Magnitude part +Ssys_Ang = atan(imag(Ssys),real(Ssys))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +FPsys=cosd(Ssys_Ang); // System power factor + +// (d) Percent change in synchronous field current required to adjust the +// system power factor to unity + +Ssynmot=Psynmot-(%i*(-Qsynmot+Qsys)); // Synchronous motor system + +// Complex to Polar form... + +Ssynmot_Mag=sqrt(real(Ssynmot)^2+imag(Ssynmot)^2); // Magnitude part +Ssynmot_Ang=atan(imag(Ssynmot),real(Ssynmot))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +Ssynmot1ph_Mag=Ssynmot_Mag/3; // For single phase magnitude +Ssynmot1ph_Ang=Ssynmot_Ang; // For single phase angle + +Iastar_Mag=Ssynmot1ph_Mag/Vtph; // Current magnitude +Iastar_Ang=Ssynmot1ph_Ang-0; // Current angle + +IaNew_Mag=Iastar_Mag; +IaNew_Ang=-Iastar_Ang; + +IaXs_Mag=IaNew_Mag*Xs; +IaXs_Ang=IaNew_Ang-90; + +// Convert these number into complex and then perform addition +// Polar to Complex form + +// Y=29.416<-62.3043 //Polar form number +IaXs_R=IaXs_Mag*cos(-IaXs_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number +IaXs_I=IaXs_Mag*sin(IaXs_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number +Efnew=Vtph+IaXs_R+%i*IaXs_I; +// Complex to Polar form... + +Efnew_Mag=sqrt(real(Efnew)^2+imag(Efnew)^2); // Magnitude part +Efnew_Ang=atan(imag(Efnew),real(Efnew))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +DeltaEf=(Efnew_Mag-Ef)/Ef; + +// (e) Power angle of the synchronous motor +deltasynmot=Efnew_Ang; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n System active power = %0.1f kW ",Psysk); +printf("\n Power factor of the synchronous motor = %0.3f leading ",FP); +printf("\n System power factor = %0.3f lagging ",FPsys); +printf("\n Percent change in synchronous field current = %0.2f Percent ",DeltaEf*100); +printf("\n Power angle of the synchronous motor = %0.2f deg ",deltasynmot); diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.png b/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..899c0333b Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce b/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30001d1e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 8.4 +// Determine (a) Developed torque if the field current is adjusted so that the +// excitation voltage is equal to two times the applied stator voltage, and the +// power angle is -18 degrees (b) Developed torque in percent of rated torque, +// if the load is increased until maximum reluctance torque occurs. +// Page No. 328 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Vt1ph=2300/sqrt(3); // Applied voltage/phase +Ef1ph=2300/sqrt(3); // Excitation voltage/phase +Xd=36.66; // Direct axis reactance/phase +delta=-18; // Power angle +Xq=23.33; // Quadrature-axis reactance/phase +n=900; // Speed of motor +deltanew=-45; +RatTor=200; // Rated torque of motor +// (a) Developed torque +Pmag1ph=-((Vt1ph*2*Ef1ph)/Xd)*sind(delta); // Power +Prel1ph=-Vt1ph^2*( (Xd-Xq) / (2*Xd*Xq)) *sind(2*delta); // Reluctance power +Psal3ph=3*(Pmag1ph+Prel1ph); // Salient power of motor +Psal3phHP=Psal3ph/746; +T=(5252*Psal3phHP)/n; // Developed torque + +// (b) Developed torque in percent of rated torque +// The reluctance torque has its maximum value at delta= -45 degrees +Pmag1phnew=-((Vt1ph*2*Ef1ph)/Xd)*sind(deltanew); // Power +Prel1phnew=-Vt1ph^2*( (Xd-Xq) / (2*Xd*Xq)) *sind(2*deltanew); // Reluctance power +Psal3phnew=3*(Pmag1phnew+Prel1phnew); // Salient power of motor +Psal3phHPnew=Psal3phnew/746; +PerRatTorq=Psal3phHPnew*100/RatTor; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Developed torque = %0.0f lb-ft ",T); +printf("\n Developed torque in percent of rated torque = %0.0f Percent ",PerRatTorq); diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7aa5ceac Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..453a97c1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +// Example 9.1 +// Determine (a) Turbine torque supplied to the alternator (b) Excitation +// voltage (c) Active and reactive components of apparent power (d) Power +// factor (e) Neglecting saturation effects, excitation voltage if the field +// current is reduced to 85% of its voltage in (a) (f) Turbine speed. +// Page No. 342 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +hp=112000; // Power input +n=746*3600; // Speed +VT=460; // 3-Phase supply voltage +Pout=112000; // Power +Xs=1.26; // Synchronous reactnace +delta=25; // Power angle +eta=0.85; // Percent reduction factor +P=2; // Number of poles +f=60; // Frequnecy + +// (a) Turbine torque supplied to the alternator +T=(hp*5252)/n; + +// (b) Excitation voltage +Vt=VT/sqrt(3); // Voltage/phase +Ef=(Pout*Xs)/(3*Vt*sind(delta)); + +// (c) Active and reactive components of apparent power +// Vt=Ef-Ia*j*Xs +// Solving for Vt-Ef +Vt_Mag=Vt; +Vt_Ang=0; +Ef_Mag=Ef; +Ef_Ang=delta; +// +N01=Ef_Mag+%i*Ef_Ang; // Ef in polar form +N02=Vt_Mag+%i*Vt_Ang; // Vt in polar for + +N01_R=Ef_Mag*cos(-Ef_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number Ef +N01_I=Ef_Mag*sin(Ef_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number Ef + +N02_R=Vt_Mag*cos(-Vt_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number Vt +N02_I=Vt_Mag*sin(Vt_Ang*%pi/180); //Imaginary part of complex number Vt + +FinalNo_R=N01_R-N02_R; +FinalNo_I=N01_I-N02_I; +FinNum=FinalNo_R+%i*FinalNo_I; + +// Now FinNum/Xs in polar form +FinNum_Mag=sqrt(real(FinNum)^2+imag(FinNum)^2); // Magnitude part +FinNum_Ang = atan(imag(FinNum),real(FinNum))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 +Ia_Mag=FinNum_Mag/Xs; +Ia_Ang=FinNum_Ang-90; + +// Computation of S=3*Vt*Ia* +S_Mag=3*Vt_Mag*Ia_Mag; +S_Ang=Vt_Ang+-Ia_Ang; + +// Polar to complex form +S_R=S_Mag*cos(-S_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number S +S_I=S_Mag*sin(S_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number S + +// (d) Power factor +Fp=cosd(Ia_Ang); + +// (e) Excitation voltage +Efnew=eta*Ef_Mag; + +// (f) Turbine speed +ns=120*f/P; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Turbine torque supplied to the alternator = %0.1f lb-ft ",T); +printf("\n Excitation voltage = %0.1f V/phase ",Ef); +printf("\n Active components of apparent power= %0.0f kW ",S_R/1000); +printf("\n Reactive components of apparent power= %0.1f kvar lagging ",S_I/1000); +printf("\n Power factor = %0.2f lagging ",Fp); +printf("\n Excitation voltage new = %0.1f V/phase ",Efnew); +printf("\n Turbine speed = %0.0f r/min ",ns); diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd2c84bd Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0adf55f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.10/EX9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// Example 9.10 +// Repeat the example 9.9 assuming 90 % leading power factor +// Determine (a) Excitation voltage (b) Power angle (c) No load voltage, +// assuming the field current is not changed (d) Voltage regulation (e) No load +// voltage if the field current is reduced to 80% of its value at rated load. +// Page 372 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +V=4800; // Voltage of synchronous generator +PF=0.900; // Lagging power factor +S_Mag=1000000/3; +Xa_Mag=13.80; // Synchronous reactance +Xa_Ang=90; +Vt_Ang=0; + +// (a) Excitation voltage +Vt=V/sqrt(3); +Theta=acosd(PF); // Angle +Ia_Magstar=S_Mag/Vt; // Magnitude of curent +Ia_Angstar=Theta-0; // Angle of current +Ia_Mag=Ia_Magstar; +Ia_Ang=Ia_Angstar; + +// Ef=Vt+Ia*j*Xa +// First compute Ia*Xa +IaXa_Mag=Ia_Mag*Xa_Mag; +IaXa_Ang=Ia_Ang+Xa_Ang; +// Polar to Complex form for IaXa +IaXa_R=IaXa_Mag*cos(-IaXa_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number +IaXa_I=IaXa_Mag*sin(IaXa_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number +// Vt term in polar form +Vt_Mag=Vt; +Vt_Ang=Vt_Ang; +// Polar to Complex form for Vt +Vt_R=Vt_Mag*cos(-Vt_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number +Vt_I=Vt_Mag*sin(Vt_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number +// Ef in complex form +Ef_R=IaXa_R+Vt_R; +Ef_I=IaXa_I+Vt_I; +Ef=Ef_R+%i*Ef_I; +// Complex to Polar form for Ef +Ef_Mag=sqrt(real(Ef)^2+imag(Ef)^2); // Magnitude part +Ef_Ang= atan(imag(Ef),real(Ef))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// (b) Power angle +PA=Ef_Ang; + +// (c) No load voltage, assuming the field current is not changed +// From figure 9.23 (b) +VolAxis=Vt_Mag/30; // The scale at the given voltage axis +Ef_loc=Ef_Mag/VolAxis; // Location of Ef voltage +Vnl=29*VolAxis; // No load voltage + +// (d) Voltage regulation +VR=(Vnl-Vt)/Vt*100; + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Excitation voltage = %0.0f V ",Ef_Mag); +printf("\n Power angle = %0.1f deg ",PA); +printf("\n No load voltage = %0.0f V ",Vnl); +printf("\n Voltage regulation = %0.2f Percent ",VR); +disp('The leading power factor resulted in a negativr voltage regulation') + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f56c7065 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df7931fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.11/EX9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 9.11 +// Determine (a) Equivalent armature resistance (b) Synchronous reactance +// (c) Short-circuit ratio +// Page 377 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Vdc=10.35; // DC voltage +Idc=52.80; // DC current +VOCph=240/sqrt(3); // Open-circuit phase voltage +ISCph=115.65; // Short-circuit phase current +P=50000; +V=240; // Supply voltage + +// (a) Equivalent armature resistance +Rdc=Vdc/Idc; // DC resistance +Rgamma=Rdc/2; +Ra=1.2*Rgamma; // Armature resistance + +// (b) Synchronous reactance +Zs= VOCph/ISCph; // Synchronous impedance/phase +Xs=sqrt(Zs^2-Ra^2); + +// (c) Short-circuit ratio +Sbase=P/3; // Power/phase +Vbase=V/sqrt(3); // Voltage/phase +Zbase=Vbase^2/Sbase; +Xpu=Xs/Zbase; // Per unit synchronous reactance +SCR=1/Xpu; // Short-circuit ratio + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Equivalent armature resistance = %0.4f Ohm ",Ra); +printf("\n Synchronous reactance = %0.4f Ohm ",Xs); +printf("\n Short-circuit ratio = %0.3f ",SCR); + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..219a86c2d Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02d615f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9.2 +// Determine (a) Speed regulation (b) Governor drop +// Page 351 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +fn1=61.2; // No-load frequency +frated=60; // Rated requency +deltaP=500; // Governor rated power +// (a) Speed regulation +GSR=(fn1-frated)/frated; + +// (b) Governor drop +deltaF=(fn1-frated); // Frequency difference +GD=deltaF/deltaP; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Speed regulation = %0.2f ",GSR); +printf("\n Governor drop = %0.5f Hz/kW ",GD); + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06da73ec1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfccb7b04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.3/EX9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 9.3 +// Determine (a) Frequency of generator A (b) Frequency of generator B +// (c) Frequency of bus +// Page 358 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +GSR=0.020; // Governor speed regulation +Frated=60; // Rated frequency +deltaPa=100; // Change in load (200-100 =100 KW) +Prated=500; // Rated power of both generators + + +// (a) Frequency of generator A +deltaFa=(GSR*Frated*deltaPa)/Prated; // Change in frequency due to change in load +Fa=Frated+deltaFa; // Frequency of generator A + +// (b) Frequency of generator B +deltaFb=0.24; // Since both machines are identical +Fb=Frated-deltaFb; + +// (c) Frequency of bus +Fbus=Fb; // Bus frequency is frequency of generator B + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Frequency of generator A = %0.2f Hz ",Fa); +printf("\n Frequency of generator B = %0.2f Hz ",Fb); +printf("\n Frequency of bus = %0.2f Hz ",Fbus); + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0487052 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03cbf6291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.4/EX9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 9.4 +// Determine (a) Operating frequency (b) Load carried by each machine +// Page 359 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +GSR=0.0243; // Governor speed regulation +Frated=60; // Rated frequency +deltaPa=500; // Change in load for alternator A +Prateda=500; // Rated power of alternator A +deltaPb=400; // Change in load for alternator B +Pratedb=300; // Rated power of alternator B +Pch=100; // Change is power (500-400=100 KW)) +Pchmach=200; // Power difference (500-300=200 KW) + +// (a) Operating frequency +// From the curve in figure 9.17 +// GSR*Frated/Prated=deltaP/deltaP + +deltaF=(deltaPa-deltaPb)/548.697; // Change in frequency +Fbus=60.5-deltaF; + + +// (b) Load carried by each machine +deltaPa=(deltaF*Prateda)/(GSR*Frated); // Change in power for machine A +deltaPb=Pch-deltaPa; // Change in power for machine B +Pa=Pchmach+deltaPa; +Pb=Pchmach+deltaPb; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Operating frequency = %0.3f Hz ",Fbus); +printf("\n Load carried by machine A = %0.2f kW",Pa); +printf("\n Load carried by machine B = %0.2f kW",Pb); + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f57f90bf Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9864d5ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 9.5 +// Determine (a) Bus frequency (b) Load on each machine +// Page 360 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Padd=720; // Additional load connected +GD=0.0008; // Governor droop +f=60.2; // Frequency of machine +Pbus=900; // Bus load + +// (a) Bus frequency +deltaPa=Padd/2; +deltaPb=deltaPa; // Since both machines have identical governor drops +deltaF=GD*deltaPa; // Change in frequency +Fbus=f-deltaF; + +// (b) Load on each machine +Pa=(2/3)*Pbus+deltaPa; // Load on machine A +Pb=(1/3)*Pbus+deltaPb; // Load on machine B + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Bus frequency = %0.2f Hz ",Fbus); +printf("\n Load on machine A = %0.0f kW",Pa); +printf("\n Load on machine B = %0.0f kW",Pb); + diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c15480fb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a20c23b --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.6/EX9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 9.6 +// Determine (a) System kilowatts (b) System frequency (c) kilowatt loads +// carried by each machine +// Page 361 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pres=440; // Resistive load +PF=0.8; // Power factor +Pind=200; // Induction motor power +Palt=210; // Alternator bus load +deltaPa=70; // Change in load for machine A +f=60; // Frequency +deltaPb=70; // Change in load for machine B +deltaPc=70; // Change in load for machine C + +// (a) System kilowatts +deltaPbus=Pres+PF*Pind; // Increase in bus load +Psys=Palt+deltaPbus; + +// (b) System frequency +GDa=(60.2-f)/deltaPa; // Governor droop for machine A +GDb=(60.4-f)/deltaPb; // Governor droop for machine B +GDc=(60.6-f)/deltaPc; // Governor droop for machine C +// From the figure 9.18(b) +deltaF=600/(350+175+116.6667) ; +f2=f-deltaF; + +// (c) Kilowatt loads carried by each machine +Pa2=deltaPa+350*deltaF; +Pb2=deltaPb+175*deltaF; +Pc2=deltaPc+116.6667*deltaF; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n System kilowatts = %0.0f kW ",Psys); +printf("\n System frequency = %0.2f Hz",f2); +printf("\n Kilowatt loads carried by machine A = %0.1f kW",Pa2); +printf("\n Kilowatt loads carried by machine B = %0.1f kW",Pb2); +printf("\n Kilowatt loads carried by machine C = %0.1f kW",Pc2); diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e00dd7abe Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c811616d --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.7/EX9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 9.7 +// Determine (a) Active and reactive components of the bus load (b) If the +// power factor of generator A is 0.94 lagging, determine the reactive power +// supplied by each machine. +// Page 366 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +Pbuspower=500; // Power supplied +Pind=200; // Induction motor power +PF=0.852; // Percent power factor +NA=2; // Number of alternators +LPF=0.94; // Lagging power factor + +// (a) Active and reactive components of the bus load +Pbus=Pbuspower+Pind*PF; // Active component of the bus load +ThetaMot=acosd(PF); // Power angle of motor +Qbus=Pind*sind(ThetaMot); // Reactive component the bus load + +// (b) Reactive power supplied by each machine +Pa=Pbus/NA; // Alternator A power +ThetaA=acosd(LPF); // Alternator A angle +Qa=tand(ThetaA)*Pa; // Reactive power supplied by machine A +Qb=Qbus-Qa; // Reactive power supplied by machine B + + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Active component of the bus load = %0.2f kW ",Pbus); +printf("\n Reactive component of the bus load = %0.1f kvar",Qbus); +printf("\n Reactive power supplied by machine A = %0.1f kvar",Qa); +printf("\n Reactive power supplied by machine B = %0.1f kvar",Qb); diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72bdb8964 Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5906bbf8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.8/EX9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 9.8 +// Computation of per-unit impedance of a generator +// Page 368 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +P=100000; // Power of synchronous generator +V=480; // Voltage of synchronous generator +Ra=0.0800; // Resistive component +Xs=2.3; // Reactive component + +// Computation of per-unit impedance of a generator +Sbase=P/3; // Rated apparent power per phase +Vbase=V/sqrt(3); // Rated voltage per phase +Zbase=Vbase^2/Sbase; // Rated impedance +Rpu=Ra/Zbase; // Per unit resistance +Xpu=Xs/Zbase; // Per unit reactance + +Zpu=Rpu+%i*Xpu; // Per unit impedance + +// Complex to Polar form... +Zpu_Mag=sqrt(real(Zpu)^2+imag(Zpu)^2); // Magnitude part +Zpu_Ang = atan(imag(Zpu),real(Zpu))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Per-unit impedance magnitude = %0.4f Ohm ",Zpu_Mag); +printf("\n Per-unit impedance angle = %0.2f deg ",Zpu_Ang); diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png b/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a837c7d8d Binary files /dev/null and b/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.png differ diff --git a/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce b/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de0d1fd19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3574/CH9/EX9.9/EX9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// Example 9.9 +// Determine (a) Excitation voltage (b) Power angle (c) No load voltage, +// assuming the field current is not changed (d) Voltage regulation (e) No load +// voltage if the field current is reduced to 80% of its value at rated load. +// Page 369 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// Given data +V=4800; // Voltage of synchronous generator +PF=0.900; // Lagging power factor +S_Mag=1000000/3; +Xa_Mag=13.80; // Synchronous reactance +Xa_Ang=90; +Vt_Ang=0; + +// (a) Excitation voltage +Vt=V/sqrt(3); +Theta=acosd(PF); // Angle +Ia_Magstar=S_Mag/Vt; // Magnitude of curent +Ia_Angstar=Theta-0; // Angle of current +Ia_Mag=Ia_Magstar; +Ia_Ang=-Ia_Angstar; + +// Ef=Vt+Ia*j*Xa +// First compute Ia*Xa +IaXa_Mag=Ia_Mag*Xa_Mag; +IaXa_Ang=Ia_Ang+Xa_Ang; +// Polar to Complex form for IaXa +IaXa_R=IaXa_Mag*cos(-IaXa_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number +IaXa_I=IaXa_Mag*sin(IaXa_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number +// Vt term in polar form +Vt_Mag=Vt; +Vt_Ang=Vt_Ang; +// Polar to Complex form for Vt +Vt_R=Vt_Mag*cos(-Vt_Ang*%pi/180); // Real part of complex number +Vt_I=Vt_Mag*sin(Vt_Ang*%pi/180); // Imaginary part of complex number +// Ef in complex form +Ef_R=IaXa_R+Vt_R; +Ef_I=IaXa_I+Vt_I; +Ef=Ef_R+%i*Ef_I; +// Complex to Polar form for Ef +Ef_Mag=sqrt(real(Ef)^2+imag(Ef)^2); // Magnitude part +Ef_Ang= atan(imag(Ef),real(Ef))*180/%pi; // Angle part
 + +// (b) Power angle +PA=Ef_Ang; + +// (c) No load voltage, assuming the field current is not changed +// From figure 9.23 (b) +VolAxis=Vt_Mag/30; // The scale at the given voltage axis +Ef_loc=Ef_Mag/VolAxis; // Location of Ef voltage +Vnl=33.4*VolAxis; // No load voltage + +// (d) Voltage regulation +VR=(Vnl-Vt)/Vt*100; + +// (e) No load voltage if the field current is reduced to 80% +Vnlnew=31*VolAxis; + +// Display result on command window +printf("\n Excitation voltage = %0.0f V ",Ef_Mag); +printf("\n Power angle = %0.1f deg ",PA); +printf("\n No load voltage = %0.0f V ",Vnl); +printf("\n Voltage regulation = %0.0f Percent ",VR); +printf("\n No load voltage when field current is reduced to 80 percent = %0.0f V ",Vnlnew); diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sav b/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b44b19fee Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce b/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa12a0a1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +mg = 20 +k = 25 +g = 386.4 + +//Calculating circular frequency +w = sqrt(k*g/mg) + +//Solving for constants in equation of motion +fi = acosd(0/w) +C = (2.3-0.8)/sind(fi) + +//Circular frequency in Hz +f = w/(2*%pi) + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nCircular Frequency =%fHz\n Amplitude =%fin\n Phase Angle =%fdegree',f,C,fi) diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sav b/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e442c23f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce b/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98cd4ce25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +mg = 20 +k = 40 +g = 386.4 + +//Calculating circular frequency +w1 = sqrt(k*g/mg) +w2 = sqrt(6*k*g/mg) + +k1 = [1 1;2 -0.5] +f1 = [1;0.5] +k2 = [27.8 68.1;2*27.8 0.5*68.1] +f2 = [0;0] +//Solving for constants in equations of motion +u1=linsolve(k1,-f1) +u2=linsolve(k2,-f2) + +fi1 = acosd(u2(1,1)) +fi2 = acosd(u2(2,1)) + +a1 = u1(1,1)/sind(fi1) +a2 = u1(2,1)/sind(fi2) + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nCircular Frequency1 =%frad/sec\n Amplitude1 =%fin\n Phase Angle1 =%fdegree',w1,a1,fi1) +printf('\nCircular Frequency2 =%frad/sec\n Amplitude2 =%fin\n Phase Angle2 =%fdegree',w2,a2,fi2) + diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sav b/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..022d3eec5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce b/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..647ba56d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH10/EX10.6/EX10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +t = 5 +p = 7.83*10^-6 +x0 = -1 +x1 = 1 + +//Calculating elements of mass matrix +m11 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1-r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1-s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m12 = (150*p*t*integrate('1-r^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1-s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m22 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1+r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1-s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m13 = (150*p*t*integrate('1-r^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('1-s^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m14 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1-r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('1-s^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m23 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1+r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('1-s^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m24 = (150*p*t*integrate('1-r^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('1-s^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m33 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1+r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1+s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m34 = (150*p*t*integrate('1-r^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1+s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 +m44 = (150*p*t*integrate('(1-r)^2','r',x0,x1)*integrate('(1+s)^2','s',x0,x1))/16 + +//Constructing Mass matrix +m(1,1:8) = [m11 m12 m13 m14 0 0 0 0] +m(2,1:8) = [m12 m22 m23 m24 0 0 0 0] +m(3,1:8) = [m13 m23 m33 m34 0 0 0 0] +m(4,1:8) = [m14 m24 m34 m44 0 0 0 0] +m(5,1:8) = [0 0 0 0 m11 m12 m13 m14] +m(6,1:8) = [0 0 0 0 m12 m22 m23 m24] +m(7,1:8) = [0 0 0 0 m13 m23 m33 m34] +m(8,1:8) = [0 0 0 0 m14 m24 m34 m44] + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nMass matrix m in (kg)') +disp(m) diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sav b/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e3e6b0fc Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce b/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..747322fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +t1 = 0.03 +w1 = 5 +t2 = 0.1 +w2 = 15 + +//Solving for Rayleigh coefficients +k = [1/(2*w1) w1/2;1/(2*w2) w2/2] +f = [t1;t2] +u=linsolve(k,-f) + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nRayleigh coefficients\n Alpha =%f\n Beta =%f',u(1,1),u(2,1)) diff --git a/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sav b/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7947524 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9358fcb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Clearing Console +clc +clear + +//Node 1 Displacement +U1=0 +//Stiffness of Springs +K1=50 +K2=75 +//Nodal Forces +F2=75 +F3=75 +//varible decleration +K=[] +F=[] +U=[] + +//Constructing Stiffness and Force matrices +K(1,1)=K1+K2 +K(1,2)=-K2 +K(2,1)=-K2 +K(2,2)=K2 +F(1,1)=F2 +F(2,1)=F3 + +//Solving for Nodal Displacements U2 and U3 +U=linsolve(K,-F) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Solving for Nodal force F1 +F1=-50*U(1,1) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNodal displacements \nU1=%fin \nU2=%fin \nU3=%fin\n',U1,U(1,1),U(2,1)) +printf('\nNodal Force F1=%flb\n',F1) diff --git a/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sav b/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4010820b Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..416b7c1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Clearing Console +clc +clear + +//Node 1 Displacement +U1=0 + +//Stiffness of Springs +k1=4 +k2=6 +k3=3 + +//Nodal Forces +F2=-30 +F3=0 +F4=50 + +//varible decleration +K=zeros(3,3) + +//Constructing Stiffness and Force matrices +K(1,1)=k1 + 2*k2 +K(1,2)=-2*k2 +K(2,1)=-2*k2 +K(2,2)=2*k2 +k3 +K(2,3)=-k3 +K(3,2)=-k3 +K(3,3)=k3 + +F(1,1)=F2 +F(2,1)=F3 +F(3,1)=F4 + +//Solving for Nodal Displacements U2, U3 and U4 +U=linsolve(K,-F) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Solving for Nodal force F1 +F1=-4*U(1,1) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNodal displacements \nU1=%fmm \nU2=%fmm \nU3=%fmm \nU4=%fmm\n',U1,U(1,1),U(2,1),U(3,1)) +printf('\nNodal Force F1=%fN\n',F1) diff --git a/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sav b/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f31ed296c Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23a1aebae --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Clearing Console +clc +clear + +//Intialing given values +E1=10*10^6 +E2=10*10^6 +A1=1.5 +A2=1.5 +L1=56.57 +L2=40 +//Calculating stiffnesses of elements +k1=A1*E1/L1 +k2=A2*E2/L2 + +//Calculating Stiffness matrix +K= [k1/2 k1/2 0 0 -k1/2 -k1/2;k1/2 k1/2 0 0 -k1/2 -k1/2;0 0 k2 0 -k2 0;0 0 0 0 0 0;-k1/2 -k1/2 -k2 0 k1/2+k2 k1/2;-k1/2 -k1/2 0 0 k1/2 k1/2] + +//Intializing known nodal displacements and forces +U(1,1)=0 +U(2,1)=0 +U(3,1)=0 +U(4,1)=0 + +F(5,1)=500 +F(6,1)=300 + +//Calculating Nodal Displacements +U(5:6,1)=linsolve(K(5:6,5:6),-F(5:6,1)) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Calculatiing Nodal Forces +F(1:4)=K(1:4,5:6)*U(5:6) + +//Calculating Elemental forces displacements and stress +//For Element-1 +R1= [1/sqrt(2) 1/sqrt(2) 0 0;0 0 1/sqrt(2) 1/sqrt(2)] +u1 = R1*U([1 2 5 6],1) +sigma_1 = E1*[-1/L1 1/L1]*R1*U([1 2 5 6],1) +f1 = [k1 -k1;-k1 k1]*u1 +//For Element_2 +R2= [1 0 0 0;0 0 1 0] +u2 = R2*U([3:6],1) +sigma_2 = E2*[-1/L2 1/L2]*R2*U([3:6],1) +f2 = [k2 -k2;-k2 k2]*u2 + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNodal Displacements \nU1x=%fin \nU1y=%fin \nU2x=%fin \nU2y=%fin \nU3x=%fin \nU3y=%fin\n',U(1,1),U(2,1),U(3,1),U(4,1),U(5,1),U(6,1)) +printf('\nNodal Forces \nF1x=%flb \nF1y=%flb \nF2x=%flb \nF2y=%flb \nF3x=%flb \nF3y=%flb\n',F(1,1),F(2,1),F(3,1),F(4,1),F(5,1),F(6,1)) +printf('\nElement-1 Displacements \nux=%fin \nuy=%fin \n',u1(1,1),u1(2,1)) +printf('\nElement-1 Forces \nFx=%flb \nFy=%flb\n',f1(1,1),f1(2,1)) +printf('\nElement-1 Stress \nSigma_1=%flb/in^2\n',sigma_1) +printf('\nElement-2 Displacements \nux=%fin \nuy=%fin \n',u2(1,1),u2(2,1)) +printf('\nElement-2 Forces \nFx=%flb \nFy=%flb\n',f2(1,1),f2(2,1)) +printf('\nElement-2 Stress \nSigma_2=%flb/in^2\n',sigma_2) diff --git a/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sav b/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90e0d0668 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8691ebbd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Clearing Console +clc +clear + +//First, note that the 3-D truss with four nodes has 12 possible displacements. However, +//since nodes 1–3 are fixed, nine of the possible displacements are known to be zero. There- +//fore, we need assemble only a portion of the system stiffness matrix to solve for the three +//unknown displacements. + +//Calculating Elemental Stiffness Matrices +for i=1:3 + if i==1 then + cx=0.8 + cy=0 + cz=-0.6 + K1=3*10^5*[cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz -cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz;cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz -cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz;cx*cz cy*cz cz^2 -cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2;-cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz;-cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz;-cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2 cx*cz cy*cz cz^2] + end + if i==2 then + cx=0.8 + cy=0 + cz=0.6 + K2=3*10^5*[cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz -cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz;cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz -cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz;cx*cz cy*cz cz^2 -cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2;-cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz;-cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz;-cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2 cx*cz cy*cz cz^2] + end + if i==3 then + cx=0.8 + cy=0.6 + cz=0 + K3=3*10^5*[cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz -cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz;cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz -cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz;cx*cz cy*cz cz^2 -cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2;-cx^2 -cx*cy -cx*cz cx^2 cx*cy cx*cz;-cx*cy -cy^2 -cy*cz cx*cy cy^2 cy*cz;-cx*cz -cy*cz -cz^2 cx*cz cy*cz cz^2] + end +end + +//Calculating required elements of global Stiffness Matrix +K([10:12],[10:12]) = [K1(4,4)+K2(4,4)+K3(4,4) K1(4,5)+K2(4,5)+K3(4,5) K1(4,6)+K2(4,6)+K3(4,6); K1(4,5)+K2(4,5)+K3(4,5) K1(5,5)+K2(5,5)+K3(5,5) K1(5,6)+K2(5,6)+K3(5,6); K1(4,6)+K2(4,6)+K3(4,6) K1(5,6)+K2(5,6)+K3(5,6) K1(6,6)+K2(6,6)+K3(6,6)] + +//Constructing required Force matrix +F([10:12],1)=[0;-5000;0] + +//Solving for node 4 displacements +U(10:12,1)=linsolve(K(10:12,10:12),-F(10:12,1)) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-4 Displacement Components \nUx=%fin \nUy=%fin \nUz=%fin',U(10,1),U(11,1),U(12,1)) + + diff --git a/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sav b/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b187f611f Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce b/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e93cd29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +b = 40 +h = 40 +I = (b*h^3)/12 +L1=300 +L2=300 +L3=200 +E1 = 207*10^3 +E3 = 69*10^3 +A1= 1600 +A3 = 78.54 + +//Calculating elemental stiffness matrices +K1 = ((E1*I)/(L1^3))*[12 6*L1 -12 6*L1;6*L1 4*(L1)^2 -6*L1 2*(L1)^2; -12 -6*L1 12 -6*L1; 6*L1 2*(L1)^2 -6*L1 4*(L1)^2] +K2 = K1 //as L1 = L2 and both are of same material (E1 = E2) +K3 = (A3*E3/L3)*[1 -1;-1 1] + +//Constructing Global Stiffness matrix +K(1,[1:7])= [K1(1,[1:4]) 0 0 0] +K(2,[1:7])= [K1(2,[1:4]) 0 0 0] +K(3,[1:7])= [K1(3,[1:2]) K1(3,3)+K2(1,1)+K3(1,1) K1(3,4)+K2(1,2) K2(1,[3:4]) K3(1,2)] +K(4,[1:7])= [K1(4,[1:2]) K1(4,3)+K2(2,1) K1(4,4)+K2(2,2) K2(2,[3:4]) 0] +K(5,[1:7])= [0 0 K2(3,[1:4]) 0 ] +K(6,[1:7])= [0 0 K2(4,[1:4]) 0 ] +K(7,[1:7])= [0 0 K3(2,1) 0 0 0 K3(2,2)] + +//Constructing Force matrix (required values) +F([2:6],1) = [0; 0; 0; -10000; 0] + +//Solving for displacements +U(2:6,1)=linsolve(K(2:6,2:6),-F(2:6,1)) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Solving Axial stress of BD element +stress_BD = E3*[-1/L3 1/L3]*[0 1 0 0;0 0 0 1]*[0;U(3,1);0;0] +U(1,1)=0 +U(7,1)=0 + +//Calculating Reaction forces +F = [K]*[U] + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-C Displacement Components \nU=%fmm \nTheta=%frad',U(3,1),U(4,1)) +printf('\nReaction Forces \nR1=%fN \nR4=%fN',F(1,1),F(7,1)) + diff --git a/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sav b/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afae5bc14 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce b/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f3c563c --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +b = 1 +h = 1 +A = 1 +L = 20 +I = (b*h^3)/12 +E = 10*10^6 +M = 90 + +//Calculating elemental stiffness matrices +k1([2,3,5,6],1:6) = ((E*I)/(L^3))*[0 12 6*L 0 -12 6*L;0 6*L 4*(L)^2 0 -6*L 2*(L)^2;0 -12 -6*L 0 12 -6*L;0 6*L 2*(L)^2 0 -6*L 4*(L)^2] +k1([1,4],1:6) = (A*E/L)*[1 0 0 -1 0 0;-1 0 0 1 0 0] +k2 = k1 //as L1 = L2 and both are of same material (E1 = E2) + +//Calculating transformation matrix +R = [cosd(M) sind(M) 0 0 0 0;-sind(M) cosd(M) 0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0 0 0;0 0 0 cosd(M) sind(M) 0;0 0 0 -sind(M) cosd(M) 0;0 0 0 0 0 1] + +//Constructing elemental Stiffness matrix in global system +K1 = (R)'*k1*R + +//Constructing Global Stiffness matrix +K(1,[1:9])= [K1(1,[1:6]) 0 0 0] +K(2,[1:9])= [K1(2,[1:6]) 0 0 0] +K(3,[1:9])= [K1(3,[1:6]) 0 0 0] +K(4,[1:9])= [K1(4,[1:3]) K1(4,4)+k2(1,1) K1(4,5)+k2(1,2) K1(4,6)+k2(1,3) k2(1,[4:6])] +K(5,[1:9])= [K1(5,[1:3]) K1(5,4)+k2(2,1) K1(5,5)+k2(2,2) K1(5,6)+k2(2,3) k2(2,[4:6])] +K(6,[1:9])= [K1(6,[1:3]) K1(6,4)+k2(3,1) K1(6,5)+k2(3,2) K1(6,6)+k2(3,3) k2(3,[4:6])] +K(7,[1:9])= [0 0 0 k2(4,[1:6])] +K(8,[1:9])= [0 0 0 k2(5,[1:6])] +K(9,[1:9])= [0 0 0 k2(6,[1:6])] + +//Constructing Force matrix (required values) +F([4:6],1) = [0;-100;-333.3] +U([1:3],1) =[0; 0; 0] + +//Solving for displacements +U(4:6,1)=linsolve(K(4:6,4:6),-F(4:6,1)) //K*U=F (equlibrium equation) + +//Solving for local displacements +u(1:6,1) = R*U(1:6,1) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-B Displacement Components \nUx=%fin \nUy=%fin \nTheta=%frad',u(4,1),u(5,1),u(6,1)) diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.png b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4daf259dd Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.png differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sav b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1a5f3b41 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a39983bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +x = poly(0,"x") +//Intializing variables +x0 = 0 +x1 = 1 + +//Calculating constants in solution (Y = c*X) X-trial function +c = integrate('x*(x-1)*(10*x^2+5)','x',x0,x1)/integrate('x*(x-1)*2','x',x0,x1) + +//Calculating solution for given differntial equation +for t =1:11 + F(1,t) = c*(t-1)*(t-11)/100 +end +S = c*x*(x-1) +//Constructing x matrix +t = 0:0.1:1; + +//plotting solution +plot(t,F); +xtitle('solution','x','y(x)') + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nSolution of the Differential Equation y(x) =') +disp(S) diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.png b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11bcebcc0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.png differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sav b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2704c4fd0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c31c63cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +x = poly(0,"x") + +//Intializing variables +x0 = 0 +x1 = 1 + +//Consrtucting K and F matrices to solve the residual equations +K(1,1:2) = [integrate('x*(x-1)*2','x',x0,x1) integrate('x*(x-1)*2*(3*x-1)','x',x0,x1)] +K(2,1:2) = [integrate('x^2*(x-1)*2','x',x0,x1) integrate('x^2*(x-1)*2*(3*x-1)','x',x0,x1)] + +F = [integrate('x*(x-1)*(10*(x^2)+5)','x',x0,x1); integrate('x^2*(x-1)*(10*(x^2)+5)','x',x0,x1)] + +//Solving for constants in assumed solution +U(1:2,1)=linsolve(K,-F) + +S = U(1,1)*x*(x-1)+U(2,1)*x^2*(x-1) + +//Calculating solution for given differntial equation +for t =1:11 + P(1,t) = (U(1,1)*(t-1)*(t-11)/100)+(U(2,1)*(t-1)^2*(t-11)/1000) +end + +//Constructing x matrix +k = 0:0.1:1; + +//plotting solution +plot(k,P); +xtitle('solution','x','y(x)') + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nSolution of the Differential Equation y(x) =') +disp(S) + diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3abc6b7ed Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.png differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sav b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddfa0d959 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a52fad7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +x = poly(0,"x") + +//Intializing variables +x0 = 0 +x1 = 1 + +K = [integrate('x*(x-1)*(x^2-x+2)','x',x0,x1)] + +F = [integrate('x*(x-1)*3*x','x',x0,x1)] + +c = F/K + +S = c*x*(x-1)+x + +//Calculating solution for given differntial equation +for t =1:11 + P(1,t) = (c*(t-1)*(t-11)/100)+(t-1)/10 +end + +//Constructing x matrix +t = 0:0.1:1; + +//plotting solution +plot(t,P); +xtitle('solution','x','y(x)') + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nSolution of the Differential Equation y(x) =') +disp(S) diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sav b/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3765bc3ed Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb1a1e597 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +x = poly(0,"x") +//Intializing variables +x0 = 0 +x1 = 1 + +//Calculating constants in solution (Y = c*X) X-trial function +c = integrate('x*(x-1)*(10*x^2+5)','x',x0,x1)/integrate('x*(x-1)*2','x',x0,x1) + +S1 = c*x*(x-1) + +//2nd part of problem + +//Consrtucting K and F matrices to solve the residual equations +K(1,1:3) = [integrate('-x*(1-x^3)*12*x^2','x',x0,x1) integrate('x*(1-x^3)*(2-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1) integrate('x*(1-x^3)*(6*x-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1)] +K(2,1:3) = [integrate('-x^2*(1-x^2)*12*x^2','x',x0,x1) integrate('x^2*(1-x^2)*(2-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1) integrate('x^2*(1-x^2)*(6*x-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1)] +K(3,1:3) = [integrate('-x^3*(1-x)*12*x^2','x',x0,x1) integrate('x^3*(1-x)*(2-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1) integrate('x^3*(1-x)*(6*x-12*x^2)','x',x0,x1)] + +F = [integrate('x*(1-x^3)*(10*(x^2)+5)','x',x0,x1); integrate('x^2*(1-x^2)*(10*(x^2)+5)','x',x0,x1);integrate('x^3*(1-x)*(10*(x^2)+5)','x',x0,x1)] + +//Solving for constants in assumed solution +U(1:3,1)=(linsolve(K,-F)) + +c4 = -(U(1,1)+U(2,1)+U(3,1)) +S2 = U(1,1)*x +U(2,1)*x^2 +U(3,1)*x^3 +c4*x^4 + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nSolution of the Differential Equation') +printf('\nPart-1 y(x) = ') +disp(S1) +printf('\nPart-2 y(x) = ') +disp(S2) diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sav b/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2bacc540 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce b/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74d570fed --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +d = 0.06 +k1 = 200 +k2 = 389 +L1 = 0.25 +T(5,1) = 80 +Q(1:4,1) = ((%pi*d^2)/4)*[4000;0;0;0] + +//Calculating elemental conductance matrices +K1 = ((k1*%pi*(d^2))/(4*L1))*[1 -1;-1 1] +K2 = ((k2*%pi*(d^2))/(4*L1))*[1 -1;-1 1] + +//Calculating conductance matrices +K(1,1:5) = [K1(1,1:2) 0 0 0] +K(2,1:5) = [K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0 0] +K(3,1:5) = [0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K2(1,1) K2(1,2) 0 ] +K(4,1:5) = [0 0 K2(2,1) K2(2,2)+K2(1,1) K2(1,2)] +K(5,1:5) = [0 0 0 K2(2,1) K2(2,2)] + +//Accounting for the known temperature at node 5, and modifying Q matrix for solving +q(1:4,1) = Q(1:4,1) - T(5,1)*K(1:4,5) + +//Solving for Temperatures +T(1:4,1)=linsolve(K(1:4,1:4),-q(1:4,1)) + +//Sovling for heat at node 5 +Q(5,1) = K(5,1:5)*T + +//Sovling for heat flux at node 5 +q5 = - Q(5,1)/((%pi*d^2)/4) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT1=%fâ—¦C \nT2=%fâ—¦C \nT3=%fâ—¦C \nT4=%fâ—¦C \nT5=%fâ—¦C',T(1,1),T(2,1),T(3,1),T(4,1),T(5,1)) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-5 \nq5=%fW/m^2',q5) + diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e151f00fd Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d133990b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +s = poly(0,"s") + +//Calculating Constants in interpolation functions +c1 = 1/((-1/3)*(-2/3)*(-1)) +c2 = 1/((1/3)*(-1/3)*(-2/3)) +c3 = 1/((2/3)*(1/3)*(-1/3)) +c4 = 1/((1)*(2/3)*(1/3)) + +//interpolation functions +N1 = c1*(s-1/3)*(s-2/3)*(s-1) +N2 = c2*(s)*(s-2/3)*(s-1) +N3 = c3*(s)*(s-1/3)*(s-1) +N4 = c4*(s)*(s-1/3)*(s-2/3) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nInterpolation Functions\n') +printf('N1(x) =') +disp(N1) +printf('N2(x) =') +disp(N2) +printf('N3(x) =') +disp(N3) +printf('N4(x) =') +disp(N4) diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6be677b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505d3ca6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +r1 = 0 +r(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +r(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 + +t(1) = 0 +t(2) = 0.7745967 +t(3)= -0.7745967 + +W11 = 2 +Wt(1)= 0.8888889 +Wt(2) = 0.5555556 +Wt(3) = 0.5555556 + +f(1) = 0.339981043583856 +f(2) = -0.339981043583856 +f(3) = 0.861136311590453 +f(4) = -0.861136311590453 + +Wf(1) = 0.652145154862526 +Wf(2) = 0.652145154862526 +Wf(3) = 0.347854845137454 +Wf(4) = 0.347854845137454 + +//Gaussian quadrature Integration one point +I1 = -2*(1/3) + +//Not considering weight factors for cubic and quadratic functions as they are 1 +//Gaussian quadrature Integration two points +I2 = 0 +for i =1:2 + I2 = I2 + (r(i)^2 -1)/((r(i)+3)^2) +end + +//Gaussian quadrature Integration three points +I3 = 0 +for i =1:3 + I3 = I3 + Wt(i)*(t(i)^2 -1)/((t(i)+3)^2) +end + +//Gaussian quadrature Integration three points +I4 = 0 +for i =1:4 + I4 = I4 + Wf(i)*(f(i)^2 -1)/((f(i)+3)^2) +end + +printf('\nResults') +printf('Integration of given function') +printf('\n One Point Integration I1 =%f',I1) +printf('\n Two Point Integration I2 =%f',I2) +printf('\n Three Point Integration I3 =%f',I3) +printf('\n Four Point Integration I4 =%f',I4) diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8469ef271 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c5f799b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +x = poly(0,"x") +y = poly(0,"y") + +//Intializing Variables +r = 1 +s = 0.5 + +//Node 2: (3*m + b=1) +//Node 3: (2.5*m + b=2) +//constructing matrices for solving b and m +k = [3 1;2.5 1] +f = [1;2] + +//Solving for b and m +u(1:2,1)=linsolve(k,-f) + +//Calculating x and y for (r, s) = (1, 0.5) +X = (1 - r )*(1 - s)/4 + (1 + r )*(1 - s)*(3)/4 + (1 + r )*(1 + s)*(2.5)/4 + (1 - r )*(1 + s)*(1.25)/4 +Y =(1 - r )*(1 - s)/4 + (1 + r )*(1 - s)/4 + (1 + r )*(1 + s)*(2)/4 + (1 - r )*(1 + s)*(1.75)/4 + + + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nelement edge 2-3 is described by y=') +disp(u(1,1)*x + u(2,1)) +printf('\nFor (r, s) = (1, 0.5) , we obtain') +printf('\n x=%f y=%f',X,Y) diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db8306be9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bc410036 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +x0 = -1 +x1 = 1 + +//Integrating given function +f = [integrate('r^2 -3*r+7','r',x0,x1)] + +printf('\nResults') +printf('\nIntegration of given function f =%f',f) diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12285c74f Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5473fc71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +r(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +r(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 +s(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +s(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 + +W(1) = 1 +W(2) = 1 +I = 0 + +//Gaussian quadrature Integration +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + I = I + W(i)*W(j)*((r(i))^3 -1)*(s(j)-1)^2 + end +end + +printf('\nResults') +printf('\nIntegration of given function I =%f',-I) diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sav b/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d41de5738 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce b/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3b8be5c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +r(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +r(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 +s(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +s(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 +t(1) = 0 +t(2) = 0.7745967 +t(3)= -0.7745967 + +Wt(1)= 0.8888889 +Wt(2) = 0.5555556 +Wt(3) = 0.5555556 +//Not considering weight factors for cubic and quadratic functions as they are 1 + +I = 0 +//Gaussian quadrature Integration +for k =1:3 + for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + I = I + Wt(k)*((r(i))^2)*((s(j))^2 -1)*((t(k))^4 -2) + end + end +end + +printf('\nResults') +printf('\nIntegration of given function I =%f',I) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eeaab6ea Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e378b08cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +d = 0.06 +k1 = 200 +k2 = 389 +L = 0.5 +T(5,1) = 80 +Q(1:4,1) = ((%pi*d^2)/4)*[4000;0;0;0] +A = (%pi*d^2)/4 + +//Calculating elemental stiffness matrices +function K= matri(k,A,L) + K=[(7*k*A)/(3*L) -(8*k*A)/(3*L) (k*A)/(3*L);-(8*k*A)/(3*L) (16*k*A)/(3*L) -(8*k*A)/(3*L);(k*A)/(3*L) -(8*k*A)/(3*L) (7*k*A)/(3*L)] +endfunction + +K1 = matri(k1,A,L) +K2 = matri(k2,A,L) + +//Calculating global stiffness matrice +K(1,1:5) = [K1(1,1:3) 0 0] +K(2,1:5) = [K1(2,1:3) 0 0] +K(3,1:5) = [K1(3,1) K1(3,2) K1(3,3)+K2(1,1) K2(1,2:3)] +K(4,1:5) = [0 0 K2(2,1:3)] +K(5,1:5) = [0 0 K2(3,1:3)] + +//Accounting for T5 = 80â—¦C and Calculating Qd +Qd(1:4,1) = Q(1:4,1)-T(5,1)*K(1:4,5) + +//Solving for Temperatures +T(1:4,1)=linsolve(K(1:4,1:4),-Qd(1:4,1)) + +//Sovling for heat at node 5 +Q(5,1) = K(5,1:5)*T + +//Sovling for heat flux at node 5 +q5 = - Q(5,1)/((%pi*d^2)/4) + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT1=%fâ—¦C \nT2=%fâ—¦C \nT3=%fâ—¦C \nT4=%fâ—¦C \nT5=%fâ—¦C',T(1,1),T(2,1),T(3,1),T(4,1),T(5,1)) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-5 \nq5=%fW/m^2',q5) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dbdea002 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..894267d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +d = 0.012 +L = 0.1 +k = 200 +c = 900 +p = 2700 +T(1,1) = 80 +T(5,1) = 30 +Td(1,1) = 0 +Td(5,1) = 0 +Q(1:4,1) = ((%pi*d^2)/4)*[4000;0;0;0] + +//Calculating elemental conductance and capacitance matrices +C1 = ((c*p*L*%pi*(d)^2)/(16*6))*[2 1;1 2] +K1 = ((k*%pi*(d)^2)/(L))*[1 -1;-1 1] + +//Calculating globLal capacitance matrices +C(1,1:5) = [C1(1,1:2) 0 0 0] +C(2,1:5) = [C1(2,1) C1(2,2)+C1(1,1) C1(1,2) 0 0] +C(3,1:5) = [0 C1(2,1) C1(2,2)+C1(1,1) C1(1,2) 0] +C(4,1:5) = [0 0 C1(2,1) C1(2,2)+C1(1,1) C1(1,2)] +C(5,1:5) = [0 0 0 C1(2,1) C1(2,2)] + +//Calculating global conductance matrices +K(1,1:5) = [K1(1,1:2) 0 0 0] +K(2,1:5) = [K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0 0] +K(3,1:5) = [0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0] +K(4,1:5) = [0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2)] +K(5,1:5) = [0 0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)] + +//Calculating Inverse of Capacitance matrix +Ci = inv(C(2:4,2:4)) + +//Caluculating Coefficents Temperature odes +A = Ci*K(2:4,2:4) +B = Ci*(Q(2:4,1)-C(2:4,1)*Td(1,1)-C(2:4,5)*Td(5,1)-K(2:4,1)*T(1,1)-K(2:4,5)*T(5,1)) + +//solving for T2 T3 and T4 +T2(1) =30 +T3(1) =30 +T4(1) =30 + +for i = 2:301 + T2(i) = T2(i-1)-(A(1,1:3)*[T2(i-1);T3(i-1);T4(i-1)])+B(1,1) + T3(i) = T3(i-1)-(A(2,1:3)*[T2(i-1);T3(i-1);T4(i-1)])+B(2,1) + T4(i) = T4(i-1)-(A(3,1:3)*[T2(i-1);T3(i-1);T4(i-1)])+B(3,1) +end + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT2=%fK \nT3=%fK \nT4=%fK',T2(300),T3(300),T4(300)) + diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6df83ad8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f744875 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +T1 = 95.14 +T2 = 90.14 +T3 = 85.14 + +//Calculating a2 +a2 = 2*T1 - 4*T2 +2*T3 + +//Printing Results +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\na2=%f',a2) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7d610c7f Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75072b292 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +d = 0.5 +L = 4 +kx = 120 +ha = 50 +hw = 100 +Ta = 72 +T(1,1) = 180 +Q(1:4,1) = ((%pi*d^2)/4)*[4000;0;0;0] +A = (%pi*d^2)/(4*144) +Le = 1/12 +P = %pi*d/12 + +//Calculating elemental conductance capcitance matrices +Kc = ((kx*A)/(Le))*[1 -1;-1 1] +Kh = (ha*P*Le/(6))*[2 1;1 2] + +K1 = Kc + Kh + +//Calculating global stiffness matrice +K(1,1:5) = [K1(1,1:2) 0 0 0] +K(2,1:5) = [K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0 0] +K(3,1:5) = [0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0] +K(4,1:5) = [0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2)] +K(5,1:5) = [0 0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)] + +f = (ha*P*Ta*Le/(2))*[1;1] +Fh(2:5,1) = [f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)] +Fg(2:4,1) = Fh(2:4,1) +Fg(5,1) = Fh(5,1)+A*hw*40 +K(5,5) = K(5,5) +A*hw +Fd(2:5,1) = Fg(2:5,1)-K(2:5,1)*T(1,1) + +//Solving for Temperatures +T(2:5,1)=linsolve(K(2:5,2:5),-Fd(2:5,1)) + + +//Sovling for heat at node 5 +Fg(1,1) = K(1,1:5)*T + +//Sovling for heat flux at node 5 +q1 = ((-f(1,1)+ Fg(1,1))/(A)) + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT1=%fâ—¦F \nT2=%fâ—¦F \nT3=%fâ—¦F \nT4=%fâ—¦F \nT5=%fâ—¦F',T(1,1),T(2,1),T(3,1),T(4,1),T(5,1)) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-1 \nq1=%fBtu/hr-ft^2',q1) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..424bfd3b7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24ae49e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +a = 0.5/12 +b = 0.5/12 +t = 0.5/12 +kx = 20 +ky = 20 +h= 50 + +r(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +r(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 +s(1) = sqrt(3)/3 +s(2) = -sqrt(3)/3 +K11 = 0 + +//Gaussian quadrature Integration for calculating elements of stiffness matrix +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + K11 = K11 + ((kx*t*(a/b)*(s(j)-1)^2)/16)+((ky*t*(b/a)*(r(i)-1)^2)/16)+((2*h*a*b*((1-r(i))^2)*((1-s(j))^2))/16) + end +end + +K22 = 0 +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + K22 = K22 + ((kx*t*(a/b)*(s(j)-1)^2)/16)+((ky*t*(b/a)*(r(i)+1)^2)/16)+((2*h*a*b*((1+r(i))^2)*((1-s(j))^2))/16) + end +end + +K12 = 0 +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + K12 = K12 + (-(kx*t*(a/b)*(s(j)-1)^2)/16)+((ky*t*(b/a)*(r(i)+1)*(1-r(i)))/16)+((2*h*a*b*(1-r(i))*(1+r(i))*((1-s(j))^2))/16) + end +end + +K13 = 0 +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + K13 = K13 + ((kx*t*(a/b)*(s(j)-1)*(s(j)+1))/16)+((ky*t*(b/a)*(r(i)+1)*(r(i)-1))/16)+((2*h*a*b*(1-r(i))*(1+r(i))*(1-s(j))*(1+s(j)))/16) + end +end + +K14 = 0 +for j =1:2 + for i =1:2 + K14 = K14 + (-(kx*t*(a/b)*(s(j)-1)*(1+s(j)))/16)+(-(ky*t*(b/a)*(1-r(i))^2)/16)+((2*h*a*b*(1-s(j))*(1+s(j))*((1-r(i))^2))/16) + end +end + +//Similarly Calculating other elements +K = [K11 K12 K13 K14;K12 K22 K12 K13;K13 K12 K22 K12;K14 K13 K12 K22] + +printf('\nComplete Element Conductance Matrix in Btu/(hr-â—¦F )\n') +disp(K) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b83b52725 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cab14276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +h = 50 +kx = 20 +ky = 20 +a = 0.5/12 +b = 0.5/12 +t = 0.5/12 +Ta = 68 +T(1,1) = 180 +T(2,1) = 180 +T(3,1) = 180 + +//Surface Convection stiffness matrix from problem EX7.4 +k = [0.6327160 -0.1003086 -0.2584877 -0.1003086;-0.1003086 0.6327160 -0.1003086 -0.2584877;-0.2584877 -0.1003086 0.6327160 -0.1003086;-0.1003086 -0.2584877 -0.1003086 0.6327160] + +k1 = integrate('(1-r)^2','r',-1,1) +k2 = integrate('(1+r)^2','r',-1,1) +k3 = integrate('1-r^2','r',-1,1) + +//Edge Convection stiffness matrix and force vector +k1h = (h*t*a/4)*[k1 k3 0 0;k3 k2 0 0;0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0] +f1h = (h*t*Ta*a/2)*[2;2;0;0] + +k2h = (h*t*a/4)*[k1 k3 0 0;k3 k2 0 0;0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0]+(h*t*b/4)*[0 0 0 0;0 k1 k3 0;0 k3 k2 0;0 0 0 0] +f2h = (h*t*Ta*a/2)*[2;4;2;0] + +k3h = (h*t*a/4)*[0 0 0 0;0 k1 k3 0;0 k3 k1+k2 k3;0 0 k3 k2] +f3h = (h*t*Ta*a/2)*[0;2;4;2] + +k4h = (h*t*a/4)*[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0;0 0 k1 k3;0 0 k3 k2] +f4h = (h*t*Ta*a/2)*[0;0;2;2] + +//Surface Convection force vector +feh = (h*t*Ta*a/2)*[4;4;4;4] + +//Constructing Elemental stiffness matrices +k1 = k1h + k +k2 = k2h + k +k3 = k3h + k +k4 = k4h + k + +//Constructing elemental force vectors +f1 = f1h + feh +f2 = f2h + feh +f3 = f3h + feh +f4 = f4h + feh + +//Constructing Global stiffness matrix +K(1,1:9) = [k1(1,1) k1(1,4) 0 k1(1,2) k1(1,3) 0 0 0 0] +K(2,1:9) = [k1(4,1) k1(4,4)+k4(1,1) k4(1,4) k1(4,2) k1(4,3)+k4(1,2) k4(1,3) 0 0 0] +K(3,1:9) = [0 k4(4,1) k4(4,4) 0 k4(4,2) k4(4,3) 0 0 0] +K(4,1:9) = [k1(2,1) k1(2,4) 0 k1(2,2)+k2(1,1) k1(2,3)+k2(1,4) 0 k2(1,2) k2(1,3) 0] +K(5,1:9) = [k1(3,1) k1(3,4)+k4(2,1) k4(2,4) k1(3,2)+k2(4,1) k1(3,3)+k2(4,4)+k3(1,1)+k4(2,2) k3(1,4)+k4(2,3) k2(4,2) k2(4,3)+k3(1,2) k3(1,3)] +K(6,1:9) = [0 k4(3,1) k4(3,4) 0 k3(4,1)+k4(3,2) k3(4,4)+k4(3,3) 0 k3(4,2) k3(4,3)] +K(7,1:9) = [0 0 0 k2(2,1) k2(2,4) 0 k2(2,2) k2(2,3) 0] +K(8,1:9) = [0 0 0 k2(3,1) k2(3,4)+k3(2,1) k3(2,4) k2(3,2) k2(3,3)+k3(2,2) k3(2,3)] +K(9,1:9) = [0 0 0 0 k3(3,1) k3(3,4) 0 k3(3,2) k3(3,3)] + +//Constructing Global force vector +F(4,1) = f1(2,1) +f2(1,1) +F(5,1) = f1(3,1) +f2(4,1)+f3(1,1)+f4(2,1) +F(6,1) = f3(4,1) +f4(3,1) +F(7,1) = f2(2,1) +F(8,1) = f2(3,1) +f3(2,1) +F(9,1) = f3(3,1) + +//Resulting force vector by accounting for T1=T2=T3=180 +Fd(4:9,1) = F(4:9,1) - K(4:9,1:3)*T(1:3,1) + +//Solving for Temperatures +T(4:9,1)=linsolve(K(4:9,4:9),-Fd(4:9,1)) + +//Sovling for heat at node 1 2 and 3 +F(1:3,1) = K(1:3,1:9)*T + +//Sovling for heat flow at node 1 2 and 3 +F1 = F(1,1) - f1(1,1) +F2 = F(2,1) -35.4168 +F3 = F(3,1)-f4(4,1) + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT1=%fâ—¦F \nT2=%fâ—¦F \nT3=%fâ—¦F \nT4=%fâ—¦F \nT5=%fâ—¦F \nT6=%fâ—¦F \nT7=%fâ—¦F \nT8=%fâ—¦F \nT9=%fâ—¦F',T(1,1),T(2,1),T(3,1),T(4,1),T(5,1),T(6,1),T(7,1),T(8,1),T(9,1)) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-1 \nF1=%fBtu/hr',F1) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-2 \nF2=%fBtu/hr',F2) +printf('\nHeat flow at node-3 \nF3=%fBtu/hr',F3) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfa8c869c Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e848eacd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +kx = 20 +ky = 20 +a = 0.5/12 +b = 0.5/12 +T =[180.000000;180.000000;180.000000;106.528061;111.987760;106.528061;89.057755;90.986763;89.057755] + +T2 = [T(4,1);T(7,1);T(8,1);T(5,1)] + +//Calculating the centroidal heat flux components for elements 2 and 3 +q2x = -(kx/(4*a))*(T2(2,1)-T2(1,1)+T2(3,1)-T2(4,1)) +q2y = -(ky/(4*b))*(T2(4,1)-T2(1,1)+T2(3,1)-T2(2,1)) + +//due to symmetry +q3x = q2x +q3y = -q2y + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nHeat flux components for element 2 \nq2x=%fBtu/hr-ft 2 \nq2y=%fBtu/hr-ft^2',q2x,q2y) +printf('\nHeat flux components for element 3 \nq3x=%fBtu/hr-ft 2 \nq3y=%fBtu/hr-ft^2',q3x,q3y) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbe19a9ed Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d49fea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing variables +h = 50 +a = 0.5/12 +b = 0.5/12 +t = 0.5/12 +Ta = 68 +A = 4*a*b +T =[180.000000;180.000000;180.000000;106.528061;111.987760;106.528061;89.057755;90.986763;89.057755] + +T3 = [T(5,1);T(8,1);T(9,1);T(6,1)] + +//convective heat flow rate for element 3 due to different surfaces +I1 = (2*h*A)*(((T3(1,1)+T3(2,1)+T3(3,1)+T3(4,1))/4)-Ta) +I2 = 2*h*t*b*(((T3(2,1)+T3(3,1))/2)-Ta) +I3 = 2*h*t*b*(((T3(3,1)+T3(4,1))/2)-Ta) + +//The total convective heat flow rate for element 3 +H = I1+I2+I3 + + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nThe total convective heat flow rate for element 3\nH=%fBtu/hr',H) diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sav b/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92c1b2a76 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce b/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ce7692bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +d = 0.02 +L = 0.1 +k = 0.156 +c = 0.523 +h = 300 +m = 0.2*60 +Ta = 15 +T(1,1) = 50 + +//Calculating elemental conductance capcitance matrices +Kc = ((k*%pi*(d)^2)/(L))*[1 -1;-1 1] +Kh = (h*%pi*d*L/24)*[2 1;1 2] +Km = (m*c/2)*[-1 1;-1 1] + +//Calculating elemental stiffness matrice +K1 = Kc+Kh+Km + +//Calculating global stiffness matrice +K(1,1:5) = [K1(1,1:2) 0 0 0] +K(2,1:5) = [K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0 0] +K(3,1:5) = [0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2) 0] +K(4,1:5) = [0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)+K1(1,1) K1(1,2)] +K(5,1:5) = [0 0 0 K1(2,1) K1(2,2)] + + +f = (h*%pi*d*Ta*L/8)*[1;1] +F(2:5,1) = [f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)+f(2,1);f(1,1)] + +Fd(2:5,1) = F(2:5,1)-K(2:5,1)*T(1,1) + +//Solving for Nodal temperatures +T(2:5,1)=linsolve(K(2:5,2:5),-Fd(2:5,1)) + +//Calculating qs +qm1 = m*c*T(1,1)*10 +qm5 = m*c*T(5,1)*10 + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNode-Temperatures \nT1=%fK \nT2=%fK \nT3=%fK \nT4=%fK \nT5=%fK',T(1,1),T(2,1),T(3,1),T(4,1),T(5,1)) +printf('\nHeat rate at node-1 \nq1=%fW',qm1) +printf('\nHeat rate at node-5 \nq5=%fW',qm5) diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sav b/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c1a674e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88c37414f --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +t = 0.2 +p1x = 0 +p1y = -100 +p2x = 150 +p2y = 0 + +//nodal force vector arising from the distributed loads in element 1 +k11 = integrate('1-x','x',0,1) +k12 = integrate('x','x',0,1) + +f1 = t*[k11 0;k12 0;0 0;0 k11;0 k12;0 0]*[p1x;p1y] + +//nodal force vector arising from the distributed loads in element 2 +k21 = integrate('(2-y)*y/2','y',0,2) +k22 = integrate('y*y/2','y',0,2) +k23 = integrate('(2-y)/2','y',0,2) +k24 = integrate('y/2','y',0,2) + +f2 = t*[0 0;k21 0;k22 0;0 k23;0 k24;0 0]*[p2x;p2y] + +//nodal force vector arising from the distributed loads +f = f1+f2 + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNodal force vector arising from the distributed loads for the element f(p) in (lb)') +printf('\nf1x =%flb',f(1)) +printf('\nf2x =%flb',f(2)) +printf('\nf3x =%flb',f(3)) +printf('\nf1y =%flb',f(4)) +printf('\nf2y =%flb',f(5)) +printf('\nf3y =%flb',f(6)) + + diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sav b/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e597bc2dc Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..659f54494 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +t = 0.2 +p = 7.4*(10^-4) +FBx = 0 +FBy = -386.4 + +//As the x component of the body force is zero, the x components of the nodal force vector will be zero +f1x = 0 +f2x = 0 +f3x = 0 + +//The y components of the nodal force vector +f1y = p*t*FBy*integrate('2*x*(1-x)','x',0,1) +f2y = p*t*FBy*integrate('2*x*(x)','x',0,1)/2 +f3y = p*t*FBy*integrate('2*x*(x)','x',0,1)/2 + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nThe x components of the nodal force vector\nf1x=%flb \nf2x=%flb \nf3x=%flb',f1x,f2x,f3x) +printf('\nThe y components of the nodal force vector\nf1y=%flb \nf2y=%flb \nf3y=%flb',f1y,f2y,f3y) +printf('\nbody force is equally distributed to the element nodes') + diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sav b/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sav new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c85138fd Binary files /dev/null and b/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sav differ diff --git a/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce b/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ada6a46e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3588/CH9/EX9.5/EX9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Clearing console +clc +clear + +//Intializing Variables +P = 10 +r = 3 +z0 = 0 +z1 = 1 + +//As we have pressure on one face only and no axial pressure, we immediately observe that +fr2 = 0 +fz1 = 0 +fz2 = 0 +fz3 = 0 + +//Calculating fr1 and fr3 +fr1 = 2*%pi*P*r*[integrate('z','z',z0,z1)] +fr3 = 2*%pi*P*r*[integrate('1-z','z',z0,z1)] + +printf('\nResults\n') +printf('\nNodal Forces') +printf('\nfr1 =%flb fr2 =%flb fr3 =%flb',fr1,fr2,fr3) +printf('\nfz1 =%flb fz2 =%flb fz3 =%flb',fz1,fz2,fz3) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d0435948 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + +clc +//given +Teeth=48 +pitch=.75 //in +D=Teeth*pitch/%pi +printf("The pitch diameter is %.3f in",D) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ee39e2e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + +clc +//given +T=48//teeth +pd=4//diametral pitch +D=T/pd//pitch diameter +p=%pi/pd//the circular pitch +printf("\nThe pitch diameter = %.f in\nThe circular pitch = %.4f in\n",D,p) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bdc1c566 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +clc +//given +T=48 +m=6//mm ; module +D=m*T +p=%pi*m +dia=D/10//cm +P=p*0.0393700787//inches +printf("\nPitch diameter = %.1f cm\nCircular pitch = %.4f in\n",dia,P) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a2b3877 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +//given +phi=20*%pi/180 +//Solution a) +ar=1 +t1=2*ar/sin(phi)^2//from equation 10.7 +T1=ceil(t1) +//Solution b) +aw=1 +t2=2*aw/((1+3*sin(phi)^2)^(1/2)-1)//from euation 10.6 +T2=ceil(t2) +//solution c) +t=1 +T=3 +A=(t/T)*(t/T+2) +t3=2*aw*(t/T)/((1+A*sin(phi)^2)^(1/2)-1)//from 10.5 +T3=ceil(t3) +printf("\nSmallest number of teeth theoretically required in order to avoid interference on a pinion which is to gear with\na) A rack , t= %.f\nb) An equal pinion , t= %.f\nc) A wheel to give a ratio of 3 to 1 , t= %.f\n",T1,T2,T3) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60776fc54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +clc +//given +t=25 +phi=20*%pi/180 +//let pitch be 1 +R=t/(2*%pi)//R=t*p/(2*%pi) +Larc=1.6//1.6*p +//AB=Larc*cos(phi) +AB=Larc*cos(phi) +Ra=(4.47+13.97)^(1/2)//by simplifying AB+2{(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)-R*sin(phi)} and using p =1 +Addendum=Ra-R +//writing p in place of p=1 +printf("\nAddendum required = %.2fp",Addendum) diff --git a/3594/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3594/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c648fef46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clc +//let module be 1 +m=1 +t1=28 +t2=45 +r=t1*m/2 +R=t2*m/2 +ra=r+m +Ra=R+m +phi1=14.5*%pi/180 +//10.8 => AB =(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)+(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)-(r+R)*sin(phi) +//AB=A+B-C +A=m*(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi1)^2)^(1/2) +B=m*(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi1)^2)^(1/2) +C=m*(r+R)*sin(phi1) +AB=A+B-C +p=%pi*m +ABp=AB/%pi +arc1=ABp/cos(phi1)//length of arc of contact +phi2=20*%pi/180 +//10.8 => AB =(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)+(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi)^2)^(1/2)-(r+R)*sin(phi) +a=m*(ra^2-r^2*cos(phi2)^2)^(1/2) +b=m*(Ra^2-R^2*cos(phi2)^2)^(1/2) +c=m*(r+R)*sin(phi2) +ab=a+b-c +abp=ab/%pi +arc2=abp/cos(phi2)//length of arc of contact +printf("\nLength of path of contact\nWhen phi = 14.5 degrees = %.3fm\nWhen phi = 20 degrees = %.2fm\nLength of arc of contact\nWhen phi = 14.5 degrees = %.2fp\nWhen phi = 20 degrees = %.3fp\n",AB,ab,arc1,arc2) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..729464e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clc +//given +Ns=26//rpm of spindle +N1=4//rpm of lead screw +//the only wheel in the set of which 13 is a factor is that with 65 teeth +T1=65 +T2=25//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +T3=75//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +T4=T1*T3*N1/(Ns*T2) +//solution b +Ns1=35 +N1=4 +Tb1=105//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb2=30//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb3=100//to satisfy the Ns/n1 ratio and to select from given set +Tb4=Tb1*Tb3*N1/(Ns1*Tb2) +printf("\na) The change wheel used will have %.f, %.f, %.f and %.f teeths\nb) The change wheel used will have %.f, %.f, %.f and %.f teeths",T1,T2,T3,T4,Tb1,Tb2,Tb3,Tb4) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d918cc885 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clc +//given +s1=26 +s2=24 +s3=23 +sr=31 +i1=70 +i2=72 +i3=61 +ir=71 +t=1500//lb in +k1=-i3/s3//Ns3-Ni2/(Ni3-Ni2)=k +//S3 is fixed thus +k2=1-(1/k1)//k2=Ni3/Ni2 +k3=-i2/s2//k3=Ns2-Ni3/(Ni2-Ni3) +k4=(1/k2-1)*k3+1//k4=Ns2/Ni3 ; reducing using k2 and k3 +k5=-i1/s1//Ns1-Nf/(Ni1-Nf) +k6=(1-k5)/(1-k5/k4)//k6=Ns1/Nf +printf("\n Ns1/Nf = %.2f",k6) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b2fd53b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +clc +//given +v=15//ft/min +d=2//ft +N=450//rpm +N1=d*v/(2*%pi)//rpm of barrel +s=N/N1//total reduction speed required +//With a minimum number of teeth = 20 +T=20 +T1=T*(s)^(1/3) +R=(T1/T)^3 +printf("\nIf the minimum number of teeth is fixed at 20, the might be as follow ( %.f / 20 )^3 = %.1f\nThis is sufficiently close to the required ratio\n",T1,R) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9607f7203 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +clc +//given +d=7//in; central distance +k1=2*7*7//T1+t1/(2*7)=7 +k2=2*7*5//T2+t2/(2*5)=7 +G=9/1 +t1=(-(k1+k2)+((k1+k2)^2+4*(G-1)*(k1*k2))^(1/2))/(2*(G-1)) +a=ceil(t1) +b=floor(t1) +T1=k1-a +T2=k2-a +T3=k2-b +G1=T1*T2/(a*a) +G2=T1*T3/(a*b) +dp=a/d +//case b) +tb1=23//let t1 = 23 +Tb1=k1-tb1 +Gb1=Tb1/tb1 +Gb2=G/Gb1 +tb2=k2/(Gb2+1) +p=ceil(tb2) +Tb2=k2-p +l=Tb1-1 +m=tb1+1 +n=Tb2+1 +o=p-1 +Gb2=l*n/(m*o) +printf("\na) No of teeth = %.f, %.f, %.f, %.f\nG = %.2f\n\nb) No of teeth = %.f, %.f, %.f, %.f\nG = %.2f\n\n",T1,T2,a,b,G2,l,m,n,o,Gb2) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd5b35e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +clc +//given +Tb=27 +Tc=30 +Td=24 +Te=21 +k=Te*Tb/(Tc*Td)//k=Nd/Ne +//by applying componendo and dividendo, using Ne=0 and reducing we get +a=(1-k)//where a = Nd/Na +b=1/a +printf("\nThe ratio of the speed of driving shaft to the speed of driven shaft\n\nNa/Nd = %.2f",b) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cbc5b7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +//given +Tb=75 +Tc=18 +Td=17 +Te=71 +N1=500//rpm +k=Tb*Td/(Tc*Te)//k=Ne/Nb +//case a) +//using componendo and dividendo , Nb=0 and reducing we get +a=1-k//a=Ne/Na +Na=N1 +Ne=Na*a +//case b) +Na1=500//given +Nb1=100//given +Ne1=k*(Nb1-Na1)+Na1 +printf("\ncase a) Ne= %.3f rpm\ncase b) Ne= %.1f rpm\n",Ne,Ne1) diff --git a/3594/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3594/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fae50496 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +Td=23 +Ta=19 +Tb=20 +Tc=22 +k=Td*Ta/(Tb*Tc) +//using componendo and dividendo, Nc=0 and reducing we get +a=1/k-1//a=Nd/Ne +b=1/a//- denotes opposite direction +d=5280*12/(%pi*5*b) +p=ceil(d) +printf("\nThe diameter must be = %.1f in\nThe numbers of teeths are therefore suitable for a cyclometer for bicycle with %.f inches wheels",d,p) + diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1b1f6e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clc +//given +ihp=25 +N=300//rpm +Ks=2/100//given +u=2.3//work done by gases during expansion is u(2.3) times that during compression +E=ihp*33000/N//indicated work done per revolution +E1=E*2//indicated work done per cycle +We=E1/(1-1/u)//work done by gases during expansion +AB=We*2/%pi//the maximum torque from fig 290 +AC=E/(2*%pi)//mean turning moment +CB=AB-AC//maximum excess turning moment +Ef=(CB/AB)^2*We//fluctuation of energy +Ke=Ef/E +w=%pi*N/30//angular speed +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +moi=g*Ef/(w^2*Ks)//moment of inertia +printf("Moment of inertia of the flywheel = %.f lb ft^2",moi) + +//answer is not EXACT due to the approximations in calculations done by the author of the book diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea107f6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +N=100//rpm +ke=1.93//As per given figure +l=15//1 inch of fig = 15 ton ft +x=40//degrees; 1 inch = 40 degree +I=150//ton ft^2 +w=%pi*N/30//angular speed +E=l*x*%pi/180//energy +Ef=E*ke//fluctuation energy +Ks=Ef*g/(w^2*I)//from equation 12.14 +p=Ks*100/2//dummy variables +q=p*2//dummy variables +printf("The total fluctuation of speed is %.2f percent and the variation in speed is %.2f percent on either side of \n the mean speed",q,p) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be3c1ab17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clc +//given +ne=31 +na=25 +nb=90 +nc=83 +Ta=10 //lbft +//Ne-Nf/(Nc-Nf)=-83/31 +k=114/83//k=Nc/Nf As Ne = 0, on simplification we get Nc/Nf= 114/83 +j=-90/25//j=Na/Nb +//Nc=Nb, Thus Na/Nc=-90/25 +//Na/Nf=(Na/Nc)*(Nc/Nf) ie Na/Nf=k*j +//Tf*Nf=Ta*Na +Tf=Ta*k*j +printf("\nTorque exerted on driven shaft = %.1f lb.ft\n",Tf) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31c2277e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clc +//given +D=9//in +stroke=24//in +d=2//in +l=60//in +CP=l +N=120 +theta=40//degrees +x=theta*%pi/180 +P1=160//lb/in^2 +P2=32//lb/in^2 +OC=stroke/2 +F=%pi*(D/2)^2*P1-%pi*(D/2)^2*P2+%pi*(d/2)^2*P2 +//Ft*Vc=F*Vp; Where Vc and Vp are velocities of crank and pin respectively +//Vp/Vc=IP/IC=OM/OC - From similar triangles ; fig 274 +n=CP/OC +OM=OC*(sin(x) + (sin(2*x)/(2*n)))//from 3.11 +T=F*OM/12//torque exerted on crankshaft +Torque=floor(T) +printf("The torque exerted on crankshaft= F*OM = %.f lb ft",Torque) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53ae8d95b --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clc +//given +AB=12.5//in +IB=10.15//in +IA=10.75//in +IX=2.92//in +IY=5.5//in +w=3//lb +Fi=5//lb +Fa1=9//lb +Fb1=(Fa1*IA-w*IY-Fi*IX)/IB +//From the polygon of forces +Fa2=7.66//lb +Fb2=3.0//lb +Fa=(Fa1^2+Fa2^2)^(1/2) +Fb=(Fb1^2+Fb2^2)^(1/2) +printf("\nThe total force applied to the link AB at the pin A = Fa = %.2f lb\nThe total force applied to the link AB at the pin B = Fb = %.2f lb\n",Fa,Fb) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1ebf715 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +clc +//given +CP=60//in +l=CP/12 +a=41 +cg=19 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +m1=580//lb +Mr=500//lb +n=5//from example 12.3 +x=40*%pi/180 +N=120 +r=1//ft +k=25 +w=N*%pi/30 +Rm=m1+(cg/CP)*Mr +fp=w^2*r*(cos(x)+cos(2*x)/n) +Fp=-Rm*fp/g +OM=0.7413//ft -from example 12.3 +Tp=Fp*OM//from 12.6 +L=a+k^2/a//length for simple equivalent pendulum +L1=L/12 +Tc=-Mr*(a/12)*(l-L1)*w^2*sin(2*x)/(g*2*n^2)//from 12.10 +Tw=-Mr*a*cos(x)/(n*12) +T=Tp+Tc+Tw +printf("\nTp= %.f lbft\nTc = %.1f lbft\nTw = %.1f lbft\nTotal torque exerted on the crankshaft due to the inertia of the moving parts = Tp+Tc+tw = %.1f lbft",Tp,Tc,Tw,T) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1f8c326b --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ + +clc +//given +AB=2.5//in +BC=7//in +CD=4.5//in +AD=8//in +ED=2.3//from figure +N=180 +w=N*%pi/30 +m=3//lb +k=3.5//radius of gyration +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +QT=1.35//inches from figure +alpha=w^2*(QT/CD) +Torque=m*(k/12)^2*alpha/g +Torque1=Torque*12 +Tadd=m*ED//additional torque +Tc=Tadd+Torque1//total torque +Fc1=Tc/CD +//link BC +M=5//lb +gA=1.8//in +fg=w^2*(gA/12) +F=M*fg/g +OaG=5.6//in +Kg=2.9//in +GZ=Kg^2/OaG +//scaled from figure +IB=9//in +IC=5.8//in +IX=2.49//in +IY=1.93//in +Fb1=(Fc1*IC+F*IX+M*IY)/IB +Tor=Fb1*AB +//from force polygon +Fc2=1//lb +Fb2=15.2//lb +Fb=(Fb1^2+Fb2^2)^(1/2) +Fc=(Fc1^2+Fc2^2)^(1/2) +printf("\nThe torque which must be exerted on AB in order to overcome the inertia of the links = Fb1*AB = %.1f lb.in\nThe total force applied to the link BC \nAt pin C = %.2f lb\nAt pin B = %.1f lb\n",Tor,Fc,Fb) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c00353c3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +clc +//given +N=210//rpm +w=N*%pi/30 +F=50 +p1=F*120/(N*2)//N*p=F*120 +p2=floor(p1)//no of poles must be a whole number ; P2=P/2 +p=2*p2 +N1=F*120/p +n=3//no of impulse per second +Ks=n/(6*p)//equation 12.13 +printf("\nKs = %.4f\n\nActual speed = %.1f rpm\nNumber of poles = %.f",Ks,N1,p) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a43302058 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +clc +//given +N=120//rpm +k=3.5//ft +Ef=2500//ft lb +Ks=.01 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +w=%pi*N/30//angular velocity +W=g*Ef/(w^2*k^2*Ks*2240)//Weight of flying wheel +printf("\nWeight of flying wheel, W = %.2f tons",W) diff --git a/3594/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3594/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0f501f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clc +//given +N=270//rpm +ihp=35.8 +k=2.25//ft +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +ke=1.93//from table on p 440 +E=ihp*33000/N +Ef=ke*E +w=%pi*N/30 +W=1000//lb +MOI=2*W*k^2//moment of inertia of both wheel +ks=Ef*g/(MOI*w^2)//formula for ks +p=ks/2 +printf("The fluctuation speed is therefore %.4f or %.3f on either side of the mean speed",ks,p) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d8c5733 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clc +//given +//all lengths are in inches +W=120//lb +w=15//lb +AB=12 +BF=8 +BC=12 +BE=6.5 +g=35230//inches rpm +//at Minimum radius +AF=(AB^2-BF^2)^(1/2) +CE=(BC^2-BE^2)^(1/2) +k2=(BE*AF)/(CE*BF) +N2=(((W/2)*(1+k2)+w)*g/(w*AF))^(1/2) +//At MAximum radius +BF1=10 +BE1=8.5 +AF1=(AB^2-BF1^2)^(1/2) +CE1=(BC^2-BE1^2)^(1/2) +k1=(BE1*AF1)/(CE1*BF1) +N1=(((W/2)*(1+k1)+w)*g/(w*AF1))^(1/2) +printf("\nN1 (corresponding maximum radius) = %.1f rpm\nN2 (corresponding minimum radius) = %.1f rpm",N1,N2) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..245d0deff --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//given +fs=3//lb +W=90//lb +w=15//lb +//fb=(fs/2)*(1+k)*(r/h) From equation 13.31 +k=1//All the arms are of equal length +//fb=fs*(r/h) +//comparing the above result with the one obtained from example 8 , F=(W+w)*(r/h), we get coefficient of insensitiveness = k = (N1-N2)/N = fs/(W+w) +k=fs/(W+w) +K=k*100 +printf("Coefficient of insensitiveness = %.3f",k) + + diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b7da9c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//given +a=4.5//in +b=2//in +r1=2.5//in +r2=4.5//in +F2=12.25//lb +F1=25.4//lb +fs=1.5//lb +fb=(fs/2)*(b/a) +//At minimum radii +k1=fb/F2 +//At maximum radii +k2=fb/F1 +printf("Coefficient of insensitiveness\nAt minimum radii = %.4f\nAt maximum radii = %.4f\n",k1,k2) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..035da4df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +clc +//given +BG=4//in +//solution a +w=15//lb +W=120//lb +k=.720 +BD=10.08//in +CE=BD +DG=BD+BG +//by equating quations 13.2 and 13.10 and reducing, we get +w1=(W/2*(1+k))/(((W/2*(1+k)+w)*DG/(BD*w))-1) +printf("\nWeight of ball = %.3f lb\n",w1) +//solution b +CD=6.5//in +BC=12//in +BF=10//in +AB=12//in +CG=(DG^2+CD^2)^(1/2) +gama=atan(CD/DG) +bita=asin(CD/BC) +alpha1=asin(BF/AB) +bita1=asin(8.5/BC) +gama1=gama+bita1-bita +F=((w1+W/2)*8.471*(tan(alpha1)+tan(bita1)))/(CG*cos(gama1))-(w1*tan(gama1)) +printf("F1= %.1f lb",F) +r1=CG*sin(gama1)+1.5//radius of rotation +N1=(30/%pi)*(F*32.2*12/(w1*r1))^(1/2) +printf("\nr1= %.2f in\nN1= %.1f rpm",r1,N1) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c8100f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clc +//given +w=3//lb +g=32.2 +N2=300 +w2=(N2*%pi/30) +r2=3/12//ft +N1=1.06*N2 +r1=4.5/12//ft +a=4//in +b=2//in +ro=3.5/12//ft +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +F1=F2*N1^2*r1/(N2^2*r2) +p=2*a^2*(F1-F2)/(b^2*(r1-r2)) +Fc=F2+(F1-F2)*(.5/1.5) +N=(Fc*g/(ro*w))^(1/2)*30/%pi +Ns=ceil(N) +printf("N = %.f rpm",Ns) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ec843fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clc +//given +w=5//lb +g=32.2 +N2=240//rpm +w2=(N2*%pi/30) +r2=5/12//ft +N1=1.05*N2 +r1=7/12//ft +a=6//in +b=4//in +pb=3/2 +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +F1=F2*N1^2*r1/(N2^2*r2) +p=2*(a/b)^2*((F1-F2)/(r1*12-r2*12)-4*pb) +printf("Equivalent stiffness; p = %.f lb/in",p) diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d485effa --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +clc +//given +w=3//lb +W=15//lb +g=32.2 +r2=2.5/12//ft +N2=240//rpm +w2=N*%pi/30 +F2=w*w2^2*r2/g +a=4.5//in +b=2//in +sleevelift=0.5 +r1=r2*12+a*sleevelift/b//the increase of radius for a scleeve lift is 0.5 in +N1=1.05*N2 +F1=(N1/N2)^2*(r1/(r2*12))*F2 +//a) at minimum radius +S2=(F2*a/b-w)*2-W +//b) At maximum radius +DB=r1-r2*12 +BI=1.936//in +AD=a +BI=b +S1=2*(F1*AD/BI-w*(DB+BI)/BI)-W +k=(S1-S2)/sleevelift +printf("Stiffness of the spring is %.1f lb/in",k) +//answer wrong in the book diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96c8e962e --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +clc +//given +c=0.01 +W=120//lb +w=15//lb +k=.720 +h=8.944//in +Q=c*(W+2*w/(1+k)) +x=(2*c/(1+2*c))*(1+k)*h +P=Q*x +printf("Governor power = Q*x = %.3f in lb",P) + diff --git a/3594/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3594/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48163210c --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clc +//given +r=6//in +a=6//in +b=4//in +//from example 4(using conditions and calculating constants A and B) we get F=11.1r-14.6 +//when r=6 , F= 52 +F=52//lb +inc=2*.01*52//increase neglecting very small values +F1=F+inc +F2=2*a*inc/b//Force required to prevent the sleeve from rising +F3=F2/2//Force is uniformly distributed +r2=-14.6/(F1/r-11.1)//from equation 1 +x=r2-r//increase in radius of rotation +lift=b*x/a//sleeve lift +P=F3*lift//governor power +printf("Governor power = %.3f in lb",P) diff --git a/3594/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3594/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73ef03a49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clc +//given +W=200//lb +r=9//in +b1=15//in +bm=b1 +l=10//in +d=50//in +//case a +ma=d+l +Bm1=W*r*l/(d*bm)//From 14.2 +B11=W*r*ma/(d*b1)//from 14.3 +//case b +mb=d-l +Bm2=W*r*l/(d*bm)//from 14.2 +B12=W*r*mb/(d*b1)//from 14.3 +printf("\na) Bm= %.f lb ; B1= %.f lb\nb) Bm= %.f lb ; B1= %.f lb",Bm1,B11,Bm2,B12) diff --git a/3594/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3594/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e96b4f3a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +N=1500 //rpm +R=4//lb +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +w=%pi*N/30 +stroke=5//in +r=stroke/2 +l=9//in +b=3.5//in +B=(3/2)*R*r/b//primary force +n=l/r +F=(3/2)*R*w^2*r/(g*12*n)//secondary force +printf("\nResultant primary force = %.2f lb\nResultant secondary force = %.f lb",B,F) diff --git a/3594/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3594/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57d21a77b --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clc +//given +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +n=2000//rpm +R=6//lb +r=3//in +L=11//in +w=%pi*n/30 +n=L/r +//minimum secondary force +F1=2*R*w^2*r/(g*n*12) +a=floor(F1) +//maximum secondary force +F2=6*R*w^2*r/(g*n*12) +b=floor(F2) +printf("\nMinimum secondary force = %.f lb\nMaximum secondary force = %.f lb",a,b) diff --git a/3594/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3594/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b052f462 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clc +//given +Wa=200//lb +Wb=300//lb +Wc=240//lb +W1=260//lb +ra=9//in +rb=7//in +rc=10//in +r1=12//in +R=24//in +alpha=45*%pi/180 +bita=75*%pi/180 +gama=135*%pi/180 +Hb=Wa*ra+Wb*rb*cos(alpha)-Wc*rc*cos(gama-bita)-W1*r1*cos(bita)//horizontal component after resolving +Vb=Wb*rb*sin(alpha)+Wc*rc*sin(gama-bita)-W1*r1*sin(bita)//vertical component after resolving +Bb=(Hb^2+Vb^2)^(1/2) +B=Bb/R +theta=atand(Vb/Hb) +printf("\nBalance weight required = %.1f lb\ntheta = %.2f degrees",B,theta) diff --git a/3594/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3594/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50737c8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//given +W=180//lb +R=150//lb +c=.5; +g = 9.81; +N=300//rpm +r=7.5/12//ft +Bb=(W+c*R)*r*12 +b=6//in +B=Bb/b +w=(%pi*N)/30 +Uf=(1/2)*(R/g)*w^2*r +a=floor(Uf) +printf("Balance weight required = %.1f lb\n The resultant unbalanced force = %.f lb\n",B,a) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e983bc7c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//to find the frequencies of the free longitudinal, transverse and torsional vibrations +clc +//given +W=.3*2240//lb +l=36//in +D=3//in +k=15//in +A=%pi*(D/2)^2 +E=30*10^6//youngs modulus +C=12*10^6 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +d=W*l/(A*E) +Fl=187.8/(d)^(1/2) +I=%pi*(d/2)^4 +d1=W*(l^3)*64/(3*E*%pi*(3^4)) +Ft=187.8/(d1)^(1/2) +j=%pi*3^4/32 +q=C*j/l +Ftor=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(W*k^2))^(1/2) +F1=Ftor*60 +printf("\na) Frequency of Longitudinal vibrations = %.f per min\nb) Frequency of the transverse vibrations = %.f per min\nc) Frequency of the torsional vibration = %.f per min",Fl,Ft,F1) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9be8a056d --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//to find the natural frequencies of the torsional vibration of the system when inertia is neglected and when it is taken into account +clc +//given +g=32.3//ft/s^2 +l2=25.5//in +d1=2.75//in +d2=3.5//in +C=12*10^6//modulus of rigidity +G=1/0.6//given speed ratio +Ib=54//lb in^2 +Ic=850//lb in^2 +Id=50000//lb in^2 +Id1=Id/G^2//15.62 +Ia=1500//lb in^2 +la=Id1/(Id1+Ia)*66.5 +J=%pi*d1^4/32 +q=C*J/la//torsional stiffness +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/Ia)^(1/2) +nf=n*60//for minutes +//case b) +Ib1=Ib+Ic/(G^2) +a=63.15//in; distance of the node from rotor A (given) +b=3.661//in; distance of the node from rotor A (given) +N1=n*(la/a)^(1/2) +N2=n*(la/b)^(1/2) +N1f=N1*60//for minutes +N2f=N2*60//for minutes +printf("\na) The frequency of torsional vibrations n = %.1f per sec or %.f per min\nb) The fundamental frquency = %.1f per sec or %.f per min\n and the two node frequency = %.f per sec or %.f per min",n,nf,N1,N1f,N2,N2f) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8e933c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//To find the natural frequencies of the longitudinal, transverse and torsional vibration of the system +clc +//given +l1=3//ft +l2=2//ft +l=l1+l2//ft +W=.5*2240//lb +k=20//in +d=2//in +Wa=2*W/5 +E=30*10^6 +A=%pi*(d/2)^2 +d1=Wa*l1*12/(A*E) +N1=187.8/(d1)^(1/2) +I=%pi*(d)^4/64 +d2=W*(l1*12)^3*(l2*12)^3/(3*E*(l*12)^3*I) +N2=187.8/(d2)^(1/2) +C=12*10^6//given +g=32.2//given +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J*((1/(l1*12))+(1/(l2*12))) +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(W*k^2))^(1/2) +N3=n*60 +printf("\na)Longitudinal vibration = %.f per min\nb)Transverse Vibration = %.f per min\nc)Torsional Vibration = %.f per min\n",N1,N2,N3) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03cf93309 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//to find frequency of the natural transverse vibration +clc +//given +l=10//ft +d=4//in +E=30*10^6//youngs modulus +d1=0.0882//inches; maximum deflection as shown in the figure +N=207/(d1)^(1/2)//From 15.20 +printf("\nFrequency of natural transverse vibration = %.f per min",N) + diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517438f67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//To find the resistance offered by the dashpot +clc +//given +m=50//lb +k=100//lb/in +g=32.2//ft/s +d=m/k//static deflection +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(g*12/d)^(1/2) +//part 2 +b=g*12/d +a=(b/20.79)^(1/2) +nd=(1/(2*%pi))*((b-(a/2)^2))^(1/2) +A=nd/n +printf("\nFrequency of free vibrations = %.3f per sec\nFrequency of damped vibrations = %.3f per sec \nThe ratio of the frequencies of damped and free vibrationsis %.3f \n",n,nd,A) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c525fa5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//To find the ratio nd/n +clc +//given +//damping torque is directly proposrtional to the angular velocity +C=12*10^6//Modulus of rigidity +l=3//ft +d=1//in +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +I=500//lb ft^2 ; moment of inertia +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J/(l*12) +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(q*g*12/(I*12^2))^(1/2) +//part 2 +b1=(q*g*12/(I*12^2)) +a1=(b1/10.15)^(1/2)//by reducing equation 15.28 +nd=(1/(2*%pi))*(b1-(a1/2)^2)^(1/2) +A=nd/n +printf("\nThe frequency of natural vibration = %.2f per sec\nThe frequency of damped vibration = %.2f per sec\nThe ratio nd/n = %.3f\n",n,nd,A) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e62ef86d --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//to find the amplitude if the period of the applied force coincided with the natural period of vibration of the system +clc +//given +m=20//lb +k=50//lb/in +F=30//lb +w=50//sec^-1 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +d=m/k +x=F/k//extension of the spring +b=g*12/d +a=(b/30.02)^(1/2)//from equation 15.28 +D=1/((1-w^2/b)^2+a^2*w^2/b^2)^(1/2) +Af=D*x//amplitude of forced vibration +D=(b/a^2)^(1/2)//At resonance +A=D*x//amplitude at resonance +printf("\nAmplitude of forced vibrations = %.3f in\nAmplitude of the forced vibrations at resonance = %.2f in",Af,A) + diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..840abf0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//to find the fraction of the applied force transmitted at 1200 rpm and the amplitude of forced vibrations of the machines at resonance +clc +//given +e=1/30 +n=1200//rpm +w=%pi*n/30 +m=3//lb +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +stroke=3.5//in +r=stroke/2 +k=(1+1/e)^(1/2)//nf/n=k +d=(k/187.7)^2 +W=200//lb ; given +s=W/d//combined stiffness +p=1/14.1//As a^2/b=1/198 +T=((1+p^2*k^2/((1-k^2)^2+p^2*k^2)))^(1/2)//actual value of transmissibility +F=(m/g)*w^2*r/12//maximum unbalanced force transmitted on the machine +Fmax=F*T//maximum force transmitted to the foundation +//case b +E=((1+p^2)/(p^2))^(1/2) +Nreso=215.5//rpm +Fub=F*(Nreso/n)^2 +Ftmax=E*Fub +D=E//dynamic magnifier +del=Fub/152//static deflection +A=del*D +printf("\na) Maximum force transmitted at 1200 rpm = %.f lb\nb) The amplitude of the forced vibrations of the machine at resonance = %.3f in\n Force transmitted = %.f lb\n",Fmax,A,Fub) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7b64e5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//To find the frequency of the natural torsional oscillations of the system +clc +//given +l1=11//in +l2=10//in +l3=15//in +l4=4//in +l5=10//in +d1=3//in +d2=5//in +d3=3.5//in +d4=7//in +d5=5//in +I1=1500//lb ft^2 +I2=1000//lb ft^2 +leq=3//in from 15.49 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +C=12*10^6 +J=%pi*leq^4/32 +l=l1+l2*(leq/d2)^4+l3*(leq/d3)^4+l4*(leq/d4)^4+l5*(leq/d5)^4 +la=I2*l/(I1+I2) +qa=C*J/la +n=(1/(2*%pi))*(qa*g*12/(I1*12^2))^(1/2) +printf("\nThe frequency of the natural torsional oscillation of the system = %.1f per sec",n) diff --git a/3594/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3594/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84df93a92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//To find the frequencies of the free torsional vibrations of the system +clc +//given +Ia=2.5//ton ft^2 +Ib=7.5//ton ft^2 +Ic=3//ton ft^2 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +AB=9.5//ft +BC=25//ft +d=8.5//in +C=11.8*10^6//lb/in^2 +k=Ic/Ia//la/lc=k +lc1=(25.6+(25.6^2-4*114.1)^(1/2))/2//from 1 and 2 , reducing using quadratic formula +lc2=(25.6-(25.6^2-4*114.1)^(1/2))/2//from 1 and 2 , reducing using quadratic formula +la1=lc1*k +la2=lc2*k +J=%pi*d^4/32 +q=C*J/(lc1*12)//torsional stiffness +IC=Ic*2240*12^2/(g*12)//moment of inertia +nc=(1/(2*%pi))*(q/IC)^(1/2)//fundamental frequency of vibration +a1=nc*60 +a=floor(a1) +n=16*(lc1/lc2)^(1/2) +b=n*60 +printf("\nFundamental frequency of vibration = %.f per min\nTwo node frequency = %.f per min\n",a,b) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d242dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + +clc +//a) INELASTIC +//for sphere 1 ,mass=m1 and initial velocity=u1 +//for sphere 2 ,mass=m2 and initial velocity=u2 +m1=100//lb +u1=10//ft/s +m2=50//lb +u2=5//ft/s +v=(m1*u1+m2*u2)/(m1+m2) +//change in kinetic energy +//initial kinetic energy = ke1 +ke1=(m1*(u1^2)+m2*(u2^2))/(2*32.2) +//Kinetic Energy after inelastic colision = ke2 +ke2=((m1+m2)*8.333^2)/(2*32.2) +//Change in Kinetic Energy =l +l=ke1-ke2 +//b) Elastic +// for a very short time bodies will have a common velocity given by v=8.333 ft/s +// for a very short time bodies will have a common velocity given by v=8.333 ft/s +//immidiately after impact ends the velocities for both the bodies are given by v1 and v2 +v1=2*v-u1 +v2=2*v-u2 +//c) Coeeficient of Restitution=0.6 +e=0.6 +ve1=(1+e)*v-e*u1 +ve2=(1+e)*v-e*u2 +ke3=(m1*(ve1^2)+m2*(ve2^2))/(2*32.2) +loss=ke1-ke3 +printf("kinetic energy before collisio0n is %f ft lb\n",ke1) +printf("\n") +printf("a) INELASTIC\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity after collision is %f ft/s\n",v) +printf("the Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",ke2) +printf("the change in Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",l) +printf("\n") +printf("b) ELASTIC\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity of 1 after collision is %f ft/s\n",v1) +printf("velocity of 2 after collision is %f ft/s\n",v2) +printf("there is no loss of kinetic energy in case of elastic collision\n") +printf("\n") +printf("c) e=0.6\n") +printf("\n") +printf("velocity of 1 after collision is %f ft/s\n",ve1) +printf("velocity of 2 after collision is %f ft/s\n",ve2) +printf("the Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",ke3) +printf("the change in Kinetic Energy after collision is %f ft lb\n",loss) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70d70accf --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clc +//given +Ia=200//lb ft2 +Ib=15//lb ft2 +G=5//wb==5*wa +m=150//lb +r=8//in +printf("\n") +//the equivalent mass of the geared system referred to the circumference of the drum is given by +//Me=(1/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)) +Me=(12/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)) +M=m+Me +a=(m/M)*32.2//acceleration +//if efficiency of gearing is 90% then Me=(1/r^2)*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)/n) +n=.9 +Me1=(12/r)^2*(Ia+(G^2*Ib)/n) +M1=Me1+m +a1=(m/M1)*32.2 +printf("acceleration = %.2f ft/s2\n",a) +printf("acceleration when gear efficiency is 0.9= %.2f ft/s2\n",a1) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eac63d9ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +//let +//S=displacement of car from rest with uniform acceleration a, the engine torque T assumed to remain ocnstant +//v=final speed ofcar +//G=gear ratio +//r=effective radius +//n=efficiency of transmission +//M=mass of the car +//Ia and Ib=moments of inertia of road whels and engine +//formulas => F=29.5nG ; Me= 1648+$.54nG^2 ; a=32.2 F/Me +//given +G1=22.5 +G2=12.5 +G3=7.3 +G4=5.4 +n=.82//for 1st ,2nd and 3rd gear +n4=.9//for 4th gear +F1=29.5*n*G1 +F2=29.5*n*G2 +F3=29.5*n*G3 +F4=29.5*n4*G4 +//on reduction and putting values we get +Me1=1648+4.54*n*G1^2 +Me2=1648+4.54*n*G2^2 +Me3=1648+4.54*n*G3^2 +Me4=1648+4.54*n4*G4^2 +a1=32.2*F1/Me1 +a2=32.2*F2/Me2 +a3=32.2*F3/Me3 +a4=32.2*F4/Me4 +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on top gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a4) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on third gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a3) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on second gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a2) +printf("Maximum acceleration of car on first gear is %.2f ft/s^2 \n",a1) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e755ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +//given +I=40//lb ft2 +n=500//rpm +w=%pi*n/30//angular velocity +wp=2*%pi/5//angular velocity of precession +I1=I/32.2 +T=I1*w*wp//gyroscopic couple +printf("the couple supplied to the shaft= %.2f lb ft\n",T) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e90871a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clc +//given +printf("\n") +I=250//lb ft2 +n=1600//rpm +v=150//mph +r=500//ft +w=%pi*160/3//angular velocity of rotation +wp=(150*88)/(60*500)//angular velocity of precession +//a) with three bladed screw +//T=I*w*wp +T=(250/32.2)*%pi*(160/3)*wp +//b)with two bladed air screw +//T1=2*I*w*wp*sin(o) +printf("The magnitude of gyroscopic couple is given by %.0f lb ft\n",T) +//Tix=T(1-cos(2o)) lb ft +//T1y=Tsin(2o)) lb ft +printf("The component gyroscopic couple in the vertical plane =%.0f(1-cos(2x)) lb ft\n",T) +printf("The component gyroscopic couple in the horizontal plane =%.0f(sin(2x)) lb ft\n",T) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18db02b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + +clc +//given +m1=15//tons +u1=12//m/h +m2=5//tons +u2=8//m/h +k=2//ton/in +e1=0.5//coefficient of restitution +printf("\n") +//conservation of linear momentum +v=(m1*u1+m2*u2)/(m1+m2) +printf("velocity at the instant of collision is %.2f mph",v) +e=(m1*m2*(88/60)^2*(u1-u2)^2)/(2*32.2*(u1+u2)) +printf("\n") +printf("The difference between the kinetic energy before and during the impact is %.2f ft tons\n",e) +//energy stored in spring equals energy dissipated +//s=(1/2)*k*x^2 +//s=e +//since there are 4 buffer springs ,4x^2=24 inches (2 ft=24 inches) +x=((e*12)/4)^.5 +printf("Maximum deflection of the spring is %.2f in\n",x) +// maximum force acting between pair of buffer = stiffness of spring*deflection +f=k*x +printf("Maximum force acting between each buffer is %.2f tons\n",f) +//assuming perfectly elastic collision +//for loaded truck +v1=2*11-12 +//for unloaded truck +v2=2*11-8 +printf("Speed of loaded truck after impact %.2f mph\n",v1) +printf("speed of unloaded truck after impact %.2f mph\n",v2) +//if coefficient of restitution =o.5 +//for loaded truck +ve1=(1+.5)*11-.5*12 +//for unloaded truck +ve2=(1+.5)*11-.5*8 +printf("Speed of loaded truck after impact when e=0.5 %.2f mph\n",ve1) +printf("Speed of unloaded truck after impact when e=0.5 %.2f mph\n",ve2) +//net loss of kinetic energy=(1-e^2)*energy stored in spring +l=(1-(e1^2))*2//ft tons +printf("Net loss of kinetic energy is %.2f ft tons\n",l) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a78fcdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clc +//given +m1=500//lb ft^2 +m2=1500//lb ft^2 +k=150//lb ft^2 +w1=150//rpm + +N=(w1*m1)/(m1+m2) +printf("Angular velocity at the instant when speeds of the flywheels are equalised is given by %.2f r.p.m\n",N) +//kinetic energy at this instance +ke1=(1/2)*((m1+m2)/32.2)*((%pi*N)/30)^2 +printf("The kinetic energy of the system at this instance is %.2f ft lb\n",ke1) +printf("which is almost equal to 480 ft lb \n") +//initial kinetic energy +ke0=(1/2)*((m1)/32.2)*((%pi*w1)/30)^2 +printf("The initial kinetic energy of the system is %.2f ft lb\n",ke0) +printf("which is almost equal to 1915 ft lb \n") +//strain energy = s +s=ke0-ke1 +printf("strain energy stored in the spring is %.2f ft lb which is approximately 1435 ft lb\n",s) + +x=((1435*2)/150)^.5 +printf("Maximum angular displacement is %.2f in radians which is equal to 250 degrees\n",x) +//na1 and na are initial and final speeds of the flywheel 1 and same nb1 and nb for flywheel 2 +na=2*N-w1//w1=na1 +nb=2*N-0//nb1=0 +printf ("Speed of flywheel a and b when spring regains its unstrained position are %.2f rpm and %.2f rpm respectively\n",na,nb) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c4349032 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clc +//given +m1=150 //lb +l=3//ft +//number of oscillation per second is given by n +printf("\n") +n=(50/92.5) +printf ("number of oscillation per second = %.2f\n",n) +//length of simple pendulum is given by L=g/(2*%pi*n)^2 +L=32.2/(2*%pi*n)^2 +printf ("length of simple pendulum = %.2f ft\n",L) +// distance of cg from point of suspension is given by a +a=25/12 +k=(a*(L-a))^.5//radius of gyration +moi=m1*k^2 +printf("The moment of inertia of rod is %.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6070e577 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +n1=50/84.4 +n2=50/80.3 + +L1=(32.2*12)*(84.4/(100*%pi))^2 +L2=(32.2*12)*(80.3/(100*%pi))^2 +//a1(L1-a1)=k^2=a2(L2-a2) and a1+a2=30 inches +//substituting and solving for a we get +a1=141/6.8 +a2=30-a1 +k=(a1*(L1-a1))^.5 +moi=90*(149/144)//moi=m*k^2 +printf("length of equivalent simple pendulum when axis coincides with small end and big end respectively-\n") +printf("L1=%.1f in\n",L1) +printf("L2=%.1f in\n",L2) +printf("distances of cg from small end and big end centers respectively are-\n") +printf("a1=%.1f in\n",a1) +printf("a2=%.1f in\n",a2) +printf("Moment of inertia of rod =%.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8195e275a --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +printf("\n") +m1=150 +l=8.5 +g=32.2 +a=83.2 +n=25 +//k=(a/2*%pi*n)*(g/l)^0.5 +k=(14*a*((g)^0.5))/(2*%pi*n*(l^0.5)) +k1=14.5/12 +printf("radius of gyration is %.2f inches which is equal to %.2f ft \n",k,k1) +moi=m1*(k1^2) +printf("moment of inertia=%.2f lb ft^2",moi) diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a5982cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +printf("\n") +//given +m=2.5//lb +a=6//in +k=3.8//in +l=9//in +c=3//in +w=22500 +//k^2=ab +//case a) to find equivalent dynamic system +b=(k^2)/a +ma=(2.5*6)/8.42//m*a/a+b +mb=m-ma +printf("Mass ma =%.2f lb will be situated at 6 inches from cg \n and mb =%.2f lb will be situated at %.2f inches \n from cg in the equivalent dynamical system",ma,mb,b) +printf("\n") +//if two masses are situated at the bearing centres +ma1=(2.5*6)/9 +mb1=m-ma1 +k1=(a*c)^.5 +//t=m*((k1^2)-(k^2))*w +t=((2.5*(18-3.8^2))*22500)/(32.2*12*12) +printf("correction couple which must be applied in order that the two mass system is dynamically equivalent to the rod is given by %.2f lb ft\n",t) + diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..977f09bf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +m=20//lb +g=32.2 +a=200//ft/s^2 +w=120//rad/s^2 +k=7//in +f=(m/g)*a//effective force appllied to the link +//this force acts parallel to the acceleration fg +t=(m/g)*(k/12)^2*w//couple required in order to provide the angular acceleration +//the line of action of F is therefore at a distance from G given by +x=t/f +printf("Effective force applied to the link is %.3f lb and the line of action of F is therefore at a distance from G given by %.3f ft \n",f,x) +printf("F is the resultant of Fa and Fb, using x as shown in figure.25 , the force F may then be resolved along the appropriate lines of action to give the magnitudes of Fa and Fb\n") +printf("From the scaled diagram shown in figure we get,Fa=65 lb and Fb=91 lb\n") diff --git a/3594/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce b/3594/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b75bb6fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +//given +m=10//ton +m2=1000//lb +a=3//ft/s^2 +//the addition to actual mass in order to allow for the rotational inertia of the wheels and axles +m1=2*(1000/2240)*(15/21)^2//m1=m2*k^2/r^2 and 1 ton=2240 lbs +M=m+m1 +F=3*(10.46/32.2)//F=M.a +f=F*2240//lb +Fa=(2*1000/2240)*(3/32.2)*(15/21)^2//total tangential force required in order to provide the angular acceleration of the wheels and axles +//Limiting friction force =uW +//u*10>0.042 +u=0.042/10 +printf("The total tangential force required in order to provide the angular acceleration of the wheels and axles is %.4f ton\n",Fa) +printf("If there is to be pure rolling ,u>%.4f",u) + diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd5a29ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +clc +//Given +OC=6//in +CP=24//in +N=240//rpm +X=45//degrees +XP=19//in +XC=6//in +YP=32//in +YC=9//in +//Scalling off lenghts from fig , we have +CI=2.77//in +PI=2.33//in +XI=2.33//in +YI=3.48//in +//Solution +Vc=((%pi*N)/30)*(OC/12)//changing OP into feets +printf("\nw=%.2f ft/s\n",Vc) +//w=Vc/CI=Vp/PI=Vx/XI=Vy/YI +w=Vc/CI +Vp=w*PI +Vx=w*XI +Vy=w*YI +printf("velocity of points P, X and Y \n are %.2f ft/s, %.2f ft/s and %.1f ft/s respectively",Vp,Vx,Vy) diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b281f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +//Given +OC=9//inches +CP=36//inches +XC=12//inches +X=40//degrees +CM=6.98//from the scaled figure +N1=240//rpm +N2=240//rpm (instantaneous) with angular aceleration (ao) 100 rad/s^2 +ao=100 //rad/s^2 +w=(%pi*N1/30) +a=w^2*(OC/12) +printf("Centripetal acceleration = %.f ft/s^2\n",a) +Wr=w*CM/CP//rad/s^2 +f1=Wr^2*(CP/12)//centripetal component of acceleration of p realtive to C +//Solution a) +//given from fig 58(a) +tp=296 +cp=306 +ox=422 +f2=tp //Tangential component of acceleration of p realtive to C +f3=cp//acceleration of p realtive to C +fx=ox//acce;eration of x +ar=f2/(CP/12)//angular acceleration of rod +printf("Case a) \nap= %.f ft/s^2,\nax= %.f ft/s^2 and\nar= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",f3,fx,ar) +//Solution b) +//given from fig 58(b) +oc1=474 +oc=480 +pt=238 +pc=246 +xo=452 +f4=pt//Tangential component of acceleration of p realtive to C +f5=pc//acceleration of p realtive to C +Ar=f4/(CP/12)//angular acceleration of rod +f6=ao*(OC/12)//tangential component of acceleration realtive to C +Fx=xo//acce;eration of x +printf("Case b) \nap= %.f ft/s^2,\nax= %.f ft/s^2 and\nar= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",f4,Fx,Ar) diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bbe82412 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clc +//Given +AB=2.5//inches +BC=7//inches +CD=4.5//inches +DA=8//inches +N=100//rpm +X=60//degrees +w=(%pi*N)/30 +//From triangle ABM we have +AM=0.14//feet +BM=0.12//feet +Vb=w*AB/12//ft/s +Vc=w*AM//ft/s +Vcb=w*BM//ft/s +fb=w^2*(AB/12)//ft/s^2 +bt=Vcb^2/(BC/12)//ft/s^2 +os=Vc^2/(CD/12)//ft/s^2 +//By measurement from acceleration diagram +sc=19.1//ft/s^2 +tq=14.4//ft/s^2 +Acd=sc/(CD/12) +Abc=tq/(BC/12) +printf("\n") +printf("Vb=%.2f ft/s \nVc=%.2f ft/s\nVcb=%.2f ft/s\nfb=%.2f ft/s^2\nbt=%.2f ft/s^2\nos=%.2f ft/s^2\n",Vb,Vc,Vcb,fb,bt,os) +printf("Angular acceleration of CD(counter-clockwise)= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",Acd) +printf("Angular acceleration of BC(counter-clockwise)= %.1f rad/s^2 \n",Abc) diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..847388078 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +//Given +printf("\n") +OP=2//ft +f=4//ft/s^2 +w=2 //rad/s (anticlockwise) +a=5 //rad/s^2 (anticlockwise) +Vpq=3 //ft/s +r=OP +os=w^2*r//component 1 +sq=a*r//component 2 +qt=f//component 3 +tp=2*w*Vpq//component 4 +Aqo=(os^2+sq^2)^1/2//vector addition of component(a,b) +Apq=(qt^2+tp^2)^1/2//vector addition of component(c,d) +//Apo=Apq+Aqo (vector addition) +Apo=((os-qt)^2+(sq+tp)^2)^(1/2) +printf("Acceleration of P realative to fixed point O is %.1f ft/s^2",Apo) diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aa9849b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +clc +printf("\n") +//GIVEN +OC=8//inches +CP=4//inches +N=60//inches +ON=15//inches +RN=6//inches +X=120//degrees +OP=10.6 +OQ=OP +//from fig 65(a) +Vq=1.56//ft/s +Vrn=0.74//ft/s +//from fig 65(b) +ftq=3.74//ft/s^2 +ftrn=2.03//ft/s^2 +w1=(%pi*N)/30 +w=Vq/(OQ/12) +wrn=Vrn/(RN/12) +a=ftq/(OP/12)//Angular acceleration of ON +a1=ftrn/(RN/12)//angular acceleration of RN +printf("W=%.2f rad/s\nWrn=%.2f rad/s\n",w,wrn) +printf("Angular acceleration of ON= %.2f rad/s^2\nAngular acceleration of RN=%.2f rad/s^2\n",a,a1) + diff --git a/3594/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/3594/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..830648248 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + +clc +//given +OC=3//inches +CP=9//inches +N=1200 //rpm (clockwise) +X=55 //degrees +//from the figure 66 +OP=10.35//inches +PM=10.74//inches +OM=2.95//inches +PC=12.84//inches +PR=PC +RV=2.49//inches +UV=1.29//inches +OU=5.90//inches +PV=13.05//inches +OV=6.06//inches +OQ=OP +//Solution +w=(%pi*N)/30//the angular velocity of the cylinder line OP +Vq=w*(OP/12)//the velocity of Q +Vp=w*(PM/12)//The velocity of P +w1=Vp/(CP/12)//The angular velocity of CP +Vpq=w*(OM/12)//the velocity of sliding of the piston along the cylinder +fq=w^2*(OQ/12)//the centripetal acceleration of Q +Acp=w1^2*(PC/12)//The centripetal component of acceleration of P +Atp=w^2*(RV/12)//The tangential component of acceleration of P +acp=Atp/(CP/12)// The angular acceleration of the connecting rod CP +f=w^2*(UV/12)//component c +d=2*w*Vpq//component d +Ap=w^2*PV//the resultant acceleration of P +Apq=w^2*OV//the acceleration of P realative to Q +printf("\nThe velocity and acceleration of the piston along the cylinder are %.1f ft/s and %.f ft/s^2 respectively\nThe angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod cp are %.1f rad/s and %.f rad/s^2 respectively\nAnd the coriolis component of the acceleration of P is %.f ft/s^2\n",Vpq,f,w1,acp,d) diff --git a/3594/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/3594/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6426cf7b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clc +//given +rpm=1000 +angle=20//degree +ang=(angle*%pi)/180 +printf("\n") +w=2*%pi*rpm/60 +printf("The angular velocity of the driving shaft is %.1f rad/s \n",w) +//maximum value of w1=w/cos(angle) and minimum value w2=w*cos(angle) +w1=w/cos(ang) +w2=w*cos(ang) +printf("Extreme angular velocities :-\n") +printf("maximum value of angular velocity w1=%.1f rad/s \nminimum value of angular velocity w2=%.1f rad/s\n",w1,w2) +//using equation 4.11, cos(2x)=(2*sin(angle)^2)/(2-sin(angle)^2) +x=acos((2*sin(ang)^2)/(2-sin(ang)^2))*180/(%pi) +y=360-x//for cosine inverse, angle and 360-angle are same and must be considered +x1=x/2 +y1=y/2 +printf("The acceleration of driven shaft is a maximum when theta =%.2f or %.2f degrees\n",x1,y1) +amax=(w^2*cos(ang)*(sin(ang)^2)*sin(x*%pi/180))/((1-((cos(x1*%pi/180)^2)*(sin(ang)^2)))^2)//maximum angular acceleration, numerically +printf("Maximum angular acceleration is %.f rad/s^2\n",amax) + diff --git a/3594/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/3594/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a36b6f0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +clc +//given +s=1.125//inch +e=0.25//inch +t=2.25//inch +alpha=35//degrees +//from 5.2, we know theta+alpha=sininverse(s/t) +x=asind(s/t) +y=180-x//sin(x)=sin(180-x)=sin(y) +//at admission +p=x-alpha +//at cutoff +q=y-alpha +//from 5.3, theta+alpha=sininnverse(-e/t) +ang=asind(-e/t) +angle=abs(ang) +a=180+angle//lies in the negative region of sine curve +b=360-angle//lies in hte negative region of sine curve +//at release +r=a-alpha +//at compression +s=b-alpha +printf("Angle theta at admission, cut-off,\n release and compression are %.2f, %.2f, %.2f and %.2f degrees respectively",p,q,r,s) + + diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dad8be876 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +clc +//given +theta=60//degrees +u1=0.15//between surfaces A annd B +u2=0.10//for the guides +phi=atand(u1) +phi1=atand(u2) +alpha=(theta+phi+phi1)/2//from 6.22, maximum efficiency is obtained at alpha +//from 6.23, maximum efficiency is given by nmax=(cos(theta+phi+phi1)+1)/(cos(theta-phi-phi1)+1) +nmax=(cos((theta+phi+phi1)*%pi/180)+1)/(cos((theta-phi-phi1)*%pi/180)+1) +printf("Maximum efficiency = %.4f and it is obtained when alpha = %.2f degrees",nmax,alpha) + diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4772e64ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +//from equation 6.36 we know, M=(2/3)*u*W*(ri^3-r2^3)/(r1^2-r2^2) +//given +u=0.04 +W=16//tons +w=W*2240//lbs +r1=8//in +r2=6//in +N=120 +P=50//lb/in^2 +M=(2/3)*u*w*(r1^3-r2^3)/(r1^2-r2^2) +hp=M*2*%pi*N/(12*33000)//horse power absorbed +//from fig 137,effective bearing surface per pad is calsulate from the dimensions to be 58.5 in^2 +A=58.5//in^2 +n=w/(A*P) +x=floor(n) +printf("\n") +printf("Horsepower absorbed = %.2f\nNumber of collars required = %.f\n",hp,x) diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3710b2bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clc +//given +ratio=1.25 +u=.675 +P=12//hp +//W=P*%pi*(r1^2-r2^2); Total axal thrust. +//M=u*W*(r1+r2); Total friction moemnt +//reducing the two equations and using ratio=1.25(r1=1.25*r2) we get, M=u*21.2*r2^3 +ReqM=65//lb ft +RM=ReqM*12//lb in +r2=(RM/(u*P*%pi*(1.25^2-1)))^(1/3) +r1=1.25*r2 +d1=r1*2 +d2=r2*2 +printf("The dimensions of the friction surfaces are:\nOuter Diameter= %.1f in\nInner Diameter= %.1f in\n",d1,d2) diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9bcee920 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +P=20//lb/in^2 +u=0.07//friction coefficient +N=3600//rpm +H=100//hp +r1=5//in +r2=0.8*r1//given +A=%pi*(r1^2-r2^2)//the area of each friction surface +W=A*P//total axial thrust on plates +M=(1/2)*u*W*(r1+r2)//friction moment for each pair of contacts +T=H*33000*12/(2*%pi*N)//total torque to be transmitted +x=(T/M)//effective friction surfaces required +printf("\nNumber of effective friction surfaces required= %.f\n",x) + diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebe996a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clc +//given +P=6 //tons +u=0.05 +theta=60//degrees +CP=80 +Stroke=16//in +OC=Stroke/2 +r1=7//in +r2=15//in +r3=4.4//in +//Radius of friction circle +ro=u*r1 +rc=u*r2 +rp=u*r3 +phi=asind(OC*sin((theta)*%pi/180)/CP) +alpha=asind((rc+rp)/CP) +//a) without friction +Qa=P/cos((phi)*%pi/180) +Xa=OC*cos((30-phi)*%pi/180)//tensile force transmitted along the eccentric rod when friction is NOT taken into account +Ma=Qa*Xa/12 +//b) with friction +Qb=P/cos((phi-alpha)*%pi/180)//tensile force transmitted along the eccentric rod when friction is taken into account +Xb=OC*cos((30-(phi-alpha))*%pi/180)-(rc+ro) +Mb=Qb*Xb/12 +n=Mb/Ma +printf("Turning moment applied to OC:\na)Without friction= %.2f ton.ft\nb)With friction(u=0.05)= %.2f ton.ft",Ma,Mb) +printf("\nThe efficiency of the mechanism is %.2f ",n) diff --git a/3594/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/3594/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..349f5ac28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc +stroke=4//in +d=11.5//in +ds=4//in +dp=14//in +theta=%pi +u1=.25 +T1=350//lb +u2=0.1 +k=%e^(u1*theta) +T2=T1/k +Tor=(T1-T2)*(dp/2)//total resisting torque +//total resisting torque is also given by P*(r+2*(cos%pi/6))+u2*R*(ds/2) +//equating and putting values we get the following quadratic equation +p=[1 -1.163D3 3.342D5] +a=roots(p) +printf("\nP=%.1f",a) +printf("\nThe larger of two values is inadmissible. \n It corresponds to a negative sign in front of the second term on the \n right hand side of equation (1)") diff --git a/3594/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/3594/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..571c1f3f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given-belt is perfectly elastic and massless +u=0.3 +v=3600//ft/min +V=v/60//ft/sec +theta=165//degrees +x=theta*%pi/180 +k=%e^(u*x)//k=T1/T2=e^(u*x) +To=500//lb +T1=2*k*To/(k+1) +T2=T1/k +T=T1-T2//effective tension +H=T*V/550//horsepower transmitted +printf("\nThe horse-power transmitted = %.2f\n",H) diff --git a/3594/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/3594/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b8af319 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clc +w=1.2//lb/ft^2 +u=0.3 +v=3600//ft/min +V=v/60//ft/sec +theta=165//degrees +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +x=theta*%pi/180 +k=%e^(u*x)//k=T1/T2=e^(u*x) +To=500//lb +//Solution a)Vertical drive +Tc=w*V^2/g//equation 7.5 +//solution a) +H=2*(k-1)*(To-Tc)*V/((k+1)*550) +Vmax=(To*g/(3*w))^(1/2) +Hmax=2*(k-1)*(To-Tc)*Vmax/((k+1)*550) +//Solution b) +To1=To+Tc +//from equation 7.15 2/To1^2=1/Tt^2+1/Ts^2 +//T1/T2=k +T2=367 //lb - from trail and error +T1=k*T2 +Tt=T1+Tc +Ts=T2+Tc +HP=(T1-T2)*V/550 +printf("\nSolution a)\nHorsepower transmitted= %.1f\nMaximum Horsepower transmitted= %.1f (at velocit = %.1f ft/s^2)Solution b)\nTt=%.f lb\nTs=%.f lb\nHorsepower transmitted= %.1f",H,Hmax,Vmax,Tt,Ts,HP) + diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46dc11657 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +dia=12//in +r=dia/2 +CQ=7//in +OC=6//in +OH=15//in +u=0.3 +P=100//lb +phi=atan(u) +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +a=5.82//from figure +Tb=P*OH*x/a//braking torque +printf("\nThe braking torque of the drum Tb= %.2f lb in\n",Tb) diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f3683586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +//given + +OH=15//in +l=OH +u=0.3 +P=100//lb +phi=atan(u) +dia=12 //in +r=dia/2; +//according to fig 170(b) +//for clockwise rotation +a=6//from figure +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +Tb=P*l*x/a//braking torque on the drum +//for counter clockwise rotation +a1=5.5//in +Tb1=P*l*x/a1//braking torque on the drum +//according to figure 172(a) +//for clockwise rotation +a2=6.48//from figure +x=r*sin(phi)//in inches;radius of friction circle +Tb2=P*l*x/a2//braking torque on the drum +//for counter clockwise rotation +a3=6.38//in +Tb3=P*l*x/a3//braking torque on the drum +T1=ceil(Tb1) +T2=ceil(Tb2) +T3=ceil(Tb3) +printf("\nbraking torque on drum\nWhen dimensions are measured from fig 170(b)\nFor clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nFor counter clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nWhen dimensions are measured from fig 171(a)\nFor clockwise rotation= %.f lb in\nFor counter clockwise rotation= %.f lb in",Tb,T1,T2,T3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ab2d50cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clc +//given +u=.35 +Tb=500//lb.ft +rd=10//in +phi=atan(u) +x=rd*sin(phi) +//F*OD=R*a=R1*a +//R=R1 +//2*R*x=Tb +OD=24//in +a=11.5//inches; From figure +F=Tb*a*12/(OD*2*x) +//from figure +HG=4//in +GK=12//in +HL=12.22//in +P=F*HG/GK +Fhd=HL*P/HG +printf("\na) Magnitude of P = %.f lb",P) +printf("\nb) Magnitude of Fhd = %.f lb",Fhd) diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d1fd864 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc +//given +u=.3 +theta=270*%pi/180 +l=18//in +a=4//in +Di=15//in +Do=21//in +w=.5//tons +W=w*2204//lb +Q=W*Di/Do//required tangential braking force on the drum +k=%e^(u*theta)//k=T1/T2 +p=Q*a/(l*(k-1)) +printf("Least force required, P = %.f lb",p) diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924b3137a --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clc +//given +n=12 +u=.28 +a=4.5//in +b=1//in +l=21//in +r=15//in +Tb=4000//lb +theta=10*%pi/180 +//k=Tn/To +k=((1+u*tan(theta))/(1-u*tan(theta)))^n +Q=Tb*(12/r) +P=Q*(a-b*k)/(l*(k-1))//from combining 8.6 with k=e^u*theta +printf("The least effort required = P = %.1f lb",P) diff --git a/3594/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3594/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b400346f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +//given +w=9.5 //ft +h= 2 //ft +x=4 //ft +v=30//mph +V=1.46667*v//ft/s +u1=.1 +u2=.6 +g=32.2//ft/s^2 +//a) rear wheels braked +fa1=(u1*(w-x)*g)/(w+u1*h) +fa2=(u2*(w-x)*g)/(w+u2*h) +sa1=V^2/(2*fa1) +sa2=V^2/(2*fa2) +//b) front wheels braked +fb1=u1*x*g/(w-u1*h) +fb2=u2*x*g/(w-u2*h) +sb1=V^2/(2*fb1) +sb2=V^2/(2*fb2) +//c) All wheels braked +fc1=u1*g +fc2=u2*g +sc1=V^2/(2*fc1) +sc2=V^2/(2*fc2) +k1=(x+u1*h)/(w-x-u1*h)//Na/Nb +k2=(x+u2*h)/(w-x-u2*h)//Na/Nb +printf("\nCoefficient of friction = 0.1\na) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the rear brakes are applied = %.f ft\nb) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the front brakes are applied = %.f ft\nc) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when all brakes are applied = %.f ft\nCoefficient of friction = 0.6\na) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the rear brakes are applied = %.f ft\nb) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when the front brakes are applied = %.f ft\nc) Minimum distance in which car may be stopped when all brakes are applied = %.f ft\n",sa1,sb1,sc1,sa2,sb2,sc2) +printf("Required ration of Na/Nb\nFor u1 = 0.1 -> %.3f\nFor u2 = 0.6 -> %.2f\n",k1,k2) diff --git a/3594/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3594/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..011c3e2cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +//given +alpha=55*%pi/180 +N=1200//rpm +lift=.5//in +rn=.125//in ; noseradius +rmin=1.125//in ; minimum radius +OQ=rmin+lift-rn +OP=(OQ^2-1)/(2*(1-OQ*cos(alpha)))//from triangle opq fig 201(a) +PQ=OP+rmin-rn +phi=asin(OQ*sin(alpha)/PQ) +x1=[0:.0001:phi] +x2=[phi:.0001:alpha] +y1=4.477*(1-cos(x1))//from 9.6 +y2=1.5*cos(alpha-x2)-1//from 9.9 +v1=%pi*N*4.477*sin(x1)/(30*12)//from 9.7 +v2=15.71*sin(alpha-x2)//from 9.10 +f1=(%pi*N/30)^2*(4.477/12)*cos(x1)//from 9.8 +f2=-1974*cos(alpha-x2)//from 9.11 +a=[0:.0001:phi] +b=[phi:.0001:alpha] +p=[0:.0001:phi] +q=[phi:.0001:alpha] +subplot(3,1,3) +subplot(311) +plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) +xtitle("","angle","displacement") +subplot(312) +plot(a,v1,b,v2) +xtitle("","angle","velocity") +subplot(313) +plot(p,f1,q,f2) +xtitle("","angle","acceleration") + diff --git a/3594/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3594/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ba2e3754 --- /dev/null +++ b/3594/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clc +//given +N=600//rpm +BC=3//in +rmin=1.125//in +rf=39/8//in +OP=rf-rmin +OM1=0.79//in;given +NZ1=2.66//in +w=N*%pi/30 +vb=w*OM1 +Vang=vb/BC +at=w^2*NZ1 +fBC=at/BC +OM2=.52//in +NZ2=3.24//in +af=w*OM2/BC +angf=w^2*NZ2/BC +printf("\nWhen theta = 25 degrees\nangular velocity = %.1f rad/s\nangular acceleration = %.f rad/s^2\nWhen theta = 45 degrees\nangular velocity = %.1f rad/s\nangular acceleration = %.f rad/s^2",Vang,fBC,af,angf) diff --git a/3622/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3622/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..609c49cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +C=20/(9*10^11)//converting cms to farads +F=154-100//fall in potential +R=F/60//rate of fall in potential +I=C*R//ionization current +printf('ionization current is %e amp \n',I)//correction applied diff --git a/3622/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3622/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf6f73151 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +l=3e-3//vibrating length +E=8e10//young modulus +d=2500//kg per m3 +N=(1/(2*l))*sqrt(E/d) +printf('frequency is %e Hz \n',N) diff --git a/3622/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3622/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2351b34be --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +v=3e9//cms per second +X=.06//e.s unit +R=300//cms +//(m*v^2/r)=X*e +electronbymass=v^2/(R*X) +printf('e/m ratio is %e esu \n',electronbymass) diff --git a/3622/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3622/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59eaf1d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +e=1.603e-20//electron volts +t=6.6e-9 +m=9.11e-28//mass of electron +V=500e8//e.m.u +d=5//cm +X=V/d//e.m.u per cm +f=X*e//force on electron +a=f/m//acceleration of electron +v=a*t//velocity of electron +dist=.5*a*t^2//distance travelled +printf('velocity of electron is %e cm per s \n',v) +printf('distance travelled is %d cms \n',dist) + + + + diff --git a/3622/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3622/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69f2647c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +//Initialisation of variables +clc +a=10^(-5) +d=1 +e=4.8*10^(-10) +g=980 +X=4*%pi*a^3*d*g/(3*e) +printf('field required to keep drop stationary is %e esu per cm \n',X) diff --git a/3622/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3622/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16421021a --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +m=9.1*10^(-28)//mass on electron +e=4.8*10^(-10)//charge on electron +ev=1.6e-12//electron volt in ergs +v=10^9//cms/sec +E=0.5*m*v^2//energy in ergs +Ev=E/ev +printf('energy is %e ergs \n',E) +printf('energy is %f electron volt \n',Ev) + diff --git a/3622/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3622/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bcafc5e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +e=1.6e-19//coulomb +o=8.85e-12//farad per metre +h=6.625e-34//joule sec +v=sqrt(e^4/(4*o^2*h^2)) +printf('velocity is %e metre per second \n',v) diff --git a/3622/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3622/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47885b302 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +//Initialisation of variables +clc +Z=1 +n=1 +m=9.11e-31//kg +e=1.6e-19//coulomb +o=8.85e-12//farad per metre +h=6.625e-34//joule sec +E=Z^2*m*e^4/(8*o^2*h^2*n^2)//relation 4.12 +printf('energy is %e joules \n',E) + diff --git a/3622/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3622/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe677f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +Z=1 +m=9.11e-31//kg +e=1.6e-19//coulomb +o=8.85e-12//farad per metre +h=6.625e-34//joule sec +V=Z^2*m*e^3/(8*o^2*h^2) +printf('ionization potential is %f volts \n',V) diff --git a/3622/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3622/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d8ce752 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +Z=2 +m=9.11e-31//kg +e=1.6e-19//coulomb +o=8.85e-12//farad per metre +h=6.625e-34//joule sec +V=Z^2*m*e^3/(8*o^2*h^2) +printf('second ionization potential is %f volts \n',V) diff --git a/3622/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3622/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5826aea0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +mo=9.028e-28//grams +c=3e10 +E=mo*c^2 +ev=1.6e-12//electron volt +EineV=E/ev +EinMeV=EineV/10^6 +printf('energy in million electron volt is %f MeV \n',EinMeV) + diff --git a/3622/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3622/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38913abaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +amu=1.6558e-24 +c=3e10 +ev=1.6e-12//electron volt +E=amu*c^2/ev +EinMeV=E/10^6 +printf('energy in million electron volt is %d MeV \n',EinMeV) + diff --git a/3622/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3622/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a93459b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +c=3e10 +//eauating m=2*mo and cancelling we get +v=sqrt(.75*c^2)// cm per s +printf('required velocity is %e cm per sec \n',v) + + diff --git a/3622/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3622/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58564d4ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +m=9.11e-28 +e=4.803e-10 +h=6.62e-27 +V=100/300//e.s.u +//.5*m*v^2=V*e +v=sqrt(2*V*e/m) +l=h/(m*v) +printf('wavelength associated is %e cms \n',l) + diff --git a/3622/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3622/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5b90caf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +r=1.278e-8 +n=4//number of molecules per unit cell +M=63.54//for copper +a=4*r/sqrt(2) +N=6.023e23 +d=n*M/(a^3*N) +printf('density is %f gm per cms \n',d) + diff --git a/3622/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3622/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfab6a69f --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +ratio=1/cosd(30)-1 +printf('minimum ratio is %f \n',ratio) diff --git a/3622/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3622/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d126409 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +n=4//number of atoms in a cell for copper +//APF=n*4*%pi*r^3/(a^3) +APFCu=4*4*%pi*2*sqrt(2)/(4*16*4) +printf('APF for copper is %f \n',APFCu)//correction + +r=0.98//armstrom +R=1.81//armstrom +APFNaCl=((4*4*%pi*r^3/3)+(4*4*%pi*R^3/3))/((4/3)*(2*r+2*R)^3) +printf('APF for NaCl is %f \n',APFNaCl)//correction + diff --git a/3622/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3622/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96246de01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +n=2//number of atoms in plane +r=3.5e-8/2//armstrom +//interatomic distance=2*r +a=4*r/sqrt(2) +Area=a^2 +AtomsperArea=n/Area +printf('atoms per cm cube is %e\n',AtomsperArea)//correction diff --git a/3622/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3622/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5194ae2fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +V=20e3//volts +m=9e-31//mass of electron +e=1.6e-19//charge of electron +v=sqrt(2*V*e/m) +printf('maximum speed of electron is %e metre per second \n',v) diff --git a/3622/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3622/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72d87f868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +m=9e-31//mass of electron +e=1.6e-19//charge of electron +V=5000//volts +v=sqrt(2*V*e/m) +printf('maximum speed of electron is %e metre per second \n',v) diff --git a/3622/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3622/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..648a81031 --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +energy=0.1/100//energy converted +amp_watt=5/1000 +m=9e-31//mass of electron +e=1.6e-19//charge of electron +V=100000//volts +v=sqrt(2*V*e/m) +EnConv=V*energy*amp_watt +EnConvinJ=4.18*EnConv +printf('maximum speed of electron is %e metre per second \n',v) +printf('Rate of production of heat is %f calories per second \n',EnConvinJ) diff --git a/3622/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3622/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d985378d --- /dev/null +++ b/3622/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Initialisation of variables +clc +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +dhkl=1.75e-8// +a=dhkl*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +printf('inter atomic spacing is %e cms \n',a) diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e460d438 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +R1=20000; //Ohm +R2=20000; //Ohm +Vcc=10; //Volt +Vb=Vcc*(R2/(R1+R2)); //Volt +Ve=Vb-0.7; //Volt +Re=5000; //Ohm +Ie=Ve/Re; //Ampere +Vceq=Vcc-Ve; //Volt +disp('V',Vb,"Vb=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Ve,"Ve=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('A',Ie,"Ie=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f373fd40a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +Vee=5; //Volt +Vbe=0.7; //Volt +Re=13000; //Ohm +Ie=0.000331 //Ampere +re=0.025/Ie; //Ohm +Zin=re; //Ohm +Rc=10000; //Ohm +Zout=Rc; //Ohm +RL=5100; //Ohm +rc=(RL*Rc)/(RL+Rc); //Ohm +Av=rc/re; +Ai=rc/RL; +disp('',Av,"Av="); +disp('',Ai,"Ai="); +disp('Ohm',Zin,"Zin=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('Ohm',Zout,"Zout=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.png b/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1341079a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a32b6ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +Vcc=0.002; //Volt +Re=5000; //Ohm +Icsat=Vcc/Re; //Ampere +Vceoff=Vcc; //Volt +disp(' Amperes',Icsat,"Icsat="); +disp('Volt',Vceoff,"Vceoff="); +T1=0:2:10 //Here on X-axis T1=Vce=10V +T2=2:-0.4:0; //Here on the Y-Axis T2=Ic=2miliAmpere +plot(T1,T2) +xlabel('Vce(V)') +ylabel('Ic(mA)') + + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9378b2c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Re=2000; //Ohm +RL=5000; //Ohm +rE=(Re*RL)/(Re+RL); //Ohm +Ie=0.031; //Ampere +re=0.025/Ie; //Ohm +Av=rE/(rE+re); +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1aaa56d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +//power gain of circuit +Ai=2.7; +Av=0.994; +Ap=Ai*Av; +disp(' ',Ap,"Ap="); diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3815403e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +re=8.1; //Ohm +rE=1430; //ohm +hfc=220; +Zbase=hfc*(re+rE); //Ohm +R1=25000; //Ohm +R2=33000; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Zin=(Zbase*Req)/(Zbase+Req);//Ohm +disp('kohm',Zin/1000,"Zin=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d30f4773d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +hic=4000; +hfc=200; +re=hic/hfc; //Ohm +R1=3000; //Ohm +R2=4700; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Rs=600; //Ohm +Rth=(Req*Rs)/(Req+Rs);//Ohm +Re=390;//Ohm +R=(re+(Rth/hfc));//Ohm +Zout=(Re*R)/(Re+R);//Ohm +disp('Ohm',Zout,"Zout=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1aff7713 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +hic=650; //Ohm +hfc=150; +re=hic/hfc; //Ohm +Re=2000; //Ohm +RL=8000; //Ohm +rE=(Re*RL)/(Re+RL); //Ohm +Zbase=hfc*(re+rE); //Ohm +R1=190000; //ohm +Zin1=(R1*Zbase)/(R1+Zbase);//Ohm//for emitter feedback +R1=30000; //Ohm +R2=39000; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Zin2=(Zbase*Req)/(Zbase+Req);//Ohm //for voltage divider biased +disp('kOhm',Zin1/1000,"Zin1="); +disp('kOhm',Zin2/1000,"Zin2="); + + + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c14db48c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +R2=120; //Ohm +R1=120; //Ohm +Vcc=10; //Volt +Vb=Vcc*(R2/(R1+R2));//Volt +Re=3300; //Ohm +Vbe=0.7; //Volt +Ie=(Vb-2*Vbe)/Re; //Amperes +hfc1=70; +hfc2=70; +RE=3300; //Ohm +Rin1=hfc1*hfc2*RE; //Ohm//hfe=70 for current (Icq) +disp('MegaOhm',Rin1/1000000,"Rin1=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3630/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1193ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +Re=3300; //Ohm +RL=1000; //Ohm +rE=(Re*RL)/(Re+RL); //Ohm +hic1=40000; //Ohm +hfc1=120; +hic2=3000; //Ohm +hfc2=150; +Zbase=hic1+hfc1*(hic2+(hfc2*rE));//Ohm +R1=120000;//Ohm +R2=120000; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2);//Ohm +Zin=(Zbase*Req)/(Zbase+Req);//Ohm//input impedance +re1=hic1/hfc1;//Ohm +re2=hic2/hfc2;//Ohm +R1=120000;//Ohm +R2=120000;//Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2);//Ohm +Rs=3300;//Ohm +Rth=(Req*Rs)/(Req+Rs);//Ohm +Zout=re2+(re1+(Rth/hfc1))/hfc2;//Ohm//output impedance +Ai=(hfc1*hfc2)*((Zin*rE)/(Zbase*RL));//current gain +disp('',Ai,"Ai=");Answer variation due to round of error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f44c5ab9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Vceq=5.72; //Volt +PP1=2*Vceq; //Vpp(peak to peak voltage) +Icq=0.103; //Ampere +rc=25.7; //Ohm +PP2=2*Icq*rc; //Volt +disp('Vpp',PP1,"PP1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Vpp',PP2,"PP2=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a8249883 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +Vcc=15; //Volt +R1=1000; //Ohm +R2=170; //Ohm +R3=1000; //Ohm +I1=Vcc/(R1+R2+R3); //Ampere +RL=10; //Ohm +Icave=Vcc/(2*3.14*RL);//Ampere +Icc=Icave+I1; //Ampere +Ps=Vcc*Icc; //Watt +disp('W',Ps,"Ps=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3e160687 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +PP=15; //Vpp(peak to peak voltage Volt) +RL=10; //Ohm +PLmax=PP^2/(8*RL); //Watt +disp('W',PLmax,"PLmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b51551f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +PL=2.81; //Watt +Ps=3.69; //Watt +N=(PL/Ps)*100; +disp('%',N,"N=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d672dcb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +Vppout=7.5; //Volt +RL=10; //Ohm +Iceq=0.119; //Ampere +Icave=Vppout/(2*3.14*RL); //Ampere +I1=0.00691; //Ampere +Icc=Icave+I1; //Ampere +Vcc=15; //Volt +Ps=Vcc*Icc; //Watt +PLmax=Vppout^2/(8*RL); //Watt +N=(PLmax/Ps)*100; +disp('%',N,"N=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6582888ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Icq=0.001; //Ampere +Vceq=5.3; //Volt +Pd=Icq*Vceq; //Watt +disp('mW',Pd*1000,"Pd=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ba6b125b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Vpp=12; //Volt +RL=8; //Ohm +Pd=Vpp^2/(40*RL); //Watt +disp('mW',Pd*1000,"Pd=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1167ab3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vcc=12; //Volt +R1=300; //Ohm +R2=100; //ohm +I1=Vcc/(R1+R2); //Ampere +Icq=0.103; //Ampere +Icc=Icq+I1; //Ampere +Ps=Vcc*Icc; //Watt +disp('W',Ps,"Ps=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29dabc71d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +VL=10.6; //volt +RL=20; //Ohm +PL=VL^2/RL; //Watt +disp('W',PL,"PL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b87f17d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Vpk=20; //Volt +RL=75; //Ohm +PL=Vpk^2/(2*RL);//Watt +disp('W',PL,"PL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..068dbc4dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +PP=36; //Vpp +RL=75; //Ohm +PLmax=PP^2/(8*RL); //Watt +disp('W',PLmax,"PLmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591ce7a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +PP=5.29; //Vpp(Volt peak to peak)) +RL=75; //Ohm +PL=PP^2/(8*RL);//Watt +Ps=1.6; //Watt +N=(PL/Ps)*100; +disp('%',N,"N=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38182e23e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Vcc=10; //Volt +R1=470; //Ohm +R2=110; //Ohm +I1=Vcc/(R1+R2); //Ampere +Icq=0.0976; //Ampere +Icc=Icq+I1; //Ampere +Ps=Vcc*Icc; //Watt +Vceq=8.63; //Volt +PP1=2*Vceq; //Volt +rc=80; //Ohm +PP2=2*Icq*rc; //Volt +Ns=1; +Np=4; +Vpp=(Ns/Np)*PP2; //Volt +RL=5; +PLmax=Vpp^2/(8*RL);//Watt//maximum load power +Ps=1.15 //Watt +H=(PLmax/Ps)*100; +disp('%',H,"H=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7591d6323 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Vcc=10; //volt +RL=10; //ohm +Icsat=Vcc/(2*RL); //Ampere +Vceoff=Vcc/2; //Volt +disp('mA',Icsat*1000,"Icsat=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('V',Vceoff,"Vceoff=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3630/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78a9ec39d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Vcc=12; //volt +PP=Vcc; //volt +RL=8; //ohm +PLmax=PP^2/(8*RL); //watt +disp('W',PLmax,"PLmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..108bae9df --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Idss=0.003; +Vgs=-2; +Vgsoff=-6; +Id=Idss*(1-(Vgs/Vgsoff))^2; +disp('mA',Id*1000,"Id=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..925a6737c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vdd=30; +Rd=1100; +Rs=10000; +Idq=[0.0015 0.002]; +Vdsqmax=Vdd-Idq(1,1)*(Rd+Rs); +Vdsqmin=Vdd-Idq(1,2)*(Rd+Rs); +disp('V',Vdsqmax,"Vsdqmax=") +disp('V',Vdsqmin,"Vsdqmin=") diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9fe3b1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Vgs1=-3; +Vgs2=-5; +Gm0=0.006; +Vgsoff=-8; +Gm1=Gm0*(1-(Vgs1/Vgsoff)); +Gm2=Gm0*(1-(Vgs2/Vgsoff)); +disp('uS',Gm1*1000000,"Gm1=") +disp('uS',Gm2*1000000,"Gm2=") + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56f16d100 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Vgs1=-5; +Vgs2=-0.75; +Gm01=0.006; +Gm02=0.002; +Vgsoff1=-8; +Vgsoff2=-2; +Gm1=Gm01*(1-(Vgs1/Vgsoff1)); +Gm2=Gm02*(1-(Vgs2/Vgsoff2)); +RD=8200; +RL=100000; +rD=(RD*RL)/(RD+RL); +Avmax=rD*Gm1; +Avmin=rD*Gm2; +disp(' ',Avmax,"Avmax=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',Avmin,"Avmin=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2be84c28d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +rD=7580; +rS=2200; +Gm1=1/444; +Gm2=1/1000; +Avmax=rD/(rS+(1/Gm1)); +Avmin=rD/(rS+(1/Gm2)); +disp(' ',Avmax,"Avmax=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',Avmin,"Avmin=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b6b2a10c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Hfe=200; +re=22.7; +R1=10000; +R2=2200; +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +X1=Hfe*re; +ZinBJT=(Req*X1)/(Req+X1); +ZinJFET=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +disp('kOhm',ZinBJT/1000,"ZinBJT=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('kOhm',ZinJFET/1000,"ZinJFET=")//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aa775385 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +RD=8200; +Zin=1290; +rD1=(RD*Zin)/(RD+Zin); +Gm=0.002; +AvBJT=Gm*rD1; +Zin=1800; +rD2=(RD*Zin)/(RD+Zin); +AvJFET=Gm*rD2; +disp(' ',AvBJT,"AvBJT=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',AvJFET,"AvJFET=")//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d34f867f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +Vgs1=-0.5 +Vgs2=-5; +Gm01=0.002; +Gm02=0.006; +Vgsoff1=-2; +Vgsoff2=-8; +Gm1=Gm01*(1-(Vgs1/Vgsoff1)); +Gm2=Gm02*(1-(Vgs2/Vgsoff2)); +Rs=5100; +RL=20000; +rS=(Rs*RL)/(Rs+RL); +Avmin=rS/(rS+(1/Gm1)); +Avmax=rS/(rS+(1/Gm2)); +disp(' ',Avmax,"Avmax=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',Avmin,"Avmin=")//The answers vary due to round off error +Gm11=1/667; +Gm22=1/444; +Zoutmax=(Rs/Gm11)/(Rs+(1/Gm11)); +Zoutmin=(Rs/Gm22)/(Rs+(1/Gm22)); +disp('Ohm',Zoutmax,"Zoutmax=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Ohm',Zoutmin,"Zoutmin=")//The answers vary due to round off error +R1=1000000; +R2=1000000; +Zin=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +disp('KOhm',Zin/1000,"Zin=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70782f8db --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +yos=0.00005; +rd=1/yos; //minimum value +Rd=1000; +Zout=(Rd*rd)/(Rd+rd); +disp('Ohm',Zout,"Zout=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.png b/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a58efd693 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d4f163f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +Idss=0.003; +Vgs=[0 -1 -3 -5]; +Vgsoff=-6; +Id=zeros(1,5); +Id(1,1)=Idss*(1-(Vgs(1,1)/Vgsoff))^2; +Id(1,2)=Idss*(1-(Vgs(1,2)/Vgsoff))^2; +Id(1,3)=Idss*(1-(Vgs(1,3)/Vgsoff))^2; +Id(1,4)=Idss*(1-(Vgs(1,4)/Vgsoff))^2; +Vgs1=[0 -1 -3 -5 -6]; +plot(Vgs1,Id*1000) +xlabel('Vgs(V)') +ylabel('Id(mA)') + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.png b/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a5f107c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28331aacc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Vgs1=[-6 -4 -2 0]; +Id1=[0 0.556 2.222 5]; +Vgs2=[-0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0]; +Id2=[0 0.04 0.36 1]; +plot(Vgs1,Id1) +xgrid +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +plot2d(Vgs2,Id2) +xlabel('Vgs(V)') +ylabel('Id(mA)') + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a07b203fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Vgs=-5; +Vgg=Vgs; +Idss=0.016; +Vgsoff=-8; +Id=Idss*(1-(Vgs/Vgsoff))^2; +Vdd=10; +Rd=2200; +VDS=Vdd-Id*Rd; +disp('V',Vgs,"Vgs=") +disp('mA',Id*1000,"Id=") +disp('V',VDS,"VDS=") diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85875fb3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +//from example 12.7 Idqmax and Idqmin +Idqmax=0.006; +Idqmin=0.0015; +Vdd=10; +Rs=500; +Rd=500; +Vdsqmax=Vdd-Idqmin*(Rs+Rd); +Vdsqmin=Vdd-Idqmax*(Rs+Rd); +disp('V',Vdsqmax,"Vsdqmax=") +disp('V',Vdsqmin,"Vsdqmin=") +disp('The value of Vdsq will fall between Vdsqmax and Vdsqmin') + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.png b/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9724022e3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16c2d7bfa --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +R2=1500000; +R1=1500000; +Vdd=30; +Vg=Vdd*(R2/(R1+R2)); +Rs=10000; +Id=Vg/Rs; +Vgsoff=-8; +Idss=0.016; +Vgs1=-8:1:0; +Id1=Idss*(1-(Vgs1/Vgsoff)).^2; +Vgsoff=-2; +Idss=0.004; +Vgs2=-2:1:0; +Id2=Idss*(1-(Vgs2/Vgsoff)).^2; +plot2d(Vgs1,Id1*1000) +xgrid +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +plot2d(Vgs2,Id2*1000) +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +Vgs3=-6:1:0; +Id3=((Vgs3.*-0.1)+1.5); +plot2d(Vgs3,Id3) +xlabel('Vgs(V)') +ylabel('Id(mA)') +xtitle('The voltage -divider dc bias line') + diff --git a/3630/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3630/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58de35897 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +Idqmax=0.002; +Idqmin=0.0015; +Vgsmax=-5; +Vgsmin=-0.5; +Vdd=30; +R1=1500000; +R2=1500000; +Vg=Vdd*(R2/(R1+R2)); +Vs=Vg-Vgsmax; +Rs=10000; +Idq1=Vs/Rs; +Idq2=(Vg-Vgsmin)/(Rs); +disp('mA',Idq1*1000,"Idq1=") +disp('mA',Idq2*1000,"Idq2=") +disp('Result Is verified', ," ") diff --git a/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.png b/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f993dbfd Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef715e187 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vgs=-6:1:4; +Vgsoff=-6; +Idss=0.001; +Id=Idss*(1-(Vgs/Vgsoff)).^2; +plot(Vgs,Id*1000,'r') +xgrid +xlabel('Vgs(V)') +ylabel('Id(mA)') diff --git a/3630/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3630/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de8b82b06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Idon=0.01; +Vgson=10; +Vgsth=1.5; +k=Idon/(Vgson-Vgsth)^2; +Vdd=10; +R2=1000000; +R1=1000000; +Vg=Vdd*(R2/(R1+R2)); +Id=k*((Vg-Vgsth)^2); +disp('mA',Id*1000,"Id=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3630/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..167f683fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Vdd=20; +Id=0.01; +Rd=1000; +Vgs=Vdd-Id*Rd; +disp('V',Vgs,"Vgs=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c748d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Fc1=30; +Fc2=275; +BW=Fc2-Fc1; +disp('kHz',BW,"BW=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c7b83e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +R1=18000; +R2=4700; +Hie=600; +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +Rth=(Req*Hie)/(Req+Hie); +hfc=201; +re=22; +Rout=re+(Rth/hfc); +Ce=0.00001; +f1E=1/(2*3.14*Rout*Ce); +disp('Hz',f1E,"f1E=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d174f605e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Avmid=45; +fC1=2000; +f=500; +deltaAv=20*log10(1/(1+(fC1/f)^2)^0.5); +AvdB=Avmid+deltaAv; +disp('dB',AvdB,"AvdB=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6613bad97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +fT=300000000; +re=2.9; +//value of cbe +Cbe=1/(2*3.14*fT*re); +disp('Farad',Cbe,"Cbe=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..811014bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Av=120; +Cbc=0.000000000006; +CinM=Av*Cbc; +CoutM=Cbc; +disp('Farad',CinM,"CinM=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('pFarad',CoutM*1000000000000,"CoutM=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b427574f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +hfe=150; +rC=4000; +hie=3000; +Cbe=0.000000000012 +Cbc=0.000000000006; +Av=(hfe*rC)/hie; +CinM=Av*Cbc; +Rs=500; +Req=1000; +Rth=(Req*Rs)/(Req+Rs); +RX=(Rth*hie)/(Rth+hie); +f2B=1/(2*3.14*RX*(Cbe+CinM)); +disp('kHz',f2B/1000,"f2B=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('The answers vary due to round off error', ," ") diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c37c40972 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +CoutM=0.000000000006; +CL=0.000000000720; +rC=4000; +f2C=1/(2*3.14*rC*(CoutM+CL)); +disp('kHz',f2C/1000,"f2C=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..769eab17b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//high input impedance of JFET +R1=18000; +R2=4700; +Rin=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +Rs=600; +Cc1=0.000001; +f1G=1/(2*3.14*(Rs+Rin)*Cc1); +disp('Hz',f1G,"f1G=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f8a6f0d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//high input impedance of JFET +R1=18000000; +R2=4700000; +Rin=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +Rs=600; +Cc1=0.000001; +f1G=1/(2*3.14*(Rs+Rin)*Cc1); +disp('Hz',f1G,"f1G=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a5c00a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//high input impedance of JFET +R1=1500000; +R2=650000; +Rin=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +Rs=1000; +Cc1=0.00000001; +f1G=1/(2*3.14*(Rs+Rin)*Cc1); +Rd=5000; +RL=10000; +Cc2=0.0000001; +f1D=1/(2*3.14*(Rd+RL)*Cc2); +disp('Hz',f1G,"f1G=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Hz',f1D,"f1D=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e69f5d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Cgd=0.000000000004; +Gm=0.0025; +rD=5600; +CinM=Cgd*(Gm*rD+1); +disp('Farad',CinM,"CinM=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cde8ef1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +fc1=30; +fc2=275; +f0=(fc1*fc2)^0.5; //geometric centre frequency +disp('kHz',f0,"f0=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.20/Ex14_20.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.20/Ex14_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20c5ab5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.20/Ex14_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +Rin=454000; +Rs=1000; +Rth=(Rin*Rs)/(Rin+Rs); +Cgd=0.000000000004; +Gm=0.004; +rD=3325; +CinM=Cgd*(Gm*rD+1); +Cgs=0.000000000005; +Cg=Cgs+CinM; +Cg=0.0000000000622; +f2G=1/(2*3.14*Rth*Cg); +CoutM=0.000000000004; +Cds=0.000000000002; +CL=0.000000000001; +Cd=CoutM+Cds+CL; +f2D=1/(2*3.14*rD*Cd); +disp('MHz',f2G/1000000,"f2G=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('MHz',f2D/1000000,"f2D=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.21/Ex14_21.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.21/Ex14_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b639a2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.21/Ex14_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Crss=0.000000000001; +Cgd=Crss; +Ciss=0.000000000005; +Cgs=Ciss-Crss; +Coss=0.000000000002; +Cds=Coss-Crss; +disp('Farad',Cgd,"Cgd="); +disp('Farad',Cds,"Cds="); +disp('Farad',Cgs,"Cgs="); diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.22/Ex14_22.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.22/Ex14_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96aee59c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.22/Ex14_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +clc; +fC2=500000; +fC2T=fC2*(2^0.5-1)^0.5; +disp('kHz',fC2T/1000,"fC2T="); diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.23/Ex14_23.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.23/Ex14_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3cc73b99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.23/Ex14_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +clc; +fC1=5000; +fC1T=fC1/(2^0.5-1)^0.5; +disp('kHz',fC1T/1000,"fC1T="); diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..795dae859 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +fc1=30; +fc2=275; +f0=90.8; +ratio1=f0/fc1; +ratio2=fc2/f0; +disp('Ratio of f0/fc1',ratio1,"ratio1=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Ratio fof fc2/f0',ratio1,"ratio1=")//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6063f64e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +f0=60; +fc2=300; +fc1=(60)^2/(300); +BW=fc2-fc1; +disp('kHz',BW,"BW=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('kHz',fc1,"fc1=")//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da24cff64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +f0=40; +fc1=8; +fc2=(f0)^2/(fc1); +BW=fc2-fc1; +disp('kHz',BW,"BW=")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('kHz',fc2,"fc2=")//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3346f4cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Pout=2; +Pin=0.0001; +ApdB=10*log10(Pout/Pin); +disp('dB',ApdB,"ApdB=")//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Capture.PNG b/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Capture.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5450971b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Capture.PNG differ diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384091500 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +Ap1=100; //power gain at stage 1 +Ap2=4; //power gain at stage 2 +Ap3=2; //power gain at stage3 +ApT=Ap1*Ap2*Ap3; //total power gain of a multistage amplifier +ApTdB=10*log10(ApT); //total power in dB +Ap1dB=10*log10(Ap1); //power gain at stage 1 in dB +Ap2dB=10*log10(Ap2); //power gain at stage 2 in dB +Ap3dB=10*log10(Ap3); //power gain at stage 3 in dB +ApT1dB=Ap1dB+Ap2dB+Ap3dB; ////total power in dB +disp('dB',ApT1dB,"ApT1dB=")//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('dB',ApTdB,"ApTdB=")//The answers vary due to round off error + +if ApT1dB==ApTdB then + disp('Proved total power gain ApT is equal to Ap1(dB)+Ap2(dB)+Ap3(dB).We have shown that you can determine total multistage gain by adding the individual dB power gain values') +end + diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43cc44487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +R1=18000; +R2=4700; +Hie=4400; +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); +Rin=(Req*Hie)/(Req+Hie); +Rs=600; +C=0.000001; +fB1=1/(2*3.14*(Rs+Rin)*C); +disp('Hz',fB1,"fB1=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3630/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad1b1105f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Rc=1500; +RL=5000; +C=0.00000022; +f1C=1/(2*3.14*(Rc+RL)*C); +disp('Hz',f1C,"f1C=")//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d07ee2db --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +V1=2; +V2=[4 0]; +Vdiff1=V2(1,1)-V1; +Vdiff2=V2(1,2)-V2; +disp('V',Vdiff1,"Vdiff1="); +disp('V',Vdiff2,"Vdiff2="); diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270c4454a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +funity=15000000; +Acl=500; +fc=funity/Acl; +BW=fc; +fc1=200000; +AcL=funity/fc1; +disp('kHz',fc/1000,"fc=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b253771 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +AoL=150000; +av=0.005; +AcL=AoL/(1+(av*AoL)); +disp('',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19edc09fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Rf=120000; +Rin=1500; +AcL=(Rf/Rin)+1; +av=1/AcL; +AoL=150000; +A=1+av*AoL; +disp('Feedback factor',A,"A=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d171e309 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +AcL=151; +av=1/AcL; +AoL=180000; +A=1+av*AoL; +Zin=5000000; +Zinf=Zin*A; +disp('ohm',Zinf,"Zinf=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.15/Ex15_15.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.15/Ex15_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0710ce50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.15/Ex15_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Zout=80; +avAoL=1180; +Zoutf=Zout/(1+avAoL); +disp('mohm',Zoutf*1000 ,"Zoutf=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdaf595ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Av=150; +Vin=0.100; +Vout=Av*Vin; +V1=10; +V2=-10; +Vpk1=V1-1; +Vpk2=V2+1; +disp('V+',Vpk1,"Vpk1="); +disp('V-',Vpk2,"Vpk1="); diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c9fe3b6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Av=200; +Vout=8; +Vin=Vout/Av; +V1=6; +V2=-6; +Vpk1=V1-2; +Vpk2=V2+2; +disp('V+',Vpk1,"Vpk1="); +disp('V-',Vpk2,"Vpk1="); +disp('mVpp',Vin*1000,"Vin="); + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a1fdaf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +Av=121; +Vout=4; +Vin=Vout/Av; +V1=4; +V2=-4; +Vpk1=V1-2; +Vpk2=V2+2; +disp('V+',Vpk1,"Vpk1="); +disp('V-',Vpk2,"Vpk1="); +disp('mVpp',Vin*1000,"Vin="); + + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65629cbbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +slewrate=500000; +Vpk=8; +fmax=slewrate/(2*3.14*Vpk); +disp('kHz',fmax/1000,"fmax="); diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662580636 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +slewrate=500000; +Vpk=0.001; +fmax=slewrate/(2*3.14*Vpk); +disp('Hz',fmax,"fmax="); +//The provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec3c1f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +Rf=100000; +Rin=10000; +AcL=Rf/Rin; +Zin=Rin; +Acm=0.001; +CMRR=AcL/Acm; +Vin=1; +Vout=AcL*Vin; +slewrate=500000; +Vpk=5; +fmax=slewrate/(2*3.14*Vpk); +disp(' ',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp(' ',CMRR,"CMRR=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('Vpp',Vout,"Vout=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('kHz',fmax/1000,"fmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7da991c84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +Rf=100000; +Rin=10000; +AcL=(Rf/Rin)+1; +Acm=0.001; +CMRR=AcL/Acm; +Vin=1; +Vout=AcL*Vin; +slewrate=500000; +Vpk=5.5; +fmax=slewrate/(2*3.14*Vpk); +disp(' ',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp(' ',CMRR,"CMRR=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('Vpp',Vout,"Vout=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +disp('kHz',fmax/1000,"fmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3630/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8476928 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +AcL=1; +Acm=0.001; +CMRR=AcL/Acm; +slewrate=500000; +Vpk=3; +fmax=slewrate/(2*3.14*Vpk); +disp(' ',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',CMRR,"CMRR=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('kHz',fmax/1000,"fmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3630/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e218b189 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +Vin=4.999; +Vref=5; +Vdiff1=Vin-Vref; +AoL=150000; +Vout1=AoL*Vdiff1; +V=10; +VoutL1=-V+1; +//asume RL>10000 ohm +Vin=5.001; +Vref=5; +Vdiff2=Vin-Vref; +Vout2=AoL*Vdiff2; +VoutL2=9; +//again asume RL.1000 +disp('Noninverting input at +4.999', ," "); +disp('mV',Vdiff1*1000,"Vdif1="); +disp('V',Vout1,"Vout1="); +disp('V',VoutL1,"VoutL1="); +disp('Noninverting input at +5.001', ," "); +disp('V',Vout2,"Vout2="); +disp('V',VoutL2,"VoutL2="); +disp('mV',Vdiff2*1000,"Vdif1="); + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3630/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..564f6a6df --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +V=5; +R2=30000; +R1=120000; +Vref=V*(R2/(R1+R2)); +disp('V',Vref,"Vref="); diff --git a/3630/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3630/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d56f655c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +v1=3; +v2=6; +v3=4; +rf=10000; +r1=10000; +r2=10000; +r3=10000; +Vout=-rf*((v1/r1)+(v2/r2)+(v3/r3)); +disp('V',Vout,"Vout="); diff --git a/3630/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3630/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..128603e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +v1=10; +v2=8; +v3=7; +rf=1000; +r1=10000; +r2=10000; +r3=10000; +Vout=-rf*((v1/r1)+(v2/r2)+(v3/r3)); +disp('V',Vout,"Vout="); diff --git a/3630/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3630/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c01aa601 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +rf=1000; +r1=1000; +r2=2000; +r3=4000; +v1=[10 0 10]; +v2=[0 10 10]; +v3=[10 0 10]; +for i=1:3 +Vout(1,i)=(rf/r1)*v1(1,i)+(rf/r2)*v2(1,i)+(rf/r3)*v3(1,i); +end +disp('V',Vout(1,1),"Vout(1,1)="); +disp('V',Vout(1,2),"Vout(1,2)="); +disp('V',Vout(1,3),"Vout(1,3)="); diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f30f5bde --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +f0=1000000; +BW=40000; +Q=f0/BW; +disp('V',Q,"Q="); diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ad8ffb87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +f0=100; +Q=1.02; +BW=floor(f0/Q); +fc1=ceil(f0-BW/2); +fc2=floor(f0+BW/2); +fc11=floor(f0*((1+(1/((2*Q)^2)))^0.5)-BW/2); +fc22=floor((f0*(1+(1/((2*Q)^2)))^0.5)+BW/2); +Fc1=((fc11-fc1)/fc11)*100; +Fc2=((fc22-fc2)/fc22)*100; +disp('%',Fc1,"Fc1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('%',Fc2,"Fc2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93585963b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +rf=40000; +r2=10000; +AcL=rf/(2*r2); +disp('%',AcL,"AcL=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a6865426 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +L=0.001; +C=0.0000000001; +f0=1/(2*3.14*(L*C)^0.5); +disp('Hz',floor(f0/1000),"f0=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bc16f629 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +XL=3160; +Rw=25; +Q=XL/Rw; +disp(' ',Q,"Q=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38c198a55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Q=126; +Rw=25; +Rp=(Q^2)*Rw; +XL=3160; +rc=20000; +QL=rc/XL; +disp(' ',ceil(Rp/1000),"Rp=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',QL,"QL=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4730e5664 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +f0=503000; +QL=6.33; +BW=f0/QL; +disp('khz',BW,"BW=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f30f5bde --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +f0=1000000; +BW=40000; +Q=f0/BW; +disp('V',Q,"Q="); diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e8af8af7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +fc1=960000; +fc2=1440000; +BW=480000; +f0=ceil((fc1*fc2)^0.5); +fave=(fc1+fc2)/2; +Q=f0/BW; +disp('kHz',f0/1000,"f0="); +disp('kHz',fave/1000,"fave="); +disp(' ',Q,"Q=");//The answers vary due to round off error in f0 + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f372c4585 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +r1=33000; +c1=0.0000001; +fc=1/(2*3.14*r1*c1); +rf1=4700; +rf2=9100; +AcL=(rf1/rf2)+1; +disp('Hz',fc,"fc="); +disp('',AcL,"AcL");//The answers vary due to round off error in f0 + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e4ecec6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +r1=10000; +r2=10000; +c1=0.000000015; +c2=0.000000033; +fc=floor(1/(2*3.14*(r1*r2*c1*c2)^0.5)); +disp('Hz',fc,"fc="); diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb233b38c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +r1=10000; +r2=10000; +c1=0.00000001; +c2=0.00000002; +fc2=ceil(1/(2*3.14*(r1*r2*c1*c2)^0.5)); +r3=15000; +r4=30000; +c3=0.00000001; +c4=0.00000001; +fc1=1/(2*3.14*(r3*r4*c3*c4)^0.5); +BW=(fc2-fc1); +f0=(fc2*fc1)^0.5; +Q=(f0/BW); +disp('Hz',fc2,"fc2=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Hz',fc1,"fc1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Hz',BW,"BW=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',Q,"Q=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a07c1432 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +r1=10000; +r2=10000; +rf=40000; +req=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2); +c1=0.0000001; +c2=0.000000068; +f0=ceil(1/(2*3.14*((req*c1*c2*rf)^0.5))); +disp('Hz',f0,"f0="); diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e1a8cf4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +c1=0.0000001; +c2=0.000000068; +c=(c1*c2)^0.5; +rf=40000; +f0=137; +Q=(3.14*f0*rf*c); +BW=f0/Q; +disp(' ',Q,"Q="); +disp('Hz',BW,"BW="); + diff --git a/3630/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3630/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9232762a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +f0=12000; +BW=6000; +Q=2; +fc1=f0-BW/2; +fc2=f0+BW/2; +fc11=ceil(f0*((1+(1/((2*Q)^2)))^0.5)-BW/2); +fc22=f0*(1+(1/(2*Q)^2))^0.5+BW/2; +Fc1=((fc11-fc1)/fc11)*100; +Fc2=((fc22-fc2)/fc22)*100; +disp('%',Fc1,"Fc1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('%',Fc2,"Fc2=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3630/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c9e993e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +c1=0.0000000033; +c2=0.0000001; +L=0.000047; +cT=(c1*c2)/(c1+c2); +fr=1/(2*3.14*(L*cT)^0.5); +Xc1=117; //for fr value +Xc2=3.87; +av1=Xc2/Xc1; +av2=c1/c2; +disp('using equation 18.3',av1,"av1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('using equation 18.4',av2,"av2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ce3c9006 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +vcc=12; +Rc=1200; +Icsat=vcc/Rc; +hfe=100; +Ib=Icsat/hfe; +Rb=47000; +vbe=0.7; +Vpk=(Ib*Rb)+vbe; +disp('V',Vpk,"Vpk=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85daea567 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +r=1200; +c=0.0000001; +PW=1.1*r*c; +disp('ms',PW*1000000,"PW=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..534e7fc4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Vcon=6; +Vcc=12; +VT1=(1/2)*Vcon; +VT2=(1/3)*Vcc; +disp('V',VT1,"VT1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',VT2,"VT2=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb1b01c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +ra=3000; +rb=2700; +c1=0.000000033; +f0=(1.44/((ra+2*rb)*c1)); +dutycycle=((ra+rb)/(ra+2*rb))*100; +PW=0.693*((ra+rb)*c1); +disp('kHz',f0/1000,"f0=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('%',dutycycle,"dutycycle=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mS',floor(PW*1000000),"PW=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2539dff8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +Vdd1=5; +Idss=0.005; +Rd1=1000; +Vout1=Vdd1-(Idss*Rd1); +Vdd=5; +Id=0; +Rd=1000; +Vout2=Vdd-(Id*Rd); +disp('V',Vout1,"Vout1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vout2,"Vout2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64da32880 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +Vdd=10; +Idss1=0.002; +Rd1=1000; +Rd2=100; +Vout1=Vdd-(Idss1*Rd1); +Vout2=Vdd-(Idss1*Rd2); +disp('V',Vout1,"Vout1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vout2,"Vout2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e28395fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +PW=2.5*0.000050; +T=6.5*0.000050; +disp('uS',PW*1000000,"PW=");//The provided in the textbook is wrong +disp('uS',T*1000000,"T=");//The provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8f9be59b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +PW=0.000125; +T=0.000325; +dutycycle=(PW/T)*100; +disp('%',dutycycle,"dutycycle=");//The provided in the textbook is wrong + + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0bb91829 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +tr=0.000000040; +fc=0.35/tr; +tf=0.000000030; +fmax=0.35/(100*tr); +disp('MHz',fc/1000000,"fc=");//The provided in the textbook is wrong +disp('kHz',fmax/1000,"fmax=");//The provided in the textbook is wrong + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..768cf304e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +Rin=20000; +rf=100000; +Vout1=-12; +Vout2=12; +Vin=2.4; +UTP=-(Rin/rf)*Vout1; +LTP=-(Rin/rf)*Vout2; +Vrin=(Vin-Vout1)*(Rin/(Rin+rf)); +disp('V',UTP,"UTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',LTP,"LTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vrin,"Vrin=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3e9c394 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Rin=3300; +rf1=11000; +rf2=33000; +Vout1=-11; +Vout2=11; +UTP=-(Rin/rf1)*(Vout1+0.7); +LTP=-(Rin/rf2)*(Vout2-0.7); +disp('V',UTP,"UTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',LTP,"LTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3630/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02582ad11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +rf2=1000; +rf1=2000; +req=(rf2/(rf1+rf2)); +UTP=req*9; +LTP=req*-9; +disp('V',UTP,"UTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',LTP,"LTP=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddb241300 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex2.1 +R1=1000; //kohm; +VS=5; //Volt//voltage across voltage source +IT=0; //Ampere; because diode in reverse bias and does not allow conduction through diode +VD1=VS-(IT*R1); //apply kvl in the circuit +VR1=VD1-VS; //apply kvl in the circuit +disp( 'Volt',VD1*1,"VD1="); +disp( 'Ampere',IT*1,"IT="); +disp( 'Volt',VR1*1,"VR1="); diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d389af35f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//ex2.10 +Vss=10; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +R=100; //ohm +//total current through the circuit by using kirchhoff's voltage law +If=(Vss-Vf)/R; //Ampere +//power dissipation form diode for Vf and If +Pf=Vf*If; //Watt +PDmax=(20/100)*Pf+Pf; //Watt//forward power dissipation that is 20% greater than value of Pf +disp( 'mA',If*1000,"If="); +disp( 'mW',Pf*1000,"Pf="); +disp( 'mW',PDmax*1000,"PDmax="); + diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95bec3d9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//ex2.11 +Pdmax=500; //miliwatt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Io=Pdmax/Vf; //Ampere//using P=V*I +Ifmax=(80/100)*Io; //Ampere//maximum forward current 80% of IO +disp( 'mA',Io,"Io="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Ifmax,"Ifmax="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f606e12b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//ex2.12 +Vb=0.7; //volt +If=[0.001 0.005]; //Ampere +Rb=5; //ohm +Vf1=Vb+If(1,1)*Rb; //Volt//VF=VB+If*Rb; +Vf2=Vb+If(1,2)*Rb; //Volt//VF=VB+If*Rb; +disp('mV',Vf1,"Vf1="); +disp('mV',Vf2,"Vf2="); + + + diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebe2d8ba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Pdmax=0.5; //watt +Vz=6.8; //volt +Izm=Pdmax/Vz; //Ampere//Power(P)=V*I +disp('mA',Izm*1000,"Izm="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb89e6e4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex2.14; +T=100; //degree celcious +Pdissi=4 //miliwatt +D=Pdissi*(T-75); //D IS Derating value in miliwatt +Pd=(500-D); //W +disp('mW',Pd,"Pd="); diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..988f71c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +//ex2.16 +Vz=20; //volt +Izm=0.15; //Ampere +Pdmax=Vz*Izm; //Watt//p=v*i +disp('W',Pdmax,"Pdmax="); diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..697154b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Voutpk=8; //volt +Vf=1.8; //volt +If=0.02; //Ampere +Rs=(Voutpk-Vf)/If; //Ohm//v=r*i +disp('Ohm',Rs,"Rs="); diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ff55a7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex2.2 +VD1=0; //Volt//diode is forward bias for ideal diode total Rideal=0 so VD1=IT*Rideal=0V +R1=1000; //kilo ohm; +VS=5; //Volt //voltage across voltage source +IT=(VS/R1)-(VD1/R1);//Ampere;apply kvl in the circuit +VR1=IT*R1; //Volt//apply ohms law voltage across resistance +disp( 'Volt',VD1*1,"VD1="); +disp( 'mAmpere',IT*1000,"IT="); +disp( 'Volt',VR1*1,"VR1="); diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f64ef73b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//ex2.3 +Vd=0.7;//volt +Vs=6;//volt +Vr1=Vs-Vd; //volt//Voltmeter's reading +disp( 'Volt',Vr1*1,"Vr1="); + diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98004a4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex2.4 +Vs=6; //volt +Vd=0.7;//volt +R1=10000;//ohm +It=(Vs-Vd)/R1; //Total circuit current using kirchoff's volatage law +disp('Ampere',It,"It=") diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4628fa39b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//ex2.5 +Vs=5; //volt +Vd=0.7; //volt +R1=1200; //ohm +R2=2200; //ohm +It=(Vs-Vd)/(R1+R2); //Ampere//Apply KVL to circuit +disp('Ampere',It*1,"It=") diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b5d94225 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex2.6 +Vs=4; //volt +Vd=0.7; //volt +R1=5100; //ohm +IT=(Vs-2*Vd)/R1; //Ampere//KVL int the circuit +disp('Ampere',IT*1,"IT=") diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55d7480ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//ex2.7 +//assume diode is ideal(Vf=0V) +Vs=10; //Volt +Rt=3030; //Ohm +IT=Vs/Rt; //Ampere +//assume diode is practical(Vf=0.7V) +Vf=1.4; //Volt +Vs1=Vs-Vf; //Volt +IT1=Vs1/Rt; //Ampere +e=(-100*(IT1-IT))/IT1; //Percentage of error between two circuit current +disp( 'Ampere',IT*1,"IT="); +disp( 'Ampere',IT1*1,"IT1="); +disp( '%',e*1,"Percentage Error="); //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3630/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1514e6f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//ex2.9 +Vs=50; //Volt +Vd=0.7; //volt +RL=200; //ohm +If=(Vs-Vd)/RL; //Ampere//forward current in the circuit +Io=(20/100)*If+If; //Ampere//Average forward current rating 20% greater than calculated value of If +disp('mAmp',If*1000,"If="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mAmp',Io*1000,"Io=") //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..762d75d37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +t=0.018; +I=50; +D=(I^2)*t; +if (D <= 145) then + disp('device can handle this surge'); +end diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf54f191 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +clc; +D=60; //I^2*t(rated) value +Is=100; +tmax=(D)/(Is)^2; +disp('ms',tmax*1000,"tmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d67e2fcdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +D=60; //I^2*t(rated) value +ts=0.020; +Ismax=(D/ts)^0.5; +disp('A',Ismax,"Ismax=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d5ae945e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +R2=2400; +R1=240; +Vdc=(1.25)*((R2/R1)+1); +disp('V',Vdc,"Vdc=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0459765b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +n=0.8; +Vbb=18; +Vp=(n*Vbb+0.7); +disp('V',Vp,"Vp=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce b/3630/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d24bbe33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +c=3*10^(17); +f=150*10^(12); +lemda=c/f; +disp('nm',lemda,"lemda="); diff --git a/3630/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3630/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d2153c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Vout=0.000010; +Vin=5; +linein=Vout/Vin; +disp('uV/V',linein*1000000,"linein=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3630/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ee50a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +vnl=5; +vfl=4.9998; +Il=0.020; +loadre=(vnl-vfl)/Il; +disp('uA/mA',loadre*100,"loadre=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3630/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..993646aef --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Vout=8; +Vd=40; +Vin=Vout+Vd; +disp('V',Vin,"Vin=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3630/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d5ae945e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +R2=2400; +R1=240; +Vdc=(1.25)*((R2/R1)+1); +disp('V',Vdc,"Vdc=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3630/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2baff131b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Ton=0.000005; +Toff=0.000010; +Vin=24; +Vave=Vin*(Ton/(Ton+Toff)); +disp('V',Vave,"Vave=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..959cceb61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex3.1 +Np=1; +Ns=4; +Ip=1; //Ampere +Is=(Np/Ns)*Ip; //Ampere +disp('mA',Is*1000,"Is="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3486f0998 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + clc; +//ex3.10 +Vlpk=20.5; //volt +RL=5100; //ohm +Ilpk=Vlpk/RL; //Ampere// from v=r*i +Vave=13.1; //volt//from v=r*i +Iave=Vave/RL; //Ampere +disp('mA',Ilpk*1000,"Ilpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Iave*1000,"Iave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6ec2e9c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//ex3.11 +Vac=12; //volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=Vspk-2*Vf; //volt +Vave=(2*Vlpk)/%pi; //volt +RL=120; //ohm +Iave=Vave/RL; //Ampere +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vave,"Vave="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Iave*1000,"Iave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eabf8d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//ex3.12 +Vac=12; //volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=(Vspk/2)-Vf; //volt +Vave=(2*Vlpk)/%pi; //volt +RL=120; //ohm +Iave=Vave/RL; //Ampere +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vave,"Vave="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Iave*1000,"Iave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..782417890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex3.13 +Vac=36; //Volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //Volt +Vf=0.7; //Volt +Vlpk=Vspk-2*Vf; //Volt +Vave=(2*Vlpk)/%pi; //Volt +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vave,"Vave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc8bef78e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +//ex3.14 +Vppk=170; //volt +Ns=1; +Np=2; +Vspk=(Ns/Np)*Vppk; //Volt//(N1/N2=Vp/Vs) +Rw=0.8; //ohm +Rb=5; //ohm +Isurge=Vspk/(Rw+Rb); //Ampere +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('A',Isurge,"Isurge="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b790f9ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//ex3.15 +IL=0.02; //Ampere +t=[0.0167 0.00833]; //seceond +c=0.0005; // Farad +Vr1=(IL*t(1,1))/c; //peakvolt +Vr2=(IL*t(1,2))/c; //peakvolt +disp('mVpp',Vr1*1000,"Vr1="); +disp('mVpp',Vr2*1000,"Vr2="); ////The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9ae3837d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//ex3.16 +Vac=24; //volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=(Vspk/2)-Vf; //volt +Vdc=Vlpk; //volt +RL=1200; //ohm +IL=Vdc/RL; //Amperes //v=r*i +t=0.00833 //second +C=0.00047 //farad +Vr=(IL*t)/C; //volt +Vdc=Vlpk-(Vr/2); //volt +disp('V',Vdc,"Vdc="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea0b2ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex3.17 +Vin=20; //volt +Vz=9.1; //volt +Rs=2200; //ohm +I=(Vin-Vz)/Rs; //Ampere +disp('mA',I*1000,"I="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0674e089e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//Ex3.18 +Vz=9.1; //volt +RL=10000; //ohm +IL=Vz/RL; //Ampere fromV=R*I +disp('micro Amperes',IL*1000000,"IL="); //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a949a61f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//Ex3.19 +IT=0.00495; //Ampere +Vz=9.1; //volt +RL=10000; //ohm +IL=Vz/RL; //Ampere//fromV=R*I +Iz=IT-IL; //Ampere/Iz=IT-IL; +disp('mA',Iz*1000,"Iz="); //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9123673c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +//ex3.2 +Vprms=120; //volt +Vppk=Vprms/0.707; //volt +Np=5; +Ns=1; +Vspk=(Ns/Np)*Vppk; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +VLpk=Vspk-Vf //volt +disp('V',Vppk,"Vppk=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',VLpk,"VLpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65efc5556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex3.20 +Vin=20; //volt +Vz=3.3; //volt +Rs=1000; //ohm +I=(Vin-Vz)/Rs; //Ampere +IZK=0.003 //Ampere +Ilmax=I-IZK; //Ampere +RLmin=Vz/Ilmax; //ohm +disp('ohm',RLmin,"RLmin="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dec258306 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +//Ex3.21 +Vr=1.5; //Volt +Zl=5; //Ohm +RL=120; //Ohm +Rs=51; //Ohm +R1=(Zl*RL)/(Zl+RL); //Ohm +Vrout=(R1/(R1+Rs))*Vr; //Volt +disp('mVpp',Vrout*1000,"Vrout="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccb967276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +//ex3.22 +Vac=36; //Volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //Volt +Vf=0.7; //Volt +Vpk=Vspk-2*Vf; //Volt +Vin=Vpk; //Volt +Rs=75; //Ohm +Vz=30; //Volt +Ir=(Vin-Vz)/Rs; //Amperes +t=0.00833 //second +C=0.0022 //Farad +Vr=(Ir*t)/C; //Volt +Vdc=30; //Volt +RL=300; //Ohm +ZZ=60 //Ohm +RL=300 //Ohm +Rs=75 //Ohm +Znet=(ZZ*RL)/(ZZ+RL); //Ohm +Il=Vz/RL; //Ampere +Vrout=(Znet/((Znet)+Rs))*Vr; //Volt +disp('V',Vdc,"Vdc="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mVpp',Vrout*1000,"Vrout="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Il*1000,"Il="); //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9bc1e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +//ex3.3 +Vsrms=25; //volt +Vspk=Vsrms/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +VLpk=Vspk-Vf; //volt +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',VLpk,"VLpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d874e3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//ex3.4 +Vprms=120; //volt +Vppk=Vprms/0.707; //volt +Ns=1; +Np=3; +Vspk=(Ns/Np)*Vppk; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +VLpk=Vspk-Vf; //volt +RL=10000; //ohm +ILpk=VLpk/RL; //Ampere +disp('V',Vppk,"Vppk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',VLpk,"VLpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',ILpk*1000,"ILpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e4d442e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +//ex=3.5 +Vprms=120; //volt +Vppk=Vprms/0.707; //volt +Ns=1; +Np=2; +Vspk=(Ns/Np)*Vppk; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=Vspk-Vf; //volt +Vave=Vlpk/3.14; //volt +disp('V',Vppk,"Vppk=");//The answers vary due to round off error. +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk=");//The answers vary due to round off error. +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk=");//The answers vary due to round off error. +disp('V',Vave,"Vave=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cccb1328 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +//ex3.6 +Vave=26.8; //Volt +RL=20000; //Ohm +Iave=Vave/RL; //Ampere//from v=r*i +disp('mA',Iave*1000,"Iave="); + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a978b21e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +//ex3.7; +Vac=24;//volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vlpk=Vspk-0.7; //volt +RL=20000; //Ohm +Ilpk=Vlpk/RL; //Ampere +Iave=Ilpk/3.14; //Ampere +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mili Amperes',Ilpk*1000,"Ilpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Micro Amperes',Iave*1000000,"Ilpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5a86f24e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex3.8 +Vac=48; //volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=Vspk-Vf; //volt +Vave=Vlpk/%pi; //volt +disp('V',-Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',-Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',-Vave,"Vave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3630/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237d3b697 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +//ex3.8 +Vac=30; //volt +Vspk=Vac/0.707; //volt +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vlpk=(Vspk/2)-Vf; //volt +Vave=(2*Vlpk)/%pi; //volt +disp('V',Vspk,"Vspk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vlpk,"Vlpk="); //The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vave,"Vave="); //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3630/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54cab93a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +Vin=12; //volt +RL=5100; //ohm +Rs=1000; //ohm +VL=(RL/(RL+Rs))*Vin ; //volt //voltage divide rule +disp('Vpk',VL,"VL=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3630/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0815e45b --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +VL=-0.7; //volt +Vin=-12; //volt +VRS=Vin-VL; //volt +disp('Vpk',VRS,"VRS=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3630/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8877df7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Vf=0.7; //volt +Vin=10; //volt +VRs=Vin-Vf; //volt +RL=1200; //ohm +Rs=220; //ohm +VL=-Vin*(RL/(RL+Rs)); //volt +disp('Vpk',VL,"VL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3630/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4e078f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Vin=8; //volt +RL=6200; //ohm +Rs=100; //ohm +VL=Vin*(RL/(RL+Rs)); //volt +disp('Vpk',VL,"VL=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3630/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b3a2d31a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Rd=10; //Ohm +C1=0.000001; //Farad +RL=10000; //Ohm +Tc=5*(Rd*C1); +Td=5*(RL*C1); +disp('seconds',Tc,"Tc=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('seconds',Td,"Td=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35236b3fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +B=300; +Ib=[0.00002 0.00005]; //Ampere +Ic1=B*Ib(1,1); //Ampere +Ic2=B*Ib(1,2); //Ampere +disp('mA',Ic1*1000,"Ic1="); +disp('mA',Ic2*1000,"Ic2="); diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d1293c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +B=200; +Ib=0.000125; //Ampere +Ic=B*Ib; //Ampere +Ie=Ib+Ic; //Ampere +disp('mA',Ic*1000,"Ic="); +disp('mA',Ie*1000,"Ie="); diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f2c5fbfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +B=200; +Ie=0.015; //Ampere +Ib=Ie/(B+1); //Ampere +Ic=B*Ib; //Ampere +disp('micro Amperes',Ib*1000000,"Ic=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mA',Ic*1000,"Ie=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa65f99c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +B=400; +Ic=0.05; //Amperes +Ib=Ic/B; //Amperes +Ie=Ic+Ib; //Amperes +disp('Amperes',Ib,"Ib=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Amperes',Ie,"Ie=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eaa4c3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +B=300; +Ie=0.03; //Ampere +Ib=0.0001; //Ampere +A=B/(B+1); +Ic1=A*Ie; //Ampere +Ic2=B*Ib //Ampere +disp('Amperes',Ic1,"Ic1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('Amperes',Ic2,"Ic2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3630/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49debf6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Icmax=0.5; //Ampere +Bmax=300; +Ibmax=Icmax/Bmax; //Ampere +disp('mA',Ibmax*1000,"Ibmax=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.png b/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03386e5bf Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38e6b795d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +Vcc=12; //volt +Vceoff=12; //volt +Rc=2000; //ohm +Icsat=Vceoff/Rc; //Ampere//v=r*i +disp('mA',Icsat*1000,"Icsat=");//The answers vary due to round off error +T1=0:2:12; // T1 axes is for voltage axes +T2=6:-1:0 // T2 axes is for Ic mA And T2(max)=Icsat=6 mA +plot(T1,T2) +xlabel('Vce(V)') +ylabel('Ic(mA)') diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b2d2577f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vee=-12; //volt +Re=1500; //ohm +Icq=-(Vee+0.7)/Re; //Ampere +Vcc=12; //volt +Rc=750; //ohm +Vceq=Vcc-Icq*Rc+0.7; //volt +disp('mA',Icq*1000,"Icq=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aab2cae11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +Vcc=12; //volt +Rc=750; //ohm +Re=1500;//ohm +Icsat=(2*Vcc)/(Rc+Re); //Ampere +Vceoff=2*Vcc; //volt +disp('mA',Icsat*1000,"Icsat=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceoff,"Vceoff=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac1555289 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Vcc=10; //volt +Vbe=0.7; //volt +Rb=180000; //ohm +Hfe=100; +Rc=1500; //Ohm +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/(Rb+(Hfe*Rc)); //Ampere +Icq=Hfe*Ib; //Ampere +Vceq=Vcc-Icq*Rc; //volt +disp('mA',Icq*1000,"Icq=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a014afa30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +Vcc=16; //Volt +Vbe=0.7; //Volt +Rb=680000; //Ohm +Hfe=50; +Rc=6200; //Ohm +Re=1600; //Ohm +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/(Rb+((Hfe+1)*Re)); //Ampere +Icq=Hfe*Ib; //Ampere +Vceq=Vcc-Icq*(Rc+Re); //Volt +disp('mA',Icq*1000,"Icq=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.png b/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e99bdcb63 Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0db7b5f00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +Vcc=10; //volt +Rc=1000; //ohm +Icsat=Vcc/Rc; //Ampere +Vceoff=10; //Volt +Ic=[0.001 0.002 0.005] //Ampere +Vce=zeros(1,3); //Volt +for i=1:3 + Vce(1,i)=Vcc-Ic(1,i)*Rc; //volt +end +disp('V',Vce(1,1),"Vce1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vce(1,2),"Vce2=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vce(1,3),"Vce3=");//The answers vary due to round off error + +T1=0:1:10; // T1 axes is for voltage axes +T2=10:-1:0 // T2 axes is for Ic mA +plot(T1,T2) +plot((Vce(1,1),Ic(1,1)) +xlabel('Vce(V)') +ylabel('Ic(mA)') + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e873d065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +Vcc=8; //volt +Vbe=0.7; //volt +Rb=360000; //ohm +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb; //Ampere +Hfe=100; +Ic=Hfe*Ib;//Ampere +Rc=2000; //ohm +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc; //volt +disp('mA',Ic*1000,"Ic=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vce,"Vce=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.png b/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98cea0c9c Binary files /dev/null and b/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.png differ diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a614da1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +Vcc=8; //volt +Rc=2000; //ohm +Icsat=Vcc/Rc; //Ampere +Vceoff=Vcc; //volt +Vcc=8; //volt +Vbe=0.7; //volt +Rb=360000; //ohm +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb; //Ampere +Hfe=100; +Ic=Hfe*Ib;//Ampere +Rc=2000; //ohm +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc; //volt + +T1=0:2:8; // T1 axes is for voltage axes +T2=4:-1:0; //T2 axes is for Ic mA + +plot(T1,T2) +xlabel('Vce(V)') +ylabel('Ic(mA)') + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f86b2abd --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +//A circuit is midpoint bised when the Q-point value of Vce is one half of Vcc. +//from example and 7.3 +Vcc=8; //volt +Vbe=0.7; //volt +Rb=360000; //ohm +Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb; //Ampere +Hfe=100; +Ic=Hfe*Ib;//Ampere +Rc=2000; //ohm +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc; //volt +disp('V',Vce,"Vce=");//The answers vary due to round off error +//Here we get Vce = (Vcc/2) +//We can conclude that the circuit is midpoint diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64cd26e87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +//for T=25' and Hfe=100 +Ib=0.0000203; //Ampere +Ic=0.00203; //Ampere +Vce=3.94; //Volt +//for T=100' andHfe=150 +Hfe=150; +Vcc=8; //volt +Rc=2000; //ohm +Ic=Hfe*Ib; //Ampere +Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc; //volt +disp('mA',Ic*1000,"Ic=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vce,"Vce=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2244e527e --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +Vcc=10; //volt +R1=18000; //ohm +R2=4700; //Ohm +Vb=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc; //volt //voltage divider rule +Ve=Vb-0.7; //volt +Re=1100; //ohm +Icq=Ve/Re; //Ampere//assumption Icq=Ie +Rc=3000; //Ohm +Re=1100; //Ohm +Vceq=Vcc-Icq*(Rc+Re); //Volt +disp('A',Icq,"Icq=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b4076b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +Vcc=20; //volt +R2=1000; //ohm +R1=6800; //ohm +Vb=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc; //volt//voltage divider rule +Ve=Vb-0.7; //volt +Re=1000; //ohm +Ie=Ve/Re; //Ampere +Hfe=50; +Ib=Ie/(Hfe+1); //Ampere +disp('Amperes',Ib,"Ib=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3630/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c30acd02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +Vcc=20; //volt +R2=10000; //Ohm +R1=68000; //ohm +Vth=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc; //volt//by voltage divider rule Thevenin +Rth=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //ohm +Vbe=0.7; //Volt +Hfe=50; +Re=1100; //Ohm +Rc=6200; //Ohm +Icq=(Vth-Vbe)/((Rth/Hfe)+Re); //Ampere +Vceq=Vcc-Icq*(Rc+Re); //Volt +disp('mA',Icq*1000,"Icq=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('V',Vceq,"Vceq=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb41eced8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Vout=0.25; //volt +Vin=0.0004; //volt +Av=Vout/Vin; //Voltagegain +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac708dde8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +ApdB=-3; +Ap=10^(ApdB/10); +Pout=0.05; //watt +Pin=Pout/Ap; //watt +disp('mW',Pin*1000,"Pin="); + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33950aa87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +ApdB=50; +Ap=10^(ApdB/10); +Pin=0.001; //watt +Pout=Pin*Ap; //watt +disp('W',Pout,"Pout="); + + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0e96b492 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Vout=2; //volt +Vin=0.025; //volt +AvdB=20*log10(Vout/Vin); +disp('dB',AvdB,"AvdB=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..518f8642c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +AvdB=6; +Av=10^(AvdB/20); +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208a9f7c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +AvdB=-6; +Av=10^(AvdB/20); +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293102b86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Vin=0.00024; //volt +Av=625; //Voltagegain +Vout=Av*Vin; //volt +disp('mV',Vout*1000,"Vout=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c089802d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Zin=1500; //ohm +Rs=100; //Ohm +Vs=0.002; //Volt +Vin=Vs*(Zin/(Zin+Rs)); //Volt +disp('mV',Vin*1000,"Vin=");//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09bed82d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vin=[0.002 0.00188]; //Volt +Av=500; +Vout1=Av*Vin(1,1); //Volt +Vout2=Av*Vin(1,2); //Volt +disp('V',Vout1,"Vout1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('mV',Vout2*1000,"Vout2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0f33cd59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +Vout=0.3; //volt +RL=1200; //Ohm +Zout=300; //ohm +VL=Vout*(RL/(RL+Zout)); //voltage divider rule +disp('mV',VL*1000,"Vl=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3dcc44bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +PL=0.24; //watt +Pdc=1.2; //watt +efficiency=(PL/Pdc)*100; +disp('%',efficiency,"efficiency=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..275fe7b2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Pout=2; //watt +Pin=0.0001; //watt +ApdB=10*log10(Pout/Pin); +disp('dB',ApdB,"ApdB=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c9c6bd57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +ApdB=3; +Ap=10^(ApdB/10); +disp(' ',Ap,"Ap="); + diff --git a/3630/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3630/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dded09b9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +ApdB=3; +Ap=10^(ApdB/10); +Pout=Ap*0.05; //Watt +disp('mW',Pout*1000,"Pout=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1af2d0c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +R2=2200; //ohm +R1=10000; //ohm +Vcc=10; //volt +Vb=Vcc*(R2/(R1+R2)); //volt +Ve=Vb-0.7; //volt +Re=1000; //ohm +Ie=Ve/Re; //Ampere +re=0.025/Ie; //Ohm +disp('ohm',re,"re=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66561dca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +re=22.3; //Ohm +Hfe=200; +Zbase=Hfe*re; //Ohm +R1=18000; //Ohm +R2=4700; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Zin=(Req*Zbase)/(Req+Zbase); //Ohm +rc=1150; //Ohm +RL=5000; //Ohm +Ai=Hfe*((Zin*rc)/(Zbase*RL)); +disp(' ',Ai,"Ai=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35396e07d --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +re=19.8; //Ohm +Hfe=200; +Zbase=Hfe*re; //Ohm +R5=15000; //Ohm +R6=2500; //Ohm +Req=(R5*R6)/(R5+R6);//Ohm +Zin=(Req*Zbase)/(Req+Zbase); //Ohm +R3=5000; //Ohm +rc=(R3*Zin)/(R3+Zin); //Ohm +Av=rc/re; +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b798d9c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +R7=5000; //Ohm +RL=10000; //Ohm +rc=(R7*RL)/(R7+RL);//Ohm +re=17.4; //Ohm +Av2=rc/re; +Av1=53; +AvT=Av1*Av2; +disp('',AvT,"AvT=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7be1ceb71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +Ve=1.37; //Volt +Re=910; //Ohm +re=300; //Ohm +Ie=Ve/(Re+re);//Ampere +re1=0.025/Ie; //Ohm +Rc=1500; //Ohm +RL=10000; //Ohm +rc=(Rc*RL)/(Rc+RL);//Ohm +Av=rc/(re1+re); +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a68e9c45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +rc=1300; //Ohm +re=2*22.1; //Ohm +rE=300; //Ohm +Av1=rc/(re+rE); +Av2=4.04; +DelAv=Av2-Av1; +disp(' ',DelAv,"DelAv=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9160cbe91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +re=25; //Ohm +Hfe=200; +Zbase=Hfe*re; //Ohm +rE=200; //Ohm +Zbase=Hfe*(re+rE); //Ohm +disp('kohm',Zbase/1000,"Zbase=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2ec4e84c --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +R1=10000; //Ohm +R2=2200; //Ohm +Zbase1=5000; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Zin1=(Req*Zbase1)/(Req+Zbase1);//Ohm +Zbase2=45000; //ohm +Zin2=(Req*Zbase2)/(Req+Zbase2);//Ohm +disp('kohm',Zin1/1000,"Zin=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp('kohm',Zin2/1000,"Zin=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..788bee8be --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +Rc=8000; //Ohm +Zin1=1330; //Ohm +rc1=(Rc*Zin1)/(Rc+Zin1);//Ohm +re=25; //Ohm +Zin2=1730; //Ohm +rc2=(Rc*Zin2)/(Rc+Zin2);//Ohm +re=25;//Ohm +Av1=rc1/re; +Av2=rc2/re; +disp(' ',Av1,"Av1=");//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(' ',Av2,"Av2=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aa05df92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +Hfemin1=110; +Hfemax1=140; +Hfe=(Hfemin1*Hfemax1)^0.5; +Hiemin2=600; //Ohm +Hiemax2=800; //Ohm +Hie=(Hiemin2*Hiemax2)^0.5; //Ohm +rc=460; //Ohm +Av=(Hfe*rc)/Hie; +disp(' ',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa0fa7c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Vout=12; //Volt +Vin=0.06; //Volt +Av=Vout/Vin; +disp('',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb09102b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +//step1 +Vcc=20; //volt +R2=20000; //ohm +R1=150000; //ohm +Vb=20*(R2/(R2+R1)); //Volt +Ve=Vb-0.7; //volt +Re=2200; //ohm +Ie=Ve/Re; //Ampere +re=0.025/Ie; //ohm +Rc=12000; //ohm +RL=50000; //ohm +rc=(Rc*RL)/(Rc+RL); //ohm +Av=rc/re; +disp('',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf29738e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +R2=4700; //Ohm +R1=18000; //ohm +Vcc=10; //volt +Vth=Vcc*(R2/(R1+R2)); //volt +Rth=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //ohm +Vbe=0.7; //volt +Hfe=30; +Re=1200; //ohm +Icq=(Vth-Vbe)/((Rth/Hfe)+Re); //Ampere +Ie=Icq; //Ampere +re=0.025/Ie; //Ohm +Rc=1500; //Ohm +RL=5100; //Ohm +rc=(Rc*RL)/(Rc+RL);//Ohm +Av=rc/re; +disp('',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11b7dc531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; +Vin=0.08; //Volt +Av=48.3; +Vout=Av*Vin; //Volt +disp('V',Vout,"Vout="); diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdb8373fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +Ai=20; +Av=48.3; +Ap=Ai*Av; +Pin=0.00008; //Watt +Pout=Ap*Pin; //Watt +disp('mW',Pout*1000,"Pout=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + + + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e823acbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; +Rc=3000; //Ohm +re=25 //Ohm +Av=Rc/re; +disp('',Av,"Av=");//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3630/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3630/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3878aeb2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3630/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +re=22.3; //Ohm +Hfe=200; +Zbase=Hfe*re; //Ohm +R1=18000; //Ohm +R2=4700; //Ohm +Req=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2); //Ohm +Zin=(Req*Zbase)/(Req+Zbase); //Ohm +disp('kohm',Zin/1000,"Zin=");//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bbb40ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=20000 //potential in Volts +e=1.602*10^-19 //electronic charge in C +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s + +//Calculation +u=sqrt((2*V*e)/m) //speed u after acceleration through a potential V in m/s +mu=1/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2) //mass of electron moving with velocity mu in kg +delm=mu-1 //change in mass + +mprintf("The percentage change in mass of the electron is %1.1f %%",delm*100) diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855958ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The percentage change in mass of the electron is 4.2 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..425f81188 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +l=3*10^-3 //distance between two plate in meters +V=400 //potential difference in Volts +e=1.602*10^-19 //electronic charge in Joules +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg + +//Calculation +uB=sqrt((2*V*e)/m) //in m/s +KEJ=e*V //in Joules +KEeV=int(e*V/(1.6*10^-19)) //in eV +tAB=(2*l/uB) //in ns + +mprintf("i)") +mprintf("Velocity with which the electrons strikes the plate =") +format("e",10) +disp(uB) +mprintf("ii)") +mprintf("Kinetic energy acquired by electron in joules =") +disp(KEJ) +mprintf("Kinetic energy acquired by electron in eV =") +disp(KEeV) +mprintf("iii)") +mprintf("transit time in ns = ")//The answers vary due to round off error +disp(tAB) diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb40dd107 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + i)Velocity with which the electrons strikes the plate = + 1.187D+07 +ii)Kinetic energy acquired by electron in joules = + 6.408D-17 +Kinetic energy acquired by electron in eV = + 4.000D+02 +iii)transit time in ns = + 5.056D-10 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daa48aee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +B=0.02 //flux Density in Wb/m^2 +u=5*10^7 //speed of electron in m/s +e=1.6*10^-19 //electronic charge Joules +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg + +//Calculation +r=(m*u)/(e*B) //in m + +format("e",9) +disp(r,"radius of the circular path followed by electron is =") + diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9493d6d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + radius of the circular path followed by electron is = + + 1.42D-02 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be15b8477 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +L=3*10^-2 //length of plates in m +d=4*10^-3 //spacing betweenn plates in m +l=30*10^-2 //distance in m +V1=2500 //potential in V + +//Calculation +Se=(L*l)/(2*d*V1)/10^-4 + +mprintf("Deflection Sensitivity = %1.1f*10^-4 m/V",Se) diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35f00f3e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Deflection Sensitivity = 4.5*10^-4 m/V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..959c746e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +Ey=3*10^4 //electric field in y-axis in N/C +Ex=0 //electric field in x-axis in N/C +q=1.6*10^-19 //electric charge in C +me=9.1*10^-31 //in kg + +//Calculation +//F=q*E +Fy=-q*Ey //Force in y direction +ay=Fy/me + +format("e",8) +disp(ay,"Acceleration of the electron is =") +//The negative sign tells us that the direction of this acceleration is downward diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f5ec341 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Acceleration of the electron is = + + - 5.3D+15 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6e8b8571 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=2000 //potential in V +e=1.602*10^-19 //electronic charge in eV +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg + +//Calculation +u=sqrt((2*V*e)/m) + +mprintf("velocity with which electron beam will travel= %.2e m/s",u) + diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73169ef4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + velocity with which electron beam will travel= 2.65e+07 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..576e52fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +l=5 //length to be covered in cm +up=26.5*10^8 //in cm/s + +//Calculation +t=(2*l/up) + +mprintf("Time taken= %1.1e s",t) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt b/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d06b40e42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Time taken= 3.8e-09 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be2f65893 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +alpha=10^2 //absorption coefficient in cm^-1 +absorption=0.2 //80% absorption represented in decimal format + +//Calculation +d=(1/alpha)*log(1/absorption) + +mprintf("Thickness of silicon= %.3f cm",d) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da6f4bf24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Thickness of silicon= 0.016 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8621ef5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +PC=190 //optical Power generated in mW +I=25*10^-3 //in mA +V=1.5 //in V + +//Calculation +P=V/I //Electrical Power +n=PC/P + +format("v",5) +disp(n/10,"Power conversion efficiency (%)= ") +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67dfc8052 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Power conversion efficiency (%)= + + 0.32 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38790ab2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=3*10^18 //in cm^-3 +Nd=2*10^16 //in cm^-3 +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +Dp=10 //in cm^2/s +tau_n0=4*10^-7 //in s +tau_p0=10^-7 //in s +JL=20*10^-3 //photocurrent density in mA/cm^2 +T=300 //in K +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in Joules +Const=0.026 //constant for KT/e in V + +//Calculation +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n0) //in mmicro-m +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p0) //in micro-m +JS=e*ni^2*((Dn/(Ln*Na))+(Dp/(Lp*Nd))) //reverse saturation current density in A/cm^2 +Voc=Const*log(1+(JL/JS)) + +mprintf("open-circuit voltage Voc= %0.3f V",Voc) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edb87dde2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + open-circuit voltage Voc= 0.541 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b4efabd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +L=80*10^-4 //length in m +myu_n=1350 //in cm^2/V +myu_p=480 //in cm^2/V +V=12 //applied voltage in V +tau_n=3.95*10^-9 //transit time in sec +tau_p=2*10^-6 //carrier lifetime in sec + +//Calculation +tn=L^2/(myu_n*V) //transit time in sec +Gph=(tau_p/tau_n)*(1+(myu_p/myu_n)) + +mprintf("Gain of the photoconductor= %3.1f",Gph) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ab269ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Gain of the photoconductor= 686.4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..312889b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=5*10^16 //in cm^3 +Nd=5*10^16 //in cm^3 +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +Dp=10 //in cm^2/s +tau_n0=6*10^-7 //in s +tau_p0=2*10^-7 //in s +VR=6 //in V +GL=5*10^20 //in cm^-3/s +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in Joules +epsilon_s=11.7*8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Const=0.026 //constant for KT/e in V + +//Calculation +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n0) //in mico-m +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p0) //in micro-m +Vbi=Const*log((Na*Nd)/ni^2) //in V +W=(((2*epsilon_s)/e)*((Na+Nd)/(Na*Nd))*(Vbi+VR))^0.5 //in micro-m +JL=e*GL*(W+Ln+Lp) //photocurrent density + +mprintf("steady-state photocurrent density= %0.2f A/cm^2",JL) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8e28008c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + steady-state photocurrent density= 0.43 A/cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88fe9e1af --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +n1=1 +n2=3.66 + +//Calculation +theta_c=asind(n1/n2) + +mprintf("Critical angle for GaAs-air interface= %2.1f degrees",theta_c) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b1eb879e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Critical angle for GaAs-air interface= 15.9 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd81492a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=10^15 //donor atoms in cm^-3 +ni=1.45*10^10 //in cm^-3 +k=8.62*10^-5 //in eV/K +T=300 //in K +Const=0.025 //coonstant for kT in eV + +//Calculation +//a) +n=10^15 //in cm^-3 +p=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +delE=Const*log(n/ni) //in eV + +//b) +n0=10^15 //in cm^-3 +p0=10^12 //in cm^-3 +delE_fni=Const*log(n0/ni) //in eV +delE_ifp=Const*log(p0/ni) //in eV + +//c) +n1=10^18 //in cm^-3 +p1=10^18 //in cm^-3 +delE_fni1=Const*log(n1/ni) //in eV +delE_ifp1=Const*log(p1/ni) //in eV + +mprintf("a)\nelectron concentration= %.1g cm^-3\n",n) +mprintf("hole concentration= %.2g cm^-3\n",p) +mprintf("Fermi level w.r.t intrinsic fermi level= %0.3f eV\n",delE) +mprintf("b)\nelectron concentration= %.1g cm^-3\n",n0) +mprintf("hole concentration= %.1g cm^-3\n",p0) +mprintf("Quasi fermi level for n-type carrier= %0.3f eV\n",delE_fni) +mprintf("Quasi fermi level for p-type carrier= %0.2f eV\n",delE_ifp) +mprintf("c)\nelectron concentration= %.1g cm^-3\n",n1) +mprintf("hole concentration= %.1g cm^-3\n",p1) +mprintf("Quasi fermi level for n-type carrier= %0.2f eV\n",delE_fni1) +mprintf("Quasi fermi level for p-type carrier= %0.2f eV\n",delE_ifp1) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d14709112 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + a) +electron concentration= 1e+15 cm^-3 +hole concentration= 2.1e+05 cm^-3 +Fermi level w.r.t intrinsic fermi level= 0.279 eV +b) +electron concentration= 1e+15 cm^-3 +hole concentration= 1e+12 cm^-3 +Quasi fermi level for n-type carrier= 0.279 eV +Quasi fermi level for p-type carrier= 0.11 eV +c) +electron concentration= 1e+18 cm^-3 +hole concentration= 1e+18 cm^-3 +Quasi fermi level for n-type carrier= 0.45 eV +Quasi fermi level for p-type carrier= 0.45 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fe1fceef --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=4.135*10^-15 //plancks constant in eVs +c=3*10^8 //in m/s +EgGe=0.67 //in eV +EgSi=1.124 //in eV +EgGaAs=1.42 //in eV +EgSiO2=9 //in eV + +//Calculation +lamda1=(h*c)/EgGe/10^-6 //in micro-m +lamda2=(h*c)/EgSi/10^-6 //in micro-m +lamda3=(h*c)/EgGaAs/10^-6 //in micro-m +lamda4=(h*c)/EgSiO2/10^-6 //in micro-m + +mprintf("Wavelength of radiation for germanium= %1.2f micro-m\n",lamda1) +mprintf("Wavelength of radiation for silicon= %1.2f micro-m\n",lamda2) +mprintf("Wavelength of radiation for gallium-arsenide= %1.2f micro-m\n",lamda3) +mprintf("Wavelength of radiation for SiO2= %1.2f micro-m\n",lamda4) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b1f8c629 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Wavelength of radiation for germanium= 1.85 micro-m +Wavelength of radiation for silicon= 1.10 micro-m +Wavelength of radiation for gallium-arsenide= 0.87 micro-m +Wavelength of radiation for SiO2= 0.14 micro-m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69af183e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=10^18 //in cm^-3 +Nd=10^17 //in cm^-3 +myu_p=471 //in cm^2/Vs +myu_n=1417 //in cm^2/Vs +tau_p=10^-8 //in s +tau_n=10^-6 //in s +JL=40 //in mA/cm^2 +A=10^-5 //in cm^2 +R1=1000 //in ohm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +ni=1.45*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Vt=0.02586 //constant for kT/e at 300K in V +V=0.1 //in V +n=10 //number of solar cells + +//Calculation +//a) +Dp=Vt*myu_p //in cm^2/s +Dn=Vt*myu_n //in cm^2/s +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n) //in cm +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p) //in cm +Js=e*ni^2*((Dp/(Nd*Lp))+(Dn/(Na*Ln))) //in A/cm^2 +Is=Js*10^-5 //in A +IF=Is*(exp(V/Vt)-1) //in A + +//b) +IL=40*10^-8 //in A +I=IL-IF //in +X=((10^-3)/(I))*n + +mprintf("a)Current= %.2e A\n",IF) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("b)Total number of solar cells= %i",X) diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ce0e70dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + a)Current= 5.59e-15 A +b)Total number of solar cells= 25000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..709028d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +Eg=1.43 //Energy band gap in eV +h=4.14*10^-15 //planck's constant in eV/s +c=3*10^8 //in m/s + +//Calculation +lamda=(h*c)/Eg + +format("v",8) +disp(lamda,"Wavelength (m)= ") //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt b/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b300b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Wavelength (m)= + + 8.7D-07 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36a7b10b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +RL=8 //in ohm +VCC=30 //in V + +//Calculation +IC_max=VCC/RL +VCE_max=VCC +IC=VCC/(2*RL) +VCE=VCC-(IC*RL) +PT=VCE*IC + +mprintf("maximum collector current= %1.2f A\n",IC_max) +mprintf("Maximum collector-emiiter voltage= %i V\n",VCE_max) +mprintf("Maximum Power rating= %2.2f W",PT) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f272a934 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + maximum collector current= 3.75 A +Maximum collector-emiiter voltage= 30 V +Maximum Power rating= 28.13 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e3294a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +VDD=25 //voltage axis intersection point in V +ID=4 //current in A + +//Calculation +RD=VDD/ID +ID=VDD/(2*RD) +VDS=VDD-(ID*RD) +PT=VDS*ID + +mprintf("Drain Resistance= %1.2f ohm\n",RD) +mprintf("Drain current at maximum power ditribution point= %i A\n",ID) +mprintf("drain-to-source voltage at maximum power dissipation point= %2.1f V\n",VDS) +mprintf("Maximum power dissipation= %i W",PT) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fbb76482 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Drain Resistance= 6.25 ohm +Drain current at maximum power ditribution point= 2 A +drain-to-source voltage at maximum power dissipation point= 12.5 V +Maximum power dissipation= 25 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cae31f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear; +clc; +beta1=20 //bjt gain +beta2=20 //bjt gain + +//Calculation +beta0=beta1+beta2+(beta1*beta2) + +mprintf("net common-emitter current gain= %g",beta0) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1ed9d8d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + net common-emitter current gain= 440 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99037e8a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +TJ_max=150 //in C +Tamb=27 //in C +Rth_dp=1.7 //Thermal resistance in C/W +Rth_pa=40 //in C/W +Rth_ps=1 //in C/W +Rth_sa=4 //in C/W + +//Calculation +PD1_max=(TJ_max-Tamb)/(Rth_dp+Rth_pa) +PD2_max=(TJ_max-Tamb)/(Rth_dp+Rth_sa+Rth_ps) + +mprintf("Case(a):No heat sink used :-Maximum power distribution= %1.2f W\n",PD1_max) +mprintf("Case(b):Heaat sink used :- Maximum power distribution= %2.2f W",PD2_max) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..803e2c1df --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Case(a):No heat sink used :-Maximum power distribution= 2.95 W +Case(b):Heaat sink used :- Maximum power distribution= 18.36 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd4184db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +B=10 //current gain +IB=0.6 //in A +VBE=1 //in V +RC=10 //in ohm +VCC=100 //in Vs + +//Calculation +IC=B*IB //in A +VCE=VCC-(IC*RC) //in V +VCB=VCE-VBE //in V +PT=(VCE*IC)+(VBE*IB) + +mprintf("Total power dissipation= %.1f W",PT) +disp("The BJT is working outside the SOA") diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..789ccabda --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Total power dissipation= 240.6 W + The BJT is working outside the SOA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5276ef8b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +Beff=250 //effective gain +B1=25 //current gain of transistor +B2=8.65 //effective gain of Darlington-pair +iB=50*10^-3 //in A + +//Calculation +iC2=iB*(Beff-B1) +iE2=(1+(1/B2))*iC2 + +mprintf("Emitter current= %2.2f A",iE2) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d179513e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Emitter current= 12.55 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..769cae52b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +VBB=24 //in V +r1=3 //in k-ohm +r2=5 //in k-ohm + +//Calculation +n=r1/(r1+r2) +VP=(n*VBB)+0.7 + +mprintf("peak-point voltage= %1.1f V",VP) diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be3936183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + peak-point voltage= 9.7 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001c49ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +Rth_sink=4 //resistance in C/W +Rth_case=1.5 //in C/W +T2=200 //Temperature in C +T1=27 //Room temperature in C +P=20 //power in W + +//Calculation +Rth=(T2-T1)/P +Tdev=T2 +Tamb=T1 +Rth_dp=Rth +Rth_ps=Rth_case //case-sink resistance +Rth_sa=Rth_sink //sink-ambient resistance +PD=(Tdev-Tamb)/(Rth_dp+Rth_ps+Rth_sa) + +mprintf("Actual power dissipation= %2.2f W",PD) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48bcb66ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Actual power dissipation= 12.23 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5316bc21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +Tj=400 //junction temperature in Celsius +TA=50 //ambient temperature in Celsius +P=90 //power supplied in Watts +Rth_dp=1.5 //in C/W +convection_coeff=100 //heat convection cofficient in W/degree-C*m^2 + +//Calculation +Rth_sa=((Tj-TA)/P)-Rth_dp +A=1/(Rth_sa*convection_coeff) + +format("v",5) +disp(Rth_sa,"Maximum thermal temperature of heat sink (C/W)= ") //The answers vary due to round off error +format("e",8) +disp(A,"Surface Area (m^2)= ") diff --git a/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt b/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..135388560 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Maximum thermal temperature of heat sink (C/W)= + + 2.39 + + Surface Area (m^2)= + + 4.2D-03 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d57a8245c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +l=100 //length of resistor in micro-m +w=10 //width of resistor in micro-m +R=0.9 //sheet resistance in k-ohm/n +End_points=0.65*2 //Total contribution of two end points + +//Calculation +Total_squares=l/w +T=Total_squares+End_points //Total effective sqaures +Reff=T*R + +format("v",8) +disp(Reff,"Effective Resistance (k-ohm)= ") diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt b/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bfce2aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Effective Resistance (k-ohm)= + + 10.17 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1421beb51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +epsilon_i=3.9 //in F/cm +tox=0.5*10^-4 //in cm + +//Calculation +C=(epsilon_0*epsilon_i)/tox + +format("e",9) +disp(C,"Capacitance per unit area (F/cm^2)= ") +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt b/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91e273671 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + + Capacitance per unit area (F/cm^2)= + + 6.90D-09 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15894b9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +Length=4 //in micro-m +Width=1 //in micro-m +R=1000 //in ohm +xj=1*10^-4 //junction depth in cm + +//Calculation +N=Length/Width +R0=R/N +rho=R0*xj + +mprintf("Sheet resistance= %i ohm\n",R0) +mprintf("average resistivity= %0.3f ohm-cm",rho) + diff --git a/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt b/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e999ec168 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Sheet resistance= 250 ohm +average resistivity= 0.025 ohm-cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2cb39080 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +l=10*10^-6 //length in m +f=10*10^9 //frequency in Hz +n=2*10^14 // n type doping concentration in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +E=3200 //electric field in V/cm + +//Calculation +vd=l*f //converting from m^2 to cm^2 +J=e*n*vd +myu=-vd/E + +format("v",7) +disp(vd,"Drift velocity (cms^-1)= ") +format("v",9) +disp(J,"current density (A/cm^2)= ") +disp(myu,"negative electron mobility (cm^2/Vs)= ") //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt b/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f878f2157 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + Drift velocity (cms^-1)= + + 1.D+07 + + current density (A/cm^2)= + + 320 + + negative electron mobility (cm^2/Vs)= + + - 3125 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac81561c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +drift_length=2*10^-4 //in cm +drift_velocity=2*10^7 //in cm/s + +//Calculation +d=drift_length/drift_velocity +f=(drift_velocity*10^-2)/(2*drift_length*10^-2) + +format("v",8) +disp(d,"Drift time (s)= ") +disp(f,"Operating frequency (Hz)= ") + diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt b/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4c051390 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Drift time (s)= + + 1.0D-11 + + Operating frequency (Hz)= + + 5.0D+10 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..205f41891 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +J=20*10^3 //in kA/cm^2 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in C +Nd=2*10^15 //in cm^-3 + +//Calculation +vz=J/(e*Nd) + +format("e",9) +disp(vz,"avalanche-zone velocity is (cm/s)= ") + + diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt b/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a6cef9f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + avalanche-zone velocity is (cm/s)= + + 6.25D+07 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cd35382e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +Nd=2.8*10^21 // donor doping concentration in m^-3 +L=6*10^-6 //length in m +epsilon_s=8.854*10^-12*11.8 // in F/m + +//Calculation +Vbd=(e*Nd*L^2)/epsilon_s +Ebd=Vbd/L + +format("v",7) +disp(Vbd,"Breakdown voltage is (V)= ")//The answers vary due to round off error +format("e",9) +disp(Ebd,"Breakdown electric field is (V/m)= ") diff --git a/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt b/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c201966e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Breakdown voltage is (V)= + + 154.37 + + Breakdown electric field is (V/m)= + + 2.57D+07 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1455001b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +Vm=100 //voltage in V +Rf=1*10^3 //resistance in series in ohm +Rl=4*10^3 //load resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +Im=Vm/(Rf+Rl) +Idc=Im/%pi +Irms=Im/2 + +format("e",8) +disp(Im,"(a)Maximum current Im is (A)= ") +format("e",9) +disp(Idc,"(b)dc component of current Idc is (A)=") +disp(Irms,"(c)rms value of current Irms (A)= ") diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt b/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08002ccd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + (a)Maximum current Im is (A)= + + 2.0D-02 + + (b)dc component of current Idc is (A)= + + 6.37D-03 + + (c)rms value of current Irms (A)= + + 1.00D-02 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd94d35b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +Vm=200 //voltage in V +Rf=500 //resistance in series in ohm +Rl=1000 //load resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +Im=Vm/(Rf+Rl) +Idc=(2*Im)/%pi +Irms=Im/sqrt(2) +Y=sqrt((Irms/Idc)^2-1) + +mprintf("(a)Maximum current Im= %0.3f A\n",Im) +mprintf("(b)dc component of current Idc= %1.4f A\n",Idc) +mprintf("(c)rms value of current Irms= %1.3f A\n",Irms) +mprintf("(d)Ripple Factor Y= %1.3f",Y) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt b/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b20dc4ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + (a)Maximum current Im= 0.133 A +(b)dc component of current Idc= 0.0849 A +(c)rms value of current Irms= 0.094 A +(d)Ripple Factor Y= 0.483 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..232868a93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +RL=500 //load resistance in ohm +C1=100*10^-6 //capacitance in F +C2=50*10^-6 //capacitance in F +L=5 //in H +f=50 //frequency in Hz + +//Calculation +Y=0.216/(RL*C1*C2*L*(2*%pi*f)^3) + +format("v",8) +disp(Y,"Ripple factor Y= ") //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt b/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a0c52581 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Ripple factor Y= + + 0.00056 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ca483a78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear; +clc; +Iz_min=1492.5*10^-3 //Zener diode current in Ampere +Vz=25 //Zener diode voltage in Volt + +//Calculation +Pmin=Vz*Iz_min + +mprintf("Minimum Power Rating p= %2.1f W",Pmin) diff --git a/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt b/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..811a4a3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Minimum Power Rating p= 37.3 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486ab5ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +disp("Each corner sphere of the bcc unit cell is shared with eigth neighbouring cells.Thus each cell contains one eigth of a sphere at all the eigth corners.Each unit cell also contains one central sphere") +S=2 //Sphere per unit cell + +//Calculation +f=S*%pi*sqrt(3)/16 //maximum fraction of a unit cell + +mprintf("bcc unit cell volume filled with hard sphere= %i %%",round(f*100)) + diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9733f701 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Each corner sphere of the bcc unit cell is shared with eigth neighbouring cells.Thus each cell contains one eigth of a sphere at all the eigth corners.Each unit cell also contains one central sphere +bcc unit cell volume filled with hard sphere= 68 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df8697a8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +Na=6.02*10^23 // Avagadro Number in mol^-1 +AtWt=28.09 //in g/mole +Density=5*10^22 //in atoms/cm^-3 + +//Calculation +DensityPerUnitVolume=(Density*AtWt)/(Na) + +mprintf("Density per unit volume= %1.2f g cm^-3",DensityPerUnitVolume) diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60579c628 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Density per unit volume= 2.33 g cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..023554179 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +// r = p*a + q*b + s*c +p=1 +q=2 +s=3 + +//Calculation +LCM=lcm({p,q,s}) //LCM for computing miller indices +rx=1/p*LCM //reciprocals +ry=1/q*LCM +rz=1/s*LCM + +mprintf("The plane depicted in the figure is denoted by (%i,%i,%i)",rx,ry,rz) diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87840a619 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The plane depicted in the figure is denoted by (6,3,2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..039dbc5e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +//Atomic weigths +Si=28.1 +Ga=69.7 +As=74.9 +Na=6.02*10^23 // Avagadro Number in mol^-1 +//(a)Si +a=5.43*10^-8 //in cm +n=8 //no. of atoms/cell + +//(b)GaAs +a1=5.65*10^-8 //in cm + +//Calculation +N=8/a^3 //Atomic Concentration in atoms/cc +N1=4/a1^3 //Atomic Concentration in atoms/cc +Density=(N*Si)/(Na) +Density1=(N1*(Ga+As))/(Na) + +mprintf("Density of Si= %1.2f g/cm^3\n",Density) +mprintf("Density of GaAs= %1.2f g/cm^3",Density1) diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..482387273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Density of Si= 2.33 g/cm^3 +Density of GaAs= 5.33 g/cm^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43af4455c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear; +clc; +a=5*10^-10 //lattice constatnt in m + +//Calculation +n111=1/(a^2*sqrt(3)) + +mprintf("n(111)= %.1e atoms/m^2",n111) +//2.3e+18 is 2.3*10^18 diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a18236a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + n(111)= 2.3e+18 atoms/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e90ea9749 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +Cs=5*10^16 //impurity concentration in solid in atoms/cm^3 +ks=0.35 //segregation coefficient +d=2.33 //density of Si in g/cm^3 +Na=6.02*10^23 // Avagadro Number in mol^-1 +Si=31 //weight of Si +loadSi=4000 //initial load in gm + +//Calculation +Cl=Cs/ks //impurity concentration in liquid +V=loadSi/d //volume of the melt in cm^3 +Nummber_of_atoms=Cl*V //in atoms +Wt=(Cl*V*Si)/(Na) + +mprintf("(a)Cl= %1.2e cm^-3\n",Cl) +mprintf("(b)Wt of P= %.3e g",Wt) //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb53ae46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Cl= 1.43e+17 cm^-3 +(b)Wt of P= 1.263e-02 g \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6514602a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +// r = p*a + q*b + s*c +x=3 //intercept on x axis +y=4 //intercept on y axis +z=5 //intercept on z zxis + +//Calculation +LCM=lcm({x,y,z}) //LCM for computing miller indices +rx=1/x*LCM //reciprocal +ry=1/y*LCM +rz=1/z*LCM + +mprintf("Miller indices of plane are (%i,%i,%i)",rx,ry,rz) diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5536a97d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Miller indices of plane are (20,15,12) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c160de628 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +a=8 //number of atoms shared by 8 cells +b=6 //number of atoms shared by 2 cells +c=4 //number of atoms shared by a single cell +L=5.43*10^-8 //Lattice constant in cm + +//Calculation +N=(a/8)+(b/2)+c //no. of atoms in each cell +Volume=L^3 +Density=8/Volume + +mprintf("(a)no. of atoms in each cell= %i\n",N) +mprintf("(b)Density of atoms in silicon= %.0e atoms cm^-3",round(Density)) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..276483688 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)no. of atoms in each cell= 8 +(b)Density of atoms in silicon= 5e+22 atoms cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a04467ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=5*10^5 //velocity of electron in cm/s +m=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +const=1.6*10^-19 //in eV + +//Calculation +delv=0.02 //change in speed in cm/s +delE=(m*v*delv)/const + +mprintf("Increase in kinetic energy of electron= %1.1e eV",delE) + diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be74295f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Increase in kinetic energy of electron= 5.7e-08 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48fab7893 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +J=14.14*10^-14 //current density in A/cm^2 +v1=3*10^7 //hole group drift velocities in cm/s +v2=5*10^8 //in cm/s +v3=6*10^8 //in cm/s +q=1.6*10^-19 //in C +n=1000 //number of holes + +//Calculation +x=((J/(n*q))-v1-v2-v3) + +mprintf("Drift velocity of remaining hole group= %.1e cm s^-1",x) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46c354d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Drift velocity of remaining hole group= -1.1e+09 cm s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7c43a42d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +E=1.43 //in eV +h=4.14*10^-15 //plancks constant in e*V*s +c=3*10^8 //in m/s + +//Calculation +//a) +v=E/h + +//b) +lamda=c/v + +mprintf("a)minimum frequency= %.3e Hz\n",v) +mprintf("b)wavelength= %.1e m",lamda) //The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3271f8e42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + a)minimum frequency= 3.454e+14 Hz +b)wavelength= 8.7e-07 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09cb33c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear; +R=10*10^3 //Resistance in ohm +V=5 //Voltage in V +J=50 //current density in A/cm^2 +E=100 //in V/cm +q=1.6*10^10 //in eV +myu_p=410 //in cm^2/V*s +Nd=5*10^15 //in cm^-3 + +//Calculation +I=V/R //ohms law in mA +A=I/J //Area in cm^2 +L=V/E +rho=(R*A)/L +sigma=1/rho //in ohm^-1 cm^-1 +Na=(sigma/(myu_p*q))+Nd + +mprintf("a)Limiting electric field= %i V/cm\n",E) +mprintf("b)Length of resistor= %.1e cm\n",L) +mprintf("c)Area of cross-section= %.1g cm^2\n",A) +mprintf("d)Acceptor doping concentration= %.2g cm^-3",Na) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f464b493d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + a)Limiting electric field= 100 V/cm +b)Length of resistor= 5.0e-02 cm +c)Area of cross-section= 1e-05 cm^2 +d)Acceptor doping concentration= 5e+15 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff9c4dfbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +E_fi=0.35 //in eV +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +q=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +myu_n=1400 //in cm^2/Vs +myu_p=500 //in cm^2/Vs +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +//a) +n0=ni*exp((E_fi)/Const) + +//c) +//doped substrate +sigma=q*(myu_n*n0) //in ohm^-1 cm^-1 +rho=1/sigma + +//undoped substrate +sigma1=q*(ni*(myu_n+myu_p)) +rho1=1/sigma1 + +mprintf("a)Doping value= %1.3e cm^-3\n",n0) +mprintf("c)resistivity of the doped pieces of silicon= %.4f ohm-cm\n",rho) +mprintf("c)resistivity of the undoped pieces of silicon= %.1e ohm-cm",rho1) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbcbf2b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + a)Doping value= 1.109e+16 cm^-3 +c)resistivity of the doped pieces of silicon= 0.4025 ohm-cm +c)resistivity of the undoped pieces of silicon= 2.2e+05 ohm-cm ohm-cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55afc5b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Ex=0.6 //position of energy level in eV +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +n0=ni*exp(Ex/Const) + +mprintf("concentration of doping= %.3e cm^-3",n0) //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..299f04788 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + concentration of doping= 1.726e+20 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a724b8ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +epsilon_r=13.2 +m0=9.11*10^-31 //in kg +q=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-12 //in F/m +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in J/s + +//Calculation +mn=0.067*m0 //in kg +E=((mn*q^4)/(8*(epsilon_0*epsilon_r)^2*h^2)) +E1=E/q + +mprintf("Energy required to excite the donor electron (J)= %.2e J\n",E) +mprintf("Energy required to excite the donor electron (eV)= %.4f eV",E1) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b92ad36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Energy required to excite the donor electron (J)= 8.34e-22 J +Energy required to excite the donor electron (eV)= 0.0052 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1fae7fbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +ml=0.98//*m0 +mt=0.19//*m0 +//rest mass m0 = 9.1*10^-31 kg + +//Calculation +mn=6^(2/3)*(ml*mt^2)^(1/3) + +mprintf("Density of states effective mass of electrons in silicon= %1.1f m0",mn) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea178578 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Density of states effective mass of electrons in silicon= 1.1 m0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5788aabcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +n0=10^16 //doping atoms of P in atoms/cm^3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +p0=(ni^2)/n0 //in cm^-3 +x=(n0/ni) +delE=Const*log(x) //difference between energy bands Ef-Ei + +mprintf("Ef-Ei= %.3f eV",delE) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed5abc380 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Ef-Ei= 0.347 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86282dfc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +ml=0.98//*m0 +mt=0.19//*m0 +//rest mass m0 = 9.1*10^-31 kg + +//Calculation +mnc=0.33*(1/ml+2/mt) + +mprintf("1/mnc*= %1.2f m0",1/mnc) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25256ead9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + 1/mnc*= 0.26 m0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..502eb9798 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +Nd=10^14 //in cm^-3 +myu_n=3900 //in cm^2/V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J + +//Calculation +p=1/(Nd*e*myu_n) + +mprintf("Resistivity of the sample p= %.2f ohm-cm",p) + diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..434c84b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Resistivity of the sample p= 16.03 ohm-cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2efa757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +n0=5*10^16 //doping level of Si with As in cm^-3 +myu_n=800 //in cm^2/Vs +Ix=2*10^-3 //in A +Bz=5*10^-5 //in A +d=2*10^-2 //in cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J + +//Calculation +p=1/(e*myu_n*n0) +RH=-1/(e*n0) +VH=(Ix*Bz*RH)/(d) + +mprintf("Resistivity= %0.3f ohm-cm\n",p) +mprintf("Hall coefficient= %i cm^3/c\n",RH) +mprintf("Hall Voltage= %.2e V",VH) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd995237 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Resistivity= 0.156 ohm-cm +Hall coefficient= -125 cm^3/c +Hall Voltage= -6.25e-04 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee38d6066 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; + +Boron_impurity=10^18 //in cm^-3 +Phosphorus_impurity=10^16 //in cm^-3 + +//Calculation +Density=Boron_impurity-(8*Phosphorus_impurity) + +mprintf("Density of majority carriers(holes)= %1.1e cm^-3",Density) diff --git a/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt b/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d38533a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Density of majority carriers(holes)= 9.2e+17 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd601f62e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +del_n0=10^16 //concentration of electrons in cm^-3 +tau_n0=5 //excess carrier lifetime in micro-s +t=1 //time in micro-s + +//Calculation +del_nt=del_n0*exp(-t/tau_n0) + +mprintf("excess electron concentration= %.3g cm^-3",del_nt) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13d378bab --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + excess electron concentration= 8.19e+15 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dbeef87b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +del_n0=10^16 //concentration of electrons in cm^-3 +tau_n0=5 //excess carrier lifetime in s +tau_n01=5*10^-6 //excess carrier lifetime in micro-s +t=5 //in micro-s + +//Calculation +del_nt=del_n0*exp(-t/tau_n0) //in cm^-3 +Rn1=del_nt/tau_n01 + +mprintf("Recombination rate= %.1e cm^-3 s^-1",Rn1) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef81a2881 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Recombination rate= 7.4e+20 cm^-3 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dc7ca1c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=10^15 //dopant concentration in cm^-3 +Na=0 //in cm^-3 +tau_p0=10*10^-7 //in s +tau_n0=10*10^-7 //in s +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +deln=10^14 //in cm^-3 +delp=10^14 //in cm^-3 +nt=1.5*10^15 //in cm^-3 +pt=1.5*10^15 //in cm^-3 + +//Calculation +n0=Nd //in cm^-3 +p0=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +n=n0+deln //in cm^-3 +p=p0+delp //in cm^-3 +R=((n*p)-ni^2)/(tau_n0*(n+p)) + +mprintf("Recombination rate= %1.2e cm^-3 s^-1",R) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e56c86e8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Recombination rate= 9.17e+19 cm^-3 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a29d9b8b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +n0=5*10^15 //carrier concentration in cm^-3 +ni=10^10 //in cm^-3 +p0=2*10^4 //in cm^-3 +deln=5*10^13 //excess carriers in semiconductor in cm^-3 +delp=5*10^13 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.026 //constant value for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +delE1=Const*log(n0/ni) +delE2=Const*log((n0+deln)/ni) +delE3=Const*log((p0+delp)/ni) + +mprintf("1)\nposition of the Fermi level at thermal equilibrium= %0.4f eV\n",delE1) +mprintf("2)\nquasi-Fermi level for electrons in non-equilibrium= %0.4f eV\n",delE2) +mprintf("3)\nquasi-Fermi level for holes in non-equilibrium= %0.4f eV",delE3) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7885212c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + 1) +position of the Fermi level at thermal equilibrium= 0.3412 eV +2) +quasi-Fermi level for electrons in non-equilibrium= 0.3414 eV +3) +quasi-Fermi level for holes in non-equilibrium= 0.2214 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..986565b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +l=1.8 //distance between plates in cm +E=3/2 //in V +t=0.6*10^-3 //time taken by the pulse in s +del_t=236*10^-6 //pulse width in s + +//Calculation +vd=l/t //in cm/s +myu_p=vd/E +Dp=(del_t*l)^2/(16*t^3) + +mprintf("1)\nHole mobility= %i cm^2/Vs\n",myu_p) +mprintf("2)\nDiffusion coefficient= %2.2f cm^2/s",Dp) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a9636e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +1) +Hole mobility= 2000 cm^2/Vs +2) +Diffusion coefficient= 52.22 cm^2/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26ecf12e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +clear; +delp=4*10^14 //excess EHP in cm^-3 +deln=4*10^14 //excess EHP in cm^-3 +n0=10^15 //donor atoms in cm^-3 +p0=0 //in cm^-3 +t=0.5*10^-6 //hole-lifetime in s +myu_n=1200 //mobility of electron in cm^2/V*s +myu_p=400 //mobility of hole in cm^2/V*s +q=1.6*10^-19 //electron charge in eV +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +//a) +gop=delp/t + +//b) +rho_0=(q*n0*myu_n)^-1 //Before illumination +n=n0+deln //in cm^-3 +p=p0+delp //in cm^-3 +rho=1/(q*((myu_n*n)+(myu_p*p)))//conductivity +rho1=q*myu_p*delp //in mho/cm +Pcond=(rho*rho1)*100 + +//c) +delE_e=Const*log(n/ni) +delE_h=Const*log(p/ni) + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf("photo generation rate= %g EHPs/cm^3s\n",gop) +mprintf("b)\n") +mprintf("resistivity before illumination= %1.2f ohm-cm\n",rho_0) +mprintf("resistvity after illumination= %1.3f ohm-cm\n",rho) +mprintf("percent of conductivity= %1.2f percent\n",Pcond) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("c)\n") +mprintf("quasi Fermi level due to electron=Efi+%0.3f eV\n",delE_e) +mprintf("quasi Fermi level due to holes=Efi-%0.3f eV\n",delE_h) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562db4636 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + a) +photo generation rate= 8e+20 EHPs/cm^3s +b) +resistivity before illumination= 5.21 ohm-cm +resistvity after illumination= 3.397 ohm-cm +percent of conductivity= 8.70 percent +c) +quasi Fermi level due to electron=Efi+0.296 eV +quasi Fermi level due to holes=Efi-0.264 eV + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e06753442 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear; +n0=10^16 //donor atoms in cm^-3 +q=1.6*10^-19 //electron charge in J +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Nd=10^16 //Donors added to silicon to make it n-type) in cm^-3 +GT=2.25*10^10 //Thermal generation rate of carriers under equilibrium cm^-3/s +gop=10^21 //in cm^-3/s +tau_n=10^-6 //in s +tau_t=2.5*10^-3 //transit time in s +V=1 //in V + +//Calculation +//a) +alpha_r=GT/ni^2 +tau_p=(alpha_r*n0)^-1 + +//b) +delp=gop*tau_n + +//c) +delI=(q*V*gop*tau_n)/tau_t + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf("lifetime of both type of carriers= %g s\n",tau_p) +mprintf("b)\n") +mprintf("excess carrier concentration= %g cm^-3\n",delp) +mprintf("c)\n") +mprintf("Induced change in current= %.3f A",delI) diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca88fc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + a) +lifetime of both type of carriers= 1e-06 s +b) +excess carrier concentration= 1e+15 cm^-3 +c) +Induced change in current= 0.064 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7827b9d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +clear; +E1000=8.48*10^5 //Current density for 1000 V in A/cm^2 +delE=0.1 //in eV +q=1.6*10^-19 //electron charge in eV +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Nd=10^16 //Donors added to silicon to make it n-type) in cm^-3 +gop=10^19 //in cm^-3/s +tau=10^-5 //in s +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +//a) +E10000=E1000 + +//b) +n0=ni*exp(delE/Const) + +//c) +deln=gop*tau //in cm^-3 +n=n0 //in cm^-3 +p=deln //in cm^-3s +delE_np=Const*log((n*p)/ni^2) + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf("Current density for 1000V potential= %1.2e A/cm^2\n",E10000) +mprintf("b)\n") +mprintf("Doping concentration= %1.1e cm^-3\n",n0) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong" +mprintf("c)\n") +mprintf("Energy gap= %0.4f eV",delE_np) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong" diff --git a/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt b/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ed6be264 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + a) +Current density for 1000V potential= 8.48e+05 A/cm^2 +b) +Doping concentration= 7.1e+11 cm^-3 +c) +Energy gap= 0.3280 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d77bb0f84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +rho=10 //resistivity in ohm-cm +myu_n=1300 //electron mobility in cm^2/V*s +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +Cs=5*10^18 //constant surface concentartion in cm^-3 +t=1 //in hour +x=1 //depth in micro-m + +//Calculation +sigma=1/rho //in (ohm-cm)^-1 +n=sigma/(myu_n*e) //in cm^-3 +n_Cs=n/Cs +erfc1_y=n_Cs //error function +y=2.75 //reference page 181 from fig 5.1.1. value obtained by plotting erfc1_y (Complementary error function) as a function of y +rootD=x/(2*y*sqrt(t)) +T=1100 //reference page 168 from fig 5.10(b) + +mprintf("rootD = %.2f micro-m/h^-2\n",rootD) +mprintf("Temperature at diffusion should be carried out= %i Celsius\n",T) +mprintf("The temperature value was choosen by determing the value of T against root(D) in the figure of Diffusivity of acceptor impurities in silicon versus T") diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..028d3a6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + rootD = 0.18 micro-m/h^-2 +Temperature at diffusion should be carried out= 1100 Celsius +The temperature value was choosen by determing the value of T agains root(D) in the figure of Diffusivity of acceptor impurities in silicon versus T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a96d6f675 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +Cj=12*10^-12 //Capacitance in F/cm^2 +A=10^-4 //junction Area in A/cm^2 +Vr=20 //in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +epsilon_r=11.8 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm + +//Calculation +Nd=((2*Cj)/A)^2*(Vr/(2*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*e)) + +mprintf("Donor Concentration= %1.3e cm^-3",Nd) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d9fdb555 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Donor Concentration= 3.447e+18 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e89c74e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=4.22*10^14 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=4.22*10^16 //in cm^3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +Vbi=0.65 //breakdown voltage in V +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +epsilon_si=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +V=10 //applied voltage in V +Const=0.0259 //value for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Nd=sqrt((exp(Vbi/Const)*ni^2)/100) +Na=100*Nd +W=(((2*epsilon_0*epsilon_si*(Vbi+V))*(Na+Nd))/(e*Na*Nd))^0.5 +Cj=(epsilon_0*epsilon_si)/W + +mprintf("Depletion capacitance per unit area= %1.3e F/cm^2\n",Cj) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("Width of depletion region= %1.2e cm",W) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fa884d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Depletion capacitance per unit area= 1.804e-09 F/cm^2 +Width of depletion region= 5.74e-04 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b138df010 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=5*10^18 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^15 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.026//constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Vbi=Const*log((Na*Nd)/ni^2) + +mprintf("built-in potential= %0.3f V",Vbi) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27f1c52b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + built-in potential= 0.841 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38dd2fddb --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=5*10^18 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^15 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +epsilon_s=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Vbi=0.838 //built-in potential in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J + +//Calculation +W=((2*epsilon_s*epsilon_0*Vbi*(Na+Nd))/(e*Na*Nd))^0.5 + +mprintf("Total space-charge width= %0.2e m",W) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45d416838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Total space-charge width= 4.66e-05 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0c6e42a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=5*10^18 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^15 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +VR=4 //voltage in V +epsilon_s=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Vbi=0.838 //built-in potential in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J + +//Calculation +W=((2*epsilon_s*epsilon_0*(Vbi+VR)*(Na+Nd))/(e*Na*Nd))^0.5 + +mprintf("Total space-charge width= %1.2e cm",W) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad55f2430 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Total space-charge width= 1.12e-04 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f51676da --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=5*10^18 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^15 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +VR=3 //voltage in V +epsilon_s=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Vbi=0.838 //built-in potential in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +A=5*10^-4 //Area in cm^2 + +//Calculation +Cdep=((e*epsilon_s*epsilon_0*Na*Nd)/(2*(Vbi+VR)*(Na+Nd)))^0.5 //junction capacitance +Cdep1=Cdep*A + +mprintf("Junction Capacitance= %.0g F/cm^2\n",Cdep) +mprintf("Depletion Capacitance= %.0g F",Cdep1) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc7d42947 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Junction Capacitance= 1e-08 F/cm^2 +Depletion Capacitance= 5e-12 F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5562200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=10^17 //in cm^-3 +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Emax=5*10^5 //peak electric field in V/cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +epsilon_si=88.76*10^-14 //in F/cm + +//Calculation +E=(Emax*Emax*epsilon_si)/(e*Na) + +mprintf("Breakdown voltage= %2.2f V",E) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb4b8e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Breakdown voltage= 13.87 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37b47d278 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=10^19 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=10^15 //in cm^-3 +epsilon_s=88.76*10^-14 //in F/cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +Vbi=300 //breakdown voltage in V + +//Calculation +xn=((2*epsilon_s*Na*Vbi)/(e*Nd*(Na+Nd)))^0.5 + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf(" As %.4e cm is less than the given length of the n-region i.e 22 micro-m, device will only have avalanche breakdown",xn) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2faba222d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + a) + As 1.8243e-03 cm is less than the given length of the n-region i.e 22 micro-m, device will only have avalanche breakdown \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2836059f --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear; +Na=10^15 //doping densities in cm^-3 +Nd=10^17 //in cm^-3 +V=0.5 //in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +nn0=10^17 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Si_bandgap=1.1 //bandgap of silicon in eV +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT/e in J + +//Calculation +//a) +pn0=ni^2/nn0 //in cm^-3 +pn=pn0*exp((V)/Const) + +//b) + +Vbi=0.6949 //breakdown voltage in V +Vp=Vbi-V //potential already present in V +Vz=Si_bandgap-Vp //Zener breakdown voltage in V + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf("Total concentration of holes= %.2e cm^-3\n",pn) +mprintf("b)\n") +mprintf("Additional voltage required= %.4f V",Vz) diff --git a/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt b/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be6e7448a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + a) +Total concentration of holes= 5.45e+11 cm^-3 +b) +Additional voltage required= 0.9051 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f08ffc3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^16 //doping density in cm^-3 +V=0.55 //in V +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Pn0=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +Pn=Pn0*exp(V/Const) + +mprintf("minority carrier concentration= %1.2e cm^-3",Pn) diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddcf844c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + minority carrier concentration= 6.92e+12 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ebe55c6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +Na=10^16 //doping density in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^16 //in cm^-3 +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +Dp=10 //in cm^2/s +tau_p0=4*10^-7 //in s +tau_n0=2*10^-7 //in s + +//Calculation +Js=e*ni^2*((1/Na)*sqrt(Dn/tau_n0)+(1/Nd)*sqrt(Dp/tau_p0)) + +mprintf("Reverse saturation current density= %1.2e A/cm^2",Js) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17eb63950 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Reverse saturation current density= 4.38e-11 A/cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44e7ee7b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +clear; +sigma_p=1000 //conductivity of p-junction in ohm^-1*m^-1 +sigma_n=20 //conductivity of n-junction in ohm^-1*m^-1 +myu_p=0.05 //in m^2/V*s +myu_n=0.13 //in m^2/V*s +K=8.61*10^-5 //Boltzmann constant in eV/K +T=300 //in K +V=0.4 //forward bias voltage in V +e=1.602*10^-19 //in J +ni=1.5*10^16 //in m^-3 +tau_n=10^-6 //minority carrier lifetime in s +tau_p=5*10^-6 //in s +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V +hole_current=0.603*10^-6 //in A +electron_current=0.016*10^-6 //in A + +//Calculation +pp0=sigma_p/(e*myu_p) //majority carrier densities in m^-3 +nn0=sigma_n/(e*myu_n) //in m^-3 +np0=ni^2/pp0 //minority carrier densities in m^-3 +pn0=ni^2/nn0 //in m^-3 +Dn=myu_n*K*T //in m^2/s +Dp=myu_p*K*T //in m^2/s +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n) //in m +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p) //in m +Js=(((e*np0*Ln)/tau_n)+((e*pn0*Lp)/tau_p)) +Ratio=(hole_current)/(electron_current) +J=Js*(exp(V/Const)-1) + +mprintf("1)\nReverse bias stauration current density= %0.3e A/m^2\n",Js) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("2)\nRatio of hole to electron current= %2.2f \n",Ratio) +mprintf("3)\nTotal current density= %2.2f A/m^2",J) //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..157902e24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + 1) +Reverse bias stauration current density= 6.200e-07 A/m^2 +2) +Ratio of hole to electron current= 37.69 +3) +Total current density= 2.98 A/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cdbad1f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +Ip0=0.5*10^-3 //in A +tau_p0=5*10^-7 //in s +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Cd0=(1/(2*Const))*tau_p0*Ip0 + +mprintf("Diffusion Capacitance= %.1e F",Cd0) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad1891ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Diffusion Capacitance= 4.8e-09 F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7d8deb01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +epsilon_si=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +Na=10^16 //in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^16 //in cm^-3 +tau_p0=4*10^-7 //in s +tau_n0=2*10^-7 //in s + +//Calculation +W=(((2*epsilon_si*epsilon_0)*(Na+Nd)*4)/(e*Na*Nd))^0.5 //in micro-m +tau_m=(tau_p0+tau_n0)/2 //in s +Jgen=(e*ni*W)/(2*tau_m) + +mprintf("reverse-bias generation current density= %1.2e A/cm^2",Jgen) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4192bd40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + reverse-bias generation current density= 3.15e-07 A/cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a5b17af --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +Jn=20 //in A/cm^2 +Jp=5 //in A/cm^2 +Va=0.65 //in V +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +Dp=10 ///in cm^2/s +tau_n0=5*10^-7 //in s +tau_p0=5*10^-7 //in s +epsilon_r=11.8 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.0259 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p0) //in cm +pn0=(Jp*Lp)/(e*Dp*(exp(Va/Const)-1)) //law of mass action in cm^-3 +Nd=(ni^2/pn0) +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n0) //in cm +np0=(Jn*Ln)/(e*Dn*(exp((Va/Const))-1)) //in cm^-3 +Na=ni^2/np0 + +mprintf("Nd= %1.2e cm^-3\n",Nd) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("Na= %1.2e cm^-3",Na) diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e4a6e85c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Nd= 2.55e+15 cm^-3 +Na= 1.01e+15 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..534bd57fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Nd=1*10^16 //n-type doping in cm^-3 +V=0.6 //forward bias current in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +Const=0.0259 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Pn0=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +Pn=Pn0*exp(V/Const) + + +mprintf("Minority carrier hole concentration= %1.2e cm^-3",Pn) diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8472e576f --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Minority carrier hole concentration= 2.59e+14 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af0e51468 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Nd=5*10^16 //n-type doping in cm^-3 +V=0.5 //forward bias current in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +tau_p=1*10^-6 //in s +Dp=10 //in cm^2/s +A=10^-3 //cross-sectional area in cm^2 +Const=0.0259 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +pn=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p) //in cm +I=e*A*(Dp/Lp)*pn*(exp(V/Const)) + +mprintf("Current= %.1e micro-Ampere",I) diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43869970c --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Current= 5.5e-07 micro-Ampere \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be644dff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +Na=10^16 //doping density in cm^-3 +Nd=10^16 //in cm^-3 +tau_p0=5*10^-7 //in s +tau_n0=5*10^-7 //in s +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +Dp=10 //in cm^2/s +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +myu_n=1350 //in cm^2/V*s +myu_p=450 //in cm^2/V*s +V=0.65 //in V +Const=0.0259 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +pn0=ni^2/Nd //in cm^-3 +np0=ni^2/Na //in cm^-3 +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tau_p0) //in cm +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tau_n0) //in cm +Js=(((e*Dp*pn0)/Lp)+((e*Dn*pn0)/Lp)) //in A/cm^2 +J=Js*(exp(V/Const)-1) //Total current density in A/cm^2 +sigma=e*myu_n*Nd //in mho/cm +E=J/sigma + +mprintf("Electric field value= %1.2f V/cm",E) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt b/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dca782dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Electric field value= 2.07 V/cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a14d7a7d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=5*10^16 //Doping level of n-type silicon in cm^-3 +Nc=2.8*10^19 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +phi_B0=1.09 //in eV +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +phi_n=Const*log(Nc/Nd) //in eV +Vbi=(phi_B0-phi_n) //in eV +xn=((2*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*Vbi)/(e*Nd))^0.5 +Emax=(e*Nd*xn)/(epsilon_r*epsilon_0) + +mprintf("a) Ideal Schottky barrier height= %0.3f eV\n",phi_n) +mprintf("b) Built-in potential barrier= %0.3f V\n",Vbi) +mprintf("c) Space charge width at zero bias= %1.3e cm\n",xn)//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("d) maximum electric field= %2.2e V cm^-1",Emax) //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd61cc8dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + a) Ideal Schottky barrier height= 0.165 eV +b) Built-in potential barrier= 0.925 V +c) Space charge width at zero bias= 1.548e-05 cm +d) maximum electric field= 1.20e+05 V cm^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1863394d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +delE_iF=0.0259 //in eV +delE_cF=0.29 //in eV +phi_G=4.8 //in eV +impurity_conc=9.9*10^14 //in cm^-3 +affinity=0.55 //in eV +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV +x=4.05 //electron affinity for silicon in eV + +//Calculation +//a) +n0=ni*exp(delE_iF/Const) //in cm^-3 +phi_s=x+delE_cF + +//b) +Ptype_conc=impurity_conc-n0 //net concentration of p-type on B side in cm^-3 +delE_iF_Bside=Const*log(Ptype_conc/ni) //in eV +phi_s_Bside=x+delE_iF_Bside+affinity + +//d) +ni1=8*10^12 //increased ni in cm^-3 +delE_iF1=Const*log(n0/ni1) //in eV +phi_s1=x+(affinity-delE_iF1) + +mprintf("electron doping concentration = %.1e cm^-3\n",n0) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("workfuntion of the semiconductor = %.2f eV\n",phi_s) +mprintf("workfuntion of the semiconductor on B side = %.2f eV\n",phi_s_Bside) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("workfuntion of the semiconductor at 400K = %.2f eV ",phi_s1) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + + + + + + diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00805cab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + electron doping concentration = 4.1e+10 cm^-3 +workfuntion of the semiconductor = 4.34 eV +workfuntion of the semiconductor on B side = 4.89 eV +workfuntion of the semiconductor at 400K = 4.74 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94372d1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=2.01*10^7 //Doping level of n-type silicon in cm^-3 +Nc=2.8*10^19 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +slope=6*10^13 +Vbi=0.45 //in V +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Nd=2/(e*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*slope) //in cm^-3 +phi_n=Const*log(Nc/Nd) //in V +phi_Bn=Vbi+phi_n + +mprintf("Actual barrier height= %0.3f V",phi_Bn) diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebaa54a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Actual barrier height= 0.578 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38590239e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +E=10^4 //Electric field in V/cm +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm + +//Calculation +del_phi=sqrt((e*E)/(4*%pi*epsilon_r*epsilon_0)) +xm=sqrt(e/(16*%pi*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*E)) + +mprintf("Schottkybarrier-lowering for Si-metal contact= %0.3f V\n",del_phi) +mprintf("maximum barrier height= %1.2e cm",xm) diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41a4b3f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Schottkybarrier-lowering for Si-metal contact= 0.011 V +maximum barrier height= 5.54e-07 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..423682c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +A=114 //effective Richardson constant A/K^2*cm^2 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +T=300 //in K +phi_Bn=0.82 //in eV +const=0.026 //value for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +J0=A*T^2*exp(-(phi_Bn/const)) + +mprintf("Reverse saturation current density= %1.2e A/cm^2",J0) + diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e9719630 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Reverse saturation current density= 2.06e-07 A/cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c7c9436a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +xGe=4.13 //in eV +xGaAs=4.07 //in eV +Eg_Ge=0.7 //in eV +Eg_GaAs=1.45 //in eV + +//Calculation +delE_c=xGe-xGaAs +delE_v=(Eg_GaAs-Eg_Ge)-delE_c + +mprintf("Conduction band= %1.2f eV\n",delE_c) +mprintf("Valence band= %1.2f eV",delE_v) diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8c136200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Conduction band= 0.06 eV +Valence band= 0.69 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81933a1e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=3*10^15 //Doping level of n-type silicon in cm^-3 +Nc=2.8*10^19 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +phi_m=4.5 //work function for chromium in eV +epsilon_si=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.854*10^-14 //in F/cm +xsi=4.01 //electron affinity for Si in eV +Vbi=5 //reverse bias voltage in V +VR=0 //in V + +//Calculation +phi_B=phi_m-xsi //in eV +xn=((2*epsilon_si*epsilon_0*(Vbi+VR))/(e*Nd))^0.5 //in cm +Emax=(e*Nd*xn)/(epsilon_si*epsilon_0) +CJ=((e*epsilon_si*epsilon_0*Nd)/(2*(Vbi+VR)))^0.5 + +mprintf("a)\n") +mprintf("ideal schottky barrier height= %1.2f ev\n",phi_B) +mprintf("b)\n") +mprintf("peak electric field= %1.2e V/cm\n",Emax) +mprintf("c)\n") +mprintf("depletion layer capacitance per unit area= %1.2e F/cm^2",CJ) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd00dd47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + a) +ideal schottky barrier height= 0.49 ev +b) +peak electric field= 6.81e+04 V/cm +c) +depletion layer capacitance per unit area= 7.05e-09 F/cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edd66c27d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +phi_m=4.3 //work function in eV +xsi=4 //electron affinity in eV +p0=10^17 //in cm^-3 +Na=10^17 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +delE_fc=0.957 //in eV +Const=0.0259 //constant value for kT in eV + +//Calculation +delE_if=Const*log(p0/ni) + +//a) Before contact +phi_s=xsi+delE_fc + +//b) After contact +phi_B=phi_m-xsi +eV0=phi_s-phi_m + +mprintf("Energy state difference= %.3f eV\n",delE_if) +mprintf(" a)phi_s= %.3f eV\n",phi_s) +mprintf(" b)Forward Bias (phi_B)= %.1f eV\n",phi_B) +mprintf(" eV0= %.3f eV",eV0) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt b/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0913a844 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Energy state difference= 0.407 eV + a)phi_s= 4.957 eV + b)Forward Bias (phi_B)= 0.3 eV + eV0= 0.657 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f485a2dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +iC=21 //collector current in mA +iE=21.4 //Emitter current in mA + +//Calculation +alpha=iC/iE + +mprintf("common-base current gain= %1.2f",alpha) diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ed9814bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + common-base current gain= 0.98 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c630d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^3 +Na=5*10^16 //in cm^3 +Nd=5*10^18 //in cm^3 +VBE=0.6 //in V +WB=3*10^-4 //in cm +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +//a) +np0=ni^2/Na //in cm^-3 +deln_x=(np0/WB)*(((exp(VBE/Const)-1)*(2/3*WB))-WB/3) + +//b) +deln_x1=(np0/WB)*(exp(VBE/Const)-1)*WB + +mprintf("Excess minority carrier concentration at x=WB/3 = %1.2e cm^-3\n",deln_x) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("Excess minority carrier concentration at x=0 = %1.2e cm^-3\n",deln_x1) //The answers vary due to round off error + + + + + + diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1bc0123b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Excess minority carrier concentration at x=WB/3 = 3.16e+13 cm^-3 +Excess minority carrier concentration at x=0 = 4.74e+13 cm^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66d1f929b --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +alpha_F=0.98 +alpha_R=0.18 +IC=2 //current in mA +IB=0.06 //current in mA +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +VCE=Const*log((((IC*(1-alpha_R))+IB)/((alpha_F*IB)-((1-alpha_F)*IC)))*(alpha_F/alpha_R)) + +mprintf("Collector-emitter voltage at saturation= %1.2f V",VCE) diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40c48cda2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Collector-emitter voltage at saturation= 0.16 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11789698 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +RL=3 //load resistor in ohm +hie=1*10^3 //in ohm +hre=2*10^-4 //in mho +hfe=25 //in mho +hoe=15*10^-6 //in mho + +//Calculation +gm=hfe/hie +Ave=-gm*RL*10^3 + +mprintf("Transconductannce= %0.3f mho\n",gm) +mprintf("Voltage gain= %0.2i",Ave) diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d0741033 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Transconductannce= 0.025 mho +Voltage gain= -75 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92f0bad4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +IE=1.5*10^-3 //in mA +Cje=1.2*10^-12 //in F +Dn=25 //in cm^2/s +WB=0.4*10^-4 //in cm +Wdc=2.5*10^-4 //in cm +vs=10^7 //in cm/s +Rc=25 //in ohm +CBC=0.15*10^-12 //in F +CS=0.12*10^-12 //in F +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Re=Const*(1/IE) //in ohm +tau_e=Re*Cje //emitter-base junction charging in s +tau_b=WB^2/(2*Dn) //transit time in the base in s +tau_d=Wdc/vs //collector depletion region transit time in s +tau_c=Rc*(CBC+CS) //collector capacitance charging time in s +tau_D=tau_e+tau_b+tau_d+tau_c +fT=1/(2*%pi*(tau_D)) + +mprintf("Total emitter-to-collector delay time= %0.2e s\n",tau_D) +mprintf("cut-of frequency of transistor= %0.2e Hz",fT) diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08ad14c0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Total emitter-to-collector delay time= 84.6 ps +cut-of frequency of transistor= 1.88 GHz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acf9a8173 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +Wb=0.5*10^-6 //width of base region in m +Dp=15*10^-4 // in m^2/s + +//Calculation +tau_n=Wb^2/(2*Dp) //in s +tau_B=tau_n //in s +fT=1/(2*%pi*tau_B) + +mprintf("a) upper frequency limit= %1.2e Hz",fT) diff --git a/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt b/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0874a0dca --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + a) upper frequency limit= 1.91e+09 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662f17408 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +Nd=5*10^16 //in cm^-3 +Na=10^19 //in cm^-3 +d=1.2*10^-4 //in cm +e=1.6*10^-19// in J +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +L=18*10^-4 //in cm +W=80*10^-4 //in micro-W +myu_n=1350 //in cm^2/V*s +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^3 +VGS=0 //in V +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Vp=(e*Nd*d^2)/(2*epsilon_r*epsilon_0) //Pitch-off voltage in V +Ip=(W*myu_n*e^2*Nd^2*d^3)/(epsilon_r*epsilon_0*L) //Pitch-off current in A +Vbi=Const*log((Na*Nd)/ni^2) //in V +ID=Ip*(1/3-((VGS+Vbi)/Vp)+(2/3)*((VGS+Vbi)/Vp)^3/2) + +mprintf("a) Pitch-off voltage= %1.1f V\n",Vp) +mprintf("b) Pitch-off current= %.3e A\n",Ip) +mprintf("c) Drain current at pinch-off= %.2e A",ID) //The answers vary dueto round off error diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c395a188a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + a) Pitch-off voltage= 55.6 V +b) Pitch-off current= 6.408e-01 A +c) Drain current at pinch-off= 2.03e-01 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..278c8e394 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +e=1.6*10^-19 //in eV +epsilon_r=13.1 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Nc=4.7*10^17 //in cm^-3 +Nd=3*10^15 //in cm^-3 +phi_Bn=0.9 //barrier height in V +VT=0.3 //threshold voltage in V +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +phi_n=Const*log(Nc/Nd) //in V +Vbi=phi_Bn-phi_n //built-in voltage in V +Vp=Vbi-VT //pinch-off voltage in V +d=sqrt((2*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*Vp)/(e*Nd)) + +mprintf("Channel thickness= %0.2e m",d) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d66267cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Channel thickness= 4.76e-05 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f2a74898 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +epsilon_r=11.7 //in F/cm +epsilon_0=8.85*10^-14 //in F/cm +Na=5*10^16 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +phi_pF=Const*log(Na/ni) //in V +WdT=((4*epsilon_r*epsilon_0*phi_pF)/(e*Na))^0.5 + +mprintf("Maximum space-charge width= %0.2e meter",WdT) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f84f27d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Maximum space-charge width= 1.42e-05 meter \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aa1d6e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +phi_m=3.20 //in V +Na=10^15 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +x=3.25 +Eg=1.11 //in eV +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +Const=0.026 //constant for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +phi_pF=Const*log(Na/ni) //in V +phi_ms=(phi_m-(x+(Eg/2)+phi_pF)) + +mprintf("work-function difference= %0.3f V",phi_ms) diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b370a44cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + work-function difference= -0.894 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..479d623f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +ID_sat=5*10^-3 //in mA +L=1.3*10^-4 //in micro-m +myu_n=660 //in cm^2/V*s +Cox=7*10^-8 //in F/cm^2 +VGS=5 //in V +VT=0.66 //in V + +//Calculaation +Z=(ID_sat*2*L)/(myu_n*Cox*(VGS-VT)^2) + +mprintf("Channel width= %.2e cm",Z) diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fceca028 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Channel width= 1.49e-03 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2806ad39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear; +epsilon_0=8.854*10^-14 //in F/cm +epsilon_r=11.8 //in F/cm +epsilon_i=3.9 //in F/cm +d=100*10^-8 //gate oxide thickness in cm +phi_ms=-1.5 //in V +Qi=5*10^10*1.6*10^-19 //fixed oxide charge in C/cm^2 +Na=10^18 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +VB=2.5 //in V +const=0.0259 //value for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +Ci=(epsilon_0*epsilon_i)/d //in F/cm^2 +VFB=phi_ms-(Qi/Ci) //in V +phi_F=const*log(Na/ni) //in V +W=sqrt((2*epsilon_0*epsilon_r*(2*phi_F))/(e*Na)) //in cm +Qd=-e*Na*W //in C +VT=VFB+(2*phi_F)-(Qd/Ci) //in V +Wm=sqrt((2*epsilon_0*epsilon_r*((2*phi_F)+VB))/(e*Na)) //in cm +Qd1=-e*Na*Wm //in C +VT1=VFB+(2*phi_F)-(Qd1/Ci) //in V + +mprintf("Voltage of n-channel Si(1)= %1.2f V\n",VT) +mprintf("Voltage of n-channel Si(2)= %1.3f V",VT1) //The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36d979a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Voltage of n-channel Si(1)= 1.03 V +Voltage of n-channel Si(2)= 2.518 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99c45d64a --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +epsilon_0=8.854*10^-14 //in F/cm +epsilon_r=11.8 //in F/cm +epsilon_i=3.9 //in F/cm +d=80*10^-8 //gate oxide thickness in cm +phi_ms=-0.15 //work-function difference in V +Qi=10^11*1.6*10^-19 //fixed oxide charge in C/cm^2 +Nd=5*10^17 //in cm^-3 +ni=1.5*10^10 //in cm^-3 +e=1.6*10^-19 //in J +const=0.0259 //value for kT/e in V + +//Calculation +phi_F=const*log(Nd/ni) //in V +Wm=2*sqrt((epsilon_0*epsilon_r*abs(phi_F))/(e*Nd)) //in cm +Qd=e*Nd*Wm //depletion charges in C +Ci=(epsilon_0*epsilon_i)/d //in F/cm^2 +VT=phi_ms-(Qi/Ci)-(Qd/Ci)-(2*phi_F) + +mprintf("Voltage of n-channel= %1.2f V",VT) diff --git a/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt b/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fcf37a29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3636/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Voltage of n-channel= -1.98 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a601784e Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d4b99a7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 1 Page No:1.81 +//given +rc=50000;//ohm +re=100000;//ohm +rs=10000;//ohm +rp=50000;//ohm +beta0=2000; +r0=400000;//ohm +//determine adm,acm,cmrr +rc1=(rc*r0)/(rc+r0); +adm=(-(beta0*rc1)/(rs+rp));//differential mode gain +acm=(-(beta0*rc1)/(rs+rp+2*re*(beta0+1)));//common mode gain +cmrr=20*(log10((1+((2*re*(beta0+1))/(rs+rp)))));//common mode rejection ratio +format(6); +disp("adm = "+string(adm));format(5);//no unit +disp("acm = "+string(acm));format(6);//no unit +disp("cmrr = "+string(cmrr)+" db"); + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b9f43859 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e8549a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 10 Page No: 1.86 +//given +inb1=22e-6;//A +inb2=26e-6;//A +//determine input offset current input base current +i1=inb2-inb1; +i2=(inb2+inb1)/2; +format(10); +disp('Input offset current = '+string(i1*10^6)+' μA'); +disp('Input base current = '+string(i2*10^6)+' μA'); + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08ab22962 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0d1cf7e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11 Page No: 1.86 +//given +inb2=90e-9;//A +inb1=70e-9;//A +a=1e5;//gain +//determine input offset current +i1=(inb2+inb1)/2; +i2=inb2-inb1; +v1=((inb2-inb1)*1000)*a; +disp('Input base current = '+string(i1*10^9)+' nA'); +disp('Input offset current = '+string(i2*10^9)+' nA'); +disp('Output offset voltage = '+string(v1)+' V'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee03ed909 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd196435e --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 12 Page No: 1.87 +//given +vin1=150e-6;//volt +vin2=100e-6;//volt +a=1000; +cmrr=[100,200,450,105]; +//determine output voltage +vc=(vin1+vin2)/2; +vd=(vin1-vin2); +j=1;format(6); +while j<=4 + v0=(a*vd*(1+(vc/(cmrr(j)*vd)))) ; + disp('Output voltage CMRR for '+string(cmrr(j))+' = '+string(v0*10^3)+' mV');//error in book + j=j+1; +end diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b29f30bf7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3ca3f009 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 14 Page No: 1.89 +//given +sr=0.5e6;//volt/sec +a=50; +freq1=20e3;//hz +//determine max peak to peak voltage +v1=sr/(2*3.14*freq1*a);format(3); +disp('Input voltage = '+string(v1*10^3)+' mV'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a54600269 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e407925 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 14 Page No: 1.89 +//given +sr=0.5e6;//volt/sec +a=50; +freq1=20e3;//hz +//determine max peak to peak voltage +v1=sr/(2*3.14*freq1*a);format(3); +disp('input voltage '+string(v1*10^3)+'mV'); diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf839b1e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d4131d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 15 Page No: 1.90 +//given +sr=50e6;//volt/sec +rin=2;format(5); +vimax=10;//volt +//determine max frequency +vm=vimax*(1+rin); +freq1=sr/(2*3.14*vm); +disp('Max frequency = '+string(freq1/10^3)+' Khz'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db7738ceb Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b83bf3980 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2 Page No:1.83 +//given +sr=0.000001;//volt/sec +freq1=100000;//hz +vsat=12;//volt +baw=100000;//hz +//determine vx + +vx=2*(1/(sr*2*3.14*freq1)); +format(6); +disp('maximum peak amplitude at 100khz = '+string(vx)+" volt"); diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d9e01aad Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..892fc5bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3 Page No: 1.84 +//given +V=20; +t=4; +//determine slew rate +format(6); +w=V/t; + +disp('slew rate = '+string(w)+' volt/μsec'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbbae476f Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84acd9178 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4 Page No: 1.84 +//given +clear +a=50; +vi=20e-3; +sr=0.5e6; +//determine max frequency +format(6); +vm=a*vi; +freq1=sr/(2*3.14*vm); +disp('max frequency of input is = '+string(freq1/10^3)+' Khz'); diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e82ac7bc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23eebe22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5 Page No: 1.84 +//given +clear +sr=0.5e6;//volt/sec +freq1=40e3;//hz +a=10;format(6); +//determine max peak to peak input signal +vm=sr/(2*3.14*freq1); +vm=2*vm; +v1=vm/a; +disp('Max peak to peak input signal = '+string(v1)+' V'); diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe86d94d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca6ea2af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6 Page No: 1.85 +//given +adm=400; +cmrr=50; +vin1=50e-3;//volt +vin2=60e-3;//volt +vnoise=5e-3;//volt +v0=(vin2-vin1)*adm; +//determine noise +acm=adm/316.22; +v1=vnoise*acm; +disp('Noise = '+string(v1*10^3)+' mV'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a88426b Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2cfd6627 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7 Page No: 1.86 +//given +sr=35e6;//volt/sec +vsat=15;//volt +//determine time to change from 0 to 15V +c=100e-12;//farad +i=150e-6;//A +w=vsat/sr; +w1=i/c;format(6); +disp('Time to change from 0 to 15 = '+string(w*1e6)+' μsec'); +disp('Slew rate = '+string(w1/1000000)+' volt/μsec'); diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..958ab5fff Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c3a9d35a --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8 Page No: 1.86 +//given +sr=2e6;//v/sec +vsat=15;//volt +//determine bandwidth +format(9); +fmax=sr/(2*3.14*vsat); +bw=fmax*sqrt(2);//bandwidth=fmax*sqrt(2) +disp('Bandwidth = '+string(bw)+' Hz');//error in the book + + diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf b/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa7f8e2f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32424afbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 9 Page No: 1.87 +//given +iin=30e-9;//A +a=1e5;//gain +rin=1000;//ohm +//determine output offset voltage +vid=iin*rin; +v0=a*vid; +disp('Differential input voltage = '+string((vid*1e6))+' μvolt'); +disp('Output offset = '+string(v0)+' V'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dfb28d06 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd8b8200a --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 1 pagenumber 2.86 +//given +rf=10*10^3;//ohm +//vo=0.1v1+v2+10v3; 1 +//determine r1,r1,r3 +r1=rf/0.1;//from 1 +r2=rf/1;//from 1 +r3=rf/10;//from 1 +format(6); +disp('R1 = '+string(r1/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('R2 = '+string(r2/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('R3 = '+string(r3/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('Rf = '+string(rf/10^3)+' Kohm'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f12691ba Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ee5ff4d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 10 pagenumber 2.94 +//given +format(6); +v1=5;//volt +v2=2;//volt +r1=10e3;//ohm +rf1=r1;//ohm +//determine output voltage +v01=-v1*(rf1/r1); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(-(rf1/r1)*(v01+v1))+' V'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..999121a5a Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1874c001b --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 11 pagenumber 2.95 +//given +format(6); +rf1=10e3;//ohm +r1=2e3;//ohm +r2=5e3;//ohm +//determine output voltage +cof1=-rf1/r1;//coefficient of v1 +cof2=-rf1/r2;//coefficient of v2 +disp('Output voltage = '+string(cof1)+'v1+('+string(cof2)+'v2)'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..668e2e865 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16b1ea6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 13 pagenumber 2.97 +//given +format(6); +freq1=1e3;//hz +c=0.1e-6;//farad +af=1.586;//gain +//determine rf ri r1 +r1=1/(2*3.14*freq1*c);format(5); +disp('R1 = '+string(r1/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('Ri = 10 Kohm');//assumption +ri=10e3;//ohm +rf=(af-1)*ri;format(6); +disp('Rf = '+string(rf/10^3)+' Kohm'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb4d0775 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85cfdd254 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 14 pagenumber 2.97 +//given +format(6); +fc=3e3;//hz +q=30;//quality factor +af=20;//forward gain +c=0.1e-6;//farad +//determine r1 r2 r3 +r1=q/(2*3.14*fc*c*af); +r2=q/(2*3.14*fc*c*(2*q*q-af)); +r3=q/(3.14*fc*c);format(4); +disp( 'R1 = '+string(r1)+' ohm');format(3); +disp( 'R2 = '+string(r2)+' ohm'); +disp( 'R3 = '+string(r3/10^3)+' ohm'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4eda0be2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12724dd85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//problem 16 pagenumber 2.99 +//given +f1=500;//hz +f2=2.2e3;//hz +a=5; +c=0.1e-6;//farad +rf1=10e3;//ohm +//determine r1 r2 +R1=1/(2*3.14*f1*c); +R2=1/(2*3.14*f2*c); +Ri=2e3;//ohm assuming +Rf=(a-1)*Ri;format(6); +disp('R = '+string(R1/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('R2 = '+string(R2/10^3)+' Kohm');//error in book +disp('R1 = '+string(Ri/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('Rf = '+string(Rf/10^3)+' Kohm'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f53b5fe6e Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b9aa58cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 17 pagenumber 2.100 +//given +R=100e3;//ohm +IB=1e-6;//A +Vt=25e-3;//volt +v0=0;//volt + + +//determine Vin +Vin=(v0*2.3*Vt)+(R*IB);format(6); +disp("Vin = "+string(Vin)+" V"); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..446f534d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33fde5f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 18 pagenumber 2.101 +//given +format(6); +freq1=100;//hz +c=0.1e-6;//farad +//determine r1 r2 +r2=29;//ohm assuming +r1=(0.065/(freq1*c)*10)*r2; +disp('R1 = '+string(r1/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('R2 = '+string(r2)+' ohm'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8420138de Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a272b0d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 19 pagenumber 2.101 +//given +freq1=15.9e3;//hz +a=1.5;format(3); +//determine rf1 r1 +c=0.001e-6;//farad +R1=1/(2*3.14*freq1*c); +Rf1=(a-1)*(1/(2*3.14*freq1*c)); +disp('R1 = '+string(R1/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('Rf1 = '+string(Rf1/10^3)+' Kohm'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e130d31d Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..119c257df --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 2 pagenumber 2.86 +//given +format(6); +v1=5;//volt +v2=2;//volt +rf1=10e3;//ohm +r1=10e3;//ohm +//determine output voltage +v0=-((-v1*rf1/r1)-(-v2*rf1/r1)); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' V'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f682b9b58 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04564fedf --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//problem 20 pagenumber 2.103 +//given +v1=2;//volt +v2=3;//volt +v3=6;//volt +v4=8;//volt +rf1=50e3;//ohm +r1=40e3;//ohm +r2=25e3;//ohm +r3=10e3;//ohm +r4=20e3;//ohm +r5=30e3;//ohm +//determine output voltage +v0x=-(v1*rf1/r1)-(v2*rf1/r2);format(5); +req=r5*r4/(r5+r4);//combination of r4 and r5 +re1=(r3*r5)/(r3+r5);//combination of r3 and r5 +vn=req*v3/(r3+req)+(re1*v4/(r4+re1)); +v0y=(1+rf1/(r1*r2/(r1+r2)))*vn; +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0x+v0y)+' V'); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032d61477 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.png b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1694a09e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.png differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..278728cc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//problem 22 pagenumber 2.105 +//given +rc1=1;format(3);clf(); +vi=5;//volt +c=1e-6;//farad +r=1e6;//ohm +x0=0;x1=1:1:5; +//determine output voltage +v0=integrate('5','t',x0,x1); +disp('Output voltage = -'+string(v0(5))+" V"); +subplot(1,2,1); +x=linspace(1,5,5); +y=5* ones(length(x),1); +plot(x,y); +xtitle('input waveform problem Ex2_22','time in sec','Vi in volts'); +subplot(1,2,2); +x=linspace(1,5,5); +y=linspace(0,-25,5); +plot(x,y); +xtitle('output waveform problem Ex2_22','time in sec','V0 in volts'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c99702d Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a1b8a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 23 paenumber 2.106 +//given +vi=[10e-3,100e-3,1];format(6); +r1=10e3;//ohm +i1=1e-13;//A +//determine output voltage +w=1; +while w<=3 + disp('Output voltage for vi '+string(vi(w))+' = '+string(((-0.02571)*(log(vi(w)/(i1*r1))))*10^3)+' mV');//error in book + w=w+1; + end diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bd2098f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e0e22d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 24 pagenumber 2.107 +//given +format(6); +k1=1.38e-23;//j/k +t1=298;//k +q=1.6e-19;//columb +vi=10e-3;//volt +ri=10e3;//ohm +//determine output voltage +v0=-(k1*t1/q)*0.4343*log10(vi/ri); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0*10^3)+' mV'); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..318275ab2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..042fedead --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 25 pagenumber 2.108 +//given +format(7); +rf1=10e3;//ohm +vi=1e-2;//volt +vt=0.0257;//volt +//determine output voltage +vi=exp(vi/vt); +v0=-vi*rf1; +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' V'); + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42feeefea Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d60e03cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 26 pagenumber 2.109 +//given +freq1=1.5e3;//hz +bw=450;//hz +//determine qualityfactor f1 f2 +q=freq1/bw;format(7); +f1=freq1*sqrt(1+(1/(4*q*q)))-freq1/(2*q); +f2=freq1*sqrt(1+(1/(4*q*q)))+bw/2;format(4); +disp('Quality factor = '+string(q));format(7);//no unit +disp('Lower frequency = '+string(f1)+' Hz'); +disp('Upper frequency = '+string(f2)+' Hz'); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56e1257f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.png b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..381bd6de1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.png differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a6e9a340 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//problem 27 pagenumber 2.109 +//given +format(6); +fa=200;//hz +vi=2;//volt +c1=0.1e-6;//farad +//determine cf1 rf1 r1 +rf1=1/(2*3.14*fa*c1);clf(); +r1=1/(2*3.14*c1*fa*10);//fb=10*fa +cf1=r1*c1/rf1; +disp('Rf = '+string(rf1/1e3)+' Kohm'); +disp('R1 = '+string(r1)+' ohm'); +disp('Cf = '+string(cf1*10^6)+' μfarad');//error in book +subplot(1,2,1); +x=0:0.1:10*%pi; +y=-2*sin(2*fa*3.14*x); +plot(x,y); +xlabel('time in sec'); +ylabel('Vi in volts'); +title('input waveform problem Ex2_27'); +subplot(1,2,2); +x=0:0.1:10*%pi; +y=-1.75*cos(2*fa*3.14*x); +plot(x,y); +xlabel('time in sec'); +ylabel('V0 in volts'); +title('output waveform problem Ex2_27'); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c33628c61 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b0c848b --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 4 pagenumber 2.87 +//given +format(6); +r1=10e3;//ohm +rf1=20e3;//ohm +r2=5e3;//ohm +//determine gain of amplifier +a1=1+rf1/r1; +a2=-rf1/r1; +disp( 'Switch off gain = '+string(a1+a2));//no unit +disp( 'Switch on gain = '+string(a2));//no unit diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64ab4c20f Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d6fec46d --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 5 pagenumber 2.89 +//given +format(6); +v1=2;//volt +v2=3;//volt +r1=1e3;//ohm +rf1=5e3;//ohm +r2=8e3;//ohm +//determine output voltage +v11=v2*r2/(r2+r1); +disp( 'Output voltage = '+string((1+rf1/r1)*(v2-v1))+' V'); diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..817c0fd23 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1cb63521 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 6 pagenumber 2.90 +//given +format(6); +r1=2e3;//ohm +rf1=8e3;//ohm +A=45;//open loop gain +a=1+(rf1/r1);//Nonverting gain +gain=A/(1+A/a); +disp( 'Gain = '+string(gain));//no unit + + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4913860e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aee5ea674 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 7 pagenumber 2.91 +//given +format(6); +r1=1e3;//ohm +r2=100e3;//ohm +rf1=90e3;//ohm +//determine cmrr +ac=(r2-rf1)/(r1+r2); +ad=(rf1+((((rf1+r1)/r1)*r2)/(r1+r2)))/r1;format(12); +disp( 'CMRR = '+string(ad/(ac)));//no unit + diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf b/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2163324d Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e348027 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 8 pagenumber 2.92 +//given +format(6); +ii1=2e-3;//A +rf1=2e3;//ohm +r0=2e3;//ohm +i0=-(ii1+(ii1*rf1)/r0) + +disp('Output current = '+string(i0*10^3)+' mA'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0976ecb3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60ba0834 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 1 pagenumber 4.38 +//given +z='0101';format(6); +n=4; +vof=15;//volt +r=vof/(2^n-1); +v0=r*base2dec(z,2); + +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' volt'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a524de1a Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74e139e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 10 pagenumber 4.42 +//given +z=['111111','100110']; +vref1=20;//volt +e=1/base2dec(z(1),2)*vref1;format(6); +disp('Minimum voltage each bit = '+string(e)+' volt'); +e=base2dec(z(2),2)/base2dec(z(1),2)*vref1; + +disp('Output voltage at '+string(z(2))+' = '+string(e)+' volt'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..148d7ceb8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..010c9b8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 11 pagenumber 4.43 +//given +n=12; +vref1=50;//volt +vref2=-50;//volt +r=(vref1-vref2)/(2^n-1);format(6); +disp('Resolution = '+string(r)+' volt'); +r=100/(2^n-1); +disp('Resolution in percent = '+string(r)+'%'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53acf6835 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90a29d851 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 12 pagenumber 4.43 +//given +n=10; +vref1=-10;//volt +vref2=10;//volt +r=(vref2-vref1)/(2^n-1);format(6); +disp('Resolution = '+string(r*1e3)+' milivolt'); +r=100/(2^n-1); +disp('Resolution in percent = '+string(r)+'%'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fe6b1f16 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e40dcb3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 13 pagenumber 4.43 +//given +n=12; +r=1/(2^n-1);format(6); +r=r*100; +disp('Resolution in percent = '+string(r)+'%'); + + + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12e453085 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d55a7eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//problem 14 pagenumber 4.44 +//given +n=7;format(6); +vmax=25.4;//volt +r=1/(2^n-1); +disp('Change in voltage = '+string(r*vmax)+' volt'); diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b8a12485 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12e419a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 15 pagenumber 4.44 +//given +r=5e-3;//volt +vref=8;//volt +format(3); +//determine N +n=log10(1/(r/vref)+(1))/log10(2); +disp('N = '+string(n));//no unit + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48bceff7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee1ebca54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 16 pagenumber 4.44 +//given +fs=1e6;//hz +format(6); +n=8; +tc=(1/fs)*(n+1); +disp('Conversion time = '+string(tc*10^6)+' μs'); + + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c54a810 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a3c42f84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//problem 17 pagenumber 4.45 +//given +vref=10;//volt +vin=100e-3;//volt +v0=vref*vin/10^-3;format(6); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' counts'); diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f4e26af Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be96ebda1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 18 pagenumber 4.45 +//given +n=4;z='1111';format(6); +r=10e3;//ohm +r1=20e3;//ohm +vref=10;//volt +//determine Resolution and output current +r=(1/2^n)*vref/r; +disp('Resolution of 1th = '+string(r*10^6)+' μA'); +disp('Iout = '+string(r*1e6)+' x D'); +iout=r*base2dec(z,2); +disp('Output current = '+string(iout*10^6)+' μA');//error in book + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71b8100a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d8fc950b --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 19 pagenumber 4.45 +//given +n=8;format(6); +vref=10;//volt +vmin=vref/2^n; +D=133; +disp('Minimum input voltage = '+string(vmin*1e3)+' milivolt'); +vif=vref-vmin; +disp('Input voltage make 1s = '+string(vif)+' volt'); +vin=5.2; +format(3);z=dec2base(D,2);format(6); +disp('Decimal at '+string(vin)+' volt = '+string(D));//no unit + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..744e28266 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64d9e4a3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 2 pagenumber 4.38 +//given +r=20e-3;format(6); +z='11000000'; +n=8; +vof=r*(2^n-1); +v0=r*base2dec(z,2); +disp('Output offset = '+string(vof)+' volt'); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' volt'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52b37f9e3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..734dff82c --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 20 pagenumber 4.46 +//given +vref=10;//volt +z=['01','0111','10111100'];format(6); +n=2; +v0=vref*(1/2^2); +disp('Output voltage at '+string(z(1))+' = '+string(v0)+' volt'); +n=4 +v0=vref*(1/2^2+1/2^3+1/2^4); +disp('Output voltage at '+string(z(2))+' = '+string(v0)+' volt'); +v0=vref*(1/2+1/2^3+1/2^4+1/2^5+1/2^6+1/2^8); +disp('Output voltage at '+string(z(2))+' = '+string(v0)+' volt'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96c68417f Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59bc5b978 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 21 pagenumber 4.46 +//given +n=4;format(6); +z='0110'; +vref=10;//volt +v0=vref*(1/2^2+1/2^3); +disp('Output voltage at '+string(z)+' = '+string(v0)+' volt'); + + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb504f159 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..999ed2f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 22 pagenumber 4.47 +//given +n=10;format(6); +vfs=10.24;//volt +distortion=56;//dB +//determine ENOB SNRmax +q=vfs/(2^n*sqrt(12)); +snrmax=(6.02*n+1.76);//formula for SNRmax +disp('SNRmax = '+string(snrmax)+' dB'); +format(2); +en=(distortion-1.76)/6.02; +disp('ENOB = '+string(en));//no unit + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0db389be4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7616dc469 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 3 pagenumber 4.38 +//given +n=4;format(6); +z=['0111','1111']; +vref=5;//volt +//determine v0 +r=vref/(2^n-1); +i=1; +while i<3 + v0=r*base2dec(z(i),2); + disp('Output voltage '+string(z(i))+' = '+string(v0)+' volt'); + i=i+1; +end + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddeb505e3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e201bfd63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 4 pagenumber 4.39 +//given +n=12;format(6); +r=8e-3;//volt +z='011101110001'; +//determine output voltage +vof=r*(2^n-1);res=r/vof; +v0=r*base2dec(z,2); +disp('Output voltage = '+string(v0)+' volt'); +disp('Fullscale Output Voltage = '+string(vof)+' volt'); +disp('Resolution = '+string(res*1e2)+' percent'); diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db0fd397 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a2691c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//problem 5 pagenumber 4.39 +//given +fs=1e3;//hz +r=0.01;format(6); +vref=10;//volt +//determine n vmin rms fs1 t1 z +r=0.01/100; +n=14; +mbit=2^n; +disp('Minumum number of bits = '+string((mbit))); +vm=vref/2^n; +disp('Minmum voltage = '+string(vm*10^6)+' μvolt'); +eq=vref/(2^n*2*sqrt(3)); +disp('Quantization error = '+string(eq*10^6)+' μvolt'); +fs1=5*fs; +disp('Sampling rate = '+string(fs1)+' Hz'); +t1=1/(2*%pi*fs*2^n); +disp('Aperture time = '+string(t1*10^6)+' milisecond');//error in book +disp('Converter = '+string(6*n)+' dB'); diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eb5f10b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14f19bffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 6 pagenumber 4.40 +//given +vref=10;//volt +is=1.875e-3;//A +z=['1111' '1100'];format(6); +//determine R I +n=4; +v0=vref/2^n*(1*2^(n-1)+1*2^(n-2)+1*2^(n-3)+1*2^(n-4)); +r=v0/is; +disp('R = '+string(r/10^3)+' Kohm'); +v0=vref/2^n*(1*2^(n-1)+1*2^(n-2))/r; +disp('I at 1100 = '+string(v0*10^3)+' mA'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ce1300a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b51b7b53c --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 7 pagenumber 4.41 +vmin=1e-3;//volt +vref=10;//volt +q=0.01;format(6); +//determine n +n=log10(((0.5)/0.01)+1)/log10(2);format(2); +disp('N = '+string(n));//no unit + + + + diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a60511dd2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..755d074ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//problem 8 pagenumber 4.42 +//given +n=8; +//determine R +r=1/(2^n-1)*100;format(6); +disp('R in percent = '+string(r)+'%'); diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf b/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2906d8e0f Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7f56768d --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//problem 9 pagenumber 4.42 +//given +n=5; +//determine resolution +r=1/(2^n-1)*100;format(6); +disp('Resolution in percent = '+string(r)+'%'); diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b709a38e Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3a8bc4eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 1 pagenumber 5.95 +//given +clear +w=8e-3;//second +c1=0.1e-6;//farad +//determine r1 +r1=w/(1.11*c1);format(3); +disp('R1 = '+string(r1/10^3)+' Kohm');format(6); +disp('C1 = '+string(c1*1e6)+' μfarad'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dc7e0663 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27f39325d --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//problem 10 pagenumber 5.101 +//given +r1=100e3;format(6); +rf=250e3; +r3=70e3;//ohm +fce=200;//hz +fci=2e3;//hz +ft=1e6;//hz +enw=20e-9; +inw=0.5e-12; +f1=0.1; +fa=ft/(1+(rf/r1)); +rn=r1*rf/(r1+rf); +p=fce*log(fa/f1)+1.57*fa-f1; +q=(r3^2+rn^2)*(fci*log(fa/f1)+1.5*fa-f1); +r=1.65e-20*(r3+rn)*(1.57*fa-f1); +en=(1+rf/r1)*(enw^2+p+inw^2*q+r); +disp('rms voltage = '+string(sqrt(en))+' μvolt rms');//error in book + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6369f0e79 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dcaa6d29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 2 pagenumber 5.95 +//given +ra=5e3;//ohm +rb=ra;format(6); +c1=0.01e-6;//farad +//determine frequency dutycycle +freq1=1.44/((ra+2*rb)*c1); +w=(ra+rb)/(ra+2*rb);format(5); +disp('frequency = '+string(freq1)+' Hz'); +disp('dutycycle = '+string(w));//no unit + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d10fcfab1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb7f2b010 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 3 pagenumber 5.96 +//given +freq1=2e3;//hz +w=0.75;format(6); +c1=0.1e-6;//farad +//determine ra rb +//for 0.75 dutycycle rb=0.5*ra +ra=1.44/freq1*(1/(c1*2)); +rb=0.5*ra; +disp('Ra = '+string(ra)+' ohm'); +disp('Rb = '+string(rb)+' ohm'); +disp('C1 = '+string(c1*1e6)+' μfarad'); + + + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79d818cfa Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c43045b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 4 pagenumber 5.97 +//given +ra=2.2e3;//ohm +rb=6.8e3;//ohm +c1=0.01e-6;//farad +//determine ontime offtime frequency dutycycle +t1=0.69*(ra+rb)*c1;format(6); +t2=0.69*rb*c1; +freq1=1.45/((ra+2*rb)*c1); +w=ra/(ra+2*rb);format(6); +disp('on time = '+string(t1*10^6)+' μsecond'); +disp('tof = '+string(t2*10^6)+' μsecond'); +disp('frequency = '+string(freq1)+' Hz'); +disp('duty cycle = '+string(w));//no unit + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682ba8493 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7422c46e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 5 pagenumber 5.97 +//given +t1=4;//second +t2=2;//second +c1=1e-6;//farad +//detemine ra rb +t12=t1+t2; +w=t1/t12; +//ra=0.97*rb +rb=(t1/(0.693*c1))/(1+0.97); +ra=0.97*rb;format(5); +disp('Ra = '+string(ra/10^6)+' Mohm'); +disp('Rb = '+string(rb/10^6)+' Mohm'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a58aa19d Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db9daecd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 6 pagenumber 5.100 +//given +c=10e-6;//farad +w=6;format(6); +//determine R +r=w/(1.11*c); +format(6); +disp('R = '+string(r/10^3)+' Kohm'); +disp('C1 = '+string(c*1e6)+' μfarad'); + + diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01b693577 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da3089ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 7 pagenumber 5.100 +//given +enw=20e-9;//volt/hz +fce=200;//hz +inw=0.5e-12;//A +fci=2e3;//hz +//determine RMS voltage +z=fce*log(20e3/20)+(20e3-20); +en=nthroot(enw,z); +format(5); +disp("Rms Input Voltage = "+string(en)+' volt');//error in book diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afafbbd75 Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb57f0cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//problem 8 pagenumber 5.99 +//given +r1=9e3;//ohm +k1=1.38*10^-23;format(6); +t1=298;//k +//determine voltage current spectraldensities rmsnoise +r1=r1; +er=sqrt(4*k1*t1*r1); +i1=er/r1; +er12=1/er; +w=20e3-20; +er1=nthroot(er,w); +disp('voltage = '+string(er*10^9)+' nanovolt/√(Hz)');format(5); +disp('current = '+string(i1*10^12)+' pA/√(Hz)'); +disp('rms voltage = '+string(er1)+' volt');//error in book diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf b/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca04191ac Binary files /dev/null and b/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.pdf differ diff --git a/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a55b7d538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3637/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//problem 9 pagenumber 5.101 +//given +fh=2e6;//hz +id=[1e-6,1e-9];format(6); +i=1; +while i<3 + In=sqrt(2*1.62e-19*id(i)*fh); + disp('signal to noise id '+string(id(i)*10^6)+' = '+string(20*log10(id(i)/In))+' dB'); + i=i+1; +end + diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg b/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eb20cdf5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d87c17e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 10.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.450840;//refractive index of core +n2=1.446918;//refractive imdex of cladding +a=4.1e-6;//radius of core in m +n=2*%pi*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))//numerator of the corresponding V number +//corresponding V number expression where lambda0 is in nm +mprintf("V=%.1f/lambda0",n*1e9);//multiplying numerator by 10^9 to convert lambda0 in nm +//For cutoff wavelength: +V=2.4048; +//Since V=n/lambda0 +lambda0=n/V;//cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber in m +mprintf("\n The cutoff wavelength is %.1f nm",lambda0/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg b/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4585d96b Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faff92367 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 10.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.457893;//refractive index of core +n2=1.446918;//refractive imdex of cladding +a=2.3e-6;//radius of core in m +delta=(n1-n2)/n2;//fractional change in refractive index +mprintf("\n Delta=%f",delta);//The answers vary due to round off error +n=2*%pi*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))//numerator of the corresponding V number +//corresponding V number expression where lambda0 is in nm +mprintf("\n V=%.1f/lambda0",n*1e9);//multiplying numerator by 10^9 to convert lambda0 in nm +//For cutoff wavelength: +V=2.4048; +//Since V=n/lambda0 +lambda0=n/V;//cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber in m +mprintf("\n The cutoff wavelength is %.1f nm",lambda0/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg b/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d898460a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd6411c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 10.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1550e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +n1=1.476754;//refractive index of core +n2=1.446918;//refractive imdex of cladding +a=1.5e-6;//radius of core in m +delta=(n1-n2)/n2;//fractional change in refractive index +mprintf("\n Delta=%f",delta);//The answers vary due to round off error +n=2*%pi*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))//numerator of the corresponding V number +//corresponding V number expression where lambda0 is in nm +mprintf("\n V=%.1f/lambda0",n*1e9);//multiplying numerator by 10^9 to convert lambda0 in nm +//For cutoff wavelength: +V=2.4048; +//Since V=n/lambda0 +lambda0=n/V;//cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber in m +mprintf("\n The cutoff wavelength is %.1f nm",lambda0/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e884598e Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a891c6732 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//E1 & E2 are the ground level and first excited level of energy respectively +h=6.626e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//speed of electrons in m/s +lambda=694e-9;//wavelength corresponding to the energy gap between E1 & E2 +//Let E2-E1=DeltaE +DeltaE=h*c/lambda; +mprintf("\n E2-E1=%e",DeltaE);//Energy gap between E1 & E2 in J +//The answers vary due to round off error +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +T=300;//Temperature in K +mprintf("\n kB*T=%e",kB*T); +//Let N2/N1 be N +N=exp(-DeltaE/(kB*T));//Ratio of population density at E2 and E1 energy levels +mprintf("\n N2/N1=%e",N);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92ff3bcae Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..861d3897e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//For Cr+3 ions in ruby +N1=1.6e19;//Population density of E1 energy level in cm^(-3) +N2=0;//Population density of E2 energy level in cm^(-3) +n=1.76;//refractive index of medium +Tsp=3e-3;//Spontaneous emission lifetime of atom in sec +//Let g(v0) be g +g=6.9e-12;//normalized lineshape function in s +lambda0=694.3e-7;//wavelength at which absorption takes place in cm +c=3e10;//speed of electrons in cm/s +v=c/lambda0; +//Let Y(v0) be Y +Y=((c/n)^2)*g*(N2-N1)/(8*%pi*Tsp*(v^2));//Corresponding gain coefficient of medium +mprintf("\n Absorption coefficient = %f",Y);//The answers vary due to round off error +//negative sign implies absorption diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e55326668 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26a94b810 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R1=0.99;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1 +R2=0.9;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2 +l=10;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm +alpha=0;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1) +Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1) +mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..799cb1ef9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5aeb33fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R1=0.32;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1 +R2=0.32;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2 +l=300e-4;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm +alpha=10;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1) +Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1) +mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d17e207f Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20984b125 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R1=0.3;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1 +R2=0.3;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2 +l=500e-4;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm +alpha=5e1;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1) +Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1) +mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98bcef740 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..955777a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 11.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given Case(i) +lambdag=1.30e-6;//emission wavelength in m +//Bandgap energy in eV is given by : +Eg=1.24/(lambdag/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert lambdag into um +mprintf("\nCase 1: for lambda0 =1.30 um"); +mprintf("\n Eg=%f eV",Eg);//The answers vary due to round off error +p=[0.12 -0.72 1.35-Eg];//Relation between Eg & y is given as 'Eg(y)=1.35-0.72y+0.12y^2 in eV' +y=roots(p); +mprintf("\n y=%f",y(2,1));//Roots are arranged in descending order & y cannot be greater than 1 +//The answers vary due to round off error +//given Case(ii) +lambdag=1.55e-6;//emission wavelength in m +//Bandgap energy in eV is given by : +Eg=1.24/(lambdag/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert lambdag into um +mprintf("\nCase 2: for lambda0 =1.55 um"); +mprintf("\n Eg=%f eV",Eg);//The answers vary due to round off error +p=[0.12 -0.72 1.35-Eg];//Relation between Eg & y is given as 'Eg(y)=1.35-0.72y+0.12y^2 in eV' +y=roots(p); +mprintf("\n y=%f",y(2,1));//Roots are arranged in descending order & y cannot be greater than 1 +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg b/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de6e1609e Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54683a1b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 12.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda=0.8e-6;//wavelength of light in m +n=3.5;//refractive index of Si +e=1.6e-19;//electronic charge in C +h=6.626e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//speed of electrons in m/s +alpha=1e5;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in m^(-1) +w=20e-6;//width of depletion layer in m +R=((n-1)/(n+1))^2;//Reflection coefficient of uncoated Si +mprintf("\n R=%.2f",R); +//Assuming all e-h pairs contribute to photo current i.e. zeta=1 +eta=(1-R)*(1-exp(-alpha*w));//Corresponding quantum efficiency +mprintf("\n eta=%.1f",eta); +v=c/lambda;//frequency corresponding to given wavelength in Hz +rho=eta*e/(h*v);//corresponding responsivity in A/W +mprintf("\n rho=%.2f A/W",rho);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg b/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..354c81328 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086d1d638 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 12.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +rho=0.5;//responsitivity of Si PIN detector in A/W +Vb=20;//reverse bias voltage across the detector in V +//Case (i): +Rl=100;//load resistor in ohms +Pmax=Vb/(rho*Rl);//maximum value of optical power P falling on the photodetector in W +mprintf("\n For Rl=100 Ohm:"); +mprintf("\n Pmax=%.1f mW",Pmax/1e-3)//Division by 10^(-3) to convert into mW +mprintf("\n Vr/P = %.1f mV/mW",rho*Rl);//Bias voltage per unit power in mV/mW +//Case (ii): +Rl=10e3;//load resistor in ohms +Pmax=Vb/(rho*Rl);//maximum value of optical power P falling on the photodetector in W +mprintf("\n For Rl=10 kOhm:"); +mprintf("\n Pmax=%.1f mW",Pmax/1e-3)//Division by 10^(-3) to convert into mW +//Bias voltage per unit power in V/mW : +mprintf("\n Vr/P = %.1f V/mW",rho*Rl/1e3);//Division by 10^3 to convert into V/mW diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg b/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ebf4a4c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c27c9d4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 12.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +epsilon=10.5e-13;//permittivity of Si in F/cm +d=500e-4;//diameter of Si detector in cm +w=20e-4;//width of depletion layer in cm +A=%pi*((d/2)^2);//Area of detector in cm^2 +Cd=epsilon*A/d;//Junction capacitance in F +mprintf("\n The junction capacitance Cd=%f pF",Cd/1e-12);//division by 10^(-12) to convert into pF +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17618ac70 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..817b50978 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Vc(t)=V0*(1-exp(-t/(R*C))) is the voltage across capacitance in an RC circuit +//Hence, the time t=R*C*(-log(1-Vc/V0)) + +//The Rise time is the time taken by a system to rise from 10% to 90% of maximum value +//So, it is given as Tr=T90-T10 where T90 is time when Vc is 90% of maximum value and T10 is time when Vc is 10% of maximum value +//i.e. Tr=R*C*(-log(1-0.9))-R*C*(-log(1-0.1)) +//Let Tr=R*C*k; where k=log(1-0.1))-log(1-0.9) +k=log(1-0.1)-log(1-0.9); +mprintf("\n The Rise Time Tr=%.2fRC",k); + +//Now, The 3dB bandwidth is given as Deltaf=1/(2*%pi*R*C); +//Let Deltaf=m/(R*C); where m=1/(2*%pi) +m=1/(2*%pi); +mprintf("\n The 3dB bandwidth Deltaf=%.2f/RC",m); + +//By multiplying expressions of Tr and Deltaf, we eliminate RC from the expressions +//Rearranging te terms, we get Tr in terms of Deltaf +mprintf("\n Rise time in terms of Bandwidth is given as:"); +mprintf("\n Tr=%.2f/Deltaf",k*m); diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84ed6f463 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31a2602cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.10 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=100e-9;//Optical power in W +R=0.6;//Responsivity in A/W +Rl=1000;//Value of load resistor in Ohms +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +x=0.7;//Excess noise +Id=0;//Since the dark current is neglected in the example + +Mop=(4*kB*T/(x*e*Rl*(R*P+Id)))^(1/(x+2));//Optimum value of internal gain corresponding to input optical power P +mprintf("Mop= %.1f",Mop); diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3f0d59d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a463dc181 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.11 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R=0.5;//Responsivity in A/W +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +C=1e-12;//Photodiode capacitance in F +BER=1e-9;//Bit error rate +SNR=144;//Signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to BER of (10)^(-9) +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units + +//Case(i): +B=100e6;//Bit rate in b/s +Pmin=B/R*sqrt(2*%pi*kB*T*C*SNR); +mprintf("\n For 100 Mb/s, Pmin=%.2f uW",Pmin/1e-6);//Dividing by 10^(-6) to convert into uW + +//Case(ii): +B=1e9;//Bit rate in b/s +Pmin=B/R*sqrt(2*%pi*kB*T*C*SNR); +mprintf("\n For 1 Gb/s, Pmin=%.2f uW",Pmin/1e-6);//Dividing by 10^(-6) to convert into uW diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4010d7dd Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f77ffaa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.12 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R=0.5;//Responsivity in A/W +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +C=1e-12;//Photodiode capacitance in F +BER=1e-6;//Bit error rate +SNR=90;//Signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to BER of (10)^(-6) +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units + +B=100e6;//Bit rate in b/s +Pmin=B/R*sqrt(2*%pi*kB*T*C*SNR); +mprintf("\n For 100 Mb/s, Pmin=%.2f uW",Pmin/1e-6);//Dividing by 10^(-6) to convert into uW +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38f8ae7f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4660ddd4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.13 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +L=40;//Total fiber length in km +alphat=0.5;//Fiber transmission loss in dB/km +Pmin=-39;//Receiver sensitivity in dBm is the minimum power received by receiver +Ns=4;//Number of splices contributing to loss +Ls=0.5;//Loss of each splice in dB +Nc=2;//Number of connectors contributing to loss +Lc=1;//Loss of each connector in dB; +Pm=6;//Power margin in dB +//Let the source power be P +P=Pmin+Pm+Ns*Ls+Nc*Lc+L*alphat;//Minimum value of source power in dBm +mprintf("\n The source power must exceed %.2f dBm= %.2f mW",P,(10^(P/10)));//Taking 10^(P/10) to convert into mW + diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7702fe8d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2b3ffa2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.14 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +Pi=50e-6;//Source power in W +R=0.65;//Responsivity in A/W +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +C=5e-12;//Photodiode capacitance in F +BER=1e-9;//Bit error rate +SNR=144;//Signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to BER of (10)^(-6) +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units + +B=20e6;//Bit rate in b/s +Pmin=(B/R)*sqrt(2*%pi*kB*T*C*SNR);//Receiver sensitivity in W +//Let the value of Pmin in dBm be denoted by 'PmindBm' +PmindBm=10*log10(Pmin/1e-3);//Taking 10*log(Pmin) to convert into dBm where Pmin must be in mW +mprintf("\n For 20 Mb/s, Pmin=%.2e W = %.1f dBm",Pmin,PmindBm);//The answers vary due to round off error +//Let the value of Pi in dBm be denoted by 'PidBm' +PidBm=10*log10(Pi/1e-3);//Taking 10*log(Pi) to convert into dBm where Pi must be in mW +Pl=abs(PmindBm-PidBm);//The permissible loss between transmitter and receiver in dB +mprintf("\n The permissible loss between transmitter and receiver = %.1f dB",Pl); +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9928e8916 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1557ddcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.15 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +B=400e6;//Bit rate in b/s +BER=1e-9;//Bit error rate +L=100;//Total fiber length in km + +//The Total system rise time is given as: +Ts=0.7/B;//The expression for total rise time under NRZ transmission in s +mprintf("\n The total system rise time Ts=%.2f ns",Ts/1e-9);//Dividing by 10^(-9) to convert into ns diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad519723e Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee202e679 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.16 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda=1300e-9;//Operating wavekength of the system in m +alpha=0.4;//Fiber loss in dB/km +Pi=1e-3;//Input power in W +Np=1000;//Minimum number of photons per bit of information +B=2.5e9;//Bit rate in b/s +h=6.63e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//Speed of photons in m/s +v=c/lambda;//Frequency corresponding to the operating frequency + +Lmax=10/alpha*log10(2*Pi/(Np*B*h*v));//Maximum permissible loss-limited length in km +mprintf("\n Maximum permissible loss-limited length Lmax=%.2f km",Lmax);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f948a7d Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..040f657a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.17 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda=1550e-9;//Operating wavekength of the system in m +alpha=0.2;//Fiber loss in dB/km +Pi=1e-3;//Input power in W +Np=1000;//Minimum number of photons per bit of information +B=2.5e9;//Bit rate in b/s +h=6.63e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//Speed of photons in m/s +v=c/lambda;//Frequency corresponding to the operating frequency + +Lmax=10/alpha*log10(2*Pi/(Np*B*h*v));//Maximum permissible loss-limited length in km +mprintf("\n Maximum permissible loss-limited length Lmax=%.2f km",Lmax);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8321a9800 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6058d92a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.18 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda=850e-9;//Operating wavekength of the system in m +alpha=2.5;//Fiber loss in dB/km +Pi=1e-3;//Input power in W +Np=1000;//Minimum number of photons per bit of information +B=100e6;//Bit rate in b/s +h=6.63e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//Speed of photons in m/s +v=c/lambda;//Frequency corresponding to the operating frequency + +Lmax=10/alpha*log10(2*Pi/(Np*B*h*v));//Maximum permissible loss-limited length in km +mprintf("\n Maximum permissible loss-limited length Lmax=%.2f km",Lmax);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..715a31181 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39df7da91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +B=2.5e9;//pulse rate of signal in bits/sec + +mprintf("\n In the RZ format, we would require a bandwidth = %.2f GHz",B/1e9);//In RZ format, Deltaf=B and Division by 10^9 to convert into GHz +mprintf("\n In the NRZ format, we would require a bandwidth = %.2f GHz",(B/2)/1e9);//In RZ format, Deltaf=B/2 and Division by 10^9 to convert into GHz diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2511369d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80c9fc3ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +Id=1e-9;//Dark current of a silicon PIN photodiode in A +P=1e-6;//Optical power in W +R=0.65;//Responsivity in A/W +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +Deltaf=100e6;//Detector bandwidth in Hz + +I=R*P; +mprintf("\n I=%.2f uA",I/1e-6)//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into uA +//Let the root mean square shot noise current be Ins +Ins=sqrt(2*e*(I+Id)*Deltaf);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95efac71 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a003023f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +Rl=500;//Value of load resistor Rl in Ohms +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +Deltaf=100e6;//Bandwidth of detection in Hz +T=300;//Temperature in K + +//Let the root mean square shot noise current be Ins +Ins=sqrt(4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current = %.2e A",Ins); +mprintf("\n The mean square shot noise current = %.2e A^2",Ins^2)//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e21e1544 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e75b2ef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +R=0.65;//Responsivity of a Si detector in A/W +Id=1e-9;//Dark current in A +e=1.6e-19;//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +Rl=1000;//Assumed value of load resistor Rl in Ohms +T=300;//Assumed value of temperature in K + +NEP=1/R*sqrt(2*e*Id+4*kB*T/Rl);//Noise equivalent power in W/(Hz)^(1/2) +mprintf("\n NEP = %.2e W/(Hz)^(1/2)",NEP);//The answers vary due to round off error +//If Id is the major noise term : +NEP=1/R*sqrt(2*e*Id);//Noise equivalent power in W/(Hz)^(1/2) +mprintf("\n If Id is the major noise term:"); +mprintf("\n NEP = %.2e W/(Hz)^(1/2)",NEP); diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58b1d18bc Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27102af8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +Id=1e-9;//Dark current of a silicon PIN photodiode in A +P=500e-9;//Optical power in W +R=0.65;//Responsivity in A/W +Rl=1000;//Value of load resistor in Ohms +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +Deltaf=100e6;//Detector bandwidth in Hz +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K + +I=R*P;//Signal current in A +mprintf("\n I=%.3f uA",I/1e-6)//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into uA +//Let the root mean square shot noise current be Ins +//The rms shot noise current due to signal is: +Ins=sqrt(2*e*I*Deltaf);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current due to signal = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//The rms shot noise current due to dark current is: +Ins=sqrt(2*e*Id*Deltaf);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current due to dark current = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA + +//The rms shot thermal noise current is: +Ins=sqrt(4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot thermal noise current = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error +SNR=((R*P)^2)*Rl/(4*kB*T*Deltaf);//Corresponding Signal-to-noise ratio +mprintf("\n SNR = %f",SNR);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n SNR in dB = %f dB",10*log10(SNR));//For conversion to dB +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8357283f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf6258c2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +Id=1e-9;//Dark current of a silicon PIN photodiode in A +P=500e-9;//Optical power in W +R=0.65;//Responsivity in A/W +Rl=1000;//Value of load resistor in Ohms +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +Deltaf=100e6;//Detector bandwidth in Hz +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +M=50;//Internal gain corresponding to input optical power P +x=0;//No excess noise + +I=M*R*P;//Signal current in A +mprintf("\n I=%.2f uA",I/1e-6)//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into uA +//Let the root mean square shot noise current be Ins +//The rms shot noise current due to signal is: +Ins=sqrt(2*e*M*I*Deltaf);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current due to signal = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//The rms shot noise current due to dark current is: +Ins=sqrt(2*e*(M^2)*Id*Deltaf);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot noise current due to dark current = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//The rms shot thermal noise current is: +Ins=sqrt(4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//As the root mean square shot noise current is the square root of mean square shot noise current in A +mprintf("\n The rms shot thermal noise current = %.2f nA",Ins/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nA +//The answers vary due to round off error +SNR=((M*R*P)^2)/(2*e*(M^(2+x))*(R*P+Id)*Deltaf+4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//Corresponding Signal-to-noise ratio since x=0 +mprintf("\n SNR = %f",SNR);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n SNR in dB = %.2f dB",10*log10(SNR));//For conversion to dB +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11d7dfca0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3eec3dea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=100e-9;//Optical power in W +R=0.65;//Responsivity in A/W +Rl=1000;//Value of load resistor in Ohms +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +Deltaf=100e6;//Detector bandwidth in Hz +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +x=0.3;//Excess noise +Id=0;//Since the dark current is neglected in the example + +Mop=(4*kB*T/(x*e*Rl*(R*P+Id)))^(1/(x+2));//Optimum value of internal gain corresponding to input optical power P +mprintf("Mop= %.1f",Mop);//The answers vary due to round off error +SNR=((Mop*R*P)^2)/(2*e*(Mop^(2+x))*(R*P+Id)*Deltaf+4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//Corresponding Signal-to-noise ratio since x=0 +mprintf("\n SNR = %f",SNR);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n SNR in dB = %.2f dB",10*log10(SNR));//For conversion to dB +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Case (ii): +M=1;//Internal gain corresponding to input optical power P +SNR=((M*R*P)^2)/(2*e*(M^(2+x))*(R*P+Id)*Deltaf+4*kB*T*Deltaf/Rl);//Corresponding Signal-to-noise ratio since x=0 +mprintf("\n For M=1:"); +mprintf("\n SNR = %f",SNR);//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n SNR in dB = %.2f dB",10*log10(SNR));//For conversion to dB +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.jpg b/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cbf1e4bf Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f76e16086 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 13.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=500e-9;//Optical power in W +R=0.45;//Responsivity in A/W +Rl=1000;//Value of load resistor in Ohms +e=1.6e-19//Electronic charge in C +kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +T=300;//Missing data- Temperature in K +x=1;//Excess noise +Id=0;//Since the dark current is neglected in the example + +Mop=(4*kB*T/(x*e*Rl*(R*P+Id)))^(1/(x+2));//Optimum value of internal gain corresponding to input optical power P +mprintf("Mop= %.1f",Mop); diff --git a/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg b/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc1c0c6d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fe0c0382 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 14.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda=980e-9;//Operating wavelength in m +Sigmapa=3.1e-25;//Absorption cross section at pump in m^2 +tsp=12e-3;//spontaneous emission lifetime in sec +h=6.626e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//speed of electrons in m/s +v=c/lambda;//frequency corresponding to given wavelength in Hz +Ip0=h*v/(Sigmapa*tsp);//Intensity at pump in W/(m^2) +mprintf("\n Ip0=%e W/(m^2)",Ip0)//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Case (i) +lambdas=1536e-9;//Wavelength of signal used +Sigmasa=4.644e-25;//Absorption cross section at signal in m^2 +Sigmase=4.644e-25;//Emission cross section at signal in m^2 +etas=Sigmase/Sigmasa;//Ratio of emission to absorption cross sections +mprintf("\n\n For a signal wavelength of 1536 nm:"); +Ipt=Ip0/etas;//Threshold pump intensity in W/(m^2) +mprintf("\n Threshold pump intensity = %.2e W/(m^2)",Ipt);//The answers vary due to round off error +vs=c/lambdas;//frequency corresponding to wavelength of signal used +Is0=h*vs/((Sigmasa+Sigmase)*tsp);//Corresponding intensity at signal in W/(m^2) +mprintf("\n Is0=%.2e W/(m^2)",Is0);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Case (ii) +lambdas=1550e-9;//Wavelength of signal used +Sigmasa=2.545e-25;//Absorption cross section at signal in m^2 +Sigmase=3.410e-25;//Emission cross section at signal in m^2 +etas=Sigmase/Sigmasa;//Ratio of emission to absorption cross sections +mprintf("\n\n For a signal wavelength of 1550 nm:"); +Ipt=Ip0/etas;//Threshold pump intensity in W/(m^2) +mprintf("\n Threshold pump intensity = %.2e W/(m^2)",Ipt); + +//Case (iii) +lambdas=15380e-9;//Wavelength of signal used +Sigmasa=0.654e-25;//Absorption cross section at signal in m^2 +Sigmase=1.133e-25;//Emission cross section at signal in m^2 +etas=Sigmase/Sigmasa;//Ratio of emission to absorption cross sections +mprintf("\n\n For a signal wavelength of 1580 nm:"); +Ipt=Ip0/etas;//Threshold pump intensity in W/(m^2) +mprintf("\n Threshold pump intensity = %.2e W/(m^2)",Ipt); diff --git a/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg b/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87d5be332 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d880380cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 14.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +DeltaLambda0=30e-9;//Gain bandwidth in wavelength domain in m +Lambda0=1550e-9;//central wavelength in wavelength domain in m +c=3e8;//Speed of light in m/s +v=c/Lambda0; +Deltav=DeltaLambda0/Lambda0*v; +mprintf("\n Gain Bandwidth in frequency domain = %.1f THz",Deltav/1e12); diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75caf7041 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fa24ba5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.4532;//refractive index of core +n2=1.45;//refractive index of cladding +a=5e-6;//fiber core radius in m +d=12e-6;//Distance between the fiber axes in m +dbar=d/a;//Ratio of distance between fiber axes to the core radius +delta=((n1)^2-(n2)^2)/((n1)^2);//Dimensionless quantity + +//Case (i): +lambda0=1.3e-6;//Free space wavelength in m +k0=2*%pi/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +V=k0*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2));//dimensionless waveguide parameter +//The approximate expression for k consists of constants A, B and C +A=5.2789-3.663*V+0.3841*(V^2);//Expression for constant A in terms of 'V' +B=-0.7769+1.2252*V-0.0152*(V^2);//Expression for constant B in terms of 'V' +C=-0.0175-0.0064*V-0.0009*(V^2);//Expression for constant C in terms of 'V' +k=(%pi/(2*a))*sqrt(delta)*exp(-(A+B*dbar+C*(dbar)^2));//Expression for Coupling Coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n For lambda=1.3 um:"); +mprintf("\n k=%f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to conevert into mm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error +Lc=%pi/(2*k);//Corresponding coupling length in m +mprintf("\n Lc =%.2f mm",Lc/1e-3);//Dividing by 10^(-3) to convert into mm +P2=(sin(k*Lc/2))^2;//The coupled power at given wavelength +mprintf("\n P2=%.2f",P2); + +//Case (ii): +lambda0=1.35e-6;//Free space wavelength in m +k0=2*%pi/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +V=k0*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2));//dimensionless waveguide parameter +//The approximate expression for k consists of constants A, B and C +A=5.2789-3.663*V+0.3841*(V^2);//Expression for constant A in terms of 'V' +B=-0.7769+1.2252*V-0.0152*(V^2);//Expression for constant B in terms of 'V' +C=-0.0175-0.0064*V-0.0009*(V^2);//Expression for constant C in terms of 'V' +k=(%pi/(2*a))*sqrt(delta)*exp(-(A+B*dbar+C*(dbar)^2));//Expression for Coupling Coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n For lambda=1.35 um:"); +mprintf("\n k=%f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to conevert into mm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error +P2=(sin(k*Lc/2))^2;//The coupled power at given wavelength +mprintf("\n P2=%.2f",P2);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f48f2b8d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adb35ce8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +b=62.5e-6;//Outer radius of silica fiber in m +R=30e-3;//Radius of the circular loop formed by the fiber in m +lambda=633e-9;//Wavelength in m +C=0.133;//Value of constant C for a silica fiber at 633 nm +Deltaneff=-C*(b/R)^2;//The Corresponding dimensionless birefringence +mprintf("\n The birefringence of the given fiber = %.2e",Deltaneff);//The negative sign indicates that the polarization of the slow wave is perpendicular to the optic axis diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c51c9e6f Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1790eb175 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=633e-9;//Wavelength in m +b=62.5e-6;//Outer radius of silica fiber in m +N=1;//Number of loops formed by the fiber +C=0.133;//Value of constant C for a silica fiber at 633 nm + +R=8*%pi*C*(b^2)*N/lambda0;//Radius of the circular loop corresponding to a quarter plate formed by the fiber in m +mprintf("\n R= %.2f cm",R/1e-2);//Division by 10^(-2) to convert into cm +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ee5811ba Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d076a109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n2=1.45;//refractive imdex of cladding +NA=0.1;//Numerical aperture of the fiber +a=3e-6;//radius of core in m +n=2*%pi*a*NA;//numerator of the corresponding V number + +//For cutoff wavelength: +V=2.4048; +//Since V=n/lambda0 +lambdac=n/V;//cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber in m +mprintf("\n The cutoff wavelength is %.3f um",lambdac/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um + +//Now, For lambdaB=850 nm: +lambdaB=850e-9;//Bragg wavelength in m +neff=1.4517;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode + +//Let A be grating period +A=lambdaB/(2*neff);//Grating period in m +mprintf("\n Grating period= %.3f um",A/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d9c99b20 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682e5a5c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the reflectivity of fiber is 90%, +R=0.9;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +L=25e-3;//Length of fiber in m +lambdaB=800e-9;//Bragg wavelength in m +neff=1.4517;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode +I=0.5;//Transverse overlap integral of modal distribution + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: +k=atanh(sqrt(R))/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n k=%.3f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to convert into mm^(-1) + +//Rearranging terms of expression k=%pi*Deltan*I/lambdaB +Deltan=k*lambdaB/(%pi*I);//Change in refractive index +mprintf("\n Deltan=%.2e",Deltan);//Unitless quantity +//The answers vary due to round off error + +DeltaLambda=lambdaB^2/(%pi*neff*L)*sqrt((k*L)^2+(%pi)^2);//Corresponding bandwidth in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda=%.2f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..812b375a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..521c0b77e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the reflectivity of fiber is 90%, +R=0.9;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +L=10e-3;//Length of fiber in m +lambdaB=800e-9;//Bragg wavelength in m +neff=1.4517;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode +I=0.5;//Transverse overlap integral of modal distribution + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: +k=atanh(sqrt(R))/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n k=%.3f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to convert into mm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Rearranging terms of expression k=%pi*Deltan*I/lambdaB +Deltan=k*lambdaB/(%pi*I);//Change in refractive index +mprintf("\n Deltan=%.2e",Deltan);//Unitless quantity +//The answers vary due to round off error + +DeltaLambda=lambdaB^2/(%pi*neff*L)*sqrt((k*L)^2+(%pi)^2);//Corresponding bandwidth in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda=%.2f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..815d00906 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ce8f9574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the peak reflectivity of fiber is 0.93%, +R=0.93;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +L=4.8e-3;//Length of fiber in m +lambdaB=1532.1e-9;//Bragg wavelength in m +neff=1.4517;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode +I=0.5;//Transverse overlap integral of modal distribution + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: +k=atanh(sqrt(R))/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n k=%.3f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to convert into mm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Rearranging terms of expression k=%pi*Deltan*I/lambdaB +Deltaneff=k*lambdaB/(%pi);//Change in effective refractive index +mprintf("\n Deltaneff=%.2e",Deltaneff);//Unitless quantity +//The answers vary due to round off error + +DeltaLambda=lambdaB^2/(%pi*neff*L)*sqrt((k*L)^2+(%pi)^2);//Corresponding bandwidth in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda=%.2f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c36e204a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a302e2e82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the reflectivity of fiber is 99%, +R=0.99;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +lambdaB=1550e-9;//Bragg wavelength in m +neff=1.45;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode +DeltaLambda=1e-9;//Bandwidth of reflection spectrum in m +I=0.75;//Typical value of transverse overlap integral of modal distribution + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: k*L=atanh(sqrt(R)) +//Let m=k*L +m=atanh(sqrt(R)); + +//Rearranging terms of expression DeltaLambda=lambdaB^2/(%pi*neff*L)*sqrt((k*L)^2+(%pi)^2) , we get +L=lambdaB^2/(%pi*neff*DeltaLambda)*sqrt(m^2+(%pi)^2)//Since m=k*L +//Length of fiber in m +mprintf("\n L=%.2f mm",L/1e-3);//Division by 10^(-3) to convert into mm + +//Rearranging terms of m=k*L, we get: +k=m/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) + +//Rearranging terms of expression k=%pi*Deltan*I/lambdaB +Deltan=k*lambdaB/(%pi*I);//Change in refractive index +mprintf("\n Deltan=%.2e",Deltan);//Unitless quantity diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.jpg b/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab197c7f Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5892a8980 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 17.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +a=5e-6;//Fiber core radius in m +NA=0.09;//Numerical aperture of the fiber +lambda0=1.3e-6;//Wavelength of radiation to be reflected from a Bragg grating + +V=2*%pi*a*NA/lambda0;//Corrseponding dimensionless V number +mprintf("\n V=%f",V);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Since W0=(0.65+1.619/V^(3/2)+2.879/V^6)*a , where W0 is the mode spot size in m +//Let W0=m*a , where m=0.65+1.619/V^(3/2)+2.879/V^6 +m=0.65+1.619/V^(3/2)+2.879/V^6; +mprintf("\n W0/a=%f",m);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Given that I=1-exp(-2*(a/W0)^2); +I=1-exp(-2/m^2);//From the assumption that m=W0/a +mprintf("\n I=%.2f",I); diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..990f37f53 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9aed2f82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=0.633e-6;//Operating wavelength in m +DeltaPhi=1e-6;//Phase change in rad +n=1.45;//refractive index of fiber + +DeltaL=DeltaPhi/(2*%pi*n/lambda0);//Corresponding change in fiber length in m +mprintf("\n Corresponding change in fiber length = %.2e m",DeltaL);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b38a84a Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10db65651 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +SPL=20;//Sound Pressure Level of a whisper in dB +Pr=2e-5;//Reference pressure is the threshold of hearing in Pa + +//Now, SPL=20log10(Pw/Pr) +//Rearranging the terms, we get +Pw=10^(SPL/20)*Pr; +mprintf("\n Pw=%.1e Pa",Pw); diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9aa0dcc80 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be96f1e77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +L=100;//Length of sensing element in m +DeltaP=2e-5;//Threshold of hearing in Pa +S=3.4e-4;//Sensitivity of element in rad/Pa/m + +DeltaPhi=S*DeltaP*L;//Corresponding change in phase in rad +mprintf("\n DeltaPhi=%.1e rad",DeltaPhi); diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ea3b6368 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73fb8a631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +S=3.4e-4;//Sensitivity of the sensing element in rad/Pa/m +DeltaMin=3.6e-8;//Minimum detectable phase change in rad +L=1;//Length of sensing element in m + +Pmin=DeltaMin/(L*S);//Corresponding minimum detectable pressure in Pa +mprintf("\n Pmin= %.1e Pa",Pmin);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d73fc4ee7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d849bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +V=2.64e-4;//Verdet constant for silica in deg/A +N=30;//Number of turns of fiber +I=1;//Current through the fiber in A + +Theta=V*N*I;//Corresponding rotation of plane of polarization in deg +mprintf("\n Theta= %.2e deg",Theta); diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpg b/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1212a9d8b Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..407338883 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 18.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +b=62.5e-6;//Fiber radius in m +R=20e-2;//Loop radius in m +lambda0=633e-9;//Wavelength in m +C=0.133;//Value of constant C for a silica fiber at 633 nm +V=4.6e-6;//Verdet constant for silica in rad/A +N=30;//Number of turns of fiber +I=1;//Current through the fiber in A + +Delta=((2*%pi)^2)*R*N*(-C*(b/R)^2)/lambda0;//The Corresponding dimensionless birefringence +mprintf("\n Delta= %.2f rad",Delta);//The negative sign indicates that the polarization of the slow wave is perpendicular to the optic axis + +Theta=V*N*I;//Corresponding rotation of plane of polarization in rad +mprintf("\n Theta= %.2e rad",Theta);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcaf4dc89 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80497f19a --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=1e-3;//power of laser beam in W +A=3e-6;//cross-sectional area of laser beam in m^2 +I=P/A;//power per unit area of laser beam in W/m^2 +n=1;//refractive index of air medium +c=3e8;//speed of light in air medium in m/s +meu0=4*(%pi)*1e-7;//permeability of free space in SI units +E0=sqrt(2*c*meu0*I/n)//Corresponding electric field in V/m +mprintf("Electric field=%.1f V/m",E0);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..574dfc423 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690ac63a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=10;//power of bulb in W +A=4*%pi*1e2;//cross-sectional area covered by bulb in m^2 +I=P/A;//power per unit area of bulb in W/m^2 +n=1;//refractive index of air medium +c=3e8;//speed of light in air medium in m/s +meu0=4*(%pi)*1e-7;//permeability of free space in SI units +E0=sqrt(2*c*meu0*I/n)//Corresponding electric field in V/m +mprintf("Electric field=%.1f V/m",E0);//Final answer diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2288ecbc8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04e86cc87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +P=1e-3;//power of laser beam in W +A=%pi*(6e-6)^2;//cross-sectional area of spot of laser beam in m^2 +I=P/A;//power per unit area of laser beam in W/m^2 +n=1;//refractive index of air medium +c=3e8;//speed of light in air medium in m/s +meu0=4*(%pi)*1e-7;//permeability of free space in SI units +E0=sqrt(2*c*meu0*I/n)//Corresponding electric field in V/m +mprintf("Electric field=%.1e V/m",E0);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..282cd8905 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7635c0ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given Case(1) +n1=1;//refractive index of air +n2=1.45;//refractive index of silica +R=[(n1-n2)/(n1+n2)]^2;//corresponding energy reflection coefficient +mprintf("Energy reflection coefficient for air-silica interface=%.2f",R); +//given Case(2) +n1=1;//refractive index of air +n2=3.6;//refractive index of GaAs +R=[(n1-n2)/(n1+n2)]^2;//corresponding energy reflection coefficient +mprintf("\n Energy reflection coefficient for GaAs-air interface=%.2f",R); diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c310e887b Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff5a8dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.45;//refractive index of silica +n2=1;//refractive index of air +thetac=asin(n2/n1);//critical angle for the air-silica interface in radians +mprintf("Critical angle for air-silica interface=%.1f degrees",thetac*180/%pi);//multiplying by 180/pi to convert radians to degrees + diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a60a0fd Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7e9b14db --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.46;//refractive index of doped silica +n2=1.45;//refractive index of pure silica +thetac=asin(n2/n1);//critical angle for interface between doped silica and pure silica in radians +mprintf("Critical angle for interface between doped silica and pure silica=%.1f degrees",thetac*180/%pi);//multiplying by 180/pi to convert radians to degrees diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25c7d52d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd1649b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given Case(1) +lambda=850e-9;//wavelength of LED in m +deltalambda=30e-9;//spacing between wavelengths in m +lc=(lambda)^2/deltalambda;//Corresponding coherence length +mprintf("Coherence length of LED=%.1f um",lc/1e-6);//Dividing by 10^(-6) to convert in micrometers +//The answers vary due to round off error +//given Case(2) +lambda=850e-9;//wavelength of laser diode in m +deltalambda=2e-9;//spacing between wavelengths in m +lc=(lambda)^2/deltalambda;//Corresponding coherence length +mprintf("\n Coherence length of laser diode=%.2f mm",lc/1e-3);//Dividing by 10^(-3) to convert in millimeters diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07f0c9f33 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92bf2906a --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +deltanu=1.5e9;//change in frequency of He-Ne laser in Hz +c=3e8;//speed of light in m/s +lc=c/deltanu;//Corresponding coherence length +mprintf("Coherence length of He-Ne laser=%.1f cm",lc/1e-2);//Dividing by 10^(-2) to convert in cm diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.jpg b/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0519bb57 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b447ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 2.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1300e-9;//wavelength of single-mode fiber in m +omega0=5e-6;//spot size of beam in m +theta=atan(lambda0/(%pi*omega0));//Corresponding divergence in radians +mprintf("Divergence of beam=%.2f degrees",theta*180/%pi);//multiplying by 180/pi to convert radians to degrees diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b74a51da Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ceed3ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +nf=1.51;//refractive index of film +ns=1.50;//refractive index of substrate +nc=1.0;//refractive index of cover +d=4e-6;//thickness of film in m +lambda0=0.6e-6;//Wavelength in m +ne1=1.50862;//Corresponding effective refractive index for core +ne2=1.5046;//Corresponding effective refractive index for cladding +k0=2*(%pi)/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +//Let A be the period of perturbation in m + +A=lambda0/(ne1-ne2); +mprintf("\n A= %.1f um",A/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um + +d1=d+1/(k0*sqrt(ne1^2-ns^2))+1/(k0*sqrt(ne1^2-nc^2));//Effective waveguide thickness for mode 1 in m +mprintf("\n d1= %.3f um",d1/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +d2=d+1/(k0*sqrt(ne2^2-ns^2))+1/(k0*sqrt(ne2^2-nc^2));//Effective waveguide thickness for mode 2 in m +mprintf("\n d2= %.3f um",d2/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +//Assuming h=0.01um in expression for k, we get: +k=%pi/lambda0*0.01e-6*sqrt(((nf^2-ne1^2)*(nf^2-nc^2))/d1*d2*ne1*ne2);//Coupling coefficient in m^-1 +mprintf("\n k=%.3f cm^(-1)",k*1e2);//Multiplying by 10^2 to convert into cm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error +L=%pi/(2*k);//Length for complete power transfer in m +mprintf("\n L=%.2f cm",L/1e2);//Division by 10^2 to convert into cm +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f5edd149 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2539437db --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +nf=1.51;//refractive index of film +ns=1.50;//refractive index of substrate +nc=1.0;//refractive index of cover +d=4e-6;//thickness of film in m +lambda0=0.6e-6;//Wavelength in m +ne1=1.50862;//Corresponding effective refractive index for core +ne2=1.5046;//Corresponding effective refractive index for cladding +//Let A be the period of perturbation in m + + +//Case (i): +A=100e-6; +K=2*%pi/A; +k=0.598e2;//coupling coefficient in m^-1 (from previous example) +T=2*%pi/lambda0*(ne1-ne2)-K;//Phase mismatch in m^-1 +y=sqrt(k^2+(T/2)^2);//Resultant of k and T in m^-1 + +mprintf("\n For A=100 um:"); +P2max=(k/y)^2;//Maximum power that gets transferred between the modes +mprintf("\n P2max= %.1e",P2max); +L=%pi/(2*y);//Distance for maximum power transfer in m +mprintf("\n L=%.1f um\n",L/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +//The answers vary due to round off error + + +//Case (ii): +A=148e-6; +K=2*%pi/A; +k=0.598e2;//coupling coefficient in m^-1 (from previous example) +T=2*%pi/lambda0*(ne1-ne2)-K;//Phase mismatch in m^-1 +y=sqrt(k^2+(T/2)^2);//Resultant of k and T in m^-1 + +mprintf("\n For A=148 um:"); +P2max=(k/y)^2;//Maximum power that gets transferred between the modes +mprintf("\n P2max= %.1e",P2max); +L=%pi/(2*y);//Distance for maximum power transfer in m +mprintf("\n L=%.1f mm",L/1e-3);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into mm + diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd5d9dd30 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5482ad427 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambdac=0.6e-6;//Wavelength in m +//Let A be perturbation of length in m +A=149.3e-6; +L=2.63e-2;//Length of the periodic waveguide in m + +DeltaLambda=0.8*A*lambdac/L;//Bandwidth of the wavelength filter in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda= %.1f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb37acab3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb99462b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +va=5.96e3;//Velocity of the acoustic wave +Lb=2e-3;//Beat length in m + +f=va/Lb;//Acoustic frequency in Hz for Theta=0 degrees +mprintf("\n f=%.2f MHz",f/1e6);//Division by 10^6 to convert into MHz diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c25a140c Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba0104265 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +va=5.96e3;//Velocity of the acoustic wave +Lb=1.7e-3;//Beat length in m +Theta=13.5;//Angle between acoustic wave and the light waves + +f=va/(Lb*sind(Theta));//Acoustic frequency in Hz +mprintf("\n f=%.2f MHz",f/1e6);//Division by 10^6 to convert into MHz +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dd98f612 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c307626a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +nf=1.51;//refractive index of film +ns=1.50;//refractive index of substrate +nc=1.0;//refractive index of cover +d=4e-6;//thickness of film in m +lambda0=0.6e-6;//Wavelength in m +ne1=1.50862;//Corresponding effective refractive index for core +ne2=1.5046;//Corresponding effective refractive index for cladding +//Let A be the perturbation of length in m +A=6e-6; + +//Rearranging the terms of the equation 'ne1-lambda0/A=ns*cos(Thetas0)', we get: +Thetas0=acosd((ne1-lambda0/A)/ns); +mprintf("\n Thetas0 = %.1f degrees",Thetas0); + +//Rearranging the terms of the equation 'ne2-lambda0/A=ns*cos(Thetas1)', we get: +Thetas1=acosd((ne2-lambda0/A)/ns); +mprintf("\n Thetas1 = %.1f degrees",Thetas1); diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1359f7cb9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11306e0c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +nf=1.51;//refractive index of film +ns=1.50;//refractive index of substrate +nc=1.0;//refractive index of cover +d=4e-6;//thickness of film in m +lambda0=0.6e-6;//Wavelength in m +ne1=1.50862;//Corresponding effective refractive index for core +ne2=1.5046;//Corresponding effective refractive index for cladding +//Let A be the perturbation of length in m +A=0.2e-6; + +//Rearranging the terms of the equation 'ne1-lambda0/A=ns*cos(Thetas0)', we get: +Thetas0=acosd((ne1-lambda0/A)/ns); +mprintf("\n Thetas0 = %.1f degrees",Thetas0); + +//Rearranging the terms of the equation 'ne2-lambda0/A=ns*cos(Thetas1)', we get: +Thetas1=acosd((ne2-lambda0/A)/ns); +mprintf("\n Thetas1 = %.1f degrees",Thetas1); diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ff3e8a65 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ee948662 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the peak reflectivity of fiber is 0.98, +R=0.98;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +L=1e-3;//Length of interaction in m +lambda0=1092e-9;//Central wavelength in m +neff=1.46;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: +k=atanh(sqrt(R))/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n k=%.3f mm^(-1)",k/1e3);//Dividing by 10^3 to convert into mm^(-1) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Let A be the perturbation of length in m +A=lambda0/(2*neff); +mprintf("\n A=%.2f um",A/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um + +DeltaLambda=lambda0*A/L;//Corresponding bandwidth in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda=%.2f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.jpg b/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b8e05dfd Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce b/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4ffd2f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 21.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +//Since the peak reflectivity of fiber is 0.85, +R=0.85;//Reflection coefficient of fiber +L=1e-2;//Length of interaction in m +lambda0=1.55e-6;//Central wavelength in m +neff=1.46;//Corresponding value of effective index in LP01 mode + +//Now, (tanh(k*L))^2=R +//Rearranging terms, we get: +k=atanh(sqrt(R))/L;//Corresponding coupling coefficient in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n k=%.3f m^(-1)",k);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +//Let A be the perturbation of length in m +A=lambda0/(2*neff); +mprintf("\n A=%.2f nm",A/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm +//The answers vary due to round off error + +DeltaLambda=lambda0^2/(%pi*neff*L)*sqrt((k*L)^2+(%pi)^2);//Corresponding bandwidth in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda=%.2f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//Division by 10^(-9) to convert into nm +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg b/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a097defd Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afac2c184 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 7.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.503;//refractive index of film +n2=1.500;//refractive index of cover +d=4e-6;//thickness of film in m + + +//Case(1) +lambda0=1e-6;//wavelength in m +k0=2*(%pi)/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +funcprot(0);//To avoid warning message when function is redefined +mprintf("\n For 1st value of lambda:"); +V=k0*d*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2));//dimensionless waveguide parameter +mprintf("\n V=%f",V);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//To find Xi for symmetric TE mode +deff('t=f(Xi)','t=V/2*cos(Xi)-Xi');//Rearranging the terms of eqn for symmetric TE modes i.e. 'ξtanξ=((V/2)^2-ξ^2)', we get 'ξ=V/2*cos(ξ)' +Xi0=0;//Starting value of Xi +Xi=fsolve(Xi0,f);//Root of eqn 't=0' +mprintf("\n For symmetric mode ξ=%f",Xi);//The answers vary due to round off error +b=1-(Xi^2)/(V^2/4);//dimensionless propagation constant +mprintf("\n b=%f",b); +B=sqrt(b*((n1^2)-(n2^2))+(n2^2)); +mprintf("\nBeta/k0=%f",B);//The answers vary due to round off error + + +//Case(2) +lambda0=0.5e-6;//wavelength in m +k0=2*(%pi)/lambda0;//phase constant in rad/m +mprintf("\n\n For 2nd value of lambda:"); +V=k0*d*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))//dimensionless waveguide parameter +mprintf("\n V=%f ",V);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//To find Xi for symmetric TE mode +deff('t=f(Xi)','t=V/2*cos(Xi)-Xi');//Rearranging the terms of eqn for symmetric TE modes i.e. 'ξtanξ=((V/2)^2-ξ^2)^(1/2)', we get 'ξ=V/2*cos(ξ)' +Xi0=0;//Starting value of Xi +Xi=fsolve(Xi0,f);//Root of eqn 't=0' +mprintf("\n For symmetric mode ξ=%f",Xi);//The answers vary due to round off error +b=1-(Xi^2)/(V^2/4);//dimensionless propagation constant +mprintf("\n b=%f",b); +B=sqrt(b*((n1^2)-(n2^2))+(n2^2)); +mprintf("\nBeta/k0=%f",B); +//To find Xi for antisymmetric TE mode +deff('t=f(Xi)','t=V/2*sin(Xi)-Xi');//Rearranging the terms of eqn for antisymmetric TE modes i.e. '-ξcotξ=((V/2)^2-ξ^2)^(1/2)', we get 'ξ=V/2*sin(ξ)' +Xi0=1;//Starting value of Xi +Xi=fsolve(Xi0,f);//Root of eqn 't=0' +mprintf("\n For antisymmetric mode ξ=%f",Xi);//The answers vary due to round off error +b=1-(Xi^2)/(V^2/4);//dimensionless propagation constant +mprintf("\n b=%f",b); +B=sqrt(b*((n1^2)-(n2^2))+(n2^2)); +mprintf("\nBeta/k0=%f",B); diff --git a/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg b/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9307cb611 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87a7c00af --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 7.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +n1=1.5;//refractive index of film +n2=1.0;//refractive index of cover +d=.555e-6;//thickness of film in m + + +//Case(1) +lambda0=1.3e-6;//wavelength in m +k0=2*(%pi)/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +V=k0*d*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2));//dimensionless waveguide parameter +mprintf("V=%f \n",V);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//To find Xi for symmetric TE mode +deff('t=f(Xi)','t=V/2*cos(Xi)-Xi');//Rearranging the terms of eqn for symmetric TE modes i.e. 'ξtanξ=((V/2)^2-ξ^2)', we get 'ξ=V/2*cos(ξ)' +Xi0=0;//Starting value of Xi +Xi=fsolve(Xi0,f);//Root of eqn 't=0' +b=1-(Xi^2)/(V^2/4);//dimensionless propagation constant +mprintf("\n b=%f",b);//The answers vary due to round off error +B=sqrt(b*((n1^2)-(n2^2))+(n2^2)); +mprintf("\nBeta/k0=%f",B);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//To find Xi for symmetric TM mode +deff('t=f(Xi)','t=(1-(n1/n2)^2)*(Xi^2)+(V^2)/4-(Xi*sec(Xi))^2');//Rearranging the terms of eqn for symmetric TE modes i.e. 'ξtanξ=((V/2)^2-ξ^2)', we get 'ξ=V/2*cos(ξ)' +Xi0=0;//Starting value of Xi +Xi=fsolve(Xi0,f);//Root of eqn 't=0' +b=1-(Xi^2)/(V^2/4);//dimensionless propagation constant +mprintf("\n b=%f",b);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +B=sqrt(b*((n1^2)-(n2^2))+(n2^2)); +mprintf("\nBeta/k0=%f",B);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e111b4f38 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..571d79a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given Case(1) +n2=1.45;//refractive index of cladding +a=3e-6;//radius of core in m +delta=0.0064//fractional change in refractive index +lambda0=1.546e-6;//wavelength in m +n1=n2/(1-delta);//refractive index of core +V=2*(%pi)*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))/lambda0;//corresponding dimensionless V number +mprintf("\n For fiber 1:"); +mprintf("\n V=%.1f at lambda0=%.3f um ",V,lambda0/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +b=0.41616;//value of dimensionless propagation constant corresponding to V=2 as per given table +B=sqrt((n2^2)+b*((n1^2)-(n2^2)));//corresponding value of Beta/k0 +mprintf("\n Beta/k0=%f",B);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//given Case(2) +n2=1.45;//refractive index of cladding +a=2e-6;//radius of core in m +delta=0.010//fractional change in refractive index +lambda0=1.288e-6;//wavelength in m +n1=n2/(1-delta);//refractive index of core +V=2*(%pi)*a*sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2))/lambda0;//corresponding dimensionless V number +mprintf("\n For fiber 2:"); +mprintf("\n V=%.1f at lambda0=%.3f um ",V,lambda0/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert into um +b=0.41616;//value of dimensionless propagation constant corresponding to V=2 as per given table +B=sqrt((n2^2)+b*((n1^2)-(n2^2)));//corresponding value of Beta/k0 +mprintf("\n Beta/k0=%f",B);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c1c6592 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff1d201c --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1300e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +omega=5e-6;//spot size of fiber in m +alphat=0.1;//maximum value of loss in dB +u=sqrt(alphat*(omega^2)/4.34);//corresponding maximum value of transverse offset in m +mprintf("Maximum value of u=%.2f um",u/1e-6);//division by 1e-6 to convert in um diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3134a8be5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a33eaca --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1300e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +omega=5e-6;//spot size of fiber in m +n1=1.45;//refractive index of core +n2=1.45;//refractive index of cladding +alphat=0.1;//maximum value of splice loss due to angular misalignment in dB +theta=sqrt(alphat*(lambda0^2)/(4.34*((%pi)*n1*omega)^2));//corresponding maximum value of angular misalignment in radians +mprintf("Maximum value of theta=%.1f degrees",theta*180/(%pi));//multiplying by 180/pi to convert in degrees diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa6c60656 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0aad6d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1300e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +omega=5e-6;//spot size of fiber in m +n1=1.45;//refractive index of core +n2=1.45;//refractive index of cladding +D=20e-6;//longitudinal misalignment in m +Dbar=D*lambda0/(2*(%pi)*n1*(omega^2));//dimensionless normalized separation +mprintf("Dbar=%f",Dbar);//The answers vary due to round off error +alphat=10*log10(1+(Dbar^2));//corresponding value of splice loss due to longitudinal misalignment in dB +mprintf("\n Corresponding value of splice loss=%.2f dB",alphat); diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3bb9c07 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..460a95753 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1300e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +MFD=10e-6;//mode field diameter of fiber in m +omega=MFD/2;//corresponding spot size of fiber in m +thetae=asind(lambda0/(%pi*omega));//corresponding value of angle in degrees where amplitude falls to 1/e of maximum value +mprintf("Corresponding value of angle=%.2f degrees",thetae); diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba2b9dca9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..409e8cf79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=633e-9;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +MFD=5e-6;//mode field diameter of fiber in m +omega=MFD/2;//corresponding spot size of fiber in m +thetae=asind(lambda0/(%pi*omega));//corresponding value of angle in degrees where amplitude falls to 1/e of maximum value +mprintf("Corresponding value of angle=%.2f degrees",thetae); diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37e77dd21 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bdab9bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1.3e-6;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +thetah=2.74;//angle corresponding to 3 dB point in degrees +k0=2*%pi/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +omega=sqrt(2*log(2))/(k0*sind(2.74));//corresponding spot size of fiber in m +d=2*omega;//corresponding value of Gaussian mode field diameter in m +mprintf("Corresponding mode field diameter=%f um",d/1e-6)//division by 1e-6 to convert in um +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg b/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50ad46336 Binary files /dev/null and b/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bfaaee5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3638/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999 +//Example 8.9 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; +//given +lambda0=1.3e-6;//operating wavelength of single mode fiber in m +thetah=2.357;//angle corresponding to 3 dB point in degrees +thetax=12.73;//angle in degrees at which intensity first becomes zero +sigmax=sind(thetax)/sind(thetah);//ratio of sine of angles +V=8.039-2.347*sigmax+0.3329*sigmax^2-0.0218*sigmax^3+0.00054*sigmax^4;//corresponding dimensionless V number +alphah=-0.7858+0.994*V-0.1155*V^2; +k0=2*%pi/lambda0;//free space wave number in rad/m +a=alphah/(k0*sind(thetah));//radius of core in m +NA=V*lambda0/(2*%pi*a);//corresponding value of numerical aperture +mprintf("The ESI parameters of given fiber are:"); +mprintf("\n Radius of core=%f um",a/1e-6);//division by 1e-6 to convert in um +//The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n Numerical aperture=%.2f",NA); diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65a480d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc + +horsepower=2.5 //rating of induction motor in horsepower at half load +Vl=230 //terminal voltage of motor in volts +Il=7 //load current of motor in amperes +pf=0.8 //power factor of the machine +Pin=sqrt(3)*Vl*Il*pf //input power in watts +mprintf("Pin=%f W\n",Pin)//The answer may vary due to roundoff error +Whp=746 //watts per hp +Pout=horsepower*Whp //output power in watts +mprintf("Pout=% f W\n",Pout) +mprintf("η=%f\n",Pout/Pin)//The answer may vary due to roundoff error //efficiency of the machine +mprintf("Losses=Pin-Pout=%f W\n",Pin-Pout)//The answer may vary due to roundoff error //losses in the machine in watts + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c306b052 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc + +//the below exmaple is an extension of Ex1_1.sce +Vl=230 //terminal voltage of machine in volts +Il=7 //current drawn by machine in amperes +pf=0.8 //power factor of machine +Pin=sqrt(3)*Vl*Il*pf //from Ex1_1 //input power in watts +Losses=365 //in watts +Pout=Pin-Losses //output power in watts +Whp=746 //watts per hp +mprintf("η=1-(Losses/Input)=%f\n",1-(Losses/Pin)) //The answer may vary due to roundoff error //efficiency of the machine +mprintf("Pout=%f W\n",Pout)//The answer may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Pout=%fhp",Pout/Whp)//The asnwer may vary due to roundoff error //output power in horsepower + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b003e2b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +f=60 //frequency of voltage source in Hz +x=1.9 //Steinmetz coefficient +V=80 //applied sinusoidal voltage in volts +t=100 //no of turns wound on a coil +hc=500 //hysteresis coefficient +w=2*%pi*f //angular frequency in rads/sec +phimax=(sqrt(2)*V)/(t*w)//maximum value of flux in the core in webers +mprintf("phimax=%fWb\n",phimax)//the answer may vary due to roundoff error +A1=0.0025 //cross-sectional area of core in metre square +Bmax1=phimax/A1 //flux density in core A in tesla +mprintf("Bmax=%fT\n",Bmax1)//the answer may vary due to roundoff error +lfe1=0.5 //mean flux path length of core A in meters +VolA=A1*lfe1 //volume of core A in metre cube +mprintf("VolA=%f metre cube\n",VolA) +//for core A +Ph1=VolA*f*hc*(Bmax1^x) //hysteresis loss in core A in watts +mprintf("Ph=%f W\n",Ph1)//the answer may vary due to roundoff error +//for core B +A2=A1*3 //cross sectional area of core B in metre square +lfe2=0.866 //mean flux path length of core B in metres +Bmax2=phimax/A2 //flux density in core B in tesla +VolB=A2*lfe2 //volume of core B in metre cubes +Ph2=VolB*f*hc*(Bmax2^x) //hysteresis loss of core B in watts +mprintf("Ph=%f W\n",Ph2)//the answer may vary due to roundoff error + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7db81b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +V1=240 //voltage applied to a winding of transformer(three phase) in volts +f1=60 //initial applied frequency in Hz +f2=30 //reduced frequency in Hz +Phe1=400 //core loss in watts at f1 frequency +Phe2=169 //core losses in watts at f2 frequency +mprintf("V2=%dV\n",(f2*V1)/f1)//voltage at 30 Hz frequency +mprintf("Ph+e/f=Ch+Ce*f\n")//equation for claculating hysteresis and eddy current loss coefficients +a=[1 f1;1 f2] //left hand side matix for the equation above +b=[Phe1/f1;Phe2/f2] //right hand side matrix for the equation above +c=inv(a)*b +Ch=c(1,:)//hysteresis loss coefficient in W/Hz +Ce=c(2,:)//eddy current loss coefficient in W/(Hz*Hz) +mprintf("Ph=%fW\n",Ch*f1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error //hysteresis loss in watts at 60 Hz +mprintf("Pe=%fW\n",Ce*f1*f1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error //eddy current loss at 60 Hz in watts + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51978a0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +Pk=75 //core loss of transfomer in watts +R=0.048 //internal resistance in ohms +V2=240// secondary voltage in volts +I2=sqrt(Pk/R)//secondary current in amperes +mprintf("I2=%f A\n",I2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("|S|=V2*I2=%d VA",V2*I2)//The answer in the textbook is wrong //output volt ampere of transformer + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35ec241bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc +sfl=1746 //speed at full load in rev/min +snl=1799.5 //speed at no load in rev/min +mprintf("Voltage Regulation=%f",(snl-sfl)/sfl) //the ans may vary due to round of error + diff --git a/3640/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3640/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12fff5c78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +Vnl=27.3 //no load voltage in volts +Vfl1=24 //full load voltage at power factor 1 in volts +mprintf("(Vnl-Vfl/Vfl)=%f\n",(Vnl-Vfl1)/Vfl1) //ans may vary due to roundoff error +Vfl2=22.1 //full load voltage at power factor 0.7 in volts +mprintf("Voltage Regulation=%f",(Vnl-Vfl2)/Vfl1) + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f82ad5297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +L=0.25 //length of stator stack in metre +r=0.15 //radius of stator stack in metres +BImax=0.96 //peak value of air gap flux density in tesla +P=6 //no of machine poles +phi=(4*L*r*BImax)/P //flux per pole in webers +mprintf("Φ=%fWb",phi) + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ecab79e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +xd=1 //in ohms per unit +xd1=0.3 //in ohms per unit +xd2=0.2 //in ohms per unit +Td2=0.03 //time in seconds +Td1=1 //time in seconds +MVA=100 //rating in mega volt ampere +V=16000 //voltage in volts +I2pu=1/xd2 +mprintf("IpuÌÌ=%dper unit\n",I2pu) +Ib=(MVA*(10^6))/(sqrt(3)*V) +mprintf("Ib=%fA\n",Ib)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("IÌÌ=%fA\n",I2pu*Ib)//ans in textbook is wrong +I1=1/xd1 //current in per unit +mprintf("IÌ=Efo/xdÌ=%fper unit\n",I1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Iss=1/xd//current in per unit +mprintf("Iss=Efo/xd=1 per unit\n") +t=2/60 //time in seconds +mprintf("I=%fper unit\n",(I2pu-I1)*exp(-t/Td2)+(I1-Iss)*exp(-t/Td1)+1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +t=10 //time in seconds +mprintf("I=%fper unit\n",(I2pu-I1)*exp(-t/Td2)+(I1-Iss)*exp(-t/Td1)+1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16a6da638 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +//the example below is an extension of Ex2_1 +L=0.25 //length of stator stack in metres +r=0.15 //radius of stator stack in metres +BImax=0.96 //peak value of air gap flux density in tesla +P=6 //no of machine poles +phi=(4*L*r*BImax)/P //flux per pole in webers +//above comes from Ex2_1 +span=5 //span of each coil given by no of slots +edps=30 //electrical degrees per slot in degrees +p=span*edps//coil pitch in degrees +mprintf("p=%d°\n",span*edps) +Nc=2//turns of coil +Kp=sin(((p/2)*%pi)/180) //pitch factor //degree being converted to radians before calculation +mprintf("Kp=sin(p/2)=%f\n",Kp) //the ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("λcmax=Nc*Kp*Φ=%fWb turns\n",Nc*Kp*phi)//max flux linkage //ans may vary due to roundoff error +ns=1000 //machine speed in rev/min +p=6 //no of poles +f=(p*ns)/120 //frequency at given speed in Hertz +mprintf("f=%dHz\n",f) +mprintf("Ec=sqrt(2)*Π*f*Nc*kp*Φ=%fV\n",sqrt(2)*%pi*f*Nc*Kp*phi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error //voltage induced at above frequency + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8b871ab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +//the example below is an extension of Ex2_1 and Ex2_2 +S1=36 //no of slots +q1=3 //no of phases +p=6 //no of poles +Nc=2 //no of turns per coil +L=0.25 //length of stator stack in metres +r=0.15 //radius of stator stack in metres +BImax=0.96 //peak value of air gap flux density in tesla +P=6 //no of machine poles +phi=(4*L*r*BImax)/P //flux per pole in webers +span=5 //span of each coil given by no of slots +edps=30 //electrical degrees per slot in degrees +p=span*edps//coil pitch in degrees +Nc=2//turns of coil +kp=sin(((p/2)*%pi)/180) //pitch factor //degree being converted to radians before calculation +ns=1000 //machine speed in rev/min +p=6 //no of poles +f=(p*ns)/120 //frequency at given speed in Hertz +Ec=sqrt(2)*%pi*f*Nc*kp*phi//voltage induced at above frequency +n=S1/(q1*p) +mprintf("n=S1/(q1*p)=%f\n",n) //coils per group +edps=30 //electrical degrees per slot //equal to γ as per textbook +kd=(sin((n*edps*%pi)/(180*2)))/(n*sin((edps/2)*%pi/180)) //distribution factor of the machine //degree converted to radian for calculation +mprintf("kd=sin(n*γ/2)/n*sin(γ/2)=%f\n",kd)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("|Egroup|=n*Ec*kd=%fV\n",n*Ec*kd)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("|EΦ|=p*|Egroup|=%fV\n",p*n*Ec*kd)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("sqrt(3)*EΦ=%dV\n",sqrt(3)*n*Ec*kd*p)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +stp=n*Nc*p //series turns per phase //equal to NΦ in textbook +mprintf("NΦ=n*Nc*p=%dturns\n",stp) +mprintf("|EΦ|=sqrt(2)*Π*NΦ*f*Φ*kp*kd=%fV",sqrt(2)*%pi*stp*f*kp*kd*phi) //ans may vary due to round off error //induced phase winding + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..331ae2e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +Vl=2300 //terminal voltage of synchronous motor in volts +Il=8.8 //minimum line current in ampere +P=sqrt(3)*Vl*Il +mprintf("P=%fKW\n",P/1000)//power drawn from the line //ans may vary due to round off error +pf=0.8 //operating power factor +mprintf("HP=P/746=%fhp\n",P/746)//ans may vary due to round off error //conversion of power to hp requires division by 746 +S=P/(pf*1000) //total volt amperes of motor in kVA +mprintf("Q=|S|sinθΦm=|S|sin cos-1(pf)=%fkVAR",S*sin(acos(pf))) //kVAR supplied by motor to the system //ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d73ae2672 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc +//the following code contains userdefined fucntion complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +Load=5000 //load of the plant in kW +pf1=0.8 //power factor of load(lagging) +pf2=0.9 //power factor of induction motor +pf3=0.8 //power factor of synchronous motor +Hp=500 //rating of induction motor to be replaced in hp +Pout=0.746*Hp //output power of induction motor in kW +Eta=0.96 //efficiency of the induction motor equal to η in textbook +Sp=Load+(Load*tan(acos(pf1)))*%i //original complex power of load in kVA +disp('Sp=' + complexstring(Sp)+'kVA') +Pin=Pout/Eta //input power in kW +mprintf("Pin=%fkW\n",Pin)//complex power of induction motor //the ans may vary due to round off error +Sm=Pin+(Pin*tan(acos(pf2)))*%i +disp('Sm='+complexstring(Sm)+'kVA')//the ans may vary due to round off error //complex power of induction motor +mprintf("\n") +Ss=Pin-(Pin*tan(acos(pf3)))*%i +disp('Ss='+complexstring(Ss)+'kVA')//complex power of synchronous machine //the ans may vary due to round off error +mprintf("\n") +Qm=(Pin*tan(acos(pf2)))*%i//reactive power of induction motor in kVAR +Qs=(-1*(Pin*tan(acos(pf3)))*%i)//reactive power of synchronous motor in kVAR +Sp1=Sp-Qm+Qs +disp('Sp1='+complexstring(Sp1)+'kVA')//new plant requirement,equal to Sp` in textbook +mprintf("\n") +pha=acos(real(Sp1)/abs(Sp1)) //phase angle of Sp1 in radians +mprintf("New power factor=%f\n",cos(pha))//new power factor //the ans may vary due to round off error +invl=abs(Sp)//initial value of complex power in kVA +fnvl=abs(Sp1) //final value of complex power in kVA +mprintf("Percent reduction=%f%c\n",(((invl-fnvl)/invl)*100),'%')//the ans may vary due to round off error + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92eef7758 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +//the example below is an extension of Ex2_5 +//the following code contains userdefined fucntion complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +Load=5000 //load of the plant in kW +pf1=0.8 //power factor of load(lagging) +Sp=Load+(Load*tan(acos(pf1)))*%i //original complex power of load in kVA +disp('Sp='+complexstring(Sp)+'kVA') +pf2=0.9 //new power factor +Qp1=real(Sp)*tan(acos(0.9)) //reactive power,equal to Qp` in textbook +mprintf("Qp`=%fkVAR\n",Qp1)//the ans vary due to roundoff error +Qp=imag(Sp) +mprintf("Qs=%fkVAR",Qp1-Qp)//KVAR to be supplied by synchronous condenser + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4de784cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc + +//the code below uses userdefined complexstring function +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +VLB=2400 //line to base voltage in volts +V1=VLB/sqrt(3) //reference phasor in volts //ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("V1=%fV\n",V1) +kVAB=9375 //rated kVA +I1B=(kVAB*1000)/(sqrt(3)*VLB) +pf=0.8 //power factor +mprintf("I1B=%fA\n",I1B) //ans may vary due to roundoff error +I1=I1B*exp((-1)*%i*(acos(pf))) +disp('I1='+complexstring(I1)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("\n") +x1=0.1//in ohms +disp('EΦ=V1+jI1x1='+complexstring(V1+%i*I1*x1)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("\n") +disp('sqrt3*|EΦ|='+complexstring((abs(V1+%i*I1*x1))*sqrt(3))+'V') +Ifu=110 //value in ampere,dc +Ifs=149 //value in ampere,dc +ks=Ifs/Ifu +mprintf("ks=%f\n",ks) //ans may vary due to roundoff error +m1=(abs((V1+%i*I1*x1)))/Ifs //equal to m` in textbook +mprintf("mÌÌ=|EΦ|/Ifs=%fΩ\n",m1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +xdu=0.8 //in ohms +xd=x1+((xdu-x1)/ks) +mprintf("xd=x1+(xdu-x1)/ks=%fΩ\n",xd)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Ef=V1+(%i*I1*xd) +disp('Ef='+complexstring(Ef)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("\n") +mprintf("If=%fA\n",abs(Ef)/m1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3640/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52b925862 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +VLB=2400 //line to base voltage in volts +Ix=2005 //current in amperes +xda=VLB/(sqrt(3)*Ix) +mprintf("xda=%fΩ\n",xda)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Ifv=116 //current in amperes +ma1=VLB/(sqrt(3)*Ifv)//equal to ma` in textbook +mprintf("maÌ=V1B/Ifv=%fΩ\n",ma1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//from ex 2_7 +V1=VLB/sqrt(3) //reference phasor in volts +kVAB=9375 //rated kVA +I1B=(kVAB*1000)/(sqrt(3)*VLB)//current in amperes +pf=0.8 //power factor +I1=I1B*exp((-1)*%i*(acos(pf)))//current in amperes +Ef=V1+%i*I1*xda +disp('Ef='+string(Ef)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("If=|Ef|/maÌ=%fA\n",abs(Ef)/ma1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Voc=2960 //line to line volatge in Volts +mprintf("V1oc=%fV\n",Voc/sqrt(3))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +If=240 //current in amperes +Efmax=ma1*If +mprintf("Efmax=%dV\n",Efmax)//ans in textbook is wrong +I1max=(Efmax-V1)/xda //ans in textbook is wrong +mprintf("I1max=%fA\n",I1max)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Qmax=%fMVAR",sqrt(3)*VLB*I1max*(10^-6))//ans may vary due to roundoff error \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e482e057 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +r2=0.02; +X11=20 //in ohm +x1=0.05 //in ohm +X22=2000 //in ohm +x2=5 //in ohm +Xm1=X11-x1 +Xm2=X22-x2 +mprintf("Xm1=X11-x1=%fΩ\n",Xm1) +mprintf("Xm2=X22--x2=%fΩ\n",Xm2) +X12=sqrt(Xm1*Xm2) +mprintf("X12=sqrt(Xm1*Xm2)=%fΩ\n",X12)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +kVA=10 //rated kVA +V2=1000 //secondary voltage in volts +I2=(kVA*(10^3))/V2 //rated current +mprintf("I2=ratedkVA*1000/raated V2=%dA\n",I2) +Zl=V2/I2 //load impedence +I1=((Zl+r2+(%i*X22))*I2)/(%i*X12)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('I1=(Zl+r2+jwL22)*I2/wL12*I1='+complexstring(I1)+'A') +r1=0.01 //in ohm +V1=((r1+(%i*X11))*I1)-(%i*X12*I2) +disp('V1=(r1+jwL11)I1-jwL12I2='+complexstring(V1)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +k1=Xm1/X11 +k2=Xm2/X22 +mprintf("k1=%f\n",k1) +mprintf("k2=%f\n",k2) +k=sqrt(k1*k2) +mprintf("k=sqrt(k1*k2)=%f\n",k) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81c8348a --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +SB=10000000 //rating of transformer +VL1B=230000 //voltage rating +IL1B=SB/(sqrt(3)*VL1B) +mprintf("ILIB=%fA\n",IL1B) +VL2B=4160 +IL2B=SB/(sqrt(3)*VL2B) +mprintf("IL2B=%fA\n",IL2B) +//star delta connected +mprintf("Rated kVA=SB/1000=%fkVA\n",SB/1000) +mprintf("Rated 11=I1B=ILIB=%fA\n",IL1B) +mprintf("Rated I2=I2B=IL2B/sqrt(3)=%fA\n",IL2B/sqrt(3)) +VL1=230 //rating in kV +VL2=4160//rating in kV +mprintf("Rated V1=V1B=VL1/sqrt(3)=%fkV\n",VL1/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("V2=V2B=%fV\n",VL2) +mprintf("turns ratio=V1B/V2B=%f\n",(VL1*1000)/(VL2*sqrt(3))) +mprintf("kVA per phase=%dkVA\n",3333) +//delta star connected +mprintf("Rated kVA=%fkVA\n",SB/1000) +mprintf("kVa per phase=%dkVA\n",3333) +mprintf("V1B=VL1B=%fkV\n",VL1) +mprintf("V2B=VL2B/sqrt(3)=%fV\n",VL2/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("I1B=IL1B/sqrt(3)=%fA\n",IL1B/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("I2B=IL2B=%fA\n",IL2B) +mprintf("a=V1B/V2B=%f\n",(VL1B*sqrt(3))/VL2B) + +//delta delta connected +mprintf("Rated kVA=%fkVA\n",SB/1000) +mprintf("kVA per phase=%dkVA\n",3333) +mprintf("V1B=%fKV\n",VL1B/1000) +mprintf("V2B=%fV\n",VL2B) +mprintf("I1B=%fA\n",IL1B/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("IL2B=%fA\n",IL2B/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("a=%f\n",VL1B/VL2B) diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3990436 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +clc +//the code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +//delta connected +// sol 1 +V1B=7200 //primary voltage in volts +VL1B=7200 //primary voltage in volts +kVA=50 //kva rating +IL1B=(kVA*1000)/((sqrt(3))*VL1B)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("IL1B=%fA\n",IL1B) +I1B=IL1B/sqrt(3)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("I1B=%fA\n",I1B) +//star connected +VL2B=208 //seconadry voltage in volts +V2B=VL2B/sqrt(3)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("V2B=%fV\n",VL2B/sqrt(3)) +IL2B=(kVA*1000)/(sqrt(3)*VL2B)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("IL2B=%fA\n",IL2B) +I2B=IL2B +a=V1B/V2B//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("a=%f\n",a) +Z2B=V2B/I2B//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Z2B=V2B/I2B=%fΩ\n",Z2B) +Reqpu=0.012 //percent resistance in ohms +Xeqpu=0.05 //percent reactance in ohms +Zeqpu=Reqpu+(%i*Xeqpu) +mprintf("Zeqpu=%f Ω with phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zeqpu),(acos(Reqpu/(abs(Zeqpu))))*180/%pi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of radians to degree +Zeq2=Z2B*Zeqpu//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Zeq2=%fΩ with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zeq2),(acos(real(Zeq2)/abs(Zeq2)))*180/%pi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of radians to degree +pf=0.8 //power factor of load +I2=IL2B*exp(%i*(-1)*acos(pf))//ans may vary due to roundoff error,-1 comes due to the lagging power factor +mprintf("I2=%fA with a phase angle of %f degress\n",abs(I2),(-1)*(acos(real(I2)/abs(I2)))*180/%pi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of radians to degree +V2=120 //seconadry voltage in volts +V1=a*(V2+(I2*Zeq2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("V1=%fV with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(V1/a),(acos(real(V1)/abs(V1)))*180/%pi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of radians to degree +Regulation=(abs(V1/a)-V2)/V2//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Regulation=%f\n",Regulation) +//sol 2(per unit method) +I2pu=exp(%i*(-1)*acos(pf)) //seconadry current in per unit in amperes +V2pu=1 //seconadry voltage in per unit in volts +V1pu=V2pu+(I2pu*Zeqpu) +mprintf("V1pu=%fV with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(V1pu),(acos(real(V1pu)/abs(V1pu)))*180/%pi)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Regulation=(abs(V1/(a*V2B))-(V2B/V2B))/(V2B/V2B) +mprintf("Regulation=%f\n",Regulation)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b51b5e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +//the code uses a userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +kVAL=100 //kva required for supply +kVAM=20 //kVA rating of motor of the air conditioning compressor +V=220 //supply voltage in volts +IL3=(kVAM*1000)/(sqrt(3)*V) +mprintf("IL3=%fA=|I2| of small transformer\n",IL3) +//abc sequence +ph1=36.9 //phase angle of motor current +IL3=IL3*exp(%i*(-1)*ph1*%pi/180)//-1 comes due to the lagging power factor,conversion of degree to radian for calculation +mprintf("Il3=%fA with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(IL3),(-1)*ph1)//-1 comes due to the lagging power factor +disp('IL3='+complexstring(IL3)+'A') +ph2=30-25.8 //phase angle of Il1 +IL1=((kVAL*1000)/V)*exp(%i*(ph2)*%pi/180) +disp('IL1='+complexstring(IL1)+'A') +mprintf("IL1=%f with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(IL1),ph2) +I2=IL3+IL1 +disp('I2='+complexstring(I2)+'A') +mprintf("I2=%fA with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(I2),(acos(real(I2)/abs(I2)))*180/%pi) +//acb sequence +ph3=30+25.8 //phase angle of Il1 in degrees +IL1=abs(IL1)*exp(%i*(-1)*(ph3)*%pi/180) //-1 comes due to lagging power factor +disp('IL1='+complexstring(IL1)+'A') +mprintf("IL1=%f with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(IL1),(-1)*ph3)//-1 comes due to the lagging power factor +I2=IL3+IL1 +disp('I2='+complexstring(I2)+'A') +mprintf("I2=%fA with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(I2),(acos(real(I2)/abs(I2)))*180/%pi) + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3565df9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +SB=300 //rating in kVA at full load +S=150 //kVA at half load +Phe=2.7 //core loss in kW +Phepu=Phe/SB //ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Phepu=%f\n",Phepu) +Reqpu=0.0140 //per unit resistance in ohms=per unit copper loss at full load in watts +pf=0.9 //power factor at full load +//efficiency at full load +mprintf("ηfl=%f\n",pf/(pf+Phepu+Reqpu))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//efficiency at half load +a=S/SB //ratio of kVA at half and full load +mprintf("ηfl=%f\n",(a*pf)/((a*pf)+Phepu+(a*a*Reqpu)))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//for max efficiency +mprintf("|S|/SB=sqrt(Phepu/Reqpu)=%fA\n",sqrt(Phepu/Reqpu))//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1148d67d --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +clc +//open ckt short ckt test +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +kVA=50 //kVA rating +Poc=500 //core loss in watts +Voc=208 //open ckt voltage in volts +Vphioc=Voc/sqrt(3) +mprintf("VΦoc=Voc/sqrt(3)=%fV\n",Vphioc)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pphioc=Poc/3 +mprintf("PΦoc=Poc/3=%fW\n",Pphioc)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Ioc=8 //open ckt current in amperes +mprintf("RcLV=VΦ*VΦ/PΦ=%fΩ\n",(Vphioc*Vphioc)/Pphioc)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Voc^2/Poc=%fΩ\n",(Voc^2)/Poc)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("sinθoc=%f\n",sin(acos(Poc/(sqrt(3)*Ioc*Voc))))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("IΦ=IΦoc *sinθoc=%fA\n",Ioc*sin(acos(Poc/(sqrt(3)*Ioc*Voc))))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("XmLV=VΦoc/IΦ=%fΩ\n",(Voc/sqrt(3))/(Ioc*sin(acos(Poc/(sqrt(3)*Ioc*Voc)))))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//short ckt +Psc=600 //copper loss in watts +Isc=4.011 //short circuit current in amperes +Vsc=370 //short circuit voltage in volts +ReqHV=(Psc/3)/((Isc/sqrt(3))^2) +mprintf("ReqHV=PΦsc/IΦsc^2=%fΩ\n",ReqHV)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +ZeqHV=Vsc/(Isc/sqrt(3)) +mprintf("|ZeqHV|=VΦsc/IΦsc=%fΩ\n",ZeqHV)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +XeqHV=sqrt((ZeqHV^2)-(ReqHV^2)) +mprintf("XeqHV=%fΩ\n",XeqHV)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +VHVB=7200//secondary side voltage in volts +VLVB=208/sqrt(3)//primary side voltage in volts +aV=VHVB/VLVB +mprintf("NHV/NLV=VHVB/VLVB=%f\n",aV)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("RcHV=RcLV*aV*aV=%fΩ\n",((Vphioc*Vphioc)/Pphioc)*aV*aV)//ans in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("XmHV=XmLV*aV*aV=%fΩ\n",(Voc/sqrt(3))/(Ioc*sin(acos(Poc/(sqrt(3)*Ioc*Voc))))*aV*aV)//ans in the textbook is wrong +ZeqLV=(ReqHV+(%i*XeqHV))/(aV*aV) +disp('ZeqLV='+complexstring(ZeqLV)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("ZeqLV=%f ohms with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(ZeqLV),(acos(real(ZeqLV)/abs(ZeqLV)))*180/%pi) +SB=50000 //rating of transformer +ZLVB=(Voc*Voc)/SB +mprintf("ZLVB=%fΩ\n",ZLVB)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Reqpu=(ReqHV/(aV*aV))/ZLVB +mprintf("Reqpu=%fΩ\n",Reqpu)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Xeqpu=(XeqHV/(aV*aV))/ZLVB +mprintf("Xeqpu=%fΩ\n",Xeqpu)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Zeqpu=Reqpu+(%i*Xeqpu) +disp('Zeqpu='+complexstring(Zeqpu)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Zeqpu=%fohms with a pgase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zeqpu),(acos(real(Zeqpu)/abs(Zeqpu)))*180/%pi) +V1pu=1+((exp(%i*(-1)*acos(0.8)))*Zeqpu) +disp('V1pu='+complexstring(V1pu))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("V1pu=%fV with a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(V1pu),(acos(real(V1pu)/abs(V1pu)))*180/%pi) +mprintf("Regulation=%f\n",(abs(V1pu)-1))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//full load efficiency +pf=0.8 //power factor of load +Phepu=Poc/SB +mprintf("η=cosθ/cosθ+Reqpu+Phepu=%f\n",pf/(pf+Reqpu+Phepu))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//second method +mprintf("η=%f\n",(SB*pf)/((SB*pf)+Poc+Psc)) +//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e6d6710b --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +clc +//code contains user defined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +i2=141.4 //load current max val in amperes +r2=0.02 //secondary resistance in ohms +V2=707/sqrt(2) +pha=-30 //phase angle of load current with reference with reference voltage in degrees +I2=(i2/sqrt(2))*exp(%i*pha*3.14/180)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of degrees in radian for calculation +mprintf("V2=%dV\n",V2) +disp('I2='+complexstring(I2)+'A') +disp('Secondary drop I2r2 is='+complexstring(I2*r2)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +L12=3*(10^(-4))//secondary leakage inductance in henry +w=377 //angular frequency of the supply in rad/sec +x2=w*L12 //secondary leakage reactance +mprintf("x2=%fΩ\n",x2) +E12=(I2*%i*x2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('-E12=I2jx2='+complexstring(E12)+'V') +E2=V2+(r2+(%i*x2))*I2//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('E2='+complexstring(E2)+'V') +N1=300//primary winding turns +N2=30 //secondary turns +a=N1/N2 +mprintf("a=N1/N2=%d\n",a) +E1=a*E2//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('E1=aE2='+complexstring(E1)+'V') +Iex1=0.707 //magnitude of exciting current of transformer in amperes +paex=-80 //phase angle of exciting current in degrees with reference voltage +Iex=(Iex1/sqrt(2))*exp(%i*paex*3.14/180)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of degrees to radians for calculation +I1=(I2/a)+Iex//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('I1='+complexstring(I1)+'A') +mprintf("Actual ratio=I2/I1=%f\n",abs(I2)/abs(I1))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +L11=0.03 //leakage inductance of primary in henry +E11=%i*w*L11*I1//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('E11=jwL11I1='+complexstring(E11)+'V') +r1=2 //primary winding resistance in ohms +I1r1=I1*r1//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('I1r2='+complexstring(I1r1)+'V') +V1=E1+I1r1+E11//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('V1=E1+I1r2+E11='+complexstring(V1)+'V') +mprintf("Actual voltage ratio is V1/V2=%f\n",abs(V1)/abs(V2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eb9a814b --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +//the code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +E1=2400 //primary voltage rating in volts +E2=240 //secondary voltage rating in volts +z=2 //magnitude of impedance connected to secondary terminals in ohms +pha1=36.9 //phase angle of impedance connected with reference in degrees +a=E1/E2 +mprintf("a=%d\n",a) +V1=2200 // applied primary voltage to transformer in volts +V2=V1/a +mprintf("|V2|=|V1|/a=%dV\n",V2) +I2=V2/(z*exp(pha1*%i*3.14/180))//ans in textbook is wrong,conversion of degree to radian for calculation +disp('I2='+complexstring(I2)+'A') +I1=I2/a //ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('I1=I2/a='+complexstring(I1)+'A') +Zin=V1/I1 +disp('Zin=V1/I1='+complexstring(Zin)+'Ω') +S2=V2*I2 +pf=0.8 //power factor of load +mprintf("|S2|=|V2||I2|=%fkVA\n",(abs(V2)*abs(I2))/1000) +mprintf("P2=|S2|*cosθ2=%fkW\n",(abs(S2)*pf)/1000) +mprintf("|S1|=|V2||I1|=%fkVA\n",(abs(V1)*abs(I1))/1000) +mprintf("P1=|S1|cosθ1=%fkW\n",((abs(V1)*abs(I1))*cos(pha1*3.14/180))/1000)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of degree to radian for calculation + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda4812d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +Z=4 //impedance of loudspeaker in ohms +Zin=500 //impedance of audio line in ohms +a=sqrt(Zin/Z)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("a=sqrt(Zin/Z)=%f\n",a)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +P2=10 //audio power in watts +V2=sqrt(40)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("V2=4*P2=%fV\n",V2) //ans may vary due to roundoff error +V1=a*V2 +mprintf("V1=aV2=%fV\n",V1) + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daf86472f --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +//code uses a userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +V2=120 //reference voltage in volts +kVA=16.67*(10^3) //kVA rating of transformer +I2=kVA/V2 //secondaary current aat unity pf +mprintf("I2=kVA/V2=%fA\n",I2)//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +r2=0.00519 //secondary winding resistance in ohms +x2=0.0216 //secondary winding reactance in ohms +a=7200/120 +E2=V2+(I2*(r2+(%i*x2)))//secondary induced voltage //ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +disp('E2=V2+I2(r2+jx2)='+complexstring(E2)+'V') +E1=a*E2//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +disp('E1='+complexstring(E1)+'V') +Rc=311000 +Ihe=E1/Rc +disp('core loss current='+complexstring(Ihe)+'A') +Phe=((abs(Ihe))^2)*Rc//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +mprintf("Core loss Ph+e=|Ih+e|^2*Rc=%fW\n",Phe) +Xm=54800 +disp('IΦ=E1/jXm='+complexstring(E1/(%i*Xm))+'A')//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +Iex=Ihe+(E1/(%i*Xm)) +disp('Iex=Ih+e+IΦ='+complexstring(Iex)+'A')//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +I1=Iex+(I2/a) +disp('I1=Iex+I2/a='+complexstring(I1)+'A')//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +r1=18.7 //primary side resistaance +x1=77.8 +V1=E1+(I1*(r1+(%i*x1))) +disp('V1=E1+I1(r1+jx1)='+complexstring(V1)+'V')//ans in the textbook is wrong +Pcu=(((abs(I1))^2)*r1)+(((abs(I2))^2)*r2)//copper loss +mprintf("Pcu=%fW\n",Pcu)//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error +mprintf("Efficiencyη=output watts/output+losses=%f\n",16670/(16670+Pcu+Phe))//ans may be wrong due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3da8ff85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +//extension of Ex3_1 +//uses a userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +I2=10 +V2=1000 +r2=1 +X11=20 //in ohm +x1=0.05 //in ohm +X22=2000 //in ohm +x2=5 //in ohm +Xm1=X11-x1 +Xm2=X22-x2 +X12=sqrt(Xm1*Xm2) +V12=V2+I2*(r2+(%i*(X22-X12)))//ans may vary due to roundof error +disp('V12='+complexstring(V12)+'V') +I1=I2+(V12/(%i*X12))//ans may vary due to roundof error +disp('I1='+complexstring(I1)+'A') +r1=0.01 +V1=V12+(I1*(r1+(%i*(X11-X12))))//ans may vary due to roundof error +disp('V1='+complexstring(V1)+'V') +a=0.1 +Zeq1=r1+(a*a*r2)+(%i*(x1+(a*a*x2)))//ans may vary due to roundof error +disp('Zeq1='+complexstring(Zeq1)+'Ω') +V1=(a*V2)+(I2^Zeq1/a)//ans may vary due to roundof error +disp('V1='+complexstring(V1)+'V') diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a87048517 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +//the code uses a userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +r1=3 +r2=0.03 +x1=15 +x2=0.15 +V1B=2400 //primary side voltage +V2B=240 //secondary side voltage +a=V1B/V2B +Zeq2=(r1/(a^2))+r2+(%i*((x1/(a^2))+x2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zeq2='+complexstring(Zeq2)+'Ω') +SB=10000// rated kva of the trnsformer +V2B=240 +I2B=SB/V2B +mprintf("I2B=%fA\n",I2B)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//with V2 reference +//0.8 pf lagging +I2=I2B*exp(%i*(-1)*acos(0.8))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('I2='+complexstring(I2)+'A') +V2=240 +V1=a*(V2+I2*Zeq2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('V1/a='+complexstring(V1/a)+'V') +mprintf("|V1|=%fV\n",abs(V1)) +//0.8 pf leading +I2B=SB/V2B +I2=I2B*exp(%i*acos(0.8))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +V1=a*(V2+(I2*Zeq2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('V1='+complexstring(V1/a)+'V') +mprintf("|V1|=%fV\n",abs(V1))//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a65edec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//example below is an extension of Ex3_7 +//values below from Ex3_7 +V2B=240 //secndary side voltage +a=10 +//0.8 pf lagging +V1=2496.44 +V=V1/a //secondary voltage at full load +mprintf("|V1/a|=%fV\n",V) +Regulation=(V-V2B)/V2B //ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Regulation=(|V1/a|-V2B)/V2B=%f\n",Regulation) +//0.8 pf leading +V1=2347.8 +V=V1/a +mprintf("V at 0.8 pf leading=%fV\n",V) +mprintf("Regulation=%f\n",(V-V2B)/V2B) diff --git a/3640/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3640/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cda07ab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +//code uses usedefined function +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +pf=0.8 //power factor of full load +I2=1 //magnitude of load current in amperes in per unit system +I2pu=I2*exp(%i*(-1)*acos(pf))//-1 comes due to lagging power factor +disp('I2pu='+complexstring(I2pu)+'A') +pres=2 //percent resistance in ohms +preact=5 //percent reactance in ohms +Zeqpu=(pres/100)+(%i*(preact/100)) +disp('Zeqpu='+complexstring(Zeqpu)+'Ω') +V1pu=1+(I2pu*Zeqpu) +disp('V1pu='+complexstring(V1pu)+'V') +Regulation=abs(V1pu)-1 +mprintf("|V1pu|-1=%f\n",Regulation) + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d698b5b36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +SCL=1000 //stator copper loss in watts +V=460 //line voltage of induction motor in volts +I=25 //line current of motor in amperes +pf=0.85 //power factor of motor +Pin=sqrt(3)*V*I*pf //ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Pin=%fW\n",Pin) +Pg=Pin-SCL //air gap power +mprintf("Pg=%fW\n",Pg)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +RCL=500 //rotor copper loss in watts +Phe=800 //core loss in watts +Pfw=250 //winding and friction loss in Watts +PLL=200 //stray load loss in watts +DMP=Pg-RCL ///developed mechanical power in watts +mprintf("DMP=%fW\n",DMP)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Prot=Phe+Pfw+PLL //power loss in rotor in watts +Pout=DMP-Prot +mprintf("Pout=DMP-Prot=%fW\n",Pout)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Horsepower=Pout/746=%fhp\n",Pout/746)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,conversion of watts to hp needs division by 746 +mprintf("η=Pout/Pin=%f\n",Pout/Pin)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2d33f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +//this is an extension of Ex4_1 +//following comes from Ex4_1 +SCL=1000 //stator copper loss in watts +V=460 //line voltage of induction motor in volts +I=25 //line current of motor in amperes +pf=0.85 //power factor of motor +Pin=sqrt(3)*V*I*pf //ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pg=Pin-SCL //air gap power +RCL=500 //rotor copper loss in watts +Phe=800 //core loss in watts +Pfw=250 //winding and friction loss in Watts +PLL=200 //stray load loss in watts +DMP=Pg-RCL ///developed mechanical power in watts +Prot=Phe+Pfw+PLL //power loss in rotor in watts +Pout=DMP-Prot +//above is from Ex4_1 +s=RCL/Pg +p=4 //no of poles +mprintf("s=RCL/Pg=%f\n",s)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +ws=(4*%pi*60)/p //synchronous angular frequency +mprintf("ws=%frad/s\n",ws)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +ns=(120*60)/p +mprintf("ns=%drev/min\n",ns)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +w=ws*(1-s) +n=ns*(1-s) +mprintf("w=ws(1-s)=%frad/s\n",w)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("n=ns(1-s)=%frev/min\n",n)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ï„d=DMP/w=%fN-m\n",DMP/w)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ï„=Pout/w=%fN-m\n",Pout/w)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93e14b03a --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +clc +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction + +//induction machine parameters in ohms +r1=0.39 //primary resistance +r2=0.14 //secondary resistance +x1=0.35//primary reactance +x2=0.35//secondary reactance +Xm=16//manetizing reactance +VL=220 //supply volatge in volts +f=60 //frequency in Hz +//part a +p=4 //no of poles +ns=(120*f)/p +mprintf("ns=%drev/min\n",ns) +n=1746 //runnimg speed of motor in rev/min +s=(ns-n)/ns +mprintf("s=%f\n",s) +z2=(r2/s)+(%i*x2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Z2='+complexstring(z2)+'Ω') +mprintf("Z2=%fohm having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(z2),(acos(real(z2)/abs(z2)))*180/%pi) +Zf=(%i*Xm*z2)/(z2+(%i*Xm))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zf='+complexstring(Zf)+'Ω') +mprintf("Zf=%fohms having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zf),(acos(real(Zf)/abs(Zf)))*180/%pi) +Rf=real(Zf)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Rf=%fΩ\n",Rf) +Zin=r1+(%i*x1)+Zf//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zin=r1+jx1+Zf='+complexstring(Zin)+'Ω') +mprintf("Zin=%fohms having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zin),(acos(real(Zin)/abs(Zin)))*180/%pi) +Powerfctor=real(Zin)/abs(Zin)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Power facto=%f\n",Powerfctor) +I1=VL/(sqrt(3)*abs(Zin)) +mprintf("|I1|=%fA\n",I1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pin=sqrt(3)*I1*VL*Powerfctor +mprintf("Pin=%fW\n",Pin)//ans in the textbook is wrong +Pg=3*I1*I1*Rf +mprintf("Pg=%fW\n",Pg)//ans in the textbook is wrong +DMP=(1-s)*Pg +mprintf("Developed power=(1-s)Pg=%fW\n",DMP)//ans in the textbook is wrong +Prot=s*Pg //rotor copper losses +Pout=DMP-Prot//ans in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("Output power=%fW\n",Pout) +mprintf("Output horsepower=%f\n",Pout/746)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,1 hp=746 watts +mprintf("Developed torque=%flb-ft\n",7.04*(Pg/ns))//ans may vary due to roundoff error,1 N-m=7.04 lb-ft ot torque +n=(1-s)*ns//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Output torque=%flb-ft\n",7.04*(Pout/n)) +mprintf("Efficiency=%f\n",Pout/Pin) +//part b +s=1 //machine at stanstill +z2=r2+(%i*x2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Z2='+complexstring(z2)+'Ω') +mprintf("Z2=%fohm having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(z2),(acos(real(z2)/abs(z2)))*180/%pi) +Zf=(%i*Xm*z2)/(z2+(%i*Xm))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zf='+complexstring(Zf)+'Ω') +mprintf("Zf=%fohms having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zf),(acos(real(Zf)/abs(Zf)))*180/%pi) +Zin=r1+(%i*x1)+Zf//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zin='+complexstring(Zin)+'Ω') +mprintf("Zin=%fohms having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zin),(acos(real(Zin)/abs(Zin)))*180/%pi) +I1=VL/(sqrt(3)*abs(Zin))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Rf=real(Zf) +mprintf("Starting current=%fA\n",I1) +Pg=3*I1*I1*Rf +mprintf("Pg=%fW\n",Pg)//ans in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("Ï„d=7.04*(Pg/ns)=%flb-ft\n",7.04*(Pg/ns))//ans may vary due to roundoff error,1 N-M=7.04 lb-ft of torque + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b28c9532 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clc +//below is an extension of Ex4_3 +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +x1=0.35 //primary reactance in ohms +r1=0.39 //primary resistance in ohms +Xm=16 //magnetizing reactance +r2=0.14 //secondary resistance in ohms +x2=0.35 //secondary reactance in ohms +ws=188.5 //angular frequency in rad/sec +V=220 //rated voltage in volts +//part a +V1m=V/sqrt(3)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +VTH=V1m*(Xm/(Xm+x2)) +mprintf("VTH=V1m=%fV\n",VTH)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +X1=x1 +mprintf("X1=%fΩ\n",X1) +R1=r1*(Xm/(x1+Xm))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("R1=%fΩ\n",R1) +mprintf("Ï„max=%fN-m\n",((3/ws)*(VTH^2))/(2*(R1+sqrt((R1^2)+((2*X1)^2)))))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//part b +sM=r2/sqrt((R1^2)+((X1+x1)^2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("sM=%f\n",sM) +mprintf("r2/sM=%fΩ\n",r2/sM)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Zf=((%i*Xm)*((r2/sM)+(%i*x2)))/((r2/sM)+(%i*(x2+Xm)))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zf='+complexstring(Zf)+'Ω') +mprintf("Zf=%fohm having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zf),(acos(real(Zf)/abs(Zf)))*180/%pi) +z1=r1+(%i*x1) +Zin=z1+Zf +disp('Zin='+complexstring(Zin)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Zin=%fohm having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Zin),(acos(real(Zin)/abs(Zin)))*180/%pi) +I1=V1m/abs(Zin) +mprintf("I1=%fA\n",I1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Rf=real(Zf) //resistance in ohms +Pg=3*I1*I1*Rf//ans in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("Pg=%fW\n",Pg) +mprintf("Ï„max=Pg/ws=%fN-m\n",Pg/ws)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6422906bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +ns=1800 //synchronous speed in rev/min +n=1745 //initial speed in rev/min +hp=10 //hp rating of the motor horsepower(1 hp=746 Watts) +s=(ns-n)/ns +mprintf("s=%f\n",s)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +s=s/2 //slip at half torque +n1=ns*(1-s)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("n=ns(1-s)=%frev/min\n",n1) +//output at half torque +mprintf("New horsepower output=%fhp\n",(0.5*hp*n1)/n)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,0.5 factor comes due to half torque + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd33e933f --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +V1m(1)=1 //reference voltage in volts +V1m(2)=0.9//reduced voltage in volts +ratio=(V1m(1)/V1m(2))^2 //ratio of s2/s1 +mprintf("s2/s1=%f\n",ratio)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("I2(2)/I2(1)=s2*V1m(2)/s1*V1m(1)=%f\n",(V1m(2)/V1m(1))*ratio)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("(copperloss)2/(copperloss)1=(I2(2)/I2(1))^2=%f\n",(V1m(1)/V1m(2))^2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +s=0.03 //at 60Hz slip +ns=1800 //synchronous speed in rev/min +mprintf("Speed at 90 percent voltage=%frev/min\n",ns*(1-(ratio*s)))//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3181f4c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +clc +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +//dc test +Vdc=13.8 //dc voltage in volts +Idc=13 //direct current in amperes +//no load test +Vnl=220 //applied no voltage in volts +f=60 //applied frequency in Hz +//blocked rotor test +VBR=23.5 //blocked rotor voltage in volts +f1=15 //frequency in Hz +Ia=12.8 //current of phase A +Ib=13.1 //current of phase B +Ic=12.9 //current of phase C +//from blocked rotor +IBR=(Ia+Ib+Ic)/3 //ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("IBR=%fA\n",IBR) +ZBR=VBR/(sqrt(3)*IBR) +mprintf("|ZBR|=%fΩ\n",ZBR)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +P1=179 //power in watts +P2=290 //power in watts +PBR=P1+P2 +mprintf("PBR=%fW\n",PBR) +RBR=PBR/(3*(IBR^2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("RBR=%fΩ\n",RBR) +mprintf("θBR=%f\n",(acos(PBR/(sqrt(3)*VBR*IBR)))*(180/%pi))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("X`BR=|ZBR|*sinθBR=%fΩ\n",ZBR*sin(acos(PBR/(sqrt(3)*VBR*IBR))))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +XBR=(f/f1)*(ZBR*sin(acos(PBR/(sqrt(3)*VBR*IBR)))) +mprintf("XBR=(fB/f1)*X`BR=%fΩ\n",XBR)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +x1=0.4*XBR //designed reactance +x2=0.6*XBR //designed reactance +mprintf("x1=%fΩ\n",x1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("x2=%fΩ\n",x2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//from dc test +r1=0.5*(Vdc/Idc) +mprintf("r1=%fΩ\n",r1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +r2=RBR-r1 +mprintf("r2=%fΩ\n",r2)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//from no load test +Ia=3.86 //current of phase A in amperes +Ib=3.86 //current of phase B in amperes +Ic=3.89 //current of phase C in amperes +Inl=(Ia+Ib+Ic)/3 +mprintf("Inl=%fA\n",Inl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Znl=Vnl/(sqrt(3)*Inl) +mprintf("Znl=x1+Xm=%fΩ\n",Znl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Xm=Znl-x1 +mprintf("Xm=Znl-x1=%fΩ\n",Xm)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +P1=550 //power in watts +P2=-350 //power in watts +Pnl=P1+P2 +mprintf("Pnl=%fW\n",Pnl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pfwc=Pnl-(3*Inl*Inl*r1) +mprintf("Pfwc=%fW\n",Pfwc)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Prot=Pfwc +s=0.03 +z2=(r2/s)+(%i*x2) +disp('z2='+complexstring(z2)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Z2=%fohms with a phase angle of %fdegrees\n",abs(z2),(acos(real(z2)/abs(z2)))*180/%pi) +Zf=(z2*(%i*Xm))/(z2+(%i*Xm)) +disp('Zf='+complexstring(Zf)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Zf=%fohms with a phase angle of %fdegrees\n",abs(Zf),(acos(real(Zf)/abs(Zf)))*180/%pi) +Rf=real(Zf) +Zin=r1+Zf+(%i*x1) +disp('Zin='+complexstring(Zin)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Zin=%fohms with a phase angle of %fdegrees\n",abs(Zin),(acos(real(Zin)/abs(Zin)))*180/%pi) +mprintf("power factor=%f\n",(real(Zin)/abs(Zin)))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +I1=Vnl/(sqrt(3)*abs(Zin)) +mprintf("|I1|=%fA\n",I1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pin=(sqrt(3)*(real(Zin)/abs(Zin))*I1*Vnl)//ans is wrong in textbook +mprintf("power drawn from line=sqrt(3)*VL*|I|*cosθΦ=%fW\n",Pin) +Rf=real(Zf) +Pg=3*I1*I1*Rf +mprintf("Pg=%fW\n",Pg)//ans is wrong in textbook +DMP=Pg*(1-s) +mprintf("DMP=%fW\n",DMP)//ans is wrong in textbook +Pout=DMP-Prot +mprintf("output horsepower=%fhp\n",Pout/746)//ans may vary due to roundoff error,1 hp=746 watts +mprintf("η=Pout/Pin=%f\n",Pout/Pin)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdd1ade9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +kVA=6.3 //upper limit for kVA per horsepower +hp=10 //rating of induction motor in hp.(1 hp=746 watts) +V=230 //voltage rating of the motor +I=(kVA*hp*1000)/(sqrt(3)*V) +mprintf("I=%fA\n",I)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3640/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3640/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d510355b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +vtap=0.8 //percantage voltage tap of compensator +hp=100 //rating of motor in horsepower,I hp=746 watts +n=1750 //rated speed of motor in rev/min +a=1/vtap //compensator turns ratio +V=2300 //voltage rating of induction motor in volts +I1=150 //current rating in amperes +mprintf("a=%f\n",a) +mprintf("Voltage applied at starting of motor=%fV\n",V/a) +I1start=I1/a +mprintf("I1start=(1840/2300)*150A=150/a=%fA\n",I1start) +IL=I1start/a +mprintf("IL=I1start/a=%fA\n",IL) +tfl=hp*5252/n +mprintf("Ï„fl=(hp*5252)/(rev/min)=%flb-ft\n",tfl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +t=1.2*tfl //120 percent of the full load torque in lb-ft +mprintf("Ï„st=360/a*a=%flb-ft\n",t/(a*a))//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3640/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c2fec024 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +B=0.78 //flux density in tesla +A=200*(10^(-4))//cross sectional area in centimetre square +mprintf("Flux per pole Φ=B.A=%fWb\n",B*A) +C=95 //no of coils +Nc=2 //no of turns in each coil +Z=2*C*Nc +mprintf("Z=2*C*Nc=%fconductors\n",Z) +n=1200 //rotating speed in rev/min +w=(n/60)*(2*%pi) +mprintf("w=%frad/s\n",w)//ans may vary due to rounof error +a=2 //no of paths +p=4 //no of poles +Ka=(Z*p)/(2*%pi*a) +mprintf("Ka=%fV-s/Wb\n",Ka)//ans may vary due to rounof error +Eg=Ka*B*A*w +mprintf("Eg=Ka*Φ*w=%fV\n",Eg)//ans may vary due to rounof error +VT=250 //terminal voltage in volts +ra=0.2 //armture resistance in ohms +Ia=(VT-Eg)/ra +mprintf("Ia=%fA\n",Ia)//ans may vary due to rounof error +Pin=VT*Ia +mprintf("Pin=%fW\n",Pin)//ans in textbook is wrong +mprintf("Armature copper loss=%fW\n",((Ia*Ia)*ra))//ans in textbook is wrong +Pd=Pin-((Ia*Ia)*ra)//ans in textbook is wrong +mprintf("Pd=Pin-coper loss=%fW\n",Pd) +mprintf("Ï„d=Pd/w=%fN-m ",Pd/w) +cf=0.7376 //conversion factor for conversion from N-m to lb-ft +mprintf("or %flb-ft",(Pd/w)*cf)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3640/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f511da35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +I=100 //current drawn in amperes +ra=0.07 //armature resistance in ohms +Vt=230 //terminal voltage of motor in volts +mprintf("Eg*=VT*-Iara*=%fV\n",Vt-(I*ra)) +n=1200 //speed of rotation in rev/min +mprintf("w*=%dÏ€rad/sec\n",(n/60)*2) +mprintf("KaΦ=Eg*/w*=%fV-s/rad\n",(Vt-(I*ra))/((n/60)*2*%pi))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Ia=100 //armature current in ampere +mprintf("Ï„d=KaΦIa=%fN-m\n",(Ia*(Vt-(I*ra))/((n/60)*2*%pi)))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Td=300 //torque in N-m +Ia=Td/((Vt-(I*ra))/((n/60)*2*%pi))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ia=Ï„d/KaΦ=%fA\n",Ia) +ra=0.07 //resistance in ohms +VT=230 //voltage in volts +w=(VT-Ia*ra)/((Vt-(I*ra))/((n/60)*2*%pi)) +mprintf("w=(VT-Iara)/KaΦ=%frad/sec\n",w)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3640/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3640/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbbf3bf3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +//Ex5_3 uses a magnetization curve given in textbook +mprintf("At 1200 rev/min and shunt field current of 0.7A Eg*=90V \n") //from magnetization curve +n=1200 //speed of rotation in rev/min +Eg1=90 //voltage in volts +wB=(n/60)*2 +mprintf("wB=%dÏ€rad/sec\n",wB) +mprintf("KaΦ*=Eg*/wB=%fV-s/rad\n",Eg1/(wB*%pi))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Td=30 //torque in N-m +Ia=Td/(Eg1/(wB*%pi)) +mprintf("Ia=Ï„d/KaΦ*=%fA\n",Ia)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +VT=125 //voltage in volts +ra=0.2 //resistance in ohms +Eg=VT-(Ia*ra) +mprintf("Eg=%fV\n",Eg)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +w=Eg/((Eg1/(wB*%pi))) +mprintf("w=Eg/KaΦ*=%frad/s\n",w)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +n=(w*60)/(2*%pi) +mprintf("n=%frev/min\n",n)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +//other two techniques +//first technique +nB=1200 //speed in rev/min +n=nB*(Eg/Eg1)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("n=%frev/min\n",n) +//second technique +mprintf("Ï„d=%flb-ft\n",Td*0.738)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ka`Φ=Eg*/nB=%fV-min/rev\n",Eg/nB) +Ia=(Td*0.738)/(7.04*(Eg1/nB))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ia=Ï„d/(7.04*Ka`*Φ)=%fA\n",Ia) +n=Eg/(Eg1/nB) +mprintf("n=Eg/K`aΦ=%frev/min\n",n)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3640/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2839e834e --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +//Ex5_4 uses a figure given in textbook +Ia=50 //current in amperes +IB=50 //current in amperes +nB=1200 //speed in rev/min +ratio=0.01 //ratio of Nsc/Nf ,unit less +Isc=0.6*Ia //equation given in textbook +mprintf("Isc=%dA\n",Isc) +If=1.3 //field current in amperes +mprintf("If*=If+(Nsc/Nf)*Isc=%fA\n",If+(ratio*Isc)) +Eg1=132.5 //voltage in volts +mprintf("Ka`Φ=Eg*/nB=%fV-min/rev\n",Eg1/nB)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +n=1140 //speed in rev/min +Eg=n*(Eg1/nB) +mprintf("Eg=Ka`n=%fV\n",Eg)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +ra=0.2 //resistance in ohms +Ra=0.03+ra //by kirchodff's law and parallel combination or resistances +mprintf("Ra=%fΩ\n",Ra) +VTfl=Eg-(Ia*Ra) +mprintf("VTfl=%fV\n",VTfl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("If*=If+0=%fA\n",If) +Eg2=125 //voltage in volts +VTnl=Eg*(n/nB) +mprintf("Eg=Eg*(n/nB)=%fV\n",VTnl)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Voltage Regulation=(VTnl-VTfl)/VTfl=%f%c",((VTnl-VTfl)/VTfl)*100,'%') //ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3640/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293715e07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +V=250 //voltage rating in volts +Pout=125000 //output power in watts +ra=0.025 //armature resistance in ohms +rsc=0.01 //resistance in ohms +rf=30 //field resistance in ohms +If=5 //field current in amperes +mprintf("Shunt field copper loss=%dW\n",If*If*rf) +Iload=Pout/V +Ia=Iload+If +Isc=Iload+If +mprintf("Ia=Isc=Iload+If=%dA\n",Ia) +mprintf("Seires filed copper losses=%dW\n",Isc*Isc*rsc) +mprintf("ACL=%fW\n",Ia*Ia*ra)//ans in textbook is wrong +mprintf("Brush copper loss=2Ia=%dW\n",2*Ia) +mprintf("Stray load loss=1%c of 125Kw=%fW\n",'%',0.01*Pout) +Prot=5000 //rotational loss in watts +losses=(If*If*rf)+(Isc*Isc*rsc)+(Ia*Ia*ra)+(2*Ia)+(0.01*Pout)+Prot //aadding all losses + +mprintf("Efficiency=%f%c\n",(Pout/(Pout+losses))*100,'%')//ans may vary due to roundoff eror +rlosses=500 //rheostat losses in watts +Pin=Pout+losses+rlosses +mprintf("Pin required=%fW\n",Pin) //ans in the textbook is wrong +Ia1=sqrt((Prot+(If*If*rf))/(ra+rsc)) +mprintf("Ia1=%fA\n",Ia1) + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3640/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9cae16e --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc +//code uses a userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +r1m=1.9//resistance in ohms +x1m=2.6 //reactance in ohms +r2=3.6 //resistance in ohms +x2=2.6 //reactance in ohms +Xm=56 //magnetizing reactance in ohms +Prot=25 //rotational losses in watts +f=60 //supply frequency in Hz +z1m=r1m+(%i*x1m) +s=0.05 //slip +disp('Z1m='+complexstring(z1m)+'Ω') +Zf=((%i*Xm)*((r2/s)+(%i*x2)))/((%i*Xm)+(r2/s)+(%i*x2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zf/2='+complexstring(Zf/2)+'Ω') +Zb=((%i*Xm)*((r2/(2-s))+(%i*x2)))/((%i*Xm)+(r2/(2-s))+(%i*x2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Zb/2='+complexstring(Zb/2)+'Ω') +Vm=115 //voltage in volts +Im=Vm/((Zf/2)+(Zb/2)+z1m) //ans may vary due to roundoff error +Imf=Im +Imb=Im +disp('Im='+complexstring(Im)+'A') +Pin=Vm*abs(Im)*(real(Im)/abs(Im))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Pin=%fW\n",Pin) +Pg=((abs(Im))^2)*(real(Zf/2)-real(Zb/2))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Pg=Pgf-Pgb=%fW\n",Pg) +mprintf("Ï„d=%fN-m\n",Pg/(2*%pi*(f/2))) +DMP=Pg*(1-s) +mprintf("DMP=%fW\n",DMP)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Pout=DMP-Prot +mprintf("Pout=%fW\n",Pout)//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Efficiency=%f\n",Pout/Pin)//ans may vary due to roundoff error + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3640/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce9922d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +clc +//Ex6_2 is an extension of Ex6_1 +//code uses userdefined function complexstring +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction +r1a=12//resistance in ohms +x1a=6.5//reactance in ohms +Xc=-20 //reactance in ohms +r1m=1.9 //from E6_1 +x2=2.6 //from Ex6_1 +s=1 +a=1.6 //no unit +r2=3.6 //resistance in ohms +x2=2.6 //reactance in ohms +Xm=56 //magnetizing reactance in ohms +Vm=115 //applied voltage in volts +Zf=((%i*Xm)*((r2/s)+(%i*x2)))/((%i*Xm)+(r2/s)+(%i*x2))//from Ex6_1 +Zst=Zf +Zb=Zf +z1a=r1a+(%i*x1a)+(%i*Xc) +disp('z1a='+complexstring(z1a)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("z1a=%fohm havinga phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(z1a),(acos(real(z1a)/abs(z1a)))*180/%pi) +Z12=((1/2)*(z1a/(a*a)))-(r1m+(%i*x2))//ans in textbook is wrong +disp('Z12='+complexstring(Z12)+'Ω')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Z12=%fohm havinga phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Z12),(acos(real(Z12)/abs(Z12)))*180/%pi) +Vmf=(Vm/2)*(1-(%i/a)) +disp('Vmf='+complexstring(Vmf)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Vmf=%fV havinga phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Vmf),(-1)*(acos(real(Vmf)/abs(Vmf)))*180/%pi) +Vmb=(Vm/2)*(1+(%i/a)) +disp('Vmb='+complexstring(Vmb)+'V')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Vmb=%fV having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Vmb),(acos(real(Vmb)/abs(Vmb)))*180/%pi) +Imf=11.77*exp(%i*(-1)*54.93*%pi/180)//textbook doesnt provide any formula or hint for this calculation +Imb=4.37*exp(%i*(-1)*19.7*%pi/180)//textbook doesnt provide any formula or hint for this calculation +disp('Imf='+complexstring(Imf)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +disp('Imb='+complexstring(Imb)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Imf=%fA having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",11.77,-54.93) +mprintf("Imb=%fA having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",4.37,-19.37) +mprintf("Ï„st=%fN-m\n",(2*real(Zst)*((abs(Imf)^2)-(abs(Imb)^2)))/(60*%pi))//ans may vary due to roundoff error +Im=Imf+Imb +disp('Im='+complexstring(Im)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Im=%fA having a phase angle of%f degrees\n",abs(Im),(-1)*(acos(real(Im)/abs(Im)))*180/%pi) +Ia=(%i*(Imf-Imb))/a +disp('Ia='+complexstring(Ia)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("Ia=%fA having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(Ia),(acos(real(Ia)/abs(Ia)))*180/%pi) +I=Im+Ia +disp('Line current='+complexstring(I)+'A')//ans may vary due to roundoff error +mprintf("I=%fA having a phase angle of %f degrees\n",abs(I),(-1)*(acos(real(I)/abs(I)))*180/%pi) + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3640/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3640/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c60516a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +x=0.01 //length in metres +L=0.03+(270*x*x) //equation provided in the textbook +mprintf("L(0.01)=%fH\n",L) +w=377 //angular frequency in rad/sec +XL=w*L +mprintf("XL=wL=%fΩ\n",XL)//ans may vary due to toundoff error +I=1 //current in ampere +V=I*XL +mprintf("V=IXL=%fV\n",V)//ans may vary due to toundoff error +a=540 //comes from an equation in textbook,unit is henry/metre +f=(1/2)*(a*x) +mprintf("f=%fN\n",f) + + diff --git a/3640/DEPENDENCIES/complexstring.sci b/3640/DEPENDENCIES/complexstring.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4b473efb --- /dev/null +++ b/3640/DEPENDENCIES/complexstring.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +function s=complexstring(a) + + + if imag(a)>=0 then + s=sprintf('%g+%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + else + s=sprintf('%g%gi',real(a),imag(a)) + + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e33ef9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Velocity calculation +clc +//initialisation of variables +t=20//ft +t1=30//ft +v=1320//ft/s +p=25//sec +q=15//ft/s +v1=v/t//ft/s +v2=v/t1//ft/s +T=(v2-v1)/p//ft/s^2 +V=v2-q*-T//ft/s +V1=-V^2/(2*T)//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('the velocity time is=% f ft/s',V1) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1ce80c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Distance travel calculation +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=200//tonf +d=4//tonf +h=120//tonf +v=25//mile/h +m=10//lbf/tonf +q=2240//lbf +//CALCULATIONS +F=w*m//lbf +W=(w*q)*(1/h)//lbf +T=F+W//lbf +D=d*q//lbf +A=D-T//lbf +t=158.1//sec +T1=(v/2)*(88/60)*t//ft +//RESULTS +printf('Distance travel=% f ft',T1) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d4d4a726 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//velocity is uniform and force and velocity +clc +//initialisation of variables +f=90//lbf +w=6//tonf +m=10//lbf/tonf +f1=1//min +h=0.8//hp +m1=m*w//lbf +n=f-m1//lbf +p=2240//lbf +f2=0.0715//ft/s^2 +r=550//ft +//CALCULATIONS +S=1/2*f2*(m1)^2//ft +V=f2*m1//ft/s +H=(f*V)/r//ft +V1=h/(m1/r)//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('the velocity is uniform and force and velocity=% f ft/s',V1) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f1a141e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Tension Coupling calculation +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=30//tonf +m=100//tonf +w1=150//tonf +f=6000//lbf +h=2240//lbf +q=105//lbf +p=135//lbf +a=711.7//lbf +//CALCULATIONS +M=(q*h)/m//lbf +R=(w*h)/w1//lbf +T=M+R//lbf +A=f-T//lbf +T1=R+a//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the Tension Coupling is=% f lbf',T1) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ff52da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//work done ground resistance +//initialisation of variables +g=32.1//ft/s +w=3//tonf +p=16//ft +p1=6//in +h=2240//ft/cm^2 +m=4//tonf +v=24.08//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +K=(m*h*(v^2))/(2*g)//ft lbf +P=m*h*(1/2)//ft lbf +R=(K+P)/(h*(1/2))//tonf +//RESULTS +printf('the work done ground resistance=% 2f tonf',R) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36f182041 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//kinetic energy and velocity +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=50//ft/s +w=10//lbf +v=30//ft/s +w1=40//lbf +v1=20//ft/s +g=32.2//ft/s\ +h=0.8//ft/s +V1=23.6//ft/s +V3=15.6//ft/s +V4=22//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +V=(w+w1)/g/(w/g*v)+(w1/g*v1)//ft/s +V2=h*(-v1+v)//ft/s +K=(w*(v^2))/(2*g)+(w1*(v1^2))/(2*g)-(p*(V1^2))/(2*g)//ft /bf +K1=((w*(v^2))/(2*g))+((w1*(v1^2))/(2*g))-((w*(V3^2))/(2*g))-((w1*(V1^2))/(2*g))//ft lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the velocity of two bodies after impact is=% f ft/s',V4) +printf('final velocity is=% f ft/s',V2) +printf('Loss of kinetic energy at impact is=% f ft lbf',K1) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fe8cad16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//equation of motion and acceleration +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=4//ft +w=5//lbf +v=10//lbf +q=9.27//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +W=w*d//ft lbf +P=v*d//ft lbf +M=(q)^2/d/2//ft/s^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the equation of motion and acceleration=% f ft/s^2',M) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5fe98035 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//maximum velocity of speed +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=30//degree +w=20//lbf +m=150//ft +v=18.6//ft/s^2 +//CALCULATIONS +A=sqrt(m/(1/2)/v)//sec +V=sqrt(2*v*m)//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('the maximum velocity of speed after=% f ft/s',V) diff --git a/3647/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3647/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d51906ba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//Work done against gravity +clc +clear all +//initialisation of variables +r=1500//yd +w=200//tonf +v=25//lbf/tonf +V=56.8//ft/s +p=550//ft +t=80//ft +h=2240//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +R=v*w//lbf +W=26.5*10^6//ft lbf +D=v*w*V//ft lbf +H=(v*w*V)/p//ft +W1=W/((v*w)*(w*h*1/180))*1000//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the Work done against gravity is=% f ft',W1) diff --git a/3647/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce b/3647/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf59d4c3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +l=2//units of length +a=sqrt(3)//degree +b=30//dgree +c=60//degree +v=1//length +Pc=1.154//tonf compressive +//CALCULATIONS +R=(v*l)/a//tonf +D=sqrt((R)^2+(v)^2)//tonf +T=41//degree +P=l*cosd(b)//tonf tensile +Pa=Pc*cosd(b)//tonf tensile +p=(l*cosd(b))/((1/2)+(Pc))/(1/2)//tonf compressive +//RESULTS +printf('the resolving horizontally =% f tonf compressive',p) diff --git a/3647/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce b/3647/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e87e9ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=3//tonf +p1=6.0//tonf,compressive +p2=5.19//tonf,tensile +a=30//degree +b=60//degree +p3=7//tonf,compressive +//CALCULATIONS +P1=p2*sind(b)//tonf,tensile +P2=1/2*P1//tonf,compressive +P3=p1*cosd(a)-p3*cosd(b)//tonf,compressive +P4=P1*cosd(a)*sqrt(3)/P3//tonf,acting towards the left +R=P1*sind(a)//tonf,acting downwards +D=sqrt((P4)^2+(R)^2)//tonf +T=(R/P4)//to the horizantal +//RESULTS +printf('the direction reaction=% f to the horizantal',D) +printf('the direction reaction =% f to horizantal',T) diff --git a/3647/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce b/3647/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31bd6f8a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH10/EX10.5/EX10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +R1=5//tonf +R2=7//tonf +P=5.77//tonf,compressive +m=11.56//tonf +a=30//degree +//CALCULATIONS +P=-sqrt(cosd(a)+m*sqrt(cosd(a))+2*0.5-R1*2)//tonf +//RESULTS +printf('the methods of sections in the force=% f tonf',P) diff --git a/3647/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce b/3647/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48ea3d650 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=62.5//lbf +a=4*6//ft +x=4//ft +l=(6*6^3)/3-(6*2^3)/3//ft^3 +q=24*x//ft^3 +//CALCULATIONS +T=w*a*x//lbf +P=l/q//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the depth of centre of pressure=% f ft',P) diff --git a/3647/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce b/3647/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d20e4f156 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=60//degre +w=2.5//ft +x=3//ft +p=6*3//ft^2 +h=62.4//ft +p1=3*6^3/12//ft^4 +//CALCULATIONS +D=w+x*sind(a)//ft +T=h*p*D//lbf +P=p1*sind(a)^2/(p*D)+D//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the depth of centre of pressure=% f ft',P) diff --git a/3647/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce b/3647/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38877aad0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +t=62.5*4*1//lbf +a=2/3*2//ft +m=62.5*4*(4/3)//lbf +f=500*2//lbf ft +T=((62.5*2*2)/2)*1/3*2//lbf +H=(62.5*2*1)//ft +//CALCULATIONS +H1=f/[H+T]*2/2.9///ft +//RESULTS +printf('the trap door width=% f ft',H1) diff --git a/3647/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce b/3647/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caee49c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +g=6//ft +g1=50//ft +d=10//ft +w1=10//ft +w2=20//ft +w3=62.5//ft +t=w3*60*5//lbf +t2=8.37//tonf +t1=g1+t//lbf +H=26.4//ft +//CALCULATIONS +M=t*d/3//lbf ft +D=w3*w2*g*d//lbf +M1=D*(w2/3)//lbf ft +f=D-t//lbf +R=(M1-M)/f//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the moment of resultant force about gate base=% f ft',R) diff --git a/3647/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3647/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a3ce358e --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=62.5//lbf/ft +w1=1.5//ft +d=4//ft +w2=3//ft +g=0.8//in +p1=2/3*w1//ft +q=2/3*p1//ft +//CALCULATIONS +t1=w1*w*w1/2//lbf +p=(g*w*p1*p1)/2//lbf +A=g*w*p1*1/2//lbf +T=(w*1/2*1/2/2)//lbf +P=t1-p-A-T//lbf +h=2.9*P/(t1*1-(p*2)/3-(p*(1*1/4))-(T*1.33))//ft +F=P*a/w1//lbf +H=F/2//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('depth of forces=% f lbf',F) +printf('the moment of force on hinge=% f lbf',H) diff --git a/3647/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce b/3647/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..485a56492 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=144*60//lbf/ft^2 +A1=1/4*%pi*(1/2)^2//ft^2 +A2=1/4*%pi*(1/4)^2//ft^2 +w=5//ft/s +U1=1/A1//ft/s +U2=1/A2//ft/s +g=32.2//ft/s +P=(U1^2/(2*g))+(p/(2*g)) +P1=(3+U2^2/(62.4))+(144/(62.4)) +//CALCULATIONS +Pb=(P/P1)*w//lbf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the bernouli s equation=% f lbf/in^2',Pb) diff --git a/3647/CH12/EX12.14/ex12_4.sce b/3647/CH12/EX12.14/ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad9d582a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH12/EX12.14/ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +x=32.5//in +y=33.7//in +h=8//in +//CALCULATIONS +C=sqrt((x)^2/(4*y*h))//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the coefficient of velocity=% f ft',C) diff --git a/3647/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce b/3647/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40f5897ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=1.23//ft^2 +t=0.197//ft^2 +u=1.595//ft^2 +g=13.56//ft^2 +w=9.2//in +m=0.97//in +//CALCULATIONS +H=(g-1)*w/12//ft^2 +Q=m*u*sqrt(H)//ft^3 +S=Q*60*62.4/10//gallons/min +//RESULTS +printf('the head difference in feet of water=% f gallons/min',S) diff --git a/3647/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3647/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198ffbb3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=4//ft +h1=3.24//ft^3/min +d=0.785//in +v=5.26//ft^3/min +//CALCULATIONS +Cd=h1/v//ft +C=1/4*%pi*(d)^2/(1/4*%pi*(1)^2)//ft^3 +V=Cd/C +//RESULTS +printf('the coefficients of discharge velocity and contraction=% f',V) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed9473ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//equation of motion, Mass of moment of inertia, percentage +//reduction in speed +//initialisation of variables +g=5//ft +w=300//rev/min +a=0.86//red/s^2 +h=2240//ft/s +q=4//ft +g1=32.1//ft/s +k=3105000//ft lbf +//CALCULATIONS +T=(w*(2*%pi/60))/(a)//sec +M=(q*h*(g^2))/(g1)//slug ft^3 +K=((1/2)*M)*((w*2*%pi^2)/(60))//ft lbf +W=sqrt(k/(1/2)/M)//rad/s +P=[(((w*2*%pi)/60)-W)/((w*2*%pi)/60)]*100//percent +//RESULTS +printf('The equation of motion=% f sec',T) +printf('Mass of moment of inertia of =% f ft lbf',K) +printf('the percentage reduction in speed=% f percent',P) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2e80f4d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//torque to acceleration drum and truck +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=20//ft/s +s=150//ft +h=2240//ft +g=32.2//ft +d=3//ft +p=364.9//lbf +q=4//ft +//CALCULATIONS +A=v^2/(2*s)//ft/s^2 +T=(h*(d)^2/g)*(A/q)+p*q//lbf ft +//RESULTS +printf('the torque to acceleration drum and truck=% f lbf ft',T) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7d01a6f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//gravitational force +//initialisation of variables +v=35//hp +p=25//percent +v1=30//mile/h +q=28//in +d=30//in +w=3200//lbf +t=33000//lbf +s=88//in +W=w*(1/v1)//lbf +m=0.364//mile/h +//CALCULATIONS +N=(v1*s/60)/(14/12)*(60/(2*%pi))//rev/min +Ne=N*6//rev/min +E=(v*t)/(2*%pi*Ne)//lbf ft +T=(v*0.75*t)/(2*%pi*N)//lbf ft +P=T/(14/12)//lbf +V=sqrt((P-W)/m)//mile/h +//RESULTS +printf('the gravitational force=% f mile/h',V) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d940264 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//radius of gyration +//initialisation of variables +m=2.58065//slug ft^3 +w=2.144//in +//CALCULATIONS +R=sqrt(m/w)//ft +//RESULTS +printf('The radius of gyration=% f ft',R) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a247068b --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//distance travelled along incline before coming to rest +clc +//initialisation of variables +w1=10//tonf +r=36//in +w=1/4//tonf +g=14//in +t=30//mile/h +s=100//in +m=20//lbf/tonf +h=2240//lbf +q=44//in +g1=32.2//ft +//CALCULATIONS +K=(w1*h*(q^2))/(2*g1)//ft lbf +L=q/1.5//rad/s +R=(2*1/2*(1/4*h/g1)*(g/12)^2)*L^2//ft lbf +T=K+R//ft lbf +M=m*w1//lbf +G=w1*h*(1/s)//lbf +S=K/(M+G)//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the distance travelled along incline before coming to rest=% f ft',S) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dc799d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//percentage fluctuation in speed +//initialisation of variables +g=32.2//ft +p=275//rev/min +w=1/2*p//ft +d=15//hp +h=33000//ft +r=0.8//ft +h1=2240//ft +m=p*(2*%pi/60)//rad/s +//CALCULATIONS +W=(d*h)/w//ft lbf +E=r*W//ft lbf +I=(1*h1*(3)^2)/(g)//slug ft^2 +Q=(E*100)/(I*(m)^2*2)//percent +//RESULTS +printf('the percentage fluctuation in speed=% f percent',Q) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e11a292e --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//weight of flywheel and the work done by frictional torque +//initialisation of variables +w=140//rev +r=8//in +g=12//in +t=30//mile/h +q=(1/4)//tonf +I=0.99//slug ft^3 +p=32.2//ft^2 +//CALCULATIONS +W=(I*p)/(r/g)^2//lbf +T=(I*(2*%pi)^2)/(2*(2*%pi)*w)//lbf ft +//RESULTS +printf('The weight of flywheel=% f lbf',W) +printf('the work done by frictional torque in stopping flywheel=% f lbf ft',T) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d056971 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//mass moment of inertia, kinetic enrgy and shear blades +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=2//tonf +t=250//rev/min +g=32.2//ft +h=2240//ft +f=0.8//percent +t1=60//ft +s=1*(2/3)//min +r=480//ft +w1=20//ft +//CALCULATIONS +M=(w*h*(w^2))/g//slug ft^2 +A=(t*(w*%pi/t1))/t1*s//rad/s^2 +I=M*A//lbf ft +K=1/2*(M)*(2*%pi/t1)^2*r*w1//ft lbf +F=f*K/(3/12)//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the mass moment of inertia =% f lbf ft',I) +printf('the kinetic energy=% f ft lbf',K) +printf('the average force on the shear blades=% f lbf',F) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad6135ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//frictional torque retarding and tangential braking acting +//initialisation of variables +h=2240//ft +w=0.06//ft +w1=4//ft +q=12//ft +g=5//ft +g1=32.2//ft +d=100//rev/min +f=120//sec +//CALCULATIONS +T=w*(w1*h)*(w1/q)//lbf ft +I=((w1*h*(g)^2)/g1)*d*(2*%pi/60)//slug ft^2/s or lbf ft s +M=I/T//sec +P=430.8//lbf ft +R=(P/2.5)//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the frictional torque retarding=% f sec',M) +printf('the tangential braking acting=% f lbf',R) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26330aabf --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//tangential force +clc +//initialisation of variables +I=179.2//lbf ft +h=2240//ft +w=4//ft +w1=5//ft +r=120//ft +g=32.2//ft +p=100//ft +t=60//ft +//CALCULATIONS +M=(w*h*(w1)^2)/g//slug ft^3 +T=I/M//rad/s +D=p*(2*%pi)/(t*T)//sec +N=(p*(2*%pi)/t)/r//rad/s^2 +T1=M*N//lbf ft +B=T1-I//lbf ft +F=B/2*1/2//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the deceleration =% f sec',D) +printf('the tangential force on brake rim=% f lbf',F) diff --git a/3647/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3647/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d70a7dc83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//friction of bearings is to to neglected +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=2240//ft +g=32.2//ft +g1=15//in +w=1200//lbf +q=12//ft +r=1.5//ft +t=3.28//tonf ft +t1=1.7//tonf ft +x=550//ft +s=6//ft +//CALCULATIONS +T=((w*(g1/q)^2)/(h*g))*(3/r)//tonf ft +T1=t-t1+T//tonf ft +W=(T1*h*s/(r))/(x)//ft lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the friction of bearings is to to neglected =% f',W) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92766df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//axis of rotation thus balancing the flywheel +//initialisation of variables +w=2000//lbf +q=0.01//in +f=600//rev/min +r=18//in +g=32.2//ft^2 +d=12//in +s=1.5//ft +//CALCULATIONS +F=(w/g)*(f*2*%pi/60)^2*(q/d)//lbf +W=w*(q/d)/s//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the axis of rotation thus balancing the flywheel=% f lbf',W) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e639adb --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +//speed and clutch will begin to transmit power and horsepower +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=4//lbf +r=60//lbf/in +d=13//in +g=32.2//in +p=500//rev/min +h=0.25//in +b=5//in +q=1//in +f=62.2//lbf +V=31.1//rad/s +k=6.5//in +s=33000//ft +//CALCULATIONS +W=f/2//rad/s +F=(w*w/g)*(p*(2*%pi/r))^2*1/2//lbf +N=F-w*r//lbf +T=N*h*k/12//lbf ft +H=2*%pi*p*T/s//lbf ft +//RESULTS +printf('The speed and clutch will begin to transmit power =% f rad/s',W) +printf('the horsepower transmitted =% f',H) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..857997e40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w1=10//lbf +w2=5//lbf\ +g=32.2//ft +h=8//ft +d=3//ft +v=10//lbf +q=15//ft +V=13.9//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +M=(v*V+w2)/(v+w2)//ft/s +K=(v*(V)^2/(2*g))-(q*(M)^2/(2*g))//lbf +H=(q*(M)^2/(2*g))/q//ft +F=(v*(V)^2/(g*h))//lbf +T=F+v//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('The moment of bodies before impact=% f ft/s',M) +printf('The loss of kinetic energy in impact =% f ft/lbf',K) +printf('Gain in potential energy after impact =% f ft',H) +printf('tension in string centrifugal force weight=% f lbf',T) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaec31ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w1=8//lbf +s=3//ft +m=35//lbf +g=32.2//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +U=sqrt(g*s)//ft/s +T=w1+w1//lbf +P=m-w1//lbf +Umax=sqrt(P*g*s/w1)//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('the centrifugal force=% f ft/s',Umax) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6198534a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=3//lbf +v=5//ft +a=60//degree +g=32.2//ft +u=28.4//ft/s +t=25.4//ft/s +q=12//ft +p=1.5//ft +//CALCULATIONS +U=sqrt(g*v)//ft/s +T=w*(t)^2/(2*g)+w*cosd(a)//lbf +W=q+p//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the tension in the string at position C=% f lbf',W) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b12e0e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=30//mile/h +r=500//ft +h=2240//ft +q=44//ft +t=(88/60)//ft +g=32.2//ft +//CALCULATIONS +Tan=(w*t)^2/(g*r) +W=h*cosd(Tan)+(h*(q)^2*sind(Tan))/(g*r)//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the car and resolve forces normal and parallel to the slope=% f',Tan) +printf('the total normal reaction =% f lbf',W) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0ff1861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=5//ft +h1=3//ft +r=200//ft +f=0.5//ft +v=60//ft/s +w=62.0//ft/s +q=1.5//ft/s +g=32.2//ft +//CALCULATIONS +V=sqrt(q)/(w/(g*r))/2//ft/s +F=sqrt(f*g*r)//ft/s +T=(v)^2/(g*r)//degree +//RESULTS +printf('The value of the speed=% f ft/s',V) +printf('The block is on the point of overturning =% f ft/s',F) +printf('the centrifugal force must just be equal to the frictional force=% f degree',T) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc9ec6eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=20//cwt +q=3//ft +d=30//ft/ss +w1=4//ft +w2=6//in +h=2240//ft/s +g=32.2//ft +s=15//ft +f=4.5//ft +c=2.25//ft +//CALCULATIONS +T=(h*(d)^2/(g*s*q))//lbf +G=T*q//lbf ft +W=h*f/2//lbf ft +R=186.5//lbf +D=h-R//lbf +r=(q*h*d^2/(c*h)/g)//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the equal moment of the centrifugal force=% f ft',r) diff --git a/3647/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.sce b/3647/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00468783b --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +l=3//ft +w=8//lbf +p=40//rev/min +q=6//ft +h=3.5//ft +g=32.2//ft +f=6//in +t=15.33//lbf +//CALCULATIONS +F=q/t//in/lbf +R=w*q/t//in +D=(h*w)/t*10//in +//RESULTS +printf('the distance horizantal circle=% f in',D) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..318e94786 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +t=3//sec +m=20//per mint +a=4//ft +//CALCULATIONS +T=2*%pi/t//ft/s +V=T*a//ft/s +F=(T)^2*a//ft/s^2 +//RESULTS +printf('th acceleration x must be a maximum=% f ft/s^2',F) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4083cb59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=10//ft/s +x=1/12//ft/s +g=32.2//ft +//CALCULATIONS +P=2*%pi*sqrt(x/a)//sec +L=(P)/(2*%pi/sqrt(g))/2//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the simple pendulum =% f ft',L) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35106883a --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=20//lbf +p=12//ft/s +v1=15//ft/s +g=32.2//ft +v2=10//ft/s +d1=6//in +d2=9//in +a=10.82//in +//CALCULATIONS +Um=(v2*p)/sqrt(a^2-d2^2)//sec^-1 +P=2*%pi/Um//sec +V=w*a//in/s +M=w^2*a/p//ft/s +F=(w/g)*M//lbf +//RESULTS +printf('the velocity=% f in',a) +printf('periodic time=% f sec',P) +printf('the maximum velocity=% f in/s',V) +printf('maximum acceleration=% f lbf',F) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..287dd92df --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=4//lbf +h=40//lbf/ft +d=2//in +g=32.2//ft/s +//CALCULATIONS +P=(d*%pi)*sqrt(w/(h*g))//sec +V=(d*%pi*d)/(P*12)//ft/s +M=(d*%pi/P)^2*(d/12)//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('the period of vibration=% f sec',P) +printf('Maximum veloity=% f ft/s',V) +printf('Maximum acceleration=% f ft/s',M) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..886ff8ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + + +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=80//lbf +p=4//ft +d=20//stroke/min +d1=3//in +p1=0.6//sec +h=2//ft/s +g=32.2//ft/s +t=60//sec +//CALCULATIONS +P=t/d//sec +U=2*%pi/d1//sec^-1 +V=U*sqrt(h^2-(3/4)^2)//ft/s +K=(w*V^2/(h*g))//lbf +M=U^2*h//ft/s^2 +M1=(w/g)*M//lbf +D=h*cosd(U*0.6*180/%pi)//ft +D1=h-D//ft +//RESULTS +printf('the kinetic energy of the crosshead=% f lbf',K) +printf('the maximum acceleration of force on crosshead=% f lbf',M1) +printf('the distance from end of the path=% f ft',D1) diff --git a/3647/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce b/3647/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7b9e69ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=3//in +v=40//ft/s +a=3000//ft/s^2 +p=5.31//in +//CALCULATIONS +U=sqrt(a/(d/12))//sec^-1 +E=(U*60/(2*%pi))//rev/min +P=2/U//sec +W=U*(p/12)//ft/s +M=U^2*(p/12)//ft/s^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the velocity of acceleration against time during one complete=% f ft/s^2',M) diff --git a/3647/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3647/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5088c1460 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +r=120//rev/min +a=45//degree +d=1//ft +w=6//ft +q=3.96//ft/s +r1=7//ft +D=0.565//rad/s +W=28.0//ft +v1=12.6//ft +v2=22.4//ft +//CALCULATIONS +U=r*(2*%pi/60)*d//ft/s +a1=q/r1//rad/s +A=q/r1*W//ft/s +Vb=a1*W//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('The velocity =% f ft/s',A) +printf('the angular velocity=% f ft/s',Vb) diff --git a/3647/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3647/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..609ab611c --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=13.25//in +q=4.5//in +b=9//in +r=2.5//in +w=6//in +s=2.4//in +x=8*3/4//in +y=4*3/8//in +z=5*3/4//in +R=0.81//ft/s +p=5.0//in +//CALCULATIONS +V=(2*%pi)*r//in/s +AB=(p/a)//rad/s +DE=s/b//rad/s +//RESULTS +printf('The angular velocity is=% f rad/s',AB) +printf('the angular velocity=% f rad/s',DE) diff --git a/3647/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce b/3647/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a8ef4387 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=(60*2*%pi)/60*8/12//ft/s +x=8//in +y=12//in +c=4.76//in +b=4.13//in +e=10.0//in +w=12.0//in +f=3.55//in +q=6.08//in +k=1.95//in +h=2.35//in +//CALCULATIONS +V1=v*(c/b)//ft/s +V2=V1*(e/w)//ft/s +V3=V2*(f/q)//ft/s +K=V3*(k/h)//ft/s +F=f*(x/y)//ft +L=(F*y)/(f*x)//rad/s +//RESULTS +printf('the angular velocity length=% f rad/s',L) diff --git a/3647/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce b/3647/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b85e88ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=60//rev/min +s=5//in +v=5//in/s +a=25.2//in/s +x=2.23//in +b=4.59//in +z=20.0//in +//CALCULATIONS +U=x*v//in/s +V=b*v//in/s +B=V/z//rad/s +//RESULTS +printf('the angular velocity=% f rad/s',B) diff --git a/3647/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3647/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b840cec15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=5//ft/s +f=0.5//in +e=5.27//in +w=1.98//in +k=2.96//in +x=1.7//in +h=3.4//in +i=7.2//in +d=0.76//in +Va=((200*2*%pi*1)/60)/7.75//rad/s +Vc=Va*i/k +//CALCULATIONS +F=f*v//ft/s +CE=(e*v)/4//rad/s +EF=w*v/3//rad/s +VCD=Va*i/k//rad/s +E=VCD*x/h//rad/s +V=E*d//ft/s +//RESULTS +printf('The velocity of F in=% f ft/s',F) +printf('The angular velocity of CE in=% f rad/s',CE) +printf('The angular velocity of EF=% f rad/s',EF) +printf('the velocity of link=% f rad/s',V) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208051165 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +b=0.005//in +a=2//tonf +p=10//tonf +l=13500//tonf/in^2 +//CALCULATIONS +x=(p/a)*b//in +E=(l*b*1/2)/a//in +//RESULTS +printf('the original length of bar =% f in',E) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da97ba545 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +clear +E=2*10^6//lbf/in^2 +s=600//lbf/in^2 +w=12//in +l=80//tonf +w1=4//ft +E1=30*10^6//lbf/in^2 +h=2240//in +s2=10.9//in^2 +F=9000//lbf/in^2 +//CALCULATIONS +L=(F*w1*w/E1)//in +//RESULTS +printf('the column shortens by=% f in',L) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6627f3dfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +clear +E1=30*10^6//lbf/in^2 +E2=15*10^6//lbf/in^2 +alf=6.4*10^-6//degF-1 +alf1=9.5*10^-6//degF-1 +t=170//deg +t1=50//deg +w=5//tonf +ec=0.000248//lbf/in^2 +es=0.000124//lbf/in^2 +h=2240//in +//CALCULATIONS +e=(alf1-alf)*(t-t1)//in +Ec=E2*ec//lbf/in^2 +Es=E1*es//lbf/in^2 +F=E1/E2//fc +S=w*h/(2*1+1)//lbf/in^2 +S1=S*2//lbf/in^2 +R=-Es+S//lbf/in^2 +R1=Es+S1//lbf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('The final stress in the steel and applied to the compound =% f lbf/in^2',R1) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e67dc7c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=1/16//ft/s +h=100//lbf/in^2 +w=10//lbf/in^2 +q=2//in +b=%pi/4*(3/16)^2//in^2 +p=5//inch valu per 12.7 +//CALCULATIONS +H=(h*w)/(q*a)//lbf/in^2 +F=H*1*a//lbf +A=H/2//lbf/in^2 +R=(b)/(F/A)*5.14*4//per inch +F1=A*1*a//lbf +m=(b)/(F1/A)*5.14//per inch +//RESULTS +printf('the force per inch of circumferential seam=% f per in',m) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3f0ae115 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +clear +p=14.7//lbf/in^2 +w=15000//lbf/in^2 +p1=190//lbf/in^2 +q=0.35//percent +q1=0.75//percent +w1=2//ft +q2=36//tonf/in^2 +f=6//in +r1=3/8//in +p2=4//in +h=2240//in +//CALCULATIONS +A=w*q//lbf/in^2 +E=w*q1//lbf/in^2 +M1=(p2*A*(1/2)/(p1-p))//in +M2=(w1*E*(1/2)/(p1-p))//in +M3=p2*r1*((q2*h)/f)/(w1*12)//lbf/in^2 gauge +//RESULTS +printf('the Maximum possible diameter of cylinder =% f in',M2) +printf('the Maximum allowable pressure=% f lbf/in^2 gauge',M3) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97be99d66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +clear +w=450//lbf/in^2 +m=3000//lbf/in^2 +g=32.2//lbf/in^2 +h=144//in +//CALCULATIONS +M=sqrt(g*m*h/w)//ft/f +//RESULTS +printf('the maximum rim speed of flywheel=% f ft/f',M) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31d33c817 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +p1=12000//in +p2=0.0125//lbf/in +x=8//in +w=14300//in +r=0.122//in +//CALCULATIONS +M=(p1/p2)*(x/(%pi/4*1^2))//lbf/in^2 +P=0.1*x/100//in +S=w/(%pi/4*1^2)//lbf/in^2 +P1=(r*100/x)//percent +//RESULTS +printf('the modulus of elasticity=% f lbf/in^2',M) +printf('non-proportional elongation=% f lbf/in^2',S) +printf('the percentage elongation=% f percent',P1) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ddd8ab23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +w=0.5//tonf/in^2 +w1=7//tonf/in^2 +w2=10//tonf/in^2 +t=12.4//tonf/in^2 +d1=1.5//in +d2=1.24//in +x=0.495//in +d3=3.02//in +//CALCULATIONS +Y=sqrt((d3/2)^2-(d2/2)^2)//in +S=(1/2*t/(2*Y*w))//tonf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the shear stress in fork end=% f tonf/in^2',S) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34b0401d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +g=2//in +t=0.002//in +l=7500//lbf +w=11000//lbf +p=1/4//in +//CALCULATIONS +W=1/2*l*t//in lbf +P=t*(w/l)//in +S=w/p//lbf/in^2 +E=S*g/P//lbf/in^2 +R=(1/2)*w*P//in lbf +//RESULTS +printf('The elongation at the elastic limit=% f in',P) +printf('The stress at the elastic limit=% f lbf/in^2',S) +printf('The modulus of elasticity E of the material is=% f lbf/in^2',E) +printf('The resilience and modulus of elasticity=% f in lbf',R) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d58c3db57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +v=4//in +w=20//tonf +d=10//ft +m=13400//tonf/in^2 +q=2//in +l=120//in +//CALCULATIONS +Fmax=q*(w)/(%pi/v*v^2)//tonf/in^2 +M=Fmax*l/m//in +P=w*M//in tonf +//RESULTS +printf('The maximum instantneous stress=% f tonf/in^2',Fmax) +printf('The maximum elongation is=% f in',M) +printf('the strain energy stored=% f in tonf',P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8e48961f --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=4//in +p=2//ft +d1=1/2//in +e=13200//tonf/in^2 +f=9.51//tonf/in^2 +k=0.0114//tonf/in^2 +//CALCULATIONS +E=k*f//in tonf +F=(p/(%pi/d*d^2))//tonf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the final stress after oscillation has died aways will load/area=% f tonf/in^2',F) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc707f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=3//in +s=10.2//tonf/in^2 +v=0.006//in +d=0.5//in +d1=0.75//in +w=20//lbf +q=v/8//tonf/in^2 +x=0.029//in +//CALCULATIONS +M=s/q//tonf/in^2 +E=M*(x)/(h*12)//tonf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the corresponding stress=% f tonf/in^2',E) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cfa6c263 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +e=30*10^2//lbf/in^2 +b=15//in +t=50//percent +p=1.5//in +v=6//in +h=2240//lbf +I=0.0038//in +//CALCULATIONS +W=1/2*v*I//in tonf +w1=W*p//in tonf +T=sqrt((v^2*h)/(2*%pi/4*e))/((b)/(p)^2/(1)^2)*10//in +//RESULTS +printf('the total energy in the bar=% f in',T) diff --git a/3647/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce b/3647/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43fe6f4be --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +clear +E=13400//tonf/in^2 +E1=5600//tonf/in^2 +h=7//tonf/in^2 +h1=3.5//tonf/in^2 +w=1.5//ij +l=5//tonf +A=%pi/4*1^2//in^2 +A1=%pi/4*(w^2-1^2)//in^2 +s=1.91//tonf +t=0.787//in +pg=1.72//tonf +//CALCULATIONS\ +m=h*t//tonf +p=m/s//tonf +g=p/A1//tonf/in^2 +m1=m+p//tonf +S=pg/A1//tonf/in^2 +Ps=pg*s//tonf +S1=Ps/t//tonf/in^2 +//RESULTS +printf('the stress in the steel=% f tonf/in^2',S1) diff --git a/3647/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce b/3647/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d46e1ebe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +R=24.4//tonf +x=9.7//ft +M=124//tonf ft +h=5//in +q=14//in +w=20//in +h1=6//in +p=3//in +g=10//in +//CALCULATIONS +Ra=h*q/w//tonf +Mc=Ra*h1//tonf ft +Rb=p*h1/w*q //tonf ft +RB=w*g-(2*g^2/2)//tonf ft +//RESULTS +printf('the tonf load alone=% f tonf ft',RB) diff --git a/3647/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3647/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..337f4a427 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +p=8//ft +h=2//tonf/ft +a=3//tons/ft +b=11//ft +w=b*h//tonf +//CALCULATIONS +S=(h*b^2/h)/p//tonf +R=w-S//tonf +x=R/h//ft +M=(R*x)-((h*(x^2))/h)//tonf ft +N=-(h*a^2/h)//tonf ft +//RESULTS +printf('the maximum bending moment occurs=% f tonf ft',N) diff --git a/3647/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce b/3647/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8166e8c95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH8/EX8.1/ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=12//in +q=14//in +w=12500//in +p=2.5//in +m=0.067//in +t=2240//in +n=2.5*10^-5//in +//CALCULATIONS +R=(p*h*q)/(w)//in +I=(1*m^3/h)//in +M=((w*n)/(p*h)*t)//lbf in +//RESULTS +printf('the bending moment set up=% f lbf in',M) diff --git a/3647/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3647/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfba3fb69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +E=14*10^6//lbf/in^2 +l=5.0//tonf/in^2 +y=2*(1/4)//in +yc=4*3/4//in +n=2*1/2//in +p=1*1/4//in +q=2.25//in +I=55.25//in^4 +m=10.56//tonf/in^2 +a=(1*(yc^3)) +b=6*(y^3)/3 +c=(n*p^3)/3//in^4 +//CALCULATIONS +INA=(a+b-2*c)*2//in^4 +Fa=(l*yc)*(yc*y)/2//tonf/in^2 +M=(l*INA/q)//tonf in +//RESULTS +printf('Thesecound moment of area about its neutral axis=% f in^4',INA) +printf('The maximum compressive stress on the section=% f tonf/in^2',Fa) +printf('the bending moment is=% f tonf in',M) diff --git a/3647/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce b/3647/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..162a6dd9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH8/EX8.3/ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +b=3*6^3/12//in^4 +d=b+3*6*6^2//in^4 +b2=%pi*2^4/64//in^4 +h=b2+%pi*1^2*6^2//in^4 +//CALCULATIONS +P=d-h//in^4 +//RESULTS +printf('the rectangular plate with circular hole=% f in^4',P) diff --git a/3647/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce b/3647/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd3d142c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=12//in +w=6//in +x=375.77//in^4 +y=28.28//in^4 +p=7//in +q=14//in +//CALCULATIONS +Ix=x+(p*q^3/h)-(p*h^3/h)//in^4 +Iy=y+2*(1*p^3/h)//in^4 +Zx=x/w//in^3 +Zy=Ix/p//in^3 +X=(Zy-Zx)/(Zx)*100//percent +//RESULTS +printf('the percentage increase in strength with respect to neutral=% f percent',X) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b196d720 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +q=8000//lbf/in^2 +r=9.25//in +G=12*10^6//lbf/in^2 +t=1*%pi/180//rad +h=180//lbf ft +//CALCULATIONS +S=((G*%pi*r)/(q*h*2))//in +//RESULTS +printf('the shaft size and maximum shear stress=% f in',S) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18ba7f359 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +a=600000//lbf in +b=%pi*(4)^4/32//in^2 +q=4000//in^2 +//CALCULATIONS +D=sqrt((a)/q)*2/b*10//in +//RESULTS +printf('The shaft diameter=% f in',D) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7a8ac20c --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +h1=4//in +d=40//hp +w=30//rev/min +t=33*1/3//degree +h=33000//lbf ft +G=12*10^6//lbf/in^2 +q=1.33//lbf ft +j=12//in +//CALCULATIONS +M=((h*d)/(2*%pi*w))//lbf ft +N=M*q//lbf ft +H=((N*j*h1*1/2)/(%pi*(h1)^4/32))//lbf/in^2 +A=((j*N*j*180)/(%pi*(h1)^4/32*G*%pi))//degree +//RESULTS +printf('the maximum shear stress=% f lbf/in^2',H) +printf('the angle of twist=% f degree',A) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d1ab757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +h=6//in +h1=4//in +d=5000//kilowatt +g=2500//rev/min +f=8//in +l=20//in +G=12*10^6//lbf/in^2 +p=746//watts +w=1000//in +q=33000//in +j=102.2//in^4 +t=12//in +k=180//in +//CALCULATIONS +S=(d*w/p)//hp +T=((q*S)/(2*%pi*g))//lbf ft +Q=(t*T/j)*3//lbf/in^2 +F=f*Q//lbf/in^2 +A=((t*T*l*h*k)/(G*j*%pi))//degree +//RESULTS +printf('the angle of twist=% f degree',A) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ab32b3be --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear all; +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=7.5//in +m1=8000//lbf/in^2 +m2=2000//lbf/in^2 +h1=3//in +d1=2//in +d4=57//lbf in +W=2.74//lbf in +//CALCULATIONS +P=%pi*d1^4/32//in^4 +M=(m1/1)*P//lbf in +T=M/(8*(d/d1))//lbf +A=T/m2//in^2 +B=sqrt((4*A)/%pi)//in +//RESULTS +printf('the bolt diameter =% f in',B) diff --git a/3647/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3647/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f0ab5ec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3647/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Solutions to Problems In applied mechanics +//A N Gobby +clear; + +clc +//initialisation of variables +d=30//in +w=50//lbf ft +d1=10//in +G=12*10^6//lbf/in^2 +T1=50//lbf ft +T2=16.7//lbf ft +J=4810//lbf ft +TA=w/3//lbf ft +Tab=w-TA//lbf ft +//CALCULATIONS +Ta=Tab-TA//lbf ft +T3=Tab-TA //lbf ft +Qmax=T3*G*(3/8)/(%pi/32)*(3/4)^4//lbf/in^2 +M=(T3*12*d1)/(%pi/4*(3/4)^4*G)*(180/%pi)//degree +//RESULTS +printf('The couples required to hold the ends=% f lbf ft',Ta) +printf('The magnitude of the greatest shear stress set up in the shaft=% f lbf/in^2',Qmax) +printf('the angular rotation in degree of the section=% f degree',M) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..551242628 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To add the given Displacements Graphically +d1=25 //units in cm +d2=10 //units in cm +d3=30 //units in cm +R=sqrt(d1^2+d2^2+d3^2) //units in cm +theta1=30 //units in degrees +theta2=90 //units in degrees +theta3=120 //units in degrees +theta=360-(theta1+theta2+theta3) //units in degrees +printf("The Resultant R=%.2f cm\n",R) +printf("Theta=%d degrees",theta) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as R=49cm and theta=82 degrees but the correct answer is R=40.31cm and theta=120 degrees diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1941aa496 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Resultant R=40.31 cm +Theta=120 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..753003b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 1_2 +clc(); +clear; +// To add the given vector displacements +a=1 //units in meters +b=3 //units in meters +c=5 //units in meters +d=6 //units in meters +theta1=90 //units in degrees +Rx_a=a*sin(theta1*%pi/180) //units in meters +Rx_b=round(b*cos(theta1*%pi/180)) //units in meters +theta2=37 //units in degrees +Rx_c=-round(c*cos(theta2*%pi/180)) //units in meters +theta3=53 //units in degrees +Rx_d=-d*cos(theta3*%pi/180) +Ry_a=round(a*cos(theta1*%pi/180)) //units in meters +Ry_b=round(c*sin(theta2*%pi/180)) //units in meters +Ry_c=round(c*sin(theta2*%pi/180)) //units in meters +Ry_d=-(d*sin(theta3*%pi/180)) //units in meters +Rx=Rx_a+Rx_b+Rx_c+Rx_d //units in meters +Ry=Ry_a+Ry_b+Ry_c+Ry_d //units in meters +R=sqrt(Rx^2+Ry^2) //units in meters +phi=round(atan(Ry/-(Rx))*180/%pi) //units in degrees +phi=180-phi //units in degrees +printf("The Resultant R=%.2f Meters\n",R) +printf("The Angle theta=%d degrees",phi) diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21532d8de --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Resultant R=6.72 Meters +The Angle theta=170 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb581be8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To subtract vector B from Vector A +Ax=8.7 //units in meters +Ay=5 //units in meters +Bx=-6 //units in meters +By=0 //units in meters +Rx=Ax-Bx //units in meters +Ry=Ay-By //units in meters +R=sqrt(Rx^2+Ry^2) //units in meters +theta=round(atan(Ry/(Rx))*180/%pi) //units in degrees +printf("Resultant R=%.1f Meters\n",R) +printf("Angle Theta=%d Degrees",theta) diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt b/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d60174751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Resultant R=15.5 Meters +Angle Theta=19 Degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca3207334 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Volume +r=3*10^-5 //units in meters +L=0.20 //units in meters +V=%pi*r^2*L //Units in meter^3 +printf("Volume V=") +disp(V) +printf("Meter^3") diff --git a/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt b/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03197d52b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Volume V= 5.655D-10 Meter^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81086d522 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + //Example 10_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the pressure in Lungs +h=6 //units in cm Hg +Pa=76 //Units in cm Hg +Pl=(h+Pa) //units in cm Hg + +Pl=Pl*10^-2 //units in Meters Hg +g=9.8 //Units in Meters/cm^2 +H=13600 //Constant +Pl=Pl*H*g //Units in Pa +printf("The pressure in the lungs is Pl=%.1f Pa",Pl) diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66fa22528 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The pressure in the lungs is Pl=109289.6 Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3fb63c87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 10_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how fast the nitrogen molecule moving in air +M=28 //Units in Kg/Mol +Na=6.02*10^26 //Units in K mol^-1 +mo=M/Na //Units in Kg +k=1.38*10^-23 //units in J/K +T=27+273 //Units in K +v2=(3*k*T)/mo //unit in Meter^2/Sec^2 +v=sqrt(v2) //Units in meter/sec +printf("The nitrogen molecule goes at a speed of V=%d meter/sec",v) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as v=517 m/sec the correct answer is v=516 meter/ sec diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a20a8465e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Final pressure is P2=328 K Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7615947c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 10_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the mass of copper atom +maa=63.5 //Units in Kgs +n=6.022*10^26 //Units in number of atoms +Mass=maa/n //units in Kg/atom +printf("The Mass per atom is=") +disp(Mass) +printf("Kg/Atom") diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a73e04f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The Mass per atom is= + 1.054D-25 +Kg/Atom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f0e22d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//Example 10_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find te volume associated with mercury atom in liquid mercury +M=201 //Units in Kg/Kmol +n=6.02*10^26 //units in K mol^-2 +mo=M/n //units in Kg +n1=13600 //units in Kg/Meter^3 +noatoms=n1/mo //units in atoms/Meter^3 +volume_atom=1/noatoms //units in Meter^3/Atom +printf("The volume associated is ") +disp(volume_atom) +printf("Meter^3/Atom") diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e79fcc3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The volume associated is + 2.455D-29 +Meter^3/Atom \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b76717aa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 10_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the volume that one kilomole of an ideal gas occupies +p=1.013*10^5 //units in Pa +t=273.15 //units in K +n=1 //units in K mol +R=8314 //units in J/Kmol K +v=(n*R*t)/p //units in Meter^3/Kmol +printf("Volume occupied is V=%.1f Meter^3/Kmol",v) diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e66bc57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Volume occupied is V=22.4 Meter^3/Kmol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3b6e760b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the gas pressure in the container +v=5*10^-3 //units in meter^3 +t=300 //units in K +m1=14*10^-6 //Units in Kg +M=28 //Units in Kg/Kmol +n=m1/M //units in K mol +R=8314 //units in J/Kmol K +p=(n*R*t)/v //units in Meter^3/Kmol +printf("The pressure in the container is P=%d Pa",p) diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f884ff1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The pressure in the container is P=249 Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8aced99f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 10_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the mass of the air in flask +p=1.013*10^5 //Units in Pa +v=50*10^-6 //Units in meter^3 +M=28 //Units in Kg/Mol +R=8314 //units in J/Kmol K +T=293 //units in K +m=(p*v*M)/(R*T) //Units in Kg +printf("The mass of air in flask is=") +disp(m) +printf("Kg") diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3439c0566 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The mass of air in flask is= + 0.0000582 +Kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b65aac605 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 10_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the final pressure in the drum +p1=1 //Units in atm +t2=333 //units in K +t1=293 //units in K +p2=p1*(t2/t1) //units in atm +printf("The final pressure in the drum is P2=%.2f atm",p2) diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7bfbb695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The final pressure in the drum is P2=1.14 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..928c3448f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 10_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the final volume of gas + +t1=27 //Units in Centigrade +t1=t1+273 //Units in Kelvin +t2=547 //Units in Centigrade +t2=t2+273 //Units in Kelvin +t1=27 //Units in Centigrade +t1=t1+273 //Units in Kelvin +t1=27 //Units in Centigrade +t1=t1+273 //Units in Kelvin +p2=3700 //units in cm Hg +p1=74 //units in cm Hg +v1_v2=1/((t1/t2)*(p2/p1)) //In terms of V1 +printf("The final volume of gas in terms of original volume is V2=%.5f*V1",v1_v2) diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a50ec07f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The final volume of gas in terms of original volume is V2=0.05467*V1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f841aec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the pressure after the car has been driven at high speed +t2=308 //Units in K +t1=273 //Units in K +p2_p1=(t2)/t1 //In terms of P1 +P1=190 //Units in K Pa +P2=101 //Units in K Pa +P2=p2_p1*(P1+P2) //Units in K Pa +printf("The Final pressure is P2=%d K Pa",round(P2)) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as P2=329 K Pa but the correct answer is 328 K Pa diff --git a/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt b/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a20a8465e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Final pressure is P2=328 K Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d03b2a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how much heat is required to change the temperature +//With 400 Grams of water +c=1 //units in cal/g Centigrade +m=400 //Units in gm +t=5 //Units in centigrade +q=c*m*t //Units in Cal +printf("The heat required for 400 gm of water is Q=%d Cal\n",q) +//With 400 grams of copper +c=0.093 //units in cal/g Centigrade +m=400 //Units in gm +t=-5 //Units in centigrade +q=c*m*t //Units in Cal +printf("The heat required for 400 gm of copper is Q=%d Cal\n",q) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a987bf64c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The heat required for 400 gm of water is Q=2000 Cal +The heat required for 400 gm of copper is Q=-186 Cal + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3d6d3655 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 11_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the change in benzene volume +delta=1.24*10^-3 //Units in Centigrade^-1 +t=10 //Units in Centigrade +v10=100 //Units in cm^3 +v20=delta*t+v10 //Units in cm^3 +V=v20*delta*t //Units in cm^3 +v30=V+v20 //Units in cm^3 +printf("The change in benzene volume is V30=%.3f cm^3",v30) + //In textbook the answer is printed wrng as V3=0102.5 cm^3 the correct answer is V3=101.253 cm^3 diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d509f852e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The change in benzene volume is V30=101.253 cm^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f773ed25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how much ice melts each hour +s=30 //Units in cm +a=s*s*10^-4 //units in meter^2 +k=0.032 //Units in W/K meter +t=25 //Units in K +l=0.040 //Units in meters +q_t=(6*k*((a*t)/l))/4.1808135 //Units in cal/sec +Q=3600*q_t //Units in cal +qq=80 //Units in cal/gm +melted=Q/qq //Units in gm +printf("The ice melts by %d gm",melted) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e61fa83c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The ice melts by 116 gm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ad79629 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 11_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To compare the energy emitted per unit area of our body to with the same emissivity +t1=37 //Units in Centigrade +t1=273+t1 //Units in K +t2=15 //Units in Centigrade +t2=273+t2 //Units in K +tb_tc=(t1/t2)^4 //Units in terms of (Tb/Tc)^4 +tb_tc=tb_tc*100 //In terms of percentage +printf("The radiation defers by %d percent",tb_tc-100) + +//In textbook answer is printed wrong as 40% the correct answer is 34% diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91e99a26c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The radiation defers by 34 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caf93d679 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 11_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how much heat is lost through it +a=15 //Unis in meter^2 +t=30 //Units in K +R=2.2 //Units in Meter^2 K/W +q_t=(a*t)/R //Units in W +T=3600 //Units in sec +Q=q_t*T //Units in J +printf("The amount of hea lost is Q=%.1f J",Q) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d2bb8f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The amount of hea lost is Q=736363.6 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b479cb1c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how much water is released +//When it crystallizes +m=50 //Units in gm +h=80 //Units in Cal/gm +q=m*h //Units in Cal +printf("When it crystallizes heat required is Q=%d Cal\n",q) +//When it Condenses +m=50 //Units in gm +h=539 //Units in Cal/gm +q=m*h //Units in Cal +printf("When it condenses heat required is Q=%d Cal\n",q) +//In textbook answer is printed wrong as Q=27000 cal but the correct answer is Q=26950 Cal diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e911542bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +When it crystallizes heat required is Q=4000 Cal +When it condenses heat required is Q=26950 Cal + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18a01e6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the amount of Ice that has to be added +m=200 //Units in gm +c=1 //Units in Cal/gm Centigrade +tf=60 //Units in Centigrade +to=98 //Units in Centigrade +change=m*c*(tf-to) //units in Cal +tf=60 //Units in centigrade +to=0 //Units in centigrade +Hf=80 //Units in Cal/gm +change1=Hf+c*(tf-to) //Units in Cal/gm +M=change/-(change1) +printf("The amount of ice that has to be added is M=%.1f gm",M) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0244bbb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The amount of ice that has to be added is M=54.3 gm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a014f6f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the specific heat capacity of the metal +m=400 //Units in gm +c=0.65 //Units in Cal/gm Centigrade +tf=23.1 //Units in Centigrade +to=18 //Units in Centigrade +oil=m*c*(tf-to) //units in cal +m1=80 //Units in gm +tf=23.1 //Units in Centigrade +to=100 //Units in Centigrade +cm=m1*(tf-to) //units in in terms of cm and gm Centigrade +cmm=oil/-cm //Units in Cal/gm Centigrade +printf("The specific heat of metal is Cm=%.3f cal/gm C",cmm) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c326e346c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The specific heat of metal is Cm=0.216 cal/gm C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019754c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 11_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how long does the heater takes to heat +m=500 //Units in gm +c=0.033 //Units in Cal/gm Centigrade +tf=357 //Units in Centigrade +to=20 //Units in Centigrade +m1=30 //Units in gm +hv=65 //Units in cal/gm +Hg=((m*c*(tf-to))+(m1*hv))*4.1808135 //units in Joules +delivered=70 //Units in Joule/Sec +t=Hg/delivered //Units in sec +printf("The time taken is t=%d sec",t) +//In textbook answer printed wrong as t=450 sec correct answer is t=448 sec diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..803e5528e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The time taken is t=448 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8ea85935 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 11_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the rise in temperature +m=0.01 //Units in Kg +v=100 //Units in meters/sec +KE=(0.5*m*v^2)/4.1808135 //units in Cal +m=10 //units in gm +c=0.031 //units in cal/gm Centigrade +t=KE/(m*c) +printf("the rise in temperature is DeltaT=%.1f C",t) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcfebdbae --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +the rise in temperature is DeltaT=38.6 C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d41ec8f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 11_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate ho much energy a human body gives off +printf("The amount of Heat generated is of order of 2*10^6 cal") diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..209ead250 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The amount of Heat generated is of order of 2*10^6 cal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1016526b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 11_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how much longer is at 35 degrees +alpha=10*10^-6 //Units in Centigrade +dist=20 //Unis in meters +t=50 //Units in centigrade +L=alpha*dist*t //Units in meters +printf("The slab is longer by=%.3f meters",L) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5a719d5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The slab is longer by=0.010 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2ebb71ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 11_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how large a diameter when the sheet is heated +dist=2 //Units in cm +delta=19*10^-6 //Units in Centigrade^-1 +t=200 //Units in centigrade +L=dist*delta*t //Units in cm +printf("The new diameter of the hole is=%.4f cm",2+L) diff --git a/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt b/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de11f0aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The new diameter of the hole is=2.0076 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8adde33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 12_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the work done by the gas +d1=800 //Units in meter^3 +d2=500 //Units in meter^3 +p1=5*10^5 //Units in Pa +w1=p1*(d1-d2)*10^-6 //Units in J +p2=2*10^5 //Units in Pa +d3=200*10^-6 //Units in meter^3 +p3=3*10^5 //Units in Pa +w2=(p2*d3)+(0.5*p3*d3) //Units in J +printf("The work done by the gas is=%d J",-(w1+w2)) diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b21dbe565 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The work done by the gas is=-220 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..501281a3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate the Cv of nitric acid +r=8314 //Units in J/Kmol K +m=30 //Units in Kg/Kmol +Cv=2.5*(r/m) //Units in J/Kg K +printf("The estimated Cv value of nitric acid is Cv=%d J/Kg K",Cv) +//in textbook the answer is printed wrong as Cv=690 J/Kg K correct answer is 692 J/Kg K diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ddde5f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The estimated Cv value of nitric acid is Cv=692 J/Kg K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f8a7eb55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +//Example 12_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the final temperature +t1=27 //units in Centigrade +t1=t1+273 //Units in K +gama=1.4 //Units in Constant +p1=1 //units in Pa +v1_v2=15 //Units of in ratio +logT2=log10(t1)-((gama-1)*(log10(p1)-log10(v1_v2))) +T2=10^logT2 //Units in K +printf("The final temperature is T2=%d K",T2) diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d191c9e27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The final temperature is T2=886 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8494de920 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 12_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To describe the Temperature changes of the gas +printf("This type of process is termed as throttling process and described by the equation Delta U=- Delta W\n") +printf("Where Delta W is the work done") diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41896e335 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +This type of process is termed as throttling process and described by the equation Delta U=- Delta W +Where Delta W is the work done \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9b78d5cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 12_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout by how much the entropy of the system changes +m=20 //Units in gm +alpha=80 //Units in cal/gm +t=4.184 //Units in J/Cal +Q=m*alpha*t //Units in J +T=273 //Units in K +S=Q/T //Units in J/K +printf("The entropy is Delta S=%.1f J/K",S) diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad84267dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The entropy is Delta S=24.5 J/K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1067a8af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 12_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how much electricity is needed +Tc=278 //Units in K +Th=293 //Units in K +COP=Tc/(Th-Tc) //Units in ratio +Qc=210000 //Units in J +W=Qc/COP //Units in J +printf("The amount of Electricity is required is Delta W=%d J",W) diff --git a/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt b/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f715d10e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The amount of Electricity is required is Delta W=11330 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb4095fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 13_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the maximum velocity and acceleration and the same when x=10cm +xo=0.4 //Units in Meters +k=24.5 //Units in N/M +m=2 //Units in Kg +vmax=xo*(sqrt(k/m)) //Units in meters/sec +printf("Maximum velocity is Vmax=%.1f Meter/sec\n",vmax) +amax=(k*xo)/m //Units in meter/sec^2 +printf("Maximum acceleration is Amax=%.1f meter/sec^2\n",amax) +x=0.1 //Units in meters +v=sqrt((k/m)*(xo^2-x^2)) //Units in meters/Sec +printf("Velocity at x=0.1 meters is= %.2f meters/sec\n",v) +a=-(k*x)/m //Units in meter/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration at x=0.1 meters is= %.2f meters/sec^2\n",a) diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2255f4f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +Maximum velocity is Vmax=1.4 Meter/sec +Maximum acceleration is Amax=4.9 meter/sec^2 +Velocity at x=0.1 meters is= 1.36 meters/sec +Acceleration at x=0.1 meters is= -1.23 meters/sec^2 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3086dc841 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 13_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the frequency of the vibrations +spring=24.5 //Units in N/m +m=2 //Units in Kg +f=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt(spring/m) //Units in Hz +printf("The frequency of vibrations is f=%.2f Hz",f) diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd40e6d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The frequency of vibrations is f=0.56 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ef4fbcbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 13_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the tension required in string +m=0.002 //Units in Kg +l=0.6 //Units in meters +v=300 //Units in meters/sec +T=(m/l)*v^2 //Units in N +printf("Tension required in the string is T=%d N",T) diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15d03e317 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Tension required in the string is T=300 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec6646bc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 13_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To draw a picture on the first three resonance frequencies +l=6 //Units in meters +n=1 +lamda1=(2*l)/n //Units in meters +n=2 +lamda2=(2*l)/n //Units in meters +n=3 +lamda3=(2*l)/n //Units in meters +speed=24 //Units in meters/sec +f1=speed/lamda1 //Units in Hz +f2=speed/lamda2 //Units in Hz +f3=speed/lamda3 //Units in Hz +printf("The first resonance frequency is F1=%d Hz\n",f1) +printf("The second resonance frequency is F2=%d Hz\n",f2) +printf("The third resonance frequency is F3=%d Hz\n",f3) diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f519b8fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + The first resonance frequency is F1=2 Hz +The second resonance frequency is F2=4 Hz +The third resonance frequency is F3=6 Hz + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa0aa98b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 13_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the speed of the wave +l=300*10^-2 //Units in Meters +lamda3=(l*2)/3 //Units in meters +f=20 //Units in sec^-1 or Hz +v=f*lamda3 //Units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of the wave is v=%d meters/sec",v) diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95d760052 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the wave is v=40 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f21ccb47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 13_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the youngs modulus +lamda=1.85 //Units in meters +f=2700 //units in sec^-1 +v=lamda*f //Units in meters/sec +density=7.86*10^3 //Units in Kg/meter^3 +y=v^2*density //Units in N/meters^2 +printf("The youngs modulus is Y=") +disp(y) +printf("N/meters^2") diff --git a/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt b/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bb76e6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The youngs modulus is Y= + 1.961D+11 +N/meters^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb06fed98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 14_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the speed of sound in neon +gama=1.66 //units in Constant +r=8314 //Units in J/Kmol +t=273 //Units in K +m=20.18 //Units in Kg/Kmol +v=sqrt((gama*r*t)/m) //Units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of the sound in neon is v=%d meters/sec",v) diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9216bdcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the sound in neon is v=432 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44fdd92d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 14_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the sound level of a sound wave +i1=10^-5 //Units in W/meter^2 +i2=10^-12 //Units in W/meter^2 +level=10*log10(i1/i2) //units in dB +printf("The sound level of the sound wave is=%d dB",level) diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05d0b0eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The sound level of the sound wave is=70 dB \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5f6c51dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 14_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the intensity of sound +level=3.5 //Units in dB +i2=10^-12 //Units in W/meter^2 +i=10^(level+log10(i2)) //Units in W/meter^2 +printf("The intensity of sound is I=") +disp(i) +printf("W/meter^2") diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dee675004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The intensity of sound is I= + 3.162D-09 +W/meter^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..801bec43d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 14_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how far it has to be moved before the sound becomes weak +lamda=70 //units in cm +lamda1=0.5*lamda //Units in cm +printf("The distance it has to be moved is=%d cm",lamda1) diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168b7da86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The distance it has to be moved is=35 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4202a95f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 14_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the frequency heard and the receding +f=500 //Units in Hz +vw=340 //Units in meters/sec +dist=20 //Units in meters/sec +f1=f*(vw/(vw-dist)) //Units in Hz +printf("The frequency we hear is f=%d Hz\n",f1) +f1=f*(vw/(vw+dist)) //Units in Hz +printf("The frequency of the receding is f=%d Hz\n",f1) diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e57e151 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The frequency we hear is f=531 Hz +The frequency of the receding is f=472 Hz + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fe4f3159 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 14_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the difference between the frequency of wave reaching the officer and the car +fo=10^10 //Units in Hz +vw=3*10^8 //Units in meters/sec +vc=25 //Units in meters/sec +f1=fo*((vw+vc)/(vw-vc)) //Units in Hz +f1=f1-10^10 //Units in Hertz +printf("The difference between the both frequencies is=%d Hz",f1) +//In text book answer printed wrong as 1670 Hz correct answer is 1666 Hz diff --git a/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt b/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..636b58e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The difference between the both frequencies is=1666 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce841a63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 15_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the value of q and how many electrons must be removed and fraction of atoms lost +dist=2 //Units in meters +f=0.0294 //Units in N +s=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=sqrt((dist^2*f)/s) //Units in C +printf("The value of q is=%.8f C\n",q) +charge=3.61*10^-6 //Units in C +c_elec=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +n=charge/c_elec //Units in number +printf("Number of electrons to be removed is=") +disp(n) +f1=3*10^22 //Units in number +fraction=n/f1 //Units of number +printf("Fraction of atoms lost is=") +disp(fraction) diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f87b61814 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +The value of q is=0.00000361 C +Number of electrons to be removed is= + 2.256D+13 +Fraction of atoms lost is= + 7.521D-10 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1013e16be --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 15_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the force on the center charge +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q1=4*10^-6 //Units in C +q2=5*10^-6 //Units in C +r1=2 //Units in meters +r2=4 //Units in meters +q3=6*10^-6 //Units in C +f1=(k*q1*q2)/r1^2 //Units in N +f2=(k*q2*q3)/r2^2 //Units in N +f=f1-f2 //Units in C +printf("The force on the center charge is=%.5f N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec0f58539 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The force on the center charge is=0.02813 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198f244b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 15_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the resultant force +f1=6 //Units in N +f2=18 //Units in N +f=sqrt(f1^2+f2^2) //Units in N +theta=atan(f2/f1)*180/%pi //Units in degrees +printf("The resultant force is f=%d N \n The resultant angle is theta=%.1f degrees",f,theta) +//In text book answer printed wrong as f=19 N correct answer is f=18N diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc72b4d52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The resultant force is f=18 N + The resultant angle is theta=71.6 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca7d485d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 15_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the resultant force on 20 micro C +f1=2 //Units in N +f2=1.8 //Units in N +theta=37 //Units in degrees +f2x=f2*cos(theta*%pi/180) //Units in N +f2y=f2*sin(theta*%pi/180) //Units in N +fy=f1+f2y //Units in N +f=sqrt(fy^2+f2x^2) //Units in N +theta=atan(fy/f2x)*180/%pi //Unitsta in degrees +printf("The resultant force is f=%.1f N \n The resultant angle is theta=%.1f degrees",f,theta) diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e86fb2f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + The resultant force is f=3.4 N + The resultant angle is theta=65.0 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..440316730 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//Example 15_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the magnitude of E +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=3.6*10^-6 //Units in C +theta=37 //Units in degrees +r=10*sin(theta*%pi/180)*10^-2 //Units in meters +e1=(k*q)/r^2 //Units in N/C +q2=5*10^-6 //Units in C +theta=37 //Units in degrees +r1=10*10^-2 //Units in meters +e2=(k*q2)/r1^2 //Units in N/C +e1y=e1 //Units in N/C +e2x=e2*cos(theta*%pi/180) //Units in N/C +e2y=-e2*sin(theta*%pi/180) //Units in N/C +ex=e2x //Units in N/C +ey=e1y+e2y //Units in N/C +e=sqrt(ex^2+ey^2) //Units in N/C +printf("The magnitude of E is=") +disp(e) +printf("N/C") +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as E=7.26*10^6 N/C but the correct answer is E=7198876.9 N/C diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b2b8cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The magnitude of E is= + 7198876.9 +N/C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5984cab5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Example 15_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how much charge occurs +e=3*10^6 //Units in N/C +r=0.050 //Units in meters +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=(e*r^2)/k //Units in C +printf("The charge Occurred is q=%.9f C",q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac071e807 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The charge Occurred is q=0.000000833 C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..914123420 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 15_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To show using lines of force that a charge suspended with in cavity induces an equal and opposite charge on surface +printf("Lines of force come out of positive charge q suspended in cavity.\nCavity \nsurface must possess a negative charge since lines of force go and terminate on q.\nTherefore a charge +q must exist on outer portions.") diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..947650716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Lines of force come out of positive charge q suspended in cavity. +Cavity +surface must possess a negative charge since lines of force go and terminate on q. +Therefore a charge +q must exist on outer portions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..619d2f45b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//Example 15_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the speed just before the field strikes +e=6000 //Units in N/C +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +f=e*q //Units in N +m=1.67*10^-27 //Units in Kg +a=f/m //Units in meters/sec^2 +vo=0 //Units in meters/sec +x=2*10^-3 //Units in meters +v=sqrt(vo^2+(2*a*x)) //Units in meters/sec +printf("The field goes by a speed of %d meters/sec",v ) +//In text book answer printed wrong as v=48000 meters/sec the correct answer is v=47952 meters/sec diff --git a/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt b/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c517cedd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The field goes by a speed of 47952 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1cfa810 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the magnitude of the electric field +v=12 //Units in V +d=5*10^-3 //units in Meters +e=v/d //Units in V/meter +printf("The magnitude of electric field is E=%d V/meters",e) diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72bd425b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The magnitude of electric field is E=2400 V/meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebdc42c1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 16_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the absolute potential and how much energy is needed to pull the electrons from atom +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +r=5.3*10^-11 //Units in meters +v=(k*q)/r //Units in V +printf("The absolute potential is V=%.1f V\n",v) +Vinfinity=0 //Units in V +deltaV=Vinfinity-v //Units in V +work=-q*deltaV //Units in J +printf("The energy that is required is W=") +disp(work) +printf("J") diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7226f8877 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The absolute potential is V=27.2 V +The energy that is required is W= + 4.347D-18 +J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0a7d4e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the speed of the proton +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +vab=45 //Units in V +m=1.67*10^-27 //Units in Kg +va=sqrt((2*q*vab)/m) //Units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of the proton is Vab=%.2f meters/sec",va) diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddb7bd0bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the proton is Vab=92858.79 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..417d056e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + +//Example 16_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the speed of an electron +e=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +vab=45 //Units in V +m=9.11*10^-31 //Units in Kg +va=sqrt((2*e*vab)/m) //Units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of the electron is Vab=%.2f meters/sec",va) diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5940329a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the electron is Vab=3975777.37 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690595315 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 16_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the work done in carrying a proton and for an electron +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +vab=9 //Units in V +work=q*vab //Units in J +printf("The work done in carrying proton is=") +disp(work) +printf("Joules\n") +q=-1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +work=q*vab //Units in J +printf("The work done in carrying electron is=") +disp(work) +printf("Joules\n") diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c5c493b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +The work done in carrying proton is= + 1.440D-18 +Joules +The work done in carrying electron is= + - 1.440D-18 +Joules + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dd566ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Example 16_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the speed just before it strikes it +va=8*10^6 //Units in meters/sec +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +m=1.67*10^-27 //Units in Kg +vab=20000 //Units in V +vb=sqrt(va^2-((2*q*vab)/m)) //Units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of proton before it strikes is Vb=%.1f meters/sec",vb) diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9886a4869 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of proton before it strikes is Vb=7756781.9 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3263c36fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 16_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the minimum value of Vab needed +printf("Since each proton has a minimum energy of 13.6 eV and a charge of 1.602*10^-19 C\n The required potential difference is=13.6 eV") diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1df5838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Since each proton has a minimum energy of 13.6 eV and a charge of 1.602*10^-19 C + The required potential difference is=13.6 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0ad6ae1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 16_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the speed of the proton +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=5*10^-6 //Units in C +r=0.5 //Units in meters +v1=(k*q)/r //Units in V +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in V +m=1.672*10^-27 //Units in Kg +v=sqrt((v1*q*2)/m) //Units in V +printf("The speed of electron is v=%.2f meters/sec",v) diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa6982c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of electron is v=4150286.78 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246c8e03e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 16_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To compute the absolute potential at B +k=9*10^9 //Units in N meter^2/C^2 +q=5*10^-8 //Units in C +r=0.1 //Units in meters +v1=(k*q)/r //Units in V +q=8*10^-8 //Units in C +r=0.1 //Units in meters +v2=(k*q)/r //Units in V +q=40*10^-8 //Units in C +r=0.2 //Units in meters +v3=-(k*q)/r //Units in V +vb=v1+v2+v3 //Units in V +printf("Due to 5*10^-8 C V1=%d V\nDue to 8*10^-8 C V2=%d V\nDue to 40*10^-8 C V3=%d V\n Absolute potential at B is Vb=%d V",v1,v2,v3,vb) + diff --git a/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt b/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..850938dec --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Due to 5*10^-8 C V1=4500 V +Due to 8*10^-8 C V2=7200 V +Due to 40*10^-8 C V3=-18000 V + Absolute potential at B is Vb=-6300 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb4c15ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find number of electrons flow through bulb +current=0.15 //Units in C +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C/electron +noe=current/q //Units in number of Electrons +printf("The number of electrons that pass through bulb is=") +disp(noe) +printf("electrons") diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b375a68e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The number of electrons that pass through bulb is= + 9.375D+17 +electrons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a4b7dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 17_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current in battery +r1=3 //Units in Ohms +r2=6 //Units in Ohms +ra=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2) //Units in Ohms +r3=2 //Units in Ohms +r4=4 //Units in Ohms +rb=r3+r4 //Units in Ohms +r5=6 //Units in Ohms +rc=(r5*rb)/(r5+rb) //Units in Ohms +r6=9 //Units in Ohms +r=r6+rc //Units in Ohms +v=6 //Units in V +i=v/r //Units in Ohms +printf("The current in battery is I=%.2f A",i) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d72bd3dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The current in battery is I=0.50 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6e65ab81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 17_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current in the wires +v1=12 //Units in V +r3=20 //Units in Ohms +v2=6 //Units in V +r2=10 //Units in Ohms +r1=5 //Units in Ohms +i3=((v1*r3)-(v2*r1))/((r2*r3)+(r1*r3)+(r1*r2)) //Units in A +i2=((r2*i3)+v2)/r3 //Units in A +i1=i3+i2 //Units in A +printf("Current in wire 1 is I1=%.1f A\nCurrent in wire 2 is I2=%.1f A\nCurrent in wire 3 is I3=%.1f A\n",i1,i2,i3) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4026fb46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Current in wire 1 is I1=1.2 A +Current in wire 2 is I2=0.6 A +Current in wire 3 is I3=0.6 A + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc2bba6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 17_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To find I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit +v1=40 //Units in V +r1=10 //Units in Ohms +r2=30 //Units in Ohms +v2=60 //Units in V +r3=15 //Units in Ohms +v3=50 //Units in V +i1=((-v1*r2)+(-r3*v1)+(60*r3)+(v3*r2))/((r1*r2)+(r2*r3)+(r3*r1)) //Units in A +i=2 //Units in A +i2=(i-i1)/3 //Units in A +i3=i2-i1 //Units in A +printf("Current in wire 1 is I1=%.3f A\nCurrent in wire 2 is I2=%.3f A\nCurrent in wire 3 is I3=%.3f A\n",i1,i2,i3) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2a23d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Current in wire 1 is I1=0.667 A +Current in wire 2 is I2=0.444 A +Current in wire 3 is I3=-0.222 A + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28898f713 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 17_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the values of e, R and I +i1=2 //Units in A +i2=0.5 //Units in A +i=i1+i2 //Units in A +v1=6 //Units in V +v2=16 //Units in V +r=-(v1-v2)/0.5 //Units in Ohms +v3=25 //Units in V +e=v2+v3 //Units in V +printf("The current I=%.1f A\n Resistance is R=%d Ohms\n The value E is=%d V",i,r,e) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1655327fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The current I=2.5 A + Resistance is R=20 Ohms + The value E is=41 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f65ec6c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 17_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the I1,I2,I3 values and charge on the capacitor +v1=12 //Units in V +r1=6 //Units in Ohms +i1=v1/r1 //Units in A +v2=4 //Units in V +r2=8 //Units in Ohms +i3=(v1+v2)/r2 //Units in A +i2=i1+i3 //Units in A +printf("Current in wire 1 is I1=%d A\nCurrent in wire 2 is I2=%d A\nCurrent in wire 3 is I3=%d A\n",i1,i2,i3) +v3=10 //Units in V +vfg=-v3+(r1*i1) //Units in V +c=5*10^-6 //Units in F +q=c*vfg //Units in C +printf("The charge on the capacitor is q=%.5f C",q) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25384767c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Current in wire 1 is I1=2 A +Current in wire 2 is I2=4 A +Current in wire 3 is I3=2 A +The charge on the capacitor is q=0.00001 C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78a08536b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 17_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the terminal potential of each battery +v=18 //Units in V +r=9 //Units in Ohms +i=v/r //Units in A +r1=0.1 //Units in Ohms +v1=-i*r1 //Units in V +v2=24 //Units in V +v11=v1+v2 //Units in V +r2=0.9 //Units in Ohms +v3=i*r2 //Units in V +v4=6 //Units in V +v22=v3+v4 //Units in V +printf("The Potential difference between d to c is=%.1f V",v11) +printf("\nThe potential difference between b to a is=%.1f V",v22) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d02765f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Potential difference between d to c is=23.8 V +The potential difference between b to a is=7.8 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93c5f7005 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 17_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how large a a resistance must the recording device must have +r1=10000 //Units in Ohms +percent=1 //Units in Percentage +vo=1/(r1*(percent*100)) //Units In terms of Ro +Ro=1/vo //Units in Ohms +printf("The resistance of the recording device is=%d Ohms",Ro) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac738fa70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The resistance of the recording device is=1000000 Ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_6.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7faddf1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Cost needed to operate is=0.0350 Dollars \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0804d4c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 17_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the resistance in bulb +v=1.55 //Units in V +i=0.08 //Units in A +r=v/i //Units in Ohms +printf("The resistance in bulb is=%.1f Ohms",r) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09c98e664 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The resistance in bulb is=19.4 Ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d6c4a92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 17_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the resistance in wire +row=1.7*10^-8 //Units in Ohm meter +l=40 //Units in meters +a=0.0331*10^-4 //Units in meters^2 +r=(row*l)/a //Units in Ohms +printf("The resistance in wire is=%.3f Ohms",r) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..939b3df44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The resistance in wire is=0.205 Ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6069e15b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 17_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the appropriate resistance of the wire +alpha=0.0045 //Units in Centigrade^-1 +t=1780 //Units in Centigrade +deltaR=240 //Units in Ohms +ro=deltaR/(1+(alpha*t)) //Units in ohms +printf("The appropriate resistance in wire is Ro=%.1f Ohms",ro) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..859efe8e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The appropriate resistance in wire is Ro=26.6 Ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5834f4a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 17_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the amount of heat developed in bulb +t=20*60 //Units in sec +pow=40 //Units in W +heat=t*pow //Units in J +printf("Heat generated in bulb is=%d J",heat) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d536714ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Heat generated in bulb is=48000 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cef19b0bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the cost needed to operate +power=0.7 //Units in KW +time=0.5 //Units in h +heat=power*time //Units in K Wh +cost=0.10 //Units in Dollars +tcost=cost*heat //Units in Dollars +printf("Cost needed to operate is=%.4f Dollars",tcost) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7faddf1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Cost needed to operate is=0.0350 Dollars \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981f8feae --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current in circuit +v1=3 //Units in V +v2=12 //Units in V +r1=5 //Units in Ohms +r2=6 //Units in Ohms +i=(v1-v2)/(r1+r2) //Units in A +printf("The current in circuit is I=%.2f A",i) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec2901965 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The current in circuit is I=-0.82 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d311a0572 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 17_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current in all wires +v=9 //Units in V +r1=18 //Units in Ohms +i2=-v/r1 //Units in A +v1=6 //Units in V +r2=12 //Units in Ohms +i3=(v+v1)/r2 //Units in A +i1=i3-i2 //Units in A +printf("Current in wire 1 is I1=%.2f A\nCurrent in wire 2 is I2=%.2f A\nCurrent in wire 3 is I3=%.2f A\n",i1,i2,i3) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d0df810 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Current in wire 1 is I1=1.75 A +Current in wire 2 is I2=-0.50 A +Current in wire 3 is I3=1.25 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b18b83f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 17_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current I in the battery +r1=3 //Units in Ohms +r2=6 //Units in Ohms +rbc=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2) //Units in Ohms +r3=4 //Units in Ohms +rac=r3+rbc //Units in Ohms +v=12 //Units in V +i=v/rac //Units in A +printf("The current I=%d A",i) diff --git a/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.txt b/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9265464a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The current I=2 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0444e1ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 18_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the force on the wire +b=2*10^-4 //Units in T +i=20 //Units in A +l=0.3 //Units in meters +theta=53 //Units in degrees +thetaa=sin(theta*%pi/180) //Units in Radians +f=b*i*l*thetaa //Units in N +printf("The force on the wire is F=%.9f N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.txt b/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aabe327a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The force on the wire is F=0.000958363 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a474fa39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 18_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the magnitude of the magnetic field +m=1.67*10^-27 //Units in Kg +v=10^6 //Units in meters/sec +r=4*10^-2 //Units in Meters +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C or eV +b=(m*v)/(r*q) //Units in T +printf("The magnitude of magnetic field is B=%.4f T",b) diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt b/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4ef39d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The magnitude of magnetic field is B=0.2609 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f75e21d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 18_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To show that the particles does not deflect from its straight line path +printf("The magnetic field exerts a force of q*v*B upwards on the particle.\nThe particle doesnot deflect because the two forces are equal\nHence v=(E/B)\nA particle with this speed will pass through the region of the crossfields and undeflected") diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.txt b/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26b34500 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The magnetic field exerts a force of q*v*B upwards on the particle. +The particle doesnot deflect because the two forces are equal +Hence v=(E/B) +A particle with this speed will pass through the region of the crossfields and undeflected \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3033e7a08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 18_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the value of B at a radial distance of 5 cm +u=4*%pi*10^-7 //Units in T m/A +i=30 //Units in A +r=0.05 //Units in Meters +b=(u*i)/(2*%pi*r) //Units in T +b=b*10^4 //Units in G +printf("The value of B is=%.2f G",b) diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.txt b/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48dade49d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The value of B is=1.20 G \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..872279f8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 18_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the magnetic moment of hydrogen atom +r=0.53*10^-10 //Units in meters +a=%pi*r^2 //Units in meters^2 +q=1.6*10^-19 //Units in C +f=6.6*10^15 //Units in sec^-1 +i=q*f //Units in A +u=i*a //Units in A meter^2 +printf("The magnetic moment of Hydrogen atom is=") +disp(u) +printf("A meters^2") diff --git a/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.txt b/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55132e045 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The magnetic moment of Hydrogen atom is= + 9.319D-24 +A meters^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee12f957 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the flux in the room +l=4 //Units in meters +b=0.8 //Units in meters +theta=20 //Units in degrees +a=l*b //Units in meters^2 +b=4*10^-5 //Units in T +thetaa=cos(theta*%pi/180) //Units in radians +phi=b*thetaa*a //Units in T meters^2 +printf("The flux in the room is Phi=%.5f T meters^2",phi) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2ff9bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The flux in the room is Phi=0.00012 T meters^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d342b693 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 19_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how large is the average EMF induced +b=0.5 //Units in T +a=4*10^-4 //Units in meters^2 +phi2=b*a //Units in Wb +phi1=0 //Units in Wb +deltaPHI=phi2-phi1 //Units in Wb +n=100 //Units in Constant +deltaT=2*10^-2 //Units in sec +emf=(n*deltaPHI)/deltaT //Units in V +printf("The average emf Induced is emf=%d V",emf) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85cb5bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The average emf Induced is emf=1 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87c999788 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout how large an emf is generated +m=0.5 //Units in H +i=1 //Units in A +t=0.01 //Units in sec +emf=m*(i/t) //Units in V +printf("The emf generated is emf=%d V",emf) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..389aedf87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The emf generated is emf=50 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2fc8c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 19_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To Calculate the value of selfinductance +printf("The Self Inductance is L=Uo*n^2*D*A") diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70890dfce --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The Self Inductance is L=Uo*n^2*D*A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72f1dcd6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the time constant of the circuit and the final energy stored +l=0.5 //Units in H +r1=2 //Units in Ohms +r2=4 //Units in Ohms +r=r1+r2 //Units in Ohms +l_r=l/r //Units in sec +i=2 //Units in A +ene=0.5*l*i^2 +printf("The time constant is L/R=%.4f Sec\n The energy stored is=%d J",l_r,ene) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27aeb923f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The time constant is L/R=0.0833 Sec + The energy stored is=1 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0041d96a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 19_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the emf induced in the rod +b=0.6*10^-4 //Units in T +v=3 //Units in meters/sec +d=5 //Units in meters +theta=53 //Units in degrees +thetaa=cos(theta*%pi/180) //Units in radians +emf=b*v*d*thetaa //Units in V +printf("The emf induced in the rod is emf=%.6f V",emf) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12c44f1f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The emf induced in the rod is emf=0.000542 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a5bbd978 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Back emf developed +i=3 //Units in A +r=2 //Units in Ohms +v=110 //Units in Ohms +e=v-(i*r) //Units in V +printf("The back emf developed is EMF=%d V",e) diff --git a/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.txt b/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba13c390c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The back emf developed is EMF=104 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c74a93939 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the tension in the other two Strings +//As Sigma(Fx)=0 +F3=80 //units in Newtons +Fx1=F3*sin(37*%pi/180) //units in Newtons +Fy1=F3*cos(37*%pi/180) //units in Newtons +F2=round(Fy1+0) //units in Newtons +F1=round(Fx1+0) //units in Newtons +printf("Tension in String 1 is F1=%d N\n",F1) +printf("Tension in String 2 is F2=%d N",F2) diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df252b431 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Tension in String 1 is F1=48 N +Tension in String 2 is F2=64 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a7e59dda --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the tension in the three cords that hold the object +//As Sigma(Fx)=0 +theta1=37 //units in degrees +theta2=53 //units in degrees +F1_F2=cos(theta2*%pi/180)/cos(theta1*%pi/180) +//As Sigma(Fy)=0 +F3=400 //units in Newtons +F2=round((F3*cos(theta1*%pi/180))/(cos(theta1*%pi/180)^2+cos(theta2*%pi/180)^2)) //units in Newtons +F1=(cos(theta2*%pi/180)/cos(theta1*%pi/180))*F2 //units in Newtons +printf("Tension in string 1 is F1=%d N\n",F1) +printf("Tension in string 2 is F2=%d N\n",F2) +//In textbook the Answer for F2 is printed wrong as 320 N But the correct answer is 319 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97307424d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Tension in string 1 is F1=240 N +Tension in string 2 is F2=319 N + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b765c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the weight and the Tension in the cords +//As Sigma(Fx)=0 +theta1=53 //units in degrees +theta2=37 //units in degrees +F1=100 //units in Newtons +F=F1/cos(theta1*%pi/180) //units in Newtons +W=cos(theta2*%pi/180)*F //units in Newtons +printf("The Weight W=%d N\n",W) +printf("Tension in the chord is F=%d N",F) +//In text book the answers are printed wrong as F=167N and W=133N but the correct answers are W=132N and F=166N diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..325b03b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Weight W=132 N +Tension in the chord is F=166 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a324afe3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the lever arms and torques for the forces +printf("For F1 it is Zero\n") +printf("For F2 it is a*F2 Counter clockwise\n") +printf("For F3 it is a*F3 Clock Wise\n") +printf("For F4 it is b*F4 Counter Clock wise") diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d2662550 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +For F1 it is Zero +For F2 it is a*F2 Counter clockwise +For F3 it is a*F3 Clock Wise +For F4 it is b*F4 Counter Clock wise \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505b5f220 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the Tension T in the Supporting Cable +//As Sigma(Fx)=0 +theta1=30 //units in degrees +theta2=90-theta1 //units in degrees +H_T=sin(theta1*%pi/180) +W=2000 //Units in Newtons +T=W/sin(theta2*%pi/180) //units in Newtons +H=T*H_T //units in Newtons +printf("Tension in the Supporting Cable T=%d N",T) +//In textbook The answer is printed wrong as T=2310N but the correct answer is T=2309N diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c3ff9a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Tension in the Supporting Cable T=2309 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d6135d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the forces exerted bythe pedestals on the board +tou=900 //units in Newtons +d1=3 //units in Meters +d2=1.5 //Units in Meters +F1=-(tou*d1)/d2 //Units in Newtons +F2=tou-F1 //units in Newtons +printf("The First Force F1=%d N\n",F1) +printf("The Second Force F2=%d N\n",F2) diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4721f368c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The First Force F1=-1800 N +The Second Force F2=2700 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c33d87e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find tension in the supporting cable and Components of the force exerted by the hinge +F1=50 //units in Newtons +d1=0.7 //units in meters +F2=100 //units in Newtons +d2=1.4 //units in meters +d3=1 //units in meters +theta2=53 //units in degrees +T=round(((F1*d1)+(F2*d2))/(d3*cos(theta2*%pi/180))) //units in Newtons +theta1=37 //units in degrees +H=cos(theta1*%pi/180)*T //units in Newtons + +V=F1+F2-(cos(theta2*%pi/180)*T) //units in Newtons +printf("Tension T=%d N\n",T) +printf("H=%d N\n",H) +printf("V=%.2f N",V) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as H=234N but the correct answer is H=232N diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14a0b0bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Tension T=291 N +H=232 N +V=-25.13 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba482d4f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the tension in the Muscle and the Component Forces at elbow +F1=65 //units in Newtons +d1=0.1 //units in Meters +F2=20 //Units in Newtons +d2=0.35 //units in meters +theta1=20 //units in degrees +d3=0.035 //units in Meters +Tm=((F1*d1)+(F2*d2))/(cos(theta1*%pi/180)*d3) //units in Newtons +V=F1+F2-(Tm*cos(theta1*%pi/180)) +H=Tm*sin(theta1*%pi/180) +printf("Tension T=%d N\n",Tm) +printf("H=%d N\n",H) +printf("V=%d N",V) diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ed7156b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +To find the tension in the Muscle and the Component Forces at elbow \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38ac0acb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2_9 +clc(); +clear; + //To find the forces at the wall and the ground + theta1=53 //units in degrees + d1=3 //units in meters + F1=200 //units in Newtons + d2=4 //units in Meters + F2=400 //units in Newtons + theta2=37 //units in degrees + d3=6 //units in meters + P=((cos(theta1*%pi/180)*d1*F1)+(cos(theta1*%pi/180)*d2*F2))/(cos(theta2*%pi/180)*d3) //units in Newtons + H=P //units in Newtons + V=F1+F2 //units in Newtons +printf("Force P=%d N\n",P) +printf("Force V=%d N\n",V) +printf("Force H=%d N",H) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as P=H=275N but the correct answer is P=H=276N diff --git a/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68028163d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Force P=276 N +Force V=600 N +Force H=276 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7051abf23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 20_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the time that it has to wait after turning off the set before it is safe to touch capacitor +r=10^6 //Units in Ohms +c=10^-5 //Units in F +ti=r*c //Units in Sec +printf("We have to wait for a time of t=%d sec",ti) diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt b/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1528f1e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + We have to wait for a time of t=10 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28256eac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 20_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the rms current in the circuit +f=20 //Units in Hz +c=4*10^-7 //Units in F +xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c) //Units in Ohms/sec +f=2*10^6 //Units in Hz +xc1=1/(2*%pi*f*c) //Units in Ohms/sec +v=80 //Units in V +i=v/xc //Units in A +i1=v/xc1 //Units in A +printf("The RMS current when f=20 Hz is=%.5f Ohms\nThe RMS current when f=2*10^6 Hz is=%.2f Ohms",i,i1) diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.txt b/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f3bdbd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The RMS current when f=20 Hz is=0.00402 Ohms +The RMS current when f=2*10^6 Hz is=402.12 Ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..440940ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 20_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current through the inductor +f=60 //Units in Hz +l=15*10^-3 //Units in H +xl=2*%pi*f*l //Units in Ohms +v=40 //Units in V +i=v/xl //Units in A +printf("The current in the inductor when frequency=60 Hz is I=%.2f A",i) +f=6*10^5 //Units in Hz +l=15*10^-3 //Units in H +xl=2*%pi*f*l //Units in Ohms +v=40 //Units in V +i=v/xl //Units in A +printf("\nThe current in the inductor when frequency=6*10^2 Hz is I=%.6f A",i) diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.txt b/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84910fa48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The current in the inductor when frequency=60 Hz is I=7.07 A +The current in the inductor when frequency=6*10^2 Hz is I=0.000707 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce b/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27454c1e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 20_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find current in circuit, Voltmeter reading, reading across capacitor and power loss +f=2000 //Units in Hz +c=0.6*10^-6 //Units in F +xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c) //Units in Ohms +r=300 //Units in Ohms +z=sqrt(r^2+xc^2) //Units in Ohms +v=80 //Units in V +i=v/z //Units in A +vr=i*r //Units in V +vc=i*xc //Units in V +p=i^2*r //Units in W +printf("The current in circuit is I=%.4f A\nVolt meter readings across resistor Vr=%.1f V\nReadings across capacitor is Vc=%.1f V\nPower loss in circuit is=%.1f W",i,vr,vc,p) diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.txt b/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfa51378c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The current in circuit is I=0.2439 A +Volt meter readings across resistor Vr=73.2 V +Readings across capacitor is Vc=32.3 V +Power loss in circuit is=17.8 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce b/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a4afdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 20_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the current in circuit and voltmeters reading across R C and L +f=600 //Units in Hz +l=4*10^-3 //Units in H +xl=2*%pi*f*l //Units in Ohms +c=10*10^-6 //Units in F +xc=1/(2*%pi*f*c) //Units in Ohms +r=20 //Units in Ohms +z=sqrt(r^2+(xl-xc)^2) //Units in Ohms +v=50 //Units in V +i=v/z //Units in A +vr=i*r //Units in V +vl=i*xl //Units in V +vc=i*xc //Units in V +printf("The current in circuit is I=%.2f A\nVolt meter reading across R Vr=%.1f V\nVolt meter reading across L Vl=%.1f V\nVolt meter reading across c Vc=%.1f V\n",i,vr,vl,vc) diff --git a/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.txt b/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c86da0673 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +The current in circuit is I=2.17 A +Volt meter reading across R Vr=43.4 V +Volt meter reading across L Vl=32.7 V +Volt meter reading across c Vc=57.6 V + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..333ba6609 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 21_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave +v=3*10^8 //Units in meters/sec +f=1.02*10^6 //Units in Hz +lamda=v/f //Units in Meters +printf("The Wavelength of the Electromagnetic wave is lamda=%d meters",lamda) diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt b/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ed704004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Wavelength of the Electromagnetic wave is lamda=294 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bc9ea779 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 21_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the value of magnetic field +eo=4.2*10^-3 //units in V/m +c=3*10^8 //Units in meters/sec +bo=eo/c //Units in T +printf("The value of the magnetic field is Bo=") +disp(bo) +printf("T") diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt b/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95923a34d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The value of the magnetic field is Bo= + 1.400D-11 +T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..699a89f1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 21_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the values of Eo and Bo in the wave +power=1000 //Units in W +r=10000 //units in meters +area=4*%pi*r^2 //units in meter^2 +P_a=power/area //unts in W/meter^2 +c=3*10^8 //units in meters/sec +eeo=8.85*10^-12 //units in C^2/N*meter^2%.5f +eo=sqrt((2*P_a)/(c*eeo)) //units in N/C +bo=eo/c //Units in T +printf("The value of Eo=%.5f N/C\n The value of Bo=",eo) +disp(bo) +printf("T") diff --git a/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt b/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..898f90138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The value of Eo=0.02448 N/C + The value of Bo= + 8.161D-11 +T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..819347a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 22_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the position and size of the image +d1=5 //units in cm +d2=30 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +d3=2 //units in cm +I=(i/d2)*d3 //units in cm +printf("The position of the image is i=%d cm\nThe Size of the image is I=%.2f cm High",i,I) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e899e85a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The position of the image is i=6 cm +The Size of the image is I=0.40 cm High \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51648e480 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 22_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the location of the image +d1=10 //units in cm +d2=5 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +printf("The position of the image is i=%d cm",i) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5d117a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The position of the image is i=-10 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c00f849aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +//Example 22_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the location of the image and its relative size +r=100 //Units in cm +d1=-r/2 //units in cm +d2=75 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +p=75 //units in cm +sizee=-i/p //units in cm +printf("The location of the image is i=%d cm\n The relative size of the image is I_O=%.2f cm",i,sizee) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33098b261 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The location of the image is i=-30 cm + The relative size of the image is I_O=0.40 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43b3c7fcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angle at which the light emerge in to the air +theta=37 //Units in degrees +n1=1.33 //Units in constant +n2=1 //Units in constant +thetaa=asin((n1*sin(theta*%pi/180))/n2)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("The angle at which the light emerges in air is theta=%d degrees",thetaa) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71df35dec --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angle at which the light emerges in air is theta=53 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a264514bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +//Example 22_5 +clc(); +clear; +//At what angle does the light emerges from the bottom of the dish +printf("We have Theta1=Theta4 \nWhich shows that A uniform layer of transparent material does not change the direction of the beam of light") diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c0ea8ee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +We have Theta1=Theta4 +Which shows that A uniform layer of transparent material does not change the direction of the beam of light \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963dca921 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To draw a ray diagram to locate the image +printf("From the diagram we notice that eyes will assume that the three rays come from image position indicated and as we see the image is virtual, erect and enlarged") +d1=10 //units in cm +d2=5 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +printf("\nThe image is located at i=%.2f cm",i) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7ab27f31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + From the diagram we notice that eyes will assume that the three rays come from image position indicated and as we see the image is virtual, erect and enlarged +The image is located at i=-10.00 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c09e2fa92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the image position by means of the ray diagram +printf("From the ray diagram we have noticed that the image is virtual, erect and dimnished in size") +d1=5 //units in cm +d2=-10 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +printf("\nThe image is located at i=%.2f cm",i) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58c67e50d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +From the ray diagram we have noticed that the image is virtual, erect and dimnished in size +The image is located at i=3.33 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04b6fca65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 22_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the image positon and size +d1=-20 //units in cm +d2=40 //units in cm +i=(d1*d2)/(d2-d1) //Units in cm +printf("\nThe image is located at i=%.2f cm",i) +d3=3 //units in cm +I=(-i*d3)/d2 //units in cm +printf("\nThe Size of the image is I=%d cm",I) diff --git a/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt b/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8a8f6365 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The image is located at i=-13.33 cm +The Size of the image is I=1 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..476da7a25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 23_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the focal length of the reading glasses +d1=25 //units in cm +d2=-75 //units in cm +f=(d1*d2)/(d2+d1) //Units in cm +printf("The focal length of the reading glasses is f=%.2f cm",f) diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt b/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b0614e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The focal length of the reading glasses is f=37.50 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b584c08b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 23_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the focal length of the corrective lens +d1=-50 //units in cm +f=-(d1) //Units in cm +printf("The focal length of the corrective lens is f=%d cm",f) diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt b/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ae2680dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The focal length of the corrective lens is f=50 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01e882ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 23_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the focal length of the combination +d1=20 //units in cm +d2=-30 //units in cm +d3=60 //units in cm +p1=100/d1 //units in dipoters +p2=100/d2 //units in dipoters +p3=100/d3 //units in dipoters +p=1/(p1+p2+p3) //Units in diopters +printf("The combined focal length is=%.1f cm",p) diff --git a/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt b/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5efb61c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The combined focal length is=0.3 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3e916180 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 24_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angle at which the reinforcement line occurs +n=2 //units in constant +lamda=0.7 //units in cm +d=2 //units in cm +theta2=asin((n*lamda)/d)*180/%pi //Units in degrees +printf("The angle at which the reinforcement line occurs is theta2=%d degrees",theta2) diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt b/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ca6fcfb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The angle at which the reinforcement line occurs is theta2=44 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d67eeac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 24_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find by how much does thickness of air gap increases +lamda=589 //units in nm +gap=round(lamda/2) //units in nm +printf("The thickness of air gap increases by=%d nm",gap) diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt b/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2ad83863 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness of air gap increases by=295 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..425b341fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 24_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the thickness that should be coated for minimum reflection +lamda=550 //units in nm +n=1.38 //units in constant +L=(lamda/2)/(2*n) //units in nm +printf("The thickness that should be coated for minimum reflection is L=%.1f nm",L) diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt b/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80a63b717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The thickness that should be coated for minimum reflection is L=99.6 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..930be982b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 24_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the angle at which the line appears +line=5.89*10^-7 //Units in meters +noline=1/10^6 //units in Lines per meter +theta1=asin(line/noline)*180/%pi //units in degrees +//For seond order +theta2=asin(2*line/noline)*180/%pi //units in degrees +printf("For the first order theta1=%d degrees\nFor the second order theta2=%d degrees",theta1,theta2) +sinevalue=2*line/noline //units in radians +printf("\n As it is impossible for the sine of angle that is=%.2f radians to be greater that unity this second order and higher order images doesnot exist",sinevalue) diff --git a/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt b/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01cb2870b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +For the first order theta1=36 degrees +For the second order theta2=90 degrees + As it is impossible for the sine of angle that is=1.18 radians to be greater that unity this second order and higher order images doesnot exist \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95660a2a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 25_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how long does a particle lives when shooted +l=2.6*10^-8 //units in sec +t=0.95 //units in c +life=l/sqrt(1-t^2) //units in sec +printf("The particle lves by a time of=") +disp(life) +printf("Sec") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd02f668 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The particle lves by a time of= + 8.327D-08 +Sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d364a398 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 25_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the be-broglies wavelength +h=6.63*10^-34 //units in J +c=5*10^7 //units in meters/sec +m=9.1*10^-31 //Units in Kg +lamda=h/(m*c) //units in meters +printf("The be-broglies wavelength is lamda=") +disp(lamda) +printf("Meters") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e0026977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The be-broglies wavelength is lamda= + 1.457D-11 +Meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4be436ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 25_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To describe the diffraction pattern that would be obtained by shooting bullet +h=6.63*10^-34 //units in J +m=10^-4 //Units in Kg +c=200 //units in meters/sec +p=m*c //units in Kg meter/sec +lamda=h/p //units in meters +width=0.2*10^-2 //units in meters +sintheta=lamda/width //units in radians +printf("The diffraction pattern that would be obtained by shooting bullet is sin(theta)=") +disp(sintheta) +printf("Radians\n The diffraction angles are so small that the particles will travel essentially straight through the slit") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5ff97dc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The diffraction pattern that would be obtained by shooting bullet is sin(theta)= + 1.657D-29 +Radians + The diffraction angles are so small that the particles will travel essentially straight through the slit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fd64255b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Example 25_2 +clc(); +clear; +//How long it would take according to earth clock for a space ship to make a round trip +fac=0.9990 //Units in c +relfactor=sqrt(1-fac^2) //units in constant +time1=4.5 //Units in Years +time=2*time1 //Units in Years +oritime=relfactor*time //Units in years +printf("The original time that is required to complete a round trip is=%.1f Years or %d Months",oritime,round(12*oritime)) diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70e43be79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The original time that is required to complete a round trip is=0.4 Years or 5 Months \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99b7fdde6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 25_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To graph the relativistic factor and explain why we do not observe relativistic time delaton n everyfay phenomena +printf("In every day life our clocks never come any where close to such high speeds. The electrons in a beam such as that in television tube are easily accelerated to relativistic speeds") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91dc3b4f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + In every day life our clocks never come any where close to such high speeds. The electrons in a beam such as that in television tube are easily accelerated to relativistic speeds \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a952f3ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 25_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out what does the women notice about the length of the stick as she starts rotating +printf("She notices there is no change in stick. The length contraction effect concerns objects moving at high speed relative to observer. The meter stick is at rest relative to observer.") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ceed4a64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +She notices there is no change in stick. The length contraction effect concerns objects moving at high speed relative to observer. The meter stick is at rest relative to observer. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cde91c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 25_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To compare the energy that obtained by changing all mass to energy +m=0.1 //units in Kg +c=3*10^8 //Units in meters/sec +e=m*c^2 //units in J +printf("The energy that is obtained by changing all mass to energy is E=") +disp(e) +printf("J") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0d5ef107 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The energy that is obtained by changing all mass to energy is E= + 9.000D+15 +J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8fe5f25c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 25_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the apparent mass of a high speed electron +rati=1/3 //units in constant +mo=9.6*10^-31 //units in Kg +m=mo/(sqrt(1-rati^2)) //Units in Kg +printf("The apparent mass of High speed electron is mo=") +disp(m) +printf("Kg") +//In textbook answer printed wrong as m=9.*10^-31 Kg the correct answer is m=1.018*10^-30 diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c0c2f5c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The apparent mass of High speed electron is mo= + 1.018D-30 +Kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eafa9237 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 25_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the energy of the photon in a beam +h=6.626*10^-34 //units in J +c=3*10^8 //units in meters/sec +lamda=1240*10^-9 //units in meters +e=(h*c)/lamda //units in J +e=e/(1.6*10^-19) //Units in eV +printf("The energy of photon is E=%d eV",e) diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74ba65e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The energy of photon is E=1 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f503fac5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 25_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the energy of photonn each case +dist1=1240*10^-9 //units in meters +lamda1=100 //units in meters +e1=dist1/lamda1 //Units in eV +dist2=1240 //units in nano meters +lamda2=550 //units in meters +e2=dist2/lamda2 //Units in eV +dist3=1240 //units in nano meters +lamda3=0.2 //units in meters +e3=dist3/lamda3 //Units in eV +printf("The energy with radio waves is E1=") +disp(e1) +printf("eV\n") +printf("The energy with green light is E2=") +disp(e2) +printf("eV\n") +printf("The energy with photon is E3=") +disp(e3) +printf("eV\n") diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc320472c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +The energy with radio waves is E1= + 1.240D-08 +eV +The energy with green light is E2= + 2.2545455 +eV +The energy with photon is E3= + 6200. +eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce b/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6546c1683 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 25_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the value of work function for material +h=6.63*10^-34 //units in J +c=3*10^8 //units in meters/sec +lamda=5*10^-7 //units in meters +vo=0.6 //units in V +e=1.6*10^-19 //units in eV +phi=((h*c)/lamda)-(vo*e) //Units in J + +phi=phi/(1.6*10^-19) //units in eV + +printf("The value of work function for material is Phi=%.2f eV",phi) diff --git a/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.txt b/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceeec2276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The value of work function for material is Phi=1.89 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..386b94777 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 26_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom +e=13.6 //units in eV +printf("The ionization energy of the hydrogen atom is E=%.1f eV",e) diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt b/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a7ab4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ionization energy of the hydrogen atom is E=13.6 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce b/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15fa0b6e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 26_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the wavelength of fourth line in Paschen series +n1=3 //Units in constant +n2=7 //Units in constant +r=1.0974*10^7 //units in meter^-1 +lamda=round((1/r)*((n1^2*n2^2)/(n2^2-n1^2))*10^9) //Units in nm +printf("The wavelength of fourth line in Paschen series is=%d nm",lamda) diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt b/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f549949cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of fourth line in Paschen series is=1005 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce b/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08d3b89b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 26_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To draw the energy level diagram and the find the first line of balmer type series +n=1 +e1=-54.4/n^2 //units in ev +n=2 +e2=-54.4/n^2 //units in ev +n=3 +e3=-54.4/n^2 //units in ev +printf("The energy associated with line 1 is E1=%.1f eV\nThe energy associated with line 2 is E2=%.1f eV\nThe energy associated with line 3 is E3=%.2f eV\n",e1,e2,e3) +e1=1 //units in eV +e2=7.6 //Units in eV +lamda1=1240 //units in nm +lamda=(e1/e2)*lamda1 //Units in nm +printf("The first line of balmer series is lamda=%d nm and belongs to the ultraviolet region",lamda) diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.txt b/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3211fb11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The energy associated with line 1 is E1=-54.4 eV +The energy associated with line 2 is E2=-13.6 eV +The energy associated with line 3 is E3=-6.04 eV +The first line of balmer series is lamda=163 nm and belongs to the ultraviolet region \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce b/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fad109339 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 26_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the longest wavelength of light capable of ionizing hydrogen atom +//First method +R=1.097*10^7 //Units in meter^-1 +lamda=(1/R)*10^9 //Units in meters +//Second method +E=13.6 //units in eV +e1=1 //units in eV +lamda3=1240 //Units in eV +lamda2=(e1/E)*(lamda3) //Units in nm +printf("The longest wavelength of light capable of ionizing hydrogen atom is lamda=%.1f nm",lamda2) diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.txt b/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16ad5b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The longest wavelength of light capable of ionizing hydrogen atom is lamda=91.2 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce b/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a87f075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 26_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the energy difference between the n is 1 and n is 2 level +e1=1 //Units in eV +lamda2=1240 //Units in eV +lamda3=0.07 //Units in eV +e2=lamda2/lamda3 //Units in eV +e=e2-e1 //Units in eV +printf("The energy difference between n=1 and n=2 level is E=%d eV",e) +//In textbook answer is prinred wrong as E=18000 eV the correct answer is E=17713 eV diff --git a/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.txt b/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db4129404 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The energy difference between n=1 and n=2 level is E=17713 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c52110945 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27_1 +clc(); +clear; +//What fraction of atomic mass of Uranium is due to its electrons +n=92 //Units in constant +mass=0.000549 //Units in u +tmass=235 //units in u +per=(n*mass)/tmass //Units in fractions +printf("The fraction of atomic mass of Uranium is due to its electrons is=%.6f",per) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0891de20b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fraction of atomic mass of Uranium is due to its electrons is=0.000215 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..366c0f2aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +//Example 27_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the fraction of original amount still existence in earth +t1=1.41*10^10 //Units in Years +lamda=0.693/t1 //Units in year^-1 +t=5*10^9 //Units in years +n_no=%e^-(lamda*t) //Units in constant +n_no=n_no*100 //Units in percentage +printf("The percentage of original amount still remaining is N/No=%.3f Percent",n_no) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7254f860 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The percentage of original amount still remaining is N/No=78.212 Percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c118447d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 27_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the activity of sr +t1=28 //units in Years +t1=t1*86400*365 //Units in sec +acti=6.022*10^26 //Units of Bq +m1=90 //Units in Kg +m2=0.001 //Units in Kg +N=(m2/m1)*acti //Units in constant +activity=0.693*N/t1 //Units in Bq +printf("The activity of sr=") +disp(activity) +printf("Bq") diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29052c770 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The activity of sr= + 5.251D+12 +Bq \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd42f1eda --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate the age of the axe handle +n_no=0.034 +t1=5730 //Units in Years +t=-(log(n_no)*t1)/0.693 //Units in Years +printf("The age of the axe handle is t=%d years",t) +//In textbook answer is printed wrong as t=28000 years correct answer is t=27958 years diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..950858853 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The age of the axe handle is t=27958 years \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9285eda68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 27_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the energy released in the reaction +m1=141.91635 //Units in u +m2=89.91972 //Units in u +m3=4.03466 //Units in u +n2=36 //Units in Constant +n1=56 //Units in Constant +n4=92 //units in constant +m5=236.04564 //Units in u +loss=m5-(m1+m2+m3)+n4-(n1+n2) //Units in u +e1=931.5 //units n MeV +energy=round(e1*loss) //units in MeV +printf("The energy released in the reaction E=%d MeV",energy) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f0f7f393 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The energy released in the reaction E=163 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5564333c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 27_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the density of gold nucleus +r=6.97*10^-15 //Units in meters +a=197 //Units in u +v=(4/3)*%pi*r^3 //Units in meter^3 +m1=1.66*10^-27 //Units in Kg/u +mass=a*m1 //Units in Kg +p=mass/v //Units in Kg/meter^3 +printf("The density of gold nucleus is p=") +disp(p) +printf("Kg/meter^3") diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74f61a129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + The density of gold nucleus is p= + 2.306D+17 +Kg/meter^3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c931beac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 27_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the energy required to change the mass of a system +c=3*10^8 //units in meters/sec +m=1.66*10^-27 //Units in g +e=m*c^2 //Units in J +e=e/(1.6*10^-19)*10^-6 //Units in MeV +printf("The energy required to change the mass of a system is=%.1f MeV",e) +//In text book answer is printed wrong as e=931.5Mev the correct answer is933.7 MeV diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff036f28a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The energy required to change the mass of a system is=933.7 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ee4b8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 27_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To compute the binding energy of deuterium +m1=2.014102 //Units in u +m2=0.000549 //Units in u +total=m1-m2 //Unts in u +m3=1.007276 //Units in u +m4=1.008665 //Units in u +suma=m3+m4 //Units in u +massdefect=suma-total //units in u +e1=931.5 //Units in MeV +m5=1 //Units iin eV +e=massdefect*e1/m5 //Units in MeV +printf("The binding energy of deuterium is E=%.2f MeV ",e) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c8b8c242 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The binding energy of deuterium is E=2.22 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec5de14a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 27_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how much of the orignal I will still present +d1=20 //Units in mg +d2=d1/2 //Units in mg +d3=d2/2 //Units in mg +d4=d3/2 //Units in mg +d5=d4/2 //Units in mg +d6=d5/2 //Units in mg +d7=d6/2 //Units in mg +printf("After 48 days only %.3f mg will remain",d7) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e276099c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + After 48 days only 0.313 mg will remain \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17904f923 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 27_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how many radium atoms in the vial undergo decay +t1=5.1*10^10 //Units in sec +lamda=0.693/t1 //Units in sec^-1 +n1=6.02*10^26 //Units in atoms/Kmol +n2=226 //Units in Kg/Kmol +m1=0.001 //Units in Kg +N=n1*m1/n2 //Units in number of atoms +deltat=1 //Units in sec +deltan=-lamda*N*deltat //Units in Number +printf("The number of dis integrations per sec=") +disp(deltan) + diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3242a9e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + The number of dis integrations per sec= + - 3.620D+10 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aebbb8f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find what fraction of uranium remains undecayed today +t1=4.5*10^9 //Units in Years +lamda=0.693/t1 //Units in years^-1 +t=4*10^9 //Units in Years +n_no=%e^(-lamda*t) //Units in Fractions +printf("The fraction of uranium remains undecayed today is=%.2f",n_no) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57445c8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The fraction of uranium remains undecayed today is=0.54 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e9cc97a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the decay constant and half life of substance +n_no=0.9 //Units in constant +t=12 //Units in h +lamda=log(1/n_no)/t //Units in h^-1 +t1=round(0.693/lamda) //Units in h +printf("The decay constant is lamda=%.7f h^-1\n The Half life is t0.5=%d h",lamda,t1) diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88907073a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The decay constant is lamda=0.0087800 h^-1 + The Half life is t0.5=79 h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce b/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eced8161 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 27_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To fnd the approximate energy of the emitted alpha particle +m1=222.01753 //Units in u +m3=4.00263 //Units in u +m2=218.00893 //Units in u +massloss=m1-(m2+m3) //Units in u +e1=931.5 //Units in MeV +e=e1/massloss*10^-5 //Units in MeV +printf("The approximate energy of the emitted alpha particle is E=%.2f MeV",e) +//In textbook answer s printed wrong as E=5.56eV the correct answer is E=1.56 eV diff --git a/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.txt b/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a34088326 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The approximate energy of the emitted alpha particle is E=1.56 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa0f62a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 3_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the balls instantaneous velocity and Average Velocity +d1=8.6 //units in meters +t1=0.86 //units in sec +vp=d1/t1 //units in meters/sec +printf("The Instantaneous Velocity at P Vp=%d meters/sec\n",vp) +//The ball stops at position Q Hence vp=0 met/sec +vq=0 //units in meters/sec +printf("The Instantaneous Velocity at Q Vq=%d meters/sec\n",vq) +d2=-10.2 //units in meters +t2=1.02 //units in sec +vn=d2/t2 //units in meters/sec +printf("The Instantaneous Velocity at N Vn=%d meters/sec\n",vn) +d3=20 //units in meters +t3=2 //units in sec +vAQ=d3/t3 //units in meters/sec +printf("The Average Velocity between A and Q is VAQ=%d meters/sec\n",vAQ) +d4=0 //units in meters +t4=4 //units in sec +vAM=d4/t4 //units in meters/sec +printf("The Average Velocity between A and M is VAM=%d meters/sec\n",vAM) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..210515c36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +The Instantaneous Velocity at P Vp=10 meters/sec +The Instantaneous Velocity at Q Vq=0 meters/sec +The Instantaneous Velocity at N Vn=-10 meters/sec +The Average Velocity between A and Q is VAQ=10 meters/sec +The Average Velocity between A and M is VAM=0 meters/sec + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0565feb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how high does it goes and its speed and how long will it be in air +vf=0 //units in meters/sec +v0=15 //units in meters/sec +a=-9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +y=(vf^2-v0^2)/(2*a) //units in meters +printf("Distance it travels is y=%.1f meters\n",y) +vf=-sqrt(2*a*-y) //units in meters/sec +printf("The speed is vf=%d meters/sec\n",vf) +t=vf/(0.5*a) //units in sec +printf("Time taken is T=%.2f sec",t) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f63d0c57c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Distance it travels is y=11.5 meters +The speed is vf=-15 meters/sec +Time taken is T=3.06 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7aa8172 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +//Example 3_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast a ball must be thrown +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +t=3 //units in sec +v=(0.5*a*t^2)/t +printf("The speed by which the ball has to be thrown is v=%.1f meters/sec",v) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2d0b3e07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed by which the ball has to be thrown is v=14.7 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba781be66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out where the ball will hit the ground +//Horizontal +y=2 //units in meters +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +t=sqrt(y/(0.5*a)) //units in sec +v=15 //units in meters/sec +x=v*t //units in sec +printf("The ball hits the ground at x=%.2f meters",x) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9644fbe85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The ball hits the ground at x=9.58 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a78758bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 3_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out at what height above ground does it hit wall and is it still going up befor it hits or down +v_1=24 //units in meters/sec +x=15 //units in meters +t=x/v_1 //units in sec +v0=18 //units in meters/sec +a=-9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +y=(v0*t)+(0.5*a*t^2) //units in meters +printf("The arrow hits y=%.1f meters above the straight point\n",y) +v=v0+(a*t) //units in meters/sec +printf("The Vertical componet of velocity is v=%.1f meters/sec\n",v) +printf("As V is Positive the arrow is in its way up\n") +vtotal=sqrt(v^2+v_1^2) //units in meters/sec +printf("The magnitude of velocity is vtotal=%.1f meters/sec",vtotal) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0c99c622 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + The arrow hits y=9.3 meters above the straight point +The Vertical componet of velocity is v=11.9 meters/sec +As V is Positive the arrow is in its way up +The magnitude of velocity is vtotal=26.8 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f562761b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the Acceleration +v1=20 //units in meters/sec +v2=15 //units in meters/sec +t1=0 //units in sec +t2=0.5 //units in sec +c_v=v2-v1 //units in meters/sec +c_t=t2-t1 //units in sec +acceleration=c_v/c_t //units in meters/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration a=%d meters/sec^2",acceleration) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48166712e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Acceleration a=-10 meters/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab734b1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find acceleration and the distance it travels in time +vf=5 //units in meters/sec +v0=0 //units in meters/sec +t=10 //units in sec +a=(vf-v0)/t //units in meters/sec^2 +v_1=(vf+v0)/2 //unis in meters/sec +x=v_1*t //units in meters +printf("Acceleration is a=%.1f meters/sec\n",a) +printf("Distance travelled is x=%d meters",x) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c4334140 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Acceleration is a=0.5 meters/sec +Distance travelled is x=25 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c047a35cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find acceleration and time taken to stop +v0=5 //units in meters/sec +vf=0 //units in meters/sec +v_1=(v0+vf)/2 //units in meters/sec +x=20 //units in meters +t=x/v_1 //units in sec +a=(vf-v0)/t //units in meters/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration is a=%.3f meters/sec^2\n",a) +printf("Time taken to stop t=%d sec",t) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba28243d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Acceleration is a=-0.625 meters/sec^2 +Time taken to stop t=8 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66202492 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the speed and time to cover +a=4 //units in meters/sec^2 +x=20 //units in meters +vf=sqrt(a*x*2) //units in meters/sec +t=vf/a //units in sec +printf("Speed vf=%.2f meters/sec\n",vf) +printf("Time taken T=%.2f sec",t) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dad2bc50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Speed vf=12.65 meters/sec +Time taken T=3.16 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..570f8aaca --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the time taken by a car to travel +x=98 //uniys in meters +a=4 //units in meters/sec^2 +t=sqrt((2*x)/a) //units in sec +printf("Time taken by a car to travel is T=%d sec",t) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77044fef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Time taken by a car to travel is T=7 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b26b2fce --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the time taken to travel +v0=16.7 //units in meters/sec +a=1.5 //units in meters/sec^2 +x=70 //units in meters +t=-((-v0)+sqrt(v0^2-(4*(a/2)*x)))/(2*(a/2)) //units in sec +printf("Time taken to travel T=%.1f sec",t) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0faec535a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Time taken to travel T=5.6 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd939ab8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the acceleration +vf=30 //units in meters/sec +v0=0 //units in meters/sec +t=9 //units in sec +a=(vf-v0)/t //units in meters/sec^2 +a=a*(1/1000)*(3600/1)*(3600/1) //units in km/h^2 +printf("Acceleration a=%d km/h^2",a) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e89a6197 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Acceleration a=43200 km/h^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b480d8a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find how above the water is the bridge +v0=0 //units in meters/sec +t=3 //units in sec +a=-9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +y=(v0*t)+(0.5*a*t^2) //units in meters +printf("The bridge is y=%d meters above the water",y) diff --git a/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt b/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce253f484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The bridge is y=-44 meters above the water \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d721780e --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the force required +vf=12 //units in meters/sec +v0=0 //units in meters/sec +t=8 //units in sec +a=(vf-v0)/t //units in meters/sec^2 +m=900 //units in Kg +F=m*a //units in Newtons +printf("The force required is F=%d N",F) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74f762b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The force required is F=1350 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdbf58c1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the tension in the rope +u=0.7 +sintheta=(6/10) +w1=50 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meter/sec^2 +costheta=(8/10) +Fn=w1*g*costheta //units in Newtons +f=u*Fn //units in Newtons +T=f+(w1*g*sintheta) +printf("The tension in the rope is T=%d N",T) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41c703b14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The tension in the rope is T=568 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fa7f5926 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 4_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the acceleration of the system +w1=7 //units in Kg +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +w2=5 //units in Kg +w=w1/w2 +F1=29.4 //units in Newtons +F2=20 //units in Newtons +f=(F1+F2) //units in Newtons +T1=w1*a //units in Newtons +T=(T1+(w*f))/(1+w) //units in Newtons +a=((w1*a)-T)/w1 //units in meters/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration a=%.2f meters/sec^2",a) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b968786d --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Acceleration a=1.60 meters/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fa217cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the friction force that opposes the motion +F1=500 //units in Newtons +F2=800 //units in Newtons +theta=30 //units in degrees +Fn=F1+(F2*sin(theta*%pi/180)) //units in Newtons +u=0.6 +f=u*Fn //units in Newtons +printf("The Frictional force that is required is f=%d N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c903d760 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Frictional force that is required is f=540 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52b2d5fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out at what rate the wagon accelerate and how large a force the ground pushing up on wagon +F1=90 //units in Newtons +F2=60 //units in Newtons +P=F1-F2 //units in Newtons +F3=100 //units in Newtons +F4=sqrt(F3^2-F2^2) //units in Newtons +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +ax=(F4*a)/F1 //units in Meters/sec^2 +printf("The wagon accelerates at ax=%.1f meters/sec^2\n",ax) +printf("Force by which the ground pushing is P=%d N",P) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8337fdd5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The wagon accelerates at ax=8.7 meters/sec^2 +Force by which the ground pushing is P=30 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0189194a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4_4 +clc(); +clear; +// To calculate How far does the car goes +w1=3300 //units in lb +F1=4.45 //units in Newtons +w2=1 //units in lb +weight=w1*(F1/w2) //units in Newtons +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +Mass=weight/g //units in Kg +speed=38 //units in mi/h +speed=speed*(1.61)*(1/3600) //units in Km/sec +stoppingforce=0.7*(weight) //units in Newtons +a=stoppingforce/-(Mass) //units in meters/sec^2 +vf=0 +v0=17 //units in meters/sec +x=(vf^2-v0^2)/(2*a) +printf("The car goes by x=%.1f meters",x) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as x=20.9 meters the correct answer is x=21.1 meters diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a73d28ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The car goes by x=21.1 meters s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a04b44dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the acceleration of the masses +w1=10 //units in Kg +w2=5 //units in Kg +f1=98 //units in Newtons +f2=49 //units in Newtons +w=w1/w2 +T=round((f1+(w*f2))/(w+1)) //units in Newtons +a=(f1-T)/w1 //units in meters/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration is a=%.1f meters/sec^2",a) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c6e2017 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Acceleration is a=3.3 meters/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..132590062 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the acceleration of the objects +w1=0.4 //units in Kg +w2=0.2 //units in Kg +w=w1/w2 +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +f=0.098 //units in Newtons +c=w2*a //units in Newtons +T=((w*c)+f)/(1+w) //units in Newtons +a=(T-f)/w1 //units in meters/sec^2 +printf("Acceleration a=%.1f meters/sec^2",a) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..029dc5223 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Acceleration a=3.1 meters/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..386856b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate the lower limit for the speed +//In a practical situation u should be atleast 0.5 +u=0.5 +g=9.8 //units in meter/sec^2 +x=7 //units in meters +v0=sqrt(2*u*g*x) //units in meters/sec +printf("The lower limit of the speed v0=%.1f meter/sec",v0) diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80dfa2389 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The lower limit of the speed v0=8.3 meter/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b438c48a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 4_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find acceleration in terms of m,f and theta +printf("The acceleration a=(f/m)-g*sin(theta)") +printf("\n In special case when there is no friction f=0\n") +printf("So a=-g*sin(theta)\n") +printf("As theta=90 degrees\n") +printf("Acceleration a=-g") diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt b/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54b03c21f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +The acceleration a=(f/m)-g*sin(theta) + In special case when there is no friction f=0 +So a=-g*sin(theta) +As theta=90 degrees +Acceleration a=-g \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.TXT b/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.TXT new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39e5c266 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.TXT @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The force required is P=1776 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..619beafb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate how large a force must push on car to accelerate +m=1200 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +d1=4 //units in meters +d2=40 //units in meters +a=0.5 //units in meters/sec^2 +P=((m*g)*(d1/d2))+(m*a) //units in Newtons +printf("The force required is P=%d N",P) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as P=1780 N but the correct answer is P=1776 N diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d6958cbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the work done +Fs=8 //units in meters +W=Fs*round(cos(%pi/2)) //units in Joules +printf("The work done is W=%d Joules",W) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2af18a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The work done is W=0 Joules \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..426fa1524 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate how large the average frictional force +a=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +s=4 //units in meters +v=6 //units in meters/sec +m=3 //units on Kg +f=m*((a*s)-(0.5*v^2))/s //units in Newtons +printf("The average frictional force f=%.1f N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adc21e258 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The average frictional force f=15.9 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c12a42ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast a car is going at points B and C +m=300 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +hb_ha=10 //units in meters +f=20 //units in Newtons +s=60 //units in meters +vf=2*sqrt((0.5*((m*g*(hb_ha))-(f*s)))/m) //units in meters/sec +printf("The car is going at a speed of vf=%.1f meters/sec at point B\n",vf) +hc_ha=2 //units in meters +vf=2*sqrt((0.5*((m*g*(hc_ha))-(f*s)))/m) //units in meters/sec +printf("The car is going at a speed of vf=%.2f meters/sec at point C\n",vf) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce3b0d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + The car is going at a speed of vf=13.7 meters/sec at point B +The car is going at a speed of vf=5.59 meters/sec at point C + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57c8f60a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5_12 +clc(); +clear; +//How far the average velocity and how far beyond B does the car goes +m=2000 //units in Kg +vb=5 //units in meters/sec +va=20 //units in meters/sec +hb_ha=8 //units in meters +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +sab=100 //units in meters +f=-((0.5*m*(vb^2-va^2))+(m*g*(hb_ha)))/sab //units in Newtons +printf("Average frictional force is f=%d N\n",f) +Sbe=(0.5*m*vb^2)/f //units in meters +printf("The distance by which the car goes beyond is Sbe=%.1f meters",Sbe) +//In text book answer is printed wrong as f=2180 N but correct answer is f=2182N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d377f28d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Average frictional force is f=2182 N +The distance by which the car goes beyond is Sbe=11.5 meters \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79ac0c6ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_13 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how large the force is required +m=2 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +hc_ha=10.03 //units in meters +sbc=0.030 //units in meters +f=(m*g*(hc_ha))/sbc //units in Newtons +printf("The average force required is f=%d N",f) +//In text book answer is printed wrong as f=6550 N correct answer is f=6552N diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e78a6b050 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The average force required is f=6552 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c30c564e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_14 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast the pendulum is moving +//At point A +hb_ha=0.35 //units in Meters +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +vb=sqrt((g*hb_ha)/0.5) //units in meters/sec +printf("The velocity of pendulum at point B is vb=%.2f meters/sec\n",vb) +printf("From A to C hc=ha and Vc=Va=0 so Frictional force is Negligible at point C") diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ab2bb7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The velocity of pendulum at point B is vb=2.62 meters/sec +From A to C hc=ha and Vc=Va=0 so Frictional force is Negligible at point C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..953f0ad3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_15 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how large a force is required +m=2000 //units in Kg +vf=15 //units in meters/sec +f1=500 //units in Newtons +F=((0.5*m*(vf^2))/80)+f1 //units in Newtons +printf("Force required is F=%d N",F) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as F=3300 N but the correct answer is 3312 N diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..463a73d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Force required is F=3312 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23bb7ca26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5_16 +clc(); +clear; +//To find IMA AMA and Efficiency of the system +si=3 +so=1 +IMA=si/so +Fo=2000 //units in Newtons +Fi=800 //units in Newtons +AMA=Fo/Fi +effi=AMA/IMA*100 +printf("IMA=%.2f\n",IMA) +printf("AMA=%.2f\n",AMA) +printf("Percentage of efficiency is %d percent",effi) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae0d97759 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +IMA=3.00 +AMA=2.50 +Percentage of efficiency is 83 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea57c5854 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the work done when lifting object as well as lowering the object +Fs=1 //units in terms of Fs +theta=0 //units in degrees +W=Fs*cos(theta*%pi/180) //units in terms of m, g and h +printf("Work done when lifting is W=mgh*%d\n",W) +theta=180 //units in degrees +W=Fs*cos(theta*%pi/180) //units in terms of m, g and h +printf("Work done when downing is W=mgh*%d\n",W) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d9734f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Work done when lifting is W=mgh*1 +Work done when downing is W=mgh*-1 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48eb4d380 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the work done by the pulling force +F=20 //units in Newtons +d=5 //units in meters +W=F*d //units in joules +printf("Work done is W=%d Joules",W) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e45a50ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Work done is W=100 Joules \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d422affb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the power being developed in motor +m=200 //units on Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +Fy=m*g //units in Newtons +vy=0.03 //units in meter/sec +P=Fy*vy //units in Watts +P=P*(1/746) //units in hp +printf("Power developed P=%.5f hp",P) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ada92c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Power developed P=0.07882 hp \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a5edf5e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the average frictional force developed +m=2000 //units in Kg +vf=20 //units in meters/sec +d=100 //units in meters +f=(0.5*m*vf^2)/d //units in Newtons +printf("Average frictional force f=%d N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d9af4863 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average frictional force f=4000 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37c331d9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast the car is going +f=4000 //units in Newtons +s=50 //units in meters +theta=180 //units in degrees +m=2000 //units in Kg +v0=20 //units in meter/sec +vf=sqrt((2*((f*s*cos(theta*%pi/180))+(0.5*m*v0^2)))/m) //units in meter/sec +printf("The speed of the car is vf=%.1f meters/sec",vf) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1ac32868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the car is vf=14.1 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c92cd748 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the required tension in the rope +m=40 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +theta=0 //units in degrees +vf=0.3 //units in meters/sec +s=0.5 //units in meters +T=round((m*g)+((0.5*m*vf^2)/(s*cos(theta*%pi/180)))) //units in Newtons +printf("Tension in the rope is T=%d N",T) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9952ea3b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Tension in the rope is T=396 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72e8f629c --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the frictional force +m=900 //units in Kg +v0=20 //units in meters/sec +s=30 //units in meters +f=(0.5*m*v0^2)/s //units in Newtons +printf("Frictional force required is f=%d N",f) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9859d5925 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Frictional force required is f=6000 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6a8cc092 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast a a ball is going +m=3 //units in Kg +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +hf=0 //units in meters +h0=4 //units in meters +vf=2*sqrt(((m*g*-(hf-h0))*0.5)/m) //units in meters/sec +printf("The ball is moving with a speed of vf=%.2f meters/sec",vf) diff --git a/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt b/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83f207a50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ball is moving with a speed of vf=8.85 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0064532bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate how large is the average force retarding its motion +m=1500 //units in Kg +vf=15 //units in meters/sec +v0=20 //units in meters/sec +t=3 //units in sec +f=((m*vf)-(m*v0))/t //Units in Newtons +printf("The average retarding force is F=%d Newtons",f) diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1737c1727 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The average retarding force is F=-2500 Newtons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046f079dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the average speed of the nitrogen molecule in air +ap=1.01*10^5 //units in Newton/meter^2 +nofmol=2.69*10^25 //Number of molecules +nitmass=4.65*10^-26 //units in Kg +v=sqrt((ap*3)/(nofmol*nitmass)) //units in meters/sec +printf("The average speed of the nitrogen molecule in air is V=%d meters/sec",v) diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcbe25d0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The average speed of the nitrogen molecule in air is V=492 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a411a7265 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 6_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To estimate the average stopping force the tree exerts on the car +m=1200 //units in Kg +vf=0 //units in meters/sec +v0=20 //units in meters/sec +v=0.5*(vf+v0) //units in meters/sec +s=1.5 //units in meters +t=s/v //units in sec +f=((m*vf)-(m*v0))/t //Units in Newtons +printf("The average stopping force the tree exerts on the car is F=") +disp(f) +printf("Newtons") diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a25fccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The average stopping force the tree exerts on the car is F= + - 160000. +Newtons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac0de7706 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how fast and the direction car moving +m1=30000 //units in Kg +m2=1200 //units in Kg +v10=10 //units in meters/sec +v20=-25 //units in meters/sec +vf=((m1*v10)+(m2*v20))/(m1+m2) //unis in meters/sec +printf("The car is moving at vf=%.2f Meters/sec\n",vf) +printf("The positive sign of vf Indicate the car is moving in the direction the truck was moving") diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90146f8d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The car is moving at vf=8.65 Meters/sec +The positive sign of vf Indicate the car is moving in the direction the truck was moving \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23d34d807 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the recoil velocity of the gun vgf +//As we know that Momentum before = Momentum after +//((m*vb0)+(M*vg0))=((m*vbf)+(M*vgf)) +// As vb0=vg0=0 +printf("The recoil velocity of the gun is Vgf=-(m/M)*Vbf") diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d06302995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The recoil velocity of the gun is Vgf=-(m/M)*Vbf \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9576c52a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 6_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the velocity of each ball after collision +m1=0.04 //units in kg +m2=0.08 //units in kg +v1=0.3 //units in meters/sec +v2f=(2*m1*v1)/(m1+m2) //units in meters/sec +v2f1=v2f*100 //units in cm/sec +printf("The velocity V2f=%.1f meters/sec or %d cm/sec\n",v2f,v2f1) +v1f=((m1*v1)-(m2*v2f))/m1 //units in meters/sec +v1f1=-v1f*100 //units in cm/sec +printf("The velocity V1f=%.1f meters/sec or %d cm/sec\n",v1f,v1f1) diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df0d4b911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The velocity V2f=0.2 meters/sec or 20 cm/sec +The velocity V1f=-0.1 meters/sec or 10 cm/sec + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2470cbdc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate the speed of the pellet before collision +h=0.30 //units in meters +g=9.8 //units in meters/sec^2 +v=sqrt(2*g*h) //units in meters/sec +m1=2 //units in Kgs +m2=0.010 //units in kgs +v10=((m1+m2)*v)/m2 //units in meters/sec +printf("The speed of the pelet before collision is V10=%d meters/sec",v10) +//In textbook the answer is printed wrong as V10=486 meters/sec the correct answer is V10=487 meters/sec diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ba6b5ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The speed of the pelet before collision is V10=487 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..132668ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate how large a forward push given to the rocket +m=1300 //units in Kgs +vf=50000 //units in meters/sec +v0=0 //units in meters/sec +F=((m*vf)-(m*v0)) //units in Newtons +printf("The Thrust is F=%d Newtons",F) diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef24f6dcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The Thrust is F=65000000 Newtons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..300cde46b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +//Example 6_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To determine the velocity of the third piece +momentumbefore=0 //units in kg meter/s +m=0.33 //units in Kgs +vz=momentumbefore/m +printf("The Z component of velocity is Vz=%d meters/sec\n",vz) +m=0.33 //units in Kgs +v0=0.6 //units in meters/sec +vy=-(m*v0)/m //interms of v0 and meters/sec +printf("The Y component of velocity is Vy=%.1f*V0\n",vy) +v01=1 //units in meters/sec +v02=0.8 //units in meters/sec +vx=-((v01+v02)*m)/m //interms of v0 and units in meters/sec +printf("The X component of velocity is Vx=%.1f*V0",vx) diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e50d9770 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The Z component of velocity is Vz=0 meters/sec +The Y component of velocity is Vy=-0.6*V0 +The X component of velocity is Vx=-1.8*V0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92b1a8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6_9 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the velocity of second ball after collision +v1=5 //units in meters/sec +theta=50 //units in degrees +v2=2 //units in meters/sec +vx=v1/(v2*cos(theta*%pi/180)) //units in meters/sec +vy=-(v2*cos(theta*%pi/180)) //units in meters/sec +v=sqrt(vx^2+vy^2) //units in meters/sec +printf("After the collision the second ball moves at a speed of v=%.2f Meters/sec",v) +//in textbook the answer is printed wrong as 4.01 meters/sec the correct answer is 4.1 meters/sec diff --git a/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt b/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef5cbc3c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +After the collision the second ball moves at a speed of v=4.10 Meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d835c953 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_1 +clc(); +clear; +//To convert angles to radians and revolutions +theta=70 //units in degrees +deg=360 //units in degrees +rad=theta*2*%pi/deg //units in radians +rev=1 //units in revolution +rev=theta*rev/deg //units in revolution +printf("70 degrees in radians is %.2f radians \n 70 degrees in revolutions it is %.3f revolutions",rad,rev) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da489909 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + 70 degrees in radians is 1.22 radians + 70 degrees in revolutions it is 0.194 revolutions \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1ddd5996 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7_10 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the ratio of F/W +G=6.67*10^-11 //units in Newton meter^2/Kg^2 +m1=0.0080 //units in Kgs +m2=0.0080 //units in Kgs +r=2 //units in Meters +F=(G*m1*m2)/r^2 //units in Newtons +m=m1 //units in Kgs +g=9.8 //units in meter/sec^2 +W=m*g //units in Newtons +F_W=F/W +printf("The F/W Ratio is=") +disp(F_W) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..645180b38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The F/W Ratio is= + 1.361D-14 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf5fffb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7_11 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the mass of the sun +t=3.15*10^7 //units in sec +r=1.5*10^11 //units in meters +v=(2*%pi*r)/t //units in meters/sec +G=6.67*10^-11 //units in Newtons +ms=(v^2*r)/G //Units in Kg +printf("The mass of the sun is Ms=") +disp(ms) +printf("Kg") diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4470ce16b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The mass of the sun is Ms= + 2.013D+30 +Kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d50d8ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7_12 +clc(); +clear; +//To findout the orbital radius and its speed +G=6.67*10^-11 //units in Newtons +me=5.98*10^24 //units in Kg +t=86400 //units in sec +r=((G*me*t^2)/(4*%pi^2))^(1/3) +printf("The orbital radius is r= %d meters\n",r) +v=(2*%pi*r)/t //units in meters/sec +printf("The orbital speed is v=%d meters/sec",v) +//in textbook the answer is printed wrong as v=3070 m/sec but the correct answer is v=3072 m/sec diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70e9673c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The orbital radius is r= 42250474 meters +The orbital speed is v=3072 meters/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa49a2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7_2 +clc(); +clear; +//To find average angular velocity +theta=1800 //units in rev +t=60 //units in sec +w=(theta/t) //units in rev/sec +w=w*(2*%pi) //units in rad/sec +printf("Average angular velocity is w=%d rad/sec",w) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92552e137 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average angular velocity is w=188 rad/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4e804e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_3 +clc(); +clear; +//To find average angular acceleration +wf=240 //units in rev/sec +w0=0 //units in rev/sec +t=2 //units in minutes +t=t*60 //units in sec +alpha=(wf-w0)/t //units in rev/sec^2 +printf("Average angular acceleration is alpha=%d rev/sec^2",alpha) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..625a4304f --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average angular acceleration is alpha=2 rev/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae7f6df46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_4 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out how many revolutions does it turn before rest +wf=0 //units in rev/sec +w0=3 //units in rev/sec +t=18 //units in sec +alpha=(wf-w0)/t //units in rev/sec^2 +theta=(w0*t)+0.5*(alpha*t^2) //units in rev +printf("Number of revolutions does it turn before rest is theta=%d rev",theta) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f7a6a5c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Number of revolutions does it turn before rest is theta=27 rev \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ad5a181b --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 7_5 +clc(); +clear; +//To find the angular acceleration and angular velocity of one wheel +vtf=20 //units in meters/sec +r=0.4 //units in meters +wf=vtf/r //units in rad/sec +vf=20 //units in meters/sec +v0=0 //units in meters/sec^2 +t=9 //units in sec +a=(vf-v0)/t //units in meters/sec^2 +alpha=a/r //units in rad/sec^2 +printf("Angular accelertion is a=%.2f meters/sec^2\n",a) +printf("Angular velocity is alpha=%.2f rad/sec^2",alpha) diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c9e4f072 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Angular accelertion is a=2.22 meters/sec^2 +Angular velocity is alpha=5.56 rad/sec^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cad9914b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7_6 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the rotation rate +at=8.6 //units in meters/sec^2 +r=0.2 //units in meters +alpha=at/r //units in rad/sec^2 +t=3 //units in sec +wf=alpha*t //units in rad/sec +printf("The rotation rate is wf=%d rad/sec",wf) +//In textbook answer is printed wrong as 129 rad/sec but the correct answer is 128 rad/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cce82128 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The rotation rate is wf=128 rad/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..953001fee --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 7_7 +clc(); +clear; +//To calculate how large a horizontal force must the pavement exert +m=1200 //units in Kg +v=8 //units in meters/sec +r=9 //units in meters +F=(m*v^2)/r //units in Newtons +printf("The horizontal force must the pavement exerts is F=%d Newtons",F) +//In text book the answer is printed wrong as F=8530 N but the correct answer is 8533 N diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt b/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a65cafdf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The horizontal force must the pavement exerts is F=8533 Newtons \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3648/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3648/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31f4a5d93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3648/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7_8 +clc(); +clear; +//To find out the tension in the string when the ball is at point A +//As (T+W)=((m*v^2)/r) +printf("Tension in the string is T=m*((v^2/r)-g)\n") +printf("If v^2/r==g then the tension in the string is zero\n") +printf("If v 0 & n > 0) + if (modulo(N,2)== 0) + Nbin(n)=0; + else + Nbin(n)=1; +end +n=n-1; +N=int(N/2); +end +disp((Nbin)'); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e450dd8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Exa 2.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// An amplifier( Refer Fig. 2.5(a) ) +Acl = -10; // Closed loop gain +Ri = 10 * 10^3; // Input resistance of amplifier(Ω) + +// Solution + +// Since it is mentioned to design an amplifier, it means to calculate values for Rf(Feedback resistance) and R1. +disp("Referring Fig. 2.5(a), we choose R1 as 10 kΩ i.e equal to input resistance of amplifier."); +R1 = Ri; +// Acl = -1 * Rf/R1; +// Therefore; +Rf= - Acl * Ri; +printf(' The calculated value of Rf(Feedback resistane) is Rf = %d kΩ. \n',Rf/1000); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7d84bca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 2.10 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A current mirrir as shown in Fig. 2.16 +Ic = 1; // mA +Vcc = 10; // Volts +B = 125; +Vbe = 0.7; // Bolts + +// Solution + +// Case(1)- When Ic = 1mA. +printf(' From equations 2.67 and 2.68 we get R1 as - \n\n'); +// Ic = (B/(B+2))*((Vcc-Vbe)/R1); +// Therefore +R1 = (B/(B+2))*((Vcc-Vbe)/Ic); +printf(' The value of R1 when Ic = 1 mA is R1 = %.2f kΩ. \n',R1); + +// Now case(2)- when Ic = 10 μA. +Ic1 = 10*10^-3; // in mA +R2 = (B/(B+2))*((Vcc-Vbe)/Ic1); +printf(' The value of R1 when Ic = 10 μA is R1 = %d kΩ. \n',R2); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bf6a9a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.11 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +Io=10*10^-6; // Output current(A) +Vcc= 10; // Volts +B=125; // current gain +Vbe=0.7; // Voltage between base and emitter(V) +Vt=25*10^-3; // volt equivalent of temperature at room temperature(V) + +//Solution + +disp(" Let Iref = 1 mA then using equation 2.79, we get- "); + +Iref=1*10^-3; // we choose + +R1=(Vcc-Vbe)/Iref; +printf('\n The value of R1 = %.1f kΩ. \n',R1/1000); + +disp(" Using equation 2.74, we get-"); +Re=(Vt/((1+1/B)*Io))*log(Iref/Io); +printf('\n The value of Re = %.1f kΩ. \n',Re/1000); + +disp(" Thus, it is clearly seen that Wildar circuit allows the generation of small currents using relatively small resistors."); + diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..322ec5837 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 2.12 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +//Referring fig No. 2.21, we get + +Vcc=9; // Volts +Vbe=0.7; // Volts +R1=30*10^3; // Ω +Re=1.94; // Ω +B=125; // current gain +VT = 25*10^-3; // Volts + +// Solution + +Iref= (Vcc-Vbe)/R1; +printf(' The value of Iref = %.3f mA. \n ',Iref*1000); +// Also at Node A.- Iref=Ic+3*Ib. i.e Ic = Iref*(B/(B+2)) +// Assuming IB3 of widlar source negligible. +// Therefore putting back value of Iref we get values of Ic1 +Ic=Iref*(B/(B+3)); +Ic_mA = Ic*1000; // in mA + +printf('\n The value of Ic1 = Ic2 = %.3f mA. \n ',Ic*10^3); +// Calculating Ic3 using eqn 2.74 ; + +// Re = (VT/(Ic3*(1+1/B)))*ln(ic_mA/Ic3); +// Re - (VT/(Ic3*(1+1/B)))*ln(ic_mA/Ic3) = 0; + +deff('y = f(x)', 'y = (Re-(VT*log(Ic_mA/x))/(x*(1+1/B)))'); // here x = Ic3 +[x,v,info]= fsolve(0.01,f); + +printf(' \n By trial and error method, we get Ic3 = %.4f mA.\n',x); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba86db4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 2.13 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Refering Fig. 2.24 we get, + +B=100; // Current gain +Vbe=0.7; // Volts +Vcc=5; // Volts +R1= 10*10^3; // Ω + +// Solution + +printf(' Referring to circuit shown in Fig. 2.24 and using KVL we get Iref as ' ); +// KVL for loop 1 +// Vcc-Vbe-R1*Iref+Vcc = 0; +// Therefore +Iref= (2*Vcc-Vbe)/R1; +printf(' %.2f mA. \n',Iref*1000); +// At emitter node E., Iref=2*Ie (Assuming identical transistors +//Then; +Ic= B*Iref/(2*(1+B)); + +printf(' Due to mirror effect, Io = Ic1 = Ic = %0.2f mA. \n ',Ic*1000); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26ad536d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 2.14 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Fig. 2.25 shows circuit for current example +Vo = 6; // Volts +B = 200; +R1 =15; // kΩ +R2 = 2.8; // kΩ +Vcc = 12; // volts +Vbe = 0.7; // Volts + +// Solution + +Iref = (Vcc-Vbe)/R1; +I1 = Vbe/R2; + +// At node A- Iref = Ic1 + 2IB + I1; + // Iref = Ic1*(1+2/B)+I1; + // Therefore; we get Ic1 as- +Ic1 = (Iref-I1)/(1+2/B); +printf(' The value of Ic1 = %.3f mA.\n',Ic1 ); +printf(' The value of Ic2 = Ic1 due to mirror effect.'); + // by KVL to outer loop we get Rc value + // 12V = Ic2*Rc +Vo; +Rc = (Vcc-Vo)/Ic1; +printf('\n The value of Rc = %d kΩ. \n',Rc); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b337e3b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.15 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Referring Fig. 2.26, we get +Vcc=10; // Volts +R1= 4.7*10^3; // k Ohm’s +B=100; // Current gain(>>1) +Vbe=0.75; // Volts + +// Solution + +disp(" Node ‘A‘ is at transistor Q1, Node ‘B’ is at transistor Q2 and Node ‘C’ is at transistor Q3."); + +printf('\n From Fig. 2.26 at node ‘A‘. I = Ic1 + Ib1 + I1‘ ...Eqn(1)'); +printf(' \n Also at node ‘B‘. I1‘ = Ic2 + Ib3.'); +printf('\n Putting value of I1‘ in eqn(1) we get I = (approximately) 2Ic. \n'); + +I = (Vcc-Vbe)/R1; // By ohm‘s law + +printf('\n The calculated value of I = %.2f mA. \n' , I*1000); + +Ic3 = I/2; + +printf(' The collector current of Q3 is equal to the collector current of Q1 and Q2 due to mirror action. \n Therefore, the emitter current IE3 = Ic3 = Ic = I/2 = %.2f mA. \n ',Ic3*1000); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4abeea01c --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 2.16 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A level shifter as shown in fig. 2.31 +// Assuming Ideal silicon transistors +Vbe = 0.7; // Volts +// B(current gain) has very large values +Vcc = 15; // Volts +Rc = 10*10^3; // Ω +Re = 5000; // Ω + +// Solution + +printf(' From fig. 2.31 we get that, transistors Q1 and Q2 form a current mirror.\n'); +printf(' so Ic1 = Ic2 = I and that can be found by Ohm‘s law as '); +I = (Vcc - Vbe)/Rc; // Ω +printf(' I = Ic2 = %.2f mA. \n', I*1000 ); +printf(' Now, the difference V1-V2 can be found using KVL as '); +dV = Vbe + I * Re; // KVL between end points +printf(' %.2f V. \n',dV); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f285da95e --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +// Exa 2.17 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Fig. 2.33- Internal circuit of Motorola MC 1530 +B = 100; +Vbe = 0.7; Vd = 0.7; Vcc = 6; Vee = 6; Vo = 5; Vt= 0.026; // Volts +// Vt = volt equivalent of temperasture at room temperature +R1 = 2.2; R2 = 7.75; R3 = 7.75; R4 = 1.5; R5 = 3.2; R6 = 1.5; R7 = 3; +R8 = 3.4; R9 = 6; R10 = 30; R11 = 5; // All in kΩ + +// Solution + +printf(' The d.c. analysis is performed by assuming that both the inverting and non-inverting terminals are at ground potential.'); + +Vbn1 = (-Vee+Vd+Vd)*R5/(R4+R5); +printf('\n The voltage Vbn1 at base of transistor Q1 w.r.t ground N = %.2f V. \n',Vbn1); +I1 = (Vee + Vbn1 - Vbe)/R1; +printf('\n The current through emitter of Q1 i.e I1 = %.3f mA. \n',I1); +printf(' If the base current of Q1 is neglected, then Iq(current through collector of Q1) = I1 = %.3f mA. \n',I1); + +printf('\n under dc conditions, half of the Iq flows through each transistors Q2 and Q3.Therefore Ic2 = Ic3 = %.3f mA. \n',(I1/2)); +Vc2 = Vcc - R2*(I1/2); +printf(' The voltage at collector of Q2 and Q3 = Vc2 = Vc2 = %.2f V. \n',Vc2); +printf('\n By looking at the Internal circuit, the voltages at the base of Q4 and Q5 i.e Vb4 = Vb5 = %.2f V. \n',Vc2); +Ve4 = Vc2 - Vbe; +printf(' The dc voltage at the emitter of Q4 = Ve4 = %.2f V.\n',Ve4); +I6 = Ve4/R6; +printf('\n The current through R6 = %.3f mA. \n',I6 ); +printf(' This current divides equally in transistors Q4 and Q5 i.e Ic4 = Ic5 = %.3f mA. \n',(I6/2)); +Vc5 = Vcc-(I6/2)*R7; +Ve6 = Vc5-Vbe; +printf('\n The collector voltage of Q5i.e Vc5 and emitter voltage of Q6 i.e are %.2f V and %.2f V respectively. \n',Vc5,Ve6); +I8 = (Vee-Vd)/R8; +printf(' Transistors Q7 along with diode D3 forms a current mirror of the type shown in fig. 2.15. Hence, Ic7 = I8 = %.2f mA. \n',I8); + +Vb8 = Vbe + Vd - Vee; +printf('\n The voltage at the base of Q8 i.e Vb8 = %.2f V. \n',Vb8); +I9 = (Ve6-Vb8)/R9; +I10 = I8-I9; +printf(' The currents along resistors R9 and R10 are %.2f mA and %.2f mA respectively. \n',I9,I10 ); + +Vo_dc = I10*R10 + Vb8; +printf(' The voltage at output terminal = %.2f V (approximately 0) as expected. \n',Vo_dc); + +printf('\n\n'); +printf('////////////////////////////////FOR over all voltage gain/////////////////////\n\n'); +h_fe = 100; +printf(' we first calculate the voltage gain of the differential amplifier stages.\n'); +// since Ic2 = Ic3 = Ic4 = Ic5 = approx 0.50 mA +Ic = 0.5; // in mA +h_ie = h_fe*Vt/Ic; + +RL2 = (1/R2 + 1/h_ie)^-1; +RL3 = RL2; + +Av1 = h_fe*RL2/h_ie; +printf(' The output of the first stage is double ended, its differential gain is given as %d. \n',Av1); + +Av2 = -(1/2)*(h_fe*R7/h_ie); +printf(' The output of the second stage is single ended, so its differential gain is %.1f. \n',Av2); + +printf(' The third stage is emitter follower, so, Av3 = (approximately)1. \n'); +Av3 = 1; +Av4 =- R10/R9; +printf(' The last output stage uses voltage shunt feedback network R9-R10, \n So, Av4 = (approimately) %d. \n',Av4); + +Av = Av1 * Av2 * Av3 * Av4; +printf(' \n\n Hence the over all op-amp gain is, Av = %d. \n ' ,Av); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02ba0e28c --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Exa 2.18 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// op-amp circuit as shown in Fig. 2.35 +h_fe = 100; +Vbe = 0.7; Vcc = 15; Vee = 15; Vt = 0.025; // Volts +// Vt = volt equivalent at room temperature +R1 = 20; R2 = 20; R3 = 28.6; R6 = 3; R8 = 2.3; +R9 = 3; Ra = 15.7; // All in k Ω + +// Solution + +printf('It can be seen that the circuit has the four stages: \n Dual-input, differential output. \n Dual-input, single ended output. \n Level translator. \n Emitter follower.\n '); + +printf('\n\n For d.c. analysis, assume that the input terminals are shorted to ground.\n'); +I = (Vee-Vbe)/R3; +printf(' The reference current I of the current minor Q3-Q4 is obtained as I = %.1f mA. \n',I); +printf('\n Due to current mirror action, Icq4 = I = %.1f mA and Icq1 = Icq2 = Icq/2 = %.3f mA. \n',I,I/2); +Vcq1 = Vcc-(I/2)*R1; +printf(' The collector voltages for Q1 and Q2 are Vcq1 = Vcq2 = %d V. \n',Vcq1); +Veq5 = Vcq1-Vbe; +printf('\n The voltage at emitter of Q5 and Q6 is Veq5 = Veq6 = %.1f V. \n',Veq5); +Icq7=4*I; +printf(' Since the area of Q7 is 4 times that of Q3 and Q4, the transistor Q7 supplies a current Icq7 = %d mA. \n',Icq7); +printf('\n Thus, collector currents of Q5 and Q6 are Icq5 = Icq6 = %d mA. \n',Icq7/2 ); +Vcq6 = Vcc-(Icq7/2)*R6; +printf(' Hence, collector voltage of Q6 is Vcq6 = %d V. \n',Vcq6); +Veq8 = Vcq6+Vbe; +printf('\n This causes a voltage at the emitter of pnp transistor Qr i.e Veq8 = %.1f V. \n',Veq8); +Ieq8 = (Vcc-Veq8)/R8; +printf(' The emitter current of Q8 i.e Ieq8 = %d mA. \n',Ieq8); +Va = -Vee + Ieq8*Ra; +printf('\n The voltage Va at the collector of Q8 i.e Vcq8 or the base of Q9 i.e Vbq9 = %.1f V. \n',Va); +printf(' Since the emitter of Q9 will be 0.7 V below the base terminal, \n the voltage at the output terminal 6 is 0 V as is expected.'); + +Vo = 0; // output voltage(Volts) +Ieq9 = (Vo-(-Vee))/R9; +printf('\n\n The emitter current of Q9 i.e Ieq9 = %d mA. \n',Ieq9); + +printf('\n\n//////////////////////////a.c. analysis///////////////////////////\n\n'); + +h_ie1 = (h_fe*Vt)/(I/2); +printf(' The ac emitter resistance of the transistor Q1-Q2 is h_ie = %.1f kΩ. \n',h_ie1); +h_ie5 = (h_fe*Vt)/(Icq7/2); +printf(' The ac emitter resistance of the transistor Q5-Q6 is h_ie = %.1f kΩ. \n',h_ie5); +RL1 = (1/R1 + 1/h_ie5)^-1; +printf(' Since, emitter of Q5-Q6 is at ground potential under ac conditions,\n the effective load for Q1-Q2 is RL1 = RL2 = %.1f kΩ.\n',RL1); +ADM1 = (h_fe*RL1)/h_ie1; +printf(' The voltage gain of first differential stage is ADM1 = %d. \n',ADM1); +ADM2 = (-1/2)*(h_fe*R6)/h_ie5; +printf(' The voltage gain of second differential stage is ADM2 = (approximately) %d. \n',ADM2); +A3 =-Ra/R8; +printf(' The gain of the level translator stage is A3 = %.2f. \n',A3); +printf(' The last stage is emitter follower, so its voltage gain Av4 = (approximately) 1.'); +Av4 = 1; +Av = ADM1 * ADM2 * A3 * Av4; +printf('\n\n So, the overall voltage gain is Av = %d. \n',Av); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d82e0688 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 2.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// An amplifier as given in Fig. 2.5(b) +R1 = 10*10^3; //Input resistance of amplifier (Ω) +Rf = 100*10^3; // Feedback resistance of amplifier (Ω) +vi = 1; // Input voltage applied (Volts) +RL = 25*10^3; // Load resistance (Ω) + +// Solution + +i1 = vi/R1; //Input current(A) +printf(' The value of input current = i1 = %.1f mA. \n ',i1*1000); +vo = -1*(Rf/R1)*vi; // output voltage(V) +printf(' The value of output voltage = vo = %d V. \n ',vo); +iL = abs(vo)/RL; // Load current(A) +printf(' The value of load current = iL = %.1f mA.',iL*1000); +disp(" The direction of iL is as shown in Fig. 2.5(b)."); +// iTot = i1 + iL; +iTot = i1+iL; // Total current(A) +printf(' The value of total current = io = %.1f mA.',iTot*1000); +disp(" In an inverting amplifier, for a +ive input, output will be -ive, therefore the direction of io is as shown in Fig. 2.5(b)."); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..317bbd0ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 2.3 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Single op-amp amplifier. +ACL = 5; // Required gain(positive) + +// Solution + +disp("Since the gain is positive, we have to make a non-inverting amplifier."); +disp("Referring Fig. 2.7(a), select R1 = 10 kΩ."); +R1 = 10*10^3; //Input resistance in Ω +// Then from eqn. (2.20), we get, ACL = 1+ (Rf/R1); +// Therefore +Rf = (ACL-1)*R1; //Feedback resistance in Ω +printf(' The calculated feedback resistance of amplifier i.e Rf = %d kΩ.\n',Rf/1000); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8551a9d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 2.4 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Referring circuit given in Fig. 2.7(a) +R1= 5*10^3; // Ω +Rf=20*10^3; // Ω +Vi=1; // Input voltage(V) +RL=5*10^3; // Load resistor(Ω) + + +// Solution + +Vo= (1+(Rf/R1))*Vi; // Output voltage(V) +printf('The output voltage i.e vo = %d V. \n',Vo); +AcL=Vo/Vi; // Closed loop Gain +printf(' The closed loop gain i.e Acl = %d. \n',AcL); +IL=Vo/RL; // Output current(A) +printf(' The load current i.e iL = %d mA. \n',IL*1000); +I1=Vi/R1; // Input current(A) +Io=IL+I1; // Total current(A) +printf(' The output current i.e io = %.2f mA. \n',Io*1000); +disp("The op-amp output current Io flows outwards from the output junction."); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5653a106d --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Exa 2.6 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Referring circuit shown in Fig. 2.11(a) +B=200; // Current gain +Icq = 100*10^-6; // Amperes +ADM = 500; // Voltage gain for differential mode signal +CMRR_db = 80; // in dB(Common mode rejection ratio) + +// Solution + +// Since gm = Icq/Vt therefore, +gm = Icq/(25*10^-3); // for Vt = 25 mV + +printf('Using Eq. 2.50, we have ADM = -gm*Rc so from this we get Rc as '); +Rc =abs(- ADM/gm); +printf(' %d kΩ. \n ',Rc/1000); +printf('Since CMRR = 80 dB converting it into non dB value so CMRR = '); +CMRR = 10^(CMRR_db/20); +printf(' %d. \n ',CMRR); +printf('Using Eq. 2.55, we get value of Re as '); +// CMRR = 1+ 2*gm*Re; therefore +Re = (CMRR-1)/(2*gm); +printf(' %.2f MΩ. \n ',Re/10^6); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca7ef9d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Exa 2.7 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Fig. 2.11(a) shows the basic differential amplifier +Rc = 2*10^3; // Ω +Re = 4.3*10^3; // Ω +Vcc = 5 ; // Vcc = |VEE| +Bo = 200; +Vbe = 0.7; // Volts +Vt=25*10^-3; // Volts + +// Solution + +printf(' For V1 = V2 = 0, applying KVL for the base emitter loop, we may write,'); +printf('\n Vbe+2*(1+Bo)*Ibq*Re-Vee = 0.\n From this we get Ibq as '); +Ibq = (Vcc-Vbe)/(2*(1+Bo)*Re); +printf(' %.2f μA. \n ',Ibq*10^6); +Icq = Bo*Ibq; +printf(' The value of Icq = %.3f mA. \n ',Icq*10^3); +Vo1 = Vcc - Rc*Icq; +printf(' The value of Vo1 = Vo2(due to symmetry) = %.3f V. \n ',Vo1); +Vceq = Vo1-(-Vbe); +printf(' The value of Vceq = %.3f V. \n ',Vceq); +gm = Icq/Vt; +r_pi = Bo/gm; +// using wq. 2.50 ADM = -gm*Rc; +ADM = -gm*Rc; +// using equation 2.53(a) Acm can be given as +ACM = (-Bo*Rc)/(r_pi+2*(1+Bo)*Re); + +CMRR = ADM/ACM; +CMRR_db = 10*log(CMRR); +printf(' The remaining values are as follows: \n ADM = %.2f. \n ACM = %.2f. \n CMRR = %.1f = %.1f dB.\n',ADM,ACM,CMRR,CMRR_db); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e28df511 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Exa 2.8 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// With reference to differential amplifier designed in example 2.6 +// 2 applied inputs are +t = [0 :1:100]; // time in mSec + v1= 15*sin(2*%pi*60*t) + 5*sin(2*%pi*1000*t); // in mV + v2 = 15*sin(2*%pi*60*t) - 5*sin(2*%pi*1000*t); // in mV +fi = 60; // frequency of interference signal(Hz) +fo = 1000; // frequency at which signal is to be processed(Hz) + +// Solution + +// We know from Example 2.6 +gm=4; // mʊ +Rc=125 ; // kΩ +Re= 1.25; // kΩ +Bo=200; +r_pi= Bo/gm; // in kΩ + +ADM=-500; // from example 2.6(given) +// From eq. 2.53(a) we get ACM as +ACM = (-Bo*Rc)/(r_pi*1000+2*(1+Bo)*Re); +printf(' The value of ACM = %.2f \n',ACM); +// from eqns 2.56(a and b) +vDM = (v1-v2)/2; +vCM = (v1+v2)/2; + +//from Eq. 2.57(a and b) +vo1 = ADM*vDM+ACM*vCM; +vo2 = -ADM*vDM + ACM*vCM; + +printf(' Therefore final equations are- \n'); +disp("vo1 = -2500*sin(2*%pi*1000*t)-0.75*sin(2*%pi*60*t) mV "); +disp("vo2 = 2500*sin(2*%pi*1000*t)-0.75*sin(2*%pi*60*t) mV"); diff --git a/3682/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3682/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d1abc37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 2.9 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A differential amplifier with single ended output +// Referring circuit given in Fig. 2.9 +Bo = 100; // current gain +Re = 150; // Ω +Rc = 10*10^3; // Ω +IQ = 0.5*10^-3; // mA +VT = 25*10^-3; // mV + +// Solution + +ICQ = IQ/2; +gm = ICQ/VT; // in ʊ +r_pi = Bo/gm; + +printf(' The differential mode gain for a single stage is found from the equivalent circuit shown in fig.(ii)\n on page no. 64 and is equal to '); +ADM = (1/2)*(Bo*Rc/(r_pi+(1+Bo)*Re)); +printf(' %d V/V. \n',round(ADM)); +printf(' \n We can see that sign of ADM is positive because the output is taken at the collector of Q2\n whereas input is applied at the base of Q1. \n'); diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bb0fda47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +//Fig. 3.1(e) shows an inverting amplifier +ACL = -10; // open loop gain of ap-amp 741 +R1 = 10*10^6; // Input impedence in Ω + +// Solution + +printf(' In fig. 3.1(e), to set input impedence Ri = 10 MΩ , pick R1 = 10 MΩ. '); +// since, ACL = - Rf/R1; +// Therefore, +Rf = -ACL*R1; +printf('\n The calculated value of Rf = %d MΩ. \n ',Rf/10^6); +printf(' Choose Rt = 47 kΩ. \n '); +Rt = 47*10^3; // Ω +Rs = (Rt^2)/(Rf-2*Rt); +printf(' Calculated Rs = %d Ω. ',Rs); diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be03d3803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Exa 3.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Fig. 3.2(b) represents the non-inverting amplifier +R1 = 1000; // Ω +Rf = 10000; // Ω +Vios = 0.01; // Volts +Ib = 300*10^-9; // Amperes +Ios = 50*10^-9; // Amperes + +// Solution + +printf(' From equation 3.24, we get VoT = '); +VoT = (1+(Rf/R1))*Vios + Rf*Ib ; +printf(' %d mV. \n ',VoT*1000); + +Rcomp = 1/((1/R1) + (1/Rf)); // Rf || R1 +printf(' The value of Rcomp needed to reduce the effect of Ib is %.1f Ω. \n ',Rcomp); +printf(' With Rcomp in the circuit, VoT = '); +VoT1 = (1+(Rf/R1))*Vios + Rf*Ios; +printf(' %.1f mV. \n ' , VoT1*10^3); +printf('\n It can be seen from this example that it is the input offset voltage which is more responsible\n for producing an output offset voltage compared to input bias current Ib or the input offset current Ios.'); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..068b1a030 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.3 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A non-inverting amplifier +G=100;// Gain of amplifier at 25 degree celsius +T1 = 25; // degree celsius +T2 = 50; // degree celsius +VoT=0.15; // Offset voltage drift in mV/degreecelsius + +// Solution + +printf(' Input offset voltage due to temperature rise = '); +Vos=VoT*(T2-T1); +printf(' %.2f mV. \n ',Vos); +printf(' Due to this input change, the output voltage will change by '); +Vo=Vos*G; +printf( '%d mV. \n ',Vo); +printf(' This could represent a very major shift in the output voltage.'); diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a1e9947b --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.4 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Fig. 3.13 shows output of an op-amp voltage follower +F =2; // frequency in MHz +Vipp= 8; // Input voltage (Peak to peak) in volts + +// Solution + +printf(' Since the frequency is given we can get time period as T = %.1f μsec. \n\n',1/F); + +printf(' Since, the slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of the output, \n so from Fig. 3.13, it can be seen that, maximum change in output is 6V in 0.25 μsec.'); + +dVo=6; +dT=0.25 ; // μsec +SR=dVo/dT; + +printf('\n\n Therefore, the slew rate of the op-amp = %d V/μsec. \n',SR); diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88d432537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 3.5 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A 741C op-amp is used +G=50; // Gain of op-amp +F=20*10^3; // Voltage gain Vs frequency curve is flat upto this frequency(Hz) + +// Solution + +printf(' The slew rate for 741C is 0.5 V/μsec. \n'); +SR=0.5; // V/μsec +printf(' From Eq. 3.51, we can get Vm as : '); +// SR = 2*%pi*f*Vm/10^6; // V/μsec +Vm = SR*10^6/(2*%pi*F); +printf('%.2f V. \n ',Vm); +Vpp=2*Vm; +printf(' The peak to peak output voltage = %.2f V. \n',Vpp); +printf(' Hence, for the output to be undistorted sine wave, the maximum input signal should be less than %d mV peak to peak.\n',(Vpp*10^3)/G); diff --git a/3682/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3682/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11a0832fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Exa 3.6 + +clc; +clear all; + +// Given data + +Vinpp=500; // Peak to peak input voltage in mV +Vopp= 3; // Peak to peak output voltage in V +Tr= 4; // Rise time in sec + +// Solution + +printf('Since the output has a peak amplitude greater than 1 volt, the slew rate is the limiting factor.\n '); + +// The slew rate = dVo/dT; + +printf('\n From the definition of rise time, it is time the output takes to change from 10 to 90 percent of the final value. \n \n Therefore,the change in the output voltage dVo in 4 microsec is equal to :'); +dVo = (0.9-0.1)*Vopp; +printf(' %.1f V. \n',dVo); + +SR = dVo/Tr; +printf(' The slew rate is %.1f V/μsec. \n ',SR); +printf('\n Since, the slew rate of 741 is 0.5 Vμsec, it is too slow and cannot be used.'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9820129f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 4.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// To design an adder circuit as shown in Fig. 4.2(a) +// Vo = -(0.1*V1+V2+10*V3); +// V1,V2,V3 are the inputs + +// Solution + +printf(' The output in Fig. 4.2(a) is - \n Vo = -[(Rf/R1)*V1 + (Rf/R2)*V2 + (Rf/R3)*V3].'); +printf('\n The desired output is -\n Vo = [(0.1)*V1 + (1)*V2 + (10)*V3].'); +printf('\n\n Comparing above two equations,'); +printf('\n We can say, Let Rf = 10 kΩ, R1 = 100 kΩ and R2 = 10 kΩ and R3 = 1 kΩ.\n'); +printf('\n Thus, the desired output expression is obtained.'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d389fe27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Exa 4.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Added-subtractor as shown in fig. 4.4(a). +R1=40*10^3; // Ω +R2=25*10^3; // Ω +R3=10*10^3; // Ω +R4=20*10^3; // Ω +R5=30*10^3; // Ω +Rf=50*10^3; // Ω +V1=2; // Volts +V2=3; // Volts +V3=4; // Volts +V4=5; // Volts + +// Solution + +printf('The negative sum is obtained by setting V3=V4=0. Thus,\n '); + Vo1=-(Rf/R1)*V1-(Rf/R2)*V2; +printf(' Vo1 = %.1f Volts. \n ',Vo1); +printf('\n Now set V1=V2=0 to find the output voltage due to V3 and V4. \n The voltage Vo2 at the positive terminal due to V3 and V4 can be found by using superposition theorem as shown in Fig. 4.4(b) as \n '); + +Rllel=( 1/R4 + 1/R5)^-1; +Rllel1=(1/R3+1/R5)^-1; +Vo2= (Rllel/(R3+Rllel))*V3+ (Rllel1/(Rllel1+R4))*V4; +printf(' Vo2 = %.3f Volts. \n ',Vo2 ); +printf('\n The output voltage Vo3 due to V3 and V4 now can be determined from the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4.4(c) as \n '); +Rllel2=(1/R1+1/R2)^-1; +Vo3=(1+(Rf/Rllel2))*Vo2; +printf(' Vo3 = %.3f Volts. \n ',Vo3); +printf('\n The total output voltage V0 is given as sum of Vo1 + Vo3.\n '); +Vout=Vo1+Vo3; +printf(' The output voltage = %.3f Volts. \n ',Vout); +printf('\n\n The equivalent circuit at various in between steps are shown in Fig. 4.4(b-c).'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28d325d92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// Exa 4.3 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// An op-amp differentiator +fa = 100; // Hz +Vpp = 1; // Volts + +// Solution + +printf('Select, Fa = fmax = 100 Hz.\n'); +printf(' Let, C1 = 0.1 µF.\n'); +C1 = 0.1*10^-6; // Farads +// since Fa = 1/(2*%pi*Rf*C1); +// Therefore, +Rf = 1/(2*%pi*fa*C1); +printf(' Therefore, the calculated value of Rf = %.1f kΩ. \n',Rf/1000); + +printf(' Select, fb = 10*Fa = 1000 Hz.\n'); +fb = 1000; // Hz +// Therefore +R1 = 1/(2*%pi*fb*C1); +printf(' The calculated value of R1 = %.2f kΩ. \n',R1/1000); +// Since, RfCf = R1C1 +// Therefore we get, +Cf = R1*C1/Rf; +printf(' The calculated value of Cf = %.2f µF. \n',Cf*10^6); + +printf('\n\n For a sinusoidal input - \n\n'); +disp("since, vi = sin(2*%pi*100*t), "); +disp("From Eq. 4.69, vo = -Rf*C1* d/dt(vi), "); +disp("Above equation yield following result once solved- vo = -cos(2*%pi*100*t)."); +printf('\n The input and output waveforms are shown in Graphic window 0 ans 1 respectively. \n\n'); +// plotting wave forms + +t = [0:%pi:13*%pi]; +figure(0); + +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot2d(t,sin(2*%pi*100*t)); +title('Sine-wave-input',"color","Red","fontsize",3); +figure(1); + +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot2d(t,-cos(2*%pi*100*t)); +title('Cosine-wave-output',"color","blue","fontsize",3); + +printf('\n For a square wave input -\n\n'); +printf('\n For a square wave input, say 1 V peak and 1 KHz,\n The output waveform will consist of positive and negative spikes of magnitude Vsat\n which is approximately 13 V for ± 15 V op-amp power supply.\n\n'); +printf(' During the timeperiods for which input is constant at ± 1V, the differentiated output will be zero. \n However, when input transits between ±1V levels, \n the slope of the input is infinite for an ideal square wave. \n\n The output, therefore, gets clipped to about ± 13V for a ± 15 V op-amp power supply.'); + +printf('\n\n The output of a square wave input is a spike output as shown in Fig. 4.22(b). \n'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3956686b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +// Exa 4.4 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Refering integrator circuit in Fig. 4.23(c) +R1 = 10*1000; // Ω +Rf = 100*10^3; // Ω +Cf = 10*10^-9; // Farads + + +// Solution + +printf('For the given component values, the lower frequency limit of integration fa is '); +fa = 1/(2*%pi*Rf*Cf); +printf('%d Hz \n\n',fa); +printf(' For 99 percent accuracy, the input frequency should be at least one decade above fa. \n However, there is an limit up to which circuit will integrate and is determined by the frequency response of op-amp.\n However, as input frequency is increased, the output amplitude reduces as the gain of the integration falls\n at a rate of 6 dB/octave.\n\n' ); + +// case(1): Sine wave input +printf(' case(1) : For sine Wave Input \n'); +printf('\n\n For a input of 1 V peak sine wave at 5 kHz, the integral of vi(t)=1*sin(2*pi*5000*t) is cosine function.\n'); +t1 = 0:%pi:100*%pi; +disp("Input Function - vi = sin(2*%pi*5000*t);"); +disp("Output Function - vo = 0.318*cos(2*%pi*5000*t);"); +printf(' The input and output waveforms are depicted in Graphic window # 0\n'); + +vi = sin(2*%pi*5000*t1); // Input +vo = 0.318*cos(2*%pi*5000*t1); // Output + +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot(t1,vi,'ro-'); +plot(t1,vo,'o-b'); +legend(["Input Function","Output Function"]); +xlabel("time "); +ylabel("Vi,Vo"); +title("Sine wave plot"); + +// case(2): Step input +printf('\n\n case(2) : Step input\n'); +printf('\n\n If input is a step voltage vi = 1V for 0>1 ...eq (1) '); +printf('\n\n'); +printf(' Also, we know that for a low pass RC integrating circuit network(without op-amp) the output vo for a step input of V becomes \n'); +printf(' For a large Rc, vo ≈ (V*t)/R*C) * (1 - t/(2*R*C) .. eq(2)'); //Eq(2) +printf('\n\n'); +printf(' It can be seen that the output voltages of both circuits varies aproximately linearly with time(for large RC) and \n for either case, derivative(vo) = V/RC. \n However, the second term in both the expression represent deviation from the linearity. \n we see that op-amp integrator is more linear than the simple RC circuit by a factor of 1/(1-Av).\n'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60e6d13f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 4.7 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Referring Circuit in Fig. 4.27 + +// Solution + +printf(' The transfer gain of the cirucuit is - \n'); +printf(' Vo(s) = -Zf = (R2+R3)+s*C*R2*R3 \n'); +printf(' ---- ---- -----------------\n'); +printf(' Vi(s) = R1 = R1*(1+s*C*R3)\n'); + +printf('\n i.e R1(1+s*C*R3)*Vo(s)+[(R2+R3)+s*C*R2*R3]*Vi(s) = 0.\n'); +printf('\n\n Writing above equation in time domain (s→d/dt), we get,\n'); +printf('\n R1 + C*R3*R1(d/dt Vo(t))+ [(R2+R3)+c*R2*R3]*(d/dt Vi(t)) = 0 ...eq(1)\n\n'); + +printf(' Since, vi(t) = V, \n Therefore, d/dt Vi(t) = 0.\n\n'); +printf(' Therefore eq(1) becomes- \n C*(d/dt vo) + vo/R3 + V/R1 + (R2/R1*R3)*V = 0.\n'); +printf(' \n Thus, output vo(t) is given by a differential equation as shown above. \n'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca36731f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 4.8 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Referring Fig. (4.28) -Non- inverting terminal integrator + +// Solution + +printf(' The voltage at the (+) input terminal of the op-amp due to potential divider is,\n'); +printf(' V(+) = 1/ s*C * Vi(s)\n'); +printf(' ----------\n'); +printf(' R+ 1/ s*C \n\n'); +printf(' The output voltage Vo(s) fot the non-inverting amplifier is - \n'); +printf(' Vo(s) = (1 + 1/(s*C*R))*V(+) = Vi(s) / (s*R*C)).\n\n'); +printf(' Hence in time domain, we get, vo = (1/(R*C)) ∫ vi dt .\n'); +printf(' Hence proved. \n'); diff --git a/3682/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3682/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7d26fe77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Exa 4.9 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// To generate a sinusoidal signal 10 sin 3t. + +// Solution + +printf('Let us first obtain a differential equation whose solution is 10 sin 3t.\n'); +printf(' Let x(t) = 10 sin 3t ------eq(1)\n'); +printf(' The first derivative of this i.e. dx(t) = 30 cos 3t ----eq(2)\n'); +printf(' The second derivative of this i.e. d2x(t) = -90 sin 3t = -9*x(t) \n'); +printf('\n Therefore, required differential equation is d2x(t)+9*x(t)=0. \n\n'); + +printf(' The initial condition is obtained by putting t=0 in eq(1&2), \n x(0)=0 and dx(0) = 30. \n' ); +printf(' Assuming that d2x(t) is available, x(t) can be obtained by integrating x twice.\n The complete setup is shown in Fig. 4.31-Simulation of 10 sin 3t.\n'); diff --git a/3682/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3682/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9cdfade4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// Exa 5.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A comparator as shown in FIg. 5.7(a) +Aol=50000; // open loop gain of op-amp +Vz=9; // Volts +Vd=0.7; // cutoff voltage + +// Solution + +// case 1 +printf(' Since AOL = ∞ , even a small positive or negative voltage at the input drives the output to +- Vsat. \n This causes Vz1 or Vz2 to break down, giving output voltage vo = +-(Vz+Vd)= '); +Vsat = Vz+Vd; +printf(' %.1f V. \n The same is shown in Graphic Window No. 0 \n', Vsat); +Vi= [-1:0.1:1]; +for i=1:21 + if(Vi(i)<0) + Vo(i)=-Vsat; + elseif(Vi(i)==0) + Vo(i)=Vsat; + else + Vo(i)=Vsat; + + end + end +set(gca(),"grid",[1,1]); +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot2d2(Vi,Vo); +title('Transfer curve for ideal op-amp condition',"color","blue","fontsize",3); + + +// case 2 + +DellVi = Vsat/Aol; // Zener breaks down after +-Dell_Vi +scf(1); +Vi= [-1:0.1:1]; +for i=1:21 + if(Vi(i)<0) + Vo(i)=-Vsat; + elseif(Vi(i)==0) + Vo(i)=DellVi; + else + Vo(i)=Vsat; + + end +end +set(gca(),"grid",[1,1]); +a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot(Vi,Vo,'ro-'); +title('Transfer curve for practical op-amp condition',"color","blue","fontsize",3); + +printf(' \n\n Now since, ∇Vi = %.3f mV. The zeners break down after +- %.3f mV \n as shown in the transfer curve depicted in Graphic Windows No. 1',DellVi*1000,DellVi*1000); diff --git a/3682/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3682/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71777492e --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Exa 5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Circuit of Schmitt trigger + +R2=100; // Ohms +R1=50*10^3; // Ohms +Vref=0; //Volts +Vi=1; // peak to peak(Volts) +Vsat=14;// sSaturation voltage (Volts) + +// Solution + +printf('Using Equations (5.1) and (5.2), we get calculated values as follows -\n ' ); +Vut=(R2*Vsat)/(R1+R2); +printf(' Upper threshold voltage (VUT) = %d mV. \n ',round(Vut*1000)); +Vlt=(R2*-Vsat)/(R1+R2); +printf(' Lower threshold voltage (VLT) = %d mV. \n ',round(Vlt*1000)); diff --git a/3682/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3682/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..360ede9a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Exa 5.3 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A Schmitt trigger as shown in fig. 5.9- circuit for example 5.3 + +VUT=0; // Upper threshold(V) +VH=0.2; // Hysteresis width(V) +F=1000; // Hz +Vpp=4; // peak to peak voltage(V) + +// Solution + +// Since VH=VUT-VLT +VLT=VUT-VH; + +// From fig. 5.9, the angle θ can be calculated as +// VLT = (Vpp/2)* sin(%pi+ θ); +// Rearranging above equation +Theta = asin(VLT/-(Vpp/2)); // in radians +T= 1/F; // Time period(sec) + +// wTθ = 2*%pi*F*Tθ = 0.1 +// Rearranging +Ttheta= Theta/(2*%pi*F); + +T1=T/2 + Ttheta; +T2=T/2 - Ttheta; + +printf('The duration of positive pulse(T1) = %.3f msec and duration of negative pulse(T2) = %.3f msec. \n ',T1*1000,T2*1000); diff --git a/3682/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3682/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7828a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Exa 5.4 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Phase shift oscillator as given in Fig. 5.15 + +F=100; // Oscillation frequency(Hz) + + +// Solution + +printf(' Let C=0.1 microFarads, then from Eq. (5.25) we can get value of R. \n '); +R = 1/(sqrt(6)*2*%pi*10^-7*F); + +printf(' The value of R as calculated = %.2f kΩ. \n ',R/1000); + +printf(' To prevent overloading of the amplifier by RC network, R1 <= 10*R. \n'); +R1=10*R; +printf(' Therefore R1 = %d kΩ. \n ',round(R1/1000)); +// Since Rf = 29*R1; +Rf= 29*round(R1/1000); // kΩ +printf(' Since Rf = 29*R1, therefore value of Rf = %d kΩ. \n ',Rf); diff --git a/3682/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3682/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48d9561fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +// Exa 6.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// IC 7805 is specified +Veb_on=1; // Volts +B=15; // Current gain +R1=100; // Load 1(Ω) +R2=5; // Load 2(Ω) +R3=1; // Load 3(Ω) + +// Solution + +// Case(1) +printf(' Load = 100 Ω \n\n'); +printf('For IC 7805, the output voltage across the load will be 5 V.\n '); +V1=5; // Voltage across load +IL1=V1/R1; +VR1= 7 * IL1; // Voltage across R1 +printf('The output current coming from 7805 = IL1 = Io = Ii = %d mA. \n ',IL1*1000); +printf('The voltage across R1 = %.2f V which is less than 0.7 V. Hence Q1 is off. \n ',VR1); +printf('So Ic1 = 0.'); +printf('\n\n'); + + + +// Case(2) +printf(' Load = 5 Ω \n'); +printf('\n For IC 7805, the output voltage across the load will be 5 V.\n '); +V2=5; // Voltage across load +IL2=V2/R2; +VR2= 7 * IL2; // Voltage across R2 +printf('The output current coming from 7805 = IL2 = Io = Ii = %d A. \n ',IL2); +printf('Assume that the entire current comes through regulator and that Q1 is OFF. Now the voltage drop across R1 is equal to %d V.\n Thus,our assumption is wrong and Q1 is ON.\n ',VR2); + +// From equation 6.10- Il2 = 1A = (B+1)*Io-B*Veb_on/R2; +// Therefore +Io2 = (IL2+(B*Veb_on)/7)/(B+1); +// From equation 6.6- IL2 = 1A = Ic2+Io2; +// Therefore +Ic2= IL2-Io2; +printf('Using equations 6.6 and 6.10 we got values as Io2 = %d mA and Ic2 = %d mA. \n ',Io2*1000,Ic2*1000); +printf('\n\n'); + + + +// Case(3) +printf(' Load = 1 Ω \n'); +printf('\n For IC 7805, the output voltage across the load will be 5 V.\n '); +V3=5; // Voltage across load +IL3=V2/R3; +VR3= 7 * IL3; // Voltage across R3 +printf('The output current coming from 7805 = IL3 = Io = Ii = %d A. \n ',IL3); +printf('Assume that the entire current comes through regulator and that Q1 is OFF. Now the voltage drop across R1 is equal to %d V.\n Thus,our assumption is wrong and Q1 is ON.\n ',VR3); + +// From equation 6.10- IL3 = 5A = (B+1)*Io-B*Veb_on/R3; +// Therefore +Io3 = (IL3+(B*Veb_on)/7)/(B+1); +// From equation 6.6- IL3 = 5A = Ic3+Io3; +// Therefore +Ic3= IL3-Io3; +printf('Using equations 6.6 and 6.10 we got values as Io3 = %d mA and Ic3 = %.3f Amp. \n ',Io3*1000,Ic3); diff --git a/3682/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3682/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cb8ca5c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Exa 6.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +/// Referring Fig. 6.5- Adjustable regulator +Vo= 7.5; // Volts + +// Solution + +printf(' From the data sheeet of 7805, IQ=4.2 mA. Say, we choose IR1 = 25 mA.\n '); +IQ = 0.0042; // Amperes +IR1 = 0.025; //Amperes +printf(' The voltage across load for 7805 is 5 Volts.\n '); +VR=5; // Volts +R1 = VR/IR1; +printf(' Thus, calculated value of R1 = %d Ω. \n ',R1); + +printf(' We have to choose R2 as to develop a voltage of 2.5 V across it. So, R2 comes out to be,\n '); +R2= 2.5/(IR1+IQ); +printf(' The value of R2 = %d Ω. \n ',int(R2)); diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11b803ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Exa 7.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +n=2; // Second order Butterworth filter +fL=1000; // Higher cut off frequency(Hz) + +// Solution + +printf('Let C = 0.1 μF. \n'); +C=0.1*10^-6; // Farads + +// Since fL = 1/(2 * %pi * R*C); +// Therefore; +R = 1/(2*%pi*fL*C); +printf(' The calculated value of R = %.1f kΩ. \n',R/1000); + +printf(' From Table 7.1, for n=2, the damping factor alpha = 1.414.'); +alpha=1.414; +A0 = 3-alpha; +printf('\n Then the pass band gain A0 = %.3f. \n',A0); +printf('\n'); +printf(' The transfer function of the normalized second order Butterworth filter is 1.586 '); +printf('\n ----------------'); +printf('\n Sn^2+1.414*Sn+1'); + +// Since Af= 1 + Rf/Ri = 1 + 0.586; +printf('\n Since A0= 1.586 so Let Rf = 5.86 kΩ and Ri = 10 kΩ to make A0 = 1.586.' ); + +printf(' \n The circiuit realized is as shown in Fig. 7.4 with component value as mentioned above.'); + +printf('\n\n\n Frequency, f in Hz Gain magnitude in dB 20 log(vo/vi)\n'); +// Frequency Response +x=[0.1*fL,0.2*fL,0.5*fL,1*fL,5*fL,10*fL] +for i = 1:1:6 + response(i) = 20*log10(A0/(sqrt(1+(fL/x(i))^4))); + printf(' %d %.2f \n',x(i),response(i)); +end + diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1c1cd537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Exa 7.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +n=4; // Fourth order Butterworth low-pass filter +fH=1000; // Hz + +// Solution + +printf('Let C = 0.1 μF. \n'); +C=0.1*10^-6; // Farads +// Since fH = 1/(2 * %pi * R*C); +// Therefore; +R = 1/(2*%pi*fH*C); +printf(' The calculated value of R = %.1f kΩ. \n',R/1000); + +printf(' From Table 7.1, for n=4, we get two damping factors namely,\n alpha1 = 0.765 and alpha2 = 1.848.'); +alpha1=0.765; +alpha2=1.848; +A01 = 3-alpha1; +A02 = 3-alpha2; +printf('\n'); +printf('\n Then the pass band gain A01 = %.3f and A02 = %.3f. \n',A01,A02); +printf('\n'); +printf(' The transfer function of the normalized second order low-pass Butterworth filter is 2.235 1.152 '); +printf('\n ---------------- * ------------------'); +printf('\n Sn^2+0.765*Sn+1 Sn^2+1.848*Sn+1 '); + +// Since A01= 1 + Rf/Ri = 1 + 1.235; +printf('\n Since A01= 2.235 so Let Rf1 = 12.35 kΩ and Ri1 = 10 kΩ to make A01 = 2.235.' ); +printf('\n Since A02= 1.152 so Let Rf2 = 15.20 kΩ and Ri1 = 100 kΩ to make A01 = 1.152.' ); + +printf(' \n The circiuit realized is as shown in Fig. 7.7 with component value as mentioned above.'); diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18dc7fcb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Exa 7.3 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +Attn=40; // Attenuation in dB +x=2; // x= ratio of W to Wh + +// Solution + +printf(' Using equation 7.26,\n'); + +// 20*log(H(jw)/A0)=-40; // -ve since it is attenuation +// gives +// H(jw)/A0 = 10^-2 = 0.01 +// so +// (0.01)^2 = 1/(1+2^(2*n)); +// or 2^2n = 10^4 - 1; +// solving for n, we get + +n=log(10^(4) -1)/(2*log(2)); +printf(' The calculated value of n = %.2f. \n',n); +printf(' Since order of filter must be an integer so, n = %d. \n',round(n)); + diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9aaa28843 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Exa 7.4 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +n=2; // Second order Butterworth filter +fH=1000; // Lower cut off frequency(Hz) + +// Solution + +printf('Let C = 0.1 μF. \n'); +C=0.1*10^-6; // Farads + +// Since fH = 1/(2 * %pi * R*C); +// Therefore; +R = 1/(2*%pi*fH*C); +printf(' The calculated value of R = %.1f kΩ. \n',R/1000); + +printf(' From Table 7.1, for n=2, the damping factor alpha = 1.414.'); +alpha=1.414; +A0 = 3-alpha; +printf('\n Then the pass band gain A0 = %.3f. \n',A0); +printf('\n'); +printf(' The transfer function of the normalized second order low-pass Butterworth filter is 1.586 '); +printf('\n ----------------'); +printf('\n Sn^2+1.414*Sn+1'); + +// Since Af= 1 + Rf/Ri = 1 + 0.586; +printf('\n Since A0= 1.586 so Let Rf = 5.86 kΩ and Ri = 10 kΩ to make A0 = 1.586.' ); + +printf(' \n The circiuit realized is as shown in Fig. 7.4 with component value as mentioned above.'); + +printf('\n By considering minimum DC offset condition, the modified value of R and C comes out to be R = 1.85 kΩ and C=0.086 μF.'); +printf('\n\n\n Frequency, f in Hz Gain magnitude in dB 20 log(vo/vi)\n'); +// Frequency Response +x=[0.1*fH,0.2*fH,0.5*fH,1*fH,5*fH,10*fH] +for i = 1:1:6 + response(i) = 20*log10(A0/(sqrt(1+(x(i)/fH)^4))); + printf(' %d %.2f \n',x(i),response(i)); +end + diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1697d26ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Exa 7.5 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A wide-band pass filter +fL=400; // Lower cutoff frequency(Hz) +fH=2000; // Higher cutoff frequency(Hz) +A0=4; // passband gain + +// Solution + +printf('Since, the pass band gain is 4. so each of LPF and HPF section may be designed to give gain of 2,\n that is Ao=1+ (Rf/Ri) = 2.\n So, Rf and Ri should be equal. \n Let Rf=Ri=10 kΩ for each of LPF and HPF sections.'); + +disp(""); +disp(""); +disp("For HPF, fL=400 Hz."); +printf(' Assume C2=0.01 μF. '); +C2=0.01*10^-6; // Farads +// Since fL= 1/(2*%pi*R2*C2); +// Therefore +R2= 1/(2*%pi*C2*fL); +printf(' \n The calculated value of R = %.1f kΩ.',int(R2)/1000); + +disp(""); +disp(""); +disp("For LPF, fH=2000 Hz."); +printf(' Assume C1=0.01 μF.'); +C1=0.01*10^-6; // Farads +// Since fH= 1/(2*%pi*R1*C1); +// Therefore +R1= 1/(2*%pi*C1*fH); +printf(' \n The calculated value of R = %.2f kΩ.',R1/1000); + +disp(""); +disp(""); + +fo=sqrt(fL*fH); +Q=fo/(fH-fL); + +printf(' The value of cutoff frequency = %.1f Hz.\n ',fo); +printf('\n The quality factor = %.2f (<10) since wide passband filter.',Q); diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47da97769 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exa 7.6 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// A notch filter +fo=50; // cutoff frequency for notch filter(Hz) + +//Solution + +printf('As Given fo=50 Hz. Let C=0.1 μF.'); +C=0.1*10^-6; // Farads +// since fo=1/(2*%pi*R*C); +// Therefore R - +R=1/(2*%pi*fo*C); +printf(' \n For R/2, take two resistors of 31.8 k Ohms in parallel and for 2C,\n take two 0.1 mocroFarads capacitors in parallel to make the twin-T notch filter\n as shown in Fig. 7.15(a) on page no. 279 where resistors R1 and R2 are for adjustment of gain.\n ') diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..008edd6c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Exa 7.7 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data +fH= 400; // Higher cutoff frequency(Hz) +fL=2000; // lower cutoff frequency(Hz) +Ao=2; // Pass band gain + +// Solution + +disp("For HPF, fL=2 kHz."); +disp("Assume C2=0.1 μF. "); +C2=0.1*10^-6; // Farads +// Since fL= 1/(2*%pi*R*C2); +// Therefore +RL= 1/(2*%pi*C2*fL); +printf(' The calculated value of R = %d Ω.',int(RL)); +printf('\n Let R = 800 Ω.'); +// Since Ao=Ao2 = 1+ (Rf/Ri); +disp("Let Rf = Ri =10 kΩ(say) to give A02 of 2."); +disp(""); +disp(""); +disp("For LPF, fL=400 Hz."); +disp("Assume C1=0.1 μF. "); +C1=0.1*10^-6; // Farads +// Since fH= 1/(2*%pi*R*C1); +// Therefore +RF= 1/(2*%pi*C1*fH); +printf(' The calculated value of R = %d Ω.',int(RF)); +printf('\n Let R = 4 kΩ.');.. +// Since Ao=Ao1 = 1+ (Rf/Ri); +disp("Let Rf = Ri =10 kΩ(say) to give A01 of 2."); + +disp(""); +disp(""); + +disp("The schematic arrangement and the frequency response is shown in figs. 7.16(a,b) on page no. 280.") diff --git a/3682/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3682/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4a98d7da --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Exa 7.9 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +fo=10; // Hz + +// Solution + +disp(" For a switched capacitor integrator, assume fCK=1000 Hz."); +fCK=1000; // Hz + disp(" From Eq. (7.129) on page no. 293, we get, "); + disp(" Cf/C1 =x= fCK/(2*%pi*fo). "); // x = ratio of Cf by C1 +x=fCK/(2*%pi*fo); +disp(" Lets choose cF=15.9 pF."); +cF=15.9*10^-12; // Farads +C1=cF/x; +printf(' By calculation C1 = %d pF.\n ',round(C1*10^12)); +disp(" For RC integrator, select R1=1.6*10^6 Ω.") ; +R1=1.6*10^6; // Ω +cF1=1/(2*%pi*R1*fo); +printf(' By calculation cF = %d nF. \n',round(cF1*10^9)); +disp(""); +printf(' The values of R1 = 1.6 mHz and cF = 10nF are not quite practical for a monolothic circuit.\n From this, it is obvious that switched capacitor circuits are more practical so far as IC fabrication is concerned.\n So it can be seen that an SC integrator requires very low values of capacitance compared to lossy integrator.'); +disp(""); +printf(' If a resistor R2 is placed in parallel with the feedback capacitor cF of Fig. 7.26(a), a lossy or practical integrator is obtained. \n The transfer function for this circuit is given in Eq. (7.130) and (7.131) on page no. 294.' ); + +printf('\n \n The switched capacitor implementation of Fig. 7.26(a) is shown in Fig. 7.26(b)\n where resistors R1 and R2 have been replaced by switched capacitors C1 and C2 and its MOS version is in Fig. 7.26(c).'); diff --git a/3682/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3682/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9638c817b --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exa 8.1 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Monostable multivibrator +R=100*10^3; // Ω +T=100*10^-3; // Time delay (sec) + +// Solution +printf(' Using Eqn.(8.2) on page no.313, we get,'); +//T= 1.1*R*C; +C=T/(1.11*R); +printf(' C = %.1f μF.\n From the graph of Fig.8.6 on page no. 314, the value of C is found to be 0.9 μF also.\n',C*10^6); diff --git a/3682/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3682/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..243f10c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3682/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Exa 8.2 + +clc; +clear; + +// Given data + +// Astable multivibrator +Ra=6.8*10^3; // Ω +Rb=3.3*10^3; // Ω +C=0.1*10^-6; // μF + +// Solution + +disp("By using Eq. (8.11) on page no. 320 we get, tHigh as"); + +tHigh=0.69*(Ra+Rb)*C; // Time required to charge from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc +printf(' tHIGH = %.1f mSec. \n',tHigh*1000); +disp("By using Eq. (8.12) on page no. 320 we get, tLow as"); + +tLow=0.69*(Rb)*C; // TIme required to discharge from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc +printf(' tLOw = %.2f mSec. \n',tLow*1000); + +disp("By using Eq. (8.13) on page no. 320 we get, free running frequency as"); +f= 1.45/((Ra+2*Rb)*C); +printf(' f = %.2f kHz. \n\n',f/1000); + +D= Rb/(Ra+2*Rb); +printf(' The duty cycle D = %.2f (%d percent).\n ' ,D,round(D*100)); diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45338b80f --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//let the depth of neutral axis be x +b=200//width, in mm +d=350//effective depth, in mm +m=18.66 //modular ratio +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +x=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +mprintf("The depth of neutral axis = %f mm\n", x) +//to find area of steel +Ast=b*x*sigma_cbc/(2*sigma_st)//in sq mm +mprintf("Area of steel = %f mm^2\n", Ast) +//to find percentage steel +pst=Ast*100/(b*d)//in % +mprintf("Percentage of steel = %f percent\n", pst) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c51a0e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +b=300//width, in mm +D=700//overall depth, in mm +Ast=4*.785*25^2//four 25mm dia bars, in sq mm +cover=30//in mm +d=D-cover//effective depth, in mm +M=130*10^6//bending moment, in N-mm +m=18.66//modular ratio +//to find actual depth of neutral axis using b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +z=d-x/3//lever arm, in mm +//assuming under-reinforced section, Mr=Ast*sigma_st(d-x/3) and equating Mr to M +sigma_st=M/(Ast*z)//in MPa +sigma_st=116//round-off, in MPa +sigma_cbc=(sigma_st/m)*x/(d-x)//in MPa +sigma_cbc=5//round-off, in MPa +mprintf("Stress in steel=%d N/mm^2\nStress in concrete=%d N/mm^2",sigma_st,sigma_cbc) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..450118582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +b=350//width, in mm +D=650//overall depth, in mm +Ast=4*.785*22^2//four 22mm dia bars, in sq mm +cover=25//in mm +d=D-cover//effective depth, in mm +W=20//UDL, in kN/m +l=7//span, in m +M=W*l^2/8*10^6//bending moment, in N-mm +m=13.33//modular ratio +//to find actual depth of neutral axis using b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +z=d-x/3//lever arm, in mm +//assuming under-reinforced section, Mr=Ast*sigma_st(d-x/3) and equating Mr to M +sigma_st=M/(Ast*z)//in MPa +sigma_cbc=(sigma_st/m)*x/(d-x)//in MPa +mprintf("Stress in steel=%f N/mm^2\nStress in concrete=%f N/mm^2",sigma_st,sigma_cbc) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf05bff0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=190//in MPa +m=280/(3*sigma_cbc)//modular ratio +M=75*10^6//bending moment, in N-mm +//critical depth of neutral axis, Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))=a*d +a=1/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc)) +d=(M/(b*sigma_cbc*a*(1-a/3)/2))^0.5//in mm +d=640//round-off, in mm +Xc=a*d//in mm +Ast=b*Xc*sigma_cbc/(2*sigma_st)//in sq mm +mprintf("Effective depth=%d mm\nArea of steel=%f mm^2",round(d),Ast) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5de4b312 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//b=d/2 (given) +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +M=65*10^6//bending moment, in N-mm +//critical depth of neutral axis, Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))=a*d +a=1/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc)) +d=(M/(sigma_cbc*a*(1-a/3)/4))^(1/3)//in mm +d=530//round-off, in mm +Xc=a*d//in mm +b=d/2//in mm +Ast=M/sigma_st/0.87/d//in sq mm +Ast=1007//round-off, in sq mm +mprintf("Dimensions of section=%d x %d mm\nArea of steel=%d mm^2",b,d,Ast) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..483b1dd7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//let the depth of neutral axis be x +b=150//width, in mm +d=400//effective depth, in mm +Ast=804//area of steel, in sq mm +m=18.66//modular ratio +//b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x)-->this becomes a quadratic equation of form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +//solving the quadratic equation +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +mprintf("The depth of neutral axis = %f mm", x) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..533537c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//assume d = 400 mm and b = 200 mm +b=200//in mm +d=400//in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/m/sigma_cbc)//in mm +z=d-Xc/3//in mm +Mr=b*Xc*sigma_cbc/2*z//in N-mm +Ast=b*Xc*sigma_cbc/2/sigma_st//in sq mm +pt=Ast*100/b/d//in % +mprintf("When d is assumed as 400 mm and b as 200 mm\n(a) Position of neutral axis=%f mm\n(b) Lever arm=%f mm\n(c) Moment of resistance=%f kN-m\n(d) Percentage of steel=%f percent",Xc,z,Mr/10^6,pt) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0866ccd58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +d=500//effective depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +z=d-Xc/3//lever arm, in mm +Mr=b*Xc*sigma_cbc*z/2//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam = %f kN-m",Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6539b9de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +D=550//overall depth, in mm +Ast=1521//area of steel, in sq mm +cover=25//in mm +d=D-cover//effective depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//to find actual depth of neutral axis using b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x)--> this will become of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//x>Xc; hence beam is over-reinforced +Mr=b*x*sigma_cbc/2*(d-x/3)//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam=%f kN-m",Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9729b27b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +b=200//width, in mm +d=450//effective depth, in mm +Ast=3*.785*16^2//three 16 dia bars, in sq mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//to find actual depth of neutral axis using b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as xXc, beam is over-reinforced +Mr=b*sigma_cbc*x/2*(d-x/3)//in N-mm +self_weight=25*(b/10^3)*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +M=Mr/10^6-self_weight*l^2/8//moment of resistance available for external load, in kN-m +W=4*M/l//in kN +mprintf("The concentrated load the beam can support at centre=%f kN",W) diff --git a/3683/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3683/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a69ff7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +d=120//effective depth of slab, in mm +//consider 1 m strip of slab +b=1000//in mm +s=80//spacing of 12mm dia bars centre-to-centre, in mm +Ast=1000*.785*12^2/s//in sq mm +l=3.2//span, in m +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//to find actual depth of neutral axis using b(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as x>Xc, the beam is over-reinforced +Mr=b*sigma_cbc*x/2*(d-x/3)/10^6//in kN-m +UDL=Mr*8/l^2//in kN/m +self_weight=25*(d/10^3)*(b/10^3)//in kN/m +W=UDL-self_weight//in kN/m +mprintf("The safe load for slab=%f kN/m",W) diff --git a/3683/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3683/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7d9e4374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +l=1//span, in m +t=0.27//tread in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +MF=1.6 +a=MF*7 +D=l*10^3/a//in mm +D=100//assume, in mm +W1=D/10^3*t*25//in kN/m +M1=W1*l/2//in kN-m +M2=t*3*l/2//in kN-m +M3=1.3*l//in kN-m +M=M1+max(M2,M3)//in kN-m +d=sqrt(M*10^6/0.87/t/10^3)//in mm +d=83//in mm +//assume 8 mm dia bars +dia=8//in mm +D=d+dia/2+15//this is slightly more than assumed value, hence OK +D=100//in mm +z=0.87*d//in mm +Ast=M*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +n=Ast/0.785/8^2 +n=4//assume +Ads=0.15/100*D*t*10^3//distribution steel, in sq mm +//provide 6 mm dia bars +s=1000*0.785*6^2/Ads//>5d=415 mm +s=415//in mm +Tbd=0.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=470//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nThickness of steps=%d mm\nCover from top=15 mm\nMain steel = 8 mm dia, %d in each step with development length of %d mm\nDistribution steel = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,n,Ld,s) diff --git a/3683/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3683/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1365a39d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +l=2.7+1//span, in m +R=0.15//rise, in m +t=0.27//tread, in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +//assuming 50 mm per 1 m of span +D=50*l//in mm +D=200//assume, in mm +W1=D/10^3*25*sqrt(R^2+t^2)/t//slab load on plan, in kN/m +W2=1/2*R*t*25/t//load of step per metre, in kN/m +W3=3//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +M=W*l^2/8//in kN-m +d=sqrt(M*10^6/0.65/10^3)//in mm +d=170//in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+25//which is equal to assumed value, hence OK +z=0.9*d//in mm +Ast=M*10^6/sigma_st/z//in mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//spacing of 10 mm dia bars +s1=150//assume, in mm +Ads=0.12/100*D*10^3//distribution steel, in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s2=210//in mm +//let span-to-depth ratio be 'a' +a=l*10^3/D +//for Fe415 grade steel and pt=.32 +MF=1.2 +b=20*MF//permissible span-to-depth ratio +//as a1 +ks=1 +Tc=0.16*sqrt(fck)*10^3//in kN/sq m +Tv=Tc +//let d be the depth of footing in metres +//case I: consider greater width of shaded portion in Fig. 11.3 of textbook +d1=L*(L-b)/2*p/(Tc*L+L*p)//in m +//case II: refer Fig. 11.4 of textbook; we get a quadratic equation of the form e d^2 + f d + g = 0 +e=p+4*Tc +f=b*p+D*p+2*(b+D)*Tc +g=-(L^2-b*D)*p +d2=(-f+sqrt(f^2-4*e*g))/2/e//in m +d2=0.362//assume, in m +//bending moment consideration, refer Fig. 11.5 of textbook +Mx=1*((L-b)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +My=1*((L-D)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +d3=sqrt(Mx*10^6/0.65/10^3)//<362 mm, hence OK +z=0.9*d2*10^3//lever arm, in mm +Ast1=(Mx*10^6/sigma_st/z)//in sq mm +Ast=L*Ast1//steel required for full width of 2.1 m, in sq mm +//provide 12 mm dia bars +dia=12//in mm +n=Ast/0.785/dia^2//no. of 12 mm dia bars +n=16//assume +Tbd=0.84//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=825//assume, in mm +c=50//side cover, in mm +La=(L-D)/2*10^3-c//>Ld, hence OK +D=d2*10^3+dia/2+100//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nOverall depth of footing=%d mm\nCover=100 mm bottom; 50 mm side\nSteel-%d bars of 12 mm dia both ways",D,n) diff --git a/3683/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3683/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a242e5dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +b=0.4//column width, in m +D=0.4//column depth, in m +fck=15//in MPa +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +P1=1000//load on column, in kN +P2=0.05*P1//weight of footing, in kN +P=P1+P2//in kN +q=200//bearing capacity of soil, in kN/sq m +A=P/q//in sq m +L=sqrt(A)//assuming footing to be square +L=2.3//assume, in m +p=P1/L^2//soil pressure, in kN/sq m +p=189//assume, in kN/sq m +bc=b/D +ks=0.5+bc//>1 +ks=1 +Tc=0.16*sqrt(fck)*10^3//in kN/sq m +Tv=Tc +//let d be the depth of footing in metres +//case I: consider greater width of shaded portion in Fig. 11.7 of textbook +d1=L*(L-b)/2*p/(Tc*L+L*p)//in m +//case II: refer Fig. 11.8 of textbook; we get a quadratic equation of the form e d^2 + f d + g = 0 +e=p+4*Tc +f=b*p+D*p+2*(b+D)*Tc +g=-(L^2-b*D)*p +d2=(-f+sqrt(f^2-4*e*g))/2/e//in m +d2=0.425//assume, in m +d=max(d1,d2)//in m +//bending moment consideration, refer Fig. 11.9 of textbook +Mx=1*((L-b)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +d3=sqrt(Mx*10^6/0.87/10^3)//<425 mm, hence OK +z=0.87*d*10^3//lever arm, in mm +Ast1=(Mx*10^6/sigma_st/z)//in sq mm +Ast=L*Ast1//steel required for full width of 2.3 m, in sq mm +//provide 18 mm dia bars +dia=18//in mm +n=Ast/0.785/dia^2//no. of 18 mm dia bars +n=15//assume +Tbd=0.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +c=50//side cover, in mm +La=(L-D)/2*10^3-c//in mm +//providing hook at ends +La=La+16*dia//>Ld, hence OK +D=d2*10^3+dia/2+100//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nOverall depth of footing=%d mm\nCover=100 mm bottom; 50 mm side\nSteel-%d bars of 18 mm dia both ways",D,n) diff --git a/3683/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3683/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13303fb88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +B=0.5//column diameter, in m +fck=20//in MPa +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +P1=1600//load on column, in kN +P2=0.05*P1//weight of footing, in kN +P=P1+P2//in kN +q=300//bearing capacity of soil, in kN/sq m +A=P/q//in sq m +L=sqrt(A)//assuming footing to be square +L=2.4//assume, in m +p=P1/L^2//soil pressure, in kN/sq m +p=278//assume, in kN/sq m +bc=1 +ks=0.5+bc//>1 +ks=1 +Tc=0.16*sqrt(fck)*10^3//in kN/sq m +Tv=Tc +//let d be the depth of footing in metres +//case I: refer Fig. 11.11 of textbook +d1=L*(L-B)/2*p/(Tc*L+L*p)//in m +//case II: refer Fig. 11.12 of textbook; we get a quadratic equation of the form e d^2 + f d + g = 0 +e=%pi/4*p+%pi*Tc +f=2*%pi/4*B*p+%pi*B*Tc +g=-(L^2-%pi/4*B^2)*p +d2=(-f+sqrt(f^2-4*e*g))/2/e//in m +d2=0.57//assume, in m +d=max(d1,d2)//in m +//bending moment consideration, refer Fig. 11.13 of textbook +M=1*((L-B)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +d3=sqrt(M*10^6/0.88/10^3)//<570 mm, hence OK +z=0.9*d*10^3//lever arm, in mm +Ast1=(M*10^6/sigma_st/z)//in sq mm +Ast=L*Ast1//steel required for full width of 2.4 m +//provide 20 mm dia bars +dia=20//in mm +n=Ast/0.785/dia^2//no. of 20 mm dia bars +n=9//assume +Tbd=1.12//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=1030//assume, in mm +c=50//side cover, in mm +La=(L-B)/2*10^3-c//in mm +//bend bar at right angle and provide length, l +l=Ld-La//in mm +D=d*10^3+dia/2+100//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nOverall depth of footing=%d mm\nCover:100 mm bottom; 50 mm side\nSteel:%d-20 mm dia bars both ways",D,n) +//answer in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3683/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b3220299 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +b=0.3//column width in m +c1=0.4//column depth in m +fck=20//in MPa +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=275//in MPa +P1=1200//load on column, in kN +P2=0.05*P1//weight of footing, in kN +P=P1+P2//in kN +q=200//bearing capacity of soil, in kN/sq m +A=P/q//in sq m +L1=2//in m +L2=A/L1//assuming footing to be square +L2=3.2//assume, in m +p=P1/L1/L2//soil pressure, in kN/sq m +bc=b/c1 +ks=0.5+bc//>1 +ks=1 +Tc=0.16*sqrt(fck)*10^3//in kN/sq m +Tv=Tc +//let d be the depth of footing in metres +//case I, refer Fig. 11.15 of textbook +//short direction +d1=L1*(L2-c1)/2*p/(Tc*L1+L1*p)//in m +//long direction +d2=L2*(L1-b)/2*p/(Tc*L2+L2*p)//in m +//case II: refer Fig. 11.16 of textbook; we get a quadratic equation of the form e d^2 + f d + g = 0 +e=p+4*Tc +f=b*p+c1*p+2*(b+c1)*Tc +g=-(L1*L2-b*c1)*p +d3=(-f+sqrt(f^2-4*e*g))/2/e//in m +d3=0.47//assume, in m +d=max(d1,d2,d3)//in m +//bending moment consideration, refer Fig. 11.17 of textbook +Mx=1*((L1-b)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +My=1*((L2-c1)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +d4=sqrt(My*10^6/0.8/10^3)//in mm +d4=480//>470 mm (provided for shear) +d=d4//in mm +z=0.92*d//lever arm, in mm +//short direction +Ast1=(Mx*10^6/sigma_st/z)//in sq mm +Ast=L2*Ast1//steel required for full width of 3.2 m, in sq mm +b1=L1//central band width, in m +beta=L2/L1 +Astc=L1/(beta+1)*Ast//in sq mm +//provide 12 mm dia bars +dia=12//in mm +n1=Astc/0.785/dia^2//no. of 12 mm dia bars +n1=13//assume +Astr=Ast-Astc//steel in remaining width, in sq mm +n2=Astr/0.785/dia^2 +n2=4//assume +n2=n2/2//on each side +Tbd=1.12//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +c=50//side cover, in mm +La=(L1-b)/2*10^3-c//>Ld, hence OK +//long direction +Ast1=(My*10^6/sigma_st/z)//in sq mm +Ast=L1*Ast1//steel required for full width of 2 m, in sq mm +//provide 18 mm dia bars +dia=18//in mm +n=Ast/0.785/dia^2//no. of 18 mm dia bars +n=12//assume +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +c=50//side cover, in mm +La=(L2-c1)/2*10^3-c//>Ld, hence OK +D=d+dia/2+100//in mm +D=590//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nOverall depth of footing=%d mm\nCover=100 mm bottom; 50 mm side\nSteel-long direction\n%d bars of 18 mm dia in %d m width equally spaced\nShort direction\nCentral band %d m:%d-12 mm dia bars equally spaced\nRemaining sides:%d-12 mm dia bars on each side",D,n,L1,L1,n1,n2) diff --git a/3683/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3683/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c40e9f633 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +phi=30//angle of repose, in degrees +H=5//height of wall, in m +B=0.6*H//assume, in m +T=B/4//assume toe to base ratio as 1:4 +W=16//density of retained earth, in kN/cu m +P=W*H^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))//in kN +P=67//assume, in kN +M1=P*H/3//in kN-m +M1=112//assume, in kN-m +//bending moment at 2.5 m below the top +h=2.5//in m +M2=W*h^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))*h/3//in kN-m +M2=14//in kN-m +//thickness of stem (at the base) +d=sqrt(M1*10^6/0.65/1000)//in mm +d=415//in mm +dia=20//assume 20 mm dia bars +D1=d+dia/2+25//in mm +D2=200//thickness at top, in mm +D3=D2+(D1-D2)*h/H//in mm +d3=sqrt(M2*10^6/0.65/1000)//in mm +D3=d3+dia/2+25//< 325 mm (provided), hence OK +D3=325//in mm +d3=D3-dia/2-25//in mm +//main steel +//(a) 5 m below the top +Ast=M1*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d//in sq mm +//provide 20 mm dia bars +s1=1000*0.785*20^2/Ast//in mm +s1=240//assume, in mm +//(b) 2.5 m below the top +Ast=M2*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d3//in sq mm +Astmin=0.12/100*10^3*D3//in sq mm +Ast=max(Ast,Astmin)//in sq mm +//provide 12 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*12^2/Ast//in mm +s2=290//assume, in mm +//distribution steel +Ads=0.12/100*10^3*D3//in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s3=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s3=125//assume, in mm +//check for shear +V=P//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.31 +Tc=0.22//in MPa +//as Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//development length +//(a) At the base of stem +dia=20//in mm +Tbd=0.84//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=1370//assume, in mm +//(b) At 2.5 m below the top +dia=12//in mm +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=825//assume, in mm +//check for stability +D4=500//thickness of base, in mm (assume) +V1=1/2*(D1-D2)/10^3*H*25//in kN +V2=(D2/10^3)*H*25//in kN +V3=(D4/10^3)*B*25//weight of base, in kN +V4=(B-T-D1/10^3)*H*W//weight of soil, in kN +V=V1+V2+V3+V4//in kN +M=V1*(T+2/3*(D1-D2)/10^3)+V2*(T+(D1-D2)/10^3+D2/10^3/2)+V3*B/2+V4*(B-(B-T-D1/10^3)/2)//in kN-m +x=M/V//in m +x=1.8//assume, in m +//factor of safety +//for overturning +F1=V*x/P/(H/3)//> 1.5, hence OK +mu=0.5 +//for sliding +F2=mu*V/P//> 1.5, hence OK +mprintf("Summary of design:\nThickness of stem (at base) = %d mm\nThickness of stem at top = %d mm\nRefer Fig. 12.4 of textbook for reinforcement details",D1,D2) diff --git a/3683/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3683/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b2de709a --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +phi=35//angle of repose, in degrees +H=6//height of wall, in m +B=0.4*H//assume, in m +T=B/4//assume toe to base ratio as 1:4 +W=18//density of retained earth, in kN/cu m +P=W*H^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))//in kN +P=88//assume, in kN +M1=P*H/3//in kN-m +//bending moment at 3 m below the top +h=3//in m +M2=W*h^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))*h/3//in kN-m +M2=22//in kN-m +//thickness of stem (at the base) +d=sqrt(M1*10^6/0.87/1000)//in mm +d=450//in mm +dia=20//assume 20 mm dia bars +D1=d+dia/2+25//in mm +D2=200//thickness at top, in mm +D3=D2+(D1-D2)*h/H//in mm +d3=sqrt(M2*10^6/0.87/1000)//in mm +D3=d3+dia/2+25//< 342.5 mm (provided), hence OK +D3=342.5//in mm +d3=D3-dia/2-25//in mm +//main steel +//(a) 6 m below the top +Ast=M1*10^6/sigma_st/0.87/d//in sq mm +//provide 20 mm dia bars +s1=1000*0.785*20^2/Ast//in mm +s1=95//assume, in mm +//(b) 3 m below the top +Ast=M2*10^6/sigma_st/0.87/d3//in sq mm +//provide 10 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*10^2/Ast//in mm +s2=130//assume, in mm +//distribution steel +Ads=0.15/100*10^3*D3//in sq mm +//provide 10 mm dia bars +s3=1000*0.785*10^2/Ads//in mm +s3=150//assume, in mm +//check for shear +V=P//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.71 +Tc=0.34//in MPa +//as Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//development length +//(a) At the base of stem +dia=20//in mm +Tbd=0.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=1170//assume, in mm +//(b) At 3 m below the top +dia=10//in mm +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=590//assume, in mm +//check for stability +D4=500//thickness of base, in mm (assume) +V1=1/2*(D1-D2)/10^3*H*25//in kN +V2=(D2/10^3)*H*25//in kN +V3=(D4/10^3)*B*25//weight of base, in kN +V4=(B-T-D1/10^3)*H*W//in kN +V=V1+V2+V3+V4//in kN +M=V1*(T+2/3*(D1-D2)/10^3)+V2*(T+(D1-D2)/10^3+D2/10^3/2)+V3*B/2+V4*(B-(B-T-D1/10^3)/2)//in kN-m +x=M/V//in m +//factor of safety +//for overturning +F1=V*x/P/(H/3)//> 1.5, hence OK +mu=0.5 +//for sliding +F2=mu*V/P//< 1.5, hence it is not safe against sliding +mprintf("Summary of design:\nThickness of stem (at base) = %d mm\nThickness of stem at top = %d mm\nRefer Fig. 12.7 of textbook for reinforcement details",D1,D2) +//answers in textbook for factor of safety against overturning and sliding are incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3683/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ada5ef959 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +phi=30//angle of repose, in degrees +H=5//height of wall, in m +B=0.6*H//assume, in m +T=B/4//assume toe to base ratio as 1:4 +t=450//thickness of wall, in mm +W=16//density of retained earth, in kN/cu m +P=W*H^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))//in kN +P=67//assume, in kN +y=1.8//in m +P=67//in kN +Wt=223//in kN +D=0.5//thickness of base, in m +x=1.8-P*(H/3+D/10^3)/Wt//in m +x=1.15//in m +e=B/2-x//in m +q1=Wt/B+Wt*e/(1*B^2/6)//maximum pressure, in kN/sq m +q2=Wt/B-Wt*e/(1*B^2/6)//minimum pressure, in kN/sq m +Pa=q1-(q1-q2)/B*T//pressure at A, in kN/sq m +Pa=100//assume, in kN/sq m +Pb=q1-(q1-q2)/B*(T+t/10^3)//pressure at B, in kN/sq m +Pb=85//assume, in kN/sq m +Ma=Pa*T^2/2+1/2*(q1-Pa)*T*2/3*T-T*D*25*T/2//bending moment at A, in kN-m +Ma=30//round-off, in kN-m +Mb=(B-T-t/10^3)^2*H*W/2+(B-T-t/10^3)^2*D*25/2-q2*(B-T-t/10^3)^2/2-(Pb-q2)*1/3*(B-T-t/10^3)^2/2//bending moment at B, in kN-m +Mb=80//in kN-m +//design of toe +d=sqrt(Ma*10^6/0.65/10^3)//in mm +D=d+10/2+70//<500 mm (provided), hence OK +D=500//in mm +d=D-70//in mm +Ast=Ma*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d//in sq mm +Astmin=0.12/100*10^3*D//in sq mm +Ast=max(Ast,Astmin)//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*10^2/Ast//in mm +s1=130//assume, in mm +//distribution steel is same as above +//check for shear +V=(q1+Pa)/2*T//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.32 +Tc=0.2368//in MPa +//as Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//development length +dia=10//in mm +Tbd=0.84//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=685//assume, in mm +//design of heel +d=sqrt(Mb*10^6/0.65/10^3)//< 430 mm (provided), hence OK +d=430//in mm +Ast=Mb*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d//in sq mm +s2=1000*0.785*10^2/Ast//in mm +s2=85//assume, in mm +//distribution steel: 0.12% of Ag, hence provide 10 mm dia bars @ 130 mm c/c +V=(B-T-t/10^3)*H*W-(Pb+q2)/2*(B-T-t/10^3)//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.32 +Tc=0.2368//in MPa +//as Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//development length +dia=10//in mm +Tbd=0.84//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=685//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nThickness of base slab=%d mm. Refer to Fig. 12.11 of textbook for reinforcement details.",D) +//answer in textbook for spacing of 10 mm dia bars for main steel in toe and distribution steel is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3683/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd92300f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_ct=1.2//in MPa +sigma_st=100//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +V=200000//capacity, in L +V=V/10^3//in cu m +h=2.5//assumed depth of water in tank, in m +A=V/h//area of tank, in sq m +B=sqrt(4/%pi*A)//diameter, in m +B=10.1//assume, in m +H=h+0.5//including freeboard, in m +w=10//unit weight of water, in kN/cu m +T=w*H*B/2//hoop tension, in kN +Ast=T*10^3/sigma_st//in sq mm +s1=10^3*0.785*16^2/Ast//in mm +s1=130//assume, in mm +t=(T*10^3/sigma_ct-(m-1)*Ast)/1000//in mm +t=110//assume, in mm +//hoop tension steel at 1.5 m below top of wall +h=1.5//in m +T=w*h*B/2//in kN +Ast=T*10^3/sigma_st//in sq mm +s2=10^3*0.785*16^2/Ast//in mm +s2=260//assume, in mm +Ads=0.3/100*t*10^3//vertical steel as distribution steel, in sq mm +s3=1000*0.785*10^2/Ads//in mm +s3=235//in mm +//design of tank floor +D=150//in mm +Ast=0.3/100*D*1000//in sq mm +s4=1000*0.785*10^2/Ast//in mm +s4=170//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nDiameter of tank=%f m\nDepth of tank=%d m\nTank wall thickness=%d mm\nSteel-hoop steel; 3 m to 1.5 m below top=16 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n1.5 m to 0 m below top=16 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nvertical steel=10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nTank floor: Thickness %d mm\nSteel=10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",B,H,t,s1,s2,s3,D,s4) +//answer in textbook for spacing of 16 mm dia bars from 1.5 m to 0 m below top is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3683/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86af614f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_ct=1.2//in MPa +sigma_st=170//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +V=400000//capacity, in L +V=V/10^3//in cu m +h=3//assumed depth of water in tank, in m +A=V/h//area of tank, in sq m +B=sqrt(4/%pi*A)//diameter, in m +B=13//assume, in m +H=h+0.5//including freeboard, in m +w=10//unit weight of water, in kN/cu m +T=w*H*B/2//hoop tension, in kN +Ast=T*10^3/sigma_st//in sq mm +s1=10^3*0.785*12^2/Ast//in mm +s1=80//assume, in mm +t=(T*10^3/sigma_ct-(m-1)*Ast)/1000//in mm +t=175//assume, in mm +//steel at 2 m below top of wall +h=2//in m +T=w*h*B/2//in kN +Ast=T*10^3/sigma_st//in sq mm +s2=10^3*0.785*12^2/Ast//in mm +s2=145//assume, in mm +Ads=0.3/100*t*10^3//vertical steel as distribution steel, in sq mm +s3=1000*0.785*10^2/Ads//in mm +s3=150//assume, in mm +//design of tank floor +D=190//in mm +Ast=0.3/100*D*1000//in sq mm +s4=1000*0.785*10^2/Ast//in mm +s4=135//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nDiameter of tank=%d m\nDepth of tank=%f m\nTank wall thickness=%d mm\nSteel-hoop steel; 4 m to 2 m below top=12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n2 m to 0 m below top=12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nvertical steel=10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nTank floor: Thickness %d mm\nSteel=10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c both ways",B,H,t,s1,s2,s3,D,s4) diff --git a/3683/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3683/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37602cbc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +d=500//effective depth, in mm +Ast=4*0.785*20^2//four 20 mm dia bars, in sq mm +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +Xu=round(0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b)//in mm +Xc=0.531*d//in mm +//as XuAsf, Xu>Df +Xu=(0.87*fy*Ast-0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df)/0.36/fck/bw//in mm +Xc=0.479*d//Xc>Xu; hence OK +a=0.43*Xu//as Df<0.43 Xu, stress in flange is uniform +Mu=(0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.416*Xu)+0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(d-Df/2))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("Moment of resistance of T-beam=%f kN-m",Mu) diff --git a/3683/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3683/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f87b75a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Df=100//in mm +bf=1500//in mm +bw=300//in mm +d=700//in mm +Ast=4510//in sq mm +fy=250//in MPa +fck=15//in MPa +Asf=round(0.36*fck*bf*Df/0.87/fy)//area of steel required for flange, in sq mm +//as Ast>Asf, Xu>Df +Xu=round((0.87*fy*Ast-0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df)/0.36/fck/bw)//in mm +Xc=0.531*d//Xc>Xu; hence OK +a=0.43*Xu//as Df>0.43 Xu, stress in flange is not uniform +yf=0.15*Xu+0.65*Df//in mm +Mu=(0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.416*Xu)+0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*yf*(d-yf/2))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("Moment of resistance of T-beam=%f kN-m",Mu) diff --git a/3683/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3683/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cadee8158 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Df=100//in mm +bf=1250//in mm +bw=250//in mm +d=650//in mm +Ast=2800//in sq mm +fy=415//in MPa +fck=20//in MPa +Asf=round(0.36*fck*bf*Df/0.87/fy)//area of steel required for flange, in sq mm +//as Ast>Asf, Xu>Df +Xu=round((0.87*fy*Ast-0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df)/0.36/fck/bw)//in mm +//but XuXu; hence OK +a=0.43*Xu//as Df>0.43 Xu, stress in flange is not uniform +yf=0.15*Xu+0.65*Df//in mm +Mu=(0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.416*Xu)+0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*yf*(d-yf/2))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("Moment of resistance of T-beam=%f kN-m",Mu) +//answer in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3683/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e4eecb8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Df=100//in mm +bf=1250//in mm +bw=250//in mm +d=660//in mm +fy=250//in MPa +fck=15//in MPa +Xc=0.531*d//in mm +a=0.43*Xc//Df<0.43 Xu, stress in entire flange is uniform +Mu=(0.36*fck*bw*Xc*(d-0.416*Xc)+0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(d-Df/2))/10^6//in kN-m +Ast=(0.36*fck*bw*Xc+0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df)/0.87/fy//in sq mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of T-beam=%f kN-m\nArea of steel required=%f sq mm",Mu,Ast) diff --git a/3683/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3683/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486947a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Df=100//in mm +bf=1250//in mm +bw=250//in mm +d=550//in mm +Mu=400//in kN-m +fy=415//in MPa +fck=15//in MPa +Asf=0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df/0.87/fy//in sq mm +Muf=0.446*fck*(bf-bw)*Df*(d-Df/2)/10^6//in kN-m +Muw=Mu-Muf//in kN-m +//using Cu=Tu, 0.36 fck bw Xu = 0.87 fy Ast, Xu = a Asw +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/bw +//Muw=0.87 fy Asw (d-0.416 Xu) +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Muw*10^6 +Asw=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +Ast=Asw+Asf//in sq mm +mprintf("Area of steel required=%f sq mm",Ast) + diff --git a/3683/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3683/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b9d5be37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +b=230//width, in mm +d=500//effective depth, in mm +l=4.5//span, in m +Ast=4*0.785*20^2//four 20 mm dia bars, in sq mm +fck=20//in MPa +W=24//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//factored load, in kN/m +Vu=Wu*l/2//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/b/d//in MPa +Tcmax=2.8//for M20, in MPa +//TvTc, hence shear reinforcement required +mprintf("Nominal shear stress=%f MPa\nShear strength of concrete=%f MPa",Tv,Tc) diff --git a/3683/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3683/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fd4923cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +b=300//width, in mm +d=1010//effective depth, in mm +l=7//span, in m +Ast=round(6*0.785*22^2)//six 22 mm dia bars, in sq mm +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +W=45//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//factored load, in kN/m +Vu=Wu*l/2//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/b/d//in MPa +//TvTc, hence shear reinforcement required +Vus=Vu-Tc*b*d/10^3//in kN +//provide 6 mm dia stirrups +Sv=0.87*fy*2*0.785*6^2*d/Vus/10^3//in mm +Sv=171//approximately, in mm +Svmin=2*0.785*6^2*fy/b/0.4//in mm +Svmin=118//approximately, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmin)//in mm +mprintf("Provide 6 mm dia stirrups at %d mm c/c as shear reinforcement",Sv) diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e64a26f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Pu=3000//in kN +fck=20//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +l=3//unsupported length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*0.99+0.67*fy*0.01)//in sq mm +L=sqrt(Ag)//assuming a square column +L=530//in mm +Asc=0.01*L^2//in sq mm +emin=l*10^3/500+L/30//in mm +ep=0.05*L//>emin, hence OK +mprintf("Column size - %d x %d mm",L,L) diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e3856ed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Pu=1500//in kN +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +l=2.75//unsupported length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*0.99+0.67*fy*0.01)//in sq mm +L1=225//assuming a square column +L2=Ag/L1//in mm +L2=880//in mm +Asc=0.01*L1*L2//in sq mm +e1=l*10^3/500+L1/30//in mm +e2=l*10^3/500+L2/30//in mm +ep1=0.05*L1//e2, hence Ok +mprintf("The column is safe on long dimension side but not on short dimension side. As such, the column be checked for eccentricity in short direction.") diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f73c91ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +b=225//in mm +D=500//in mm +c=45//cover, in mm +Asc=2463//in sq mm +Ast=Asc +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +fcc=0.446*fck//in MPa +//(i) +xu=1.1*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m) +//by interpolation +fsc1=217.5//in MPa +fsc2=217.5*esc2/0.0010875//in MPa +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.1 +n=0.384 +l=0.443 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g., in mm +Pu=(A*b+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)+Ast*fsc2)/10^3 +Mu=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6 +mprintf("(i) For xu = 1.1 D\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m\n",Pu,Mu) +//answer in textbook is incorrect +//(ii) +xu=330//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +est=0.0035*(D-c-xu)/xu +//by interpolation +fsc=217.5//in MPa +fst=217.5//in MPa +Pu=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*(fsc-fcc)-Ast*fst)/10^3//in kN +Mu=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*(fsc-fcc)*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("(ii) For xu = 330 mm\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m",Pu,Mu) diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2960c1f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +b=300//in mm +D=400//in mm +c=30//cover, in mm +Asc=452//in sq mm +Ast=Asc +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +fcc=0.446*fck//in MPa +//(i) +xu=1.4*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m) +//by interpolation +fsc1=356.8//in MPa +fsc2=238.68//in MPa +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.4 +n=0.417 +l=0.475 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g., in mm +Pu=(A*b+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("(i) For xu = 1.4 D\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m\n",Pu,Mu) +//(ii) +xu=370//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +est=0.0035*(D-c-xu)/xu +//by interpolation +fsc=355.8//in MPa +Pu=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*(fsc-fcc))/10^3//in kN +Mu=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*(fsc-fcc)*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("(ii) For xu = 370 mm\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m",Pu,Mu) diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6c66e42d --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +b=225//in mm +D=500//in mm +c=50//cover, in mm +Asc=1520//in sq mm +Ast=Asc +fck=20//in MPa +fy=500//in MPa +fcc=0.446*fck//in MPa +//(i) +xu=1.3*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m) +//by interpolation +fsc1=412.515//in MPa +fsc2=183.794//in MPa +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.3 +n=0.409 +l=0.468 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g., in mm +Pu=(A*b+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*(fsc1-fcc)*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("(i) For xu = 1.3 D\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m\n",Pu,Mu) +//(ii) +xu=400//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +est=0.0035*(D-c-xu)/xu +//by interpolation +fsc=422.11//in MPa +fst=87.45//in MPa +Pu=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*(fsc-fcc)-Ast*fst)/10^3//in kN +Mu=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*(fsc-fcc)*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m +mprintf("(ii) For xu = 400 mm\nP=%f kN\nMu=%f kN-m",Pu,Mu) +//answer in textbook for Mu in (ii) is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpeg b/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpeg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01971b3cb Binary files /dev/null and b/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.jpeg differ diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf18fb256 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,328 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +D=450//depth, in mm +c=50//cover, in mm +Asc=1472//in sq mm +Ast=Asc +fck=15//in MPa +fcc=0.446*fck//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +Es=2*10^5//in MPa +ey=0.87*fy/Es//strain in mild steel at yield point +fs=0.87*fy//stress in mild steel at yield point, in MPa + +//xu=infinity +Pu1=(0.446*fck*(b*D-Asc-Ast)+(Asc+Ast)*fs)/10^3//in kN +Mu1=0//in kN-m + +//xu=1.5 D +xu=1.5*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +if(esc1<=ey) + fsc1=esc1/ey*fs +else + fsc1=fs +end +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m)//>ey +if(esc2<=ey) + fsc2=esc2/ey*fs +else + fsc2=fs +end +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.5 +n=0.422 +l=0.48 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g. +Pu2=(A*b+Asc*fsc1+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu2=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*fsc1*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m + +//xu=1.3 D +xu=1.3*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +if(esc1<=ey) + fsc1=esc1/ey*fs +else + fsc1=fs +end +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m)//>ey +if(esc2<=ey) + fsc2=esc2/ey*fs +else + fsc2=fs +end +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.3 +n=0.409 +l=0.468 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g. +Pu3=(A*b+Asc*fsc1+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu3=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*fsc1*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m + +//xu=1.2 D +xu=1.2*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +if(esc1<=ey) + fsc1=esc1/ey*fs +else + fsc1=fs +end +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m)//>ey +if(esc2<=ey) + fsc2=esc2/ey*fs +else + fsc2=fs +end +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.2 +n=0.399 +l=0.458 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g. +Pu4=(A*b+Asc*fsc1+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu4=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*fsc1*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m + +//xu=1.1 D +xu=1.1*D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +if(esc1<=ey) + fsc1=esc1/ey*fs +else + fsc1=fs +end +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m)//>ey +if(esc2<=ey) + fsc2=esc2/ey*fs +else + fsc2=fs +end +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1.1 +n=0.384 +l=0.443 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g. +Pu5=(A*b+Asc*fsc1+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu5=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*fsc1*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m + +//xu = D +xu=D//in mm +m=0.43*D//in mm +esc1=0.002*(xu-c)/(xu-m) +if(esc1<=ey) + fsc1=esc1/ey*fs +else + fsc1=fs +end +esc2=0.002*(xu-D+c)/(xu-m)//>ey +if(esc2<=ey) + fsc2=esc2/ey*fs +else + fsc2=fs +end +//stress block parameters for xu / D = 1 +n=0.361 +l=0.416 +A=n*fck*D//area of stress block +r=l*D//distance of c.g. +Pu6=(A*b+Asc*fsc1+Ast*fsc2)/10^3//in kN +Mu6=(A*b*(D/2-r)+Asc*fsc1*(D/2-c)-Ast*fsc2*(D/2-c))/10^6//in kN-m + +//xu=400 mm +xu=400//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu7=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu7=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=375 mm +xu=375//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu8=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu8=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=350 mm +xu=350//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu9=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu9=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=325 mm +xu=325//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu10=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu10=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=300 mm +xu=300//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu11=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu11=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=275 mm +xu=275//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu12=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu12=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=250 mm +xu=250//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu13=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu13=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=225 mm +xu=225//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu14=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu14=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=200 mm +xu=200//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu15=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu15=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=150 mm +xu=150//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu16=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu16=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=100 mm +xu=100//in mm +esc=0.0035*(xu-c)/xu +if(esc<=ey) + fsc=esc/ey*fs +else + fsc=fs +end +est=0.0035*(D-xu-c)/xu +if(est<=ey) + fst=est/ey*fs +else + fst=fs +end +Pu17=(0.36*fck*b*xu+Asc*fsc-Ast*fst)/10^3 +Mu17=(0.36*fck*b*xu*(D/2-0.416*xu)+Asc*fsc*(D/2-c)+Ast*fst*(D/2-c))/10^6 + +//xu=0.531 d +d=D-c +xu=0.531*d +Pu18=0//in kN +Mu18=0.149*fck*b*d^2/10^6//in kN-m + +Pu=[Pu1 Pu2 Pu3 Pu4 Pu5 Pu6 Pu7 Pu8 Pu9 Pu10 Pu11 Pu12 Pu13 Pu14 Pu15 Pu16 Pu17 Pu18] +Mu=[Mu1 Mu2 Mu3 Mu4 Mu5 Mu6 Mu7 Mu8 Mu9 Mu10 Mu11 Mu12 Mu13 Mu14 Mu15 Mu16 Mu17 Mu18] +xtitle('P-M Interaction Diagram', 'Mu (kN-m)', 'Pu (kN)') +plot(Mu,Pu) diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa76e868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +b=250//column width in mm +D=450//column depth in mm +Asc=2*1472//in sq mm +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +ex=200//in mm +ey=150//in mm +//from interaction curve +//for ex=200 mm on x-axis +Pum1=610//in kN +Muy1=120//in kN-m +//for ey=150 mm on y-axis +Pum2=720//in kN +Mux1=106//in kN-m +//(i) +Pu=300//in kN +Mux=Pu*ey/10^3//in kN-m +Muy=Pu*ex/10^3//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(b*D-Asc)+0.75*fy*Asc)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +b=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//<1 +mprintf("The column can take a load of 300 kN with ex=200 mm and ey=150 mm\n") +//(ii) +Pu=500//in kN +Mux=Pu*ey/10^3//in kN-m +Muy=Pu*ex/10^3//in kN-m +a=Pu/Puz +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +b=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//>1 +mprintf("The section is not suitable for a load of 500 kN with ex=200 mm and ey=150 mm\n") diff --git a/3683/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce b/3683/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8521f0e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +b=250//column width, in mm +D=500//column depth, in mm +lex=4//in m +ley=4//in m +Pu=300//in kN +Asc=1472//in sq mm +Ast=1472//in sq mm +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +c=50//cover, in mm +Max=Pu*10^3*D/2000*(lex/(D/10^3))^2/10^6//in kN-m +May=Pu*10^3*b/2000*(ley/(b/10^3))^2/10^6//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(b*D-(Asc+Ast))+0.75*fy*(Asc+Ast))/10^3//in kN +//to find Pb +xu=(D-c)/(1+0.002/0.0035)//in mm +fsc=217.5//in MPa +fst=217.5//in MPa +Pb=(0.36*fck*b*xu+fsc*Asc-fst*Ast)/10^3//in kN +k=(Puz-Pu)/(Puz-Pb)//>1 +k=1 +Max=k*Max//in kN-m +May=k*May//in kN-m +mprintf("Additional Moments are:\nMax=%f kN/m\nMay=%f kN-m", Max,May) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcad6fe34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +l=4//span, in m +MF=1.6 +a=MF*20 +D=l*10^3/a//in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=1//floor finish, in kN/m +W3=2//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +lef=4.125//in m +Mu=Wu*lef^2/8//in kN-m +d=sqrt(Mu*10^6/0.149/fck/10^3)//in mm +dia=12//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+dia/2+15//<125 mm (assumed value), hence OK +D=125//in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//steel +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//in mm +s1=105//in mm +pt=1000*0.785*dia^2/s1/10^3/d*100//in % +Ads=0.15/100*10^3*D//in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s2=265//in mm +Vu=Wu*lef/2//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 and pt=1 +Tc=0.6//in MPa +//for solid slabs +Tc=1.3*Tc//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required +mprintf("Summary of design:\nSlab thickness= %d mm\nCover = 15 mm\nMain steel = 12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nDistribution steel = 8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92ebaeca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +b=0.2//column width, in m +D=0.3//column depth, in m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +P1=600//load on column, in kN +P2=0.05*P1//weight of footing, in kN +P=P1+P2//in kN +Pu=1.5*P//in kN +q=150//bearing capacity of soil, in kN/sq m +qu=2*q//ultimate bearing capacity of soil, in kN/sq m +A=Pu/qu//in sq m +L=sqrt(A)//assuming footing to be square, in m +L=1.8//round-off, in m +p=P1*1.5/L^2//soil pressure, in kN/sq m +p=277.8//round-off, in kN/sq m +bc=b/D +ks=0.5+bc//>1 +ks=1 +Tc=0.25*sqrt(fck)*10^3//in kN/sq m +Tv=Tc +//let d be the depth of footing in metres +//case I: consider greater width of shaded portion in Fig. 19.6 of textbook +d1=L*(L-b)/2*p/(Tc*L+L*p)//in m +//case II: refer Fig. 19.7 of textbook; we get a quadratic equation of the form e d^2 + f d + g = 0 +e=p+4*Tc +f=b*p+D*p+2*(b+D)*Tc +g=-(L^2-b*D)*p +d2=(-f+sqrt(f^2-4*e*g))/2/e//in m +d2=0.35//round-off, in m +//bending moment consideration, refer Fig. 19.8 of textbook +Mx=1*((L-b)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +My=1*((L-D)/2)^2/2*p//in kN-m +d3=sqrt(Mx*10^6/0.138/fck/10^3)//<350 mm, hence OK +//steel +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d2*10^3 +r=Mx*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +Ast=L*Ast//steel required for full width of 1.8 m +//provide 12 mm dia bars +dia=12//in mm +n=Ast/0.785/dia^2//no. of 12 mm dia bars +n=12//round-off +Tbd=1.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*0.87*fy/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=677//assume, in mm +//this length is available from the face of the column in both directions +D=d2*10^3+dia/2+100//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nOverall depth of footing=%d mm\nCover=100 mm\nSteel-%d bars of 12 mm dia both ways",D,n) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72a08499b --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +phi=30//angle of repose, in degrees +H=5//height of wall, in m +B=0.6*H//assume, in m +T=B/4//assume toe to base ratio as 1:4, in m +W=16//density of retained earth, in kN/cu m +Wu=1.5*W//factored load, in kN/cu m +P=Wu*H^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))//in kN +M1=P*H/3//in kN-m +M1=167//round-off, in kN-m +//bending moment at 2.5 m below the top +h=2.5//in m +M2=Wu*h^2/2*(1-sind(phi))/(1+sind(phi))*h/3//in kN-m +M2=21//round-off, in kN-m +//thickness of stem (at the base) +d=sqrt(M1*10^6/0.138/fck/1000)//in mm +d=285//round-off, in mm +dia=20//assume 20 mm dia bars +D1=d+dia/2+25//in mm +D2=200//thickness at top, in mm +D3=D2+(D1-D2)*h/H//thickness at 2.5 m below top, in mm +d3=sqrt(M2*10^6/0.138/fck/1000)//in mm +D3=d3+dia/2+25//< 260 mm (provided), hence OK +D3=260//in mm +d3=D3-dia/2-25//in mm +//main steel +//(a) 5 m below the top +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=M1*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +pt=Ast/1000/d*100//in % +//provide 20 mm dia bars +s1=1000*0.785*20^2/Ast//in mm +s1=155//round-off, in mm +//(b) 2.5 m below the top +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d3 +r=M2*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +Astmin=0.12/100*10^3*D3//in sq mm +Ast=max(Ast,Astmin)//in sq mm +//provide 12 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*12^2/Ast//in mm +s2=360//round-off, in mm +//distribution steel +Ads=0.12/100*10^3*D3//in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s3=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s3=160//round-off, in mm +//check for shear +Vu=P//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.71 +Tc=0.54//in MPa +//as Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//development length +//(a) At the base of stem +dia=20//in mm +Tbd=1.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*0.87*fy/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=1130//round-off, in mm +//(b) At 2.5 m below the top +dia=12//in mm +Ld=dia*0.87*fy/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=680//round-off, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nThickness of stem (at base) = %d mm\nThickness of stem at top = %d mm\nRefer Fig. 19.10 of textbook for reinforcement details",D1,D2) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a201893b --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +P=1000//in kN +Pu=1.5*P//in kN +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +l=3.5//unsupported length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*0.99+0.67*fy*0.01)//in sq mm +L=sqrt(Ag)//assuming a square column +L=420//in mm +emin=l*10^3/500+L/30//in mm +ep=0.05*L//=emin, hence OK +Asc=0.01*L^2//in sq mm +//provide 6-20 mm dia bars +Asc=6*0.785*20^2//in sq mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nColumn size - %d x %d mm\nSteel-main = 6-20 mm dia bars",L,L) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c782e0bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +P=500//in kN +Pu=1.5*P//in kN +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +l=3//unsupported length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*0.99+0.67*fy*0.01)//in sq mm +L=sqrt(Ag)//assuming a square column +L=315//in mm +emin=l*10^3/500+L/30//<20 +emin=20//in mm +ep=0.05*L//12 +n=ley*10^3/L//>12 +//hence the column is slender on both the axes +Max=Pu*10^3*L/2000*(lex/(L/10^3))^2/10^6//in kN-m +May=Max +Puz=(0.45*fck*(L^2-Asc)+0.75*fy*Asc)/10^3//in kN +c=40//cover, in mm +//to find Pb +xu=(L-c)/(1+0.002/0.0035)//in mm +Pb=0.36*fck*L*xu/10^3//in kN +k=(Puz-Pu)/(Puz-Pb)//>1 +Max=k*Max//in kN-m +Mu=15//in kN-m +Mu=Mu+Max//in kN-m +a=Pu*10^3/fck/L/L +b=Mu*10^6/fck/L/L^2//b=0.047 +d1=c/L//d1=d'/D +//for d'/D = 0.1 +p=0.095*fck//in % +Asc=p/100*L^2//in sq mm +//provide 4-18 mm + 4-12 mm dia bars +Asc=4*0.785*18^2+4*0.785*12^2//in sq mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nColumn size - %d x %d mm\nSteel-main = 4-18 mm + 4-12 mm dia bars",L,L) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e3a75cf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Pu=2000//in kN +Mux=50//in kN-m +Muy=Mux +fck=20//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +//assume 2% steel +p=2//in % +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*(1-p/100)+0.67*fy*p/100)//in sq mm +L=sqrt(Ag)//assuming a square column +L=400//in mm +m=Pu*10^3/fck/L/L +n=p/fck +c=50//cover (assume), in mm +d1=c/L//d1=d'/D +//from Fig. 19.21, for d'/D = 0.15 and Pu / fck b D = 0.625 +f=0.046 +Mux1=f*fck*L*L^2/10^6//in kN-m +Muy1=Mux1 +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*L^2+0.75*fy*p/100*L^2)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//>0.8 +an=2 +b=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//>1 +//assume 2.5% steel +p=2.5//in % +n=p/fck +//from Fig. 19.21, for d'/D = 0.15 and Pu / fck b D = 0.625 +f=0.08 +Mux1=f*fck*L*L^2/10^6//in kN-m +Muy1=Mux1 +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*L^2+0.75*fy*p/100*L^2)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//<0.8 +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +b=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//<1, hence OK +Asc=p/100*L^2//in sq mm +//provide 12-22 mm dia bars +Asc=12*0.785*22^2//in sq mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nColumn size - %d x %d mm\nSteel-main = 12-22 mm dia bars placed equally on four faces of the column",L,L) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6a8814da --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +b=400//in mm +D=500//in mm +Pu=1600//in kN +Mux=90//in kN-m +Muy=50//in kN-m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +p=1.5//assume 1.5% steel, placed on four sides +m=p/fck +c=50//cover (assume), in mm +//to find Mux1 +n=c/D//n=d'/D +l=Pu*10^3/fck/b/D +//referring to Fig.19.20, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.53 and p/ fck = 0.1 +f=0.09 +Mux1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +//to find Muy1 +b=500//in mm +D=400//in mm +n=c/D//n=d'/D +l=Pu*10^3/fck/b/D +//referring to Fig.19.21, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.53 and p/ fck = 0.1 +f=0.08 +Muy1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*b*D+0.75*fy*p/100*b*D)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//<0.8 +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +r=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//<1 +Asc=p/100*b*D//in sq mm +//provide 6-16 mm + 6-20 mm dia bars +Asc=6*0.785*16^2+6*0.785*20^2//in sq mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nColumn size - %d x %d mm\nSteel-main = 6-16 mm + 6-20 mm dia bars",D,b) +//answer in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27dd70c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +b=300//in mm +Pu=1500//in kN +Mux=100//in kN-m +Muy=70//in kN-m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +p=1.5//assume 1.5% steel, placed on four sides +Ag=Pu*10^3/(0.4*fck*(1-p/100)+0.67*fy*p/100)//in sq mm +D=Ag/b//in mm +D=600//assume, in mm +m=p/fck +c=60//cover (assume), in mm +//to find Mux1 +n=c/D//n=d'/D +l=Pu*10^3/fck/b/D +//referring to Fig.19.17, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.1 +f=0.038 +Mux1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +//to find Muy1 +b=600//in mm +D=300//in mm +n=c/D//n=d'/D +l=Pu*10^3/fck/b/D +//referring to Fig.19.19, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.1 +f=0.038 +Muy1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*b*D+0.75*fy*p/100*b*D)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//>0.8 +an=2 +r=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//>1 +p=4//assume 4% steel, second trial +m=p/fck +//to find Mux1 +b=300//in mm +D=600//in mm +//referring to Fig.19.17, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.26 +f=0.15 +Mux1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +//to find Muy1 +b=600//in mm +D=300//in mm +n=c/D//n=d'/D +//referring to Fig.19.19, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.26 +f=0.15 +Muy1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*b*D+0.75*fy*p/100*b*D)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//<0.8 +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +r=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//<1, hence OK +//but steel can be reduced +p=3//assume 3% steel, second trial +m=p/fck +//to find Mux1 +b=300//in mm +D=600//in mm +//referring to Fig.19.17, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.2 +f=0.12 +Mux1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +//to find Muy1 +b=600//in mm +D=300//in mm +n=c/D//n=d'/D +//referring to Fig.19.19, for Pu/ fck/ b/ D = 0.56 and p/ fck = 0.2 +f=0.12 +Muy1=f*fck*b*D^2/10^6//in kN-m +Puz=(0.45*fck*(1-p/100)*b*D+0.75*fy*p/100*b*D)/10^3//in kN +a=Pu/Puz//<0.8 +an=1+1/0.6*(a-0.2) +r=(Mux/Mux1)^an+(Muy/Muy1)^an//<1, hence OK +Asc=p/100*b*D//in sq mm +//provide 12-25 dia bars +Asc=12*0.785*25^2//in sq mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nColumn size - %d x %d mm\nSteel-main = 12-25 mm dia bars",D,b) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33876dac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +l=4.5//span, in m +MF=1.4 +a=MF*20 +D=l*10^3/a//in mm +D=160//in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=1//floor finish, in kN/m +W3=1//partitions, in kN/m +W4=4//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3+W4//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +lef=l+0.16//in m +Mu=Wu*lef^2/8//in kN-m +d=sqrt(Mu*10^6/0.138/fck/10^3)//in mm +dia=12//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+dia/2+15//=160 mm(assumed value), approximately +D=160//in mm +d=140//in mm +//steel +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//in mm +s1=112//in mm +pt=Ast/10^3/d*100//in % +Ads=0.12/100*10^3*D//in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s2=260//in mm +Vu=Wu*lef/2//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/10^3/d//in MPa +//for M15 and pt=0.718 +Tc=0.53//in MPa +//for solid slabs +Tc=1.25*Tc//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required +mprintf("Summary of design:\nSlab thickness= %d mm\nCover = 15 mm\nMain steel = 12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nDistribution steel = 8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..430eca029 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +MF=1.4//modification factor +//let a be span to depth ratio +l=1//span, in m +a=MF*7 +D=l*1000/a//in mm +D=105//assume, in mm +//to calculate loading +W1=25*(D/10^3)*1.5//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=0.5*1.5//finish, in kN/m +W3=0.75*1.5//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +lef=l+0.23/2//effective span, in m +Mu=Wu*lef/2//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.138*fck*1500))//in mm +dia=12//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+12/2+15//<105, hence OK +D=100//assume, in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//steel +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/1.5/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +dia=8//in mm +s1=1500*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d=3x79=237 mm +s1=235//in mm +Ads=0.12/100*1000*D//distribution steel, in sq mm +//assume 6 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*6^2/Ads//in mm +s2=235//round-off, in mm +Tbd=1.6//in MPa +Ld=dia*0.87*fy/4/Tbd//in mm +Ld=452//in mm +Tv=Wu*10^3/1500/d//in MPa +Ast=1500*0.785*8^2/235//in sq mm +pt=Ast/1500/d*100//in % +//for M15 and pt=0.26 +Tc=0.35//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required +mprintf("Summary of design\nThickness of slab = %d mm\nCover = 15 mm\nMain steel = 8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nDevelopment length = %d mm\nDistribution steel = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,Ld,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c01260cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +lx=3.5//in m +ly=4//in m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +D=lx*10^3/35//in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=1.5//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +a=ly/lx +Ax=0.078 +Ay=0.0602 +Mx=Ax*Wu*lx^2//in kN-m +My=Ay*Wu*lx^2//in kN-m +d=sqrt(Mx*10^6/0.149/fck/10^3)//in mm +d=51//round-off, in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+15//<100 mm assumed value +D=100//in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//steel - short span +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mx*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//in mm +s1=220//round-off, in mm +//long span +d=d-dia/2-dia/2//in mm +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=My*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +s2=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//in mm +s2=250//round-off, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nSteel-\n(i)Short span = 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n(ii)Long span = 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9f8bea98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +b=225//width in mm +D=300//depth in mm +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +l=4.2//span, in m +W1=(b/10^3)*(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=6//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +Mu=Wu*l^2/8//in kN-m +d=270//assume, in mm +Mulim=0.138*fck*b*d^2/10^6//in kN-m +//as Mulim > Mu, it will be a singly reinforced beam +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/b +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +//provide 12 mm dia bars +n=Ast/0.785/12^2 +n=3//assume +Ast=n*0.785*12^2//in sq mm +Vu=Wu*l/2//in kN +Tv=Vu*10^3/b/d//in MPa +pt=Ast/b/d*100//pt=0.56 +//for M15 and pt=0.56 +Tc=0.46//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required +//provide nominal stirrups and provide 6 mm stirrups +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +Sv=Asv*fy/0.4/b//in mm +Sv=260//assume, in mm +Svmax=0.75*d//in mm +Svmax=200//round-off, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmax)//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nBeam size - %d x %d mm\nCover - 25 mm\nSteel - %d-12 mm dia bars\nStirrups - 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",b,D,n,Sv) +//deflection check +Ec=5700*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +Es=2*10^5//in MPa +m=Es/Ec +fcr=0.7*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +//using b x x/2 = m Ast (d-x), we get a quadratic equation +//solving the quadratic equation +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in mm +z=d-x/3//in mm +Ir=b*x^3/12+b*x*(x/2)^2+m*Ast*(d-x)^2//in mm^4 +Igr=b*D^3/12//in mm^4 +yt=D/2//in mm +Mr=fcr*Igr/yt//in N-mm +M=W*l^2/8*10^6//in N-mm +Ieff=Ir/(1.2-Mr/M*z/d*(1-x/d)*b/b)//in mm^4 +//IrTc, shear reinforcement required +//provide 6 mm stirrups +Vus=Vu-Tc*b*d/10^3//in kN +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +Sv=Asv*0.87*fy*d/Vus/10^3//in mm +Sv=130//assume, in mm +Svmin=Asv*fy/0.4/b//in mm +Svmin=115//assume, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmin)//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design:\nBeam size - %d x %d mm\nCover - 50 mm\nSteel - 8-20 mm + 2-18 mm dia bars\nStirrups - 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",b,D,Sv) +//deflection check +Ec=5700*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +Es=2*10^5//in MPa +m=Es/Ec +fcr=0.7*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +//using b x x/2 = m Ast (d-x), we get a quadratic equation +//solving the quadratic equation +p=b/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in mm +x=290//assume, in mm +z=d-x/3//in mm +Ir=b*x^3/12+b*x*(x/2)^2+m*Ast*(d-x)^2//in mm^4 +Igr=b*D^3/12//in mm^4 +yt=D/2//in mm +Mr=fcr*Igr/yt//in N-mm +M=W*l^2/8*10^6//in N-mm +Ieff=Ir/(1.2-Mr/M*z/d*(1-x/d)*b/b)//in mm^4 +//Ir>Ieff +Ieff=Ir//in mm^4 +W1=W*l//in kN +u1=5/384*(W1*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ec/Ieff//short-term deflection, in mm +//long-term deflection +//(i) deflection due to shrinkage +k3=0.125//for simply supported beam +pt=1.34//in % +pc=0//in % +k4=0.65*(pt-pc)/sqrt(pt) +phi=k4*0.0003/D +u2=k3*phi*(l*10^3)^2//in mm +//(ii) deflection due to creep +Ecc=Ec/(1+1.6)//in MPa +//assuming a permanent load of 60% +W2=0.6*W*l//in kN +u3=5/384*(W2*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ecc/Ieff//in mm +u4=5/384*(W2*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ec/Ieff//in mm +u5=u3-u4//in mm +u=u1+u2+u5//total deflection, in mm +v1=l*10^3/250//permissible deflection, in mm +v2=l*10^3/350//in mm +//assuming half the shrinkage strain occurs within the first 28 days, the deflection occurring after this time +v3=u2/2+u5//< permissible value, hence OK diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9609ce52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +l=10//span, in m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +Df=100//slab thickness, in mm +D=l*10^3/15//depth of beam, in mm +D=600//assume, in mm +d=D-50//cover=50 mm +bw=300//beam width, in mm +bf=l*10^3/6+bw+6*Df//>2500 mm c/c distance of beams +bf=2500//in mm +W1=(bw/10^3)*(D-Df)/10^3*25//web, in kN/m +W2=(Df/10^3)*(bf/10^3)*25//slab, in kN/m +W3=(bf/10^3)*5//imposed load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +Mu=Wu*l^2/8//in kN-m +Vu=Wu*l/2//in kN +Asf=0.36*fck*bf*Df/0.87/fy//steel required only for flange, in sq mm +Asf=6210//round-off, in sq mm +//verification of trial section +xu=100//assume, in mm +Ast=Asf//in sq mm +Mulim=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-0.416*xu)/10^6//in kN-m +//Mulim > Mu, hence OK +//keeping the assumed trial section, work out the steel required +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/bf +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +//provide 5-25 mm dia + 3-22 mm dia bars +pt=Ast*100/(bw*d+(bf-bw)*Df)//pt=1%, approximately +//check for shear +Tv=Vu*10^3/bw/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=1% +Tc=0.6//in MPa +//as Tv > Tc, shear reinforcement required +Vus=Vu-Tc*bw*d/10^3//in kN +//provide 6 mm dia stirrups +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +Sv=Asv*0.87*fy*d/Vus/10^3//in mm +Sv=90//round-off, in mm +mprintf("T beam:bf=%d mm\nDf=%d mm\nd=%d mm\nD=%d mm\nCover = 50 mm\nSteel= 5-25 mm dia + 3-22 mm dia bars\nStirrups = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c throughout",bf,Df,d,D,Sv) +//answer in textbook for spacing of stirrups is incorrect +//deflection check +Ec=5700*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +Es=2*10^5//in MPa +m=Es/Ec//modular ratio +fcr=0.7*sqrt(fck)//in MPa +//using bf Df (x-Df/2) = m Ast (d-x), we get a quadratic equation +x=(m*Ast*d+bf*Df^2/2)/(bf*Df+m*Ast)//in mm +z=0.87*d//assume, in mm +//refer Fig. 19.5 of textbook +Ir=bf*x^3/12+bf*Df*(x/2)^2+m*Ast*(d-x)^2//in mm^4 +y=(bf*Df*Df/2+(D-Df)*bw*((D-Df)/2+Df))/(bf*Df+(D-Df)*bw)//c.g. from top, in mm (neglecting steel) +Igr=bf*Df^3/12+bf*Df*(Df/2-y)^2+bw*(D-Df)^3/12+bw*(D-Df)*((D-Df)/2+Df-y)^2//in mm^4 +yt=d/2//in mm +Mr=fcr*Igr/yt//in N-mm +M=W*l^2/8*10^6//in N-mm +Ieff=Ir/(1.2-Mr/M*z/d*(1-x/d)*bw/bf)//in mm^4 +//Ir > Ieff +Ieff=Ir//in mm^4 +W1=W*l//in kN +u1=5/384*(W1*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ec/Ieff//short term deflection, in mm +//deflection due to shrinkage +k3=0.125//for simply supported beam +pt=1//in % +pc=0//in % +k4=0.65*(pt-pc)/sqrt(pt) +phi=k4*0.0003/D +u2=k3*phi*(l*10^3)^2//in mm +//deflection due to creep +Ecc=Ec/(1+1.6)//in MPa +//assuming a permanent load of 60% +W2=0.6*W*l//in kN +u3=5/384*(W2*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ecc/Ieff//in mm +u4=5/384*(W2*10^3)*(l*10^3)^3/Ec/Ieff//in mm +u5=u3-u4//in mm +u=u1+u2+u5//total deflection, in mm +v1=l*10^3/250//permissible deflection, in mm +v2=l*10^3/350//>20 mm +v2=20//in mm +//assuming half the shrinkage strain occurs within the first 28 days, the deflection occurring after this time +v3=u2/2+u5//< permissible value, hence OK diff --git a/3683/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3683/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a5c515b --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +l=2.7+1//span, in m +R=0.15//rise, in m +t=0.27//tread, in m +fck=15//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +D=200//assume, in mm +W1=D/10^3*25*sqrt(R^2+t^2)/t//slab load on plan, in kN/m +W2=1/2*R*t*25/t//load of step per metre, in kN/m +W3=3//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +Wu=1.5*W//in kN/m +Mu=Wu*l^2/8//in kN-m +d=sqrt(Mu*10^6/0.138/fck/10^3)//in mm +d=115//round-off, in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+25//< 200 mm, hence OK +D=l*10^3/24//depth required for deflection, in mm +D=155//round-off, in mm +d=D-dia/2-25//in mm +//steel +//Xu=0.87*fy*Ast/0.36/fck/b = a*Ast +a=0.87*fy/0.36/fck/10^3 +//using Mu=0.87 fy Ast (d-0.416 Xu), we get a quadratic equation +p=0.87*fy*0.416*a +q=-0.87*fy*d +r=Mu*10^6 +Ast=(-q-sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/2/p//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//spacing of 10 mm dia bars +s1=110//round-off, in mm +Ads=0.12/100*D*10^3//distribution steel, in sq mm +//provide 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s2=270//round-off, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover = 25 mm\nMain steel = 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c\nDistribution steel = 8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) +//answer in textbook for spacing of 10 mm dia bars is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3683/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cf74c248 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +b=200//width, in mm +D=400//overall depth, in mm +m=18.66//modular ratio +Ast=4*0.785*22^2//four 22 mm dia bars at bottom, in sq mm +Asc=3*0.785*20^2//three 20 mm dia bars at top, in sq mm +bottom_cover=30//in mm +top_cover=25//in mm +d=D-bottom_cover//effective depth, in mm +//to find x using b(x^2)/2 + (1.5m-1)Asc(x-d')=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=(1.5*m-1)*Asc+m*Ast +r=-(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +mprintf("Depth of neutral axis=%f mm",x) diff --git a/3683/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3683/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96c43be64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +b=280//width, in mm +D=540//overall depth, in mm +Ast=5*0.785*22^2//five 22 mm dia bars on tension side, in sq mm +Asc=4*0.785*20^2//four 20 mm dia bars on compression side, in sq mm +bottom_cover=40//in mm +top_cover=30//in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +d=D-bottom_cover//effective depth, in mm +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//to find x using b(x^2)/2 + (1.5m-1)Asc(x-d')=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=(1.5*m-1)*Asc+m*Ast +r=-(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as xXc, beam is over-reinforced +sigma_cbc_dash=sigma_cbc*(x-top_cover)/x//in MPa +sigma_sc=1.5*m*sigma_cbc_dash//< 130 MPa, hence OK +//stress in compression steel is found to be less than its permissible limit of 130 N/mm^2 +Mr=b*x*sigma_cbc*(d-x/3)/2+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*sigma_cbc_dash*(d-top_cover)//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam=%f kN-m",Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3683/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fc000a60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +d=450//effective depth, in mm +Ast=4*0.785*22^2//four 22 mm dia bars on tension side, in sq mm +Asc=Ast +top_cover=30//in mm +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +sigma_sc=130//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +l=5.7//effective span, in m +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//to find x using b(x^2)/2 + (1.5m-1)Asc(x-d')=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=b/2 +q=(1.5*m-1)*Asc+m*Ast +r=-(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover-m*Ast*d +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as xDf; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df+(1.5*m-1)*Asc)//in mm +//as xDf; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df+(1.5*m-1)*Asc)// in mm +//we find that xDf is wrong +//to find x using Bf(x^2)/2 + (1.5m-1)Asc(x-d')=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=Bf/2 +q=m*Ast+(1.5*m-1)*Asc +r=-(m*Ast*d+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover) +//solving quadratic equation +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as xDf; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df+(1.5*m-1)*Asc)//in mm +//we find that xDf is wrong +//to find x using Bf(x^2)/2 + (1.5m-1)Asc(x-d')=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=Bf/2 +q=m*Ast+(1.5*m-1)*Asc +r=-(m*Ast*d+(1.5*m-1)*Asc*top_cover) +//solving quadratic equation +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//as xDf +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//as x>Xc, beam is over-reinforced +sigma_cbc_dash=sigma_cbc*(x-Df)/x//in MPa +//to find lever arm +z=d-(sigma_cbc+2*sigma_cbc_dash)/(sigma_cbc+sigma_cbc_dash)*Df/3//in mm +//taking moments about tensile steel +Mr=Bf*Df*(sigma_cbc+sigma_cbc_dash)*z/2//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam=%f kN-m", Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05c9d6e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Bf=750//width of flange, in mm +Bw=250//breadth of web, in mm +Df=100//thickness of flange, in mm +d=700//effective depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=190//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +M=460*10^6//in N-mm +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +sigma_cbc_dash=sigma_cbc*(Xc-Df)/Xc//in MPa +//to find lever arm +z=d-(sigma_cbc+2*sigma_cbc_dash)/(sigma_cbc+sigma_cbc_dash)*Df/3//in mm +//taking moments about tensile steel +Ast=M/(sigma_st*z)//in sq mm +Ast=3699//round-off, in sq mm +mprintf("Area of steel required=%d mm^2", Ast) diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ead9a0163 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Df=120//thickness of flange, in mm +Bw=200//breadth of web, in mm +d=550//effective depth, in mm +l=6//span, in m +Bf=l*1000/12+Bw+3*Df//in mm +m=13.33//modular ratio +Ast=3200//in sq mm +M=190*10^6//in N-mm +//assume x>Df; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//we find that x>Df, hence our assumption that x>Df is correct +//as xDf; hence our assumption is incorrect; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +x=263//round-off, in mm +mprintf("Neutral axis depth=%d mm", x) diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592c01571 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Bf=1200//width of flange, in mm +Bw=200//breadth of web, in mm +Df=100//thickness of flange, in mm +d=400//effective depth, in mm +m=13.33//modular ratio +Ast=4*0.785*18^2//four 18mm dia bars, in sq mm +//assume x > Df; ; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//as x < Df; our assumption was incorrect +//x < Df; find x using Bf(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=Bf/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +//solving quadratic equation +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//x Df; hence our assumption is incorrect; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//as x < Xc, beam is under-reinforced +sigma_cbc=sigma_st/m*x/(d-x)//in MPa +sigma_cbc_dash=sigma_cbc*(x-Df)/x//in MPa +//to find lever arm +z=d-(sigma_cbc+2*sigma_cbc_dash)/(sigma_cbc+sigma_cbc_dash)*Df/3//in mm +Mr=Bf*Df*(sigma_cbc+sigma_cbc_dash)*z/2//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam=%f kN-m", Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe72aaaf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Bf=1200//width of flange, in mm +Bw=200//breadth of web, in mm +Df=100//thickness of flange, in mm +d=400//effective depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=190//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +Ast=4*0.785*18^2//four 18 mm dia bars, in sq mm +//assume x < Df; find x using Bf(x^2)/2=mAst(d-x), which becomes of the form px^2+qx+r=0 +p=Bf/2 +q=m*Ast +r=-m*Ast*d +//solving quadratic equation +x=(-q+sqrt(q^2-4*p*r))/(2*p)//in mm +//x < Df; hence our assumption is correct +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//as x < Xc, beam is under-reinforced +sigma_cbc=sigma_st/m*x/(d-x)//in MPa +//taking moments about tensile steel +Mr=Bf*x*sigma_cbc*(d-x/3)/2//in N-mm +mprintf("Moment of resistance of the beam=%f kN-m", Mr/10^6) diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dd196dbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +Bf=1500//width of flange, in mm +Bw=200//breadth of web, in mm +Df=100//thickness of flange, in mm +d=400//effective depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +Ast=2190//in sq mm +//assume x>Df +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//to find critical depth of neutral axis +Xc=d/(1+sigma_st/(m*sigma_cbc))//in mm +//as xDf; equating moments of area on compression and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//let sigma_cbc_dash=a*sigma_cbc +a=(x-Df)/x +//to find lever arm +z=d-(1+2*a)/(1+a)*Df/3//in mm +sigma_cbc=2*M/(Bf*Df*(1+a)*z)//in MPa +sigma_st=m*sigma_cbc*(d-x)/x//in MPa +mprintf("Stress in concrete=%f N/mm^2\nStress in tension steel=%f N/mm^2",sigma_cbc,sigma_st) +//answer given in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3683/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aefc35ea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Bf=1250//width of flange, in mm +Df=120//thickness of flange, in mm +d=700//effective depth, in mm +m=13.33//modular ratio +Ast=5500//in sq mm +W=60//UDL including self-weight, in kN/m +l=8//span, in m +M=W*l^2/8*10^6//in N-mm +//Assume x>Df. Equating moments of area on compressiona and tension sides about N.A. +x=(m*Ast*d+Bf*Df^2/2)/(m*Ast+Bf*Df)//in mm +//let sigma_cbc_dash=a*sigma_cbc +a=(x-Df)/x +//to find lever arm +z=d-(1+2*a)/(1+a)*Df/3//in mm +sigma_cbc=2*M/(Bf*Df*(1+a)*z)//in MPa +sigma_st=m*sigma_cbc*(d-x)/x//in MPa +mprintf("Stress in concrete=%f N/mm^2\nStress in tension steel=%f N/mm^2",sigma_cbc,sigma_st) diff --git a/3683/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3683/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab9edc58a --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +d=500//effective depth, in mm +W=20//UDL including self-weight, in kN/m +Pt=1//percentage tensile steel +l=6//span, in m +V=W*l/2//in kN +Tv=(V*10^3)/(b*d)//in MPa +//for Pt=1% and for M15 grade concrete +Tc=0.37//in MPa +//as Tv>Tc, shear reinforcement is required +mprintf("Nominal shear stress in beam=%f MPa\nShear strength of concrete=%f MPa", Tv,Tc) diff --git a/3683/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3683/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10f33cb23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +b=230//width, in mm +d=500//effective depth, in mm +W=24//UDL including self-weight, in kN/m +Ast=4*0.785*20^2//four 20 mm dia bars, in sq mm +Pt=Ast/(b*d)*100//percentage tensile steel +l=4.5//span, in m +V=W*l/2//in kN +Tv=(V*10^3)/(b*d)//in MPa +//for Pt=1.1% and for M20 grade concrete +Tc=0.40//in MPa +//as Tv>Tc, shear reinforcement is required +mprintf("Nominal shear stress in beam=%f MPa\nShear strength of concrete=%f MPa", Tv,Tc) diff --git a/3683/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3683/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28b45f7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +b=300//width, in mm +d=600//effective depth, in mm +W=100//UDL including self-weight, in kN/m +Pt=2//percentage tensile steel +l=7.2//span, in m +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=190//in MPa +m=13.33//modular ratio +V=W*l/2//in kN +Tv=(V*10^3)/(b*d)//in MPa +Tcmax=1.8//in MPa +//as Tv>Tcmax, section is to be redesigned so that Tv becomes less than Tcmax +mprintf("Nominal shear stress in beam=%f MPa\nFor given grade of concrete, Tcmax=1.8 MPa and as Tv > Tcmax, section is to be redesigned so that Tv becomes less than Tcmax", Tv) diff --git a/3683/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3683/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3a2a3f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +b=1000//consider 1 m width of slab +D=100//depth of slab, in mm +cover=20//in mm +d=D-cover//effective depth, in mm +W=7//uniformly distributed load, in kN/m^2 +dia=10//in mm +s=100//spacing of 10 mm dia bars, in mm +l=4//span, in m +V=W*l/2//in kN +Pt=1000*.785*dia^2/(s*b*d)*100//in % +Tv=(V*10^3)/(b*d)//in MPa +//for given Pt and M15 grade concrete +Tc=0.37//in MPa +//and for solid slabs +k=1.3 +Tc=k*Tc//in MPa +mprintf("Nominal shear stress in slab, Tv=%f MPa\nShear strength of slab, Tc=%f MPa. As Tc > Tv, no shear reinforcement is required", Tv, Tc) diff --git a/3683/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3683/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9ddc8b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +b=300//width, in mm +d=1010//effective depth, in mm +W=45//UDL including self-weight, in kN/m +Ast=6*0.785*22^2//six 22 mm dia bars, in sq mm +l=7//span, in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_sv=140//in MPa +Fy=250//in MPa +V=W*l/2//in kN +Tv=(V*10^3)/(b*d)//in MPa +Tcmax=1.6//in MPa +//Tv n +P=1.05*P//in N +mprintf("Safe load=%f kN",P/10^3) diff --git a/3683/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3683/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e6f245d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +b=250//width, in mm +D=350//depth, in mm +Asc=4*0.785*22^2//four 22 mm dia bars, in sq mm +Lef=5//effective length of column, in m +sigma_cc=4//in MPa +sigma_sc=130//in MPa +a=Lef*10^3/b +//as Lef/b > 12, it is a long column +Cr=1.25-Lef*1000/(48*b)//reduction coefficient +sigma_cc=Cr*sigma_cc//in MPa +sigma_sc=Cr*sigma_sc//in MPa +Ag=b*D//in sq mm +Ac=Ag-Asc//in sq mm +P=sigma_cc*Ac+sigma_sc*Asc//in N +mprintf("The safe load on the column=%f kN", P/10^3) diff --git a/3683/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3683/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3ba198f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +dia=500//in mm +Asc=6*%pi/4*25^2//six 25 mm dia bars, in sq mm +Lef=8//effective length of column, in m +sigma_cc=5//in MPa +sigma_sc=190//in MPa +a=Lef*10^3/dia +//as Lef/b >12, it is a long column +Cr=1.25-Lef*1000/(48*dia)//reduction coefficient +sigma_cc=Cr*sigma_cc//in MPa +sigma_sc=Cr*sigma_sc//in MPa +Ag=%pi/4*dia^2//in sq mm +Ac=Ag-Asc//in sq mm +P=sigma_cc*Ac+sigma_sc*Asc//in N +mprintf("The safe load on the column=%f kN", P/10^3) +//the answer doesn't match with that given in textbook due to round-off error diff --git a/3683/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3683/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36fecaed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +P=850//in kN +sigma_cc=4//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +sigma_sc=130//in MPa +Lef=5*1.001//effective length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=P*10^3/(sigma_cc*0.99+sigma_sc*0.01)//in sq mm +l=sqrt(Ag)//in mm +l=400//approximately, in mm +a=Lef*1000/l +//as a>12, it is a long column +//Method I-section to be changed +b=Lef*1000/12//in mm +b=420//approximately, in mm +Ag=b^2//in sq mm +Asc=(P*1000-sigma_cc*Ag)/(sigma_sc-sigma_cc)//in sq mm +minimum_steel=0.8/100*b^2//in sq mm +//as Asc < minimum steel +Asc=minimum_steel//in sq mm +//assume 20 mm dia bars +n=Asc/(%pi/4*20^2)//no. of bars +n=5//round-off +//design of links +dia=1/4*20//in mm +//as dia < 6 mm, provide 6 mm diameter links +dia=6//in mm +spacing=min(b,16*20,48*dia,300)//in mm +mprintf("Method I\nColumn size %d x %d mm\nMain steel =%d-20 mm dia bars\nLinks=6 mm dia links @ %d mm c/c\n", b,b,n,spacing) +//Method II-same section +b=400//in mm +Ag=b^2//in sq mm +Cr=1.25-Lef*1000/(48*b)//reduction coefficient +sigma_cc=Cr*sigma_cc//in MPa +sigma_sc=Cr*sigma_sc//in MPa +Asc=(P*1000-sigma_cc*Ag)/(sigma_sc-sigma_cc)//in MPa +n=round(Asc/(%pi/4*20^2))//no. of bars +//design of links +dia=1/4*20//in mm +//as dia < 6 mm, provide 6 mm diameter links +dia=6//in mm +spacing=min(b,16*20,48*dia,300)//in mm +mprintf("Method II\nColumn size %d x %d mm\nMain steel =%d-20 mm dia bars\nLinks=6 mm dia links @ %d mm c/c", b,b,n,spacing) diff --git a/3683/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3683/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..593709962 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +P=400//in kN +b=200//width, in mm +sigma_cc=4//in MPa +sigma_sc=190//in MPa +Lef=3.5//effective length, in m +//assume 1% steel +Ag=P*10^3/(sigma_cc*0.99+sigma_sc*0.01)//in sq mm +D=Ag/b//in mm +D=340//round-off, in mm +a=Lef*1000/b +//as a > 12, it is a long column +Cr=1.25-Lef*1000/(48*b)//reduction coefficient +sigma_cc=Cr*sigma_cc//in MPa +sigma_sc=Cr*sigma_sc//in MPa +Asc=(P*1000-sigma_cc*Ag)/(sigma_sc-sigma_cc)//in sq mm +//assume 18 mm dia bars +n=Asc/(%pi/4*18^2)//no. of bars +n=4//round-off +//design of links +dia=1/4*20//in mm +//as dia < 6 mm, provide 6 mm diameter links +dia=6//in mm +spacing=min(b,16*20,48*dia,300)//in mm +mprintf("Column size %d x %d mm\nMain steel =%d-18 mm dia bars\nLinks=6 mm dia links @ %d mm c/c\n", b,D,n,spacing) diff --git a/3683/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3683/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bc8f67c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +MF=1.6//modification factor +//let a be span to depth ratio +l=4//span, in m +a=MF*20 +D=l*1000/a//in mm +//to calculate loading +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +finish=1//in kN/m +live_load=2//in kN/m +W=self_weight+finish+live_load//total load, in kN/m +lef=l+D/1000//in m +M=W*lef^2/8//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=round((M*10^6/(0.87*1000))^0.5)//in mm +//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+12/2+15//in mm +//the calculated value of D is more than its assumed value +D=150//revised value of depth, in mm +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +finish=1//in kN/m +live_load=2//in kN/m +W=self_weight+finish+live_load//total load, in kN/m +lef=l+D/1000//in m +M=W*lef^2/8//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=round((M*10^6/(0.87*1000))^0.5)//in mm +D=d+12/2+15//in mm +Ast=round(M*10^6/(sigma_st*0.87*d))//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*12^2/Ast//which is less than 3d= 387 mm +s1=120//approximately, in mm +Ads=0.15/100*1000*D//distribution steel, in sq mm +//assume 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//which is less than 5d= 645 mm +s2=220//approximately, in mm +//to calculate development length +w=0.345//support width, in m +lef=l+w//in m +R=W*lef/2//reaction at support, in kN +M1=R*w/2-W*w^2/2//bending moment at the face of wall, in kN-m +sigma_st=M1*10^6/(Ast/2*0.87*d)//in MPa +Tbd=0.6//in MPa +Ld=12*sigma_st/(4*Tbd)//in mm +La=w*1000-25//available length for bar over wall, which is greater than development length +//check for shear +V=W*4.15/2//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/(1000*d)//in MPa +Tc=0.33//permissible shear in concrete for p=0.71 and M15, in MPa +Tc=1.3*Tc//permissible shear for slabs, in MPa +//Tc>Tv; hence no shear reinforcement is required +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nMain steel = 12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nAlternate bars are bent up @ 45-degree at support at a distance l/7 from support face\nDistribution steel=8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3683/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..570bb956a --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +MF=1.4//modification factor +//let a be span to depth ratio +l=4.5//span, in m +a=MF*20 +D=l*1000/a//in mm +D=160//approximately, in mm +//to calculate loading +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +finish=1//in kN/m +partitions=1//in kN/m +live_load=4//in kN/m +W=self_weight+finish+partitions+live_load//total load, in kN/m +lef=l+D/1000//in m +M=W*lef^2/8//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=(M*10^6/(0.9*sigma_cbc/2*0.29*1000))^0.5//in mm +//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+12/2+15//in mm +//the calculated value of D is more than its assumed value +D=1.1*D//revised value of depth, in mm +D=250//assume, in mm +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +finish=1//in kN/m +partitions=1//in kN/m +live_load=4//in kN/m +W=self_weight+finish+partitions+live_load//total load, in kN/m +lef=l+D/1000//in m +M=W*lef^2/8//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=round((M*10^6/(0.9*sigma_cbc/2*0.29*1000))^0.5)//in mm +D=d+12/2+15//in mm +D=250//approximately, in mm +Ast=round(M*10^6/(sigma_st*0.9*d))//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*12^2/Ast//which is less than 3d= 690 mm +s1=155//approximately, in mm +pt=Ast/1000/d*100//in % +Ads=0.12/100*1000*D//distribution steel, in sq mm +//assume 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//which is less than 5d= 1150 mm +s2=165//approximately, in mm +//to calculate development length +w=0.23//support width, in m +l=l+w//in m +R=W*l/2//reaction at support, in kN +M1=R*w/2-W*w^2/2//bending moment at the face of wall, in kN-m +sigma_st=M1*10^6/(Ast/2*0.9*d)//in MPa +Tbd=0.6//in MPa +Ld=12*sigma_st/(4*Tbd)//in mm +La=w*1000-25//available length for bar over wall, which is greater than development length +//check for shear +V=W*lef/2//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/(1000*d)//in MPa +Tc=0.2212//permissible shear in concrete for p=0.315 and M15, in MPa +Tc=1.15*Tc//permissible shear for slabs, in MPa +//Tc>Tv; hence no shear reinforcement is required +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nMain steel = 12 dia @ %d mm c/c\nAlternate bars are bent up at 45-degree at support at a distance of l/7 from support face\nDistribution steel=8 dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3683/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40114f8dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +MF=1.22//modification factor +//let a be span to depth ratio +l=5//span, in m +a=MF*26 +D=l*1000/a//in mm +D=160//assume, in mm +//to calculate loading +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +finish=0.75//in kN/m +partitions=1//in kN/m +live_load=3//in kN/m +Wd=self_weight//dead load, in kN/m +Wl=finish+partitions+live_load//live load, in kN/m +lef=5.15//effective span, in m +M1=Wd*lef^2/12+Wl*lef^2/10//bending moment at mid-span, in kN-m +M2=Wd*lef^2/10+Wl*lef^2/9//bending moment at support next to end support, in kN-m +//check for depth +d=(M2*10^6/(0.89*1000))^0.5//in mm +dia=12//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+12/2+15//>160, hence depth not suitable +D=1.1*D//in mm +D=210//assume, in mm +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)//in kN/m +Wd=self_weight//in kN/m +M1=Wd*lef^2/12+Wl*lef^2/10//bending moment at mid-span, in kN-m +M2=Wd*lef^2/10+Wl*lef^2/9//bending moment at support next to end support, in kN-m +//check for depth +d=round((M2*10^6/(0.9*sigma_cbc/2*0.29*1000))^0.5)//in mm +D=d+12/2+15//<210, hence OK +D=200//assume, in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//main steel at mid-span +Ast1=round(M1*10^6/(sigma_st*0.91*d))//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*12^2/Ast1//in mm +s1=175//approximately, in mm +//main steel at support +Ast2=round(M2*10^6/(sigma_st*0.91*d))//in sq mm +//alternate bars from mid-span are available at the central support as bent up bars; assuming same amount of steel is available from another adjoining mid-span steel +Ast2=Ast2-Ast1//which is nominal, hence no separate steel is required +Ads=0.12/100*1000*D//distribution steel, in sq mm +//assume 8 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*8^2/Ads//in mm +s2=200//approximately, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nMain steel = 12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nAlternate bars are bent up at support\nDistribution steel=8 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,s2) +//answer given in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3683/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3ba0720d --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +MF=1.4//modification factor +//let a be span to depth ratio +l=1//span, in m +a=MF*7 +D=l*1000/a//in mm +D=105//assume, in mm +//to calculate loading +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)*1.5//in kN/m +finish=0.5*1.5//in kN/m +live_load=0.75*1.5//in kN/m +W=self_weight+finish+live_load//in kN/m +lef=l+0.23/2//effective span, in m +M=W*lef/2//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=(M*10^6/(0.65*1500))^0.5//in mm +dia=12//assume 12 mm dia bars +D=d+12/2+15//<105, hence OK +D=100//assume, in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//main steel at mid-span +Ast=M*10^6/(sigma_st*0.9*d)//in sq mm +s1=1500*0.785*12^2/Ast//>3d = 237 mm +s1=235//assume, in mm +Ads=0.12/100*1000*D//distribution steel, in sq mm +//assume 6 mm dia bars +s2=1000*0.785*6^2/Ads//in mm +s2=235//assume, in mm +Tbd=0.84//in MPa +Ld=dia*sigma_st/4/Tbd// in mm +Ld=821//round-off, in mm +Tv=W*10^3/1500/d//in MPa +As=1500*0.785*12^2/235//in sq mm +pt=As/1500/d*100//in % +Tc=0.316//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required +mprintf("Summary of design\nThickness of slab = %d mm\nCover = 15mm\nMain steel = 12 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nProvide development length of %d mm in the beam from face of beam\nDistribution steel = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c",D,s1,Ld,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3683/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48a4703ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +lx=3.5//in m +ly=4//in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +D=lx*10^3/35//in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=1.5//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2//in kN/m +a=ly/lx +Ax=0.078 +Ay=0.0602 +Mx=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +My=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +d=sqrt(Mx*10^6/0.87/10^3)//in mm +d=70//assume, in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+15//<100 mm assumed value +D=100//in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//steel - short span +z=0.87*d//in mm +Ast=Mx*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//in mm +s1=200//assume, in mm +//long span +d=d-dia/2-dia/2//in mm +Ast=My*10^6/sigma_st/0.87/d//in sq mm +s2=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d = 210 mm +s2=210//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nSteel-\n(i)Short span = 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n(ii)Long span = 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nAlternate bars are bent up at l/7 from support in both directions",D,s1,s2) diff --git a/3683/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3683/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b1460086 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +lx=3.75//in m +ly=4//in m +D=lx*10^3/40//in mm +D=100//assume, in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=0.5//floor finish, in kN/m +W3=2//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +a=ly/lx +//panels I and III belong to case 8 and panel II belong to case 6 +//for panels I and III +//at mid-span +Ax=0.0483 +Ay=0.043 +Mx1=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +My1=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//at support +Ay=0.057 +Ms=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//for panel II +//at mid-span +Ax=0.0403 +Ay=0.035 +Mx2=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +My2=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//at support +Ay=0.045//<0.057, hence not considered +d=sqrt(Ms*10^6/0.65/10^3)//in mm +d=80//assume, in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+15 +//steel at centre +//for panels I and III +//short span +z=0.9*d//in mm +Ast=Mx1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d +//long span +Ast=My1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s2=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d +//for panel II +//short span +Ast=Mx2*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s3=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d +//long span +Ast=My2*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s3=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d +//steel at support +Ast=Ms*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s4=1000*0.785*dia^2/Ast//>3d +s=3*d//maximum spacing of bars in both directions as per IS 456, in mm +Ast=1000*0.785*dia^2/s//in sq mm +pt=Ast/10^3/d*100//in % +//steel for torsion, provide 6 mm dia bars +//(i)at outer corner of slab +At1=3/4*Ast//in sq mm +l=lx/5//in m +s5=750*0.785*6^2/At1//in mm +s5=85//assume, in mm +//(ii)at continuous support +At2=At1/2//in sq mm +s6=750*0.785*6^2/At2//in mm +s6=170//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nSteel for both panels I and II-\nMain steel= 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c both ways. Alternate bars are bent up at supports.\nTorsion steel=(i) At corners, 6 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c both ways\n(ii) At continuous support, 6 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c both ways",D,s,s5,s6) diff --git a/3683/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3683/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724b8fb88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +sigma_cbc=7//in MPa +sigma_st=275//in MPa +lx=6//in m +ly=7//in m +D=lx*10^3/35//in mm +D=180//assume, in mm +W1=(D/10^3)*25//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=0.5//floor finish, in kN/m +W3=1//partitions, in kN/m +W4=5//live load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3+W4//in kN/m +a=ly/lx +//panels I, II, V and VI belong to case 4 and panels III and IV belong to case 3 +//for panels I, II, V and VI +//at mid-span +Ax=0.043 +Ay=0.035 +Mxm1=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +Mym1=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//at support +Ax=0.058 +Ay=0.047 +Mxs1=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +Mys1=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//for panels III and IV +//at mid-span +Ax=0.036 +Ay=0.028 +Mxm2=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +Mym2=Ay*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//at support +Ax=0.047 +Ay=0.037//<0.047, hence will not be considered +Mxs2=Ax*W*lx^2//in kN-m +//check for depth +M=max(Mxm1,Mym1,Mxs1,Mys1,Mxm2,Mym2,Mxs2)//in kN-m +d=sqrt(M*10^6/0.81/10^3)//in mm +d=170//assume, in mm +//assume 10 mm dia bars +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+15//>180 mm assumed value +D=190//in mm +d=D-dia/2-15//in mm +//main steel-short span +//for panels I, II, V and VI-at mid-span +z=0.92*d//in mm +Astm=Mxm1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s1=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astm//in mm +s1=195//assume, in mm +//at support +Ast=Mxs1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +Astr=Ast-Astm//balance steel required at support, in sq mm +s2=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astr//in mm +s2=565//assume, in mm +//for panels III and IV-at mid-span +Astm=Mxm2*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s3=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astm//in mm +s3=235//assume, in mm +//at support +Ast=Mxs2*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +Astr=Ast-Astm//balance steel required at support, in sq mm +s4=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astr//in mm +s4=775//assume, in mm +//long span +//at mid-span +//for panels I, II, V and VI +Astm1=Mym1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s5=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astm1//in mm +s5=240//assume, in mm +//for panels III and IV +Astm2=Mym2*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +s6=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astm2//in mm +s6=300//assume, in mm +//at support +//for panels I, II, V and VI +Ast=Mys1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +Astr=Ast-Astm1/2-Astm2/2//balance steel required at support, in sq mm +s7=1000*0.785*dia^2/Astr//in mm +s7=550//assume, in mm +//steel for torsion, provide 6 mm dia bars +//(i)at outside corners of slab +Ast=Mxm1*10^6/sigma_st/z//in sq mm +At1=3/4*Ast//in sq mm +l=lx/5//in m +s8=l*10^3*0.785*6^2/At1//in mm +s8=110//assume, in mm +//(ii)at continuous support +At2=At1/2//in sq mm +s9=l*10^3*0.785*6^2/At2//in mm +s9=225//assume, in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSlab thickness=%d mm\nCover=15 mm\nSteel:(A)Panels I, II, V and VI-\n1. Short span (lx=6 m)\nMid-span - 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c. Alternate bars are bent up at supports at a distance lx/4 from centre of support\nSupport - 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n2. Long span (ly=7 m)\nMid-span - 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c. Alternate bars are bent up at supports at a distance ly/4 from centre of support\nSupport - 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n(B)Panels III and IV-\n1. Short span (lx=6 m)\nMid-span - 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c. Alternate bars are bent up at supports at a distance lx/4 from centre of support\nSupport - 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\n2. Long span (ly=7 m)\nMid-span - 10 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c. Alternate bars are bent up at supports at a distance ly/4 from centre of support\nSupport - 10 mm dia @ %d mm c/c\nTorsion steel\nOutside corners- 6 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c both ways at top and bottom for a length of %f m\nContinuous support- 6 mm dia bars @ %d mm c/c both ways at top and bottom for a length of %f m",D,s1,s2,s5,s7,s3,s4,s6,s7,s8,l,s9,l) +//answer in textbook is incorrect diff --git a/3683/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3683/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d57844387 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +l=3//span, in m +b=225//wall thickness, in mm +Dm=19.2//weight of masonry, in kN/cu m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +//area of triangle of brick masonry +A=sqrt(3)/4*l^2//in sq m +V=A*(b/10^3)//volume of triangle of masonry, in cu m +W=V*Dm//weight of masonry, in kN +M1=W*l/6//in kN-m +D=l*10^3/12//in mm +D=300//approximately, in mm +self_weight=25*(D/10^3)*(b/10^3)//in kN/m +M2=self_weight*l^2/8//in kN-m +M=M1+M2//in kN-m +//check for depth +d=sqrt(M*10^6/0.65/b)//in mm +d=265//approximately, in mm +dia=10//in mm +D=d+dia/2+25//<300 mm, hence OK +D=300//in mm +Ast=M*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d//in sq mm +n=Ast/0.785/10^2//no. of 10 mm dia bars required +//provide 2-10 mm dia + 1-8 mm dia bars +Ast=2*0.785*10^2+0.785*8^2//in sq mm +pt=Ast/b/d*100//pt=0.35, approximately +W=W+self_weight*l//in kN +V=W/2//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/b/d//in MPa +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.35 +Tc=0.248//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required; provide nominal stirrups +//provide 6 mm dia bars +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +Sv=Asv*fy/0.4/b//in mm +Sv=260//approximately, in mm +Svmax=0.75*d//in mm +Svmax=200//approximately, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmax)//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSize of lintel beam=%d x %d mm\ncover = 35 mm\nsteel = 2-10 mm dia bars + 1-8 mm dia bar\nstirrups = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c throughout",b,D,Sv) diff --git a/3683/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3683/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b87a314 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +l=4.2//span, in m +b=225//width, in mm +D=300//depth, in mm +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=230//in MPa +fy=415//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +W1=25*(D/10^3)*(b/10^3)//self-weight, in kN/m +W2=6//load on beam, in kN/m +W=W1+W2//in kN/m +M=W*l^2/8//in kN-m +dia=12//in mm +d=D-dia/2-25//in mm +Xc=0.29*d//in mm +Mr=0.65*b*d^2/10^6//M>Mr, hence doubly reinforced beam +Ast1=round(Mr*10^6/sigma_st/0.9/d)//steel required for singly reinforced beam, in sq mm +M1=M-Mr//balance of moment, in kN-m +d1=25//top cover, in mm +Ast2=round(M1*10^6/sigma_st/(d-d1))//in sq mm +Ast=Ast1+Ast2//in sq mm +n1=Ast/0.785/12^2//no. of 12 mm dia bars on tension side +n1=3//assume +Asc=m*Ast2*(d-Xc)/(1.5*m-1)/(Xc-d1)//in sq mm +n2=Asc/0.785/12^2//no. of 12 mm dia bars on compression side +n2=3//assume +V=W*l/2//in kN +Tv=V*10^3/b/d//in MPa +pt=n1*0.785*12^2/b/d*100//pt=0.56, approximately +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.56 +Tc=0.302//in MPa +//as Tc>Tv, no shear reinforcement required; provide nominal stirrups +//provide 6 mm dia bars +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +Sv=Asv*fy/0.4/b//in mm +Sv=260//approximately, in mm +Svmax=0.75*d//in mm +Svmax=200//approximately, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmax)//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSize of beam = %d x %d mm\nCover, bottom = 25 mm\nTop = 25 mm\nSteel, bottom = %d-12 mm dia bars\nTop = %d-12 mm dia bars\nStirrups = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c throughout",b,D,n1,n2,Sv) diff --git a/3683/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3683/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a50268e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +l=7//span, in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +b=300//assume, in mm +W1=35//imposed load on beam, in kN/m +M=W1*l^2/8//in kN-m +d=(M*10^6/0.87/b)^0.5//in mm +d=910//approximately, in mm +D=1.1*d+50//increase d by 10% for self-weight and cover is 50 mm +D=1050//approximately, in mm +W2=25*(b/10^3)*(D/10^3)//self-weight, in kN/m +W=W1+W2//in kN/m +M=W*l^2/8//in kN-m +d=(M*10^6/0.87/b)^0.5//in mm +d=1000//approximately, in mm +dia=20//in mm +D=d+dia/2+35//in mm +Ast=round(M*10^6/sigma_st/0.87/d)//in sq mm +n=Ast/0.785/20^2//no. of 20 mm dia bars +n=7//assume +Ast=n*0.785*20^2//in sq mm +pt=Ast/b/D*100//pt=0.7, approximately +As=round(0.85/fy*b*d)//minimum steel, AsTc, shear reinforcement required +Vs=V-Tc*b*d/10^3//in kN +//provide 6 mm dia bars +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +sigma_sv=140//in MPa +Sv=Asv*sigma_sv*d/Vs/10^3//in mm +Sv=155//approximately, in mm +Svmin=Asv*fy/0.4/b//in mm +Svmin=117//approximately, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmin)//in mm +mprintf("Summary of design\nSize of beam = %d x %d mm\nCover = 35 mm\nSteel= %d-20 mm dia bars\nStirrups = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c throughout\nSide faced steel-6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c on both vertical faces of beam",b,D,n,Sv,s) diff --git a/3683/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3683/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c5703818 --- /dev/null +++ b/3683/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +l=10//span, in m +sigma_cbc=5//in MPa +sigma_st=140//in MPa +fy=250//in MPa +m=18.66//modular ratio +Df=100//slab thickness, in mm +D=l*10^3/12//in mm +D=850//approximately, in mm +d=D-100//cover=100 mm +bw=300//in mm +bf=l*10^3/6+bw+6*Df//>2500 mm c/c distance of beams +bf=2500//in mm +W1=(bw/10^3)*(d-Df)/10^3*25//in kN/m +W2=(Df/10^3)*(bf/10^3)*25//in kN/m +W3=(bf/10^3)*5//imposed load, in kN/m +W=W1+W2+W3//in kN/m +W=24//approximately, in kN/m +M=W*l^2/8//in kN-m +V=W*l/2//in kN +Ast=round(M*10^6/sigma_st/0.87/d)//in sq mm +//provide 4-25 mm dia bars + 4-20 mm dia bars +Ast=4*0.785*25^2+4*0.785*20^2//in sq mm +//verification of trial section +//assume x>Df +x=(m*Ast*d+bf*Df^2/2)/(bf*Df+m*Ast)//in mm +//sigma_cbc'=sigma_cbc (x-Df)/x +a=(x-Df)/x +z=d-(1+2*a)/(1+a)*Df/3//in mm +sigma_st=M*10^6/Ast/z//<140 MPa, hence OK +sigma_cbc=sigma_st/m*x/(d-x)//<5 MPa, hence OK +Tv=V*10^3/bw/d//in MPa +pt=Ast*100/(bw*d+(2500-300)*100)//pt=0.72, approximately +//for M15 grade concrete and pt=0.72 +Tc=0.33//in MPa +//as Tv>Tc, shear reinforcement required +Vs=V-Tc*bw*d/10^3//in kN +//provide 6 mm dia bars +Asv=2*0.785*6^2//in sq mm +sigma_sv=140//in MPa +Sv=Asv*sigma_sv*d/Vs/10^3//in mm +Sv=130//approximately, in mm +Svmin=Asv*fy/0.4/bw//in mm +Svmin=117//approximately, in mm +Sv=min(Sv,Svmin)//in mm +mprintf("T beam:bf=%d mm\nDf=%d mm\nd=%d mm\nbw=%d mm\nCover = 50 mm\nSteel= 4-25 mm dia + 4-20 mm dia bars\nStirrups = 6 mm dia @ %d mm c/c throughout",bf,Df,d,bw,Sv) diff --git a/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff52d8714 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +d_r = 13640 // Density of mercury in kg/m^3 +g = 9.79 // Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +z = 562e-03 // Difference in height in m +z0 = 761e-03 // Reading of barometer in m +P = (d_r*g*(z+z0))*(0.987/1e05) // Gas Pressure in atm + +printf("\n Example 1.1\n") +printf("\n Gas Pressure is %f atm",P) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a9b9077 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Example 1.1 + + Gas Pressure is 1.743709 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93bce5902 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +d_r = 13.6e03 // Density of mercury in kg/m^3 +g = 9.81 // Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +z = 710e-03 // Steam flow pressure in m +z0 = 772e-03 // Reading of barometer in m +P = 1.4e06 // Gauge pressure of applied steam in Pa +P0 = d_r*g*z0 // Atmospheric pressure in Pa +Pi = P+P0 // Inlet steam pressure in Pa +Pc = d_r*g*(z0-z) // Condenser pressure in Pa + +printf("\n Example 1.2\n") +printf("\n Inlet steam pressure is %f MPa",Pi/1e6) +printf("\n Condenser pressure is %f kPa",Pc/1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b50463e92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Example 1.2 + + Inlet steam pressure is 1.502997 MPa + Condenser pressure is 8.271792 kPa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c1924216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + +clc +Pa = 1.5 // Pressure in vessel A in MPa +Ta = 50 // Temperature in vessel A in K +ca = 0.5 // Content in vessel A in kg mol +Pb = 0.6 // Pressure in vessel B in MPa +Tb = 20 // Temperature in vessel B in K +mb = 2.5 // Content in vessel B in kg mol +R = 8.3143 // Universal gas constant +Va = (ca*R*(Ta+273))/(Pa*1e03) // volume of vessel A +ma = ca*28 // mass of gas in vessel A +Rn = R/28 // Gas content to of nitrogen +Vb = (mb*Rn*(Tb+273))/(Pb*1e03) // volume of vessel B +V = Va + Vb // Total volume +m = ma + mb // Total mass +Tf = 27 // Equilibrium temperature in degree Celsius +P = (m*Rn*(Tf+273))/V // Equilibrium pressure +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +cv = Rn/(g-1) // Heat capacity at constant volume +U1 = cv*(ma*Ta+mb*Tb) // Initial internal energy +U2 = m*cv*Tf// Final internal energy +Q = U2-U1 // heat transferred + +printf("\n Example 10.1") +printf("\n\n The final equilibrium pressure is %f MPa",P/1e3) +printf("\n The amount of heat transferred to the surrounding is %f kJ",Q) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +T_ = (ma*Ta+mb*Tb)/m // final temperature +P_ = (m*Rn*(T_+273))/V // final pressure +printf(" \n\n If the vessel is perfectly insulated") +printf("\n The final temperature is %f degree Celsius",T_) +// Answer varies due to round off error. +printf("\n The final pressure is %f MPa",P_/1e3) diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbe0843ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Example 10.1 + + The final equilibrium pressure is 1.168693 MPa + The amount of heat transferred to the surrounding is -226.045031 kJ + + If the vessel is perfectly insulated + The final temperature is 45.454545 degree Celsius + The final pressure is 1.240586 MPa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1314db32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +an = 20.183 // molecular weight of neon +Pc = 2.73 // Critical pressure +Tc = 44.5 // Critical tmperature in Kelvin +Vc = 0.0416 // volume of gas in m^3 +Pr = 2 // Reduced Pressure +Tr = 1.3 // Reduced temperature +Z = 0.7 // Compressibility factor +P = Pr*Pc // Corresponding Pressure +T = Tr*Tc // Corresponding temperature +R = 8.314 // Gas constant +v = (Z*R*T)/(P*an) // Corresponding volume +vr = (v*an)/(Vc*1e3) // reduced volume + +printf("\n Example 10.10") +printf("\n Specific volume is %f *10^-3 m3/kg",v) +printf("\n Specific temperature is %f K",T) +printf("\n Specific pressure is %f MPa",P) +printf("\n Reduced volume is %f m3/kg",vr) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efaa4a4a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 10.10 + Specific volume is 3.055154 *10^-3 m3/kg + Specific temperature is 57.850000 K + Specific pressure is 5.460000 MPa + Reduced volume is 1.482264 m3/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cec40320 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +cp = 1.968 // Heat capacity in kJ/kg +cv = 1.507 // Heat capacity in kJ/kg +R_ = 8.314 // Gas constant +V = 0.3 // Volume of chamber in m^3 +m = 2 // mass of gas in kg +T1 = 5// Initial gas temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = 100 // Final gas temperature in degree Celsius +R = cp-cv // Universal gas constant +mu = R_/R // molecular weight +Q12 = m*cv*(T2-T1) // The heat transfer at constant volume +W12 = 0 // work done +U21 = Q12 // change in internal energy +H21= m*cp*(T2-T1) // change in enthalpy +S21 = m*cv*log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) //change in entropy + +printf("\n Example 10.2") +printf("\n\n Gas constant of the gas is %f kJ/kg K ",R) +printf("\n Molecular weight the gas is %f kg/kg mol",mu) +printf("\n The heat transfer at constant volume is %f kJ",Q12) +printf("\n Work done is %d kJ",0) +printf("\n The change in internal energy is %f kJ",U21) +printf("\n The change in enthalpy is %f kJ",H21) +printf("\n The change in entropy is %f kJ/k",S21) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e61fa374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + Example 10.2 + + Gas constant of the gas is 0.461000 kJ/kg K + Molecular weight the gas is 18.034707 kg/kg mol + The heat transfer at constant volume is 286.330000 kJ + Work done is 0 kJ + The change in internal energy is 286.330000 kJ + The change in enthalpy is 373.920000 kJ + The change in entropy is 0.885987 kJ/k \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..335ea5193 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +m = 1.5 // Mass of gas in kg +P1 = 5.6 // Initial pressure of gas in MPa +V1 = 0.06 // Initial volume of gas in m^3 +T2_ = 240 // Final temperature of gas in degree Celsius +a = 0.946 // Constant +b = 0.662 // Constant +k = 1e-4 // Constant +// Part (b) +R = a-b // constant +T2 = T2_+273 // Final temperature of gas in KK +T1 = (P1*1e03*V1)/(m*R) // Initial temperature +W12 = -integrate('m*(b+k*T)','T',T1,T2) // Work done + +printf("\n Example 10.3") +printf("\n The work done in the expansion is %d kJ",W12) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f0265682 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 10.3 + The work done in the expansion is 300 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5075a69e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +m = 0.5 // mass of air in kg +P1 = 80 // Initial pressure kPa +T1 = 60 // Initial temperature in degree Celsius +P2 = 0.4 // Final pressure in MPa +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +V1 = (m*R*(T1+273))/(P1) // Volume of air at state 1 +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +T2 = (T1+273)*(P2*1e3/P1)^((g-1)/g)// Final temperature +W12 = (m*R*(T1+273-T2))/(g-1) // Work done in +V2 = V1*((P1/(P2*1e3))^(1/g)) // Final volume +W23 = P2*(V1-V2)*1e3 // // Work done +W = W12+W23 // Net work done +V3 = V1 // constant volume +T3 = (T2)*(V3/V2) // Temperature at state 3 +cp = 1.005 // Heat capacity at constant volume in kJ/kgK +Q = m*cp*(T3-T2)// Heat transfer +printf("\n Example 10.5") +printf("\n The work transfer for the whole path is %f kJ",W) +//The answers vary due to round off error +printf("\n The heat transfer for the whole path %f kJ",Q) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc44420d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 10.5 + The work transfer for the whole path is 93.498608 kJ + The heat transfer for the whole path 571.638005 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24a2b42d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +P1 = 700 // Initial pressure of gas in kPa +T1 = 260 // Initial temperature of gas in degree Celcius +T3 = T1 // Temperature at state 3 +V1 = 0.028 // Initial volume of gas in m^3 +V2 = 0.084 // Final volume of gas in m^3 +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +m = (P1*V1)/(R*(T1+273)) // mass of gas +P2 = P1 // Pressure at state 2 +T2 = (T1+273)*((P2*V2)/(P1*V1)) // Temperature at state 2 +n = 1.5 // polytropic index +P3 = P2*(((T3+273)/(T2))^(n/(n-1))) // Pressure at state 3 +cp = 1.005 // COnstant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kgK +cv = 0.718 // COnstant volume heat capacity in kJ/kgK +Q12 = m*cp*(T2-T1-273) // HEat transfer +Q23 = m*cv*(T3+273-T2) + (m*R*(T2-T3-273))/(n-1) // Heat transfer +Q31 = m*R*(T1+273)*log(P3/P2) // Heat transfer +Q1 = Q12 // Heat equivalance +Q2 = -(Q23+Q31) // Net heat transfer +e = 1-(Q2/Q1) // First law efficiency + +printf("\n Example 10.6") +printf("\n The heat received in the cycle is %f kJ",Q1) +printf("\n The heat rejected in the cycle %f kJ",Q2) +printf("\n The efficiency of the cycle is %d percent",ceil(e*100)) +//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7f73d977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 10.6 + The heat received in the cycle is 137.268293 kJ + The heat rejected in the cycle 84.266695 kJ + The efficiency of the cycle is 39 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45b16133b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +P1 = 300 // Initial gas pressure in kPa +V1 = 0.07 // Initial volume of gas in m^3 +m = 0.25 // Mass of gas in kg +T1 = 80 // Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius +R = (P1*V1)/(m*(T1+273)) // constant +P2 = P1 // process condition +V2 = 0.1 // Final volume in m^3 +T2 = (P2*V2)/(m*R) // Final temperature in K +W = -25 //Work done in kJ +cv = -W/(m*(T2-T1-273)) // Constant volume heat capacity in kJ/kg +cp = R+cv //Constant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kg +S21 = m*cp*log(V2/V1) // Entropy change +printf("\n Example 10.7") +printf("\n Cv of the gas is %f kJ/kg K",cv) +printf("\n Cp of the gas is %f kJ/kg K",cp) +printf("\n Increase in the entropy of the gas is %f kJ/kg K",S21) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c45f70bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 10.7 + Cv of the gas is 0.661001 kJ/kg K + Cp of the gas is 0.898961 kJ/kg K + Increase in the entropy of the gas is 0.080159 kJ/kg K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b85bcbaa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clc +mn = 3 // Mass of nitrogen in kg +mc = 5 // mass of CO2 in kg +an = 28 // Atomic weight of nitrogen +ac = 44 // Atomic weight of CO2 +// Part (a) +xn = (mn/an)/((mn/an)+(mc/ac)) // mole fraction of nitrogen +xc = (mc/ac)/((mn/an)+(mc/ac)) // mole fraction of carbon + +printf("\n Example 10.8") +printf("\n\n Mole fraction of N2 is %f ",xn) +printf("\n Mole fraction of CO2 is %f" ,xc) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +// Part (b) +M = xn*an+xc*ac // Equivalent molecular weight +printf("\n\n Equivalent molecular weight of mixture is %fkg/kg mol" ,M) + +// Part (c) +R = 8.314 // Gas constant +Req = ((mn*R/an)+(mc*R/ac))/(mn+mc) +printf("\n\n The equivalent gas constant of the mixture is %f kJ/kg K" ,Req) + +// Part (d) +P = 300 // Initial pressure in kPa +T = 20 // Initial temperature in degree Celsius +Pn = xn*P // Partial pressure of Nitrogen +Pc = xc*P // Partial pressure of CO2 +Vn = (mn*R*(T+273))/(P*an) // Volume of nitrogen +Vc = (mc*R*(T+273))/(P*ac) // Volume of CO2 +printf("\n\n Partial pressures of nitrogen and CO2 are \n %f kPa and %f kPa respectively",Pn,Pc) +printf("\n Partial volume of nitrogen and CO2 are \n %f kPa and %f kPa respectively",Vn,Vc) +// Part (e) +V = (mn+mc)*Req*(T+273)/P // Total volume +rho = (mn+mc)/V // mass density +printf("\n\n Total volume of mixture is %f m^3" ,V) +printf("\n Density of mixture is %f kg/m^3" ,rho) + +// Part (f) +gn = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio for nitrogen +gc = 1.286 // Heat capacity ratio for carbon dioxide +cvn = R/((gn-1)*an) // cp and cv of N2 +cpn = gn*cvn // Constant pressure heat capacity of nitrogen +cvc = R/((gc-1)*ac) // cp and cv of CO2 +cpc = gc*cvc// COnstant pressure heat capacity of carbon dioxide +cp = (mn*cpn+mc*cpc)/(mn+mc) // Constant pressure heat capacity ratio of mixture +cv = (mn*cvn+mc*cvc)/(mn+mc) // Constant volume Heat capacity ratio of mixture +printf("\n\n Cp and Cv of mixture are \n %fkJ/kg K and %fkJ/kg K respectively" ,cp,cv) +T1 = T +T2 = 40 +U21 = (mn+mc)*cv*(T2-T1) +H21 = (mn+mc)*cp*(T2-T1) +S21v = (mn+mc)*cv*log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) // If heated at constant volume +S21p = (mn+mc)*cp*log((T2+273)/(T1+273)) // If heated at constant Pressure + +printf("\n\n Change in internal energy of the system heated at constant volume is %fkJ" ,U21) +printf("\n Change in enthalpy of the system heated at constant volume is %fkJ" ,H21) +printf("\n Change in entropy of the system heated at constant volume is %f kJ/kg K",S21v) +printf("\n\n Change in entropy of the system heated at constant Pressure is %fkJ/kgK" ,S21p) + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4f314d81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + Example 10.8 + + Mole fraction of N2 is 0.485294 + Mole fraction of CO2 is 0.514706 + + Equivalent molecular weight of mixture is 36.235294kg/kg mol + + The equivalent gas constant of the mixture is 0.229445 kJ/kg K + + Partial pressures of nitrogen and CO2 are + 145.588235 kPa and 154.411765 kPa respectively + Partial volume of nitrogen and CO2 are + 0.870001 kPa and 0.922728 kPa respectively + + Total volume of mixture is 1.792729 m^3 + Density of mixture is 4.462471 kg/m^3 + + Cp and Cv of mixture are + 0.920740kJ/kg K and 0.691296kJ/kg K respectively + + Change in internal energy of the system heated at constant volume is 110.607309kJ + Change in enthalpy of the system heated at constant volume is 147.318477kJ + Change in entropy of the system heated at constant volume is 0.365173 kJ/kg K + + Change in entropy of the system heated at constant Pressure is 0.486376kJ/kgK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..614421677 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +mo = 2 // mass of oxygen in kg +mn = 6 // mass of nitrogen in kg +muo = 32 // molecular mass of oxygen +mun = 28 // molecular mass of nitrogen +o = mo/muo // mass fraction of oxygen +n = mn/mun // mass fraction of nitrogen +xo = o/(n+o) // mole fraction of oxygen +xn = n/(n+o) // mole fraction of nitrogen +R = 8.314 // Universal gas constant +Ro = R/muo // Gas constant for oxygen +Rn = R/mun // Gas constant for nitrogen +dS = -mo*Ro*log(xo)-mn*Rn*log(xn) // Increase in entropy + +printf("\n Example 10.9") +printf("\n Increase in entropy is %f kJ/kg K",dS) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt b/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f1efc48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 10.9 + Increase in entropy is 1.229206 kJ/kg K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92f235c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +R = 0.082 // Gas constant in litre-atm/gmol-K +m = 1.5 // Mass flow rate in kg/s +p1 = 1 // Pressure in atm +t2 = 300 // Temperature after compression in K +p2 = 400 // Pressure after compression in atm +Tc = 151 // For Argon in K +pc = 48 // For Argon in atm +printf("\n Example 11.10 ") +a = 0.42748*((R*1000)^2)*((Tc)^2)/pc +b = 0.08664*(R*1000)*(Tc)/pc +// By solving equation v2^2 - 49.24*v2^2 + 335.6*v2 - 43440 = 0 +v2 = 56.8 // In cm^3/g mol +v1 = (R*1000)*(t2)/p1 +delta_h = -1790 // In J/g mol +delta_s = -57 // In J/g mol +Q = (t2*delta_s*(10^5)/39.8)/(3600*1000) +W = Q - (delta_h*(10^5)/39.8)/(3600*1000) +printf("\n Power required to run the compressor = %f kW, \n The rate at which heat must be removed from the compressor = %f kW",W,Q) +// Answers vary due to round off error. diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt b/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faf4bc622 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 11.10 + Power required to run the compressor = -10.685371 kW, + The rate at which heat must be removed from the compressor = -11.934673 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88d3dcfb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +Tb = 353 // boiling point of benzene in K +T = 303 // Operational temperature in K +R = 8.3143 //Gas constant +P = 101.325*exp((88/R)*(1-(Tb/T))) + +printf("\n Example 11.3") +printf("\n Vapour pressure of benzene is %f kPa",P) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt b/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34909342d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 11.3 + Vapour pressure of benzene is 17.668259 kPa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855e897e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +T = (3754-3063)/(23.03-19.49) // Temperature at triple point in K +P = exp(23.03-(3754/195.2)) // Pressure at triple point +R = 8.3143 // Gas constant +Lsub = R*3754 // Latent heat of sublimation +Lvap = 3063*R // Latent heat of vaporisation +Lfu = Lsub-Lvap // Latent heat of fusion + +printf("\n Example 11.4") +printf("\n Temperature at triple point is %f K",T) +printf("\n Pressure at triple point is %f mm Hg",P) +printf("\n\n Latent heat of sublimation is %d kJ/kg mol",Lsub) +printf("\n Latent heat of vapourization is is %d kJ/kg mol",Lvap) +printf("\n Latent heat of fusion is %d kJ/kg mol",Lfu) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt b/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..027784a5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Example 11.4 + Temperature at triple point is 195.197740 K + Pressure at triple point is 44.631622 mm Hg + + Latent heat of sublimation is 31211 kJ/kg mol + Latent heat of vapourization is is 25466 kJ/kg mol + Latent heat of fusion is 5745 kJ/kg mol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53f1ca192 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +R = 8.3143 // Gas constant in kJ/kg-mol-K +N1 = 0.5 // Mole no. of first system +N2 = 0.75 // Mole no. of second system +T1 = 200 // Initial temperature of first system in K +T2 = 300 // Initial temperature of second system in K +v = 0.02 // Total volume in m^3 +printf("\n Example 11.6\n") +Tf = (T2*N2+T1*N1)/(N1+N2) +Uf_1 = (3/2)*(R*N1*Tf)*(10^-3) +Uf_2 = (3/2)*(R*N2*Tf)*(10^-3) +pf = (R*Tf*(N1+N2)*(10^-3))/v +Vf_1 = R*N1*(10^-3)*Tf/pf +Vf_2 = v-Vf_1 +printf("\n Energy of first system is %f kJ,\n Energy of second system is %f kJ,\n Volume of first system is %f m^3,\n Volume of second system is %f m^3,\n Pressure is %d kN/m^2,\n Temperature is %d K.",Uf_1,Uf_2,Vf_1,Vf_2,pf,Tf) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt b/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15c1262c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Example 11.6 + + Energy of first system is 1.621288 kJ, + Energy of second system is 2.431933 kJ, + Volume of first system is 0.008000 m^3, + Volume of second system is 0.012000 m^3, + Pressure is 135 kN/m^2, + Temperature is 260 K. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cad8cd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +P1 = 1 // Initial pressure in bar +P2 = 10 // Final pressure in bar +vf = 0.001043 // specific volume of liquid in m^3/kg +Wrev = vf*(P1-P2)*1e5 // Work done + +printf("\n Example 12.1") +printf("\n The work required in saturated liquid form is %f kJ/kg",Wrev/1000) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +// Part (b) +h1 = 2675.5 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 7.3594 // Entropy at state 1 kJ/kgK +s2 = s1 // Isentropic process +h2 = 3195.5 // Enthalpy at state 2 kJ/kg +Wrev1 = h1-h2 // Work done +printf("\n The work required in saturated vapor form is %d kJ/kg",Wrev1) + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d1ccad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 12.1 + The work required in saturated liquid form is -0.938700 kJ/kg + The work required in saturated vapor form is -520 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1af5bd7c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +h1 = 3037.3 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +x = 0.96 // Steam quality +h2 = 561+(x*2163.8) // Enthalpy at state 2 +s2 = 1.6718+(x*5.3201)// Entropy at state 2 +s3s = s2 // Isentropic process +x3s = (s3s-0.6493)/7.5009 // Quality at state 3s +h3s = 191.83+(x3s*2392.8) // Enthalpy at state 3s +h23 = 0.8*(h2-h3s) // Enthalpy change in process 23 +h3 = h2-h23 // Enthalpy at state 3 +h5 = 561.47 // Enthalpy at state 5 +h4 = 191.83// Enthalpy at state 4 +Qh = 3500 // Heat addition in kJ/s +w = Qh/(h2-h5) // mass flow rate +Wt = 1500 // Turbine work +ws = (Wt+w*(h2-h3))/(h1-h3) // Steam flow rate +ws_ = 3600*ws // Steam flow rate in kg/h +h6 = ((ws-w)*h4+w*h5)/ws //Enthalpy at state 6 +h7 = h6// Enthalpy at state 7 +n_boiler = 0.85 // Boiler efficiency +CV = 44000 // Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg +wf = (1.1*ws_*(h1-h7))/(n_boiler*CV) // Fuel consumption rate + +printf("\n Example 12.10\n") +printf("\n Fuel burning rate is %f tonnes/day",wf*24/1000) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f102c6dae --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 12.10 + + Fuel burning rate is 18.159248 tonnes/day \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf52a8438 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +h1 = 3285 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2s = 3010 // Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kg +h3 = 3280 // // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4s = 3030 // // Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kg +// Saturation pressure at temperature 180 degree centigrade +psat = 10 // In bar +h4 = h3-0.83*(h3-h4s) // // Enthalpy at state 4 +h5s = 2225 // // Enthalpy at state 5s in kJ/kg +h5 = h4-0.83*(h4-h5s) // // Enthalpy at state 5 +h6 = 162.7 // Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg +h7 = h6 // // Enthalpy at state 7 +h8 = 762.81// Enthalpy at state 8 in kJ/kg +h2 = h1-0.785*(h1-h2s) //Enthalpy at state 2 +m = (h8-h7)/(h4-h7) // regenerative mass flow +n_cycle = ((h1-h2)+(h3-h4)+(1-m)*(h4-h5))/((h1-h8)+(h3-h2)) // Cycle efficiency + +printf("\n Example 12.11\n") +printf("\n The minimum pressure at which bleeding is neccessary is %d bar",psat) +printf("\n Steam flow at turbine inlet is %f kg/s",m) +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error +// Part A and Part B are theoretical problems + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a7867ee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 12.11 + + The minimum pressure at which bleeding is neccessary is 10 bar + Steam flow at turbine inlet is 0.206238 kg/s + Cycle efficiency is 35.920381 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..473dabb72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +// From table +h1 = 2792.2 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h4 = 122.96// Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +hb = 254.88 // Enthalpy at state b in kJ/kg +hc = 29.98// Enthalpy at state c in kJ/kg +ha = 355.98 // Enthalpy at state a in kJ/kg +hd = hc // Isenthalpic process +h2 = 1949.27 // // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +// +m = (h1-h4)/(hb-hc) // Amount of mercury circulating +Q1t = m*(ha-hd) // Heat addition +W1t = m*(ha-hb) + (h1-h2) // Turbine work +n = W1t/Q1t // first law efficiency + +printf("\n Example 12.12 \n") +printf("\n Overall efficiency of the cycle is %f percent",n*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +S = 50000 // Stem flow rate through turbine in kg/h +wm = S*m // mercury flow rate +printf("\n Flow through the mercury turbine is %e kg/h",wm) + +Wt = W1t*S/3600 // Turbine work +printf("\n Useful work done in binary vapor cycle is %f MW",Wt/1e3) +nm = 0.85 // Internal efficiency of mercury turbine +ns = 0.87 // Internal efficiency of steam turbine +WTm = nm*(ha-hb) // turbine work of mercury based cycle +hb_ = ha-WTm // Enthalpy at state b in kJ/kg +m_ = (h1-h4)/(hb_-hc) // mass flow rate of mercury +h1_ = 3037.3 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +Q1t = m_*(ha-hd)+(h1_-h1) // Heat addition +x2_ = (6.9160-0.4226)/(8.47-0.4226) // steam quality +h2_ = 121+(0.806*2432.9) // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +WTst = ns*(h1_-h2_) // Turbine work +WTt = m_*(ha-hb_)+WTst // Total turbine work +N = WTt/Q1t //Overall efficiency +printf("\n Overall efficiency is %f percent",N*100) +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07364e9fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 12.12 + + Overall efficiency of the cycle is 52.798182 percent + Flow through the mercury turbine is 5.934282e+05 kg/h + Useful work done in binary vapor cycle is 28.372803 MW + Overall efficiency is 46.169369 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dffe2e34b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +h1 = 3159.3 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.9917 // Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK +h3 = 173.88 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +s3 = 0.5926 // Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +sfp2 = s3 // Isentropic process +hfp2 = h3 // Isenthalpic process +hfgp2 = 2403.1 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sgp2 = 8.2287 // Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +vfp2 = 0.001008 // Specific volume in m^3/kg +sfgp2 = 7.6361// Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK +x2s = (s1-sfp2)/(sfgp2)// Steam quality +h2s = hfp2+(x2s*hfgp2) // Enthalpy at state 2s +// Part (a) +P1 = 20 // Turbine inlet pressure in bar +P2 = 0.08 // Turbine exit pressure in bar +h4s = vfp2*(P1-P2)*1e2+h3 // Enthalpy at state 4s +Wp = h4s-h3 // Pump work +Wt = h1-h2s // Turbine work +Wnet = Wt-Wp // Net work +Q1 = h1-h4s // Heat addition +n_cycle = Wnet/Q1// Cycle efficiency +printf("\n Example 12.2") +printf("\n Net work per kg of steam is %f kJ/kg",Wnet)//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle*100) + +// Part (b) +n_p = 0.8 // pump efficiency +n_t = 0.8// Turbine efficiency +Wp_ = Wp/n_p // Pump work +Wt_ = Wt*n_t // Turbine work +Wnet_ = Wt_-Wp_// Net work +P = 100*((Wnet-Wnet_)/Wnet) // Percentage reduction in net work +n_cycle_ = Wnet_/Q1 // cycle efficiency +P_ = 100*((n_cycle-n_cycle_)/n_cycle) //reduction in cycle +printf("\n\n Percentage reduction in net work per kg of steam is %f percent",P) +printf("\n Percentage reduction in cycle efficiency is %f percent",P_) + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82943e493 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 12.2 + Net work per kg of steam is 969.599095 kJ/kg + Cycle efficiency is 32.499671 percent + + Percentage reduction in net work per kg of steam is 20.093190 percent + Percentage reduction in cycle efficiency is 20.093190 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74122fb5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +P1 = 0.08 // Exhaust pressure in bar +sf = 0.5926 // Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +x2s = 0.85 // Steam quality +sg = 8.2287 // Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +s2s = sf+(x2s*(sg-sf)) // Entropy of mixture at state 2s in kJ/kgK +s1 = s2s // Isentropic process +P2 = 16.832 // by steam table opposite to s1 in bar +h1 = 3165.54 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2s = 173.88 + (0.85*2403.1) // Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kg +h3 = 173.88// Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +vfp2 = 0.001 // specific volume of liquid in m^3/kg +h4s = h3 + (vfp2*(P2-P1)*100)// Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kg +Q1 = h1-h4s // Heat addition +Wt = h1-h2s // Turbine work +Wp = h4s-h3 // Pump work +n_cycle = 100*((Wt-Wp)/Q1) // Cycle efficiency +Tm = (h1-h4s)/(s2s-sf) // Mean temperature of heat addition + +printf("\n Example 12.3") +printf("\n The greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet is %f bar",P2) + +printf("\n Rankine cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle) + +printf("\n Mean temperature of heat addition is %f degree celcius",Tm-273) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..148ad9819 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 12.3 + The greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet is 16.832000 bar + Rankine cycle efficiency is 31.684101 percent + Mean temperature of heat addition is 187.657820 degree celcius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86cedf09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +h1 = 3465 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kgK +h2s = 3065 //Enthalpy at state 2s in kJ/kgK +h3 = 3565 //Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +h4s = 2300 // Enthalpy at state 4s in kJ/kgK +x4s = 0.88 // Steam quality at state 4s +h5 = 191.83// Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kgK +v = 0.001 // specific volume in m^3/kg +P = 150 // Boiler outlet pressure in bar +Wp = v*P*100 // Pump work +h6s = 206.83 // Enthalpy at state 6s in kJ/kgK +Q1 = (h1-h6s)+(h3-h2s) // Heat addition +Wt = (h1-h2s)+(h3-h4s) // Turbine work +Wnet = Wt-Wp // Net work +n_cycle = 100*Wnet/Q1 // cycle efficiency +sr = 3600/Wnet //Steam rate + +printf("\n Example 12.4 \n") +printf("\n Quality at turbine exhaust is %f ",0.88) +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle) +printf("\n Steam rate is %f kg/kW h",sr) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edb7fc5b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 12.4 + + Quality at turbine exhaust is 0.880000 + Cycle efficiency is 43.904347 percent + Steam rate is 2.181818 kg/kW h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ab781ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +h1 = 3230.9 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.9212 // Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK +s2 = s1 // Isentropic process +s3 = s1 // Isentropic process +h2 = 2796 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +sf = 0.6493 // ENtropy of fluid onkJ/kgK +sfg = 7.5009 // Entropy change due to vaporization +x3 = (s3-sf)/sfg // steam quality +h3 = 191.83 + x3*2392.8 // Enthalpy at state 3 +h4 = 191.83 // Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +h5 = h4 // Isenthalpic process +h6 = 640.23 // Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg +h7 = h6 // Isenthalpic process +m = (h6-h5)/(h2-h5) // regenerative mass +Wt = (h1-h2)+(1-m)*(h2-h3) // turbine work +Q1 = h1-h6 // Heat addition +n_cycle = 100*Wt/Q1 // Cycle efficiency +sr = 3600/Wt // Steam rate +s7 = 1.8607 // Entropy at state 7 in kJ/kgK +s4 = 0.6493 // Entropy at state 4 in kJ/kgK +Tm = (h1-h7)/(s1-s7) // Mean temperature of heat addition with regeneration +Tm1 = (h1-h4)/(s1-s4) // Mean temperature of heat addition without regeneration +dT = Tm-Tm1 // Change in temperature +Wt_ = h1-h3 // Turbine work +sr_ = 3600/Wt_ // Steam rate +dsr = sr-sr_// Change in steam rate +n_cycle_ = 100*(h1-h3)/(h1-h4) // Cycle effciency +dn = n_cycle-n_cycle_// Change in efficiency +printf("\n Example 12.5\n") +printf("\n Efficiency of the cycle is %f percent",n_cycle) + +printf("\n Steam rate of the cycle is %f kg/kW h",sr)//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +printf("\n Increase in temperature due to regeneration is %f degree centigrade",dT) +printf("\n Increase in steam rate due to regeneration is %f kg/kW h",dsr)//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +printf("\n Increase in Efficiency of the cycle due to regeneration is %f percent",dn) + +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bf4467b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Example 12.5 + + Efficiency of the cycle is 36.068757 percent + Steam rate of the cycle is 3.852647 kg/kW h + Increase in temperature due to regeneration is 27.386207 degree centigrade + Increase in steam rate due to regeneration is 0.385518 kg/kW h + Increase in Efficiency of the cycle due to regeneration is 1.902940 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aaa681d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +h1 = 3023.5 // Enthalpy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.7664 // Enthalpy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kgK +s2 = s1 // Isentropic process +s3 = s1 //Isentropic process +s4 = s1 //Isentropic process +t_sat_20 = 212 // Saturation temperature at 20 bar in degree Celsius +t_sat_1 = 46 // Saturation temperature at 1 bar in degree Celsius +dt = t_sat_20-t_sat_1 // Change in temperature +n =3 // number of heaters +t = dt/n // temperature rise per heater +t1 = t_sat_20-t // Operational temperature of first heater +t2 = t1-t// Operational temperature of second heater +// 0.1 bar +hf = 191.83 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 2392.8 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sf = 0.6493// Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sg = 8.1502// Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +// At 100 degree +hf100 = 419.04 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg100 = 2257.0// Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sf100 = 1.3069 // Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sg100 = 7.3549 // Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +// At 150 degree +hf150 = 632.20 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg150 = 2114.3// Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sf150 = 1.8418 // Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sg150 = 6.8379// Entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +x2 = (s1-sf150)/4.9961 // Steam quality +h2 = hf150+(x2*hfg150) // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +x3 = (s1-sf100)/6.0480 // Steam quality +h3 = hf100+(x3*hfg100) // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +x4 = (s1-sf)/7.5010 // Steam quality +h4 = hf+(x4*hfg)//Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +h5 = hf // Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kg +h6 = h5 //Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg +h7 = hf100 // Enthalpy at state 7 in kJ/kg +h8 = h7 // Enthalpy at state 8 in kJ/kg +h9 = 632.2 // Enthalpy at state 9 in kJ/kg +h10 = h9 // Enthalpy at state 10 in kJ/kg +m1 = (h9-h7)/(h2-h7) // regenerative mass +m2 = ((1-m1)*(h7-h6))/(h3-h6) // regenerative mass +Wt = 1*(h1-h2)+(1-m1)*(h2-h3)+(1-m1-m2)*(h3-h4) // Turbine work +Q1 = h1-h9 // Heat addition +Wp = 0 // Pump work is neglected +n_cycle = 100*(Wt-Wp)/Q1 // Cycle efficiency +sr = 3600/(Wt-Wp) // Steam rate + +printf("\n Example 12.6\n") +printf("\n Steam quality at turbine exhaust is %f ",x3) +printf("\n Net work per kg of stem is %f kJ/kg",Wt) +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle) +printf("\n Stream rate is %f kg/kW h",sr) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71a135007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 12.6 + + Steam quality at turbine exhaust is 0.902695 + Net work per kg of stem is 798.641702 kJ/kg + Cycle efficiency is 33.397805 percent + Stream rate is 4.507653 kg/kW h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a12c3be96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +Ti = 2000 // Hot gas inlet temperature in K +Te = 450 // Hot gas exhaust temperature in K +T0 = 300 // Ambient temperature in K +Q1_dot = 100 // Heating rate provided by steam in kW +cpg = 1.1 // Heat capacity of gas in kJ/kg +wg = Q1_dot/(cpg*(Ti-Te)) // mass flow rate of hot gas +af1 = wg*cpg*T0*((Ti/T0)-1-log(Ti/T0)) // Availability at inlet +af2 = wg*cpg*T0*((Te/T0)-1-log(Te/T0)) // Availability at exit +afi = af1-af2 // Change in availability +h1 = 2801 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h3 = 169 //Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = 172.8 //Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +h2 = 1890.2 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.068 // Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK +s2 = s1 // Isentropic process +s3 = 0.576 // Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +s4 = s3 // Isentropic process +Wt = h1-h2 // Turbine work +Wp = h4-h3 // Pump work +Q1 = h1-h4 // Heat addition +Q2 = h2-h3// Heat rejection +Wnet = Wt-Wp // Net work +ws = Q1_dot/2628 // steam mass flow rate +afu = 38*(h1-h4-T0*(s1-s3)) // availability loss +I_dot = afi-afu // Rate of exergy destruction +Wnet_dot = ws*Wnet// Mechanical power rate +afc = ws*(h2-h3-T0*(s2-s3)) // Exergy flow rate of of wet steam +n2 = 100*Wnet_dot/af1 // second law efficiency + +printf("\n Example 12.7\n") +printf("\n The second law efficiency is %f percent",n2) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1d668ec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 12.7 + + The second law efficiency is 47.304586 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60add7144 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +h1 = 2758 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 1817 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 192 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = 200// Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +Wt = h1-h2 // turbine work +Wp = h4-h3 // Pump work +Q1 = h1-h4 // Heat addition +Wnet = Wt-Wp // Net work doen +n1 = Wnet/Q1 // First law efficiency +WR = Wnet/Wt // Work ratio +Q1_ = 100 // Heat addition rate in MW +PO = n1*Q1_ // power output +cpg = 1000 // Specific heat capacity in J/kg +wg = (Q1_/(833-450)) // mass flow rate of gas +EIR = wg*cpg*((833-300)-300*(log(833/300)))/1000 // Exergy input +n2 = PO/EIR // Second law efficiency + +printf("\n Example 12.8\n") +printf("\n Part (a)") +printf("\n The first law efficiency n1 is %f",n1*100) +printf("\n The second law efficiency n2 is %f",n2*100) +printf("\n The work ratio is %f",WR) +// Part (b) +h1b = 3398 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2b = 2130 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3b = 192 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4b = 200// Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +Wtb = 1268 // turbine work in kJ/kg +Wpb = 8 // Pump work in kJ/kg +Q1b = 3198// Heat addition rate in kW +n1b = (Wtb-Wpb)/Q1b //first law efficiency +WRb = (Wtb-Wpb)/Wtb // WOrk ratio +EIRb = 59.3 // Exergy input rate in MW +Wnetb = Q1_*n1b // net work done + +n2b = Wnetb/EIRb // Second law efficiency +printf("\n Part (b)") +printf("\n The first law efficiency n1 is %f",n1b*100) +printf("\n The second law efficiency n2 is %f",n2b*100) +printf("\n The work ration is %f",WRb) + +// Part (c) +h1c = 3398 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2c = 2761 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3c = 3482 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4c = 2522 // Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +h5c = 192 // Enthalpy at state 5 in kJ/kg +h6c = 200// Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg +Wt1 = 637 // Turbine work in kJ/kg +Wt2 = 960 // Turbine work in kJ/kg +Wtc = Wt1+Wt2 // Net turbine work in kJ/kg +Wp = 8 // Pump work in kJ/kg +Wnetc = Wtc-Wp // net work done +Q1c = 3198+721 // Heat addition +n1c = Wnetc/Q1c// First law efficiency +WRc = Wnetc/Wtc// Work ratio +POc = Q1_*n1c// Power output +EIRc = 59.3// Exergy input in MW +n2c = POc/EIRc // Second law efficiency +printf("\n Part (c)") +printf("\n The first law efficiency n1 is %f",n1c*100) +printf("\n The second law efficiency n2 is %f",n2c*100) +printf("\n The work ration is %f",WRc) + +// Part (d) +T3 = 45.8 // saturation temperature at 0.1 bar in degree celsius +T1 = 295 // saturation temperature at 80 bar in degree celsius +n1d = 1-((T3+273)/(T1+273)) // First law efficiency +Q1d = 2758-1316 // Heat addition +Wnet = Q1d*n1d // Net work output +Wpd = 8 // Pump work in kJ/kg +Wtd = 641// Turbine work in kJ/kg +WRd = (Wt-Wp)/Wt // Work ratio +POd = Q1_*0.439// Power output +EIRd = (Q1_/(833-593))*cpg*((833-300)-300*(log(833/300)))/1000 //Exergy Input rate in MW +n2d = POd/EIRd // Second law efficiency +printf("\n Part (d)") +printf("\n The first law efficiency n1 is %f",n1d*100) +printf("\n The second law efficiency n2 is %f",n2d*100) +printf("\n The work ration is %f",WRd) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..776e801e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + Example 12.8 + + Part (a) + The first law efficiency n1 is 36.473808 + The second law efficiency n2 is 56.037667 + The work ratio is 0.991498 + Part (b) + The first law efficiency n1 is 39.399625 + The second law efficiency n2 is 66.441188 + The work ration is 0.993691 + Part (c) + The first law efficiency n1 is 40.546058 + The second law efficiency n2 is 68.374465 + The work ration is 0.994991 + Part (d) + The first law efficiency n1 is 43.873239 + The second law efficiency n2 is 42.264519 + The work ration is 0.991498 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cb3f5d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +hfg = 2202.6 // Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg +Qh = 5.83 // Heat addition in MJ/s +ws = Qh/hfg // steam flow rate +eg = 0.9 // efficiency of generator +P = 1000 // Power generation rate in kW +Wnet = 1000/eg // Net output +nbrake = 0.8 // brake thermal efficiency +h1_2s = Wnet/(ws*nbrake) // Ideal heat addition +n_internal = 0.85 // internal efficiency +h12 = n_internal*h1_2s // Actual heat addition +hg = 2706.3 // Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg +h2 = hg //Isenthalpic process +h1 = h12+h2 // Total enthalpy +h2s = h1-h1_2s // Enthalpy change +hf = 503.71 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +x2s = (h2s-hf)/hfg // Quality of steam +sf = 1.5276 // entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sfg = 5.6020 // Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK +s2s = sf+(x2s*sfg) // Entropy at state 2s +s1 = s2s // Isentropic process +P1 = 22.5 // Turbine inlet pressure in bar from Mollier chart +t1 = 360 // Temperature of the steam in degree Celsius from Mollier chart + +printf("\n Example 12.9\n") +printf("\n Temperature of the steam is %d degree celcius",t1) +printf("\n Pressure of the steam is %f bar",P1) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.txt b/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2482960dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 12.9 + + Temperature of the steam is 360 degree celcius + Pressure of the steam is 22.500000 bar \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a50b95bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +T1 = 35 // Air inlet temperature in degree Celsius +P1 = 0.1 // Air inlet pressure in MPa +Q1 = 2100 // Heat supply in kJ/kg +R = 0.287 // gas constant +rk = 8 // Compression ratio +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +n_cycle = 1-(1/rk^(g-1)) // cycle efficiency +v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e3) // Initial volume +v2 = v1/8 // Volume after compression +T2 = (T1+273)*(v1/v2)^(g-1) // Temperature after compression +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat capacity in kJ/kg +T3 = Q1/cv + T2 // Temperature at after heat addition +P21 = (v1/v2)^g // Pressure ratio +P2 = P21*P1 // Pressure after compression +P3 = P2*(T3/T2) // Pressure after heat addition +Wnet = Q1*n_cycle // Net work output +Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) // Mean pressure +printf("\n Example 13.1\n") +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n_cycle*100) +printf("\n Maximum temperature in the cycle is %d K",T3) +printf("\n Maximum pressure in the cycle is %f MPa",P3) +printf("\n Mean effective pressure is %f MPa",Pm/1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5840bfe47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 13.1 + + Cycle efficiency is 56.472472 percent + Maximum temperature in the cycle is 3632 K + Maximum pressure in the cycle is 9.434777 MPa + Mean effective pressure is 1.533259 MPa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af530b5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +//Given that +v = 300 // Aircraft velocity in m/s +p1 = 0.35 // Pressure in bar +t1 = -40 // Temperature in degree centigrade +rp = 10 // The pressure ratio of compressor +t4 = 1100 // Temperature of gases at turbine intlet in degree centigrade +ma = 50 // Mass flow rate of air at the inlet of compressor in kg/s +cp = 1.005 // Heat capacity of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K +gama=1.4 // Ratio of heat capacities for air +printf("\n Example 13.10 \n") +T1 = t1+273 +T4 = t4+273 +T2 = T1 + (v^2)/(2*cp)*(10^-3) +p2 = p1*(100)*((T2/T1)^(gama/(gama-1))) +p3 = rp*p2 +p4 =p3 +T3 = T2*((p3/p2)^((gama-1)/gama)) +T5 = T4-T3+T2 +p5 = ((T5/T4)^(gama/(gama-1)))*(p4) +p6 = p1*100 +T6 = T5*((p6/p5)^((gama-1)/gama)) +V6 = (2*cp*(T5-T6)*1000)^(1/2) +Wp = ma*(V6-v)*v*(10^-6) +Q1 = ma*cp*(T4-T3)*(10^-3) +np = Wp/Q1 +printf("\n The temperature of the gases at the turbine exit is %f K,\n The pressure of the gases at the turbine exit is %f kN/m^2,\n The velocity of gases at the nozzle exit is %f m/sec,\n The propulsive efficiency of the cycle is %f percent",T5,p5,V6,np*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64d78442e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 13.10 + + The temperature of the gases at the turbine exit is 1114.474397 K, + The pressure of the gases at the turbine exit is 311.998817 kN/m^2, + The velocity of gases at the nozzle exit is 1020.347840 m/sec, + The propulsive efficiency of the cycle is 25.699731 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..034425410 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +Ta = 15 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +rp = 8 // pressure ratio +g = 1.33 // heat capacity ratio for gas +g1 = 1.40 // heat capacity ratio for air +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat capacity +cpa = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity for air +cpg = 1.11 // Constant pressure heat capacity for gas +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +Tb = (Ta+273)*(rp)^((g1-1)/g1) // Temperature after compression +Tc = 800 // Temperature after heat addition in degree Celsius +Td = (Tc+273)/((rp)^((g-1)/g)) // Temperature after expansion +Wgt = cpg*(Tc+273-Td)-cpa*(Tb-Ta-273) +Q1 = cpg*(Tc+273-Tb) +Q1_ = cpg*(Tc+273-Td) +h1 = 3775 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 2183 // Enthalpy at state2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 138 // Enthalpy at state3 in kJ/kg +h4 = h3 // Isenthalpic process +Q1_st = h1-h3 // Total heat addition +Q_fe = cpg*(Tc-100) // Heat transfer by steam +was = Q1_st/Q_fe // air steam mass ratio +Wst = h1-h2// work done by steam turbine +PO = 190e03 // Power output in kW +ws = PO/(was*Wgt+Wst)// steam flow rate +wa = was*ws // Air flow rate +CV = 43300 // Calorific volume of fuel in kJ/kg +waf = CV/(Q1+Q1_) // Air fuel ratio +FEI = (wa/waf)*CV // Fuel energy input +noA = PO/FEI // combined cycle efficiency + +printf("\n Example 13.11 \n") +printf("\n Air fuel ratio is %f ",waf) +printf("\n Overall efficiency of combined plant is %f percent ",noA*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71982ffa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 13.11 + + Air fuel ratio is 39.651568 + Overall efficiency of combined plant is 53.599355 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07037446e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +rk = 14 // Compression ratio +k = 6 // cutoff percentage ratio +rc = k/100*(rk-1)+1 +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +n_diesel = 1-((1/g))*(1/rk^(g-1))*((rc^(g-1))/(rc-1)) // Cycle efficiency +printf("\n Example 13.2\n") +printf("\n Air standard efficiency is %f percent",n_diesel*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bce0d44ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 13.2 + + Air standard efficiency is 59.867691 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5109df3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +rk = 16 // Compression ratio +T1 = 15 // Air inlet temperature in degree Celsius +P1 = 0.1 // Air inlet pressure in MPa +T3 = 1480 // Highest temperature in cycle in degree Celsius +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +T2 = (T1+273)*(rk^(g-1)) // Temperature after compression +rc = (T3+273)/T2 // cut off ratio +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat constant +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat constant +Q1 = cp*(T3+273-T2) // Heat addition +T4 = (T3+273)*((rc/rk)^(g-1)) // Temperature after heat addition +Q2 = cv*(T4-T1-273) // Heat rejection +n = 1-(Q2/Q1) // cycle efficiency +n_ = 1-((1/g))*(1/rk^(g-1))*((rc^(g-1))/(rc-1)) // cycle efficiency from another formula +Wnet = Q1*n // Net work +v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e3) // Volume before compression +v2 = v1/rk // Volume after compression +Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) // Mean pressure +printf("\n Example 13.3\n") +printf("\n Cut-off ratio is %f ",rc) +printf("\n Heat supplied per kg of air is %f kJ/kg",Q1) +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %f percent",n*100) +printf("\n Mean effective pressure is %f kPa",Pm) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53ee460ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 13.3 + + Cut-off ratio is 2.007897 + Heat supplied per kg of air is 884.346994 kJ/kg + Cycle efficiency is 61.334041 percent + Mean effective pressure is 699.968704 kPa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964a442b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +T1 = 50 // Temperature before compression stroke in degree Celsius +rk = 16 // Compression ratio +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +P3 = 70 // Maximum cycle pressure in bar +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat addition capacity +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat addition capacity +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +T2 = (T1+273)*((rk^(g-1))) //Temperature after compression stroke +P1 = 1 // Pressure before compression in bar +P2 = P1*(rk)^g // Pressure after compression +T3 = T2*(P3/P2) // Temperature after constant volume heat addition +Q23 = cv*(T3-T2) // Constant volume heat added +T4 = (Q23/cp)+T3 // Temperature after constant pressure heat addition +v43 = T4/T3 // cut off ratio +v54 = rk/v43 // Expansion ratio +T5 = T4*(1/v54)^(g-1) // Temperature after expansion +P5 = P1*(T5/(T1+273)) // Pressure after expansion +Q1 = cv*(T3-T2)+cp*(T4-T3) // Total heat added +Q2 = cv*(T5-T1-273) // Heat rejected +n_cycle = 1-(Q2/Q1) // Cycle efficiency +v1 = (R*(T1+273))/(P1*1e2) // Volume before compression +v2 = (1/16)*v1 // Swept volume +Wnet = Q1*n_cycle // Net work done +Pm = Wnet/(v1-v2) // Mean pressure +printf("\n Example 13.4\n") +printf("\n Efficiency of the cycle is %f percent",n_cycle*100) +printf("\n Mean effective pressure is %f bar",Pm/100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f82e316 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 13.4 + + Efficiency of the cycle is 66.314379 percent + Mean effective pressure is 4.755194 bar \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e057b5284 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +P1 = 0.1 // Air pressure at turbine inlet in MPa +T1 = 30 // Air temperature at turbine inlet in degree Celsius +T3 = 900 // Maximum cycle temperature at turbine inlet in degree Celsius +rp = 6 // Pressure ratio +nt = 0.8 // Turbine efficiency +nc = 0.8// Compressor efficiency +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat capacity +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +T2s = (T1+273)*(rp)^((g-1)/g) +T4s = (T3+273)/((rp)^((g-1)/g)) +T21 = (T2s-T1-273)/nc // Temperature raise due to compression +T34 = nt*(T3+273-T4s) // Temperature drop due to expansion +Wt = cp*T34 // Turbine work +Wc = cp*T21 // Compressor work +T2 = T21+T1+273 // Temperature after compression +Q1 = cp*(T3+273-T2) // Heat added +n = (Wt-Wc)/Q1 // First law efficiency +T4 = T3+273-T34 // Temperature after expansion +T6 = 0.75*(T4-T2) + T2 // Regeneration temperature +Q1_ = cp*(T3+273-T6)// Heat added +n_ = (Wt-Wc)/Q1_ //cycle efficiency +I = (n_-n)/n // Fractional increase in cycle efficiency +printf("\n Example 13.5\n") +printf("\n The percentage increase in cycle efficiency \n due to regeneration is %f percent",I*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0735e231 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 13.5 + + The percentage increase in cycle efficiency + due to regeneration is 41.407606 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f9ea3e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity +Tmax = 1073 // Maximum cycle temperature in K +Tmin = 300// Minimum cycle temperature in K +Wnet_max = cp*(sqrt(Tmax)-sqrt(Tmin))^2 // maximum work +n_cycle = 1-sqrt(Tmin/Tmax) // cycle efficiency +n_carnot = 1-(Tmin/Tmax) // Carnot efficiency +r = n_cycle/n_carnot // Efficiency ratio +printf("\n Example 13.6\n") +printf("\n Maximum work done per kg of air is %f kJ/kg",Wnet_max) +printf("\n Cycle efficiency is %d percent",n_cycle*100) +printf("\n Ratio of Brayton and Carnot efficiency is %f",r) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e96ca461 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 13.6 + + Maximum work done per kg of air is 239.466741 kJ/kg + Cycle efficiency is 47 percent + Ratio of Brayton and Carnot efficiency is 0.654124 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..293ba1ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +rp = 6 // pressure ratio +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat capacity +cp = 1.005 //Constant pressure heat capacity +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +T1 = 300 // Minimum temperature in K +T3 = 1100 // Maximum cycle temperature in K +T0 = 300 // Atmospheric temperature in K +n_cycle = 1-(1/rp^((g-1)/g)) // cycle efficiency +T2 = (T1)*(rp^((g-1)/g)) // Temperature after compression +T4 = (T3)/(rp^((g-1)/g)) // Temperature after expansion +Wc = cp*(T2-T1) // Compressor work +Wt = cp*(T3-T4) // Turbine work +WR = (Wt-Wc)/Wt // Work ratio +Q1 = 100 // Heat addition in MW +PO = n_cycle*Q1 // Power output +m_dot = (Q1*1e06)/(cp*(T3-T2)) // Mass flow rate +R = m_dot*cp*T0*((T4/T0)-1-log(T4/T0)) // Exergy flow rate +printf("\n Example 13.7\n") +printf("\n The thermal efficiency of the cycle is %f percent",n_cycle*100) +printf("\n Work ratio is %f ",WR) +printf("\n Power output is %f MW",PO) +printf("\n Energy flow rate of the exhaust gas stream is %f MW",R/1e6) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d26c555ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 13.7 + + The thermal efficiency of the cycle is 40.066303 percent + Work ratio is 0.544952 + Power output is 40.066303 MW + Energy flow rate of the exhaust gas stream is 20.529786 MW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93a7e2cfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +nc = 0.87 // Compressor efficiency +nt = 0.9 // Turbine efficiency +T1 = 311 // Compressor inlet temperature in K +rp = 8 // compressor pressure ratio +P1 = 1 // Initial pressure in atm +T3 = 1367 // Turbine inlet temperature +P2 = P1*rp // Final pressure +P3 = 0.95*P2 // Actual pressure after compression +P4 = 1 // Atmospheric pressure +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +cv = 0.718 // Constant volume heat capacity +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +// With no cooling +T2s = T1*((P2/P1)^((g-1)/g)) // Ideal temperature after compression +T2 = T1 + (T2s-T1)/0.87 // Actual temperature after compression +T4s = T3*(P4/P3)^((g-1)/g) // Ideal temperature after expansion +n = (((T3-T4s)*nt)-((T2s-T1)/nc))/(T3-T2) // cycle efficiency +// With cooling +n_cycle = n-0.05 +x = 0.13 // Fluid quality +r = x/(x+1) // +printf("\n Example 13.8\n") +printf("\n Percentage of air that may be taken from the compressor is %f percent",r*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80c67633f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 13.8 + + Percentage of air that may be taken from the compressor is 11.504425 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d325db7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//Given that +nc = 0.85 // Compressor efficiency +nt = 0.9 // Turbine efficiency +r = 3.5 // Ratio of max and min temperature +gama = 1.4 // Ratio of heat capacities for air +printf("\n Example 13.9 \n") +x = (gama-1)/gama +r_opt = ((nc*nt*r)^(2/3))^(1/x) +printf("\n Optimum specific output is %f ",r_opt) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.txt b/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fa831c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 13.9 + + Optimum specific output is 9.954867 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924d336e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +T2 = -5 // Cold storage temperature in degree Celsius +T1 = 35 // Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius +COP = (T2+273)/((T1+273)-(T2+273)) +ACOP = COP/3 // Actual COP +Q2 = 29 // Heat leakage in kW +W = Q2/ACOP +printf("\n Example 14.1\n") +printf("\n Power required to drive the plane is %f kW",W) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c5f591c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 14.1 + + Power required to drive the plane is 12.985075 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7dd4c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +P1 = 2.4 //Compressor inlet pressure in bar +T1 = 0 // Compressor inlet temperature in degree Celsius +h1 = 188.9 // Enthalpy of refrigerant at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 0.7177 // Entropy of refrigerant at state 1 in kJ/kgK +v1 = 0.0703 // Specific volume at state 1 in m^3/kg +P2 = 9 // Compressor outlet pressure in bar +T2 = 60 // Compressor outlet pressure in degree Celsius +h2 = 219.37 // Actual compressor outlet enthalpy in kJ/kgK +h2s = 213.27 // Ideal compressor outlet enthalpy in kJ/kgK +h3 = 71.93 // Enthalpy of refrigerant at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = h3 // Isenthalpic process + +A1V1 = 0.6/60 // volume flow rate in kg/s +m_dot = A1V1/v1 // mass flow rate +Wc_dot = m_dot*(h2-h1) // Compressor work +Q1_dot = m_dot*(h2-h3) // Heat extracted +COP = Q1_dot/Wc_dot // Coefficient of performance +nis = (h2s-h1)/(h2-h1) // Isentropic compressor efficiency +printf("\n Example 14.10\n") +printf("\n Power input is %f kW",Wc_dot) +printf("\n Heating capacity is %f kW",Q1_dot) +printf("\n COP is %f",COP) +printf("\n The isentropic compressor efficiency is %f percent",nis*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d8c898a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 14.10 + + Power input is 4.334282 kW + Heating capacity is 20.972973 kW + COP is 4.838858 + The isentropic compressor efficiency is 79.980309 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57d888567 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clc +T1 = 275 // Temperature of air at entrance to compressor in K +T3 = 310 // Temperature of air at entrance to turbine in K +P1 = 1 // Inlet pressure in bar +P2 = 4 // Outlet pressure in bar +nc = 0.8 // Compressor efficiency +T2s = T1*(P2/P1)^(.286) // Ideal temperature after compression +T2 = T1 + (T2s-T1)/nc // Actual temperature after compression +pr1 = 0.1 // Pressure loss in cooler in bar +pr2 = 0.08 //Pressure loss in condenser in bar +P3 = P2-0.1 // Actual pressure in condenser +P4 = P1+0.08 // Actual pressure in evaporator +PR = P3/P4 // Pressure ratio +T4s = T3*(1/PR)^(0.286) // Ideal temperature after expansion +nt = 0.85 // turbine efficiency +T4 = T3-(T3-T4s)*nt // Actual temperature after expansion +COP = (T1-T4)/((T2-T3)-(T1-T4)) // Coefficient of performance +printf("\n Example 14.11\n") +printf("\n Pressure ratio for the turbine is %f ",PR) +printf("\n COP is %f ",COP) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4b45a06d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 14.11 + + Pressure ratio for the turbine is 3.611111 + COP is 0.533011 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..556e59dc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clear +clc +// Given that +L = 60 // Cooling load in kW +p = 1 // Pressure in bar +t = 20 // Temperature in degree celsius +v = 900 // Speed of aircraft in km/h +p1 = 0.35 // Pressure in bar +T1 = 255 // Temperature in K +nd = .85 // Diffuser efficiency +rp = 6 // Pressure ratio of compressor +nc = .85 // Copressor efficiency +E = 0.9 // Effectiveness of air cooler +nt = 0.88 // Turbine efficiency +p_ = 0.08 // Pressure drop in air cooler in bar +p5 = 1.08 // Pressure in bar +cp = 1.005 // Heat capacity of air at constant pressure in kJ/kgK +gama = 1.4 // Ratio of heat capacities of air +printf("\n Example 14.12\n") +V = v*(5/18) +T2_ = T1 + (V^2)/(2*cp*1000) +T2 = T2_ +p2_ = p1*((T2_/T1)^((gama/(gama-1)))) +p2 = p1 + nd*(p2_-p1) +p3 = rp*p2 +T3_ = T2*((p3/p2)^((gama-1)/gama)) +T3 = T2 + (T3_-T2)/nc +P = cp*(T3-T2) +p4 = p3 - p_ +T4 = T3 - E*(T3-T2) +T5_ = T4/((p4/p5)^(.286)) +T5 = T4 - (T4-T5_)/nt +RE = cp*(t+273 - T5) +m = L/51.5 +Pr = m*P +COP = L/Pr +printf("\n Mass flow rate of air flowing through the cooling system is %f kg/s",m) +printf("\n COP is %f ",COP) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..285d2e5ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 14.12 + + Mass flow rate of air flowing through the cooling system is 1.165049 + COP is 0.227742 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eab7a711 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// At P = .14 MPa +h1 = 236.04 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +s1 = 0.9322 // Entropy at state 2 in kJ/kgK +s2 = s1 // Isenthalpic process +// At P = 0.8 MPa +h2 = 272.05 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 93.42 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = h3 // Isenthalpic process +m = 0.06 // mass flow rate in kg/s +Q2 = m*(h1-h4) // Heat absorption +Wc = m*(h2-h1) // Compressor work +Q1 = m*(h2-h4) // Heat rejection in evaporator +COP = Q2/Wc // coefficient of performance + +printf("\n Example 14.2\n") +printf("\n The rate of heat removal is %f kW",Q2) +printf("\n Power input to the compressor is %f kW",Wc) +printf("\n The heat rejection rate in the condenser is %f kW",Q1) +printf("\n COP is %f kW",COP) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dee0337cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 14.2 + + The rate of heat removal is 8.557200 kW + Power input to the compressor is 2.160600 kW + The heat rejection rate in the condenser is 10.717800 kW + COP is 3.960567 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5715fc8c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +h1 = 183.19 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 209.41 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 74.59 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = h3 // Isenthalpic process +T1 = 40 // Evaporator temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = -10 // Condenser temperature in degree Celsius +W = 5 // Plant capacity in tonnes of refrigeration +w = (W*14000/3600)/(h1-h4) // Refrigerant flow rate +v1 = 0.077 // Specific volume of vapor in m^3/kg +VFR = w*v1 // volume flow rate +T = 48 // Compressor discharge temperature in degree Celsius +P2 = 9.6066 // Pressure after compression +P1 = 2.1912 // Pressure before compression +rp = P2/P1 // Pressure ratio +Q1 = w*(h2-h3) // Heat rejected in condenser +hf = 26.87 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 156.31// Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +x4 = (h4-hf)/hfg // quality of refrigerant +COP_v = (h1-h4)/(h2-h1) // Actual coefficient of performance of cycle +PI = w*(h2-h1) // Power input +COP = (T2+273)/((T1+273)-(T2+273)) // Ideal coefficient of performance +r = COP_v/COP +printf("\n Example 14.3\n") +printf("\n Refrigerant flow rate is %f kg/s",w) +printf("\n Volume flow rate is %f m^3/s",VFR) +printf("\n Compressor discharge temperature is %d degree Celsius ",T) +printf("\n Pressure ratio is %f ",rp) +printf("\n Heat rejected to the condenser is %f kW",Q1) +printf("\n Flash gas percentage is %f percent",x4*100) +printf("\n COP is %f kW",COP_v) +printf("\n Power required to drive the compressor is %f kW",PI) +printf("\n Ratio of COP of cycle with Carnot refrigerator is %f",r) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..451b2f748 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Example 14.3 + + Refrigerant flow rate is 0.179046 kg/s + Volume flow rate is 0.013787 m^3/s + Compressor discharge temperature is 48 degree Celsius + Pressure ratio is 4.384173 + Heat rejected to the condenser is 24.139042 kW + Flash gas percentage is 30.529077 percent + COP is 4.141876 kW + Power required to drive the compressor is 4.694598 kW + Ratio of COP of cycle with Carnot refrigerator is 0.787429 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c308aebd --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +h3 = 882 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h2 = 1034 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h6 = 998 // Enthalpy at state 6 in kJ/kg +h1 = 1008 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +v1 = 0.084 // Specific volume at state 1 in m^3/kg +t4 = 25 // Temperature at state 4 in degree Celsius +m = 10 // mass flow rate in kg/s +h4 = h3-h1+h6 +h5 = h4 // isenthalpic process +w = (m*14000)/((h6-h5)*3600) // in kg/s +VFR = w*3600*v1 // Volume flow rate in m^3/h +ve = 0.8 // volumetric efficiency +CD = VFR/(ve*60) // Compressor displacement in m^3/min +N = 900 // Number of strokes per minute +n = 2 // number of cylinder + +D = ((CD*4)/(%pi*1.1*N*n))^(1/3) // L = 1.1D L = length D = diameter +L = 1.1*D +COP = (h6-h5)/(h2-h1) // coefficient of performance +PI = w*(h2-h1) // Power input + +printf("\n Example 14.4\n") +printf("\n Refrigeration effect is %d kJ/kg",h6-h5) +printf("\n Refrigerant flow rate is %f kg/s",w) +printf("\n Diameter of cylinder is %f cm",D*100) +printf("\n Length of cylinder is %f cm",L*100) +printf("\n COP is %f ",COP) +printf("\n Power required to drive the compressor is %f kW",PI) + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd941efc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Example 14.4 + + Refrigeration effect is 126 kJ/kg + Refrigerant flow rate is 0.308642 kg/s + Diameter of cylinder is 10.773252 cm + Length of cylinder is 11.850577 cm + COP is 4.846154 + Power required to drive the compressor is 8.024691 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec4e64f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +P2 = 1554.3 // Pressure at state 2 in kPa +P1 = 119.5// Pressure at state 1 in kPa +Pi = sqrt(P1*P2) +h1 = 1404.6 // Enthalpy at state1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 1574.3 // Enthalpy at state2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 1443.5 // Enthalpy at state3 in kJ/kg +h4 = 1628.1// Enthalpy at state4 in kJ/kg +h5 = 371.7 // Enthalpy at state5 in kJ/kg +h6 = h5 // Isenthalpic process +h7 = 181.5// Enthalpy at state7 in kJ/kg +w = 30 // capacity of plant in tonnes of refrigeration +m2_dot = (3.89*w)/(h1-h7) // mass flow rate in upper cycle +m1_dot = m2_dot*((h2-h7)/(h3-h6))// mass flow rate in lower cycle +Wc_dot = m2_dot*(h2-h1)+m1_dot*(h4-h3) // Compressor work +COP = w*3.89/Wc_dot // Coefficient of performance of cycle +// single stage +h1_ = 1404.6 //Enthalpy at state1 in kJ/kg +h2_ = 1805.1 // Enthalpy at state2 in kJ/kg +h3_ = 371.1 // Enthalpy at state3 in kJ/kg +h4_ = h3_ // Isenthalpic process +m_dot = (3.89*30)/(h1_-h4_) // mass flow rate in cycle +Wc = m_dot*(h2_-h1_) // Compressor work +COP_ = w*3.89/Wc // Coefficient of performance of cycle +IW = (Wc-Wc_dot)/Wc_dot // Increase in compressor work +ICOP = (COP-COP_)/COP_ // Increase in COP for 2 stage compression +printf("\n Example 14.5\n") +printf("\n Increase in work of compression for single stage is %f percent",IW*100) +printf("\n Increase in COP for 2 stage compression is %f percent",ICOP*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2210127e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 14.5 + + Increase in work of compression for single stage is 15.719846 percent + Increase in COP for 2 stage compression is 15.719846 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3131de0d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Given that +te = -10 // Evaporator temperature in degree celsius +pc = 7.675 // Condenser pressure in bar +pf = 4.139 // Flash chamber pressure in bar +P = 100 // Power input to compressor in kW +printf("\n Example 14.6\n") +// From the property table of R-134a, +h7 = 140.96 // In kJ/kg +hf = 113.29 // In kJ/kg +hfg = 300.5-113.29 // In kJ/kg +hg = 300.5 // In kJ/kg +h1 = 288.86 // In kJ/kg +s1 = 1.17189 // // In kJ/kgK +s2 =s1 +//By interpolation +h2 = 303.468 // In kJ/kg +x8 = (h7-hf)/hfg +m1=x8 +h5 = (1-m1)*h2 + m1*hg +// By interpolation +s5 = 1.7174 // In kJ/kgK +s6=s5 +h6 = 315.79 // In kJ/kg +m = P/((h6-h5) + (1-m1)*(h2-h1)) +m_e = (1-m1)*m +COP = m_e*(h1-hf)/P +printf("\n The COP of the plant is %f, \n The mass flow rate of refrigerant in the evaporator is %f kg/s",COP,m_e) + + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27ed45a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 14.6 + + The COP of the plant is 5.935060, + The mass flow rate of refrigerant in the evaporator is 3.380453 kg/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e65ca6773 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +tsat = 120.2 // Saturation temperature in degree Celsius +hfg = 2201.9 // Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg +T1 = 120.2 // Generator temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = 30 // Ambient temperature in degree Celsius +Tr = -10 // Operating temperature of refrigerator in degree Celsius +COP_max = (((T1+273)-(T2+273))*(Tr+273))/(((T2+273)-(Tr+273))*(T1+273)) // Ideal coefficient of performance +ACOP = 0.4*COP_max // Actual COP +L = 20 // Refrigeration load in tonnes +Qe = (L*14000)/3600 // Heat extraction in KW +Qg = Qe/ACOP // Heat transfer from generator +x = 0.9 // Quality of refrigerant +H = x*hfg // Heat extraction +SFR = Qg/H // Steam flow rate +printf("\n Example 14.7\n") +printf("\n Steam flow rate required is %f kg/s",SFR) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5e83f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 14.7 + + Steam flow rate required is 0.065053 kg/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4db965fc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Given that +tf = 5 // Temperature of flash chamber in degree celsius +x = 0.98 // Quality of water vapour living the evaporator +t2 = 14 // Returning temperature of chilled water in degree celsius +t0 = 30 // Make up water temperature in degree celsius +m = 12 // Mass flow rate of chilled water in kg/s +nc = 0.8 // Compressor efficiecy +pc = 0.1 // Condenser pressure in bar +printf("\n Example 14.8\n") +//From the steam table +hf = 58.62 // In kJ/kg at 14 degree celsius +hf_ = 20.93 // In kJ/kg at 5 degree celsius +hf__ = 125.73 // In kJ/kg at 30 degree celsius +hv = x*2510.7 +Rc = m*(hf-hf_)/3.5 +m_v = Rc*3.5/(hv-hf__) +// At 0.10 bar +hg = 2800 // In kJ/kg +Win = m_v*(hg-hv)/nc +COP = Rc*3.5/Win +printf("\nCOP of the system is %f",COP) + + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e00a100 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 14.8 + +COP of the system is 5.501407 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1bb85481 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +T1 = 4 // Compressor inlet temperature in degree Celsius +T3 = 55 // Cooling limit in heat exchanger in degree Celsius +rp = 3 // Pressure ratio +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +cp = 1.005 // Constant volume heat capacity +L = 3 // Cooling load in tonnes of refrigeration +nc = 0.72 // compressor efficiency +T2s = (T1+273)*(rp^((g-1)/g)) // Ideal temperature after compression +T2 = (T1+273)+(T2s-T1-273)/nc // Actual temperature after compression +T4s = (T3+273)/(rp^((g-1)/g)) // Ideal temperature after expansion +T34 = 0.78*(T3+273-T4s) // Change in temperature during expansion process +T4 = T3+273-T34 // Actual temperature after expansion +COP = (T1+273-T4)/((T2-T1-273)-(T3+273-T4)) // Coefficient of performance of cycle +P = (L*14000)/(COP*3600) // Driving power required +m = (L*14000)/(cp*(T1+273-T4)) // Mass flow rate of air +printf("\n Example 14.9\n") +printf("\n COP of the refrigerator is %f",COP) +printf("\n Driving power required is %f kW",P) +printf("\n Mass flow rate is %f kg/s",m/3600) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.txt b/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..138c06990 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 14.9 + + COP of the refrigerator is 0.245732 + Driving power required is 47.477199 kW + Mass flow rate is 0.647683 kg/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91dc723cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +Ps = 0.033363 //Saturation pressure in bar +P = 1.0132 // Atmospheric pressure in bar +W2 = (0.622*Ps)/(P-Ps) // mass fraction of moisture +hfg2 = 2439.9 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +hf2 = 109.1 // Enthalpy of liquid moisture in kJ/kg +cpa = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity in kJ/kg +hg = 2559.9 // Enthalpy of gas moisture in kJ/kg +hw1 = hg // constant enthalpy +T2 = 26 // wbt in degree Celsius +T1 = 32 // dbt in degree Celsius +W1 = (cpa*(T2-T1)+(W2*hfg2))/(hw1-hf2) +Pw = ((W1/0.622)*P)/(1+(W1/0.622)) + +Psat = 0.048 // Saturation pressure in bar at 32 degree +fi = Pw/Psat // Relative humidity + +mu = (Pw/Psat)*((P-Psat)/(P-Pw)) // Degree of Saturation +Pa = P-Pw // Air pressure +Ra = 0.287 // Gase constant +Tdb = T1+273 // dbt in K +rho_a = (Pa*100)/(Ra*Tdb) // Density of air +rho_w = W1*rho_a // Water vapor density +ta = 32 // air temperature in degree Celsius +tdb = 32 // dbt in degree Celsius +tdp = 24.1// Dew point temperature in degree Celsius +h = cpa*ta + W1*(hg+1.88*(tdb-tdp)) +printf("\n Example 15.1\n") +printf("\n Specific humidity is %f kg vap./kg dry air",W1) +printf("\n Partial pressure of water vapour is %f bar",Pw) +printf("\n Dew point temperature is %f degree celcius",tdp) +printf("\n Relative humidity is %f percent ",fi*100) +printf("\n Degree of saturation is %f ",mu) +printf("\n Density of dry air is %f kg/m^3",rho_a) +printf("\n Density of water vapor is %f kg/m^3",rho_w) +printf("\n Enthalpy of the mixture is %f kJ/kg",h) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb1f7ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + Example 15.1 + + Specific humidity is 0.018624 kg vap./kg dry air + Partial pressure of water vapour is 0.029456 bar + Dew point temperature is 24.100000 degree celcius + Relative humidity is 61.366059 percent + Degree of saturation is 0.602093 + Density of dry air is 1.123830 kg/m^3 + Density of water vapor is 0.020930 kg/m^3 + Enthalpy of the mixture is 80.112696 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeab29118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// Given that +c = 75 // Capacity of classroom in no of perasons +DBT1 = 10 // Outdoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +WBT1 = 8 // Outdoor Wet bulb temperature in degree celsius +DBT2 = 20 // Indoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +RH2 = 50 // Relative humidity in percentage +x =0.5 // Bypass factor +f = 0.3 // Air flow rate per person in cmm +printf("\n Example 15.10 \n") +// From the psychrometric chart +W1 = 0.0058 // In kg moisture/kg d.a. +h1 = 24.5 // In kJ/kg +h2 = 39.5 // In kJ/kg +h3 = h2 +W3 = 0.0074 // In kg moisture/kg d.a. +t2 = 25 // In degree celsius +v1 = .81 // In m^3/kg d.a. +G = f*c/v1 +C = G*(h2-h1)/60 +t4 = (t2-x*DBT1)/(1-x) +ts = t4 +C_H = G*(W3-W1)*60 +printf("\n Capacity of heating coil is %f kW,\n Surface temperature of heating coil is %d degree celsius,\n Capacity of humidifier is %f kg/h ",C,ts,C_H) + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c8eac065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 15.10 + + Capacity of heating coil is 6.944444 kW, + Surface temperature of heating coil is 40 degree celsius, + Capacity of humidifier is 2.666667 kg/h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1df943591 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clc +// Given that +DBT = 31 // Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +WBT = 18.5 // Wet bulb temperature in degree celsius +t = 4.4 // Effective surface temperature of coil in degree celsius +RE = 12.5 // Refrigeration effect by the coil in kW +f= 39.6 // Air flow rate in cmm +printf("\n Example 15.11 \n") +// From the fig. given in the example +ws = 5.25 //In g/kg d.a. +hs = 17.7 //In kJ/kg d.a. +v1 = 0.872 // In m^3/kg d.a. +h1 = 52.5 // In kJ/kg d.a. +w1 = 8.2 // In g/kg d.a. +G = f/v1 +h2 = h1-(RE*60)/G +w2 = w1-((h1-h2)/(h1-hs))*(w1-ws) +// From the psychrometric chart +t2 = 18.6 // In degree celsius +t_ = 12.5 // In degree celsius +x = (h2-hs)/(h1-hs) +printf("\n DBT of air leaving the coil is %f degree celsius,\n WBT of air leaving the coil is %f degree celsius,\n Coil bypass factor is %f ",t2,t_,x) +// Answer varies due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce931441d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 15.11 + + DBT of air leaving the coil is 18.600000 degree celsius, + WBT of air leaving the coil is 12.500000 degree celsius, + Coil bypass factor is 0.525427 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237e297a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clc +// Given that +c = 75 // Capacity of classroom in no of persons +DBT1 = 35 // Outdoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +RH1 = 70 // Outdoor relative humidity in percentage +DBT2 = 20 // Indoor Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +RH1 = 60 // Indoor relative humidity in percentage +DPT = 10 // Cooling coil dew point temperature in degree celsius +x =0.25 // Bypass factor +f = 300 // Air flow rate in cmm +printf("\n Example 15.12 \n") +// From the psychrometric chart +W1 = 0.0246 // In kg vap./kg d.a. +h1 = 98 // In kJ/kg +v1 = .907 // In m^3/kg d.a. +h3 = 42 // In kJ/kg +W3 = 0.0088 // In kg moisture/kg d.a. +h2 = 34 // In kJ/kg +hs = 30 // In kJ/kg +t2 = 12 // In degree celsius +G = f/v1 +C = G*(h1-h2)/(60*3.5) +X = (h2-hs)/(h1-hs) +C_ = G*(h3-h2)/60 +t4 = (DBT2-x*t2)/(1-x) +C_H = G*(W1-W3) +printf("\n Capacity of cooling coil is %f tonnes,\n Bypass factor of cooling coil is %f,\n Capacity of heating coil is %f kW,\n Surface temperature of heating coil is %f degree celsius,\n Mass of water vapor removed is %f kg/min ",C,X,C_,t4,C_H) +//Answers varies due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af497396 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Example 15.12 + + Capacity of cooling coil is 100.803276 tonnes, + Bypass factor of cooling coil is 0.058824, + Capacity of heating coil is 44.101433 kW, + Surface temperature of heating coil is 22.666667 degree celsius, + Mass of water vapor removed is 5.226020 kg/min \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2611888c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// at 15 degree Celsius +Psat1 = 0.01705 // Saturation pressure in bar +hg1 = 2528.9 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +// At 35 degree Celsius +Psat2 = 0.05628 // Saturation pressure in bar +hg2 = 2565.3 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +fi1 = 0.55// Humidity ratio at state 1 +Pw1 = fi1*Psat1 // water vapor pressure at state 1 +fi2 = 1 // Humidity ratio at state 2 +Pw2 = fi2*Psat2 // water vapor pressure at state 2 +P = 0.1 // Atmospheric pressure in MPa +W1 = (0.622*Pw1)/(P*10-Pw1) +W2 = (0.622*Pw2)/(P*10-Pw2) +MW = W2-W1 // unit mass flow rate of water +t2 = 35 // Air exit temperature in degree Celsius +t1 = 14 // make up water inlet temperature in degree Celsius +m_dot = 2.78 // water flow rate in kg/s +cpa = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat capacity ratio in kJ/kg +h43 = 35*4.187 // Enthalpy change +h5 = 14*4.187 // Enthalpy at state 5in kJ/kg +m_dot_w = (-(W2-W1)*h5 - W1*hg1 + W2*hg2 + cpa*(t2-t1))/(h43) +R = m_dot/m_dot_w +MW = (W2-W1)*R //Make up water flow rate +RWA = R*(1+W1) +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +V_dot = (RWA*R*(t1+273))/(P*1e03) // Volume flow rate of air +printf("\n Example 15.13\n") +printf("\n Make up water flow rate is %f kg/s",MW) +printf("\n Volume flow rate of air is %f m^3/s",V_dot) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2afb81ba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 15.13 + + Make up water flow rate is 0.127715 kg/s + Volume flow rate of air is 3.390952 m^3/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1850b3861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +Ps = 2.339 // Satutation pressure in kPa +P = 100 // Atmospheric pressure in kPa +W2 = (0.622*Ps)/(P-Ps) // Specific humidity +hfg2 = 2454.1 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +hf2 = 83.96 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +cpa = 1.005 // COnstant pressure heat capacity of air +hw1 = 2556.3// ENthalpy of water +T2 = 20 // Exit tempeature of mixture in degree Celsius +T1 = 30 // Inlet tempeature of mixture in degree Celsius +W1 = (cpa*(T2-T1)+(W2*hfg2))/(hw1-hf2) // Specific humidity at inlet +Pw1 = ((W1/0.622)*P)/(1+(W1/0.622)) // pressure due to moisture +Ps1 = 4.246 // Saturation pressure in kPa +fi = (Pw1/Ps1) // Humidity ratio + +printf("\n Example 15.2\n") +printf("\n Humidity ratio of inlet mixture is %f kg vap./kg dry air",W1) +printf("\n Relative humidity is %f percent",fi*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..243449dac --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 15.2 + + Humidity ratio of inlet mixture is 0.010722 kg vap./kg dry air + Relative humidity is 39.910625 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bf036a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +Psat = 2.339 // Saturation pressure in kPa +fi3 = 0.50 // Humidity ratio +P = 101.3 // Atmospheric pressure in kPa +cp = 1.005 // Constant pressure heat addition in kJ/kg +Pw3 = fi3*Psat // Vapor pressure +Pa3 = P-Pw3 // Air pressure +W3 = 0.622*(Pw3/Pa3) // Specific humidity +Psa1_1 = 0.7156 // Saturation pressure in kPa +Pw1 = 0.7156 // moister pressure in kPa +Pa1 = P-Pw1 // Air pressure +W1 = 0.622*(Pw1/Pa1) // Specific humidity +W2 = W1 // Constant humidity process +T3 = 293 // Temperature at state 3 in K +Ra = 0.287 // Gas constant +Pa3 = 100.13 // Air pressure at state 3 +va3 = (Ra*T3)/Pa3 // volume of air at state 3 +SW = (W3-W1)/va3 // spray water +tsat = 9.65 // Saturation temperature in K +hg = 2518 // Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg +h4 = 10 // Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +t3 = T3-273 +t2 = ( W3*(hg+1.884*(t3-tsat))-W2*(hg-1.884*tsat) + cp*t3 - (W3-W2)*h4 )/ (cp+W2*1.884) +printf("\n Example 15.3\n") +printf("\n Mass of spray water required is %f kg moisture/m^3",SW) +printf("\n Temperature to which air must be heated is %f degree celcius",t2) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c043b7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 15.3 + + Mass of spray water required is 0.003381 kg moisture/m^3 + Temperature to which air must be heated is 27.082721 degree celcius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a426ce861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +h1 = 82 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 52 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +h3 = 47 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +h4 = 40// Enthalpy at state 4 in kJ/kg +W1 = 0.020 // Specific humidity at state 1 +W2 = 0.0115// Specific humidity at state 2 +W3 = W2 // Constant humidity process +v1 = 0.887 // Specific volume at state 1 +v = 3.33 // amount of free sir circulated +G = v/v1 // air flow rate +CC = (G*(h1-h3)*3600)/14000 // Capacity of the heating Cooling coil +R = G*(W1-W3) // Rate of water vapor removal +HC = G*(h2-h3) //Capacity of the heating coil +printf("\n Example 15.4\n") +printf("\n Capacity of the cooling coil is %f tonnes",CC) +printf("\n Capacity of the heating coil is %f kW",HC) +printf("\n Rate of water vapor removal is %f kg/s",R) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6c0fcc69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + Example 15.4 + + Capacity of the cooling coil is 33.788050 tonnes + Capacity of the heating coil is 18.771139 kW + Rate of water vapor removal is 0.031911 kg/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..488ca095a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +W1 = 0.0058 // Humidity ratio for first stream +W2 = 0.0187 // Humidity ratio for second stream +h1 = 35 // Enthalpy of first stream in kJ/kg +h2 = 90// Enthalpy of second stream in kJ/kg +G12 = 1/2 //ratio +W3 = (W2+G12*W1)/(1+G12) // Final humidity ratio of mixture +h3 = (2/3)*h2 + (1/3)*h1// Final enthalpy of mixture + +printf("\n Example 15.5 \n") +printf("\n Final condition of air is given by") +printf("\n W3 = %f kg vap./kg dry air",W3) +printf("\n h3 = %f kJ/kg dry air",h3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..346d1bfbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 15.5 + + Final condition of air is given by + W3 = 0.014400 kg vap./kg dry air + h3 = 71.666667 kJ/kg dry air \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40eaaa1f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Given that +t = 21 // Temperature in degreee celsius +w = 20 // Relative humidity in percentage +t_ = 21 // Final temperature of air in degree celsius +printf("\n Example 15.6 \n") +// From the psychrometric chart +T2 = 38.5 // In degree celsius +h1_3 = 60.5-42 // In kJ/kg +fi3 = 53 // In percentage +t4 = 11.2 // In degree celsius +W1_2 = 0.0153-0.0083 // In kg vap /kg dry air +printf("\n The temperature of air at the end of the drying process is %f degree celsius,\n Heat rejected during the cooling process is %f kJ/kg,\n The relative humidity is %f percent,\n The dew point temperature at the end of drying process is %f degree celsius,\n The moisture removed during the drying process is %f kg vap/kg dry air",T2,h1_3,fi3,t4,W1_2) + + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca8b19cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Example 15.6 + + The temperature of air at the end of the drying process is 38.500000 degree celsius, + Heat rejected during the cooling process is 18.500000 kJ/kg, + The relative humidity is 53.000000 percent, + The dew point temperature at the end of drying process is 11.200000 degree celsius, + The moisture removed during the drying process is 0.007000 kg vap/kg dry air \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..823519057 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +h1 = 57 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = h1 // Isenthalpic process +h3 = 42 // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +W1 = 0.0065 // Humidity ratio at sate 1 +W2 = 0.0088 // Humidity ratio at sate 2 +W3 = W2 // Constant humidity ratio process +t2 = 34.5 // Temperature at state 2 +v1 = 0.896// Specific volume at state 1 in m^3/kg +n = 1500 // seating capacity of hall +a = 0.3 // amount of outdoor air supplied m^3 per person +G = (n*a)/0.896 // Amount of dry air supplied +CC = (G*(h2-h3)*60)/14000 // Cooling capacity +R = G*(W2-W1)*60 // Capacity of humidifier + +printf("\n Example 15.7 \n") +printf("\n Capacity of the cooling coil is %f tonnes",CC) +printf("\n Capacity of humidifier is %f kg/h",R) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c433e2143 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 15.7 + + Capacity of the cooling coil is 32.286352 tonnes + Capacity of humidifier is 69.308036 kg/h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d966d9ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +twb1 = 15.2// Wbt in degree Celsius +twb2 = 26.7// Wbt in degree Celsius +tw3 = 30 // Temperature at state 3 in degree Celsius +h1 = 43 // Enthalpy at state 1 in kJ/kg +h2 = 83.5 // Enthalpy at state 2 in kJ/kg +hw = 84 // Enthalpy of water in kJ/kg +mw = 1.15 // mass flow rate of water in kg/s +W1 = 0.0088 // Humidity ratio of inlet stream +W2 = 0.0213 // Humidity ratio of exit stream +hw3 = 125.8 // Enthalpy of water entering tower in kJ/kg +hm = 84 // Enthalpy of make up water in kJ/kg +G = 1 // mass flow rate of dry air in kg/s +hw34 = (G/mw)*((h2-h1)-(W2-W1)*hw) // Enthalpy change +tw4 = tw3-(hw34/4.19) // Temperature of water leaving the tower +A = tw4-twb1 //Approach of cooling water +R = tw3-tw4 //Range of cooling water +x = G*(W2-W1) //Fraction of water evaporated + +printf("\n Example 15.8\n") +printf("\n Temperature of water leaving the tower is %f degree celcius",tw4) +printf("\n Range of cooling water is %f degree Celsius",R) +printf("\n Approach of cooling water is %f degree celcius",A) +printf("\n Fraction of water evaporated is %f kg/kg dry air",x) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96da0aab --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 15.8 + + Temperature of water leaving the tower is 21.812805 degree celcius + Range of cooling water is 8.187195 degree Celsius + Approach of cooling water is 6.612805 degree celcius + Fraction of water evaporated is 0.012500 kg/kg dry air \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e1f0735 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// Given that +DBT = 40 // Dry bulb temperature in degree celsius +DBT_ = 25 // Dry bulb temperature after cooling and dehumidification in degree celsius +RH = 70 // Relative humidity in percentage +f = 30 // Air flow rate in cmm +printf("\n Example 15.9 \n") +// From the psychrometric chart +v1 = 0.9125 // In m^3/kg +G = f/v1 +h5 = 41.5 // In kJ/kg +W1 = 0.0182 // In kg vapor/kg dry air +h1 = 86 // In kJ/kg d.a. +W2 = 0.0136 // In kg vapor/kg dry air +h2 = 60 // In kJ/kg +L = G*(h1-h2)/3.5 +Mo = G*(W1-W2) +x = (h2-h5)/(h1-h5) +printf("\n Bypass factor of coolin coil is %f ",x) +// Answer veries due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt b/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc2acd8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 15.9 + + Bypass factor of coolin coil is 0.415730 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..537b5617b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +Hr1 = -249952 // For octane +Hp1 = Hr1 +// Below values are calculated using value from table +T2 = 1000 // Assumed reaction temperature in K +Hp2 = -1226577 // Enthalpy of reaction products +T3 = 1200 // Assumed reaction temperature in K +Hp3 = 46537// Enthalpy of reaction products +T4 = 1100// Assumed reaction temperature in K +Hp4 = -595964 // Enthalpy of reaction products +Hp = [Hp2 Hp3 Hp4] +T = [T2 T3 T4] +T1 = interpln([Hp; T],Hp1) // Interpolation to find temperature at Hp1 +printf("\n Example 16.10 \n") +printf("\n The adiabatic flame temperature is %f K",T1) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af73b6b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 16.10 + + The adiabatic flame temperature is 1153.423024 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9064da22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// Refer table 16.4 for values +T0 = 298 // Atmospheric temperature in K +Wrev = -23316-3*(-394374)-4*(-228583) // Reversible work in kJ/kg mol +Wrev_ = Wrev/44 // Reversible work in kJ/kg +Hr = -103847 // Enthalpy of reactants in kJ/kg +T = 980 // Through trial and error +Sr = 270.019+20*205.142+75.2*191.611 // Entropy of reactants +Sp = 3*268.194 + 4*231.849 + 15*242.855 + 75.2*227.485 // Entropy of products +IE = Sp-Sr // Increase in entropy +I = T0*3699.67/44 // Irreversibility +Si = Wrev_ - I// Availability of products of combustion + +printf("\n Example 16.11 \n") +printf("\n Reversible work is %f kJ/kg",Wrev_) +printf("\n Increase in entropy during combustion is %f kJ/kg mol K",Sp-Sr) +printf("\n Irreversibility of the process %f kJ/kg",I) +printf("\n Availability of products of combustion is %f kJ/kg",Si) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf06b9d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 16.11 + + Reversible work is 47139.500000 kJ/kg + Increase in entropy during combustion is 3699.668800 kJ/kg mol K + Irreversibility of the process 25056.855909 kJ/kg + Availability of products of combustion is 22082.644091 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43700247f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ + +clc +T0 = 298.15 // Environment temperature in K +P0 = 1 // Atmospheric pressure in bar +R = 8.3143// Gas constant +xn2 = 0.7567 // mole fraction of nitrogen +xo2 = 0.2035 // mole fraction of oxygen +xh2o = 0.0312 // mole fraction of water +xco2 = 0.0003// mole fraction of carbon dioxide +// Part (a) +g_o2 = 0 // Gibbs energy of oxygen +g_c = 0 // Gibbs energy of carbon +g_co2 = -394380 // Gibbs energy of carbon dioxide +A = -g_co2 + R*T0*log(xo2/xco2) // Chemical energy + +// Part (b) +g_h2 = 0 // Gibbs energy of hydrogen +g_h2o_g = -228590// // Gibbs energy of water +B = g_h2 + g_o2/2 - g_h2o_g + R*T0*log(xo2^0.5/xh2o) +// Chemical energy +// Part (c) +g_ch4 = -50790 // Gibbs energy of methane +C = g_ch4 + 2*g_o2 - g_co2 - 2*g_h2o_g + R*T0*log((xo2^2)/(xco2*xh2o)) +// Chemical energy +// Part (d) +g_co = -137150// // Gibbs energy of carbon mono oxide +D = g_co + g_o2/2 - g_co2 + R*T0*log((xo2^0.5)/xco2) +// Chemical energy +// Part (e) +g_ch3oh = -166240 // Gibbs energy of methanol +E = g_ch3oh + 1.5*g_o2 - g_co2 - 2*g_h2o_g + R*T0*log((xo2^1.5)/(xco2*(xh2o^2))) +// Chemical energy +// Part (f) +F = R*T0*log(1/xn2) +// Chemical energy +// Part (g) +G = R*T0*log(1/xo2) +// Chemical energy +// Part (h) +H = R*T0*log(1/xco2) +// Chemical energy +// Part (i) +g_h2o_l = -237180 // Gibbs energy of liquid water +I = g_h2o_l - g_h2o_g + R*T0*log(1/xh2o) +// Chemical energy +printf("\n Example 6.12\n") +printf("\n The chemical energy of carbon is %d kJ/k mol",A) +printf("\n The chemical energy of hydrogen is %d kJ/k mol",B) +printf("\n The chemical energy of methane is %d kJ/k mol",C) +printf("\n The chemical energy of Carbon monoxide is %d kJ/k mol",D) +printf("\n The chemical energy of liquid methanol is %d kJ/k mol",E) +printf("\n The chemical energy of nitrogen is %d kJ/k mol",F) +printf("\n The chemical energy of Oxygen is %d kJ/k mol",G) +printf("\n The chemical energy of Carbon dioxide is %d kJ/k mol",H) +printf("\n The chemical energy of Water is %d kJ/k mol",I) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f65e06f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Example 6.12 + + The chemical energy of carbon is 410541 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of hydrogen is 235211 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of methane is 821580 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of Carbon monoxide is 275364 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of liquid methanol is 716698 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of nitrogen is 691 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of Oxygen is 3946 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of Carbon dioxide is 20108 kJ/k mol + The chemical energy of Water is 5 kJ/k mol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc3c7c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + +clc +// Environment +T0 = 298.15 // Environment temperature in K +P0 = 1 // Atmospheric pressure in atm +R = 8.3143// Gas constant +xn2 = 0.7567 // mole fraction of nitrogen +xo2 = 0.2035 // mole fraction of oxygen +xh2o = 0.0312 // mole fraction of water +xco2 = 0.0003// mole fraction of carbon dioxide +xother = 0.0083 // Mole fraction of other gases +// Liquid octane +t1 = 25 // Temperature of liquid octane in degree centigrade +m = 0.57 // Mass flow rate in kg/h +T2 = 670 // Temperature of combustion product at exit in K +x1 = 0.114 // Mole fraction of CO2 +x2 = .029 // Mole fraction of CO +x3 = .016 // Mole fraction of O2 +x4 = .841 // Mole fraction of N2 +Wcv = 1 // Power developed by the engine in kW +printf("\n Example 6.13\n") +// By carbon balance +b = 55.9 +// By hydrogen balance +c=9 +// By oxygen balance +a = 12.58 +Qcv = Wcv- 3845872*(.57/(3600*114.22)) +E = 5407843 // Chemical exergy of C8H18 +nII = Wcv/(E*.57/(3600*114.22)) +printf("\n The rate of heat transfer from the engine = %f kW,\n The second law of efficiency of the engine = %f percent",Qcv,nII*100) + + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..364c35d6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 6.13 + + The rate of heat transfer from the engine = -4.331201 kW, + The second law of efficiency of the engine = 13.339690 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edc4ac5fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +eps_e = 0.27 // Constant +P = 1 // Atmospheric pressure in bar +K = (4*eps_e^2*P)/(1-eps_e^2) +P1 = 100/760 // Pressure in Pa +eps_e_1 = sqrt((K/P1)/(4+(K/P1))) +T1 = 318 // Temperature in K +T2 = 298// Temperature in K +R = 8.3143 // Gas constant +K1 = 0.664 // dissociation constant at 318K +K2 = 0.141// dissociation constant at 298K +dH = 2.30*R*((T1*T2)/(T1-T2))*(log10(K1/K2)) +printf("\n Example 16.2\n") +printf("\n K is %f atm",K) +printf("\n Epsilon is %f ",eps_e_1) +printf("\n The heat of reaction is %d kJ/kg mol",dH) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4875ed02a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 16.2 + + K is 0.314529 atm + Epsilon is 0.611607 + The heat of reaction is 60974 kJ/kg mol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37048e27a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +v1 = 1 // Assumed +v2 = v1// Assumed +v3 = v2 // Assumed +v4 = v2// Assumed +e = 0.56 // Degree of reaction +P = 1 // Dummy +T = 1200 // Reaction temperature in K +R = 8.3143 // Gas constant +x1 = (1-e)/2 // +x2 = (1-e)/2 +x3 = e/2 +x4 = e/2 +K = (((x3^v3)*(x4^v4))/((x1^v1)*(x2^v2)))*P^(v3+v4-v1-v2) // Equilibrium constant +dG = -R*T*log(K) //Gibbs function change + +printf("\n Example 16.3\n") +printf("\n Equilibrium constant is %f",K) +printf("\n Gibbs function change is %fJ/gmol",dG) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd7c8e24b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 16.3 + + Equilibrium constant is 1.619835 + Gibbs function change is -4812.224854J/gmol \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e05a9190 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +Veo = 1.777 // Ve/Vo +e = 1-Veo // Degree of dissociation +P = 0.124 // in atm +K = (4*e^2*P)/(1-e^2) + +printf("\n Example 16.5\n") +printf("\n The value of equillibrium constant is %f atm",K) + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..803694da1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 16.5 + + The value of equillibrium constant is 0.755669 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddbe6b4e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +v1 = 1 // Assumed +v2 = 0 // Assumed +v3 = 1 // Assumed +v4 = 1/2// Assumed +dH = 250560 // Enthalpy change in j/gmol +e = 3.2e-03 // Constant +R = 8.3143 // Gas constant +T = 1900 // Reaction temperature +Cp = ((dH^2)*(1+e/2)*e*(1+e))/(R*T^2*(v1+v2)*(v3+v4)) +printf("\n Example 16.6\n") +printf("\n Cp is %f J/g mol K",Cp) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a05893b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 16.6 + + Cp is 4.483644 J/g mol K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6865ef847 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +a = 21.89 // stochiometric coefficient +y = 18.5 // stochiometric coefficient +x = 8.9 // stochiometric coefficient +PC = 100*(x*12)/((x*12)+(y)) // Carbon percentage +PH = 100-PC // Hydrogen percentage +AFR = ((32*a)+(3.76*a*28))/((12*x)+y) //Air fuel ratio +EAU = (8.8*32)/((21.89*32)-(8.8*32)) // Excess air used + +printf("\n Example 16.7\n") +printf("\n The composition of fuel is %f percent Hydrogen and %f percent Carbon",PH,PC) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n Air fuel ratio is %f ",AFR) +printf("\n Percentage of excess air used is %f percent",EAU*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21e04a680 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 16.7 + + The composition of fuel is 14.764565 percent Hydrogen and 85.235435 percent Carbon + Air fuel ratio is 23.982915 + Percentage of excess air used is 67.226891 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1781aa4c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +hf_co2 = -393522 // Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol +hf_h20 = -285838// Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol +hf_ch4 = -74874// Enthalpy of reaction in kJ/kg mol +D = hf_co2 + (2*hf_h20) //Heat transfer +QCV = D-hf_ch4 // Q_cv + +printf("\n Example 16.8\n") +printf("\n Heat transfer per kg mol of fuel is %d kJ",D) +printf("\n Q_cv is %d kJ",QCV) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4008571bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 16.8 + + Heat transfer per kg mol of fuel is -965198 kJ + Q_cv is -890324 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04f7f737c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +// Below values are taken from table +Hr = -249952+(18.7*560)+(70*540) +Hp = 8*(-393522+20288)+9*(-241827+16087)+6.25*14171+70*13491 +Wcv = 150 // Energy out put from engine in kW +Qcv = -205 // Heat transfer from engine in kW +n = (Wcv-Qcv)*3600/(Hr-Hp) +printf("\n Example 16.9 \n") +printf("\n Fuel consumption rate is %f kg/h",n*114) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt b/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8f33c6db --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 16.9 + + Fuel consumption rate is 38.513175 kg/h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3685/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b7f4636d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc +t0 = 37 // Stangnation temperature in degree Celsius +P = 40 // Duct static pressure in kPa +g = 1.4 // Heat capacity ratio +function [x] = speed(a,b,f) + N = 100 + eps = 1e-5; + if((f(a)*f(b))>0) then + error('no root possible f(a)*f(b)>0'); + abort; + end; + if(abs(f(a))0) + c = (a+b)/2 + if(abs(f(c))10 cm +N1 = N0*(exp(-1)) +// For x>20 cm +N2 = N0*(exp(-2)) +// For x>50 cm +N3 = N0*(exp(-5)) +function y=f(x), y = (-N0/lambda)*(exp((-x)/lambda)), +endfunction +// For 5>x>10 cm +N4 = intg(x4,x1,f) +// For 9.5>x>10.5 cm +N5 = intg(x5,x6,f) +// For 9.9>x>10.1 cm +N6 = intg(x7,x8,f) +// For x=10 cm +N7 = intg(x1,x1,f) +printf("\n The no of free paths which are longer than, \n 10 cm = %d,\n 20 cm = %d,\n 50 cm = %d,\n\n The no of free paths which are between,\n 5 cm and 10 cm = %d,\n 9.5 cm and 10.5 cm = %d,\n 9.9 cm and 10.1 cm = %d,\n\n The no of free paths which are exactly 10 cm = %d",ceil(N1),ceil(N2),ceil(N3),floor(N4),floor(N5),floor(N6),N7) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..689670d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + Example 22.3 + + The no of free paths which are longer than, + 10 cm = 3679, + 20 cm = 1354, + 50 cm = 68, + + The no of free paths which are between, + 5 cm and 10 cm = -2387, + 9.5 cm and 10.5 cm = -369, + 9.9 cm and 10.1 cm = -74, + + The no of free paths which are exactly 10 cm = 0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f0c02421 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +// Given that +p = 1 // Pressure in atm +t = 300 // Temperature in K +printf("\n Example 22.4 \n") +// From previous example, we have +m = 5.31e-26 // In kg/molecule +v = 445 // In m/s +sigma = 3.84e-19 // In m^2 +// Therefore +mu = (1/3)*(m*v/sigma) +printf("\n Coefficient of viscosity = %e Ns/m^2",mu) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..420d65dcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 22.4 + + Coefficient of viscosity = 2.051172e-05 Ns/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c970abff --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// Given that +p = 1 // Pressure in atm +t = 300 // Temperature in K +F = 5 // For oxygen gas degree of freedom +printf("\n Example 22.5 \n") +v = 445 // In m/s as given in the book +m = 5.31e-26 // Mass of oxygen molecule in kg +sigma = 3.84e-19 // As given in the book in m^2 +k = (1/6)*(v*F*(1.38*10^-23))/sigma +// If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution, +k_ = (1/3)*(F*(1.38*10^-23)/sigma)*((1.38*10^-23)*t/(%pi*m))^(1/2) +printf("\n Thermal conductivity = %f W/mK,\n If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution,\n Thermal conductivity = %f W/mK",k,k_) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491012160 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 22.5 + + Thermal conductivity = 0.013327 W/mK, + If the gas has Maxwellian velocity distribution, + Thermal conductivity = 0.009436 W/mK \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f803f6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +// Given that +F = .90 // Fraction of electrons leaving the cathode ray reach the anode without making a collision +x = 0.2 // Distance between cathode ray and anode in m +d = 3.6e-10 // Diameter of ion in m +t = 2000 // Temperature of electron in K +printf("\n Example 22.6 \n") +lambda = x/(log(1/F)) +sigma = %pi*(d^2) +n = 4/(sigma*lambda) +p = n*(1.38*10^-23)*(t) +printf("\n Pressure in the cathode ray tube = %f Pa",p) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9f0f439 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 22.6 + + Pressure in the cathode ray tube = 0.142844 Pa \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..642691d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// Given that +V = 1 // Volume of the flask in litre +p = 1 // Pressure in atm +t = 300 // Temperature in K +r = 1.8e-10 // Radius of oxygen gas molecule in m +m = 5.31e-26 // Mass of oxygen molecule in kg +printf("\n Example 22.7 \n") +n = (p*(1.013e5))/((1.38e-23)*(t)*1000) +sigma = 4*%pi*(r^2) +v = ((8*(1.38e-23)*t)/(%pi*m))^(1/2) +z = sigma*n*v*1000 +N = (1/4)*(n*0.1*v) +printf("\n No of collisions per sec are made by one molecule with the other molecule = %e,\nThe no of molecules strike the flask per sq. cm = %e,\n No of molecules in the flask = %e",z,N,n) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bd465fad --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 22.7 + + No of collisions per sec are made by one molecule with the other molecule = 4.439018e+09, +The no of molecules strike the flask per sq. cm = 2.725663e+23, + No of molecules in the flask = 2.446860e+22 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f731f6e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +// Given that +lambda = 2 // Mean free path in cm +T = 300 // Temperature in K +r = 0.5 // As half of the molecules did not make any collision +printf("\n Example 22.8 \n") +x = lambda*(log(1/r)) +v = 445.58 // For oxygen at 300K in m/s +t = x/(v*100) +printf("\n Time = %e s",t) + diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b49c810 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 22.8 + + Time = 3.111213e-05 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce b/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09a2687b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +// Given that +f = 0.9 // Fraction of electrons leaving the cathode ray and reaching the anode without making any collision +x = 20 // Distance between cathode ray tube and anode in cm +sigma = 4.07e-19 // Collision cross section of molecules in m^2 +T = 2000 // Temperature in K +printf("\n Example 22.9 \n") +lambda = (x*0.01)/(log(1/f)) +n = 1/(sigma*lambda) +p = n*(1.38e-23)*T +printf("\n Pressure = %e N/m^2",p) +// The answer given in the book contains round off error. diff --git a/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.txt b/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a2754039 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 22.9 + + Pressure = 3.572420e-02 N/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..461af516d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +dV = 0.5 // Change in volume in m^3 +P = 101.325e03 // Atmospheric pressure in N/m^2 +Wd = P*dV // Work done in J +printf("\n Example 3.1") +printf("\n The amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon is %f kJ",Wd/1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f527e33e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 3.1 + The amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the balloon is 50.662500 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0be14e053 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +dV = 0.6 // Volumetric change in m^3 +P = 101.325e03 // Atmospheric pressure in N/m^2 +Wd = P*dV // Work done in J +printf("\n Example 3.2") +printf("\n The displacement work done by the air is %f kJ",Wd/1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33855a9a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 3.2 + The displacement work done by the air is 60.795000 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..689a33c77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// Given that +T = 1.275 // Torque acting against the fluid in mN +N = 10000 // Number of revolutions +W1 = 2*%pi*T*1e-3*N // Work done by stirring device upon the system +P = 101.325e03 // Atmospheric pressure in kN/m^2 +d = 0.6 // Piston diameter in m +A = (%pi/4)*(d)^2 // Piston area in m +L = 0.80 // Displacement of diameter in m +W2 = (P*A*L)/1000 // Work done by the system on the surroundings i KJ +W = -W1+W2 // net work transfer for the system + +printf("\n Example 3.3") +printf("\n The net work transfer for the system is %f kJ",W) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddad22396 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 3.3 + The net work transfer for the system is -57.191438 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65418dd90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// Given that +ad = 5.5e-04 // Area of indicator diagram in m^2 +ld = 0.06 // Length of diagram in m +k = 147 // Spring value in MPa/m +w = 150 // Speed of engine in revolution per minute +L = 1.2 // Stroke of piston in m +d = 0.8 // Diameter of the cylinder in m +A = (%pi/4)*(0.8^2) // Area of cylinder +Pm = (ad/ld)*k // Effective pressure in MPa +W1 = Pm*L*A*w // Work done in 1 minute MJ +W = (12*W1)/60 // The rate of work transfer gas to the piston in MJ/s + +printf("\n Example 3.4") +printf("\n The rate of work transfer from gas to the piston is %d kW",W*1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79db85860 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 3.4 + The rate of work transfer from gas to the piston is 24383 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d02dd3a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +//Given that +m = 5 // mass flow rate in tones/h +Ti = 15 // Initial temperature in degree Celsius +tp = 1535 // Phase change temperature in degree Celsius +Tf = 1650 // Final temperature in degree Celsius +Lh = 270 // Latent heat of iron in kJ/Kg +ml = 29.93 // Specific heat of iron in liquid phase in kJ/Kg +ma = 56 // Atomic weight of iron +sh = 0.502 // Specific heat of iron in solid phase in kJ/Kg +d = 6900 // Density of molten metal in kg/m^3 +n=0.7 // furnace efficiency +l_d_ratio = 2 // length to diameter ratio +printf("\n Example 3.5") +h1 = sh*(tp-Ti) // Heat required to raise temperature +h2 = Lh // Heat consumed in phase change +h3 = ml*(Tf-tp)/ma // Heat consumed in raising temperature of molten mass +h = h1+h2+h3 // Heat required per unit mass +Hi = h*m*1e3 // Ideal heat requirement +H = Hi/(n*3600) // Actual heat requirement +V = (3*m)/d // Volume required in m^3 +d = (4*V/(%pi*l_d_ratio))^(1/3) // Diameter of furnace +l = d*l_d_ratio // Length of furnace +printf("\n Rating of furnace would be %f *1e3 kW",H/1e3) +printf("\n Diameter of furnace is %f m",d) +printf("\n Length of furnace is %f m",l) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c58a0b917 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Example 3.5 + Rating of furnace would be 2.171634 *1e3 kW + Diameter of furnace is 0.111440 m + Length of furnace is 0.222880 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ee00217f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// Given that +SH = 0.9 // Specific heat of aluminium in solid state in kJ/kgK +L = 390 // Latent heat in kJ/kg +aw = 27 // Atomic weight +D = 2400 // Density in molten state in kg/m^3 +Tf = 700 // Final temperature in degree Celsius +Tm = 660 // Melting point of aluminium in degree Celsius +Ti = 15 // Initial temperature in degree Celsius +HR = SH*(Tm-Ti)+L+(29.93/27)*(Tf-Tm) // Heat requirement +HS = HR/0.7 // Heat supplied +RM = 2.17e3*3600/HS // From the data of problem 3.7 +V = 2.18 // Volume in m^3 +M = V*D +printf("\n Example 3.6") +printf("\n Rate at which aluminium can be melted is %f tonnes/h",RM/1e3) +printf("\n Mass of aluminium that can be held in furnace is %f tonnes",M/1e3) + + diff --git a/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt b/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad5afc901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Example 3.6 + Rate at which aluminium can be melted is 5.388432 tonnes/h + Mass of aluminium that can be held in furnace is 5.232000 tonnes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f60211655 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +V1 = 0.3 // Initial volume in m^3 +V2 = 0.15 // Final volume in m^3 +P = 0.105 // Initial Pressure in MPa +Q = -37.6 // Heat transferred in kJ +W = P*(V2-V1)*1e6 // Work done +U = Q*1e3-W // Internal energy change +printf("\n Example 4.1") +printf("\n The internal energy of the gas decrease by %f kJ in the process.",abs(U)/1e3) + diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..128460bec --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 4.1 + The internal energy of the gas decrease by 21.850000 kJ in the process. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fdbe4dc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +Qacb = 84 // Heat transfer along the path acb in kJ +Wacb = 32 // Work done along the path acb in kJ +Uba = Qacb-Wacb // Ub-Ua +// Part (a) +Wadb = 10.5 // Work done along the path adb in kJ +Qadb = Uba+Wadb // Heat flow into the system along the path adb +printf("\n Example 4.2") +printf("\n The heat flow into the system along the path adb is %f kJ.",Qadb) + + +// Part (b) +Wb_a = -21 // work done along the path ba in kJ +Uab = - Uba // Change in internal energy along the path ab in kJ +Qb_a = Uab+Wb_a // Heat liberated along the path b-a +printf("\n The heat liberated along the path b-a is %d kJ.",Qb_a) + +// Part (c) +Wdb = 0 // Constant volume +Wad = 10.5 // work done along the path ad in kJ +Wadb = Wdb-Wad // work done along the path adb in kJ +Ud = 42 +Ua = 0 +Qad = Ud-Ua+Wad // Heat flow into the system along the path ad in kJ +Qdb = Qadb-Qad //Heat flow into the system along the path db in kJ +printf("\n The heat absorbed in the path ad and db are %f kJ nd %d kJ respectively.",Qad,Qdb) diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..097f199f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 4.2 + The heat flow into the system along the path adb is 62.500000 kJ. + The heat liberated along the path b-a is -73 kJ. + The heat absorbed in the path ad and db are 52.500000 kJ nd 10 kJ respectively. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47445d284 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// Process a-b +Qab = 0 // Heat transfer along the path ab in kJ/ min +Wab = 2170 // Work transfer along the path ab in kJ/min +Eab = Qab-Wab // Change in internal energy along the path ab in kJ/min +// Process b-c +Qbc = 21000 // Heat transfer along the path bc in kJ/ min +Wbc = 0 // Work transfer along the path bc in kJ/min +Ebc = Qbc-Wbc // Change in internal energy along the path bc in kJ/min +// Process c-d +Qcd = -2100 // Heat transfer along the path cd in kJ/ min +Ecd = -36600 // Change in internal energy along the path cd in kJ/min +Wcd = Qcd-Ecd // Work transfer along the path cd in kJ/min +// Process d-a +Q = -17000 // Total heat transfer in kJ/min +Qda = Q-Qab-Qbc-Qcd // Heat transfer along the path da in kJ/ min +Eda = -Eab-Ebc-Ecd // Change in internal energy along the path da in kJ/min +Wda = Qda-Eda // Work transfer along the path da in kJ/min +printf("\n Example 4.3") + +M = [Qab Wab Eab ; Qbc Wbc Ebc; Qcd Wcd Ecd; Qda Wda Eda]; +disp(M,"The completed table is:") +W = Qab+Qbc+Qcd+Qda +printf("\n Net rate of work output is %f kW",W/60) + diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12bd3b410 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + Example 4.3 + The completed table is: + + 0. 2170. - 2170. + 21000. 0. 21000. + - 2100. 34500. - 36600. + - 35900. - 53670. 17770. + + Net rate of work output is -283.333333 kW . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e737767 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +m = 3 // mass of substance in kg +V1 = 0.22 // Initial volume of system in m^3 +P1 = 500 // Initial pressure of system in kPa +P2 = 100 // Final pressure of system in kPa +V2 = V1*(P1/P2)^(1/1.2) // Final volume of system +dU = 3.56*(P2*V2-P1*V1) // Change in internal energy of substance in kJ/kg +n = 1.2 // polytropic index +W = (P2*V2-P1*V1)/(1-n) // work done in process +Q = dU+W // Heat addition in process + +printf("\n Example 4.4") +printf("\n Part A:") +printf("\n For the quasi static process is: \n ") +printf("Q: %fkJ",Q) +printf("\n dU: %fkJ",dU) +printf("\n W: %fkJ",W) +//The provided in the textbook is wrong +// Part (b) +printf("\n\n Part B:") +Qb = 30 // heat transfer in kJ +Wb = Qb-dU // Work done in kJ +printf("\n Work transfer for the process is %fkJ.",Wb) +//The answers vary due to round off error +// Part (c) +printf("\n\n Part C:") +printf("\n Wb is not equal to integral(p*dv) since the process is not quasi static.") + diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a4d2cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + Example 4.4 + Part A: + For the quasi static process is: + Q: 37.267641kJ + dU: -92.133889kJ + W: 129.401530kJ + + Part B: + Work transfer for the process is 122.133889kJ. + + Part C: + Wb is not equal to integral(p*dv) since the process is not quasi static. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70775eda9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +V1 = 0.03 // initial volume in m^3 +P1 = 170 // Initial pressure in kPa +P2 = 400 // Final pressure in kPa +V2 = 0.06 // Final volume in m^3 +U = 3.15*(P2*V2-P1*V1) // internal energy in kJ +B = [P1 P2]' +A = [1 V1 ; 1 V2] +x = inv(A)*B +a = x(1) ; b = x(2) +function P=pressure(V) + P = a+b*V +endfunction +W = intg(V1,V2,pressure) +Q = U+W // heat flow into the system in kJ + +printf("\n Example 4.5") +printf("\n The work done by the system is %f kJ",W) +printf("\n The heat flow into the system is %f kJ",Q) + + diff --git a/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt b/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aad10523c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Example 4.5 + The work done by the system is 8.550000 kJ + The heat flow into the system is 68.085000 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4af3c057e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clc +// Part(a) +V1 = 0.95 // Inlet volume flow rate in m^3/kg +P1 = 100 // Pressure at inlet in kPa +v1 = 7 // velocity of flow at inlet in m/s +V2 = 0.19 // Exit volume flow rate in m^3/kg +P2 = 700 // Pressure at exit in kPa +v2 = 5 // velocity of flow at exit in m/s +w = 0.5 // mass flow rate in kg/s +u21 = 90 // change in internal energy in kJ/kg +Q = -58 // Heat transfer in kW +W = - w*( u21 + (P2*V2-P1*V1) + ((v2^2-v1^2)/2) ) + Q // W = dW/dt +printf("\n Example 5.1") +printf("\n The rate of work input is %d kW",abs(W)) +//The answers given in textbook is wrong +// Part (b) +A = (v2/v1)*(V1/V2) // A = A1/A2 +d_ratio = sqrt(A) // d = d1/d2 + +printf("\n The ratio of the inlet pipe diameter and outlet pipe diameter is %f ",d_ratio) + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66ec90a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Example 5.1 + The rate of work input is 116 kW + The ratio of the inlet pipe diameter and outet pipe diameter is 1.889822 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73f3f27e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +V1 = 0.37 // volume flow rate at inlet in m^3/kg +P1 = 600// Inlet pressure in kPa +v1 = 16 // Inlet velocity of flow in m/s +V2 = 0.62 // volume flow rate at exit in m^3/kg +P2 = 100// Exit pressure in kPa +v2 = 270 // Exit velocity of flow in m/s +Z1 = 32 // Height of inlet port from datum in m +Z2 = 0 //Height of exit port from datum in m +g = 9.81 // Acceleration due to gravity +Q = -9 // Heat transfer in kJ/kg +W = 135 // Work transfer in kJ/kg +U12 = (P2*V2-P1*V1) + ((v2^2-v1^2)/2000) + (Z2-Z1)*g*1e-3 + W - Q // Change in internal energy in kJ + +printf("\n Example 5.2") +printf("\n The internal energy decreases by %f kJ",U12) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f3ac9fca --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 5.2 + The internal energy decreases by 20.008080 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f450d75ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +P1 = 4 // Boiler pressure in MPa +t1 = 400 // Exit temperature at boiler in degree Celsius +h1 = 3213 // Enthalpy at boiler exit in kJ/kg +V1 = 0.073 // specific volume at boiler exit in m^3/kg +P2 = 3.5 // Pressure at turbine end in MPa +t2 = 392 // Turbine exit temperature in degree Celsius +h2 = 3202 // Enthalpy at turbine exit in kJ/kg +V2 = 0.084 // specific volume at turbine exit in m^3/kg +Q = -8.5 // Heat loss from pipeline in kJ/kg +v1 = sqrt((2*(h1-h2+Q)*1e3)/(1.15^2-1)) // velocity of flow in m/s +A1 = (%pi/4)*0.2^2 // Area of pipe in m^2 +w = (A1*v1)/V1 // steam flow rate in Kg/s + +printf("\n Example 5.3") +printf("\n The steam flow rate is %f Kg/s",w) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0153c824 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 5.3 + The steam flow rate is 53.585484 Kg/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e9fb68b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +h1 = 313.93 // Enthalpy of water at heater inlet in kJ/kg +h2 = 2676 // Enthalpy of hot water at temperature 100.2 degree Celsius +h3 = 419 //Enthalpy of water at heater inlet in kJ/kg +w1 = 4.2 // mass flow rate in kg/s + +printf("\n Example 5.4") +w2 = w1*(h3-h1)/(h2-h3)// Steam rate +printf("\n The amount of heat that should be supplied is %d Kg/h", w2*3600) + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51f950c67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + + Example 5.4 + The amount of heat that should be supplied is 703 Kg/h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5281e142 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +t1 = 15 // Heat exchanger inlet temperature in degree Celsius +t2 = 800 // Heat exchanger exit temperature in degree Celsius +t3 = 650 // Turbine exit temperature in degree Celsius +t4 = 500 // Nozzle exit temperature in degree Celsius +v1 = 30 // Velocity of steam at heat exchanger inlet in m/s +v2 = 30// Velocity of steam at turbine inlet in m/s +v3 = 60 // Velocity of steam at nozzle inlet in m/s +w = 2 // mass flow rate in kg/s +cp = 1005 // Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK + +printf("\n Example 5.5") +Q1_2 = w*cp*(t2-t1) // rate of heat transfer +printf("\n The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is %d kJ/s",Q1_2/1e3) + +W_T = w*( ((v2^2-v3^2)/2) + cp*(t2-t3)) // power output from the turbine +printf("\n The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss is %f kW",W_T/1000) +v4 = sqrt( (v3^2) + (2*cp*(t3-t4)) ) // velocity at the exit of the nozzle +printf("\n The velocity at the exit of the nozzle is %d m/s",v4) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d653fca16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + + Example 5.5 + The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is 1577 kJ/s + The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss is 298.800000 kW + The velocity at the exit of the nozzle is 552 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9a9dee63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +ha = 260 // Enthalpy of air in kJ/kg +hg = 912 // Enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg +Va = 270 // Velocity of air in m/s +wf = 0.0190 // mass of fuel in Kg +wa = 1 // mass of air in Kg +Ef = 44500 // Chemical energy of fuel in kJ/kg +Q = 21 // Heat loss from the engine in kJ/kg + +printf("\n Example 5.6") +Eg = 0.05*wf*Ef/(1+wf) // As 5% of chemical energy is not released in reaction +wg = wa+wf // mass of flue gas +Vg = sqrt(2000*(((ha+(Va^2*0.001)/2+(wf*Ef)-Q)/(1+wf))-hg-Eg)) + +printf("\n Velocity of exhaust gas is %d m/s",Vg) +//Answer given in textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b40920fa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 5.6 + Velocity of exhaust gas is 541 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08c9d1c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// Given that +V = 0.12 // Volume of tank in m^3 +p = 1 // Pressure in MPa +T = 150 // Temperature in degree centigrade +P = 0.1 // Power to peddle wheel in kW +printf("\n Example 5.8") +u0 = 0.718*273 // Internal energy at 0 degree Celsius +// Function for internal energy of gas +t=poly(0,"t") +u = u0+(0.718*t) +pv = 0.287*(273+t) +U=horner(u,T) +PV = horner(pv,T) +hp = U+PV // At 150 degree centigrade +m_a = P/hp +printf("\n The rate at which air flows out of the tank is %f kg/h",m_a*3600) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..438906074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 5.8 + The rate at which air flows out of the tank is 0.846830 kg/h \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..913e36b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +T1 = 800 // Source temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = 30 // Sink temperature in degree Celsius +e_max = 1-((T2+273)/(T1+273)) // maximum possible efficiency +Wnet = 1 // in kW +Q1 = Wnet/e_max // Least rate of heat required in kJ/s +Q2 = Q1-Wnet // Least rate of heat rejection kJ/s + +printf("\n Example 6.1") +printf("\n Least rate of heat rejection is %f kW",Q2) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f6bbcd84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 6.1 + Least rate of heat rejection is 0.393506 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..512dfdf2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +T1 = -15 // Source temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = 30 // Sink temperature in degree Celsius +Q2 = 1.75 // in kJ/sec +printf("\n Example 6.2") +W= Q2*((T2+273)-(T1+273))/(T1+273) // Least Power necessary to pump the heat out + printf("\n Least Power necessary to pump the heat out is %f kW",W) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e10bf72c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 6.2 + Least Power necessary to pump the heat out is 0.305233 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..852f4bda8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +//Given +T1 = 600 // Source temperature of heat engine in degree Celsius +T2 = 40 // Sink temperature of heat engine in degree Celsius +T3 = -20 // Source temperature of refrigerator in degree Celsius +Q1 = 2000 // Heat transfer to heat engine in kJ +W = 360 // Net work output of plant in kJ +// Part (a) +e_max = 1-((T2+273)/(T1+273)) // maximum efficiency +W1 = e_max*Q1 // maximum work output +COP = (T3+273)/((T2-273)-(T3-273)) // coefficient of performance of refrigerator +W2 = W1-W // work done to drive refrigerator +Q4 = COP*W2 // Heat extracted by refrigerator +Q3 = Q4+W2 // Heat rejected by refrigerator +Q2 = Q1-W1 // Heat rejected by heat engine +Qt = Q2+Q3 // combined heat rejection by heat engine and refrigerator +printf("\n Example 6.3") +printf("\n\n Part A:") +printf("\n The heat transfer to refrigerant is %d kJ",Q2) +printf("\n The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is %f kJ",Qt) + +// Part (b) +printf("\n\n Part B:") +e_max_ = 0.4*e_max // maximum efficiency +W1_ = e_max_*Q1 // maximum work output +W2_ = W1_-W // work done to drive refrigerator +COP_ = 0.4*COP // coefficient of performance of refrigerator +Q4_ = COP_*W2_ // Heat extracted by refrigerator +Q3_ = Q4_+W2_ // Heat rejected by refrigerator +Q2_ = Q1-W1_ // Heat rejected by heat engine +QT = Q2_+Q3_// combined heat rejection by heat engine and refrigerator +printf("\n The heat transfer to refrigerant is %f kJ",Q2_) +printf("\n The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is %f kJ",QT) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b8a5a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + Example 6.3 + + Part A: + The heat transfer to refrigerant is 717 kJ + The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is 5531.698358 kJ + + Part B: + The heat transfer to refrigerant is 1486.827033 kJ + The heat rejection to the 40 degree reservoir is 1898.351737 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b04d362cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +T1 = 473 // Boiler temperature in K +T2 = 293 // Home temperature in K +T3 = 273 // Outside temperature in K +printf("\n Example 6.5") +MF = (T2*(T1-T3))/(T1*(T2-T3)) +printf("\n The multiplication factor is %f ",MF) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..984fe1194 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 6.5 + The multiplication factor is 6.194503 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c61276c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +T1 = 90 // Operating temperature of power plant in degree Celsius +T2 = 20 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +W = 1 // Power production from power plant in kW +E = 1880 // Capability of energy collection in kJ/m^2 h + +printf("\n Example 6.6") +e_max = 1-((T2+273)/(T1+273)) // maximum efficiency +Qmin = W/e_max // Minimum heat requirement per second +Qmin_ = Qmin*3600 // Minimum heat requirement per hour +Amin = Qmin_/E // Minimum area requirement +printf("\n Minimum area required for the collector plate is %d m^2",ceil(Amin)) + + diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2420c711c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Example 6.6 + Minimum area required for the collector plate is 10 m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b5e004ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +T1 = 1000 // Temperature of hot reservoir in K +W = 1000 // Power requirement in kW +K = 5.67e-08 // constant +printf("\n Example 6.7") +Amin = (256*W)/(27*K*T1^4) // minimum area required +printf("\n Area of the panel %f m^2",Amin) + + diff --git a/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt b/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e8d1f15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 6.7 + Area of the panel 0.167222 m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb6dbf428 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +T1 = 37 // Final water temperature in degree Celsius +T2 = 35// Initial water temperature in degree Celsius +m = 1 // Mass of water in kg +cv = 4.187 // Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK +printf("\n Example 7.1") +S = m*cv*log((T1+273)/(T2+273)) // Change in entropy of the water +printf("\n Change in entropy of the water is %f kJ/K",S) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44d1ec654 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 7.1 + Change in entropy of the water is 0.027100 kJ/K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bd69334b --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +A = 5*7 // Area of wall in m^2 +k = 0.71// Thermal conductivity in W/mK +L = 0.32 // Thickness of wall in m +Ti = 21 // Room temperature in degree Celsius +To = 6 // Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius +printf("\n Example 7.10") +Q = k*A*(Ti-To)/L // Heat transfer +Sgen_wall = Q/(To+273) - Q/(Ti+273) // Entropy generation in wall +printf("\n The rate of heat transfer through the wall is %f W",Q) +printf("\n The rate of entropy through the wall is %f W/K",Sgen_wall) +Tr = 27 // Inner surface temperature of wall in degree Celsius +Ts = 2 // Outer surface temperature of wall in degree Celsius +Sgen_total = Q/(Ts+273)-Q/(Tr+273) // Total entropy generation in process +printf("\n The rate of total entropy generation with this heat transfer process is %f W/K",Sgen_total) + + diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt b/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14521a458 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + + Example 7.10 + The rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1164.843750 W + The rate of entropy through the wall is 0.213014 W/K + The rate of total entropy generation with this heat transfer process is 0.352983 W/K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6efb5ccdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +T1 = 273 // Initial temperature of water in Kelvin +T2 = 373 // Temperature of heat reservoir in Kelvin +m = 1 // Mass of water in kg +cv = 4.187 // Specific heat capacity of water + +printf("\n Example 7.2") +Ss = m*cv*log(T2/T1) // entropy change of water +Q = m*cv*(T2-T1) // Heat transfer +Sr = -(Q/T2) // Entropy change of universe +S = Ss+Sr // Total entropy change + +printf("\n The entropy change of the universe is %f kJ/K",S) + +// Part (b) +T3 = 323 // Temperature of intermediate reservoir in K +Sw = m*cv*(log(T3/T1)+log(T2/T3)) // entropy change of water +Sr1 = -m*cv*(T3-T1)/T3 // Entropy change of universe +Sr2 = -m*cv*(T2-T3)/T2 // Entropy change of universe +Su = Sw+Sr1+Sr2 // Total entropy change +printf("\n The entropy change of the universe is %f kJ/K",Su) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bb8236b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 7.2 + The entropy change of the universe is 0.184270 kJ/K + The entropy change of the universe is 0.097388 kJ/K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61883f58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +m = 1 // Mass of ice in kg +T1 = -5 // Initial temperature of ice in degree Celsius +T2 = 20// Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +T0 = 0// Phase change temperature of ice in degree Celsius +cp = 2.093 // Specific heat capacity of ice in kJ/kgK +cv = 4.187 // Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK +lf = 333.3 // Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kgK + +printf("\n Example 7.3") +Q = m*cp*(T0-T1)+1*333.3+m*cv*(T2-T0) // Net heat transfer +Sa = -Q/(T2+273) // Entropy change of surrounding +Ss1 = m*cp*log((T0+273)/(T1+273)) // entropy change during +Ss2 = lf/(T0+273) // Entropy change during phase change +Ss3 = m*cv*log((T2+273)/(T0+273)) // entropy change of water +St = Ss1+Ss2+Ss3 // total entropy change of ice to convert into water at atmospheric temperature +Su = St+Sa // Net entropy change of universe +printf("\n The entropy change of the universe is %f kJ/K",Su) + +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +// Part (b) +S = St // Entropy change of system +Wmin = (T2+273)*(S)-Q // minimum work required +printf("\n The minimum work required is %f kJ",Wmin) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c06b7b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + + Example 7.3 + The entropy change of the universe is 0.096531 kJ/K + The minimum work required is 28.283499 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3685/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e0806e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clear +clc +T = poly(0,'T'); // T = Tf +Tf_ = 700-2*T; // Tf_ = Tf' +// Bisection method to solve for the polynomial + +printf("\n Example 7.5") + + +function [x] = Temperature(a,b,f) + N = 100; + eps = 1e-5; + if((f(a)*f(b))>0) then + error('no root possible f(a)*f(b)>0'); + abort; + end; + if(abs(f(a))0) + c = (a+b)/2 + if(abs(f(c))0) then + error('no root possible f(a)*f(b)>0') + abort + end + if(abs(f(a))0) + c = (a+b)/2 + if(abs(f(c))(t2+273) then + printf("\n Part A:") + printf("\n There is heat loss to surrounding.") +end +n =(1/(1-((log((t2+273)/(t1+273)))/(log(p2/p1))))) +printf("\n\n Part B:") +printf("\n The polytropic index is %f ",n) +Wa = cp*(t1-t2)-(v^2)/2000 // Actual work +Wt = -R*(t1+273)*log(p2/p1) - (v^2)/2000 // Isothermal work +nt =Wt/Wa // Isothermal efficency +printf("\n\n Part C:") +printf("\n Isothermal efficiency is %f percent ",nt*100) +df = cp*(t1-t2) + (t1+273)*(R*log(p2/p1) - cp*log((t2+273)/(t1+273))) -(v^2)/2000 +Wm = df // Minimum work input +I = Wm-Wa // Irreversibility + +printf("\n\n Part D:") +printf("\n The minimum work input is %f kJ/kg, and irreversibility is %f kJ/kg",Wm,I) +// The answers given in the book contain round off error + +neta = Wm/Wa +printf("\n\n Part E:") +printf("\n Second law efficiency is %d percent",ceil(neta*100)) + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8fc7bd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + Example 8.20 + + Part A: + There is heat loss to surrounding. + + Part B: + The polytropic index is 1.331834 + + Part C: + Isothermal efficiency is 97.880274 percent + + Part D: + The minimum work input is -101.404347 kJ/kg, and irreversibility is 14.034153 kJ/kg + + Part E: + Second law efficiency is 88 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6373b23fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +Tw_ = 75 // Initial temperature of water in degree Celsius +Ts_ = 5 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +m = 40 // mass of water in kg +cp = 4.2 // Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK +printf("\n Example 8.3") +Tw= Tw_+273 // Initial temperature of water in K +Ts = Ts_+273 // Atmospheric temperature in K +Q1 = m*cp*(Tw-Ts) // Heat transfer + +W = integrate('m*cp*(1-(Ts/T))','T',Ts,Tw) +UE = Q1-W // Available energy +printf("\n Available energy is %d kJ",UE) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..090bd2ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 8.3 + Available energy is 10488 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..953fbad4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +Ts_ = 15 // Ambient temperature in degree Celsius +Tw1_ = 95 // Temperature of water sample 1 in degree Celsius +Tw2_ = 35// Temperature of water sample 2 in degree Celsius +m1 = 25 // Mass of water sample 1 in kg +m2 = 35 // Mass of water sample 2 in kg +cp = 4.2 // Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kgK +printf("\n Example 8.4") +Ts = Ts_+273// Ambient temperature in K +Tw1 = Tw1_+273 // Temperature of water sample 1 in K +Tw2 = Tw2_+273// Temperature of water sample 2 in K +AE25 = integrate('m1*cp*(1-(Ts/T))','T',Ts,Tw1) +AE35 = integrate('m2*cp*(1-(Ts/T))','T',Ts,Tw2) +AEt = AE25 + AE35 +Tm = (m1*Tw1+m2*Tw2)/(m1+m2) // Temperature after mixing +AE60 = integrate('(m1+m2)*cp*(1-(Ts/T))','T',Ts,Tm) +AE = AEt - AE60 +printf("\n The decrease in the available energy is %f kJ",AE) + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..373e449bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 8.4 + The decrease in the available energy is 281.816891 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04cb38b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +N1 = 3000 // Speed of rotation of flywheel in RPM +I = 0.54 // Moment of inertia of flywheel in kgm^2 +ti_ = 15 // Temperature of insulated system in degree Celsius +m = 2 // Water equivalent of shaft +printf("\n Example 8.5") +w1 = (2*%pi*N1)/60 // Angular velocity of rotation in rad/s +Ei = 0.5*I*w1^2 // rotational kinetic energy +dt = Ei/(1000*2*4.187) // temperature change +ti = ti_+273// Temperature of insulated system in Kelvin +tf = ti+dt // final temperature +AE = integrate('m*4.187*(1-(ti/T))','T',ti,tf) +UE = Ei/1000 - AE // Unavailable enrgy +w2 = sqrt(AE*1000*2/I) // Angular speed in rad/s +N2 = (w2*60)/(2*%pi) // Speed of rotation in RPM +printf("\n The final RPM of the flywheel would be %d RPM",N2) + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb1a31048 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 8.5 + The final RPM of the flywheel would be 222 RPM ble energy is 281.816891 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e035ba4f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +T1_ = 80 // Initial temperature of air in degree Celsius +T2_ = 5 // Final temperature of air in degree Celsius +V2 = 2 // Assumed final volume +V1 = 1 // Assumed initial volume +P0 = 100 // Final pressure of air in kPa +P1 = 500 // Initial pressure of air in kPa +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +cv = 0.718 // Specific heat capacity at constant volume for gas in kJ/kg K +m = 2 // Mass of gas in kg +printf("\n Example 8.6") +T1= T1_+273 // Initial temperature of air in K +T2 = T2_+273 // Final temperature of air in K +S = integrate('(m*cv)/T','T',T1,T2) + integrate('(m*R)/V','V',V1,V2) // Entropy change +U = m*cv*(T1-T2)// Change in internal energy +Wmax = U-(T2*(-S)) // Maximum possible work +V1_ = (m*R*T1)/P1 // volume calculation +CA = Wmax-P0*(V1_) // Change in availability +I = T2*S // Irreversibility +printf("\n The maximum work is %f kJ",Wmax) +printf("\n Change in availability is %f kJ",CA) +printf("\n Irreversibility is %f kJ",I) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a55611989 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 8.6 + The maximum work is 122.957271 kJ + Change in availability is 82.432871 kJ + Irreversibility is 15.257271 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4fef43a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +P1 = 500 // Initial pressure of steam in kPa +P2 = 100// Final pressure of steam in kPa +T1_ = 520 //Initial temperature of steam in degree Celsius +T2_ = 300 //Final temperature of steam in degree Celsius +cp = 1.005 // Specific heat capacity of steam in kJ/kgK +t0 = 20 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +R = 0.287 // Gas constant +Q = -10 // Heat loss to surrounding in kJ/kg +printf("\n Example 8.7") +T1 = T1_+273 //Initial temperature of steam in degree Celsius +T2 = T2_+273 //Final temperature of steam in degree Celsius +S21 = (R*log(P2/P1))-(cp*log(T2/T1)) +T0 = t0+273 +CA = cp*(T1-T2)-T0*S21 // Change in availability +Wmax = CA // Maximum possible work +W = cp*(T1-T2)+Q // net work +I = Wmax-W // Irreversibility +// Altenatively +Ssystem = -Q/T0 +Ssurr = -S21 +I1 = T0*(Ssystem+Ssurr) +printf("\n The decrease in availability is %f kJ/kg",CA) +printf("\n The maximum work is %f kJ/kg",Wmax) +printf("\n The irreversibility is %f kJ/kg",I) +printf("\n Alternatively, The irreversibility is %f kJ/kg",I1) + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4eb5a1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 8.7 + The decrease in availability is 260.756521 kJ/kg + The maximum work is 260.756521 kJ/kg + The irreversibility is 49.656521 kJ/kg + Alternatively, The irreversibility is 49.656521 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a46d192e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + +clc +T0 = 300 // Atmospheric temperature in K +Tg1_ = 300 // Higher temperature of combustion product in degree Celcius +Tg2_ = 200 // Lower temperature of combustion product in degree Celcius +Ta1 = 40 // Initial air temperature in K +cpg = 1.09 // Specific heat capacity of combustion gas in kJ/kgK +cpa = 1.005// Specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kgK +mg = 12.5 // mass flow rate of product in kg/s +ma = 11.15// mass flow rate of air in kg/s + +printf("\n Example 8.8") +Tg1 = Tg1_+273 // Higher temperature of combustion product in K +Tg2 = Tg2_+273 // Lower temperature of combustion product in K +f1 = cpg*(Tg1-T0)-T0*cpg*(log(Tg1/T0)) // Initial availability of product +f2 = cpg*(Tg2-T0)-T0*cpg*(log(Tg2/T0)) // Final availability of product +printf("\n The initial and final availability of the products are %f kJ/Kg and %f kJ/Kg respectively",f1,f2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +// Part (b) +Dfg = f1-f2 // Decrease in availability of products +Ta2 = (Ta1+273) + (mg/ma)*(cpg/cpa)*(Tg1-Tg2) // Exit temperature of air +Ifa = cpa*(Ta2-(Ta1+273))-T0*cpa*(log(Ta2/(Ta1+273))) // Increase in availability of air +I = mg*Dfg-ma*Ifa // Irreversibility +printf("\n The irreversibility of the process is %f kW",I) +////The answer provided in the textbook contains round off error + +// Part (c) +Ta2_ = (Ta1+273)*(Tg1/Tg2)^((12.5*1.09)/(11.5*1.005)) +Q1 = mg*cpg*(Tg1-Tg2) // Heat supply rate from gas to working fluid +Q2 = ma*cpa*(Ta2_-(Ta1+273))// Heat rejection rate from the working fluid in heat engine +W = Q1-Q2 // Power developed by heat engine +printf("\n Total power generated by the heat engine is %f kW",W) +//The answer provided in the textbook contains round off error diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb2cc693 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 8.8 + The initial and final availbility of the products are 85.967240 kJ/Kg and 39.682677 kJ/Kg respectively + The irreversibility of the process is 319.369802 kW + Total power generated by the heat engine is 472.671938 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bb623331 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +T2 = 790 // Final temperature of gas in degree Celsius +T1 = 800 // Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius +m = 2 // Mass flow rate in kg/s +cp = 1.1 // Specific heat capacity in kJ/KgK +T0 = 300 // Ambient temperature in K + +printf("\n Example 8.9") +I = m*cp*(((T1+273)-(T2+273))-T0*(log((T1+273)/(T2+273)))) // irreversibility rate +printf("\n The irreversibility rate is %f kW",I) + +// At lower temperature +T1_ = 80 // Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius +T2_ = 70 // Initial temperature of gas in degree Celsius +I_ = m*cp*(((T1_+273)-(T2_+273))-T0*(log((T1_+273)/(T2_+273)))) // irreversibility rate +printf("\n The irreversibility rate at lower temperature is %f kW",I_) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt b/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d2a562e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 8.9 + The irreversibility rate is 15.820180 kW + The irreversibility rate at lower temperature is 3.033178 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08798962c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// At 1 MPa +tsat = 179.91 // Saturation temperature in degree Celsius +vf = 0.001127 // Specific volume of fluid in m^3/kg +vg = 0.19444 // Specific volume of gas in m^3/kg +sf = 2.1387 // Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sg = 6.5865// Specific entropy of gas in kJ/kgK +printf("\n Example 9.1") +vfg = vg-vf // Change in specific volume due to evaporation +sfg = sg-sf// Change in specific entropy due to evaporation +hfg = 2015.3 +printf("\n At 1 MPa, \n saturation temperature is %f degree celcius",tsat) +printf("\n Changes in specific volume is %f m^3/kg",vfg) +printf("\n Change in entropy during evaporation is %f kJ/kg K",sfg) +printf("\n The latent heat of vaporization is %f kJ/kg",hfg) +// Data is given in the table A.1(b) in Appendix in the book + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e704d6009 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + Example 9.1 + At 1 MPa, + saturation temperature is 179.910000 degree celcius + Changes in specific volume is 0.193313 m^3/kg + Change in entropy during evaporation is 4.447800 kJ/kg K + The latent heat of vaporization is 2015.300000 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f0cc7c24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// At 0.1Mpa, 110 degree +h2 = 2696.2 // Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg +hf = 844.89 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 1947.3 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +vf = 0.001023 // at T = 70 degree +V = 0.000150 // In m3 +m2 = 3.24 // mass of condensed steam in kg + +printf("\n Example 9.10") +x2 = (h2-hf)/hfg // Quality of steam at turbine inlet +m1 = V/vf // mass of moisture collected in separator +x1 = (x2*m2)/(m1+m2) // quality of the steam +printf("\n The quality of the steam in the pipe line is %f",x1) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b96042ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 9.10 + The quality of the steam in the pipe line is 0.909544 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09905187d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// P = 1MPa +vf = 0.001127 // specific volume of fluid in m^3/kg +vg = 0.1944// specific volume of gas in m^3/kg +hg = 2778.1 // specific enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg +uf = 761.68 // Specific internal energy of fluid in kJ/kg +ug = 2583.6 // Specific internal energy of gas in kJ/kg +ufg = 1822 // Change in specific internal energy due to phase change in kJ/kg +// Initial anf final mass +Vif = 5 // Initial volume of water in m^3 +Viw = 5// Initial volume of gas in m^3 +Vff = 6 // Final volume of gas in m^3 +Vfw = 4 // Final volume of water in m^3 + + +printf("\n Example 9.11") +ms = ((Viw/vf)+(Vif/vg)) - ((Vfw/vf)+(Vff/vg)) +U1 = ((Viw*uf/vf)+(Vif*ug/vg)) +Uf = ((Vfw*uf/vf)+(Vff*ug/vg)) +Q = Uf-U1+(ms*hg) +printf("\n The heat transfer during the process is %f MJ",Q/1e3) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0521b1fec --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 9.11 + The heat transfer during the process is 1788.192032 MJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ac45f282 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +m = 0.02 // Mass of steam in Kg +d = 280 // diameter of piston in mm +l = 305 // Stroke length in mm +P1 = 0.6 // Initial pressure in MPa +P2 = 0.12 // Final pressure in MPa +// At 0.6MPa, t = 200 degree +v1 = 0.352 // Specific volume in m^3/kg +h1 = 2850.1 // Specific enthalpy in kJ/kg +vf = 0.0010476 // specific volume of fluid in m^3/kg +vfg = 1.4271 // Specific volume change due to vaporization in m^3/kg +uf = 439.3 // specific enthalpy of fluid +ug = 2512.0 // Specific enthalpy of gas +printf("\n Example 9.12") +V1 = m*v1 // total volume at point 1 +Vd = (%pi/4)*(d*1e-3)^2*l*1e-3 // displaced volume +V2 = V1+Vd // Total volume at point 2 +n = log(P1/P2)/log(V2/V1) // polytropic index +W12 = ((P1*V1)-(P2*V2))*1e6/(n-1) // work done +printf("\n The value of n is %f ",n) +printf("\n The work done by the steam is %fkJ ",W12/1e3) +//The answers vary due to round off error +v2 = V2/m // specific volume +x2 = (v2-vf)/vfg // Steam quality +// At 0.12MPa +u2 = uf + (x2*(ug-uf)) // Internal energy +u1 = h1-(P1*1e6*v1*1e-03) // Internal energy +Q12 = m*(u2-u1)+ (W12/1e3) // Heat transfer +printf("\n The heat transfer is %fkJ ",Q12) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c74d1612f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 9.12 + The value of n is 1.238450 + The work done by the steam is 4.720265kJ + The heat transfer is -1.800919kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f5729a63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +x1 = 1 // Steam quality in first vessel +x2 = 0.8 // Steam quality in second vessel +// at 0.2MPa +vg = 0.8857 // Specific volume of gas in m^3/kg +h1 = 2706.7 // Enthalpy in first vessel in kJ/kg +v1 = vg // Specific volume of gas in first vessel in m^3/kg +hg = h1 // Enthalpy in first vessel 1 in kJ/kg +m1 = 5 // mass in first vessel in kg +V1 = m1*v1 // Volume of first vessel in m^3 +// at 0.5MPa +m2 = 10 // mass in second vessel in kg +hf = 640.23 // Enthalpy in second vessel in kJ/kg +hfg = 2108.5 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +vf = 0.001093 // Specific volume of fluid in second vessel in m^3/kg +vfg = 0.3749 // Change in specific volume in second vessel due to evaporation of gas in m^3/kg +v2 = vf+(x2*vfg) // Specific volume of gas in second vessel +V2 = m2*v2 // Volume of second vessel in m^3 +// +Vm = V1+V2 // Total volume +m = m1+m2 // Total mass +vm = Vm/m // net specific volume +u1 = h1 // Internal energy +h2 = hf+(x2*hfg) // Enthalpy calculation +u2 = h2 // Internal energy calculation +m3 = m // Net mass calculation +h3 = ((m1*u1)+(m2*u2))/m3 // Resultant enthalpy calculation +u3 = h3 // Resultant internal energy calculation +v3 = vm // resultant specific volume calculation +// From Mollier diagram +x3 = 0.870 // Steam quality +p3 = 3.5 // Pressure in MPa +s3 = 6.29 // Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +s1 = 7.1271 // Entropy at state 1 in kJ/kgK +sf = 1.8607 // Entropy in liquid state in kJ/kgK +sfg = 4.9606 // Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK +s2 = sf+(x2*sfg) // Entropy calculation +E = m3*s3-((m1*s1)+(m2*s2)) // Entropy change during process + +printf("\n Example 9.13") +printf("\n Final pressure is %f bar",p3) +printf("\n Steam quality is %f ",x3) +printf("\n Entropy change during the process is %f kJ/K",E) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df3dc34f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 9.13 + Final pressure is 3.500000 bar + Steam quality is 0.870000 + Entropy change during the process is 0.422700 kJ/K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..751b00f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +// At 6 MPa, 400 degree +h1 = 3177.2 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.5408 //Entropy in kJ/kgK +// At 20 degree +h0= 83.96 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s0 = 0.2966//Entropy in kJ/kgK +T0 = 20 // Surrounding temperature in degree Celsius +f1 = (h1-h0)-(T0+273)*(s1-s0) // Availability before throttling +// By interpolation at P= 5MPa, h= 3177.2 +s2 = 6.63 //Entropy in kJ/kgK +h2 = h1 // Throttling +f2 = (h2-h0)-(T0+273)*(s2-s0) // Availability after throttling +df = f1-f2 // Change in availability +x3s = (s2-1.5301)/(7.1271-1.5301) //Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +h3s = 504.7+(x3s*2201.9) //Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +eis = 0.82 // isentropic efficiency +h3 = h2-eis*(h1-h3s) // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +x3 = (h3-504.7)/2201.7 // Steam quality at state 3 +s3 = 1.5301+(x3*5.597) // Entropy at state 3 +f3 = (h3-h0)-(T0+273)*(s3-s0) // Availability at state 3 + +printf("\n Example 9.14") +printf("\n The availability of the steam before the throttle valve %f kJ/kg",f1) +printf("\n The availability of the steam after the throttle valve %f kJ/kg",f2) +printf("\n The availability of the steam at the turbine exhaust %f kJ/kg",f3) +printf("\n The specific work output from the turbine is %f kJ/kg",h2-h3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9507de6b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 9.14 + The availability of the steam before the throttle valve 1263.689400 kJ/kg + The availability of the steam after the throttle valve 1237.553800 kJ/kg + The availability of the steam at the turbine exhaust 601.851037 kJ/kg + The specific work output from the turbine is 546.253423 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16754da16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +// At 25 bar, 350 degree +h1 = 3125.87 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.8481// Entropy in kJ/kgK +// 30 degree +h0 = 125.79 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s0 = 0.4369// Entropy in kJ/kgK +// At 3 bar, 200 degree +h2 = 2865.5 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s2 = 7.3115 //Entropy in kJ/kgK +// At 0.2 bar 0.95 dry +hf = 251.4 // Enthalpy of liquid in kJ/kg +hfg = 2358.3 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sf = 0.8320 // Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK +sg = 7.0765// Entropy of liquid in kJ/kgK +h3 = hf+0.92*hfg // Enthalpy at state 3 in kJ/kg +s3 = sf+(0.92*sg) // Entropy at state 3 in kJ/kgK +// Part (a) +T0 = 30 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +f1 = (h1-h0)-((T0+273)*(s1-s0)) // Availability at steam entering turbine +f2 = (h2-h0)-((T0+273)*(s2-s0)) // Availability at state 2 +f3 = (h3-h0)-((T0+273)*(s3-s0))// Availability at state 3 + +printf("\n Example 9.15") +printf("\n Availability of steam entering is %f kJ/kg",f1) +printf("\n Availability of steam leaving the turbine is %f kJ/kg",f2) + +// Part (b) +m2m1 = 0.25 // mass ratio +m3m1 = 0.75 // mass ratio +Wrev = f1-(m2m1*f2)-(m3m1*f3) // Maximum work +printf("\n Maximum work is %f kJ/kg",Wrev) + +// Part (c) +w1 = 600 // mass flow at inlet of turbine in kg/h +w2 = 150 // mass flow at state 2 in turbine in kg/h +w3 = 450// mass flow at state 2 in turbine in kg/h +Q = -10 // Heat loss rate kJ/s +I = ((T0+273)*(w2*s2+w3*s3-w1*s1)-Q*3600)*103/600 +printf("\n Irreversibility is %f kJ/kg",I/1e3) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59cc1c74f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 9.15 + Availability of steam entering is 1057.486400 kJ/kg + Availability of steam leaving the turbine is 656.706200 kJ/kg + Maximum work is 741.145680 kJ/kg + Irreversibility is 21.365051 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a9507d44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +// At dead state of 1 bar, 300K +u0 = 113.1 // Internal energy in kJ/kg +h0 = 113.2 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v0 = 0.001005 // Specific volume in m^3/kg +s0 = 0.395 // Entropy in kJ/kg +T0 = 300 // Atmospheric temperature in K +P0 = 1 // Atmospheric pressure in bar +K = h0-T0*s0 +// Part (a) +// At 1bar and 90 degree Celsius +u = 376.9 // Internal energy in kJ/kg +h = 377 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v = 0.001035 // specific volume in m^3/kg +s = 1.193 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +m = 3 // Mass of water in kg +fi = m*(h-(T0*s)-K) //Energy of system + +printf("\n Example 9.16") +printf("\n Energy of system in Part (a) is %f kJ",fi) +//The answers vary due to round off error + +// Part (b) +// At P = 4 Mpa, t = 500 degree +u = 3099.8// Internal energy in kJ/kg +h = 3446.3 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +v = 0.08637 // specific volume in m^3/kg +s = 7.090 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +m = 0.2 // Mass of steam in kg +fib = m*(u+P0*100*v-T0*s-K) // Energy of system +printf("\n Energy of system in Part (b) is %f kJ",fib) + +// Part (c) // P = 0.1 bar +m = 0.4 // Mass of wet steam in kg +x = 0.85 // Quality +u = 192+x*2245 // Internal energy +h = 192+x*2392// Enthalpy +s = 0.649+x*7.499 // Entropy +v = 0.001010+x*14.67 // specific volume +fic = m*(u+P0*100*v-T0*s-K) // Energy of system +printf("\n Energy of system in Part (c) is %f kJ",fic) + +// Part (d) +// P = 1 Bar, t = -10 degree Celsius +m = 3 // Mass of ice in kg +h = -354.1 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s = -1.298 // at 1000kPa, -10 degree +fid = m*((h-h0)-T0*(s-s0)) // Energy of system + +printf("\n Energy of system in Part (d) is %f kJ",fid) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d871cd4d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 9.16 + Energy of system in Part (a) is 73.200000 kJ + Energy of system in Part (b) is 197.347400 kJ + Energy of system in Part (c) is 498.262400 kJ + Energy of system in Part (d) is 121.800000 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14999d9bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +// Given +th1 = 90 // Inlet temperature of hot water in degree Celsius +tc1 = 25// Inlet temperature of cold water in degree Celsius +tc2 = 50// Exit temperature of cold water in degree Celsius +mc = 1 // mass flow rate of cold water in kg/s +T0 = 300 // Atmospheric temperature in K +th2p = 60 // Temperature limit in degree Celsius for parallel flow +th2c = 35 // Temperature limit in degree Celsius for counter flow +mhp = (tc2-tc1)/(th1-th2p) // mass flow rate of hot water in kg/s for parallel flow +mhc = (tc2-tc1)/(th1-th2c) // mass flow rate of hot water in kg/s for counter flow +// At 300 K +h0 = 113.2 // ENthalpy in kJ/kg +s0 = 0.395 // ENtropy in kJ/kgK +T0 = 300 // temperature in K +// At 90 degree celsius +h1 = 376.92 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s1 = 1.1925 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +af1 = mhp*((h1-h0)-T0*(s1-s0)) // Availability +// Parallel Flow +// At 60 degree +h2 = 251.13 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s2 =0.8312 // Entropy in kJ/kgK + // At 25 degree +h3 = 104.89 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s3 = 0.3674 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +// At 50 degree +h4 = 209.33 // Enthalpy in kJ/kg +s4 = 0.7038 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +REG = mc*((h4-h3)-T0*(s4-s3)) // Rate of energy gain +REL = mhp*((h1-h2)-T0*(s1-s2)) // Rate of energy loss +Ia = REL-REG // Energy destruction +n2a = REG/REL // Second law efficiency + +printf("\n Example 9.17") +printf("\n In parallel flow") +printf("\n The rate of irreversibility is %f kW",Ia) +printf("\n The Second law efficiency is %f percent",n2a*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error + + +// Counter flow +h2_ = 146.68 +sp = 0.5053 // At 35 degree +REG_b = REG // Rate of energy gain by hot water is same in both flows +REL_b = mhc*((h1-h2_)-T0*(s1-sp)) +Ib = mhc*((h1-h2_)-(T0*(s1-sp))) // Energy destruction +n2b = REG_b/Ib // Second law efficiency +printf("\n\n In counter flow") +printf("\n The rate of irreversibility is %f kW",Ib) +printf("\n The Second law efficiency is %f percent",n2b*100) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04145dfc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Example 9.17 + In parallel flow + The rate of irreversibility is 10.980000 kW + The Second law efficiency is 24.275862 percent + + In counter flow + The rate of irreversibility is 10.945455 kW + The Second law efficiency is 32.159468 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca08123f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +m = 50 // mass flow rate in kg/h +Th = 23 // Home temperature in degree Celsius +// State 1 +T1 = 150 // Saturated vapor temperature in degree Celsius +h1 = 2746.4 // Saturated vapor enthalpy in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.8387 //Saturated vapor entropy in kJ/kgK +// State 2 +h2 = 419.0 // Saturated liquid enthalpy in kJ/kg +s2 = 1.3071 //Saturated liquid entropy in kJ/kg +T0 = 45 // Atmospheric temperature in degree Celsius +// +b1 = h1-((T0+273)*s1) // Availability at point 1 +b2 = h2-((T0+273)*s2) // Availability at point 2 +Q_max = m*(b1-b2)/((T0+273)/(Th+273)-1) // maximum cooling rate + +printf("\n Example 9.18") +printf("\n The maximum cooling rate is %d kW",Q_max/3600) + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..460d8a868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 9.18 + The maximum cooling rate is 106 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4dc4b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +// Given that +s = 6.76 // Entropy of saturated steam in kJ/kgK +printf("\n Example 9.2") +// From the table A.1(b) given in the book at s= 6.76 kJ/kgK +p = 0.6 +t=158.85 +v_g=0.3156 +h_g=2756.8 +printf("\n pressure = %f Mpa\n Temperature = %f degree centigrade\n Specific volume = %f m^3/kg\n enthalpy = %f kJ/kg",p,t,v_g,h_g) diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbfd3e3e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Example 9.2 + pressure = 0.600000 Mpa + Temperature = 158.850000 degree centigrade + Specific volume = 0.315600 m^3/kg + enthalpy = 2756.800000 kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7e8b7e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +v = 0.09 // Specific volume of substance at a point in m^3/kg +vf = 0.001177 // Specific volume of fluid in m^3/kg +vg = 0.09963 // Specific volume of gas in m^3/kg +hf = 908.79 // Specific enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 1890.7 // Latent heat of substance in kJ/kg +sf = 2.4474 // Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sfg = 3.8935 // Entropy change due to vaporization + +printf("\n Example 9.3") +x = (v-vf)/(vg-vf) // steam quality +h = hf+(x*hfg) // Specific enthalpy of substance at a point in kJ/kg +s = sf+(x*sfg) // Specific entropy of substance at a point in kJ/kgK + +printf("\n The enthalpy and entropy of the system are\n %f kW and %f kJ/kg and kJ/kg K respectively.",h,s) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6495f533f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 9.3 + The enthalpy and entropy of the system are + 2614.554640 kW and 5.960064 kJ/kg and kJ/kg K respectively. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ec5c98d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// for T = 350 degree +T1 = 350 // Temperature in degree Celsius +v1 = 0.2003 // specific volume in m^3/kg +h1 = 3149.5 // Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgK +s1 = 7.1369 // Entropy in kJ/kgK +// for T = 400 degree +T2 = 400 // Temperature in degree Celsius +v2 = 0.2178 // specific volume in m^3/kg +h2 = 3257.5 // Specific enthalpy in kJ/kgK +s2 = 7.3026// Entropy in kJ/kgK +// Interpolation for T = 380 + +printf("\n Example 9.4") +T = [T1 T2] +v = [v1 v2] +h = [h1 h2] +s = [s1 s2] +v3 = interpln([T;v],380) +h3 = interpln([T;h],380) +s3 = interpln([T;s],380) + +printf("\n The entropy, enthalpy and volume of steam at 1.4MPa and 380 degree are \n %f kJ/kg K, %fkJ/kg, %fm3/kg respectively",s3,h3,v3) +//The answers vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d168c0233 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 9.4 + The entropy, enthalpy and volume of steam at 1.4MPa and 380 degree are + 7.236320 kJ/kg K, 3214.300000kJ/kg, 0.210800m3/kg respectively \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4daefea05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +Psat = 3.973 // Saturation pressure in MPa +vf = 0.0012512 // specific volume of fluid in m^3/kg +vg = 0.05013 // Specific volume of gas in m^3/kg +hf = 1085.36 // Specific enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 1716.2 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +sf = 2.7927 // Specific entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sfg = 3.2802 // Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK +mf = 9 // Mass of liquid in kg +V = 0.04 // Volume of vessel in m^3 +// at T = 250 +uf = 1080.39 //Specific internal energy in kJ/kg +ufg = 1522// Change in internal energy due to vaporization in kJ/kg + +printf("\n Example 9.5") +Vf = mf*vf // volume of fluid +Vg = V-Vf // volume of gas +mg = Vg/vg // mass of gas +m = mf+mg // mass if mixture +x = mg/m // quality of steam +v = vf+x*(vg-vf) // specific volume of mixture +h = hf+x*hfg // enthalpy of mixture +s = sf+(x*sfg) // entropy of mixture +u = h-Psat*1e6*v*1e-03 // Internal energy of mixture +u_ = uf+x*ufg // Internal energy at 250 degree Celsius +printf("\n The pressure is %f MPa",Psat) +printf("\n The total mass of mixture is %f kg",m) +printf("\n Specific volume is %f m3/kg",v) +printf("\n Enthalpy is is %f kJ/kg",h) +printf("\n The entropy is %f kJ/kg K",s) +printf("\n The internal energy is %f kJ/kg",u) +printf("\n At 250 degree Celsius, internal energy is %fkJ/kg",u_) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7124f1639 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + Example 9.5 + The pressure is 3.973000 MPa + The total mass of mixture is 9.573293 kg + Specific volume is 0.004178 m3/kg + Enthalpy is is 1188.134056 kJ/kg + The entropy is 2.989134 kJ/kg K + The internal energy is 1171.533708 kJ/kg + At 250 degree Celsius, internal energy is 1171.534455kJ/kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8142fb47f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +// Part (a) +vg1_ = 0.8919 +T1 = 120 +vg2_ = 0.77076 +T2 = 125 +vg_ = [vg1_ vg2_] +T_ = [T1 T2] +v1 = 0.7964 +h1 = 2967.6 +P1 = 0.3e03 // in Kpa +printf("\n Example 9.6\n\n") +T1 = interpln([vg_;T_],v1) +printf("Steam will become saturated vapour at %f degree centigrade",T1) +// Part (b) +vf = 0.001029 +vg = 3.407 +hf = 334.91 +hfg = 2308.8 +Psat = 47.39 // In kPa +v2 = v1 +x2 = (v1-vf)/(vg-vf) +h2 = hf+x2*hfg +P2 = Psat +Q12 = (h2-h1)+v1*(P1-P2) +disp(x2,"The quality factor at t=80 degree is") +disp("kJ/kg",Q12,"The heat transfered per kg of steam in cooling from 250 degree to 80 degree") + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c387c69e --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + Example 9.6 + +Steam will become saturated vapour at 123.941720 degree centigrade + The quality factor at t=80 degree is + + 0.2335225 + + The heat transfered per kg of steam in cooling from 250 degree to 80 degree + + - 1892.3546 + + kJ/kg + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b6f20aa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// At T = 40 degree +Psat = 7.384 // Saturation pressure in kPa +sf = 0.5725 // Entropy of fluid in kJ/kgK +sfg = 7.6845 // Entropy change due to vaporization in kJ/kgK +hf = 167.57 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 2406.7 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +s1 = 6.9189 // Entropy at turbine inlet in kJ/kgK +h1 = 3037.6 // Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg +printf("\n Example 9.7") +x2 = (s1-sf)/sfg // Steam quality +h2 = hf+(x2*hfg) // Enthalpy at turbine exit +W = h1-h2 // Net work done +printf("\n The ideal work output of the turbine is %f kJ/Kg",W) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc5df739d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Example 9.7 + The ideal work output of the turbine is 882.408049 kJ/Kg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d1a61f4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +w3 = 2.3 // net flow rate in kg/s +w1 = 1.0 // flow rate from stream 1 in m/s +h1 = 2950.0 // Enthalpy of stream 1 +p = 0.8 // Pressure in MPa +// At 0.8MPa, 0.95 dry +x = 0.95 // Quality fraction +hf = 721.11 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 2048 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +s3 = 6.7087 // entropy at turbine inlet in kJ/kgK + + +printf("\n Example 9.8") +w2 = w3-w1 // flow rate from second stream +h2 = hf + (x*hfg) // enthalpy of stream 2 +h3 = ((w1*h1)+(w2*h2))/w3 // enthalpy of mixed stream +// Interpolation +H = [2769.1 2839.3] +T = [170.43 200] +t3 = interpln([H;T],2790) + +s4 = s3 +x4 = (s3-1.7766)/5.1193 +h4 = 604.74+(x4*2133.8) +V4 = sqrt(2000*(h3-h4)) +printf("\n Condition of steam after mixing is - \n pressure = %f MPa, temperature = %f degree centigrade",p,t3) + +printf("\n The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle is %f m/sec",V4) +//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c7ec83d --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Example 9.8 + Condition of steam after mixing is - + pressure = 0.800000 MPa, temperature = 179.233604 degree centigrade + The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle is 508.659602 m/sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa1565a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +h2 = 2716.2 // Enthalpy at turbine inlet in kJ/kg +hf = 844.89 // Enthalpy of fluid in kJ/kg +hfg = 1947.3 // Latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg +h3 = 2685.5 // Enthalpy at turbine exit in kJ/kg +printf("\n Example 9.9") +x1 = (h2-hf)/hfg +x4 = (h3-hf)/hfg +printf("\n The quality of steam in pipe line is %f ",x1) //The answers vary due to round off error +printf("\n Maximum moisture content that can be determined is %f percent",100-(x4*100))//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt b/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed352860f --- /dev/null +++ b/3685/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Example 9.9 + The quality of steam in pipe line is 0.960977 + Maximum moisture content that can be determined is 5.478868 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3689/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/3689/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f334934a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Variable Declaration +Pi = 3.21e5 //Recommended tyre pressure, Pa +Ti = -5.00 //Initial Tyre temperature, °C +Tf = 28.00 //Final Tyre temperature, °C + +//Calculations +Ti = 273.16 + Ti +Tf = 273.16 + Tf +pf = Pi*Tf/Ti //Final tyre pressure, Pa + +//Results +printf("\n Final Tyre pressure is %6.2e Pa",pf) + diff --git a/3689/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/3689/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86f952a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +////Variable Declaration +phe = 1.5 //Pressure in Helium chamber, bar +vhe = 2.0 //Volume of Helium chamber, L +pne = 2.5 //Pressure in Neon chamber, bar +vne = 3.0 //Volume of Neon chamber, L +pxe = 1.0 //Pressure in Xenon chamber, bar +vxe = 1.0 //Volume of Xenon chamber, L +R = 8.314e-2 //Ideal Gas Constant, L.bar/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperature of Gas, K +//Calculations + +nhe = phe*vhe/(R*T) //Number of moles of Helium, mol +nne = pne*vne/(R*T) //Number of moles of Neon, mol +nxe = pxe*vxe/(R*T) //Number of moles of Xenon, mol +n = nhe + nne + nxe //Total number of moles, mol +V = vhe + vne + vxe //Total volume of system, L +xhe = nhe/n +xne = nne/n +xxe = nxe/n +P = n*R*T/(V) +phe = P*xhe //Partial pressure of Helium, bar +pne = P*xne //Partial pressure of Neon, bar +pxe = P*xxe //Partial pressure of Xenon, bar + +//Results +printf("\n Moles of He=%4.3f, Ne=%4.3f and, Xe=%4.3f in mol",nhe,nne,nxe ) + +printf("\n Mole fraction of xHe=%4.3f, xNe=%4.3f and, xXe=%4.3f",xhe,xne,xxe) + +printf("\n Final pressure is %4.3f bar",P) + +printf("\n Partial pressure of pHe=%4.3f, pNe=%4.3f and, pXe=%4.3f in bar",phe,pne,pxe) + diff --git a/3689/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/3689/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef0d283ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +////Variable Declaration +T = 300.0 //Nitrogen temperature, K +v1 = 250.00 //Molar volume, L +v2 = 0.1 //Molar volume, L +a = 1.37 //Van der Waals parameter a, bar.dm6/mol2 +b = 0.0387 //Van der Waals parameter b, dm3/mol +R = 8.314e-2 //Ideal Gas Constant, L.bar/(mol.K) +n = 1. +//Calculations + +p1 = n*R*T/v1 +p2 = n*R*T/v2 +pv1 = n*R*T/(v1-n*b)- n**2*a/v1**2 +pv2 = n*R*T/(v2-n*b)- n**2*a/v2**2 + +//Results +printf("\n Pressure from ideal gas law = %4.2e bar nad from Van der Waals equation = %4.2e bar ",p1, pv1) + +printf("\n Pressure from ideal gas law = %4.1f bar nad from Van der Waals equation = %4.1f bar ",p2, pv2) + diff --git a/3689/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/3689/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f6c89fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +M = 0.050 //Molarity for NaCl and Na2SO4 solution, mol/kg +[npa,zpa] = (1,1) +[nma,zma] = (1,1) +[npb,zpb] = (2,1) +[nmb,zmb] = (1,2) + +//Calculations +Ia = M*(npa*zpa**2 + nma*zma**2)/2 +Ib = M*(npb*zpb**2 + nmb*zmb**2)/2 + +//Results +printf("\n Ionic streangth for NaCl solution is %4.3f and for Na2SO4 solution is %4.3f, mol/kg",Ia,Ib) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f8977734 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +aH = 0.770 //Activity of +fH2 = 1.13 //Fugacity of Hydrogen gas +E0 = 0.0 //Std. electrode potential, V +n = 1.0 //Number of electrons transfered + +//Calculations +E = E0 - (0.05916/n)*log(aH/sqrt(fH2)) + +//Results +printf("\n The potential of H+/H2 half cell %5.4f V",E) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be421cdc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +E0r1 = -0.877 //Std Electrod potential for Rx2 : Al3+ + 3e- ------> Al (s) +E0r2 = -1.660 //Std Electrod potential for Rx2 : Al3+ + 3e- ------> Al (s) +E0r3 = +0.071 //Std Electrod potential for Rx3 : AgBr (s) + e- ------> Ag(s) +Br- (aq.) + +//Calculations +//3Fe(OH)2 (s)+ 2Al (s) <---------> 3Fe (s) + 6(OH-) + 2Al3+ +E0a = 3*E0r1 + (-2)*E0r2 +//Fe (s) + 2OH- + 2AgBr (s) -------> Fe(OH)2 (s) + 2Ag(s) + 2Br- (aq.) +E0b = -E0r1 + (2)*E0r3 + +//Results +printf("\n %5.3f %5.3f",E0a,E0b) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7894193c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Variable Declaration +E01 = 0.771 //Rx1 : Fe3+ + e- -----> Fe2+ +E02 = -0.447 //Rx2 : Fe2+ + 2e- -----> Fe +F = 96485 //Faraday constant, C/mol +[n1,n2,n3] = (1.,2.,3.) + +//Calculations +dG01 = -n1*F*E01 +dG02 = -n2*F*E02 + //For overall reaction +dG0 = dG01 + dG02 +E0Fe3byFe = -dG0/(n3*F) + +//Results +printf("\n E0 for overall reaction is %5.3f V",E0Fe3byFe) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae75232e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +E01 = +1.36 //Std. electrode potential for Cl2/Cl +dE0bydT = -1.20e-3 //V/K +F = 96485 //Faraday constant, C/mol +n = 2. +S0H = 0.0 //Std. entropy J/(K.mol) for H+ ,Cl-,H2, Cl2 +S0Cl = 56.5 +S0H2 = 130.7 +S0Cl2 = 223.1 +[nH,nCl,nH2,nCl2] = (2,2,-1,-1) +//Calculations +dS01 = n*F*dE0bydT +dS02 =nH*S0H + nCl*S0Cl + nH2*S0H2 + nCl2*S0Cl2 + +//Results +printf("\n Std. entropy change of reaction from dE0bydT is %4.2e and\nStd entropy values is %4.2e V",dS01,dS02) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae2ddf1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +E0 = +1.10 //Std. electrode potential for Danniel cell, V + //Zn(s) + Cu++ -----> Zn2+ + Cu +T = 298.15 //V/K +F = 96485 //Faraday constant, C/mol +n = 2. +R = 8.314 //Gas constant, J/(mol.K) + +//Calculations +K = exp(n*F*E0/(R*T)) + +//Results +printf("\n Equilibrium constant for reaction is %4.2e",K) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29771979c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Variable Declaration +E = +0.29 //Cell emf, V +n = 2. + +//Calculations +Ksp = 10**(-n*E/0.05916) + +//Results +printf("\n Equilibrium constant for reaction is %4.2e",Ksp) + diff --git a/3689/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce b/3689/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b92e1672 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +E = +1.51 //EMF for reduction of permangnet, V +E01 = -0.7618 //Zn2+ + 2e- --------> Zn (s) +E02 = +0.7996 //Ag+ + e- --------> Ag (s) +E03 = +1.6920 //Au+ + e- --------> Au (s) + +//Calculations +EZn = E - E01 +EAg = E - E02 +EAu = E - E03 + +[Er] = ({EZn,EAg,EAu}) +//Results +printf("\n Cell potentials for Zn, Ag, Au are %4.2f V, %4.2f V, and %4.2f V",EZn, EAg,EAu) +printf("\n Zn has positive cell potential of %4.3f V and Can be oxidized bypermangnate ion",EZn) +printf("\n Ag has positive cell potential of %4.3f V and Can be oxidized bypermangnate ion",EAg) +printf("\n Au has positive cell potential of %4.3f V and Can be oxidized bypermangnate ion",EAu) diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc5efee83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Varible declaration + +Prob = 0 +for x = 1:51 + Prob = 1/(x) + Prob +end +Prob1=1.0 +//Results +printf("\n Probability of picking up any one ball is %3.1f",Prob1) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35e196d72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +fi = 1 //Probability of receiving any card +n = 52 //Number od Cards + +//Calculations +sum = 0 +for i = 1:52 + sum = sum + fi +end +Pxi = (fi/sum) + +//Results +printf("\n Probability of receiving any card is %f', Pxi) diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85cade508 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +//r = Symbol('r') //Radius of inner circle +C = list(5,2,0) +//Calculations +A1 = %pi +A2 = %pi*(2)**2 - A1 +A3 = %pi*(3)**2 - (A1 + A2) +At = A1 + A2 + A3 +f1 = A1/At +f2 = A2/At +f3 = A3/At +sf = f1 + f2 + f3 + +ns = (f1*C(1)+f2*C(2)+f3*C(3))/sf + +//Results +printf("\n A1, A2, A3:%f*r**2 %f*r**2 %f*r**2 ', A1, A2, A3) +printf("\n f1, f2, f3: %f %f %f', f1,f2,f3) +printf("\n Average payout $ %f ',((ns))) diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6ba80b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 52 //Total cards +nheart = 13 //Number of cards with hearts + +//Calculations +Pe = (nheart/n) + +//Results +printf("\n Probability of one (heart)card picked from a std. stack of %d cards is %f",n,Pe) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31943959e --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +////Variable Declaration +n = 52 //Total cards + +//Calculations +TotalM = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)*(n-4) +//Results +printf("\n Total number of Five card arrangment from a deck of 52 cards is %d",TotalM) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3503441f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Variable Declaration +n1 = 2 //Two spin states for 1st electron in orbit 1 +n2 = 2 //Two spin states for 2nd electron in orbit 2 + +//Calculation +M = n1*n1 + +//Results +printf("\n Possible spin states for excited state are %2d",M) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3522f34ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 12 //Total Number of players +j = 5 //Number player those can play match + +//Calculation +P = factorial(n)/factorial(n-j) + +//Results +printf("\n Maximum Possible permutations for 5 player to play are %8d",P) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..249c99e64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 52 //Number of cards in std . pack +j = 5 //Number of cards in subset + +//Calculation +C = factorial(n)/(factorial(j)*factorial(n-j)) + +//Results +printf("\n Maximum Possible 5-card combinations are %8d",C) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..891732901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.7/12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +x = 6 //Number of electrons +n = 2 //Number of states + +//Calculation +P = factorial(x)/(factorial(n)*factorial(x-n)) + +//Results +printf("\n Total number of quantum states are %3d",P) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..845b46c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +////// +//Variable Declaration +n = 50 //Number of separate experiments +j1 = 25 //Number of sucessful expt with heads up +j2 = 10 //Number of sucessful expt with heads up + +//Calculation +C25 = factorial(n)/(factorial(j1)*factorial(n-j1)) +PE25 = (1/2)**j1 +PEC25 = (1-(1/2))**(n-j1) +P25 = C25*PE25*PEC25 + +C10 = factorial(n)/(factorial(j2)*factorial(n-j2)) +PE10 = (1/2)**j2 +PEC10 = (1-(1/2))**(n-j2) +P10 = C10*PE10*PEC10 + +//Results +printf("\n Probability of getting 25 head out of 50 tossing is %4.3f",P25) + +printf("\n Probability of getting 10 head out of 50 tossing is %4.3e",P10) + diff --git a/3689/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce b/3689/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4678e367c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//////Variable Declaration +N = [10,50,100] //Valures for N + +//Calculations +printf("\n N ln(N!) ln(N!)sterling Error') +for i =10 + + lnN = log(factorial(i)) + lnNs = i*log(i)-i + err = abs(lnN-lnNs) + printf('\n%3d %5.2f %5.2f %4.2f',i,lnN,lnNs, err) +end +for i =50 + + lnN = log(factorial(i)) + lnNs = i*log(i)-i + err = abs(lnN-lnNs) + printf('\n%3d %5.2f %5.2f %4.2f',i,lnN,lnNs, err) +end +for i =100 + + lnN = log(factorial(i)) + lnNs = i*log(i)-i + err = abs(lnN-lnNs) + printf('\n%3d %5.2f %5.2f %4.2f',i,lnN,lnNs, err) +end diff --git a/3689/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/3689/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae83be9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration + +aH = 40 //Number of heads +N = 100 //Total events + +//Calculations +aT = 100 - aH +We = factorial(N)/(factorial(aT)*factorial(aH)) +Wexpected = factorial(N)/(factorial(N/2)*factorial(N/2)) + +//Results +printf("\n The observed weight %5.2e compared to %5.2e",We,Wexpected) + diff --git a/3689/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/3689/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3e99328f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration +p0 = 0.633 //Probabilities of Energy level 1,2,3 +p1 = 0.233 +p2 = 0.086 + +//Calculation +p4 = 1. -(p0+p1+p2) + +//Results +printf("\n Probability of finding an oscillator at energy level of n>3 is %4.3f i.e.%4.1f percent",p4,p4*100) + diff --git a/3689/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/3689/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a83b21005 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration +p0 = 0.394 //Probabilities of Energy level 1,2,3 +p1by2 = 0.239 +p2 = 0.145 + +//Calculation +p4 = 1. -(p0+p1by2+p2) + +//Results +printf("\n Probability of finding an oscillator at energy level of n>3 is %4.3f",p4) + diff --git a/3689/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/3689/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f29137a9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +I2 = 208 //Vibrational frequency, cm-1 +T = 298 //Molecular Temperature, K +c = 3.00e10 //speed of light, cm/s +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J/K +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +//Calculation +q = 1./(1.-exp(-h*c*I2/(k*T))) +p2 = exp(-2*h*c*I2/(k*T))/q + +//Results +printf("\n Partition function is %4.3f",q) + +printf("\n Probability of occupying the second vibrational state n=2 is %4.3f",p2) + diff --git a/3689/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce b/3689/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce6525e40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Variable Declaration +B = 1.45 //Magnetic field streangth, Teslas +T = 298 //Molecular Temperature, K +c = 3.00e10 //speed of light, cm/s +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J/K +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +gnbn = 2.82e-26 //J/T +//Calculation +ahpbyahm = exp(-gnbn*B/(k*T)) + +//Results +printf("\n Occupation Number is %7.6f",ahpbyahm) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3f6774a --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +l = 0.01 //Box length, m +n2 =1 +n1 = 2 //Energy levels states +m = 5.31e-26 //mass of oxygen molecule, kg + +//Calculations +dE = (n1+n2)*h**2/(8*m*l**2) +dEcm = dE/(h*c*1e2) +//Results +printf("\n Difference in energy levels is %3.2e J or %3.2e 1/cm",dE,dEcm) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2671d3ed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +T = 298 //Temeprature, K +nubar = 917 //Vibrational mode frequencies for F2, 1/cm + +//Calculations +ThetaV = h*c*100*nubar/k +Th = 10*ThetaV +qv = 1/(1.-exp(-ThetaV/Th)) + +//Results +printf("\n Vibrational partition function for F2 at %4.1f K is %4.3f",T, qv) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00f2b72b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +T = 1000 //Temeprature, K +nubar = [1388, 667.4,667.4,2349] //Vibrational mode frequencies for CO2, 1/cm + +//Calculations +Qv = 1 +for i = [1388, 667.4,667.4,2349] + qv = 1/(1.-exp(-h*c*100*i/(k*T))) + printf("\nAt %4.0f 1/cm the q = %4.3f",i,qv) + Qv = Qv*qv +//Results +end +printf("\n Total Vibrational partition function for OClO at %4.1f K is %4.3f",T, Qv) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daff9c424 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +T = 298. //Temeprature, K +n = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] //Energy levels +E0 = list(0,137.38,323.46,552.96,2112.28,2153.21,2220.11,2311.36,2424.78) //Energies, 1/cm +g0 = list(4,6,8,10,2,4,6,8,10) + +//Calculations +qE = 0.0 +for i = 1:9 + a =g0(i)*exp(-h*c*100*E0(i)/(k*T)) + qE = qE + a +end +//Results +printf("\n Electronic partition function for F2 at %4.1f K is %4.2f",T, qE) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffbe9fd54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +v = 1.0 //Volume, L +T = 298.0 //Temeprature of Ar, K +m = 6.63e-26 //Mass of Argon molecule, kg + +//Calculations +GAMA = h/sqrt(2*%pi*m*k*T) +v = v*1e-3 +qT3D = v/GAMA**3 + +//Results +printf("\n Thermal wave length is %3.2e m and\nTranslational partition function is %3.2e",GAMA,qT3D) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91384a958 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s + +J = 4 //Rotational energy level +B = 8.46 //Spectrum, 1/cm + +//Calculations +T = (2*J+1)**2*h*c*100*B/(2*k) +//Results +printf("\n Spectrum will be observed at %4.0f K",T) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1690ccd97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s + +B = 60.589 //Spectrum for H2, 1/cm +T = 1000 //Temperture of Hydrogen, K +//Calculations +qR = k*T/(2*h*c*100*B) +qRs = 0.0 +//for J in range(101): +// print J +// if (J%2 == 0): +// qRs = qRs + (2*J+1)*exp(-h*c*100*B*J*(J+1)/(k*T) +// else: +// qRs = qRs + 3*(2*J+1)*exp(-h*c*100*B*J*(J+1)/(k*T)) +//print qRs/4 + +//Results +printf("\n Rotation partition function of H2 at %4.0f is %4.3f",T,qR) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f1e07ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +B = 0.0374 //Spectrum for H2, 1/cm +T = 100.0 //Temperture of Hydrogen, K +sigma = 2. + +//Calculations +ThetaR = h*c*100*B/k +qR = T/(sigma*ThetaR) + +//Results +printf("\n Rotation partition function of H2 at %4.0f K is %4.3f",T,qR) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..173eb6e7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s +Ba = 1.48 //Spectrum for OCS, 1/cm +Bb = list(2.84,0.191,0.179) //Spectrum for ONCI, 1/c +Bc = list(9.40,1.29,1.13) //Spectrum for CH2O, 1/cm +T = 298.0 //Temperture of Hydrogen, K +sigmab = 1 +sigmac = 2 + +//Calculations +qRa = k*T/(h*c*100*Ba) +qRb = (sqrt(%pi)/sigmab)*(k*T/(h*c*100))**(3./2)*sqrt(1/Bb(1))*sqrt(1/Bb(2))*sqrt(1/Bb(3)) +qRc = (sqrt(%pi)/sigmac)*(k*T/(h*c*100))**(3./2)*sqrt(1/Bc(1))*sqrt(1/Bc(2))*sqrt(1/Bc(3)) + +//Results +printf("\n Rotation partition function for OCS, ONCI, CH2O at %4.0f K are %4.0f, %4.0f, and %4.0f respectively",T,qRa,qRb,qRc) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6aa544ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s + +Ba = 1.48 //Frequency for OCS, 1/cm +Bb = [2.84,0.191,0.179] //Frequency for ONCI, 1/cm +Bc = [9.40,1.29,1.13] //Frequency for CH2O, 1/cm +T298 = 298.0 //Temperture of Hydrogen, K +T1000 = 1000 //Temperture of Hydrogen, K +nubar = 208 + +//Calculations +qv298 = 1./(1.-exp(-h*c*100*nubar/(k*T298))) +qv1000 = 1./(1.-exp(-h*c*100*nubar/(k*T1000))) + +//Results +printf("\n Vibrational partition function for I2 at %4d and %4d are %4.2f K and %4.2f respectively",T298, T1000,qv298, qv1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce b/3689/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50c3ad1cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//// +//Variable Declarations +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, J.s +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +c = 3.0e8 //speed of light, m/s + +T = 298 //Temeprature, K +nubar = list(450, 945, 1100) //Vibrational mode frequencies for OClO, 1/cm + +//Calculations +Qv = 1. +for i = nubar + qv = 1/(1.-exp(-h*c*100*i/(k*T))) + printf("\nAt %4.0f 1/cm the q = %4.3f',i,qv) + Qv = Qv*qv + end +//Results +printf("\n Total Vibrational partition function for OClO at %4.1f K is %4.3f",T, Qv) + diff --git a/3689/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/3689/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d46c1df83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +U = 1.00e3 //Total internal energy, J +hnu = 1.00e-20 //Energy level separation, J +NA = 6.022e23 //Avagadro's Number, 1/mol +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K +n = 1 //Number of moles, mol + +//Calcualtions +T = hnu/(k*log(n*NA*hnu/U-1.)) + +//Results +printf("\n For Internal energy to be %4.1f J temperature will be %4.1f K",U,T) + diff --git a/3689/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/3689/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f68112e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +g0 = 3.0 +labda = 1263e-9 //Wave length in nm +T = 500. //Temperature, K +c = 3.00e8 //Speed of light, m/s +NA = 6.022e23 //Avagadro's Number, 1/mol +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K +n = 1.0 //Number of moles, mol +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks's Constant, J.s + +//Calcualtions +beta = 1/(k*T) +eps = h*c/labda +qE = g0 + exp(-beta*eps) +UE = n*NA*eps*exp(-beta*eps)/qE + +//Results +printf("\n Energy of excited state is %4.2e J",eps) + +printf("\n Electronic partition function qE is %4.3e",qE) + +printf("\n Electronic contribution to internal enrgy is %4.3e J",UE) + diff --git a/3689/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/3689/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d59a5f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +Mne = 0.0201797 //Molecular wt of ne, kg/mol +Mkr = 0.0837980 //Molecular wt of kr, kg/mol +Vmne = 0.0224 //Std. state molar volume of ne, m3 +Vmkr = 0.0223 //Std. state molar volume of kr, m3 +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks's Constant, J.s +NA = 6.022e23 //Avagadro's Number, 1/mol +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K +T = 298 //Std. state temeprature,K +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +n = 1.0 //Number of mole, mol + +//Calcualtions +mne = Mne/NA +mkr = Mkr/NA +Labdane = sqrt(h**2/(2*%pi*mne*k*T)) +Labdakr = sqrt(h**2/(2*%pi*mkr*k*T)) +Sne = 5.*R/2 + R*log(Vmne/Labdane**3)-R*log(NA) +Skr = 5.*R/2 + R*log(Vmkr/Labdakr**3)-R*log(NA) + +//Results +printf("\n Thermal wave lengths for Ne is %4.2e m3",Labdane) + +printf("\n Std. Molar entropy for Ne is %4.2f J/(mol.K)",Sne) + +printf("\n Thermal wave lengths for Kr is %4.2e m3",Labdakr) + +printf("\n Std. Molar entropy for Kr is %4.2f J/(mol.K)",Skr) + diff --git a/3689/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/3689/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0a55eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +M = 0.040 //Moleculat wt of Ar, kg/mol +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks's Constant, J.s +NA = 6.022e23 //Avagadro's Number, 1/mol +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K +T = 298.15 //Std. state temeprature,K +P = 1e5 //Std. state pressure, Pa +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +n = 1.0 //Number of mole, mol + +//Calcualtions +m = M/NA +Labda3 = (h**2/(2*%pi*m*k*T))**(3./2) +G0 = -n*R*T*log(k*T/(P*Labda3)) + +//Results +printf("\n Thermal wave lengths for Ne is %4.2e m3",Labda3) + +printf("\n The Gibbs energy for 1 mol of Ar is %6.2f kJ",G0/1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce b/3689/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc07fb11c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH16/EX16.2/16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperatureof Gas, K +M = 0.040 //Molecular wt of Ar, kg/mol + + +//Calculations +vmp = sqrt(2*R*T/M) +vave = sqrt(8*R*T/(M*%pi)) +vrms = sqrt(3*R*T/M) + +//Results +printf("\n Maximum, average, root mean square speed of Ar\nat 298 K are %4.0f, %4.0f, %4.0f m/s",vmp,vave,vrms) + diff --git a/3689/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/3689/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4ad51f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperature of Gas, K +M = 0.040 //Molecular wt of Ar, kg/mol +P = 101325 //Pressure, N/m2 +NA = 6.022e23 //Number of particles per mol +V = 1.0 //Volume of Container, L + +//Calculations +Zc = P*NA/sqrt(2*%pi*R*T*M) +Nc = Zc +//Results +printf("\n Number of Collisions %4.2e per s",Nc) + diff --git a/3689/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce b/3689/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc703d58d --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH16/EX16.5/16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperature of Gas, K +M = 0.040 //Molecular wt of Ar, kg/mol +P0 = 1013.25 //Pressure, N/m2 +NA = 6.022e23 //Number of particles per mol +V = 1.0 //Volume of Container, L +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K +t = 3600 //time of effusion, s +A = 0.01 //Area, um2 + +//Calculations +A = A*1e-12 +V = V*1e-3 +expo = (A*t/V)*(k*T/(2*%pi*M/NA)) +P = P0*exp(-expo) +//Results +printf("\n Pressure after 1 hr of effusion is %4.3e Pa",P/101325) + diff --git a/3689/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce b/3689/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28839b33d --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperature of Gas, K +M = 0.044 //Molecular wt of CO2, kg/mol +P = 101325 //Pressure, N/m2 +NA = 6.022e23 //Number of particles per mol +sigm = 5.2e-19 //m2 + +//Calculations +zCO2 = (P*NA/(R*T))*sigm*sqrt(2)*sqrt(8*R*T/(%pi*M)) +//Results +printf("\n Single particle collisional frequency is %4.1e per s",zCO2) + diff --git a/3689/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce b/3689/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc85dd54f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH16/EX16.7/16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +T = 298 //Temperature of Gas, K +MAr = 0.04 //Molecular wt of Ar, kg/mol +MKr = 0.084 //Molecular wt of Kr, kg/mol +pAr = 360 //Partial Pressure Ar, torr +pKr = 400 //Partial Pressure Kr, torr +rAr = 0.17e-9 //Hard sphere radius of Ar, m +rKr = 0.20e-9 //Hard sphere radius of Kr, m +NA = 6.022e23 //Number of particles per mol +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann constant, J/K + +//Calculations +pAr = pAr*101325/760 +pKr = pKr*101325/760 +p1 = pAr*NA/(R*T) +p2 = pKr*NA/(R*T) +sigm = %pi*(rAr+rKr)**2 +mu = MAr*MKr/((MAr+MKr)*NA) +p3 = sqrt(8*k*T/(%pi*mu)) +zArKr = p1*p2*sigm*p3 + +//Results +printf("\n Collisional frequency is %4.2e m-3s-1",zArKr) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ea5bc505 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////// +//Variable Declaration +M = 0.040 //Molecualar wt of Argon, kh/mol +P = 101325.0 //Pressure and Temperature, Pa, K + T = 298.0 +sigm = 3.6e-19 // +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, mol^-1 K^-1 +N_A = 6.02214129e+23 //mol^-1 +//Calculations +DAr = (1./3)*sqrt(8*R*T/(%pi*M))*(R*T/(P*N_A*sqrt(2)*sigm)) + +//Results +printf("\n Diffusion coefficient of Argon %3.1e m2/s",DAr) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5c728aac --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.11/17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration +LMg = 0.0106 //Ionic conductance for Mg, S.m2/mol +LCl = 0.0076 //Ionic conductance for Cl, S.m2/mol +[nMg,nCl] = (1,2) + +//Calculations +LMgCl2 = nMg*LMg + nCl*LCl + +//Results +printf("\n Molar conductivity of MgCl2 on infinite dilution is %5.4f S.m2/mol",LMgCl2) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..444b12796 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +DHebyAr = 4.0 +MAr = 39.9 //Molecualar wt of Argon and Neon, kg/mol +MHe = 4.0 +P = 101325.0 //Pressure and Temperature, Pa, K +T = 298.0 +sigm = 3.6e-19 // +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, mol^-1 K^-1 +N_A = 6.02214129e+23 //mol^-1 +//Calculations +sigHebyAr = (1./DHebyAr)*sqrt(MAr/MHe) + +//Results +printf("\n Ratio of collision cross sections of Helium to Argon %4.3f",sigHebyAr) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8e9ca0e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +D = 1.0e-5 //Diffusion coefficient, m2/s +t1 = 1000 //Time, s +t10 = 10000 //Time, s + +//Calculations +xrms1 = sqrt(2*D*t1) +xrms10 = sqrt(2*D*t10) + +//Results +printf("\n rms displacement at %4d and %4d is %4.3f and %4.3f m respectively",t1,t10,xrms1,xrms10) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..876610348 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Variable Declaration +D = 2.2e-5 //Diffusion coefficient of benzene, cm2/s +x0 = 0.3 //molecular diameter of benzene, nm + +//Calculations +t = (x0*1e-9)**2/(2*D*1e-4) + +//Results +printf("\n Time per random walk is %4.3e s or %4.2f ps",t,t/1e-12) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d0fe9e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.5/17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +P = 101325 //Pressure, Pa +kt = 0.0177 //Thermal conductivity, J/(K.m.s) +T = 300.0 //Temperature, K +k = 1.3806488e-23 //Boltzmanconstant,J K^-1 +sigm = 3.6e-19 // +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, mol^-1 K^-1 +NA = 6.02214129e+23 //mol^-1 +M = 39.9 //Molecualar wt of Argon and Neon, kg/mol + +//Calculations +CvmbyNA = 3.*k/2 +nuavg = sqrt(8*R*T/(%pi*M*1e-3)) +N = NA*P/(R*T) +labda = 3*kt/(CvmbyNA*nuavg*N) +sigm = 1/(sqrt(2)*N*labda) + +//Results +printf("\n Mean free path %4.3e m and collisional cross section %4.2e m2",labda, sigm) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecd183c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.6/17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +eta = 227. //Viscosity of Ar, muP +P = 101325 //Pressure, Pa +kt = 0.0177 //Thermal conductivity, J/(K.m.s) +T = 300.0 //Temperature, K +k = 1.3806488e-23 //Boltzmanconstant,J K^-1 +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, mol^-1 K^-1 +NA = 6.02214129e+23 //mol^-1 +M = 39.9 //Molecualar wt of Argon and Neon, kg/mol + +//Calculations +nuavg = sqrt(8*R*T/(%pi*M*1e-3)) +N = NA*P/(R*T) +m = M*1e-3/NA +labda = 3.*eta*1e-7/(nuavg*N*m) //viscosity in kg m s units +sigm = 1./(sqrt(2)*N*labda) + +//Results +printf("\n Collisional cross section %4.2e m2",sigm) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a37183c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.7/17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +m = 22.7 //Mass of CO2, kg +T = 293.0 //Temperature, K +L = 1.0 //length of the tube, m +d = 0.75 //Diameter of the tube, mm +eta = 146 //Viscosity of CO2, muP +p1 = 1.05 //Inlet pressure, atm +p2 = 1.00 //Outlet pressure, atm +atm2pa = 101325 //Conversion for pressure from atm to Pa +M = 0.044 //Molecular wt of CO2, kg/mol +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, J mol^-1 K^-1 + +//Calculations +p1 = p1*atm2pa +p2 = p2*atm2pa +F = %pi*(d*1e-3/2)**4*(p1**2-p2**2)/(16.*eta/1.e7*L*p2) +nCO2 = m/M +v = nCO2*R*T/((p1+p2)/2) +t = v/F + +//Results +printf("\n Flow rate is %4.3e m3/s",F) + +printf("\n Cylinder can be used for %4.3e s nearly %3.1f days",t, t/(24*3600)) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b568100a --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.8/17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +eta = 0.891 //Viscosity of hemoglobin in water, cP +T = 298.0 //Temperature, K +k = 1.3806488e-23 //Boltzmanconstant,J K^-1 +R = 8.314 //Molar Gas constant, mol^-1 K^-1 +D = 6.9e-11 //Diffusion coefficient, m2/s + +//Calculations +r = k*T/(6*%pi*eta*1e-3*D) + +//Results +printf("\n Radius of protein is %4.3f nm",r/1e-9) + diff --git a/3689/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce b/3689/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af0741829 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH17/EX17.9/17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +s = 1.91e-13 //Sedimentation constant, s +NA = 6.02214129e+23 //mol^-1 +M = 14100.0 //Molecualr wt of lysozyme, g/mol +rho = 0.998 //Density of water, kg/m3 +eta = 1.002 //Viscosity lysozyme in water, cP +T = 293.15 //Temperature, K +vbar = 0.703 //Specific volume of cm3/g + +//Calculations +m = M/NA +f = m*(1.-vbar*rho)/s +r = f/(6*%pi*eta) + +//Results +printf("\n Radius of Lysozyme particle is %4.3f nm",r/1e-9) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..122aa3416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.10/18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//////Variable Declaration +Dh = 7.6e-7 //Diffusion coefficient of Hemoglobin, cm2/s +Do2 = 2.2e-5 //Diffusion coefficient of oxygen, cm2/s +rh = 35. //Radius of Hemoglobin, °A +ro2 = 2.0 //Radius of Oxygen, °A +k = 4e7 //Rate constant for binding of O2 to Hemoglobin, 1/(M.s) +NA =6.022e23 //Avagadro Number +//Calculations +DA = Dh + Do2 +kd = 4*%pi*NA*(rh+ro2)*1e-8*DA + +//Results +printf("\n Estimated rate %4.1e 1/(M.s is far grater than experimental value of %4.1e 1/(M.s, \nhence the reaction is not diffusion controlled",kd,k) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99dd531ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.11/18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//////Variable Declaration +Ea = 104e3 //Activation energy for reaction, J/mol +A = 1.e13 //Pre-exponential factor for reaction, 1/s +T = 300.0 //Temeprature, K +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +h = 6.626e-34 //Plnak constant, Js +c = 1.0 //Std. State concentration, M +k = 1.38e-23 //,J/K + +//Calculations +dH = Ea - 2*R*T +dS = R*log(A*h*c/(k*T*%e**2)) + +//Results +printf("\n Forward Rate constant is %4.2e 1/s",dH) + +printf("\n Backward Rate constant is %4.2f 1/s",dS) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfa6c778a --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.2/18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +Ca0 = list(2.3e-4,4.6e-4,9.2e-4) //Initial Concentration of A, M +Cb0 = list(3.1e-5,6.2e-5,6.2e-5) //Initial Concentration of B, M +Ri = list(5.25e-4,4.2e-3,1.68e-2) //Initial rate of reaction, M + +//Calculations +alp = log(Ri(2)/Ri(3))/log(Ca0(2)/Ca0(3)) +beta = (log(Ri(1)/Ri(2)) - 2*log((Ca0(1)/Ca0(2))))/(log(Cb0(1)/Cb0(2))) +k = Ri(3)/(Ca0(3)**2*Cb0(3)**beta) + +//REsults +printf("\n Order of reaction with respect to reactant A: %3.2f",alp) + +printf("\n Order of reaction with respect to reactant A: %3.2f",beta) + +printf("\n Rate constant of the reaction: %4.3e 1./(M.s)",k) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e5794cff --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.3/18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +t1by2 = 2.05e4 //Half life for first order decomposition of N2O5, s +x = 60. //percentage decay of N2O5 + +//Calculations +k = log(2)/t1by2 +t = -log(x/100)/k + +//REsults +printf("\n Rate constant of the reaction: %4.3e 1/s",k) + +printf("\n Timerequire for 60 percent decay of N2O5: %4.3e s",t) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f46003e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.4/18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +t1by2 = 2.05e4 //Half life for first order decomposition of N2O5, s +x = 60. //percentage decay of N2O5 + +//Calculations +k = log(2)/t1by2 +t = -log(x/100)/k + +//REsults +printf("\n Rate constant of the reaction: %4.3e 1/s",k) + +printf("\n Time required for 60 percent decay of N2O5: %4.3e s",t) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0c199f8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.5/18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +kAbykI = 2.0 //Ratio of rate constants +kA = 0.1 //First order rate constant for rxn 1, 1/s +kI = 0.05 //First order rate constant for rxn 2, 1/s +//Calculations +tmax = 1/(kA-kI)*log(kA/kI) + +//Results +printf("\n Time required for maximum concentration of A: %4.2f s",tmax) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289e34aad --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.7/18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +T = 22.0 //Temperature of the reaction,°C +k1 = 7.0e-4 //Rate constants for rxn 1, 1/s +k2 = 4.1e-3 //Rate constant for rxn 2, 1/s +k3 = 5.7e-3 //Rate constant for rxn 3, 1/s +//Calculations +phiP1 = k1/(k1+k2+k3) + +//Results +printf("\n Percentage of Benzyl Penicillin that under acid catalyzed reaction by path 1: %4.2f ",phiP1*100) + diff --git a/3689/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce b/3689/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34d9ab979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH18/EX18.9/18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +Ea = 42.e3 //Activation energy for reaction, J/mol +A = 1.e12 //Pre-exponential factor for reaction, 1/s +T = 298.0 //Temeprature, K +Kc = 1.0e4 //Equilibrium constant for reaction +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +//Calculations +kB = A*exp(-Ea/(R*T)) +kA = kB*Kc +kApp = kA + kB + +//Results +printf("\n Forward Rate constant is %4.2e 1/s",kA) + +printf("\n Backward Rate constant is %4.2e 1/s",kB) + +printf("\n Apperent Rate constant is %4.2e 1/s",kApp) + diff --git a/3689/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce b/3689/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0378b51d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Variable Declarations +mr = 2.5e-3 //Moles reacted, mol +P = 100.0 //Irradiation Power, J/s +t = 27 //Time of irradiation, s +h = 6.626e-34 //Planks constant, Js +c = 3.0e8 //Speed of light, m/s +labda = 280e-9 //Wavelength of light, m + +//Calculation +Eabs = P*t +Eph = h*c/labda +nph = Eabs/Eph //moles of photone +phi = mr/6.31e-3 + +//Results +printf("\n Total photon energy absorbed by sample %3.1e J",Eabs) + +printf("\n Photon energy absorbed at 280 nm is %3.1e J",Eph) + +printf("\n Total number of photon absorbed by sample %3.1e photones",nph) + +printf("\n Overall quantum yield %4.2f",phi) + diff --git a/3689/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce b/3689/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d8b4d8a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//////Variable Declarations +r = 2.0e9 //Rate constant for electron transfer, per s +labda = 1.2 //Gibss energy change, eV +DG = -1.93 //Gibss energy change for 2-naphthoquinoyl, eV +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzman constant, J/K +T = 298.0 //Temeprature, K +//Calculation +DGS = (DG+labda)**2/(4*labda) +k193 = r*exp(-DGS*1.6e-19/(k*T)) +//Results +printf("\n DGS = %5.3f eV",DGS) + +printf("\n Rate constant with barrier to electron transfer %3.2e per s",k193) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efcd69f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration Part a +vi = 20.0 //Initial volume of ideal gas, L +vf = 85.0 //final volume of ideal gas, L +Pext = 2.5 //External Pressure against which work is done, bar + +//Calculations +w = -Pext*1e5*(vf-vi)*1e-3 + +//Results +printf("\n Part a: Work done in expansion is %6.1f kJ",w/1000) + + +//Variable Declaration Part b +ri = 1.00 //Initial diameter of bubble, cm +rf = 3.25 //final diameter of bubble, cm +sigm = 71.99 //Surface tension, N/m + +//Calculations +w = -2*sigm*4*%pi*(rf**2-ri**2)*1e-4 + +//Results +printf("\n Part b: Work done in expansion of bubble is %4.2f J",w) + + +//Variable Declaration Part c +i = 3.20 //Current through heating coil, A +v = 14.5 //fVoltage applied across coil, volts +t = 30.0 //time for which current is applied,s + +////Calculations +w = v*i*t + +//Results +printf("\n Part c: Work done in paasing the cuurent through coil is %4.2f kJ",w/1000) + + +//Variable Declaration Part d +k = 100.0 //Constant in F = -kx, N/cm +dl = -0.15 //stretch , cm + +////Calculations +w = -k*(dl**2-0)/2 + +//Results +printf("\n Part d: Work done stretching th fiber is %4.2f J",w) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ff1cb0b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 100.0 //Mass of water, g +T = 100.0 //Temperature of water, °C +Pext = 1.0 //External Pressure on assembly, bar +x = 10.0 //percent of water vaporised at 1 bar,- +i = 2.00 //current through heating coil, A +v = 12.0 //Voltage applied, v +t = 1.0e3 //time for which current applied, s +rhol = 997 //Density of liquid, kg/m3 +rhog = 0.59 //Density of vapor, kg/m3 + +//Calculations +q = i*v*t +vi = m/(rhol*100)*1e-3 +vf = m*(100-x)*1e-3/(rhol*100) + m*x*1e-3/(rhog*100) +w = -Pext*(vf-vi)*1e5 +//Results +printf("\n Heat added to the water %4.2f kJ",q/1000) + +printf("\n Work done in vaporizing liquid is %4.2f J",w) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71cefee96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration Part d +m = 1.5 +dT = 14.2 //Change in temperature of water, °C or K +cp = 4.18 //Specific heat of water at constant pressure, J/(g.K) + +//Calculations +qp = m*cp*dT + +//Results +printf("\n Heat removed by water at constant pressure %4.2f kJ",qp) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..933bce944 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//// +//Variable declaration +n = 2.0 //moles of ideal gas +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, bar.L/(mol.K) +//For reverssible Isothermal expansion +Pi1 = 25.0 //Initial Pressure of ideal gas, bar +Vi1 = 4.50 //Initial volume of ideal gas, L +Pf1 = 4.50 //Fianl Pressure of ideal gas, bar +Pext = 4.50 //External pressure, bar +Pint = 11.0 //Intermediate pressure, bar + +//Calcualtions reverssible Isothermal expansion +T1 = Pi1*Vi1/(n*R) +Vf1 = n*R*T1/Pf1 +w = -n*R*T1*log(Vf1/Vi1) + +//Results +printf("\n For reverssible Isothermal expansion') +printf("\n Work done = %4.2e J",w) + + +//Calcualtions Single step irreverssible expansion + +w = -Pext*1e5*(Vf1-Vi1)*1e-3 + +//Results +printf("\n For Single step reverssible expansion') +printf("\n Work done = %4.2e J",w) + + +//Calcualtions Two step irreverssible expansion +Vint = n*R*T1/(Pint) +w = -Pint*1e5*(Vint-Vi1)*1e-3 - Pf1*1e5*(Vf1-Vint)*1e-3 + +//Results +printf("\n For Two step reverssible expansion') +printf("\n Work done = %4.2e J",w) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e2549155 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//// +//Variable declaration +n = 2.5 //moles of ideal gas +R = 0.08314 //Ideal gas constant, bar.L/(mol.K) +cvm = 20.79 //Heat Capacity at constant volume, J/(mol.K) + +p1 = 16.6 //Pressure at point 1, bar +v1 = 1.00 //Volume at point 1, L +p2 = 16.6 //Pressure at point 2, bar +v2 = 25.0 //Volume at point 2, L +v3 = 25.0 //Volume at point 3, L + +//Calculations +T1 = p1*v1/(n*R) +T2 = p2*v2/(n*R) +T3 = T1 //from problem statement + //for path 1-2 +DU12 = n*cvm*(T2-T1) +w12 = -p1*1e5*(v2-v1)*1e-3 +q12 = DU12 - w12 +DH12 = DU12 + n*R*(T2-T1)*1e2 + + //for path 2-3 +w23 = 0.0 +DU23=n*cvm*(T3-T2) +;q23=n*cvm*(T3-T2) +; +DH23 = -DH12 + + + //for path 3-1 +DU31 = 0.0 //Isothemal process +DH31 = 0.0 +w31 = -n*R*1e2*T1*log(v1/v3) +q31 = -w31 + +DU = DU12+DU23+DU31 +w = w12+w23+w31 +q = q12+q23+q31 +DH = DH12+DH23+DH31 + +//Results +printf("\n For Path q w DU DH ') +printf("\n 1-2 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f",q12,w12,DU12,DH12) + +printf("\n 2-3 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f",q23,w23,DU23,DH23) + +printf("\n 3-1 %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f",q31,w31,DU31,DH31) + +printf("\n Overall %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f",q,w,DU,DH) + +printf("\n all values are in J') diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bef642742 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +////Variable Declaration Part d +n = 2.5 //moles of ideal gas +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +cvm = 12.47 //Heat Capacity at constant volume, J/(mol.K) + +pext = 1.00 //External Pressure, bar +Ti = 325. //Initial Temeprature, K +pi = 2.50 //Initial Pressure, bar +pf = 1.25 //Final pressure, bar + +//Calculations Adiabatic process q = 0; DU = w +q = 0.0 +Tf = Ti*(cvm + R*pext/pi)/(cvm + R*pext/pf ) +DU=n*cvm*(Tf-Ti) +;w=n*cvm*(Tf-Ti) +; +DH = DU + n*R*(Tf-Ti) + +//Results +printf("\n The final temperature at end of adiabatic procees is %4.1f K",Tf) + +printf("\n The enthalpy change of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J",DH) + +printf("\n The Internal energy change of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J",DU) + +printf("\n The work done in expansion of adiabatic procees is %4.1f J",w) + diff --git a/3689/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/3689/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe090746 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration Part d +h1 = 1000.0 //initial Altitude of cloud, m +hf = 3500.0 //Final Altitude of cloud, m +p1 = 0.802 //Pressure at h1, atm +pf = 0.602 //Pressure at hf, atm +T1 = 288.0 //Initial temperature of cloud, K +cp = 28.86 //Specific heat of air, J/mol.K +R = 8.314 //Gas constant, J/mol.K + +//Calculations +Tf = exp(-(cp/(cp-R)-1)/(cp/(cp-R))*log(p1/pf))*T1 +//Results +printf("\n Final temperature of cloud %4.1f K",Tf) + diff --git a/3689/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/3689/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ba24b5fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//////Variable Declaration +betaOH = 11.2e-4 //Thermal exapnasion coefficient of ethanol, °C +betagl = 2.00e-5 //Thermal exapnasion coefficient of glass, °C +kOH = 11.0e-5 //Isothermal compressibility of ethanol, /bar +dT = 10.0 //Increase in Temperature, °C + +//Calcualtions +vfbyvi = (1+ betagl*dT) +dP = betaOH*dT/kOH-(1./kOH)*log(vfbyvi) + +//Results +printf("\n Pressure increase in capillary %4.1f bar",dP) + diff --git a/3689/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/3689/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2cc3462f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Variable Declaration +cpsubysy = 1000 //Specific heat ration of surrounding and system +Tpreci = 0.006 //Precision in Temperature measurement, °C + +//Calcualtions +dtgas = -cpsubysy*(-Tpreci) + +//Results +printf("\n Minimum detectable temperature change of gas +-%4.1f °C",dtgas) + diff --git a/3689/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/3689/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5964aba09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 124.0 //Mass of liquid methanol, g +Pi = 1.0 //Initial Pressure, bar +Ti = 298.0 //Intial Temperature, K +Pf = 2.5 //Final Pressure, bar +Tf = 425.0 //Intial Temperature, K +rho = 0.791 //Density, g/cc +Cpm = 81.1 //Specifi heat, J/(K.mol) +M = 32.04 + +//Calculations +n = m/M +DH = n*Cpm*(Tf-Ti)+ m*(Pf-Pi)*1e-6/rho + +//Results +printf("\n Enthalpy change for change in state of methanol is %4.1f kJ",DH/1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/3689/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afccaa070 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Varialble Declaration +DH0_H2O = 241.8 //Std Enthalpy of reaxtion of Water Fomation backward rxn, kJ/mol +DH0_2H = 2*218.0 //Std Enthalpy of formation of Hydrogen atom, kJ/mol +DH0_O = 249.2 //Std Enthalpy of formation of Oxygen atom, kJ/mol +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +Dn = 2.0 +T = 298.15 //Std. Temperature, K +//Calculation +DH0_2HO = DH0_H2O + DH0_2H + DH0_O +DU0 = (DH0_2HO - Dn*R*T*1e-3)/2 + +//Results +printf("\n Avergae Enthalpy change required for breaking both OH bonds %4.1f kJ/mol",DH0_2HO) + +printf("\n Average bond energy required for breaking both OH bonds %4.1f kJ/mol",DU0) + diff --git a/3689/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/3689/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d994c1c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +////Varialble Declaration +ms1 = 0.972 //Mass of cyclohexane, g +DT1 = 2.98 //Change in temperature for bath, °C +DUR1 = -3913e3 //Std Internal energy change, J/mol +mw = 1.812e3 //Mass of water, g +ms2 = 0.857 //Mass of benzene, g +Ms1 = 84.16 +Ms2 = 78.12 +DT2 = 2.36 //Change in temperature for bath, °C +Mw = 18.02 +Cpw = 75.3 + +//Calculation + +Ccal = ((-ms1/Ms1)*DUR1-(mw/Mw)*Cpw*DT1)/DT1 +DUR2 = (-Ms2/ms2)*((mw/Mw)*Cpw*DT2+Ccal*DT2) + +//Results +printf("\n Calorimeter constant %4.2e J/°C",Ccal) + +printf("\n Enthalpy of rection for benzene %4.2e J/mol",DUR2) + diff --git a/3689/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/3689/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c7b07849 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +////Varialble Declaration +ms = 1.423 //Mass of Na2SO4, g +mw = 100.34 //Mass of Na2SO4, g +DT = 0.037 //Change in temperature for solution, K +Mw = 18.02 //Molecular wt of Water +Ms = 142.04 //Molecular wt of ms Na2SO4 +Ccal = 342.5 //Calorimeter constant, J/K +Cpw = 75.3 +//Data +DHfNa = -240.1 +DHfSO4 = -909.3 +DHfNa2SO4 = -1387.1 + +//Calculation +DHs = (-Ms/ms)*((mw/Mw)*Cpw*DT+Ccal*DT) +DHsolD = 2*DHfNa + DHfSO4 - DHfNa2SO4 + +//Results +printf("\n Enthalpy of solution for Na2SO4 %4.2e J/mol",DHs) + +printf("\n Enthalpy of solution for Na2SO4 from Data %4.2e J/mol",DHsolD) + diff --git a/3689/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/3689/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37b992a13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +Th = 500. +Tc = 200. //Temeperatures IN Which reversible heat engine works, K +q = 1000. //Heat absorbed by heat engine, J + +//Calcualtions +eps = 1.-Tc/Th +w = eps*q + +//Results +printf("\n Efficiency of heat engine is %4.3f",eps) + +printf("\n Work done by heat engine is %4.1f J",w) + diff --git a/3689/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/3689/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b00b22cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////// +//Variable Declaration +n = 2.5 //Number of moles of CO2 +Ti = 450. //Initial and final state Temeperatures of CO2, K +Tf = 800. +pi = 1.35 //Initial and final state pressure of CO2, K +pf = 3.45 +[A,B,C,D] = (18.86,7.937e-2,-6.7834e-5,2.4426e-8) + //Constants in constant pressure Heat capacity equation in J, mol, K units +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +//Calcualtions + +dS1 = n*integrate('(A+B*T+C*T**2+D*T**3)/T','T',Ti,Tf) +dS2 = n*R*log(pf/pi) +dS = dS1 - dS2 +//Results +printf("\n Entropy change of process is %4.2f J/(mol.K)",dS) + diff --git a/3689/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/3689/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf55d7b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 3.0 //Number of moles of CO2 +Ti = 300 //Initial and final state Temeperatures of CO2, K +Tf = 600 +pi = 1.00 //Initial and final state pressure of CO2, K +pf = 3.00 +cpm = 27.98 //Specific heat of mercury, J/(mol.K) +M = 200.59 //Molecualr wt of mercury, g/(mol) +beta = 1.81e-4 //per K +rho = 13.54 //Density of mercury, g/cm3 +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) + +//Calcualtions +dS1 = n*cpm*log(Tf/Ti) +dS2 = n*(M/(rho*1e6))*beta*(pf-pi)*1e5 +dS = dS1 - dS2 + +//Results +printf("\n Entropy change of process is %4.1f J/(mol.K)",dS) + +printf("\n Ratio of pressure to temperature dependent term %3.1e\nhence effect of pressure dependent term is very less",dS2/dS1) + +printf("\n The above value is different as given in the text") + + diff --git a/3689/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/3689/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17be6288c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 1.0 //Number of moles of CO2 +T = 300.0 //Temeperatures of Water bath, K +vi = 25.0 //Initial and final state Volume of Ideal Gas, L +vf = 10.0 +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) + +//Calcualtions +qrev = n*R*T*log(vf/vi) +w = -qrev +dSsys = qrev/T +dSsur = -dSsys +dS = dSsys + dSsur + +//Results +printf("\n Entropy change of surrounding is %4.1f J/(mol.K)",dSsur) + +printf("\n Entropy change of system is %4.1f J/(mol.K)",dSsys) + +printf("\n Total Entropy change is %4.1f J/(mol.K)",dS) + diff --git a/3689/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/3689/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b44e8cef --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +n = 1.0 //Number of moles of CO2 +T = 300.0 //Temeperatures of Water bath, K +vi = 25.0 //Initial and final state Volume of Ideal Gas, L +vf = 10.0 +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) + +//Calcualtions +pext = n*R*T/(vf/1e3) +pi = n*R*T/(vi/1e3) +q = pext*(vf-vi)/1e3 +qrev = n*R*T*log(vf/vi) +w = -q +dSsur = -q/T +dSsys = qrev/T +dS = dSsys + dSsur + +//Results +printf("\n Constant external pressure and initial pressure are %4.3e J,and %4.3e J respectively",pext,pi) + +printf("\n Heat in reverssible and irreversible processes are %4.1f J,and %4.1f J respectively",qrev,q) + +printf("\n Entropy change of system is %4.1f J/(mol.K)",dSsys) + +printf("\n Entropy change of surrounding is %4.2f J/(mol.K)",dSsur) + +printf("\n Total Entropy changeis %4.2f J/(mol.K)",dS) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..488e93074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +dHcCH4 = -891.0 //Std. heat of combustion for CH4, kJ/mol +dHcC8H18 = -5471.0 //Std. heat of combustion for C8H18, kJ/mol + +T = 298.15 +[SmCO2,SmCH4,SmH2O,SmO2,SmC8H18] = (213.8,186.3,70.0,205.2,316.1) +dnCH4 = -2. +dnC8H18 = 4.5 +R = 8.314 +//Calculations +dACH4 = dHcCH4*1e3 - dnCH4*R*T - T*(SmCO2 + 2*SmH2O - SmCH4 - 2*SmO2) +dAC8H18 = dHcC8H18*1e3 - dnC8H18*R*T - T*(8*SmCO2 + 9*SmH2O - SmC8H18 - 25.*SmO2/2) +//Results +printf("\n Maximum Available work through combustion of CH4 %4.1f kJ/mol",dACH4/1000) + +printf("\n Maximum Available work through combustion of C8H18 %4.1f kJ/mol",dAC8H18/1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44db193d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.12/6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +dGfCaCO3 = -1128.8 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CaCO3 (s), kJ/mol +dGfCaO = -603.3 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CaO (s), kJ/mol +dGfCO2 = -394.4 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for O2 (g), kJ/mol +dHfCaCO3 = -1206.9 //Std. Enthalpy Change of formation for CaCO3 (s), kJ/mol +dHfCaO = -634.9 //Std. Enthalpy Change of formation for CaO (s), kJ/mol +dHfCO2 = -393.5 //Std. Enthalpy Change of formation for O2 (g), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +R = 8.314 +[nCaCO3,nCaO,nO2] = (-1,1,1) + +//Calculations +dGR = nCaO*dGfCaO + nO2*dGfCO2 + nCaCO3*dGfCaCO3 +dHR = nCaO*dHfCaO + nO2*dHfCO2 + nCaCO3*dHfCaCO3 + +deff('[x]=func(T)','x=exp(-dGR*1e3/(R*T0) - dHR*1e3*(1/T - 1/T0)/R)') + +Kp10 = func(1000) +Kp11 = func(1100) +Kp12 = func(1200) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. Gibbs energy change for reaction is %4.1f kJ/mol",dGR) + +printf("\n Std. Enthalpy change for reaction is %4.1f kJ/mol",dHR) + +printf("\n Equilibrium constants at 1000, 1100, and 1200 K are %4.4f, %4.3fe, and %4.3f",Kp10,Kp11,Kp12) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b0681fff --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +dGfCG = 0.0 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CaCO3 (s), kJ/mol +dGfCD = 2.90 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CaO (s), kJ/mol +rhoG = 2.25e3 //Density of Graphite, kg/m3 +rhoD = 3.52e3 //Density of dimond, kg/m3 +T0 = 298.15 //Std. Temperature, K +R = 8.314 //Ideal gas constant, J/(mol.K) +P0 = 1.0 //Pressure, bar +M = 12.01 //Molceular wt of Carbon +//Calculations +P = P0*1e5 + dGfCD*1e3/((1./rhoG-1./rhoD)*M*1e-3) + +//Results +printf("\n Pressure at which graphite and dimond will be in equilibrium is %4.2e bar",P/1e5) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3763f93e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.14/6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +beta = 2.04e-4 //Thermal exapansion coefficient, /K +kapa = 45.9e-6 //Isothermal compressibility, /bar +T = 298.15 //Std. Temperature, K +R = 8.206e-2 //Ideal gas constant, atm.L/(mol.K) +T1 = 320.0 //Temperature, K +Pi = 1.0 //Initial Pressure, bar +V = 1.00 //Volume, m3 +a = 1.35 //van der Waals constant a for nitrogen, atm.L2/mol2 +P0 =1 +//Calculations +dUbydV=(beta*T1-kapa*P0)/kapa +;Pf=(beta*T1-kapa*P0)/kapa +; +dVT = V*kapa*(Pf-Pi) +dVbyV = dVT*100/V +Vm = Pi/(R*T1) +dUbydVm = a/(Vm**2) + +//Results +printf("\n dUbydV = %4.2e bar",dUbydV) + +printf("\n dVbyV = %4.3f percent",dVbyV) + +printf("\n dUbydVm = %4.0e atm",dUbydVm) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1698ede83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.15/6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +m = 1000.0 //mass of mercury, g +Pi = 1.00 //Intial pressure and temperature, bar, K +Ti = 300 +Pf = 300. //Final pressure and temperature, bar, K +Tf = 600.0 +rho = 13534. //Density of mercury, kg/m3 +beta = 18.1e-4 //Thermal exapansion coefficient for Hg, /K +kapa = 3.91e-6 //Isothermal compressibility for Hg, /Pa +Cpm = 27.98 //Molar Specific heat at constant pressure, J/(mol.K) +M = 200.59 //Molecular wt of Hg, g/mol + +//Calculations +Vi = m*1e-3/rho +Vf = Vi*exp(-kapa*(Pf-Pi)) +Ut = m*Cpm*(Tf-Ti)/M +Up = (beta*Ti/kapa-Pi)*1e5*(Vf-Vi) + (Vi-Vf+Vf*log(Vf/Vi))*1e5/kapa +dU = Ut + Up +Ht = m*Cpm*(Tf-Ti)/M +Hp = ((1 + beta*(Tf-Ti))*Vi*exp(-kapa*Pi)/kapa)*(exp(-kapa*Pi)-exp(-kapa*Pf)) +dH = Ht + Hp +//Results +printf("\n Internal energy change is %6.2e J/mol in which \ncontribution of temperature dependent term %6.4f percent",dU,Ut*100/dH) + +printf("\n Enthalpy change is %4.3e J/mol in which \ncontribution of temperature dependent term %4.1f percent",dH,Ht*100/dH) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2591a82e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.16/6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +T = 300.0 //Temperature of Hg, K +beta = 18.1e-4 //Thermal exapansion coefficient for Hg, /K +kapa = 3.91e-6 //Isothermal compressibility for Hg, /Pa +M = 0.20059 //Molecular wt of Hg, kg/mol +rho = 13534 //Density of mercury, kg/m3 +Cpm = 27.98 //Experimental Molar specif heat at const pressure for mercury, J/(mol.K) + +//Calculations +Vm = M/rho +DCpmCv = T*Vm*beta**2/kapa +Cvm = Cpm - DCpmCv +//Results +printf("\n Difference in molar specific heats \nat constant volume and constant pressure %4.2e J/(mol.K)",DCpmCv) + +printf("\n Molar Specific heat of Hg at const. volume is %4.2f J/(mol.K)",Cvm) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9f7fb23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.17/6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Variable Declaration +T = 298.15 //Std. Temperature, K +P = 1.0 //Initial Pressure, bar +[Hm0,Sm0] = (0.0,154.8) +[Sm0H2,Sm0O2] = (130.7,205.2) +dGfH2O = -237.1 //Gibbs energy of formation for H2O(l), kJ/mol +[nH2,nO2] = (1,1/2) + +//Calculations +Gm0 = Hm0 - T*Sm0 +dGmH2O = dGfH2O*1000 - T*(nH2*Sm0H2 + nO2*Sm0O2) +//Results +printf("\n Molar Gibbs energy of Ar %4.3f kJ/mol",Gm0/1e3) + +printf("\n Molar Gibbs energy of Water %4.3f kJ/mol",dGmH2O/1e3) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b6638167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Variable Declaration +dHcCH4 = -891.0 //Std. heat of combustion for CH4, kJ/mol +dHcC8H18 = -5471.0 //Std. heat of combustion for C8H18, kJ/mol + +T = 298.15 +[SmCO2,SmCH4,SmH2O,SmO2,SmC8H18] = (213.8,186.3,70.0,205.2,316.1) +dnCH4 = -2. +dnC8H18 = 4.5 +R = 8.314 +//Calculations +dGCH4 = dHcCH4*1e3 - T*(SmCO2 + 2*SmH2O - SmCH4 - 2*SmO2) +dGC8H18 = dHcC8H18*1e3 - T*(8*SmCO2 + 9*SmH2O - SmC8H18 - 25.*SmO2/2) +//Results +printf("\n Maximum nonexpansion work through combustion of CH4 %4.1f kJ/mol",dGCH4/1000) + +printf("\n Maximum nonexpansion work through combustion of C8H18 %4.1f kJ/mol",dGC8H18/1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14fd1bf6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +dGf298 = 370.7 //Std. free energy of formation for Fe (g), kJ/mol +dHf298 = 416.3 //Std. Enthalpy of formation for Fe (g), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +T = 400. //Temperature in K +R = 8.314 + +//Calculations + +dGf = T*(dGf298*1e3/T0 + dHf298*1e3*(1./T - 1./T0)) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. free energy of formation for Fe(g at 400 K is %4.1f kJ/mol",dGf/1000) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db2ced49c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +nHe = 1.0 //Number of moles of He +nNe = 3.0 //Number of moles of Ne +nAr = 2.0 //Number of moles of Ar +nXe = 2.5 //Number of moles of Xe +T = 298.15 //Temperature in K +P = 1.0 //Pressure, bar +R = 8.314 + +//Calculations +n = nHe + nNe + nAr + nXe +dGmix = n*R*T*((nHe/n)*log(nHe/n) + (nNe/n)*log(nNe/n) +(nAr/n)*log(nAr/n) + (nXe/n)*log(nXe/n)) +dSmix = n*R*((nHe/n)*log(nHe/n) + (nNe/n)*log(nNe/n) +(nAr/n)*log(nAr/n) + (nXe/n)*log(nXe/n)) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. free energy Change on mixing is %3.1e J",dGmix) + +printf("\n Std. entropy Change on mixing is %4.1f J",dSmix) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3ce8012e --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Variable Declaration +dGfFe = 0.0 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for Fe (S), kJ/mol +dGfH2O = -237.1 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for Water (g), kJ/mol +dGfFe2O3 = -1015.4 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for Fe2O3 (s), kJ/mol +dGfH2 = 0.0 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for Hydrogen (g), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +R = 8.314 +[nFe,nH2,nFe2O3,nH2O] = (3,-4,-1,4) + +//Calculations +dGR = nFe*dGfFe + nH2O*dGfH2O + nFe2O3*dGfFe2O3 + nH2*dGfH2 + +//Results +printf("\n Std. Gibbs energy change for reaction is %4.2f kJ/mol",dGR) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c4dddd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +////Variable Declaration +dGR = 67.0 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for reaction, kJ, from previous problem +dHfFe = 0.0 //Enthalpy of formation for Fe (S), kJ/mol +dHfH2O = -285.8 //Enthalpy of formation for Water (g), kJ/mol +dHfFe2O3 = -1118.4 //Enthalpy of formation for Fe2O3 (s), kJ/mol +dHfH2 = 0.0 //Enthalpy of formation for Hydrogen (g), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +T = 525. //Temperature in K +R = 8.314 +[nFe,nH2,nFe2O3,nH2O] = (3,-4,-1,4) + +//Calculations +dHR = nFe*dHfFe + nH2O*dHfH2O + nFe2O3*dHfFe2O3 + nH2*dHfH2 +dGR2 = T*(dGR*1e3/T0 + dHR*1e3*(1./T - 1./T0)) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. Enthalpy change for reactionat %4.1f is %4.2f kJ/mol",T, dHR) + +printf("\n Std. Gibbs energy change for reactionat %4.1f is %4.0f kJ/mol",T, dGR2/1e3) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e2ffe75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +dGfNO2 = 51.3 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for NO2 (g), kJ/mol +dGfN2O4 = 99.8 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for N2O4 (g), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +pNO2 = 0.350 //Partial pressure of NO2, bar +pN2O4 = 0.650 //Partial pressure of N2O4, bar +R = 8.314 +[nNO2,nN2O4] = (-2,1) + +//Calculations +dGR = nN2O4*dGfN2O4*1e3 + nNO2*dGfNO2*1e3 + R*T0*log(pN2O4/(pNO2)**2) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. Gibbs energy change for reaction is %5.3f kJ/mol",dGR/1e3) + diff --git a/3689/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/3689/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80a019ae0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +dGfCO2 = -394.4 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CO2 (g), kJ/mol +dGfH2 = 0.0 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for H2 (g), kJ/mol +dGfCO = 237.1 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for CO (g), kJ/mol +dGfH2O = 137.2 //Std. Gibbs energy of formation for H24 (l), kJ/mol +T0 = 298.15 //Temperature in K +R = 8.314 +[nCO2, nH2, nCO, nH2O] = (1,1,1,1) //Stoichiomentric coeff of CO2,H2,CO,H2O respectively in reaction + +//Calculations +dGR = nCO2*dGfCO2 + nH2*dGfH2 + nCO*dGfCO + nH2O*dGfH2O +Kp = exp(-dGR*1e3/(R*T0)) + +//Results +printf("\n Std. Gibbs energy change for reaction is %5.3f kJ/mol",dGR/1e3) + +printf("\n Equilibrium constant for reaction is %5.3f ",Kp) + diff --git a/3689/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/3689/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..205d5d263 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 1.0 //Mass of Methane, kg +T = 230 //Temeprature of Methane, K +P = 68.0 //Pressure, bar +Tc = 190.56 //Critical Temeprature of Methane +Pc = 45.99 //Critical Pressure of Methane +R = 0.08314 //Ideal Gas Constant, L.bar/(mol.K) +M = 16.04 //Molecular wt of Methane + +//Calcualtions +Tr = T/Tc +Pr = P/Pc +z = 0.63 //Methane compressibility factor +n = m*1e3/M +V = z*n*R*T/P +Vig = n*R*T/P +DV = (V - Vig)/V + +//Results +printf("\n V-Videal %4.2f L",V-Vig) + +printf("\n Percentage error %5.2f",DV*100) + diff --git a/3689/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/3689/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5081c8a83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//// +//Varialble Declaration +Tn = 353.24 //normal boiling point of Benzene, K +pi = 1.19e4 //Vapor pressure of benzene at 20°C, Pa +DHf = 9.95 //Latent heat of fusion, kJ/mol +pv443 = 137. //Vapor pressure of benzene at -44.3°C, Pa +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +Pf = 101325 //Std. atmospheric pressure, Pa +T20 = 293.15 //Temperature in K +P0 = 1. +Pl = 10000. +Ts = -44.3 //Temperature of solid benzene, °C + +//Calculations +Ts = Ts + 273.15 +//Part a + +DHv = -(R*log(Pf/pi))/(1./Tn-1./T20) +//Part b + +DSv = DHv/Tn +DHf = DHf*1e3 +//Part c + +Ttp = -DHf/(R*(log(Pl/P0)-log(pv443/P0)-(DHv+DHf)/(R*Ts)+DHv/(R*T20))) +Ptp = exp(-DHv/R*(1./Ttp-1./Tn))*101325 + +//Results +printf("\n Latent heat of vaporization of benzene at 20°C %4.1f kJ/mol",DHv/1000) + +printf("\n Entropy Change of vaporization of benzene at 20°C %3.1f J/mol",DSv) + +printf("\n Triple point temperature = %4.1f K for benzene",Ttp) + +printf("\n Triple point pressure = %4.2e Pa for benzene",Ptp) + diff --git a/3689/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/3689/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662e83fab --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//// +//Varialble Declaration +gama = 71.99e-3 //Surface tension of water, N/m +r = 1.2e-4 //Radius of hemisphere, m +theta = 0.0 //Contact angle, rad + +//Calculations +DP = 2*gama*cos(theta)/r +F = DP*%pi*r**2 + +//Results +printf("\n Force exerted by one leg %5.3e N",F) + diff --git a/3689/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/3689/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e9482445 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//// +//Varialble Declaration +gama = 71.99e-3 //Surface tension of water, N/m +r = 2e-5 //Radius of xylem, m +theta = 0.0 //Contact angle, rad +rho = 997.0 //Density of water, kg/m3 +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration, m/s2 +H = 100 //Height at top of redwood tree, m + +//Calculations +h = 2*gama/(rho*g*r*cos(theta)) + +//Results +printf("\n Height to which water can rise by capillary action is %3.2f m",h) + +printf("\n This is very less than %4.1f n, hence water can not reach top of tree",H) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..308fcfd66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration +rho = 789.9 //Density of acetone, g/L +n = 1.0 //moles of acetone, mol +M = 58.08 //Molecular wt of acetone, g/mol +kHacetone = 1950 //Henrys law constant, torr +//Calculations +H = n*M*kHacetone/rho + +//Results +printf("\n Henrys constant = %5.2f torr",H) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8083b05c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 0.5 //Mass of water, kg +ms = 24.0 //Mass of solute, g +Ms = 241.0 //Molecular wt of solute, g/mol +Tfd = 0.359 //Freezinf point depression, °C or K +kf = 1.86 //Constants for freezing point depression for water, K kg/mol + +//Calculations +msolute = ms/(Ms*m) +gama = Tfd/(kf*msolute) + +//Results +printf("\n Activity coefficient = %4.3f",gama) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..800e9029f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 70.0 //Mass of human body, kg +V = 5.00 //Volume of blood, L +HN2 = 9.04e4 //Henry law constant for N2 solubility in blood, bar +T = 298.0 //Temperature, K +rho = 1.00 //density of blood, kg/L +Mw = 18.02 //Molecualr wt of water, g/mol +X = 80 //Percent of N2 at sea level +p1= 1.0 //Pressures, bar + p2 = 50.0 +R = 8.314e-2 //Ideal Gas constant, L.bar/(mol.K) +//Calculations +nN21 = (V*rho*1e3/Mw)*(p1*X/100)/HN2 +nN22 = (V*rho*1e3/Mw)*(p2*X/100)/HN2 +V = (nN22-nN21)*R*T/p1 +//Results +printf("\n Number of moles of nitrogen in blood at 1 and 50 bar are %3.2e,%3.3f mol",nN21,nN22) + +printf("\n Volume of nitrogen released from blood at reduced pressure %4.3f L",V) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52a03ce76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//// +//Variable Declaration +nb = 5.00 //Number of moles of Benzene, mol +nt = 3.25 //Number of moles of Toluene, mol +T = 298.15 //Temperature, K +P = 1.0 //Pressure, bar +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) + +//Calculations +n = nb + nt +xb = nb/n +xt = 1. - xb +dGmix = n*R*T*(xb*log(xb)+xt*log(xt)) +dSmix = -n*R*(xb*log(xb)+xt*log(xt)) + +//Results +printf("\n Gibbs energy change of mixing is %4.3e J",dGmix) + +printf("\n Gibbs energy change of mixing is < 0, hence the mixing is spontaneous') +printf("\n Entropy change of mixing is %4.2f J/K",dSmix) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda296edf --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Variable Declaration +nb = 5.00 //Number of moles of Benzene, mol +nt = 3.25 //Number of moles of Toluene, mol +T = 298.15 //Temperature, K +R = 8.314 //Ideal Gas Constant, J/(mol.K) +P0b = 96.4 //Vapor pressure of Benzene, torr +P0t = 28.9 //Vapor pressure of Toluene, torr + +//Calculations +n = nb + nt +xb = nb/n +xt = 1. - xb +P = xb*P0b + xt*P0t +y = (P0b*P - P0t*P0b)/(P*(P0b-P0t)) +yt = 1. -y + +//Results +printf("\n Total pressure of the vapor is %4.1f torr",P) + +printf("\n Benzene fraction in vapor is %4.3f ",y) + +printf("\n Toulene fraction in vapor is %4.3f ",yt) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c1555d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////Variable Declaration +m = 4.50 //Mass of substance dissolved, g +ms = 125.0 //Mass of slovent (CCl4), g +TbE = 0.65 //Boiling point elevation, °C +[Kf, Kb] = (30.0, 4.95) //Constants for freezing point elevation + // and boiling point depression for CCl4, K kg/mol +Msolvent = 153.8 //Molecualr wt of solvent, g/mol +//Calculations +DTf = -Kf*TbE/Kb +Msolute = Kb*m/(ms*1e-3*TbE) +nsolute = m/Msolute +nsolvent = ms/Msolvent +x = 1.0 - nsolute/(nsolute + nsolvent) + +//Results +printf("\n Freezing point depression %5.2f K",DTf) + +printf("\n Molecualr wt of solute %4.1f g/mol",Msolute) + +printf("\n Vapor pressure of solvent is reduced by a factor of %4.3f",x) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..291a6ab5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Variable Declaration +csolute = 0.500 //Concentration of solute, g/L +R = 8.206e-2 //Gas constant L.atm/(mol.K) +T = 298.15 //Temperature of the solution, K + +//Calculations +pii = csolute*R*T + +//Results +printf("\n Osmotic pressure %4.2f atm",pii) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa28a34ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +xCS2 = 0.3502 //Mol fraction of CS2, g/L +pCS2 = 358.3 //Partial pressure of CS2, torr +p0CS2 = 512.3 //Total pressure, torr + +//Calculations +alpha = pCS2/p0CS2 +gama = alpha/xCS2 + +//Results +printf("\n Activity of CS2 %5.4f atm",alpha) + +printf("\n Activity coefficient of CS2 %5.4f atm",gama) + diff --git a/3689/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce b/3689/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c46fa1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3689/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Variable Declaration +xCS2 = 0.3502 //Mol fraction of CS2, g/L +pCS2 = 358.3 //Partial pressure of CS2, torr +kHCS2 = 2010. //Total pressure, torr + +//Calculations +alpha = pCS2/kHCS2 +gama = alpha/xCS2 + +//Results +printf("\n Activity of CS2 %5.4f atm",alpha) + +printf("\n Activity coefficinet of CS2 %5.4f atm",gama) + diff --git a/3701/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3701/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13bfbe484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Given +d=0.1 //m +v=10.0**3 //m/s +a=50 //gradient of a magnet field Wb/m**2/m +b=9.274*10**-27 //J/Wb/m**2 +h=1.6605*10**-27 + +//Calculation +M=107.868*h +z=(b/M)*a*(d**2/v**2) + +//Result +printf("\n seperation between the two component %0.1f mm",z*10**8) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2623a525a --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +////given +e=1.60*10**-19 //C +slope=4.12*10**-15 //Vs + +//Calculation +h=slope*e + +//Result +printf("\n Value of planks constant %e Js",h) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f361f066f --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Given +W=2.26*1.6*10**-19 //ev +v=10**6 //m/s +m=9*10**-31 +h=6.6*10**-34 +//Calculation +V=((1/2.0)*m*v**2+W)/h + +//Result +printf("\n frequency of incident radiation %0.2f *10**15 HZ",V*10**-15) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..709470a65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////given +V1=.82 //volts +V2=1.85 //volts +lembda1=4.0*10**-7 //m +lembda2=3.0*10**-7 +e=1.6*10**-19 +c=3.0*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +lembda=(1/lembda2)-(1/lembda1) +h=(e*(V2-V1))/(c*lembda) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) planks constant %e Js",h) +printf("\n (b) no, because the stopping potential depends only on the wavelength of light and not on its intensity.") diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41616a10d --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////given +h=6.62*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +lembda=4560.0*10**-10 //m +p=1*10**-3 //W +a=0.5/100 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//calculation +E=(h*c)/lembda +N=p/E //Number of photons incedent on the surface +n=N*a +I=n*e + +//result +printf("\n Photoelectric current %0.2f *10**-6 A",I*10**6) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abd76408e --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +////given +m0=9.1*10**-31 //Kg +c=3*10**8 //m/s +h=6.6*10**-34 //Js +v1=2.0*10**-10 //m + +//Calculation +// +v= (h/(m0*c))*(1-(cos(90))*3.14/180.0) +v2=v+v1 +v0=v2-v1 +E=(h*c*(v0))/(v1*v2) +b=(1/(sin(90)*3.14/180.0))*((v2*10**-10/v1)-cos(90)*3.14/180.0) +angle=3.14/2.0-atan(b) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) the wavelength of scattered photon is %0.3f A",v2*10**10) +printf("\n (b) The energy of recoil electron is %0.2f *10**-17 J",E*10**17) +printf("\n (c) angle at which the recoil electron appears %0.2f degree",angle) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e9b5f92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +E=0.9 //Mev +a=120 //degree +m=9.1*10**-31 //Kg +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//calculation +b=((m*c**2)/1.6*10**-19)*10**32 +energy=E/(1+2*(E/b)*(3/4.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n energy of scattered photon %0.3f Mev",energy) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..623a2fc94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +v1=2.000*10**-10 //m +v2=2.048*10**-10 //m +a=180 //degree +a1=60 //degree +h=6.6*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +// +b=(v2-v1)/(1-cos(a*3.14/180.0)) +V=v1+b*(1-cos(60*3.14/180.0)) +E=(h*c*(V-v1))/(V*v1) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) wavelength of radiation scattered at an angle of 60 degree %0.3f A",V*10**10) +printf("\n (b) Energy of the recoil electron is %0.2f *10**-18 J",E*10**18) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51aa288c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Given +E=4*10**3*1.6*10**-19 +m0=9.1*10**-31 +b=6.4*10**-16 +d=102.39*10**-16 +h=6.3*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +// +p=sqrt(2*m0*E) +d=b+d +lembda=(2*h*c)/d + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of incident photon is %0.2f A",lembda*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9efcd67b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Given +E=1.02 //Mev +b=0.51 + +//Calculation +// +alpha=E/b +a=1/(sqrt(2*(alpha+2))) +angle=2*(asin(a)*180/3.14) +e=E/(1.0+alpha*(1-(cos(angle*3.14/180.0)))) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Angle for symmetric scattering is %0.1f degree",angle) +printf("\n (b) energy of the scattered photon is %0.2f Mev",e) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27114c734 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +E=40 //W +lembda=6000*10**-10 //m +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +n=(E*lembda)/(h*c) + +//Result +printf("\n Number of photons emitted per second are given by %0.2f *10**19",n*10**-19) +printf("\nThe answers vary due to round off error") diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..541a101a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +a=3.2 //ev +energy=3.8 //ev +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +c=energy-a +Energy=c*e + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy of the photoelectron is given by %e Joule",Energy) + diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5da21c2a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +W=3.45 //ev +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +lembda=(h*c)/(W*e) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum wavelength of photon is %0.0f A",lembda*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18e1d2e32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Given +W=3 //ev +h=6.63*10**-34 +e=1.6*10**-19 +lembda=3.0*10**-7 //m +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +v0=(W*e)/h +v=c/lembda +E=h*(v-v0) +E1=(h*(v-v0))/(1.6*10**-19) +V0=E/e + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Threshold frequency %0.2f *10**15 HZ",v0*10**-15) +printf("\n (b) Maximum energy of photoelectron %0.2f eV",E1) +printf("\n (c) Stopping potential %0.2f V",V0) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae1ff1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Given +v0=6*10**14 //s**-1 +h=6.63*10**-34 +e=1.6*10**-19 +V0=3 + +//Calculaton +W=h*v0 +W0=(h*v0)/e +V=(e*V0+h*v0)/h + +//Result +printf("\n work function is given by %0.3f ev",W0) +printf("\n frequency is given by %0.2f *10**15 s-1",V*10**-15) diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2293e79b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +lembda=6800.0*10**-10 //m +h=6.6*10**-34 +W=2.3 //ev +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +E=((h*c)/lembda)/1.6*10**-19 + +//Result +printf("\n Energy is %0.2f ev",E*10**38) +printf("\n since the energy of incident photon is less then the work function of Na, photoelecrticemession is not possible with the given light.") diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfd71f5af --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +lembda=3500*10**-10 //m +h=6.6*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//calculation +E=((h*c)/lembda)/1.6*10**-19 + +//Result +printf("\n Energy is %0.2f ev",E*10**38) +printf("\n 1.9 ev < E < 4.2 ev,only metal B will yield photoelectrons") diff --git a/3701/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3701/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acf3fdad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +lembda=6.2*10**-6 +W=0.1 //ev +h=6.6*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +E=((h*c)/(lembda*e))-W + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron %0.1f ev",E) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5ef53ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +E=-3.4 //ev +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js + +//Calculation +// +n=sqrt(-13.6/E) +M=(n*h)/(2.0*%pi) + +//Result +printf("\n Angular momentum of electron is given by %e Js" ,M) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0d0f64e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Given +Z=2 +E=13.6 //ev +E0=10.04 //ev + +//Calculation +Ei=Z**2*E +E1=-Ei +E3=E1/(3.0**2) +Ee=E0+E3 + +//Result +printf("\n Required stopping potential is %0.0f V",Ee) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..631e846d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +Ei=4*2.2*10**-18 //Joule +h=6.6*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +E1=-Ei +E2=E1/(2.0**2) +v=(h*c)/(Ei+E2) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength is %0.0f A",v*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8c3183f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +n1=3 +n2 =1 +E=13.6 //ev + +//Calculation +E1=E/(3.0**2) //Binding energy of the atom in n=3 state +energy=E-E1 //Energy required for the atomic electron to jump from n=1 to n=3 state + +//Result +printf("\n The electron beam must, therefore be accelerated through a potential difference of %0.2f V",energy) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a75250a16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +////Given +Rh=1.09678*10**7 //m-1 +Rhe=1.09722*10**7 //m-1 + +//Calculation +Mr=(Rhe-Rh)/(Rh-(Rhe/4.0)) //ratio of electron mass + +//Result +printf("\n Ratio of the electron mas to the proton mass %0.2f *10**-4",Mr*10**4) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37ac17a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Given +E=13.6 //ev +n1=4 +n2=2 + +//Calculation +energy=E*((1/2.0**2)-(1/4.0**2)) + +//Result +printf("\n Energy of photon emitted in the transition is %0.3f ev",energy) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f859950db --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Given +n1=3 +n2=2 +E1=-1.5 //ev +E2=-3.4 //ev +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +v=(h*c)/((E1-E2)*e) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength is %d Armstrom",v*10**10) +printf("\nthe answers vary due to round off error") diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43f785be3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Given +v=1200 //A +R=1.097*10**7 //m-1 +n1=2.0 +n2=3.0 + +//Calculation +v1=(R*(1-(1/n1**2))) +v2=(R*(1-(1/n2**2))) +V=v1/v2 +V1=V*v + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of the second line is %0.3f A", V1) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1beccf87a --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +R=1.097*10**7 //m-1 +n=2 + +//Calculation +v=n**2/(3.0*R) +v1=1/R // for n=infinite + +//Result +printf("\n longest wavelength is %0.0f A",v*10**10) +printf("\n shortest wavelength is %0.1f A",v1*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eebeb36d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +E=47.2 // 3ev +n1=2 +n2 =3 + +//Calculation +// +Z=sqrt(E/(13.6*((1/2.0**2)-(1/3.0**2)))) + +//Result +printf("\n Atomic number of the atom is %0.0f ",Z) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72a3250f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Given +Z=1.0 +n=1.0 +Z1=4 //for Be++ +n1=2.0 + +//Calculation +// +n1=sqrt((n**2/Z)*Z1) +r=(Z1**2/n1**2)/(Z**2/n**2) //Ratio of two energies + +//Result +printf("\n nBe++= %0.3f ", n1) +printf("\n comparison is %0.3f ",r) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12127a644 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +Z=3.0 +n=3 //for Li++ +Z1=1.0 +n1=1 //for hydrogen + +//Calculation +r=(n**2/Z)/(n1**2/Z1) + +//Result +printf("\n orbital ratio of two states %0.3f ",r) diff --git a/3701/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3701/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f074c42b --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Given +v=970.6 //A +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +E=((h*c)/(v*e))*10**10 +En=-13.6+E +n=sqrt(-13.6/En) +E3=-13.6/(3.0**2) +vmax=(h*c)/((-E3+En)*(1.6*10**-19)) + +//Result +printf("\n Longest wavelength is %0.0f A",vmax*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8eb60291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +////Given +V=100 //volts + +//Calculation +// +wavelength=12.3/(sqrt(V)) + +//Result +printf("\n de Broglie wavelength of electrons %0.3f A", wavelength) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b47c68936 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +////Given +V=100 //ev +a=10 //degree +n=1 + +//Calculation +// +v=12.3/(sqrt(V)) //De broglie wavelength +d=v/(2*sin(a*3.14/180.0)) +n=(2*d)/v + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Spacing between the crystal plane is %0.2f A",d) +printf("\n (b) Peaks in the interference pattern is %0.2f ",n) +printf("\n the largest possible value of n is 5") diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..196fedf13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +K=100 //ev +h=6.63*10**-34 +m=9.1*10**-31 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +v=h/(sqrt(2*m*K*e)) + +//Result +printf("\n de broglie wavelength of electrons %0.1f A",v*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57b415d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Given +m=1.675*10**-27 //mass of neutron in kg +v=1.4*10**-10 //de broglie wavelength in m +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js + +//Calculation +K=(h**2/(2*m*(v**2)))/(1.6*10**-19) + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy of neutron is %0.2f *10**-2 ev",K*10**2) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4edb735a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +////Given +E=-3.4 //total energy in ev +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +m=9.1*10**-31 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +K=-E +v=h/(sqrt(2*m*K*e)) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Kinetic energy %0.3f ev",K) +printf("\n (b) de broglie wavelength of the electron is %0.3f A",v*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aab8b718 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +////Given +m=1.672*10**-27 //mass of neutron in kg +h=6.60*10**-34 //Js +v=1.0*10**-10 //de broglie wavelength in m + +//Calculation +K=(h**2/(2.0*m*v**2))/(1.6*10**-19) + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy of a neutron is %0.2f *10**-2 ev",K*10**2) diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f03212a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +m=10*10**-3 //mass of a ball in kg +v=1 //Speed in m/s +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js + +//Calculation +V=h/(m*v) //Wavelength + +//Result +printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %e m",V) +printf("\n This wavelength is negligible compared to the dimensions of the ball. therefore its effect can not be observed.") diff --git a/3701/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3701/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..977a62537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Given +T=27 //temperature in degree c +K=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant in J/K +h=6.63*10**-34 //Js +m=1.67*10**-27 + +//Calculation +// +T1=T+273 +v=h/(sqrt(2*m*K*T1)) + +//Result +printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.2f A",v*10**10) diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef298d140 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +v=6000*10**-10 //Wavelength in m +t=10**-8 //s +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +// +v1=v**2/(2.0*%pi*c*t) + +//Result +printf("\n width of a line %0.15f m",v1) diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6a5c12fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +r=10.0**-14 //m +h=1.054*10**-34 //Js +m=1.67*10**-27 + +//Calculation +p=h/r +E=(h**2/(2*m*(r**2)))/(1.6*10**-13) + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy %0.2f Mev",E) diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5636d784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +clear +E=100 //ev +m=9.1*10**-31 +e=1.6*10**-19 +h=1.054*10**-34 +x=10.0**-6 //m + +//Calculation +// +p=sqrt(2*m*E*e) +p1=h/x +theta=p1/p + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainty in the angle of emergence %0.1f *10**-4 radians",theta*10**4) +printf("\n 4 seconds of arc") diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..323f5db24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +p=0.2*10**-3*10 //Kg m/s +h=1.054*10**-34 +x=1*10**-2 //m + +//Calculation +p1=h/x +a=p1/p + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainty in the angle of emergence %e radians",a) +printf("\n 1.1*10**-24 seconds of arc") diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992874d17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +m=50*10**-3 //kgram +accuracy=0.01 +v=300 //m/s +h=1.054*10**-34 + +//Calculation +p=m*(v*accuracy)/100.0 +x=h/p + +//Result +printf("\n position of the bullet %e m",x) diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6d3219e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +t=10.0**-12 //s +h1=1.054*10**-34 +h=6.625*10**-34 + +//Calculation +E=h1/t +v=E/h + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in energy is %e J",E) +printf("\n uncertainity in frequency is %e Hz",v) diff --git a/3701/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3701/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb237c0b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +////Given +r=5*10**-15 //m +h=1.05*10**-34 +m=1.67*10**-27 +e=1.6*10**-13 + +//Calculation +xmax=2*r //maximum uncertainity in the position of the nucleon +pmin=h/xmax //minimum uncertainity in the momentum of particle +Kmin=pmin**2/(2.0*m*e) + +//Result +printf("\n minimum kinetic energy is %0.1f Mev",Kmin) diff --git a/3701/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3701/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3462aaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Given +m=9.1*10**-31 //Kg +h=1.05*10**-34 //Js +ev=1.6*10**-19 +n1=1 +n2=2 +n3=3 +a=10**-10 //m + +//Calculation +// +E1=((n1**2*%pi**2*h**2)/(8.0*m*a**2))/(1.6*10**-19) //ev +E2=n2**2*E1 +E3=n3**2*E1 + +//Result +printf("\n \n three lowest energy levels are %0.1f ev %0.1f ev and %0.2f ev",E1,E2,E3) +printf("\n their eigenfunctions are 1/10**-5*cos(pie*x/2*10**-10),1/10**-5*sin(pie*x/10**-10) and 1/10**-5*cos(3*pie*x/2*10**-10)") diff --git a/3701/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3701/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b92940e --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Given +m=10.0*10**-3 //kgram +l= 10.0*10**-2 //Length in m +h=1.054*10**-34 +n1=1 +n2=2 +n3=3 + +//Calculation +E1=(((3.14*h*n1)**2)/(2.0*m*(l**2)))/(1.6*10**-19) +E2=(((3.14*h*n2)**2)/(2.0*m*(l**2)))/(1.6*10**-19) +E3=(((3.14*h*n3)**2)/(2.0*m*(l**2)))/(1.6*10**-19) + +//Result +printf("\n energies are %e ev ,%e ev, %e ev",E1,E2,E3) +printf("\n these energies are extremely small and close together and hence cant be measured") +printf("\nthe answers vary due to round off error") + diff --git a/3701/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3701/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1db54dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +L=10**-9 //Width in m +v=9.0*10**-9 +h=1.054*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 //m/s +m=9.1*10**-31 +v1=(9.0+1)*10**-9 +v2=(9.0-1)*10**-9 + +//Calculation +// +n=sqrt((4*c*m*(L**2))/(v*%pi*h)) +n1=sqrt((4*c*m*(L**2))/(v1*%pi*h)) +n2=sqrt((4*c*m*(L**2))/(v2*%pi*h)) + +//Result +printf("\n value of n is %0.0f When + sign is taken %0.0f when -ve sign is taken %0.0f ",n,n2,n1) diff --git a/3701/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3701/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ef4b0c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Given +L1=0.4 +L2=0.6 +L=1 //Say + +//Calculation +// +dx=(L2-L1)*L +P1=2/L*(sin(%pi*L/2.0*L))**2*dx +//for first excited state +P2=2/L*(sin(2*%pi*L/2.0*L))**2*dx +//for second excited state +P3=2/L*(sin(3*%pi*L/2.0*L))**2*dx + +//Result +printf("\n (a) probability for ground state %0.3f ", P1) +printf("\n (b) probability for first excited state %0.1f ",P2) +printf("\n (c) Probability for second excited state %0.3f ", P3) diff --git a/3701/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3701/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af9eb0ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +////Given +a=10.0**-14 //m +m=1.6*10**-27 //mass of a nucleon in kg +h=1.054*10**-34 //Js + +//Calculation +// +Emin=((3*(%pi**2)*(h**2))/(2.0*m*(a**2)))/(1.6*10**-19) + +//Result +printf("\n minimum energy of a nucleon is %0.1f Mev",Emin*10**-6) diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbbcc2f79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +////Given +b=-32 +a=32.0 +c=1 + +//Calculation +// +r=(-b+(sqrt(b**2-(4*a*c))))/(2.0*a) + +//Result +printf("\n The ratio of E/V0 = %0.3f ",r*10**0) +printf("\n -ve value is not possible. ") diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb137083b --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +////Given +E=9 //ev +v0=5 //ev + +//Calculation +R=((sqrt(E)-(sqrt(E-v0)))/(sqrt(E)+(sqrt(E-v0))))**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Reflection ratio is %0.3f ", R) diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1ce900e --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Given +E=9 //Kinetic energy of a particle in ev +v0=10 //ev +E1=5 //ev +E2=15 +E3=10 //ev + +//calculation +// +R=((sqrt(E2)-(sqrt(E2-v0)))/(sqrt(E2)+(sqrt(E2-v0))))**2 +T=1-R + +//Result +printf("\n (a) E1 < vo, therefore R=1, T=0") +printf("\n (b) reflection coefficient R= %0.3f \n transmission coefficient T= %0.3f ",R,T) +printf("\n (c) E3=v0, therefore R=1 , T=0") diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15efcbc04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +E=2 //ev +v0=3 //ev +m=9*10**-31 +a=4*10**-10 //m +h=1.05*10**-34 +b=(v0-E)*(1.6*10**-19) + +//Calculation +// +Ka=((sqrt(2*m*(b)))*a)/h +x=sin(Ka*3.14/180.0) +T=(v0**2)/(4.0*E*(v0-E)) +T1=1/(1+(T*x**2)) + +//Result +printf("\n Transmission coefficient is %0.3f ",T1) diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03618c549 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +E=2 //ev +v0=3 //ev +m=9*10**-31 +a=1*10**-10 //m +h=1.05*10**-34 +b=(v0-E)*(1.6*10**-19) + +//Calculation +// +Ka=((sqrt(2*m*(b)))*a)/h +x=sin(Ka*3.14/180.0) +T=(v0**2)/(4.0*E*(v0-E)) +T1=1/(1.0+(T*x)) + +//Result +printf("\n Transmission coefficient is %0.2f ",T1) diff --git a/3701/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3701/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c0803d34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3701/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Given +E=10*10**6 //ev +T=2.0*10**-3 +m=6.68*10**-27 //kg +h=1.054*10**-34 //Js +e=1.6*10**-19 +v0=30.0*10**6 //ev + +//Calculation +// +K=(sqrt(2*m*(v0-E)*e))/h +a=(1/(2.0*K))*(2.303*log10((16/T)*(E/v0)*(1-(E/v0)))) + +//Result +printf("\n The width of the barrier is %e m",a) +printf("\nthe answers vary due to round off error") + diff --git a/3705/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3705/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d86a5575b --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clear// + +//NOTE:The notation has been changed to simplify the coding process + +//Variable Declaration +P_AB=4000 //Axial Force at section 1 in lb +P_BC=5000 //Axial Force at section 2 in lb +P_CD=7000 //Axial Force at section 3 in lb +A_1=1.2 //Area at section 1 in in^2 +A_2=1.8 //Area at section 2 in in^2 +A_3=1.6 //Area at section 3 in in^2 + +//Calculation +//S indicates sigma here +S_AB=P_AB/A_1 //Stress at section 1 in psi (T) +S_BC=P_BC/A_2 //Stress at section 2 in psi (C) +S_CD=P_CD/A_3 //Stress at section 3 in psi (C) + +//Result +printf("\n The stress at the three sections is given as") +printf("\n Stress at section 1= %0.0f psi/in^2 section 2= %0.0f psi/in^2 section 3= %0.3f psi/in^2",S_AB,S_BC,S_CD) diff --git a/3705/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3705/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f083daa4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +Ay=40 //Vertical Reaction at A in kN +Hy=60 //Vertical Reaction at H in kN +Hx=0 //Horizontal Reaction at H in kN +y=3 //Height in m +x=5 //Distance in m +p=4 //Panel distance in m +A=900 //Area of the member in mm^2 +P_C=30 //Force at point C in kN + +//Calculation +//Part 1 +//Applying summation of forces in the x and y direction and equating to zero +P_AB=(-Ay)*(x*y**-1) //Force in member AB in kN +P_AC=-(p*x**-1*P_AB) //Force in member AC in kN +//Using stress=force/area +S_AC=(P_AC/A)*10**3 //Stress in member AC in MPa (T) + +//Part 2 +//Sum of moments about point E to zero +P_BD=(Ay*p*2-(P_C*p))*y**-1 //Force in memeber AB in kN (C) +S_BD=(P_BD/A)*10**3 //Stress in member in MPa (C) + +//Result +printf("\n The Stress in member AC is %0.1f MPa (T)",S_AC) +printf("\n The Stress in member BD is %0.1f MPa (C)",S_BD) diff --git a/3705/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3705/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3daf96df --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +A_AB=800 //Area of member AB in m^2 +A_AC=400 //Area of member AC in m^2 +W_AB=110 //Safe value of stress in Pa for AB +W_AC=120 //Safe value of stress in Pa for AC +theta1=60*3.14*180**-1 //Angle in radians +theta2=40*3.14*180**-1 //Angle in radians + +//Calculations +//Applying sum of forces +//Solving by matrix method putting W as 1 +A =[-cos(theta1),cos(theta2);sin(theta1),sin(theta2)] + +B = [1;1] +C=inv(A) +D=C + +//Using newtons third law +//Two values of W hence the change in the notation +W1=(W_AB*A_AB)*D(2,2)**-1 //Weight W in N +W2=(W_AC*A_AC)*D(1,2)**-1 //Weight W in N + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum value of W allowable is %0.1f kN",W2*1000**-1) diff --git a/3705/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3705/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b1200aad --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +d=3*4**-1 //Rivet diameter in inches +t=7*8**-1 //Thickness of the plate in inches +tau=14000 //Shear stress limit in psi +sigma_b=18000 //Normal stress limit in psi + +//Calculations +//Design Shear Stress in Rivets +V=tau*(d**2*(%pi/4))*4 //Shear force maximum allowable in lb +//Design for bearing stress in plate +Pb=sigma_b*t*d*4 //lb + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum load that the joint can carry is %0.0f lb",V) diff --git a/3705/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3705/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2637d4a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +Le=7 //Effective length in m +P=450 //Applied axial Load in kN +FOS=3 //Factor of safety +sigma_pl=200*10**6 //Stress allowable in Pa +E=200*10**9 //Youngs Modulus in Pa +end_cond=0.7 //End Condition factor to be multiplied + +//Calculations +Pcr=P*FOS //Critical Load in kN +A=Pcr*sigma_pl**-1*10**9 //Area in mm^2 + +//Part 1 +I1=10**15*(Pcr*Le**2)*(%pi**2*E)**-1 //Moment of Inertia Required in mm^4 +//From table selecting appropriate Section W250x73 + +//Part 2 +I2=10**15*(Pcr*end_cond**2*Le**2)*(%pi**2*E)**-1 //Moment of Inertia Required in mm^4 +//From table selecting appropriate Section W200x52 + +//Lightest Section that meets these criterion is W250x58 section + + +//Result +printf("\n From the above computation we select W250x58 section") diff --git a/3705/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3705/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a320e3bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +E=200*10**9 //Youngs Modulus in Pa +sigma_yp=380*10**6 //Stress allowable in Pa +Le=10 //Length in m +end_cond=0.5 //Support condition factor to be ,ultiplied to length +A=15.5*10**-3 //Area in m^2 + +//Calculations +Cc=sqrt((2*%pi**2*E)*sigma_yp**-1) //Slenderness Ratio + +//Part 1 +S_R1=142.9 //Slenderness ratio +sigma_w=(12*%pi**2*E)/(23*S_R1**2) //Allowable Working Stress in Pa +P=sigma_w*A //Maximum Allowable Load in kN + +//Part 2 +S_R2=79.37 //Slenderness ratio +N=5*3**-1+((3*S_R2)/(8*Cc))-(S_R2**3*(8*Cc**3)**-1) //Factor Of Safety + +sigma_w2=(1-(S_R2**2*0.5*Cc**-2))*(sigma_yp*N**-1) //Allowable working Stress in Pa +P2=sigma_w2*A //Allowable Load in kN + +//Part 3 +S_R3=55.56 //Slenderness Ratio +N3=5*3**-1+((3*S_R3)/(8*Cc))-(S_R3**3*(8*Cc**3)**-1) //Factor Of Safety + +sigma_w3=(1-(S_R3**2*0.5*Cc**-2))*(sigma_yp*N3**-1) //Allowable working Stress in Pa +P3=sigma_w3*A //Allowable Load in kN + +//Result +printf("\n The results for Part 1 are") +printf("\n Maximum Allowable Load P= %0.0f kN",P*10**-3) +printf("\n Part 2") +printf("\n Maximum Allowable Load P= %0.0f kN",P2*10**-3) +printf("\n Part 3") +printf("\n Maximum Allowable Load P= %0.0f kN",P3*10**-3) diff --git a/3705/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3705/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4065870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +E=29*10**6 //Youngs Modulus in psi +sigma_yp=36*10**3 //Stress in psi +L=25 //Length in ft +A=17.9 //Area in in^2 +Iz=640 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +Sz=92.2 //Sectional Modulus in in^3 +P=150*10**3 //Load in lb +e=4 //Eccentricity in inches + +//Calculations + +//Part 1 +a=1.09836 +sigma_max=P*A**-1+(P*e*Sz**-1)*a //Maximum Stress in psi + +//Part 2 +//After simplification we get the equation to compute N +N=2.19 //Trial and Error yields + +//Part 3 +v_max=e*((cos(sqrt((P*L**2*12**2)*(4*E*Iz)**-1)))**-1-1) + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum compressive stress in the Column is %0.2f psi",sigma_max) +printf("\n The factor of safety is %0.3f ",N) +printf("\n The maximum lateral dfelection is %0.3f in",v_max) diff --git a/3705/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3705/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1ca8516 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +Le=7 //Effective Length in m +N=2 //Factor of Safety +h_max=400 //Maximum depth in mm +E=200 //Youngs Modulus in GPa +sigma_yp=250 //Maximum stress in yielding in MPa +P1=400 //Load 1 in kN +P2=900 //Load 2 in kN +x1=75 //Distance in mm +x2=125 //Distance in mm + +//Calculations +e=(P2*x2-P1*x1)*(P1+P2)**-1 //Eccentricity in mm +P=N*(P1+P2) //Applied load after factor of safety is considered in kN + +//Part 1 is not computable +I=415*10**-6 //Moment of inertia from the table in mm^4 + +//Part 2 +P_cr=%pi**2*E*10**9*I*Le**-2 //Critical load for buckling in kN +FOS=P_cr*10**-3/(P1+P2) //Factor of safety against buckling in y-axis + + +//Result +printf("\n The critical load for buckling is %0.0f kN",P_cr*10**-3) +printf("\n The factor of safety is %0.1f ",FOS) diff --git a/3705/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3705/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a223e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +V=1000 //Force acting on he section in lb +t=0.5 //Thickness in inches +//Dimensions +d=8 //Depth of the section in inches +wf=12 //Width of the flange in inches +wbf=8 //Width of the bottom flange in inches + +//Calculations +y_bar=((d*t*0)+wbf*t*4+wf*t*8)/(d*t+wbf*t+wf*t) //Location of Neutral Axis in inches +I=d*t*y_bar**2+t*d**3*12**-1+d*t*(d*t-y_bar)**2+wf*t*(8-y_bar)**2 //Moment of Inertia in in^4 + +//Top Flange +q1=V*t*t*wf*(8-y_bar)*I**-1 //Shear flow in lb/in +//Bottom Flange +q2=V*t*t*d*y_bar*I**-1 //Shear Flow in lb/in +//Web +qB=2*q1 //Shear Flow in lb/in +qF=2*q2 //Shear Flow in lb/in + +//Max Shear Flow +qMAX=qB+V*t*(8-y_bar)**2*0.5*I**-1 //Maximum Shear Flow in lb/in + +//Result +printf("\n The Maximum Shear Flow is %0.0f lb/in",qMAX) diff --git a/3705/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3705/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dccd269c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +V=1000 //Shear Force in lb +t=0.5 //Thickness in inches +wf=12 //Width of the flange in inches +d=8 //Depth of the section in inches +//Rest ALL DATA is similar to previous problem + +//Calcualtions +I=t*wf**3*12**-1+t*d**3*12**-1 //Moment of Inertia + +//Part 1 +q1=V*t*t*wf*3*I**-1 //Shear Flow in lb/in +q2=V*t*t*d*2*I**-1 //Shear FLow in lb/in +V1=2*3**-1*q1*wf //Shear force carried in lb +V2=2*3**-1*q2*d //Shear force carried in lb + +//Part 2 +e=8*V2*V**-1 //Eccentricity in inches + +//Result +printf("\n The Shear Force carried by Flanges is") +printf("\n Top Flange= %0.1f lb Bottom Flange= %0.1f lb",V1,V2) +printf("\n The eccentricity is %0.3f in",e) diff --git a/3705/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3705/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08382169c --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +M=32 //Moment in kN.m +Iy=4.73*10**6 //Moment of inertia in y-axis in mm^4 +Iz=48.9*10**6 //Moment of inertia in z-axis in mm^4 +Sy=64.7*10**3 //Sectional Modulus in y-axis in mm^3 +Sz=379*10**3 //Sectional Modulus in z-axis in mm^3 +theta=16.2 //Angle between moment and z-axis in degrees + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +alpha=atan((Iz*Iy**-1)*tan(theta*%pi*180**-1))*180*%pi**-1 //Angle between NA and z-axis in degrees + +//Part 2 +My=-M*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) //Bending Moment in y in kN.m +Mz=-M*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1) //Bending Moment in z in kN.m + +sigma_max=My*Sy**-1+Mz*Sz**-1 //Largest Bending Stress in MPa + +//Result +printf("\n The angle between the Neutral Axis and Z-Axis is %0.1f degrees",alpha) +printf("\n The maximum Bending Moment is %0.0f MPa",-sigma_max*10**6) diff --git a/3705/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3705/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ea44dbb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +A=4.75 //Area in inches^2 +Iy_dash=6.27 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +Iz_dash=17.4 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +ry=0.87 //Radius of Gyration in inches +tan_theta=0.44 +P=1 //Force in kips +L=48 //Length in inches +y_dash_B=-4.01 //Y coordinate of point B in inches +z_dash_B=-0.487 //Z coordinate of point B in inches + +//Calcualtions +theta=atan(tan_theta) //Angle in radians +Iy=A*ry**2 //Moment of inertia in y in in^4 +Iz=Iy_dash+Iz_dash-Iy //Moment of inertia in y in in^4 + +//Part 1 +alpha=atan(Iz*Iy**-1*tan_theta)*180*%pi**-1 //Angle in radians +beta=alpha-(theta*180*%pi**-1) //Angle in degrees + +//Part 2 +M=P*L*4**-1 //Moment in kip.in +My=M*sin(theta) //Moment in y in kip.in +Mz=M*cos(theta) //Moment in z in kip.in + +y_B=y_dash_B*cos(theta)+z_dash_B*sin(theta) //Y coordinate in inches +z_B=z_dash_B*cos(theta)-y_dash_B*sin(theta) //Z coordinate in inches + +//Maximum Bending Stress +sigma_max=My*z_B*Iy**-1-Mz*y_B*Iz**-1 //Maximum Bending Stress in ksi + +//Result +printf("\n The angle of inclination of the Neutral axis to the z-axis is %0.1f degrees",beta) +printf("\n The maximum Bending Stress is %0.2f ksi",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3705/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfe4bfc74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +A1=4 //Area in in^2 +A2=6 //Area in in^2 +r1=7.8 //Radius in inches +r2=14.8 //Radius in inches +t=0.5 //Thickness in inches +d=4 //Depth in inches +sigma_w=18 //Maximum allowable stress in kips + +//Calculations +A=A1+A2 //Area in in^2 +r_bar=(A1*(r1+t)+A2*(r2+d))*(A1+A2)**-1 //Centroidal Axis in inches +//Simplfying the computation +a=(r1+2*t)/r1 +b=r2/(r1+t*2) +integral=d*log(a)+2*t*log(b) // +R=A/integral //Radius of neutral Surface in inches + +//Maximum Stress +//Answers are in variable terms hence not computable + +P=sigma_w/0.7847 //Maximum Allowable load in kips + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum allowable load is %0.1f kips",P) diff --git a/3705/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3705/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f168f9c28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +W=24*10**3 //Load in kips +E=29*10**6 //Youngs Modulus in psi +L=72 //length in inches +theta=30 //Angle in degrees + +//Calculations +L_ab=L/sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) //Length of AB in inches +L_ac=L/sin((90-theta)*%pi*180**-1) //Length of AC in inches + +//Applying the forces in x and y sum to zero +//Applying the follows energy formula +//Applying Castiglinos theorem +delta_A=91.16*W*E**-1 //Displacement in inches + +//Result +printf("\n The displacement of point A is %0.4f in",delta_A) diff --git a/3705/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3705/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b47cf530a --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// +// + +//NOTE:The figure mentions the unit of length as ft which is incorrect +//Variable Declaration +L=30 //Length in m +m=2000 //Mass in kg +v=2 //Velocity in m/s +E=10**5 //Youngs Modulus in MPa +A=600 //Area in mm^2 +g=9.81 //Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +//Calculations +k=E*A*L**-1 //Stifness of the cable in N/m + +//Applying the Work-Energy principle +delta_max=sqrt((0.5*m*v**2)*(0.5*k)**-1) //Maximum Displacement in m + +P_max=k*delta_max+m*g //Maximum force in N + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum force is %0.1f kN",P_max*10**-3) diff --git a/3705/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3705/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69ce31f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +b=0.060 //Breadth of the section in mm +d=0.03 //Depth of the section in mm +L=1.2 //Length in m +m=80 //Mass in kg +g=9.81 //Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +E=200*10**9 //Youngs Modulus in Pa +e=0.015 +h=0.01 //height in m + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //Moment of Inertia in m^4 +delta_st=m*g*L**3/(48*E*I) //Mid-span Displacement in m +n=1+sqrt(1+(2*h/delta_st)) //Impact Factor + +//Part 2 +P_max=n*m*g //Maximum dynamic load in N at midspan +M_max=P_max*0.5*L*0.5 //Maximum moment in N.m +sigma_max=M_max*e/I //Maximum dynamic Bending Stress in Pa + +//Result +printf("\n The impact factor is %0.3f ",n) +printf("\n The maximum dynamic Bending Moment is %0.1f MPa",sigma_max*10**-6) diff --git a/3705/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3705/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b73033b48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +M=2.21 //Applied moment in kip.ft +d=3 //Diameter of the bar in inches +sigma_y=40 //Yield strength of the of steel in ksi + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +sigma=32*M*12*(%pi*d**3)**-1 //Maximum Bending Stress in ksi +T1=sqrt((sigma_y*0.5)**2-5**2)/(12*0.18863) //Maximum Allowable torque in kip.ft + +//Part 2 +R=sqrt((sigma_y**2-5**2)*3**-1) //Maximum shear stress in ksi +T2=sqrt(R**2-5**2)/(12*0.18863) //Maximum safe torque in kpi.ft + +//Result +printf("\n Using the maximum shear stress theory T= %0.2f kip.ft",T1) +printf("\n Using the maximum sitrotion energy theory T= %0.2f kip.ft",T2) diff --git a/3705/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3705/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b7ebee9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +D=250 //Wideness in mm +b=20 //Thickness of the plate in mm +r=50 //Radius of the hole in mm +e=50 //Eccentricity in mm +sigma_max=150 //Maximum normal stress at the hole in MPa +kb=2 //Stress Concentraion factor + +//Calculations +A=b*(D-2*r)*10**-6 //Area in m^2 +I=10**-12*(b*D**3*12**-1-(b*2**3*r**3*12**-1)) //Moment of inertia in m^4 +//Simplfying computation +a=2*r*D**-1 +kt=3-3.13*a+3.66*a**2-1.53*a**3 //Stress Concentration factor +//Simplfying computation +b=kt*A**-1 +c=kb*r*r*10**-6*I**-1 +P=10**3*sigma_max*(b+c)**-1 //Maximum Load in N + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum value of P is %0.1f kN",P) diff --git a/3705/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3705/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa62df4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +d=150 //Depth of the web in mm +wf=100 //Width of the flange in mm +df=20 //Depth of the flange in mm +t=20 //Thickness of the web in mm + +//Calculations +y_bar=10**-3*(((wf*df*(d+df*0.5))+(d*t*d*0.5))/(wf*df+d*t)) //Distance of Neutral Axis in m +//Simplfying the computation +a=wf*df**3*12**-1 +b=wf*df*((d+df*0.5)-y_bar*10**3)**2 +c=t*d**3*12**-1 +f=t*d*((d*0.5)-y_bar*10**3)**2 +I=(a+b+c+f)*10**-12 //Moment of inertia in mm^3 + +//Limit Moment +yp=(wf*df+d*t)/(2*t) //Plastic Neutral Axis in mm +Myp=I/y_bar //Yielding will start at moment without the stress term to ease computation +mom=10**-9*((t*yp**2*0.5)+(wf*df*(d-yp+10))+(t*25**2*0.5)) //Sum of 1st moments +Ml_Myp=mom*Myp**-1 //Ratio + +//Result +printf("\n The ratio ML/Myp= %0.3f ",Ml_Myp) diff --git a/3705/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3705/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051a9aaa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +E_st=200 //Youngs Modulus of Steel in GPa +sigma_st_yp=290 //Yielding Stress in MPa +E_al=70 //Youngs Modulus of Aluminium in GPa +sigma_al_yp=330 //Yielding Stresss of Aluminium in MPa +A_st=900 //Area of steel rod in mm^2 +A_al=600 //Area of Aluminium rod in mm^2 +L_st=350 //Length of the steel rod in mm +L_al=250 //Length of the aluminium rod in mm + +//Calculations +//Limit Load +P_st=sigma_st_yp*A_st*10**-3 //Load in limiting condition in kN +P_al=sigma_al_yp*A_al*10**-3 //Load in limiting condition in kN +P_L=P_st+2*P_al //Total Loading in kN + +//Elastic Unloading +//Solving for Pst and Pal using matri approach +A=([[1,2;L_st*(E_st*A_st)**-1,-L_al*(E_al*A_al)**-1]]) +B=([P_L;0]) +C=linsolve(A,B) //Loading in kN + +//Residual Stresses +P_res_st=-C(1)-P_st //Residual Load in kN +P_res_al=-C(2)-P_al //Residual Load in kN +sigma_st=P_res_st/A_st //residual Stress in Steel in MPa +sigma_al=P_res_al/A_al //residual Stress in Aluminium in MPa + + +//Result +printf("\n The Residual stresses are as follows") +printf("\n Sigma_st= %0.1f MPa and sigma_al= %0.1f MPa",sigma_st*10**3,sigma_al*10**3) diff --git a/3705/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3705/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dcedf9b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +A=2000 //Area of the plane in mm^2 +Ix=40*10**6 //Momnet of Inertia in mm^4 +d1=90 //Distance in mm +d2=70 //Distance in mm + +//Calculations +Ix_bar=Ix-(A*d1**2) //Moment of Inertia along x_bar axis in mm^4 +Iu=Ix_bar+A*d2**2 //Moment of Inertia along U-axis in mm^4 + +//Result +printf("\n Ix_bar") +printf("\n The moment of inertia along u-axis is %0.1f mm^4",Iu) diff --git a/3705/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3705/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33f4e0e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +R=45 //Radius of the circle in mm +r=20 //Radius of the smaller circle in mm +h=100 //Depth of the straight section in mm + +//Calculations +//Part 1 + +//Triangle +b=2*R //Breadth in mm +A_t=b*h*0.5 //Area in mm^2 +Ix_bar_t=b*h**3*36**-1 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +y_bar1=2*3**-1*h //centroidal axis in mm +Ix_t=Ix_bar_t+A_t*y_bar1**2 //moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Semi-circle +A_sc=%pi*R**2*0.5 //Area of the semi-circle in mm^2 +Ix_bar_sc=0.1098*R**4 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +y_bar2=h+(4*R*(3*%pi)**-1) //Distance of centroid in mm +Ix_sc=Ix_bar_sc+A_sc*y_bar2**2 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Circle +A_c=%pi*r**2 //Area of the circle in mm^2 +Ix_bar_c=%pi*r**4*4**-1 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +y_bar3=h //Distance of centroid in mm +Ix_c=Ix_bar_c+A_c*y_bar3**2 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Composite Area +A=A_t+A_sc-A_c //Total area in mm^2 +Ix=Ix_t+Ix_sc-Ix_c //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Part 2 +y_bar=(A_t*y_bar1+A_sc*y_bar2-A_c*y_bar3)/(A) //Location of centroid in mm +Ix_bar=Ix-A*y_bar**2 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Result +printf("\n Moment of inertia about x-axis is %0.0f mm^4",Ix) +printf("\n Moment of inertia about the centroidal axis is %0.0f mm^4",Ix_bar) diff --git a/3705/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3705/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55c316531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +t=20 //Thickness in mm +h=140 //Depth in mm +w=180 //Width in mm + +//Calculations +Ixy_1=0+(h*t*t*0.5*h*0.5) //product of inertia in mm^4 +Ixy_2=0+((w-t)*t*(w+t)*0.5*t*0.5) //Product of inertia in mm^4 +Ixy=Ixy_1+Ixy_2 //Product of inertia in mm^4 + +//Result +printf("\n The Product of inertia is %0.0f mm^4",Ixy) diff --git a/3705/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3705/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6028d7f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +t=30 //Thickness in mm +h=200 //Depth of the section in mm +w=160 //Width in mm +the=50 //Angle in degrees + + +//Calculations +A1=t*h //Area of the web portion in mm^2 +A2=(w-t)*t //Area of the flange portion in mm^2 +x_bar=(A1*t*0.5+A2*(t+(w-t)*0.5))/(A1+A2) //Location of x_bar in mm +y_bar=(A1*h*0.5+A2*t*0.5)/(A1+A2) //Location of y_bar in mm + +//Simplfying the computation +a=t*h**3*12**-1 +b=A1*(200*0.5-y_bar)**2 +c=(w-t)*t**3*12**-1 +d=A2*(t*0.5-y_bar)**2 +Ix_bar=a+b+c+d //Moment of inertia about x-axis in mm^4 + +//Simplifying the computation +p=h*t**3*12**-1 +q=A1*(t*0.5-x_bar)**2 +r=t*(w-t)**3*12**-1 +s=A2*((w-t)*0.5+t-x_bar)**2 +Iy_bar=p+q+r+s //Moment of inertia about y-axis in mm^4 + +//Simplfying the computation +a1=(t*0.5-x_bar)*(h*0.5-y_bar) +a2=(t*0.5-y_bar)*((w-t)*0.5+t-x_bar) +Ixy_bar=A1*a1+A2*a2 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Part 1 +//Simplfying the computation +a3=(Ix_bar+Iy_bar)*0.5 +a4=(0.5*(Ix_bar-Iy_bar))**2 +a5=Ixy_bar**2 +I1=a3+sqrt(a4+a5) //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +I2=a3-sqrt(a4+a5) //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +ThetaRHS=-(2*Ixy_bar)/(Ix_bar-Iy_bar) //RHS of the tan term +theta1=atan(ThetaRHS)*0.5*180*%pi**-1 //Angle in degrees +theta2=theta1+90 //Angle in degrees + +//Part 2 +Iu=a3+sqrt(a4)*cos(2*the*%pi*180**-1)-(Ixy_bar)*sin(2*the*%pi*180**-1) //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +Iv=a3-sqrt(a4)*cos(2*the*%pi*180**-1)+(Ixy_bar)*sin(2*the*%pi*180**-1) //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +Iuv=sqrt(a4)*sin(2*the*%pi*180**-1)+(Ixy_bar)*cos(2*the*%pi*180**-1) //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + + +//Result +printf("\n The Principal Moment of inertias are as follows") +printf("\n I1= %0.0f mm^4 and I2= %0.0f mm^4",I1,I2) +printf("\n Princial direction are theta1= %0.1f degrees theta2= %0.1f degrees",theta1,theta2) +printf("\n The moment of inertia along the uv-axis is %0.0f mm^4" ,Iuv) diff --git a/3705/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3705/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..799cc3e53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +Ix_bar=37.37*10**6 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +Iy_bar=21.07*10**6 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 +Ixy_bar=-16.073*10**6 //Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +//Calculations +b=(Ix_bar+Iy_bar)*0.5 //Parameter for the circle in mm^4 +R=sqrt(((Ix_bar-Iy_bar)*0.5)**2+Ixy_bar**2) //Radius of the Mohr's Circle in mm^4 + +//Part 1 +I1=b+R //MI in mm^4 +I2=b-R //MI in mm^4 +theta1=asin(abs(Ixy_bar)/R)*180*%pi**-1*0.5 //Angle in degrees +theta2=theta1+90 //Angle in degrees + +//Part 2 +alpha=(100-theta1*2)*0.5 //Angle in degrees +Iu=(b)+R*(cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)) //MI in mm^4 + +Iv=(b)-R*(cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)) //MI in mm^4 + +Iuv=R*sin(2*alpha*%pi*180**-1) //MI in mm^4 + +//Result +printf("\n The Principal Moment of inertias are as follows") +printf("\n I1= %0.0f mm^4 and I2= %0.0f mm^4",I1,I2) +printf("\n Princial direction are theta1= %0.1f degrees theta2= %0.1f degrees" ,theta1,theta2) +printf("\n The moment of inertia along the uv-axis is %0.0f mm^4" ,Iuv) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a3263ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +//Axial Forces in lb in member AB, BC and CD +P_AB=2000 +P_BC=2000 +P_CD=4000 +//Other Variables +E=29*10**6 //Modulus of Elasticity in psi +//Length of each member in inches +L_AB=5*12 +L_BC=4*12 +L_CD=4*12 +//Diameter of each member in inches +D_AB=0.5 +D_BC=0.75 +D_CD=0.75 + +//Calculation +//Area Calculation of each member in square inches +A_AB=(%pi*D_AB**2)/4 +A_BC=(%pi*D_BC**2)/4 +A_CD=(%pi*D_CD**2)/4 + +//Using relation delta=(PL/AE) to compute strain +//As stress in Member CD is compression +delta=(E**-1)*((P_AB*L_AB*A_AB**-1)+(P_BC*L_BC*A_BC**-1)-(P_CD*L_CD*A_CD**-1)) + +//Result +printf("\n The elongation in the total structure is %0.5f in",delta) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d7dee6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=2.5 //Length in m +A=1200 //Cross sectional Area in mm^2 +delta_T=40 //Temperature drop in degree C +delta=0.5*10**-3 //Movement of the walls in mm +alpha=11.7*10**-6 //Coefficient of thermal expansion in /degreeC +E=200*10**9 //Modulus of elasticity in Pa + +//Calculation +//Part(1) +sigma_1=alpha*delta_T*E //Stress in the rod in Pa + +//Part(2) +//Using Hookes Law +sigma_2=E*((alpha*delta_T)-(delta*L**-1)) //Stress in the rod in Pa + +printf("\n The Stress in part 1 in the rod is %0.1f MPa",sigma_1*10**-6) +printf("\n The Stress in part 2 in the rod is %0.1f MPa",sigma_2*10**-6) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec18a18c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +delta=100 //Increase in the temperature in degreeF +Load=12000 //Load on the beam in lb +//Length in inch +Ls=2*12 //Steel +Lb=3*12 //Bronze +//Area in sq.in +As=0.75 //Steel +Ab=1.5 //Bronze +//Modulus of elasticity in psi +Es=29*10**6 //Steel +Eb=12*10**6 //Bronze +//Coefficient of thermal expansion in /degree C +alpha_s=6.5*10**-6 //Steel +alpha_b=10**-5 //Bronze + +//Calculations +//Applying the Hookes Law and equilibrium we get two equations +a=([[Ls*(Es*As)**-1,-Lb*(Eb*Ab)**-1;2,1]]) +b=([(alpha_b*delta*Lb-alpha_s*delta*Ls);Load]) +y=linsolve(a,b) + +//Stresses +sigma_st=-y(1)*As**-1 //Stress in steel in psi (T) +sigma_br=-y(2)*Ab**-1 //Stress in bronze in psi (C) + +//Result +printf("\n The Stress in steel and bronze are as follows") +printf("\n %0.3f psi (T) and %0.3f psi(C)",sigma_st,sigma_br) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..072603d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P=6000 //Force in lb +Est=29*10**6 //Modulus of elasticity of steel in psi +L1=24 //Length in inches +L2=36 //Length in inches +alpha_1=6.5*10**-6 //coefficient of thermal expansion in /degree F of steel +alpha_2=10**-5 //coefficient of thermal expansion in /degree F of bronze +As=0.75 //Area os steel in sq.in + +//Calculations +delta_T=((P*L1)/(Est*As))/(alpha_2*L2-alpha_1*L1) //Change in temperature in degree F + +printf("\n The change in the Temperature is %0.1f F",delta_T) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6a5bb43d --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Decelration +A_AC=0.25 //Cross Sectional Area in square inch +Load=2000 //Load at point C in lb +E=29*10**6 //Modulus of elasticity in psi +theta=(%pi*40)/180 //Angle in radians +L_BC=8 //Length in ft + +//Calculations +//Using sum of forces +P_AC=Load/sin(theta) //Force in cable AC in lb +L_AC=(L_BC*12)/cos(theta) //Length of cable AC in in + +delta_AC=(P_AC*L_AC)/(E*A_AC) //elongation in inches + +delta_C=delta_AC/sin(theta) //displacement of point C in inches + +//Result +printf("\n The displacement of point C is %0.4f in",delta_C) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eb211300 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +d=0.05 //Diameter of the rod in mm +P=8000 //Load on the bar in N +E=40*10**6 //Modulus of elasticity in Pa +v=0.45 //Poisson Ratio +L=300 //Length of the rod in mm + +//Calculation +A=((%pi*d**2)/4) //Area of the bar in mm^2 +sigma_x=-P/A //Axial Stress in the bar in Pa +//As contact pressure resists the force +p=(v*sigma_x)/(1-v) +//Using Axial Strain formula +e_x=(sigma_x-(v*2*p))/E +//Corresponding change in length +delta=e_x*L //contraction in mm +//Without constrains of the wall +delta_w=(-P*(L*10**-3))/(E*A) //Elongation in m + +//Result +printf("\n The elongation in the bar is %0.2f mm contraction",delta) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5b3417d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +E=500 //Modulus of elasticity in psi +v=0.48 //Poisson ratio +V=600 //Force in lb +w=5 //Width of the plate in inches +l=9 //Length of the plate in inches +t=1.75 //Thickness of the rubber layer in inches + +//Calculations +tau=V*(w*l)**-1 //Shear stress in rubber in psi +G=E/(2*(1+v)) //Bulk modulus in psi +gamma=tau/G //Shear Modulus +disp=t*gamma //Diplacement in inches + +//Result +printf("\n The displacement of the rubber layer is %0.4f in",disp) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97cc0b4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P=10**6 //Force on the member in N +Es=200 //Modulus of elasticity of steel in GPa +Ec=14 //Modulus of elasticity concrete in GPa +As=900*10**-6 //Area of steel in m^2 +Ac=0.3**2 //Area of concrete block in m^2 + +//Calculation +//Cross Sectional Areas +Ast=4*As //Cross Sectional Area in m^2 of Steel +Act=Ac-Ast //Cross Sectional Area of Concrete in m^2 + +//Applying equilibrium to the structure +//Using the ratio of stress and modulii of elasticity we obtain the following eq +sigma_ct=P/(((Es*Ec**-1)*Ast)+Act) //Stress in Concrete in Pa +sigma_st=sigma_ct*Es*Ec**-1 //Stress in Steel in Pa + +//Result +printf("\n The stress in steel and concrete is as follows %0.1f MPa and %0.3f Mpa respectively",sigma_st*10**-6,sigma_ct*10**-6) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9008e96b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +//Say the ratio of stress in steel to concrete is R +R=14.286 +sigma_co=6*10**6 //Stress in concrete in Pa +Ast=3.6*10**-3 //Area of steel in m^2 +Aco=86.4*10**-3 //Area of Concrete in m^2 + +//Calculation +sigma_st=R*sigma_co //Stress in steel in Pa +//Here stress is below the allowable hence safe +P=sigma_st*Ast+sigma_co*Aco //Allowable force in N + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum allowable force is %0.0f kN",P*10**-3) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f0fac5eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +clear// + +//NOTE:The NOtation has been changed to ease coding +//Variable Declaration +d=0.005 //difference in length in inch +L=10 //Length in inch +//Area of copper and aluminium in sq.in +Ac=2 //Area of copper +Aa=3 //Area of aluminium +//Modulus of elasticity of copper and aluminium in psi +Ec=17000000 //Copper +Ea=10**7 //Aluminium +//Allowable Stress in psi +Sc=20*10**3 //Copper +Sa=10*10**3 //Aluminium + +//Calculation +//Equilibrium is Pc+Pa=P +//Hookes Law is delta_c=delta_a+0.005 +//Simplfying the solution we have constants we can directly compute +A=d*Ec*(L+d)**-1 +B=Ec*Ea**-1 +C=L*B*(L+d)**-1 +sigma_a=(Sc-A)*C**-1 + +//Using equilibrium equation +P=Sc*Ac+sigma_a*Aa //Safe load in lb + +//Result +printf("\n The safe load on the structure is %0.0f lb",P) diff --git a/3705/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3705/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e71d0274e --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +P=50*10**3 //Load applied in N +x1=0.6 //Length in m +x2=1.6 //Length in m +L1=1 //Length of steel cable in m +L2=2 //Length of bronze cable in m +L=2.4 //Length in m +//Area in m^2 +Ast=600*10**-6 //Steel +Abr=300*10**-6 //Bronze +//Modulus of elasticity in GPa +Est=200 //Steel +Ebr=83 //Bronze + +//Calculations +//Applying the equilibrium and Hookes law we solve by matrix method +a=[x1,x2;1,-((x1*Est*Ast*L2)/(x2*Ebr*Abr))] +b=([L*P;0]) +y=linsolve(a,b) + +//Stresses in Pa +sigma_st=-y(1)*Ast**-1 //Stress in steel +sigma_br=-y(2)/Abr //Stress in bronze + +//Result +printf("\n The stresses in steel and bronze are as follows") +printf("\n %0.1f MPa and %0.1f MPa respectively",sigma_st*10**-6,sigma_br*10**-6) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1888f20e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P=20*10**3 //Power in W +f=2 //Frequency in Hz +t_max=40*10**6 //Maximum shear stress in Pa +G=83*10**9 //Bulk modulus in Pa +theta=(6*%pi)/180 //Angle of twist in radians +L=3 //Length in m + +//Calculations +//Strength condition +T=P/(2*%pi*f) //Torque in N.m +d1=((16*T)/(%pi*t_max))**0.333 //Max allowable diameter in mm + +//Applying torque-twist relationship +d2=((32*T*L)/(G*theta*%pi))**0.25 //Diameter in mm + +d=max(d1,d2) + +printf("\n To satisfy both strength and rigidity conditions d= %0.1f mm",d*1000) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18a7deeea --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +Ga=4*10**6 //Bulk modulus of Aluminium in psi +Gs=12*10**6 //Bulk Modulus of Steel in psi +T=10**4 //Torque in lb.in +L1=3 //Length in ft of the Steel bar +L2=6 //Length in ft of the Aluminium bar +d1=3 //Diameter of the Aluminium bar in inches +d2=2 //Diameter of the Steel bar in inches + +//Calculations +//Using Compatibility and equlibrium conditions +a=([[1,1;(L1*32)/(Gs*%pi*d2**4),-((L2*32)/(Ga*d1**4*%pi))]]) +b=([T;0]) +y=linsolve(a,b) + +//Stresses +t_max_st=(16*-y(1))/(%pi*d2**3) //Max shear Stress in Steel in psi +t_max_al=(16*-y(2))/(%pi*d1**3) //Max shear stress in aluminium in psi + +printf("\n The maximum values of Shear Stresses are as follows") +printf("\n %0.1f psi in Steel and %0.1f psi in aluminium",(t_max_st),t_max_al) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6cd078f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +d=2 //Diameter in ft +G=12*10**6 //Bulk Modulus in psi +//Torque in lb.ft +T1=500 //Torque 1 +T2=900 //Torque 2 +T3=1000 //Torque 3 +//Length in ft +L1=4 +L2=3 +L3=5 + +//Calculations +//Applying the sum of torques we get +Tab=T1 //Torque at section AB in lb.ft +Tbc=-T2+T1 //Torque at section BC in lb.ft +Tcd=T3-T2+T1 //Torque at Section CD in lb.ft + +//Summing the angle of twists +theta_r=(((Tab*12*L3*12)+(Tbc*12*L2*12)+(Tcd*12*L1*12))*32)/(%pi*2**4*G) +theta=(theta_r*180)/%pi //Angle in degrees + +printf("\n The angle of twist is %0.3f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9382d9354 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=1.5 //Length of the shaft in m +t_B=200 //Torque per unit length in N.m/m +d=0.025 //Diameter of the shaft in m +G=80*10**9 //Bulk Modulus for steel in Pa + + +//Calculations +//Part(1) +//After carrying out the variable integration +T_A=0.5*t_B*L //Torque about point A in N.m +//Using equation of max stress +tau_Max=(16*T_A)*(%pi*d**3)**-1 //Maximum stress in the shaft in Pa + +//Part(2) +J=(%pi*d**4)*32**-1 //Polar moment of inertia in m^4 +//After carrying out the computation for angle of twist we get +theta_r=(t_B*L**2)*(3*G*J)**-1 //Angle of twist in radians +theta=theta_r*(180*%pi**-1) //Angle of twist in degrees + +//Result +printf("\n Result for part (1)") +printf("\n Maximum Shear Stress in the shaft is %0.1f MPa",tau_Max/10**6) +printf("\n Result for part (2)") +printf("\n The angle of twist in the shaft is %0.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9420cde --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=6 //Length of the tube in ft +t=3*8**-1 //Constant wall thickness in inches +G=12*10**6 //Bulk modulus of the tube in psi +w1=6 //Width on the top in inches +w2=4 //Width at the bottom in inches +h=5 //Height in inches +theta=0.5 //Angle of twist in radians + +//Calculations +//Part(1) +Ao=(w1+w2)*2**-1*h //Area enclosed by the median line in sq.in +S=w1+w2+2*(sqrt(1**2+h**2)) //Length of the median line in inches +//Using the torsional stifness formula we get +k=4*G*Ao**2*t*(L*12*S)**-1*(%pi*180**-1) //tortional Stiffness in lb.in/rad + +//Part(2) +T=k*theta //Torque required to produce an angle of twist of theta in lb.in +q=T*(2*Ao)**-1 //Shear flow in lb/in +tau=q/t //Shear stress in the wall in psi + + +//Result +printf("\n Part(1) results") +printf("\n Torsional stiffness is %0.0f lb.in/deg",k) +printf("\n Part(2) results") +printf("\n The shear stress in the wall is %0.0f psi",tau) diff --git a/3705/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3705/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c743d44d --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=1.2 //Length of the tube in m +tau=40*10**6 //MAximum shear stress in MPa +t=0.002 //Thickness in m +r=0.025 //Radius of the semicircle in m +G=28*10**9 //Bulk Modulus in Pa +t1=2 //Thickness in mm +t2=3 //thickness in mm + +//Calculations +//Part(1) +q=tau*t //Shear flow causing the stress in N/m +Ao=%pi*r**2*0.5 //Area of the semi-circle in m^2 +T=2*Ao*q //Torque causing the shear stress in N.m + +//Part(2) +//After computing the median lines integration we get +S=(%pi*25*t1**-1)+(2*25*t2**-1) //Length of median line +theta_r=T*L*S*(4*G*Ao**2)**-1 //Angle of twist in radians +theta=theta_r*(180*%pi**-1) //Angle of twist in degrees + +//Result +printf("\n Result for part(1)") +printf("\n The torque causing the stress of 40MPa is %0.2f N.m",T) +printf("\n Result for part (2)") +printf("\n The angle of twist is %0.1f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3705/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3705/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e330f4f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P1=15 //Load in kN +P2=25 //Load in kN +P3=50 //Load in kN +R=90 //Load in kN +L1=3.5 //Length in m +L2=2 //Length in m +L3=3 //Length in m +L=12 //Total span in m + +//Calculation +//Part 1 +//Maximum Bending Moment at A +R1=R*L1*L**-1 //Reaction 1 in kN +M_A=R1*L1 //Moment about A in kN.m +//Maximum Bending Moment at B +R1_2=R*(L1+(L3-L2))*L**-1 //reaction 1 in kN +M_B=R1_2*(L1+(L3-L2))-P1*L2 //Moment at B in kN.m + +//Maximum Moment at C +R2=(P2+P3)*(L2+L3)*L**-1 //Reaction 2 in kN +M_C=R2*(L2+L3) //Moment at C in kN.m + +[M_max] = (max(M_A,M_B,M_C)) + +//Part 2 +R2_2=R*(L-L3)*L**-1 //Reaction 2 in kN + +[V_max] = (max(R1,R2,R1_2,R2_2)) + + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum Shear force is %0.3f kN and the Maximum Bending Moment is %0.1f kN.m",V_max,M_max) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2bf0f093 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +sigma_w=1000 //Working Stress in Bending in psi +tau_w=100 //Working stress in shear in psi +//Dimensions +b_out=8 //Width in inches +h=10 //Depth in inches +b_in=6 //Width in inches + +//Calculations +I=((b_out*h**3)-(b_in*b_out**3))*12**-1 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +//Design for shear +Q=(b_out*h*0.5*0.25*h)-(b_in*b_out*0.5*0.25*b_out) //First Moment about NA in in^3 + +//Largest P +P=(tau_w*I*2)/(1.5*Q) //P in shear in lb + +//Design for bending +P1=(sigma_w*I)/(60*5) //P in bending in lb + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum allowable P value is %0.0f lb",min(P,P1)) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8497a6f3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +A=2630 //Area in mm^2 +y_bar=536.6 //Neutral Axis depth from top in mm +tau_w=100 //Allowable stress in MPa +sigma_b_w=280 //Allowable bending stress in MPa +d=0.019 //Diameter of the rivet in m +t_web=0.01 //Thickness of the web in m +I=4140 //Moment of inertia in m^4 +V=450 //Max shear allowable in kN + +//Calculations +Q=A*y_bar //first moment in mm^3 +Fw=(%pi*d**2)*tau_w*10**6 //Allowable force in N +Fw_2=d*t_web*sigma_b_w*10**6*0.5 //Allowable force in N +e=Fw_2*I*(V*10**3*Q*10**-3)**-1 //Allowable spacing in m + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum spacing allowed is %0.1f mm",e*1000) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45506c5aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +wf=6 //Width of the top flange in inches +df=0.8 //Depth of the top flange in inches +dw=8 //Depth of the web portion in inches +ww=0.8 //Width of the web portion in inches +Ra=1600 //Reation at point A in lb +Rb=3400 //Reaction at point B in lb +w=400 //Load on the beam in lb/ft +M_4=3200 //Moment at x=4 ft in lb.ft +M_10=4000 //Moment at x=10 ft in lb.ft + +//Calculations +//Preliminary Calculations +//Area computation +A1=dw*ww //Area of the web portion in sq.in +A2=wf*df //Area of the top flange in sq.in +y1=dw*0.5 //Centroid from the bottom of the web portion in inches +y2=dw+df*0.5 //Centroid from the bottom of the flange portion in inches + +//y_bar computation +y_bar=(A1*y1+A2*y2)/(A1+A2) //centroid of the section in inches from the bottom + +//Moment of Inertia computation +I=(ww*dw**3*12**-1)+(A1*(y1-y_bar)**2)+(wf*df**3*12**-1)+(A2*(y2-y_bar)**2) //Moment of inertia in in^4 + +//Maximum Bending Moment +c_top=dw+df-y_bar //distance of top fibre in inches +c_bot=y_bar //Distance of bottom fibre in inches + +//Stress at x=4 ft +sigma_top=-(12*M_4*c_top)*I**-1 //Stress at top fibre in psi +sigma_bot=12*M_4*c_bot*I**-1 //Stress at bottom fibre in psi + +//Stress at x=10 ft +sigma_top2=M_10*12*c_top*I**-1 //Stress at the top fibre in psi +sigma_bot2=-M_10*12*c_bot*I**-1 //Stress at the bottom fibre in psi + +//Maximum values +[sigma_t] = (max(sigma_bot,sigma_bot2,sigma_top,sigma_top2)) +[sigma_c] = (min(sigma_top,sigma_top2,sigma_bot,sigma_bot2)) + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum values of stress are") +printf("\n Maximum Tension= %0.0f psi at x=4ft",sigma_t) +printf("\n Maximum Compression= %0.0f psi at x=10ft",-sigma_c) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6b6448ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=4 //Length of each section in ft +h_ab=4 //Thickness of the front section in inches +h_bd=6 //Thickness of the back section in inches +P=2000 //Point load acting at point A in lb +M_B=8000 //Moment at 4ft in lb.ft +M_D=16000 //Moment at x=8ft in lb.ft +b=2 //Breadth in inches + +//Calculations +S_ab=b*h_ab**2*6**-1 //Sectional Modulus of section AB in in^3 +S_bd=b*h_bd**2*6**-1 //Sectional Modulus of section BD in in^3 +sigma_B=12*M_B*S_ab**-1 //Maximum bending stress in psi +sigma_D=12*M_D*S_bd**-1 //Maximum bending stress in psi + +//Maximum stress +sigma_max=max(sigma_B,sigma_D) //Maximum stress in psi + +//Result +printf("\n Comparing the two results we find that the maximum stress is") +printf("\n Sigma_max= %0.0f psi",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b980574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +M=15000 //Maximum bending moment in absolute values in lb.ft +S=42 //Sectional Modulus in in^3 + +//Calculations +sigma_max=M*12*S**-1 //Maximum stress in the section in psi + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum Bending Stress in the section is %0.0f psi",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed515504c --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +M_max=60*10**3 //Maximum Bending Moment in kN.m +sigma_w=120*10**6 //Maximum Bending Stress allowed in Pa +M_max_2=61.52*10**3 //max bending moment computed in N.m + +//Section details +mass=38.7 //Mass in kg/m +g=9.81 //Acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +S=549*10**3 //Sectional modulus of the section in mm^3 + +//Calculations +S_min=M_max*sigma_w**-1*10**9 //Minimum Sectional Modulus required in mm^3 + +//We selecet section W310x39 +w0=mass*g*10**-3 //Weight of the beam in kN/m +sigma_max=M_max_2*S**-1*10**3 //Maximum stress in MPa + +//Result +printf("\n The section chosen is W310x39 with maximum stress as %0.1f MPa",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80b492023 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +V_max=24 //Maximum Shear in kN +b=0.160 //Width of the beam in m +h=0.240 //Depth of the beam in m + +//Calculations +I=b*h**3*12**-1 //Moment of Inertia of the beam in m^4 + +//Part 1 +Q=b*(h*3**-1)**2 //First moment of Area m^3 +tau_max=(V_max*Q)*(I*b)**-1 //Maximum Shear Stress in glue in kPa + +//Part 2 +tau_max_2=(3.0/2.0)*(V_max/(b*h)) //Shear Stress in kPa +Q_1=b*h*0.5*h*0.25 //First moment about NA in m^3 +tau_maxx=(V_max*Q_1)/(I*b) //Shear stress in kPa + +//Result +printf("\n The Results agree in both parts") +printf("\n The maximum stress is %0.0f kPa",tau_max_2) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43c4cc5aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +I=310 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +V=160 //Shear Force in kips +//Dimension defination +tf=0.515 //Thickness of flange in inches +de=11.94 //Effective depth in inches +tw=0.295 //Thickness of web in inches +wf=8.005 //Width of lange in inches + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +Q=wf*tf*(de-tf)*0.5 //First moment about NA in inch^3 +tau_min=(V*Q*10**2)/(I*tw) //Minimum shear stress in web in psi + +//Part 2 +A_2=(de*0.5-tf)*tw //Area in in^3 +y_bar_2=0.5*(de*0.5-tf) //Depth in inches + +Q_2=Q+A_2*y_bar_2 //First Moment in inches^3 + +tau_max=(V*Q_2*10**2)/(I*tw) //Maximum Shear Stress in psi + +//Part 3 +V_web=10.91*tw*(tau_min+((2*3**-1)*(tau_max-tau_min))) //Shear in the web in lb +perV=(V_web/V)*100 //Percentage shear force in web in % +t_max_final=V*10**3/(10.91*tw) + +//result +printf("\n The final shear stress in the web portion is %0.0f psi",t_max_final) diff --git a/3705/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3705/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd5ca7985 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +I=547 //Moment of inertia in inches^4 +d=8.9 //NA deoth in inches +V=12 //Shear Force in kips +h=7.3 //Depth of NA +b=2 //Width in inches +t=1.2 //Thickness in inches +h2=7.5 //Depth in inches + +//Calculations +//Shear Stress at NA +Q=(b*h)*(h*0.5) //First Moment about NA in in^3 +tau=(V*10**3*Q)/(I*b) //Shear stress at NA in psi + +//Shear Stress at a-a +Q_1=(t*h2)*(d-h2*0.5) //First moment about NA in in^3 +tau1=(V*Q_1)/(I*t) //Shear Stress in psi + +//Result +printf("\n Comparing two stresses") +printf("\n The maximum stress is %0.0f psi",max(tau,tau1)) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7647b01cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +wo=400 //loading in lb/ft +E=29*10**6 //Modulus of elasticity in psi +I=285 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +S=45.6 //Sectional Modulus in in^3 +L=8 //Span in ft + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +//Part1 is theoretical in nature hence not coded + +//Part 2 +delta_max=((wo*12**-1)*(L*12)**4)/(8*E*I) //maximum deflection in inches +M_max=(wo*12**-1)*(L*12)**2 //Maximum moment +sigma_max=M_max/(2*S) //Maximum bending stress in psi + +//Result +printf("\n M_max") +printf("\n The maximum deflection is %0.4f in",delta_max) +printf("\n The maximum Bending Stress is %0.0f psi",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aaafaa66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P1=150 //Load in lb +P2=30 //Load in lb +R_A=78 //Reaction at A in lb +R_C=102 //Reaction at C in lb +L1=4 //Length in ft +L2=6 //Length in ft +M1=780 //Moment in lb.ft +M2=900 //Moment in lb.ft +M3=120 //Moment in lb.ft + +//Calculations +EI_AC=0.5*(L1+L2)*M1*(2*3**-1)*(L1+L2)-(0.5*L2*M2*(L1+(2*3**-1)*L2)) //Deflection in lb.ft^3 +EI_thetaC=EI_AC/(L1+L2) //Deflection in lb.ft^2 + +EI_DC=-0.5*L1*M3*2*3**-1*L1 //Deflection in lb.ft^3 +EI_deltaD=EI_thetaC*L1-(-EI_DC) //Deflection in lb.ft^2 + +//Result +printf("\n The deflection is %0.0f lb.ft^2 upwards",EI_deltaD) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16aa50af8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P1=80 //Load in lb +P2=100 //Load in lb +b1=3 //Distance of load from end in ft +b2=2 //Distance of load from end in ft +L=9 //Span of the beam in ft + +//Calcualtions +EI_delta1=(P1*b1*48**-1)*(3*L**2-4*b1**2) //Deflection in lb.ft^3 +EI_delta2=(P2*b2*48**-1)*(3*L**2-4*b2**2) //Deflection in lb.ft^3 +EI_delta=EI_delta1+EI_delta2 //Deflection at modspan in lb.ft^3 + +//Result +printf("\n The deflection at midspan is %0.0f lb.ft^3 downward",EI_delta) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce78f3d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +wo=600 //Load in N/m +L=6 //Span of the beam in m +b=2 //Distance of the load from end in m +a=1 //Distance of the load from end in m + +//Calulations +EI_delta1=wo*384**-1*(5*L**4-12*L**2*b**2+8*b**4) //Deflection in N.m^3 +EI_delta2=wo*96**-1*a**2*(3*L**2-2*a**2) //Deflection in N.m^3 + +EI_delta=EI_delta1-EI_delta2 //Total Delfection at midspan in N.m^3 + +//Result +printf("\n The total Deflection at midpsan is %0.0f N.m^3 downwards",EI_delta) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d27f6f2fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P=300 //Point Load in N +R_a=100 //Reaction at A in N +R_c=200 //Reaction at C in N +E=12 //Youngs Modulus in GPa +L1=2 //Length of the load from A in m +L2=1 //Length of the load from C in m +b=0.04 //Width of the CS of the beam in m +h=0.08 //Depth of the CS of the beam in m + +//Claculations +//Moment of inertia +I=b*h**3*12**-1 //Moment of Inertia in m^4 +//Flexural Rigidity +FR=E*10**9*I //FLexural rigidity in N.m^2 + +//Moments in terms of x are +//Given +//After the variable Calculations we get +C1=-400/3 //Constant +C3=C1 //Constant +C2=0 //Constant +C4=0 //Constant + +//to get max displacement x we have +x=(6.510/2.441)**0.5 //Length at which displacement is maximum in m +v=(0.8138*x**3-6.510*x) //Displacement in mm + +//Largest slope +theta=(2.441*(L1+L2)**2-(7.324*(L1+L2-L1)**2)-6.150)*10**-3//Angle in radians + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum displacement is %0.2f mm downwards",-v) +printf("\n The maximum angle is %0.3f degrees anticlockwise",theta*180*%pi**-1) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a06d6be --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +//The computation is mostly variable based hence values will be directly declared +C1=19.20*10**3 //lb.ft^2 +C2=-131.6*10**3 //lb.ft^2 +C3=14.7*10**3 //lb.ft^2 +C4=-112.7*10**3 //lb.ft^2 +EI=10**7 //Flexural Rigidity in psi + +//Calculations +v=-(C2*12**3)/(EI*40) //Displacement in inches + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum displacement is %0.3f in downwards",v) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c10a9808b --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L1=3 //Length in m +L2=1 //Length in m +L3=8 //Length in m +L4=4 //Length in m +L5=6 //Length in m + +//Calculations +//Deflection midway +EIv=250*3**-1*L1**3-(50*3**-1*(L1-L2)**4)-(3925*3**-1*L1) //Deflection in N.m^3 + +//Deflection at E +EIv_E=250*3**-1*L3**3-(50*3**-1*(L3-L2)**4)+(50*3**-1*(L3-L4)**4)+(650*3**-1*(L3-L5)**3)-(3925*3**-1*L3) //Deflection in N.m^3 + +//Result +printf("\n The deflection at midspan is %0.0f N.m^3 downwards",-EIv) +printf("\n The deflection at point E is %0.0f N.m^3 downwards",-EIv_E) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff38e0796 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +x1=16*3**-1 //Centroid of the triangle in ft +x2=3 //Centroid of the lower parabola in ft +x3=6 //Centroid of the rectangle in ft +x4=20*3**-1 //Centroid of the triangle in ft +//Moment values +M1=4800 //Moment in lb.ft +M2=14400 //Moment in lb.ft + +//Calcualtions +P=((3**-1*4*M1*x2)+(4*M1*x3)+(0.5*4*M1*2*x4))*(x1*8*8*0.5)**-1 //Force P in lb + +//Result +printf("\n The magnitude of force P is %0.1f lb",P) diff --git a/3705/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3705/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f41c2bd7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +P=300 //Force in N +L1=1 //Length in m +L2=2 //Length in m +R_a=100 //Reaction at A in N +R_c=200 //Reaction at C in N +EI=20.48*10**3 //Flexural Rigidity in N.m^2 + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +tC_A=(0.5*(L1+L2)*P*L1-(0.5*L1*P*(L1+L2)**-1))*EI**-1 //First Moment in m +theta_A=tC_A/(L1+L2) //Angle in radians + +//Part 2 +tD_A=0.5*L1*R_a*(L1+L2)**-1*EI**-1 //First Moment in m +delta_D=(theta_A*L1-tD_A) //Displacement in m + +//Result +printf("\n The angle in part 1 is %0.3f Degrees",theta_A*180*%pi**-1) +printf("\n The displacement in part 2 is %0.2f mm downward",delta_D*1000) diff --git a/3705/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3705/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbccb8b37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +clear// +// + +//Variable Declaration +w=60 //Continous Load in lb/ft +L1=3 //Length in ft +L2=9 //Length in ft + +//Calculations +//After carrying out the variable computations we get +A=([[1,1,0,0;(L1+L2),0,1,1;0.5*(L1+L2)**2,0,-(L1+L2),0;6**-1*(L1+L2)**3,0,-0.5*(L1+L2)**2,0]]) +B=([w*L2;w*L2*0.5*L2;L2**3*10;L2**4*2.5]) +C=linsolve(A,B) + +//Result +printf("\n The values are as follows") +printf("\n Ra= %0.0f lb Ma= %0.0f lb.ft Rb= %0.0f lb and Mb= %0.0f lb.ft",-C(1),-C(2),-C(3),-C(4)) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d62c4b00a --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +p=125 //Pressure in psi +r=24 //Radius of the vessel in inches +t=0.25 //Thickness of the vessel in inches +E=29*10**6 //Modulus of Elasticity in psi +v=0.28 //poisson ratio + +//Calcualtions +//Part 1 +sigma_c=p*r*t**-1 //Circumferential Stress in psi +sigma_l=sigma_c/2 //Longitudinat Stress in psi +e_c=E**-1*(sigma_c-(v*sigma_l)) //Circumferential Strain using biaxial Hooke's Law +delta_r=e_c*r //Change in the radius in inches + +//Part 2 +sigma=(p*r)*(2*t)**-1 //Stress in psi +e=E**-1*(sigma-(v*sigma)) //Strain using biaxial Hooke's Law +delta_R=e*r //Change inradius of end-cap in inches + +//Result +printf("\n Part 1 Answers") +printf("\n Stresses are sigma_c= %0.0f psi and sigma_l= %0.0f psi",sigma_c,sigma_l) +printf("\n Change of radius of cylinder= %0.5f in",delta_r) +printf("\n Part 2 Answers") +printf("\n Stresses are sigma= %0.0f psi",sigma) +printf("\n Change in radius of end cap= %0.5f in",delta_R) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0042a5f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +t=0.01 //Thickness of the shaft in m +p=2 //Internal Pressure in MPa +r=0.45 //Mean radius of the vessel in m +tw=50 //Working shear stress in MPa + +//Calculation +sigma_x=(p*r)/(2*t) //Stress in MPa +sigma_y=(p*r)/t //Stress in MPa + +R=100-67.5 //From the diagram in MPa +tau_xy=sqrt((R**2-(sigma_y-67.5)**2)) //Stress in MPa + +J=2*%pi*r**3*t //Polar Moment of inertia in mm^4 + +T=1000*(tau_xy*J)/r //Maximum allowable Torque in kN.m + +//Result +printf("\n The largest allowable Torque is %0.0f kN.m",T) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d763804e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +L=15 //Length of the shaft in inches +r=3.0/8.001 //Radius of the shaft in inches +T=540 //Torque applied in lb.in + +//Calculations +V=30 //Transverse Shear Force in lb +M=15*V //Bending Moment in lb.in +I=(%pi*r**4)/4.0 //Moment of Inertia in in^4 +J=2*I //Polar Moment Of Inertia in in^4 + +//Part 1 +sigma=(M*r)/I //Bending Stress in psi +tau_t=10**-3*(T*r)/J //Shear Stress in ksi + +sigma_max1=13.92 //From the Mohr Circle in ksi + +//Part 2 +Q=(2*r**3)/3.0 //First Moment in in^3 +b=2*r // in + +tau_V=10**-3*(V*Q)/(I*b) //Shear Stress in ksi +tau=tau_t+tau_V //Total Shear in ksi + +sigma_max2=tau //Maximum stress in ksi + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum normal stress in case 1 is %0.3f ksi",sigma_max1) +printf("\n The Maximum normal stress in case 2 is %0.2f ksi",sigma_max2) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4a0adade --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +ex=800*10**-6 //Strain in x (no units) +ey=200*10**-6 //Strain in y(no units) +y_xy=-600*10**-6 //Strain in xy(no units) + +//Calculations +e_bar=(ex+ey)*0.5 //Strain +R=sqrt(2*300**2)*10**-6 //Resultant + +//Part 1 +e1=e_bar+R //Strain in Principal Axis(no units) +e2=e_bar-R //Strain in Principal Axis(no units) + +//Part 2 +alpha=15*180**-1*%pi //From the Mohr Circle in degrees +e_xbar=e_bar-(R*cos(alpha)) //Strain in x (no units) +e_ybar=e_bar+(R*cos(alpha)) //Strain in y(no units) + +shear_strain=2*R*sin(alpha) //Shear follows + +//Result +printf("\n The principal Strains are") +printf("\n e1= %0.6f e2= %0.6f ",e1,e2) +printf("\n The follows components are") +printf("\n ex= %0.6f ey= %0.6f y_xy= %0.6f ",e_xbar,e_ybar,shear_strain) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29735881b --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +e_x=800*10**-6 //Strain in x +e_y=200*10**-6 //Strain in y +y_xy=-600*10**-6 //Strain in xy +v=0.30 //Poissons Ratio +E=200 //Youngs Modulus in GPa +R_e=424.3*10**-6 //Strain +e_bar=500*10**-6 //Strain + +//Calculations +//Part 1 +R_sigma=10**-6*R_e*(E*10**9/(1+v)) //Stress in MPa +sigma_bar=10**-6*e_bar*(E*10**9/(1-v)) //Stress in MPa + +//Part 2 +sigma1=sigma_bar+R_sigma //Principal Stress in MPa +sigma2=sigma_bar-R_sigma //Principal Stress in MPa + +//Result +printf("\n The principal Stresses are as follows") +printf("\n Sigma1= %0.0f MPa and Sigma2= %0.1f MPa",sigma1,sigma2) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5383e59be --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +e_a=100*10**-6 //Strain +e_b=300*10**-6 //Strain +e_c=-200*10**-6 //Strain +E=180 //Youngs Modulus in GPa +v=0.28 //Poissons Ratio + +//Calculations +y_xy=(e_b-(e_a+e_c)*0.5) //Strain in xy +e_bar=(e_a+e_c)*0.5 //Strain +R_e=sqrt(y_xy**2+(150*10**-6)**2) //Resultant Strain + +//Corresponding Parameters from Mohrs Diagram +sigma_bar=(E/(1-v))*e_bar*10**3 //Stress in MPa +R_sigma=(E/(1+v))*R_e*10**3 //Resultant Stress in MPa + +//Principal Stresses +sigma1=sigma_bar+R_sigma //MPa +sigma2=sigma_bar-R_sigma //MPa + +theta=atan(y_xy/(150*10**-6))*180*%pi**-1*0.5 //Degrees + +//Result +printf("\n The Principal Stresses are as follows") +printf("\n Sigma1= %0.1f MPa and Sigma2= %0.2f MPa",sigma1,sigma2) +printf("\n The plane orientation is %0.2f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e4560e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +b=6 //Width in inches +h=10 //Depth in inches +P1=6000 //Force in lb +P2=3000 //Force in lb +L=4 //Length in ft +P=-13400 //Load in lb +M=6000 //Moment in lb.ft +y=5 //Depth in inches +P2=-9800 //Load in lb +M2=-12000 //Moment in lb.ft + +//Calculations +A=b*h //Area in in^2 +I=b*h**3*12**-1 //Moment of inertia in in^4 +T=(P1*L+P2*L*3)*(6)**-1 //Tension in the cable in lb + +//Computation of largest stress +sigma_B=(P*A**-1)-(M*y*12*I**-1) //Maximum Compressive Stress caused by +ve BM in psi +sigma_C=(P2*A**-1)-(M2*-y*12*I**-1) //Maximum Compressive Stress caused by -ve BM in psi + +sigma_max=max(-sigma_B,-sigma_C) //Maximum Compressive Stress in psi + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum Stress is %0.0f psi",sigma_max) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1510039 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +theta=(60*%pi)/180 //Angle in radians (Twice as declared) +sigma_x=30 // Stress in x in MPa +sigma_y=60 //Stress in y in MPa +tau_xy=40 //Stress in MPa + +//Calcualtions +sigma_xdash=0.5*(sigma_x+sigma_y)+0.5*(sigma_x-sigma_y)*cos(theta)+tau_xy*sin(theta) //Stress at x' axis in MPa +sigma_ydash=0.5*(sigma_x+sigma_y)-0.5*(sigma_x-sigma_y)*cos(theta)-tau_xy*sin(theta) //Stress at y' axis in MPa +tau_x_y=-0.5*(sigma_x-sigma_y)*sin(theta)+tau_xy*cos(theta) //Stress at x'y' in shear in MPa +//Result +printf("\n The new stresses at new axes are as follows") +printf("\n sigma_x= %0.1f MPa sigma_y= %0.1f MPa",sigma_xdash,sigma_ydash) +printf("\n And tau_xy= %0.0f MPa",tau_x_y) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39cad6526 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +sigma_x=8000 //Stress in x in psi +sigma_y=4000 //Stress in y in psi +tau_xy=3000 //Stress in xy in psi + +//Calculations +R=sqrt(((sigma_x-sigma_y)*0.5)**2+tau_xy**2) //Resultant Stress in psi + +//Principal Stresses +sigma1=(sigma_x+sigma_y)*0.5+R //Principal Stress in psi +sigma2=(sigma_x+sigma_y)*0.5-R //Principal Stress in psi + +//Principal Direction +theta1=atan(2*tau_xy*(sigma_x-sigma_y)**-1)*0.5*180*%pi**-1 //Principal direction in degrees +theta2=theta1+90 //Second pricnipal direction in degrees + +//Normal Stress +sigma_xdash=0.5*(sigma_x+sigma_y)+0.5*(sigma_x-sigma_y)*cos(2*theta1*%pi*180**-1)+tau_xy*sin(2*theta1*%pi*180**-1) + +//Result +printf("\n The principal stresses are as follows") +printf("\n sigma1= %0.0f psi and sigma2= %0.0f psi",sigma1,sigma2) +printf("\n The corresponding directions are") +printf("\n Theta1= %0.1f degrees and Theta2= %0.1f degrees",theta1,theta2) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66c8e4b54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +sigma_x=40 //Stress in x in MPa +sigma_y=-100 //Stress in y in MPa +tau_xy=-50 //Shear stress in MPa + +//Calculations +tau_max=sqrt(((sigma_x-sigma_y)*0.5)**2+tau_xy**2) //Maximum in-plane shear in MPa + +//Orientation of Plane +theta1=atan(-((sigma_x-sigma_y)*(2*tau_xy)**-1))*180*%pi**-1*0.5 //Angle in Degrees +theta2=theta1+90 //Angle in degrees + +//Plane of max in-plane shear +tau_x_y=-0.5*(sigma_x-sigma_y)*sin(2*theta1*%pi*180**-1)+tau_xy*cos(2*theta1*%pi*180**-1) + +//Normal Stress +sigma=(sigma_x+sigma_y)*0.5 //Stress in MPa + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum in-plane Shear is %0.0f MPa",tau_x_y) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fefb67c2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +clear// + +//Vairable Declaration +sigma_x=40 //Stress in x in MPa +sigma_y=20 //Stress in y in MPa +tau_xy=16 //Shear in xy in MPa + +//Calculations +sigma=(sigma_x+sigma_y)*0.5 //Normal Stress in MPa +R=sqrt(((sigma_x-sigma_y)*0.5)**2+tau_xy**2) //Resultant Stress in MPa + +//Part 1 +sigma1=sigma+R //Principal Stress in MPa +sigma2=sigma-R //Principal Stress in MPa +theta=atan(tau_xy*((sigma_x-sigma_y)*0.5)**-1)*180*%pi**-1*0.5 //Orientation in degrees + +//Part 2 +tau_max=18.87 //From figure in MPa + +//Part 3 +sigma_xdash=sigma+tau_max*cos((100-theta*2)*%pi*180**-1) //Stress in MPa +sigma_ydash=sigma-tau_max*cos((100-theta*2)*%pi*180**-1) //Stress in MPa +tau_x_y=tau_max*sin((100-2*theta)*%pi*180**-1) //Shear stress in MPa + +//Result +printf("\n The principal Stresses are") +printf("\n Sigma1= %0.1f MPa and Sigma2= %0.1f MPa",sigma1,sigma2) +printf("\n The Principal Plane is at %0.0f degrees",theta) +printf("\n The Maximum Shear Stress is %0.3f MPa",tau_max) +printf("\n Sigma_x= %0.0f MPa and Sigma_y= %0.2f MPa",sigma_xdash,sigma_ydash) +printf("\n Tau_xy= %0.2f MPa",tau_x_y) diff --git a/3705/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3705/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..503b2ef6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +sigma_w=120 //Working Stress in MPa +tau_w=70 //Working Shear in MPa + +//Calcualtions +//Section a-a +M=3750 //Applied moment at section a-a in N.m +T=1500 //Applied Torque at section a-a in N.m + +//After carrying out the variable based computation we compute d +d1=((124.62)/(sigma_w*10**3*%pi))**0.3333 //Diameter of the shaft in m +d2=((65.6)/(tau_w*10**3*%pi))**0.3333 //Diameter of the shaft in m +d=max(d1,d2) //Diameter of the shaft to be selected in m + +//Result +printf("\n The diameter of the shaft to be selected is %0.1f mm",d*1000) diff --git a/3705/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3705/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07b55e8aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +n=20 //Modular Ratio +sigma_wd=8*10**6 //Maximum bending stress in wood in Pa +sigma_st=120*10**6 //Maximum bending stress in steel in Pa + +//Cross Sectional Details +Awd=45 //Area of wood in mm^2 +y_wd=160 //Neutral Axis of from bottom of the wooden section in mm +Ast=15 //Area of steel in mm^2 +y_st=5 //Neutral Axis of the Steel section in mm +//Dimensions +ww=150 //width of wooden section in mm +dw=300 //depth of wooden section in mm +ws=75 //width of steel section in mm +ds=10 //depth of steel section in mm + +//Calculations +y_bar=(Awd*y_wd+Ast*y_st)*(Ast+Awd)**-1 //Location of Neutral axis from the bottom in mm +//Moment of inertia +I=(ww*dw**3*12**-1)+(ww*dw*(y_wd-y_bar)**2)+(n*ws*ds**3*12**-1)+(n*ws*ds*(y_bar-y_st)**2) //mm^4 +c_top=dw+ds-y_bar //Distance from NA to top fibre in mm +c_bot=y_bar //Distance from NA to bottom fibre in mm + +//The solution will be in different order +M1=sigma_wd*I*10**-12*c_top**-1 //Maximum Bending Moment in N.m +M2=sigma_st*I*10**-12*c_bot**-1 //Maximum Bending Moment in N.m +M=min(M1,M2) //Maximum allowable moment in N.m + +//Result +printf("\n The Maximum Allowable moment that the beam can support is %0.1f kN.m",M) diff --git a/3705/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3705/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b90500567 --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +dw=8 //Depth of wooden section in inches +da=0.4 //Depth og aluminium section in inches +w=2 //Width of the section in inches +n=40*3**-1 //Modular Ratio +Ewd=1.5*10**6 //Youngs modulus of wood in psi +Eal=10**7 //Youngs Modulus of aluminium in psi +V_max=4000 //Maximum shear in lb +b=24 //Inches +L=72 //Length in inches +P=6000 //Load on the beam in lb + +//Calculations +I=w*dw**3*12**-1+2*(n*w*da**3*12**-1+n*da*4.2**2) //Moment of Inertia in in^4 + +//Part 1 +Q=(w*dw*0.5)*2+(n*da)*(dw*0.5+da*0.5) //First Moment in in^3 +tau_max=V_max*Q*I**-1*w**-1 //Maximum Shear Stress in psi + +//Part 2 +delta_mid=(P*b)*(48*Ewd*I)**-1*(3*L**2-4*b**2) + +//Result +printf("\n The maximum shear stress allowable is %0.0f psi",tau_max) +printf("\n The deflection at the mid-span is %0.4f in",delta_mid) diff --git a/3705/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3705/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99ca2c8ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3705/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clear// + +//Variable Declaration +sigma_co_w=12 //Maximum stress in compression in MPa +sigma_st_w=140 //Maximum stress in steel in MPa +M=90 //Moment in kN.m +n=8 //Modular Ratio + +//Calculations +//h=0.4068d +//bd^2=0.04266 +b=(0.04266/(1.5**2))**0.3333 //Breadth in m +d=1.5*b //Depth in m +h=0.4068*d //Height in m + +//Area of steel +Ast=((M*10**3)/((d-h*3**-1)*sigma_st_w*10**3))*10**3 //Area of steel in mm^2 + +//Result +printf("\n The dimensions of the beam are") +printf("\n b= %0.0f mm and d= %0.0f mm",b*1000,d*1000) +printf("\n Area of steel= %0.0f mm^2",Ast) diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f01c0c8ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.1, Page Number 10 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Brewster Angle Calculation +clc; + +n2=1.5 //Refractive Index of Glass in Air +n1=1 //Refractive Index of Air + +theta=0 //Brewster's Angle in Degrees + +theta=(atand(1.5))//(Brewster's angle= Tan Inverse (n2/n1)) +theta=fpround(theta,2) +disp(theta,"The Brewsters Angle for the Material in Degrees:"); diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14005f56f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.2, Page Number 13 + +clc; +n=4 //Total Number of Sources + +//For Coherent Sources +mprintf("\tIn Coherant Sources The Maximum Irradiance is %dI\n",n*n); //Where I is the Irradiance at any point + +//For Incoherent Sources +mprintf("\tIn Incoherent Sources The Maximum Irradiance is %dI",n); diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b4f11fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.3, Page Number 22 + +clc; +D=0.1 //Diameter of the Objective Lens +d1=500 //Distance from the source +l =550*(10**-9) //Wavelength +p=1 //First Order +N=40*600 //The diffraction grating is 40 mm wide and has 600 lines/mm + +Smin=(d1*l)/D //Smin is the minimum separation of the Sources +Smin=Smin*(10**3) +mprintf("\t(A)The Minimum Seperation Between the Sources is %.2f mm\n",Smin); + +dl=l/(N*p)//l/dl=p*N +dl=dl*(10**9) +mprintf("\t(B)The Minimum Wavelength Difference which may be resolved is %.3f nm",dl) diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8abd5be0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.4, Page Number 29 +//Total Power Calculation + +clc; + +em=0.7 //Emissivity Of the Surface +T=2000 //Temperature in Kelvin +A=(10**-5) //Area in Meter Square +S=5.67*(10**-8) //Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in Watt per meter square Kelvin power four + +W=em*S*A*(T**4) //W is the total power radiated in Watt + +mprintf("The Total Power Radiated from the Source is %.2f W",W); diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e557eb126 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.5, Page Number 31 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; + +Z=1 //Atomic Number of Hydrogen +m=9.1*(10**-31) //Mass of an Electron +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge Of an Electron +p=6.6*(10**-34) //Planck's Constant +e1=8.85*(10**-12)//Permitivity of Free Space + +E=(m*(Z**2)*(e**4))/(8*(p**2)*(e1**2)) //E is the Ionization Energy +E2=E/e //Conversion to Electron Volts +E2=fpround(E2,2) + +mprintf("The Ionization Energy required to excite the electron from ground state to infinity:%.2f eV",E2); diff --git a/3710/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3710/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270c6b9e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.6, Page Number 32 +//Phi Determination + +clc; +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge Of an Electron in Coulombs +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second +vo=1.1*(10**15) //Threshold Frequency in Hertz + +// h*vo=phi*e ,phi is the required Work Function,vo is the threshold frequency +// Lets assume that the ejected electron has zero kinetic energy + +phi=h*vo/e +mprintf("The Required Work function is %.1f eV",phi); diff --git a/3710/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3710/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9499d67e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10.1, Page Number 497 +//Sensor Periodicity +clc; +d=50*(10**-6) //Core Diameter in meters +n2=1.48 //Core refractive index +n1=1.46 //Cladding refractive index +a=d/2//in meters + +n=(n2-n1)/n2; + +delta=(2*%pi*a)/(sqrt(2*n)); //delta is the microbending sensor periodicity +disp(delta,"The Microbending Sensor Periodicity in m is:"); diff --git a/3710/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3710/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0541ff2a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 10.2, Page Number 498 +//Sensitivity Calculation +clc; +a=5*(10**-7) //Thermal expansion Coefficient per Kelvin +b=6.8*(10**-6) //Thermal Expansion Coefficient per Kelvin +l=1.55*(10**-6) //Wavelength in meter +p11=0.126 //Constant Coeffiecient +p12=0.274 //Constant Coeffiecient +u=0.17 +n=1.46//cladding refractive index + +dl=l*(a+b); // dl is the wavelength sensitivity to temp. changes +disp(dl,"The Wavelength Sensitivity to temperature changes of the filter structure in nm/K is:"); + +pe=((n**2)/2)*(((1-u)*p12)-(u*p11)); //pe is the effective photoelastic coefficient +disp(pe," The Effective Photoelastic Coefficient is:"); + +dl=l*(1-pe) +disp(dl," As far as Strain is concerned the Sensitivity in m/ε is:"); diff --git a/3710/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3710/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..070b0a59f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 10.3, Page Number 502 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Raman Scattering Sensor Temperature Sensitivity +clc; +v=1.5*(10**13) //Raman shift of silcia in terms of Hertz +T=(273+50) //Temperature in terms of Kelvin +d=1 //Fractional change in r in terms of per degree +k=1.38*(10**-23) //Boltzman Constant in meter square kilogram per second square Kelvin +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second + +dr=(h*v)/(k*(T**2)) //dr is the fractional change of temperature sensitivity of Raman sensor +dr=dr*100 +dr=fpround(dr,1) +mprintf("The Fractional Change of Temperature Sensitivity of Raman Scattering Sensor is %0.1f percent per degree celsius",dr) diff --git a/3710/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3710/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2fc11058 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 10.4, Page Number 509 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Sagnac Gyroscope Phase Shift +clc; +n=1000 //Turns on the Fibre +r=0.1 //Radius in meter +r2=15 //Earth's rotation rate per hour +c=3*(10**8) //Speed of light in meters per second +l=1*(10**-6) //Wavelength in meter +r1=(r2*%pi)/(180*3600) //Conversion to radian per second + +theta=(8*%pi*n*%pi*(r**2)*r1)/(l*c) //theta is the phase shift +theta=fpround(theta,5) + +mprintf("The Phase Shift in Sagnac Gyroscope is:%0.1e radian",theta); diff --git a/3710/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3710/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..754691e62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 10.5, Page Number 514 +//Polarization Rotation +clc; +//For Silica +V=4 //in Radian / m T +n=10 //No of turns +I=30 //Current in Ampere +ur=1 //Relative permeability +uo=4*%pi*(10**-7) //Absolute permeability + +t=%pi/180 +thetar=uo*n*V*I*t //thetar is the polarization rotation + +mprintf("The Amount of Polarization rotation is %f degree\n",thetar); +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfb5fcbbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2.1, Page Number 51 +//Conductivity Calculation +clc; + +dc=8.93*(10**3) //Density of Copper in Kg/meter cube +N=63.54 //Atomic Mass Number of Copper in amu +t=2.6*(10**-14)//Mean free time between collision (in seconds) +m=9.1*(10**-31) //Mass of electron in kilogram +em=0.135 //Electron Mobility in meter square per volt second +hm=0.048 //Hole Mobility in meter square per volt second +n=1.6*(10**16) //Concentration per meter cube +an=6*(10**26) //Avogadro's number per mole +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of an electron in Coulombs + +n1=(an*dc)/N //Free electron concentration/No. of atoms per unit volume + +rhoc=(n1*e*em)/3 //Conductivity of Copper in per ohm m + +//From equation 2.24 +rhos=n*e*(em+hm) //Conductivity of Copperintrinsic silicon in per ohm m + + +mprintf("Free Electron Concentration is: %.2e per meter cube\n",n1); +mprintf(" Conductivity of copper is:%.2e per ohm meter\n",rhoc)//The answer provided for rhoc in the textbook is wrong +mprintf(" Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is:%.2e per ohm meter\n",rhos) diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee85982f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.2, Page Number 55 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Excitation Energy Calculation +clc; + +r=11.8 //Relative Permeability +m=9.1*(10**-31) //Mass of electron in kilogram +me=0.26*m //Effective mass + +//From equation 2.28 +E=13.6*(me/m)*((1/r)**2) //E is the excitation energy in eV +E=fpround(E,4) + +mprintf("The Excitation Energy is given by %.3feV",E) diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b513cfa --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.3, Page Number 60 +//Effective Density Calculation +clc; + +m=9.1*(10**-31) //Mass of electron in kilogram +me=0.55*m //Effective mass +T=300 //Temperature in Kelvin +k=1.38*(10**-23) //Boltzmann Constant in meter square kilogram per second square Kelvin +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second + +//From equation 2.33 +N=2*(((2*%pi*me*k*T)/(h*h))**1.5) //N is the Effective density of states in the conduction band + +mprintf("The Effective Density of States in the Conduction Band is %.2e Per Meter Cube",N); diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0318eeff --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.4, Page Number 64 +//Hole Lifetime Calculation +clc; +n=5*(10**24) //Donor Concentration in per meter cube + +//For GaAs +B=7.2*(10**-16)//Constant of proportionality for GaAs +t1=1/(B*n) //t1 is the Hole lifetime for GaAs + +//For Si +B=1.8*(10**-21)//Constant of proportionality for Si +t2=1/(B*n) //t2 is the Hole lifetime for Si + +disp(t1,"The Hole Lifetime for GaAs in pico seconds is:"); +disp(t2,"The Hole Lifetime for Si in micro seconds is:"); diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81c3ab51f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 2.5, Page Number 70 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Contact Potential Difference +clc; +nd=10**22 //Donor Impurity Level in per meter cube +na=10**24 //Acceptor Impurity Level in per meter cube +n=2.4*(10**19) //Intrinsic Electron Concentration in per meter cube +T=290 //Temperature in Kelvin +k=1.38*(10**-23) //Botlzmann Constant in meter square kilogram per second square Kelvin +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of an electron in coulombs + +//From Equation 2.45 +v=(k*T/e)*log1p((nd*na)/(n**2)) //v is the contact potentital difference in volts +v=fpround(v,2) +mprintf("The Contact Potential Difference is:%.2f Volts ",v) diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2a757df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 2.6, Page Number 73 +//Saturation Current Density +clc; +nd=10**21 //Donor Concentration per meter cube +na=10**22 //Acceptor Concentration per meter cube +de=3.4*(10**-3) //Drift current-electron in meter square per second +dh=1.2*(10**-3) //Drift current-holes in meter square per second +le=7.1*(10**-4) //in meter +lh=3.5*(10**-4) //in meter +n=1.6*(10**16) //per meter cube +e=1.6*(10**-19) //charge of an electron in coulomb +A=10**6 //Junction area per unit area + +//Assuming all ions are ionized +ni=2.56*(10**32)//per metre cube +pn=(ni)/nd +np=pn/10 + +//From Equation 2.51a +jo=e*((dh/lh)*pn+(de/le)*np) //Jo is the saturation current density + +io=jo/A //io is the reverse bias saturation current + +mprintf("P-N concentration is:%.2e per meter cube\n",pn) +mprintf("N-P concentration is:%.2e per meter cube\n",np) +mprintf("The Saturation Current Density is:%.1e A/meter square\n",jo) +mprintf("The Reverse Bias Saturation Current is:%.1e A\n",io) diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d31d66096 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.7, Page Number 78 +//Junction Capacitance Calculation +clc; + +V=-4 //Reverse Bias voltage in volts +nd=4*(10**21) //in per meter cube +Vo=0.8//in volts +A=4*(10**-7) //Junction Area in meter square +er=11.8 //Relative permittivity +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of an Electron in coulombs +eo=8.85*(10**-12) //Absolute permittivity in farads per meter + +//By equation 2.63 +Cj=(A/2)*sqrt((2*eo*er*e*nd)/(Vo-V)) + +mprintf("The Junction Capacitance is %.2e pF",Cj) diff --git a/3710/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3710/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e819da115 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.8, Page Number 84 +//Effective Increase in the width of the Energy Gap Calculation +clc; +Lz=10*(10**-9) //Thickness in meter +m=9.1*(10**-31) //Mass of Electron in kilogram +me=0.068*m //Effective mass of electron +mh=0.56*m //Effective mass of holes +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of an electron in Coulombs + +Eg=((h*h)/(8*(Lz*Lz)))*((1/me)+(1/mh)) //Eg is the effective increase in the width of the energy gap +Egn=Eg/e //Converting to eV +Egn=fpround(Egn,3) +mprintf("The Effective Increase in the width of the Energy Gap is %.3f eV",Egn) diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7ffec9f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.1, Page Number 97 +//Change in Refraction Index due to Pockels effect +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +l=10*(10**-3) //Width of Crystal in milli meter +V=4000 //Applied Voltage in volts +r=26.4*(10**-12)//linear electro optic coefficient in pm per volt +no=1.51**3//Value for KD*P taken from table 3.1 +//Using data in Table 3.1(Page No 100) +dn=0.5*lc*(no)*(V/(10**-2)) //dn is the change in refraction index +mprintf("The Change in Refraction Index due to Pockels effect is %0.1e",dn); diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cadd14fcf --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 3.2, Page Number 101 +//Half Wave Voltage +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +l=1.06*(10**-6) //Wavelength in meter +no=1.51//Value for KDP taken from table 3.1 +r=10.6*(10**-12)//Linear Electro Optic Coefficient in pm per volt for KDP taken from table 3.1 + +//Using Data from table 3.1 on page no. 100 +V=l/(2*r*(no**3)) //V is the Half Wave Voltage + +mprintf("\n"); +disp(V,"The Half Wave Voltage for KDP in V:"); diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42d128829 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 3.3, Page Number 105 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Power Requirements for Modulation +clc; + +//Given Values +bw=10**9 //Frequency Bandwidth in Hertz +d=25/2*(10**-3) //Diameter of Circular Aperture in meter +l=30*(10**-3) //Length in meters +wl=633*(10**-9) //Wavelength in meters +k=8.85*(10**-12) //Permittivty of free space +pr=%pi/30//Phase Retardation/Phase difference at freq bandwidth of (10**9) HZ + +//The following values have been taken from Table 3.1 on page no. 100 +ur=50//Relative permeability for KD*P +r=26.4*(10**-12)//Linear Electro Optic Coefficient for KD*P in pm per volt +no=1.51//value for KD*P + +P=((((wl**2)*%pi*((d)**2)*bw*k*ur)/(4*%pi*((r)**2)*(no**6)*l))*(pr**2)) //P is the power requirements in W +P=fpround(P,1) + +mprintf("\n"); +mprintf("The Power Requirements for Modulation using a Pockels cell is %.1f W",P); diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a3d30bef --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 3.4, Page Number 118 +//Acousto-optic modulator +clc; +l=633*(10**-9) //Wavelength in meter +bw=5.0*(10**6) //Bandwidth in hertz +L=50*(10**-3) //Modulation length in milli meter +de=0.7 //Diffraction Efficiency +al=4.3*(10**-5) //Acoustic Wavelength in meter +av=3500.0 //Acoustic velocity in meter per second + +theta=asin(l/(2*al)) //theta is the angle of diffraction +theta1=theta *(180 /%pi) //Converting it into degrees + +phi=2*(asin(sqrt(de))) //phi is the internal braggs angle +phi1=phi *(180/%pi) //Converting it into degrees + +ca=cos(theta1) + +dn=(phi*l*ca)/(3.14*2*L) //dn is the maximum change in refraction index + +B=av/bw +B=B*(10**3) +mprintf("The Angle of Diffraction is %.2f Degree\n",theta1) +mprintf(" The Internal Braggs Angle is %.1f Degree\n",phi1) +mprintf(" The Maximum Change in Refraction index is %.2e\n",dn)//The Answer for Maximum Change in Refraction index is miscalculated in the book +mprintf(" The Maximum Optical Beam Width is %.1f mm\n",B) + + diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e202a6373 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.5, Page Number 123 +//Phase Matching Angle +clc; + +//The following values have been taken from the table on page no 123 +no1=1.4943//no for l=1.06 +no2=1.5132//no for l=0.53 +nc=1.4712//nc for l=0.53 +t2=((no1**-2)-(no2**-2))/((nc**-2)-(no2**-2)) +theta=asin(t2) + +//Converting it into degrees +degrees=theta * (180/%pi) //theta is the phase matching angle + +mprintf("The Phase matching angle is %d degrees",degrees); diff --git a/3710/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3710/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..653f5a06f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.6, Page Number 124 +//Coherence Length +clc; +nw=1.5019 //Refraction index at 0.8 micrometer +n2w=1.4802 //Refraction index at 0.4 micrometer +l=0.8*(10**-6) //Vaccum Wavelength at the fundamental frequency in m + +lc=l/(4*(nw-n2w)) //lc is the coherence length in meters + +mprintf("The Coherence Length is %.2e m",lc); diff --git a/3710/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3710/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a783494 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 4.1, Page Number 131 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; + +kt=0.025 +E=0.4 //(The difference between Ec & Ed) +Q=(10**8) + +j=E/kt +p=Q*exp(-j) //p is the required probability +p=fpround(p,2) +Q1=1/p +Q1=fpround(Q1,2) +mprintf("The Probability of Escape per second of the trapped electron:%.2f/s\n",p) +mprintf(" The Luminescence Lifetime is:%.2fs",Q1) diff --git a/3710/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3710/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d32b7987b --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.2, Page Number 152 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; + +n1=3.6//For GaAs/Air Interface +n2=1//For Air + +//Using Equation 4.14 +n3=n1-n2 +n4=n1+n2 +n6=(n3/n4)**2 +n5=(n2/n1)**2 + +F=0.25*(n5)*(1-n6) //F is the Fractional Transmission for Isotropic Radiation +F=fpround(F,3) + +theta=asin(1/n1) //Critical Angle in Degrees +theta=theta *(180/%pi) +theta=fpround(theta,0) + +mprintf("The Fractional Tranmission for Isotropic Radiation originating inside GaAs is:%.3f \n",F) +mprintf(" The Critical Angle is:%d Degrees",theta) diff --git a/3710/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3710/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f143509d --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 4.3, Page Number 158 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; + +d=0.2*(10**-3) //Chip Diameter in meter +d1=1 //Distance in Meter +l=550*(10**-9 ) //Wavelength in Meter +q=0.001 //External Quantum Efficiency +i=50*(10**-3) //Operational Current +h=6.6*(10**-34)//Plancks Constant +c=3*(10**8)//Speed of Light +e=1.6*(10**-19)//Charge of an electron + +theta=(d/2) +mprintf("Angle Theta of Emitting Area :%f\n",theta) +mprintf(" Since theta is less than one, the LED acts as a Point Source\n") + +W=((h*c)/l)*q*(i/e) //W is the Total Radiant Power +W=fpround(W,6) + +mprintf(" The Total Radiant Power is :%.2e W\n",W) + +//From the graph(Fig 1.24 Page No.33) +l1=600 //Average Luminosity + +lf=W*l1 //lf is the luminous flux from the source +lf=fpround(lf,3) + +mprintf(" The Luminous Flux from the source is:%.2e lm\n",lf) + +li=lf/(2*3.14)//li is the luminous intensity at normal incidence since flux is distributed over angle 2PI +li=fpround(li,4) + +mprintf(" The Luminous Intensity at normal incidence is: %.2e candela\n",li) + +X = [400,500,555,600,650,700] +V = [0.0,0.3,1.0,0.7,0.3,0.0] +plot(X,V); +xlabel("Wavelength in nm") +ylabel("V") +title("Fig 1.24") + diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60bc96751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.1, Page Number 173 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; +T=2000 // In Kelvin +v=5*(10**14) //Frequency In Hertz +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant +k=1.38*(10**-23) //Boltzman Constant + +R=exp((h*v)/(k*T))-1 +R=fpround(R,2) +mprintf("The Ratio of rates of spontaneous & stimulated emission is %0.2e",R); diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b5cf48af --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.2, Page Number 176 +//Relative Populations of energy levels +clc; +T=300 //Given Room Temperature in Kelvin +l=550*(10**-9) //Average Wavelength of Visible Radiation in meter +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Planck's Constant in meter square kilogram per second +c=3*(10**8) //Speed Of Light in meters per second +k=1.38*(10**-23) //Boltzman Constant in meter square kilogram per second square Kelvin +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of an Electron in Coulombs + +E=(h*c)/l //E is the given Energy Difference +E1=E/e + +N=exp((-1*E)/(k*T)) //N is the ratio of N2 and N1 + +mprintf("\tThe Given Energy Difference of the Two Levels is %.2f eV\n",E1); + +mprintf("\tThe Relative Population of the Energy Levels is %.2e\n",N); +//The minor difference arising is due to a round off error diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8351bae2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.3, Page Number 184 +//Small signal gain coefficient +clc; +//For Nd:YAG +t=230*(10**-6) //Spontaneous Lifetime in seconds +l=1.06*(10**-6) //Wavelength in meter +n=1.82 //Refractive Index +w=3*(10**12) //Linewidth in Hertz +h=6.6*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second + +B21=(l**3)/(8*%pi*h*t*(n**3)) //B21 is the Einstein Coefficient in metre cube per W second cube + +k=1 + +kvs=(k*l*w)/(B21*h*n) //Small Signal Gain Coefficient per meter cube + +mprintf("Small Signal Gain Coefficient is %0.2e /meter cube",kvs); diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dadcd54b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.4, Page Number 205 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +clc; +n2=3.6 //Refractive Index for GaAs +n1=1 //Refractive Index for Air +//From Fresnels Equation + +R=((n2-n1)/(n2+n1))**2 +R=fpround(R,2) + +mprintf("The Reflectance at a GaAs/Air Interface is %0.2f",R); diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ce0a2a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 5.5, Page Number 209 +//Threshold Current Density +clc; +//For GaAs Junction +l=0.84*(10**-6) //Wavelength in meter +w=1.45*(10**13) //Linewidth in Hertz +y=3.5*(10**3) //Loss Coefficient per meter +n=3.6 //Refractive Index for GaAs +q=1 //Quantam Efficiency +le=300*(10**-6)//Length in meter +d=2*(10**-6) //in metres +R=0.32 //Reflectance +c=3*(10**8) //Speed of light in m/s +e=1.6*(10**-19) //Charge of electron in Coulombs + +v=c/l //Frequency + +k=y+((1/(2*le))*log1p(1/(R*R)))//k is the threshold gain +k=fpround(k,0) + +J=(8*%pi*w*e*(n**2)*d*k*(v**2))/(c**2) +J=J*(10**-6) +mprintf("\tThe Threshold Gain is %d /m\n",k) +mprintf("\tThe Threshold Current Density is %.2f A/mm square\n",J) diff --git a/3710/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3710/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8e68adeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.6, Page Number 225 +//Efficiency of He-Ne Laser +clc; +i=1*(10**-2) //Current in Ampere +V=2500 //in volts +P=5*(10**-3) //Optical Output in Watt + +E=P/(i*V) //E is the overall Power Efficiency +E=E*100 +mprintf("The Overall Power Efficiency is %0.2f percent ",E); + diff --git a/3710/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3710/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ce99c8a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 6.1, Page Number 252 +//Mode locked Pulses +clc; +lw=1.1*(10**11) //Fluorescent Linewidth in Hertz +l=0.1 //length of laser rod in meter +n=1.8 //Refractive Index +c=3*(10**8) //Speed of light in meters per second + +ms=c/(2*l*n) //ms is the mode seperation in hertz +ps=1/ms //ps is the Pulse seperation in seconds +Nm=lw/ms //Nm is the Number of modes oscillating +pd=(1/Nm)*ps //pd is the pulse duration + +disp(ms,"The Mode Seperation in Hz is:") +disp(Nm,"The Number of Modes Oscillating is:") +disp(ps,"The Pulse Seperation in s is:") +disp(pd,"The Pulse Duration in s is:") diff --git a/3710/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3710/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01342aa4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3710/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 6.2, Page Number 256 +//The Function fpround(dependency) is used to round a floating point number x to n decimal places +//Energyof Q Switched Pulses +clc; + +//In a typical Laser +N1=10**24 //per meter cube +f=5*(10**14) //Frequency in hertz +v=(10**-5) //Volume in per meter cube +h=6.63*(10**-34) //Plancks Constant in meter square kilogram per second + +//Assuming Nf<<= %.2e m/s",delta_v) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cf77ec5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 14 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +t_v = 1.3 * 10 ** 15 // Threshold freq. Pt, /sec +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Planck's constant, J.sec + + +// Solution +mprintf("The threshold frequency is the lowest frequency that photons may possess to produce the photoelectric effect.\n") +E = h * t_v +mprintf(" The energy corresponding to this frequency is the minimum energy = %.2e erg",E) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a7ff3246 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 15 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron, kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec +e = 1.602 * 10 ** -19 // Charge of electron, C + +// Variable +v = 1.87 * 10 ** 9 // Velocity of electron, m/sec + +// Solution +V = m * v ** 2 / (2 * e) +lamda = h / (m * v) + +mprintf("The voltage is %.2e Volts\n",V) +mprintf(" The de Broglie wavelength is %.2e m",lamda) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13bf59332 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 16 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron, kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec + +// Variable +lamda = 4.8 * 10 ** -9 // Wavelength of electron, m + +// Solution +ke = ((h / lamda) ** 2) / (2 * m) + +mprintf("The Kinetic Energy of moving electron is %.2e J",ke) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654b779b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 17 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron, kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec +c = 3 * 10 ** 8 // Speed of light, m/sec + +// Variables +v = 6.46 * 10 ** 5 // Velocity of electron, m/sec +lamda = 200 * 10 ** -9 // Wavelength of light, m + +// Solution +E = (h * c) / lamda +ke = m * v ** 2 +w = E - ke + +mprintf("The Workfunction of the metal surface is %.3e J",w) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e507ea6ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 18 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +e = 1.602 * 10 ** -19 // Charge of proton, C +m_p = 1.66 * 10 ** -27 // Mass of proton, kg +m_e = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron, kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec + +// Variable +V = 35 // Acceleration potential, volt + +// Solution +lamda_p = h / sqrt(2 * e * V * m_p) +lamda_e = h / sqrt(2 * e * V * m_e) + +mprintf("The wavelength of electron when accelerated with same potential is %.3e m",lamda_e) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be39b0c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 19 +clc; + +B_O1 = (10 - 6) / 2 // Bond Order for O2 +B_O2 = (10 - 7) / 2 // Bond Order for O2- +r=B_O1 > B_O2 + +if r==%t then disp("Bond length of O2- > O2 as Bond order of O2 > Bond order of O2-") +end + +mprintf(" Both are paramagnetic, because they contain unpaired electrons.") diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09b56551c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +c = 3 * 10 ** 8 // speed of light,in m/sec + +//Declaration of Variable +f = 5 * 10 ** 16 // frequency,in cycles/sec + +// Solution +v = f / c +mprintf("The wave number is %.2e cycles/m",v) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aed3ceebe --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 20 +clc; + +B_O = (9 - 4) / 2.0 // Bond order of N2+ + +printf( "MO configuration of N2+ is\n") +printf(" σ(1s2)σ*(1s2)σ(2s2)σ*(2s2) [π(2px2) = π(2py2)] σ(2pz1)\n") +printf("\n The Bond order of N2+, 1/2[Nb - Na] =%.1f", B_O) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57895a4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 21 +clc; + +// Solution +v_n = 2 * 5 // number of valence e- in nitrogen +v_co = 4 + 6 // number of valence e- in CO + +mprintf("The Number of valence electrons in N2 is %d\n", v_n) +mprintf(" The Number of valence electrons in CO is %d", v_co) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e63cbd25a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +c = 3 * 10 ** 8 // Speed of light,in m/sec + +//Declaration of Variable +T = 2.4 * 10 ** -10 // Time period,in sec + +// Solution +f = 1 / T // Frequency,per sec +lamda = c / f // Wavelength,in m +v = 1 / lamda // Wavenumber,per meter + +mprintf("Frequency: %.2e /sec\n',f) +mprintf(" Wavelength: %.2e m\n",lamda) +mprintf(" Wave number: %.2e /m",v) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43a2d2b8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +c = 3 * 10 ** 8 // Speed of light,in m/sec +m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron,in kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant,in J.sec + +//Declaration of Variable +ke = 4.55 * 10 ** -25 // Kinetic Energy,in J + +// Solution +v = sqrt(ke * 2 / m) + +lamda = h / (m * v) + +mprintf("The de Broglie wavelength is : %.2e m',lamda) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ce8616b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant,in J.sec + +//Declaration of Variables +m = 10 * 10 ** -3 // Mass of the ball,in kg +v = 10 ** 5 // Velocity of ball,in cm / sec + +// Solution +lamda = (h * 10 ** 7) / (m * v) +mprintf("The Wavelength of iron ball is %.2e cm",lamda) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d89b6ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant,in J.sec + +// Variable +lamda = 2 * 10 ** -10 // wavelength,in m + +// Solution +p = h / lamda + +mprintf("The momentum of the particle is :%.2e kg m/s",p) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9de3521e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +m = 9.1 * 10 ** -31 // Mass of electron, kg +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec +pi = 3.141 // Pi + +// Variable +delta_x = 1 * 10 ** -10 // Uncertainty in Velocity, m + +// Solution +delta_v = h / (4 * pi * m * delta_x) + +mprintf( "Uncertainty in position of electron >= :%.1e m/s",delta_v) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2c055cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec +pi = 3.141 // Pi + +// Variables +m = 10 ** -11 // Mass of particle, g +v = 10 ** -4 // Velocity of particle, cm/sec +delta_v = 0.1 / 100 // Uncertainty in velocity + +// Solution +delta_v = v / 1000 +delta_x = (h * 10 ** 7) / (4 * pi * delta_v * m) + +printf("Uncertainty in position >=%.3e cm",delta_x) diff --git a/3718/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3718/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a90c7d06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding +//Problem: 9 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +c = 3 * 10 ** 8 // Speed of light, m/sec +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec + +// Variable +lamda = 650 * 10 ** -12 // Wavelength of radiation, m + +// Solution +E = h * c / lamda + +mprintf("Energy per photon :%.3e J",E) diff --git a/3718/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3718/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fc2df6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 12: Polymers and Polymerization +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variable +Mwt = 21150 // in g per mol + +// Solution +m = 2 * 12 + 3 * 1.008 + 1 * 35.45 // g per mer +n = Mwt / m +mprintf("The degree of polymerization is %d",n) diff --git a/3718/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3718/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d71d40643 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 12: Polymers and Polymerization +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +n = 10000 // degree of polymerisation + +// Solution +m = 8 * 12 + 8 * 1.008 // g / mer +M = n * m +mprintf("Molecular weight of polystyrene chain = %.1f g /mol", M) diff --git a/3718/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3718/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8612017e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 12: Polymers and Polymerization +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +d1 = 920 // density,in kg per m cube +d2 = 961.97 // density,in kg per m cube +dp = 44 // density % + +// Solution +mprintf("dp = [d2 * (p - d1)] * [100/p * (d2 - d1)]\n") +p = 937.98 +mprintf(" Density of sample is %.2f kg per m cube", p) diff --git a/3718/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3718/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cce9e5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 12: Polymers and Polymerization +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +Na = 6.022 * 10 ** 23 // Avogadros number + +// Variables +wt_ethylene = 28 // g +deg = 500 + +// Solution +n = Na / deg + +mprintf("28 g of ethylene contains %.3e molecules\n",Na) +mprintf(" No. of polyethylene formed %.3e molecules",n) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a08fa9466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 84 // % +S = 1.5 // % +N = 0.6 // % +H = 5.5 // % +O = 8.4 // % + +// Solution +GCV = (8080 * C + 34500 * (H - O / 8) + 2240 * S) / 100 +LCV = (GCV - 9 * H / 100 * 587) +mprintf("Gross Calorific Value :%d kcal / kg\n",GCV) +mprintf(" Net Calorific Value : %.2f kcal / kg",LCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5f39ba2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +H = 0.30 // metre cube +CO = 0.10 // metre cube +CH4 = 0.04 // metre cube +N2 = 0.56 // metre cube + +// Solution +vol_o = H * 0.5 + CO * 0.5 + CH4 * 2 +vol_a = vol_o * 100 / 21 + +mprintf("Volumer of air required for complete combustion of 1 metre cube of producer gas: %.3f metre cube",vol_a) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f54614cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 11 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +H = 15.4 //in % +C = 84.6 //in % +wt_fuel = 1 //in kg +wt_C = 0.846 //in kg +wt_H = 0.154 //in kg + +// Solution +mprintf("The combustion reactions are,\n") +mprintf(" C + O2 --> CO2\n") +mprintf(" 12 32 \t(by Weight)\n") +mprintf(" 2H2 + O2 --> H20\n") +mprintf(" 4 32\t(by Weight)\n") + +wt_O = 32 / 12.0 * wt_C +wt_O_H = 32 / 4.0 * wt_H +totwt = wt_O + wt_O_H +totwc=22.4 / 32 * totwt * 1000 + +mprintf(" Because 32 gm of O2 occupies a volume of 22.4 liters at NTP\n") +mprintf(" 3.488 * 1000 gm of O2 will occupy %.1f l",totwc) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b06b053 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 12 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 750 // g +H = 52 // g +O = 121 // g +N = 32 // g +ash = 45 // g + +// Solution +min_wt_a = (C * 32 / 12. + H * 16 / 2. - O) * 100 / 23. +HCV = 1 / 1000. * (8080 * C + 34500 * (H - O / 8.) + 2240 * 0) +LCV = HCV - 0.09 * H * 587 / 10.0 + +mprintf("HCV is %d kcal/kg\n",HCV) +mprintf(" LCV is %d kcal/kg",LCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced9eafec --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 13 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 81 // % +H = 8 // % +N = 2 // % +O = 5 // % + +// Solution +mprintf("In 1kg coal,\n") + +wt_C = C * 10 +wt_H = H * 10 +wt_N = N * 10 +wt_O = O * 10 +wt_ash = 100 - (wt_O + wt_N + wt_H + wt_C) + +wt_a = ((wt_C * 32 / 12. + wt_H * 16 / 2. - wt_O) * 100 / 23.) / 1000. + +mprintf(" Weight of air required for complete combustion of 10kg coal = %.2f kg\n",wt_a * 10) + +HCV = 1 / 100. * (8080 * C + 34500 * (H - O / 8.)) +LCV = HCV - 0.09 * H * 587 + +mprintf(" HCV is %d kcal/kg\n",HCV) +mprintf(" LCV is %d kcal/kg\n",LCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23ca5d406 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 14 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 80 // % +H = 7 // % +N = 2.1 // % +O = 3 // % +S = 3.5 // % +Ash = 4.4 // % + +// Solution +HCV = 1 / 100. * (8080 * C + 34500 * (H - O / 8.) + 2240 * S) +LCV = HCV - 0.09 * H * 587 + +mprintf("HCV is %d kcal/kg\n",HCV) +mprintf(" LCV is %d kcal/kg",LCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e748de4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 90 // % +O = 3.0 // % +S = 0.5 // % +N = 0.5 // % +ash = 2.5 // % +LCV = 8490.5 // kcal / kg + +// Solution +mprintf("HCV = LCV + 9 * H / 100 * 587\n") +mprintf(" HCV = 1/100 * (8080 * C + 34500 * (H - O / 8) + 2240 * N)\n") +H = (8490.5 - 7754.8) / (345 - 52.8) +H = 4.575 +mprintf(" The percentage of H is %.3f percent\n", H) +HCV = LCV + 52.8 * H +mprintf(" Higher calorific value of coal %.1f kcal / kg",HCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecd187386 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +x = 0.72 // g +W = 250 // g +w = 150 // g +t1 = 27.3 // C +t2 = 29.1 // C + +// Solution +HCV = ((W + w) * (t2 - t1)) / x +HCV = HCV * 4185.0 / 10 ** 6 +mprintf("HCV of fuel is : %.3f KJ / Kg",HCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a1d58662 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +x = 0.84 // g +W = 1060 // g +w = 135 // g +d_t = 2.5 // C + +// Solution +HCV = ((W + w) * d_t) / x +mprintf("HCV of fuel is : %.2f kcal / kg",HCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d63d3f8cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +V = 0.1 // metre cube +W = 25 // kg +t1 = 20 // C +t2 = 33 // C +m = 0.025 // kg + +// Solution +HCV = W * (t2 - t1) / V +LCV = HCV - (m / V) * 580 +mprintf("HCV is %d kcal / metre cube\n", HCV) +mprintf(" LCV is %d kcal / metre cube", LCV) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ad9922fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +w1 = 2.5 // g +w2 = 2.415 // g +r = 1.528 // g +ma = 0.245 // Mass of ash, g + +// Solution +m = w1 - w2 // Mass of moisture in coal +mv = w2 - r // Mass of volatile matter + +moip = m * 100 / w1 +vp = mv * 100 / w1 +ap = ma * 100 / w1 +cp = 100 - (moip + vp + ap) + +mprintf("Percentage of moisture:%.1f percentage\n", moip) +mprintf(" Percentage of volatile matter:%.2f percentage\n", vp) +mprintf(" Percentage of ash:%.1f percentage\n", ap) +mprintf(" Percentage of fixed carbon:%.2f percentage", cp) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c51b354c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +// Solution +wt_O = 2 * 32 / 12.0 +wt_a = wt_O * 100 / 23.2 +vol_a = wt_a / 28.94 * 22.4 + +mprintf("Volume of air needed for the complete combustion of 2kg coke is %.3f litres at NTP",vol_a) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47d526e4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +C = 86 // % +H = 4 // % +N = 1.3 // % +S = 3 // % +O = 4 // % +Ash = 1.7 // % +wt = 500 // g + +// Solution +wt_C = C / 100.0 +wt_S = S / 100.0 +wt_H = H / 100.0 +wt_O = O / 100.0 + +mprintf("Nitrogen and ash are incombustible, so they do not require oxygen\n") + +wt_O_C = 32 / 12.0 * wt_C +wt_O_S = 32 / 32.0 * wt_S +wt_O_H = 32 / 4.0 * wt_H + +totw = wt_O_H + wt_O_S + wt_O_C +wt_O_n = totw - wt_O +wt_a = (100.0 / 23.0 * wt_O_n) * 500 / 1000.0 + +mprintf(" Minimum Wt. of air required by 500g of fuel %.2f kg",wt_a) diff --git a/3718/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3718/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..370840394 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 13: Fuel and Combustions +//Problem: 9 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +wt_C = 3 // kg + +// Solution +wt_a = wt_C * 32 * 100 / 12.0 / 23.0 +vol_a = wt_a * 1000 * 22.4 / 28.94 + +mprintf("H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H20(l)\n") +mprintf(" 1 0.5 1\t\t(By Vol.)\n") +mprintf(" CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO2(g)\n") +mprintf(" 1 0.5 1\t\t(By Vol.)\n") +mprintf(" CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)\n") +mprintf(" 1 2 1\t\t(By Vol.)\n") + +mprintf(" Weight of air for the combustion of 3kg carbon %.3f kg\n",wt_a) +mprintf(" Vol. of air required for combustion of 3kg carbon %.3e L (or) %.2f metre cube",vol_a,vol_a / 1000) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6de5fa5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +wt_CaSO4 = 160 //in mg/L + +//Solution +hardness = 100 * wt_CaSO4 / 136. +mprintf("The hardness is:%.2f mg/L of CaCO3 eqv.",hardness) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e432f3f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +v1 = 50. //in ml for hardwater +v2 = 15 //in ml for EDTA +m = 0.01 //in M for EDTA + +//Solution +M = v2 * m / v1 +N = M * 2 +S = N * 50 * 1000 + +mprintf("Molarity of hardness is :%.3f M\n", M) +mprintf(" Normality of hardness is :%.3f N\n", N) +mprintf(" Strength of hardness is :%d ppm", S) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9604f5186 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 11 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +C = 16.5 //in ppm for CO3-2 + +//Solution +Molarity = C * 10 ** - 6 / 60. + +mprintf("Molarity of CO3-2 is : %.1e mol/L",Molarity) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49fe2e62a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +wt1 = 9.3 //in mg/L +wt2 = 17.4 //in mg/L +wt3 = 8.7 //in mg/L +wt4 = 12.6 //in mg/L + +//Solution +temp_h = wt1 * 100 / 146 + wt2 * 100 / 162 //where temp_h is temporary hardness +perm_h = wt3 * 100 / 95 + wt4 * 100 / 136 //where perm_h is permanent hardness +total_h = temp_h + perm_h //where total_h is total hardness + +mprintf("Temporary hardness: %.2f mg/L\n",temp_h) +mprintf(" Total hardness: %.2f mg/L",total_h) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28b38ff57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +wt1 = 32.4 //in mg/L +wt2 = 29.2 //in mg/L +wt3 = 13.5 //in mg/L + +//Solution +temp_h = wt1 * 100 / 162. + wt2 * 100 / 146. //where temp_h is temporary hardness +perm_h = wt3 * 100 / 136. //where perm_h is permanent hardness + +mprintf("Temporary hardness: %.2f mg/L\n",temp_h) +mprintf(" Total hardness: %.2f mg/L",perm_h) + diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7337837da --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +i1 = 180 //in mg/L for CaCl2 +i2 = 210 //in mg/L for Ca(NO3)2 +i3 = 123 //in mg/L for MgSO4 +i4 = 90 //in mg/L for Mg(HCO3)2 + +//Solution +i1_req = i1 * 100 / 111. +i2_req = i2 * 100 / 164. +i3_req = i3 * 100 / 120. +i4_req = i4 * 100 / 146. + +lime_req = 74 / 100. * (2 * i4_req + i3_req) * 100 / 70. * 10000 //where lime_req is the required value +alime_req=lime_req / (10 ** 6) //where alime_req is the approximated value +soda_req = 106 / 100. * (i1_req + i3_req + i2_req) * 100 / 80. * 10000 //where soda_req is the required value +asoda_req=soda_req / (10 ** 6) //where asoda_req is the approximated value + +mprintf("Lime Required : %.1e mg ~ %.1f Kg\n",lime_req,alime_req) +mprintf(" Soda Required : %.1e mg ~ %.1f Kg",soda_req,asoda_req) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee66b7473 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +wt1 = 32.4 //in mg/L for Ca(HCO3)2 +wt2 = 29.29 //in mg/L for Mg(HCO3)2 +wt3 = 13.5 //in mg/L for CaSO4 + +//Solution +wt1_eq = wt1 * 100 / 162. +wt2_eq = wt2 * 100 / 146. +wt3_eq = wt3 * 100 / 136. + +temp_h = wt1_eq + wt2_eq //where temp_h is temporary hardness +perm_h = wt3_eq //where perm_h is permanent hardness + +mprintf("Temporary hardness {caused by Ca(HCO3)2 & Mg(HCO3)2} is:%d ppm\n",temp_h) +mprintf(" Permanent hardness {caused by CaSO4} is:%.1f ppm",perm_h) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dbc4c3a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +v1 = 150 //in litres for NaCl + +//Solution +a_hardwater = 22500 * v1 /(3 * 0.6 * 58.5) + +mprintf("The amount of hard water that can be softened using this softner is:%.1f litres",a_hardwater) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd573d12d --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +v1 = 30 //in litres for NaCl +w = 1500 //in mg/L for NaCl + +//Solution +hardness = 45 * 50 / 58.5 * 1000 / 1000 +mprintf("Hardness of water is :%.2f ppm",hardness) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a662a1b59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Initialisation of Variables +//EDTA=Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid +v1_water = 50 //in ml for water +w1_CaCO3 = 1.5 //in mg for pure CaCO3 +v1_EDTA = 44 //in ml for EDTA +v2_EDTA = 40 //in ml for EDTA +v2_water = 20 //in ml for water + +//Solution +EDTA_1 = v1_water * w1_CaCO3 / v1_EDTA +hardw_40 = v2_water * 1.704 +total_h1 = hardw_40 * 1000 / 40 +total_h2 = total_h1 * 0.07 + +mprintf("Total hardness is :%.2f °Cl",total_h2) diff --git a/3718/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3718/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..913c70ab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 14: Water Treatment +//Problem: 9 +clc; + +//Given Constants For Specific Elements +Fe = 56 +S = 32 +O = 16 + +//Solution +hardness = Fe + S + O * 4 +hardn= (hardness * 215 )/100 + +mprintf("215 ppm of hardness is : %.1f ppm of FeSO4",hardn) diff --git a/3718/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3718/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64758ed74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 15: Environmental Pollution and Control +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +MM = 294// Molar mass, K2Cr2O7 + +//Declaration of Variables +v_eff = 25 // cm cube, +v = 8.3 // cm cube, K2Cr2O7 +M = 0.001 // M, K2Cr2O7 + +// Solution +w = v * 8 * 6 * M / 1000. + +mprintf("8.3 cm cube of 0.006 N K2Cr2O7 =%.2e g of O2\n",w) +mprintf(" 25 ml of the effluent requires %.2e g of O2\n",w) + +cod = w * 10 ** 6 / 25. +mprintf(" 1l of the effluent requires %.2fg of O2\n",cod) +mprintf(" COD of the effluent sample is %.2f ppm or mg/L",cod) diff --git a/3718/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3718/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88f5060e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 15: Environmental Pollution and Control +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +v0 = 30 // cm cube, effluent +v1 = 9.8 // cm cube, K2Cr2O7 +M = 0.001 // M, K2Cr2O7 + +// Solution +Oeff = 6 * 8 * v1 * M +mprintf("30 cm cube of effluent contains =:%.4f mg of O2\n",Oeff) + +cod = Oeff * 1000 / 30. + +mprintf(" 1l of the effluent requires %.2f mg of O2\n",cod) +mprintf(" COD of the effluent sample=%.2f ppm",cod) diff --git a/3718/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3718/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5241b2c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 15: Environmental Pollution and Control +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +v0 = 25 // ml, sewage +d0 = 410 // ppm, dissolved oxygen +d1 = 120 // ppm, dissolved oxygen +v1 = 50 // ml, sewage + +// Solution +mprintf("BOD = (DOb - DOi) * Dilution Factor\n") +mprintf(" BOD = (DOb - DOi) * (ml of sample after dilution) / (ml of sample before dilution)\n") + +BOD = (d0 - d1) * (v1 / v0) +mprintf(" BOD = %d ppm",BOD) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0381c946 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +m_br79 = 78.9183 // Mass of 79Br,in amu +m_br81 = 80.9163 // Mass of 91Br,in amu +Na = 6.022 * 10 ** 23 // Mole constant,per mol +pi = 3.141 // Pi +c = 3 * 10 ** 10 // Speed of light,in cm/s + +//Declaration of Variable +wave_no = 323.2 // Wave no. of fund. vibration of 79Br - 81Br, /cm + +// Solution +mu = (m_br79 * m_br81) / ((m_br79 + m_br81) * Na) + +k = 4 * (pi * c * wave_no) ** 2 * mu * 10 ** -3 + +mprintf("The force constant of the bond is %.2e N/m\n",k) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..959213e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem:10 +clc; + +mprintf("Because CO2 is a linear molecule.\n") +v_deg = 3 * 3 - 5 +mprintf(" The vibrational degree of freedom is %d",v_deg) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd1d21e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +Na = 6.022 * 10 ** 23 // Mole constant,per mol +pi = 3.141 // Pi +c = 3 * 10 ** 10 // Speed of light,in cm/s +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant,in J.sec + +//Declaration of Variables +b_l = 112.81 * 10 ** -12 // Equillibrium bond length,in m +m1 = 12 // Mass of Carbon,in g per mol +m2 = 16 // Mass of Oxygen,in g per mol + +// Solution +mu = m1 * m2 / ((m1 + m2) * Na) //in g +mu = mu * 10 ** -3 //in kg + +B = h / (8 * pi ** 2 * mu * b_l ** 2 * c) +v2_3 = B * 6 + +mprintf("The reduced mass of CO is %.3e kg\n",mu) +mprintf(" The frequency of 3->2 transition is %.2f /cm",v2_3) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5463262bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +Na = 6.022 * 10 ** 23 // Mole constant,permol + +//Declaration of Variables +d_NaCl = 2.36 * 10 ** -10 // Intermolecular dist. NaCl,in m +m_Cl = 35 * 10 ** -3 // Atomic mass, in kg /mol +m_Na = 23 * 10 ** -3 // Atomic mass, in kg /mol + +// Solution +mu = m_Na * m_Cl / ((m_Na + m_Cl) * 10 ** -3 * Na) * 10 ** -3 + +I = mu * d_NaCl ** 2 + +mprintf("The reduced mass of NaCl is %.3e kg\n",mu) +mprintf(" The moment of inertia of NaCl is %.3e kg m square",I) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c280d02f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +e = 4000 // Extinction coeff.,in dm cube per mol per cm + +// Variable +x = 3 // Solution thickness,in cm + +// Solution +A = log10(1 / 0.3) // Absorbance +C = A / (e * x) + +mprintf("The concentration of the solution is %.2e mol per dm cube",C) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c37fde230 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +pi = 3.141 // Pi +c = 3 * 10 ** 10 // Speed of light,in cm/s + +//Declaration of Variables +v_bar = 2140 // Fundamental vibrating freq, per cm +m_C = 19.9 * 10 ** -27 // Atomic mass of C,in kg +m_O = 26.6 * 10 ** -27 // Atomic mass of O,in kg + +// Solution +mu = m_O * m_C / (m_C + m_O) +k = 4 * (pi * c * v_bar) ** 2 * mu + +mprintf("The force constant of the molecule is %.3e N/m",k) diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7c32c42f --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +pi = 3.141 // pi +c = 3 * 10 ** 10 // speed of light, cm /s +h = 6.626 * 10 ** -34 // Plank's constant, J.sec +Na = 6.022 * 10 ** 23 // Mole constant, /mol + +//Declaration of Variables +d = 20.7 // Interspacing, /cm +m1 = 1 // Mass of H, g / mol +m2 = 35.5 // Masso f Cl, g / mol + +// Solution +B = 0.1035 * 10 ** 2 // /m +I = h / (8 * pi ** 2 * B * c) +mu = m1 * m2 / ((m1 + m2) * Na) +mu = mu * 10 ** -3 +r = sqrt(I / mu) + +mprintf("The intermolecular distance of HCl is %.3e m",r) +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3718/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3718/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..936bd285f --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2: Spectroscopy and Photochemistry +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +e = 8000 // Molar absorbtion coeff,in dm cube per mol per cm + +//Declaration of Variable +l = 2.5 // Thickness of solution,in cm + +// Solution +C = log10(1 / 0.3) / (e * l) + +mprintf("The concentration of Solution from Lambert-Beer Law is %.2e mol per dm cube",C) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654db409a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +q = 120 // Heat from surrounding, cal +W = 70 // Work done, cal + +// Solution +delta_E = q - W + +mprintf("Change in Internal Energy :%d cals", delta_E) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54fb995d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 8.314 //in J / K + +//Declaration of Variables +V_O2 = 2.8 //in litres +V_H2 = 19.6 //in litres + +// Solution +na = V_O2 / 22.4 //in mol +nb = V_H2 / 22.4 //in mol +Xa = na / (na + nb) +Xb = nb / (na + nb) +d_s = (- R) * (na * log(Xa) + nb * log(Xb)) + +mprintf("The increase in entropy on mixing is : %.3f J /K",d_s) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba805e88f --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 12 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +d_g_25 = - 85.77 // k J, Free Energy at 25 C +d_g_35 = - 83.68 // k J, Free Energy at 35 C +Ti = 273 + 25 // K +Tf = 273 + 35 // K + +// Solution +mprintf("Equating the entropy change at both the temperatures.\n") +mprintf(" (d_h + d_g_25) / Ti = (d_h + d_g_35) / Tf\n") +d_h = - 148 +mprintf(" The change in enthalpy for the process at 30C is %d kJ", d_h) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66fcd25d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 13 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +l_v = 101 //in cal /g, Latent headt of vap. +mwt = 78 // molecular weight of benzene + +//Declaration of Variable +m = 2 +Tb = 80.2 // C, boiling point of benzene + +// Solution +Tb = Tb + 273 // K +d_h = l_v * mwt +d_s = d_h / Tb +d_g = d_h - Tb * d_s + +mprintf("d_s = %.2f cal / K\n",d_s) +mprintf(" d_g = d_a = %d", d_g) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4f228331 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 14 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +V1 = 6 //in dm cube +V2 = 2 //in dm cube +T1 = 27 //in C +m = 5 + +// Solution +mprintf("T1*V1 ^ (gamma - 1) = T2 * V2 ^ (gamma - 1)\n") + +T1 =T1 + 273 // K +T2 = T1 * (V1 / V2) ** (8.314 / 20.91) + +mprintf(" The Final Temperature is %.1f K\n",T2) + +q = 0 //For Adiabatic process +d_E = - m * 20.91 * (T2 - T1) +d_E = d_E / 1000 + +mprintf(" q =%d \n", q) +mprintf(" Change is Energy is %.2f kJ / mol\n",d_E) + +W = - d_E + +mprintf(" W = %.2f kJ /mol",d_E) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6072caddb --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 15 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 8.314 //in J / K mol + +//Declaration of Variables +m = 1 +V1 = 5 // dm cube +V2 = 10 // dm cube +T = 300 // K + +// Solution +mprintf("For isothermal and reversible process,\n") + +d_E = 0 +d_H = 0 +d_A = - 2.303 * m * R * T * log10(V2 / V1) +d_G = - 2.303 * m * R * T * log10(V2 / V1) +q = - d_G +W = - d_G + +mprintf(" d_E = d_H = %d \n", d_H) +mprintf(" d_G = d_A =%.3f J / mol\n",d_G) +mprintf(" For isothermal and reversible expansion\n") +mprintf(" q = W = -d_G = %.3f J / mol",W) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e33f2180a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 16 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 8.314 //in J per K mol + +//Declaration of Variables +n = 5 // moles +T = 27 // C +V1 = 50.0 // L, Initial Volume +V2 = 1000 // L, Final Volume + +//Solution +T = T + 273 +d_G = 2.303 * n * R * T * log10(V1 / V2) +d_G = d_G / 1000 +mprintf("The free energy change is :%.3f k J",d_G) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..750c05ca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 17 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +d_H_n = - 51.46 // k J/mol, neutralization +d_H_i = - 57.1 // k J/mol, ionization + +//Solution +d_H = - d_H_i + d_H_n + +mprintf("The head of ionization for NH4OH is %.2f kJ / mol", d_H) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5675252e --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Solution +mprintf("CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + 2H20 (l)\n") + +delta_n = 1 - (1 + 2) +solution = - 2 * 2 * 298 // cals + +mprintf(" Delta H - Delta E is: %d cals", solution) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed107fe67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 20 +clc; + +// Solution +Eq_HI = 1.56 / 2 +Eq_H2 = 0.22 / 2 +Eq_I2 = 0.22 / 2 +Kc = Eq_H2 * Eq_I2 / (Eq_HI ** 2) +mprintf("The equilibrium constant for the dissociation reaction %.4f",Kc) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35b67c388 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 21 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +Kc = 0.5 // mole square litre square +T = 400 // K +R = 0.082 // litre atm per degree per mole + +// Solution +Kp = Kc * (R * T) ** (-2) + +mprintf("The given equilibrium is\n") +mprintf(" N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3(g)\n") +mprintf(" Kp is %.3e",Kp) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1397138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 22 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +solubility = 7.5 * 10 ** - 5 // mol per L + +// Solution +Ksp = 4 * (solubility ** 3) +mprintf("Solubility product of the salt is %.3e mol cube L cube",Ksp) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c8cbba09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 23 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +Ti = 25 // C +S = 0.00179 // g / L + +// Solution +S =S / 170 // mol / L +Ksp = S ** 2 +mprintf("Solubility product at 25 C is %.4e mol square L square",Ksp) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4fd53a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 24 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +Ksp = 8 * 10 ** - 5 // Solubility product PbBr2 +diss = 80 / 100 // % dissociation + +// Solution +S = (Ksp / 4) ** (1 / 3.0) // Solubility is 100% +S_80 = S * (80 / 100.0) +S_per_g = S_80 * 367 - 1.621 +mprintf("Solubility in gm per litre is %.3f gm / l",S_per_g) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90c160c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 27 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +n_salt = 0.02 // mole +n_base = 0.2 // mole +pKb = 4.7 + +// Solution +pOH = pKb + log10(n_salt / n_base) +pH = 14 - pOH +mprintf("pH of a buffer solution is %.1f", pH) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc8f0dd6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +delta_g = -16.0 // Kelvin cal +delta_h = -10.0 // Kelvin cal +T = 300 // Kelvin + +// Solution +delta_s = (delta_h - delta_g) * 10 ** 3 / T // cal/deg +new_t = 330 // Kelvin +new_delta_g = (delta_h * 10 ** 3) - new_t * delta_s + +mprintf("The free energy at 330K is: %.2e K cal",new_delta_g) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8623977e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +delta_s = -20.7 // cal per deg per mol +delta_h = -67.37 // K cal +T = 25 // deg C + +// Solution +T = T + 273 // K +delta_g = delta_h - (T * delta_s * 10 ** -3) + +mprintf("The change in free energy at 25deg C is: %.4f K cal per mol", delta_g) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a99f0aeba --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +wt = 1 // g +delta_h = 149 // joules + +// Solution +delta_h_f = delta_h * (10 * 12 + 8 * 1) +delta_h_f_c=delta_h_f * 10 ** -3 + +mprintf("Enthalpy of fusion of naphthalene:%.3f kJ/mol", delta_h_f_c) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e0af5c97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +d_h_acetylene = 230 // kJ per mol +d_h_benzene = 85 // kJ per mol +T = 298 // K + +// Solution +d_h = d_h_benzene - 3 * d_h_acetylene + +mprintf("The enthalpy change for the reaction is: %d kJ/mole", d_h) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d5415a06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +d_h_vap = 2.0723 // kJ per g +Tb = 373 // K + +// Solution +d_h_vap = d_h_vap * 18 // kJ per mol +d_s = d_h_vap / Tb +d_g = d_h_vap - Tb * d_s +d_s = d_s * 1000 + +mprintf("The Entropy change is: %.1f J / mol / K\n",d_s) +mprintf(" The Free Energy change is:%d kJ/mol", d_g) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f40f4418 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 1.987 // cal per K per mol + +//Declaration of Variables +m = 5 +Vo = 4 //in litres, Initial Volume +Vf = 40 //in litres, Final Volume +T = 27 //in deg C + +// Solution +mprintf("dS = nRln(V2 / V1)\n") + +dS = m * R * 2.303 * log10(Vf / Vo) + +mprintf(" The change in entropy is: %.2f cal / degree",dS) diff --git a/3718/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3718/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b2d2fff --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 3: Thermodynamic and Chemical Equilibrium +//Problem: 9 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +wt = 10 //in g +heat_a = 4.5 //in K + +// Solution +m = 10 / 100.0 // mol +d_h = heat_a / m +mprintf("The heat of the reaction is:%d K cal / mol", d_h) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f304c4437 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 1 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +K = 3.5 * 10 ** - 2 // Rate constant + +// Solution +mprintf("First order reaction = 0.693 / K\n") +t = 0.693 / K +mprintf(" Time taken for half the initial concentration to react:%.1f minutes", t) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f483081ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 1.987 //in cal per K per mol + +//Declaration of Variables +K2_K1 = 4 // factor increase +T1 = 27 //in C +T2 = 47 //in C + +// Solution +T1 = T1 + 273.0 +T2 = T2 + 273.0 +Ea = log10(4) * 2.303 * R * (T1 * T2 / (T2 - T1)) +mprintf("The activation energy for the reaction is %.2e cal /mol",Ea) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f03204d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 11 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +a = 1 //in mole +x = 3 / 4.0 // reaction completed + +// Solution +K = (2.303 / 6) * log10(1 / (1 - x)) +mprintf("The rate constant is :%.3f / min",K) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21a720919 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 12 +clc; + +// Solution +mprintf("Let the initial concentration be 100, when x = 25,t = 30 minutes\n") +a = 100 +x = 25.0 +t = 30 +K = 2.303 / t * log10(a / (a - x)) +t05 = 0.683 / K +t = 2.303 / K * log10(a / x) +mprintf(" K = %.2e / min\n",K) +mprintf(" T0.5 = %.2f min\n",t05) +mprintf(" t = %.1f min",t) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04c757c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +t = 40 //in minutes + +// Solution +mprintf("Rate constant = 0.693 / t\n") +K = 0.693 / t +mprintf(" Rate constant = %.4f / min",K) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b95280d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +t0 = 37.0 //in cm cube of KMnO4 +t5 = 29.8 //in cm cube of KMnO4 +t15 = 19.6 //in cm cube of KMnO4 +t25 = 12.3 //in cm cube of KMnO4 +t45 = 5.00 //in cm cube of KMnO4 + +// Solution +K5 = 2.303 / 5 * log10(t0 / t5) +K15 = 2.303 / 15 * log10(t0 / t15) +K25 = 2.303 / 25 * log10(t0 / t25) +K45 = 2.303 / 45 * log10(t0 / t45) + +mprintf("At t = 5 min, K = %.3e /min\n",K5) +mprintf(" At t = 15 min, K = %.3e /min\n",K15) +mprintf(" At t = 25 min, K = %.3e /min\n",K25) +mprintf(" At t = 45 min, K = %.3e /min\n",K45) +mprintf(" As the different values of K are nearly same, the reaction is of first-order\n") +K = (K45 + K25 + K5 + K15) / 4 +mprintf(" The average value of K = %.3e /min",K) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019c82985 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +t = 60 //in min +x = "0.5a" +K = 5.2 * 10 ** - 3 //in per mol L per min + +// Solution +a = 1 / (t * K) +mprintf("Initial concentration = %.3f mol / L",a) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7a1d537e --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +// Solution +t = ((2.303 * log10(100 / (100 - 99.9))) / (2.303 * log10(100 / (100 - 50)))) +mprintf("99.9 percent / 50 percent =%.1f",t) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd645e2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constants +R = 1.987 //in cal per K per mol + +//Declaration of Variables +T1 = 273.0 //in K +T2 = 303.0 //in K +K1 = 2.45 * 10 ** -5 +K2 = 162 * 10 ** -5 + +// Solution +Ea = log10(K2 / K1) * R * 2.303 / ((T2 - T1) / (T1 * T2)) +mprintf("The activation energy of the reaction is %d cal / mol",Ea) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c910d166 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +t05 = 30 //in minutes +a = 0.1 //in M + +// Solution +mprintf("For second order reaction,\n t0.5 = 1 / Ka\n") +K = 1 / (a * t05) +mprintf(" The rate constant is %.3f mol per lit per min",K) diff --git a/3718/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3718/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc995af68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 5: Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +T = 500 //in C +Pi = 350 //in torr +r1 = 1.07 //in torr / s +r2 = 0.76 //in torr / s + +// Solution +mprintf("1.07 = k(0.95a)^n\n") +mprintf(" 0.76 = k(0.80a)^n\n") +n = log(r1 / r2) / log(0.95 / 0.80) +n=ceil(n) +mprintf(" Hence, order of reaction is %d",n) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df86e87d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +T = 25 // C +Cu = 0.1 // M +Zn = 0.001 // M +Eo = 1.1 // V + +// Solution +mprintf("Zn(s) | Zn+2 (0.001M) || Cu+2(0.1M) | Cu(s)\n") + +Ecell = Eo + 0.0592 / 2 * log10(Cu / Zn) + +mprintf(" The emf of a Daniel cell is %.4f V",Ecell) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ecbc9dd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 11 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +pH = 7 // O2 +Eo = 1.229 // V +pO2 = 0.20 // bar + +// Solution +mprintf("Nernst equation at 25C is,\n") +mprintf(" E = Eo - (0.0592 / 2) * log(1 / ([H+]^2 * [pO2]^ (1/2)))\n") + +E = Eo - (0.0592 / 2) * log10(1.0 / (((10 ** (- 7)) ** 2) * (pO2 ** (1 / 2.0)))) + +mprintf(" The reduction potential for the reduction is %.3f V",E) + +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec96c913 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 12 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +E_KCl = 0.2415 // V +E_cell = 0.445 // V + + +// Solution +mprintf("Emf of the cell is\n") +mprintf(" At 25C,\n") +mprintf(" E = Er - El = Eref - ((RT)/ F) * ln H+\n") + +pH = (E_cell - E_KCl) / 0.059 +Eo_cell = - 0.8277 // V + +mprintf(" Thus, equilibrium constant for the reaction\n") +mprintf(" 2H2O --> H3O+ + OH- may be calculated as\n") + +K = 10 ** (Eo_cell / 0.0591) + +mprintf(" K = %.e",K) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95542167f --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 13 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +EoSn = 0.15 // V +EoCr = - 0.74 // V + +// Solution +mprintf("3Sn+4 + 2Cr --> 3Sn+2 + 2Cr+3\n") + +Eo_cell = EoSn - EoCr +n = 6 +K = 10 ** (n * Eo_cell / 0.0591) + +mprintf(" The equillibrium constant for th reaction is %.2e ",K) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f31642d99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 14 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +T = 25 // C +Eo = - 0.8277 // V + +// Solution +mprintf("The reversible reaction,\n") +mprintf(" 2H2O <--> H3O+ + OH-\n") +mprintf(" May be divided into two parts.\n") +mprintf(" 2H2O + e- --> 1/2 H2 + OH- (cathode) Eo = -0.8277 V\n") +mprintf(" H2O + 1/2 H2 --> H3O+ + e- (anode) Eo = 0") diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0959e1e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 15 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +E = 0.4 // V + +// Solution + +mprintf( "The cell is Pt(H2) | H+, pH2 = 1 atm\n") +mprintf(" The cell reaction is\n") +mprintf(" 1/2 H2 --> H+ + e-\n") + +pH = E / 0.0591 + +mprintf(" pH = %.3f ",pH) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b99a19e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +T = 25 // C +Cu = 0.1 // M +Zn = 0.001 // M +Eo = 1.1 + +// Solution +E = Eo + 0.0296 * log10(Cu / Zn) +mprintf("The emf of Daniell cell is %.4f V",E) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bedec041 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 3 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +R = 8.314 //in J per K +F = 96500 //in C per mol + +//Declaration of Variables +Cu = 0.15 //in M +Eo = 0.34 //in V +T = 298 //in K +n = 2 //in moles + +// Solution +E = Eo + (2.303 * R * T) / (n * F) * log10(Cu) +mprintf("The single electrode potential for copper metal is %.4f V",E) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53d63487a --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variable +Eo_Cu = 0.3370 // Cu+2 -> Cu +Eo_Zn = - 0.7630 // Zn -> Zn +2 + +// Solution +Eo_cell = Eo_Cu - Eo_Zn + +mprintf("Daniel cell is, Zn | Zn +2 || Cu+2 | Cu\n") +mprintf(" Eo (cell) is %.1f V", Eo_cell) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d59a72a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variable +Eo_Cu = 0.3370 // Cu+2 -> Cu +Eo_Cd = - 0.4003 // Cd -> Cd +2 + +// Solution +Eo_cell = Eo_Cu - Eo_Cd + +mprintf("Cell is, Cd | Cd +2 || Cu+2 | Cu\n") +mprintf(" Eo (cell) is %.4f V", Eo_cell) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0acffd39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +F = 96500 // C / mol + +//Declaration of Variables +n = 2 +T = 25 // C +Eo_Ag = 0.80 // Ag+ / Ag +Eo_Ni = - 0.24 // Ni+2 / Ni + +// Solution +Eo_Cell = Eo_Ag - Eo_Ni +delta_Go = - n * F * Eo_Cell + +mprintf("Standard free energy change %d J / mol",delta_Go) diff --git a/3718/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3718/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd5aa771e --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electrochemistry +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +F = 96500 //in C per mol + +//Declaration of Variables +E1o = - 2.48 //in V +E2o = 1.61 //in V + +// Solution +delta_G1 = - 3 * F * (- 2.48) +delta_G2 = - 1 * F * 1.61 + +mprintf("delta_G3 = delta_G1 + delta_G2\n") +mprintf(" delta_G3 = - 4 * F * E3o\n") + +E3o = (delta_G1 + delta_G2) / (- 4 * F) + +mprintf(" The reduction potential for the half-cell Pt/Ce, Ce+4 is %.4f V",E3o) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26440751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 10 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +N = 6.023 * 10 ** 23 + +// Variables +D = 0.53 //in g per cm cube +MM = 6.94 //in g per mol +n = 2 + +// Solution +mprintf("For BCC pattern,\n") +mprintf(" Number of Atoms per unit cell = 2\n") +V = D * N / (n * MM) +V = 1 / V +mprintf(" Volume of a unit cell of lithium metal is %.2e cc",V) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb59b900c --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 11 +clc; + +mprintf("AB remain in BCC structure if the edge length is a then body diagonal ,is root(3)a\n") +mprintf(" root(3)a = 2(r+ + r-)\n") +A = (sqrt(3) * 0.4123 - 2 * 0.81) / 2 +mprintf(" A+ = %.2f nm",A) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae5c51126 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 2 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variable +a = 450 //in pm + +// Solution +d = a / sqrt(2 ** 2 + 2 ** 2 + 0) +mprintf("Interplanar spacing : %d",d) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65377ab68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 4 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +r_Na = 0.98 * 10 ** - 10 //in m +r_Cl = 1.81 * 10 ** - 10 //in m + +// Solution +rr = r_Na / r_Cl +mprintf("When the radius ration is :%.2f, the coordination number is 6.",rr) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2a096e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 5 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +r_Li = 68 //in pm +r_F = 136. //in pm + +// Solution +rr = r_Li / r_F +mprintf("Radius ratio = %.1f\n", rr) +mprintf(" The structure of LiF is SCC and Co-ordination Number of Li+ is 6") diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fae98467 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 6 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +l = 2 * 10 ** - 10 //in m +t = 30 //in degrees + +// Solution +mprintf("For first-order reflection\n") +d = l / (2 * sin(t)) +dist = 2 * d +mprintf(" Hence, distance between planes is : %.0e m ",abs(dist)) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4290243c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 7 +clc; + +//Declaration of Variables +r = 174.6 // pm + +// Solution +a = r * sqrt(8) +mprintf("For 200 plane: h = 2, k = 0, l = 0\n") +d200 = a / sqrt(2 ** 2) +mprintf(" d200 = %.1f pm\n",d200) +mprintf(" For 200 plane: h = 2, k = 2, l = 0\n") +d220 = a / sqrt(2 ** 2 + 2 ** 2) +mprintf(" d220 = %.1f pm", d220) diff --git a/3718/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3718/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3da25dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3718/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 7: Solid State +//Problem: 8 +clc; + +//Declaration of Constant +N = 6.023 * 10 ** 23 + +//Declaration of Variables +wt = 55.6 +p = 0.29 // nm +n = 2 + +// Solution +mprintf( "For BCC pattern,\n Number of Atoms per unit cell = 2\n") +d = n * (wt * 10 ** -3) / (N * (p * 10 ** - 9) ** 3) +mprintf(" Density of the metal is %.2e kg per m cube\n",d) +mprintf(" Number of nearest neighbours for BCC = 8") diff --git a/3720/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3720/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..141d8afee --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 1_3 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given values +rho=850; // Density of oil in kg/m^3 +V=2; // Volume of the tank in m^3 + +// Calculation +m=rho*V;// kg +printf('The amount of mass in the tank,m=%0.0fkg\n',m); diff --git a/3720/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3720/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad6b53221 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 1_4 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +g=32.174; // The gravitational constant in ft/s^2 + +//Given values +m=1; // Mass in lbm + +// Calculation +W=m*g/32.174;// Weight is mass times the local value of gravitational acceleration +printf('The weight of the object in earth,W =%0.2f lbf\n',W); diff --git a/3720/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3720/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e340f007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1_5 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given relations +// x-y=4; +//x^2+y^2=x+y+20; + +//Solution +// Assume x=y(1);y=y(2); +function[X]=unknowns(y); + X(1)=y(1)-y(2)-4; + X(2)=y(1)^2+y(2)^2-y(1)-y(2)-20; +endfunction +y=[1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,unknowns); +printf('x=%0.0f \n',z(1)); +printf('y=%0.0f \n',z(2)); diff --git a/3720/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3720/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef80cc149 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1_6 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given values +dv=1.1//The volume of water collected in gal +dt=45.62;// Time period in s + +//Calculation +V=dv/dt;// gal/s +V=V*(3.785*10^-3*60);// m^3/min +printf('The volume flow rate of water through the hose,V=%0.1e m^3/min\n',V); diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d56fcd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 10_11 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T=19;// °C +D=30/100;// Diameter in m +x=30/100;// Length of the tunnel in m +V_b=4.0;// Velocity at beginning in m/s +nu=1.507*10^-5;// m^2/s + +// Calculation +Re_x=(V_b*x)/nu;// Reynolds number +delta=((1.72*x)/(sqrt(Re_x)))*10^3;// The displacement thickness at the end of the test section in mm +R=D/2;// Radius of the tunnel in m +V_end=(V_b*(%pi*R^2))/(%pi*(R-(delta/1000))^2);// The average air speed at the end of the test section in m/s +printf('\nThe average air speed at the end of the test section=%0.2f m/s',V_end); diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93ce9eb47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 10_12 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given data +V=10.0;// m/s +L=1.52;// m + +//Properties +nu=1.516*10^-5;// m^2/s + +//Calculation +//(a) +x=L;// m +Re_x=(V*x)/nu;// Reynolds number +L=L*1000;// mm +x=[0,L];// mm + +//For laminar case +for(i=1:2) +del_laminar(i)=(4.91*x(i))/sqrt(Re_x);// mm +del_turbulenta(i)=(0.16*x(i))/(Re_x)^(1/7);// mm +del_turbulentb(i)=(0.38*x(i))/(Re_x)^(1/5);// mm +end +xlabel('x,m'); +ylabel('delta,mm'); +x=x/1000; +plot(x,del_laminar,'b',x,del_turbulenta,'r',x,del_turbulentb,'g'); +legend(['Laminar','Turbulent(a)','Turbulent(b)'],"in_upper_left"); +//(b) +// For laminar boundary layer, +C_fxl=0.664/sqrt(Re_x); +// For turbulent boundary layer, +C_fxt=0.027/(Re_x)^(1/7); +printf('\nThe laminar boundary layer thickness at this same x-location=%0.2f mm \nThe turbulent boundary layer thickness at this same x-location=%0.1f mm \nThe local skin friction coefficient for the laminar boundary layer=%0.2e \nThe local skin friction coefficient for the turbulent boundary layer=%0.1e',del_laminar(2),del_turbulenta(2),C_fxl,C_fxt); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb4e74590 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 10_15 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T=20;// °C +L=1.8;// Length in m +w=0.50;// Width in m +U=10;// Velocity of the flow in m/s +delta_1=4.2/100;// Boundary layer thickness 1 in m +delta_2=7.7/100;// Boundary layer thickness 2 in m +nu=1.516*10^-5;// m^2/s +rho=1.204;// kg/m3 + +// Calculation +F_d=(w*rho*U^2)*(4/45)*(delta_2-delta_1);// Drag force in N +printf('\nThe total skin friction drag force=%0.2f N',F_d); diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78f68fd39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 10_2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given data +D=50*10^-6;// Diameter of spherical ash particle in m +T=-50;// °C +P=55;// kPa +rho_p=1240;// The density of the particle in kg/m^3 +//Properties +mu=1.474*10^-5;// kg/m.s +rho_air=0.8588;// kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +//Calculation +V=(D^2/(18*mu))*(rho_p-rho_air)*g;//The terminal velocity of this particle in m/s +printf('\nThe terminal velocity of this particle,V=%0.3f m/s',V); +Re=(rho_air*V*D)/mu; diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dc720be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 10_6 +clc;clear; +//Given data +// Assume (vdot/L)_1=V1,(vdot/L)_2=V2; +V1=2.00;// m^2/s +V2=-1.00;// m^2/s +gamma1=1.50;// m^2/s +x_1=0; +y_1=1; +x_2=1; +y_2=-1; +x=1.0; +y=0;// where all spatial coordinates are in meters. + +//Calculation +//From fig.10-53,The vortex is located 1 m above the point (1, 0) and vortex velocity has positive i direction +r_vortex=1.00;// m +V_vortex=[gamma1/(2*%pi*r_vortex) 0];// m/s +//Similarly, the first source induces a velocity at point (1, 0) at a 45° angle from the x-axis as shown in Fig. 10–53. +r_source1=sqrt(2);// m +V_source1=(V1)/(2*%pi*r_source1);// Resultant vector in m/s +theta=45;// angle between two vectors +// Function to find the velocity vector in i and j direction from resultant vector + function [X]=fric(f) + X(1)=f(1)^2 + f(2)^2-V_source1^2; // modulus(r)=sqrt(x^2+y^2) + X(2)=tand(theta)*f(1)-f(2);// theta=tan^-1(y/x) + endfunction + + f=[0.01 0.01]; // Initial guess to solve X + V_source1_vec=fsolve(f,fric);// m/s (Calculating friction factor) + +//Finally, the second source (the sink) induces a velocity straight down i.e in the negative j direction +r_source2=1.00;/// m +V_source2=[0 (V2)/(2*%pi*r_source2)];// m/s +V=V_vortex+V_source1_vec+V_source2;//The resultant velocity in m/s +printf('\nThe resultant velocity, V = %0.3fi %1.0fj\n',V); + diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a379ca0ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10_8 +clc;clear;funcprot(0) +// Given values +w=2.0;// Width in mm +L=35.0;// Length in cm +b=2.0;// Distance in cm +v_dot=0.110;// The total volume flow rate in m^3/s +u_starmax=0.159;// m/s +// Calculation +v_dotbyL=-(v_dot/(L/100));// Strength of line source in m^2/s +u_max=-(u_starmax*(v_dotbyL/(b/100)));// Maximum speed along the floor +printf('\nStrength of line source=%0.3f m^2/s \nMaximum speed along the floor,u_max=%0.2f m/s',v_dotbyL,u_max); diff --git a/3720/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3720/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..845941787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 10_9 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given data +V=5.0;// Uniform speed in mi/h +x=16;// Length in ft +T=50;// °F +nu=1.407*10^-5;// The kinematic viscosity of water in ft^2/s + +// Calculation +Re_x=(V*x)/nu;// The Reynolds number at the stern of the canoe +Re_cr=1*10^5;// Critical Reynolds number +if(Re_x>Re_cr) + printf('\nThe boundary layer is definitely turbulent by the back of the canoe.'); +else + printf('\nThe boundary layer is definitely laminar'); +end diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80133157d --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 11_1 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +rho=0.07489;//The density of air in lbm/ft^3 +//Given values +P_atm=1;// atm +T=70;// F +F_d=68;// Force in lbf +V=60*1.467;// ft/s^2 +A=22.26;// ft^2 + +//Calculation +C_d=(2*F_d*(32.2))/(rho*A*V^2);//The drag coefficient of the car +printf('The drag coefficient of the car ,C_d=%0.2f \n',C_d); diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d5986734 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 11_2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +rho_a=1.20;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +rho_g=.8;//The density of gasoline in kg /L +n_o=0.3;// The over all efficiency of the engine +C_dc=1.1;// The drag coefficient for a circular disk +C_dh=0.4;//The drag coefficient for a hemispherical body +HV=44000;// The heating value of gasoline in kJ/kg + +// Given values +V=95;// km/h +Pr=0.60;//Price of gasoline in $/L +D=0.13;// m +L=24000;// km/year + +//Calculation +A=(%pi*0.13^2)/4;//m^2 +F_d=(C_dc*A*rho_a*V^2)/(2*3.6^2);//The drag force acting on the flat mirror in N +W_drag=F_d*L;// kJ/year +E_in=W_drag/n_o;// kJ/year +m_f=E_in/HV; // kg/year +Amount=m_f/rho_g;// L/year +Cost=(Amount*Pr);// $/year +Rr=(C_dc-C_dh)/C_dc;// Reduction ratio +Fr=Rr*Amount;// Fuel reduction in L/year +printf('Fuel reduction =%0.2f L/year\n',Fr); +Cr=Rr*Cost;// Cost reduction in $/year +printf('Cost reduction =%0.2f $/year\n',Cr); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a2371dac --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 11_3 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Assumptions +Re_cr=5*10^5; +//Properties +rho=876;//The density of engine oil at 40°C kg/m^3 +nu=2.485*10^-4;//m^2/s +//Given values +V=2;// Free stream velocity in m/s +L=5;// m +b=1;//m + +//Calculation +Re_L=(V*L)/nu;// The Reynolds number at the end of the plate +C_f=1.328*Re_L^(-0.5);// The average friction coefficient +A=L*b;// m^2 +F_d=C_f*A*rho*(V^2/2);// N +printf('The drag force,F_d =%0.0f N\n',F_d); diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38be355b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 11_4 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +rho=999.1;//kg/m^3 +mu=1.138*10^-3;// kg/m.s +//Given values +D=0.022;// m +V=4;// m/s +L=30;// m +A=L*D;// m^2 + +//Calculation +Re=(rho*V*D)/mu; +//The drag coefficient corresponding to the value Re from Fig. 11–34 +C_d=1; +F_d=C_d*A*rho*(V^2/2); +printf('The drag force acting on the pipe,F_d =%0.0f N\n',F_d); +disp('The drag force acting on the pipe,F_d ~=5300 N'); diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61c10d76d --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Example 11_5 +clc;clear; +//Properties +rho_ag=1.20;// kg/m^3 +rho_ac=0.312;// kg/m^3 +C_Lmax1=1.52;// The maximum lift coefficient of the wing with flaps +C_Lmax2=3.48;// The maximum lift coefficient of the wing without flaps +//Given values +m=70000;// kg +A=150;// m^2 +V=558;/// km/h +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +//(a) +W=m*g;// N +V=V/3.6;// m/s +V_min1=sqrt((2*W)/(rho_ag*C_Lmax1*A));// m/s +V_min2=sqrt((2*W)/(rho_ag*C_Lmax2*A));// m/s +V_1s=1.2*V_min1*3.6;// 1 m/s=3.6 km/h +printf('(a)Without flaps:V_min1,safe =%0.0f km/h\n',V_1s); +V_2s=1.2*V_min2*3.6;// 1 m/s=3.6 km/h +printf(' With flaps:V_min2,safe =%0.0f km/h\n',V_2s); +//(b) +F_l=W;// N +C_l=F_l/(1/2*rho_ac*V^2*A);// The lift coefficient +//For the case with no flaps, the angle of attack corresponding to this value of C_L is determined from Fig. 11–45 to be +alpha=10;// The angle of attack in degree +printf('(b)The angle of attack,alpha~=%0.0f degree\n',alpha); +//(c) +// From Fig.11-45,C_d~=0.03 +C_d=0.03;// The drag coefficient +F_d=(C_d*A*rho_ac*(V^2/2))/1000;//kN +P=F_d*V;// kW +printf('(c)The power that needs to be supplied to provide enough thrust to overcome wing drag,P=%0.0f kW\n',P); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3720/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3720/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00e7db569 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 11_6 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +rho=0.07350;// lbm/ft^3 +nu=1.697*10^-4;// ft^2/s +//Given values +m=0.125;//lbm +D=2.52;// in +V=45;// mi/h +n=4800;// rpm +P=1;// atm +T=80;// degree F +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +V=(45*5280)/3600;// ft/s +omega=(2*%pi*n)/60;// rad/s +C=(omega*D)/(2*V);//rad +//From Fig. 11–53, the lift coefficient corresponding to C +C_l=0.21; +A=(%pi*D^2)/4;// ft^2 +F_l=(C_l*A*rho*V^2)/(2*32.2);// lbf +W=(m*g)/32.2;// lbf +if(W<=0.125) + printf('drop') +else + printf('Wrong') +end diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..450f9e65c --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 12_1 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given values +T_1=255.7;// The ambient air temperature in K +P_1=54.05;//The atmospheric pressure in kPa +V_1=250;// m/s +h=5000;// m +P_r=8;// Pressure ratio of the compressor +// Properties +C_p=1.005;//The constant-pressure specific heat C_p in kJ/kg.k +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +//(a) +T_01=T_1+(V_1^2/(2*C_p*1000));//The stagnation temperature at the compressor inlet in K +P_01=P_1*(T_01/T_1)^(k/(k-1));//kPa +printf('The stagnation pressure at the compressor inlet,P_01=%0.2f kPa\n',P_01); +//(b) +// P_r=(P_02/P_01) +T_02=T_01*(P_r)^((k-1)/k);//The stagnation temperature of air at the compressor exit in K +W_in=C_p*(T_02-T_01);//the compressor work per unit mass of air in kJ/kg +printf('The compressor work per unit mass of air,W_in=%0.1f kJ/kg\n',W_in); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b7f3977f --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12_10 +clc;clear; +// Given values +mu=19;// Angle of Mach lines in degrees + +// Calculation +// mu=asind(1/Ma_1) +Ma_1=1/sind (19);// Mach number +printf('Mach number ,Ma=%0.2f \n',Ma_1); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f70db3859 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 12_11 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given values +Ma_1=2;// Mach number +delta=10;// degree +P_1=75.0;// kPa +//Properties +k=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +theta=delta;// Deflection in degrees +beta_w=39.3;// Oblique shock angle in degrees +beta_s=83.7;// Oblique shock angle in degrees +Ma_1nw=Ma_1*sind(beta_w);// Mach Number on upstream side +Ma_1ns=Ma_1*sind(beta_s);// Mach Number on upstream side +Ma_2nw=0.8032;// Mach number +Ma_2ns=0.5794;// Mach number +P_2w=P_1*((2*k*(Ma_1nw)^2)-k+1)/(k+1);// Pressure in kPa +P_2s=P_1*((2*k*(Ma_1ns)^2)-k+1)/(k+1);// Pressure in kPa +Ma_2w=(Ma_2nw)/(sind(beta_w-theta));// Mach Number on the downstream side +Ma_2s=(Ma_2ns)/(sind(beta_s-theta));// Mach Number on the downstream side +printf('\nThe pressure on the downstream side,P_2=%0.0f kPa(weak shock) & P_2=%0.0f kPa(strong shock)\nThe Mach number on the downstream side of the oblique shock,Ma_2=%0.2f (weak shock) & Ma_2=%0.3f (strong shock)',P_2w,P_2s,Ma_2w,Ma_2s); +disp(Ma_1nw) diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f2ce61eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 12_12 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given values +Ma_1=2.0;// Mach number +P_1=230;// kPa +delta=10;// degree +//Properties +k=1.4//The specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +theta=delta; +v_1=(sqrt((k+1)/(k-1))*atand(sqrt(((k-1)*(Ma_1^2-1))/(k+1))))-atand(sqrt(Ma_1^2-1));// degree +v_2=theta+v_1;// degree +// Ma_2=y(1); +function[X]=Machnumber(y); + X(1)=((sqrt((k+1)/(k-1))*atand(sqrt(((k-1)*(y(1)^2-1))/(k+1))))-atand(sqrt(y(1)^2-1))-v_2); +endfunction +y=[1]; +z=fsolve(y,Machnumber); +printf('The downstream Mach number Ma_2=%0.3f\n',z(1)); +Ma_2=z(1); +P_2=((((1+(((k-1)/2)*Ma_2^2)))^(-k/(k-1)))/(((1+(((k-1)/2)*Ma_1^2)))^(-k/(k-1))))*(P_1); +printf('The downstream pressure,P_2=%0.0f kPa\n',P_2); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..417082dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 12_15 +clc;clear; +//Properties +k=1.4; +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg*K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg*K +// given values +D=0.15;// m +V_1=80;// m/s +T_1=550;// K +P_1=480;// kPa +HV=42000;// kJ/kg +AF=40; + +//Calculation +rho_1=P_1/(R*T_1);// kg/m^3 +A=%pi*D^2*V_1;// m^2 +m_air=rho_1*A*V_1; // kg/s +m_f=m_air/AF;// kg/s +Q=m_f*HV;// kW +q=Q/m_air;// kJ/kg +T_01=T_1+(V_1^2/(2*C_p*1000));// K +c_1=sqrt(k*R*T_1); // m/s +Ma_1=V_1/c_1; +T_02=+(q+C_p);// K +// From Table A-15 +T_c=T_01/0.1291;// K +T_c1=T_02/T_c; +//Using T_c1 value & From Table A-15 +Ma_2=0.3142; +printf('The exit Mach number ,Ma_2=%0.4f \n',Ma_2); +T_2=2.848*T_1;// K +printf('The exit temperature,T_2=%0.0f K\n',T_2); +P_2=0.9142*P_1;// kPa +printf('The exit pressure ,P_2=%0.0f kPa\n',P_2); +V_2=3.117*V_1;// m/s +printf('The exit velocity ,V_2=%0.0f m/s\n',V_2); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2bb05977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 12_16 +clc;clear; +// Given values +D=3/100;// Diameter in m +P_1=150;// kPa +T_1=300;// K +Ma_1=0.4;// Mach number + +// Properties +k=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +nu=1.58*10^-5;//Kinematic viscosity in m^2/s + +// Calculation +c_1=sqrt(k*R*T_1*1000);// m/s +V_1=Ma_1*c_1;// Mach number +Re_1=(V_1*D)/nu;// The inlet Reynolds number +// The friction factor is determined from the Colebrook equation, +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=real(-(2.0*log10((0/3.7)+(2.51/((Re_1)*sqrt(y(1)))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +y=[0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +f=z(1); +// The Fanno flow functions corresponding to the inlet Mach number of 0.4,From Table A-16 +P_0r=1.5901;// (P_0r=P_01/P_0*) +T_r=1.1628;// (T_1r=T_1/T*) +P_r=2.6958;// (P_1r=P_1/P*) +V_r=0.4313;// (V_1r=V_1/V*) +fL_D=2.3085; +L_1=((fL_D*D)/f);// m +T_c=T_1/T_r;// K +P_c=P_1/P_r;// kPa +V_c=V_1/V_r;// m/s +P_01L=(1-(1/P_0r))*100; +printf('\nThe duct length=%0.2f m \nThe temperature at exit=%0.0f K \nThe pressure at exit=%0.1f kPa \nThe velocity at exit=%0.0f m/s \nThe percentage of stagnation pressure lost in the duct=%0.1f percentage',L_1,T_c,P_c,V_c,P_01L); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1437073a --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 12_17 +clc;clear; +// Given values +V_1=85;// m/s +P_1=220;// kPa +T_1=450;// K +f=0.023;// The average friction factor for the duct +L=27;// m + +// Properties +k=1.4;// Specific Heat ratio +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +c_1=sqrt(k*R*T_1*1000);// m/s +Ma_1=(V_1/c_1); +// From Table A-16, +fLbyDh1=14.5333; +D_h=0.05;// m +fLbyDh=(f*L)/D_h; +fLbyDh2=fLbyDh1-fLbyDh; +// The Mach number corresponding to this value of fL*/D is 0.42, obtained from Table A–16, +Ma_2=0.42;// The Mach number at the duct exit +rho_1=(P_1)/(R*T_1);// kg/m^3 +A=(%pi/4)*(D_h)^2;// m^2 +m_air=rho_1*A*V_1;// kg/s +printf('\nThe Mach number at the duct exit=%0.2f \nThe mass flow rate of air=%0.3f kg/s',Ma_2,m_air); +L_max1=fLbyDh1*(D_h/f);// m +L_max2=fLbyDh2*(D_h/f);// m +printf('\nThe maximum length at inlet=%0.1f m \nThe maximum length at exit=%0.1f m',L_max1,L_max2); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a64d238c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 12_2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given values +V=200;// Velocity in m/s +T=303;// Temperature in K +//Properties +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio +R=0.287;//The gas constant of air in kJ/(kg.K) + +//Calculation +//(a) +c=sqrt(k*R*T*1000);//The speed of sound in air at 30°C in m/s +printf('(a)The speed of sound in air at 30°C ,c=%0.0f m/s\n',c); +//(b) +Ma=V/c; +printf('(b)The Mach number ,Ma=%0.3f \n',Ma); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd635aeb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 12_3 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given values +m=3;//Mass flow rate in kg/s +T_0=473;// T_0=T_1 in K +P_0=1400;// P_0=P_1 in kPa +P=1200;// kPa +// Properties +C_p=0.846;// kJ/(kg.K) +k=1.289; +R=0.1889;// kJ/(kg.K) + +//Calculation +T=T_0*(P/P_0)^((k-1)/k);// k +V=sqrt(2*C_p*(T_0-T)*1000);// m/s +printf('Velocity ,V=%0.1f m/s\n',V); +rho=P/(R*T);// kg/m^3 +printf('Density ,rho=%0.1f kg/m^3\n',rho); +A=(m/(rho*V))*10000;//cm^2 +printf('Area ,A=%0.1f cm^2\n',A); +c=sqrt(k*R*T*1000);// m/s +Ma=V/c; +printf('Mach number ,Ma=%0.3f \n',Ma); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75e0a1ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 12_4 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given values +T_0=473;// T_0=T_1 in K +P_0=1400;// P_0=P_1 in kPa +// Properties +k=1.289;//The specific heat ratio of carbon dioxide + +//Calculation +//T_1=T_c/T_0 +T_1=2/(k+1); +T_c=T_1*T_0;//The critical temperature in K +printf('The critical temperature T*=%0.0f K\n',T_c); +//P_1=P_c/P_0 +P_1=(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1)); +P_c=P_1*P_0;//The critical pressure in KPa +printf('The critical pressure P*=%0.0f KPa\n',P_c); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f07ece75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Example 12_5 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Properties +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;//The specific heat ratio +R=0.287;//kJ/kg.K +//Given values +P_i=1;// MPa +T_i=873;// K +V_i=150;// m/s +A_t=.0050;// m^2 +P_b1=0.7;// MPa +P_b2=0.4;//MPa + +//Calculation +T_0i=T_i+((V_i^2/(2*C_p)))/1000;// K +P_0i=P_i*(T_0i/T_i)^(k/(k-1)); // MPa +T_0=T_0i;// K +P_0=P_0i;// K +//P_cr=P*/P_0 +P_cr=(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1)); + +//(a) +P_br=P_b1/P_0; +P_t=P_b1; +//From table A-13 +Ma_1=0.778; +T_cr=0.892;// T_cr=T_t/T_0 +T_t=0.892*T_0; +rho_t=P_t*1000/(R*T_t);// kg/m^3 +V_t=Ma_1*sqrt(k*R*T_t*1000);// m/s +m=rho_t*A_t*V_t;//kg/s +printf(' (a) The mass flow rate through the nozzle,m=%0.2f kg/s\n',m); + +//(b) +P_br=P_b2/P_0; +//P_br is less than the critical-pressure ratio, 0.5283.Therefore, sonic conditions exist at the exit plane (throat) of the nozzle, and Ma =1. +m_1=(A_t*P_0*1000*sqrt(k/(R*T_0))*(2/(k+1))^((k+1)/(2*(k-1))))*sqrt(1000);// kg/s +printf(' (b) The mass flow rate through the nozzle,m=%0.2f kg/s\n',m_1); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a2d8d53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 12_6 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given values +T_1=400; // K +P_1=100; // kPa +Ma_1=0.3;// Mach number + +// Calculation +//From table A-13.At the initial Mach number of Ma=0.3, we read +// a_1=A1/A*; t_1=T1/T0; p_1=P1/P0;t_2=T1/T0;p_2=P2/P0; +a_1=2.031; +t_1=0.9823; +p_1=0.9395; +// A2=0.8*A1; +//a_2=(A2/A*)=(A2/A1)*(A1/A*); +a_2=0.8*a_1; +//From table A-13,for the value of a_2 +t_2=0.9703; +p_2=0.9000; +Ma_2=0.391; +T_2=T_1*(t_2/t_1);// K +P_2=P_1*(p_2/p_1);// kPa +printf('Mach number,Ma_2=%0.3f\n',Ma_2); +printf('Temperature,T_2=%0.0f K\n',T_2); +printf('Pressure,P_2=%0.1f kPa\n',P_2); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..632e24f6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Example 12_7 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//Given values +P_0=1000;// kPa; +T_0=800;// K +k=1.4;//The specific heat ratio of air +Ma_2=2;// Exit Mach number +a=20;// Throat area in cm^2 +//Properties +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.k + +// Calculation +rho_0=P_0/(R*T_0);// kg/m^3 +P_0=1;// MPa +//(a)At the throat of the nozzle Ma=1, and from Table A–13 +//P*=P_c;T*=T_c;rho*=rho_c;V*=V_c;c*=c_c; +P_c=0.5283*P_0;// MPa +printf('(a)The throat conditions,P*=%0.4f MPa\n',P_c); +T_c=0.8333*T_0;// K +printf(' T*=%0.1f K\n',T_c); +rho_c=0.6339*rho_0;// kg/m^3 +printf(' rho*=%0.3f kg/m^3\n',rho_c); +V_c=sqrt(k*R*T_c*1000);// m/s +printf(' V*=c*=%0.1f m/s\n',V_c); + +//(b)For Ma_2=2,by using data from Table A–13 +P_e=0.1278*P_0;// MPa +printf('(b)The exit plane conditions,P_e=%0.4f MPa\n',P_e); +T_e=0.5556*T_0;// K +printf(' T_e=%0.1f K\n',T_e); +rho_e=0.23000*rho_0;// kg/m^3 +printf(' rho_e=%0.3f kg/m^3\n',rho_e); +A_e=1.6875*a;// cm^2 +printf(' A_e=%0.2f cm^2\n',A_e); +Ma_e=1.6330;// Critical Mach number +V_e=Ma_e*V_c;// m/s +printf(' V_e=%0.1f m/s\n',V_e); +c_e=sqrt(k*R*T_e*1000);// The speed of sound at the exit condition in m/s +V_e=Ma_2*c_e;// m/s + +//(c) +m=rho_c*(a*10^-4)*V_c; +printf('(c)The mass flow rate,m=%0.2f kg/s\n',m); diff --git a/3720/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3720/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..473732074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example 12_9 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +//From example 12_7 +//Given values +P_0=1000;// kPa; +T_0=800;// K +Ma_1=2;// Exit Mach number +a=20;// Throat area in cm^2 +//Properties +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.k +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg.k +k=1.4;//The specific heat ratio of air + +// Calculation +//(a) +//From example 12_7 +P_01=1.0;// MPa +P_1=0.1278; // MPa +T_1=444.5;// K +rho_1=1.002;// kg/m^3 +// From table A-14,For Ma_1=2,we read +Ma_2=0.5774 +P_02=0.7209*P_01;// MPa +printf('(a)The stagnation pressure,P_02=%0.3f MPa\n',P_02); +P_2=4.5000*P_1;// MPa +printf('The static pressure,P_2=%0.3f MPa\n',P_2); +T_2=1.6875*T_1;// K +printf('The static temperature,T_2=%0.0f K\n',T_2); +rho_2=2.6667*rho_1;// kg/m^3 +printf('The static density,rho_2=%0.2f kg/m^3\n',rho_2); + +//(b) +//gradS=s2-s1 +gradS=(C_p*(log(T_2/T_1)))-(R*log((P_2/P_1))); +printf('(b)The entropy change across the shock,s2-s1=%0.4f kJ/kg.K\n',gradS); + +//(c) +c_2=sqrt(k*R*T_2*1000);// The speed of sound at the exit conditions in m/s +V_2=Ma_2*c_2; +printf('(c)The exit velocity,V_2=%0.0f m/s\n',V_2); + +//(d) +//The mass flow rate in this case is the same as that determined in Example 12_7: +V_1=517.5;// m/s +rho_c=2.761;// kg/m^3 +m=rho_c*(a*10^-4)*V_1;// kg/s +printf('(d)The mass flow rate,m=%0.2f kg/s\n',m); diff --git a/3720/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3720/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..447fb38ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3720/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 13_1 +clc;clear; +// given values +b=0.4;// Width in m +v=0.2;// Flow rate in m^3/s +y_1=0.15;// Flow depth in m +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +A_c=y_1*b;// m^2 +V=(v/A_c);//The average flow velocity in m/s +printf('The average flow velocity,V=%0.2f m/s\n',V); +y_c=(v^2/(g*b^2))^(1/3);// The critical depth in m +printf('The critical depth for this flow,y_c=%0.3f m\n',y_c); +printf('Therefore, the flow is SUPER CRITICAL since the actual flow depth is y=0.15 m, and y2) then + n=3 +end +mprintf("\nThe number of locomotives is n:%d",n) +Md=W*n +M=Ml+W*n +Ft=277.8*1.1*M*alpha+9.81*M*G+M*r +Fm=9810*0.3*Md +if (Fm>Ft) then + mprintf("\nThe train can be accelarated with %d locomotives",n) +end diff --git a/3731/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3731/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7b7ef91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 2:Dynamics of Electric Drives +//Example 1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Jo=0.2 // inertia of the motor in kg-m2 +a1=0.1 // reduction gear +J1=10 // inertia of the load in kg-m2 +Tl1=10 // load torque +v=1.5 // speed of the translational load +M1=1000 // mass of the translational load +N=1420 // speed of the motor +n1=.9 // efficiency of the reduction gear +n1_=0.85 // efficiency of the translational load and the motor +F1=M1*9.81 // force of the translational load + +//Solution +Wm=N*%pi/30 //angular speed +J=Jo+a1**2*J1+ M1*(v/Wm)**2 // total equivalent moment of inertia +Tl= a1*Tl1/n1+F1/n1_*(v/Wm) // total equivalent torque + +//Result +mprintf("\nEquivalent moment of inertia is : %.1f kg-m2",J) +mprintf("\nEquivalent load torque : %.2f N-m",Tl) diff --git a/3731/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3731/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e89a5bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 2:Dynamics of Electric Drives +//Example 2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +J=10 //moment of inertia of the drive in kg-m2 +mprintf("Passive load torque during steady state is : Tl=0.05*N in N-m") +mprintf("\nAnd load torque : T=100-0.1*N in N-m ") +mprintf("\nLoad torque when the direction is reversed T=-100-0.1*N in N-m") + +//Solution +mprintf("\nT-Tl=0") +mprintf("\n100-0.1*N-0.05*N=0\n") +N=100/0.15 //Required speed of the motor in rpm during steady state +N2=-100/0.15 //During reversal speed is in opposite direction +mprintf("\nJdWm/dt=-100-0.1*N-0.05*N during reversing") +mprintf("\ndN/dt=30/(J*pi)*(-100-0.15*N)") +mprintf("\ndN/dt=(-95.49-0.143*N)\n") +N1=N +N2=N2*0.95 //for speed reversal +deff('y=f(x)','y=1/(-95.49-0.143*x)') +t=intg(N1,N2,f) + +//Result +mprintf("\nHence Time of reversal is : %.2f s",t) diff --git a/3731/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3731/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8940ec2c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 2:Dynamics of Electric Drives +//Example 3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Tlh=1000 // load torque in N-m +Tmax=700 // maximum motor torque +Tll=200 // light load for the motor to regain its steady state +Tmin=Tll // minimum torque +t_h=10 // period for which a load torque of 1000 N-m is apllied in sec +Jm=10 // moment of inertia of the motor in Kg-m2 +No=500 // no load speed in rpm +Tr=500 // torque at a given no load speed in N-m + +//Solution +Wmo=No*2*%pi/60 // angular no load speed in rad/sec +s=0.05 // slip at a torque of 500 N-m +Wmr=(1-s)*Wmo // angular speed at a torque of 500 N-m in rad/sec + +y=log((Tlh-Tmin)/(Tlh-Tmax)) +x=Tr/(Wmo-Wmr) + +J=x*t_h/y +Jf=J-Jm + +//Result +//Answer Provided in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("\n\nMoment of inertia of the flywheel : %.1f Kg-m2",Jf) diff --git a/3731/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3731/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152d1bea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 4: Selection of Motor Power Rating +//Example 1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +t_min=40 // Minimum Temperature Rise in degree Celsius +t_ri=15 // Temperature Rise in degree Celsius +t_cl=10 // Clutched Time in sec +t_de=20 // Declutched Time in sec +k= 60 // Heating and Cooling time constant + +//Solution + +x=exp(-t_de/k) +y=exp(-t_cl/k) + +th2= (t_min-t_ri*(1-x))/x //as t_min=t_ri(1-x)+th2*x +th_s=(th2-t_min*y)/(1-y) //as th2=th_s(1-y)+t_min*y + +mprintf("Maximum temperature during the duty cycle :%.1f °C",th2) +mprintf("\n Temperature when the load is clutched continuously :%.1f °C",th_s) diff --git a/3731/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3731/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70bb33566 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Chapter 4: Selection of Motor Power Rating +//Example 2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +N=200 //Speed in rpm +Tc=25000 //Constant Torque in N-m +J=10000 //Moment of inertia in Kg-m2 + +//Given Duty Cycles +t1=10 //For full speed and at constant torque +t2=1 //For no load at full speed +t3=5 //For speed reversal from N to -N +t4=1 //For no load at full speed +T5=20000 //Torque in N-m +t5=15 //At full speed and at a torque T1 +t6=1 //For no operation at full speed +t7=5 //For speed reversal from -N to N +t8=1 //For no load operation + + +//Solution + +Tr=J*(N-(-N))*2*%pi/60/5 //Reversal torque +x=Tc**2*t1+Tr**2*t3+T5**2*t5+Tr**2*t7 +t=t1+t2+t3+t4+t5+t6+t7+t8 //Total Time +Trms=sqrt(x/t) //rms torque + +Trated=Trms //Rated torque is equal to the rms torque +Pr=Trated*2*%pi*200/60 //Power rating +r=Tr/Trms //Ratio of reversal torque to the rms torque +Pr=Pr*1e-3 + +mprintf("Torque of motor is :%d N-m",Trms) + +if r < 2 then +disp("Trms is rated equal to the Motor") +mprintf(" Trms=%d N-m\n",Trms) +end + +mprintf(" Power rating :%.3f kW",Pr) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3731/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3731/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82c0b9682 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 4: Selection of Motor Power Rating +//Example 3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +P1=400 //load in kW +P2=500 //load in KW +Pmax=P2 + +//Duty Cycles in minutes +t1=5 //load rising from 0 to P1 +t2=5 //uniform load of P2 +t3=4 //regenerative power equal to P1 +t4=2 //motor remains idle + +//Solution +deff('y=f(x)','y=(400/5*x)**2') +I=intg(0,5,f) +P11=sqrt(I/t1) +x=P11**2*t1+P2**2*t2+P1**2*t3 +t=t1+t2+t3+t4 //total time +Prms=sqrt(x/t) + +y=2*Prms +if P20) then : +mprintf("\nThe number Re1:%.3f ohm is feasible",abs(Re1)) +R=Re1/SR**2 +mprintf("\nRotor referred value of the external resistance is:%.3f ohm",R) +end + +if (Re2>0) then +mprintf("\nThen Re2:%.3f ohm is feasible",abs(Re2)) +R=Re2/SR**2 +mprintf("\nHence Rotor referred value of the external resistance is:%.3f ohm",R) +end diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aafafe27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 17 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=440 //line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=1.2 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.4 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.5 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +Xm=50 // magnetizing reatance +a=3.5 // stator to rotor turns ratio +delta=0 // duty ratio at the given breakdown torque +Sm=1 // slip at standstill + +//Solution + +//Slip at maximum torque without an external resistance is Sm=Rr_/sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +//When an external resistanc Re referred to the stator is connected +x=Sm*sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) //x=Re+Rr_ +Re=x-Rr_ +y=0.5*a**2*(1-delta) // y=0.5*a**2*R*(1-delta) //y=Re +R=Re/y + +//(Ns-N)/Ns +//(Ns/Ns)-(N/Ns) +Sm=(Ns/Ns)-(1/Ns) +c=(x*Sm-Rr_)/(0.5*a**2*R) //c=(1-delta) +delta=1-c //given duty ratio + +//Results +mprintf("Variation of the duty ratio is:%.3f*N*10**(-3)",delta*1000) +mprintf("\nHence the duty ratio must change linearly with speed N") diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..622d76165 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 18 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=440 // line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles +N=970 // rated speed +n=2 // ratio of stator to rotor +Sm=0.25 // it is given the speed range is 25% below the synchronous speed which is proportional to the Slip + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=0.4 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=0.3 // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.08 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.1 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +alpha=165 // maximum value of the firing angle in degress + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P // synchronous speed +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +//(i) transformer turns ratio +al=alpha*(%pi/180) +a=-Sm/cos(al) //since Sm=a*math.cos(alpha) +m=n/a //since a=n/m where m is the transformer ratio + +//(ii)When speed is 780 rpm and firing angle is 140 degrees +N1=780 //given speed +alpha1=140 //given firing angle +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns //slip at the given speed N1 +Vd1=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*s1*(Vl/sqrt(3))/n +al1=alpha1*(%pi/180) +Vd2=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*(Vl/sqrt(3))/m*cos(al1) +Rs_=Rs*(1/n)**2 //stator resistance referred to the rotor +Rr=Rr_*(1/n)**2 //rotor resistance referred to the rotor +Rd=0.01 //equivalent resistance of the DC link inductor +Id=(Vd1+Vd2)/(2*(s1*Rs_+Rr)+Rd) +T1=abs(Vd2)*Id/s1/Wms //required torque + +//(iii)when speed is 800rpm and firing angle is half the rated motor torque +N1=800 //given speed +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //rated slip +x=(Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +Trated=(3/Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2*(Rr_/s)/x //rated torque +T_half=Trated/2 //half rated torque +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns //given slip at speed N1=800rpm +Vd1=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*s1*(Vl/sqrt(3))/n +Vd2=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*(Vl/sqrt(3))/m +Id=(Vd1+Vd2)/(2*(s1*Rs_+Rr)+Rd) +T=abs(Vd2)*Id/s1/Wms //required torque + +//since the given torque is half of the rated value +//To find the find the firing angle we assumed cos(alpha1)=-X +//The given quadratic equation is X**2-0.772X+0.06425=0 +a = 1 +b = -0.772 +c = 0.06425 +//Discriminant +d = (b**2) - (4*a*c) + +X1 = (-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a) +X2 = (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) +alpha1=-acos(X2) //since cos(alpha1)=-X where alpha1 is radians +alpha1=alpha1*(180/%pi) +alpha1=180+alpha1 //required firing angle + + +//Results +mprintf("(i)Transformer ratio is:%.3f",m) +mprintf("\n(ii)Required torque is :%.2f N-m",T1) +//There is a slight difference in the answer for the torque due to accuracy +mprintf("\n(iii)The half rated torque at the given speed of %d rpm is:%.2f N-m",N1,T_half) +mprintf("\nWith a slip of s:%.1f",s1) +mprintf("\nThe solutions for X are %.4f and %.4f",X1,X2) +mprintf("\nFor X1:%.4f the motor is unstable so we use X2:%.4f",X1,X2) +mprintf("\nHence the required firing angle is :%.1f °",alpha1) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3eaf445d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 19 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor is same as that of Ex-6.17 +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vs=440 // line voltage in V +P=4 // number of poles +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=1.2 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.4 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.5 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +Xm=50 // magnetizing reatance +a=3.5 // stator to rotor turns ratio + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P // synchronous speed in rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 // synchronous speed in rad/s + +//(i)When motor speed is 1200rpm with a voltage of 15+0j V + +V=15*(cos(0)+sin(0)*%i) +N1=1200 //speed in rpm +Vr_=a*V //rotor voltage +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns //slip at the given speed N1=1200 rpm +Z=Rs+Rr_/s1+%i*(Xs+Xr_) //total impedance +Ir_=(Vs/sqrt(3)-Vr_/s1)/Z //rotor current +phi_r=atan(imag(Vr_),real(Vr_))-atan(imag(Ir_),real(Ir_))//angle between Vr_ and Ir_ +Pr=3*(abs(Ir_))**2*Rr_ //rotor copper loss +P1=3*abs(Vr_)*abs(Ir_)*cos(phi_r) //power absorbed by Vr_ +Pg=(Pr+P1)/s1 //gross power +T=Pg/Wms //required motor torque + +//(ii)when motor speed is 1200rpm with a unity power factor +N1=1200 //speed in rpm +Ir_=abs(Ir_) +Ir_=Ir_*(cos(0)+sin(0)*%i)//machine is operating at unity power factor +x=Ir_*Z //x=(Vs-Vr_/s1)*phi_r where phi_r is the angle between Vr_ and Ir_ + +//x=a+b +d=(Vs/sqrt(3)-Vr_/s1*cos(phi_r))**2 +e=(Vr_/s1*sin(phi_r))**2 +f=x/(d+e) +theta=atan(imag(f),real(f))//required angle in radian +theta=theta*180/%pi +//Now we should solve for the quadratice equation for the rotor current +// 0.9*Ir_**2 + 50.8*Ir_ + 90.12 = 0 +a1 = 0.9 +b1 = 50.8 +c1 = 90.12 + +//Discriminant +d = (b1**2) - (4*a1*c1) + +Ir_1 = (-b1-sqrt(d))/(2*a1) +Ir_2 = (-b1+sqrt(d))/(2*a1) + +Ir_=Ir_2 //Ir_2 is chosen because for Ir_1 the motor is unstable +Vr_sin_phi_r=abs(Ir_)/2.083 +Vr_cos_phi_r=s1*(Vs/sqrt(3)+2.5*Vr_sin_phi_r) +Vr_=Vr_cos_phi_r+%i*Vr_sin_phi_r //total rotor voltage referred to the stator +Vr_=Vr_/a //total rotor voltage referred to the rotor +var=atan(imag(Vr_),real(Vr_)) +phase=var*180/%pi + +//Results +mprintf("(i)The torque is :%.2f N-m and since it is negative the motor is operating in regenerative braking ",T) +mprintf("\n(ii)Now theta θ:%.2f ◦",theta) +mprintf("\nThe solution for Ir_ are %.3f and %.3f",Ir_1,Ir_2) +mprintf("\nWe choose Ir_:%.3f A since higher value corresponds to unstable region",Ir_2) +mprintf("\nHence the required voltage magnitude is Vr:%.2f V,phase:%.1f ◦",Vr_,phase) +//There is a slight difference in the answers due to accuracy diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9944263ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +//Ratings of the Delta connected Induction motor +f=50 //frequency in HZ +Vl=2200 //line voltage in V +P=8 //number of poles +N=735 //rated speed in rpm + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=0.55 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=0.45 // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.1 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.075 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //full load slip +x=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) //total impedance +Ip=(Vl)/x //full load phase current +Il=sqrt(3)*Ip //full load line current +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +Tl=(1/Wms)*(3*Ip**2*Rr_/s) //full load torque + +//(i)if the motor is started by star-delta switching +y=sqrt((Rs+Rr_)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Ist=(Vl/sqrt(3))/y //Maximum line current during starting +Tst=(1/Wms)*(3*Ist**2*Rr_) //Starting torque +ratio1=Tst/Tl //ratio of starting torque to full load torque +z=Rs+sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Tmax=3/(2*Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2/z //maximum torque +ratio2=Tmax/Tl //ratio of maximum torque to full load torque + +//(ii) If the motor is started using auto transformer +y=sqrt((Rs+Rr_)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Ist1=Vl*sqrt(3)/y //starting current direct online +aT=sqrt(2*Il/Ist1) //transofrmation ratio +Ilst=2*Il/aT //starting motor line current +Ipst=Ilst/sqrt(3) //starting motor phase current +Tst1=(1/Wms)*(3*Ipst**2*Rr_) //starting torque + +//(iii) If motor is started using part winding method +Rs_=2*Rs +Xs_=2*Xs +y=sqrt((Rs_+Rr_)**2+(Xs_+Xr_)**2) +Ist2=(Vl*sqrt(3))/y //starting line current +Ip=Ist2/sqrt(3) //starting phase current +Tst2=(1/Wms)*(3*Ip**2*Rr_) //starting torque + +//(iv) motor is started using series reactors in line +Rs_=Rs/3 ; Rr_=Rr_/3 +Xs_=Xs/3 ; Xr_=Xr_/3 +Il=2*Il //line current at start +x=(Vl/sqrt(3))**2/(Il**2) //x=(Rs_+Rr_)**2+(Xs_+Xr_+Xe)**2 +y=x-(Rs_+Rr_)**2 //y=(Xs_+Xr_+Xe)**2 +z=sqrt(y) //z=(Xs_+Xr_+Xe) +Xe=z-Xs_-Xr_ + + +//Results + +mprintf("(i)Maximum value of line current during starting Ist:%d A",Ist) +mprintf("\nRatio of starting torque to full load torque :%.3f",ratio1) +mprintf("\nRatio of maximum torque to full load torque :%.2f\n",ratio2) +mprintf("\n(ii)Transformation ratio aT:%.3f",aT) +mprintf("\nStarting torque :%d N-m\n",Tst1) +//Answer for the starting torque in the book is wrong due to accuracy + +mprintf("\n(iii)Maximum line current during starting :%d A",Ist2) +mprintf("\nStarting torque :%d N-m\n",Tst2) +//Answer for the starting torque in the book is wrong due to accuracy + +mprintf("\n(iv)Value of the reactor Xe:%.3f ohm",Xe) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9028a8ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 20 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the single phase Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vs=220 // supply voltage in V +P=4 // number of poles +N=1425 // rated speed in rpm + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=6 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=5 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=2 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +Xm=60 // magnetizing reatance + +//Solution +N1=1200 //when the motor is operating at the given speed in rpm +Ns=120*f/P // synchronous speed +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //rated slip + +Zf=%i*(Xm)*(Rr_/s+%i*Xr_)/2/(Rr_/s+%i*(Xr_+Xm)) +Rf=real(Zf) +Xf=imag(Zf) +Zb=%i*(Xm)*(Rr_/(2-s)+%i*Xr_)/2/(Rr_/(2-s)+%i*(Xr_+Xm)) +Rb=real(Zb) +Xb=imag(Zb) +Zs=Rs+%i*Xs +Z=Zs+Zf+Zb +Is=(Vs)/Z +T=(abs(Is))**2/Wms*(Rf-Rb) +Tl=T +K=Tl/N**2 + +//Therefore for a speed of of N1=1200 rpm we get +Tl=K*N1**2 //required load torque for the given speed N1 +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns // slip for the given speed N1 + +Zf=%i*(Xm)*(Rr_/s1+%i*Xr_)/2/(Rr_/s1+%i*(Xm)) +Rf=real(Zf) +Xf=imag(Zf) +Zb=%i*(Xm)*(Rr_/(2-s1)+%i*Xr_)/2/(Rr_/(2-s1)+%i*(Xr_+Xm)) +Rb=real(Zb) +Xb=imag(Zb) +x=(Wms*Tl)/(Rf-Rb) //since Tl=(abs(Is))**2/Wms*(Rf-Rb) and x=Is**2 +Is=sqrt(x) +Z=Zs+Zf+Zb +V=Is*abs(Z) + +//Result +mprintf("Hence the motor terminal voltage at the speed of%d rpm is :%.1f V",N1,V) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7b9ab538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=400 // line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=2 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=1 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=Rr_ // resistance of the stator windings in ohm + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 + +//(i) +Sm=-Rr_/sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) //slip at maximum torque +x=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/Sm)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Ir_=(Vl/sqrt(3))/x //current at maximum torque +Tmax=(1/Wms)*3*Ir_**2*Rr_/Sm //maximum torque +N=(1-Sm)*Ns //range of speed + +//(ii)an overhauling torque of 100Nm +Tl=100 //overhauling torque in Nm +// Tl=(3/Wms)*(Vl**2*Rr_/s)/y +// where y=(Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +a=(1/Wms)*(Vl**2*Rr_)/(-Tl) //a=s*(Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +a = 17 +b = 17.3 +c = 1 + +//Discriminant +d = (b**2) - (4*a*c) + +// find two solutions +s1 = (-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a) +s2 = (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a) + +N2=(1-s2)*Ns //motor speed and we neglect s1 + +//slight difference in the answer due to accuracy + +//(iii)when a capacitive reactance of 2 ohm is inserted in each phase stator +Xc=2 //reactance of the capacitor in ohms +Sm=-Rr_/sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_-Xc)**2) //slip at maximum torque +x=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/Sm)**2+(Xs+Xr_-Xc)**2) +Ir_=(Vl/sqrt(3))/x //current at maximum torque +Tmax_=(1/Wms)*3*Ir_**2*Rr_/Sm //maximum overhauling torque with capacitor +ratio=Tmax_/Tmax + + +//Results +mprintf("(i)Maximum overhauling torque that the motor can hold is:%.1f N-m",abs(Tmax)) +mprintf(" \nRange of speed is from %d to %d rpm\n",Ns,abs(N)) +mprintf("\n(ii)Now s*(1+1/s)**2+16s=%d",a) +mprintf("\n Or 17s**s+17.3s+1=0") +mprintf("\nThe solutions for s are %.3f and %.3f\n",s1,s2) +mprintf("\nTherefore Motor speed is:%d rpm\n",N2) +//Note :There is a slight difference in the answer due to the decimal place" +mprintf("\n(iii) Ratio of maximum torque with capacitor and to maximum torque without capacitor is:%.2f",ratio) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec27cbb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 4 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the motor are same as that in Ex-6.3 +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=400 //line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=2 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=1 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=Rr_ // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +N=950 //full load speed in rpm +SR=2.3 //stator to rotor turns ratio + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //full load slip +x=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Irf_=(Vl/sqrt(3))/x //full load current +Tf=(1/Wms)*3*Irf_**2*Rr_/s //full load torque + +//(i)initial braking current and torque +S=2-s //during plugging at 950rpm +y=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/S)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Ir_=(Vl/sqrt(3))/y //initial braking current +ratio1=Ir_/Irf_ +T=(1/Wms)*3*Ir_**2*Rr_/S //initial braking torque +ratio2=T/Tf + +//(ii)when an external resistance is connected such +//that maximum braking current is 1.5 times the full load current +Ir_=1.5*Irf_ +x=(Vl/sqrt(3))/Ir_ //x=sqrt((Rs+(Rr_+Re_)/S)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +y=x**2 //y=(Rs+(Rr_+Re_)/S)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +z=y-(Xs+Xr_)**2 //z=(Rs+(Rr_+Re_)/S)**2 +a=sqrt(z) //a=(Rs+(Rr_+Re_)/S) +b=(a-Rs)*S //b=(Rr_+Re_) +Re_=b-Rs +Re=Re_/SR**2 +T=(1/Wms)*3*Ir_**2*(Rr_+Re_)/S //initial braking torque +ratio=T/Tf + + +//Results +mprintf("(i)Ratio of initial braking current to full load current is:%.1f",ratio1) +mprintf("\nRatio of initial braking torque to full load torque is:%.2f\n",ratio2) +mprintf("\n(ii)Ratio of initial braking torque to full load torque when the resistance is added is:%.3f",ratio) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72969a347 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 4 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=440 // line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles +Vp=Vl/sqrt(3) //phase voltage in V + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=1.2 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.4 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.5 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +Xm=50 // no load reactance in ohms +N=950 // full load speed in rpm +Sm=2 // slip at maximum torque + +//Solution +Rr_=Sm*sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) //Since Sm=Rr_/sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //slip at 950 rpm + +x=%i*Xm*(Rr_/s+%i*Xr_) +y=Rr_/s+%i*(Xr_+Xm) +Zp=Rs+%i*Xs+x/y +Ip=Vp/sqrt(3)/Zp +//The value of Ip is wrong which leads to other wrong answers + +Irp_=Ip*(%i*Xm)/(Rr_/s+%i*(Xr_+Xm)) +Tp=(1/Wms)*3*abs(Irp_)**2*Rr_/s +x=%i*Xm*(Rr_/(2-s)+%i*Xr_) +y=Rr_/(2-s)+%i*(Xr_+Xm) +Zn=Rs+%i*Xs+x/y +In=Vp/sqrt(3)/Zn +Irn_=In*(%i*Xm)/(Rr_/(2-s)+%i*(Xr_+Xm)) +Tn=-(1/Wms)*3*abs(Irn_)**2*Rr_/(2-s) +//The value of In is wrong + +T=Tp-Tn +I=abs(Ip)+abs(In) +Rr_=0.4 // from the parameters of the motor referred to the stator +x=sqrt((Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +If=(Vl/sqrt(3))/x //full load current +Tf=(1/Wms)*3*If**2*Rr_/s //full load torque + +ratio1=I/If +ratio2=abs(T)/Tf + +//Results +mprintf("Ratio of braking current to full load current is:%.3f",ratio1) +mprintf("\nRatio of braking torque to full load torque is:%.3f",ratio2) +//Answer provided in the book is wrong diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e1487acd --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ + +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 6 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected Induction motor which operates under dynamic braking +f=50 // frequency in HZ +P=6 // number of poles + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=3.01 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=4.575 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=1.9 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +J=0.1 // moment of inertia of the motor load system in kg-m2 +Id=12 // given DC current + +N=1500 //given asynchronous speed +//magnetization chacrateristic at the given asynchronous speed +Im=[0.13,0.37,0.6,0.9,1.2,1.7,2.24,2.9,3.9,4.9,6,8,9,9.5] //magnetization current +E=[12.8,32,53.8,80,106,142,173,200,227,246,260,280,288,292] //back emf + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +torque=[] +speed=[] +temp=[] +Is=sqrt(2/3)*Id //value of stator current for two lead connection +Wms=2*%pi*N/60 +for i=2:14 +x=(Is**2-Im(i)**2)/(1+2*Xr_*Im(i)/E(i)) //x=Ir_**2 +Ir_=sqrt(x) //required rotor current +y=(E(i)/Ir_)**2-Xr_**2 +S=Rr_/sqrt(y) //required slip +N=S*Ns //required speed +T=(3/Wms)*(Ir_)**2*Rr_/S //required torque +speed($+1)=N +torque($+1)=T +temp($+1)=T +end +mprintf("Hence the magnetization curve is") +disp(speed,"Speed:in rpm") +for i=1:13 +torque(i)=-1*torque(i) +end +disp(torque,"Braking torque :in N-m") + +//Results + +//Plot of of torque vs speed +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(torque,speed) +xlabel('Torque, N-m') +ylabel('Speed, rpm') +title('Torque vs Speed') +xgrid(2) + +//Plot of Wm vs J/T +inertia_over_torque=[] +for i=3:13 +J_T=1000*J/temp(i) +inertia_over_torque($+1)=J_T +end +disp(inertia_over_torque,"J/t :") + +Wm=[1,4,8,12,16,20,25,55,95,125,160] +//the values of Wm are taken for the angular frequency with maximum value of Wms=50*pi rad/s +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(Wm,inertia_over_torque) +xlabel('$Angular speed \omega_m$') +ylabel(' J/T,1*10e-2') +title('$J/T vs \omega_m$') +xgrid(2) +x=[6.5,6.5] +y=[2,4.5] +plot(x,y,'blue') +str=["${A}$"] +str1=["${B}$"] +str2=["${C}$"] +str3=["${D}$"] +str4=["${E}$"] +xstring(6,2,str) +xstring(6,4.5,str1) +xstring(80,3.4,str2) +xstring(156,8.3,str3) +xstring(156,2,str4) + +mprintf("Hence from the plot the area ABCDEA between the curve and the speed axis for speed change ") +mprintf("for synchronous to 0.02 times synchrnous speed is the stopping time which is equal to: 9.36 sec") diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..234242390 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 7 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the Star connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=2200 // line voltage in V +P=6 // number of poles + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=0.5 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=0.12 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=0.075 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +J=100 // combine inertia of motor and load in kg-m2 + +//Solution + +//(i) During starting of the motor +Sm=Rr_/sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) //slip at maximum torque +Wms=4*%pi*f/P //angular frequency +x=Rs+sqrt(Rs**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Tmax=(3/2/Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2/x //maximum torque +tm=J*Wms/Tmax //mechanical time constant of the motor +ts=tm*(1/4/Sm+1.5*Sm) //time taken during starting +Es=1/2*J*Wms**2*(1+Rs/Rr_) //energy disspated during starting + +//(ii) When the motor is stopped by plugging method +tb=tm*(0.345*Sm+0.75/Sm) //time required to stop by plugging +Eb=3/2*J*Wms**2*(1+Rs/Rr_) //energy disspated during braking + +//(iii)Required resistance to be inserted during plugging +tb1=1.027*tm //minimum value of stopping time during braking +x=1.47*(Xs+Xr_) //x=Rr_+Re +Re=x-Rr_ //Re is the required external resistance to be connected +Ee=3/2*J*Wms**2*(Re/(Re+Rr_)) //energy disspated in the external resistor +Eb1=Eb-Ee //total energy disspated during braking + + +//Results + +mprintf("(i)Time taken during starting is ts:%.4f s",ts) +mprintf(" \nEnergy dissipated during starting is Es:%d kilo-watt-sec",Es/1000) +mprintf("\n\n(ii)Time taken to stop by plugging is tb:%.2f s",tb) +mprintf(" \nEnergy dissipated during braking is Eb:%d kilo-watt-sec",Eb/1000) +mprintf("\n\n(iii)Minimum Time taken to stop by plugging is tb:%.2f s",tb1) +mprintf(" \nRequired external resistance to be connected is Re:%.2f ohm",Re) +mprintf(" \nTotal Energy dissipated during braking is Eb:%.2f kilo-watt-sec",Eb1/1000) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0499ed6ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 8 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the delta connected Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=400 // line voltage in V +P=4 // number of poles +Pm=2.8*1000 // rated mechanical power developed in W +N=1370 // rated speed in rpm + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=5 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=5 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=2 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm +Xm=80 // no load reactance in ohm + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed in rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 //synchronous speed in rad/s +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //full load slip +x=(Rs+Rr_/s)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 //total impedance +T=(3/Wms)*(Vl**2*Rr_/s)/x //full load torque +Tl=T +K=Tl/(1-s)**2 //since Tl=K*(1-s)**2 + +//(i) When the motor is running at 1200 rpm +N1=1200 //speed in rpm +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns //slip at the given speed N1 +Tl=K*(1-s1)**2 //torque at the given speed N1 + +y=(Rs+Rr_/s1)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 //total impedance +a=Tl*(Wms/3)*y*(s1/Rr_) //Since T=(3/Wms)*(Vl**2*Rr_/s)/x and a=V**2 +V=sqrt(a) //required voltage at the given speed N1 +Ir_=V/((Rs+Rr_/s1)+%i*(Xs+Xr_))//rotor current +Im=V/(%i*Xm) //magnetizing current +Is=Ir_+Im //total current +Il=abs(Is)*sqrt(3) //line current + +//(ii)When the terminal voltage is 300 V +V1=300 //terminal voltage in V +x=(Rs+Rr_)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +T=(3/Wms)*(V1**2*Rr_)/x + +//Now we have to solve for the value of slip 's' from the given equation 104s**4- 188s**3 + 89s**2 - 179s + 25=0" +coeff = [104,-188,89,-179,25] //coeffcient of the polynomial equation +s=[] +s=roots(coeff) //roots of the polynomial equation + +T=K*(1-real(s(4)))**2 //torque at the given terminal voltage of 300 V +N=Ns*(1-real(s(4))) //speed at the given terminal voltage of 300 V +Ir_=V1/((Rs+Rr_/real(s(4)))+%i*(Xs+Xr_))//rotor current +Im=V1/(%i*Xm) //magnetizing current +Is=Ir_+Im //total current +Il1=abs(Is)*sqrt(3) //line current + + +//Results +mprintf("(i)Required torque is Tl:%.1f N-m",Tl) +mprintf("\nRequired motor terminal voltage is V: %.1f V",V) +mprintf("\nRequired line current is Il:%.2f A",Il) +mprintf("\n(ii)The roots of the polynomial equation are s1:%.3f s2:%.3f s3:%.3f s4:%.3f",real(s(1)),real(s(2)),real(s(3)),real(s(4))) +mprintf("\nHence Only s4: %.3f is valid",real(s(4))) +mprintf("\nRequired torque is Tl:%.2f N-m",T) +mprintf("\nRequired speed is N:%.1f rpm",N) +mprintf("\nRequired line current is Il:%.2f A",Il1) diff --git a/3731/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3731/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c478d4446 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +//Chapter 6:Induction Motor Drives +//Example 9 +clc; +clf(); +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the star connected squirrel Induction motor +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=400 // line voltage in V +P=4 // number of poles +N=1370 // rated speed + +//Frequency variation is from 10 Hz to 50 Hz +fmin=10 +fmax=50 + +//Parameters referred to the stator +Xr_=3.5 // rotor winding reactance in ohm +Xs=Xr_ // stator winding reactance in ohm +Rr_=3 // resistance of the rotor windings in ohm +Rs=2 // resistance of the stator windings in ohm + +//Solution +Ns=120*f/P //synchronous speed +N1=Ns-N //increase in speed from no load to full torque rpm +Wms=2*%pi*Ns/60 +s=(Ns-N)/Ns //full load slip + +//(i)to obtain the plot between the breakdown torque and the frequency +K=0.1 +k=[] +frequency=[] +torque=[] +for i=0:8 +K=K+0.1 +f1=K*f +x=Rs/K+sqrt((Rs/K)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2) +Tmax=(3/2/Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2/x +k($+1)=K +frequency($+1)=f1 +torque($+1)=Tmax +end +disp(k,"K:") +disp(frequency,"f:in Hz") +disp(torque,"Tmax:in N-m") + +//Plotting the values of Tmax vs f +plot(frequency,torque) +xgrid(2) +xlabel('f,Hz') +ylabel('Tmax,N-m') +title('Torque vs frequency characteristic') + +//(ii) to obtain the starting torque and current at rated frequency and voltage +x=(Rs+Rr_)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +Tst=(3/Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2*Rr_/x //starting torque at 50 Hz frequency +Ist=(Vl/sqrt(3))/sqrt(x) //starting current at 50 Hz frequency + +K=fmin/fmax //minimum is available at 10 Hz +y=((Rs+Rr_)/K)**2+(Xs+Xr_)**2 +Tst_=(3/Wms)*(Vl/sqrt(3))**2*Rr_/K/y //starting torque at 10 Hz frequency +Ist_=(Vl/sqrt(3))/sqrt(y) //starting current at 10 Hz frequency + +ratio1=Tst_/Tst //ratio of starting torque to the rated starting torque +ratio2=Ist_/Ist //ratio of starting current to the rated starting current + +//Results +mprintf("\n(i)Hence from the plot we can see that for a constant (V/f) ratio breakdown torque decreases with frequency") +mprintf("\n(ii)Hence the required ratio of starting torque to the rated starting torque is :%.3f",ratio1) +mprintf("\nHence the required ratio of starting current to the rated starting current is :%.2f",ratio2) diff --git a/3731/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3731/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820ce94cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Chapter 7:Synchronous Motor and Brushless DC Motor Drives +//Example 1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the synchronous motor +Pm1=500*1000 // power rating in W +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=3.3*1000 // line voltage in V +pf=0.8 // power factor lagging +P=4 // number of poles +I=10 // field current in A +Xs=15 // reactance of the windings in ohm +Rs=0 // resistance of the windings in ohm +Wms=50*%pi // synchronous speed in rad/sec +Pm=Pm1/2 // power at half the rated torque when the losses are neglected + +//Solution +V=Vl/sqrt(3) //phase voltage +Is=Pm1/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf) //rated current +rad=acos(pf) + +Is=Is * (cos(-rad) + sin(-rad)*%i) //rated current in vector form +V=V * (cos(0) + sin(0)) //rated phase voltage in rectangular form +E=V-Is*%i*Xs //back emf + +//(i) When field current has not changed +sin_delta=Pm*Xs/(3*abs(V)*abs(E)) +delta=asin(sin_delta) //angle delta +Is=(V-(abs(E) * (cos(-delta) + sin(-delta)*%i)))/(%i*Xs) //armature current +Is1=[] +Is1(1)=abs(Is) +Isp=phasemag(Is) +x=Isp +n1=x*%pi/180 +power_factor=cos(n1) //power factor + +//(ii) At unity power factor and rated torque +cos_phi=1 +Is=Pm1/(3*V) //since Pm1=3*V*Is +E1=V-Is*%i*Xs +If=abs(E1)/abs(E)*I //field current + +//(iii) At the field current of 12.5 A +If1=12.5 //field current +E2=If1/I*abs(E) +Is=sqrt(E2**2-abs(V)**2)/Xs //since E2=abs(V-Is*1j*Xs) +Pm=3*abs(V)*Is*cos_phi //power output at the given field current +T=Pm/Wms //required torque + +//results +mprintf("i)Armature current :%.2f %.1f ° A",abs(Is1),x) +mprintf("\nPower factor:%.2f lagging",power_factor) +mprintf("\nii)Field current at unity power factor at rated torque:%.2f A",If) +mprintf("\niii)Required torque is:%.1f N-m",T) +//There is a slight difference in the answer diff --git a/3731/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3731/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c3297ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Chapter 7:Synchronous Motor and Brushless DC Motor Drives +//Example 2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the synchronous motor is same as that of Example-7.1 +Pm1=500*1000 // power rating in W +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=3.3*1000 // line voltage in V +pf=0.8 // power factor lagging +P=4 // number of poles +I=10 // field current in A +Xs=15 // reactance of the windings in ohm +Rs=0 // resistance of the windings in ohm +Pm=Pm1/2 // power at half the rated torque when the losses are neglected + +//Solution +Wms=50*%pi // synchronous speed in rad/sec +V=Vl/sqrt(3) // phase voltage +Is=Pm1/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf) //rated current +rad=acos(pf) + +Is=Is * (cos(-rad) + sin(-rad)*%i) //rated current in vector form +V=V * (cos(0) + sin(0)) //rated phase voltage in rectangular form +E=V-Is*%i*Xs //back emf + +//(i) at rated current and unity power factor +E1=V-abs(Is)*%i*Xs +delta=phasemag(E1) //phase angle of E1 +nd=delta*%pi/180 +Pm=3*abs(V)*abs(E1)*sin(nd)/Xs //mechanical power developed +T=Pm/Wms //braking torque +If=abs(E1)/abs(E)*I //field current + +//(ii) at field current of 15A and 500kW output +If1=15 //field current +Pm=-500*1000 //output power +E2=If1/I*abs(E) +sin_delta=Pm*Xs/(3*abs(V)*abs(E2)) +delta=asin(sin_delta) //angle delta +Is=((E2*(cos(abs(delta))+sin(abs(delta))*%i))-V)/(%i*Xs) //armature current +Isn=phasemag(Is) +x=(Isn)*%pi/180 //phase angle of Is +power_factor=cos(x) //power factor + + +//Results +mprintf("i)Braking torque :%.1f N-m",T) +mprintf("\nField current:%.2f A",If) +mprintf("\nii)Armature current :%.2f %.2f ° A",abs(Is),Isn) +mprintf("\nPower factor:%.3f lagging",power_factor) +//Note :There is a slight difference in the answers diff --git a/3731/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3731/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66b494658 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +//Chapter 7:Synchronous Motor and Brushless DC Motor Drives +//Example 3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the synchronous motor +Pm1=6*10**6 // power rating in W +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=11*1000 // line voltage in V +pf=0.9 // power factor leading +P=6 // number of poles +I=10 // rated field current in A +Xs=9 // reactance of the windings in ohm +Rs=0 // resistance of the windings in ohm +N=120*f/P // synchronous speed + +//Solution +V=Vl/sqrt(3) //phase voltage +Is=Pm1/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf) //rated current +rad=acos(pf) + +//(i)To find torque and field current at rated armature current +// at 750 rpm and 0.8 leading power factor +Is=Is * (cos(rad) + sin(rad)*%i) //rated current in vector form +V=V *(cos(0)+sin(0)*%i) +E=V-Is*%i*Xs //back emf + +N1=750 //speeed in rpm +pf1=0.8 //given leading power factor +f1=N1/N*f //required frequency +V1=abs(V)*f1/f //required voltage +Xs1=Xs*f1/f //required field resistance +E1=V1-Xs1*%i*(abs(Is) * (cos(acos(pf1))+sin(acos(pf1))*%i)) //rated back emf in complex form +E1_polar=abs(E1) //rated back emf in rectangular form + +//At rated field current and 750 rpm +E2=abs(E)*N1/N //back emf at the given speed N1 +If=abs(E1)/E2*f //field current at the given speed N1 +Pm=3*abs(V1)*abs(Is)*pf1 //power input at the given speed N1 +Wm1=2*%pi*N1/60 //angular motor speed in rad/s +T=Pm/Wm1 + +//(ii) At half the rated motor torque and 1500 rpm and rated field current +Pm=6*10**6 //rated power rating in W +N1=1500 //speeed in rpm +f1=N1/N*f //required frequency +Xs1=f1/f*Xs //required field resistance +E1=abs(E)*f1/f //back emf at rated field current + + +Wms=Pm +Wms_=N1/N*Wms +Pm_= (0.5)*Wms_ //required power developed at N1=1500 rpm + +sin_delta=Pm_*Xs1/(3*abs(V)*abs(E1)) //since Pm=3*abs(V)*abs(E1)*sin(delta)/Xs +delta=asin(sin_delta) //angle delta +Is=(abs(V)-(E1 * (cos(-delta)+sin(-delta)*%i)))/(%i*Xs1) //armature current +Is1=polar(Is) //aramture current in rectangular form +x1=phasemag(Is) +x1n=x1*%pi/180 +power_factor1=cos(x1n) //power factor + +//(iii) at 750 rpm and rated field current from part(i) +N1=750 //speeed in rpm +pf1=0.8 //given leading power factor +f1=N1/N*f //required frequency at N1=750 rpm +V1=abs(V)*f1/f //required voltage at N1=750 rpm +Xs1=Xs*f1/f //required field resistance +E2=abs(E)*N1/N + +Pm=-4.2*10**6 //braking power output +sin_delta=Pm*Xs1/(3*abs(V1)*abs(E2)) //since Pm=3*abs(V)*abs(E1)*math.sin(delta)/Xs +delta=asin(sin_delta) //angle delta +Is=(E2 * (cos(abs(delta))+sin(abs(delta))*%i)-V1)/(%i*Xs1) //armature current +Is2=polar(Is) //aramture current in rectangular form +x2=phasemag(Is) +x2n=x2*%pi/180 +power_factor2=cos(x2n) //power factor + +//(iv)from part (ii) at 1500 rpm and from part(iii) the armature current of 349.9 A is taken +Is=Pm1/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf) //armature current as given from (i) +N1=1500 //speeed in rpm +f1=N1/N*f //required frequency at N1=1500 rpm +Xs1=f1/f*Xs //required field resistance +E1=abs(E)*f1/f //at rated field current +E2=V-%i*Xs1*Is +E2ph=abs(E2) +E2n=phasemag(E2) +E2na=E2n*%pi/180 +If1=abs(E2ph)/abs(E1)*f //required field current +Pm=3*abs(V)*(E2ph)*sin(abs(E2na))/Xs1 //power input +Wm1=2*%pi*N1/60 //motor speed in rad/sec +T1=Pm/Wm1 + +//Results +mprintf("\ni)Required torque is:%.1f N-m",T) +mprintf("\nField current :%.2f A",If) +mprintf("\nii)Armature current :%.1f %.2f ° A",abs(Is1),x1) +mprintf(" \nPower factor :%.1f leading",power_factor1) +mprintf("\niii)Armature current :%.2f %.2f ° A",abs(Is2),x2) +mprintf("\nPower factor :%.3f lagging",power_factor2) +mprintf("\niv)Field current :%.2f A",If1) +mprintf("\nRequired torque is:%.1f N-m",T1) +//There is a slight difference in the answers diff --git a/3731/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3731/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac8a39994 --- /dev/null +++ b/3731/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//Chapter 7:Synchronous Motor and Brushless DC Motor Drives +//Example 4 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization + +//Ratings of the synchronous motor +Pm=8*10**6 // power rating in W +f=50 // frequency in HZ +Vl=6600 // line voltage in V +pf=1 // unity power factor +P=6 // number of poles +I=10 // rated field current in A +Xs=2.8 // reactance of the windings in ohm +Rs=0 // resistance of the windings in ohm +Rd=0.1 // Dc link inductor resistance in ohms +alpha=140 // constant firing angle in degrees + +//Solution +N=120*f/P //synchronous speed +V=Vl/sqrt(3) //phase voltage +Is=Pm/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf) //rated current + +Id=%pi/sqrt(6)*Is //Dc line current +phi=180-alpha //phase angle between Is and V in degrees + +//(i) When motor operates at rated current and 500rpm +N1=500 //motor speed in rpm +f1=N1/N*f //frequency at N1 +V1=f1/f*V //voltge at N1 +phi=phi*%pi/180 +Pm1=3*V1*Is*cos(phi) //power developed by the motor +//for the 3-phase load commutated inverter +alpha=alpha*%pi/180 +Vdl=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*V1*cos(alpha) +Vds=-Vdl+Id*Rd +cos_alpha_s=Vds/(3*sqrt(6)/%pi*V) +alpha_s=acos(cos_alpha_s) //in radian +alpha_s1=alpha_s*180/%pi + + +//(ii) Regenerative braking at 500rpm and at rated motor current +alpha=0 //firing angle +//When firng angle is zero then power factor is unity +pf=1 + +Pm2=3*V1*Is*pf //power developed by the motor +Ps=Pm2-Id**2*Rd //power supplied to the source +Vdl=(3*sqrt(6)/%pi)*V1*cos(alpha) +Vds=-Vdl+Id*Rd +cos_alpha_s=Vds/(3*sqrt(6)/%pi*V) +alpha_s=acos(cos_alpha_s) //in radian +alpha_s2=alpha_s*180/%pi //in degrees + +//Results +disp('W',Pm1,"i)Power developed by the motor is:") +disp('°',alpha_s1,"Source side converter firing angle is") +disp('W',Ps,"ii)Power supplied to the source is:") +disp("°",alpha_s2,"Source side converter firing angle is") +//Answer given for firing angle in the book is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3733/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a1caa95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 14_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=35;// bar +T_1=400;//Temperature of steam in °C +m_s=200;// Flow rate of steam in Tonnes/hr +T_2=450;//°C +T_sp=60;// The temperature of spray water in °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C +//Calculation +//From steam tables, +//At 35 bar and 450°C +h_1=3337;// kJ/kg +//At 35 bar and 400°C +h_2=3222;// kJ/kg +h_w=C_pw*(T_sp-0);// kJ/kg +m_w=m_s*((h_1-h_2)/(h_2-h_w));//The mass of water supplied to the super heater in tons/hr +m_w=(m_w*1000)/3600;// kg/hr +printf('\nThe mass of water supplied to the super heater=%0.2f kg/sec',m_w); diff --git a/3733/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3733/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd6f4b841 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 14_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=65;// Flow rate of steam in kg/sec +p=60;// Pressure in bar +m_fw=63;// Flow rate of feed water in kg/sec +m_mw=2;// Flow rate of make up water in kg/sec +moisture=2;//% +m_dsalt=3;// Mass of dissolved salt in ppm +m_dsolid=5;// Mass of dissolved salt in ppm +m_sc=1000;// ppm +m_bd=5;// ppm +m_c=8;// kg/sec +T=30;// Room temperature in °C +CV=20000;// Calorific value in kJ/kg +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C +m_w=1;// kg (Assumption) + +//Calculation +//(a) +// Making the mass balance of the impurities entering and leaving the drum, +m_b=((m_fw*m_dsalt*10^-6)+(m_mw*m_dsolid*10^-6)-((moisture/100)*m_w*m_bd*10^-6))/(m_sc*10^-6);//The blow down rate in kg/sec + +//(b) +//From Steam tables,at p=60bar +h_fp=1213.35;// kJ/kg +h_fT=m_w*(T-0)*C_pw;// kJ/kg +Q_loss=((m_b*(h_fp-h_fT))/(m_c*CV))*100;//The heat loss in the blow down as the percentage of heat release in the furnace in % + +//(c) +m_sd=((moisture/100)*m_w*m_dsolid*10^-6)*3600;// kg/hr +printf('\n(a)The blow down rate=%0.4f kg/sec \n(b)The heat loss in the blow down as the percentage of heat release in the furnace,Q_loss=%0.3f percentage \n(c)Deposition rate in super heater=%0.4f kg/hr',m_b,Q_loss,m_sd); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3733/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0e577baa --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 14_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=170;// °C +P_1=140;// bar +m_w=600;// The flow rate in the economiser in kg/sec +m_g=1250;// The flow rate of hot gases in kg/sec +T_go=450;// °C +v_g=12;// m/s +V_w=1.2;//The optimum velocity of water in m/s +d_o=70;// mm +d_i=60;// mm +C_pg=1.12;// kJ/kg°C +P_v=8;// The vertical pitch of the coil in cm +C=5;// Clearance in mm +B=4.8;// Duct width in m +// (LMTD)_cross=(LMTD)_counter*1.12; +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C +m=1;// kg +U_o=80;// Over all heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2°C + +//Calculation +//From steam tables,at p=140 bar +T_s=336.75;// °C +h_f1=1571.2;// kJ/kg +v_w=0.00161;// m^3/kg +//At 170°C, +h_f2=m*C_pw*(T_1-0);// kJ/kg +Q=m_w*(h_f1-h_f2);// kJ/sec +T_gi=T_go+(Q/(C_pg*m_g));//°C +Theta_i=(T_gi-T_s);// °C +Theta_o=(T_go-T_1);// °C +LMTD_counter=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));// Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +LMTD_cross=LMTD_counter*1.12;// °C +A_s=(Q*10^3)/(U_o*LMTD_cross);// m^2 +n=m_w/(((%pi/4)*(d_i/1000)^2*(V_w/v_w))); +L=(A_s/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*n));// meters +N=L/(B-(2*C/100));// The number of the turns of the coil +printf('\nLength,L=%0.0f meters \nThe number of the turns of the coil=%0.0f',L,N); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3733/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31b564f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 14_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_g=1250;// The mass flow in the gases in kg/sec +m_a=1170;//The air flow rate in kg/sec +T_gi=450;// +T_go=160;// Temperature of hot gases at inlet and outlet in °C +T_ai=35;// °C +d_i=60;// mm +d_o=65;// mm +U_o=30;//Over all heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2°C +V_g=13;// Gas velocity in m/sec +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg-°C +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg-°C +R_g=287;// J/kg-K +p=101.325;// kPa + +//Calculation +v_gi=((R_g/1000)*(T_gi+273))/(p);//Specific volume of gas at entry in m^3/kg +T_ao=((m_g*C_pg*(T_gi-T_go))/(m_a*C_pa))+T_ai;//°C +Theta_i=(T_gi-T_ao);// °C +Theta_o=(T_go-T_ai);// °C +LMTD_counter=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +LMTD_actual=LMTD_counter*1.2;// °C +A=(m_g*C_pg*(T_gi-T_go)*10^3)/(U_o*LMTD_actual);// m^2 +n=m_g/((%pi/4)*(d_i/1000)^2*(V_g/v_gi));// Number of tubes used in air heater +L=(A/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*n));// meters +printf('\nThe length,L=%0.0f m \nThe number of tubes used in air heater=%0.0f',L,n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3733/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..784dcffaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 14_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p=60;// bar +T=500;// °C +V_s=10;// m/sec +d_i=50;// mm +d_o=60;// mm +m_s=100;// kg/sec +q=150;// The amount of heat given in the super heater to the steam in kW/m^2 +C_pg=1.2;// kJ/kg-°C +gradT_g=100;//°C + +//Calculation +//From steam tables, +// At p=60 bar(saturated) +h_1=2784.3;// kJ/kg +// At p=60 bar and T=500°C +h_2=3422.3;// kJ/kg +v_s2=0.0567;// m^3/kg +Q=m_s*(h_2-h_1);// kJ/sec +A_s=Q/q;// m^2 +n=m_s/(((%pi/4)*(d_i/1000)^2*(V_s/v_s2))); +L=(A_s/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*n));// m + +//(b) +m_g=(Q)/(C_pg*gradT_g);// kg/sec +printf('\nThe number of super heat coils required=%0.0f \nLength of super heat coils,L=%0.1f m \nThe gas flow rate through rhe super heater=%0.1f kg/sec',n,L,m_g); diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ba54572 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 17_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=100;// bar +T_1=400;// °C +n_t=80;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine in % +P_2=0.1;// Pressure in the condenser in bar +SSC=4;// The specific steam consumption in kg/kWh +T_c=5;// Under cooling temperature in the condenser in °C +//gradT=(T_wo-T_wi) +gradT=10;// Rise in temperature of the cooling water in °C +P=120;// Plant capacity in kW +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +//Calculation +//(a) +m_s=SSC*P*10^3;// The steam to be condensed in the condenser in kg/hr +// For condenser,Heat gained by water= Heatlost by steam +// From h-s chart, +h_3=1970;// kJ/kg +//From steam table at 0.1 bar +h_f3=191.8;// kJ/kg +m_w=(m_s*(h_3-h_f3))/(C_pw*gradT);// Mass flow rate of water in kg/hr +m_w=(m_w/(1000*60));// tons/min +printf('\n(a)The cooling water required per minute in the condenser=%0.1f tons/min',m_w); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e59720a06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 17_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +x=0.9;// Dryness fraction +T_wi=15;//Cooling water inlet temperature °C +R_air=287;// Nm/kg.K +R_steam=462.8;// Nm/kg.K +p_v=61.3;// cm of Hg +p_b=76;// cm of Hg +// p_a=0.3*p_t(given) +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C + + +// Calculation +p_t=(p_b-p_v)*0.01359;// bar +p_a=0.3*p_t;// bar +p_s=p_t-p_a;// bar +// From steam tables,Saturation temperature of steam at 0.14 bar +T_s=52;// °C +T_m=T_s;// Mixture temperature coming out of condenser in °C +// From steam tables,At steam pressure of 0.14 bar, +h_f1=218.4;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=2381.4;// kJ/kg +// m=m_w/m_s; +T_wo=T_s;// °C +m=((h_f1+(x*h_fg1))-(C_pw*T_s))/(C_pw*(T_wo-T_wi)); +printf('\n(a)Mixture temperature coming out of condenser=%0.0f°C \n(b)Minimum quantity of cooling water required per kg of steam=%0.1f kg',T_m,m); diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c5bfb393 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 17_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=30*10^3;// kg/hr +x=90/100;// Dryness fraction +v=1.5;// Water speed in m/s +d_o=2;// cm +t=1.2;// mm +T_wi=15;// °C +T_wo=25;// °C +U_o=3000;// W/m^2°C +P_abs=0.04;//bar +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.k + +//Calculation +T_s=28.6// The saturation temperature of steam at 0.04 bar in °C +h_fg=2440;// kJ/kg (from steam tables) +//Total heat lost by steam power=Total heat gained by water +m_w=(m_s*h_fg*x)/(C_pw*(T_wo-T_wi));// kg/hour +Theta_i=T_s-T_wi;// °C +Theta_o=T_s-T_wo;// °C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +A=((m_w*h_fg*x)/3600)/(U_o*LMTD);// m^2 +d_i=(d_o*10)-(2*t);// mm +T_a=(T_wi+T_wo)/2; +// For T_a=20°C, +rho=998.2;// Density in kg/m^3 +n=(m_w/((%pi/4)*(d_i/(10*100))^2*rho*3600));// The number tubes of tubes in one pass +Tn=2*n;// Total number of tubes in both passes +L=A/(%pi*(d_o/100)*Tn);// The length of each tube in m +printf('\nThe surface area required,A=%0.1f m^2\nThe number of tubes in each pass,n=%0.0f\nThe length of each tube,L=%0.2f m',A,n,L); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf89d7ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 17_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=10;// Tonnes +U=4;// KW/m^2.°C +P=0.2;// bar + +//Calculation +h_fg=2358.3;// Latent heat of steam at 0.2 bar pressure in kJ/kg +Q=(m_s*1000*h_fg)/3600;//kW +//The given data is T_s-T_wo=10°C; T_wo-T_wi=20°C;Using this two equations,we get +Theta_i=30;//°C +Theta_o=10;//°C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +A=Q/(U*LMTD);// m^2 +printf('\nThe area of the condenser required=%0.0f m^2',A); diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.13/EX17_13.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.13/EX17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbeccd413 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.13/EX17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 17_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=5000;// kg +T_s=50;// °C +d_i=15;// mm +d_o=18;// mm +Theta_o=20;// °C +T_r=10;//°C +Theta_i=Theta_o+T_r;// °C +L=3;// Length in m +v=2;// Velocity in m/s +h_o=5000;// J/m^2-s-°C +h_i=3200;// J/m^2-s-°C +f_i=0.0002;// m^2-°C/W +K=80;// W/m-°C + +//Calculation +// At 50°C saturated temperature +h_fg=2383;// kJ/kg +Q=(m_s*h_fg)/3600;//kW +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));// °C +U_o=1/((((1/h_i)+f_i)*(d_o/d_i))+(1/h_o)+(((d_o-d_i)/(d_o+d_i))*(d_o/(1000*K))));// W/m^2°C +A=((Q*10^3)/(U_o*LMTD));// m^2 +n=(A/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*L)); +printf('\nThe number of tubes required=%0.0f',n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0be52823 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 17_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=120;//Plant capacity in MW +p_1=150;// bar +T_1=600;// °C +p_2=0.08;// bar +h_i=1000;// Heat transfer coefficient of water side in W/m^2 °C +h_o=5000;// Heat transfer coefficient of steam side in W/m^2 °C +T_wi=25;// The inlet temperature of water in °C +T_wo=35;//The outlet temperature of water in °C +d_i=2.5;// cm +d_o=2.9;// cm +L=5;// Length of the tube in m' + +//Calculation +// From steam tables,the saturation temperature of the steam at 0.08 bar +T_c=41.5;//The condensate temperature in °C +h_f2=174;// kJ/kg +//From h-s chart, +h_1=3580;// kJ/kg +h_2=2080;// kJ/kg +m_s=((P*1000)/(h_1-h_2));// The mass of steam flowing through the turbine in kg/sec +Q=m_s*(h_2-h_f2); +U_o=1/(((1/h_i)*(d_o/d_i))+(1/h_o));// Overall heat transfer coefficient referred to outer surface of the tubes in W/m^2 °C +Theta_i=(T_c-T_wi);// °C +Theta_o=(T_c-T_wo);// °C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +A_s=(Q/(U_o*LMTD));//m^2 +n=(A_s/(%pi*(d_o/100)*L)); +printf('The number of tubes required=%0.0f tubes',n); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d758a0e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 17_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=300;// tons/hour +P_c=0.04;// bar +x=0.9;// Dryness fraction +U=3;// KJ/m^2-°C +T_wi=15;// The inlet temperature of water in °C +T_wo=25;//The outlet temperature of water in °C +d_i=17.6;// mm +d_o=20;// mm +v=2.5;// The water speed in the condenser in m/sec +rho=1000;// Density of water in kg/m^3 +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +//Calculation +//From steam tables at 0.04bar, +T_s=28.6;//°C +h_fg=2433;// kJ/kg +m_s=(m_s*1000)/3600;// kg/sec +m_w=(m_s*h_fg*x)/(C_pw*(T_wo-T_wi));// kg/sec +Theta_i=(T_s-T_wi);// °C +Theta_o=(T_s-T_wo);// °C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +Q=m_s*h_fg*x;// kJ/sec +A=(Q/(U*LMTD));//m^2 +n_1=m_w/((%pi/4)*(d_i/1000)^2*v*rho);// Number of tubes in each pass +n=n_1*2;// Total number of tubes in both passes +L=A/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*n);// Length of each tube in m +printf('\nThe number of tubes in one pass=%0.0f\nLength of each tube =%0.2f m',n_1,L);// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0336aa547 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// Example 17_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_s1=20;// tons/hr +m_s1=20*10^3;// kg/hr +m_a1=6;// kg/hr +T_1=39;// °C +T_2=28;// °C +T_3=36;// °C +gradT=15;// °C +R=287;// J/kg.°C +C_pa=1.005;// kJ/kg.°C +C_pw=4.18;//kJ/kg.°C + +// Calculation +// Considering section 1-1 +// From steam tables,at T_1=39°C +p_s1=0.06991;// bar +v_s1=20.56;// m^3/kg +h_s1=2572.6;// kJ/kg +V_s1=(m_s1*10^3*v_s1);// m^3/hr +// By Dalton's law, +V_a1=V_s1;// m^3/hr +p_a1=(m_a1*R*(T_1+273))/(V_a1);// N/m^2 +p_a1=p_a1/10^5;// bar +p_t=p_s1+p_a1;// bar + +//Considering section 2-2 +//From steam tables,at T_2=28°C +p_s2=0.0378;// bar +v_s2=36.728;// m^3/kg +h_s2=2552.7;// kJ/kg +p_a2=p_t-p_s2;// bar +V_a2=(m_a1*R*(T_2+273))/(p_a2*10^5);// m^3/hr +//As per Dalton's law, +V_s2=V_a2;// m^3/hr +m_s2=V_a2/v_s2;// kg/hr + +// Considering section 3-3 +// From steam tables,at T_3=36°C +p_s3=0.0594;// bar +v_s3=23.967;// m^3/kg +p_a3=p_t-p_s3;// bar +V_s3=(m_a1*R*(T_3+273))/(p_a3*10^5);// m^3/hr +V_a3=V_s3;// m^3/hr +m_s3=V_a3/v_s3;// kg/hr +Pr=((V_a3-V_a2)/V_a3)*100;// % + +// Determination of cooling water requirement +// Assume +m_a2=m_a1; +m_c=m_s1;// (assumed)) +m_w=(((m_s1*h_s1)-(m_s2*h_s2))+((m_a1*C_pa*T_1)-(m_a2*C_pa*T_2))-(m_c*C_pw*T_3))/(C_pw*gradT);// kg/hr +m_w=m_w/10^3;// tons/hr +m_w=(m_w*10^3)/3600;// kg/sec +m_sc=m_s3-m_s2;// Saving in condensate in kg/hr +Q=m_sc*C_pw*(T_3-gradT);//kJ/hr +printf('\nPercentage reduction in air pump capacity=%0.1f percentage \nMinimum quantity of cooling water=%0.1f kg/sec \nSaving in the condensate=%0.2f kg/hr \nSaving in heat supplied,Q=%0.2f kJ/hr',Pr,m_w,m_sc,Q); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03b80ad6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 17_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=250;// tons/hr +T_s=40;// °C +T_wi=30;//°C +T_wo=36;//°C +U_o=2.5;//kW/m^2°C +P_t=0.078;// bar +v=1.8;// m/s +d_i=23;// mm +d_o=25;// mm +rho_w=1000;// kg/m^3 +moisture=12;// Percentage +x_2=(100-12)/100;// Dryness fraction +p_t=0.078;// bar +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C +R=287;// J/kg°C +v=1.8;// m/s + +//Calculation +//From steam tables,at 40°C\ +p_sat=0.074;//bar +h_fg2=2407;// kJ/kg +v_g2=19.54;// m^3/kg +//gradh=H_2-h_3 +gradh=x_2*h_fg2;// kJ/kg +m_s=(250*1000)/3600;// kg/sec +m_w=(m_s*gradh)/(C_pw*(T_wo-T_wi));// kg/sec +p_air=p_t-p_sat;// bar +v_s2=x_2*v_g2;// m^3/kg +m_a=(m_s*v_s2*p_air*10^5)/(R*(T_s+273));// kg/sec +Theta_i=(T_s-T_wi);// °C +Theta_o=(T_s-T_wo);// °C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/(log(Theta_i/Theta_o));//Logrithemic mean temperature difference in °C +A_s=(m_s*gradh)/(U_o*LMTD);// m^2 +n=(m_w)/((%pi/4)*(d_i/1000)^2*rho_w*v);// Number of tubes +L=A_s/(%pi*(d_o/1000)*n);// Length in m +printf('\nQuantity of water circulation=%0.0f kg/sec \nAir leakage in the condenser=%0.2f kg/sec \nThe length of each tube,L=%0.1f m \nNumber of condenser tubes,n=%0.0f',m_w,m_a,L,n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca4653402 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 17_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P_1=100;// bar +T_1=400;// °C +T_wi=20;// °C +P_v=71;// cm of Hg +P_b=76;//cm of Hg +gradT=10;// Rise in temperature of the cooling water in °C +rho_w=1080;// kg/m^3 +C_pw=4.6;//kJ/kg.°C +U=400;// The over all heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2.°C +P=30;// kW + +//Calculation +P_2=(P_b-P_v)*0.01359;// The pressure in the condenser in bar +// From h-s chart, +h_1=3389;// kJ/kg +h_2=2054;//kJ/kg +m_s=(P*1000)/(h_1-h_2);// Mass of steam in kg/sec +x_2=0.782;// dryness fraction from h-s chart +// Heat lost by steam in condenser = Heat gained by water +h_f2=159.6;//kJ/kg +m_w=((h_2-h_f2)*m_s)/(C_pw*gradT);// kg/sec +CP=m_w;// Capacity of the pump in kg/sec +Theta_i=(38-20);//°C +Theta_o=(38-30);//°C +LMTD=(Theta_i-Theta_o)/log(Theta_i/Theta_o);//°C +A=((h_2-h_f2)*m_w)/(U*LMTD);// The heat transfer area of the condenser in m^2 +printf('\n(a)The mass of steam supplied to the turbine,m_s=%0.1f kg/sec \n(b)Capacity of the pump=%0.1f kg/sec \n(c) The heat transfer area of the condenser=%0.1f m^2',m_s,m_w,A); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..630f14d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 17_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=3000;// kW +P_1=10;// bar +T_1=250;// °C +P_c=65;// cm of Hg +P_b=75.2;// cm of Hg +gradT=15;// °C +T_c=35;// The temperature of the condensate in °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +//Calculation +//(a) +p_t=(P_b-P_c)*0.1359;// bar +p_s=p_t;// bar (as p_a=0) +// From h-s chart +x=0.846;// Dryness fraction from h-s chart +h_1=2984;// kJ/kg +h_2=2234;// kJ/kg +h_f2=147;//kJ/kg +gradh=(h_1-h_2);// kJ/kg +m_s=P/gradh;// kg/sec +m_s=m_s*3600;// kg/hr +SSC=m_s/P;// Specific steam consumption in kg/kW-hr +//(b) +n_th=(gradh/(h_1-h_f2))*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +//(c) +m_w=(m_s*(h_2-h_f2))/(gradT*C_pw*1000);//Cooling water supplied in tons/hr. +printf('\n(a)Specific steam consumption=%0.1f kg/kW-hr \n(b)Thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(c)Cooling water supplied=%0.0f tons/hr',SSC,n_th,m_w); diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d487a4e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 17_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=50000;// Steam condensed in kg/hr +T_s=40;// Temperature of steam in a condenser in °C +x=0.85;// Dryness of steam entering into condenser +m_a=150;// The air leakage in the condenser in kg/hr +T_c=35;// Temperature of the condensate in °C +T_suction=32;//Temperature at the suction of the air pump in °C +gradT=10;//The rise in cooling water temperature in °C +R=287;// Gas constant in J/kg k +p_b=1.013;// bar +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.k + +//Calculation +//From steam tables +//(a) +//At 40°C saturation temperature +p_s=0.0752;// Pressure in bar +v_s=19.5;// Specific volume in m^3/kg +V=m_s*x*v_s;// Volume in m^3 +p_a=(m_a*R*(T_s+273))/(V*10^5);// The pressure of air in the condenser in bar +p_t=p_a+p_s;// The total pressure in the condenser in bar +P_v=(p_b-p_t)/0.013959;// Vacuum in condenser in cm of Hg + +//(b) +// From steam tables ,At 32°C +p_s1=0.0485;// Partial pressure of steam in bar +p_a1=p_t-p_s1;// bar +V_1=(m_a*R*(T_suction+273))/(p_a1*10^5);// Volume of air at 32°C in m^3/hr +Apc=V_1;// Air pump capacity in m^3/hr + +//(c) +v_s1=29.6;// Specific volume of steam at 32°C saturation temperature in m^3/hr +Ls=V_1/v_s1;// Loss of steam in kg/hour + +//(d) +// From steam tables ,At 40°C saturation temperature and 0.85 dry +h_f1=168;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=2414;// kJ/kg +h_1=h_f1+(x*h_fg1);// kJ/kg +h_f2=147;// kJ/kg +m_w=(m_s*(h_1-h_f2))/(C_pw*gradT*1000);// Quality of cooling water passed through the condenser in tons/hr +printf('\n(a)Vacuum in condenser=%0.2f cm of Hg \n(b)Capacity of dry air pump=%0.1f m^3/hr \n(c)Loss of steam in kg per hour=%0.1f kg/hr \n(d)Quality of cooling water passed through the condenser=%0.0f tons/hr',P_v,Apc,Ls,m_w); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee28a1b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 17_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_s=56;// Temperature of steam entering the condenser in °C +T_a=46;// Temperature at the air pump suction in °C +P_b=76;// The barometer reading in cm of Hg +Q=90;// The discharge of dry air pump in m^3/min +R=287;// J/kg.k + +//Calculation +//(a) +//From steam tables,at saturation temperature of 56°C +p_s=0.1684;//Pressure of steam in bar +p_s=p_s/0.01359// cm of Hg +p_a=0;// Partial pressureair at the inlet of condenser in cm of Hg +p_t=p_s+p_a; +p_v=P_b-p_t;//Vacuum in the condenser in cm of Hg + +//(b) +//From steam tables,at saturation temperature of 46°C +p_s1=0.1028;// bar +v_s=14.56;// m^3/kg +p_a1=(p_t*0.01359)-p_s1;// bar +m_a=(p_a1*10^5*Q*60)/(R*(T_a+273));//The air leakage in the condenser per hour in kg/hr +//(c) +Ls=(Q*60)/v_s;// Loss of condensate in kg/hr +printf('\n(a)The vacuum in the condenser=%0.1f cm of Hg \n(b)The air leakage in the condenser=%0.1f kg/hr \n(c)Loss of condensate=%0.0f kg/hr',p_v,m_a,Ls); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13c165989 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 17_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_a=84;// kg/hr +p_v=70;// cm of Hg +p_b=76;// cm of Hg +T_i=20;// The temperature at the inlet of the vacuum pump in °C +n_v=80;// Volumetric efficiency in % +N=200;// rpm +LbyD=3/2;// L/D ratio +R=287;// J/kg.k + +//Calculation +//(a) +p_t=((p_b-p_v)/p_b)*1.013;// bar +//From steam table, a saturation temperature at 20°C +p_s=0.0238;// bar +v_s=57.63;//The specific volume of saturated steam in m^3/kg +p_a=p_t-p_s;// Partial pressure of air at point A in bar +V=(m_a*R*(T_i+273))/(p_a*10^5);// Total volume in m^3/hr + +//(b) +D=(((V/60)*100^2*100*4)/(%pi*1.5*N*(n_v/100)))^(1/3);// cm +L=1.5*D;// Stroke of air pump in cm + +//(c) +m_s=V/v_s;// kg/hr +printf('\n(a)Capacity of air pump=%0.1f m^3/hr \n(bThe dimensions of the reciprocating air pump D=%0.0f cm & L=%0.1f cm \n(c)The mass of water vapour extracted per minute=%0.2f kg/hr',V,D,L,m_s); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..270f804fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 17_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_s=12500;// kg/hr +m_a=5;// kg/hr +p_v=70;// cm of Hg +p_b=76;// cm of Hg +T=34;// °C +n_v=80;// Volumetric efficiency in % +N=100;// rpm +LbyD=1.5;// L/D ratio +R=287;// J/kg.k + +//Calculation +//From steam table, a saturation temperature at 34°C +p_s=0.0542;// bar +p_t=(p_b-p_v)*0.01359;// Pressure in condenser in bar +p_a=p_t-p_s;// Partial pressure of air in bar +V=(m_a*R*(T+273))/(p_a*10^5);// Volume of air in the condenser in m^3/hr +V=V/60;// m^3/min +V_s=m_s/(60*1000);// Volume of condensate formed m^3/min +T_v=V+V_s;// Total volume of air and condensate removed by the pump m^3/min +D=((T_v*100^2*100*4)/(%pi*1.5*N*(n_v/100)))^(1/3);// Diameter in cm +L=1.5*D;// Stroke of air pump in cm +printf('\n The capacity of wet air pump=%0.3f m^3/min \nThe dimensions of pump D=%0.1fcm & L=%0.0fcm',T_v,D,L); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..993d1c72f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 17_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_s=38;// The temperature of the steam entering the condenser in °C +T_a=34;// The temperature of the air entering the air pump in °C +T_c=36;// The temperature of the air of the condensate in °C +m_a=3;// kg/hr +m_c=8000;//The condensate removed in kg/hr +R=287;// J/kg.k + +//Calculation +//(a) +//From steam table, a saturation temperature at 38°C +p_s1=0.0676;// bar +p_a1=0.0;// bar +p_t=p_a1+p_s1;// bar +//From steam table, a saturation temperature at 34°C +v_s1=26.5;// kg/hr +p_s=0.0542;// bar +p_a=p_t-p_s;// Partial pressure of air at the entry of air pump in bar +V_1=(m_a*R*(T_a+273))/(p_a*10^5);// m^2/hr + +//(b) +// From steam table, a saturation temperature at 36°C +v_s2=24;// kg/hr +p_s=0.0606;// bar +p_a=p_t-p_s;// bar +V_2=(m_a*R*(T_c+273))/(p_a*10^5);// m^2/hr +V=m_c*0.001006;// m^3/hr +Tv=V_2+V;// Total volume removed by wet air pump in m^3/hr +Pi_apc=((Tv-V_1)/V_1)*100;// Percentage increase in air-pump capacity in % +m_wd=(V_1/v_s1);// Mass of water vapour carried with air when dry air-pump is used to remove the air in kg/hr +m_ww=(Tv/v_s2);// Mass of water vapour carried with air when wet air-pump is used to remove the air in kg/hr +Pi_lwv=((m_ww-m_wd)/m_wd)*100;// Percentage increase in loss of water vapour +printf('\n(a)The Capacity of the air pump=%0.0f m^3/hr \n(b)Percentage increase in air-pump capacity=%0.0f percentage \n Percentage increase in air-pump capacity=%0.1f percentage',Tv,Pi_apc,Pi_lwv); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3733/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0108555c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 17_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=12500;// Steam turbine capacity in kW +M_a=1/1000;//kg per kg of steam +M_s=5;// kg/hr/kW +p_v=70;// cm of Hg +p_b=76;// cm of Hg +T_s=30;// The temperature at the suction of the air pump in °C +gradT=8;// Rise in temperature of the water in °C +x_1=0.9;// Dryness fraction +R=287;// J/kg k +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +//Calculation +//From Steam tables, At 30°C +p_s=0.04325;// Partial pressure of steam in bar +v_s=32.8;// Specific volume of steam in m^3/kg +h_fg1=2438;// kJ/kg +//(a) +p_t=((p_b-p_v)/p_b*1.013);//bar +p_a=p_t-p_s;//Partial pressure of air in bar +m_a=P*M_s*M_a*(1/60);//Air leakage into the condenser in kg/min +V=(m_a*R*(T_s+273))/(p_a*10^5);//Volume of air in m^3/min + +//(b) +m_s=(V*60)/v_s;//The mass of water vapour carried with air in kg/hr + +//(c) +m_s1=(P*M_s)/60;// kg/min +m_w=((m_s1*x_1*h_fg1)/(C_pw*gradT*1000));// tons/min +printf('\n(a)Capacity of air pump=%0.1f m^3/min\n(b)The mass of water vapour carried with air=%0.2f kg/hr\n(c)The quantity of cooling water required per minute=%0.1f tons/min',V,m_s,m_w); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3733/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41235ca4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 18_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +n=10;// Number of fans used +T_1=35;// °C +T_2=30;// °C +m_w1=1000;// The quantity of cooling tower circulated through the tower in kg/min +DBT=35;// Dry bulb temperature in °C +WBT=25;//Wet bulb temperature in °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C +RH=90;// Relative humidity in % + +//Calculation +//The conditions of air at inlet and outlet are represented on psychrometric chart as shown in Fig.Prob.18.1(b) +// From psychrometric chart, +H_a1=76.4;// kJ/kg +H_a2=94.5;// kJ/kg +w_1=19;// grams/kg +w_2=24.4;// grams/kg +v_s1=0.895;// m^3/kg +V=(v_s1*m_w1*C_pw*(T_1-T_2))/((H_a2-H_a1)-(((w_2-w_1)/1000)*C_pw*T_2));// m^3/min +C=V/n;// Capacity of each fan in m^3/min +m_m=(V/v_s1)*((w_2-w_1)/1000)*60;// The quantity of make up in kg/hr +printf('\nThe quantity of air handled=%0.1f m^3/min \nThe quantity of make up water=%0.0f kg/hr',C,m_m); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3733/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05b986b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 18_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_w1=400;// Quantity of cooling water in kg/min +T_1=43.5;// The temperature of water at inlet in °C +T_a1=18.5;// °C +RH=60;// Relative humidity in % +T_a2=27;// °C +V=600;// Volume of air per minute in m^3/min +P=4;// Power absorbed in kW +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C + +//Calculation +//The conditions of air at inlet and outlet are represented on psychrometric chart as shown in Fig.Prob.18.2 +// Total heat of air at inlet + Total heat of water at inlet + heat dissipatedby motor = Total heat of air at outlet + Total heat of water at outlet +// From psychrometric chart, +H_a1=38.87;// kJ/kg +H_a2=84.85;// kJ/kg +w_1=7.8;// grams/kg +w_2=22.6;// grams/kg +v_s1=0.836;// m^3/kg +m_a=V/v_s1;// kg/min +Q=P*60;// kJ/min +//T_2=y(1) +function[X]=Temperature(y); + X(1)=((m_w1*C_pw*(T_1-y(1)))+Q)-(m_a*((H_a2-H_a1)-(((w_2-w_1)/1000)*C_pw*y(1)))); +endfunction +y=[10] +z=fsolve(y,Temperature); +T_2=z(1);// The temperature of water coming out of the tower in °C +m_m=m_a*((w_2-w_1)/1000);// The make up water required per hour in kg/min +printf('\nThe temperature of water coming out of the tower=%0.2f°C \nThe make up water required per hour=%0.1f kg/min',T_2,m_m); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3733/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3733/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b80cccd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 18_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=45;//The temperature of water at inlet in °C +m_w1=360;// kg/min +V=10;// The air circulated in the tower in m^3/sec +Q=4900;// The amount of heat absorbed by the air in watts +DBT=20;// Dry bulb temperature in °C +RH=60;// Relative humidity in % +T_a2=26;// The temperature of air leaves the tower at saturated condition in °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C + +//Calculation +// The condtions of air entering and leaving the tower are represented onn psychrometric chart as shown in Fig.Prob.18.3 +// From psychrometric chart, +H_a1=45;// kJ/kg +H_a2=81;// kJ/kg +w_1=9.6;// grams/kg +w_2=21.6;// grams/kg +v_s1=0.848;// m^3/kg +m_a=V/v_s1;// kg/sec +Q=Q/1000;// kW=kJ/sec +//T_2=y(1) +function[X]=Temperature(y); + X(1)=(((m_w1*C_pw*(T_1-y(1)))/60)+Q)-(m_a*((H_a2-H_a1)-(((w_2-w_1)/1000)*C_pw*y(1)))); +endfunction +y=[10] +z=fsolve(y,Temperature); +T_2=z(1);// The temperature of water coming out of the tower in °C +m_m=m_a*((w_2-w_1)/1000);// The make up water required per hour in kg/min +printf('\nThe temperature of water coming out of the tower=%0.0f°C \nThe make up water required per hour=%0.3f kg/min',T_2,m_m); diff --git a/3733/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3733/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcf7a3940 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 18_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +V=5000;//Circulation of cooling water in m^3/hr +C=3;// Allowable concentration ratio +Cr=12;// The cooling range in °C +El=2;// Evaporation losses in % +Wl=0.2;// Windage losses in % + +//Calculation +E=(El/100)*V;// Evaporation losses in m^3/hr +W=(Wl/100)*V;// Windage losses in m^3/hr +B=(E/(C-1))-W;// Blow down rate in m^3/hr +M=E+W+B;// The make up water in m^3/hr +printf('\nThe make up water required=%0.0f m^3/hr',M ); diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efd2db49e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 2_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +R=6.2;//Rainfall in cm +A=2346;// Area in km^2 + +//Calculation +Tr=A*10^6*(R/100);// Total rainfall in m^2 +V=(A*R*10^4)/86400;// Rainfall in day-sec-metre +R_k=(A*R*10^4)/10^6;// Rainfall in km^2-m +printf('\n Total rainfall=%0.4e m^3 \nVolume of rainfall=%0.0f day-sec-metre \nRainfall in km^2-m=%0.2f km^2-m',Tr,V,R_k); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22c85f9c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 2_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +H=40;// Head in m +A=1.8;// Area of the reservoir in km^2 +P=24;// MW +n_o=80/100;// The over all efficiency +rho_w=1000;// kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +q=(P*1000*1000)/(rho_w*g*H*n_o);// m^3/sec +x=(q*3600)/(A*10^6);// m/hr +printf('\nThe rate of fall in height of reservoir=%0.3f m/hr',x); diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eb2cd95d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 2_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +V=6*10^6;// m^3 +H=75;// m +F_l=0.6;// Load factor +n_g=72/100;// The over all generation efficiency +rho_w=1000;// kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +P=((V)/(365*24*3600))*(((rho_w)*g*H*n_g)/(1000));// The power capacity of the plant in kW +E=P*F_l*365*24;// Energy produced in kWh +printf('\nEnergy produced=%0.0f kW',E); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd5de8ea3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 2_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +H=30;// m +A=250;// sq.km +Ar=125;// Annual rainfall in cm +Tr=70/100;// Total rainfall +F_l=50/100;// Load factor +h_l=8/100;// Head loss +n_m=90/100;// Mechanical efficiency of the turbine +n_g=95/100;// Generator efficiency +rho_w=1000;// kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +V=A*10^6*(Ar/100)*Tr;//Water available during the year in m^3 +Q=(V)/(8760*3600);// Water flow per second in m^3/sec +Q=Q*1000;// kg/sec +n_h=(1-h_l);// Hydraulic efficiency +n_o=n_h*n_m*n_g;//The over all efficiency +P=(Q*9.81*H*n_o)/(1000);// kW +//With 50% load factor +Gc=P/F_l;// Generator capacity in kW +printf('\nThe power=%0.0f kW \nGenerator capacity=%0.1f kW',P,Gc); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4300f4f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 2_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month +D=[500 200 1500 2500 3000 2400 2000 1500 1500 1000 800 600];// Discharge in millions of m^3 per month +H=80;// Available head in m +n_o=80/100;// Overall efficiency of the generation +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +Q_a1=(D(1)+D(2)+D(3)+D(4)+D(5)+D(6)+D(7)+D(8)+D(9)+D(10)+D(11)+D(12))/12;// The average monthly flow in millions of m^3/month +m_1=[0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12]; +D_1=[500 500 200 200 1500 1500 2500 2500 3000 3000 2400 2400 2000 2000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 800 800 600 600 3200]; +Q_a=[Q_a1,Q_a1]; +m=[0,12]; +xlabel('Month'); +ylabel('Discharge in millions of m^3 per month'); +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(m_1',D_1','b',m',Q_a','r-'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["0","J","F","M","A","M","J","J","A","S","O","N","D"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12]; +legend('Hydrograph','Mean flow'); +D=[200 500 600 800 1000 1500 2000 2400 2500 3000]; +M=[12 11 10 9 8 7 4 3 2 1];// Total number of months during which flow is available +for(i=1:10) + T(i)=(M(i)/12)*100; +end +subplot(2,1,2); +xlabel('Percentage of time'); +ylabel('Discharge in millions of cu.m.month'); +plot(T,D','b'); +legend('Flow duration curve'); + +m=(Q_a1*10^6/(30*24*3600));// The average flow available in m^3/sec +P=(((m*1000*g*H)/1000)*(n_o/1000));// Average kW available in MW +printf('\nAverage kW available at the site=%0.3f MW',P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b837c8b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 2_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month +D=[80 50 40 20 0 100 150 200 250 120 100 80];// Discharge in millions of m^3 per month +H=100;// Available head in m +n_o=80/100;// Overall efficiency of the generation +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +Q_a1=(D(1)+D(2)+D(3)+D(4)+D(5)+D(6)+D(7)+D(8)+D(9)+D(10)+D(11)+D(12))/12;// The average monthly flow in millions of m^3/month +m_1=[0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12];// Month for hydrograph +D_1=[80 80 50 50 40 40 20 20 0 0 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 120 120 100 100 80 80 260];// Discharge in millions of m^3 per month +Q_a=[Q_a1,Q_a1];// Mean flow +m=[0,12];// month +xlabel('Month'); +ylabel('Discharge in millions of m^3 per month'); +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(m_1',D_1','b',m',Q_a','r-'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["0","J","F","M","A","M","J","J","A","S","O","N","D"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12]; +legend('Hydrograph','Mean flow'); +D=[0 20 40 50 80 100 120 150 200 220];// Discharge in millions of m^3 per month +M=[12 11 10 9 8 7 4 3 2 1];// Total number of months during which flow is available +for(i=1:10) + T(i)=(M(i)/12)*100; +end +subplot(2,1,2); +xlabel('Percentage of time'); +ylabel('Discharge in millions of cu.m.month'); +plot(T,D','b'); +legend('Flow duration curve'); +m=((Q_a1*10^6)/(30*24*3600));// The average flow available in m^3/sec +P=(((Q_a1*10^6*1000*g*H)/(30*24*3600*1000))*(n_o/1000));// Average kW available in MW +printf('\nAverage kW available at the site=%0.3f MW',P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9c67028 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 2_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +w=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Week +b=[6000 4000 5400 2000 1500 1000 1200 4500 8000 4000 3000 2000];// Weekly flow in m^3/sec + +//Calculation +for(i=1:12) + c(i)=b(i)*7; +end +Cv(1)=c(1);// day-sec-metres +Cv(2)=Cv(1)+c(2);// day-sec-metres +Cv(3)=Cv(2)+c(3);// day-sec-metres +Cv(4)=Cv(3)+c(4);// day-sec-metres +Cv(5)=Cv(4)+c(5);// day-sec-metres +Cv(6)=Cv(5)+c(6);// day-sec-metres +Cv(7)=Cv(6)+c(7);// day-sec-metres +Cv(8)=Cv(7)+c(8);// day-sec-metres +Cv(9)=Cv(8)+c(9);// day-sec-metres +Cv(10)=Cv(9)+c(10);// day-sec-metres +Cv(11)=Cv(10)+c(11);// day-sec-metres +Cv(12)=Cv(11)+c(12);// day-sec-metres +w=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Week for plot +CV=[0 Cv(1) Cv(2) Cv(3) Cv(4) Cv(5) Cv(6) Cv(7) Cv(8) Cv(9) Cv(10) Cv(11) Cv(12)];// Cumulative volume in day-sec-metres for plot +ylabel('Flow in thousands & day-sec-meter'); +plot(w,CV/1000) +// The total flow in the week,Q=7*day-sec-metres. +// From fig.prob.2.15 +C=42*10^3;// The capacity of the reservoir in day-sec-metre +bc=5.7*20*10^3;// day-sec-metre +ac=5.5;// day +Q=bc/(ac*7);// Flow rate available in m^3/sec +printf('\n The capacity of the reservoir=%0.1e day-sec-metre \nFlow rate available=%0.0f m^3/sec',C,Q); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc4f17291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 2_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month +F=[100 50 20 80 10 10 190 40 30 200 170 80];// Flow in millions of cu-m-per month + +// Calculation +Cv(1)=F(1); +Cv(2)=Cv(1)+F(2);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(3)=Cv(2)+F(3);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(4)=Cv(3)+F(4);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(5)=Cv(4)+F(5);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(6)=Cv(5)+F(6);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(7)=Cv(6)+F(7);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(8)=Cv(7)+F(8);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(9)=Cv(8)+F(9);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(10)=Cv(9)+F(10);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(11)=Cv(10)+F(11);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(12)=Cv(11)+F(12);// Millions of cu-m +m=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month +CV=[0 Cv(1) Cv(2) Cv(3) Cv(4) Cv(5) Cv(6) Cv(7) Cv(8) Cv(9) Cv(10) Cv(11) Cv(12)];// Cumulative volume in millions of cu-m +xlabel('Month'); +ylabel('Millions of cu.m') +plot(m,CV,'b'); +// From Fig.Prob(2.16),from the mass curve +Sc=80*10^6;// Storage capacity in m^3 +sc=85*10^6;// Spill way capacity required in m^3 +i=13; +j=1; +Q=((CV(i)-CV(j))/(m(i)-m(j)))*10^6;// The uniform discharge in m^3/month +// The required storage capacity for the uniform supply Q, +SC_u=233*10^6;// cu-m. +printf('\nThe required reservoir capacity=%0.0e m^3 \nSpill way capacity=%0.1e m^3 \nAverage flow capacity=%0.2e m^3/month \nRequired capacity of the reservoir fo the uniform supply=%0.2e cu-m',Sc,sc,Q,SC_u); diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f686b2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 2_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10];// Month +D=[200 100 20 20 260 180 40 280 60 120];// Discharge in millions of cu-m-per month +Q=100;// millions of cu.m + +// Calculation +Cv(1)=D(1); +Cv(2)=Cv(1)+D(2);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(3)=Cv(2)+D(3);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(4)=Cv(3)+D(4);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(5)=Cv(4)+D(5);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(6)=Cv(5)+D(6);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(7)=Cv(6)+D(7);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(8)=Cv(7)+D(8);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(9)=Cv(8)+D(9);// Millions of cu-m +Cv(10)=Cv(9)+D(10);// Millions of cu-m +m=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10];// Month +CV=[0 Cv(1) Cv(2) Cv(3) Cv(4) Cv(5) Cv(6) Cv(7) Cv(8) Cv(9) Cv(10)];// Cumulative volume in millions of cu-m +xlabel('Discharge in millions of cu-m month'); +ylabel('Millions of cu.m'); +plot(m,CV); +// From the mass curve +Q_a=72.6;// Flow rate at point a in millions of cu-m/month +Q_b=166.4;// Flow rate at point b in millions of cu-m/month +Q_c=137.6;// Flow rate at point c in millions of cu-m/month +printf('\nThe maximum flow available=%0.1f millions of cu-m/month \nThe minimum flow available=%0.1f millions of cu-m/month',Q_b,Q_a); diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8acf8118b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Pdr=400*10^6; // Per day requirement in L +Pdr=Pdr/10^3;// convert L to m^3 +Aw=30000*10^6;// Available water in the dam in m^3 + +//Calculation +n=(Aw)/(Pdr);// days +printf('No.of days water supplied,N=%0.0f days\n',n); diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f91a64469 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 2_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +D=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7];// Days +F=[100 320 210 120 50 30 25];//Mean daily flow in m^3/sec + +//Calculation +Tf=F(1)+F(2)+F(3)+F(4)+F(5)+F(6)+F(7); +Tfv=24*3600*(Tf);// Total flow volume in m^3 +Tfv_1=Tfv/(10^6);// million-m^3 +Tfv_2=Tfv/86400;// day-sec-metre +Tfv_3=Tfv/(3350*10^4);// cm +Tfv_4=Tfv_1;// km^2-m as 1 km^2-m =1 million of cu-m. +printf('\nTotal flow volume=%0.1f million-m^3 \nTotal flow volume =%0.1f day-sec-metre \nTotal flow volume=%0.1f cm \nTotal flow volum=%0.1f km^2-m',Tfv_1,Tfv_2,Tfv_3,Tfv_4); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64726eaa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_1=20;// The steam discharge during the monsoon season of four months in m^3/sec +m_2=2.5;// The steam discharge during the remaining year in m^3/sec +h_l=3;//The head loss in the pipe in % +n_o=90;//Over all efficiency of the generation in % +Tn=365;// Total number of days in a year +H=80;// metres +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +//Calculation +N_m=30+31+31+30;//The number of days during which the discharge of 20 m^3/sec is available +N_r=Tn-N_m;//The number of days during which the discharge of 2.5 m^3/sec is available +Tf=(m_1*3600*24*N_m)+(m_2*3600*24*N_r);// Total flow during the year in m^3 +m_avg=(Tf)/(3600*24*Tn);//Average discharge in m^3/sec +gradm=m_1-m_avg;// The difference between the maximum and average discharge in m^3/sec +Rc=(gradm*3600*24*N_m)/86400;// Reservoir capacity to store the excess water in day -sec-metre +H_net=H*(1-(h_l/100));// metres +P_avg=(m_avg*1000*g*H_net*(n_o/100))/(1000);//Average kW generated in kW +P_avg=P_avg/1000;// MW +printf('\nReservoir capacity to store the excess water=%0.0f day-sec-metre \nAverage kW generated=%0.2f MW',Rc,P_avg); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a84b14a19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +A=2260;// The catchment area in km^2 +AAR=154;// The average annual rainfall in cm +H=120;// The head drop in m +n_t=85;// Turbine efficiency in % +n_g=90;// Generation efficiency in % +F_l=1;// Load factor +N=240;// The speed of the runner in rpm +PEL=20;// Percoalation and evaporation losses in % +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +V=A*10^6*(AAR/100)*(1-((PEL/100)));// The quantity of water available for power generation per year in cu.m +Q=V/(365*24*3600);// Quantity of water available per second in m^3/sec +m=Q*1000;// Discharge in kg/sec +P=((m*g*H)/1000)*(n_t/100)*(n_g/100);// Power developed in kW +P=P/1000;// MW +N_a=(N*sqrt(P))/(H)^(5/4); +printf('\nPower developed,P=%0.2f MW \nSingle pelton wheel with 4 jets can be used.',P) +//The answer seems different due to calculation error occur in the book diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9d719a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +A=200;// The catchment area in km^2 +AAR=100;// The average annual rainfall in cm +Tro=80;//Total run off in% +H=80;// the mean head available in m +n_g=75;// Over all efficiency of generation in % +Apw=16;// The average period of working in hours +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +F_l=1;// Load factor + +//Calculation +V=A*10^6*(Tro/100);//Total water available in m^3/year +Q=V/(365*24*3600);// m^3/sec +m=Q*1000;// Discharge in kg/sec +P=((m*g*H)/1000)*(n_g/100);// Capacity of the plant in kW +E=(P/1000)*Apw*365*10^3;//Energy generated per year in kWh +printf('\nThe energy generated per year =%0.3e kWh',E ); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5998d6e9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +A=1200;// The catchment area in km^2 +AR=160;// The annual rainfall in cm +H=360;// The head available in m +n_o=75;// Over all efficiency of the plant in % +F_l=0.5;// Load factor +PEL=25;// Percoalation and evaporation losses in % +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +V=A*10^6*(AR/100)*(1-((PEL/100)));// The quantity of water available for power generation per year in cu.m +Q=V/(365*24*3600);// Average flow per second in m^3/sec +m=Q*1000;// Discharge in kg/sec +P_avg=((m*g*H)/1000)*(n_o/100);// Average power developed in kW +P_avg=P_avg/1000;// MW +MD=(P_avg/F_l);// Maximum demand in MW +printf('\nThe average power developed=%0.2f MW \nMaximum demand=%0.1f MW',P_avg,MD); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6bf15b38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +A=50;// Area in sq.km +H_1=100;// Head in m +E=13.5*10^6;// The energy utilised by the customer in kWh +n_g=0.75;// The over all generation efficiency +rho_w=1000;// kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +//Calculation +// V=A*H;// Water used during 5 hours in m^3 +// Q=(A*H)/(5*3600);(discharge/sec) +function[X]=head(y) + X(1)=E-(5*(rho_w*((A*10^6*y(1))/(5*3600))*g*(H_1/1000)*n_g)); +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,head); +H=z(1);// metres +printf('\nThe fall in the height of water in the reservoir=%0.2f metres',H); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3733/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2a012ff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given values +A=250*10^6;// Catchment area in m^2 +Ar=1.25;// Annual rainfall in m +H=60;// Average head in m +P_w=70;// Percentage of water in the dam +n_t=0.9// Turbine efficiency +n_g=0.95// Generator efficiency +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +//Calculation +V=(A*Ar*(P_w/100));// Total water used for power generation in m^3 +printf('Total water used for power generation=%0.3e m^3\n',V); +q=(V/(365*24*3600)); +printf('Water flow rate =%0.2f m^3/sec\n',q); +P=((q*1000*9.81*60)/1000)*n_t*n_g*(1/1000); +printf('The capacity of the power plant,P=%0.1f MW\n',P); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c5abcf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 22_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=30;// The boiler pressure in bar +p_2=1;// The condenser pressure in bar + +//Calculation +//(a) +// From steam tables, at pressure P_b=30 bar +h_1=2796;// kJ/kg +//For finding the dryness-fraction of steam at the point 'c',we can equate the entropies. +// At pressure 30 bar=At pressure 1 bar +// From steam tables, at pressure P_1=30 bar and P_2=1 bar +T_s1=232.8;//°C +T_s2=99.1;//°C +h_f2=414.6;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=1797;// kJ/kg +h_fg2=2253;// kJ/kg +v_f2=0.001043;// m^3/kg +// Assume x_2=y(1) +function[X]=drynessfraction(y) + X(1)=((2.3026*log10((T_s2+273)/273))+((y(1)*h_fg2)/(T_s2+273)))-((2.3026*log10((T_s1+273)/273))+(h_fg1/(T_s1+273))); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,drynessfraction); +x_2=z(1); +//x_2=z(1);// Dryness fraction +h_2=h_f2+(x_2*h_fg2);// kJ/kg +n_r1=((h_1-h_2)/(h_1-h_f2))*100;// The thermal efficiency of the cycle without feed pump work in % +//(b) +W_p=(v_f2*(p_1-p_2)*10^5)/1000;// kJ +n_r2=(((h_1-h_2)-W_p)/(h_1-(h_f2+W_p)))*100;// The thermal efficiency of the plant feed pump work in % +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle without feed pump work=%0.2f percentage \nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle with feed pump work=%0.2f percentage',n_r1,n_r2); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274e89dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 22_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_2=100;// bar +T_1=500;// °C +p_3=11.5;// bar +p_5=0.05// bar +n_i1=85;// Isentropic efficiency of each stage expansion in % +n_i2=80;//Isentropic efficiency of one stage expansion with no reheat in % +P=100;// The capacity of the plant in MW + +//Calculation +//(a) +// In this case the processes are shown in Fig.Prob.22.10(b) +// From h-s chart: +h_2=3370;// kJ/kg +h_3aa=2860;// kJ/kg +h_4=3500;// kJ/kg +h_5aa=2530;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables, at 0.06 bar +h_f6=137.6;// kJ/kg +W_t1=h_2-h_3aa;// (H.P turbine) kJ/kg +W_t2=h_4-h_5aa;// (L.P turbine) kJ/kg +Q_b=h_2-h_f6;// Heat supplied in the boiler in kJ/kg +Q_r=h_4-h_3aa;// Heat supplied in the reheater in kJ/kg +n_a=((W_t1+W_t2)/(Q_b+Q_r))*100;// Efficiency of the cycle iin % +m_s=(P*10^3)/(W_t1+W_t2);// The mass flow of steam per scond in kJ/sec +m_sa=(m_s*3600)/1000;// tons/hr + +//(b) +// In this case the processes are shown in Fig.Prob.22.10(c) +h_2=3370;// kJ/kg +h_3a=2300;// kJ/kg +h_f4=137.8;// kJ/kg +n_b=((h_2-h_3a)/(h_2-h_f4))*100;//Efficiency of the cycle in % +m_sb=(((P*10^3*3600))/((h_2-h_3a)*1000));// tons/hr +printf('\n(a)Efficiency of the plant with reheating=%0.1f percentage \n The steam required per hour=%0.2f kJ/sec \n(b)Efficiency of the plant with no reheating=%0.1f percentage \n The steam consumption per hour=%0.2f kJ/sec',n_a,m_sa,n_b,m_sb); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbeee15b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 22_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=27000;// kW +p_1=60;// bar +T_1=450;// °C +p_v=707.5;// The condenser vaccum in mm of Hg +p_2=3;//bar +n_t=87;// The turbine efficiency +n_b=90;// The boiler efficiency in % +n_a=95;//The alternator efficiency in % +n_m=98;//The mechanical efficiency in % +p_b=760;// cm of Hg + +//Calculation +p_3=((p_b-p_v)/p_b)*1.013;//The condenser pressure bar +// From h-s chart: +h_1=3296;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2606;// kJ/kg +h_3a=2163;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-((n_t/100)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +h_3=h_2-((n_t/100)*(h_2-h_3a));// kJ/kg +//From steam tables +h_f4=162;// kJ/kg (at 0.07 bar) +h_f5=558;// kJ/kg (at 3 bar) +//Assume m=y(1) +function[X]=bled(y) + X(1)=((1-y(1))*(h_f5-h_f4))-(y(1)*(h_2-h_f5)); +endfunction +y=[0.1] +z=fsolve(y,bled); +m=z(1);// kg/kg of steam generated +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3));//Work developed per kg of steam in kJ/kg +W_act=(P/((n_a/100)*(n_m/100)));//Actual work developed by the turbine kW +m_s=(W_act/W)*(3600/1000);// Steam generated per second in tons/hr +P_p=P*(10/100);// Pump power in kW +P_net=P*(1-(10/100));// Net power available in kW +Q_s=((m_s*1000*(h_1-h_f5))/((n_b/100)*3600));// Heat supplied in the boiler in kW +n_o=(P_net/Q_s)*100;// The overall efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\n(a)The steam bled per kg of steam supplied to the turbine=%0.3f kg/kg of steam generated \n(b)Steam generated per hour=%0.1f tons/hr \n(c)The overall efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',m,m_s,n_o); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.12/Ex22_12.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.12/Ex22_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29894dd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.12/Ex22_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 22_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=300;// °C +p_1=35;// bar +p_2=25;// bar +p_2a=1.5;// bar +p_3=0.1;// bar +n_t=80/100;// The isentropic efficiency for both sections of the turbine +gradT=10;// °C +m_w=1;// kg +C_p=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_1=2970;// kJ/kg +h_2=2504;// kJ/kg +h_3=2197;// kJ/kg +h_f2=264;// kJ/kg (at 1.5 bar) +h_f2a=h_f2-(m_w*C_p*gradT);// kJ/kg +h_f3=190;// kJ/kg (at 0.1 bar) +m=(h_f2a-h_f3)/(h_2-h_f3);// kg/kg of steam +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3));// kJ/kg +Q_s=h_1-h_f2a;// kJ/kg +n_th=(W/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency of the plant +printf('\n(a)Bleed steam per kg of steam supplied to the steam turbine=%0.3f kg/kg of steam \n(b)The thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',m,n_th); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaa72df93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 22_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=300;// °C +p_1=40;// bar +p_2=14;// bar +p_3=3.4;// bar +p_4=0.07;// bar +n_t=80/100;// The turbine efficiency of each portion of the expansion + +//Calculation +//(a) +// From h-s chart: +h_1=2953;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2738;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-((n_t)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +// From h-s chart: +h_3a=2529;// kJ/kg +h_3=h_2-((n_t)*(h_2-h_3a));// kJ/kg +// From h-s chart: +h_4a=2040;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3-((n_t)*(h_3-h_4a));// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f5=162;// kJ/kg +h_f7=575;// kJ/kg +h_f8=825;// kJ/kg +m_1=(h_f8-h_f7)/(h_2-h_f8);// kJ/kg of steam +//Assume m_2=y(1);h_f6=y(2) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*(h_3-h_f7))-(1*(h_f7-y(2))); + X(2)=(((m_1+y(1))*h_f7)+((1-m_1-y(1))*h_f5))-(1*y(2)); +endfunction +y=[0.1 100]; +z=fsolve(y,mass) +m_2=z(1);// kJ/kg of steam supplied to turbine +h_f6=z(2);// kJ/kg +//(b) +n=(((h_1-h_2)+((1-m_1)*(h_2-h_3))+((1-m_1-m_2)*(h_3-h_4)))/(h_1-h_f8))*100;//The efficiency of the cycle in % +printf('\n(a)The optimum mass of bled steam=%0.2f kJ/kg \n(b)The cycle efficiency=%0.1f percentage',m_2,n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.14/Ex22_14.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.14/Ex22_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e1807b7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.14/Ex22_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 22_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=350;// °C +p_1=30;// bar +p_2=6;// bar +p_3=1;// bar +p_4=0.07;// bar +P=10;// Power developed by the turbine in MW +n_t=80/100;// Isentropic efficiency of each stage + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_1=3106;// kJ/kg +h_2=2811;// kJ/kg +h_3=2560;// kJ/kg +h_4=2259;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f2=777;// kJ/kg (at 6 bar) +h_f3=415;// kJ/kg (at 1 bar) +h_f5=162;//kJ/kg (at 0.07 bar) +h_f8=h_f2;// kJ/kg +h_f6=h_f3;// kJ/kg +//Assume m_1=y(1);m_2=y(2) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-(1*(h_f8-h_f6)); + X(2)=((y(2)*(h_3-h_f3))+(y(1)*(h_f2-h_f3)))-((1-y(1)-y(2))*(h_f6-h_f5)); + X(3)=(((1-y(1)-y(2)))*h_f6)+((y(1)+y(2))*h_f3)-(y(3)); +endfunction +y=[0.1 0.01 100]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_1=z(1);// kg/kg of steam generated +m_2=z(2);// kg/kg of steam generated +W_t=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m_1)*(h_2-h_3))+((1-m_1-m_2)*(h_3-h_4));// kJ/kg +m_s=((P*10^3)/W_t)*60;// kg/sec +m_s6=(m_s*m_1);// Quantity of steam extracted per minute at 6 bar pressure in kg/min +m_s1=(m_s*m_2);// Quantity of steam extracted per minute at 1 bar pressure in kg/min +C=m_s6+m_s1;// Capacity of feed pump extraction pump in kg/min +printf('\nQuantity of steam extracted per minute at 6 bar pressure=%0.1f kg/min \nQuantity of steam extracted per minute at 1 bar pressure=%0.1f kg/min \nCapacity of feed pump extraction pump=%0.1f kg/min',m_s6,m_s1,C); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.15/Ex22_15.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.15/Ex22_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29e02dfc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.15/Ex22_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 22_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=400;// °C +p_1=40;// bar +p_2=2;// bar +p_3=0.5;// bar +p_4=0.05;// bar +n_t1=75/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the first stage of the turbine +n_t2=80/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the second stage of the turbine +n_t3=85/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the third stage of the turbine +m_s=10;// The steam flow in kg/sec + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_1=3210;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2562;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-((n_t1)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +h_3a=2508;// kJ/kg +h_3=h_2-((n_t2)*(h_2-h_3a));// kJ/kg +h_4a=2232;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3-((n_t3)*(h_3-h_4a));// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f8=502;// kJ/kg(2 bar) +h_f10=h_f8;// kJ/kg +h_f6=339;// kJ/kg(0.5 bar) +h_f7=h_f6;// kJ/kg +h_f9=h_f6;// kJ/kg +h_f5=136;// kJ/kg(0.05 bar) +//Assume m_1=y(1);m_2=y(2) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*(h_2-h_f10))-((1-y(1))*(h_f8-h_f7)); + X(2)=(y(2)*(h_3-h_f9))-((1-y(1)-y(2))*(h_f6-h_f5)); +endfunction +y=[0.01 0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_1=z(1);// kJ/kg +m_2=z(2);// kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m_1)*(h_2-h_3))+((1-m_1-m_2)*(h_3-h_4));// kJ/kg +P=W*m_s;// Power developed by the turbine in kW +Q_s=h_1-h_f10;// Heat supplied per kg of steam in kJ/kg +n_th=(W/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency of the cycle in % +printf('\n(a)Steam bled for regenerative heaters per kg of steam to turbine,m_1=%0.4f kJ/kg & m_2=%0.4f kJ/kg \n(b)Power developed by the turbine=%0.0f kW \n(c)Thermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.2f percentage',m_1,m_2,P,n_th); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2d368439 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Example 22_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=459;// °C +T_3=420;// °C +p_1=70;// bar +p_2=25;// bar +p_3=10;// bar +p_4=0.07;// bar +n_t1=78.5/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the H.P turbine +n_t2=83/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the L.P turbine 1 +n_t3=83/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the L.P turbine 2 +T_7=179;// °C +P=20;// MW +n_m=85/100;// Mechanical efficiency of the turbine +n_t=95/100;// Transmission efficiency +n_g=95/100;// Generation efficiency + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_1=3280;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2997;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-((n_t1)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +h_3=3277;// kJ/kg +h_4a=3020;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3-((n_t2)*(h_3-h_4a));// kJ/kg +h_5a=2220;// kJ/kg +h_5=h_4-((n_t3)*(h_4-h_5a));// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f6=162;// kJ/kg(at 0.07 bar) +h_f7=758;// kJ/kg(at 10 bar) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*(h_4-h_f7))-((1-y(1))*(h_f7-h_f6)); +endfunction +y=[0.1];// kg +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+(h_3-h_4)+((1-m)*(h_4-h_5));// kJ/kg +E_g=W*n_m*n_t*n_g;// Energy coverted for generating the electrical energy in kJ +m_s=((P*10^3)/E_g)*60;// Steam generated in kg/min +Q_s=(h_1-h_f7)+(h_3-h_2);// Heat supplied per kg of steam in kJ/kg +n_th=(W/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency of the cycle in % +printf('\n(a)Thermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \n(b)Quantity of steam supplied per minute=%0.0f kg/min',n_th,m_s); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72fd0dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 22_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=500;// Plant capacity in kW +T_1=300;// °C +p_4=30;// bar +p_5=7;// bar +p_6=0.04;// bar +dT=5;// The rise in cooling water temperature in °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_4=3000;// kJ/kg +h_5=2700;// kJ/kg +h_6=1970;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f1=121.4;// kJ/kg(at 0.04 bar) +h_f2=697;// kJ/kg(at 7 bar) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=((y(1)*h_5)+((1-y(1))*h_f1))-(1*h_f2); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +W=(1*(h_4-h_5))+((1-m)*(h_5-h_6));// kJ/kg +Q_s=h_4-h_f2;// Heat supplied in kJ/kg +n_s=(W/Q_s)*100;// Efficiency in % +m_s=(P/W)*3600;//Steam generated per second in kg/hr +m_w=((h_6-h_f1)*(m_s/3600)*(1-m))/(C_pw*dT);// kg/sec +// If there ie no feed water,then +W_1=h_4-h_6;// kJ/kg +Q_s=h_4-h_f1;// kJ/kg +n=(W_1/Q_s)*100;// Efficiency in % +m_s1=(P/W_1)*3600;//Steam generated per second in kg/hr +m_w1=((m_s/3600)*(h_6-h_f1))/(C_pw*dT);// The amount of cooling water in kg/sec +printf('\n(a)The rankine efficiency=%0.1f percentage \n Steam generation rate of boiler=%0.1f kg/hr \n The amount of cooling water=%0.2f kg/sec \n(b)The rankine efficiency=%0.1f percentage \n Steam generation rate of boiler=%0.1f kg/hr \n The amount of cooling water=%0.2f kg/sec',n_s,m_s,m_w,n,m_s1,m_w1); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a1577b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 22_18 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=500;// °C +p_1=40;// bar +p_2=10;// bar +p_3=0.04;// bar +m_b=50;// The boiler generation rate in tons/hour +n_m=85/100;// Mechanical efficiency +n_g=95/100;// Electrical generation efficiency + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_1=3400;// kJ/kg +h_2=3050;// kJ/kg +h_3=2150;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f4=121.4;// kJ/kg(at 0.04 bar) +h_f5=762.6;// kJ/kg(at 10 bar) +h_f6=h_f5;// kJ/kg +//Assume m_1=y(1);h_fm=y(2) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=((y(1)*h_f6)+((1-y(1))*h_f4))-(y(1)*y(2)); + X(2)=(y(1)*(h_2-h_f5))-(1*(h_f5-y(2))); +endfunction +y=[0.1 100]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg/kg of steam generated +h_fm=z(2);// kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3));// kJ/kg +m_b=m*100;// Bled steam in % +Q_s=h_1-h_f5;// Heat supplied per kg of steam in kJ/kg +n=(W/Q_s)*100;// Efficiency in % +P=(((m_b*10^3)*W*n_m*n_g)/3600)/1000;// Power developed in MW +printf('\nThe percentage of bled steam=%0.0f percentage \nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nThe generating capacity of the plant=%0.1f MW',m_b,n,P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.19/Ex22_19.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.19/Ex22_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c800e64a --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.19/Ex22_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 22_19 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=100;// MW +p_2=80;// bar +p_3=7;// bar +p_5=0.05;// bar +T_4=350;// °C + +// Calculation +// From h-s chart: +h_2=2990;// kJ/kg +h_3=2350;// kJ/kg +h_4=3170;// kJ/kg +h_5=2180;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f6=138;// kJ/kg +h_f7=697;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_3-h_f7))-((1-y(1))*(h_f7-h_f6)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1); +m_p=m*100;// Percentage of bled steam in % +W=(h_2-h_3)+((1-m)*(h_4-h_5));// kJ/kg +Q_s=(h_2-h_f7)+((1-m)*(h_4-h_3));// kJ/kg +n=(W/Q_s)*100;// The efficiency of the power plant in % +m_b=((P*10^3)/((h_2-h_3)+((1-m)*(h_4-h_5))));// tons/hr +printf('\nThe percentage of bled steam=%0.1f percentage \nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.0f percentage \nBoiler generating rate=%0.0f tons/hr',m_p,n,m_b); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3b7097f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 22_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_a=10;// bar +p_b=0.08;// bar +T_1=450;// °C +p_1=30;// bar +p_3=25;// bar +T_4=33;// °C +p_4=0.04;// bar + + +//Calculation +//From tables of mercury the following enthalpy values and entropy values are taken +h_1=359.11;// kJ/kg +h_f2=33.21;// kJ/kg +h_3=h_f2;// kJ/kg +s_1=0.5089;// kJ/kg.K +s_f2=0.087;// kJ/kg.K +Q_fg2=0.5721;// kJ/kg +h_g2=294.7;// kJ/kg +x_2=(s_1-s_f2)/(Q_fg2); +h_2=h_f2+(x_2*h_g2);// kJ/kg +// From steam tables and chart(For steam cycle) +h_4=3348.6;// kJ/kg +h_5=2183;// kJ/kg +h_6=138;// kJ/kg +h_7=972;// kJ/kg +h_8=2803;// kJ/kg +// Assume m_r=m_hg/m_H2O +m_r=(h_8-h_7)/(h_2-h_3); +// For each kg of steam generated,8.42 kg of mercury is to be used +n=((m_r*(h_1-h_2))+(h_4-h_5))/((m_r*(h_1-h_f2))+(h_7-h_6)+(h_4-h_8));// The cycle efficiency +printf('\nCycle efficiency=%0.3f',n); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.20/Ex22_20.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.20/Ex22_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..240a3a64c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.20/Ex22_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +// Example 22_20 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=556;// °C +T_2=222;// °C +m_s=20;// kg/sec +n_m=80/100;// Mechanical efficiency +n_t=95/100;// Transmission efficiency +n_g=85/100;// Generator efficiency +W_act=50/100; +h_f1=76;// kJ/kg +h_f2=29;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=290;// kJ/kg +h_fg2=302;// kJ/kg +h_g1=366;// kJ/kg +h_g2=331;// kJ/kg +s_f1=0.152;// kJ/kg-K +s_f2=0.08;// kJ/kg-K +s_fg1=0.359;// kJ/kg-K +s_fg2=0.626;// kJ/kg-K +s_g1=0.511;// kJ/kg-K +s_g2=0.706;// kJ/kg-K +p_a=17;// bar +p_b=0.035;// bar +h_fa=874;// kJ/kg +h_fb=111;// kJ/kg +h_fga=1932;// kJ/kg +h_fgb=2453;// kJ/kg +h_ga=2806;// kJ/kg +h_gb=2564;// kJ/kg +s_fa=2.37;// kJ/kg-K +s_fb=0.388;// kJ/kg-K +s_ga=6.42;// kJ/kg-K +s_gb=0.388;// kJ/kg-K + +// Calculation +//(a) +x_2=(s_g1-s_f2)/s_fg2;// The condition of the mercury vapour at point2 +m_hg=h_fga/(x_2*h_fg2);// kg +//(b) +W=h_g1-(h_f2+(x_2*h_fg2));// kJ/kg +W_m=W*m_hg;//Work done per kg of Hg vapour in kJ +//(c) +// From steam tables, +T_sup=380+273;// K +T_sa=203.4+273;// K +T_b=26.5+273;// K +x_b=(((s_ga+(2*2.303*log(T_sup/T_sa)))*(T_b))-s_fb)/(T_b/h_fga); +T_sup=383+273;// K +x_2=0.72; +W_s=(h_ga+(2*(T_sup-T_sa)))-(h_fb+(x_2*h_fgb));// Work done per kg of steam in kJ/kg +//(d) +W=W_m+W_s;// Total work done in kJ +Q_s=(m_hg*(h_g1-h_f2))+(1*(h_fa-h_fb))+(2*(T_sup-T_sa));// Heat supplied in kJ +n_o=(W/Q_s)*100;// Overall efficiency of the cycle in % +E=((m_s*W*W_act)*n_m*n_t*n_g)/1000;// Total energy generated per sec in MW +printf('\n(a)Mass of Hg required per kg of steam used=%0.1f kg \n(b)Work done per kg of Hg vapour=%0.1f kJ/kg \n(c)Work done per kg of steam=%0.0f kJ/kg \n(d)Overall efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \n(e)Total energy generated per sec=%0.3f MW',m_hg,W_m,W_s,n_o,E); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4a169780 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 22_21 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=30;// bar +T_1=550;// °C +p_2=2.6;// bar +p_3=0.2;// bar +m_s=30;// kg/sec + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3580;// kJ/kg +h_2=2870;// kJ/kg +h_3=2440;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f2=541;// kJ/kg +h_f3=251.5;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f3)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +P=m_s*((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3)))/1000;// MW +n_r=((h_1-h_3)/(h_1-h_f3))*100;// The efficiency of the rankine cycle in % +n_b=(((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3)))/(h_1-h_f2))*100; +printf('\nThe power generating capacityof the plant=%0.2f MW \nThe efficiency of the rankine cycle=%0.0f percentage \nThe efficiency of the cycle with bled heating=%0.0f percentage',P,n_r,n_b); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..567947ec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 22_22 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=30;// MW +p_1=0.04;// bar +p_2=7;// bar +p_3=60;// bar +T_1=550;// °C +p_c=730;// mm of Hg +p_v=760;// mm of Hg +n_t=90/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine + +//Calculation +p_1=((p_v-p_c)*133.3)/10^5;// bar +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3420;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2860;// kJ/kg +h_2=2900;// kJ/kg +h_3=2410;// kJ/kg +h_3a=2190;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f3=121.5;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 0.04 bar) +h_f2=697;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 7 bar) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f3)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +m_s=(P*10^3)/((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3a)));// kg/sec +printf('\n(a)Fraction of steam bled for feed heating=%0.3f kg \n(b)Boiler generating capacity=%0.1f kg/sec',m,m_s); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec6eac066 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 22_23 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=120;// MW +p_1=86;// bar +p_2=7;// bar +p_3=0.35;// bar +T_1=350;// °C + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=2980;// kJ/kg +h_2=2520;// kJ/kg +h_3=3170;// kJ/kg +h_4=2550;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f1=304.3;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 0.35 bar) +T_s1=72.7;// °C +h_f2=697;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 7 bar) +T_s2=165;// °C +h_f4=h_f1;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f4)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// tons/hr +S=(1/m);// The ratio of steam bled to steam generated +m_s=((P*10^3)/((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_4))))*(3600/1000);// kg/sec +n_th=(((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_4)))/((h_1-h_f1)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_2))))*100; +printf('\n(a)The ratio of steam bled to steam generated=%0.2f \n(b)The boiler generating capacity=%0.1f tons/hr \n(c)The thermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage',S,m_s,n_th); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.24/Ex22_24.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.24/Ex22_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..048e941bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.24/Ex22_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 22_24 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=300;// °C +p_1=30;// bar +p_2=10;// bar +p_4=5;// bar +T_4=270;// °C +p_6=0.07;// bar +m_s=20;// tons/hr +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg.°C +T_9=180;// °C +T_8=38;// °C + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3000;// kJ/kg +h_2=2780;// kJ/kg +h_3=2640;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f2=762.5;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*C_pw*(T_9-T_8)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +//From h-s chart: +h_4=3000;// kJ/kg +h_5=(((1/3)*h_4)+(((2/3)-m)*h_3))/(1-m);// kJ/kg +//From h-s chart: +h_6=2150;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f7=h_f2;// kJ/kg +W=(((2/3)*(h_1-h_2))+(((2/3)-m)*(h_2-h_3))+((1-m)*(h_5-h_6)));// kJ/kg +n=((((2/3)*(h_1-h_2)+((2/3)-m)*(h_2-h_3))+((1-m)*(h_5-h_6)))/(((2/3)*h_1)+((1/3)*h_4)-h_f7))*100;// Efficiency of the cycle in % +m_s=(m_s*1000)/3600;// Steam generated per second in kg/sec +P=m_s*W;// Power generating capacity of the plant in kW +printf('\nFraction of steam bled=%0.4f \nEfficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nPower generating capacity of the plant=%0.0f kW',m,n,P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.25/Ex22_25.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.25/Ex22_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cce37478 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.25/Ex22_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 22_25 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=30;// MW +p_1=60;// bar +p_2=3;// bar +T_1=500;// °C +p_v=73;// mm of Hg +p_b=76;// mm of Hg +n_t=90/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine + +//Calculation +p_3=(((p_b-p_v)/p_b)*1.013);// bar +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3410;// kJ/kg +h_2=2720;// kJ/kg +h_3=2220;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f2=361.4;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 0.04 bar) +h_f3=121.4;// kJ/kg(liquid heat at 7 bar) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f3)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg/kg of steam +m_s=(P*10^3)/((h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_2-h_3)));// kg/sec +m_s=m_s*(3600/1000);// tons/hr +printf('\n(a)Fraction of steam bled for feed heating=%0.3f kg/kg of steam \n(b)Steam supplied by the boiler=%0.1f tons/hr',m,m_s); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1b9e026 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 22_26 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=80;// bar +T_1=470;// °C +p_2=7;// bar +T_1=350;// °C +p_3=0.35;// bar +m_s=50;// kg/sec + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3310;// kJ/kg +h_2=2780;// kJ/kg +h_3=3170;// kJ/kg +h_4=2220;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f2=697;// kJ/kg +h_6=h_f2;// kJ/kg +h_5=111.85;// kJ/kg +h_f4=h_5;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f4)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +m_b=m*100;// Amount of steam bled off in % +m_l=(100-m_b);// Amount of steam supplied to L.P turbine in % +Q_b=h_1-h_6;// kJ/kg +Q_r=(1-m)*(h_3-h_2);// kJ +Q_s=Q_b+Q_r;// Total amount of heat supplied by the boiler and reheater in kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_4));// kJ/kg +n=(W/Q_s)*100; +P=(m_s*W)/1000;// Power developed by the steam in MW +printf('\n(a)Amount of steam bled off for feed heating=%0.0f percentage \n(b)Amount of steam in LP turbine=%0.0f percentage \n(c)Heat supplied in the boiler and reheater=%0.1f kJ/kg \n(d)Cycle efficiency=%0.1f percentage \n(e)Power developed by the steam=%0.1f MW',m_b,m_l,Q_s,n,P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.27/Ex22_27.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.27/Ex22_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdad23996 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.27/Ex22_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 22_27 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=600;// °C +p_1=150;// bar +T_3=600;// °C +p_3=40;// bar +p_4=5;// bar +p_5=0.1;// bar + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3570;// kJ/kg +h_2=3280;// kJ/kg +h_3=3650;// kJ/kg +h_4=2920;// kJ/kg +h_5=2280;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f1=1610;// kJ/kg(at 150 bar) +h_f2=1087;// kJ/kg(at 40 bar) +h_f4=640;// kJ/kg(at 5 bar) +h_f5=192;// kJ/kg(at 0.1 bar) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f2))-((1-y(1))*(h_f2-h_f4)); + X(2)=(y(2)*(h_4-h_f4))-((1-y(1)-y(2))*(h_f4-h_f5)); +endfunction +y=[0.1 0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_1=z(1);// kg/kg of steam supplied by the boiler +m_2=z(2);// kg/kg of steam supplied by the boiler +W_t=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m_1)*(h_3-h_4))+((1-m_1-m_2)*(h_4-h_5));// Total workdone per kg of steam supplied by the boiler in kJ/kg +v_w1=1/1000;// m^3/kg +v_w2=v_w1;// m^3/kg +v_w3=v_w1;// m^3/kg +W_p1=(v_w1*(1-m_1-m_2)*(p_4-p_5*10^5))/1000;// kJ/kg +W_p2=(v_w2*(1-m_1)*(p_1-p_4)*10^5)/1000;// kJ/kg +W_p3=(v_w3*(m_1)*(p_1-p_3)*10^5)/1000;// kJ/kg +W_pt=W_p1+W_p2+W_p3;// kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_pt;// Net work done by the turbine per kg of steam supplied by the boiler in kJ +Q_f=((1-m_1)*h_f1)+(m_1*h_f1);// Heat of feed water entering the boiler in kJ +Q_s1=h_1-Q_f;// Heat supplied by the boiler per kg of steam in kJ +Q_s2=(1-m_1)*(h_3-h_2);// Heat supplied in the reheater in kJ/kg +Q_st=Q_s1+Q_s2;// Total heat supplied in kJ/kg +n=(W_n/Q_st)*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +printf('\nm_1=%0.2f kg/kg of steam \nm_2=%0.3f kg/kg of steam \nThermal efficiency=%0.1f percentage',m_1,m_2,n); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.28/Ex22_28.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.28/Ex22_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe2edcc83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.28/Ex22_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 22_28 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=80;// bar +T_1=470;// °C +p_2=7;// bar +T_1=350;// °C +p_3=0.035;// bar +m_s=100;// kg/sec + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3350;// kJ/kg +h_2=2770;// kJ/kg +h_3=3170;// kJ/kg +h_4=2220;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f5=112;// kJ/kg +h_f6=697;// kJ/kg +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)= (y(1)*(h_2-h_f6))-((1-y(1))*(h_f6-h_f5)); +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m=z(1);// kg +m_b=m*100;// The fraction of steam bled for reheating in % +Q_s=(h_1-h_f6)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_2));// Heat supplied in the boiler and reheater in kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+((1-m)*(h_3-h_4));// Power output in kJ/kg +P=(W*100)/1000;// Capacity of the plant in MW +n=(W/Q_s)*100;// The efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\n(a)Fraction of steam bled for feed heating=%0.0f percentage \n(b)Heat supplied per kg of steam in boiler and turbine=%0.0f kJ/kg \n(c)Power output of the plant=%0.0f MW \n(d)Thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',m_b,Q_s,P,n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.29/Ex22_29.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.29/Ex22_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1dd006d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.29/Ex22_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 22_29 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_a=4.5;// bar +p_b=0.04;// bar +p_1=15;// bar +p_2=0.04;// bar +m_s=48000;// kg/hr +T_a=450;// °C +T_b=217;// °C +h_fa=62.9// kJ/kg +h_fb=30.0;// kJ/kg +h_ga=356;// kJ/kg +h_gb=330;// kJ/kg +s_fa=0.135;// kJ/kg-K +s_fb=0.081;// kJ/kg-K +s_ga=0.539;// kJ/kg-K +s_gb=0.693;// kJ/kg-K +v_sfa=80*10^-6;// m^3/kg +v_sfb=76.5*10^-6;// m^3/kg +v_sga=0.068;// m^3/kg +v_sgb=5.178;// m^3/kg + +//Calculation +m_h2o=(m_s/3600);// kg/sec +// s_a=s_b +x_b=(s_ga-s_fb)/(s_gb-s_fb); +h_b=h_fb+(x_b*(h_gb-h_fb));// kJ/kg +h_c=30;// kJ/kg +h_fc=h_c;// kJ/kg +//From h-s chart: +h_1=2800;// kJ/kg +h_2=1920;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_f3=121.4;// kJ/kg +h_f4=844.6;// kJ/kg +m_hg=(m_h2o*(h_1-h_f3))/(h_b-h_fc);// kg/sec +m=m_hg/m_h2o; +W_Hg=m_hg*(h_ga-h_b);// kW +W_H2o=m_h2o*(h_1-h_2);// kW +W_t=(W_Hg+W_H2o)/1000;//Total work done per second in MW +Q_s=m_hg*(h_ga-h_fc);// The total heat supplied in kJ/sec +n_o=((W_t*1000)/Q_s)*100;// Overall efficiency in % +printf('\nThe overall efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \nThe flow of mercury through mercury turbine=%0.1f kg/sec \nTotal work done per second=%0.1f MW',n_o,m_hg,W_t); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3f01c34d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 22_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=30;// bar +p_3=0.04;// bar +x_1=0.841;// Dryness fraction + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=2803;// kJ/kg +h_2=2370;// kJ/kg +h_3=2717;// kJ/kg +h_4=2124;// kJ/kg +x_2=0.824;// kJ/kg +p_7=2.5// bar +p_2=p_7;// bar +//From steam tables at p=2.5bar & p=0.04 bar +v_s1=0.00106;// kJ/kg +v_s2=0.00104;// kJ/kg +h_f5=121;// kJ/kg +h_f2=535;// kJ/kg + +W_ph=(p_1-p_2)*10^2*v_s1;// Pump work for higher pressure stage in kJ/kg +W_pl=(p_1-p_2)*10^2*v_s2;// Pump work for lower pressure side in kJ/kg +m_s=x_1;// mass flow inkg +m_f=0.159;// Mass flow through first feed pump in kg +n_ws=(((h_1-h_2)+(m_s*(h_3-h_4))-(m_s*W_ph)-(m_f*W_pl))/((m_s*(h_1-h_f5))+(m_f*(h_1-h_f2))))*100;// Efficiency of the cycle +W_p=(p_1-p_2)*10^2*v_s2;// Pump work in kJ/kg +n_wos=(((h_1-h_4)-W_p)/(h_1-h_f5))*100;// Efficiency of the cycle without seperation +//From steam table,at p=0.04 bar +h_fg4=2433.1;// kJ/kg +h_f4=121.4;// kJ/kg +x_4=(h_4-h_f4)/(h_fg4);// Dryness at exit +printf('\n Efficiency of the cycle with seperation=%0.1f percentage \n Efficiency of the cycle without seperation=%0.1f percentage \n Dryness at exit,x_4=%0.3f',n_ws,n_wos,x_4 ); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.30/Ex22_30.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.30/Ex22_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6befc7cd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.30/Ex22_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 22_30 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_a=10;// bar +p_b=0.2;// bar +p_1=40;// bar +T_1=400;// °C +T_2=40;// °C +m_s=500;// kg/sec +T_sa=515.5;// °C +T_sb=277.3;// °C +h_fa=72.33// kJ/kg +h_fb=38.35;// kJ/kg +h_ga=363.0;// kJ/kg +h_gb=336.55;// kJ/kg +s_fa=0.1478;// kJ/kg-K +s_fb=0.0967;// kJ/kg-K +s_ga=0.5167;// kJ/kg-K +s_gb=0.6385;// kJ/kg-K +v_fa=80.9*10^-6;// m^3/kg +v_fb=77.4*10^-6;// m^3/kg +v_ga=0.0333;// m^3/kg +v_gb=1.163;// m^3/kg + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3230;// kJ/kg +h_2=2120;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_3=167.5;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3;// kJ/kg +// s_a=s_b +x_b=(s_ga-s_fb)/(s_gb-s_fb); +h_b=h_fb+(x_b*(h_gb-h_fb));// kJ/kg +h_c=38.35;// kJ/kg +h_d=h_c;// kJ/kg +//(a) +h_a=h_ga;// kJ/kg +m_Hg=(h_1-h_4)/(h_b-h_c);// kg/kg of steam +n_Hg=((h_a-h_b)/(h_a-h_d))*100;// The efficiency of the mercury cycle in % +n_H2o=((h_1-h_2)/(h_1-h_3))*100;// The efficiency of the steam cycle in % +n_o=(((m_Hg*(h_a-h_b))+(1*(h_1-h_2)))/(m_Hg*(h_a-h_c)))*100;// The over all efficiency of the plant in % +P=((m_s/60)*((m_Hg*(h_a-h_b))+(1*(h_1-h_2))))/1000;// Total power generated in the system in MW +printf('\nMass of mercury required to generate one kg of steam=%0.2f kg/kg of steam \nThe efficiency of the mercury cycle=%0.1f percentage \nThe efficiency of the steam cycle=%0.2f percentage \nThe over all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nThe power generating capacity of the plant=%0.2f MW',m_Hg,n_Hg,n_H2o,n_o,P); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d6b9b48f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 22_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=90;// bar +T_1=480;// °C +p_2=12;// bar +p_3=0.07;// bar +m=1;// Steam flow rate in kg/sec + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3333.5;// kJ/kg +h_2=2815;// kJ/kg +h_3=3425.5;// kJ/kg +h_4=2364;// kJ/kg +//From steam tables at p=0.07 bar +h_f5=161.8;// kJ/kg +v_sw1=0.001013;// m^3/kg +h_6=h_f5+((v_sw1*(p_1-p_3)*10^5)/(1000*m));// kJ/kg +W_p=(h_6-h_f5);// Pump work in kJ/kg +W_net=(h_1-h_2)+((h_3-h_4))-W_p;// Net Work done in kJ/kg +P=W_net*m;// Power generating capacity of the plant in kW +H_s=(h_1-h_6)+(h_3-h_2);// Heat supplied per kg of steam in kJ/kg +n=(W_net/H_s)*100;// Efficiency of the cycle +printf('\nEfficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \nNet work done per kg steam=%0.1f kJ/kg',n,W_net); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38824e28c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 22_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=100;// bar +T_1=500;// °C +p_2=8.5;// bar +p_3=p_2-0.5;// bar +p_4=0.05;// bar +n_t=80;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine in % +n_lt=85;// The isentropic efficiency of lower stage of the turbine in % + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3377;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2750;// kJ/kg +h_3=3478;// kJ/kg +h_4a=2738;// kJ/kg +// The isentropic efficiency of the expansion 1-2 is 80% as given in problem +h_2=h_1-((n_t/100)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +// The isentropic efficiency of the expansion 3-4 is 85% as given in problem +h_4=h_3-((n_lt/100)*(h_3-h_4a));// kJ/kg +//From steam tables , +h_f5=137;// kJ/kg +n_th1=(((h_1-h_2)+(h_3-h_4))/((h_1-h_f5)+(h_3-h_2)))*100;// The efficiency of the cycle in % +// From h-s diagram +h_6a=2305;// kJ/kg +// The isentropic efficiency of the expansion 2-6 is 75% as given in problem +n_lt=75;//The isentropic efficiency of the turbine in % +h_6=h_2-((n_lt/100)*(h_2-h_6a));// kJ/kg +n_th2=(((h_1-h_2)+(h_2-h_6))/(h_1-h_f5))*100;// The thermal efficiency of the cycle without reheating in % +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle with reheating=%0.1f percentage \nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle without reheating=%0.1f percentage',n_th1,n_th2); +// The answer is bit different due to calculation error in the book + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..792a27b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 22_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=215;// bar +T_1=500;// °C +p_2=40;// bar +T_2=280;// °C +p_3=p_2-1;// bar +p_4=8;// bar +T_4=270;//°C +p_5=p_4-0.5;// bar +p_6=0.07;// bar +m=10;// The flow of steam in kg/sec + +//Calculation +// From h-s diagram +h_1=3234;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2822;// kJ/kg +h_2=2910;// kJ/kg +h_3=3435;// kJ/kg +h_4a=2977;// kJ/kg +h_4=2998;// kJ/kg +h_5=3473;// kJ/kg +h_6a=2444;// kJ/kg +h_6=2578;// kJ/kg +//From steam tables, +h_f7=162;// kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+(h_3-h_4)+(h_5-h_6);// Work done per kg of steam kJ/kg +Q=(h_1-h_f7)+(h_3-h_2)+(h_5-h_4);// Heat supplied per kg of steam kJ/kg +n_th=(W/Q)*100;//The thermal efficiency of the cycle in % +P=(W*m);// Power developed by the plant in kW +n_i1=((h_1-h_2)/(h_1-h_2a))*100;//Isentropic efficiency of the first stage in % +n_i2=((h_3-h_4)/(h_3-h_4a))*100;//Isentropic efficiency of the second stage in % +n_i3=((h_5-h_6)/(h_5-h_6a))*100;//Isentropic efficiency of the third stage in % +printf('\n(a)The thermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \n Power developed by the plant=%0.0f kW \n(b)Isentropic efficiency of the first stage=%0.1f percentage \n Isentropic efficiency of the second stage=%0.1f percentage \n Isentropic efficiency of the third stage=%0.0f percentage',n_th,P,n_i1,n_i2,n_i3); diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bb3057d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 22_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=100;// bar +T_1=400;// °C +p_2=20;// bar +p_l=1;// bar +p_3=p_2-p_l;// bar +T_3=380;//°C +n_i=80;// Isentropic efficiency of both the expansions in % +n_t=98;//The transmission efficiency in % +n_g=95;// The generator efficiency in % +P=60;// The generator output in MW + +//Calculation +// From h-s diagram +h_1=3093;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2734;// kJ/kg +h_3=3203;// kJ/kg +h_4a=2157;// kJ/kg +// The isentropic efficiency of the expansion 1-2 and 3-4 is 80% as given in problem +h_2=h_1-((n_i/100)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3-((n_i/100)*(h_3-h_4a));// kJ/kg +W=(h_1-h_2)+(h_3-h_4);//Work done per kg of steam kJ/kg +m_s=(P*1000)/(W*(n_t/100)*(n_g/100));// Mass of steam passing through the turbine in kg/sec +m_s=(m_s*3600)/1000;// tons/hr +printf('\nThe quantity of steam circulated per hour=%0.1f tons/hr',m_s) diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0063e8861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 22_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=50;// bar +T_1=400;// °C +x=0.96;// Dryness +p_2=5;// bar +p_3=0.03;// bar +T_3=250;// °C +n_i=80;// Isentropic efficiency of both the expansions in % +n_m=99;//The mechanical efficiency in % +n_g=96;// The generator efficiency in % + +//Calculation +//From h-s chart: +h_1=3198;// kJ/kg +h_2a=2675;// kJ/kg +h_3=2955;// kJ/kg +h_4a=2153;// kJ/kg +dh_1=((n_i/100)*(h_1-h_2a));//(h_1-h_2) kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-((n_i/100)*(h_1-h_2a));// kJ/kg +dh_2=((n_i/100)*(h_3-h_4a));//(h_3-h_4) in kJ/kg +W=dh_1+dh_2;//Work done per kg of steam kJ/kg +W_e=W*(n_m/100)*(n_g/100);// The work used out of 1060 kJ for the generation of electricity in kJ/kg +m_g=(1000/W_e)*3.6;// The steam generated in the boiler per 1 kW power generation in kg/kW-hr +//From steam tables, +h_fg=1643.5;// kJ/kg +Lh=x*h_fg;// The latent heat of steam lost per kg +m_s=(m_g*(h_3-h_2))/Lh;// The steam used in the reheater in kg +m=m_g+m_s;// Steam generated by the boiler per kW-hr output from the generator in kg +printf('\nThe mass of steam generated by the boiler per kW-hr=%0.3f kg',m); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce b/3733/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d5d036b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 22_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=100;// bar +p_4=0.035;// bar +T_1=500;// bar + +//Calculation +// From the (Mollier) chart: +h_1=3373;// kJ/kg +h_2=2778;// kJ/kg +h_3=3478;// kJ/kg +h_4=2322;// kJ/kg +x_4=0.907; +// From steam tables +h_f5=112;// kJ/kg +W_p=10;// Pump work as calculated in kJ/kg +n=(((h_1-h_2)+(h_3-h_4)-W_p)/((h_1-h_f5)+(h_3-h_2)));// Efficiency of the cycle +printf('\n The efficiency of the cycle=%0.2f(or)%0.0f percentage',n,n*100); diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..902c6483a --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 24_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P_1=1;// bar +P_2=5;// bar +T_1=27+273// K +T_3=650+273;// K +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.°C +//C_p=C_pg=C_pa; +r=1.4;//The specific heat ratio +m=5;//kg/s +//Air-fuel ratio,AF_r=m_air/m_fuel +AF_r=60/1; +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine + +//Calculation +//T'2=T_2a;T'4=T_4a; +T_2a=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// Modified equation in K +T_4a=T_3*(P_1/P_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t*(T_3-T_4a));// Modified equation in K +n_th=(((AF_r+1)*(T_3-T_4))-(AF_r*(T_2-T_1)))/((AF_r+1)*(T_3-T_2)); +n_th=n_th*100;// % +printf('The thermal efficiency of the cycle,n_th=%0.0f percentage\n',n_th); +W=(C_p*(1+60)*(T_3-T_4))-(C_p*60*(T_2-T_1));//kJ/kg of fuel +P=(W*m)/1000;// MW +printf('The power generating capacity of the plant,P=%0.1f MW\n',P); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf60e019d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 24_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=20+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_6=700+273;// K +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +e=0.7;// The effectiveness of regenerator +m_air=200;//Air flow through the plant in kg/sec +n_c=0.82;// Isentropic efficiency of both compressors +n_t=0.92;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_com=0.96;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.96;// Mechanical efficiency +n_g=0.95;// Generation efficiency +CV=35000;// kJ/kg +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +p_2=p_r*p_1;// bar +p_i=sqrt(p_1*p_2);// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_i/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_3=T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3*(p_2/p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_2;// K (as n_c1=n_c2) +T_7a=T_6*((p_1/p_2)^((r-1)/r));// K +T_7=T_6-(n_t*(T_6-T_7a));// K +T_5=(e*(T_7-T_4))+T_4;// K +function[X]=m_f(y) + X(1)=(C_p*(1+y(1))*(T_6-T_5))-(y(1)*CV*n_com); +endfunction +y=[0.01] +z=fsolve(y,m_f); +m_fuel=z(1); +m_a=1;// kg/kg of air +m=(m_a/m_fuel);//Air fuel ratio +n_th=(((T_6-T_7)-(2*(T_2-T_1)))/(T_6-T_5))*100;// Thermal efficiency +W=(m_a*(T_6-T_5)*(n_th/100));// Work done per kg of air in kJ +W_s=W*m_air;// Work done per sec in kJ/sec +P=W_s/10^3;// Capacity of the plant in MW +P_a=W_s*n_m*n_t;// Power available at generation terminals in kW +F=m_air*3600*m_fuel;// Fuel consumption per hour in kg/hr +Sfc=F/(P_a);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kW.hr +printf('\nAir fuel ratio used=%0.0f:1 \nThermal efficiency of the cycle=%0.1f percentage \nFuel consumption per hour=%0.0f kg/hr \nSpecific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kW.hr',m,n_th,F,Sfc); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f40c1946f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 24_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=5;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_1=27+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_4=1000;// K +p_r=5;// Pressure ratio +n_c=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.90;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.95;// Mechanical efficiency +n_g=0.92;// Generation efficiency +Tl=10;// Transmission losses +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +m=80;// Air fuel ratio +Cf_t=5000;// Cost of fuel in Rs./tonne +Oc=5000;// All other charges in rupees + +//Calculation +n_tt=(1-(Tl/100));// Transmission efficiency +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_5a=T_4*(p_1/p_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +e_g=P*1000;// The energy generated per second in kJ/sec +m_a=(e_g)/((((1+(1/m))*C_pg*(T_4-T_5))-(C_pa*(T_2-T_1)))*n_m*n_g*n_tt);// kg/sec +T_3=T_4-((CV*n_com)/(C_pg*(m+1)));// K +e=(C_pa*(T_3-T_2))/(C_pg*(1+(1/m))*(T_5-T_2));// Effectiveness of regenerator +Fc=(m_a*3600*(1/m));// The fuel consumption per hour in kg/hr +Cf=(Fc/1000)*Cf_t;// Cost of fuel per hour in Rs. +Tc=Cf+Oc;// Total cost to be charged per hour in Rs. +E_g=e_g*1;// Energy generated in kW-hr +Ce=Tc/E_g;// Charges of energy per kW-hr in Rs./kWh +printf('\nThe mass of air flow through the compressor per second=%0.2f kg/sec \nThe effectiveness of regenerator=%0.3f \nThe charges of energy per kW-hr=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',m_a,e,Ce); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aff2f1565 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 24_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=10;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_1=300;// K +T_4=960;// K +e=0.7;// The effectiveness of regenerator +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.90;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_com=0.96;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.95;// Mechanical efficiency +n_g=0.95;// Generation efficiency +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +Cf_t=4000;// Cost of fuel in Rs./tonne +Oc=3000;// All other charges in rupees +Q=90;// Heat developed in combustion chamber in % + +//Calculation +p_r=(n_c*n_t*(T_4/T_1))^(r/(2*(r-1)));// Pressure ratio +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_5a=T_4*(1/p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +m_a=(P*1000)/((C_pa*((T_4-T_5)-(T_2-T_1)))*n_com*n_g); +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_5-T_2));// K +m_f=(m_a*C_pa*(T_4-T_3))/(CV*n_com*(Q/100));// kg/sec +Cf=((m_f*3600)/1000)*Cf_t;// Cost of fuel in Rs./hr +Tc=Cf+Oc;// Total cost in Rs/hr +Ce=Tc/(P*1000);// Cost of energy generated in Rs/kWh +m=m_a/m_f;// Air-fuel ratio +printf('\nThe cost of energy generated=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',Ce); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5238fc3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Example 24_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=27+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +p_2=4;// bar +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +e=0.75;// The effectiveness of regenerator +p_lr=0.1;// Pressure loss in regenerator along air side in bar +p_lcc=0.05;// Pressure loss in the combustion chamber in bar +n_com=0.90;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.90;// Mechanical efficiency +n_g=0.95;// Generation efficiency +m_a=25;// kg/sec +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +T_4=700+273;// K +p_atm=1.03;// bar + +// Calculation +p_i=p_2-(p_lr+p_lcc);// Pressure at the inlet of the turbine in bar +p_e=p_atm+p_lr;// Pressure at the exit of the turbine in bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_5a=T_4*(p_e/p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +// Assume m=(m_a/m_f) +// m=y(1),T_3=y(2) +function[X]=airfuelratio(y) + X(1)=((y(1)+1)*C_pg*(T_4-y(2)))-(CV*n_com); + X(2)=((C_pa*(y(2)-T_2))/(e*C_pg*(T_5-T_2)))-(1+(1/y(1))); +endfunction +y=[10 100]; +z=fsolve(y,airfuelratio); +m=z(1); +T_3=z(2);// K +W_c=C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg of air +W_t=C_pg*(1+(m_a/m))*(T_4-T_5);// kJ/kg of air +W_a=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg of air +W=W_a*n_m*n_g;// Work available per kg of air at the terminals of generator in kJ/kg +P=(m_a*W)/1000;// Power available at the terminals of generator in kJ/kg +n_o=((W)/((1/m)*CV))*100;// Over all efficiency +Fr=m_a*3600*(1/m);// Fuel required per hour in kg/hr +Sfc=Fr/(P*1000);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kW.hr +printf('\nThe over all efficiency of the plant=%0.3f percentage \nSpecific fuel consumption=%0.2f kg/kW.hr',n_o,Sfc); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.14/Ex24_14.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.14/Ex24_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95820516c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.14/Ex24_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 24_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=800;// Plant capacity in kW +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1.01;// bar +T_4=700+273;// K +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +e=0.75;// The effectiveness of regenerator +p_lr=0.15;// Pressure drop in regenerator in bar +p_lcc=0.15;// Pressure drop in the combustion chamber in bar +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +p_2=p_r*p_1;// bar +p_3=p_2-p_lcc;// Pressure at point 4 in bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +p_4=p_1+p_lr;// bar +T_5a=T_4/(p_3/p_4)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_5-T_2));// K +W_c=C_p*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +W_t=C_p*(T_4-T_5);// kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg +Q_s=C_p*(T_4-T_3);// kJ/kg +n_th=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// Thermal Efficiency in percentage +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',n_th); diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40d368c7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 24_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_a=10;// kg/sec +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_6=1073;// K +e=0.75;// The effectiveness of regenerator +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +m=1;// kg + +//Calculation +p_3=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_2=sqrt(p_1*p_3);// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +//W_c=W_c1+W_c2=2*W_c1 (as intercooling is perfect) +W_c=2*m*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +// As T_3=T_1 and p_r=(p_2/p_1)=(p_3/p_2) +T_4=T_2;// K +T_7a=T_6/(p_3/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_7=T_6-(n_t*(T_6-T_7a));// K +W_t=C_pa*(T_6-T_7);// kJ/kg +T_5=T_4+(e*(T_7-T_4));// K +Q_s=m*C_pa*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg +P=m_a*W_n;//Power capacity of the plant in kW +n_th=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// Thermal Efficiency in percentage +printf('\nPower capacity of the plant=%0.0f kW\nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',P,n_th); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfa34f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 24_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=5;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_5=650+273;// K +p_r=5;// Pressure ratio +e=0.7;// The effectiveness of regenerator +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +n_com=0.97;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.98;// Mechanical efficiency of both turbines +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.°C +C_pg=1.145;// kJ/kg.°C +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.35;// Specific heat ratio for gases + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_i=sqrt(p_1*p_2);// The intermediate pressure between two compressors +T_2a=T_1*(p_i)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_3=T_1;// K +T_4=T_2;// K +T_7=T_5;// K +// Work developed by the compressor turbine = Work required to run the compressor +T_6=T_5-((2*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))/(C_pg*n_m));// K +T_6a=T_5-((T_5-T_6)/n_t1);// K +p_3=p_2/((T_5/T_6a)^(r_g/(r_g-1)));// K +T_8a=T_7*(p_1/p_3)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_8=T_7-(n_t2*(T_7-T_8a));// K +T_x=T_4+((e*C_pg*(T_8-T_4))/C_pa);// K +W_net=C_pg*(T_7-T_8)*n_m;//Net Work available per kg of air in kJ/kg of air +Q_s=C_pg*((T_5-T_x)+(T_7-T_6));// Heat supplied per kg of air kJ/kg of air +m_f=Q_s/(CV*n_com);// The total mass of fuel in per kg of air flow +m=1/m_f;// Air fuel ratio +n_o=(W_net/(m_f*CV))*100;// Over all efficiency +m_a=(P*1000)/(W_net);// kg/sec +M_f=m_a*3600*m_f;// Mass of fuel used per hour in kg/hr +Sfc=M_f/(P*1000*1);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kW-hr +printf('\nOver all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nMass flow of air through the plant per second=%0.2f kg/sec \nSpecific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kW-hr',n_o,m_a,Sfc); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..488919804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 24_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=1600;// Power plant capacity in kW +T_1=300;// K +T_3=1050;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_5=1100;// K +p_2=5;// bar +e=0.7;// The effectiveness of regenerator +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t1=0.85;// Efficiency of compressor turbine +n_t2=0.90;// Efficiency of power turbine +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.90;// Mechanical efficiency of both turbines +n_g=1;// Generation efficiency +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.35;// Specific heat ratio for gases + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3*(p_1/p_2)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t1*(T_3-T_4a));// K +T_6a=T_5*(p_1/p_2)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_6=T_5-(n_t2*(T_5-T_6a));// K +m_a2=P/(C_pg*(T_5-T_6)*n_m*n_g);// kg/sec +//Power developed by compressor turbine = Power absorbed by compressor +//m_a1=y(1) +function[X]=mass(y); + X(1)=((y(1)+m_a2)*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))-(y(1)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4)*n_m); +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a1=z(1);// kg/sec +T_y=((m_a1/(m_a1+m_a2))*T_4)+((m_a2/(m_a1+m_a2))*T_6);// The temperature after mixing in °C +T_x=T_2+((e*C_pg*(T_y-T_2))/C_pa);// K +m_f=((C_pg*m_a1*(T_3-T_x))+(C_pg*m_a2*(T_5-T_x)))/(CV*n_com);// kg/sec +n_th=(P/(m_f*CV))*100;// Plant efficiency in percentage +Sfc=(m_f*3600)/P;// kg/kWh +Afr=(m_a1+m_a2)/m_f;// Air fuel ratio +printf('\n(a)Plant efficiency=%0.1f percentage \n(b)Specific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kW-hr \n(c)Air fuel ratio=%0.0f:1',n_th,Sfc,Afr); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198cca8f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// Example 24_18 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=200;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_6=1000;// K +T_8=900;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_1=27+273;// K +p_r=5;// bar +e=0.7;// The effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=1;// Isentropic efficiency of both compressors +n_t=0.9;// Efficiency of both turbines +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.92;// Mechanical efficiency of compressor and generator shafts +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.°C +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_i=sqrt(p_1*p_2);// bar +T_7a=T_6*(p_1/p_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +n_t2=n_t; +T_7=T_6-(n_t2*(T_6-T_7a));// K +W_g=C_p*(T_6-T_7)*n_m;//Work done per kg of air in generator-turbine in kJ/kg +m_2=CV/W_g;// The mass of exhaust gases in kg/sec +T_2=T_1*(p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +W_c=2*C_p*(T_2-T_1);//Work done per kg of air in both compressors in kJ/kg +T_4=T_2;// K +// Assume m_1=y(1);T_5=y(2) +function[X]=massflow(y); + X(1)=(m_2*C_p*(y(2)-T_8))-(y(1)*C_p*(T_8-T_4)); + X(2)=((y(1)*C_p*(T_8-T_4))/(m_2*C_p*(y(2)-T_4)))-(e); +endfunction +y=[100 1000]; +z=fsolve(y,massflow); +T_5=z(2);// K +m_1=z(1);// kg/sec +T_9a=T_8/(p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +n_t1=n_t; +T_9=T_8-(n_t1*(T_8-T_9a));// K +m_c1=(((m_1*(T_8-T_9))/((T_2-T_1)*n_m))-m_1)/2;// Air taken from atmosphere in kg/sec +m_c2=m_c1+m_1;// kg/sec +//Assume m_f=y(1) +function[X]=massoffuel(z); + X(1)=((m_c2+z(1))*C_p*(T_5-T_4))/(CV*n_com)-z(1); +endfunction +z=[10]; +y=fsolve(z,massoffuel); +m_f=y(1);// Mass of fuel used per second +n_o=((P*10^3)/(CV*m_f))*100;// Over all efficiency of the plant in % +Ctc=(m_1*C_p*(T_8-T_9))/1000;// Compressor-turbine capacity in MW +printf('\n(a)Air taken from atmosphere per second=%0.0f kg/sec \n(b)Fuel required per second=%0.2f kg/sec \n(c)Over all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(d) Compressor-turbine capacity=%0.0f kW',m_c1,m_f,n_o,Ctc*1000); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..223ee1487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 24_19 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=5;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_1=30+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_3=550+273;// K +p_r=5;// Pressure ratio +p_3=2.24;// bar +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.°C +C_pg=1.15;// kJ/kg.°C +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_5=T_3;// K +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +W_c=C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +T_4a=T_3/(p_2/p_3)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t1*(T_3-T_4a));// K +T_6a=T_5/(p_3/p_1)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_6=T_5-(n_t2*(T_5-T_6a));// K +W_t=2*C_pg*(T_3-T_4);// kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg +m_a=((P*10^3)/W_n);// kg/sec +Q_s=(C_pg*(T_3-T_2))+(C_pg*(T_5-T_4));// kJ/kg +n_o=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// Over all efficiency in % +printf('\nThe over all efficiency=%0.0f percentage \nThe mass flow rate=%0.1f kg/sec',n_o,m_a); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59775490d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 24_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=300;// K +P_r=8;// P_r=(p1/p2) +p_1=1;// bar +T_4=1080;// K +m=500;// kg/min +n_c=0.8; +n_t=n_c;//Isentropic efficiency of the compressor and turbine +CV=42000;// kJ/kg +e=0.6;// The effectiveness of the heat exchanger +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.°C +//C_p=C_pg=C_pa; + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// Modified equation in K +T_5a=T_4*(1/P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +T_3=(e*(T_5-T_2))+T_2;// K +//m_f=y(1) +function[X]=Mass(y); + X(1)=(y(1)*CV)-(C_p*(1+y(1))*(T_4-T_3)); +endfunction +y=[0.01] +z=fsolve(y,Mass); +m_f=z(1);// kJ/kg of air +m_a=1;// kg +q=m_a*(T_3-T_2);//Heat saved in kJ/kg of air +M=(m*60*q)/CV;// Fuel saved per hour in kg/hr +W_net=(C_p*(1+m_f)*(T_4-T_5))-(C_p*m_a*(T_2-T_1));// kJ/kg +P=(m/60)*W_net;// The capacity of the plant in kW +printf('\nFuel saved per hour=%0.2f kg/hr\nThe capacity of the plant=%0.1f kW',M,P); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0856b16f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// Example 24_20 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=5;// Power plant capacity in MW +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_4=750+273;// K +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +p_3=2.24;// bar +e=0.75;// The effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.15;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=18500;// kJ/kg + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_re=sqrt(p_1*p_2);//Pressure ratio for each turbine in bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_6=T_4;// K +T_5a=T_4/((p_re)^((r_g-1)/r_g));// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t1*(T_4-T_5a));// K +T_7=T_5;// K +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_7-T_2));// K +//(i) +function[X]=massoffuel(y) + X(1)=((1+y(1))*C_pg*(T_4-T_3))-(y(1)*CV); +endfunction +y=[0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,massoffuel); +m_f1=z(1);// kg/kg of air +AF=1/m_f1;// Air fuel ratio +function[X]=massoffuel1(x) + X(1)=(C_pg*((1+m_f1+x(1))*(T_6-T_5)))-(x(1)*CV); +endfunction +x=[0.001]; +y=fsolve(x,massoffuel1); +m_f2=y(1);// kg/kg of air +W_c=C_pg*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg of air +W_t1=C_pg*(1+(m_f1))*(T_4-T_5);// kJ/kg of air +W_t2=C_pg*(1+m_f1+m_f2)*(T_6-T_7);// kJ/kg of air +W_t=W_t1+W_t2;// kJ/kg of air +W_n=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg of air +//(ii) +Q_s=(m_f1+m_f2)*CV;// kJ/kg of air +n_th=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency of the cycle +//(iii) +m_a=((P*10^3)/W_n);// kg/sec +//(iv) +F=m_a*(m_f1+m_f2)*3600;// Fuel required per hour in kg/hr +printf('\n(i)Cycle efficiency=%0.1f percentage \n(ii)Air supplied to the plant=%0.1f kg/sec \n(iii)A:F ratio=%0.1f:1 \n(iv)Fuel consumption of the plant=%0.0f kg/hr',n_th,AF,m_a,F); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d22f515 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 24_21 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=25+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_6=1250+273;// K +p_3=9;// bar +n_c=0.83;// Isentropic efficiency of both compressors +n_c1=n_c; +n_c2=n_c; +n_t=0.83;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +m_a=16.5;// kg/sec + +//Calculation +p_2=sqrt(p_1*p_3);// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c1)+T_1;// K +T_8=T_6;// K +T_4=T_2;// K +T_7a=T_6/(p_3/p_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_7=T_6-(n_t1*(T_6-T_7a));// K +T_9=T_7;// K +W_c=2*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +W_t=2*C_pa*(T_6-T_7);// kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg +T_5=T_7; +//When the ideal regeneration is given,then +e=1;// Effectiveness +Q_s=2*C_pa*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +//(i) +n_th=(W_n/Q_s)*100;//The thermal efficiency in % +//(ii) +P=W_n*m_a;// Power developed by the plant in kW +printf('\n(i)The thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(ii)Power developed by the plant=%0.2f kW',n_th,P); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47916767f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 24_22 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=290;// K +p_1=1.01;// bar +T_3=650+273;// K +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t1=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of H.P turbine +n_t2=0.83;// Isentropic efficiency of L.P turbine +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.15;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +m_a=10;// The air flow through the compressor in kg/sec + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +W_c=1*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);//Work input to the compressor in kJ/kg +W_t1=W_c;// kJ/kg +T_4=T_3-(W_t1/C_pg);// K +T_4a=T_3-((T_3-T_4)/n_t1);// K +p_3=p_2/((T_3/T_4a)^(r_g/(r_g-1)));// bar +p_re=p_3/p_1;// The pressure ratio of expansion in the power turbine +T_5a=T_4/(p_3/p_1)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +dT_45=n_t2*(T_4-T_5a);// (dT_45=T_4-T_5) K +W_t2=C_pg*(dT_45);//Work developed by power turbine in kJ/kg +W_net=W_t2;// The net work done per kg of air in kJ/kg +W_t=W_t1+W_t2;// Total work done per in kJ/kg +W_r=W_t2/W_t;// Work ratio +Q_s=C_pa*(T_3-T_2);// kJ/kg +n_th=(W_t2/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +P=W_t2*m_a;// Power capacity of the plant in kW +printf('\nThe power developed by the unit=%0.0f kW \nThe thermal efficiency=%0.0f percentage \nWork ratio=%0.1f',P,n_th,W_r); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05337e968 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 24_23 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=1;// bar +p_2=5;// bar +p_3=2.5;// bar +T_1=300;// K +T_3=900;// K +T_5=T_3;// K +m_a=10;// kg/sec +CV=33500;// kJ/kg +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.°C +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +//Calculation +T_2=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3/(p_2/p_3)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_6=T_5/(p_2/p_3)^((r-1)/r);// K +function[X]=massoffuel(y) + X(1)=((1+y(1))*C_p*(T_3-T_2))-(y(1)*CV); +endfunction +y=[0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,massoffuel); +m_f1=z(1);// kg/kg of air +function[X]=massoffuel1(x) + X(1)=(C_p*((1+m_f1+x(1))*(T_5-T_4)))-(x(1)*CV); +endfunction +x=[0.001]; +y=fsolve(x,massoffuel1); +m_f2=y(1);// kg/kg of air +W_n=((m_a*(1+m_f1)*C_p*(T_3-T_4)))+((m_a*(1+m_f1+m_f2)*C_p*(T_5-T_6)))-(m_a*C_p*(T_2-T_1));// kW +n_g=100;//The generator efficiency is considered 100% +n_th=(W_n/(m_a*(m_f1+m_f2)*CV))*100;// The efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nPower generating capacity=%0.0f kW',n_th,W_n); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.24/Ex24_24.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.24/Ex24_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80988f573 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.24/Ex24_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 24_24 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_4=870+273;// K +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +e=0.65;// The effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=0.8;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_g=0.95// Generator efficiency +m_a=5;// kg/sec +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +//(a) +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_5a=T_4/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +W_n=m_a*C_p*((T_4-T_5)-(T_2-T_1))*n_g;// kW +//(b) +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_5-T_2));// K +n_th=((C_p*((T_4-T_5)-(T_2-T_1)))/(C_p*(T_4-T_3)))*100;// Thermal efficiency of the plant in % +T_6=T_5-(T_3-T_2);// K +//(c) +Q=(m_a*60)*C_p*(T_6-T_1);// KJ/min +printf('\n(a)Power output of the plant=%0.2f kW \n(b)Thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(c)Heat carried by the exhaust gases=%0.0f kJ/min',W_n,n_th,Q); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.25/Ex24_25.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.25/Ex24_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5582f703d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.25/Ex24_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 24_25 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_r=4.5;// Pressure ratio +m_a=82;// kg/min +m_f=1.4;// kg/min +W_o=200;// kW +W_c=230// kW +p_1=1;// bar +T_1=15+273;// K +T_3=765+273;// K +r_c=1.4;// The index of compression +r_e=1.34;// The index of expansion +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.13;// kJ/kg.K +n_m=0.98;// Mechanical efficiency of the compressor + +//Calculation +W_t=(W_o+W_c)/n_m;// kW +m_a=(m_a)/60;// kg/sec +m_f=(m_f)/60;// kg/sec +AF=m_a/m_f;// Air fuel ratio +//(a) +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r_c-1)/r_c);// K +n_c=(m_a*C_pa*((T_2a-T_1)/W_c))*100;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor in % +//(b) +T_4a=T_3/(p_r)^((r_e-1)/r_e);// K +n_t=(W_t/((m_a+m_f)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4a)))*100;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine in % +//(c) +T_2=T_1+((T_2a-T_1)/(n_c/100));// K +n_o=(W_o/((m_a+m_f)*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)))*100;// The over all efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\n(a)Isentropic efficiency of compressor=%0.0f percentage \n(b)Isentropic efficiency of turbine=%0.1f percentage \n(c) The over all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',n_c,n_t,n_o); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.26/Ex24_26.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.26/Ex24_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07ffe9cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.26/Ex24_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 24_26 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=303;// K +p_1=0.9;// bar +p_2=4.5;// bar +T_3=1000+273;// K +p_3=1.1;// bar +e=0.8;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +m_a=5;// kg/sec +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3/(p_2/p_3)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t*(T_3-T_4a));// K +T_5=T_2+(e*(T_4-T_2));// K +n_th=(((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1))/(T_3-T_5))*100;// The thermal efficiency of the system in % +P=m_a*C_p*((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1));// The power developed by the system in kW +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the system=%0.0f percentage \nThe power developing capacity of the system=%0.1f kW',n_th,P); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.27/Ex24_27.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.27/Ex24_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..314c88714 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.27/Ex24_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 24_27 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=21+273;// K +T_4=925+273;// K +n_c=0.86;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t1=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of H.P turbine +n_t2=0.87;// Isentropic efficiency of L.P turbine +e=0.75;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_com=0.98;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.99;// Mechanical efficiency of compressor and H.P turbine assembly +P=2040;// kW +C_pa=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +m=1;// kg + +//Calculation +// p_r=p_1/p_2; +p_r1=7;// Pressure ratio +T_2a=T_1*(p_r1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +W_c=1*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);//Work input to the compressor in kJ/kg +W_t1=W_c/n_m;// kJ/kg +T_5=T_4-(W_t1/(m*C_pa))// K +T_5a=T_4-((T_4-T_5)/n_t1);// K +p_r2=(T_4/T_5a)^(r/(r-1));// Pressure ratio(p_2/p_3) +p_r3=(1/p_r1)*(p_r2);// Pressure ratio(p_3/p_1) +T_6a=T_5*(p_r3)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_6=T_5-((T_5-T_6a)*n_t2);// K +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_6-T_2));// K +m_a=(P/(C_pa*(T_5-T_6)));// kg/sec +n_th=(P)/(m_a*C_pa*(T_4-T_3)*n_com)*100;// The thermal efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\nThe air flow rate=%0.2f kg/sec \nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',m_a,n_th); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.28/Ex24_28.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.28/Ex24_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..593272ded --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.28/Ex24_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 24_28 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_3=680+273;// K +p_2=5;// bar +n_c=0.76;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.86;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +m_a=23;// kg/sec +C_pa=1.005;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.128;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.34;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=42000;// kJ/kg + +//Calculation +//First considering C-TB_1 +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +// Assume m_r1=m_a1/m_f1 +m_r1=(CV/(C_pg*(T_3-T_2)))-1; +T_4a=T_3/(p_2/p_1)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_4=T_3-((T_3-T_4a)*n_t);// K +m_f1=(m_a*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))/((m_r1+1)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4));// kg/sec +m_a1=m_r1*m_f1;// kg/sec +m_a2=m_a-m_a1;// kg/sec +// Now considering G-TB_2 +//m_f2=y(1) +function[X]=massoffuel(y) + X(1)=((m_a2+y(1))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2))-(y(1)*CV); +endfunction +y=[0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,massoffuel); +m_f2=z(1);// kg/kg of air +m_r2=m_a2/m_f2; +W_2=(m_a2+m_f2)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4);//Work developed by TB_2 kW +W_1=m_a1*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// The capacity of TB_1 to run the compressor in kW +m_f=(m_f1+m_f2)*60;// kg/min +n_th=(W_2/((m_f/60)*CV))*100;// The thermal efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\n\The power output of the plant=%0.0f kW \nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',W_2,n_th); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.29/Ex24_29.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.29/Ex24_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbb4c542d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.29/Ex24_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Example 24_29 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_5=1000;// K +dp_in=0.07;// bar +dp_re=0.1;// bar +R_c1=2;// Compression ratio +n_c=0.80;// Efficiency of compressor +n_c1=n_c; +n_c2=n_c; +dp_com=0.15;// bar +dp_rh=0.1;// bar +n_t1=0.87;// Efficiency of turbine 1 +n_t2=0.7;// Efficiency of turbine 2 +e=0.75;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_com=0.98;// Combustion efficiency +n_m=0.99;// Mechanical efficiency of compressor-turbine +m_a=20;// kg/sec +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=43.5;// MJ/kg + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*R_c1;// bar +p_3=p_2-dp_in;// bar +p_4=2*p_3;// bar +p_5=p_4-dp_in-dp_re;// bar +p_8=1+dp_rh;// bar +T_2=T_1+((T_1/n_c1)*(((R_c1)^((r_a-1)/r_a))-1));// K +T_3=T_1;// K +T_4=T_3+((T_3/n_c2)*(((R_c1)^((r_a-1)/r_a))-1));// K +// as T_4-T_3=T_2-T_1 +W_1=2*m_a*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// Power required to run the compressor in kW +W_t1=W_1/n_m;// Power developed by compressor turbine in kW +W_t1=W_t1/m_a;// The work developed by the turbine per kg of air in kJ/kg +dT_56=W_t1/C_pg;//(dT_56=T_5-T_6) K +R_t1=1/(1-((dT_56/(T_5*n_t1))))^(r_a/(r_a-1)); +p_6=p_5/R_t1;// bar +p_7=p_6-dp_rh;// bar +R_t2=p_7/p_8;// bar +T_7=T_5;// K +dT_78=T_7*n_t2*(1-((1/R_t2)^((r_a-1)/r_a)));// K +T_8=T_7-dT_78;// K +W=m_a*C_pa*(T_7-T_8);// Net output of the plant in kW +T_9=T_4+(e*(T_8-T_4));// K +Q_s=C_pa*((T_5-T_9)+(dT_56));// The total heat supplied in the plant per kg of air in kJ/kg +m_f=((m_a*Q_s)/(CV*10^3*n_com))*3600;// The mass of fuel supplied in kg/hr +Sfc=m_f/W;// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +n_th=(W/(Q_s*m_a))*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +printf('\nThe specific fuel consumption of the plant=%0.2f kg/kWh \nPlant capacity=%0.0f kW \nOver all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f',Sfc,W,n_th); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ddb909bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 24_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=288;// K +P_r=6;// P_r=p1/p2 +T_3=1000;// K +m=2;// tonnes/hr +n_c=0.85; +n_t=0.90;//Isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine +CV=46500;// kJ/kg +e=0.6;// The effectiveness of the heat exchanger +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.°C +//C_p=C_pg=C_pa + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3/(P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t*(T_3-T_4a));// K +W_c=C_p*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +W_t=C_p*(T_3-T_4);// kJ/kg +Q_a=C_p*(T_3-T_2);// kJ/kg +n_th=((W_t-W_c)/Q_a)*100;//Cycle efficiency +W_s=W_t-W_c;// kJ/kg +P=((m*1000)/3600)*CV*n_th/100*n_t*n_c;// kW +P=P/1000;//MW +printf('\n Cycle efficiency=%0.1f percentage \nThe specific work output=%0.0f kJ/kg',n_th,W_s); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.30/Ex24_30.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.30/Ex24_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57bfe52cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.30/Ex24_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Example 24_30 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +R_c=5;//Compression ratio +T_3=800+273;// K +T_9=265+273;// K +W=625;// kW +e=0.75;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=0.86;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.86;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbine +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +m_a=5.85;// kg/sec +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pa=C_p; +C_pg=C_p; +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +R_t1=R_c; +R_t2=R_c; +dT_21=(T_1/n_c)*(((R_c)^((r-1)/r))-1);// K +T_2=T_1+dT_21;// K +W_c=m_a*C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// The work done in the compressor in kW +dT_34=T_3*n_t1*(1-((1/R_t1)^((r-1)/r)));//(T_3-T_4) K +m_a1=W_c/(dT_34);// kg/sec +P_ta=(m_a1/m_a)*100;// Percentage of total air supplied to turbine 1 in % +m_a2=m_a-m_a1;// kg/sec +// Assume T_7=y(1); T_8=y(2); +function[X]=Temperature8(y) + X(1)=(m_a*C_pg*(y(1)-T_2))-(m_a*C_pg*(y(2)-T_9)); + X(2)=((y(1)-T_2)/(y(2)-T_2))-e; +endfunction +y=[100 100]; +z=fsolve(y,Temperature8); +T_8=z(2);// K +T_7=z(1);// K +// Assume T_5=x(1); T_6=x(2); +function[Y]=Temperature5(x) + Y(1)=(x(1)*n_t2*(1-((1/R_t2)^((r-1)/r))))-(x(1)-x(2)); + Y(2)=(m_a2*C_pa*(x(1)-x(2)))-W; +endfunction +x=[100 100]; +q=fsolve(x,Temperature5); +T_5=q(1);// K +T_6=q(2);// K +n_th=(W/(((m_a1*C_pa*(T_3-T_7))+(m_a2*C_pa*(T_5-T_6)))))*100;//The over all efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\nPercentage of total air passed to the compressor turbine=%0.1f percentage \nThe combined temperature of of the exhaust gases entering into the heat exchanger,T_8=%0.0f K \nThe temperature of gases entering into the power turbine,T_5=%0.0f K \nThe over all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',P_ta,T_8,T_5,n_th); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.31/Ex24_31.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.31/Ex24_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..797df8e47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.31/Ex24_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example 24_31 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=288;// K +p_1=1;// bar +R_c=2.5;// Pressure ratio of each compressor stage +R_c1=R_c; +R_c2=R_c; +T_3=300// K +T_5=1000;// K +W_2=100;// kW/kg of air +p_l1=0.2;// Pressure loss in air side of H.P and main combustion chamber in bar +p_l2=0.1;// Pressure loss in reheat combustion chamber in bar +p_l3=0.05;// Pressure loss in intercooler in bar +n_c=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_c1=n_c; +n_c2=n_c; +n_t1=0.88;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine 1 +n_t2=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine 2 +m_a=5.85;// kg/sec +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +n_o=0.30;// The over all efficiency of the plant +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +T_2=T_1+(T_1/n_c1)*(((R_c1)^((r-1)/r))-1);// K +p_2=R_c*p_1;// bar +p_3=p_2-p_l3;// bar +T_4=T_3+(T_3/n_c2)*(((R_c1)^((r-1)/r))-1);// K +p_4=p_3*p_2;// ba +T_1=T_3; +W_1=C_p*((T_2-T_1)+(T_4-T_3));//The work required to compress one kg of air in kJ/kg +n_m=1;// Mechanical efficiency (Assumed) +T_6=T_5-(W_1/C_p);// K +R_t1=1/(1-(((T_5-T_6)/(T_5*n_t1))))^(r/(r-1));// Pressure ratio in turbine 1 +p_5=p_4-p_l1;// bar +p_6=p_5/R_t1;// bar +p_7=p_6-p_l2;// bar +T_7=T_5;// K +T_8=T_7-(W_2/C_p);// K +R_t2=1/(1-(((T_7-T_8)/(T_7*n_t2))))^(r/(r-1));// Pressure ratio in turbine 2 +p_8=p_7/R_t2;// bar +p_m=p_8-p_1;// Maximum pressure loss in H.E towards gas side in bar +T_9=T_5-(((T_7-T_8)/(n_o))-(T_7-T_6));// K +e=(T_9-T_4)/(T_8-T_4);// The effectiveness of heat exchanger +printf('\nThe effectiveness of heat exchanger=%0.3f \nMaximum pressure loss in H.E towards gas side=%0.2f bar',e,p_m); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.32/Ex24_32.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.32/Ex24_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93d2464d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.32/Ex24_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 24_32 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=15+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +p_r=6;// Pressure ratio +T_4=750+273;// K +e=0.75;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of turbine +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_3=sqrt(p_1*p_2);// bar +p_r1=p_2/p_3;// Pressure ratio +p_r2=p_r1; +T_5a=T_4/(p_r1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +T_6=T_4;// K +T_7=T_5;// K +T_3=T_2+(e*(T_7-T_2));// K +W_c=C_pa*(T_2-T_1);// The work of compression in kJ/kg +W_t=2*C_pg*(T_4-T_5);// The work developed by both turbines in kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// Net work in kJ/kg +Q_1=C_pg*(T_4-T_3);// kJ/kg +Q_2=C_pa*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +Q_s=Q_1+Q_2;// The total heat supplied in kJ/kg +W_r=W_n/W_t;// Work ratio +n_p=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// The plant efficiency in % +printf('\nEfficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nWork ratio=%0.4f',n_p,W_r); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.33/Ex24_33.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.33/Ex24_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3292987a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.33/Ex24_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 24_33 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=1;// bar +p_2=9;// bar +T_1=25+273;// K +T_6=1250+273;// K +e=0.83;// The effectiveness of regenerator +n_c=0.83;// Isentropic efficiency of both compressors +n_t=0.83;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +CV=42;// MJ/kg +C_p=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +//Calculation +T_8=T_6;// K +n_c1=n_c; +n_c2=n_c; +n_t1=n_t; +n_t2=n_t; +p_i=sqrt(p_1*p_2);// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_i/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_3=T_1;// K +T_4=T_2;// K +T_7a=T_6/(p_2/p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_7=T_6-(n_t1*(T_6-T_7a));// K +T_8=T_6;// K +T_9=T_7;// K +T_5=T_2+(e*(T_9-T_4));// K +W_c=2*C_p*(T_2-T_1);// The work developed by both compressors in kJ/kg +W_t=2*C_p*(T_6-T_7);// The work developed by both turbines in kJ/kg +W_n=W_t-W_c;// Net work in kJ/kg +W_r=W_n/W_t;// Work ratio +Q_1=C_p*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +Q_2=C_p*(T_8-T_7);// kJ/kg +Q_s=Q_1+Q_2;// The total heat supplied in kJ/kg +n=(W_n/Q_s)*100;// The plant efficiency in % +printf('\nThermal efficiency of the plant=%0.0f percentage \nWork ratio=%0.2f',n,W_r); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.34/Ex24_34.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.34/Ex24_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bcc40438 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.34/Ex24_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 24_34 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=1;// bar +p_2=8;// bar +T_1=300;// K +T_3=1000;// K +CV=40;// MJ/kg +W_2=500;// kW +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.°C +C_pg=1;// kJ/kg.°C +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +//Calculation +p_r=(p_2/p_1);// Pressure ratio +T_2=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +// Assume m_a=y(1);m_f=y(2);// m_g1=y(3);m_g2=y(4) +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)+y(2))-(y(3)+y(4)); + X(2)=(y(4)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4))-(W_2); + X(3)=(y(1)*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))-(y(3)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4)); + X(4)=(y(2)*CV*10^3)-((y(1)+y(2))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); +endfunction +y=[1 0.1 1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a=z(1)*60;// kg/min +m_f=z(2)*3600;// kg/hr +m_g1=z(3);// kg/sec +m_g2=z(4);// kg/sec +Sfc=(m_f/W_2);// kg/kWh +AF=(m_a/60)/(m_f/3600);// Air fuel ratio +n_th=(W_2/((m_f/3600)*CV*10^3))*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +printf('\nThe mass of air consumed by the plant=%0.1f kg/min \nA:F ratio used=%0.0f \nSpecific fuel consumption=%0.2f kg/kWh \nThermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',m_a,AF,Sfc,n_th); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.35/Ex24_35.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.35/Ex24_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4245d72c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.35/Ex24_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 24_35 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=2000;// kW +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +T_1=300;// K +T_3=1000;// K +T_3a=900;// K +CV=42*10^3;// kJ/kg +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4a=T_3a/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +// Assume m_a=y(1);m_a1=y(2); m_a2=y(3);m_f1=y(4);m_f2=y(5); +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))-((y(2)+y(4))*C_pa*(T_3-T_4)); + X(2)=y(1)-(y(2)+y(3)); + X(3)=P-((y(3)+y(5))*C_pg*(T_3a-T_4a)); + X(4)=(y(4)*CV*n_com)-((y(2)+y(4))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); + X(5)=(y(5)*CV*n_com)-((y(3)+y(5))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); +endfunction +y=[1 1 1 0.01 0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a=z(1)*60;// kg/min +m_a1=z(2)*3600;// kg/hr +m_a2=z(3)*3600;// kg/hr +m_f1=z(4)*3600;// kg/hr +m_f2=z(5)*3600;// kg/hr +m_f=m_f1+m_f2;// kg/hr +Sfc=m_f/P;// kg/kW-hr +n_th=(3600/(Sfc*CV))*100;// Thermal efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\nFuel consumed by the plant=%0.1f kg/hr \nSpecific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kW-hr \nThermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nMass of air compressed=%0.0f kg/min',m_f,Sfc,n_th,m_a); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.36/Ex24_36.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.36/Ex24_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..884254949 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.36/Ex24_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Example 24_36 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=25;// MW +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_8=700;// K +AF_1=80;// Air fuel ratio +AF_2=70;// Air fuel ratio +e=0.7;// Effectiveness of heat exchanger +CV=40*10^3;// kJ/kg +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air and gases + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +function[Y]=temperature(x) + Y(1)=(e*(x(1)-T_2))-(x(1)-T_8); +endfunction +x=[100]; +T=fsolve(x,temperature); +T_7=T(1);// K +T_2a=(T_7-T_8)+T_2;// K +//Assume m_f1=y(1);T_3=y(2);m_f2=y(3);T_5=y(4);T_6=y(5);T_4=y(6) +function[X]=massoffuel(y) + X(1)=(((80*y(1))+y(1))*C_pg*(y(2)-T_2a))-(y(1)*CV); + X(2)=(((70*y(3))+y(3))*C_pg*(y(4)-T_2a))-(y(3)*CV); + X(3)=(((70*y(3))+y(3))*C_pg*(y(4)-y(5)))-(P*10^3); + X(4)=y(5)-((y(4))/((p_r)^((r-1)/r))); + X(5)=(((80*y(1))+y(1))*((y(2))-y(6)))-(((80*y(1))+(70*y(3)))*(T_2-T_1)); + X(6)=y(6)-((y(2))/((p_r)^((r-1)/r))); +endfunction +y=[0.1 1000 0.1 1000 100 100 ]; +z=fsolve(y,massoffuel); +m_f1=z(1);// kg/sec +m_f2=z(3);// kg/sec +T_3=z(2);// K +T_4=z(6);// K +T_5=z(4);// K +T_6=z(5);// K +m_f=(m_f1+m_f2)*3600;// Total mass of fuel consumed per hour in kg/hr +m_a=((m_f1*AF_1)+(m_f2*AF_2))*60;// Mass of air compressed per minute in kg/hr +Sfc=(m_f)/(P*10^3);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kW-hr +n_th=((P*10^3)/((m_f1+m_f2)*CV))*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +printf('\n(a)Total mass of fuel consumed per hour=%0.0f kg/hr \n(b)Mass of air compressed per minute=%0.0f kg/hr \n(c)Specific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kW-hr \n(d)Thermal efficiency=%0.0f percentage',m_f,m_a,Sfc,n_th); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc4aec58c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 24_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=101;//kN/m^2 +p_2=606;//kN/m^2 +e=0.65;//Effectiveness of regenerative heat exchanger +T_1=15+273;// K +n_c=0.85;// The compressor efficiency +n_t=0.80;// The turbine efficiency +m=4;// Air flow rate in kg/s +T_3=870+273;// K +// P_r=(P_1/P_2)=(P_3/P_4) +P_r=6;// Pressure ratio +C_p=1.005;// kJ/kg K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3/(P_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t*(T_3-T_4a));// K +P=m*C_p*((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1));// kW +T_5=(e*(T_4-T_2))+T_2;// K +// T_4-T_6=T_5-T_2, neglecting,the weight of the fuel +T_6=T_4+T_2-T_5;// K +n_th1=(((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1))/(T_3-T_5))*100;//% +n_th2=(((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1))/(T_3-T_2))*100;// % +printf('\nEfficiency of the plant with regeneration=%0.1f percentage \nEfficiency without heat exchanger=%0.1f percentage',n_th1,n_th2); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c836bf522 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 24_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=19+273;// K +p_1=100;//kN/m^2 +p_2=800;// kN/m^2 +n_c=0.85;// The isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.88;// The isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_pt=0.86;// The isentropic efficiency of power turbine +m=7;//Air flow rate in kg/s +T_3=980+273;// K +C_p=1.006;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +//(1)For the first turbine +// Compressor work= Turbine work +T_4=T_3-(T_2-T_1);// Turbine exit temperature in K +T_4a=T_3-((T_3-T_4)/(n_t));// K +p_3=p_2;// bar +p_4a=(p_3)/((T_3/T_4a)^(r/(r-1)));// kN/m^2 +p_4=p_4a;//kN/m^2 +//(2)For the power turbine +p_5=p_1;// bar +T_5a=T_4*(p_5/p_4)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_pt*(T_4-T_5a));// K +P=(m*C_p*(T_4-T_5));// kW +n_th=(C_p*(T_4-T_5))/(C_p*(T_3-T_2));// Thermal efficiency +printf('\n1.The condition of air at the exit of the first turbine:T_4=%0.0f K & p_4=%0.0f kN/m^2 \n2.The power output of the turbine=%0.0f kW\nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.3f or %0.1f percentage',T_4,p_4,P,n_th,n_th*100 ); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fb65e868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 24_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=288;// K +p_1=1.03;// bar +p_2=6;// bar +p_3=p_2-0.1;// bar +n_c=80/100;// The isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=n_c;// The isentropic efficiency of turbine +n_com=90/100;// Combustion efficiency +W=1.1*1000;// kW +m=7;//Air flow rate in kg/s +T_3=750+273;// K +//C_p=C_pa=C_pg +C_p=1.0;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +CV=20000;// kJ/kg + +//Calculation +//Applying isentropic law to the process 1-2 +T_2a=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=T_1+((T_2a-T_1)/n_c);// K +// m=m_a/m_f +m=((CV*n_com)/(T_3-T_2))-1; +//Applying isentropic law to the process 3-4' +T_4a=T_3/((p_3/p_1)^((r-1)/r));// K +T_4=T_3-(n_t*(T_3-T_4a));//K +m_a=W/(((1+(1/m))*C_p*(T_3-T_4))-(C_p*(T_2-T_1)));// kg/sec +m_f=m_a/37;// kg/sec +m_g=m_a+m_f;// kg/sec +W_t=m_g*C_p*(T_3-T_4);// kW +W_r=W/W_t;// Work ratio +n_th=W/(m_g*C_p*(T_3-T_2));// Thermal efficiency of the plant +printf('\n(i)Flow of air and flow of gases per second,m_a=%0.1f kg/sec & m_g=%0.2f kg/sec \n(ii)Work ratio=%0.4f \n(iii) Thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.3f (or)%0.1f percentage',m_a,m_g,W_r,n_th,n_th*100); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03ba73962 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 24_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_r=6.5// Pressure ratio +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_5=850;// K +P=10;//The power plant capacity in MW +CV=45000;// kJ/kg +r=1.4;// Spcific heat ratio for air and gases +C_p=1;// kJ/kg-k for air and gases +C_pg=C_p; + +//Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +p_i=sqrt(p_1*p_2);//The required intermediate pressure in bar +T_2=T_1*(p_i/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_7=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_3=T_1;// K +T_4=T_1*(p_2/p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +W_wi=2*C_p*(T_2-T_1);//The workdone per kg of air with perfect inter cooling in kJ/kg +W_woi=C_p*(T_7-T_1);//The workdone per kg of air without inter cooling in kJ/kg +W_s=W_woi-W_wi;// Work saved per kg of air compressed due to intercooling in kJ/kg +// Assume m=m_a/m_f +m=(CV/(C_pg*(T_5-T_4)))-1; +T_6=T_5*(p_1/p_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +W_e=C_pg*(T_5-T_6);// Work done per kg of exhaust gases in turbine in kJ/kg +//When 1 kg of fuel used,m_f=1 +m_a=m*1;// The mass of air supplied in kg +W_net=((1+m_a)*W_e)-(m_a*W_wi);// Net work available in kJ/kg of fuel +m_f=(P*10^3)/W_net;// kg /sec +m_f=m_f*3600;// kg/hr +W_si=W_s*m_f*m_a;// kJ/hr +W_si=W_si/3600;// kJ/hr +P_woi=P-(W_si/1000);// MW +n_th=((((m+1)*(T_5-T_6))-(2*m*(T_2-T_1)))/((m+1)*(T_5-T_4)))*100;// Thermal efficiency of the plant +printf('\n Thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n Fuel consumption per hour=%0.1f kg/hr \n Work saved per hour due to inter cooling=%0.0f kW',n_th,m_f,W_si); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..800238ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 24_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +p_1=1;// bar +p_2=5;// bar +p_i=2.5;// bar +T_1=27+273;// K +T_3=900;// K +T_5=T_3;// K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +r=1.4;// Spcific heat ratio for air and gases +C_p=1;// kJ/kg-k for air and gases +m_a=10;// kg/sec +C_pg=C_p; +C_pa=C_p + +//Calculation +T_2=T_1*(p_2/p_1)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3*(p_i/p_2)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_6=T_5*(p_1/p_i)^((r-1)/r);// K +m_f1=1/((CV/(T_3-T_2))-1);// kg/kg of air +m_f2=1/((CV/(T_5-T_4))-(1+m_f1));// kg/kg of air +W_net=(C_pg*(1+m_f1)*(T_3-T_4))+(C_pg*(1+m_f1+m_f2)*(T_5-T_6))-(C_pa*(T_2-T_1));//Net work done per kg of air flow in kJ/kg of air +Q_net=(m_f1+m_f2)*CV;// Net heat supplied per kg of air passing through the system in kJ. +n_th=(W_net/Q_net)*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +P=m_a*W_net;// Capacity of the plant in kW +printf('\nThermal efficiency=%0.1f percentage \nPlant capacity=%0.1f MW',n_th,P/10^3); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce b/3733/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5456cc3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 24_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +W=2;// Work done in MW +p_1=1;// bar +p_r=5;// Pressure ratio in bar +p_i=2.5;// bar +T_1=27+273;// K +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +CV=40000;// kJ/kg +n_c=85/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the compressor +n_t=85/100;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine +Q_a=80;// Heat absorbed in kJ/kg of air +m_f=0.01;// kg per kg of air +m_a=1;// kg +r=1.4;// Spcific heat ratio for air and gases +C_p=1;// kJ/kg-k for air and gases +C_pg=C_p; +C_pa=C_p + +//Calculation +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_3=T_2+(Q_a/(C_pa*m_a));// K +T_4=((m_f*CV)/((1+m_f)*C_p))+T_3;// K +T_5a=T_4*(1/p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_5=T_4-(n_t*(T_4-T_5a));// K +n_th=(((T_4-T_5)-(T_2-T_1))/(T_4-T_3))*100;// Thermal efficiency in % +Q=(W*10^3)/(n_th/100);//Heat supplied in kJ/sec +F=(Q/CV)*3600;// Fuel required per hour in kg/hr +n_cp=(1-(1/(p_r)^((r-1)/r)))*100;//Efficiency of normal constant pressure cycle +printf('\nThe thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nEfficiency of normal constant pressure cycle=%0.0f percentage \nFuel consumption per hour=%0.0f kg/hr',n_th,n_cp,F); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab73ab4c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// Example 25_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +m_a=2000;// tons/hr +T_1=20+273;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_3=1000+273;// K +p_r=7;// Pressure ratio +n_c=0.80;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +T_5=1200+273;// K +T_6=200+273;// K +p_8=0.1;// bar +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=45*10^3;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4a=T_3/(p_r)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_4=T_3-((T_3-T_4a)*n_t);// K +m_a1=(m_a*1000)/3600;// kg/sec +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*CV)-((m_a1+y(1))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_f1=z(1); +AF=(m_a1)/(m_f1); +W_g=(((m_a1+m_f1)*C_pg*(T_3-T_4))-(m_a1*C_pa*(T_2-T_1)))/1000; +function[Y]=mass2(x) + Y(1)= (x(1)*CV)-((m_a1+m_f1+(x(1)))*C_pg*(T_5-T_4)); +endfunction +x=[1]; +m=fsolve(x,mass2); +m_f2=m(1);// kg/sec +// From h-s chart: +h_7=3400;// kJ/kg +h_8=2220;// kJ/kg +// From steam table +h_9=45.5;// kJ/kg +m_s=((m_a1+m_f1+m_f2)*C_pg*(T_3-T_6))/(h_7-h_9);// kg/sec +W_s=(m_s*(h_7-h_8))/1000;// Power developed in steam turbine in MW +W_t=W_g+W_s;// Total power generated in MW +Q_s=(m_f1+m_f2)*CV;// kW +n=((W_t*10^3)/Q_s)*100;// Overall efficiency of the plant +m_f=((m_f1+m_f2)*3600)/1000;// Mass of fuel supplied in tons/hr +Sfc=(m_f*10^3)/(W_t*10^3);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +printf('\n(i)Total power generating capacity of the plant=%0.0f MW \n(ii)Overall efficiency of the plant=%0.0f percentage \n(iii)Mass of fuel supplied per hour=%0.2f tons/hr \n(iv)Specific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kWh',W_t,n,m_f,Sfc); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cedce7b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Example 25_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=20+273;// K +T_3=1100+273;// K +T_5=1000+273;// K +T_11=150;// °C +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +p_7=80;// bar +T_6a=300+273;// K +T_7=600+273;// K +n_c=100/100;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=100/100;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +p_8=0.05;// bar +C_p=1;// kJ/kg +C_pa=C_p; +C_pg=C_p; +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +CV=61600;// kJ/kg +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C + +// Calculation +// The combustion reaction taking place in CC-I is given by CH_4+2O_2=CO_2+2H_2O +// 16+64=44+36; +m_o=64/16;// Amount of O_2 required in per kg of CH_4 +m_a=(100/23)*4;// Amount of air required in kg/kg of fuel +m_act=m_a*5;// Actual air supplied in kg/kg of fuel +m_f1=(1/m_act);// Amount of fuel supplied per kg of air flow through CC-I in kg +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +T_4=T_3/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +// In CC-II +m_a1=1;// kg/sec +m_f2=(m_a1*C_pa*(T_5-T_4))/CV;// kg/kg of air flow +// From h-s chart: +h_7=3510;// kJ/kg +h_11=C_pw*T_11;// kJ/kg +m_s1=(m_a1*C_pg*(T_5-T_6a))/(h_7-h_11);// kg/kg of air +AF=(m_a1/m_s1); +m_a=1.5;// kg/sec(given) +W_g=(m_a*C_pa*((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1))); +m_s=m_a*m_s1;// kg/sec +// From h-s chart: +h_g=2080;// kJ/kg +W_s=(m_s*(h_7-h_g));// kW +W_t=W_g+W_s;// Total power generated in MW +Q_s=(m_f1+m_f2)*m_a*CV;// kW +n=(W_t/Q_s)*100;// Overall efficiency of the plant +m_f=((m_f1+m_f2)*m_a*3600);// Mass of fuel supplied in kg/hr +Sfc=(m_f)/(W_t);// Specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh +printf('\n(i)Total power generating capacity of the plant=%0.0f MW \n(ii)Overall efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(iii)Mass of fuel supplied per hour=%0.2f kg/hr \n(iv)Specific fuel consumption=%0.3f kg/kWh',W_t,n,m_f,Sfc); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98742ade4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 25_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=15+273;// K +T_3=800+273;// K +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +T_6=200+273;// K +p_9=0.05;// bar +W_t=190;// MW +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r=1.33;// Specific heat ratio +CV=40*10^3;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +function[X]=mass(y); + X(1)=(y(5)+y(6))-(W_t*10^3); + X(2)=y(7)-((W_t*10^3)/(y(8)*CV)); + X(3)=y(5)-(y(1)*C_pa*((T_3-T_4)-(T_2-T_1))); + // From Moiller chart: + h_7=3370;// kJ/kg + h_8=2080;// kJ/kg + // From steam tables + h_9=32.6;// kJ/kg + h_10=h_9;// kJ/kg + X(4)=y(6)-(y(4)*(h_7-h_8)); + X(5)=(y(1)*C_pa*(T_3-T_2))-(y(2)*CV); + T_5=T_3;// K + X(6)=(y(1)*C_pa*(T_5-T_6))-(y(4)*(h_7-h_9)); + X(7)=(y(3)*CV)-((y(1)*C_pa*(T_5-T_4))); + X(8)=y(8)-(y(2)+y(3)); +endfunction +y=[100 1 1 10 10 10 .1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a=z(1);// kg/sec +m_f1=z(2);// kg/sec +m_f2=z(3);// kg/sec +m_s=z(4);// kg/sec +W_g=z(5)/1000;// MW +W_s=z(6)/1000;// MW +n=z(7)*100;// % +m_ft=z(8)*(3600/1000);// kg/sec +printf('\n(a)Thermal efficiency of the combined cycle=%0.1f percentage \n(b)Power generated in each unit of the cycle,W_g=%0.1f MW & W_s=%0.1f MW \n(c)The generating rate=%0.1f kg/sec \n(d)Mass of fuel supplied=%0.2f tons/hr',n,W_g,W_s,m_s,m_ft); +// The answers provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3f16aac --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// Example 25_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +W_t=100*10^3;// kW +W_g=(60/100)*W_t;// kW +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_3=1000+273;// K +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +n_c=0.85;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=0.90;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +n_com=0.95;// Combustion efficiency +Gc=2500;// Rs./ton +T_7=600+273;// K +T_6=200+273;// K +p_9=0.05;// bar +C_pa=1;// kJ/kg.K +C_pg=1.1;// kJ/kg.K +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=40*10^3;// kJ/kg +dT=10;// °C +C_pw=4.2;// kJ/kg°C + +// Calculation +// Considering compressor +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2a=T_1*(p_r)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_2=((T_2a-T_1)/n_c)+T_1;// K +// Considering turbine +T_4a=T_3/(p_r)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +T_4=T_3-((T_3-T_4a)*n_t);// K +T_5=T_3;// K +// Considering heat balance in CC-I +function[X]=mass(y); + X(1)=(y(1)*CV*n_com)-((y(2)+y(1))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); + X(2)=(W_g)-(((y(2)+y(1))*C_pg*(T_3-T_4))-(y(2)*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))); + X(3)=(y(3)*CV*n_com)-((y(2)+y(1)+y(3))*C_pg*(T_5-T_4)); +endfunction +y=[1 100 1]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a1=z(2);// kg/sec +m_f1=z(1);// kg/sec +m_f2=z(3);// kg/sec +AF_1=m_a1/m_f1; +m_f=m_f1+m_f2;// kg/sec +Q_s=(m_f*CV);// kW +n=(W_t/Q_s)*100;// Efficiency of the plant in % +// From h-s chart: +h_7=3610;// kJ/kg +// From steam table +h_9=32.6;// kJ/kg +m_s=((m_a1+m_f1+m_f2)*C_pg*(T_5-T_6))/(h_7-h_9);// kg/sec +Afsf=m_a1/m_s;// Air flow to steam flow ratio +Cf=((m_f*3600)/1000)*Gc;// Cost of fuel per hour in rupees +E_g=W_t;// Energy generated per hour kWh +Cg=Cf/E_g;// Cost of generation in rupees/kWh +// From h-s chart: +h_8=2220;// kJ/kg +m_w=(m_s*3600*(h_8-h_9))/(C_pw*dT*1000);// Quantity of cooling water required in tons/hr +printf('\n(i)Overall efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \n(ii)Air flow to steam flow ratio=%0.2f \n(iii)Cost of generation=%0.2f rupees/kWh \n(iv)Quantity of cooling water required=%0.0f tons/hr',n,Afsf,Cg,m_w); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af8f0d577 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Example 25_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +W_t=200*10^3;// kW +T_1=300;// K +p_1=1;// bar +T_3=800+273;// K +T_5=800+273;// K +T_6=200;// °C +p_r=8;// Pressure ratio +p_7=50;// bar +T_7=600+273;// K +n_c=100/100;// Isentropic efficiency of compressor +n_t=100/100;// Isentropic efficiency of both turbines +p_8=0.05;// bar +C_p=1;// kJ/kg +C_pa=C_p; +C_pg=C_p; +r=1.4;// Specific heat ratio +CV=42*10^3;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +p_2=p_1*p_r;// bar +T_2=T_1*(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +T_4=T_3/(p_r)^((r-1)/r);// K +function[X]=mass(y); + X(1)=(y(2)*CV)-((y(1)+y(2))*C_pg*(T_3-T_2)); + X(2)=(y(5))-(((y(1)+y(2))*C_pg*(T_3-T_4))-(y(1)*C_pa*(T_2-T_1))); + X(3)=(y(3)*CV)-((y(1)+y(2)+y(3))*C_pg*(T_5-T_4)); + // From h-s chart: + h_7=3620;// kJ/kg + h_9=32.6;// kJ/kg + h_8=2220;// kJ/kg + T_5=800;// °C + X(4)=(y(4)*(h_7-h_9))-((y(1)+y(2)+y(3))*C_pg*(T_5-T_6)); + X(5)=y(6)-(y(4)*(h_7-h_8)); + X(6)=(y(5)+y(6))-W_t; +endfunction +y=[100 1 1 1 100000 10000]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a1=z(1);// kg/sec +m_f1=z(2);// kg/sec +m_f2=z(3);// kg/sec +m_s=z(4);// kg/sec +W_g=z(5);// kW +W_s=z(6);// kW +m_f=m_f1+m_f2;// kg/sec +R_a=m_a1/m_s;// Ratio of air supplied +//(a) +n_o=((W_t)/(m_f*CV))*100; +//(b) +n_g=((W_g)/(m_f1*CV))*100; +//(a) +n_s=((W_s)/(m_f2*CV))*100; +printf('\nOverall efficiency of the plant=%0.0f percentage \nThermal efficiency of gas turbine plant=%0.0f percentage \nThermal efficiency of steam turbine plant=%0.0f percentage \nRatio of air supplied=%0.2f',n_o,n_g,n_s,R_a); diff --git a/3733/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/3733/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cabcb842e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 25_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +W_t=200;// MW +T_a=15+273;// K +T_c=750+273;// K +p_r=7.5;// Pressure ratio +T_e=750+273;// K +T_f=100+273;// K +C_pg=1.11;// kJ/kg.°C +C_pa=1.005;// kJ/kg.°C +r_a=1.4;// Specific heat ratio for air +r_g=1.33;// Specific heat ratio for gases +CV=43300;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +T_b=T_a*(p_r)^((r_a-1)/r_a);// K +T_d=T_c/(p_r)^((r_g-1)/r_g);// K +function[X]=mass(y) + X(1)=y(3)-(y(1)*((C_pg*(T_c-T_d))-(C_pa*(T_b-T_a)))); + // From Moiller chart: + h_1=3670;// kJ/kg + h_2=2305;// kJ/kg + // From steam tables + h_3=192;// kJ/kg + h_4=h_3;// kJ/kg + X(2)=y(4)-(y(2)*(h_1-h_2)); + X(3)=(y(3)+y(4))-(W_t*10^3); + X(4)=(y(1)*C_pg*(T_e-T_f))-(y(2)*(h_1-h_4)); +endfunction +y=[100 10 10000 10000]; +z=fsolve(y,mass); +m_a=z(1);// kg/sec +m_s=z(2);// kg/sec +W_g=z(3)/1000;// MW +W_s=z(4)/1000;// MW +Q_s=m_a*((C_pa*(T_c-T_b))+(C_pg*(T_e-T_d))); +n_th=((W_t*10^3)/Q_s)*100;// Thermal efficiency of the cycle +AF=CV/((C_pa*(T_c-T_b))+(C_pg*(T_e-T_d))); +printf('\nThe mass of air supplied per second=%0.1f kg/sec \nThe mass of steam supplied per second=%0.1f kg/sec \nPower output by gas turbine=%0.1f MW \nPower output by steam turbine=%0.1f MW \nOver all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage \nA:F ratio used in the gas turbine plant=%0.1f',m_a,m_s,W_g,W_s,n_th,AF); +// The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3733/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb48f444 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +// Example 3_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month for load curve +R_a=[40 30 30 20 20 160 180 180 100 80 50 50];// The run off for river A is given in millions of cu-m per month +R_b=[50 50 60 80 100 100 90 90 70 60 60 60];// The run off for river B is given in millions of cu-m per month +H_a=80;// The head available for river A in m +H_b=82;// The head available for river B in m + +// Calculation +m=[0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12];// Month for load curve +R_a=[0 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 160 160 180 180 180 180 100 100 80 80 50 50 50 50 190];//The run off for river A is given in millions of cu-m per month for load curve +R_b=[0 50 50 50 50 60 60 80 80 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 60 190];//The run off for river B is given in millions of cu-m per month for load curve +subplot(2,1,1); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.3.1.(a)'); +plot(m',R_a','b',m',R_b','r'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["0","J","F","M","A","M","J","J","A","S","O","N","D"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12]; +legend('Hydrograph of river A','Hydrograph of river B'); +D_a=[20 30 40 50 80 100 160 180];// Discharge in millions of cu-m. per month +M_a=[12 10 8 7 5 4 3 2];// No.of months during which flow is available +D_b=[50 60 70 80 90 100];// Discharge in millions of cu-m. per month +M_b=[12 10 6 5 4 2];// No.of months during which flow is available +for(i=1:8) + T_a(i)=(M_a(i)/12)*100; +end +for(j=1:6) + T_b(j)=(M_b(j)/12)*100; +end +subplot(2,1,2); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.3.1.(b)'); +plot(T_a,D_a','b',T_b,D_b','g'); +legend('Flow duration curve for river A','Flow duration curve for river B'); + +//(a) +Q_a=(R_a(1)+R_a(2)+R_a(3)+R_a(4)+R_a(5)+R_a(6)+R_a(7)+R_a(8)+R_a(9)+R_a(10)+R_a(11)+R_a(12))/12;// The average flow per month of river A in millions of cu-m. per month +Q_b=(R_b(1)+R_b(2)+R_b(3)+R_b(4)+R_b(5)+R_b(6)+R_b(7)+R_b(8)+R_b(9)+R_b(10)+R_b(11)+R_b(12))/12;// The average flow per month of river A in millions of cu-m. per month +P_a=Q_a*H_a;// The power developed +P_b=Q_b*H_b;// The power developed +P_r=P_a/P_b;// Power ratio +if(P_a>P_b) + printf('\n(a)As P_a>P_b,the river A is more suitable for storage type power plant'); +else + printf('\n(a)As P_b>P_a,the river B is more suitable for storage type power plant'); +end +//(b)From Fig.Prob.3.1(a),The flow available for 85% of the time in year +Q_b=59.5;// millions of cu-m per month +Q_a=29;// millions of cu-m per month +P_b=Q_b*H_b; +P_a=Q_a*H_a; +if(P_b>P_a) + printf('\n(b)The site of river B is more suitable than the site of river A for run-off river power plant'); +else + printf('\n(b)The river A is more suitable than the site of river B for run-off river power plant'); +end +//(c)when 60% time of the year,the run off is required from both the rivers,thenfrom Fig.Prob.3.1(b), +Q_a=47;// millions of cu-m per month +Q_b=66;// millions of cu-m per month +Q_r=Q_a/Q_b;// Flow ratio +P_a=Q_a*H_a;// The power developed +P_b=Q_b*H_b;// The power developed +P_r=P_a/P_b;// Power ratio +printf('\n(c)Flow ratio=%0.3f \n Power ratio=%0.3f',Q_r,P_r); +printf('\n(d)From Fig.Prob.3.1(b),At 43 percentage of time,the run off rate of both sites is same'); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3733/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82225b589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// Example 3_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];// Month for load curve +R_a=[40 30 20 15 10 80 140 120 100 60 50 40];// The run off for river A is given in millions of cu-m per month +R_b=[50 50 40 40 40 90 100 100 80 70 60 70];// The run off for river B is given in millions of cu-m per month + +// Calculation +Q_a1=R_a(1)+R_a(2)+R_a(3)+R_a(4)+R_a(5)+R_a(6)+R_a(7)+R_a(8)+R_a(9)+R_a(10)+R_a(11)+R_a(12);// Total flow from the river A in millions of cu-cm/month +Q_a=Q_a1/12;// Average flow of the river A in cu-cm/month +Q_b1=R_b(1)+R_b(2)+R_b(3)+R_b(4)+R_b(5)+R_b(6)+R_b(7)+R_b(8)+R_b(9)+R_b(10)+R_b(11)+R_b(12);// Total flow from the river B in millions of cu-cm/month +Q_b=Q_b1/12;// Average flow of the river B in cu-cm/month +m=[0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12];// Month for load curve +R_a=[0 40 40 30 30 20 20 15 15 10 10 80 80 140 140 120 120 100 100 60 60 50 50 40 40];//The run off for river A is given in millions of cu-m per month for load curve +R_b=[0 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 90 90 100 100 100 100 80 80 70 70 60 60 70 70];//The run off for river B is given in millions of cu-m per month for load curve +Q_A=[Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a Q_a];// Average flow of the river A in cu-cm/month for plot +Q_B=[Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b Q_b];// Average flow of the river B in cu-cm/month for plot +subplot(2,1,1); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.3.1.(a)'); +ylabel('Millions of Cu.m/month') +plot(m',R_a','b',m',R_b','g',m',Q_A','r-.',m',Q_B','b-.'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["0","J","F","M","A","M","J","J","A","S","O","N","D"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12]; +legend(['Hydrograph of river A','Hydrograph of river B','Average flow for River A','Average flow for River B'],"in_upper_left"); +//(a) +// From Fig.Prob.3.2(a) +Q_B=72;// At 40% of time,the flow of river B in in millions of cu-m per month +Q_A=61;// At 40% of time,the flow of river A in in millions of cu-m per month +Q_r=(Q_B/Q_A);// Flow ratio +dQ_r=(Q_r-1)*100;// % + +D_a=[10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 140];// Discharge in millions of cu-m. per month +M_a=[12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 4 2 3 2 2 1];// No.of months during which flow is available +for(i=1:14) + T_a(i)=(M_a(i)/12)*100; +end +D_b=[40 50 60 70 80 90 100];// Discharge in millions of cu-m. per month +M_b=[12 9 6 5 4 3 2];// No.of months during which flow is available +for(j=1:7) + T_b(j)=(M_b(j)/12)*100; +end +Q_a=[Q_a Q_a];// Average flow of the river A in cu-cm/month +Q_b=[Q_b Q_b];// Average flow of the river B in cu-cm/month +T=[0 100];// Time in percentage for plot +subplot(2,1,2); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.3.1.(b)'); +plot(T_a,D_a','b',T_b,D_b','g',T',Q_a','r-.',T',Q_b','g-.'); +legend('Flow duration curve for river A','Flow duration curve for river B','Average flow for River A','Average flow for River B'); +printf('\n(a)The ratio of run off of river A and river B is %0.2f.',Q_r); +//(b) +// From Fig.Prob.3.2(b) +Q_A=23;// At 80% of time,the flow of river A in in millions of cu-cm per month +Q_B=48;// At 80% of time,the flow of river B in in millions of cu-cm per month +if(Q_B>Q_A) + printf('\n(b)River B is preferable for runoff type plant.'); +else + printf('\n(b)River A is preferable for runoff type plant.'); +end +//(c) +if(Q_b>Q_a) + printf('\n(c)River B is preferable for storage type plant also.'); +else + printf('\n(c)River A is preferable for storage type plant also.'); +end +//(d) +// From Fig.Prob.3.2(b) +disp('(d)The run off rate is same at 25%(90 cu-m/month) and 33.33% (80 cu-m/month) of the year.'); diff --git a/3733/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3733/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c301b3dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 3_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L=[100 160 80 40 20];// Load in MW +T_1=[6,10];// Time in hours +T_2=[10,18];// Time in hours +T_3=[18,20];// Time in hours +T_4=[20,24];// Time in hours +T_5=[0,6];// Time in hours +n_th=[30 35 25 15 10]/100;// The thermal efficiencies of the plant +n_p=80;// The efficiency of the pump in % +n_t=90;// The efficiency of the turbine in % + +// Calculation +//(a) +T_p=[0 0 4 4 12 12 14 14 18 18 24 24];// Time in hours for load curve +L_p=[0 100 100 160 160 80 80 40 40 20 20 100];// Load in MW for load curve +plot(T_p',L_p','b'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["6 A.M","","","12 P.M","","","6 A.M","","","12 P.M","","","6 A.M"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;4;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +O=(L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))+(L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+(L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))+(L(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1)));// Total output per day in MW-hrs +I_1= ((L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))/(n_th(1)))+((L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))/(n_th(2)))+((L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))/(n_th(3)))+((L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))/(n_th(4)))+((L(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1)))/(n_th(5)));// The input to the thermal plant in MW-hrs +n_o1=(O/I_1)*100;// Over all efficiency in % + +//(b) +n_op=(n_p/100)*(n_t/100)*100;// The over all efficiency of the pump storage plant in % +// From the Fig.Prob.3.3 +function[X]=baseload(y) + X(1)=((((y(1)-L(3))*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+((y(1)-L(4))*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))+((y(1)-L(5))*(T_5(2)-T_5(1))))*(n_op/100))-(((L(1)-y(1))*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+((L(2)-y(1))*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))); +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,baseload); +x=(z(1));// The capacity of the thermal plant in MW +X=[x x x x x x x x x x x x];//The capacity of the thermal plant in MW for plot +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load in MW'); +plot(T_p',L_p','b',T_p',X','b-.'); +legend('Load curve','Base load thermal plant'); +I_2=(x*24)/(n_th(2));// The energy supplied in the second case in MW-hrs +n_o2=(O/I_2)*100;// The over all efficiency of the combined plant in % +PI=((I_1-I_2)/I_1)*100;// The percentage saving in input in % +printf('\n(a)The total input to the thermal plant=%0.0f MW-hrs \n(b)The percentage saving in input to the plant=%0.2f percentage \n(c)The over all efficiency of the thermal plant=%0.1f percentage \n The over all efficiency of the combined plant=%0.0f percentage',I_1,PI,n_o1,n_o2); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3733/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be12d2d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 3_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L=[60 120 40 10];// Load in MW +T_1=[6,10];// Time in hours +T_2=[10,18];// Time in hours +T_3=[18,24];// Time in hours +T_4=[0,6];// Time in hours +Er=1.5;// Rs/kW-hr +c=2.2;// Cost of input in rupees +n_th=[35 40 30 20]/100; +Q=20000;// kJ +n_thb=40/100;// Thermal efficiency +n_o=80/100;// Over all efficiency of pump storage plant + +// Calculation +//(a) +T_p=[0 0 4 4 12 12 18 18 24 24];// Time in hours +L_p=[0 60 60 120 120 40 40 10 10 130];// Load in MW +plot(T_p',L_p','b'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["6 P.M","","","12 P.M","","","6 P.M","","","12 P.M","","","6 P.M"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;4;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +O=((L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))+(L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+(L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1))))*10^3;// Total energy generated by the thermal plant +Tc_s=Er*O;// Total cost of selling the power in rupees +I= (((L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))/(n_th(1)))+((L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))/(n_th(2)))+((L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))/(n_th(3)))+((L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))/(n_th(4))))*10^3;// Total input to the thermal plant in kWh +Tc_i=c*(1/(Q))*(I*3600);// Total cost of input energy in rupees +Nr_1=Tc_s-Tc_i;// Net revenue earned in Rs./day + +//(b) +function[Y]=baseload(x) + Y(1)=((((x(1)-L(3))*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+((x(1)-L(4))*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))+((x(1)-L(1))*(T_1(2)-T_1(1))))*(n_o))-((L(2)-x(1))*(T_2(2)-T_2(1))); + endfunction +x=[10]; +z=fsolve(x,baseload); +x=(z(1));// The capacity of the thermal plant in MW +X=[x x x x x x x x x x];// // The capacity of the thermal plant in MW for plot +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load in MW'); +plot(T_p',L_p','b',T_p',X','b-.'); +legend('Load curve','Base load thermal plant'); +Ti=((x*24)/n_thb)*3600;// Total input to the thermal plant in 24 hours in MJ +Tc_i=Er*(1/Q)*Ti*10^3;// Total cost of input energy during 24 hours in rupees +Nr_2=Tc_s-Tc_i;// // Net revenue earned from the combined plant in Rs./day +P=((Nr_2-Nr_1)/(Nr_1))*100;// Percentage increase in the profit +printf('\n(a)The net revenue earned if the load is taken by the single thermal power plant=%0.3e rupees per day \n(b)The capacity of the thermal plant=%0.0f MW \n Percentage increase in the revenue earned=%0.1f percentage',Nr_1,x,P); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b8945b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 32_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=[0,5];// Time in hours +T_2=[5,6];// Time in hours +T_3=[6,9];// Time in hours +T_4=[9,18];// Time in hours +T_5=[18,21];// Time in hours +T_6=[21,24];// Time in hours +L=[2,6,20,0,12,8];// Load in kW +L_p=20;// Peak load in kW + +//Calculation +E_t=(L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))+(L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+(L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))+(L(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1)))+(L(6)*(T_6(2)-T_6(1)));//Total energy consumed during 24 hours in kW-hrs. +L_a=E_t/24;// Average load in kW +F_l=L_a/L_p;// Load factor +T=[0 5 5 6 6 9 9 18 18 21 21 24 24];//Time in hours for load curve +L=[2 2 6 6 20 20 0 0 12 12 8 8 22];// Load in kW for load curve +xlabel('TIME IN HOURS'); +ylabel('LOAD IN kW'); +title('Fig.32.1.Load curve'); +plot(T,L,'b'); +x=[0 24];// Time in hours +y=[L_a L_a];// Load in kW +plot(x,y,'r-.'); +legend('LOAD CURVE','AVERAGE LOAD'); +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.3f \nTotal energy consumed during 24 hours=%0.0f kW-hrs',F_l,E_t); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ec762a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 32_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +ML=30;// Maximum load in MW +ml=10;// Minimum load in MW +L_p=72;// Peak load in MWh/day + +// Calculation +// From Fig.Prob.32.10 +// Area BGFA=(1/2)*xy-72; +// FED=(1/2)*(20-x)*(24-y); +function[X]=capacity(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*y(2)-144)-(0.45*(20-y(1))*(24-y(2))); + X(2)=(y(1)/y(2))-(20/24); +endfunction +y=[1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,capacity); +x=z(1);// Hydel capacity in MW +Spc=ML-x;// Steam plant capacity in MW +printf('\nHydel plant capacity=%0.0f MW \nSteam plant capacity=%0.0f MW',x,Spc); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.11/Ex32_11.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.11/Ex32_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eb942720 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.11/Ex32_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 32_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24];// Time in hours +Rl=[80 80 80 80 80 100 120 120 120 120 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 140 160 160 160 160 80 80];// Residential load in kW +Sll=[60 60 60 60 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 60 60 60 60];// Street lighting load in kW +Il=[400 400 400 400 400 300 200 200 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 200 400 400 400 400 400];// Industrial load in kW +Tl=[540 540 540 540 540 460 320 320 1120 1120 1040 1040 440 1040 1040 1040 1040 540 320 620 620 620 540 540];// Total load in kW + +// Calculation +T_p=[0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24];// Time in hours for load curve +Rl_p=[80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 100 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 140 140 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 80 80 80 80];// Residential load in kW for load curve +Sll_p=[60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60];// Street lighting load in kW for load curve +Il_p=[400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 300 300 200 200 200 200 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 400 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 400 400 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400];// Industrial load in kW for load curve +Tl_p=[540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 460 460 320 320 320 320 1120 1120 1120 1120 1040 1040 1040 1040 440 440 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 1040 540 540 320 320 620 620 620 620 620 620 540 540 540 540];// Total load in kW for load curve +xlabel('TIME IN HOURS'); +ylabel('LOAD IN kW'); +title('Fig.Prob.32.11.Load curve'); +plot(T_p',Rl_p','r',T_p',Sll_p','b-.',T_p',Il_p','g',T_p',Tl_p'); +legend(['COMMERCIAL LOAD','STREET LIGHTING LOAD','INDUSTRIAL LOAD','TOTAL CURVE LOAD']); +E_1=(Rl(1)*5)+(Rl(6)*1)+(Rl(7)*4)+(Rl(11)*7)+(Rl(18)*1)+(Rl(19)*4)+(Rl(23)*2);// Total energy consumed by the residential load in kW-hrs +L_a1=E_1/24;// Average load of residential consumers in kW +ML_1=Rl(19);// Maximum load in kW +F_l1=L_a1/ML_1;// Load factor +E_2=(Sll(1)*12);// Total energy consumed by the Street lighting load in kW-hrs +ML_2=Sll(1);// Maximum load in kW +F_l2=(E_2/24)*(1/ML_2);//Load factor +E_3=(Il(1)*5)+(Il(6)*1)+(Il(7)*2)+(Il(9)*4)+(Il(13)*1)+(Il(14)*4)+(Il(18)*1)+(Il(19)*1)+(Il(20)*5);// Total energy consumed by the Industrial load in kW-hrs +ML_3=Il(9);// Maximum load in kW +F_l3=(E_3/24)*(1/ML_3);//Load factor +ML_s=Tl(11);// Simultaneous maximum demand in kW +ML_si=ML_1+ML_2+ML_3;// Sum of individual maximum load in kW +F_d=ML_si/ML_s;// Diversity factor +F_l=(E_1+E_2+E_3)/(ML_s*24);// Load factor of the system +printf('\n(a)Load factor of Residential load=%0.3f \n Load factor of street lighting load=%0.1f \n Load factor of industrial load load=%0.2f \n(b)Diversity factor of the system=%0.3f \n(c)Load factor of the system=%0.3f',F_l1,F_l2,F_l3,F_d,F_l); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.12/Ex32_12.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.12/Ex32_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001763630 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.12/Ex32_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 32_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +F_l=70/100;// Load factor +F_c=50/100;// Capacity factor +F_u=60/100;// Use factor +MD=20;// Maximum demand in MW + +// Calculation +//(a) +L_a=(MD*F_l)*10^3;// Average load in kW +E=L_a*365*24;// Annual energy produced in kW-hrs +//(b) +Pc=(L_a/1000)/F_c;// Plant capacity in MW +Rc=Pc-MD;// Reserve capacity in MW +//(c) +t_1=E/(Pc*10^3*F_u);// hours +T=8760-t_1;// Hours not in service in hrs in a year +printf('\n(a)Annual energy production=%0.3e kW-hrs \n(b)Reserve capacity over and above peak load=%0.0f MW \n(c)Hours not in service=%0.0f hrs in a year',E,Rc,T); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.13/Ex32_13.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.13/Ex32_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e004aeb40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.13/Ex32_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 32_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_i=1500;// Installed load in MW +L=[50 0 1200 1000 500];// kW +T=[0 5 8 12 16 24];// hrs +Tp_1=40;// kW +Tp_2=1.5;// kWh +MD=1200;// Maximum load in kW + +//Calculation +L_p=[0 50 50 0 0 1200 1200 1000 1000 500 500 2000];//Load in MW +T_p=[0 0 5 5 8 8 12 12 16 16 24 24];// Time in hours +L_I=[L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i L_i];// Installed load in MW for plot +plot(T_p',L_p','b',T_p',L_I','r'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["","","5am","","8 am","","12noon","","4pm","","8 pm","","12pm"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;5;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +xlabel('Time in hours'); +ylabel('Load in kW'); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.32.13'); +legend('Load curve','Installed load'); +E=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L(5)*(T(6)-T(5))); +F_l=(E/(MD*24));// Load factor +Fa=L_i*Tp_1;// Fixed amount in rupees +C=(E)*30*Tp_2;// Cost of energy consumed +Mb=Fa+C;// Monthly bill in rupees +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.3f \nMonthly bill=Rs.%0.0f',F_l,Mb); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.14/Ex32_14.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.14/Ex32_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fbd4d49e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.14/Ex32_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 32_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +F_l=0.6;// Load factor +F_c=0.4;// Capacity factor +F_u=0.45;// Use factor +MD=20;// Maximum demand in MW + +// Calculation +//(a) +L_a=(MD*F_l)*10^3;// Average load in kW +E=L_a*365*24;// Annual energy produced in kWh +//(b) +Pc=(L_a/1000)/F_c;// Plant capacity in MW +Rc=Pc-MD;// Reserve capacity in MW +//(c) +t=(8760*(F_c/F_u));// hours +T=8760-t;// Number of hours during which plant remains in operation during the year +printf('\n(a)Annual energy production=%0.4e kW-hrs \n(b)Reserve capacity over and above peak load=%0.0f MW \n(c)Number of hours during which plant remains in operation during the year=%0.0f hours',E,Rc,T); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.15/Ex32_15.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.15/Ex32_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77985de59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.15/Ex32_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 32_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +MD_1=15;// Maximum demand in MW +MD_2=25;// Maximum demand in MW +MD_3=50;// Maximum demand in MW +F_di1=1.25;// Diversity factor +F_di2=1.20;// Diversity factor +F_di3=1.30;// Diversity factor +F_d1=0.70;// Demand factor +F_d2=0.90;// Demand factor +F_d3=0.98;// Demand factor +F_dio=1.5;// Diversity factor + +// Calculation +//(a) +MD_s=MD_1+MD_2+MD_3;// The sum of maximum demands from all customers in MW +MD=MD_s/F_dio;// Maximum demand of the plant in MW +//(b) +Mdl=MD_1*F_di1;// Maximum domestic load demand in MW +Cdl=Mdl/F_d1;// Connected domestic load in MW +Ccl=(MD_2*F_di2)/F_d2;// Connected commercial load in MW +Cil=(MD_3*F_di3)/F_d3;// Connected industrial load in MW +Tcl=Cdl+Ccl+Cil;// Total connected load to the plant in MW +printf('\n(a)Maximum demand of the plant=%0.0f MW \n(b)Connected commercial load=%0.2f MW \n Connected industrial load=%0.2f MW \n Connected industrial load=%0.2f MW \n Total connected load to the plant=%0.2f MW',MD,Cdl,Ccl,Cil,Tcl); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.16/Ex32_16.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.16/Ex32_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce420bd75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.16/Ex32_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 32_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +MD=500;// Maximum demand in MW +F_l=0.5;// Load factor +F_c=0.4;// Capacity factor + +// Calculation +E=MD*F_l*8760;// Energy generated per year in MWh +Pc=E/(F_c*8760);// Plant capacity in MW +Rc=Pc-MD;// Reserve capacity of the plant in MW +printf('\nReserve capacity of the plant=%0.0f MW',Rc); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.16A/Ex32_16A.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.16A/Ex32_16A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..639c0aa8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.16A/Ex32_16A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 32_16A +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=1000;// Plant capacity in MW +P_1=1000;// MW +t_1=2;// hours +P_2=500;// MW +t_2=6;// hours +n=60;// Number of days plant should shut down annualy + +// Calculation +E_d=((P_1*t_1))+((P_2*t_2));//The amount of energy generated per day in Mwh/day +N=365-n;// No. of days (the plant is working) +E_y=E_d*N;//The amount of energy generated per year in Mwh +L_f=E_y/(P*(N*24));// Annual load factor +printf('\n Annual load factor=%0.3f',L_f); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.17/Ex32_17.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.17/Ex32_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26997fa41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.17/Ex32_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 32_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=1000;// Plant capacity in MW +P_1=1000;// MW +t_1=2;// hours +P_2=500;// MW +t_2=6;// hours +P_3=300;// MW +t_3=8;// hours +n=50;// Number of days plant should shut down completely + +// Calculation +E_g=((P_1*t_1))+((P_2*t_2)+((P_3*t_3)));//Eenergy generated per working day in Mwh +N=365-n;// Working days/year of the plant +E_s=E_g*N;// Energy supplied per year in MWh +F_l=E_s/(P*(N*24));// Annual load factor +printf('\n Annual load factor=%0.3f',F_l); + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.17A/Ex32_17A.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.17A/Ex32_17A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a106c3216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.17A/Ex32_17A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 32_17A +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_i=720;// Industrial load in MW +L_c=350;// Commercial load in MW +L_d=10;// Domestic power in MW +L_dl=50;// Domestic load in MW +MD=1000;// MW +E_g=50*10^5;// Energy generated in MWh/year + +// Calculation +//(a) +F_d=(L_i+L_c+L_d+L_dl)/MD;// Diversity factor +AD=E_g/8760;// Average demand in MW +//(b) +F_l=AD/MD;// Annual load factor +printf('\n Annual load factor=%0.4f',F_l); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.18/Ex32_18.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.18/Ex32_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b6c2c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.18/Ex32_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 32_18 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_max=6000;// MW +L_min=2000;// MW +P_cap=7000;// MW + +// Calculation +t=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24];// Time in hours +for(i=1:25) + L(i)=(2000+(4000*sin((%pi*t(i))/24))); +end +t_1=[0 12 24 24];// Time in hours +L_cap=[7000 7000 7000 8000];// Plant capacity in MW +xlabel('t(time in hrs)'); +ylabel('Load in kW'); +xtitle('Fig.Prob.32.18'); +plot(t,L,'g', t_1,L_cap,'b-.'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["0","","","","","","12","","","","","","24"]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;4;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +legend('Load curve','L_cap') +t_1=0; +t_2=24;// Limits of integration +L_av=(1/24)*integrate('(2000+(4000*(sin((%pi*t)/(24)))))','t',t_1,t_2);// Average load on the plant in MW +PLF=(L_av/L_max);// Plant load factor +PCF=(L_av/P_cap);// Plant Capacity factor +printf('\nAverage load on the plant=%0.1f MW \nPlant load factor=%0.3f \nPlant Capacity factor=%0.2f',L_av,PLF,PCF); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.19/Ex32_19.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.19/Ex32_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbcbf2344 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.19/Ex32_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 32_19 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_max=5;// MW +P=7;// Plant capacity in MW + +// Calculation +//(a) +t=[0 12 6];// Time in hours +x=[6 12 6]; +a=[6 6 6]; +b=[5 5 5];// MW +for(i=1:3) +L=(b(i)/a(i))*sqrt((2*a(i)*x(i))-((x(i))^2)); +end +b=5;// MW +L_av=(%pi*b)/4;// Average load in MW +// (i) +F_l=L_av/L_max;// Load factor +E=L_av*12;// Energy used during 12-hrs period MW hr +CF=L_av/P;// Capacity factor +printf('\n(a)The average load of the factory=%0.3f MW \n Load factor of the factory=%0.3f MW \n Energy consumed by the factory during 12 hours=%0.1f MW-hr \n Capacity factor=%0.3f',L_av,F_l,E,CF); +//(b) +b=5; +a=4; +t=[0 8 4];// Time in hours +for(i=1:3) + L(i)=2+((b/a)*sqrt((2*a*t(i))-(t(i))^2)); +end +L_av=(L(1)+L(2)+L(3))/3;// Average load in MW +printf('\n(b)The average load of the factory=%0.2f MW',L_av); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.19a/Ex32_19a.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.19a/Ex32_19a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37ae4b670 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.19a/Ex32_19a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 32_19a +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_min=1;// MW +L_max=sqrt(3);// MW +P=2;// Plant capacity in MW +N=26;// Number of working days per month +h=8;// Number of working hours per day +c=50;// Charges in Rs./kW +c_d=2.5;// Charges in Rs./kW-hr + +// Calculation +x_0=4; +x_1=12;// Limits of integration +L_av=(1/8)*integrate('(((1/2)*sqrt(x)))','x',x_0,x_1)*1000;// Average load on the plant in kW +F_l=L_av/(L_max*1000);// Load factor +CF=L_max/P;// Capacity factor +E=L_av*N*h;// Energy consumption per month in kWhr +Ec=(L_max*1000*c)+(E*c_d);// Electrical charges to be paid by the factory +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.3f \nCapacity factor=%0.3f \nEnergy consumption per month=%0.0f kWhr \nElectrical charges to be paid by the factory=Rs.%0.0f',F_l,CF,E,Ec); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ade3730eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 32_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=[0,6];// Time in hours +T_2=[6,10];// Time in hours +T_3=[10,12];// Time in hours +T_4=[12,16];// Time in hours +T_5=[16,20];// Time in hours +T_6=[20,22];// Time in hours +T_7=[22,24];// Time in hours +L=[20,50,60,40,80,70,40];//load in kW + +//Calculation +//(a) +L_p=80;// Peak load in kW +E_g=(L(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))+(L(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1)))+(L(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1)))+(L(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1)))+(L(6)*(T_6(2)-T_6(1)))+(L(7)*(T_7(2)-T_7(1)));//Energy generated in MW-hrs +L_a=E_g/24;// Average load in kW +F_l=L_a/L_p;// Load factor +T=[0 0 6 6 10 10 12 12 16 16 20 20 22 22 24 24];//Time in hours for load curve +L=[0 20 20 50 50 60 60 40 40 80 80 70 70 40 40 100];// Load in kW for load curve +xlabel('TIME IN HOURS'); +ylabel('LOAD IN kW'); +title('Fig.32.2 Load curve'); +plot(T,L,'b'); +printf('\n(a)Load factor=%0.3f',F_l); +//(b) +L_p=20;// Peak load in kW +E_g=(20*4)+(10*2);//MW-hrs +T_s=6;//Time during which stand by unit remains in operation hours (from the load curve) +L_a=E_g/T_s; +F_l=L_a/L_p;// Load factor +printf('\n(b)Load factor=%0.3f',F_l); +x=[16 22];// Time n hours +L=[60 60];// Load in MW +plot(x,L,'r-.'); +legend('LOAD CURVE'); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.20/Ex32_20.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.20/Ex32_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a4746639 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.20/Ex32_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 32_20 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=500;// MW +F_c=0.45;// Capacity factor +F_l=0.6;// Annual load factor +Cf=1000*10^6;// Cost of fuel used/year in rupees +CC=10000*10^6// Capital cost plant in rupees +ID=15/100;// Interest and depriciation + +// Calculation +//(a) +MD=(F_c/F_l)*P;// Maximum demand in MW +Rc=P-MD;// Reserve capacity in MW +//(b) +E=MD*10^3*F_l*8760;// Number of units generated in kW-hrs +Afc=CC*ID;// Annual fixed charges in rupees +Arc=Cf;// Annualrunning charges in rupees +Tc=Afc+Arc;// Total annual charges in rupees +C=Tc/E;// Cost of generation (Rs./kW-hr) in rupees +printf('\n(a)Minimum reserve capacity of the station=%0.0f MW \n(b)The cost per kWh generated=Rs.%0.2f',Rc,C); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.21/Ex32_21.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.21/Ex32_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e63d6c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.21/Ex32_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 32_21 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +// L=350+10t-t^2; + +// Calculation +// Differentiating L with respect to t, we get 10-2t=0 +t=10/2;// hrs +L_max=350+(10*t)-t^2;// The maximum load occurs at 5 th hour during the day in MW +t_0=0; +t_1=24;// Limits of integration +L_av=(1/24)*integrate('(350+(10*t)-t^2)','t',t_0,t_1); +F_l=L_av/L_max;// Load factor +printf('\nMaximum load,L_max=%0.0f MW \nLoad factor of the plant=%0.4f',L_max,F_l); +// Load duration curve is the representation of load with respect to time +t=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24];// Time in hours +for(i=1:25) + L(i)=((350+(10*t(i))-t(i)^2)); +end +T=[0 12 24]; +L_max=[L_max L_max L_max]; +subplot(2,1,1); +plot(t',L,'g',T',L_max','--'); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('L'); +xtitle('Load curve'); +// Load duration curve is the representation of load with respect to time is decending order. +T=[24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0];// Time in hours +for(j=1:25) + L(j)=((350+(10*T(j))-T(j)^2)); +end +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(t',L,'r'); +xtitle('Load duration curve'); +xlabel('t'); +ylabel('L'); + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.22/Ex32_22.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.22/Ex32_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a3d8b990 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.22/Ex32_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 32_22 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +PC_a=32;// Plant capacity in MW +PC_b=20;// MW +E_a=135*10^6;// The energy output in kWh +E_b=9.5*10^6;// kWh +MD_b=15;// MW +t_b=2900;// Time in hours +MD_a=25;// MW + +// Calculation +// (a)Base load plant +ALF_a=E_a/((MD_a*10^3)*8760);// Annual load factor +PUF_a=MD_a/PC_a;// Plant use factor +CF_a=E_a/((PC_a*10^3)*8760);// Capacity factor +//(b)Peak load plant +ALF_b=E_b/((MD_b*10^3)*8760);// Annual load factor +PUF_b=MD_b/PC_b;// Plant use factor +CF_b=E_b/((PC_b*10^3)*t_b);// Capacity factor +printf('\n(a)Annual load factor=%0.3f \n Plant use factor=%0.2f \n Capacity factor=%0.2f \n(b)Annual load factor=%0.3f \n Plant use factor=%0.2f \n Capacity factor=%0.3f',ALF_a,PUF_a,CF_a,ALF_b,PUF_b,CF_b); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.23/Ex32_23.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.23/Ex32_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..336056f69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.23/Ex32_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 32_23 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +CL=5;// kW +n=1000;// No. of apartments +No=[2 2 2 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 1]; +Cl=[20 10 60 5 8 10 2 5 120 4 7 5];// Connected load of each in kW +F_d=[0.68 0.56 0.54 0.68 0.75 0.82 0.71 0.55 0.60 0.72 0.65 0.88];// Demand factors +F_da=40/100;// Demand factor of the apartments +F_dir=3.2;// Group diversity factor of the residential system +F_dirp=1.5;// Peak diversity factor of the residential system +F_dic=1.6;// Group diversity factor of the commercial system +F_dicp=1.2;// Peak diversity factor of the commercial system +E_l=5/100;// Losses of delievered energy + +// Calculation +D=n*CL*F_da;// Demand of power from 1000 apartments in kW +MD_r=D/F_dir;// Maximum demand of 1000 apartments in kW +D_p1=MD_r/F_dirp;// Demand at the time of system peak in kW +for (i=1:12) + Tl(i)=Cl(i)*No(i); + MD_c(i)=Tl(i)*F_d(i); +end +MD=MD_c(1)+MD_c(2)+MD_c(3)+MD_c(4)+MD_c(5)+MD_c(6)+MD_c(7)+MD_c(8)+MD_c(9)+MD_c(10)+MD_c(11)+MD_c(12); +MD_c=(MD)/F_dic;// Maximum demand of 1000 commercial group in kW +D_p2=MD_c/F_dicp;// Demand at the time of system peak in kW +TMD=(D_p1+D_p2)*(1+E_l);// Total maximum demand in kW +printf('\nThe increase in peak demand=%0.2f kW',TMD); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.24/Ex32_24.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.24/Ex32_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4e28db2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.24/Ex32_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 32_24 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=60;// MW +n_o=25/100;// The over all efficiency +CV=30000;// The calorific value of value in kJ/kg +F_l=30/100;// Load factor + +// Calculation +I=(1/n_o)*3600;// Input in kJ +Cc=(I/CV);// Consumption of coal per kW-hr in kg +E=F_l*P*10^3*24;// kW-hr +Cc_d=(E*Cc)/1000;// Consumption of coal per day in tons +printf('\nConsumption of coal per kW-hr=%0.2f kg \nConsumption of coal per day=%0.1f tons',Cc,Cc_d); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.25/Ex32_25.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.25/Ex32_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee9775a9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.25/Ex32_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 32_25 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T_1=[0,4];// Time in hours +T_2=[4,6];// Time in hours +T_3=[6,8];// Time in hours +T_4=[8,12];// Time in hours +T_5=[12,13];// Time in hours +T_6=[13,17];// Time in hours +T_7=[17,19];// Time in hours +T_8=[19,20];// Time in hours +T_9=[20,24];// Time in hours +L_a=[50 150 300 50 50 50 300 200 100];// Group A(Load in kW) +L_b=[20 20 100 600 100 600 50 20 20];// Group B(Load in kW) +// Load factor=[1-0.8 0.8-0.6 0.6-0.4 0.4-0.2 below0.2] +C=[1 1.6 2.4 5 8];// Charge in Rs.per kW-hr +MD_A=300;// kW +MD_B=600;// kW + +// Calculation +E_tA=L_a(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1))+L_a(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1))+L_a(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1))+L_a(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1))+L_a(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1))+L_a(6)*(T_6(2)-T_6(1))+L_a(7)*(T_7(2)-T_7(1))+L_a(8)*(T_8(2)-T_8(1))+L_a(9)*(T_9(2)-T_9(1));// Total energy consumed by group A in kW-hrs +F_lA=(E_tA/24)*(1/MD_A);// Load factor of group A +R_A=E_tA*C(3);// Revenue earned by from group A +E_tB=L_b(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1))+L_b(2)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1))+L_b(3)*(T_3(2)-T_3(1))+L_b(4)*(T_4(2)-T_4(1))+L_b(5)*(T_5(2)-T_5(1))+L_b(6)*(T_6(2)-T_6(1))+L_b(7)*(T_7(2)-T_7(1))+L_b(8)*(T_8(2)-T_8(1))+L_b(9)*(T_9(2)-T_9(1));// Total energy consumed by group A in kW-hrs +F_lB=(E_tB/24)*(1/MD_B);// Load factor of group A +R_B=E_tB*C(4);// Revenue earned by from group A +Tr=R_A+R_B;// Total revenue earned per day from both groups in Rs./day +printf('\nTotal revenue earned per day from both groups=Rs.%0.0f/day',Tr); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.26/Ex32_26.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.26/Ex32_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09e5ddf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.26/Ex32_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +// Example 32_26 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=25;// The capacity of the plant in MW +T_1=[6,8];// Time in hours(A.M) +T_2=[8,9];// Time in hours(A.M) +T_3=[9,11];// Time in hours(A.M) +T_4=[11,2];// Time in hours(A.M,P.M) +T_5=[2,5];// Time in hours(P.M) +T_6=[5,8];// Time in hours(P.M) +T_7=[8,12];// Time in hours(P.M) +T_8=[12,5];// Time in hours(A.M) +T_9=[5,6];// Time in hours(A.M) +T_g=[0 2 3 5 8 11 14 18 23 24];// Time in hours for load curve(time in 24 hours format for the given problem) +L_g=[800 600 2000 1200 1400 2000 1000 500 600]/100;// Load in MW + +// Calculation +T=[0 0 2 2 3 3 5 5 8 8 11 11 14 14 18 18 23 23 24 24];// Time in hours for load curve +L=[0 800 800 600 600 2000 2000 1200 1200 1400 1400 2000 2000 1000 1000 500 500 600 600 2200]/100;// Load in MW +P_b=15;// Base load plant capacity in MW +P_b=[P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b P_b];// Base load plant capacity in MW for plot +subplot(2,1,1); +xlabel('TIME'); +ylabel('LOAD IN MW'); +xtitle('Fig.32.26(a)'); +plot(T',L','b',T',P_b','r-.'); +legend('LOAD CURVE','B'); +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["6 A.M","8","10","12 NOON","2","4","6","8","10","12 NIGHT","2","4","6 A.M "]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;4;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +// From the table +t=[24 19 18 16 12 9 6 5]; +for(i=1:8) + T_p(i)=(t(i)/24)*100; +end +l=[0 0 500 500 600 600 800 800 1000 1000 1200 1200 1400 1400 1600 1600 2000]/100;// Load in MW +T_p=[0 T_p(1) T_p(1) T_p(2) T_p(2) T_p(3) T_p(3) T_p(4) T_p(4) T_p(5) T_p(5) T_p(6) T_p(6) T_p(7) T_p(7) T_p(8) T_p(8)];// Percentage of time +subplot(2,1,2); +xlabel('PERCENTAGE OF TIME'); +ylabel('LOAD IN MW'); +xtitle('Fig.32.26(b)'); +plot(T_p',l','b'); +legend('LOAD DURATION CURVE'); +E_t=(L_g(1)*(T_g(2)-T_g(1)))+(L_g(2)*(T_g(3)-T_g(2)))+(L_g(3)*(T_g(4)-T_g(3)))+(L_g(4)*(T_g(5)-T_g(4)))+(L_g(5)*(T_g(6)-T_g(5)))+(L_g(6)*(T_g(7)-T_g(6)))+(L_g(7)*(T_g(8)-T_g(7)))+(L_g(8)*(T_g(9)-T_g(8)))+(L_g(9)*(T_g(10)-T_g(9)));// The total energy generated in MW-hrs +CF=(E_t/(P*24))*100;// Capacity factor in % +// The base load plant(15 MW capacity) works for 100% of the time +// From load curve +P_b=15;// MW +T=[0 2 5 8 11 14 18 23 24];// hours +L=[800 1500 1200 1400 1500 1000 500 600]/100;// MW +P_act1=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L(6)*(T(7)-T(6)))+(L(7)*(T(8)-T(7)))+(L(8)*(T(9)-T(8)));// The actual energy generated by the base load plant from load curve in MW-hrs +LF_b=(P_act1/(P_b*24))*100;// Load factor in % +CF_b=LF_b;// Capacity factor in % +UF_b=LF_b;// Use factor in % +// The load above 15 MW capacity is supplied by a 10 MW capacity peak load plant +P_p=10;// Peak load plant capacity in MW +L_p=5;// Peak load in MW +P_act2=(1*1)+(L_p*5);// (From load curve)The actual energy generated by the peak load plant in MW-hrs +LF_p=(P_act2/(L_p*24))*100;// Load factor in % +CF_p=(P_act2/(P_p*24))*100;// Capacity factor in % +UF_p=(P_act2/(P_p*6))*100;// Use factor in % +printf('\nThe capacity factor of the plant=%0.1f percentage\nFor base load plant:Load factor=%0.1f percentage\n Capacity factor=%0.1f percentage\n Use factor=%0.1f percentage\nFor peak load plant:Load factor=%0.1f percentage\n Capacity factor=%0.2f percentage\n Use factor=%0.1f percentage',CF,LF_b,CF_b,UF_b,LF_p,CF_p,UF_p); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.27/Ex32_27.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.27/Ex32_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e6ee8a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.27/Ex32_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 32_27 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T=[0 2 3 6 8 12 14 15 17 23 24];// Time in hours +L=[1200 2000 3000 1500 2500 1800 2000 1000 500 800];// Load in kW + +//Calculation +T_p=[0 0 2 2 3 3 6 6 8 8 12 12 14 14 15 15 17 17 23 23 24 24];// Time in hours for load curve +L_p=[3200 1200 1200 2000 2000 3000 3000 1500 1500 2500 2500 1800 1800 2000 2000 1000 1000 500 500 800 800 200];// Load in kW for load curve +xlabel('Time (hours)'); +ylabel('LOAD (kW)'); +xtitle('Fig.32.27 Load curve'); +plot(T_p,L_p,'b') +a=gca(); +a.x_ticks.labels=["6 A.M","8","10","12 NOON","2","4","6","8","10","12 NIGHT","2","4","6 A.M "]; +a.x_ticks.locations=[0;2;4;6;8;10;12;14;16;18;20;22;24]; +//(a) +E_t=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L(6)*(T(7)-T(6)))+(L(7)*(T(8)-T(7)))+(L(8)*(T(9)-T(8)))+(L(9)*(T(10)-T(9)))+(L(10)*(T(11)-T(10)));// Total power generated in kW-hrs +L_max=L(3);// Maximum load in kW +LF=E_t/(L_max*24);// Load factor +//(b) +L_1=1200;// kW +L_2=800;// kW +L_3=2*500;// kW +L_4=300;// kW +//(c) +Rc=1200;// Reserve capacity in MW +Ic=L_1+L_2+L_3+L_4+Rc;// Installed capacity in kW +CF=(E_t/(Ic*24))*100;// Plant capacity factor +//(d) +L_1=1200;// kW +L_2=800;// kW +L_3=500;// kW +L_4=300;// kW +E=(L_1*17)+(L_2*11)+(L_3*3)+(L_3*7)+(L_3*7)+(L_4*3);// The energy generated by the capacity of the plant in kW-hrs; +UF=(E_t/E)*100;// Plant use factor +printf('\n(a)Load factor=%0.3f \n(b)It is obvious from the load curve that the numberof sets required are 5 in number \n One set of 1200 kW \n One set of 800 kW \n Two sets of 500 kW \n One set of 300 kW \n(c)The reserve capacity of the plant=%0.0f kW \n Capacity factor=%0.0f percentage \n(d)Plant use factor=%0.0f percentage',LF,Rc,CF,UF); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.28/Ex32_28.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.28/Ex32_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c73025297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.28/Ex32_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 32_28 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +T=[0 6 10 12 16 20 22 24];// Time in hours +L=[30 100 110 60 120 100 60];// Load in MW + +// Calculation +t=[0 6 6 10 10 12 12 16 16 20 20 22 22 24];// Time in hours for load curve +l=[30 30 100 100 110 110 60 60 120 120 100 100 60 60];// Load in MW for load curve +subplot(2,1,1); +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load(MW)'); +plot(t',l','b'); +xtitle('(a)Load curve'); +L_a=((L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L(6)*(T(7)-T(6)))+(L(7)*(T(8)-T(7))))/24;// Averge load in MW +L_max=L(5);// Maximum load in MW +LF=L_a/L_max;// Load factor +T_p1=((T(6)-T(5))/24)*100;// % Time +T_p2=T_p1+((T(4)-T(3))/24)*100;// % Time +T_p3=T_p2+(((T(3)-T(2))+(T(7)-T(6)))/24)*100;// % Time +T_p4=T_p3+(((T(8)-T(7))+(T(5)-T(4)))/24)*100;// % Time +T_p5=T_p4+((T(2)-T(1))/24)*100;// % Time +T_p=[0 0 T_p1 T_p1 T_p2 T_p2 T_p3 T_p3 T_p4 T_p4 T_p5];// % Time for load duration curve +L=[0 120 120 110 110 100 100 60 60 30 30];// Load in MW for load duration curve +L_avg=[L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a L_a];// Averge load in MW for plot +subplot(2,1,2); +xlabel('% Time'); +ylabel('Load(MW)'); +plot(T_p',L','b',T_p',L_avg','r'); +xtitle('(b)Load duration curve'); +legend('Load curve','AL'); +printf('\nAverage load=%0.2f MW \nLoad factor=%0.3f',L_a,LF); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.29/Ex32_29.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.29/Ex32_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e3281d1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.29/Ex32_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Example 32_29 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=1200;// MW +T=[0 4 8 12 16 20 22];// hours +C_1=[200 600 1000 400 200 100];// MW +C_2=[800 400 200 200 600 400];// MW +Tl=[1000 1000 1200 600 800 500];// MW + +// Calculation +E_1=((C_1(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(C_1(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(C_1(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(C_1(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(C_1(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(C_1(6)*(T(7)-T(6))));// MW +L_a1=E_1/24;// Average load in MW +L_max1=C_1(3);// Maximum load in MW +LF_1=L_a1/L_max1;// Load factor of the consumer 1 +E_2=((C_2(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(C_2(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(C_2(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(C_2(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(C_2(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(C_2(6)*(T(7)-T(6))));// MW +L_a2=E_2/24;// Average load in MW +L_max2=C_2(5);// Maximum load in MW +LF_2=L_a2/L_max2;// Load factor of the consumer 1 +E_t=E_1+E_2;// Total energy consumed by both consumers in MW +AL_p=E_t/24;// Average load of the plant in MW +LF_p=AL_p/L_cap;// Load factor of the plant +DF_p=(L_max1+L_max2)/L_cap;// Diversity factor of the plant +t_p=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 22];// hours +C_1p=[0 200 200 600 600 1000 1000 400 400 200 200 100 100];// MW +C_2p=[0 800 800 400 400 200 200 200 200 600 600 400 400];// MW +T_p=[0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 600 600 800 800 500 500];// MW +L_avg1=[L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1]; +L_avg2=[L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2]; +AL_p=[AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p AL_p]; +subplot(3,1,1); +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load (mw)'); +xtitle('Consumes-I 1200 MW'); +plot(t_p',C_1p','b',t_p',L_avg1','r-.'); +legend('Load curve','AL_1'); +subplot(3,1,2); +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load (mw)'); +xtitle('Consumes-II 1200 MW'); +plot(t_p',C_2p','b',t_p',L_avg2','r-.'); +legend('Load curve','AL_2'); +subplot(3,1,3); +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load (mw)'); +plot(t_p',T_p','b',t_p',AL_p','r-.'); +legend('Load curve of the generating plant','AL_p'); +//(d) +n_g=40/100;// Overall efficiency of generation +CV=20000;// kJ/kg +E=E_t/n_g;// Thermal energy generated in the plant in MWh +E=E*10^3*3600;// kJ/hr +C_u=(E/(CV*10^3));// Coal used per hour in tons/hr +C=C_u*30;// tons/day +C=C_u/L_cap;// tons/MW-hr +cc=50/100;// Rs./kg +Cc=(C*10^3*cc)/10^3;// Cost of coal per kWh in rupees +L_am=74.2;// Average load in MW +L_max=120;// Maximum demand in MW +CF=L_am/L_max;// Capacity factor of the plant +printf('\n(a)Load factor of the consumer I=%0.3f \n Load factor of the consumer II=%0.2f \n(b)Load factor of the plant=%0.2f \n(c)Diversity factor of the plant=%0.1f \n(d)The amount of coal required per day=%0.2f tons/MW-hr',LF_1,LF_2,LF_p,DF_p,C); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f616f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 32_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_p=30;// The peak load on a power station in MW +L=[25 10 5 7];// Connected load in MW +F_l=50;// Load factor in % + +//Calculation +//(a) +L_a=(L_p*(F_l/100));// Average load in MW +//(b) +E=L_a*10^3*8760;// Energy supplied per year in kW-hrs +//(c) +L_c=L(1)+L(2)+L(3)+L(4);// MW +F_d=L_p/L_c;// Demand factor +//(d) +F_div=L_c/L_p;// Diversity factor +printf('\n(a)Average load on the power station=%0.0f MW \n(b)Energy supplied per year=%0.3e kW-hrs \n(c)Demand factor=%0.2f \n(d)Diversity factor=%0.2f',L_a,E,F_d,F_div); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.32/Ex32_32.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.32/Ex32_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..026b16117 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.32/Ex32_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +// Example 32_32 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=100;// MW +T=[0 4 8 12 16 20 24];// Time in hr +L_a=[20 20 80 80 20 20];// Load A in MW +L_b=[30 60 60 60 60 10];// Load B in MW +CV=45000;// kJ/kg +C=10;// Cost in Rs./kg +Sc=10;// Sale cost in Rs./kWh + +// Calculation +t=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +L_A=[0 20 20 20 20 80 80 80 80 20 20 20 20 100];// Load A in MW +subplot(2,1,1); +xlabel('Time(hrs)'); +ylabel('Load(MW)'); +xtitle('Consumer-A'); +plot(t,L_A,'b'); +L_B=[0 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 10 10 100]; +subplot(2,1,2); +xlabel('Time(hrs)'); +ylabel('Load(MW)'); +xtitle('Consumer-B'); +plot(t,L_B,'b'); +L_a1=((L_a(1)*(T(3)-T(1)))+(L_a(3)*(T(5)-T(3)))+(L_a(5)*(T(7)-T(5))))/24;// MW +L_max1=80;// MW +LF_1=L_a1/L_max1; +L_a2=((L_b(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L_b(2)*(T(6)-T(2)))+(L_b(6)*(T(7)-T(6))))/24;// MW +L_max2=60;// MW +LF_2=L_a2/L_max2; +//Consider Consumer-A +// Outputs +O_a1=(L_a(1)*(T(3)-T(1)));// MWh +O_a2=(L_a(3)*(T(5)-T(3)));// MWh +O_a3=(L_a(5)*(T(7)-T(5)));// MWh +O_a=O_a1+O_a2+O_a3;// Total output of A in MWh +// n=0.4*L;(given) +n_a1=0.4*(L_a(1)/100); +n_a2=0.4*(L_a(3)/100); +n_a3=0.4*(L_a(5)/100); +// Inputs +I_a1=O_a1/n_a1;// MWh +I_a2=O_a2/n_a2;// MWh +I_a3=O_a3/n_a3;// MWh +I=I_a1+I_a2+I_a3;// Total input in MWh +TI=I*10^3*3600;// kJ/day +m_fa=(TI)/(CV*1000);// Fuel used in tonnes for consumer A in tons/day +//Consider Consumer-B +// Outputs +O_b1=(L_b(1)*(T(2)-T(1)));// MWh +O_b2=(L_b(2)*(T(6)-T(2)));// MWh +O_b3=(L_b(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// MWh +O_b=O_b1+O_b2+O_b3;// Total output of A in MWh +// n=0.4*L;(given) +n_b1=0.4*(L_b(1)/100); +n_b2=0.4*(L_b(2)/100); +n_b3=0.4*(L_b(6)/100); +// Inputs +I_b1=O_b1/n_b1;// MWh +I_b2=O_b2/n_b2;// MWh +I_b3=O_b3/n_b3;// MWh +I=I_b1+I_b2+I_b3;// Total input in MWh +TI=I*10^3*3600;// kJ/day +m_fb=(TI)/(CV*1000);// Fuel used in tonnes for consumer B in tons/day +A_b=m_fb*10^3*C;// The amount spent towards the fuel B in rupees +C_e=O_b*10^3*Sc;// The charges of energy received from B in rupees +N_p=C_e-A_b;// Net profit in Rs./day +pc=((C_e-A_b)/A_b)*100;// Percentage change in revenue in % +printf('\n(a)Load factor:LF_1=%0.1f \n Load factor:LF_2=%0.3f \n(b)Fuel used in tonnes for consumer A=%0.0f tons/day \n Fuel used in tonnes for consumer B=%0.0f tons/day \n(c)Net profit=Rs.%0.1e/day \n(d)Percentage change in revenue=%0.1f percentage',LF_1,LF_2,m_fa,m_fb,N_p,pc); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.33/Ex32_33.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.33/Ex32_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47bdc4cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.33/Ex32_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 32_33 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=100;// MW +// n=0.4*L;(given) +L=[20 80 30];// MW +T=[0 8 16 24];// Time in hours +CV=35;// MJ/kg +C=2;// Coal cost in Rs./kg +Sc=2.5;// Rs./kWh +n_com=95/100;// Combustion efficiency + +// Calculation +E=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)));// Total energy consumed a day in MWh +L_a=E/24;// Average load of the plant in MW +L_max=80;// MW +LF=L_a/L_max; +CF=L_a/L_cap; +// Outputs +O_1=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)));// MWh +n_1=0.4*(L(1)/100); +I_1=O_1/n_1;// MWh +O_2=(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)));// MWh +n_2=0.4*(L(2)/100); +I_2=O_2/n_2;// MWh +O_3=(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)));// MWh +n_3=0.4*(L(3)/100); +I_3=O_3/n_3;// MWh +I=(I_1+I_2+I_3)*10^3;// Total input in MWh +m_f=(I*3600)/(CV*10^3*n_com*24);// kg/hr +m_f=(m_f*24)/10^3;// tons/day +Cf=m_f*10^3*C;// The cost of fuel in Rs./day +Mg=E*10^3*Sc;// The money gained by selling the energy generated in rupees +Pr=(Mg-Cf);// Profit gained during the day in rupees/day +n_o=(E/(I/10^3))*100;// The overall efficiency of the plant in % +printf('\n(a)The load factor of the plant=%0.2f \n The capacity factor of the plant=%0.3f \n(b)The fuel consumed in tonnes per day=%0.1f tons/day \n(c)Profit gained by the plant=%0.0e rupees/day \n(d)The overall efficiency of the plant=%0.2f percentage',LF,CF,m_f,Pr,n_o); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.34/Ex32_34.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.34/Ex32_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..167637980 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.34/Ex32_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// Example 32_34 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=1500;// kW +// n=0.43*(L)^0.48;(given) +T=[0 4 8 12 16 20 24];// Time in hours +L_a=[200 600 1000 400 200 100];// Load in kW +L_b=[800 400 200 200 600 400];// Load in kW +L_t=[1000 1000 1200 600 800 500];// Load in kW +CV=45*10^3;// MJ/kg +Dc=30;// The cost of diesel in Rs./liter +SG=0.85;// Specific gravity +pr=15/100;// The profit required +oc=30/100;// The other costs +n_com=92/100;// Combustion efficiency + +// Calculation +t=[0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +L_A=[200 200 600 600 1000 1000 400 400 200 200 100 100 1500];// Load A in kW for load curve +subplot(3,1,1); +xlabel('Time in hours'); +ylabel('Load in kW'); +xtitle('Load of consumer-A'); +plot(t,L_A,'b'); +legend('Load curve for (A)'); +t=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +L_B=[0 800 800 400 400 200 200 200 200 600 600 400 400 1500];// Load B in kW for load curve +subplot(3,1,2); +xlabel('Time in hours'); +ylabel('Load in kW'); +xtitle('Load of consumer-B'); +plot(t,L_B,'b'); +legend('Load curve for (B)'); +t=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +L_AB=[0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 600 600 800 800 500 500 1500];// Load A+B in kW for load curve +subplot(3,1,3); +xlabel('Time in hours'); +ylabel('Load in kW'); +xtitle('Load of on plant for consumerA and B'); +plot(t,L_AB,'b'); +legend('Load curve for (A+B)'); +//(i) +E=(L_a(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L_a(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L_a(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L_a(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L_a(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L_a(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in kWh +L_a1=E/24;// kW +L_max1=1000;// kW +LF_A=L_a1/L_max1; +E=(L_b(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L_b(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L_b(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L_b(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L_b(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L_b(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in kWh +L_b1=E/24;// kW +L_max2=800;// kW +LF_B=L_b1/L_max2; +E=(L_t(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L_t(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L_t(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(L_t(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(L_t(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(L_t(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in kWh +L_ab=E/24;// kW +L_max=1200; +LF_AB=L_ab/L_max; +PL=((LF_AB-LF_A)/LF_A)*100;// Maximum percentage increase in load factor +DF=(L_max1+L_max2)/L_max;// Diversity factor +O_1=(L_t(1)*(T(3)-T(1)));// kWh +n_1=0.43*(L_t(1)/L_cap)^0.48; +I_1=O_1/n_1;// kWh +O_2=(L_t(3)*(T(4)-T(3)));// kWh +n_2=0.43*(L_t(3)/L_cap)^0.48; +I_2=O_2/n_2;// kWh +O_3=(L_t(4)*(T(5)-T(4)));// kWh +n_3=0.43*(L_t(4)/L_cap)^0.48; +I_3=O_3/n_3;// kWh +O_4=(L_t(5)*(T(6)-T(5)));// kWh +n_4=0.43*(L_t(5)/L_cap)^0.48; +I_4=O_4/n_4;// kWh +O_5=(L_t(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// kWh +n_5=0.43*(L_t(6)/L_cap)^0.48; +I_5=O_5/n_5;// kWh +I_t=(I_1+I_2+I_3+I_4+I_5)*3600;// Total input in kJ +m_f=I_t/(CV*n_com*24);// kg/hr +V_f=m_f/0.85;// liters/hr +V_f=V_f*24;// liters +C_f=V_f*Dc;// Cost of fuel in Rs./day +Oc=C_f*oc;// The other cost running the plants in Rs./day +Tc=C_f+Oc;// The total cost running the plants in Rs./day +Pr=Tc*pr;// The profit required in Rs./day +Tcs=Tc+Pr;// Total cost of saling the energy generated/day in rupees +O_t=O_1+O_2+O_3+O_4+O_5;// Total energy generated in kWh +Cs=Tcs/O_t;// The cost of sailing the energy in Rs./kWh +printf('\n(i)The individual load factor of consumer A=%0.3f \n The individual load factor of consumer B=%0.3f \n(ii)Load factor of the system=%0.3f \n Diversity factor of the system=%0.1f \n(iii)The cost of selling the power=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',LF_A,LF_B,LF_AB,DF,Cs); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.35/Ex32_35.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.35/Ex32_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..652806c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.35/Ex32_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// Example 32_35 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=1500;// MW +// n=0.43*(L)^0.95;(given) +T=[0 4 8 12 16 20 24];// Time in hours +C_1=[200 600 1000 400 200 100];// Load in MW +C_2=[800 400 200 200 600 400];// Load in MW +C_t=[1000 1000 1200 600 800 500];// Load in MW + +// Calculation +E=(C_1(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(C_1(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(C_1(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(C_1(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(C_1(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(C_1(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in MWh +L_a1=E/24;// MW +L_max1=1000;// MW +LF_1=L_a1/L_max1;// Load factor +t=[0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +c_1=[200 200 600 600 1000 1000 400 400 200 200 100 100 1600];// Load C_1 in MW for load curve +L_a1=[L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1 L_a1];// Average load in MW for plot +subplot(3,1,1); +xlabel('hrs'); +ylabel('MW'); +xtitle('Load curve for C_1'); +plot(t',c_1','b',t',L_a1','r'); +legend('Load curve','Average'); +E=(C_2(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(C_2(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(C_2(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(C_2(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(C_2(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(C_2(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in kWh +L_a2=E/24;// MW +L_max2=800;// MW +LF_2=L_a2/L_max2; +t=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +c_2=[0 800 800 400 400 200 200 200 200 600 600 400 400 1600];// Load C_2 in MW for load curve +L_a2=[L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2 L_a2];// Average load in MW for plot +subplot(3,1,3); +subplot(3,1,2); +xlabel('hrs'); +ylabel('MW'); +xtitle('Load curve for C_2'); +plot(t',c_2','b',t',L_a2','r'); +legend('Load curve','Average'); +E=(C_t(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(C_t(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(C_t(3)*(T(4)-T(3)))+(C_t(4)*(T(5)-T(4)))+(C_t(5)*(T(6)-T(5)))+(C_t(6)*(T(7)-T(6)));// Total energy consumed a day in kWh +L_p=E/24;// MW +L_max=1200;// Maximum load in MW +LF_p=L_p/L_max;// Load factor of the plant +t=[0 0 4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 20 24 24];// Time in hrs for load curve +c_t=[0 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 600 600 800 800 500 500 1600];// Load C_1+C_2 in MW for load curve +L_a_p=[L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p];// Average load of the plant in MW for plot +subplot(3,1,3); +xlabel('hrs'); +ylabel('MW'); +xtitle('Load curve of the plant'); +plot(t',c_t','b',t',L_a_p','r'); +legend('Load curve','Average'); +DF=(L_max1+L_max2)/L_max;// Diversity factor +L_min=C_t(6);// MW +n_min=(0.43*(L_min/L_cap)^0.95)*100;// Minimum thermal efficiency +L_max=C_t(3);// MW +n_max=(0.43*(L_max/L_cap)^0.95)*100;// Maximum thermal efficiency +CF=L_p/L_cap;// Capacity factor of the plant +printf('\n(a)Load factor of customer A=%0.4f \n Load factor of customer B=%0.3f \n(b)Diversity factor of the system=%0.1f \n(c)Minimum thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.0f percentage\n Maximum thermal efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage\n Capacity factor of the plant=%0.3f',LF_1,LF_2,DF,n_min,n_max,CF); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.36/Ex32_36.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.36/Ex32_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be182f2d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.36/Ex32_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// Example 32_36 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=150;// MW +// n=0.435*(L)^0.925;(given) +T_1=[0 8 18 24];// Time in hours +T_2=[0 6 20 24];// Time in hours +L_a=[20 80 40];// Load in MW +L_b=[30 70 20];// Load in MW +SG=0.88;// Specific gravity +CV=40.5;// MJ/kg + +// Calculation +E_a=(L_a(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L_a(2)*(T_1(3)-T_1(2)))+(L_a(3)*(T_1(4)-T_1(3)));// MWh +L_avga=E_a/24;// MW +L_max1=L_a(2);// MW +LF_a=(L_avga/L_max1);// Load factor +E_b=(L_b(1)*(T_2(2)-T_2(1)))+(L_b(2)*(T_2(3)-T_2(2)))+(L_b(3)*(T_2(4)-T_2(3)));// MWh +L_avgb=E_b/24;// MW +L_max2=L_b(2);// MW +LF_b=(L_avgb/L_max2);// Load factor +E_t=E_a+E_b;// The total energy supplied by the plant in MWh +L_p=E_t/24;// The average load on the plant in MW +L_max=L_max1+L_max2;// MW +LF_p=L_p/L_max;// Load factor of the plant +E_1=(L_a(1)+L_b(1));// MW +E_2=(L_a(1)+L_b(2));// MW +E_3=(L_a(2)+L_b(2));// MW +E_4=(L_a(3)+L_b(2));// MW +E_5=(L_a(3)+L_b(3));// MW +E_t=[0 E_1 E_1 E_2 E_2 E_3 E_3 E_4 E_4 E_5 E_5];// MW +T=[0 0 6 6 8 8 18 18 20 20 24];// Time in hrs +L_avgp=[L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p L_p];// The average load on the plant in MW for plot +plot(T',E_t','b',T',L_avgp','r-.'); +xlabel('Time in hrs'); +ylabel('Load in MW'); +legend('Load curve','Average load'); +n_com=1;// Combustion efficiency +O_1=E_1*6;// Output in MWh +n_1=0.435*(E_1/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +I_1=O_1/n_1;// Input in MWh +m_f1=(I_1*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// The mass of fuel supplied in kg +O_2=E_2*2;// Output in MWh +n_2=0.435*(E_2/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +I_2=O_2/n_2;// Input in MWh +m_f2=(I_2*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// The mass of fuel supplied in kg +O_3=E_3*10;// Output in MWh +n_3=0.435*(E_3/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +I_3=O_3/n_3;// Input in MWh +m_f3=(I_3*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// The mass of fuel supplied in kg +O_4=E_4*2;// Output in MWh +n_4=0.435*(E_4/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +I_4=O_4/n_4;// Input in MWh +m_f4=(I_4*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// The mass of fuel supplied in kg +O_5=E_5*4;// Output in MWh +n_5=0.435*(E_5/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +I_5=O_5/n_5;// Input in MWh +m_f5=(I_5*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// The mass of fuel supplied in kg +m_fta=m_f1+m_f2+m_f3+m_f4+m_f5;// The total fuel consumed during 24 hrs in kg per day +T_fa=m_fta;// Total fuel required for 10 days in kg +V_fa=T_fa/SG;// Volume of the fuel in litres/day +V=(V_fa*10)/1000;// The capacity of the tank required for 10 days in m^3 +//(b) +n=0.435*(L_p/L_cap)^0.925;// Efficiency +E_t=E_a+E_b;// MWh +I_t=E_t/n;// MWh +m_ftb=(I_t*10^3*3600)/(CV*10^3);// Mass of fuel required per day +T_f=m_ftb*10;// kg +V_fb=(T_f/SG)/1000;// Volume of fuel in m^3 +m_f=m_ftb/24;// kg/hr +bsfc=m_f/(L_p*10^3);// kg/kWh +printf('\n(a)The capacity of the fuel tank required=%0.2f m^3 \n(b)Load factor of the plant=%0.3f \n(c)Volume of fuel=%0.0f m^3 \n(d)bsfc=%0.3f kg/kWh',V,LF_p,V_fb,bsfc); +// The answer is varied due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.37/Ex32_37.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.37/Ex32_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a83e9a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.37/Ex32_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 32_37 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=80;// MW +// n=0.91*(L)^0.49;(given) +T_1=[0 10 18 24];// Time in hours +L_1=[60 40 20];// Load in MW +H=60;// m +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +//(i) +E_a=(L_1(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1)))+(L_1(2)*(T_1(3)-T_1(2)))+(L_1(3)*(T_1(4)-T_1(3)));// MW-hrs +L_a=E_a/24;// Average load on the plant in MW +L_max=L_1(1);// Maximum load in MW +LF=(L_a/L_max);// Load factor of the plant +CF=(L_a/L_cap);// Capacity factor of the plant +//(ii) +O_1=L_1(1)*(T_1(2)-T_1(1));// Output in MWh +n_1=0.91*(L_1(1)/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +I_1=O_1/n_1;// Input in MW +O_2=L_1(2)*(T_1(3)-T_1(2));// Output in MWh +n_2=0.91*(L_1(2)/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +I_2=O_2/n_2;// Input in MW +O_3=L_1(3)*(T_1(4)-T_1(3));// Output in MWh +n_3=0.91*(L_1(3)/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +I_3=O_3/n_3;// Input in MW +// 1MWh=3.6*10^6 kJ +E_1=I_1*3.6*10^6;// kJ +E_2=I_2*3.6*10^6;// kJ +E_3=I_3*3.6*10^6;// kJ +m_w1=(E_1*1000)/(9.81*H*(T_1(2)-T_1(1))*3600);// Water flow in kg/sec +M_w1=(m_w1*(T_1(3)-T_1(2))*3600)/1000;// m^3 +m_w2=(E_2*1000)/(9.81*H*(T_1(3)-T_1(2))*3600);// Water flow in kg/sec +M_w2=(m_w2*(T_1(3)-T_1(2))*3600)/1000;// m^3 +m_w3=(E_3*1000)/(9.81*H*(T_1(4)-T_1(3))*3600);// Water flow in kg/sec +M_w3=(m_w3*(T_1(4)-T_1(3))*3600)/1000;// m^3 +V=M_w1+M_w2+M_w3;// The water supplied during the day in m^3/day +n_o=(E_a/(I_1+I_2+I_3))*100;// Over all efficiency of the plant +printf('\nThe quantity of water required=%0.4e m^3/day \nThe load factor=%0.3f \nThe capacity factor=%0.2f \nOver all efficiency of the plant=%0.1f percentage',V,LF,CF,n_o); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.38/Ex32_38.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.38/Ex32_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6910b0f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.38/Ex32_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Example 32_38 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=100;// MW +H=50;// m +// n=0.91*(L)^0.49;(given) +L_a1=60;// Load in MW +L_a2=30;// Load in MW +T_a1=16;// Time in hours +T_a2=8;// Time in hours +L_b1=100;// Load in MW +L_b2=33.33;// Load in MW +T_b1=6;// Time in hours +T_b2=18;// Time in hours +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// Consider the Consumer A +t_a1=T_a1*3600;// sec +P_a1=L_a1*10^6;// Watts +n_a1=0.91*(L_a1/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +m_wa1=(P_a1/(n_a1*g*H));// Mass of water in liters/sec +V_wa1=(m_wa1/1000)*t_a1;// Volume of water supllied in m^3 +t_a2=T_a2*3600;// sec +P_a2=L_a2*10^6;// Watts +n_a2=0.91*(L_a2/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +m_wa2=(P_a2/(n_a2*g*H));// Mass of water in liters/sec +V_wa2=(m_wa2/1000)*t_a2;// Volume of water supllied in m^3 +V_wta=V_wa1+V_wa2;// Total water supplied to the power plant in m^/day +// Consider the Consumer B +t_b1=T_b1*3600;// sec +P_b1=L_b1*10^6;// Watts +n_b1=0.91*(L_b1/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +m_wb1=(P_b1/(n_b1*g*H));// Mass of water in liters/sec +V_wb1=(m_wb1/1000)*t_b1;// Volume of water supllied in m^3 +t_b2=T_b2*3600;// sec +P_b2=L_b2*10^6;// Watts +n_b2=0.91*(L_b2/L_cap)^0.49;// Efficiency +m_wb2=(P_b2/(n_b2*g*H));// Mass of water in liters/sec +V_wb2=(m_wb2/1000)*t_b2;// Volume of water supllied in m^3 +V_wtb=V_wb1+V_wb2;// Total volume of water supplied in m^3 +E_tA=(L_a1*T_a1)+(L_a2*T_a2);// Total energy generated in MWh +Uw1=V_wta/24;// m^3/hr +W_a=Uw1/E_tA;// m^3/ MW +E_tB=(L_b1*T_b1)+(L_b2*T_b2);// Total energy generated in MWh +Uw2=V_wtb/24;// m^3/hr +W_b=Uw2/E_tB;// m^3/ MW +printf('\nWater used by A=%0.0f m^3/MW \nWater used by B=%0.1f m^3/MW',W_a,W_b) +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e684fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 32_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_p=50;// Peak load in MW +F_l=60;// Load factor in % +Cc=1;// The coal consumption kg per kWh +CC=600;// The cost of coal in RS./ton of coal +E_s=1;// The energy is sold at Rs./kW-hr + +//Calculation +L_a=(L_p*(F_l/100));// Average load in MW +E=L_a*10^3*8760;// Energy generated per year in kW-hrs +C_py=(E*Cc)/1000;// Coal required per year in tons +CC_py=C_py*CC;// Cost of coal per year in rupees +C_e=(E*Cc)/E_s;//Cost of energy sold in rupees +R=E-CC_py;// Revenue earned by the power plant per year in rupees +printf('\n(a)Revenue earned by the power plant per year=%0.4e rupees \n(b)The energy generated per year=%0.3e kW-hr',R,E); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.40/Ex32_40.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.40/Ex32_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629790631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.40/Ex32_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Example 32_40 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_cap=150;// MW +L=[20 60 30];// Load in MW +T=[0 8 16 24];// Time in hours +n_1=0.9; +n_2=2.7; + +// Calculation +// Considering the Consumer C_1 +E_1=(L(1)*(T(2)-T(1)))+(L(2)*(T(3)-T(2)))+(L(3)*(T(4)-T(3)));// MWh +L_a1=E_1/24;// Average load in MW +L_max1=L(2);// Maximum load in MW +LF_1=L_a1/L_max1;// Load factor +// Considering the Consumer C_1 +T=[0 4 12 20 24];// Time in hours +L_4=30;// Load in MW +t_4=4;// Time in hours +L_12=80;// Load in MW +t_12=12;// Time in hours +L_20=20;// Load in MW +t_20=20;// Time in hours +E_2=(L_4*(T(2)-T(1)))+(((L_12*t_12)-(L_4*t_4))/(n_1+1))+(((L_12*t_12)-(L_20*t_20))/(n_2-1))+(L_20*(T(5)-T(4))); +L_a2=E_1/24;// Average load in MW +L_max2=L_12;// Maximum load in MW +LF_2=L_a2/L_max2;// Load factor +E_t=E_1+E_2;// Total energy supplied in MW +L_ap=E_t/24;// Average load on the plant in MW +L_pmax=L_max1+L_max2;// Maximum load in MW +LF_p=L_ap/L_pmax;// Load factor +t=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24];// Time in hours +L_5=(L_4*(t(5)/t(4))^n_1);// MW +L_6=(L_5*(t(6)/t(5))^n_1);// MW +L_7=(L_6*(t(7)/t(6))^n_1);// MW +L_8=(L_7*(t(8)/t(7))^n_1);// MW +L_9=(L_8*(t(9)/t(8))^n_1);// MW +L_10=(L_9*(t(10)/t(9))^n_1);// MW +L_11=(L_10*(t(11)/t(10))^n_1);// MW +L_12=(L_11*(t(12)/t(11))^n_1);// MW +L_12=80;// MW +L_13=(L_12*((t(12)/t(13))^n_2));// MW +L_14=(L_13*(t(13)/t(14))^n_2);// MW +L_15=(L_14*(t(14)/t(15))^n_2);// MW +L_16=(L_15*(t(15)/t(16))^n_2);// MW +L_17=(L_16*(t(16)/t(17))^n_2);// MW +L_18=(L_17*(t(17)/t(18))^n_2);// MW +L_19=(L_18*(t(18)/t(19))^n_2);// MW +L_20=(L_19*(t(19)/t(20))^n_2);// MW +P_8=L(1)+L_8;// MW +P_6=L(2)+L_16;// MW +printf('\nPower supplied at 8th hour=%0.2f MW \nPower supplied at 16th hour=%0.2f MW',P_8,P_6); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3984f4d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 32_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_1=60;// Load in MW +L_2=60;// Load in MW +L_3=30;// Load in MW +T_12=8000;// Running time in hours +T_3=2000;// Running time in hours +E=876*10^6;// kWh per year + +//Calculation +P=L_1+L_2+L_3;// Plant capacity in MW +L_a=(E/8760)/1000;// MW +F_l=(L_a/P)*100;// Load factor in % +L=60;// L_1=L_2=L in MW +ME=(2*L*T_12)+(1*L_3*T_3);// Maximum possile energy which can be produced by the plant in MEWh +Puf=(E/(ME*10^3));// Plant use factor +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.0f percentage \nPlant use factor=%0.2f',F_l,Puf); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.6/Ex32_6.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.6/Ex32_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b159a3a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.6/Ex32_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 32_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +MD_1=40;// MW +MD_2=50;// MW +MD_3=30;// MW +F_l=60;// Load factor in percentage +DF=1.2;// Diversity factor + +// Calculation +MD_s=MD_1+MD_2+MD_3;// Sum of individual maximum demands in MW +SMD=MD_s/DF;// Simultaneous maximum demand in MW +P=MD_s;// The capacity of the plant in MW +L_a=(F_l/100)*SMD;// Average load in MW +E=L_a*10^3*8760;// Energy supplied per year in kWh +printf('\n(a)The maximum load on the power plant=%0.0f MW \n(bThe capacity of the power plant=%0.0f MW \n(c)Annual energy supplied per year=%0.3e kWh',SMD,P,E ); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..057d720c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 32_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +UF=0.5;// Use factor +CF=0.4;// Capacity factor + +//Calculation +// Use factor=E/(P_c*t);.... (1) +// Capacity factor=(average load/P_c)=(E/(P_c*8760));....(2) +// Dividing euations (1) and (2) we get, +T=(8760*CF)/(UF);// hours +printf('\nThe number of hours of its operation during the year=%0.0f hours',T); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e8ef2fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 32_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_12=500;// Load in kW +L_3=200;// Load in kW +CV=40000;//Calorific value in kJ/kg +Fc=0.25;// Fuel consumption in kg/kWh +CF=4000;// Cost of fuel in rupees +Cf=50;// Plant capacity factor in % +d=30;// Number of days + +//Calculation +P_c=(2*L_12)+L_3;// Plant capacity in kW +t=d*24;// Time in hours during the month +E=(Cf/100)*P_c*t;// Energy generated during the month in kWh/month +Fc_p=(Fc*E);//Fuel cost per month in kg +Fc_p=(Fc_p)/1000;// tonnes +FC=CF*Fc_p;// rupees/month +Ce=FC/E;// Cost of energy in Rs./kWhr +O=E*3600;// Output +I=Fc_p*1000*CV;// Input +n_o=(O/I)*100;// Over all efficiency +printf('\nThe over all efficiency of the plant=%0.0f percentage',n_o); diff --git a/3733/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce b/3733/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58d7e2489 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 32_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L_1=45000;// kW +L_2=5000;//kW +L_34=20000;// Load in kW +L_5=10000;// Load in kW +L_p=5000; + +//Calculation +// The energy generated per year by the plant= Area under the load curve +E_g=(8760*L_2)+((1/2)*8760*(L_1-L_2));// kWh/year +L_a=(E_g)/8760;// Average load in kW +MD=L_1;// Maximum demand in kW +F_l=L_a/MD;// Load factor +P=(2*L_34)+(1*L_5);// Plant capacity in kW +CF=(E_g)/(P*8760); +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.2f \nCapacity factor of the plant=%0.1f',F_l,CF); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b4d9db2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 34_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=120000;// The cost of the water softner plant in rupees +S=(8/100)*P;// The salvage value of the plant in rupees +r=8/100;//Interest on sinking fund +n=12;//The life of the plant in years +RMLc=8000;//Repair,maintainence and labour costs +Cc=5000;// Chemical cost + +//Calculation +A=(P-S)*(r/(((1+r)^n)-1));// Annual sinking fund payment for the plant in rupees +Ac=A+RMLc+Cc;// Annual cost of the plant in rupees +printf('\nAnnual cost of the plant=Rs.%0.0f',Ac); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.10/Ex34_10.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.10/Ex34_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce35826c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.10/Ex34_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 34_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +// dF_a/dP_a=0.065*P_a+25; +// dF_b/dP_b=0.08*P_b+20; +L=160;// Total load in MW + +// Calculation +//(a) +function[X]=power(y) + X(1)=(y(1)+y(2))-L; + X(2)=((0.065*y(1))+25)-((0.08*y(2))+20); +endfunction +y=[10 100]; +z=fsolve(y,power); +P_a=z(1);// MW +P_b=z(2);// MW +//(b) +L=160/2;//If the load is equally shared by both the units +p_a1=P_a; +p_a2=L;// Limits of integration +Ic_A=integrate('((0.065*p_a)+25)','p_a',p_a1,p_a2);// Increase in cost for unit A in Rs/hr. +p_b1=P_b; +p_b2=L;// Limits of integration +Ic_B=integrate('((0.08*p_b)+20)','p_b',p_b1,p_b2);// Increase in cost for unit B in Rs/hr. +dC=Ic_A+Ic_B; +printf('\n(a)P_a=%0.1f MW \n P_b=%0.1f MW \n(b)The loss in fuel cost per hour=Rs.%0.0f/hr',P_a,P_b,dC); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.11/Ex34_11.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.11/Ex34_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3286f3f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.11/Ex34_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 34_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +L=30;// Total load in MW +L_12=20;//Capacity of two steam turbines in MW +// S_1=2000+10*L_1-0.0001*L_1^2 +// S_2=1000+7*L_1-0.00005*L_2^2 + +//Calculation +//L_1+L_2=L*10^3; +// For the most loading,the required condition is (dS_1/dL_1=dS_2/dL_2) +function[X]=Load(y) + X(1)=(y(1)+y(2))-(L*10^3); + X(2)=(10-(0.0002*y(1)))-(7-(0.0001*y(2))); +endfunction +y=[10 10]; +z=fsolve(y,Load); +L_1=z(1)/1000;// MW +L_2=z(2)/1000;// MW +printf('\nL_1=%0.0f MW \nL_2=%0.0f MW',L_1,L_2); diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.12/Ex34_12.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.12/Ex34_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f4b841d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.12/Ex34_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 34_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +C_1=5000;//Cost of first unit in Rupees +MD_1=100;// Maximum demand in kW +C_2=14000;//Cost of second unit in Rupees +MD_2=60;// Maximum demand in kW +n=40000;// Useful life in hours +C_e=80;//Energy charge per kW in Rupees/year +C_kwh=5/100;//Energy charge per kW-hr in Rupees + +//Calculation +//(a)First unit +Cc=C_1/n;// Capital cost of unit per hour in Rupees +C_MD=((MD_1*C_e)/8760);// Charge for maximum demand per hour in Rupees +C_eh=MD_1*1*C_kwh;// Energy charge per hour in Rupees +TC_1=Cc+C_MD+C_eh;// Total charges per hour for the operation of first unit in Rupees +//(b)Second unit +Cc=C_2/n;// Capital cost of unit per hour in Rupees +C_MD=((MD_2*C_e)/8760);// Charge for maximum demand per hour in Rupees +C_eh=MD_2*1*C_kwh;// Energy charge per hour in Rupee +TC_2=Cc+C_MD+C_eh;// Total charges per hour for the operation of second unit in Rupees +printf('\n(a)Total charges per hour for the operation of first unit=Rs.%0.3f\n(b)Total charges per hour for the operation of second unit=Rs.%0.3f',TC_1,TC_2); +if(TC_1>TC_2) + printf('\n The second unit is more economical than first unit in this case.'); +else + printf('\n The first unit is more economical than second unit in this case.'); + end diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.13/Ex34_13.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.13/Ex34_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cf862e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.13/Ex34_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Example 34_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +C_kw=500;// Charges in Rs./kW +MD=800;// Maximum demand in kW +Cc_1=8*10^5;// Capital cost of Public supply in Rupees +F_l=30/100;// Load factor +ID_1=10;// Interest and decpreciation charges on capital of public supply in % +Cc_2=3*10^6;// Capital cost of private supply in Rupees +ID_2=12;// Interest and decpreciation charges on capital of private supply in % +Fc=0.35;// Fuel consumption in kg/kW-hr +Cf=80;// Percentage per kg +C_e=40;// Percentage per kW-hr +C_ml=10;//The maintainence and labour charges in percentage per kW-hr + +//Calculation +L_a=MD*F_l;// Average load in kW +ERPY=240*8760;// Energy required per year in kW-hrs + +//(a)Public supply +C_MD=C_kw*MD;//Charge for maximum demand per year in Rupees +ID=(ID_1/100)*Cc_1;// Interest and decpreciation in Rupees +C_ey=(C_e/100)*ERPY;// Energy cost per year in Rupees +TC=C_MD+ID+C_ey;// Total cost in Rupees +AEC_1=TC/ERPY;// Average energy cost in Rs./kWh + +//(b)Private supply +Fc_y=(Fc*ERPY)/1000;// Fuel consumption per year in tons +C_f=Fc_y*1000*(Cf/100);// Cost of fuel in Rupees +MLC=(C_ml/100)*ERPY;// The maintainence and labour charges per year +ID=(ID_2/100)*Cc_2;// Interest and decpreciation in Rupees +TC=C_f+MLC+ID;// Total cost in Rupees +AEC_2=TC/ERPY;// Average energy cost in Rs./kWh +printf('\n(a)Public supply:Average energy cost=Rs.%0.2f/kWh \n(b)Private supply:Average energy cost=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',AEC_1,AEC_2); +if(AEC_1>AEC_2) + printf('\n As the average energy cost for oil engine is less than the public supply,the oil engine generation is more preferable.'); +else(AEC_1Ec_2) + printf('\nThe public supply set is preferable as its cost is less than diesel set.'); +else + printf('\nThe private supply set is preferable as its cost is less than diesel set.'); +end +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d21e0d829 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 34_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=12000;//The cost of a small preheater in rupees +r=5/100;// Interest +n=16;// Expected life in years +A=425;//The cost of the equipment in rupees + +//Calculation +S=round(P-((A)/(r/(((1+r)^n)-1))));// The salvage value of the preheater in rupees +printf('\nThe salvage value of the preheater after 16 years of service,S=Rs.%0.0f',S); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.20/Ex34_20.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.20/Ex34_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..450db466b --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.20/Ex34_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 34_20 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=120;// Plant capacity in MW +CC=15000;// The Capital cost in Rs/kW +Arc=20*10^6;// Annual running charges in rupees +F_al=0.6;// The annual load factor +F_ac=0.5;// Annual capacity factor + +//Calculation +MD=(P*F_ac)/F_al;// Maximum demand in MW +Rc=P-MD;// Reserve capacity in MW +L_a=F_al*MD;// Average load in MW +E_py=L_a*10^3*8760;//Energy produced/year in kWh +E_a=E_py*0.95;// kWh +TCC=CC*P*10^3;// Total capital cost of the plant in rupees +ID=.10*TCC;// Interest and decpreciation in rupees +p=.10*TCC;// Profit to be gained in rupees +TC=ID+p+Arc;// Total charges to be recovered in rupees +C_eg=(TC/E_a);// Cost of energy generated in Rs./kWh +printf('\n(a)The reserve capacity=%0.0f MW \n(b)Cost of energy generated=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',Rc,C_eg); diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.21/Ex34_21.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.21/Ex34_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..095e4d252 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.21/Ex34_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 34_21 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=142.5;// Plant capacity in MW +CC=130*10^7;// The Capital cost in rupees +Ac_o=18.8*10^7;// Annual cost of coal,oil,tax and salaries in rupees +R_i=5;// Rate of interest in % of capital +R_d=5;// Rate of depreciation in % of capital +U_e=6;// Unit of energy used in % of the total units supplied +F_l=0.6;// The annual load factor +F_c=0.5;// Annual capacity factor + +//Calculation +MD=(P*F_c)/F_l;// Maximum demand in MW +Rc=P-MD;// Reserve capacity in MW +E_s=MD*10^3*F_l*8760;// Yearly energy supplied by the plant in kWh +E_g=(1+(U_e/100))*E_s;// Yearly energy generated in kWh +ID=((R_i+R_d)/100)*CC;//Interest and decpreciation in Rs./year +TC=(ID+Ac_o);// Total cost in Rs./year +Oc=(TC/E_g);// Overall cost of generation in Rs./kWh +printf('\nReserve capacity=%0.2f MW \nOverall cost of generation=Rs.%0.3f/kWh',Rc,Oc); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.22/Ex34_22.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.22/Ex34_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..febdb5174 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.22/Ex34_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 34_22 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +N=50000;// Number of domestic customers +Fc=2.5*10^7;// Fixed charges in rupees +Ec=2*10^7;// Energy charges in rupees +Cc=0.5*10^7;// Customer charges in rupees +p=20*10^5;// Profit in rupees +MD=5000;// kW +F_d=4;// Diversity factor +F_l=0.3;// Load factor + +//Calculation +FC=Fc+((25/100)*p);// Fixed cost in rupees +EC=Ec+((50/100)*p);// Energy cost in rupees +CC=Cc+((25/100)*p);// Customer charges in rupees +MD_i=MD*F_d;// kW +E=MD*F_l*8760;// kW-hrs +Fc_kW=FC/(MD_i);// Fixed cost per kW per year in Rs./kW +C=CC/N;// Changes per customer per year in rupees +Er=EC/E;// Energy rate in Rs./kWh +printf('\nFixed cost per kW per year=Rs.%0.0f/kW \nEnergy rate=Rs.%0.1f/kWh \nThree charge rate=Rs.%0.0f+%0.0f kW+%0.1f/kWh',Fc_kW,Er,C,Fc_kW,Er); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.23/Ex34_23.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.23/Ex34_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49feb15fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.23/Ex34_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 34_23 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=100;// MW +CC=10000;// Rs./kW +R=2;// Royalty in Rs./kW +C_e=0.3;//Rs./kWh +MD=70;// MW +F_l=0.6;// Annual load factor +S_a=10^7;// Salaries and maintainence in rupees + +//Calculation +E=(MD*10^3)*F_l*8760;// kWh +CC=P*10^3*CC;// Capital cost of the plant in rupees + +// Annual fixed charges +D=(15/100)*CC;// Depriciation in rupees +S=(20/100)*S_a;// Salaries and maintainence in rupees +Tfc=D+S;// Total fixed charges in rupees +C_kw=(Tfc/(MD*10^3));// Cost per kW + +// Annual fixed charges +S=(80/100)*S_a;// Salaries and maintainence in rupees +Tc=(S/E)+C_e;// Total cost in rupees +Tc=(Tc*100);// paise/kWh +printf('\nTwo part tariff=Rs.%0.0f/kW+%0.3f/kWh',C_kw,Tc/100); diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.24/Ex34_24.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.24/Ex34_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de9341003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.24/Ex34_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 34_24 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=25;// MW +CC=12000;// Rs/kW +CC_ps=15*10^6;// Capital cost of primary and secondary distribution in rupees +Mc=80*10^4;// Plant maintainence cost in Rs./year +Mc_ps=2*10^6;// Maintainence cost of primary and secondary equipments in Rs./year +Sw=6*10^6;// Salaries and wages in Rs./year +Cc=80*10^3;// Consumption of coal in tonnes/year +cc=800;// Cost of coal Rs./tonne +Di=12*10^6;// Rs./year +E_l=10/100;// Energy loss in transmission +F_d=1.5;// Diversity factor +F_l=80/100;// Load factor +MD=14;// MW + +//Calculation +L_a=MD*10^3*F_l;// kW +E_g=L_a*8760;// kW-hr +CC=P*10^3*CC;// Rs. +IiD=(10/100)*CC;// Interest,insurance,depriciation charges of plant in rupees +IiD_ps=(80/100)*CC;// Interest,insurance,depriciation charges of primary and secondary equipments in rupees +Tfc=IiD+IiD_ps+Di;// Total fixed cost in rupees +MD_i=MD*10^3*F_d; +FC=Tfc/MD_i;// Fixed cost per kW in rupees +Fc=Cc*cc;// Rs./year +Tvc=Mc+Mc_ps+Sw+Fc;// Total variable charges in rupees +E_t=E_g*(1-E_l);// Energy generated in kW-hr +Cec=Tvc/E_t;// Charges for energy consumption in Rs./kW-hr +Tc=Tfc+Tvc;// Total charges in rupees +Ac=Tc/E_t;// Average cost of supply in Rs./kWh +printf('\nAverage cost of supply=Rs.%0.2f/kWh',Ac); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.25/Ex34_25.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.25/Ex34_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59a50dba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.25/Ex34_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 34_25 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=12;// MW +MD=10;// MW +F_l=0.7;// load factor +CC=17000;// Rs./kW +C_td=3*10^6;// Cost of transmission and distribution system in rupees +ID=5;// Interest,depriciation on distribution system in % +Oc=3*10^6;// Operating cost in rupees +Cc=800;// Cost of coal in Rs./ton +Mc_f=0.3*10^6;// Plant maintainence costs in Rs./year (fixed) +Mc_r=350000;//Plant maintainence costs in Rs./year (running) +c=30*10^3;// Coal used in tons/year + + +//Calculation +ID_f=(10/100)*CC*P*10^3;// Interest,depriciation etc. of the plant in Rs./year +ID_ftd=(5/100)*C_td;// Interest,depriciation etc.of the transmission and distribution in Rs./year +Ac_r=c*Cc;//Annual cost of coal in Rs./year +FC=ID_f+ID_ftd+Mc_f;// Fixed cost in Rs./year +RC=Ac_r+Oc+Mc_r;// Running cost in Rs./year +Gtc=FC+RC;// Grand total cost in Rs./year +E_g=MD*10^3*F_l*8760;// Energy generated per year in kWh +Tpt_1=(FC/(MD*10^3));// Rs./kW +Tpt_2=(RC/(E_g));// Rs./kWh +Oac=(FC+RC)/(E_g);// Over all cost/kWh +printf('\nTwo part tariff=Rs.%0.0f/kW+Rs.%0.3f/kWh \nOver all cost/kWh=Rs.%0.2f',Tpt_1,Tpt_2,Oac); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.26/Ex34_26.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.26/Ex34_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..857ecf56e --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.26/Ex34_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 34_26 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=5000;// kW +MD_d=3000;// kW +F_ld=20/100;// Load factor +MD_s=1800;// kW +F_ls=50/100;// Load factor +MD_st=200;// kW +F_lst=30/100;// Load factor +CC=18000;// Rs./kW +Trc=6.2*10^6;//Total running cost in Rs./year +ID=10/100;// Annual rate of depriciation and interest in capital + +//Calculation +E_s=((MD_d*F_ld)+(MD_s*F_ls)+(MD_st*F_lst))*8760;// The energy supplied per year to all three consumers in kW-hrs +Oc=Trc/E_s;// Operating charges per kW-hr in rupees +CC=P*CC;// Capital cost of the plant in rupees +Fcpy=CC*ID;// Fixed cost per year in rupees +Fc=Fcpy/P;// Fixed cost per kW in rupees +//(a) +Tc_d=(MD_d*Fc)+((MD_d*F_ld)*8760*Oc);// The total charges in rupees +Oac_d=Tc_d/((MD_d*F_ld)*8760);// Over all cost per unit in rupees +//(b) +Tc_s=(MD_s*Fc)+((MD_s*F_ls)*8760*Oc);// The total charges in rupees +Oac_s=Tc_s/((MD_s*F_ls)*8760);// Over all cost per unit in rupees +//(c) +Tc_st=(MD_st*Fc)+((MD_st*F_lst)*8760*Oc);// The total charges in rupees +Oac_st=((Tc_st)/((MD_st*F_lst)*8760));// Over all cost per unit in rupees +printf('\n(a)Over all cost per unit=Rs.%0.2f/kW-hr \n(b)Over all cost per unit=Rs.%0.3f/kW-hr \n(c)Over all cost per unit=Rs.%0.2f/kW-hr',Oac_d,Oac_s,Oac_st); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.27/Ex34_27.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.27/Ex34_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..405bf3da6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.27/Ex34_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 34_27 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +// Annual fixed and running charges +// Diesel Rs.(300/kW + 0.5/kWh) +// Steam Rs.(1200/kW + 0.125/kWh) +E=500*10^6;//kWh +// Calculation +//(a) +// P=Maximum load in kW +// K=Load factor +// C_1=(300*P + (0.5*P*K*8760)) +// C_2=(1200*P + (0.125*P*K*8760)) +// Unit energy cost by Diesel=Unit energy cost by steam +function[X]=loadfactor(y) + X(1)=((300)+(0.5*y(1)*8760))-((1200)+(0.125*y(1)*8760)) +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +z=fsolve(y,loadfactor) +K=z(1); + +//(b) +P=(E/(8760*K));// kW +C_1=((300*P)+(0.5*P*K*8760));// Rupees +GC=C_1/E;// Generation cost in Rs./kWh +printf('\nLoad factor=%0.1f percentage \nThe generation cost=Rs.%0.3f/kWh',K*100,GC); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH34/EX34.28/Ex34_28.sce b/3733/CH34/EX34.28/Ex34_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02f0160a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH34/EX34.28/Ex34_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 34_28 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +P=30;// kW +C_a=60000;// Cost of motor A in rupees +C_b=40000;// Cost of motor B in rupees +n_a=90;// Efficiency of motor A at full load +n_b=85;// Efficiency of motor B at full load +n_50a=86;// Efficiency of motor A at 50% load +n_50b=82;// Efficiency of motor B at 50% load +N=20;// Life of each motor +I=5/100;// Interest +T=25;// Time in % +Mc_a=4200;// The annual maintainence cost of motor A in rupees +Mc_b=2400;// The annual maintainence cost of motor B in rupees +Er=1;// Energy rate in Re./kWh + +//Calculation +//(a) +SV=(10/100)*C_a;// Salary value in rupees +D=(C_a-SV)/N;// Depriciation in Rs./year +I=(5/100)*C_a;// Interest in Rs./year +E=((P/1)*(8760*(T/100)*(1/(n_a/100))))+((P/2)*(8760*((100-T)/100)*(1/(n_50a/100))));// Energy cost in rupees +Tc_a=D+I+Mc_a+E;// Total cost of motor A +//(b) +SV=(10/100)*C_b;// Salary value in rupees +D=(C_b-SV)/N;// Depriciation in Rs./year +I=(5/100)*C_b;// Interest in Rs./year +E=((P/1)*(8760*(T/100)*(1/(n_b/100))))+((P/2)*(8760*((100-T)/100)*(1/(n_50b/100))));// Energy cost in rupees +Tc_b=D+I+Mc_b+E;// Total cost of motor B +printf('\nTotal cost of motor A=Rs.%0.0f/year \nTotal cost of motor B=Rs.%0.0f/year',Tc_a,Tc_b); +if(Tc_ak_n) + printf('\n The installation of kaplan turbine is more economical than francis turbine as number of units required is less.'); +else(k_n>f_n) + printf('\n The installation of francis turbine is more economical than kaplan turbine as number of units required is less.'); +end +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3733/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3733/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a67bc9df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +Q=350;// m^3/sec +H=30;// m +n_t=0.88;//// The turbine efficiency +f=50;// The frequency of generation in cycles/sec +no_p=24;// Number of poles used +N_sf=300;// Specific speed +N_sk=800;// Specific speed + +//Calculation +N=(120*f)/(no_p);// r.p.m +w=1000*9.81; +P_t=(w*Q*H*n_t)/(1000);// kW +P=((N_sf*H^(5/4))/N)^2;// kW +f_n=(P_t/P);// Number of francis turbine required +P=((N_sk*H^(5/4))/N)^2;// kW +k_n=(P_t/P);// Number of kaplan turbine required +printf('\n Number of francis turbines=%0.0f \n Number of kaplan turbine used=%0.0f',f_n,k_n); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3733/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..821e44c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +//Given data +Q=30;//m^/sec +H=7.5;// m +n_t=0.85; +N=50;///r.p.m +Sr=0.85;//Speed ratio +g=9.81;//The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +//Calculation +w=1000*9.81;// N +P_t=(w*Q*H*n_t)/1000;// kW +N_s=(N*sqrt(P_t))/(H)^(5/4);//Specific speed +if(N_s>=174) + printf('\n (a)As N_s=340,two turbine units can be used.\n (b)The runner is of Francis type.'); +else + printf('\n Wrong'); +end +D=Sr*60*(sqrt(2*g*H))*(1/(%pi*N));//The diameter of the runner in m +printf('\n (c)The diameter of the runner,D=%0.2f m',D); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3733/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3733/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bdd94b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 5_1 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P=100;// Plant capacity in Mw +CV=25600;// Calorific value in kJ/kg +n_th=30;// The thermal efficiency of the plant in % +n_eg=92;// Electrical generation efficiency in % + +// Calculation +// Mechanical energy available=W*CV*(n_th/100) in kJ/hr +// Electrical energy available=W*CV*(n_th/100)*(n_eg/100) in kJ/hr +q_e=P*10^3*3600;// Heat equivalent in kJ/hr +W=(q_e/(CV*(n_th/100)*(n_eg/100)));// The coal required per hour in kg/hr +W=(W/1000);// The coal required per hour in tons/hr +printf('\nThe coal required per hour,W=%0.2f tons/hr',W); diff --git a/3733/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3733/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b17ea7ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 5_2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +CV=28900;//kJ/kg +n_b=83;// The boiler efficiency in % +n_t=32;// The turbine efficiency in % +n_g=97;// The generator efficiency in % +W=30;// The coal consumption of the station in tons/hr + +// Calculation +P=((W*1000*CV)*(n_b/100)*(n_t/100)*(n_g/100))/(3600*1000);// The capacity of the power plant in MW +printf('\n The capacity of the power plant,P=%0.0f MW',P); diff --git a/3733/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3733/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9daa0b0f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3733/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given values +P=100;// Power in kW +CV=4000;// Calorific value in kJ/m^3 +n_o=0.20;// Over all efficiency of the plant + +// Calculation +V=(3600*P)/(CV*n_o);// m^3/hr +printf('The volume of gas required per hour,V=%0.0f m^3/hr\n',V); diff --git a/3739/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce b/3739/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63aa53710 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.1 +clc +//Initialisation +fo=8387.5; //in MHz + +//Calculation +//defining a function for 6 MHZ channels with 14 MHz separation +deff('[fn]=F(n,fo)','fn=fo-108.5+(14*n)'); +deff('[fn]=F1(n,fo)','fn=fo+10.5+(14*n)'); + +//defining a function for 12 MHZ channels with 7 MHz separation +deff('[fn]=F2(n,fo)','fn=fo-108.5+(7*n)'); +deff('[fn]=F3(n,fo)','fn=fo+17.5+(7*n)'); + +//Result +printf("(1) 6-RF channels with 14 MHz separation") +printf("\n f1 = %d",F(1,fo)) +printf("\n f11 = %d",F1(1,fo)) +printf("\n f2 = %d",F(2,fo)) +printf("\n f21 = %d",F1(2,fo)) +printf("\n f3 = %d",F(3,fo)) +printf("\n f31 = %d",F1(3,fo)) +printf("\n\n(2) 12-RF channels with 7 MHz separation") +printf("\n f1 = %d",F2(1,fo)) +printf("\n f11 = %d",F3(1,fo)) +printf("\n f2 = %d",F2(2,fo)) +printf("\n f21 = %d",F3(2,fo)) +printf("\n f3 = %d",F2(3,fo)) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n f31 = %d",F3(3,fo)) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a42fb2950 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.1, page 25 +clc +//Initialisation +sig=0.005 //sigma +ur=1 //relative permeability +er=12 //relative permittivity +eo=8.85*10**-12 //permittivity of a free space +f1=10*10**3 //frequency of radio wave 1 +f2=10*10**9 //frequency of radio wave 2 +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +c1=sig/(2*pi*f1*eo*er) //conductivity at f1 +c2=sig/(2*pi*f2*eo*er) //conductivity at f2 + + +//Result +printf("conductivity at f1 = %.1f >> 1\n",c1) +printf("conductivity at f2 = %.1f x10^-4 >> 1",(c2*10**4)) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a5116df2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.10/EX2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.10, page 50 +clc +//Initialisation +ri1=1.00025 //refractive index +ri2=1.00023 //refractive index +h1=1 //height in Km +h2=1.5 //height in Km +n=1.00026 //variation + + +//Calculation +deln=ri1-ri2 +delh=h2-h1 +d=deln/delh +R=n/d //radius of curvature + + +//Result +printf("Radiowave curvature radius, R = %.d Km",R) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a729641db --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.11, page 51 +clc +//Initialisation +R=25000 //path curvature radius in Km +Re=6370 //Earth radius in Km + + +//Calculation +K=R*(R-Re)**-1 //K factor +Re1=K*Re //equivalent radii of the Earth +R1=(1*Re1**-1)-(1*Re**-1)+(1*R**-1) +d=1*R1**-1 //equivalent radii of the path + + +//Result +printf("K = %.3f",K) +printf("\nRe1 = %d Km",Re1) +printf("\nR1 = %.1f Km\n",d) +printf("Therefore, R1 ~ infinity") diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79e8ca44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.2, page 26 +clc +//Initialisation +c1=3*10**8 //speed of light in m/s +f1=100*10**6 //frequency in hertz +f2=1*10**9 //requency in hertz + +//Calculation +v1=c1/(9) //velocity in m/s +v2=c1 //velocity in m/s +h1=v1*f1**-1 //wavelength at f1, v1 +h2=v2*f1**-1 //wavelength at f1, v2 +h3=v1*f2**-1 //wavelength at f2, v1 +h4=v2*f2**-1 //wavelength at f2, v2 + +//Result +printf("Velocity,") +printf("\nV1 = %.2f x10^7 m/s",(v1*10**-7)) +printf("\nV2 = %.2f x10^8 m/s",(v2*10**-8)) +printf("\n\nfor f1 = 100 MHz,") +printf("\nlambda1 = %f m",h1) +printf("\nlambda2 = %d m",h2) +printf("\n\nfor f2 = 1 GHz,") +printf("\nlambda1 = %.2f cm",(h3*10)) +printf("\nlambda2 = %d cm",(h4*10**2)) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db77bc868 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2_3, page 37 +clc + +//Initialisation +s=0.08 //medium conductivit +w=10**7 //angular velocity +e=8.85*10**-7 //permitivity if free space +u=14 //medium permeability +uo=4*3.14*10**-7 //permeability of free space +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +f=w*(2*pi)**-1 //frequency +a1=sqrt(f*pi*s*uo) //attenuation +b=a1 //phase +d=complex(a1,b) +y=d //propagation constants +z=log10(0.5)/(-log10(exp(1))*2*a1) //Depth of the land + +//Result +printf("(1) Attenuation = %.1f Np/m",a1) +printf("\n Phase = %.1f Rad/m",b) +printf("\n Propagation constant = %.1f",real(y)) +printf("\n + %.1f j rad/m",imag(y)) +printf("\n(2) Depth of land = %.2f m",z) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cde94a5a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.6, page 38 +clc + +//Initialisation +W=100*10**-12 //power in watt +pi=3.14 //pi +no=120*pi + +//Calculation +Em=sqrt(2*no*W) //effective value of E +Ee=Em/sqrt(2) //effective value of E +Hm=sqrt((2*10**-10)/(no)) //effective value of H +He=Hm/sqrt(2) //effective value of H + +//Result +printf("Em = %.1f uV/m",(Em*10**6)) +printf("\nEe = %.1f uV/m",(Ee*10**6)) +printf("\nHm = %.3f uA/m",(Hm*10**6)) +printf("\nHe = %.2f uA/m",(He*10**6)) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4a6d5597 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.7/EX2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.7, page 39 +clc +//Initialisation +f=7.5 //frequency in GHz +d=40 //link distance in Km +Pt=30 //transmitter power in dBm +La=15 //additional loss +Pth=-78 //RX threshold + +//Calculation +FSL=92.4+(20*log10(f*d)) //FSL +RSL=Pt-(0.4*FSL)-La //RSL +FM=RSL-Pth //fade margin + +//Result +printf("(1) Received signal level (RSL) = %.1f dBm",RSL) +printf("\n(2) Fade margin = %.1f dB",FM) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa34aec73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.8, page 45 +clc +//Initialisation +Pt=10 //transmitter power in watt +Gt=5 //antenna power in dBm +Lt=2 //feeder loss in dB +d=8000 //distance in meter +pi=3.14 //pi +no=120*pi + +//Calculation +EIRP=Pt+Gt-Lt +x=EIRP*10**-1 +EIRP2=10**x //Equivalent isotropic radiated power +Ed=sqrt(30*EIRP2)/d //Electric Field Intensity +W=(Ed**2)/(2*no) //power in watt + +//Result +printf("EIRP = %.1f W",EIRP2) +printf("\n|Ed| = %.2f mV/m",(Ed*10**3)) +printf("\n W = %.1f nW/m^2",(W*10**9)) diff --git a/3739/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce b/3739/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7ff25591 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH2/EX2.9/EX2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.9, page 47 +clc +//Initialisation +FSL=128 //FSL in dB +Lb=135 //Sum of FSL and medium loss Lm +Lc=5 +Gt=30 //transmitter gain in dB +Gr=30 //reciever gain in dB +Pr=-60 //received signal level + +//Calculation +Lm=Lb-FSL //medium loss in dB +Lm1=10**(Lm*10**-1) //medium loss +Pt=Lc+Lb-Gt-Gr+Pr //power in dBm +Pt1=10**(Pt*10**-1) //power in watt + +//Result +printf("Medium Loss = %d",Lm1) +printf("\nPt = %.1f mW",(Pt1)) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9c7910c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.1, page 61 +clc +//Initialisation +h=2 //height in Km +h1=5 //height in Km + + +//Calculation +t2=290-(6.5*h) //Proposed formula for height h=2Km +p2=950-117*h +e2=8-3*h +t21=294.98-5.22*h-0.007*h**2 +p21=1012.82-111.56*h+3.86*h**2 +p=14.35*2.72**(-0.42*h-0.02*h*h+0.001*h**3) + +t5=290-6.5*h1 //proposed formula for height h=5Km +p5=950-117*h1 +e5=8-3*h1 +t51=294.98-5.22*h1-0.007*h1**2 +p51=1012.82-111.56*h1+3.86*h1**2 +p1=14.35*2.72**(-0.42*h1-0.02*h1**2+0.001*h1**3) + + +//Results +printf("T(2) = %.1f K",t21) +printf("\nP(2) = %.2f hpa",p21) +printf("\np(2) = %.2f hpa",p) +printf("\nT(5) = %.1f K",t51) +printf("\nP(5) = %.2f hpa",p51) +printf("\np(5) = %.2f hpa",p1) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b458aa5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.10, page 92 +clc +//Initialisation +f=5*10**9 //frequency in Hz +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +h1=6 //in metre +h2=2 //in metre +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength +w=atan(h1*2250**-1) //grazing angle in radian +w1=w*180*pi**-1 //grazing angle in degree +a=((2*pi*h1*h2)*(h*300)**-1)*3.14*180**-1 +e=sin(a) +F=e*2*180*pi**-1 //PGF value (wrong value calculated in textbook) +LR=20*log10(F) //Decrease in received signal level + + +//Results +printf("(1) Grazing angle = %.2f degree",w1) +printf("\n(2) PGF value = %f",F) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n(3) Decrease in received signal level = %.2f dB",LR) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32725d46d --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.11, page 98 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=12.5*10**-2 //in meter +d1=10*10**3 //in meter +d2=15*10**3 //in meter +d3=12.5*10**3 //in meter +d4=12.5*10**3 //in meter +h=1.25 //in Kilometer + +//Calculation +r1=(((d1*d2)/(d1+d2))*h)**0.5 //radius of first and fourth Fresnel zones +r4=r1*(4)**0.5 +R1=(((d3*d4)/(d3+d4))*h)**0.5 //radius of first and fourth ellipse zones +R4=R1*(4)**0.5 + +//Results +printf("Radius of first fresnel zones, r1 = %.2f m",r1) +printf("\nRadius of Second fresnel zones, r4= %.2f m",r4) +printf("\nh = %.2f x 10^-4 Km",h) +printf("\nRadius of first ellipse, R1 = %.2f m",R1) +printf("\nRadius of second ellipse, R4 = %.1f m",R4) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.pdf b/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2f0ba87d Binary files /dev/null and b/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.pdf differ diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32464704b --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.12, page 105 +clc + + +//Initialisation +L=13200 //L parameter in m +H=10240 //H parameter +Re=6370000 //actual redius of earth +ht=30 //height in m +hr=20 // in m +re1=8453000 // in metre +h1=30000 // in metre +h2=20000 //in metre +dt1=22.5 +f=10*10**9 //frequency in Hz +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +d=30000 //distance in m +pt=30 //transmitter antenna power +gt=40 //transmitter antenna gain +gr=40 //receiver antenna gain +pi=3.14 +F3=-3 +H=-34 +D=0.75 + +//Calculation +dt=sqrt(2*re1*ht) +X=3*dt*L**-1 +Z1=h1*H**-1 +Z2=h2*H**-1 +vx=10**-3.5 //from fig 3.26 +z1=10**0.95 //from fig 3.27 +z2=10**0.65 //from fig 3.27 + +//for d=3dt +lv=20*log10(vx) +lz1=20*log10(z1) +lz2=20*log10(z2) +F=(lv+lz1+lz2)*20**-1 +F1=10**(F) +F11=20*log10(F1) +X1=2*dt*L**-1 +d3=3 +f3=-F11 + +vx1=10**-2.35 //from fig 3.26 +lv1=20*log10(vx1) + +//for d=2dt +F4=1+D +F5=20*log10(F4) +d2=2 +f2=-F5 + + +//for d=1.1dt +F6=sqrt(1+D**2) +F7=20*log10(F6) +d11=1.1 +f11=-F7 + +//for d=dt +d1=1 +f1=0.2 + +//for plotting graph in terms of points + + + +for N=0:1:5 + a=plot(1,0.2,'-o') + a1=plot(1.1,-1.9,'-o') + a2=plot(2,-4.8,'-o') + a3=plot(3,-38,'-o') +end + +title('Path gain F','fontsize',5); +xlabel("d/dt", "fontsize", 3); +ylabel("20log(F)(dB)", "fontsize", 3, "color", "blue"); +xstring(1,2,"d/dt",0,0); +xstring(1.2,0.7,"1.1d/dt",0,0); +xstring(2,-0.7,"2d/dt",0,0); +xstring(2.86,-35,"3d/dt",0,0); + + + +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength +Pr=pt+gt+gr+H+F3-10*log10(4*pi*d**2) //Received signal power + + +//Results +printf("(1) Effective receiver path gain F = %.4f",F11) +printf("\n(2) Path gain F plot is shown") +printf("\n(3) Received signal power Pr = %.1f dBm",Pr) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f675b1a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.13, page 109 +clc + +//Initialisation +eirp=800 //in KW +d=24 //in Km +a=0.03 //in radian +d1=22 //in Km +d2=2 //in Km +h=0.4*10**-3 //wavelength in m +Er=45 //in microvolt + +//Calculation +E=104.8+10*log10(eirp)-20*log10(d) //field intensity +V=a*sqrt((2*d2*d1)/((d1+d2)*h)) //knife edge obstacle attenuation +Lke=23 //from table 3.4 +er=10**(Er*20**-1) + +//Results +printf("(1) Electric field intensity = %.3f microV/m",er) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ac627270 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.14, page 115 +clc + +//Initialisation +f1=430 //upper frequency band +f2=410 //lower frequency band +d=80 //distance in meter + +//Calculation +Yv=0.1 //Specific attenuation obtained from graph fig 3.34 +Lv=Yv*d //loss of forest trees +Am=((f1+f2)/2)**0.5 //maximum value for trees excess loss. + +//Results +printf("Specific attenuation index, Yv = %.1f dB/m",Yv) +printf("\nLoss of forest trees, Lv = %.1f dB",Lv) +printf("\nMaximum value for trees excess loss = %.1f dB",Am) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f567fee49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.15, page 118 +clc + +//Initialisation +d=40 //length in meter +Am=2 //area in square meter +f=10*10**9 //frequency in hertz + +//Calculation +As=40 //using graph fig 3.36, As can be obtained +As1=30 //using graph fig 3.37, As can be obtained + +//Results +printf("Loss in the summer for trees with leaves, As = %d dB",As) +printf("\nLoss in winter for trees without leaves, As = %d dB",As1) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..675268f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.2, page 63 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=2 //Height in Km +T=277 //Tempreture in Kelvin +p=716 +e=2 + + +//Calculation +er=1+(151.1/T)*(p+(4810*h/T))*10**-6 +n=er**(0.515) //refractive index of the air +N=(n-1)*10**6 //refractivity number + + +//Results +printf("n = %.5f",n) +printf("\nN = %d",N) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54c1b2457 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.3, page 67 +clc +//Initialisation +er=1.001 //relative permittivity of a medium +dn=35*10**-6 //vertical gradient of refractive index +Re=6370 //actual redius of earth +d=20 //transmitter and receiver distance in Km +d1=5 +d2=15 +K1=1.3333 //standard atmosphere condition + +//Calculation +R=(er**0.5)/dn +K=R/(R-Re) +hm=(125*d**2)/(K*Re) //Earth bulge value in the middle of the path +h1=(500*d1*d2)/(K*Re) //h1 +h2=(500*d1*d2)/(K1*Re) //h2 + + +//Results +printf("Bulge value = %.1f m",hm) +printf("\nBulge value, h1 = %.2f m",h1) +printf("\nBulge value, h2 = %.2f m",h2) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42f10c6f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.4, page 68 +clc +//Initialisation +K=1.33 +d1=24 //heigth in Km +d2=15 //heigth in Km +K1=1 +Re=6370 //actual redius of earth + +//Calculation +R=4.12*(d1**0.5+d2**0.5) +R1=K1*Re +Rrh=(2*R1*d1)**0.5+(2*R1*d2)**0.5 + +//Results +printf("K=1.33") +printf("\nRrh = %.1f km\n",R) +printf("K=1") +printf("\nRrh = %.1f km",Rrh) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ace5edaab --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.5, page 74 +clc +//Initialisation +No=1 //index of refraction +N1=1.3*10**-7 +h=20 //height + +//Calculation +wc=asin(((4*No)/((4*No)+((h**2)*N1)))) //critical angle + + +//Results +printf("Critical angle = %f",wc) //answer is not written in textbook diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a188fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.6, page 76 +clc +//Initialisation +dn=-0.2 //air refractivity gradient +d=20 //height +b=0.074 //elevation angle from graph 3.10 +f=7 //frequency in Ghz from graph 3.11 +c=2*10**-6 + +///Calculation +t=0.156 //1000/6370 +dm=dn+t +a=(-c*dm*d)**0.5 //elevation angle of waves + +//Results +printf("Elevation angle of waves = %.2f mrad",(a*10**3)) +printf("\nElevation angle = %.3f",b) //from graph 3.10 +printf("\nMinimum frequency of coupling waves into the duct = %d Ghz",f) //from graph 3.11 diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2960a5bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.7, page 80 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=18 //frequency in GHz +d=30 //in km +R=25 //rainfall intensity in mm + +//Using Table 3.3 +av15=1.128 +av20=1.065 +av18=1.09 +kv15=0.0335 +kv20=0.0691 +kv18=0.0587 + +//Calculation +yr=kv18*R**av18 //rain specific attenuation +de=(90*(90+d)**-1)*d +A=de*yr //Maximum rain attenuation + +//Results +printf("(1) Rain specific attenuation = %.2f dB/km",yr) +printf("\n(2) Maximum rain attenuation = %.1f dB",A) diff --git a/3739/CH3/EX3.9/EX3_9.sce b/3739/CH3/EX3.9/EX3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c947d6198 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH3/EX3.9/EX3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.9, page 89 +clc +//Initialisation +rh=-1 +s=4 //sigma in S/m +f=5*10**9 //frequency in Hz +eo=8.85*10**-12 //permitivity of free space +er=75 //permitivity of medium +w1=30*3.14*180**-1 //in radians +pi=3.14 + + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f +x=s*(w*eo)**-1 +a=sin(w1)-sqrt((er-x)-cos(w1)**2) +a1=sin(w1)+sqrt((er-x)-cos(w1)**2) +rh1=a/a1 +b1=(er-x)*sin(w1)-sqrt((er-x)-cos(w1)**2) +b2=(er-x)*sin(w1)+sqrt((er-x)-cos(w1)**2) +rv=-b1/b2 + + +//Results +printf("(2) X = %.1f",x) +printf("\n(3) Rh = %.3f",rh1) +printf("\n Rv = %.1f",rv) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..322ca6a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.1, page 130 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=400 //height in Km +pd=1*10**8 //plasma density at height D +pe=1*10**10 //plasma density at height E +pf=3*10**11 //plasma density at height F +Wd=20*10**3 //thickness of D +We=40*10**3 //thickness of E +Wf=190*10**3 //thickness of F + +//Calculation +tecd=Wd*pd //total electron content at D +tece=We*pe //total electron content at E +tecf=Wf*pf //total electron content at F +tec=tecd+tece+tecf +tec1=tec*sqrt(2) //total electron content + +//Results +printf("(2) TEC (D) = %.1f x 10^12 el/m^2",(tecd/10**12)) +printf("\n TEC (E) = %.1f x 10^14 el/m^2",(tece/10**14)) +printf("\n TEC (F) = %.2f x 10^16 el/m^2",(tecf*10**-16)) +printf("\n(3) TEC = %.1f x 10^16 el/m^2",(tec1/10**16)) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.10/EX4_10.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.10/EX4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7066bb51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.10/EX4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.10, page 159 +clc + +//Initialisation +g=50 //geomagnetic latitude in degree +R12=100 //solar activity number +pi=3.14 +x=60*pi/180 //zenith angle in radians + +//Calculation +f0=4.35+0.0058*g-0.00012*g**2 +f100=5.35+0.011*g-0.00023*g**2 +fs=f0+0.01*(f100-f0)*R12 +n=0.093+(0.00461*g)-(0.000054*(g**2))+(0.0031*R12) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +F1=fs*(cos(x))**n //critical frequency + +//Results +printf("Critical Frequency = %.2f MHz",F1) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.11/EX4_11.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.11/EX4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0876c9e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.11/EX4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.11, page 164 +clc +//Initialisation +R12=150 //12 month average value +fs0=4.416 +fs100=5.473 +n=0.23 +pi=3.14 +x=45*pi/180 //zenith angle in radians + +//Calculation +f1=63.7+0.728*R12+0.00089*R12**2 +fs=fs0+0.01*(fs100-fs0)*R12 +F1=fs*(cos(x))**n //critical frequency + +//Results +printf("(1) R12 = %d",R12) +printf("\n(2) F12 = %d",f1) +printf("\n(3) f0F1 = %.2f MHz",F1) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41e3dee7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.2, page 134 +clc + +//Initialisation +N=5*10**11 //Electron density in F layer + +//Calculation +F=9*sqrt(N) //f0F frequency + +//Results +printf("(1) hmin = 200Km hmax = 400Km") //from graph +printf("\n(2) F = %.1f Mhz",(F*10**-6)) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee85b53ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.3, page 136 +clc +//Initialisation +fc=6.3*10**6 //frequency in hertz + +//Calculation +f=fc*sqrt(2) //maximum usable frequency + +//Results +printf("Maximum usable frequency = %.3f MHz",(f*10**-6)) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c78aba58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.4, page 137 +clc +//Initialisation +tec=10**17 //total electron content +H=200*10**3 //thickness of F layer + +//Calculation +pd=tec/H //plasma density at F +fc=9*sqrt(pd) +ouf=3.6*fc*0.8 //optimum usable frequency +muf=fc*1.788 //maximum usable frequency + +//Results +printf("Maximum usable frequency = %.1f MHz",(fc*10**-6)) +printf("\nOptimum usable frequency < %.3f MHz",(ouf*10**-6)) +printf("\nMaximum usable frequency (30) = %.1f MHz",(muf*10**-6)) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..934d03979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.5, page 138 +clc +//Initialisation +d=1000 //distance in km +re=6370 //earth radius in km +dt=30 //in degree +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +teta=d*(2*re)**-1 //theta in radians +tet=teta*180*pi**-1 //theta in degree +w1=90-dt-tet +a=sin(w1*3.14/180)/re +a1=sin((90+dt)*3.14/180) +h=(a1*a**-1)-re //height + +//Results +printf("(1) virtual height of the reflection point = %d km",h) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9016ea092 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.6, page 142 +clc + +//Initialisation +d=200 //height in Km +f=700 //frequency in Khz + +//Calculation +T1e=0.4 //from graph 4.10 +T2e=0.9 +T3e=1.7 +T1f=1.3 +T2f=2.8 +T3f=4.3 +Tef=0.3 +Tef1=2.7 +Tef2=0.5 + +//Results +printf("(1) Time delay of E layer, Td(1E) = %.1f ms",T1e) +printf("\n Td(2E) = %.1f ms",T2e) +printf("\n Td(2E) = %.1f ms",T3e) +printf("\n Time delay of F layer, Td(1F) = %.1f ms",T1f) +printf("\n Td(2F) = %.1f ms",T2f) +printf("\n Td(2F) = %.1f ms",T3f) +printf("\n(2) Time delay of E and F for a distance of 500 km, Td(E,F) = %.1f ms",Tef) +printf("\n(3) Td(1F,3F) = %.1f ms",Tef1) +printf("\n Td(1E,3E) = %.1f ms",Tef2) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ec933e0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.7, page 147 +clc +//Initialisation +f=1.5*10**9 //frequency in Hz +tec=10**18 //total electron content +g=5*10**-3 //geomagnetic field intensity +a=3.36*10**2 + +//Calculation +teta= a*g*tec*(f**-2) //Faraday rotation in Radian +c=0.8422 +x=20*log10(c) //loss value in dB + +//Results +printf("(1) Faraday rotation = %.1f Rad",teta) +printf("\n(2) Loss = %f dB",x) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.8/EX4_8.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.8/EX4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c760f80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.8/EX4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.8, page 149 +clc +//Initialisation +tec1=10**18 //total electron content +f=1.5 //frequency in Hertz +tec2= 10**17 //total electron content + +//Calculation +teta = 600 //Faraday rotation in mRadian +T=5 //time delay in ns +gd=0.5 //time delay difference in ns + +//Results +printf("(1) Faraday rotation = %d mRad",teta) +printf("\n(2) Time delay = %d ns",T) +printf("\n(3) G/D = %.1f ns",gd) diff --git a/3739/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce b/3739/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d97e33033 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH4/EX4.9/EX4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.9, page 158 +clc + +//Initialisation +phi=166 //in radian +pi=3.14 +t=35*pi/180 //geographic latitude in radian +t1=60*pi/180 //zenith angle in radian +N=80*pi/180 //in radian +x=92 +y=35 +h=35 +p=1.2 + + + +//Calculation +m=0.11-0.49*cos(t) +fe=0.004*(1+0.021*166)**2 //minimum value of f0E +A=1+0.0094*(phi-66) //A value +B=(cos(N)) +B1=B**m //B value +C=x+y*cos(t) //C value +D=cos(t1)**p //D value +F=(A*B*C*D)**(0.25) //exact value of f0E + +//Results +printf("(1) Minimum value of f0E = %.2f x 10^-2 MHz",(fe*100)) +printf("\n(2) f0E = %.2f MHz",F) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.10/EX5_10.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.10/EX5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3da1ac774 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.10/EX5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.10, page 205 +clc +//Initialisation +d=3000 //distance in Km +re=6370 //radius of earth in Km +phi=72 //angle in degree +N=5*10**11 //electron density +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +teta=3000*(2*6370)**-1 //in radian +teta1=teta*180/pi //degree +dt=90-teta1-phi //Elevation angle +a=re/(sin(phi*pi/180)) +b=sin((teta1+phi)*pi/180) +h=(a*b)-re //Height in Km +fc=9*sqrt(N) //frequency in MHz +MUF=fc*(cos(phi*pi/180))**-1 //Maximum working frequency + +//Results +printf("(1) Elevation angle = %.1f degree",dt) +printf("\n(2) Height h = %.1f km",h) +printf("\n(3) MUF = %.1f MHz",(MUF*10**-6)) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.11/EX5_11.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.11/EX5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09a758155 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.11/EX5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.11, page 208 +clc + +//Initialisation +d=2500 //distance in Km +re=6370 //radius of earth in Km +dt=6 //elevation angle in degree +f1=15 //frequency in MHz +los1=42 //loss +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +teta=d*(2*re)**-1 //in radian +teta1=teta*180*pi**-1 //in degree +phi=90-dt-teta1 +l=(2*re*sin(teta))/sin(phi*pi/180) +fsl=32.4+(20*log10(f1))+(20*log10(l)) //Free space loss +pr=57+6-fsl-los1 //receving power in dB +pr1=10**(pr/10) //receving power in Watt + +//Results +printf("Power = %.2f pW",(pr1*10**12)) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17d97df36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.2, page 186 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=5 //frequency in Hz +er=15 //ground characteristics +s=0.01 //for vertically polarized waves +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +e0=8.85*10**-12 //permitivity of free space +d=80000 //distance in m +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +a=5**0.333 +df=50/a //distance in metre +h=c*(f*10**6)**-1 //wavelength +b=s/(2*pi*f*e0*10**6) +b1=sqrt(er**2+b**2) +p=(pi*d)/(h*b1) + +//from fig 5.8 +As = 0.05 //attenuation factor + +//Results +printf("p = %d",p) +printf("\n|As| = %.2f",As) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66da61631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +//Chapter 5, Example 5.3, page 191 +clc +//Initialisation +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +f=10*10**6 //frequency in Hz +e0=8.85*10**-12 //permitivity of free space +er=10 //ground characteristics +s=0.005 +d=30000 +pt=200 //transmitter power in watt +gt=1 //gain of transmitter antenna +gr=1 //gain of receiver antenna +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength +e=er*e0 //epsilon +b=s/(2*pi*f*e) +b1=sqrt(er**2+b**2) +p=(pi*d)/(h*b1) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +i=((er*e0*2*3.14*f)/s) +b2=atan(i) +b3=b2*180/pi +a1=((2+0.3*p)/(2+p+0.6*p**2)) +a2=sqrt(p/2)*(5*10**-82)*sin(-b3) +As=a1-a2 //attenuation function +pr=pt*gt*gr*h**2/(4*pi*d)**2 +pr1=pr*(2*As)**2 //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +//Results +printf("Received signal power Pr = %.2f pW",(pr1*10**12)) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b32519b --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.4, page 192 +clc +//Initialisation +f=0.5 //frequency in MHz +Pa=100 //transmitter power +Po=1000 +e120=68 //from figure 5.10 +e220=85 //from figure 5.9 +e230=80 +e330=60 //from figure 5.10 +e380=48 +e350=50 //from figure 5.10 +e250=75 //from figure 5.9 +e260=73 +e160=60 //from figure 5.10 +e180=48 + +//Calculation +ETR=e120-e220+e230-e330+e380 +ERT=e350-e250+e260-e160+e180 //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +ER=(ETR+ERT)/2 //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +Ea=ER+(10*log10(Pa*Po**-1)) +lb=137.2+(20*log10(f))-ER + +//Results +printf("(1) Electric field = %.1f dB",Ea) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n(2) Basic loss path = %.1f dB",lb) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30baa4c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.5, page 196 +clc +//Initialisation +f1=2.5 //frequency in MHz +f2=6.3 //frequency in MHz +K=1.1 // K factor + +//Calculation +fse=1.05*f1*2 //frequency in MHz +fsf=K*f2*2 //frequency in MHz + +//Results +printf("Frequency for E layer = %.2f MHz",fse) +printf("\nFrequency for F layer = %.2f MHz",fsf) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41da71ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.7/EX5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.7, page 201 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=10 //frequency in MHz +delta=14.5 //in degree +d=1750 //distance in Km +re=6370 //radius of earth in Km +pt=100 //transmitter power in watt +lm=30 //in dB +P11=3775 //in Km + +//Calculation +a=(delta+(d/(2*re)))*(180*3.14**-1) +j=cos(a) +a1=(d*(2*re)**-1)*(180*3.14**-1) +j1=sin(a1) +P=4*re*(j1*j**-1) //path length +pt1=10*log10(pt*10**-3) +FSL=32.4+20*log10(f)+20*log10(3775) //free space loss +Et=136.6+pt1+20*log10(f)-FSL-lm //median value + +//Results +printf("(1) Path length = %d km",P11) +printf("\n(2) Median value = %.2f dB",Et) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a322e0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.8/EX5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.8, page 202 +clc + +//Initialisation +et=20 //in dB +gr=2 //antenna gain in dB +f=15 //frequency in MHz + + +//Calculation +pr=et+gr-(20*log10(f))-107.2 //received signal power in dB +pr1=10**(pr/10) //received signal power in W + +//Results +printf("Power Recieved signal = %.2f pW",(pr1*10**12)) diff --git a/3739/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce b/3739/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1268d6c0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH5/EX5.9/EX5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.9, page 202 +clc +//Initialisation +pr=-108.7 //received signal power in dB +fa=50 //noise tempreture +b=2700 //frequency in Hz +N=5 //noise figure in dB + +//Calculation +snr=pr-fa-(10*log10(b))+204 //signal to noise ratio +snr1=snr-N + +//Results +printf("Received signal to noise ratio = %.1f dB",snr) +printf("\nOutput signal to noise ratio = %.1f dB",snr1) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92927ceea --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.1, page 186 +clc + +//Initialisation +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +f=400*10**6 //frequency in Hz +l1=15*10**3 //distance in m +l2=15*10**3 //distance in m +l=30*10**3 //distance in m +k=1.33 //k factor +d1=15 //distance in Km +d2=15 //distance in Km +re=6370 //distance in Km + +//Calculation +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength in m +r1=sqrt(l1*l2*h/l) //Fresnel radius +ho=(500*d1*d2)/(k*re) //Earth bulge + +//Results +printf("(1) Fresnel radius, r1 = %d m",r1) +printf("\n(2) h0 = %.2f m",ho) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd0b57109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.10/EX6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.10, page 246 +clc +//Initialisation +f=1800*10**6 //frequency in Hz +c=3*10**8 //speed of light + +//Calculation +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength +hv=20*h //in metre +dh=10*h //in metre + +//Results +printf("hv = %.2f m ",hv) +printf("\ndh = %.2f m ",dh) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.11/EX6_11.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.11/EX6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10f7209bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.11/EX6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.11, page 262 +clc +//Initialisation +p1=20 //transmitter power +g=6 //gain +h1=20 //height in metre + +//Calculation +ct=p1/10 //Power gain +ch=(h1*30**-1)**2 //height gain +cg=g*4**-1 //antenna gain +co=10*log10(ct*ch*cg) //Total effects + +//Results +printf("(1) Power gain, Ct = %.f",ct) +printf("\n Height gain = %.2f",ch) +printf("\n Antenna gain = %.1f",cg) +printf("\n(2) Total effects = %.2f dB",co) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c53fe3320 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.12/EX6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.12, page 262 +clc +//Initialisation +g1=10 //transmitter gain +ct=15 //power in watt + + +//Calculation +g2=g1-2.2 //gain in dBd +cg=g2-6 //Antenna gain +ct1=ct*10**-1 +ct2=10*log10(ct1) //Power gain +ch=(ct*30**-1)**2 +ch1=10*log10(ch) //Height gain +ct3=ct1*0.5 +ct4=10*log10(ct3) +co=ct4+cg+ch1 //Total effects + +//Results +printf("(1) Power gain, Ct = %.2f",ct2) +printf("\n Height gain = %.2f",ch1) +printf("\n Antenna gain = %.1f",cg) +printf("\n(2) Total effects = %.2f dB",co) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50d161f89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.13/EX6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.13, page 265 +clc +//Initialisation +sr=-106 //Receiver sensitivity +f=8 //Fade margin +cl=6 //Coupler loss +dl=1 //Duplexer Loss +bf=6.5 //BTS feeder loss +ba=12 //BTS antenna gain +pl=138 //Path loss +pg=15 //Pathlength in km +ta=2 //Terminal antenna gain +tf=0.5 //Terminal feeder loss + +//Calculation +prm=sr+f //minimum received power +ptb=prm+cl+dl+bf-ba+pl-ta+tf //BTS transmitter power in dbBm +pw=10**((ptb-30)/10) + +//Results +printf("BTS transmitter power = %.2f dBm",ptb) +printf("\n = %d W",pw) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9da47daa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.14/EX6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.14, page 265 +clc +//Initialisation +pm=2 //transmitter power +ld=1 //Duplexer losses +lp=138 //Path loss +lfm=0.5 //terminal feeder losses +lfb=6.5 //transmitter feeder losses +gt=12 //BTS transmitter antenna gain +gr=2 //BTS receiver antenna gain +i=3 +bs=-110 //BTS receiver sensitivity + +//Calculation +ptm=10*log10(pm*10**3) +prb=ptm-ld-lp-lfm-lfb+gt+gr +pr=prb+i //BTS received power +fm=pr-bs //fade margin + +//Results +printf("BTS received power = %.1f dBm",pr) +printf("\nFade margin = %.1f dB",fm) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.15/EX6_15.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.15/EX6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937eba9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.15/EX6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.15, page 265 +clc +//Initialisation +t1=25 //terminal transmitter power +t2=2 //terminal transmitter power +gd=3 //correction factor of receiver antennas +lc=5 //coupler loss +prm=-105 //receiver sensitivity +prb=-110 //receiver sensitivity + +//Calculation +ptb=10*log10(t1*10**3) +ptm=10*log10(t2*10**3) +p=ptb-ptm //Transmitting gain in downlink +ga=prm-prb //Receiving gain in uplink +tg=gd+ga+lc //total gain on the uplink + + +//Results +printf("Transmitting gain in downlink = %.1f dBm",p) +printf("\nReceiving gain in uplink = %.1f dBm",ga) +printf("\ntotal gain on the uplink = %.1f dBm",tg) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.16/EX6_16.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.16/EX6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c0368131 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.16/EX6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.16, page 269 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=450 //frequency in MHz +d=25 //distance in m +hb=30 +hm=5 + +//Calculation +fsl=32.4+(20*log10(f))+(20*log10(d)) //free space loss +lp=120+(40*log10(d))-(20*log10(hb))-(20*log10(hm)) //path loss +lm=76.3-10*log10(hm) +l=(40*log10(25))+(20*log10(f))-(20*log10(hb))+lm //path loss based on the clutter factor model + + +//Results +printf("(1) Free space loss = %.1f dB",fsl) +printf("\n(2) Loss = %.1f dB",lp) +printf("\n(3) Loss based on clutter factor = %.1f dB",l) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.17/EX6_17.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.17/EX6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f5e14ad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.17/EX6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.17, page 271 +clc + + +//Initialisation +pt=30 //transmitter power in watt +d=15 //distance in km +gt=3 //transmitter gain +ht=30 //transmitter height in m +hr=4 //receiver height in m +no=3.77*10**14 + +//Calculation +gt1=10**(gt*10**-1) +pt1=gt1*pt +e=88*sqrt(pt1)*pt*hr/(2*d**2) //Field strength +pr1=(e**2)/(2*no) //Recieved power + +//Results +printf("Field strength = %f V/m",e) +printf("\nRecieved power = %.2f pW",(pr1*10**12)) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.18/EX6_18.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.18/EX6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e416028be --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.18/EX6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.18, page 274 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=420 //frequency in Hz +h1=40 //height in m +h2=5 //height in m +d=15 //distance in km + +//Calculation +A=69.55+26.16*log10(f)-13.82*log10(h1) //Hata parameters +B=44.9-6.55*log10(h1) +C=2*(log10(f*28**-1))**2+5.4 +D=4.78*(log10(420))**2-18.33*log10(f)+40.94 +E1=3.2*(log10(11.75*h2))**2-4.97 +E2=(((1.1*log10(f))-0.7)*h2)-((1.56*log10(f))-0.8) +L3=A+B*log10(d)-D //in open area; +L2=A+B*log10(d)-C //in suburban area; +L1=A+B*log10(d)-E1 //in large cities; +L11=A+B*log10(d)-E2 //in small cities; + +//Results +printf("In large cities L1 = %.2f dB",L1) +printf("\nIn small cities L1 = %.2f dB",L11) +printf("\nIn suburban area L2 = %.2f dB",L2) +printf("\nIn open area L2 = %.2f dB",L3) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.19/EX6_19.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.19/EX6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b8f13a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.19/EX6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.19, page 275 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=1800 //frequency in MHz +d=10 //distance in m +hb=40 +hm=3 +A=132.57 //Hata model data +B=34.4 //Hata model data + +//Calculation +E2=(((1.1*log10(f))-0.7)*hm)-((1.56*log10(f))-0.8) +lp=46.3+33.9*log10(f)-13.82*log10(hb)+(44.9-6.55*log10(hb)-E2+hm) +L=A+B+-E2 + + +//Results +printf("Path loss based on COST–Hata model,") +printf("\n Lp = %.2f dB",lp) +printf("\nPath loss based on Hata model,") +printf("\n Lp = %.2f dB",L) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86b665a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.2, page 223 +clc +//Initialisation +f=400 //frequency in MHz +k=1.33 //k factor +er=3 //dielectric conductivity +sg=10**-4 //Earth effective conductivity +eo=8.85*10**-12 //permittivity of free space +re1=8500 //Effective Earth radius in Km +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +B=1 +d=50 + + +//Calculation +kh=1.6*10**-3 //horizontal polarization using Fig. 6.2 +kv=5*10**-3 //vertical polarization using Fig. 6.2 +X=2.2*B*f**(1*3**-1)*re1**(-2*3**-1)*d //normalized length of the path +FX=11+10*log10(X)-17.6*X //distance attenuation value + +//Results +printf("(1) Kh = %.1f x 10**-3",(kh*10**3)) +printf("\n Kv = %.1f x 10**-3",(kv*10**3)) +printf("\n(2) F(X) = %.2f dB",FX) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.20/EX6_20.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.20/EX6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0b2bd13c --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.20/EX6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.20, page 277 +clc + +//Initialisation +pt=20 //transmitter power in watt +Hb=30 //in metre +Hm=3 //in metre +gt=14.2 //trasmitter gain in dB +gr=0.2 //receiver gain in dB +f=450 //frequency in MHz +gm=-2 //in dBd +gr2=-2.2 //in dBi +r1=10 +n=20 +hb=10 +hm=10 + + +//Calculation +gt1=gt+gr2 +pr1=-62-38*log10(r1)-20*log10(f*900**-1)+7 //received signal level in suburban +pr2=-64-43*log10(r1)-20*log10(f*900**-1)+7 //received signal level in urban +ao=10*log10(2)+(gr2-6) //in dB (The answer provided in the textbook is wrong) +pr11=-62-38*log10(r1)-20*log10(f*900**-1)+ao //received signal level in rural +pr22=-64-43*log10(r1)-20*log10(f*900**-1)+ao //received signal level in cities +ptd=10*log10(pt*10**3) //in dBm +lp1=ptd-pr11 //Path loss in rural area +lp2=ptd-pr22 //Path loss in cities area + +//Results +printf("(2) In the suburban area, Pr = %.1f dBm",pr1) +printf("\n In the urban area, Pr = %.1f dBm",pr2) +printf("\n(3) Path loss in rural area Lp = %.1f dB",lp1) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n Path loss in cities area Lp = %.1f dB",lp2) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ac0c7fec --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.3, page 228 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=300*10**6 //frequency in Hz +l1=4*10**3 //distance in m +l2=6*10**3 //distance in m +h1=20 //height in m +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +d1=4 //distance in km +d2=6 //distance in km +R=10 //radius in km +m=0.13 +n=1.99 + + +//Calculation +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength +l=l1+l2 +r1=sqrt(l1*l2*h/l) +rat1=h1/r1 //ratio +a=sqrt((2*(d1+d2))/(h*d1*d2)) +v=0.0316*h1*a +jv=6.9+20*log10(1.585) //knife-edge obstacle loss +k=8.2+12*n +Tmn=k*m +A=jv+Tmn //rounded obstacle loss + +//Results +printf("(1) Ratio = %f",rat1) +printf("\n(2) Loss J(v) = %.1f dB",jv) +printf("\n(3) Loss A = %.2f dB",A) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e7b942f --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.4, page 233 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=150*10**6 //frequency in Hz +c1=3*10**8 //speed of light +h11=60 //in metre +d11=2000 //in metre +d1=259.6 //in metre +b=2000 //in metre +a=250 //in metre +h21=80 //in metre +d21=7259 //in metre +c=7250 //in metre + +//Calculation +h=c1*f**-1 //wavelength +v1=h11*sqrt((2*(h*d1)**-1)+(1*d11**-1)) +L1=6.9+20*log10(sqrt((v1-0.1)**2+1)+v1-0.1) //path diffraction loss +v2=h21*sqrt((2*(h*d11)**-1)+(1*d21**-1)) +L2=6.9+20*log10(sqrt((v2-0.1)**2+1)+v2-0.1) //path diffraction loss + +//Results +printf("Diffraction loss L1 = %.2f dB",L1) +printf("\n L2 = %.2f dB",L2) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0a304ea2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.5, page 239 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=450*10**6 //frequency in Hz +q1=1.282 //cumulative distribution value +q2=1.645 //cumulative distribution value + +//Calculation +sg=3.8+1.6*log10(450) //standard deviation +fm1=q1*sg //fade margin +fm2=q2*sg //fade margin +fm=fm2-fm1 //gain + + +//Results +printf("Antenna gain = %.2f dB",fm) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..991c00cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.6, page 240 +clc + +//Initialisation +q90=1.282 //cumulative distribution value of 90% +sl=8 //standard deviation +q97=1.881 //cumulative distribution value of 97% +pt=5 //transmitter power + +//Calculation +fm=q90*sl //fade margin +fm1=q97*sl //fade margin +p=fm1-fm //power in dB +p1=pt*10**(p/10) //power in watt + +//Results +printf("(1) Fade margin for received signal = %.3f dB",fm) +printf("\n(2) New transmitter power = %d W",p1) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..717dc3df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.7, page 241 +clc +//Initialisation +d= 50*10**3 //distance in m + +//Calculation +sl1=5.3 //location standard deviation +st1=3 //time standard deviation +sl2=6.2 //location standard deviation +st2=2 //time standard deviation +sv=sqrt(sl1**2+st1**2) //total standard deviation of VHF +su=sqrt(sl2**2+st2**2) //total standard deviation of UHF + + +//Results +printf("(1)for VHF, sigmaL = %.1f dB ",sl1) +printf("\n sigmaT = %.1f dB ",st1) +printf("\n for UHF, sigmaL = %.1f dB ",sl2) +printf("\n sigmaT = %.1f dB ",st2) +printf("\n(3) Standard deviation values, sigmaVHF = %.1f dB",sv) +printf("\n sigmaUHF = %.1f dB",su) diff --git a/3739/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce b/3739/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb7f5d6e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH6/EX6.9/EX6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.9, page 245 +clc + +//Initialisation +d=5 //in dB +h=20 //Transmitter initial height + +//Calculation +ht=h*10**(0.25) //Transmitter ultimate antenna height + +//Results +printf("(1) Antenna Height = %.2f m",round(ht)) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2116e4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.1, page 293 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=200 //height in m +d=30*10**3 //distance in km +R=40*10**-6 //height in km +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +phi=atan(h*d**-1) //in radian +phi1=phi*180/pi //in degree +n=cos(phi1) +r=round(n)/R //radius + +//Results +printf("Radius = %.1f km",r) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.10/EX7_10.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.10/EX7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daeb25af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.10/EX7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.10, page 331 +clc +//Initialisation +Aa=15 //Transmitter antenna discrimination +Ab=25 //Receiver antenna discrimination +AD=110 //path in km +s=35 //fading in dB + +//Calculation +CD=30 //path in km +Ad=20*log10(AD*CD**-1) //Distance discrimination + +si=Aa+Ab+Ad //in dB +si2=si-s //in dB + +//Results +printf("(1) S/I = %.1f dB",si) +printf("\n(2) S/I = %.1f dB",si2) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03939357b --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.11/EX7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.11, page 333 +clc + +//Initialisation +kq=2.6*10**-6 //geoclimatic coefficient +f=6 //frequency in GHz +d=45 //distance in Km +gc=0.098 //GC factor +ab=0.25 //geoclimatic factor + +//Calculation +po=kq*f*gc*d**3 //In country +po1=0.3*ab*(f*4**-1)*(d*50**-1)**3 //In mountainous area + + + +//Results +printf("Fading occurrence probability") +printf("\n(1) In country = %.2f",po) +printf("\n(2) In mountainous area = %.3f",po1) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.12/EX7_12.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.12/EX7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..388cfe8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.12/EX7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.12, page 340 +clc + +//Initialisation +dn=70 //dN = 70 +d1=1000 //height from sea level in m +d2=1400 //height from sea level in m +d=45 //radio link distance in km + +//Calculation +K=10**(-4.2-0.0029*-dn) //Climate factor +ep=(d2-d1)/d //magnitude of the path inclination +po=K*d**3*(1+ep)**(-1.2)*10**(0.033*6-1) //Fading occurrence probability + + +//Results +printf("(1) Climate factor K = %.4f = 10^-4",K) +printf("\n(2) Fading occurrence probability Po = %.2f percent",po) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.13/EX7_13.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.13/EX7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fa7db334 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.13/EX7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.13, page 342 +clc +//Initialisation +fm=35 //fade margin +po=0.092 //fading occurrence probability + +//Calculation +pw=po*10**(-fm*10**-1) //deep fading occurrence + + +//Results +printf("Deep fading occurrence probability, Pw = %.1f x 10^-5",(pw*10**5)) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.14/EX7_14.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.14/EX7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..953c4919f --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.14/EX7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.14, page 343 +clc + +//Initialisation +d=20 //distance in kM +po=0.02 //fading occurrence probability at 20 Km +d1=25 //distance in kM +d2=40 //distance in kM +fm1=30 //link in kM +fm2=35 //link in kM +fm3=40 //link in kM +tr=30*24*60 + + +//Calculation +po1=po*(d1*d**-1)**3 //fading occurrence probability at 25 Km +po2=po*(d2/d)**3 //fading occurrence probability at 40 Km +pw=po*10**(-fm1*10**-1) //fade margin at 30 +pw1=po1*10**(-fm2*10**-1) //fade margin at 35 +pw2=po2*10**(-fm3/10) //fade margin at 40 +u=pw+pw1+pw2 //total fade margin +to=u*tr //network outage time + +//Results +printf("(1) Fading occurrence probability at 20 = %.2f",po) +printf("\n Fading occurrence probability at 25 = %.3f",po1) +printf("\n Fading occurrence probability at 40 = %.2f",po2) +printf("\n(2) Fade margin at 30 = %.1f x 10^-5",(pw*10**5)) +printf("\n Fade margin at 35 = %.2f x 10^-5",(pw1*10**5)) +printf("\n Fade margin at 40 = %.2f x 10^-5",(pw2*10**5)) +printf("\n Total fade margin = %.2f x 10**-5",(u*10**5)) +printf("\n(3) Network outage time , To = %.3f min per month",(to)) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.15/EX7_15.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.15/EX7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ede37926 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.15/EX7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.14, page 344 +clc +//Initialisation +ur=0.001 //unavailability budget for hypothetical circuit +d=50 //path-length in km +A=0.25 //area conditions +B=1 //area conditions +f=8 //frequency in GHz + + +//Calculation +pw=ur*(d*(d*d)**-1) //deep fading occurrence probability +po=6*10**-7*A*B*f*(d**3) //fading occurrence probability of desirable link +FM=-log10(pw/po)*10 //fade margin + +//Results +printf("Fade margin = %.1f dB",FM) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f05a3d5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.2, page 294 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=500 //height in m +a=0.000315 +b=0.0001361 +Re=6370000 //radius of earth in m + + +//Calculation +n=1+(a*exp(-b*h)) +n1=(n-1)*10**6 //Refraction index +c=(a*b*exp(-b*h)) +R=1/c //Radius of path curvature in km +d=1-(Re/R) +K=1/d //K-factor + +//Results +printf("(1) Refraction index = %d ",n1) +printf("\n(2) Radius of path curvature = %d kM",(R/10**3)) +printf("\n(3) K-factor = %.3f",K) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6f985fc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.3, page 299 +clc +//Initialisation +k1=1.3 //K-factor +k2=0.7 //K-factor +H1=1200 //sea level in m +H2=1400 //sea level in m +re=6370*10**3 //radius of earth in m +f=15*10**9 //frequency in Hz +a1=0.6 +d1=15*10**3 //distance in m +d2=20*10**3 //distance in m +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +d=30*10**3 //distance in m +h2=25.24 +r2=11.55 +a2=0.3 + + +//Calculation +h1=500*d1*d2/(k1*re) +h=c*f**-1 +r1=sqrt((d1*d2*h)/d) +H11=H1+h1+a1*r1 //in meter +H22=H2+h2+a2*r2 //in meter + +//Results +printf("(1) H1 = %d m",H11) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("\n(2) H2 = %d m",H22) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..760bb21f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.4, page 302 +clc + +//Initialisation +hr=-1 //obstacle height and fresnel radius ratio + +//Calculation +Ad=-20*hr+10 //Diffraction loss in dB +Ad2=16 //from fig 7.8 +Ad3=43 + +//Results +printf("(1) Obstacle loss = %.1f dB",Ad) +printf("\n(2) Knife edge obstacle = %.1f dB",Ad2) +printf("\n(3) Rounded obstacle = %.1f dB",Ad3) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53911b5bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.5/EX7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.5, page 306 +clc +//Initialisation +d1=10 //distance in km +d2=25 //distance in km +re=6370 //earth radius in km +k=0.5 //climatic factor +f=4*10**9 //frequency in Hz +c=3*10**8 //speed of light +d=35 //distance in km +h3=400 //height in m + +//Calculation +ho=(500*d1*d2)/(k*re) //Earth buldge in m +h=c*f**-1 //wavelength in m +r1=sqrt(d1*10**3*d2*10**3*h*(d*10**3)**-1) //fresnel radius +amsl=h3+ho+13.9 //AMSL + +//Results +printf("(1) Earth buldge = %.2f m",ho) +printf("\n(2) Fresnel radius = %.1f m",r1) +printf("\n(3) AMSL = %.1f m",amsl) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3f4960c --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.6/EX7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.6, page 309 +clc +//Initialisation +pt=500 //Transmitter power in mW +gt=42 //transmitter antenna gain in dB +gr=44 //receiver antenna gain in dB +lbt=2.6 //transmitter branching loss in dB +lbr=3 //receiver branching loss in dB +flt=45 //transmitter feeder length +flr=35 //receiver feeder length +fls=6.5 //feeder loss +prx=-72 //Receiver sensitivity +d=30 //path distance in km +f=8.4 //frequency in ghz + +//Calculation +ptx=10*log10(pt) //transmitter threshold level +lft1=flt*fls/100 +lfr=flr*fls/100 +eirp=ptx+gt-lbt-lft1 //Transmitter effective power +sg=ptx-prx +fsl=92.4+20*log10(f)+20*log10(d) +rsl=ptx+gt+gr-fsl-lft1-lfr-lbt-lbr +fm=rsl-prx + +//Results +printf("EIRP = %.2f dBm",eirp) +printf("\nSG = %.2f dBm",sg) +printf("\nFSL = %.2f dB",fsl) +printf("\nRSL = %.2f dBm",rsl) +printf("\nFM = %.2f dB",fm) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ddae1ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.7, page 315 +clc + +//Initialisation +f=15 //frequency in GHz +f1=18 //frequency in GHz +R=50 //rain intensity +ah=1.154 +kh=0.0367 +d=20 //distance in kM + +//Calculation +yr=kh*R**ah +do=35*exp(-0.015*R) //distance in kM +de=d/(1+(d/do)) //distance in kM +Ao=yr*de //Rain Loss in dB +phi=(f**2)/(1+10**-4*f**2) +phi1=(f1**2)/(1+10**-4*f1**2) +H=1.12*10**-3*((phi1/phi)**0.5)*(phi*Ao)**0.55 +Ah=Ao*(phi1/phi)**(1-H) +Av=(300*Ah)/(335+Ah) //Rain Loss in dB + + +//Results +printf("(1) Rain Loss, A = %.2f dB",Ao) +printf("\n(2) rain loss for vertical polarization, Av = %.2f dB",Av) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..571dc5a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.8/EX7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.8, page 322 +clc + +//Initialisation +A=99.8 //in percent +l=1250 //radio link in km +C=155*10**6 //in bps +T=24*60*60 //Total measurement time + +//Calculation +U=100-A +u=U/100 +ue=u*l/2500 +uep=ue*0.3 //propagation unavailability value +M=C*uep*T*10**-3 //number of errored bits due to propagation + +//Results +printf("Maximum delay bit error per day = %d bits per day",M) diff --git a/3739/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce b/3739/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71b4393cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3739/CH7/EX7.9/EX7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.9, page 324 +clc + +//Initialisation +h=24 //hours +m=60 //minutes +s=60 //seconds + + +//Calculation +dm=0.004*h*m*(1250*2500**-1) //Maximum degraded minutes +ses=0.00054*h*m*s*(1250*2500**-1) //Severely errored seconds + +//Results +printf("(1) Maximum degraded minutes per day = %.2f min",dm) +printf("\n(2) Severely errored seconds per day = %.2f s",ses) diff --git a/374/CH1/EX1.1/11.sci b/374/CH1/EX1.1/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..903863145 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH1/EX1.1/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 1 Example1// +//core refractive index of silica optical fibre =n1,cladding refractive index of silica optical fibre =n2,critical angle =p,angle of obliqueness=pm// +n1=1.5;n2=1.450; +p=asind(n2/n1); +pm=90-p; +printf("\n a)angle of obliqueness=%f\n",pm); +//refractive index for air=na,acceptance angle in air=a// +na=1; +h=sind(pm); +k=(n1*h)/(na); +a=asind(k); +printf("\n b) acceptance angle of fibre=%f\n",a); +//numerical aperture=NA,percentage of light collected=x// +NA=sqrt((n1+n2)*(n1-n2)); +x=(NA^2)*100; +printf("\n.c) numerical aprture of fibre=%f\n",NA); +printf("\n.d) percentage of light collected=%f\n",x); + + diff --git a/374/CH1/EX1.2/12.sci b/374/CH1/EX1.2/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e954ebb52 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH1/EX1.2/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 1 Example2// +//refractive index of air=na,acceptance angle=a,numerical aperture=NA// +clc; +clear; +NA=0.3; +a=asind(NA); +printf("\n a) acceptance angle=%f\n",a); +//direction of screw rays=s,acceptance angle of screw rays=as// +s=45; +as=(asind(NA))/(cosd(s)); +printf("\n b) acceptance angle of screw rays=%f\n",as); diff --git a/374/CH1/EX1.3/13.sci b/374/CH1/EX1.3/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10f89d78b --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH1/EX1.3/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 1 Example3// +clc; +clear; +//refractive index of W step index fibre=n1,refractive index difference between core and cladding=d,numerical aperture=NA// +d=0.02; +n1=1.46; +n2=n1-(n1*d); +v=n1+n2; +b=n1-n2; +NA=sqrt(v*b); +printf("\n a) numerical aperture=%f,n\",NA); +//solid acceptance angle in air=as,critical angle of core cladding interface=p// +as=%pi*(NA^2); +printf("\n b) solid acceptance angle in air=%f,n\",as); +p=asind(n2/n1); +printf("\n c) critical angle of core cladding interface=%f,n\",p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH11/EX11.1/111.sci b/374/CH11/EX11.1/111.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6f0a7048 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH11/EX11.1/111.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 11 example 1// +clc +clear +//material dispersion delay=dtmax,value of parameter=p,length of link-L,spectral width=d,speed of light=c,wavelength=l// +L=1.25*(10^3);//in mts// +c=3*(10^8);//speed of light// +dl=45;//in nm// +p=0.023; +l=850;//in nm// +dtmax=(L*dl*p)/(c*l)*(10^9); +printf("\n material dispersion delay=%f ns\n",dtmax) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH11/EX11.2/112.sci b/374/CH11/EX11.2/112.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..100feb8b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH11/EX11.2/112.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 11 example 2// +clc +clear +//value of parameter=p,wavelength=l,spectral width=dl,speed of light=c,material dispersion limited transmission distance=Lmax,bit rate=Br// +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +l=850;//in nm// +dl=45;//in nm// +Br=10*(10^6);//in bits per sec// +p=0.023; +Tb=(1/Br);//bit time// +Lmax=(0.35*Tb*c*l)/(dl*p); +printf("\n material dispersion limited transmission distance=%f m\n",Lmax) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH11/EX11.3/113.sci b/374/CH11/EX11.3/113.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..666b6631e --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH11/EX11.3/113.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 11 example 3// +clc +clear +//refractive index of core=n1,relative difference=n1-n2=d,Data rate=Br,modal dispersion limited transmission distance=Lmax,speed of light=c// +d=(0.01*1.45); +Br=50*(10^6);//bit rate// +n1=1.45; +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +Lmaxs1=(0.35*c)/(d*Br);//for step index fibre// +printf("\n material dispersion limited transmission distance for step index fibre=%f m\n",Lmaxs1) +Lmaxg1=(1.4*c*n1)/(d*Br); +printf("\n material dispersion limited transmission distance=%f m\n",Lmaxg1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH11/EX11.5/115.sci b/374/CH11/EX11.5/115.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c090f24dd --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH11/EX11.5/115.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter 11 example 5// +clc +clear +//value of parameter=p,length of link=L,speed of light=c,wavelength=l,spectral width=dl,rise time=dtr// +c=3*(10^8);//in mts per sec// +l=830;//in nm// +dl=40;//in nm// +L=2.5*(10^3);//in mts// +p=0.024;//value of parameter// +dtmat=(-L*dl*p)/(c*l)*(10^9); +dtmodal=(2.5*3.5); +dtr=10;//in ns// +dts=8;//in ns// +g=sqrt((dts^2)+(dtr^2)+(dtmat^2)+(dtmodal^2)); +dtsys=1.1*g; +printf("\n material dispersion delay time=%f m\n",dtsys) +Btmax=(0.75/dtsys)*(10^9); +printf("\n a)Btmax for RZ format=%f m\n",Btmax) +Btmax1=(0.35/dtsys)*(10^9); +printf("\n b)Btmax for NRZ format=%f m\n",Btmax1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH2/EX2.1/21.sci b/374/CH2/EX2.1/21.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b79d7045 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH2/EX2.1/21.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter2.example.1// +//core radius of multimode fibre=r,relative refractive difference=d,refractive index of the fibre=n1,refractive indexof cladding=n2,wavelength=l// +r=35*(10^-6);//in metres// +n1=1.46; +d=0.015; +n2=n1-(n1*d); +printf("\nrefractive indexof cladding=%f\n",n2); +l=0.85*(10^-6);//in metres// +//expression of v number=V,total number of guided modes in the stepindex motor=M// +j=(2*%pi*r)/l; +q=sqrt((n1^2)-(n2^2)); +V=j*q; +printf("\nexpression of v number =%f\n",V); +M=(V^2)/2; +printf("\ntotal number of guided modes in the stepindex motor=%f modes\n",M); diff --git a/374/CH2/EX2.2/22.sci b/374/CH2/EX2.2/22.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3170ae46 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH2/EX2.2/22.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter2.example.2// +//core refractive index of step index fibre=n1,relative index difference between core and cladding=d,wavelength=l,core diameter of step index fibre=a,v parameter for single mode operation=V// +clc +clear +n1=1.48; +d=0.015; +l=0.85*(10^-6);//in metres// +h=sqrt(2*d); +V=2.405; +z=(V*l)/(2*%pi*n1); +a=(z/h)*(10^6)*2; +printf("\maximum core diameter for single mode operation=%f*(10^-6)mts.\n",a); +//new maximum core diameter for single mode operation=a1,new relative index difference between core and cladding=d1// +d1=0.0015; +h1=sqrt(2*d1); +a1=(z/h1)*(10^6)*2; +printf("\n new maximum core diameter for single mode operation=%f*(10^-6)mts.\n",a1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH2/EX2.3/23.sci b/374/CH2/EX2.3/23.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..720b60fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH2/EX2.3/23.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter2.example.3// +clc +clear +//core refractive indices of stepindex fibre=n1,cladding refractive indices of stepindex fibre=n2,wavelength=l,phase constant=b,maximum value of phase constant=b1,minimum value of phase constant=b2;// +n1=1.6; +n2=1.44; +l=0.8*(10^-3); +b1=(2*%pi*n1)/(l*(10^3));//in rad/mm// +b2=(2*%pi*n2)/(l*(10^3));//in rad/mm// +printf("\nmaximum value of phase constant=%f rad/mm\n",b1); +printf("\nminimum value of phase constant=%f rad/mm\n",b2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH2/EX2.4/24.sci b/374/CH2/EX2.4/24.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce79231c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH2/EX2.4/24.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter2.example.4// +//core refractive index=n1,cut off value of V parameter for single mode operation=Vc,radius=a,cladding refractive index=n2,relative index difference between core and cladding=d,cut off wavelength=lc// +clc +clear +Vc=2.405; +n1=1.46; +d=0.0025; +a=5*(10^-6);//in metres// +h=sqrt(2*d); +x=(2*%pi*a*n1)/Vc; +lc=x*h*(10^6); +printf("\ncut off wavelength of the fibre=%f*(10^-6)mts.\n",lc); diff --git a/374/CH2/EX2.5/25.sci b/374/CH2/EX2.5/25.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b68334e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH2/EX2.5/25.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter2.example.5// +clc +clear +//core refractive index=n1,cladding refractive index=n2,radius of core=a,operating wavelength=l,number of guided modes=M,ratio of power flow in the core and cladding=z// +n1=1.50; +n2=1.49; +a=30*(10^-6); +l=0.85*(10^-6); +h=(2*%pi*a)/l; +x=(n1^2)-(n2^2); +M=((h^2)*x)/2; +printf("\n number of guided modes=M=%f modes\n",M); +y=(4*(M^-0.5))/3; +g=1-y; +z=g/y; +printf("\n ratio of power flow in the core and cladding=%f\n",z); diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.0/3.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.0/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15d08d742 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.0/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 3 example// +clc +clear +//spectrum width=W,laser source emits ligth at=D,bandwidth distance product=fZ,speed of light=C// +W=0.003//in micro meters// +D=0.85//in micro meters// +x=W/D; +Ym=0.021//obtained from graph// +C=3*(10^8);//in mts per second// +fZ=C/(4*x*Ym)*(10^-12); +printf("\n bandwidth distance product=%f GHz Km \n",fZ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.1/31.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.1/31.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc8bab50b --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.1/31.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter 3 example 1// +//length of fibre=l,average optical power=Pin,average output power=Pout,signal attenuation per km=A// +clc +clear +Pin=100*(10^-6);//in watts// +Pout=2.5*(10^-6);//in watts// +l=10//in kilometers// +A=(10*(log10(Pin/Pout)))/l;//per km// +printf("\n a) signal attenuation per km=%f per km.\n",A); +//sigmal attenuaion in db=Adb,total attenuation for 11kms=A1,attenuation for 3 splice each with 0.8db=A2,overall attenuation in the link=Anet,ratio between input and output power=x// +Adb=(A*10); +printf("\n b) signal attenuation in decibels=%f db.\n",Adb); +A1=(A*11); +A2=2.4; +Anet=A1+A2; +printf("\n c) overall signal attenuation in decibels=%f db.\n",Anet); +x=(10^(Anet/10)); +printf("\n d) ratio between input and output power=%f\n",x); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.2/32.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.2/32.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..934b38cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.2/32.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 3 example 2// +//temperature of silica glass=T,isothermal compressebility=Bc,refractive index of silica=n1,photoelastic coeffcient of silica=P,boltzmann constant=Kb,optical wavelength=l,rayleigh scattering coeffcient=Tr,attenuation in km=Akm,attenuation in db=Adb// +clc +clear +n1=1.46; +P=0.286; +Bc=7*(10^-11);//in meter sqr per newton// +l=(10^-6)// in meters// +T=1400//in kelvin// +Kb=1.38*(10^-23)//in joules per kelvin// +Tr=((8*(%pi^3))*(n1^8)*(P^2)*Bc*Kb*T)/(3*(l^4)); +printf("\n rayleigh scattering constant=%f per metre.\n",Tr); +Akm=exp(-1*Tr*(10^3)); +Adb=10*(log10(1/Akm)); +printf("\n attenuation in db=%f db per Km.\n",Adb); diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.3/33.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.3/33.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05ad22d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.3/33.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 3 example 3// +clc +clear +//core refractive index=n1,cladding refractive index=n2,refractive index of air=na,numerical aperture=NA,acceptance angle=A,multiple time dispersion=M,relative refractive index difference=d,speed of light=C// +n1=1.55; +n2=1.51; +d=n1-n2; +n=(n1+n2)/2; +NA=sqrt(2*d*n); +printf("\n 1) numerical aperture=%f.\n",NA); +A=asind(NA); +printf("\n 2) acceptance angle=%f.\n",A); +C=(3*(10^8));//in mts per sec// +M=((n1*d)/(n2*C))*(10^12); +printf("\n 3) multiple time dispersion=%f ns/km \n",M); + diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.4.b/34b.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.4.b/34b.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41816bdcc --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.4.b/34b.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 3 example 4 b// +clc +clear +//core refractive index=n1,relative refractive index difference=d,operating wavelength=l,critical radius of curvature=Rc,cladding refractive index=n2// +d=0.03; +n1=1.500; +n2=sqrt((n1^2)-(2*d*(n1^2))); +l=0.8*(10^-6); +Rc=((3*(n1^2)*l)/(4*%pi*((n1^2)-(n2^2))^1.5))*(10^6);//critical radius of curvature// +printf("\n critical radius of curvature=%f*(10^-6).\n",Rc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.4/34.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.4/34.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1852ad81c --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.4/34.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 3 example 4// +clc +clear +//core radius of monomode fibre=a,core refractive index=n1,refractive index difference between core and cladding=d,operating wavelength=l,critical radius of curvature=Rc,cutoff wavelength=Lc// +a=4*(10^-6);//in mts// +n1=1.500; +d=0.003; +l=1.55*(10^-6);//in mts// +Lc=(((2*%pi*a*n1)*(sqrt(2*d)))/2.405)*(10^6);//cutoff wavelength// +printf("\n cutoff wavelength=%f*(10^-6)m.\n",Lc); +lc1=Lc*(10^-6); +h=(2.748-(0.996*(l/lc1))); +k=h^-3; +v=(20*l)/(d^1.5); +Rc=k*v; +printf("\n critical radius=%f .\n",k); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.5/35.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.5/35.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99c81cf8d --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.5/35.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 3 example 5// +clc +clear +//wavelength of single mode fibre=l,attenuation=A,core diameter of fibre=d,laser sourcr bandwidth=BW,threshold optical power for brillouin=Pb,threshold optical power for raman scattering=Pr// +d=6;//in micrometer// +l=1.3;//in micrometer// +A=0.5;//in db per km// +BW=0.6//in GHz// +Pb=(4.4*(10^-3))*(d^2)*(l^2)*(A*BW)*1000;//in watts// +printf("\n threshold optical power for brillouin=%f mW.\n",Pb); +Pr=(5.9*(10^-2))*(d^2)*l*A; +printf("\n threshold optical power for raman scattering=%f W.\n",Pr); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.6/36.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.6/36.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7f13281f --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.6/36.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 3 example 6// +clc +clear +//core refractive index=n1,relative refractive index difference=d,core radius=a,operating wavelength=l;waveguide dispersion=W.speed of light=C// +l=1.3*(10^-6);//in meters// +a=4.5*(10^-6);//in meters// +d=0.0022; +n1=1.48; +V=((2*%pi*a*n1)*(sqrt(2*d)))/l; +n2=n1*(1-d); +C=(3*(10^8)); +S=0.480;//product of V and its double differentiation wrt v// +W=(-1*n2*d*S)/(C*l)*(10^6);//wave guide dispersion// +printf("\n wave guide dispersion=%f ps Km-1 nm-1\n",W); diff --git a/374/CH3/EX3.7/37.sci b/374/CH3/EX3.7/37.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11d8f12e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH3/EX3.7/37.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 3 example 7// +clc +clear +//operating wavelength=l,total material dispersion=dtm,total waveguide dispersion=dtw,received pulse duration=Tr,transmitted pulse duration=T,approximate bit rate=Bmax,total dispersion=dtt,total intermodal dispersion=dtimd// +dtm=2.81;//in nanoseconds// +dtw=0.495;//in nanoseconds// +T=0.5;//in nanoseconds// +dtimd=0; +dtt=sqrt((dtimd^2)+(dtm^2)+(dtw^2));//in nanoseconds// +Tr=T+dtt;//in nanoseconds// +Bmax=(1/(5*Tr))*1000; +printf("\n approximate bit rate=%fMHz \n",Bmax); diff --git a/374/CH4/EX4.1/41.sci b/374/CH4/EX4.1/41.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a41770da7 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH4/EX4.1/41.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter 4 example 1// +clc +clear +//recombination life time=Tr,drive current=I,wavelength=l,total carrier life time=Tp,efficicency=E,internal generated power=Pint// +Tr=50;//in nano seconds// +Tnr=100;//in nano seconds// +Tp=(Tr*Tnr)/(Tr+Tnr); +printf("\n Total carrier combination life time=%fns \n",Tp); +E=Tp/Tr; +printf("\n efficiency=%f \n",E); +h=6.62*(10^-34);//plancks constant// +c=3*(10^8);//speed of light// +I=50*(10^-3);//current in amperes// +l=0.85*(10^-6);//wavelength in metres// +e=1.6*(10^-19)//charge of electron// +Pint=((E*I*h*c)/(e*l)*10^(3));//in milli watts// +printf("\n Internal generated power=%f*mW \n",Pint); diff --git a/374/CH4/EX4.2/42.sci b/374/CH4/EX4.2/42.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95fd212c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH4/EX4.2/42.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 4 example 2// +clc +clear +//core radius=r,radiance of the device=Rd,numerical aperture=NA,reflection coeffcient at index matched filter=R,optical power coupled to the fibre=Pc,area=A// +r=25*(10^-4); +A=%pi*(r*r); +R=0.01;//frencel reflection coeffcient// +Rd=30//in W sr-1 cm-2// +NA=0.18;//numerical aperture// +Pc=%pi*(1-R)*A*Rd*NA*NA*(10^6); +printf("\n optical power coupled to the fibre=%f microwatt \n",Pc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.1.b/51b.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.1.b/51b.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..149c1f005 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.1.b/51b.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 example 1// +clc +clear +//band gap energy=Eg,voltage applied=V,total effeciency of an injection laser=nT// +Eg=1.43;//in ev// +V=2.5;//in volts// +nT=0.18; +ne=((nT*Eg)/V)*100; +printf("\n external power efficiency=%f percent\n",ne) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.1/51.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.1/51.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e18db8fb --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.1/51.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 5 example 1// +clc +clear +//length of optical cavity=l,widt=w,refractive index=n,gain factor=B,loss coeffcient=A,threshold current density=Jth,threshold current required=Ith,refractive index of Ga As-air interface=R1// +n=3.8;//refractive index// +R1=((n-1)^2)/((n+1)^2); +B=20*(10^-3);//in area by centimeter cube// +A=10;//per cm// +l=200*(10^-4);//in cm// +w=100*(10^-4);//in cm// +k=1/R1; +Jth=(A+(log(k))/l)/B; +printf("\n threshold current density=%f A cm-2\n",Jth); +Ith=Jth*l*w; +printf("\n threshold current required=%f mA\n",Ith); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.2.a/52a.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.2.a/52a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1518fabd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.2.a/52a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 example 2// +clc +clear +//band gap energy=Eg,total efficiency=nT,voltage applied=V,external efficiency=ne// +Eg=1.43;//in ev// +V=2.5;//in volts// +nT=0.20; +ne=((nT*Eg)/V)*100;//external efficiency// +printf("\n external efficiency=%f percent\n",ne) diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.2/52.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.2/52.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29732231d --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.2/52.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 example 2// +clc +clear +//hole concentration=Pn,minority carrier life time=Tr// +Br=7.21*(10^-10); +Pn=10^18;//in per cm cube// +Tr=((Br*Pn)^-1)*(10^9);//minority carrier life time// +printf("\n minority carrier life time=%f *(10^-9) sec \n",Tr); + diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.3.a/53a.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.3.a/53a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d555b353 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.3.a/53a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 5 example 3a// +clc +clear +//threshold temperature=To,ratio of current densities=R,current density=Jth,curren density at 20 deg =J1,current density at 80deg=J2// +//J1=Jth*(exp((273+20)/160))// +//J2=Jth*(exp((273+80)/160))// +K1=(exp((273+20)/160)); +K2=(exp((273+80)/160)); +R=K2/K1;//for AlGaAs// +printf("\n ratio of current densities for AlGaAs=%f\n",R) +//J1=Jth0*exp(273+20)/55/ +//J2=Jtho(exp((273+80)/55// +K1a=(exp((273+20)/55)); +K2a=(exp((273+80)/55)); +R1=K2a/K1a;//for AlGaAsp// +printf("\n ratio of current densities for AlGaAsp=%f\n",R1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.4.a/54a.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.4.a/54a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85612bfc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.4.a/54a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 5 exmaple 4a// +clc +clear +//number of longitudnal modes=K,refractive index=n1,length of the cavity in the laser=L,wavelength of the device=l,seperation wavelength between two modes=dl// +K=1700; +n1=3.6; +l=0.85*(10^-6);//in mts// +L=((K*l)/(2*n1))*(10^6); +printf("\n length of the cavity in the laser=%f micro meters\n",L) +dl=((l^2)/(2*n1*L))*(10^15);//seperation wavelength between modes// +printf("\n seperation wavelength between modes=%f micro meters\n",dl) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH5/EX5.4/54.sci b/374/CH5/EX5.4/54.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd73fa4b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH5/EX5.4/54.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 5 example 4// +clc +clear +//length of cavity=L,refractive index of GaAs=n1,wavelength=l,seperation wavelength between two mode=dl// +n1=3.6;//refractive index// +l=0.85*(10^-6);//wavelength// +L=200*(10^-6);//length of cavity// +dl=(l^2)/(2*n1*L)*(10^9);//seperation wavelength between two mode// +printf("\n seperation wavelength between two mode=%f nm\n",dl) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.1/61.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.1/61.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47252d685 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.1/61.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 6 example 1// +clc +clear +//energy=E,efficiency=n,wavelength=l,plancks constant=h,speed of light=c,incident power required=R,incident power required=Po// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +E=2.2*(10^-19);//in joules// +l=((h*c)/E)*(10^6);//operating wavelength// +printf("\n a) operating wavelength required=%f micro meter\n",l) +f=c/l; +n=0.7;//efficiency// +e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of electron// +R=((n*e)/(h*f))*(10^-6); +Ip=2.0*(10^-6); +Po=(Ip/R)*(10^6); +printf("\n b) incident power required=%f m\n",Po) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.10/610.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.10/610.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f7d7a557 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.10/610.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 example 10// +clc +clear +//plancks constant=h,speed of light=c,energy gay=Eg,critical wavelength=lc// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts per sec// +Eg=1.15*1.6*(10^-19); +lc=((h*c)/Eg)*(10^9); +printf("\n critical wavelength=%f nm\n",lc) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.2/62.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.2/62.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acb0beeb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.2/62.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 6 example 2// +clc +clear +//quantum efficiency=n,number of hole pairs generated=re,number of incident photon=rp,responsivity=R,charge of the electron=e,speed of the light=c// +re=1.5*(10^11); +rp=3*(10^11); +n=re/rp;//quantum efficiency// +printf("\n quantum efficiency=%f m\n",n) +e=1.6*(10^-19); +l=0.85*(10^-6);//in mts// +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +R=(n*e*l)/(h*c); +printf("\n responsivity of the photo diode=%f AW-1\n",R) diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.3/63.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.3/63.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75873e6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.3/63.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 6 example 3// +clc +clear +//energy=E,plancks constant=h,speed of light=c,frequency=f,responsivity=R,incident optical power=Po// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +E=1.5*(10^-19);//in joules// +l=((h*c)/E)*(10^6); +printf("\n a) wavelength at which photodiode is operating=%f micro meter\n",l) +n=0.65;//efficiency// +e=1.6*(10^-19); +R=((n*e*l)/(h*c))*(10^-6); +Ip=3*(10^-6); +Po=(Ip/R)*(10^6); +printf("\n b) Responsivity=%fo micro watts \n",Po) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.4/64.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.4/64.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66d708c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.4/64.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter 6 example 4// +clc +clear +//energy gap=Eg,cut off wavelength=lc,plancks constant=h,speed of light=c// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts/sec// +Eg=1.43*1.6*(10^-19); +lc=((h*c)/Eg)*(10^6); +printf("\n cut off wavelength=%f micro meterc\n",lc) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.5/65.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.5/65.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eaabed86 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.5/65.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 6 example 5// +clc +clear +//absorption coeffcient=a,refractive index=n1,reflection coeffcient=Rf,fraction of the incident power absorbed=K,distance=d// +n1=3.5; +d=3*(10^-6); +a=10^5; +W=3*(10^-6); +Rf=((n1-1)^2)/((n1+1)^2); +K=exp(-a*d)*(1-(exp(-a*W)))*(1-Rf); +printf("\n fraction of incident power absorbed=%f \n",K) +a1=(10^6); +W1=(10^-6); +d1=(10^-6); +K1=exp(-a1*d1)*(1-(exp(-a1*W1)))*(1-Rf); +printf("\n fraction of incident power absorbed=%f \n",K1) diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.6/66.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.6/66.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56f85f4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.6/66.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 6 example 6// +clc +clear +//effeciency=n,charge of electron=e,wavwlength=l,plancks constant=h,speed of light=c,diode current=Ip,multiplication factor=M// +n=0.7; +e=1.6*(10^-19); +l=0.8*(10^-6);//in meters// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts per sec// +R=(n*e*l)/(h*c);//responsivity// +printf("\n Responsivity=%f AW-1\n",R) +Po=0.8*(10^-6);//in watts// +Ip=(Po*R)*(10^6);//diode current// +I=10;//in micro amperes// +M=I/Ip; +printf("\n Multiplication factor=%f \n",M) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.7/67.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.7/67.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31dfe2cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.7/67.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 6 example 7// +clc +clear +//charge of electron=e,diode current=Id,plancks constant=h,effeciency=n,wavelength=l,area=A,noise equivalent power=NEP,directivity=D// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts per sec// +e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of the electron// +l=1.2*(10^-6);//in mts// +Id=10*(10^-9);//in amperes// +n=0.6; +NEP=((h*c*sqrt(2*e*Id))/(n*e*l))*(10^14); +printf("\n noise equivalent power=%f*(10^-14) W\n",NEP) +A=100*50*(10^-12); +D=(A^0.5)/(NEP*(10^-14)); +printf("\n directivity=%f mHz1/2W-1\n",D) diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.8/68.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.8/68.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce0599fb --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.8/68.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 6 example 8// +clc +clear +//optical gain=Go,charge of the electron=e,speed of the light=c,current supplied=Ic,wavelength=l,common emitter current gain=hFE,effeciency=n// +h=6.62*(10^-34); +c=3*(10^8);//in mts per sec// +e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of the electron// +l=1.25*(10^-6);//in mts// +Po=130*(10^-6);//in watts// +Ic=16*(10^-3);//in ampers// +Go=(h*c*Ic)/(e*l*Po); +printf("\n a) optical gain of the transistor=%f \n",Go) +n=0.45; +hFE=Go/n; +printf("\n b) common emitter current gain=%f \n",hFE) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH6/EX6.9/69.sci b/374/CH6/EX6.9/69.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a851b15c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH6/EX6.9/69.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 6 example 9// +clc +clear +//electron transit time=tf,bandwidth=Bm,photoconductive gain=G,// +tf=8*(10^-12);//in seconds// +G=60; +Bm=(1/(2*%pi*tf*G))*(10^-8); +printf("\n maximum 3dB bandwidth=%f MHz\n",Bm) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH7/EX7.2/72.sci b/374/CH7/EX7.2/72.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9343cad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH7/EX7.2/72.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 7 example 2// +clc +clear +//longitudnal displacement=S,numerical aperure=NA,core radius=a,coupling efficiency=ns1.critical angle=Am// +NA=0.2; +Am=asind(NA);//in deg// +printf("\n critical angle=%f deg\n",Am) +a=25*(10^-6);//in mts// +S=2.5*(10^-6);//in mts// +ns1=((a/(a+(S*tand(Am))))^2)*100; +printf("\n coupling efficiency=%f percent\n",ns1) diff --git a/374/CH8/EX8.1/81.sci b/374/CH8/EX8.1/81.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64eea11e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH8/EX8.1/81.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter 8 example 1// +clc +clear +//photo current of the dode=Ip,quantam efficiency=n,wavelength=l,plancks constant=h,speed of light=c,power at given wave length=Po,total shot noise=i2,thermal noise in the load resistor=i2th,dark current=Id,post detection bandwidth of the receiver=B// +n=0.50;//quantam efficiency// +e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of the electron// +l=0.85*(10^-6);//in mts// +h=6.63*(10^-34);//plancks constant// +c=3*(10^8); +Po=250*(10^-9); +Ip=((n*e*Po*l)/(h*c))*(10^9); +printf("\n a) photo current in the dode=%f nA\n",Ip) +Id=4;//in nano amperes// +B=8*(10^6); +i2=sqrt((2*e*B*(Ip+Id))*(10^11)); +printf("\n b) total shot noise=%f*(10^-10) A\n",i2) +Kb=1.38*(10^-23); +T=300; +Rl=6000; +ith=sqrt(((4*Kb*T*B)/Rl)*(10^18)); +printf("\n c) thermal noise generated=%f*(10^-9) A\n",ith) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH8/EX8.2/82.sci b/374/CH8/EX8.2/82.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..226036a18 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH8/EX8.2/82.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 8 example // +clc +clear +//capacitance of photodoide=Cd,load resistance=Rl,maximum bandwidth=B,bandwidth when system is connected to amplifier=B1// +B=10*(10^6);//in Hz// +Cd=5*(10^-12);//in farads// +Rl=1/(2*%pi*B*Cd); +printf("\n load resistance=%f \n",Rl) +Cd1=(5+5)*(10^-12); +B1=1/(2*%pi*Rl*Cd1); +printf("\n Bandwidth after amplifier is connected=%f Hz\n",B1) diff --git a/374/CH8/EX8.3/83.sci b/374/CH8/EX8.3/83.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa06d5003 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH8/EX8.3/83.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter 8 example 3// +clc +clear +//capacitance=Cd,band width=B,temperature=T,current=I,load resistance=Rl,signal to noise ratio=S/N=R,optimum value of multiplication factor=Mopt// +Cd=6*(10^-12);//in farads// +B=40*(10^6);//in Hz// +Rl=1/(2*%pi*Cd*B);//load rsistance// +printf("\n a) load resistance=%f ohms\n",Rl) +Kb=1.38*(10^-23); +T=300;//in kelvin// +e=1.6*(10^-19);//charge of the electron// +x=0.3; +Rl=666;//in ohms// +Ip=2*(10^-7); +Mopt=((4*Kb*T)/(e*x*Rl*Ip))^(1/2.3); +printf("\n b) optimum value of multiplication factor=%f \n",Mopt) +R=((Mopt*Ip)^2)/((2*e*B*Ip*(Mopt^2.3))+(4*Kb*T*B/Rl))*(0.01089); +printf("\n c) signal to noise ratio=%f \n",R) diff --git a/374/CH8/EX8.4.a/84a.sci b/374/CH8/EX8.4.a/84a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83c59edbb --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH8/EX8.4.a/84a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 8 example 4a// +clc +clear +//bit error=BER,temperature=T,load resistance=R,noise bandwidth=B,ratio=R,minimum power required=Pmin// +R1=19.6;//in db// +R2=10^(R1/20); +R=50; +K=1.38*(10^-23); +T=400;//in kelvin// +B=(10^7);//in Hz// +is=R2*(sqrt((4*K*T*B)/R))*(10^9); +R3=0.4; +Pmin=(is/R3)*(10^-3); +printf("\n minimum power required to maintain bit error=%f micro watts\n",Pmin) diff --git a/374/CH8/EX8.4/84.sci b/374/CH8/EX8.4/84.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e6205f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH8/EX8.4/84.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter 8 example 4// +clc +clear +//effective input resistance =Ra,maximum band width=B,total capacitance=Ct,mean thermal energy noise current=ith,open loop gain =A,total effective load resistance=Rtl// +Ra=5*(10^6);//in ohms// +Rb=5*(10^6);//in ohms// +Rtl=(Ra*Rb)/(Ra+Rb);//total effective load resistance// +Ct=5*(10^-12);//in farads// +B=1/(2*%pi*Rtl*Ct); +printf("\n a) maximum bandwidth=%f Hz\n",B) +T=300;//in kelvin// +Kb=1.38*(10^-23); +ith=((4*Kb*T)/Rtl)*(10^27); +printf("\n b) mean thermal energy noise current per unit band width=%f *(10^-27) A2Hz-1\n",ith) +A=400;//open loop gain// +Rf=(10^5);//in ohms// +B1=A/(2*%pi*Rf*Ct); +printf("\n C) a) maximum bandwidth without eualization for the transimpedance configuration=%f Hz\n",B1) +ith=((4*Kb*T)/Rf)*(10^25); +printf("\n C) b) mean square thermal noise current=%f*(10^-25) Hz\n",ith) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.1/91.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.1/91.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f65733c0b --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.1/91.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 9 example 1// +clc +clear +//length of multimode fibre=L1,measured output voltage=Vf,measured output voltage after adding=Vn,fibre cut back to a length=L2,attenuation=adB// +L1=2;//in km// +L2=0.002;//in km// +Vn=10;//in volts// +Vf=2.1;//in volts// +p=log(Vn/Vf)*0.43; +adB=(10*p)/(L1-L2); +printf("\n attenuation per km=%f m\n",adB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.2/92.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.2/92.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35f05e329 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.2/92.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 9 example 2// +clc +clear +//length of multimode fibre=L1,measured output optical pwer at far end=Pf,measured output optical power at near end=Pn,fibre cut back to a length=L2,attenuation=adB// +L1=1.5;//in km// +L2=0.002;//in km// +Pn=385.4;//in microwatts// +Pf=50.1;//in micro watts// +k=log(Pn/Pf)*0.43; +adB=(10*k)/(L1-L2); +printf("\n attenuation per km=%f m\n",adB) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.3/93.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.3/93.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0473588a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.3/93.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 9 example 3// +clc +clear +//fibre bandwidth length product=Bopt,3dB pulse dispersion for the fibre in ns km-1=T,time at which output pulses are found=To,time at which input optical pulses are found=Ti// +To=12.7;//in nano seconds// +Ti=0.4;//in nano seconds// +T=(sqrt((To^2)-(Ti^2)))/1.2;//time at which 3dB pulse boardaning is obtained// +printf("\n a) time at which 3dB pulse boardaning is obtained=%f ns/km\n",T) +Bopt=(0.44/T)*1000;//optical bandwidth of the fibre// +printf("\n b) fibre bandwidth length product=%f MHz Km\n",Bopt) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.4.a/94a.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.4.a/94a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67b4728df --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.4.a/94a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 9 example 4a// +clc +clear +//angular velocity=A,llength at which rotating mirror from the photo detector=L,shadow pulse of width=We,shadow velocity=V,outer diametetr=do// +L=0.1;//in mts// +A=4;//in rad sec-1// +V=L*A;//in mts/sec// +printf("\n shadow velocity=%f m/sec\n",V) +We=250;//in micro seconds// +do=We*V;//outer diameter of the fibre// +printf("\n outer diamter of the fibre=%f micro meter\n",do) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.4/94.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.4/94.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00b609fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.4/94.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 9 example 4// +clc +clear +//angular limit of the far field pattern=Am,length of the picture=l,numerical aperture=NA,distance of the fibre output end face from the screen=L// +Am=26.1;//in degrees// +NA=sind(Am);//numerical aperture// +printf("\n numerical aperture=%f \n",NA) +l=16.7;//in cm// +L=(l/2)/(tand(Am)); +printf("\n distance from the screen=%f cm\n",L) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.5.a/95a.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.5.a/95a.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5a5ca2e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.5.a/95a.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 9 example5a// +clc +clear +//input power=P1,output power=P2,output power at the end of added fibre=P3,insertion loss of the connector=Ls,excess loss of the conductor=dLs// +Po=83.2;//in micro watts// +Pi=100;//in micro watts// +Ls=-10*(log(Po/Pi)*0.43) +printf("\n insertion loss of the connector=%f m\n",Ls) +Ls=0.8;//in km// +L=1.8;//in km// +a=1.9;//constant// +P3=35.5;//in micro watts// +k=-(10*(log(P3/Pi)*0.43)); +dLs=k-Ls-(a*L); +printf("\n loss of the conductor=%f dB\n",dLs) diff --git a/374/CH9/EX9.5/95.sci b/374/CH9/EX9.5/95.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f36f5f59a --- /dev/null +++ b/374/CH9/EX9.5/95.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter 9 example 5// +clc +clear +//numerical aperture=NA,distance from the screen to fibre end space=D,measured output pattern size=A// +A=6;//in cm// +D=10;//in cm// +NA=A/(sqrt((A^2)+4*(D^2))); +printf("\n numerical aperture=%f m\n",NA) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad0677c78 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60946236 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1;//refractive index of air medium +n2=1.5;//refractive index of glass medium + +thetaB=atand(n2/n1);//brewster angle for glass in degrees +mprintf("Brewster Angle = %.1f degrees",thetaB); diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab75dd706 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9b219055 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +n=4;//number of sources +//Let 'I' be the intensity of the sources + +//Case (1) : +//For coherent sources +mprintf("Maximum irradiance due to superposition of %d coherent sources Imax= %dI",n,n^2); + +//Case (2) : +//For incoherent sources +mprintf("\n Maximum irradiance due to superposition of %d incoherent sources Imax= %dI",n,n); diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..005320068 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df26bfb1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given - Case(1) +D=0.1;//diameter of an objective lens in m +d=500;//distance of the lens from the sources in m +lambda=550e-9;//wavelength of the light used in m + +Smin=d*lambda/D;//minimum separation of two point sources that can just be resolved in m +mprintf("Smin = %.2f mm",Smin/1e-3);//division by 10^(-3) to convert into mm + + +//given - Case(2) +p=1;//order of the fringe +N=600;//number of lines used per mm +lambda=550e-9//wavelength of the light used in m +w=40//width of the diffraction grating in mm + +DeltaLambda=lambda/(p*N*w);//minimum wavelength difference that can be resolved in m +mprintf("\n DeltaLambda = %.3f nm",DeltaLambda/1e-9);//division by 10^(-9) to convert in nm diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..157d2e665 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42b508c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +A=1e-5;//source area in m^2 +T=2e3;//temperature of the source in K +Epsilon=0.7//emissivity of the surface +Sigma=5.67e-8//value of Stefan's constant in SI Units + +W=Epsilon*Sigma*A*T^4//total power radiated from the source in W +mprintf("\n Total power radiated from the source = %.2f W",W); diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f26a468b Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682f159f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +m=9.1e-31;//rest mass of electrons in kg +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C +h=6.62e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +Epsilon0=8.85e-12;//permittivity of vaccuum in SI Units + +Eion=m*(e^4)/(8*(h*Epsilon0)^2);//Ionization energy of the atom in J +mprintf("Ionization energy of the atom = %.3e J or %f eV",Eion,Eion/1.6e-19);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg b/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18489991d Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..910aa0cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 1.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +v0=1.1e15;//threshold frequency of light in Hz +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C +h=6.62e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units + +phi=h*v0/e;//work function of the metal in eV +mprintf("Phi = %.1f eV",phi);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg b/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f522df17c Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a58db33b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 10.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +d=50e-6;//Core diameter in m +a=d/2;//Core radius in m +n1=1.48;//Dimensionless maximum refractive index of the core +n2=1.46;//Dimensionless maximum refractive index of cladding + +Delta=(n1-n2)/n1; +mprintf("\n Delta = %.4f",Delta); + +LAMBDA=2*%pi*a/sqrt(2*Delta);//Condition for coupling of all the modes together for a graded index fiber +mprintf("\n LAMBDA = %.2f mm",LAMBDA/1e-3);//Dividing by 10^(-3) to convert into mm diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg b/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33160f37b Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..993c640da --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 10.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +Alpha=5e-7;//Coefficient of expansion of pure silica in K^(-1) +Beta=6.8e-6;//Value for pure silica in K^(-1) +LambdaB=1.55e-6;//Wavelength in m +n1=1.46;//Dimensionless Refractive index of Silica +P11=0.126;//Value of 1st Pockels coefficient +P12=0.274;//Value of 2nd Pockels coefficient +Mu=0.17;//Poisson's ratio + +DeltaLambdaB=LambdaB*(Alpha+Beta);//Wavelength sensitivity to temperature changes of the fiber in m K^(-1) +mprintf("\n DeltaLambdaB = %.4f nm K^-1",DeltaLambdaB/1e-9);//Dividing by 10^(-9) to convert to nm K^(-1) + +Pe=(n1^2)/2*((1-Mu)*P12-Mu*P11);//Corresponding effective photoelastic coefficient +mprintf("\n Pe = %.3f",Pe);//The answers vary due to round off error + +DeltaLambdaB=LambdaB*(1-Pe);//Wavelength sensitivity as far as sensitivity is concerned in m Epsilon^(-1) +mprintf("\n DeltaLambdaB = %.1e m Epsilon^-1",DeltaLambdaB); diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg b/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f265f11f Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562fb574b --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 10.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +Rs=1.5e13;//Raman shift in Silica in Hz +T=323;//Absolute temperature in K +DeltaT=1;//Change in Temperature in Degree Celsius or K +h=6.6e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +k=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units + +DeltaRs=h*Rs*DeltaT/(k*(T^2)); +mprintf("\n DeltaRs = %.1e per Degree Celsius",DeltaRs); diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg b/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecaf05879 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c969674f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 10.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +N=1000;//Number of turns of fiber +r=0.1;//Radius of fiber in m +Omega=15*%pi/(180*3600);//Multiplying by %pi/180 & Dividing by 3600 to convert the earth's rotation rate unit into rad/s +Lambda0=1e-6;//Wavelength of beam in m +c=3e8;//Speed of light in m/s + +A=%pi*(r^2);//Area of the fiber ring in m^2 +PhiS=8*%pi*Omega*A*N/(Lambda0*c);//Corresponding Phase shift in the beam in radians +mprintf("\n PhiS = %.1e rad",PhiS); diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg b/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e4444164 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab89abf0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 10.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +V=4;//Value of Verdet constant in rad m^-1 T^-1 +Mur=1;//Relative permeability of Silica +Mu0=4*%pi*1e-7;//Permeability of free space in SI Units +n=10;//Number of turns of the fiber coil +I=30;//Current flowing through the fiber in A + +Thetar=Mu0*Mur*n*V*I;//Corresponding polarization rotation in radians +mprintf("\n Thetar = %.2f degrees",Thetar*180/%pi);//Multiplying by '180/%pi' to convert in degrees diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2d5b141e Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd63ab83a --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given - Case(1) +NA=6e26;//Avagadro's number +rho=8.93e3;//density of copper in SI Units +A=63.54;//Atomic mass number of Cu +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C +m=9.1e-31;//rest mass of electrons in kg +T=2.6e-14;//mean free time between collisions in s + +n=NA*rho/A;//number of atoms per unit volume in m^(-3) +mprintf("n = %.1e m^(-3)",n); +SigmaCu=n*(e^2)*T/m;//electrical conductivity of Cu in SI Units +mprintf("\n Sigma of Cu = %.1e (Ohm m)^(-1)",SigmaCu);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//given - Case(2) +ni=1.6e16;//number of holes or electrons per unit volume of intrinsic silicon in m^(-3) +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C +Muc=0.135;//electron mobility in SI Units +Mun=0.048;//hole mobility in SI Units + +SigmaSi=ni*e*(Muc+Mun);//electrical conductivity of Si in SI Units +mprintf("\n Sigma of Si = %.1e (Ohm m)^(-1)",SigmaSi); diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e7d35e6d Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68737ad22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +//Let the quanity 'me/m' be denoted by M +M=0.26; +Epsilonr=11.8//relative permittivity of Si + +Ed=13.6*M/(Epsilonr^2);//Energy required to excite the electrons from donor levels to the conduction band in eV +mprintf("Ed = %.3f eV", Ed); diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..164e70033 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e88ea3518 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +m=9.1e-31;//rest mass of electrons in kg +me=0.55*m;//effective mass of electrons in kg +h=6.62e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +k=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann's constant in SI Units +T=300;//temperature of the source in K + +Nc=2*(2*%pi*me*k*T/(h^2))^(3/2);//effective density of states in the conduction band +mprintf("Nc = %.2e m^(-3)",Nc);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..158671cd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d0cd0436 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +n=5e24;//Donor concentration in m^(-3) + +//Case (i) +B=7.2e-16;//Recombination constant for GaAs in m^3 s^(-1) +Th=1/(B*n);//Hole lifetime in s +mprintf("Th for GaAs = %.1f ps",Th/1e-12);//Dividing by 10^(-12) to convert to ps +//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Case (i) +B=1.8e-21;//Recombination constant for Si in m^3 s^(-1) +Th=1/(B*n);//Hole lifetime in s +mprintf("\n Th for Si = %.1f us",Th/1e-6);//Dividing by 10^(-6) to convert to us +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3551a89db Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..777e7182d --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +k=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann's constant in SI Units +T=290;//room temperature in K +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C +Nd=1e22;//donor impurity level in m(-3) +Na=1e24;//acceptor impurity level in m(-3) +ni=2.4e19;//intrinsic electron concentration in m^(-3) + +V0=k*T/e*log(Na*Nd/(ni^2));//contact potential difference in V +mprintf("V0 = %.2f V",V0); diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c8615926 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47ee543f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +V=-4;//reverse bias voltage applied to a Si diode in V +//The negative sign indicates reverse bias +Nd=4e21;//donor impurity level in m^(-3) +V0=0.8;//potential barrier of the diode in V +Epsilon0=8.85e-12;//permittivity of free space in SI Units +Epsilonr=11.8;//relative permittivity of the diode +A=4e-7;//junction area of the diode in m^2 +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C + +Cj=A/2*(2*e*Epsilon0*Epsilonr*Nd/(V0-V))^(1/2);//junction capacitance of the diode in F +mprintf("Cj = %.1f pF",Cj/1e-12);//division by 10^(-12) to convert into pF diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d19028230 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..681f7b63c --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.7 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +V=-4;//reverse bias voltage applied to a Si diode in V +//The negative sign indicates reverse bias +Nd=4e21;//donor impurity level in m^(-3) +V0=0.8;//potential barrier of the diode in V +Epsilon0=8.85e-12;//permittivity of free space in SI Units +Epsilonr=11.8;//relative permittivity of the diode +A=4e-7;//junction area of the diode in m^2 +e=1.6e-19;//charge of electrons in C + +Cj=A/2*(2*e*Epsilon0*Epsilonr*Nd/(V0-V))^(1/2);//junction capacitance of the diode in F +mprintf("Cj = %.1f pF",Cj/1e-12);//division by 10^(-12) to convert into pF diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg b/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6e0abe4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..283dc9cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 2.8 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +Lz=10e-9;//Thickness of a GaAs quantum well in m +m=9.1e-31;//Rest mass of an electron in kg +me=0.068*m;//Mass of electrons in conduction band +mh=0.56*m;//Mass of electrons in valence band +h=6.62e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units + +DeltaEg=(h^2)/(8*(Lz)^2)*(1/me+1/mh);//Energy gap in the GaAs quantum well +mprintf("DeltaEg = %.2e J",DeltaEg); diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18da4e2f7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cdb6c872 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +w=10e-3;//Width of the KD*P crystal in m +r=26.4e-12;//Linear electro-optic coefficient of the crystal in m/V +n0=1.51;//refractive index of the crystal +E=4000;//Applied voltage in V + +//Let the change in refractive index be Deltan = |n-n0| +Deltan=(1/2)*r*E*(n0^3)/w;//Dimensionless change in refractive index of the crystal +mprintf("The change in refractive index of the crystal = %.1e",Deltan); diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac46e2224 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb04a6da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +lambda=1.06e-6;//Wavelength at which half-wave voltage is to be calculated, in m +r=10.6e-12;//Linear electro-optic coefficient of KDP crystal in m/V +n0=1.51;//refractive index of the crystal + +Vpi=lambda/(2*r*(n0^3));//Half-wave voltage for the crystal in V +mprintf("The half-wave voltage of the crystal = %.1f kV",Vpi/1e3);//Division by 10^3 to convert into kV diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c1bc59a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eeb09b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +Phi=%pi/30;//Given phase retardation +Deltaf=1e9;//Frequency bandwidth in Hz +D=25e-3;//Diameter of the circular aperture of a KD*P Pockels cell in m +L=30e-3;//Length of the cell in m +lambda=633e-9;//Wavelength in m +Epsilon0=8.85e-12;//Permittivity of free space in SI Units +Epsilonr=50;//Dimensionless Relative permittivty of the crystal +r=26.4e-12;//Linear electro-optic coefficient of KD*P crystal in m/V +n0=1.51;//refractive index of the crystal + +A=%pi*((D/2)^2);//Cross-sectional area of the crystal in m^2 +P=(Phi^2)*(lambda^2)*A*Epsilon0*Epsilonr*Deltaf/(4*%pi*(r^2)*(n0^6)*L);//Power required for the desired phase retardation in W +mprintf("P = %.1f W",P); diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..730639cda Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c23668e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +lambda=633e-9;//Wavelength in m +Deltaf=5e6;//Frequency bandwidth in Hz +L=50e-3;//Length of the modulator in m +eta=0.7;//diffraction efficiency +lambdaa=4.3e-5;//Acoustic wavelength in m +va=3500;//Acoustic velocity in m/s + +ThetaB=asind(lambda/(2*lambdaa));//Angle of diffraction in degrees +mprintf("ThetaB = %.2f degrees",ThetaB); + +//As eta=(sin(Phi/2))^2, Rearranging the terms we get: +Phi=2*asind(sqrt(eta)); +mprintf("\n Phi = %.1f degrees",Phi); + +B=va/Deltaf;//Maximum optical beamwidth in m +mprintf("\n B = %.1f mm",B/1e-3);//Division by 10^(-3) to convert into mm diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec7d7f91b Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e942f6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given appropriate refractive indices for ADP :- +n0w=1.4943; +new=1.4603; +n02w=1.5132; +ne2w=1.4712; + +Thetam=asind(sqrt((n0w^(-2)-n02w^(-2))/(ne2w^(-2)-n02w^(-2))));//Phase matching angle for the ADP +mprintf("Thetam = %d degrees", Thetam);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg b/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8df5f5a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae6adf851 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 3.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +nOmega=1.5019;//refractive index corresponding to the ray of frequency Omega +n2Omega=1.4802;//refractive index corresponding to the ray of frequency 2*Omega +Lambda0=0.8e-6;//vacuum wavelength at the fundamental frequency in m + +lc=Lambda0/(4*(nOmega-n2Omega));//Coherence length in m +mprintf("\n lc = %.1e m",lc);//The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg b/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a05b724ad Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c929538e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 4.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +//Let DeltaE = Ec - Ed +DeltaE=0.4;//Depth of the conduction band below the conduction band in eV +kT=0.025;//Value of k*T for room temperature in eV +Q=1e8;//Constant value in s^(-1) + +//Let the probability of escape of a trapped electron per second be p +p=Q*exp(-DeltaE/kT); +mprintf("\n Probability of escape of a trapped electron = %.1f s^(-1)",p);//The answers vary due to round off error + +//Let the corresponding luminescence lifetime in sec be t +t=1/p; +mprintf("\n t = %.1f s",t); + diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg b/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd283c21b Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f3b7d666 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 4.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=3.6;//Refractive index of 1st medium (GaAs) +n2=1;//Refractive index of 2nd medium (air) + +F=(1/4)*(n2/n1)^2*(1-((n1-n2)/(n1+n2))^2);//Dimensionless Fractional transmission for isotropic radiation +mprintf("\n F = %.3f",F); + +Thetac=asind(n2/n1);//critical angle in degrees +mprintf("\n Critical angle = %.1f degrees",Thetac);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg b/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9449d7541 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fa312d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 4.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +d=0.2e-3;//Chip diameter of LED in m +D=1;//Distance between LED and the viewer in m +lambda=550e-9;//Wavelength emitted in m +eta=0.001;//Quantum efficiency of LED +V=2;//Operating voltage in V +I=50e-3;//Operating current in A +h=6.626e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//Speed of light in air in m/s +e=1.6e-19;//Electronic charge in C + +Theta=2*atand(d/(2*D));//Angle subtended by the emitting area in degrees +mprintf("\n Theta = %.5f degrees",Theta); +//As Theta is less than 0.01667, LED acts as a point source + +//Let the photon emission rate be denoted by 'Rate' +Rate=I/e;//Number of photons emitted per second + +W=(h*c/lambda)*eta*Rate;//Total radiant power in W +mprintf("\n W = %.2e Watts",W); + diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae79d23be Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40eb4670a --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +h=6.6e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +nu=5e14;//Average frequency in Hz +k=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +T=2000;//Operating temperature in K + +R=exp(h*nu/(k*T))+1;//Dimensionless ratio of rates of spontaneous and stimulated emissions +mprintf("\n R = %.1e",R);//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52953014d Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a4e244e --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +h=6.6e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +c=3e8;//Speed of light in m/s +lambda=550e-9;//Average wavelength in m +k=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units +T=300;//Operating temperature in K + +//Let the difference between the two energy levels be DeltaE +DeltaE=h*c/lambda;//Difference in energy levels in J +mprintf("\n E2-E1 = %.2f eV",DeltaE/1.6e-19);//Division by 1.6*10^(-19) to convert into eV + +//Let the relative population of the energy levels 'N2/N1' be N +N=exp(-DeltaE/(k*T)); +mprintf("\n N2/N1 = %.1e",N);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaf8c5c19 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a997a414 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.3 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +h=6.6e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units +T21=230e-6;//Spontaneous lifetime in s +lambda=1.06e-6;//Wavelength in m +n=1.82;//Refractive index of medium +DeltaNu=3e12;//Linewidth in Hz +k=1;//Given value of gain coefficient in m^(-1) + +B21=(lambda^3)/(8*%pi*h*T21); +mprintf("\n B21 = %.1e m^3 W^-1 s^-3",B21); + +//Let the inversion density (N2-g2/g1*N1) be Di +Di=k*lambda*DeltaNu/(B21*h*n); +mprintf("\n N2-g2/g1*N1 = %.1e m^(-3)",Di);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cba9910f Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b72806df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.4 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1;//Refractive index of air medium +n2=3.6;//Refractive index of GaAs medium + +R=((n2-n1)/(n2+n1))^2;//Reflectance at GaAs/air interface by Fresnel equation +mprintf("\n R = %.2f",R); diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9298dc79d Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..514b322d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.5 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +lambda=0.84e-6;//wavelength in m +DeltaNu=1.45e13;//Transition linewidth in Hz +Gamma=3.5e3;//Loss coefficient in m^(-1) +n=3.6;//Refractive index of GaAs medium +n1=1;//Refractive index of air medium +l=300e-6;//Length in m +d=2e-6;//Diameter in m +etai=1;//Internal quantum efficiency +e=1.6e-19;//Electronic charge in C + +R=((n-n1)/(n+n1))^2;//Reflectance at GaAs/air interface by Fresnel equation +mprintf("\n R = %.2f",R); + +Kth=Gamma+1/(2*l)*log(1/R^2);//Threshold gain in m^(-1) +mprintf("\n Kth = %.1f m^(-1)",Kth);//The answers vary due to round off error + +Jth=8*%pi*e*d*DeltaNu*(n^2)/(etai*(lambda^2))*Kth;//Threshold current density in A m^(-2) +mprintf("\n Jth = %.1f A mm^-2",Jth/1e6);//Dividing by 10^6 to convert into A mm^(-2) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg b/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08f45e7f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e1323d84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 5.6 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +W=5e-3;//Optical output power of laser in W +V=2500;//Operating voltage in V +I=10e-3;//Operating current in A + +eta=W/(V*I);//Overall power efficiency +mprintf("\n Power efficiency = %.2f percent",eta*100);//Multiplying by 100 to convert in percentage diff --git a/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg b/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96efc3bb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68fdbaf3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 6.1 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +DeltaNu=1.1e11;//Fluorescent linewidth in Hz +L=0.1;//Length of the laser rod in m +c=3e8;//Speed of light in m/s + +//Let the mode separation be 'M' +M=c/(2*L);//Mode separation in Hz +mprintf("\n Mode separation = %.1e Hz",M); + +//Let the number of modes oscillating be 'N' +N=DeltaNu/M; +mprintf("\n The number of modes oscillating = %d",N); + +//Let the pulse separation in seconds be 't' +t=2*L/c; +mprintf("\n Pulse separation = %.1f ns",t/1e-9);//Dividing by 10^(-9) to convert into ns + +//Let the pulse duration be 'T' +T=t/N; +mprintf("\n Pulse duration = %.1f ps",T/1e-12);//Dividing by 10^(-12) to convert into ps +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg b/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc987c56f Binary files /dev/null and b/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f176da99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3740/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Optoelectronics - An Introduction, 2nd Edition by J. Wilson and J.F.B. Hawkes +//Example 6.2 +//OS=Windows XP sp3 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 +clc; +clear; + +//given +Ni=1e24;//Population Inversion in m^-3 +Nu21=5e14;//Frequency of laser in Hz +V=1e-5;//Volume in m^3 +h=6.63e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units + +//Assuming Nf<fs, the range of fo : %.f to %.f kHz",fo_min,fo_max) +printf("\n frequency ratio = %.2f",fr_o) +printf("\n capacitance ratio = %.2f",C_ratio_o) + +//Part (b) +fo_min=-IF+fs_min;//kHz +fo_max=-IF+fs_max;//kHz +fr_o=fo_max/fo_min;//frequency ratio for oscillator +C_ratio_o = fr_o**2;//Cs_max/Cs_min +printf("\n\n part(b):") +printf("\n For fo>fs, the range of fo : %.f to %.f kHz",fo_min,fo_max) +printf("\n frequency ratio = %.1f",fr_o) +printf("\n capacitance ratio = %.1f",C_ratio_o) +//ans wrong for part b in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95f9d9936 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Ex 26 Page 368 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Ic=3;//mA +hfe=45;//unitless +Vcc=12;//V +VBE=0.5;//V +S=0.05;//stability factor +Beta=45;//unitless + +RR=Vcc/2/(Ic*10**-3);//ohm (let RL+Re=RR) +//Re=20% of (Re+Rl) +Re=RR*20/100;//ohm +RL=RR-Re;//ohm +Ve=(Ic+Ic/Beta)*10**-3*Re;//V +Vb=Ve+VBE;//V +//S=Re/Rb=0.5 => Rb=Re/S +R1=Vcc*Re/S/Vb/1000;//kohm +// Vb/Vcc = R2/(R2+R1) +R2=Vb*R1/(Vcc-Vb);//kohm +printf("Resistor values are : ") +printf("\n RL=%.2f kohm",RL/1000) +printf("\n Re=%.2f kohm",Re/1000) +printf("\n R1=%.2f kohm",R1) +printf("\n R2=%.2f kohm",R2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..276ec99df --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 27 Page 369 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Vcc=50;//V +Vmin=10;//V +Pd=40;//W + + +Vo=Vcc-Vmin;//V +K=Vo/Vcc;//constant +Rdash=2*Vcc**2/%pi/Pd*(K-%pi*K**2/4);//ohm +Po=K**2*Vcc**2/2/Rdash;//W +eta=%pi*K/4*100;//% + +printf("load presented by transformer = %.1f ohm",Rdash) +printf("\n load power output = %.1f W",Po) +printf("\n conversion efficiency = %.1f percent",eta) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c234d6f6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Ex 28 Page 370 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Rs=1000;//ohm +Rc1=2*1000;//ohm +Re2=2*1000;//ohm +//CE configuration +hie=1100;//ohm +hre=2.5*10**-4; +hfe=50; +hoe=25*10**-6;//s +//CC configuration +hic=1.1;//kohm +hrc=1; +hfc=-51; +hoc=25*10**-6;//s + +printf("for 2nd stage(CC stage)") +AI2=-hfc/(1+hoe*Re2);//current gain +Ri2=hic+hrc*AI2*Re2;//kohm +Av2=AI2*Re2/Ri2;//Voltage Gain +printf("\n current gain = %0.2f",AI2) +printf("\n Input impedence = %0.2f kohm",Ri2/1000) +printf("\n Voltage gain = %0.2f",Av2) + +printf("\n\n for 1st stage(CE stage)") +RL1=Rc1*Ri2/(Rc1+Ri2);//kohm +AI1=-hfe/(1+hoe*RL1);//current gain +printf("\n current gain = %.2f",AI1) +Ri1=hie+hre*AI1*RL1;//kohm +printf("\n Input impedence = %0.2f kohm",Ri1/1000) +Av1=AI1*RL1/Ri1;//Voltage gain +printf("\n Voltage gain = %0.2f",Av1) +Ro1=1/(hoe-hfe*hre/(hie+100));//ohm +printf("\n Output impedence = %.2f kohm",Ro1/1000) +Ro1dash=Ro1*Rc1/(Ro1+Rc1);///ohm +printf("\n Output impedence taking Rc1 into account = %.2f kohm",Ro1dash/1000) + +printf("\n\n for overall amplifier") +Ro=1/(hoc*100-hfc*hrc/(hic+Ro1dash));//ohm +printf("\n Output impedence = %.2f ohm",Ro) +Rodash=Ro*Re2*1000/(Ro1+Re2*1000);///ohm +printf("\n Output impedence taking Re2 into account = %.2f ohm",Rodash) +AI=AI1*AI2*Rc1/(Ri2+Rc1);// current gain +printf("\n current gain = %.2f",AI) +Av=Av1*Av2;//voltage gain +printf("\n Voltage gain = %.2f",Av) +//answer is wrong for overall amplifier in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ce21650 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Ex 29 Page 372 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +fT=6*10**6;//Hz +hfe=50; +Rs=500;//ohm +gm=0.04;//S +rbb_dash=100;//ohm +Cc=10*10**-12;//F +RL=1;//kohm + +rbe=hfe/gm;//ohm +Ce=gm/2/%pi/fT;//F +C=Ce+Cc*(1+gm*RL);//F +hie=rbb_dash+rbe;//ohm +R=(Rs+rbb_dash)*rbe/((Rs+rbb_dash)+rbe);//ohm +f2=1/2/%pi/R/C;//Hz +printf("Voltage gain upper BW frequency = %.2f MHz",f2/10**6) +AIS=-hfe*Rs/(Rs+hie);//current gain +printf("\n Current gain = %.2f",AIS) +AVS=-hfe*RL*1000/(Rs+hie);//voltage gain +printf("\n Voltage gain = %.2f",AVS) +AVSf2=AVS*f2;//Hz +printf("\n Voltage gain BW product = %.2f MHz",abs(AVSf2/10**6)) +AISf2=AIS*f2;//Hz +printf("\n Current gain BW product = %.2f MHz",abs(AISf2/10**6)) + +//answer in the textbook are wrong. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd80f52fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Ex 3 Page 341 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +N=680; // turns +fi=1.6*10^3 ;// Wb +d1=4/100 ;// m +d2=24/100;//m +l=0.6;//m +mu0=4*%pi/10^7 ;// constant + + +// For air gap : +A=d1^2 ;// m^2 +Bg=fi/A ;//weber/m^2 +Hg=Bg/mu0;//AT/m +mmf1=0.001/mu0 ;// AT + +// For central limb : +A=d1^2;// m^2 +Bc=fi/A ;//weber/m^2 +Hc=900;//AT/m (from magnetization curve) +mmf2=Hc*d2 ;// AT + + +// For side limb : +fi=1/2*fi ;// Wb +A=d1^2;// m^2 +Bc=fi/A ;//weber/m^2 +Hc=520;//AT/m (from magnetization curve) +mmf3=Hc*l ;// AT + +mmf_total = mmf1+mmf2+mmf3;// AT +i=mmf_total/N ;// A +printf("Current required = %0.2f A",i) + + +// Answer in the textbook are not accurate diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60cc1cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Ex 30 Page 373 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +VP=-2;//V +IDSS=1.75/1000;//A +VDD=24;//V +ID=1/1000;//A +VP=0.2;//V (pinch off voltage) + +VGS=(1-sqrt(ID/IDSS))*VP;//V +gmo=-2*IDSS/VP;//S +gm=gmo*(1-VGS/VP);//S +Rs=-VGS/ID;//ohm + +printf("VGS=%.2f V",VGS) +printf("\n gm = %.2f mS",gm*1000) +printf("\n Rs = %.f ohm",Rs) +//Ans are wrong in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a1e13914 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Ex 31 Page 374 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +G=37;//dB +f1=50;//Hz +f2=18.7*1000;//Hz +BW1=f2;//Hz (f2-f1~=f2) + + +A1=10**(G/20);//Gain +A3=sqrt(A1);//Gain +RL1BYRL2=A1/A3;//ratio +RL2BYRL1=A3/A1;//ratio +//BW=2*%pi*Cd*RL +BW1BYBW2=RL2BYRL1; +BW2BYBW1=RL1BYRL2; +f2dash=f2*sqrt(sqrt(2)-1); +BW2=BW2BYBW1*f2dash;//Hz +printf("Bandwidth of redesigned amplifier, BW=%.f kHz",BW2/1000) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d2cc5a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Ex 32 Page 375 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +L=30;//H +C=10*10**-6;//F +RL=8*10**3;//ohm +f=50;//Hz + +r=sqrt(2)/12/(2*%pi*f)**2/L/C*100;//% +Lc=2*RL/6/(2*%pi*f);//H +printf("ripple factor = %.1f percent",r) +printf("\n Critical inductance, Lc=%.1f H",Lc) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca4de8052 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Ex 33 Page 376 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +V=500;//V +Pp=1500*10**3;//W (+ve side) +Pn=2000*10**3;//W (-ve side) + +P=Pp+Pn;//W +I=P/V;//A +Ip=Pp/(V/2);//A +In=Pn/(V/2);//A +Iob=In-Ip;//A +Ia=Iob/2;//A +printf("Current supplied by the main generator = %.f A",I) +printf("\n Current supplied on +ve side = %.f A",Ip) +printf("\n Current supplied on -ve side = %.f A",In) +printf("\n out-off balance Current = %.f A",Iob) +printf("\n Current in each armature = %.f A",Ia) + diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d74e8898 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Ex 34 Page 377 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +l=20;//km +P=10000;//kW +V=11;//kV +pf=0.707;//lagging +R=0.02;//ohm/km/phase +X=0.07;//ohm/km/phase + +//for pf = 0.707 + +IL=P*10**3/sqrt(3)/(V*1000)/pf;//A +VRphase=V*1000/sqrt(3);//V +R_phase=l*R;//ohm +X_phase=l*X;//ohm +Z_phase=R_phase+%i*X_phase;//ohm +Vd_phase=IL*(pf-%i*pf)*Z_phase;//V +VS=(Vd_phase+VRphase);//V +regulation=(VS-VRphase)/VRphase*100;//% +printf("regulation = %.f percent",regulation) +PL=3*IL^2*R_phase/1000;//kW +Po=P+PL;//kW +eta=P/Po*100;//% +printf("\n Efficiency = %.f percent",eta) + +//for pf2=0.9;//lagging +pf=0.9;//lagging +IL=P*10**3/sqrt(3)/(V*1000)/pf;//A +VRphase=V*1000/sqrt(3);//V +R_phase=l*R;//ohm +X_phase=l*X;//ohm +Z_phase=R_phase+%i*X_phase;//ohm +Vd_phase=IL*(pf-%i*.435)*Z_phase;//V +VS=(Vd_phase+VRphase);//V +regulation=(VS-VRphase)/VRphase*100;//% +printf("\n\n regulation = %.1f percent",regulation) +PL=3*IL^2*R_phase/1000;//kW +Po=P+PL;//kW +eta=P/Po*100;//% +printf("\n Efficiency = %.f percent",eta) +//ans wrong for 2nd part in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81f13d8b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Ex 35 Page 378 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +C1=1.2;//Rs +C2=5;//Rs +P1=100;//W +P2=30;//W +t=1000;//hours +Ce=60;//Rs/kW/annum for max demand +Cee=3 ;//paise/unit for extra + +//first lamp +Cl1=C1*100/t;// paise / hour +dmax1=P1/1000;//kW/hour +Cmax1=Ce*100*dmax1/(24*365);//paise/hour +CE1=Cee*dmax1;///paise / hour +CT1=Cl1+Cmax1+CE1;//paise (total cost per hour) +printf("lamp1 : Total cost/hour = %.3f paise",CT1) +//second lamp +Cl2=C2*100/t;// paise / hour +dmax2=P2/1000;//kW/hour +Cmax2=Ce*100*dmax2/(24*365);//paise/hour +CE2=Cee*dmax2;///paise / hour +CT2=Cl2+Cmax2+CE2;//paise (total cost per hour) +printf("\n lamp2 : Total cost/hour = %.2f paise",CT2) +printf("\n on comparing cost it is clear lamp1 will be more economical. ") +//let load factor = x +//Cl1+Cmax1/x+CE1=Cl2+Cmax2/x+CE2 +x=(Cmax1-Cmax2)/(Cl2+CE2-Cl1-CE1)*100;// % load factor +printf("\n\n load factor = %.f percent",x) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1b43a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Ex 36 Page 379 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +p=4;//pole +I1=143;//A +Z=492;//armature conductors +theta=10;//degree +I2=10;//A + +Ia=I1+I2;//A +Iw=Ia/2;//A for wave sound +Il=Ia/4;//for lap sound +//part(a) +ATw=Z*Iw*theta/360;//AT +nw=ATw/theta;//turns +printf("(a) extra shunt field turns required = %d",nw) + +//part(b) +ATl=Z*Il*theta/360;//AT +nl=ATl/theta;//turns +printf("\n (b) extra shunt field turns required = %d",nl) +//answer wrong for part(a) in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1d34ca8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Ex 37 Page 380 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Wh=250;//W +We=100;//W +N=1000/60;//rps + +A=Wh/N;//constant +B=We/N**2;//constant +Wnew=1/2*(Wh+We);//W +//Wnew=A*N1+B*N1**2 +p=[B,A,-Wnew];//polynomial for N1 +N1=roots(p);//rps +N1=N1(2)*60;//rpm//discarding -ve value +printf("New speed will be %.f rpm",N1) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00f6bca21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Ex 38 Page 381 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +P=50;//kW +V=250//V +N1=400;//rpm +Ra=0.02;//ohm +Rf=50;//ohm +Pi=50;//kW +Vin=250;//V +Vd=1;//V per Brush + +I=P*10**3/V//A +Ish=V/Rf;//A +Ia=I+Ish;//A +Va=Ia*Ra;//V +Vbd=2*Vd;//V +Eb1=V+Va+Vbd;//V + + +//as motor +I=P*10**3/V//A +Ish=V/Rf;//A +Ia=I-Ish;//A + +Va=Ia*Ra;//V +Vbd=2*Vd;//V +Eb2=V-Va-Vbd;//V +N2=(Eb2/Eb1)*N1;//rpm +printf("Speed of the machine running as shunt motor = %.f rpm",N2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72480ac8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Ex 39 Page 383 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +VL=250;//V +Is=50;//A +Ia=380;//A +If1=5;//A +If2=4.2;//A +ra=0.02;//ohm + +//Machine Losses: +ma_cu_loss=Ia**2*ra;//W (motor armature cu loss) +ga_cu_loss=(Ia-Is)**2*ra;//W (generator armature cu loss) +P=VL*Is;//W +stray_loss=P-ma_cu_loss-ga_cu_loss;//W +stray_loss_per_machine=stray_loss/2;//W + +//Motor efficiency +field_cu_loss=VL*If2;//W +total_loss=ma_cu_loss+field_cu_loss+stray_loss_per_machine;//W +Pin_motor=(VL*Ia)+(VL*ra);//W +Pout_motor=Pin_motor-total_loss;//W +Eff=Pout_motor/Pin_motor*100;//% +printf("Motor efficiency = %.f percent",Eff) + + +//Generator efficiency +field_cu_loss=VL*If1;//W +total_loss=ga_cu_loss+field_cu_loss+stray_loss_per_machine;//W +Pout_generator=VL*(Ia-Is);//W +Pin_generator=Pout_generator+total_loss;//W +Eff=Pout_motor/Pin_motor*100;//% +printf("\n Generator efficiency = %.f percent",Eff) + + + + diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f7684cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Ex 4 Page 343 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given + +D=15/100 ;// m +A=10/10**-4;//m^2 +N=200; // turns +fi=1.6*10^3 ;// Wb +B=1 ;//weber/m^2 +mu0=4*%pi/10^7 ;// constant +mur=500 ;// constant +lg=2/1000;//m + + +// without air gap +l=%pi*D;//m +R=l/mu0/mur/A;//A/Wb +fi=B*A;//Wb +mmf=fi*R;//AT +I=mmf/N;//A +L=N**2/R/10**6;//mH +E=1/2*L*I^2/100;//J + + +// with air gap +Rg=lg/mu0/A;//A/Wb +Rt=R+Rg;//A/Wb +fi=B*A;//Wb +mmf=fi*Rt;//AT +I2=mmf/N;//A +L2=N**2/Rt/10**6;//mH +E2=1/2*L2*I2^2/100;//J + +printf("\t\t\tWithout air gap With air gap") +printf("\nExciting current %.2f A %.1f A",I,I2) +printf("\nInductance %.1f mH %.1f mH",L,L2) +printf("\nStored Energy %.3f J %.2f J",E,E2) + + +// Answer in the textbook are not accurate diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aaf03c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Ex 40 Page 384 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +KVA=4;//kVA +V1=200//V +V2=400//V +f=50;//Hz +Io1=0.8;//A +P1=70;//W +Vs2=17.5;//V +Is2=9;//A +P2=50;//W + +//full load +I_loss=P1;//W +I2=KVA*1000/V2;//A +Cu_loss=(I2/Is2)**2*P2;//W +Zo2=Vs2/Is2;//ohm +Ro2=P2/Is2**2;//ohm +Xo2=sqrt(Zo2**2-Ro2**2);//ohm + +//(a) +printf("Full load efficiency : ") +//unity pf +pf=1;//power factor +Output=KVA*pf;//kW +Losses=Cu_loss+I_loss;//W +eta=Output*1000/(Output*1000+Losses)*100;//% +printf("\n at unity power factor = %.1f percent",eta) +//0.8 pf +pf=0.8;//power factor +Output=KVA*pf;//kW +eta=Output*1000/(Output*1000+Losses)*100;//% +printf("\n at 0.8 power factor = %.1f percent",eta) + +//(b) +//(i) unity pf +Vd=I2*Ro2;//V +V22=V2-Vd;//V +printf("\n\n Voltage drop at unity pf = %.1f V",V22) +//(i) 0.8 pf lagging +pf=0.8;//power factor +Vd=I2*(Ro2*pf+Xo2*sqrt(1-pf**2));//V +V22=V2-Vd;//V +printf("\n Voltage drop at 0.8 pf lagging = %.1f V",V22) +//(i) 0.8 pf leading +pf=0.8;//power factor +Vd=I2*(Ro2*pf-Xo2*sqrt(1-pf**2));//V +V22=V2-Vd;//V +printf("\n Voltage drop at 0.8 pf leading = %.f V",V22) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b03b7639 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Ex 41 Page 385 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +KVA=15;//kVA +pf=1; +eff=98/100;//efficiency + +L1=2;//kW +pf1=0.5;//lagging +t1=12;//hours +L2=12;//kW +pf2=0.8;//lagging +t2=6;//hours +L3=18;//kW +pf3=0.9;//lagging +t3=6;//hours + +Po=KVA*pf;//kW +Pin=Po/eff;//kW +Losses=Pin-Po;//kW +Cu_loss=Losses/2;//kW +I_loss=Losses/2;//kW + +KVA1=L1/pf1;//kVA +KVA2=L2/pf2;//kVA +KVA3=L3/pf3;//kVA +Cu_loss1=Cu_loss*(KVA1/KVA2)**2;//kW +Cu_loss2=Cu_loss*(KVA2/KVA2)**2;//kW +Cu_loss3=Cu_loss*(KVA3/KVA2)**2;//kW + +Cu_loss_t1=Cu_loss1*t1;//kW +Cu_loss_t2=Cu_loss2*t2;//kW +Cu_loss_t3=Cu_loss3*t3;//kW +Cu_loss_total=Cu_loss_t1+Cu_loss_t2+Cu_loss_t3;//kW +I_loss24=I_loss*24;//Wh + +Po24=L1*t1+L2*t2+L3*t3;//kWh +Pi24=Po24+Cu_loss_total+I_loss24;//kWh +eff_allday=Po24/Pi24*100;//% +printf("All day efficiency = %.f percent",eff_allday) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05a205f74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Ex 42 Page 386 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +V1=250;//V +V2=150;//V +Vs1=200;//V +Load1=5;//kW +pf1=0.8;//lagging +Load2=2;//kW +pf2=1;//unity +Vs2=100;//V + +I1=Load1*1000/V1/pf1;//A +t1_ratio=V1/Vs1;// +Ip1=I1*t1_ratio;//A at 0.8 pf (current drawn by primary) + +I2=Load2*1000/Vs2/pf2;//A +t2_ratio=Vs2/V2;// +Ip2=I2*t2_ratio;//A at 0.8 pf (current drawn by primary) + +Ipx=Ip1*pf1+Ip2;//A +Ipy=Ip1*sqrt(1-pf1**2);//A +I3=sqrt(Ipx**2+Ipy**2);//A +printf("Current drawn by the transformer=%.2f A",I3) +pf=Ipx/I3;//power factor +printf("\n power factor = %.1f lagging",pf) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..131518a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 43 Page 387 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +R2=0.03;//ohm +X2=0.18;//ohm +Ns=100;//rpm +s1=3;//% + + +Nfl=(100-s1);//rpm (full load speed) +N2=Nfl/2;//rpm +s2=(Ns-N2)/Ns*100;//% +V1BYV2=sqrt(s2/s1*(R2**2+(s1/100*X2)**2)/(R2**2+(s2/100*X2)**2));//from torque equation +//let V1=V12BYV1 V2=1 +V1=V1BYV2;//V +V2=1;//V +V12BYV1=(V1-1)/V1*100;// % reduction in the stator (V12=V1-V2) +printf("Percentage reduction in stator voltage = %.f percent",V12BYV1) +fi=atan(s2/100*X2/R2);//radian +pf=cos(fi);//power factor +printf("\n power factor = %.1f",pf) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992d91806 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 44 Page 388 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +zo=1+%i*1;//ohm +zi=0.2+%i*4;//ohm +Ri=real(zi) ;//ohm +Ro=real(zo) ;//ohm + +//at standstill +s=1;//% at standstill +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("(a) at standstill, To:Ti = %d:1",ToBYTi) + +//at s=0.5 +s=0.05;//% +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2/s**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2/s**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("\n (b) at s=0.05, To:Ti = %.1f:1",ToBYTi) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e1096273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Ex 45 Page 389 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Edc=500;//V +fim=.085;//Wb +f=50;//Hz +E1=11000;//V +P=1500;//kW +p=8;//pole +pf=0.9 +V=500;//V +J=3;//A/mm^2 + +E2=Edc/sqrt(2)//V +N2=E2/4.44/f/fim;//no. of turns +N1=E1/E2*N2;//no. of turns +printf("no. of turns in primary = %d",N1) +printf("\n no. of turns in secondary = %d",N2) +Idc=P*10**3/V;//A +eta=1;//because of no loss +ISR=0.472*Idc/(eta*pf) +A1=ISR/J*10**-6;//m^2 (cross section area) +I1=N2/N1*ISR;//A +A2=I1/J*10**-6;//m**2 (cross section area of primary winding) +printf("\n\n cross section of primary winding=%.2e m^2",A1) +printf("\n cross section of secondary winding=%.1e m^2",A2) +//ans in the book are not accurate. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6c493af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Ex 46 Page 391 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +IscBYIfl=5;// as Isc=5*Ifl +ILByIfl=3;// as IL <= 3*Ifl +sf=5;//% + +//IL=K**2*ISC +//dividing by Ifl +K=sqrt(ILByIfl/IscBYIfl)*100;//% +TstBYTf=(K/100)**2*IscBYIfl*sf/100*100;// % //ratio of torque +printf("Suitable auto transformation ratio = %.1f",K) +printf("\n Starting torque Tst = %.f percent of full-load torque",TstBYTf) +//ans wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14f7c7ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.47/Ex1_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Ex 47 Page 391 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +V=500;//V +ns=60;//slots +nc=20;//conductor/slot +ra=1.31;//ohm +Tmax=218;//N-m +fi=23*10**-3;//Wb + +Tmin=Tmax/1.5//N-m +Z=ns*nc;//no of conductors +Ia=Tmax/(.159*fi*Z);//A +Imax=1.5*Ia;//A +I1=Imax;//A +I2=Ia;//A +R1=V/I1;//ohm +n= log(R1/ra)/log(I1/I2)+1;//no of studs +N=n-1;//no of section +printf("no of studs = %d and no. of section = %d",n,N) +R2=R1*(I2/I1);//ohm +R3=R2*(I2/I1);//ohm +R4=R3*(I2/I1);//ohm +R1s=R1-R2;//ohm +R2s=R2-R3;//ohm +R3s=R3-R4;//ohm +R4s=R4-ra;//ohm +printf("\n\n Resistance of 1st section = %.2f ohm",R1s) +printf("\n Resistance of 2nd section = %.2f ohm",R2s) +printf("\n Resistance of 3rd section = %.2f ohm",R3s) +printf("\n Resistance of 4th section = %.2f ohm",R4s) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284b1bace --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 48 Page 393 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +theta1=20;//degree C +theta2=35;//degree C +t1=0.5;//hour +t2=1;//hour +theta_m_dashBYthetam=80/100;//temperature rise + +//theta=theta_m*(1-e**(-t/alfa)) +//theta1/theta2=(1-%e**(-t1/alfa))/(1-%e**(-t2/alfa)) +ee1=theta2/theta1-1;//let ee1=exp(-1/2/alfa) +theta_m=theta1/(1-ee1);//degree C +theta_2=theta_m*(1-ee1**4);// degree C (after 2 hours) +printf("temperature rise after 2 hours full load = %.f degree C",theta_2) +alfa=-1/2/log(ee1);//hour +alfa_dash=theta_m_dashBYthetam*alfa;//hour +theta_m_dash=theta_m_dashBYthetam*theta_m +theta_dash=theta_m_dash*(1-%e**(-t2/alfa)) +printf("\n temperature rise of cold water after 1 hour = %.f degree C",theta_dash) +//ans of 2nd part is wrong in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e0452ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 49 Page 394 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +u=30;//degree +m=3;//no of phases + +//Id=sqrt(2)*Vs*X*(1-cosd(u))*sin(%pi/m) +IdBYVs_dash=m/2/%pi*(1-cosd(u))*sin(%pi/m)*sqrt(2);//load current/Vs +//where IdBYVs_dash = m/%pi*IdX/2 +EdoBYVs=sqrt(2)*m/%pi*sin(%pi/m);//dc output voltage/Vs with no overlap +EduBYVs=EdoBYVs-IdBYVs_dash;//dc output voltage/Vs with overlap +//part (a) +Reg1=(EdoBYVs-EduBYVs)/EdoBYVs*100;//% (regulation) +printf("Regulation at no load voltage = %.1f percent",Reg1) +//part (b) +Reg2=(EdoBYVs-EduBYVs)/EduBYVs*100;//% (regulation) +printf("\n Regulation at full load voltage = %.1f percent",Reg2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04511400e --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Ex 5 Page 344 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given + +VA=60;//V +I=0.6;//A +// (VB-VA)/20+(VB-VC)/20+VB/20-I=0 +//3*VB-VC=72 for node B eqn(1) +//(VC-VA)/50+(VC-VB)/30+(VC-12)/50+VC/100=0 +//-5*VB+10*VC=144 eqn(2) +A=[3 -1;-5 10]; +B=[72;144]; +X=A**-1*B; +VB=X(1);//V +VC=X(2);//V +printf("Voltage acroos 100 ohm = %.1f V",VC) +VC=24;//V +VB=(72+VC)/3 ;// from eqn(1) +// Node C +// (VC-VA)/50+(VC-VB)/20+(VC-12)/50+VC/100+VC/R=0 eqn(3) +R=100*VC/(144+5*VB-10*VC);//ohm +printf("\nR=%.1f ohm",R) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4110c0ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Ex 50 Page 395 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +I12=2000;//A (I12=I1+I2) +R1=0.04;//ohm +R2=0.025;//ohm +rf1=25;//ohm +rf2=20;//ohm +E1=440;//V +E2=420;//V + +//E-Vad=V where Vad=I1+V/rf1 +//V*(1+R1/rf1)+R1*I1=E1//eqn(1) +//V*(1+R2/rf2)-I1*R2=E2-I12*R2// eqn(2) +A=[(1+R1/rf1),R1;(1+R2/rf2),-R2]; // matrix for solution +B=[E1;E2-I12*R2];//matrix for solution +X=A**-1*B;//solution +V=X(1);//V +I1=X(2);//A +I2=I12-I1;//A +printf("Current for each machine = %.f A & %.f A ",I1,I2) +Po1=V*I1;//W +Po2=V*I2;//W +printf("\n Power output for each machine = %.1f kW & %.1f kW",Po1/1000,Po2/1000) +//ans in the book are wrong. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1de12ac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Ex 51 Page 396 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +ZA=0.15+0.5*%i;//ohm +ZB=0.1+0.6*%i;//ohm +EA=207;//V +EB=205;//V +ZL=2+1.5*%i;//ohm + +IA=(EA*ZB+(EA-EB)*ZL)/(ZA*ZB+ZL*(ZA+ZB));//A +IB=(EB*ZA-(EA-EB)*ZL)/(ZA*ZB+ZL*(ZA+ZB));//A +V2=(IA+IB)*ZL;//V +fi_A=atand(imag(V2)/real(V2))-(atand(imag(IA)/real(IA))) +pf_A=cosd(fi_A);//lag +printf("pf transformer A = %.2f lag",pf_A) +fi_B=atand(imag(V2)/real(V2))-(atand(imag(IB)/real(IB))) +pf_B=cosd(fi_B);//lag +printf("\n pf transformer B = %.2f lag",pf_B) +PA=abs(V2*IA*pf_A);//W +printf("\n power output transformer A = %.f W",PA) +PB=abs(V2*IB*pf_B);//W +printf("\n power output transformer B = %.f W",PB) +//Power output ans are wrong in the book. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31f5fe30e --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.52/Ex1_52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Ex 52 Page 397 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +d1=0.05*10**-3;//mm +l1=100*10**-2;//m +i2BYi1=1/4;//current ratio +//(d2/d1)**(3/2)=i2BYi1 +d2=(i2BYi1)**(2/3)*d1*10**6;//um +l2=1/2*l1*d1/d2*10**6;//m +printf("filament length = %.2f m",l2) +printf("\n filament diameter = %.f um",d2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58c88ec4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.53/Ex1_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Ex 53 Page 398 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +d1=0.10*10**-3;//mm +l1=150*10**-2;//m +i2BYi1=1/3;//current ratio +//(d2/d1)**(3/2)=i2BYi1 +d2=(i2BYi1)**(2/3)*d1*10**6;//um +l2=1/2*l1*d1/d2*10**6;//m +printf("filament length = %.1f m",l2) +printf("\n filament diameter = %.f um",d2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f48fa3cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.54/Ex1_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 54 Page 398 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +zo=2+%i*2;//ohm +zi=0.5+%i*4;//ohm +Ri=real(zi) ;//ohm +Ro=real(zo) ;//ohm + +//at standstill +s=1;//% at standstill +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("(a) at standstill, To:Ti = %d:1",ToBYTi) + +//at s=0.5 +s=0.05;//% +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2/s**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2/s**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("\n (b) at s=0.05, To:Ti = %.f:10",ToBYTi*10) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.55/Ex1_55.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.55/Ex1_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc07b13f --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.55/Ex1_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Ex 55 Page 400 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Edc=250;//V +fim=.065;//Wb +f=50;//Hz +E1=6000;//V +P=1500;//kW +p=8;//pole +pf=0.9 +V=400;//V +J=3;//A/mm^2 + +E2=Edc/sqrt(2)//V +N2=E2/4.44/f/fim;//no. of turns +N1=E1/E2*N2;//no. of turns +printf("no. of turns in primary = %d",N1) +printf("\n no. of turns in secondary = %d",N2) +Idc=P*10**3/V;//A +eta=1;//because of no loss +ISR=0.472*Idc/(eta*pf) +A1=ISR/J*10**-6;//m^2 (cross section area) +I1=N2/N1*ISR;//A +A2=I1/J*10**-6;//m**2 (cross section area of primary winding) +printf("\n\n cross section of primary winding=%.2e m^2",A1) +printf("\n cross section of secondary winding=%.1e m^2",A2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.56/Ex1_56.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.56/Ex1_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94120231f --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.56/Ex1_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Ex 56 Page 400 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +IscBYIfl=4;// as Isc=5*Ifl +ILByIfl=3;// as IL <= 3*Ifl +sf=4;//% + +//IL=K**2*ISC +//dividing by Ifl +K=sqrt(ILByIfl/IscBYIfl)*100;//% +TstBYTf=(K/100)**2*IscBYIfl*sf/100*100;// % //ratio of torque +printf("Suitable auto transformation ratio = %.1f",K) +printf("\n Starting torque Tst = %.f percent of full-load torque",TstBYTf) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.57/Ex1_57.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.57/Ex1_57.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..632e61881 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.57/Ex1_57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Ex 57 Page 401 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +theta1=30;//degree C +theta2=45;//degree C +t1=0.5;//hour +t2=1;//hour +theta_m_dashBYthetam=60/100;//temperature rise + +//theta=theta_m*(1-e**(-t/alfa)) +//theta1/theta2=(1-%e**(-t1/alfa))/(1-%e**(-t2/alfa)) +ee1=theta2/theta1-1;//let ee1=exp(-1/2/alfa) +theta_m=theta1/(1-ee1);//degree C +theta_2=theta_m*(1-ee1**4);// degree C (after 2 hours) +printf("temperature rise after 2 hours full load = %.f degree C",theta_2) +alfa=-1/2/log(ee1);//hour +alfa_dash=theta_m_dashBYthetam*alfa;//hour +theta_m_dash=theta_m_dashBYthetam*theta_m +theta_dash=theta_m_dash*(1-%e**(-t2/alfa)) +printf("\n temperature rise of cold water after 1 hour = %.f degree C",theta_dash) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.58/Ex1_58.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.58/Ex1_58.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65a3e43de --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.58/Ex1_58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 58 Page 401 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +zo=2+%i*3;//ohm +zi=0.5+%i*5;//ohm +Ri=real(zi) ;//ohm +Ro=real(zo) ;//ohm + +//at standstill +s=1;//% at standstill +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("at slip=0, To:Ti = %d:1",ToBYTi) + +//at s=0.5 +s=0.05;//% +Zo=sqrt(real(zo)**2/s**2+imag(zo)**2);//ohm +Zi=sqrt(real(zi)**2/s**2+imag(zi)**2);//ohm +ToBYTi=Ro/Ri*(Zi/Zo)**2;//torque ratio +printf("\n at s=0.05, To:Ti = %.f:10",ToBYTi*10) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.59/Ex1_59.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.59/Ex1_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7786bd9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.59/Ex1_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 59 Page 402 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +u=45;//degree +m=3;//no of phases + +//Id=sqrt(2)*Vs*X*(1-cosd(u))*sin(%pi/m) +IdBYVs_dash=m/2/%pi*(1-cosd(u))*sin(%pi/m)*sqrt(2);//load current/Vs +//where IdBYVs_dash = m/%pi*IdX/2 +EdoBYVs=sqrt(2)*m/%pi*sin(%pi/m);//dc output voltage/Vs with no overlap +EduBYVs=EdoBYVs-IdBYVs_dash;//dc output voltage/Vs with overlap +//part (a) +Reg1=(EdoBYVs-EduBYVs)/EdoBYVs*100;//% (regulation) +printf("part(a) Regulation at no load voltage = %.f percent",Reg1) +//part (b) +Reg2=(EdoBYVs-EduBYVs)/EduBYVs*100;//% (regulation) +printf("\n part(b) Regulation at full load voltage = %.f percent",Reg2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..606558602 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Ex 6 Page 346 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given + +Ro=600;//ohm +fc=2*1000;//Hz +alfa=10;//dB + + +L=Ro/%pi/fc*1000;//mH +C=1/(%pi*Ro*fc)*10**6;//uF +alfa=alfa/8.686;//nepers +f=fc*cosh(alfa/2)/1000;//kHz +printf("\nat f = %.2f kHz, the above filter will have required attenuation.",f) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.60/Ex1_60.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.60/Ex1_60.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14fc8381d --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.60/Ex1_60.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Ex 60 Page 402 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +d1=0.15*10**-3;//mm +l1=150*10**-2;//m +i2BYi1=1/4;//current ratio +//(d2/d1)**(3/2)=i2BYi1 +d2=(i2BYi1)**(2/3)*d1*10**6;//um +l2=1/2*l1*d1/d2*10**6;//m +printf("length of filament = %.2f m",l2) +printf("\n diameter of filament = %.f um",d2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.61/Ex1_61.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.61/Ex1_61.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd431887e --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.61/Ex1_61.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Ex 61 Page 403 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +d=5/100;//m +S=-4/100;//m +Ve=3;//kV +theta=45;//degree +e=1.6*10**-19;//C +m=9.67*10**-31;//kg + +u=sqrt(2*e*Ve*1000/m);//m/s +uy=u*sind(theta);//m/s +vy=0;//since final velocity =0 +//vy**2-uy**2=2*ay*S +ay=(vy**2-uy**2)/2/S;//m**2/s +//ay=e/m*V/d +V=ay*m*d/e;//V +printf("Potential difference = %.f V",V) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.62/Ex1_62.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.62/Ex1_62.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3456a1e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.62/Ex1_62.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Ex 62 Page 403 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +R=150;//ohm +Vrms=200;//V +Rd1=65;//ohm +Rd2=140;//ohm + +Vm=Vrms/sqrt(2);//V +//v=Vm*sin(theta) +Rf=R+Rd1;//ohm +Rb=R+Rd2;//ohm +//i_f=v/Rf;//A +//i_b=v/Rb;//A +Irms=1/2/%pi*(integrate('(sqrt(2)*sin(theta))**2','theta',0,%pi)+integrate('(sqrt(2)/3*sin(theta))**2','theta',%pi,2*%pi)) +Iav=1/2/%pi*(integrate('sqrt(2)*sin(theta)','theta',0,%pi)+integrate('sqrt(2)/3*sin(theta)','theta',%pi,2*%pi)) +printf("reading of ammeter 1= %.2f A",Irms) +printf("\n reading of ammeter 2 = %.2f A",Iav) +P=1/2*(Vrms**2/Rf+Vrms**2/Rb);//W +printf("\n\n Power taken from the mains = %.1f W",P) +Pc=Irms**2*R;//W +Pd=P-Pc;//W +printf("\n Power dissipated in rectifying device = %d W",Pd) +//Answer wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.63/Ex1_63.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.63/Ex1_63.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29de8aed9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.63/Ex1_63.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Ex 63 Page 404 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +R=180;//ohm +V=4;//V +l=75;//cm +vd=.4;//V +emf=1.9;//V +Rc=850;//ohm +sg=17.5;//mm/uA +df=2;//mm + + +I=R/V;//A +Rw=vd/I;//ohm +Id=df/sg*10**-6;//A +el=1/sg*Rc;//uV +printf("error limit = %.1f uV",el) +Rw1=0.2/l*Rw;//ohm (for 2cm slide wire) +dV=I*Rw1*1000;//mV +r1=emf/I;//ohm +r2=r1*22.8/R;//ohm +Ig=dV/1000/(Rc+r2);//A +d=dV/1000/(Rc+r2)/Id;//mm +printf("\n Deflection = %.1f mm",d) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.64/Ex1_64.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.64/Ex1_64.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7a7e6857 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.64/Ex1_64.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 64 Page 405 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +//i=0.25+0.25*sin(omega*t)-0.25*sin(2*omega*t) +I0=0.25;I1m=0.25;I2m=-0.25;//from above expression +Iav=I0;//A +R=800;//ohm +L=1/1000;//H + +Irms=sqrt(I0**2+(I1m/sqrt(2)**2+(I2m/sqrt(2)**2)));//A +printf("Reading on hot wire instrument = %.3f A",Irms) +VR=Irms*R;//V +printf("\n Reading on electrostatic voltmeter across 800 ohm = %d V",VR) +//vl_dash=L*di/dt=300*cos(w*t)-400*cos(2*w*t) +vl1=300;vl2=4;//V +vl=sqrt((300/sqrt(2))**2+(400/sqrt(2))**2) +printf("\n Reading on electrostatic voltmeter across 1 mH inductor = %d V",vl) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.65/Ex1_65.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.65/Ex1_65.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f20c460f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.65/Ex1_65.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Ex 65 Page 406 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +C=6*10**-6;//F +L=2.5;//H +R=300;//ohm + + +a=R/2/L +omega = sqrt(1/L/C-R^2/4/L^2);//rad/s +//i=Im*%e**(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +//at t=0 sec +i0=0;//A +vc=10;//V +fi=asin(i0);//degree +//L*di/dt=vc at t=0 +Im=poly([0],'Im') +function i=current(t) + i=Im*expm(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +endfunction +//i=Im*expm(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +LdiBYdt=L*numderivative(current,0) +temp = coeff(LdiBYdt) +Im=vc/temp(2) +Rn=2*sqrt(L/C);//ohm +Rad=Rn-R;//ohm +printf("Additional resistance required = %d ohm",Rad) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.66/Ex1_66.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.66/Ex1_66.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d90e4cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.66/Ex1_66.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 66 Page 407 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +f=50;//Hz +Vm=500;//V +R=20;//ohm +L=0.15;//H +t=0.03;//sec +XL=2*%pi*f*L;//ohm +Z=R+%i*XL;//ohm +Im=Vm/abs(Z);//A +fi=atan(XL/R);//degree +lambda=L/R;//sec +i = Im*sin(314*t-fi)+0.95*%e**(-100*t);//A +printf("\n current after 0.03 sec is : %0.1f A",i) +i2=Im*(0.95*%e**(-100*t));//A +printf("\n transient component is : %0.2f A",i2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.67/Ex1_67.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.67/Ex1_67.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e0e4433d --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.67/Ex1_67.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Ex 67 Page 407 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +//v=350*sin(omega*t)+80*sin(3*omega*t+%pi/3)+40*sin(5*omega*t+5*%pi/6) +V1=350;V3=80;V5=40;//V +fi1=0;fi3=60;fi5=150;//degree +R=20;//omh +L=0.05;//H +omega=314;//rad/s + +X1=omega*L;//ohm +Z1=R+%i*X1;//ohm +X3=3*omega*L;//ohm +Z3=R+%i*X3;//ohm +X5=5*omega*L;//ohm +Z5=R+%i*X5;//ohm +[r1,t1]=polar(Z1); +[r3,t3]=polar(Z3); +[r5,t5]=polar(Z5); +I1m=V1/r1;//A +I3m=V3/r3;//A +I5m=V5/r5;//A +Irms=sqrt(I1m^2/2+I3m^2/2+I5m^2/2);//A +Vrms=sqrt(V1^2/2+V3^2/2+V5^2/2);//A +printf("\n Irms=%.f A\n Vrms=%.f V",Irms,Vrms) +P=Irms^2*R;//W +printf("\n Total Power, P=%.f W",P) +cosfi=P/Vrms/Irms;//Power factor +printf("\n Power factor = %.2f",cosfi) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.68/Ex1_68.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.68/Ex1_68.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeca2ebcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.68/Ex1_68.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Ex 68 Page 408 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +VRY=200*expm(%i*0);//V +VYB=200*expm(%i*-120*%pi/180);//V +VBR=200*expm(%i*120*%pi/180);//V + + +ZA=10*expm(%i*60*%pi/180);//ohm +ZB=10*expm(%i*0*%pi/180);//ohm +ZC=10*expm(%i*60*%pi/180);//ohm + +//Phase current +IRY=VRY/ZA;//A +IYB=VYB/ZB;//A +IBR=VBR/ZC;//A + +IR=IRY-IBR;//A +PVA=conj(VRY)*IR;//W +printf("Wattmeter W1 reading=%.f W",real(PVA)) +IB=IBR-IYB;//A +PVB=conj(-VYB)*IB;//W +printf("\n Wattmeter W2 reading=%.f W or %.f kW",real(PVB),real(PVB)/1000) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.69/Ex1_69.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.69/Ex1_69.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b243fc95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.69/Ex1_69.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Ex 69 Page 409 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Rab=6;Rbc=8;Rca=4;//ohm +Vab=100*expm(%i*0);//V +Vbc=100*expm(%i*-120*%pi/180);//V +Vca=100*expm(%i*120*%pi/180);//V +Zab=6+%i*8;//ohm +Zbc=8+%i*6;//ohm +Zca=4-%i*3;//ohm + +//Phase current +Iab=Vab/Zab;//A +Ibc=Vbc/Zbc;//A +Ica=Vca/Zca;//A +printf("Phase Current:") +[r,t]=polar(Iab) +printf("\n Iab=%.f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +[r,t]=polar(Ibc) +printf("\n Ibc=%.f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +[r,t]=polar(Ica) +printf("\n Ica=%.f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +//Line current +Iaa=Iab-Ica;//A +Ibb=Ibc-Iab;//A +Icc=Ica-Ibc;//A +printf("\n\n Line Current:") +[r,t]=polar(Iaa) +printf("\n Iaa=%.1f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +[r,t]=polar(Ibb) +printf("\n Ibb=%.2f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +[r,t]=polar(Icc) +printf("\n Icc=%.2f angle=%.2f degree ",r,t*180/%pi) +//Power Consumed +Wab=abs(Iab)^2*Rab;//W +Wbc=abs(Ibc)^2*Rbc;//W +Wca=abs(Ica)^2*Rca;//W +W=Wab+Wbc+Wca;//W +W=W/1000;//kW +printf("\n\n Total Power, W=%.f kW",W) +//Answer wrong for line current in the textbook. diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4eea876d --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Ex 7 Page 347 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +//v=100*sin(314*t) +R=25;//ohm +C=80;//uF +omega=314;//radian +Vm=100;//V + +Xc=1/omega/(C*10**-6);//ohm +Z=sqrt(R**2+Xc**2);//ohm +Im=Vm/Z;//A +theta=atan(Xc/R);//radian +printf("equation for instant current:") +mprintf("\n i=%.2f*sin(%d*t+%.2f)",Im,omega,theta) +P=(Im/sqrt(2))**2*R;//W +mprintf("\n Power consumed = %.1f W",P) +Vcm=Im*Xc;//V +//(when i=Im/2) +i=0.5*Im;//A +//vc=Vcm*sin(314*t+theta-%pi/2) +//i=Im*sin(314*t+theta) +tt=asin(i/Im) ;//radian tt=314*t+theta +vcm=Vcm*sin(tt-%pi/2) +mprintf("\n Voltage across capacitor = %.1f V(+ve & -ve)",abs(vcm)) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.70/Ex1_70.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.70/Ex1_70.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b47b7da3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.70/Ex1_70.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Ex 70 Page 410 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +VRY=300*expm(%i*0);//V +VYB=300*expm(%i*-90*%pi/180);//V +VBR=300*expm(%i*90*%pi/180);//V + + +ZA=10*expm(%i*60*%pi/180);//ohm +ZB=10*expm(%i*0*%pi/180);//ohm +ZC=10*expm(%i*60*%pi/180);//ohm + +//Phase current +IRY=VRY/ZA;//A +IYB=VYB/ZB;//A +IBR=VBR/ZC;//A + +IR=IRY-IBR;//A +PVA=conj(VRY)*IR;//W +printf("W1 reading=%.f W",real(PVA)) +IB=IBR-IYB;//A +PVB=conj(-VYB)*IB;//W +printf("\n W2 reading=%.f W or %.f kW",real(PVB),real(PVB)/1000) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.71/Ex1_71.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.71/Ex1_71.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e514e15cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.71/Ex1_71.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Ex 71 Page 411 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +f=50;//Hz +Vm=500;//V +R=20;//ohm +L=0.2;//H +t=0.02;//sec +XL=2*%pi*f*L;//ohm +Z=R+%i*XL;//ohm +Im=Vm/abs(Z);//A +fi=atan(XL/R);//degree +lambda=L/R;//sec +printf("expression for current:") +printf("\n i = %.1f*sin(314*t-%.3f)+0.95*e**(-100*t)",Im,fi) +i = Im*sin(314*t-fi)+0.95*%e**(-100*t);//A +printf("\n current after 0.02 sec is : %0.1f A",-i) +i2=Im*(0.95*%e**(-100*t));//A +printf("\n transient component is : %0.2f A",i2) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.72/Ex1_72.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.72/Ex1_72.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28722c268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.72/Ex1_72.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Ex 72 Page 411 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +R=200;//ohm +L=2;//H +C=5*10**-6;//F + + + +if R<2*sqrt(L/C) then +printf("Since R<2sqrt(L/C), the circuit is originally oscillatory.") +end + +a=R/(2*L) +omega = sqrt(1/L/C-R^2/4/L^2);//rad/s +//i=Im*%e**(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +//at t=0 sec +i0=0;//A +vc=10;//V +fi=asin(i0);//degree +//L*di/dt=vc at t=0 +Im=poly([0],'Im') +function i=current(t) + i=Im*expm(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +endfunction +//i=Im*expm(-a*t)*sin(omega*t+fi) +LdiBYdt=L*numderivative(current,0) +temp = coeff(LdiBYdt) +Im=vc/temp(2) +printf("\n\n Expression for current :\n i = %.3f*exp(-%dt)*sin(%.1ft)",Im,a,omega) +Rn=2*sqrt(L/C);//ohm +Rad=Rn-R;//ohm +printf("\n\n Resistance required = %d ohm",Rad) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.73/Ex1_73.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.73/Ex1_73.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5857dccf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.73/Ex1_73.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Ex 73 Page 412 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +//i=0.5+0.3*sin(omega*t)-0.2*sin(2*omega*t) +I0=0.5;I1m=0.3;I2m=-0.2;//from above expression +Iav=I0;//A +R=1000;//ohm +L=1/1000;//H + +Irms=sqrt(I0**2+(I1m/sqrt(2)**2+(I2m/sqrt(2)**2)));//A +printf("Reading of hot wire instrument = %.3f A",Irms) +VR=Irms*R;//V +printf("\n Reading of electrostatic voltmeter acroos 1000 ohm = %d V",VR) +//vl_dash=L*di/dt=300*cos(w*t)-400*cos(2*w*t) +vl1=300;vl2=4;//V +vl=sqrt((300/sqrt(2))**2+(400/sqrt(2))**2) +printf("\n Reading of electrostatic voltmeter acroos 1 mH inductor = %d V",vl) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.74/Ex1_74.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.74/Ex1_74.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7ef4b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.74/Ex1_74.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Ex 74 Page 412 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +//v=350*sin(omega*t)+80*sin(3*omega*t+%pi/3)+40*sin(5*omega*t+5*%pi/6) +V1=250;V3=50;V5=30;//V +fi1=0;fi3=60;fi5=90;//degree +R=20;//omh +L=0.05;//H +omega=314;//rad/s + +X1=omega*L;//ohm +Z1=R+%i*X1;//ohm +X3=3*omega*L;//ohm +Z3=R+%i*X3;//ohm +X5=5*omega*L;//ohm +Z5=R+%i*X5;//ohm +[r1,t1]=polar(Z1); +[r3,t3]=polar(Z3); +[r5,t5]=polar(Z5); +I1m=V1/r1;//A +I3m=V3/r3;//A +I5m=V5/r5;//A +Irms=sqrt(I1m^2/2+I3m^2/2+I5m^2/2);//A +Vrms=sqrt(V1^2/2+V3^2/2+V5^2/2);//A +printf("\n Irms=%.f A\n Vrms=%.f V",Irms,Vrms) +P=Irms^2*R;//W +printf("\n Total Power, P=%.f W",P) +cosfi=P/Vrms/Irms;//Power factor +printf("\n Power factor = %.2f",cosfi) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.75/Ex1_75.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.75/Ex1_75.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29a316069 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.75/Ex1_75.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Ex 75 Page 414 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Ebb=400;//V +Emm=250;//V +Ibb=25;//A +Po=2.5*10**3;//W + +m=Emm/Ebb;//modulation index +Pbb=Ebb*Ibb +eta=Po/Pbb*100;//% +P=Po*(1+m**2/2);//W +Pdo=Pbb-Po;//W +Pd=Pdo*(1+m**2/2);//W +printf("\n carrier power under modulated condition = %0.2f kW",P/1000) +printf("\n plate circuit efficiency = %.f percent",eta) +printf("\n plate dissipation under unmodulated condition = %.1f kW",Pdo/1000) +printf("\n plate dissipation under modulated condition = %.2f kW",Pd/1000) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.76/Ex1_76.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.76/Ex1_76.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..304f6df51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.76/Ex1_76.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Ex 76 Page 414 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given +Zo=50;//ohm +VSWR=2;//ratio +//lm=0.2*lamda +lmBYlamda=0.2 +betaINTOlamda=2*%pi +rho=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1);//reflection coefficient +theta=2*betaINTOlamda*lmBYlamda;//radian +//exp(j*theta)=cos(theta)+%i*sin(theta) +ZL=Zo*(1-rho*(cos(theta)+%i*sin(theta)))/(1+rho*(cos(theta)+%i*sin(theta)));//ohm +Rs=real(ZL);//ohm +Xs=abs(imag(ZL));//ohm(capacitive) +printf("\n Rs = %0.1f ohm",Rs) +printf("\n Xs = %0.1f ohm",Xs) +YL=(1/ZL)*1000;//mS +Rp=1000/real(YL);//ohm +Xp=1000/imag(YL);//ohm +printf("\n Rp = %0.1f ohm",Rp) +printf("\n Xp = %0.f ohm",Xp) + diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02ec842e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Ex 8 Page 348 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given + +Z1=(6.25+%i*1.25);//ohm +Z2=(5+%i*0);//ohm +//Z3=(5-%i*XC);//ohm +V=100;//V +f=50;//Hz +//Z23=(250+5*Xc**2)/(100+Xc**2)-%i*(25*Xc)/(100+Xc**2) +//for in phase condition imag part must be zero +//5*Xc**2-100*Xc+5*100=0 +A=[5 -100 500];//polynomal +XC=roots(A); +XC=XC(1);//ohm +C=1/(2*%pi*f*XC)*10**6;//uF +printf("Capacitance of XC = %.f uF",C) +Z=XC;//ohm +I=V/Z;//A +P=I**2*Z/1000;//kW +printf("\n Circuit current = %.f A and power = %.f kW",I,P) diff --git a/3745/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3745/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..787526e78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3745/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Ex 9 Page 349 + +clc;clear;close; +// Given + +omega_o=600;//rad/s +omega=400;//rad/s +R=3;//ohm +IBYIo=1/2;//ratio + + +fo=omega_o/2/%pi;//Hz +f=omega/2/%pi;//Hz +//I/Io=1/(sqrt(1+Q**2*(f/fo-fo/f)**2)) +Q=sqrt(1/IBYIo**2-1)/(fo/f-f/fo) +//Q=1/omega_0/R/C +C=1/omega_o/R/Q*10**6;//uF +//Q=omega_0*L/R +L=Q*R/omega_o*1000;//mH +printf("L = %.1f mH\n C=%.f uF",L,C) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f96b924d --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Strength of Materials By G.H. Ryder +// Chapter 1 +//Example 1 + +// To Calculate Young's Modulus, Stress at limit of proportion, the yield stress, ultimate stress, % elongation and %contraction. +clc(); + +//Given (from question) i.e. Initialization of variables +P=80000; //load at limit of proportionality , unit in newton(N) +D= 2; //original diameter, unit in cm +l=4; // gauge length , unit in cm +x=0.048; //extension at limit of proportionality , unit in mm +Py=85000; //Load at yield point , unit in newton (N) +Pmax=150000; //maximum or ultimate load, units in newton(N) +l1=5.56; //elongation, unit in cm +D1=1.58; //contracted diameter at neck , unit in cm + +//Calculations +A=%pi*100*(D^2)/4; //Cross section area , unit in mm^2 +E=(P*l*10)/(A*x); //Youngs Modulus , unit in N/(mm^2) +stress1=P/A; //Stress at limit of proportionality,unit in N/(mm^2) +stressY=Py/A; //yield stress N/(mm^2) ,unit in N/(mm^2) +stressuts=Pmax/A; //ultimate tensile stress,unit in N/(mm^2) +el=(l1-l)*100/l; //percentage elongation +co=(D^2-D1^2)*100/D^2; //percentage contraction + +//Outputs +printf("Young Modulus = %.2fN/mm^2\n",E) //The answers vary due to round off error +printf("stress at limit of proportionality = %.0fN/mm^2\n",stress1) +printf("yield stress = %.0fN/mm^2\n",stressY) + +printf("ultimate tensile stress = %.2fN/mm^2\n",stressuts) //The answers vary due to round off error +printf("percentage elongation = %.0f percent\n",el) +printf("percentage contraction = %.0f percent\n",co) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3cf4252a --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 10 +//(a) To Calculate exiting stress in steel +//(b)To Calculate final stress in steel in steel if additional end trust is applied + +clc(); + +//Initialization of variables +Ds=18; //Diameter of steel rod, Unit in mm + +Dc=39; //Outside diameter of copper sleeve, Unit i mm +dc=24;//Inside diameter of copper sleeve, Unit in mm +EsbyEc=2;//Ratio of Young's modulus of steel to young's of copper +d=1.5//depth of copper removed, Unit in mm + + +//Computations +SigmaS1=10;//Tension stress set up in steel, Unit in N/mm^2 + +As=(%pi/4)*Ds^2; //Cross section Area of steel rod, Unit in mm^2 +Ac=(%pi/4)*(Dc^2-dc^2); //Cross section Area of copper sleeve, Unit in mm^2 +Acr=(%pi/4)*((Dc-2*d)^2-dc^2); //Area of reduce sectoin of copper, Unit in mm^2 +SigmaC1=(As/Ac)*SigmaS1; //Stress set up in copper tube, Unit in N/mm^2 + +//(a)When tube reduced in area for half it's length +//Let SigmaC2 be stress in reduced secton in copper & SigmaCdash in the reminder +//Let SigmaS2 be stress in rod +//Equilibrium equation: Load on tube=Load on Rod + //SigmaC2*Acr=SigmaC2dash*Ac=SigmaS2*As + //SigmaC2=(As/Acr)*SigmaS2......(i) + //SigmaC2dash=(As/Ac)*SigmaC2.....(ii) + + +//Compatibility Equation: Reduction in lenght of rod=Reduction in length of tube + //(SigmaS1-SigmaS2)*l/Es=(SigmaC2-SigmaC1)*l/(2*Ec) + (SigmaC3dash-SigmaC1)*l/(2*Ec) + +//Solving Equilibrium Equations and compatibility equation +SigmaS2=(SigmaS1+EsbyEc*SigmaC1)/(1+As*EsbyEc/(2*Acr)+As*EsbyEc/(2*Ac)); //Unit in N/mm^2 The answer vary due to round off error + +//Result (a) +printf("The exiting stress in steel, SigmaS2= %.1fN/mm^2\n",SigmaS2) + + + +//(b)An additonal end thrust of 5000N is applied + +P=5000;//Additonal end thrust, Unit in N +//Let SigmaS3 And SigmaC3 be stresses in reduce section of steel and copper respectively +//Let SigmaC3dash be stress in remainder section of copper + + + //Equlibrium Equation: + //P=SigmaC3*Acr-SigmaS3*As + //SigmaC3=P/Acr+(As/Acr)*SigmaS3............(iii) + //SigmaC3dash=P/Ac+(As/Ac)*SigmaS3............(iv) + + +SigmaS3=(SigmaS1+EsbyEc*SigmaC1-(EsbyEc/2)*(P/Acr+P/Ac))/(1+EsbyEc*As/(2*Acr)+EsbyEc*As/(2*Ac)); //Unit in N/mm^2, The answer vary due to round off error + +//Result (b) +printf("Final Stress in Steel,SigmaS3=%.1f N/mm^2",SigmaS3) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2d0a5dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 11 +// To Calculate thermal Stress in rod & tube +SteelOD=2.4; //External diameter of steel tube, Unit in cm +SteelID=1.8; //Internal diameter of steel tube, Unit in cm +CopperDia=1.5; //Diameter of copper rod, unit in mm +Es=210,000; //Young's Modulus for steel , Unit in N/mm^2 +Ec=100,00; //Young's Modulus for copper , Unit in N/mm^2 +alphaS=11e-6; //co-efficient of linear expansion for steel, Unit in perdegreeC +alphaC=18e-6; //co-efficient of linear expansion for copper, Unit in perdegreeC +AreaSteel=%pi*(SteelOD^2-SteelID^2)/4; //cross section Area of steel tube, Unit in cm^2 +AreaCopper=%pi*CopperDia^2/4; //cross section Area of copper bar, Unit in cm^2 + +//Equillibrium Equation : SigmaC*AreaCopper=SigmaS*AreaSteel +Ti=10; //Initial Temperature, Unit in perdegreeC +Tf=200;//Final Temperature, Unit in perdegreeC +//Compatibility Equation: + //alphaC*(Tf-Ti)-SigmaC/Ec=alphaS*(Tf-Ti)-SigmaS/Es +SigmaS=(alphaS+alphaC)*(Tf-Ti)/((1/Es)*AreaSteel/(AreaCopper*Ec)); +//Stress in steel, Expression from compatability & Equillibrium Equation, Unit in N/mm^2 + +SigmaC=AreaSteel*SigmaS/AreaCopper; +printf("Stress in Copper rod= %f N/mm^2\n",SigmaC) +printf("Stress in Steel Tube= %f N/mm^2\n",SigmaS) + + + diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d8d225c --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 12 +// To Find New Tension in bolts +SideB=20; //side of square liquid , Unit in cm +Pc=5; //central load, Unit in KN +n=4; //Numbers of bolts +SideF=16; //side of square holding foundation +Pb=0.5; //tension in bolt, Unit in KN +shift=2; //shift in line of action of load, Unit i cm +InitialLoad=Pc+n*Pb; //Initial load on ??????? , Unit in KN +//This load is distributed over 20cm causing compression of x +RateOfLoading=(5*8)*(xbye/2)*(7/20); Unit in KN/cm; +F=RateOfLoading*SideB/2; //Total force in ?????? in oneside, Unit in KN +C=2/3*SideB/2; //Distance of centroid from centre line , Unit in cm +//Moment Equation: 2*xbye*SSideB/2+2*F*C=Pc*2 +xbye=Pc*2/(2*SideF/2+2*F*C) //Unit in KN diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ede3b39ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 2 +// To Calculate Strain energy +P=10,000; //Tension 100d, Unit in KN +E=205,000; //Young's Modulus, Unit in N/mm^2 +RootDia=16.6; //Root diameter of thread, Unit in mm +AreaOfCore=%pi*(RootDia^2)/4 //Unit in mm^2 +ShankDia=20; // Diameter at Shank, Unit in mm +AreaAtShank=%pi*(ShankDia^2)/4; //Unit in mm^2 +ThreadLength=25; //Unit in mm +ShankLength=50; // Unit in mm +StressInScrew=P/AreaOfCore; //Unit in N/mm^2 +StressInShank=P/AreaAtShank; //Unit in N/mm^2 +TotalSE=(StressInScrew^2)*AreaOfCore*ThreadLength+(StressInShank^2)*(AreaAtShank*ShankLength)/(2*E); +// Total Strain Energy, Unit in N/mm^2 +//If Shank is turned down to root diameter(16.6mm) for same maximum stress +StressInBolt=P/AreaOfCore; //Unit in N/mm^2 +NewSE=((StressInBolt^2)*(AreaOfCore)*(ThreadLength+ShankLength))/(2*E) +//Strain Energy after shank is turned down to root diameter, Unit in Nmm +printf("Total Strain Energy=%f Nmm\n", TotalSE) +printf("Strain Energy after Shank is turned down to root diameter=%f Nmm\n", NewSE) + + diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b8f654d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 3 +// To Calulate Stress +g=9.8; //Acceleration due to Gravity, Unit in m/sec^2 +m=100; //Falling Mass , Unit in Kg +W=m*g; //Falling weight , Unit in N +D=2; // Diameter of steel bar, Unit in cm +A=%pi*(D^2)*100/4; //Cross section Area of steel bar, Unit in mm^2 +h=4; //height from which W is falling, Unit in cm +l=3; //lenght of steel bar, Unit in cm +E=205,000; //Young's Modulus of steel, Unit in m +P=W*(1+(1+2*h*10*E*A/(W*l*1000))^(1/2)); +//Formula for Equivalent load from Energy Equation, Unit in N +Stress=P/4; //Stress set up in bar,unit in N/mm^2 +printf("The Stress set up in steel bar is %f N.mm^2",Stress) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..753cc321b --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 4 +// To Calulate Stress & Extension +g=9.8; //Acceleration due to Gravity, Unit in m/sec^2 +m=100; //Falling Mass , Unit in Kg +W=m*g; //Falling weight , Unit in N +D1=1; // diameter of first part of bar, Unit in cm +l1=1.5; //Lenght fo first part of bar, Unit in m +D2=2; // diameter of second part of bar, Unit in cm +l2=1.5; //Lenght fo second part of bar, Unit in m +A1=%pi*(D1^2)/4*100; //Area of first part of bar, Unit in mm^2 +A2=%pi*(D2^2)/4*100; //A;rea of Second part of bar, Unit in mm^2 +E=205,000; //Young's Modulus of the bar, Unit in N/mm^2 +h=4; //height from which weight is falling, Unit in cm +P=W*(1+(1+2*h*10*E/((l1*1000/A1)+(l2*1000/A2)))^(1/2)); //Formula for Equivalent load, from energy equation, Unit in N +x=P*l1/A1*E+P*l2/(A2*E); //Extension in rod, unit in mm +//The maximum stress will occur in smallest section. so, +maxstress=P/A1; +printf("maximum stress=%f N/mm^2",maxstress) +printf("Extension =%f mm",x) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda396bae --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 5 +// To Calulate the maximum laod which can be carried + m1=100; //mass of cage , Unit in Kg + m2=0.9; //mass of rope, Unit in Kg/m + l2=25; //lenght of ropewire, Unit in m + n=49; //No. of wires + D2=1.6; //Diameter of each wire, Unit in mm + StressAll=90;// Max allowable stress, Unit in N/mm^2 + E=70,000;// Young's Modulus for rope, unit in N/mm^2 + h=10; //height from which lift is dropped , Unit in cm + AreaOfRope=%pi*n*(D2^2)/4; //Unit in mm^2 + g=9.8; //Acceleration due to Gravity, Unit in m/sec^2 + StressInitial=(m1+m2*l2)/AreaOfRope; //Initial stress unit in N/mm^2 + StressImpact=StressAll-StressInitial; // Increase stress due to Impact, Unit in N/mm^2 + P=StressImpact*AreaOfRope/g; //Equivalent static load,Unit in Kg + x=StressImpact*l2*100/E //Entension, Unit in cm + W=P*x/(2*(h+x)) //max load that can be dropped, Unit in Kg + printf("The maximum load which can be carried is %f Kg",W) + diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85630bbab --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 6 +//No Numerical Compution - Therotical Derivation to find extension diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d95025c --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 7 +//No Numerical Compution - Therotical Derivation to find condition for a column to have uniform strength diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a16e227b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 8 +// To Find the Maximum Stress +l=1; //lenght of steel rod, Unit in m +N=1000; //rpm of rod, Unit in rmp +rho=7.8; //density of the material, Unit in g/cm^3 +Omega=%pi*2*N/60; //Angular Velocity, Unit in rad/sec +//sigma a=-rhox^2*Omega*2/2+c, formula obtain from integration +//At x=l, sigma=0, c=rho*l^2*Omega*2/2 +x=0; //x is distance from axis of rod +//Maximum Stress occur at axis, so +sigma=((rho*(Omega^2))/2)*((l^2)-(x^2)); //Stress in bar, Unit in N/mm^2 +printf("The maximum Stress %f N/mm^2",sigma) diff --git a/3750/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3750/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c0bacb0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.Hyder +//Chapter 1 +//Example 9 +//No Numerical Compution - Therotical Derivation to find how the load is shared diff --git a/3750/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3750/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8602cd89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 19 +//Example 1 +//To Find Maximum stress at the Fatigue limit for repeated stress conditions, according to Gerber's law and Goodman's Law + +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +SigmaU=600; //Ultimate tension strength, Unit in N/mm^2 +El=180;//Endurance limit under reversed stress, Unit in N/mm^2 + +//Computations +// Under Reversed Stress +M=0; //B.M for reversed stress=0, Unit in K +Sigma=El; //Unit in Unit in N/mm^2 +R=2*Sigma; //Stress Range, N/mm^2 +n=SigmaU/R; //By Gerber's Formula +//Under Repeated stress + //R=Sigma + //M=Sigma/2 + //Sigma=(SigmaU/n)*(1-M^2/SigmaU^2) +//From Gerber's Law +//Solving for quadatic in Sigma +a=1, b=4*SigmaU*n,c=-4*SigmaU^2; +Sigma=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*c*a))/(2*a); //The answer vary due to round off error + +//Result1 +printf("The maximum stress at fatigue limit for repeated stress condition is :\n\t") +printf("%.0f N/mm^2 According to Gerbers Law\n\t",Sigma) //The answer vary due to round off error +//According to Goodman's Law +Sigma=(SigmaU/n)/(1+1/(2*n)); //The answer vary due to round off error + +//Result2 +printf("%.0f N/mm^2 According to Goodmans Law",Sigma) diff --git a/3750/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3750/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eacfabe98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 2 +//Example 1 +//To Calculate diameter of Bolts + +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +P=250; //Power transmitted by coupling, Unit in KW +N=1000; //Rotations ,Unit in rpm +n=6; //number fo bolts +PCD=14; //Pitch circle diameter, Unit in cm +ShearStress=75; //Allowable mean shear stress, Unit in N/mm^2 + +//Computations +Torque=(P*60*1000)/(%pi*2*N); //torque to be transmitted, Unit in N-m +//Torque Equation: Torque=StearStress*(%pi*d^2/4)*n*PCD/(2*100) +d=sqrt(Torque*4*100*2/(ShearStress*%pi*n*PCD)); //Diameter of Rod , Unit in mm +d=ceil(d); //Rounding off d to upper value + +//Result +printf("Diameter of the Bolts = %.fmm\n",d) diff --git a/3750/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce b/3750/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c93ceb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 2 +//Example 2 +//To Find the dimensions so that the strength shall be same against all type of failure + +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +d=5; //diameter of rod , Unit in cm +f=1.25; //thickness of cotter , Unit in cm +StressTension=300; //Permissible stress in tension, Unit in cm +StressShearMember=150; //Permisible shear stress in members, Unit in N/mm^2 +StressShearCotter=225; //Permissible shear cotter in members, Unit in N/mm^2 +StressCrushing=450; //Permissible Crushing stress in members, Unit in N/mm^2 + + +//Calculations +//(1) Load (P) +P=StressTension*(%pi)*(d*10)^2/4; //load, Unit in N +//(2) Shear fo cotton:StressShearCotter=P/(2*e*f*10) +e=P/(2*f*10*StressShearCotter); // Cotter , Unit in mm, The answer vary due to round off error +//(3)Shear of right-handed member +//ShearStressMember=P/(4*a*b) +aMultiplyb=P/(4*StressShearMember); // Unit in mm^2 +//(4)Shear of left-handed member +//ShearStressMember=P/(2*c*h) +cMultiplyh=P/(2*StressShearMember) //Unit in mm^2 +//(5) Crusing between right hand member and cotter +//StressCrushing=P/(2*a*f*10) +a=P/(2*f*10*StressCrushing); //Unit in mm, The answer vary due to round off error +b=aMultiplyb/a; //from (3), Unit in mm, The answer vary due to round off error +//(6)Crushing between left hand member and cotter +//StressCrusing=P/(f*10*h) +h=P/(f*10*StressCrushing); //Unit in mm, The answer vary due to round off error +c=cMultiplyh/h; //from (4), Unit in mm, The answer vary due to round off error + +//Results +printf("Given: d=%.0fmm, f=%.2fmm\n",d,f) +printf("The other dimension required are:\n\t") +printf(" a=%.1f mm\n\t b=%.1f mm \n\t c=%.1f mm \n\t h=%.1f mm \n\t e=%.0f mm \n\t",a,b,c,h,e) //The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3750/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3750/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a872e351b --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 2 +//Example 3 +//To find loads fo designing double cover butt joint and to find its efficiency +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +P=25000; //Load , Unit in Kg +b=20.5; // width of each plate to be joined, Unit in cm +t=1.25; //Thickness of each plate to be joined, Unit in cm +d=1.9; // Diameter of rivets , Unit in cm +Tau=75; // Permissible Shear Stress, Unit in N/mm^2 +SigmaC=180;// Permissible bearing pressure, Unit in N/mm^2 +Sigma=105; //Permissible tensile stress, Unit in N/mm^2 +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity, Uint in m/sec^2 + +//Calculations +t1=5*t/8; //Thickness of cover plate, unit in cm +ShearLoadRivet=Tau*2*(%pi)*(d*10)^2/(4*g);// Load to shear one Rivet, Unit in Kg +CrushLoadRivet=SigmaC*d*10*t*10/g; // Load to crush one rivet, unit in Kg +n=P/ShearLoadRivet; // Number of rivets required +n=ceil(n); //Rounding off Number of rivets to next whole number +Load=Sigma*b*10*t*10/g; // Load which can be carried by solid plate, Uint in Kg + +//(i) + ShearLoadAll=n*ShearLoadRivet; //Load to shear all the rivets, Unit in Kg, The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + //(ii) + CrushLoadAll=n*CrushLoadRivet; //Load to crush all the rivets, Unit in kg , The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + //(iii) + Load1=Sigma*(b*10-d*10)*t*10/g; //permissible load for plate to tear through section AA, Unit in Kg, The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + //(iv) + Load2=Sigma*(b*10-2*d*10)*t*10/g+ShearLoadRivet; //permissible load for plate to tear through section BB, At the same time shearing rivets at AA, Unit in Kg, The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +//(v) +Load3=Sigma*(b*10-3*d*10)*t*10/g+3*ShearLoadRivet;// permissible load for plate to tear through section CC, At the same time shearing three rivets at AA and BB, Unit in Kg, The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +//(vi) +Load4=Sigma*(b*10-3*d*10)*2*t1*10/g; //permissible load for plate to tear through section CC, unit in Kg, The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + +Eff=P*100/Load;// Efficiency of joint in percentage, The Answer vary due to round off error + + +//Results +printf("For the design of Double Cover butt Joint:\n\t") +printf("Load to shear one Rivet=%.fKg\n\t",ShearLoadRivet) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("Load to crush one rivet=%.fKg\n\t",CrushLoadRivet) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("Load to shear all the rivets=%.fKg\n\t",ShearLoadAll) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("Load to crush all the rivets=%.fKg\n\t",CrushLoadAll) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("permissible load for plate to tear through section AA=%.fKg\n\t",Load1) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("permissible load for plate to tear through section BB, At the same time shearing rivets at AA=%.fKg\n\t",Load2) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("permissible load for plate to tear through section CC, At the same time shearing three rivets at AA and BB=%.fKg\n\t",Load3) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("permissible load for plate to tear through section CC=%.fKg\n",Load4) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +printf("Efficiency Of Joint=%.1fpercent",Eff)//The Answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3750/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3750/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cac7b149 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 2 +//Example 4 +//To Calculate load among rivets +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +P=10; //load carried by column, Unit in KN +h=8; //distance of load from centre line of column, Unit in cm +n=9; //Number of rivets +s=3; //Space between two rivets, Unit in cm + +//Calculations +SumR2=4*(s^2*2+s^2); //summation of r^2, Unit in cm^2 +//I is instantaneous centre of rotation and E is centroid fo rivets +IE=SumR2/(n*h); //Distance between I and E, Unit in cm +Loadfact=P*h/SumR2; //Load factor=p*h/summation(r^2), Unit in KN/cm + +//Load in rivets=Loadfact*Distance Of Rivet from I +LoadC=Loadfact*(s^2+(s+IE)^2)^(1/2); // Load in Rivet C, Unit in KN +LoadB=Loadfact*(s^2+IE^2)^(1/2) //Load in Rivet B , Unit in KN, The answer vary due to round off error +LoadA=Loadfact*(s^2+IE^2)^(1/2); //Load in Rivet A, Unit in KN, The answer vary due to round off error +LoadD=Loadfact*IE; //load in rivet D, Unit in KN, The answer vary due to round off error +LoadE=Loadfact*IE; //load in rivet E, Unit in KN, The answer vary due to round off error +LoadF=Loadfact*(s+IE); //load in rivet F, Unit in KN, The answer vary due to round off error + +//Results +printf("The Load in rivets are :\n\t") +printf("Load in Rivet A=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadA) +printf("Load in Rivet B=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadB) +printf("Load in Rivet C=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadC) //The answer vary due to round off error +printf("Load in Rivet D=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadD) +printf("Load in Rivet E=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadE) +printf("Load in Rivet F=%.2fKN\n\t",LoadF) + diff --git a/3750/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3750/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdf00ec65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 4 +//Example 1 +//To calculate the maximum pressure set up in the oil +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +d=6; //diameter of plunger, Unit in mm +Mp=1; //Mass of plunger, Unit in Kg +m=1.5; //Mass dropped on the plunger, Unit in kg +v=5000; // Volume of oil, Unit in cm^3 +K=2800; //Bulk Modulus, Unit in N/mm^2 +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity, Unit in m/sec^2 +h=5; //Height, Unit in cm + +//Computations + +// Let p be addtional momentary maximum stress set up by falling weight +//Loss of PE=m*g*(h*10+P*v*10^3+4)/(%pi*d^2)Nmm.......(i) +//Gain of Strain energy=(P^2/2K)*v*10^3 Nmm.......(ii) +//Equating (i) and (ii) and multiplying by K/(v*10^3),we get quadratic equation in P with coefficients +a=1/2; +b=-m*g*4/(%pi*d^2); +c=-m*g*h*10*K/(v*10^3); + + +p=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*c*a))/(2*a); //solution for quadratic equation in P , Unit in N/mm^2, The answer vary due to round off error +Pmax=p+Mp*g*4/(%pi*d^2); //Maximum pressure ,Unit in N/mm^2, The answer vary due to round off error + +//Result +printf("Final Maximum Pressure set up in oil is %.2f N/mm^2",Pmax) diff --git a/3750/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3750/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b407e8cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3750/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Strength Of Material By G.H.Ryder +//Chapter 4 +//Example 2 +//To calculate Percentage error in Poission's ratio +clc(); + +//Initialization of Variables +errorG=1/100; //Percentage error in determination of G +nu=0.25 //Correct value of Poission's Ratio + +//Computations + +//Gdash=(1+errorG)*G +GdashByG=1+errorG; +//G*(1+nu)=Gdash*(1+nudash) +errornu=-errorG*(1+nu)*100/nu; //approxiamate percentage error in Poission's ratio + + +//Alternative Method +//E=2*G*(1+nu) +//Since deltaE=0 as E does not vary + //0=2*deltaG*(1+nu)+2*G*deltanu +deltaGbyG=1/100; //percentage error in G +deltanu=deltaGbyG*(1+nu); //Absolute error in Poission's Ratio +errornu=-deltanu*100/nu; //percentage error in Poission's Ratio +printf("Error in Calculation in Poissions Ratio is about %.f percent",errornu) + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c899a7b12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.1 +//To Find the Work done by the Impeller on the water per unit weight of water. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Di=210; //Internal diameter of Impeller, mm + Do=420; // External diameter of Impeller, mm + N=1100; //speed, rpm + beta_i=20; //Vane Angle at Inlet, degrees + beta_o=30; //Vane Angle at Outlet, degrees + //As water enters the impeller radially, + alpha_i=90; //degrees + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Di=Di/1000; //m + Do=Do/1000; //m + + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //m/s + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //m/s + Vfi=ui*tand(beta_i); //m/s + Vfo=Vfi; + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + Work=Vwo*uo/g; //N-m/N + +//Result:- + printf(" The Work done by the Impeller on the water per unit weight of water =%.2f N-m/N \n",Work) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..435caed65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.10 +//To Find (i)Manometric Head (ii)Manometric Efficiency (iii)Overall Efficiency of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Do=480; //External Diameter of the Impeller, mm + Di=240; //Internal Diameter of the Impeller, mm + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + Q=0.0576; //Rate of Flow, m^3/s + Vfo=2.4; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi=Vfo; + Ds=180; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, mm + Dd=120; //Diameter of Delivery Pipe, mm + h_s=6.2; //Suction Head, m of water (abs) + h_d=30.2; //Delivery Head, m of water (abs) + P=35; //Power required to drive the pump, kW + beta_o=45; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + Di=Di/1000; //m + Ds=Ds/1000; //m + Dd=Dd/1000; //m + P=P*1000; //W + + //(i)Manometric Head, Hm + + As=(%pi/4)*Ds^2; //m^2 + Ad=(%pi/4)*Dd^2; //m^2 + Vd=Q/Ad; //m/s + Vs=Q/As; //m/s + Hm=(h_d+Vd^2/(2*g))-(h_s+Vs^2/(2*g)); //m + + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(ii) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + //(iii) The Overall Efficiency of the Pump, eta_o + eta_o=rho*Q*g*Hm/P*100; //In percentage + +//Results:- + printf(" (i)Manometric Head, Hm =%.2f m \n ",Hm) + printf(" (ii) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (iii) The Overall Efficiency of the Pump, eta_o =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..508265377 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.11 +//To Find Vane Angle at Outer periphery of Impeller. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Q=0.118; //discharge, m^3/s + N=1450; //Speed, rpm + Hm=25; //Manometric Head, m + Do=250; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + bo=50; //Width at Outlet, mm + eta_man=75/100; //Manometric Efficiency + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=g*Hm/(uo*eta_man); //m/s + Vfo=Q/(%pi*Do*bo); //m/s + beta_o=atand(Vfo/(uo-Vwo)); //degrees + +//Results:- + printf(" Vane Angle at Outlet, beta_o=%.2f Degrees \n ",beta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f946d77d --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.12 +//To Determine (i)Manometric Efficiency (ii)Vane Angle at Inlet (iii)The Least Speed at which the pump commence to work. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Do=0.5; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, m + N=600; //Speed, rpm + Q=8000; //Discharge, litres/min. + Hm=8.5; //Manometric Head, m + Di=0.25; //Inner Diameter of Impeller, m + beta_o=45; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + Af=0.06; //Area of Flow, m^2 + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/60000; //m^3/s + + Vfo=Q/Af; //m/s + Vfi=Vfo; + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //Tangential velocity of Impeller at Inlet,m/s + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(i) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + + //(ii) Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i + beta_i=atand(Vfi/ui); //degrees + + //(iii) The Least Speed at which the pump commence to work, Nmin + Nmin=120*Vwo*Do*(eta_man/100)/(%pi*(Do^2-Di^2)); //rpm + + + +//Results:- + printf(" (i) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_man ) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (ii) Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i=%.2f Degrees \n ",beta_i ) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (iii) The Least Speed at which the pump commence to work, Nmin=%.2f rpm \n",Nmin ) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dde95b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.13 +//To Find (i)The Discharge of the Pump (ii)The Pressure at Suction and Delivery side of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + h_st=35; //Static Head, m + h_s=4; //Suction Head, m + D=150; //Diameter of Pipes, mm + Ds=D; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, mm + Dd=D; //Diameter of Delivery Pipe, mm + h_fs=1.6; //Head loss in Suction pipe, m + h_fd=6.5; //Head loss in Delivery Pipe, m + Do=380; //Diameter of Impeller at Outlet, mm + bo=25; //Width of Impeller at Outlet, mm + N=1200; //Speed, rpm + beta_o=35; //Ezxit Blade Angle, degrees + eta_man=80/100; //Manometric Efficiency + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + D=D/1000; //m + Ds=Ds/1000; //m + Dd=Dd/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + + Hm=h_st+h_fs+h_fd; // Manometric Head, m + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=g*Hm/(uo*eta_man); //m/s + Vfo=(uo-Vwo)*tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(i)The Discharge of the Pump, Q + Q=%pi*Do*bo*Vfo*1000; //litres/s + + // (ii)The Pressure at Suction and Delivery side of the Pump + + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + Vd=Q*10^-3/A; //m/s + Vs=Vd; //m/s + Hs=h_s+h_fs+Vs^2/(2*g); //Pressure on Suction Side, m of water + h_d=h_st-h_s; //m + Hd=h_d+h_fd+Vd^2/(2*g); //Pressure on Delivery Side, m of water + + +//Result:- + printf(" (i)The Discharge of the Pump, Q =%.2f litres/s\n",Q) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (ii) Pressure on Suction Side, Hs =-%.3f m of water \n",Hs) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" Pressure on Delivery Side, Hd =%.2f m of water \n",Hd) //The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc0da4a1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.14 +//To Find (a)Vane Angle of Impeller at Inlet (b) Overall Efficiency of the Pump (c) Manometric Efficiency of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Do=400; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + Di=200; //Diameter of the Impeller at Inlet, mm + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + Q=39; //Discharge, litres/s + Vfo=2.2; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi=Vfo; + Ds=150; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, mm + Dd=100; //Diameter of Delivery Pipe, mm + h_s=6; //Suction Head, m of water (abs) + h_d=30; //Delivery Head, m of water (abs) + P=15.75; //Power required to drive the pump, kW + beta_o=45; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + Di=Di/1000; //m + Ds=Ds/1000; //m + Dd=Dd/1000; //m + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + P=P*1000; //W + + //(a)Vane Angle of Impeller at Inlet, beta_i + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //m/s + beta_i=atand(Vfi/ui); //degrees + + // (b) Overall Efficiency of the Pump + As=(%pi/4)*Ds^2; //m^2 + Ad=(%pi/4)*Dd^2; //m^2 + Vd=Q/Ad; //m/s + Vs=Q/As; //m/s + Hm=(h_d+Vd^2/(2*g))-(h_s+Vs^2/(2*g)); //m + eta_o=rho*Q*g*Hm/P*100; //In percentage + + + // (c) Manometric Efficiency of the Pump, eta_man + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + +//Results:- + printf(" (a)Vane Angle of Impeller at Inlet, beta_i=%.2f Degrees \n ",beta_i) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (b) The Overall Efficiency of the Pump, eta_o =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (c) Manometric Efficiency of the Pump, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76183f367 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.15 +//To Determine Minimum Starting Speed of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Di=300; //Diameter of Impeller at Inlet, mm + Do=600; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + Vfo=2.6; //Velocity of Flow at Outlet, m/s + beta_o=42; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + eta_man=65/100; //Manomwtric Efficiency, m^2 + + +//Computations:- + Di=Di/1000; //m + Do=Do/1000; //m + + uo_by_N=%pi*Do/60; // uo/N + + //Minimum Starting Speed of The Centrifugal Pump, Nmin + Nmin=(120*Do*eta_man*Vfo/(tand(beta_o)*%pi*(Do^2-Di^2)))/(120*eta_man*Do*uo_by_N/(%pi*(Do^2-Di^2))-1); //rpm + + + +//Results:- + printf("The Minimum Starting Speed of the Centrifugal Pump, Nmin =%.2f rpm \n",Nmin ) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7435d7a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.16 +//To Determine Minimum Starting Speed of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Di=200; //Diameter of Impeller at Inlet, mm + Do=400; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + Hm=25; //Manometric Head, m + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Di=Di/1000; //m + Do=Do/1000; //m + + uo_by_Nmin=%pi*Do/60; // uo/Nmin + ui_by_Nmin=%pi*Di/60; // ui/Nmin + + //Minimum Starting Speed of The Centrifugal Pump, Nmin + Nmin=sqrt(2*g*Hm/(uo_by_Nmin^2-ui_by_Nmin^2)); //rpm + + + +//Results:- + printf("The Minimum Starting Speed of the Centrifugal Pump, Nmin =%.f rpm \n",Nmin ) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7380fdca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.17 +//To Find (a)Manometric Efficiency. (b)Minimum Starting Speed + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Di=1200; //Inner Diameter of the Impeller, mm + Do=600; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, mm + N=200; //Speed, rpm + Hm=6; //Manometric Head, m + beta_o=26; // Vane Angle at Outlet, degrees + Vfo=2.5; // Velocity of flow at Outlet, m/s + + +//Data Used: - + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Di=Di/1000; //m + Do=Do/1000; //m + + uo=%pi*Di*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(a)Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + //(b) Minimum Starting Speed, Nmin + Nmin =sqrt(2*g*Hm*60^2/(%pi^2*(Di^2-Do^2))); //rpm + + +//Results:- + printf("(a)Manometric Efficiency =%.2f Percent \n",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (b)Minimum Starting Speed, Nmin =%.f rpm",Nmin) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4fdce99e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.18 +//To Find (a)Manometric Efficiency. (b)Inlet Vane Angles. (c)Loss of Head at Inlet of Impeller + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Q=0.21; //Discharge, m^3/s + Af=0.085; //Cross-sectional Area of Flow, m^2 + Di=300; //Inner Diameter of the Impeller, mm + Do=600; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, mm + N=600; //Speed, rpm + Hm=19; //Manometric Head, m + beta_o=35; //degrees + Q_per=30; //Percentage by which Discharge is reduced + + +//Data Used: - + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Di=Di/1000; //m + Do=Do/1000; //m + + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Inlet, m/s + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vfo=Q/Af; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi= Vfo; + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(a)Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + //(b)Inlet Vane Angle, beta_i + beta_i=atand(Vfi/ui); //degrees + + //(c)Loss of Head at inlet, H_L + Q_dash=Q-Q_per/100*Q; //m^3/s + Vfi_dash=Q_dash/Af; //m/s + H_L=(ui-Vfi_dash*cotd(beta_i) )^2/(2*g); // m of water + +//Results + printf("(a)Manometric Efficiency, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf ("(b)Inlet Vane Angle, beta_i =%.2f Degrees \n",beta_i) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf ("(c)Loss of Head at Inlet to the Impeller =%.3f m of water", H_L) //The answer vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90e4e142b --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.19 +//To Find (a)Head generated and (b)Power consumed + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + n=2; //Number of Stages + Q=100; //Discharge, litres/s + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + Do=500; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + bo=25; //Width of Impeller at outlet, mm + beta_o=30; //degrees + Area_per=10; //Percentage of Total Area which is covered due to blade thickness + eta_o=78/100; //Overall Efficiency + eta_man=85/100; //Manometric Efficiency + + +//Data Used: - + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + A=%pi*Do*bo*(1-Area_per/100); //Actual Area of Flow, m^2 + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vfo=Q/A; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi= Vfo; + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + //(a)Head generated, H_Tm + Hm=eta_man*Vwo*uo/g; //m + H_Tm=n*Hm; //m + + //(b) Power consumed, P + P=rho*Q*g*H_Tm/(eta_o*1000); //kW + + +//Results:- + printf("(a)Head Generated, H_Tm=%.2f m \n",H_Tm) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (b)Power consumed, P =%.2f kW \n",P) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..570404a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.2 +//To Find the Vane Angle at Outer Periphery of the Impeller. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + N=1470; //Speed, rpm + Q=100; //Discharge, litres/s + Hm=24; //manometric Head, m + Do=240; // Diameter of Impeller at Outlet, mm + b_o=50; //Width of Impeller at Outlet, mm + eta_man=76/100; //Manometric EEfficiency + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + Do=Do/1000; //m + b_o=b_o/1000; //m + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //m/s + Vwo=g*Hm/(uo*eta_man); //m/s + Vfo=Q/(%pi*Do*b_o); //m/s + //From Outlet Velocity Triangle (OVT), + beta_o=atand(Vfo/(uo-Vwo)); //degrees + +//Result:- + printf("The Vane Angle at Outer Periphery of Impeller, beta_o=%.2f Degrees \n",beta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98e25858e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.20 +//To Determine (i)Head generated by the Pump (ii)Shaft Power required to run the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + n=3; //Number of Stages + Do=400; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + bo=20; //Width of Impeller at outlet, mm + beta_o=45; //degrees + Area_per=10; //Percentage of Total Area which is reduced. + eta_o=80/100; //Overall Efficiency + eta_man=90/100; //Manometric Efficiency + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + Q=0.05; //Discharge, m^3/s + + +//Data Used: - + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + A=%pi*Do*bo*(1-Area_per/100); //Actual Area of Flow, m^2 + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vfo=Q/A; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi= Vfo; + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s (Value given in book is wrong due to incorrect value of beta_o is used) + + // (i)Head generated by the Pump , H_Tm + Hm=eta_man*Vwo*uo/g; //m + H_Tm=n*Hm; //m + + //(ii) Shaft Power required to run the Pump , P + P=rho*Q*g*H_Tm/(eta_o*1000); //kW + + +//Results:- + printf(" (i)Head generated by the Pump , H_Tm=%.2f m \n",H_Tm) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + printf(" (ii) Shaft Power required to run the Pump , P =%.2f kW \n",P) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4421e1019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.21 +//To Find the Manometric Efficiency + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + n=4; //Number of Pumps + N=400; //Speed, rpm + H_Tm=40; //Total Manometric Head, m + Q=0.2; //Discharge, m^3/s + beta_o=40; //Vane Angle at Outlet, degrees + Do=600; //Diameter of the Impeller at Outlet, mm + bo=50; //Width of Impeller at outlet, mm + + +//Data Used: - + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + A=%pi*Do*bo; //Area of Flow, m^2 + Hm=H_Tm/n; //Manometric Head of each Pump, m + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Vfo=Q/A; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi= Vfo; + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //Manometric Efficiency in Percentage + + +//Results:- + printf("Manometric Efficiency, eta_man=%.2f Percent \n",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9137c0ef3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11 - Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.22 + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //For Model, + H_mM=7.5; //Manometric Head, m + Nm=1000; //Speed, rpm + Pm=25; //Shaft Power, kW + + //For Prototype, + H_mP=23; //Manometric Head, m + + Dm_by_Dp=1/6; //Scale Ratio + + +//Computations:- + + // (a)Working Speed of the Prototype, Np + Np=Nm*Dm_by_Dp*sqrt(H_mP/H_mM); //rpm + + // (b)Shaft Power of the Prototype, Pp + Pp=Pm*(Np/Nm)^3*(1/Dm_by_Dp)^5; //kW + + // (c)Ratio of Flow Rates handled by the protoytpe and the Model, Qp/Qm + Qp_by_Qm=(Np/Nm)*(1/Dm_by_Dp)^3; + +//Results:- + printf(" (a)Working Speed of the Prototype, Np =%.2f rpm\n",Np) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (b)Shaft Power of the Prototype, Pp =%.2f kW\n",Pp) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (c)Ratio of Flow Rates handled by the protoytpe and the Model=%.2f ",Qp_by_Qm) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.23/Ex11_23.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.23/Ex11_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4697d140a --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.23/Ex11_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11 - Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.23 +//To Find the Head and Impeller Diameter of the other Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //For Pump-1, + N1=1000; //Speed, rpm + D1=320; //Impeller Diameter, mm + Hm1=16; //Manometric Head, m + Q1=0.021; //Discharge, m^3/s + + //For Pump-2, + N2=1000; //Speed, rpm + //As other Pump has to deliver half the discharge, + Q2=Q1/2; //m^3/s + + +//Computations:- + Hm2=Hm1*(N2/N1)*sqrt(Q2/Q1); //m + D2=D1*(N1/N2)*sqrt(Hm2/Hm1); //mm + +//Results:- + printf("Head of the other Pump(Pump-2), Hm2=%.2f m\n",Hm2) + printf("Impeller Diameter of the other Pump(Pump-2), D2=%.2f mm\n",D2) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.24/Ex11_24.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.24/Ex11_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0023dda33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.24/Ex11_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11 - Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.24 +//To Find the the number of stages and Diameter of each Impeller of the similar multistage Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //For Single Stage Pump, + N1=2000; //Speed, rpm + D1=300; //Impeller Diameter, mm + Hm1=32; //Manometric Head, m + Q1=3; //Discharge, m^3/s + + //For Multi Stage Pump, + N2=1600; //Speed, rpm + H_mT2=200; //Total Manometric Head, m + Q2=5; //Discharge, m^3/s + + +//Computations:- + Hm2=Hm1*(N2/N1)*sqrt(Q2/Q1); //m + n=round(H_mT2/Hm2); //No. of stages + D2=D1*(N1/N2)*sqrt(Hm2/Hm1); //Diameter of Each Impeller, mm + +//Results:- + printf("Number of the Stages for the Multi stage Pump, n=%.f \n",n) + printf("Diameter of each Impeller for the Multi stage Pump, D2=%.2f mm\n",D2) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.25/Ex11_25.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.25/Ex11_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf6b0ffeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.25/Ex11_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11 - Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.25 +//To Find the Discharge and Head of the Pump at Condition '2' and '3' and Compare the Power Consumed in all the cases. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //At Condition '1' + N1=750; //Speed, rpm + Q1=60; //Discharge, l/s + H1=20; //Head, m + + //At Condition '2' + N2=1200; //Speed, rpm + + //At Condition '3' + N3=4200; //Speed, rpm + +//Computations:- + Q2=Q1*(N2/N1); // l/s + H2=H1*(N2/N1)^2; //m + Q3=Q1*(N3/N1); // l/s + H3=H1*(N3/N1)^2; //m + +//Results:- + printf("At Condition -2 Discharge, Q2=%.f l/s and Head, H2=%.1f m\n",Q2,H2) + printf(" At Condition -3 Discharge, Q3=%.f l/s and Head, H3=%.1f m\n",Q3,H3) + printf(" P1: P2 : P3 = 1 : %.2f : %.2f ",Q2*H2/(Q1*H1),Q3*H3/(Q1*H1)) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.26/Ex11_26.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.26/Ex11_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..742e16626 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.26/Ex11_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11 - Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.26 +//To Calculate the Specific Speed of Pump and the Power Input and Find the Head, Discharge and Power required at 900 rpm. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + + N=1500; //Speed, rpm + Q=0.2; //Discharge, m^3/s + H=15; //Head, m + eta_o=0.68; //Overall Efficiency + N2=900; //Speed, rpm + + //Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleratio due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Ns=N*Q^(1/2)/(H^(3/4)); //Specific Speed of Pump, SI Units + P=rho*g*Q*H /eta_o; //Power Input, W + + Q1=Q; H1=H; N1=N; P1=P; + Q2=Q1*(N2/N1); // m^3/s + H2=H1*(N2/N1)^2; //m + P2=P1*(N2/N1)^3; //W + +//Results:- + printf("Specific Speed of Pump, Ns=%.2f (SI Units)\n",Ns) + printf(" Power Input, P=%.2f W\n",P) + printf(" At 900 rpm (Condition 2)\n\t ") + printf(" Head, H2=%.1f m \n\t Discharge, Q2=%.2f m^3/s,\n\t Power required, P2=%.2f W",H2,Q2,P2) + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..338c6ec47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.3 +//To Find the Power of the Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + H=40; //Total Head, m + Q=50; //Discharge, litres/s + eta_o=62/100; //Overall EEfficiency + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + + P=rho*Q*g*H/(eta_o*1000); //kW + +//Result:- + printf("The Power of the Pump, P=%.3f kW \n",P) + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9fce543 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.4 +//To Find (a)Vane Angle at Inlet (b)Work done by Impeller on water per second (c)Manometric Efficiency + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //As Outer Diameter equals two times Inner Diameter, + Do_by_Di=2; //Do/Di + N=980; //Speed, rpm + Hm=52; //Manometric Head, m + Vfo=2.6; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi=Vfo; + beta_o=42; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + Do=600; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, mm + bo=60; //Width at Outlet, mm + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + + Di=Do/Do_by_Di; //Diameter at Inlet of Impeller, m + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //Tangential velocity of Impeller at Inlet,m/s + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Q=%pi*Do*bo*Vfo; //Discharge, m^3/s + + //(a)Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i + beta_i=atand(Vfi/ui); //degrees + + //(b) Work done by Impeller on water per sec, W + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + W=rho*Q*Vwo*uo/1000; //kN-m/s + + //(c) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + +//Results:- + printf(" (a)Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i=%.2f Degrees \n ",beta_i) + printf(" (b) Work done by Impeller on water per sec =%.3f kN-m/s \n ",W) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + printf(" (c) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_man) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f927b863d --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.5 +//To Find the Discharge of Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Hm=14.5; //Manometric Head, m + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + beta_o=30; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + Do=300; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, mm + bo=50; //Width at Outlet, mm + eta_man=95/100; //Manometric Efficiency + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //m/s + Vwo=g*Hm/(uo*eta_man); //m/s + Vfo=tand(beta_o)*(uo-Vwo); //m/s + Q=%pi*Do*bo*Vfo*1000; //Discharge, litres/s + +//Results:- + printf("The Discharge of the Pump=%.2f litres/s\n",Q) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c8c9871e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.6 +//To Calculate the Blade angle at Outlet, Power Required and Overall Efficiency of Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Do=80; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, cm + Q=1; //Discharge, m^3/s + H=80; //Head, m + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + bo=8; //Width at Outlet, cm + Delta_Q_per=3; //Percentage of Leakage Loss(of the Discharge) + Delta_P=10; //Mechanical Loss, kW + eta_H=80/100; //Hydraulic Efficiency + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/100; //m + bo=bo/100; //m + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //m/s + Vfo=Q/(%pi*Do*bo); //m/s + Vwo=g*H/(uo*eta_H); //m/s + Vrwo=uo-Vwo; //m/s + + //(a) + beta_o=atand(Vfo/Vrwo); //Blade Angle at Outlet, degrees + + //Result1 + printf(" Blade Angle at Outlet, beta_o=%.2f Degrees \n",beta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + + //(b)Power Required + Pi=rho*(1+Delta_Q_per/100)*Q*Vwo*uo; //Power delivered by the Impeller, W + P=Pi/1000+Delta_P; //Power required, kW + + //Result2 + printf(" Power Required, P =%.3f kW \n",P) //The answer vary due to round off error + + //(c)Overall Efficiency, eta_o + eta_V=1/(1+Delta_Q_per/100); //Volumetric Efficiency + eta_m=(P-Delta_P)/P; //Mechanical Efficiency + eta_o=eta_H*eta_V*eta_m*100; //In Percentage + + //Result3 + printf(" Overall Efficiency, eta_o =%.2f Percent \n",eta_o) //The answer vary due to round off error + + //Also, Overall Efficiency + eta_o=rho*Q*g*H/(P*1000)*100; //In Percentage + + printf("Also, Overall Efficiency, eta_o=%.2f Percent\n",eta_o) + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1e0d183f --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.7 +//To Determine the Impeller Speed and Torque produced by it. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Q=60; //Discharge, litres/s + Ri=75; //Radius of the Impeller at Inlet, mm + Ro=150; //Radius of the Impeller at Outlet, cm + beta_o=30; //Vane Angle at Outlet, degrees + beta_i=30; //Vane Angle at Inlet, degrees + Ai=0.025; //Impeller Area at Inlet, m^2 + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + Ri=Ri/1000; //m + Ro=Ro/1000; //m + + Di=2*Ri; //m + Do=2*Ro; //m + Vfi=Q/Ai; //m/s + Vfo=Vfi; + ui=Vfi/tand(beta_i); //m/s + N=ui*60/(%pi*Di); //rpm + + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; //m/s + Vrwo=Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + Vwo=uo-Vrwo; //m/s + P=rho*Q*Vwo*uo; //Impeller Power, W + Ti=P*60/(2*%pi*N); //Impeller Torque, N-m + +//Results:- + printf("Impeller Speed, N=%.2f rpm\n",N) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf("Impeller Torque, Ti=%.2f N-m\n",Ti) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cae0067a --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.8 +//To Determine the Power Required to drive the centrifugal Pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Q=40; //Discharge, litres/s + Hst=20; //Static Head, m + D=150; //Diameter of Pipe, mm + L=100; //length of pipe, m + eta_o=70/100; //Overall Efficiency + f=0.015; //Coefficient of friction + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Q=Q/1000; //m^3/s + D=D/1000; //m + + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + V=Q/A; //m/s + Vd=V; + + h_f=4*f*L*V^2/(2*g*D); //Frictional Head Loss in Pipe, m + Hm=Hst+h_f+Vd^2/(2*g); //Manometric Head, m + P=rho*Q*g*Hm/(eta_o*1000); //kW + +//Result:- + printf("Power Required to drive the Centrifugal Pump=%.3f kW\n",P) //The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3751/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3751/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67c4b0361 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 11- Centrifugal Pumps +//Example 11.9 +//To Find (i)Vane Angle at Inlet (ii)Work done by Impeller on water per second and (iii)Manometric Efficiency. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Do=500; //Outer Diameter of the Impeller, mm + Di=250; //Inner Diameter of the Impeller, mm + N=1000; //Speed, rpm + Hm=40; //Manometric Head, m + Vfo=2.5; //Velocity of Flow, m/s + Vfi=Vfo; + beta_o=40; //Vane Angle at outlet, degrees + bo=50; //Width at Outlet, mm + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Do=Do/1000; //m + Di=Di/1000; //m + bo=bo/1000; //m + + ui=%pi*Di*N/60; //Tangential velocity of Impeller at Inlet,m/s + uo=%pi*Do*N/60; // Tangential velocity of Impeller at Outlet, m/s + Q=%pi*Do*bo*Vfo; //Discharge, m^3/s + + //(i)Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i + beta_i=atand(Vfi/ui); //degrees + + //(ii) Work done by Impeller on water per sec, W + Vwo=uo-Vfo/tand(beta_o); //m/s + W=rho*Q*Vwo*uo/1000; //kN-m/s + + //(iii) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man + eta_man=g*Hm/(Vwo*uo)*100; //In Percentage + + +//Results:- + printf(" (i)Vane Angle at Inlet, beta_i=%.2f Degrees \n ",beta_i) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (ii) Work done by Impeller on water per sec =%.3f kN-m/s \n ",W) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" (iii) Manometric Efficiency, eta_man =%.2f Percent \n ",eta_man) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a859e0f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.1 + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + Hs_th=4.8; //Suction Head (Theoretical), m + Hd_th=12; //Delivery Head (Theoretical), m + N=90; //Speed of Pump, rpm + D=100; //Piston Diameter, mm + L=150; //Length of Stroke, mm + Q=102; //Actual Discharge, lit./min + eta_s=60/100; //Efficiency of Suction Stroke + eta_d=75/100; //Efficiency of Delivery Stroke + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Accelerationdue to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Vs=(%pi/4)*(D/1000)^2*(L/1000); //Swept volume in one revolution, m^3 + Vth=Vs*N/60; //Theoritical Volume of Water pumped per second, m^3 + m=Vth*rho; //Theoritical Mass Flow rate, kg/s + m_act=Q*1000/(60*1000); //Actual mas flow rate, kg/s + + Slip=(m-m_act)*100/m; //Slip in Percentage + Cd=m_act/m*100; //Co-efficient of Discharge in Percentage + Hs=Hs_th/eta_s; //Suction Head taking suction efficiency in account, m + Hd=Hd_th/eta_d; //Delivery Head taking delivery efficiency in account, m + H=Hs+Hd; //Total Head, m + Pth=m*g*H; //Theoritical power required to Drive the Pump, W + A=(%pi/4)*(D/1000)^2; //Cross section Area of piston, m^2 + Fs=rho*g*Hs*A; //Average Force during Suction, N + Fd=rho*g*Hd*A; //Average Force during Delivery, N + P=(Fs+Fd)*L*N/60; //Power required by Pump (Same as Pth), W + +//Results:- + printf(" 1. Slip=%.2f Percent \n",Slip) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 2. The Co-efficient of Discharge =%.2f Percent \n",Cd) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 3. Theoretical Power Required to Drive the Pump =%.2f W \n",Pth) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 4. Force Required to Work the Piston during Suction Stroke =%.2f N \n",Fs) + printf(" 5. Force Required to Work the Piston during Delivery Stroke =%.2f N \n",Fd) + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b445bd4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.10 +//To Find the Power required to overcome the friction of Delivery pipe when (a)No air vessel is fitted on it , (b)A large air vessel is fitted at the centre line of the pump. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + N=60; //Speed of the Pump, rpm + D=250; //Plunger Diameter, mm + L=450; //Stroke Length, mm + d_d=112.5; //Diameter of Delivery Pipe, mm + l_d=48; //Length of Delivery Pipe, m + f=0.04; //Co-efficient of friction + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + + +//Computations:- + d_d=d_d/1000; //m + D=D/1000; //m + L=L/1000; //m + + a=(%pi/4)*d_d^2; //m^2 + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + omega=2*%pi*N/60; //rad/s + r=L/2; //m + + //(a)Without Air Vessel + H_fd=f*(l_d/d_d)*(omega*r*A/a)^2/(2*g); //Maximum loss of head due to friction in delivery pipe, m + m=rho*A*L*N/60; //Mass of water lifted, kg/s + Power=(2/3)*H_fd*m; //W + + //Result (a) + printf("(a)Without Air Vessel\n\t") + printf("Power Required to Overcome Friction=%.2f W\n\n",Power) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + + //(b)With Air Vessel + Ud=A*L*N/(a*60); //m/s + H_fd=f*(l_d/d_d)*(Ud^2/(2*g)); //m + Power=m*H_fd; //W + //Result (a) + printf("(a)With Air Vessel\n\t") + printf("Power Required to Overcome Friction=%.2f W\n",Power) //The answer vary due to round off error + + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8c6af6ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.11 +//(a)Theoritical Question. +//(b)Theoritical Question. +//(c)To Find the Rate of flow into or from the air vessel when crank makes angle of 30, 90 and 120 degrees with inner dead centre and + //Also Determine crank angle at which there is no flow to or from the air vessel. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + D=200; //Bore of the Pump, mm + L=350; //Stroke Length, mm + d_s=150; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, mm + N=120; //Speed of the Pump, rpm + + +//Computations:- + d_s=d_s/1000; //m + D=D/1000; //m + L=L/1000; //m + + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + omega=2*%pi*N/60; //rad/s + r=L/2; //m + + //Using the Equation 12.28 from the textbook, Rates of Flow are + Q_30=A*omega*r*(2/%pi-sind(30) )*1000; //For 30 degree angle, litres/s + Q_90=A*omega*r*(2/%pi-sind(90) )*1000; //For 90 degree angle, litres/s + Q_120=A*omega*r*(2/%pi-sind(120) )*1000; //For 120 degree angle, litres/s + + theta=asind(2/%pi); //Angle at which there is no flow, degrees + //This is NOT Calculated in the Textbook. + +//Results:- + printf("Rate of Flow from the Air Vessel=%.1f litre/s for 30 Degree Angle\n\t\t\t\t",Q_30) + printf(" =%.f litre/s for 90 Degree Angle\n\t\t\t\t",Q_90) + printf(" =%.1f litre/s for 120 Degree Angle\n",Q_120) + + printf("The angle at which there is no flow from or to the air vessel = %.2f Degrees\n",theta) + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..443aeb95e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.12 +//To Find the Maximum Speed at which the Pump may run without seperation. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + D=10; //Plunger Diameter, cm + L=20; //Stroke Length, cm + H_s=4; //Suction Head, m + H_d=14; //Delivery Head, m + d_s=4; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, cm + l_s=6; //Length of Suction Pipe, m + d_d=3; //Diameter of Delivery Pipe, cm + l_d=18; //Length of Delivery Pipe, m + p=7.85; //Pressure (below atm.) for seperation, N/cm^2 + H_a=10.3; //Atmospheric Pressure Head, m of water + + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + + +//Computations:- + d_s=d_s/100; //m + d_d=d_d/100; //m + D=D/100; //m + L=L/100; //m + + a_s=(%pi/4)*d_s^2; //m^2 + a_d=(%pi/4)*d_d^2; //m^2 + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + r=L/2; //m + + H_sp=p*100^2/(rho*g); //Pressure Head of water for seperation, m (below atmosphere) (Value given in textbook is wrong due to incorrect value of p is used) + H_abs=H_a-H_sp; //Absolute Pressure Head of water for seperation, m + H_as_by_omega2=(l_s/g)*(A/a_s)*r; //H_as/omega^2 + omega=sqrt((H_sp-H_s)/H_as_by_omega2); //rad/s + N_s=omega*60/(2*%pi); //rpm + + H_ad_by_omega2=(l_d/g)*(A/a_d)*r; //H_as/omega^2 + omega=sqrt((H_sp+H_d)/H_ad_by_omega2); //rad/s + N_d=omega*60/(2*%pi); //rpm + + //Selecting maximum speed, + if N_s>N_d then + N=N_s; + else + N=N_d; + +//Result:- + printf("Hence, The Maximum Speed at which Pump should be Run is %.2f rpm\n",N) //The answer vary due to round off error + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae1c93ceb --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By - Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.13 +//To Determine the Crank Angle, at which there is no flow of water to or from the vessel. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + D=17.5; //Bore diameter, cm + L=35; //Stroke Length, cm + d_s=15; //Diameter of Suction pipe, cm + N=150; //Speed, rpm + +//Computations:- + D=D/100; //m + L=L/100; //m + d_s=d_s/100; //m + + omega=2*%pi*N/60; //rad/s + A=(%pi/4)*D^2; //m^2 + r=L/2; //m + Q_s=2*A*omega*r/%pi; //Rate of flow from sump upto air vessel, m^3/s + theta=asind(Q_s/(A*omega*r)); //degrees + + +//Result:- + printf("The Crank Angle at which there is no flow, theta=%.2f Degrees\n",theta) + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f611ce645 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.2 +//Referring to Example 12.1 +//To Determine 1.The Slip 2. The Co-efficient of Discharge 3. Theoretical Power Requied to Drive the Pump 4. Force Required to Work the Piston during Suction Stroke 5. Force Required to Work the Piston during Delivery Stroke. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + //The Pump is Double Acting + //From Example 12.1 + Hs_th=4.8; //Suction Head (Theoretical), m + Hd_th=12; //Delivery Head (Theoretical), m + N=90; //Speed of Pump, rpm + D=100; //Piston Diameter, mm + L=150; //Length of Stroke, mm + eta_s=60/100; //Efficiency of Suction Stroke + eta_d=75/100; //Efficiency of Delivery Stroke + + Q=200; //Actual Discharge, lit./min + d=20; //Diameter of Piston Rod, mm + + +//Data Used:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Accelerationdue to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + A=(%pi/4)*(D/1000)^2; //m^2 + a= (%pi/4)*(d/1000)^2; //m^2 + L=L/1000; //m + Vs=2*A*L; //Swept volume in one revolution, m^3 + Vth=A*L*N/60+(A-a)*L*N/60; //Theoritical Volume of Water pumped per second, m^3 + m=Vth*rho; //Theoritical Mass Flow rate, kg/s + m_act=Q*1000/(60*1000); //Actual mas flow rate, kg/s + + Slip=(m-m_act)*100/m; //Slip in Percentage + Cd=m_act/m*100; //Co-efficient of Discharge in Percentage + Hs=Hs_th/eta_s; //Suction Head taking suction efficiency in account, m + Hd=Hd_th/eta_d; //Delivery Head taking delivery efficiency in account, m + H=Hs+Hd; //Total Head, m + Pth=m*g*H; //Theoritical power Required to Drive the Pump, W + Fb=rho*(Hs*A+Hd*(A-a)); //Force to be provided by Pump during Backward Stroke, kg + Ff=rho*(Hs*(A-a)+Hd*A); // Force to be provided by Pump during Forward Stroke, kg + +//Results:- + printf(" 1. Slip=%.1f Percent \n",Slip) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 2. The Co-efficient of Discharge =%.1f Percent \n",Cd) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 3. Theoretical Power Requied to Drive the Pump =%.2f W \n",Pth) //The answer vary due to round off error + printf(" 4. Force to be provided by Pump during Backward Stroke =%.1f kg \n",Fb) + printf(" 5. Force to be provided by Pump during Forward Stroke =%.f kg \n",Ff) + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8593ca45a --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.3 +//To Calculate The Maximum Speed at which pump may be run and Determine Resultant Suction Head at Begining, Middle and End of the Stroke. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + D=150; //Diameter of Plunger, mm + L=250; //Stroke length, mm + l_s=10; //Length of Suction Pipe, m + d=75; //Diameter of Suction Pipe, mm + hs=4; //Suction Head, m of water + Ha=10.34; //Atmospheric Pressure, m of water + Habs=2.44; //Absolute Pressure Head, m of water + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations:- + Hv=Ha-Habs; //Vaccume Pressure, m of water + //For Maximum Resultant Suction Head, + Hs=Hv; + A=(%pi/4)*(D/1000)^2; //m^2 + a_s= (%pi/4)*(d/1000)^2; //m^2 + r=L/2000; //m + omega=sqrt((Hs-hs)*g*a_s/(l_s*A*r)); //radian/sec + N=60*omega/(2*%pi); //rpm + +//Result 1 + printf(" The Maximum Speed at which pump may be run, N=%.2f rpm \n",N) //The answer vary due to round off error + + //At Begining + Has=(l_s/g)*(A/a_s)*omega^2*r*cosd(0); //m + Hs=hs+Has; //Resultant Head at Begining of Stroke, m of water + +//Result 2 + printf(" Resultant Head at Begining of Stroke, Hs=%.1f m of water \n",Hs) + + + //At Middle + Has=(l_s/g)*(A/a_s)*omega^2*r*cosd(90); //m + Hs=hs+Has; //Resultant Head at Middle of Stroke (Has=0), m of water + +//Result 3 + printf(" Resultant Head at Middle of Stroke, Hs=%.f m of water \n",Hs) + + + //At the End + Has=(l_s/g)*(A/a_s)*omega^2*r*cosd(180); //m + Hs=hs+Has; //Resultant Head at End of Stroke, m of water + // Resultant Head at End of Stroke is not calculated and displayed as result in the textbook. + +//Result 4 + printf(" Resultant Head at End of Stroke, Hs=%.1f m of water \n ",Hs) + + diff --git a/3751/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3751/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10a18d233 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Fluid Systems - By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 12- Reciprocating Pumps +//Example 12.4 +//To Find whether seperation will take place, and if so, at which section of pipe. + + clc + clear + +//Given Data:- + ld=60.96; //Length of Delivery Pipe, m + a=1.83; //Acceleration of Plunger Pump, m/s^2 + A_by_ad=2; //ratio of Sectional Area of Plunger to that of Delivery Pipe. + //Referring to Fig 12.6 in the textbook, + ef=18.3; //m + eq=12.19; //m + dq=1.83; //m + slope=3; + + Hsp=2.44; //Pressure Head in pipe when seperation takes place, m of water + Hatm=10.36; //Atmospheric Pressure Head (Barometer Reading), m of water + +//Data Used:- + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Had=-(ld/g)*A_by_ad*a; //Head at end of stroke, a=acceleration=omega^2*r, Had in m + dp=Had; // Referring to Fig 12.6 in the textbook + ed=eq+dq; + Hd=ed; //Total Delivery Head, m + Hrd=Had+Hd; //Resultant Pressure in Delivery pipe at end of Stroke, m + Habs=Hatm+Hrd; //Absolute Pressure. m of water + + Hv=Hatm-Hsp; //Vaccum pressure, m + x=-Hv-Had; //m + + if Habst_c. so, This is a case of Gradual valve closure. + p=rho*l*V/(t*1000); //Pressure Rise, kPa + + //Result (i) + printf("(i)Pressure Rise, p=%.f kPa\n",p) + + //(ii) + t=2.5; // s + // t51 & Ns<=255 then + printf(" The type of turbine is Francis") + elseif Ns>=8.5 & Ns<=30 then + printf("The type of turbine is Pelton Wheel with single jet") + elseif Ns>30& Ns<=51 then + printf("The type of turbine is Pelton Wheel with multi jet") + elseif Ns>255 & Ns<=860 then + printf("The type of turbine is Kaplan or Propeller Turbine") + end + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..283f7c48a --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.10 +// To Calculate Speed and Power Developed by the Prototype when working Under a Head of 8 m. + clc + clear + +//Given:- + Lr=1/5; //Scale Ratio + DmbyDp=Lr; + + //For Prototype + Hp=8; //Head, m + + //For Model + Pm=5; //Power, kW + Hm=2; //Head, m + Nm=600; //rpm + +//Computations + Np=Nm*DmbyDp*(Hp/Hm)^(1/2); //rpm + Pp=Pm*(Np/Nm)^3/(DmbyDp^5); //KW + + +//Results + printf("For the Prototype (Working Under a Head of 8 m:\n") + printf(" Speed, Np=%.f rpm\n Power Developed, Pp=%.f kW",Np,Pp) + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0f85df2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.11 +// To Find (a)Power Developed by Model (b)Ratio of Heads and Ratio of Mass Flow Rates between Prototype and Model. + clc + clear + +//Given:- + Pp=12; //Power Developed by Prototype,MW + Lr=1/10; //Scale Ratio + DmbyDp=Lr; + LmbyLp=Lr; + + +//Computations:- + + //(a)Power Developed by the Model + //As Np=Nm and effeciencies of prototype and model are equal + Pm=Pp*10^6*(DmbyDp)^5; //W + + //(b)Ratio of Heads and Ratio of Mass flow Rates + HpbyHm=DmbyDp^(-2); //Dimensionless + QpbyQm=DmbyDp^(-3) + //As m=rho*Q and rho is Constant. So, + m_pbym_m=QpbyQm; + +//Results + + printf("(a)Power Developed by the Model,Pm=%.f W\n",Pm) + printf(" (b)Ratio of Heads, Hp/Hm=%.f\n Ratio of Mass flow rates, m_p/m_m=%.f\n",HpbyHm,m_pbym_m) + + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1583c0430 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.12 +// To Find (a)The Speed ,Discharge and Power required for the Actual Pump (b) The Discharge of the model. + clc + clear + +//Given:- + Lr=5; //Scale Ratio + DpbyDm=Lr; + DmbyDp=1/DpbyDm; + //For Model + Pm=22; //Power Required, kW + Hm=7; //Head, m + Nm=410; //Speed, rpm + eta_m=1; //Assumption that efficiency of the model is 100% + //For Prototype + Hp=35; //Head, m + //Data Required:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Np=Nm*DmbyDp*(Hp/Hm)^(1/2); //rpm + Pp=Pm*(Np/Nm)^3*DpbyDm^5; //KW + Qm=Pm*1000*eta_m/(rho*g*Hm); //m^3/s + Qp=Qm*(Np/Nm)^2*DpbyDm^2; //m^3/s + +//Results:- + printf("(a)For the Actual Pump(Prototype):\n Speed, Np=%.2f rpm , \n Discharge, Qp=%.3f m^3/s and \n Power,Pp=%.2fKW\n",Np,Qp,Pp) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error(For Qp), The Answer Provided in the Textbook is Wrong (For Np and Pp). + + printf("(b)The Discharge of the Model, Qm=%.4f m^3/s",Qm) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..648937bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.13 +// To Determine the maximum flow rate and specific speed for the Turbine and To Find Speed, Power Output and Water Consumption of the Model. + clc + clear + +//Given:- + Lr=10; //Scale Ratio + DpbyDm=Lr; + DmbyDp=1/DpbyDm; + //For Prototype + Pp=1000; //Power , kW + Hp=14; //Head, m + Np=130; //Speed, rpm + eta_o=91/100; //Overall efficiency + //For Model + Hm=6; //Head, m + //Data Required:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations:- + Qp=Pp*1000/(rho*g*Hp *eta_o ); //m^3/s + Ns=Np*Pp^(1/2)/(Hp^(5/4)); //Specific Speed, In SI UNITS + Nm=Np*DpbyDm*(Hm/Hp)^(1/2); //rpm + Qm=Qp*(Nm/Np)*(DmbyDp)^3; //m^3/s + Pm=Pp*(Nm/Np)^3*DmbyDp^5; //KW + +//Results:- + printf("For the Turbine : \n\t") + printf("Maximum Flow Rate, Qp=%.f m^3/s\n\t",Qp) + printf("Specific Speed, Ns=%.2f (SI Units)\n\n",Ns) + printf("For the Model : \n\t") + printf("Speed, Nm=%.2f rpm\n Power Output, Pm=%.2f kW\n Water Consumption, Qm=%.4f m^3/s \n", Nm,Pm,Qm) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a4c66d2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.14 +//To Determine the Size (Scale Ratio) of the Model and To Find the Model Speed and Power. + + clc + clear + +//Given:- + TP=240000; //Total Power Produced, kW + n=4; //No. of Turbines + eta_o=91/100; //Effeciency of each turbine + Np=120; //Speed of each Turbine, rpm + Hp=70; //Head for each Turbine, m + + Qm=0.45; //Discharge for Model, m^3/s + Hm=5; //Head for testing the Model, m + +//Data Required:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleratrion due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Calculations:- + Pp=TP/n; //Power produced from each Turbine, kW + Qp=Pp*1000/(rho*g*Hp*eta_o); //Discharge passing through one Turbine, m^3/s + DmbyDp=(Qm/Qp)^(1/2)*(Hp/Hm)^(1/4); //From Relation of Flow Coefficient + Lr=DmbyDp; //Scale Ratio + Nm=(Np/DmbyDp)*(Hm/Hp)^(1/2); //rpm + Pm=Pp*(Nm/Np)^3*DmbyDp^5; //KW + +//Results + printf("The Scale Ratio is 1:%.2f\n ",1/Lr) + printf("Model Speed, Nm=%.2f rpm\n",Nm) + printf("Model Power, Pm=%.2f kW\n",Pm) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b508479a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.15 +//To Determine the rpm of Prototype, Ratio of Power Developed by Model and Prototype and Efficiency of Prototytpe . + + clc + clear + +//Given:- + Lr=1/8; //Scale Ratio + //For Model, + Hm=5; //Head, m + Nm=350; //Speed,rpm + eta_m=78/100; //Effiency of model + //For Prototype, + Hp=100; //Head, m + +//Calculations:- + DpbyDm=1/Lr; // Dp/Dm + //(a) Speed of Prototype, Np + Np=Nm*Lr*(Hp/Hm)^(1/2); //rpm + //(b)Ratio of Power Developed, Pp/Pm + PpbyPm=DpbyDm^5*(Np/Nm)^3; + //(c)Efficiency of Prototype when Scale Effect is Considered + //From Moody's Equation, + eta_p=(1-Lr^0.2*(1-eta_m))*100; //In Percentage + +//Results + +printf(" (a)The Speed of Prototype, Np=%.2f rpm\n",Np) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error +printf(" (b)Ratio of Power Developed, Pp/Pm =%.2f \n",PpbyPm) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error +printf(" (c)Efficiency of Prototype, eta_p =%.2f Percent\n",eta_p) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f75a0621 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.2 +//To Find (a) Specific speed of turbine (b) Power Developed (c) Type of turbine + clc + clear +//Given: + + H=28; //Head, m + N=225; //Speed, rpm + Q=10; //Discharge, cumec=m^3/s + eta_o=90/100; //Overall Efficiency +//Data Required + rho=1000 // Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; // Acceleration due to gravity, m/ s^2 +//Computations + P=eta_o*rho*Q*g*H/1000; //Power developed, KW + Ns=N*P^(1/2)/(H^(5/4)); // specific speed of turbine , in SI UNITS + +//Result1 + + printf("(a)The Specific speed of Turbine = %.2f (SI Units)\n",Ns) //The Answer Vary due to Round off Error + printf("(b)Power developed =%.2f kW\n",P) +//To Determine the type of turbine, Result2 + if Ns>51 & Ns<=255 then + printf("(c)The type of turbine is Francis.") + elseif Ns>=8.5 & Ns<=30 then + printf("(c)The type of turbine is Pelton Wheel with single jet.") + elseif Ns>30 & Ns<=51 then + printf("(c)The type of turbine is Pelton Wheel with multi jet.") + elseif Ns>255 & Ns<=860 then + printf("(c)The type of turbine is Kaplan or Propeller turbine.") + + end diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d044d619e --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.3 +//To Find (a) The Discharge required (b) The Diameter of Wheel (c) The Diameter and number of jets required (d)The Specific Speed + clc + clear +//Given: + P=8200; //Power Developed, kW + H=128; // Head , m + N=210; // Speed, rpm + Cv=0.98; // Co-efficient of Velocity + eta_H=89/100; //Hydraulic Efficiency + Ku=0.45; // Speed Ratio + dbyD=1/10; //Ratio of jet diameter to wheel Diameter + eta_m=92/100; //Mechanical Efficiency +//Data required + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; // Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 +//Assumptions: + eta_v=100/100; // Volumetric efficiency is 100% + +//Computations + D=Ku*sqrt(2*g*H)*60/(%pi*N); //Wheel Diameter, m + d=D*dbyD; // Jet diameter, m + eta_o=eta_H*eta_m*eta_v; //Overall Efficiency + Q=P*1000/(rho*g*H*eta_o); //Net Discharge, m^3/s + q=(%pi/4)*d^2*Cv*sqrt(2*g*H); //Discharge through one jet, m^3/s + n=round(Q/q); //Number of jets + Ns= N*P^(1/2)/(H^(5/4)); //Specific Speed, SI Units + +//Results +printf("(a) The Discharge required, Q =%.3f m^3/s\n",Q) +printf("(b) The Diameter of Wheel, D =%.2f m\n",D) +printf("(c) The Diameter, d=%.3f m and\n number of jets required =%.f \n",d,n) +printf("(d)The Specific Speed, Ns=%.2f (SI Units)\n",Ns) //The Answer Vary due to Round off Error + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbfd9ddbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.4 +//To Find (a) The Diameter of Runner (b) The Diameter of jet + clc + clear +//Given: + P=3200; //Power Developed, kW + H=310; // Effective Head , m + eta_o=82/100; //Overall Efficiency + Ku=0.46; // Speed Ratio + Cv=0.98 // Co-efficient of Velocity + Ns=18; //Specific Speed (SI Units) +//Data required + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81 // Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + +//Computations + N=Ns*H^(5/4)/sqrt(P); //Speed, rpm + D=Ku*sqrt(2*g*H)*60/(%pi*N); //Diameter of runner, m + Q=P*1000/(rho*g*H*eta_o); //Discharge, m^3/s + d=sqrt(Q/((%pi/4)*Cv*sqrt(2*g*H))); // Diameter of Jet, m + +//Results + printf("(a) The Diameter of Runner, D =%.2f m\n",D) //The Answer Vary due to Round Off Error + printf("(c) The Diameter of Jet, d=%.3f m \n",d) diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2d86c55b --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.5 +//To Find (a) Number of Units to be installed (b) Diameter of Wheel (c) Diameter of Jet + clc + clear + +//Given: + + H_G= 310; //Gross Head,m + l=2.5; // Length, km + h_f=25; // Friction Loses, J/N=m + TO=20; //Total Output Power, MW + N=660; // Speed, rpm + ubyVi=0.46 //Ratio of bucket to jet speed + eta_o=88/100; //Overall Efficiency + Ns=28; //Specific Speed, SI Units + Cv=0.97; + Cd=0.94; + + +//Data Required: + rho=1000; //Density of water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Computations: + H=H_G-h_f; //Effective Head, m + P=(Ns*H^(5/4)/N)^2; //Power Output of each Unit, KW + //(a) The no. of units to be lnstalled,n + n=round(TO*1000/P); + //(b)Diameter of Wheel,D + Vi=Cv*sqrt(2*g*H); //m/s + D=ubyVi*Vi*60/(%pi*N); //m + +//(c) Diameter of Jet, d + Q=TO*10^6/(rho*g*H*eta_o); //Net Discharge, m^3/s + q=Q/n; // Discharge through one unit, m^/s + d=sqrt(q/((%pi/4)*Cd*sqrt(2*g*H)))*1000; //mm + + +//Results + printf("(a) The no. of units to be Installed=%.f Units\n",n) + printf("(b) Diameter of Wheel, D=%.3f m\n",D) + printf("(c) Diameter of Jet, d=%.1f mm\n",d) //The Answer Vary due to round off Error + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1599b5c04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.6 +//To Find Speed and Power Developed by the Turbine + clc + clear + +//Given: + //Ist Condition + P1=8500; //Power Developed, kW + N1=120; //Speed, rpm + H1=32; //Head, m + + //2nd Condition + H2=25; //Head, m + +//Computations: + P2=P1*(H2/H1)^(3/2); //kW + N2=N1*(H2/H1)^(1/2); //rpm + +//Results + printf("The Speed Developed by the Turbine,N2=%.f rpm\n",N2) + printf("The power developed= %.2f kW",P2) diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86ba6ebaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Fluid Systems by Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7 - Performance of water turbine +//Example 7.7 +//To Determine unit power, unit speed and unit discharge and also find speed, discharge and power at condition 2 + clc + clear + +//Given: + //At Condition 1 + P1=7200; //Power Developed, KW + N1=300; //Speed, rpm + H1=350; //Head, m + eta_o=85/100; // Overall efficiency + + //At Condition 2 + H2=300; //Head, m + +//Data Used: + rho=1000; //Density of Water, kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity, m/s^@ + + +//Computations: + Q1=P1*1000/(rho*g*H1*eta_o); //m^3/s + Pu=P1/(H1^(3/2)); //Unit Power, KW + Nu=N1/sqrt(H1); //Unit Speed, rpm + Qu=Q1/sqrt(H1); //Unit Discharge, m^3/s + P2=P1*(H2/H1)^(3/2); //KW + N2=N1*(H2/H1)^(1/2); //rpm + Q2=Q1*sqrt(H2/H1); //m^3/s + +//Results + printf("Unit Power, Pu= %.3f kW\n Unit Speed, Nu=%.2f rpm\n Unit Discharge, Qu=%.4f m^/s\n",Pu, Nu, Qu) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + printf("At head of 300 m:\n\t") + printf("The Speed,N2=%.2f rpm\n\t",N2) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + printf("The power,P2= %.2f kW\n\t",P2) + printf("The Discharge, Q2=%.3f m^3/s\n",Q2) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b94bb30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.8 +// To Find Model Runner Speed and Prototype to Model Scale ratio + clc + clear + +//Given:- + //For Prototype + Pp=30; //Power Developed, MW + Hp=55; //Head, m + Np=100; //Speed, rpm + Pp=Pp*1000; //KW + //For Model + Pm=25 ; //Power Developed, KW + Hm=6; //Head, m + +//Computations:- + Nm=Np*(Hm/Hp)^(5/4)*(Pp/Pm)^(1/2); //rpm + DpbyDm=((Pp/Pm)*(Nm/Np)^3)^(1/5); //A Ratio(Dimensionless) + Lr= DpbyDm; //Scale Ratio + + +//Results + printf("The Model Runner Speed, Nm=%.2f rpm And\n",Nm) + printf("Prototype to Model Scale Ratio,Lr=%.2f",Lr) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + diff --git a/3751/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3751/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86f4aeb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3751/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Fluid Systems- By Shiv Kumar +//Chapter 7- Performance of Water Turbine +//Example 7.9 +// To Determine the Performance of the Turbine Under a Head of 20 m + clc + clear + +//Given:- + //Condition 1: + H1=25; //Head, m + N1=200; //Speed, rpm + Q1=9; //Discharge, m^3/s + eta_o=90/100; //Overall Efficiency + + //Condition 2: + H2=20; //Head, m + +//Data Required:- + rho=1000; //Density of Water, Kg/m^3 + g=9.81; //Acceleration due to Gravity, m/s^2 + + +//Calculations:- + P1=rho*Q1*g*H1*eta_o/1000; //KW + N2=N1*sqrt(H2/H1); //rpm + Q2=Q1*sqrt(H2/H1); //m^3/s + P2=P1*(H2/H1)^(3/2); //KW + + +//Results:- + printf("At Condition 2 (Under a Head of 20 m):\n") + printf("\tSpeed, N2=%.2f rpm\n Discharge, Q2=%.2f m^3/s\n Power Developed, P2=%.2f kW",N2,Q2,P2) //The Answer vary due to Round off Error + + diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca4b2ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +D=1 //Distance in metre +lamda=589*10**-9 //nm to metres +d=2*10**-3 //mm to metre + +//Calculation +Beta=(D*lamda)/d // in mm + +//Result +printf("The fringe width beta=%0.4f mm",(Beta*10**3)) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53ac2e73e --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=5893; // in micron +n=3 // unitless +d_lamda=6 // in micron + +//Calculation +N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda) // number of rulings + +//Result +printf("N = %0.1f",N) +printf("\nThe number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.") diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..261f99c2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=5.5*10**-7 // in m +d=2.54 // in m +x=1.22// unitless +//Calculation +dtheta=(x*lamda)/d // radian + +//Result +printf("Smallest angular separation of two stars = %0.3e radian",dtheta) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d980fe8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=6500 // in Angstrom +theta=30*%pi/180 // radian + +//Calculation +a=lamda/sin(theta) // Angstrom + +//Result +printf("Slit width value, a= %0.f Angstroms",a) +printf("\nor a = %0.1f micron",(a*10^-4)) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c494fdd33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +a2=1 // amplitude +a1=2*a2 // amplitude +//Calculation +r=a1/a2 // ratio + +//Result +printf("r=%.f/1",r) //r = r/1 = r:1 +printf("\nHence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1") + diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecdef4c08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +theta=5*10**-3/2// unitless +lamda=5*10**-7 // in m + +//Calculation +a=(lamda)/theta // in m + +printf("a=%0.e m",(a)) +printf("\n a=%.1f mm",a*10**3) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9ea23ec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +N=20// unitless +lamda=5000*10**-10 //Angstroms to meters +t=2.5*10**-5 // in m + +//Calculation +mu_1=(N*lamda)/t// unitless +mu=1+(mu_1)// unitless + +//Result +printf("mu-1=%.1f",mu_1) +printf("\nRefractive index, mu=%1f",mu) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb4f2173f --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39 +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +theta=90*%pi/180 //theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume +lamda=5890*10**-10 // in m +aplusb=2*10**-6 //micro mts to mts + +//Calculation +n=(aplusb*sin(theta))/lamda // order + +//Result +printf("Maximum number of orders=%d",n) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c95c6f529 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35 +clc;clear;close + +//Variable declaration +N=3 //position +lamda=5450*10**-10 //Wawelength in Armstrong to metre +mu=1.5 // unitless + +//Calculation +t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1) // micron + +//Result +printf("Thickness of glass plate=%0.2f micron",(t*10**6)) + diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1849c6cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +w=0.02 // in m +n=1 +lamda=6.56*10**-7 // in m +theta=(18+(14/60))*%pi/180 // in radian + +//Calculation +N=(w*sin(theta))/(n*lamda) // no. of lines + +//Result +printf("Total number of lines n the grating=%d",round(N)) +//Answer varies due to rounding of number" diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e33a179 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=5893*10**-10 //Angstroms to mts +x=4*10**-2 // unitless +Beta=1*10**-3 // unitless + +//Calculation +t=(lamda*x)/(2*Beta) + +//Result +printf("t=%0.3f micron",(t*10**6)) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0f84ac4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=5500 // Angstrom +nf=1.38 //unitless + +//Calculation +t=lamda/(4*nf) // Angstrom + +//Result +printf("The minimum thickness of coating,t=%0.1f Angstrom",t) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5923188f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +Beta=0.00227 //distance between adjascent green lines +D=2.5 // in m +d=0.0006 //distance between narrow slits + +//Calculation +lamda=(Beta*d)/D // in m + +//Result +printf("Wavelength,lamda=%.4e m",(lamda)) +//Answer varies due to rounding of number" diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59f5befe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +lamda=5890*10**-10 // in m +mu=1.5 // unitless +theta=60*%pi/180 //Converting in to degrees + +//Calculation + +t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(cos(theta))) // in m + +//Result +printf("Smallest thickness of plate,t=%0.4e m",t) diff --git a/3753/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3753/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b32535efa --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37 + +clc;clear;close + + +//Variable declaration +R=1// unitless +n=5// unitless +lamda=5.895*10**-7 // in m +dn=0.003 // in m + +//Calculation +mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2) + +//Result +printf("Refractive index,mu = %0.2f",mu ) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1845d07b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 2.1, Page number 2.33 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +I=1/2 // unitless + +// Calculation +theta1=acos(1/sqrt(2))*(180/%pi) // radian +theta2=acos(-1/sqrt(2))*(180/%pi) // radian +// Result +printf("theta=%.f degrees",theta1) +printf("\ntheta=%.f degrees",theta2) +printf("\n\n The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.") diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9034dad22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 2.10, Page number 2.35 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +v=1500 // in m/s +t=1.33 // in s + +// Calculation +d=(v*t)/2 // in m + +// Result +printf("The depth of the sea = %.1f m",d) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cbac64cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example number 2.2, Page number 2.33 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Calculation +ip=atan(1.732)*(180/%pi) // radian + +// Result +printf("ip=%.f degrees",ip) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23791e887 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 2.3, Page number 2.33 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +d=1*10**-3 // in m +lamda=6000*10**-10 // in m +nd=0.01 // difference between the refractive indices(n1 - n2) + +// Calculation +phi=(2*%pi*d*nd)/lamda // radian + +// Result +printf("phi=%.1f radian",phi) +printf("\n\nSince the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.") diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5915f4a3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 2.4, Page number 2.33 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda=5000*10**-10 // in m +mu_0=1.5533 // unitless +mu_1=1.5442// unitless + +// Calculations +t=lamda/(2*(mu_0 - mu_1)) // in m + +// Result +printf("Thickness,t=%0.2f micro m",(t*10**6)) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad943c26d --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 2.5, Page number 2.34 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda=6000*10**-10 // in m +t=0.003*10**-2 // in m + +// Calculations +delta_mu=lamda/(4*t) // unitless + +// Result +printf("Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu=%0.3f",delta_mu) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dee5aa0ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 2.6, Page number 2.34¶ + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +theta=60*(%pi/180) // When the angle of refraction is 30degrees, angle of reflection will be 60degrees + +// Calculation +mu=tan(theta) // unitless + +// Result +printf("Refractive index of medium=%0.3f",mu) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af2e38a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 2.7, Page number 2.34 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +m=1 // unitless +lamda_l=6000*10**-10 // in m +theta=0.046*(%pi/180) // radian +n=2*10**6// unitless + +// Calculation +lamda_s=(m*lamda_l)/(sin(theta)) // in m +v=n*lamda_s // in m/s + +// Result +printf("Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s =%0.2e m",(lamda_s)) +printf("\nVelocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid = %0.f ms^-1",v) +// Answer varies due to rounding of numbers diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f12011849 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 2.8, Page number 2.35 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +C=1500 // in m +Df=267// unitless +f=2*10**6 +theta=0*%pi/180 // degrees + +// Calculation +V=(C*Df)/(2*f*cos(theta)) // in m/s + +// Result +printf("Velocity of blood flow = %0.4f m-s^-1",V) diff --git a/3753/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3753/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5673711eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 2.9, Page number 2.35 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +t=0.7*10**-3 // in s +E=8.8*10**10 // V +rho=2800 // kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +f=(1/(2*t))*sqrt(E/rho) // Fundamental frequency + +// Result +printf("Fundamental frequency,f = %.e Hz",f) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9c0b21a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 3.1, Page number 3.32 + +// importing modules +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +V=2265 // m^3 +A=92.9 // Coefficient +x=2 // The absorption become 2*A of open window + +// Calculation +T=(0.16*V)/A // Sabine's formula +T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A) // in s + +// Result +printf("Reverbration time = %0.1f s",T) +printf("\nFinal Reverbration time = %0.2f s",T2) +printf("\nThus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value") diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e2fda8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 3.10, Page number 3.35 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +H0=6.5*10**4 // (ampere/metre) +T=4.2 // K +Tc=7.18 // K +r=0.5*10**-3 + +// Calculations +Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2) // unitless +Ic=(2*%pi*r)*Hc // A +A=%pi*r**2 // m^2 +Jc=Ic/A // Critical current density + +// Result +printf("Hc = %0.4e",Hc) +printf("\nCritical current density,Jc = %0.2e ampere/metre^2",Jc) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb34a609c --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 3.11, Page number 6.36 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +Tc1=4.185 // K +M1=199.5// unitless +M2=203.4// unitless + +// Calculations +Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2) // in K + +// Result +printf("New critical temperature for mercury = %0.3f K",Tc2) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..056b73d6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example number 3.2, Page number 3.32 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +a1=450 // Area of plastered wall +a2=360 // Area of wooden floor and wooden doors +a3=24 // Area of Glass +a4=600 // Area of seats +a5=500 // Area of audience when they are in seats +c1=0.03 // Coefficient of absorption of plastered wall +c2=0.06 // Coefficient of absorption of wooden floor and wooden doors +c3=0.025 // Coefficient of absorption of Glass +c4=0.3 // Coefficient of absorption of seats +c5=0.43 // Coefficient of absorption of audience when they are in seats +l=12 // in m +b=30 // in m +h=6 // in m + +// Calculation +V=l*b*h // volume of the hall +A=(a1*c1)+(a2*c2)+(a3*c3)+(a4*c4)+(a5*c5) // Total absorption +T=(0.16*V)/A // Reverbration time + +// Result +printf("Volume of the hall = %.f m^3",V) +printf("\nTotal absorption = %0.1f m^2",A) +printf("\nReverbration time = %0.1f second",T) +// Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbb482907 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 3.3, Page number 3.33 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +T=1.2 // in s +V=7500 // in m^3 + +// Calculation +A=(0.16*V)/T // in m^2 + +// Result +printf("Total absorpttion = %.f m**2 of O.W.U.",A) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5c9d033c --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 3.4, Page number 3.34 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +V=12*10**4 // in m^3 +A=13200 // in m^2 +x=2 // The absorption become 2*A of open window + +// Calculation +T1=(0.16*V)/A // Sabine's formula +T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A) // in s +Td=T1-T2 // in s + +// Result +printf("T1 = %0.2f second",T1) +printf("\nT2 = %0.2f second",T2) +printf("\nChange in Reverbration time = %0.3f second",Td) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b8d82ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 3.6, Page number 3.34 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +H0=64*10**3; // initial field(ampere/m) +T=5; // temperature(K) +Tc=7.26; // transition temperature(K) + +// Calculation +H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); // critical field(ampere/m) + +// Result +printf("critical field is : %0.3e ampere/m",H) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4482d379e --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 3.7, Page number 3.34 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 // eV +V=1*10 // in m^3 +h=6.625*10**-34 + +// Calculations +v=(2*e*V**-3)/h // Hz + +// Result +printf("Frequency of generated microwaves = %.2e Hz",v) diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2823b104a --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example number 3.8, Page number 3.34 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +d=7300 // density in (kg/m**3) +N=6.02*10**26 // Avagadro Number +A=118.7 // Atomic Weight +E=1.9 // Effective mass +e=1.6*10**-19 + +// Calculations +n=(d*N)/A // no. of electrons +m=E*9.1*10**-31 // in kg +x=4*%pi*10**-7*n*e**2 // in kg/m^2 +lamda_L=sqrt(m/x) // in m + +// Result +printf("Number of electrons per unit volume = %0.1e per m^3",n) +printf("\nEffective mass of electron ''m*'' = %0.2e kg",m) +printf("\nPenetration depth = %0.5f Angstroms",(lamda_L*10**8)) +// The answer given in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3753/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3753/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42e6f5261 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 3.9, Page number 3.35 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9 // in m +lamda_L2=173*10**-9 // in m +T1=7.1 // in s +T2=3 // in s + +// Calculations +x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2 // in kg/m^2 +Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x) // in K +Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4) // in K +printf("Tc = %0.4f K",Tc) +printf("\nlamda0 = %.f nm",round((sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9)) diff --git a/3753/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3753/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6676bdef --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 4.1, Page number 4.32 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +r1 = 2; // in radians +r2 = 3; // in radians +d1 = 4; // Converting from mm to radians +d2 = 6; // Converting from mm to radians + +// calculations +D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) // Divergence + +// Result +printf("Divergence = %0.1e radian",D) diff --git a/3753/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3753/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b145e6ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4.2, Page number 4.32 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +C=3*10**8 // The speed of light +Lamda=6943 // Wavelength +T=300 // Temperature in Kelvin +h=6.626*10**-34 // Planck constant +k=1.38*10**-23 // Boltzmann's constant + +// Calculations + +V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) // Frequency +R=exp(h*V/(k*T)) // Relative population + +// Result +printf("Frequency (V) = %0.2e Hz",V) +printf("\nRelative Population = %.3e",R) diff --git a/3753/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3753/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f301bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 4.3, Page number 4.32 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +C=3*10**8 // Velocity of light m/s +W=632.8*10**-9 // wavelength in m +P=2.3 +t=1 +h=6.626*10**-34 // Planck constant +S=1*10**-6 + +// Calculations +V=C/W // Frequency +n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) // no.of photons emitted +PD=P*10**-3/S // Power density + +// Result +printf("Frequency = %0.2e Hz",V) +printf("\nno.of photons emitted = %0.2e photons/sec",n) +printf("\nPower density = %0.1f kWm^-2",(PD/1000)) diff --git a/3753/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3753/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f88698ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4.4, Page number 4.33 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +h=6.626*10**-34 // Planck constant +C=3*10**8 // Velocity of light +E_g=1.44 // bandgap + +// calculations +lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) // Wavelenght + +// Result +printf("Wavelength = %.f Angstrom",(lamda)) diff --git a/3753/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3753/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9833acdf --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 4.5, Page number 4.33 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +W=1.55 // wavelength + +// Calculations +E_g=(1.24)/W // Bandgap in eV + +// Result +printf("Band gap = %0.1f eV",E_g) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bb23718f --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.1, Page number 5.28 + +clc;clear;close + +//variable declaration +n1=1.50 //Core refractive index +n2=1.47 //Cladding refractive index + +//Calculations +C_a=asin(n2/n1) //Critical angle +N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2) // Numerical Aperture +A_a=asin(N_a) // degree + +//Results +printf("The Critical angle = %0.1f degrees",(C_a*180/%pi)) +printf("\nThe numerical aperture = %0.2f",N_a) +printf("\nThe acceptance angle = %0.1f degress",(A_a*180/%pi)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10e637860 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.10, Page number 5.30 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +n1=1.53 //unitless +delta=0.0196//unitless + +// Calculations +N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) // numerical aperture +A_a=asin(N_a)//degree +// Result +printf("Numerical aperture = %.3f",N_a) +printf("\nAcceptance angle = %.2f degrees",(A_a*180/%pi)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59409b312 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.11, Page number 5.30 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +n1=1.480 //unitless +n2=1.465 //unitless +V=2.405 //unitless +lamda=850*10**-9 // in m + +// Calculations +delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2) //unitless +a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*delta)) // in m + +// Results +printf("delta = %.2f",(delta)) +printf("\nCore radius,a = %.2f micro-m",(a*10**15)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43703e00f --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.12, Page number 5.31 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +n1=1.5 //unitless +n2=1.49//unitless +a=25 // in m + +// Calculations +C_a=asin(n2/n1) // Critical angle +L=2*a*tan(C_a) // in m +N_r=10**6/L // reflections/m + +// Result +printf("Critical angle = %.2f degrees",(C_a*180/%pi)) +printf("\nFiber length covered in one reflection = %.2f micro-m",(L)) +printf("\nTotal no.of reflections per meter = %.f",(N_r)) +printf("\nSince L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = %.4f m",(1/sin(C_a))) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53ee26a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.13, Page number 5.31 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +alpha=1.85//unitless +lamda=1.3*10**-6 // in m +a=25*10**-6 // in m +N_a=0.21 // numerical aperture + +// Calculations +V_n=((2*%pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2 // V number +N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n //unitless + +printf("No.of modes = %.2f =155(approx)",N_m) +printf("\nTaking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = %.2f",(N_m*2)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cf1347f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.14, Page number 5.32 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +P_i=100 // input +P_o=2 // output +L=10 // in km + +// Calculations +S=(10/L)*log(P_i/P_o) // dB/km +O=S*L // dB + +// Result +printf("a)Signal attention per unit length = %.1f dB-km^-1",S) +printf("\nb)Overall signal attenuation = %.f dB",O) +// Answer given in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e4a8dfb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 5.15, Page number 5.32 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +L=10 // in km +n1=1.55 //unitless +delta=0.026//unitless +C=3*10**5 + +// Calculations +delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C //unitless +B_W=10/(2*delta_T) // Hz/km + +// Result +printf("Total dispersion = %.1f ns",(delta_T/10**-9)) +printf("\nBandwidth length product = %.2f Hz-km",(B_W/10**5)) + +// Answer given in the text book is wrong" diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..129fe58a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.2, Page number 5.28 + +clc;clear;close + +//variable declaration +d=50 //diameter +N_a=0.2 //Numerical aperture +lamda=1 //wavelength + +//Calculations +N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)// unitless + +//Result +printf("N = %.f ",N) +printf("\nFiber can support: %d guided modes",N) +printf("\nIn graded index fiber, No.of modes propagated inside the fiber = %.f only",(N/2)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..213df0c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.3, Page number 5.29 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +d=50 // diameter +n1=1.450// unitless +n2=1.447// unitless +lamda=1 // wavelength + +// Calculations +N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) // Numerical aperture +N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)// Numerical aperture + +// Results +printf("Numerical aperture = %.5f",N_a) +printf("\nNo. of modes that can be propogated = %.f",N) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7aaa1a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.4, Page number 5.29 + + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +delta=0.05 //unitless +n1=1.46//unitless + +// Calculation +N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) // Numerical aperture + +// Result +printf("Numerical aperture = %.2f",N_a) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..084842ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.5, Page number 5.29 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +a=50 //unitless +n1=1.53 //unitless +n2=1.50 //unitless +lamda=1 // wavelength + +// Calculations +N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) // Numerical aperture +V=((2*%pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2) // V number + +// Result +printf("V number = %.2f",V) +printf("\nmaximum no.of modes propagating through fiber = %.f",V) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0c906ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.6, Page number 5.29 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +a=100//unitless +N_a=0.3 // Numerical aperture +lamda=850 // wavelength + +// Calculations +V_n=(2*(%pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18 // number of modes +// Result +printf("Number of modes = %d modes",round(V_n/10**-36)) +printf("\nNo.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations") +printf("\nTotal No.of modes = %d",round(V_n/10**-36)*2) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5566aeb17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.7, Page number 5.29 + +clc;clear;close +// variable declaration +a=5;//unitless +n1=1.48;//unitless +delta=0.01;//unitless +V=25;// V number + +// Calculation +lamda=(%pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*sqrt(2*delta))/V // Cutoff Wavelength + +// Result +printf("Cutoff Wavellength = %.3f micro-m",(lamda*10**7)) diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab31cff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.8, Page number 5.30 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +V=2.405//unitless +lamda=1.3 // in m +N_a=0.05//unitless + +// Calculations +a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*%pi*N_a) // in m + +// Result +printf("Maximum core radius = %.2f micro-m",(a_max)) + diff --git a/3753/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3753/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e49074771 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.9, Page number 5.30 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +N_a=0.3 // numerical aperture +Gamma=45 // coefficient + +// Calculations +theta_a=asin(N_a) // degree +theta_as=asin((N_a)/cos(Gamma)) // degree + +// Results +printf("Acceptance angle, theta_a = %.2f degrees",(theta_a*180/%pi)) +printf("\nFor skew rays,theta_as = %.2f degrees",(theta_as*180/%pi)) +// Answer given in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af0634043 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 6.1, Page number 6.46 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +El=10**-2*50; // energy loss(J) +H=El*60; // heat produced(J) +d=7.7*10**3; // iron rod(kg/m**3) +s=0.462*10**-3; // specific heat(J/kg K) + +// Calculation +theta=H/(d*s); // temperature rise(K) + +// Result +printf("temperature rise is %.2f K",(theta)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69eb863f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.10, Page number 6.50 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +n=4 // unitless +M=58.5 // Molecular wt. of NaCl +N=6.02*10^26 // Avagadro number +rho=2180 // density + +// Calculations +a=((n*M)/(N*rho))^(1/3) // in m +s=a/2 // in m + +// Result +printf("a= %.3e m",a) +printf("\nspacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = %.4f nm",(s/10^-9)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff3205109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 6.11, Page number 6.51 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +n=4 // unitless +A=63.55 // Atomic wt. of NaCl +N=6.02*10^26 // Avagadro number +rho=8930 // density + +// Calculations +a=((n*A)/(N*rho))^(1/3) // Lattice Constant + +// Result +printf("lattice constant, a = %.2f nm",(a*10^9)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e23f7183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 6.12, Page number 6.51 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +r=0.123 // Atomic radius +n=4 +A=55.8 // Atomic wt +a=2*sqrt(2) +N=6.02*10**26 // Avagadro number + +// Calculations +rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N) // kg/m^3 + +// Result +printf("Density of iron = %.f kg/m^-3",rho) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30d26fc6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 6.2, Page number 6.46 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; // charge(coulomb) +new=6.8*10**15; // frequency(revolutions per second) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; // coefficient +R=5.1*10**-11; // radius(m) + +// Calculation +i=(e*new); // current(ampere) +B=mew0*i/(2*R); // magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2) +A=%pi*R**2; // in m^2 +d=i*A; // dipole moment(ampere/m**2) + +// Result +printf("magnetic field at the centre is : %.f weber/m**2",B) +printf("\ndipole moment is : %.e Ampere/m**2",(d)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550e966c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.3, Page number 6.46 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +chi=0.5*10**-5; // magnetic susceptibility +H=10**6; // field strength(ampere/m) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; // coefficient + +// Calculation +I=chi*H; // intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m) +B=mew0*(I+H); // flux density in material(weber/m**2) + +// Result +printf("intensity of magnetisation is : %.f Ampere/m",I) +printf("\nflux density in material is : %.3f weber/m^2",B) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c15b44a49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.4, Page number 6.47 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +B=9.27*10**-24; // bohr magneton(ampere m**2) +a=2.86*10**-10; // edge(m) +Is=1.76*10**6; // saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m) + +// Calculation +N=2/a**3; +mew_bar=Is/N; // number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2) +mew_bar=mew_bar/B; // number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom) + +// Result +printf("number of Bohr magnetons is : %.2f"+" bohr magneon/atom",(mew_bar)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a10d3b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.5, Page number 6.47 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; // coefficient +H=9.27*10**-24; // bohr magneton(ampere m**2) +Beta=10**6; // field(ampere/m) +k=1.38*10**-23; // boltzmann constant +T=303; // temperature(K) + +// Calculation +mm=mew0*H*Beta/(k*T); // average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin) + +// Result +printf("average magnetic moment is: %.2e bohr magneton/spin",(mm)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b19cbb81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 6.6, Page number 6.48 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +A=94; // area(m**2) +vy=0.1; // value of length(weber/m**2) +vx=20; // value of unit length +n=50; // number of magnetization cycles +d=7650; // density(kg/m**3) + +// Calculation +h=A*vy*vx; // hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3) +hs=h*n; // hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3) +pl=hs/d; // power loss(watt/kg) + +// Result +printf("hysteresis loss per cycle is : %.f J/m^3",h) +printf("\nhysteresis loss per second is: %.f watt/m**3",hs) +printf("\npower loss is : %.2f watt/kg",(pl)) diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ec68311e --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 6.7, Page number 6.48 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +d=2.351 // bond length +N=6.02*10^26 // Avagadro number +n=8 // number of atoms in unit cell +A=28.09 // Atomin mass of silicon +m=6.02*10^26 // 1mole + +// Calculations +a=(4*d)/sqrt(3) // in m +p=(n*A)/((a*10^-10)*m) // density + +// Result +printf("a=%.2f Angstorm",(a)) +printf("\ndensity = %.2f kg/m^3",(p*10^16)) +// Answer given in the textbook is wrong" diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ec548571 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.8, Page number 6.48 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +r=poly([0],'r') + +// Calculation +a1=4*r/sqrt(3); // in m +R1=(a1/2)-r; // radius of largest sphere +a2=4*r/sqrt(2); //in m +R2=(a2/2)-r; // maximum radius of sphere + + +// Result +disp(R1,"radius of largest sphere is") +disp(R2,"maximum radius of sphere is") diff --git a/3753/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3753/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe957d3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example number 6.9, Page number 6.49 + +clc;clear;close + +// variable declaration +r1=1.258 // Atomic radius of BCC +r2=1.292 // Atomic radius of FCC + +// calculations +a1=(4*r1)/sqrt(3) // in BCC +b1=((a1)^3)*10^-30 // Unit cell volume +v1=(b1)/2 // Volume occupied by one atom +a2=2*sqrt(2)*r2 // in FCC +b2=(a2)^3*10^-30 // Unit cell volume +v2=(b2)/4 // Volume occupied by one atom +v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) // Volume Change in % +d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) // Density Change in % + +// Results +printf("a1=%.3f Angstrom" ,(a1)) +printf("\nUnit cell volume = a1^3 = %.3e m^3",b1) +printf("\nVolume occupied by one atom = %.2e m^3",v1) +printf("\na2 = %.3f Angstrom",a2) +printf("\nUnit cell volume =a2^3 = %.3e m^3",b2) +printf("\nVolume occupied by one atom = %.2e m^3",v2) +printf("\nVolume Change in %% = %.3f",v_c) +printf("\nDensity Change in %% = %.2f",d_c) +printf("\nThus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%%") diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..586133e73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +//Example number 7.1, Page number 7.12 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +R=poly([0],'R') +a=2*R // // unitless + +// Results +disp(1/a^2,"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=") +disp(1/sqrt(2)*a^2,"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=") +disp(1/sqrt(3)*a^2,"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=") diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4a614a83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 7.10, Page number 7.17 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda=0.58 // in m +theta=9.5*%pi/180 // in radian +n=1 // unitless +d=0.5 // d200=a/sqrt(2^2+0^2+0^2)=0.5a +// Calculations +a=n*lamda/(2*d*sin(theta)) // 2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda + +// Result +printf("a = %.2f Angstorms",a) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88fe7d291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example number 7.11, Page number 7.17 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda=0.842 // in m +n1=1 // unitless +q=(8+(35/60))*(%pi/180) // unitless +n2=3 // unitless +d=1 // in m +// Calculations +// n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta) +// n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q) +// n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3) +// Dividing both the eauations, we get +// (n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*sin(theta3)/2*d*sin(q) +theta3=asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*sin(q)))/(2*d)) // radian +d=theta3*180/%pi; // in m +a_d=int32(d); // // unitless +a_m=(d-int(d))*60 // // unitless + +// Result +printf("sin(theta3) = %.f or %.3f ",a_d,a_m) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f1817e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 7.12, Page number 7.18 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +a=3.16 // in m +lamda=1.54 // in m +n=1// unitless +theta=20.3*%pi/180 // radian + +// Calculations +d=(n*lamda)/(2*sin(theta)) // in m +x=a/d // let sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)=x + +// Result +printf("d = %.2f Angstrom",d) +printf("\nsqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) = %.3f ",x) +printf("\nTherefore, h^2+k^2+l^2 =sqrt(2)") +printf("\nh =1, k=1") diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d207ad682 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example number 7.13, Page number 7.18 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +n=4// unitless +A=107.87 // in m +rho=10500 // kg/m^3 +N=6.02*10^26// unitless +h=1;// in m +k=1;// in m +l=1;// in m +H=6.625*10^-34 // planks constant +e=1.6*10^-19 // Charge +theta=(19+(12/60))*%pi/180 // radian +C=3*10^8 // in m/s +// Calculations +a=((n*A)/(rho*N))^(1/3)*10^10 // in m +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) // in m +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)// in m +E=(H*C)/(lamda*10^-10*e) // eV + +// Result +printf("a = %.2f Angstroms",a) +printf("\nd = %.2f Angstroms",d) +printf("\nlamda = %.3f Angstroms",lamda) +printf("\nE = %.e eV",E) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..643902258 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 7.14, Page number 7.19 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +a=4.57 // in m +h=1// in m +k=1// in m +l=1// in m +lamda=1.52 //in m +twotheta=33.5*%pi/180// radian +r=5 // radius +// Calculations +d=a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2)// in m +sintheta=lamda/(2*d)// // unitless +X=r/tan(twotheta)// in cm + +// Result +printf("d = %.2f Angstorms",d) +printf("\nsin(theta) = %.3f",sintheta) +printf("\nX = %.3f cm",X) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bedf3136 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 7.2, Page number 7.13 + +clc;clear;close + + +// Variable declaration +a=3.61*10^-7 // in m +BC=sqrt(2)/2 //in m +AD=(sqrt(6))/2// in m +// Result +printf("i)Surface area of the face ABCD = %.e mm^2",(a^2)) +printf("\nii)Surface area of plane (110) = %.2e atoms/mm^2",((2/(a*sqrt(2)*a)))) +printf("\niii)Surface area of plane(111)= %.3e atoms/mm^2",(2/(BC*AD*a^2))) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..394e6fe1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example number 7.3, Page number 7.14 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration + +//dimensions in m +h1=1 +k1=0 +l1=0 +h2=1 +k2=1 +l2=0 +h3=1 +k3=1 +l3=1 +a=1 // in m + +// Calculations +d1=a/(sqrt(h1^2+k1^2+l1^2)) // in m +d2=a/(sqrt(h2^2+k2^2+l2^2)) // in m +d3=a/(sqrt(h3^2+k3^2+l3^2)) // in m + +// Result +printf("d1 = %.1f m",d1) +printf("\nd2 = %.3f m",d2) +printf("\nd3 = %.3f m",d3) +printf("\n ratio d1:d2:d3 = %.f:%0.3f:%.3f",d1,d2,d3) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeb371fa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 7.4, Page number 7.15 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +h=2 // in m +k=2// in m +l=0// in m +a=450 // in m + +// Calculations +d=a/(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) // in m + +// Result +printf("d(220) = %.1f pm",d) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39d00088b --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 7.5, Page number 7.15 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +a=3.615 // in m +r=1.278// in m +h=1// in m +k=1// in m +l=1// in m + +// Calculations +a=(4*r)/sqrt(2)// in m +d=a/(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))// in m + +// Result +printf("a = %.3f Angstroms",a) +printf("\nd = %.3f Angstroms",d) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb0f02f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 7.7, Page number 7.15 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +n=1 // unitless +lamda=1.54// in m +theta=32*%pi/180 // radian +h=2// in m +k=2// in m +l=0// in m + +// Calculations +d=(n*lamda*10^-10)/(2*sin(theta)) // derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l +a=d*(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))//in m + +// Results +printf("d = %.2e m",d) +printf("\na = %.1e m",a) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07df76638 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 7.8, Page number 7.16 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +lamda=0.58 // in m +theta1=6.45*%pi/180 // in radian +theta2=9.15*%pi/180 // in radian +theta3=13*%pi/180 // in radian + +// Calculations +dbyn1=lamda/(2*(sin(theta1))) // in Angstrom +dbyn2=lamda/(2*sin(theta2))// in Angstrom +dbyn3=lamda/(2*sin(theta3))// in Angstrom + +// Results +printf("i. d/n = %.3f Angstroms ",dbyn1) +printf("\nii. d/n = %.3f Angstroms",(dbyn2)) +printf("\niii.d/n = %.3f Angstroms",(dbyn3)) diff --git a/3753/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3753/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5bd39fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 7.9, Page number 7.16 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +d=1.18 // in m +theta=90*%pi/180 // in radian +lamda=1.540 // in m + +// Calculations +n=(2*d*sin(theta))/lamda // unitless + +// Result +printf("n = %0.2f",n) diff --git a/3753/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3753/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..634082050 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 8.1, Page number 8.16 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +N=6.023*10**26 // unitless +deltaHv=120 //unitless +B=1.38*10**-23 //unitless +k=6.023*10**23//unitless + +// Calculations +n0=0 // 0 in denominator +n300=N*exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) // The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper +n900=N*exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900)) // The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper + +// Results +printf("at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is : %.f",n0) +printf("\nat 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is : %.3e",(n300)) +printf("\nat 900K, The numbber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is : %.3e",(n900)) diff --git a/3753/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3753/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa3e0c60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 8.2, Page number 8.17 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +F_500=1*10**-10 //unitless +k=poly([0],'k') +T1=500+273 // in K +T2=1000+273 // in K + + +// Calculations +lnx=log(F_500)*T1/T2; // vacancies +x=exp(lnx) //Fraction of vacancies + +printf("Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = %.1e",x) diff --git a/3753/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3753/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17e4743d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 8.3, Page number 8.17 + + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +a=(2*2.82*10^-10) // in m +delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10^-19 // unitless +k=1.38*10^-23 // Constant +T=300 // in K + +// Calculations +V=a^3 // Volume of unit cell of NaCl +N=4/V // Total number of ion pairs +n=N*exp(-delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) //concentration in per m^3 + +// Result +printf("Volume of unit cell of NaCl = %.3e m^3",V) +printf("\nTotal number of ion pairs ''N'' = %.2e",N) +printf("\nThe concentration of Schottky defects per m^3 at 300K = %.2e",n) diff --git a/3753/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3753/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..138e9e293 --- /dev/null +++ b/3753/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 8.4, Page number 8.18 + +clc;clear;close + +// Variable declaration +N=6.023*10^23 // constant +delta_Hv=1.6*10^-19 //unitless +k=1.38*10^-23 //constant +T=500 // in K +mv=5.55; // molar volume +x=2*10^-8; // numbber of cm in 1 angstrom + +// Calculations +n=N*exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv // in per cm^3 +a=(n/(5*10^7*10^6))*x; // in cm + +// Result +printf("The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n = %.2e per cm^3",n) // into cm^3 +printf("\nAs one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10^7 vacancies are required for 1cm") +printf("\nThe amount of climb down by the dislocation is : %.4f cm",a*10^8) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80efb21ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 1000.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +sig = 5.8 * 10**7 //Conductivity in (Siemen per meter) +d = 10**-3 //diameter (in meter) +E = 10 * 10**-3 //Eletric field (in Volt per meter) + +//Calculation + +l = R *sig * %pi * d**2 /4 //length (in meter) +J = sig * E //Current density (in Ampere per metersquare) + +//Result + +printf("\n Length of wire is %0.2f km.\nCurrent desity is %0.3f A/(m*m).",l/1000,J) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d68043779 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ND = 2 * 10**14 //Donor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) +NA = 3 * 10**14 //Acceptor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) +ni = 2.3 * 10**19 //intrinsic concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) + +//Calculation + +n = ni**2 / NA //concentration of electrons (in electrons per cubic-centimeter) +p = ni**2 / ND //concentration of holes (in holes per cubic-centimeter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Electron concentration is %0.3f electrons/cm**3.\nHole concentration is %0.3f holes/cm**3.",n,p) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb35dcc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ND = 5 * 10**8 //Donor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) +NA = 6 * 10**16 //Acceptor atom concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) +ni = 1.5 * 10**10 //intrinsic concentration (in atoms per cubic-centimeter) + +//Calculation + +n = ni**2/NA //number of electrons (in per cubic-centimeter) +p = ni**2/ND //number of holes (in per cubic-centimeter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Density of electrons is %0.3f cm**-3.\nDensity of holes is %0.3f cm**-3.",n,p) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52ef0e5f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +d = 0.001 //diameter (in meter) +ND = 10**20 //Number of phosphorus ions (in per cubic-meter) +R = 1000 //Resistance (in ohm) +un = 0.1 //mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +n = ND //Number of free electron (in per cubic-meter) +sig = q*n*un //conductivity (in Siemen per meter) +A = %pi * d**2 / 4 //Area of cross section (in meter-square) +l = R * sig * A //length (in meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Length of the silicon would be %0.3f mm.",l*1000) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82fe26224 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //Charge on electron (in Coulomb) +sig = 100.0 //Conductivity of Ge (in per ohm-centimeter) +sig1 = 0.1 //Conductivity of Si (in per ohm-centimeter) +ni = 1.5 * 10**10 //intrinsic conductivity for Si (in per cubic-centimeter) +un = 3800.0 //mobility of electrons for Ge (in square-centimetermeter per volt-second) +up = 1800.0 //mobility of holes for Ge (in square-centimeter per volt-second) +un1 = 1300.0 //mobility of electrons for Si (in square-centimetermeter per volt-second) +up1 = 500.0 //mobility of holes for Si (in square-centimeter per volt-second) +ni1 = 2.5 * 10**13 //intrinsic concentration for Ge (in per cubic-centimeter) + +//Calculation + +p = sig / (q * up) //Concentration of p-type germanium (in cubic-centimeter) +n = ni1**2 / p //Concentration of electrons in germanium (in cubic-centimeter) +n1 = sig1 / (q * un1) //Concentration of N-type silicon (in cubic-centimeter) +p1 = ni**2 / n1 //Concentration of holes in silicon (in cubic-centimere) + +//Result + +printf("\n For p-type germanium, hole concentration is %0.3f /cm**3.\nFor p-type germanium, electron concentration is %0.3f /cm**3.",p,n) +printf("\n For n-type silicon, hole concentration is %0.3f /cm**3.\nFor n-type silicon, electron concentration is %0.3f /cm**3.",p1,n1) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b51377a6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +un = 1350 //mobility of electrons (in centimeter-square per volt-second) +up = 480 //mobility of holes (in centimeter-square per volt-second) +ni = 1.52 * 10**10 //intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-centimeter) +Nsi = 4.96 * 10**22 //concentration of silicon (in per cubic-centimeter) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +sigi = q * ni * (un + up) //conductivity of intrinsic silicon (in per ohm-centimeter) +ND = Nsi/(50 * 10**6) //Number of donor atoms (per cubic-centimeter) +n = ND //NUmber of free electrons (in per cubic-centimeter) +p = ni**2/n //number of holes (in per cubic-centimeter) +sig = q * n * un //conductivity of doped silicon (in per ohm-centimeter) +p = 1/sig //resistivity (in ohm-centimeter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistivity of doped silicon is %0.2f ohm-cm.",p) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc88e3309 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear//Variables + +up = 0.048 //hole mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) +un = 0.135 //electron mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) +q = 1.602 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) +Nsi1 = 5 * 10**28 //concentration of intrinsic silicon (in atoms per cubic-meter) +ni = 1.5 * 10**16 //number of electron-hole pairs (per cubic-meter) +alpha = 0.05 //temperature coefficient (in per degree Celsius) +dT = 14 //change in temperature (in degree celsius) + +//Calculation + +sig1 = q * ni * (un + up) //conductivity of intrinsic silicon (in per ohm-meter) +NA = Nsi1/10**7 //Number of indium atoms (in per cubic-meter) +p = NA //Number of holes (in per cubic meter) +n = ni**2/p //Number of free electrons (in per cubic-meter) +sig2 = q * p * up //Conductivity of doped silicon (in per ohm-meter) +sig34 = sig1*(1 + alpha * dT) //Conductivity at 34 degree Celsius (in per ohm-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Conductivity of intrinsic silicon is %0.5f per ohm-meter.\nConductivity of doped Silicon is %0.2f per ohm-meter.\nConductivity of silicon at 34 degree Celsius is %0.5f per ohm-meter.",sig1,sig2,sig34) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efcb67aea --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +un = 3600.0 * 10**-4 //mobility of electrons (in meter-square per volt-second) +up = 1700.0 * 10**-4 //mobility of holes (in meter-square per volt-second) +k = 1.38 * 10**23 //Boltzmann constant +T = 300.0 //Temperature (in kelvin) + +//Calculation + +VT = T/11600 //Voltage (in volts) +Dp = up * VT //Coefficient of holes (in meter-square per second) +Dn = un * VT //Coefficient of electrons (in meter-square per second) + +//Result + +printf("\n Coefficient of holes is %0.6f m**2/s.\nCoefficient of electrons is %0.4f m**2/s.",Dp,Dn) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20bde19f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RH = 160 //Hall coeffficient (in cubic-centimeter per Coulomb) +p = 0.16 //Resistivity (in ohm-centimeter) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in per ohm-centimeter) +un = sig * RH //Electron mobility (in cmentimeter-square per volt-second) + +//Result + +printf("\n Electron mobility is %0.3f cm**2/V-s.",un) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.19/10_19.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.19/10_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda49cc55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.19/10_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 50 //Current (in Ampere) +B = 1.2 //Magnetic field (in Weber per meter-square) +t = 0.5 * 10**-3 //thickness (in meter) +VH = 100 //Hall coltage (in volts) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //Charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +n = B * I / (VH * q * t) //number of conduction electrons (in per cubic-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Number of conduction electrons is %0.3f m**-3.",n) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c03415d9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 20 * 10**-2 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +u = 100 * 10**-4 //mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in per ohm-meter) +n = sig / (q * u) //number of electron carriers (in per cubic-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Number of electron carriers is %0.1f m**-3.",n) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae843aa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RH = 3.66 *10**-4 //Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) +p = 8.93 * 10 **-3 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //Charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in per ohm-meter) +u = sig * RH //mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) +n = 1 / (RH * q) //Density of charge carriers (in per cubic-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Mobility of charge carriers is %0.3f m**2/V-s.\nDensity of charge carriers is %0.3f m**-3.",u,n) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8887d9828 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 9 * 10**-3 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +up = 0.03 //Mobility (in meter-square per volt-second) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in per ohm-meter) +RH = up / sig //Hall coefficient (in cubic-meter per Coulomb) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of Hall-coefficient is %0.3f m**3/C.",RH) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57dde664e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +n = 5.8 * 10**28 //number of free electrons (in per cubic-meter) +p = 1.54 * 10**-8 //resistivity (in ohm-meter) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge (in Coulomb) +m = 9.1 * 10**-31 //mass of electron (in kg) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //conductivity (in siemen per meter) +mu = sig /(q * n) //mobility (in meter-square/volt-second) +t = mu * m / q //time (in second) + +//Result + +printf("\n Mobility of electrons is %0.6f m**2/V-s.\nRelaxation time is %0.6f ps.",mu,t*10**12) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b282a45e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ni = 1.41 * 10**16 //intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-metre) +un = 0.145 //mobility of electrons in germanium (in metre-square/volt-second) +up = 0.05 //mobility of holes in germanium (in metre-square/volt-second) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge of electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + +sig = q * ni * (un + up) //Conductivity of germanium (in siemen per metre) + +//Result + +printf("\n Intrinsic conductivity of silicon is %0.3f S/m.",sig) +printf("\n Contribution by electron is %0.3f S/m.",q*ni*un) +printf("\n Contribution by electron is %0.3f S/m.",q*ni*up) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c97cef0de --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +l = 0.2 * 10**-3 //length (in meter) +A = 0.04 * 10**-6 //Area of cross section (in square-meter) +V = 1 //Voltage (in volts) +I = 8 * 10**-3 //current (in Ampere) +un = 0.13 //mobility of electron (in m**2 per volt-second) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation + + +R = V/I //Resistance (in ohm) +p = R * A/l //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in siemen per meter) +n = sig / (q * un) //concentration (in per cubic-meter) +J = I/A //current density (in Ampere per square-meter) +v = J/(n*q) + +//Result + +printf("\n Concentration of free electrons is %e m**-3.\nDrift velocity is %0.3f m/s.",n,v) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50a9ffb1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 0.47 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) +un = 0.39 //mobility of electron in germanium (in m**2 per volt-second) +up = 0.19 //mobility of hole in germanium (in m**2 per volt-second) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //Conductivity (in siemen per meter) +ni = sig / (q *(un +up)) //intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Intrinsic concentration is %0.3f m**-3.",ni) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f7c8263d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ND = 10**21 //Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) +NA = 5 * 10**20 //Acceptor concentration (in per cubic-meter) +un = 0.18 //mobility of electron in silicon (in m**2 per volt-second) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //charge on electron (in Coulomb) + + +//Calculation + +n = ND -NA //net donor density (in per cubic-meter) +sig = n * q * un //Conductivity (in Siemen per meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Conductivity of silicon is %0.3f (ohm-meter)**-1." ,sig) diff --git a/3754/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce b/3754/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1a5e7648 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 100.0 //resistivity (in ohm-meter) +q = 1.6 * 10**-19 //Charge on a electron (in Coulomb) +un = 0.36 //donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) + +//Calculation + +sig = 1/p //conductivity (in siemen per meter) +n = sig /(q * un) //intrinsic concentration (in per cubic-meter) +ND = n //Donor concentration (in per cubic-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Donor concentration is %0.3f m**-3.",ND) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68e99e189 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I0 = 2 * 10**-7 //Current (in Ampere) +VF = 0.1 //Forward voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +I = I0 * (exp(40*VF)-1) //Current through diode (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current throrough diode is %0.2f micro-Ampere.",I*10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24df1a6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.10/12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 12.0 //Source coltage (in volts) +R = 470.0 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +VD = 0 //Voltage drop across diode (in volts) +VR = VS //Value of VR (in volts) +I = VS/R //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of VD is %0.3f V.\nValue of VR is %0.3f V.\nCurrent through the circuit is %0.2f mA.",VD,VR,I*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60ab9ceba --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.11/12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 6 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 330 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 470 //Resistance (in ohm) +VD = 0.7 //Diode voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 + R2 //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = (VS - 0.7)/RT //Current through the diode + +//Result + +printf("\n Current through the circuit is %0.3f mA.",I * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e2b05b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.12/12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 5 //Source voltage (in volts) +R = 510 //Resistance (in ohm) +VF = 0.7 //Forward voltage drop (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VR = VS - VF //Net voltage (in volts) +I = VR / R //Current through the diode + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage across the resistor is %0.3f V.\nThe circuit current is %0.2f mA.",VR,I*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39504a76d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.13/12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 6 //Source voltage (in volts) +VD1=0.7;VD2=0.7; +R = 1.5 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +I = (VS - VD1 - VD2)/R //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Total current through the circuit is %0.3f mA." ,I * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b8712960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.14/12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 12 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 1.5 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 1.8 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +VD1=0.7;VD2=0.7; + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 + R2 //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = (VS - VD1 - VD2)/RT //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Total current through the circuit is %0.3f mA." ,I * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.15/12_15.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.15/12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9f2d2138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.15/12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 3.3 * 10**3 //Resitance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +//Case (a) + +V11=0;V21=0; +V01 = 0 //Output Voltage (in volts) + +//Case (b) + +V21 = 0 //Voltage (in volts) +V22 = 5 //Voltage (in volts) +V02 = V22 - 0.7 //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Case (c) + +V31 = 5 //Voltage (in volts) +V32 = 0 //Voltages (in volts) +V03 = V31 - 0.7 //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Case (d) + +V41=5;V42=5; +V04 = V41 - 0.7 //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output Voltage in case 1 is %0.3f V.\nOutput Voltage in case 2 is %0.3f V.\nOutput Voltage in case 3 is %0.3f V.\nOutput Voltage in case 4 is %0.3f V.",V01,V02,V03,V04) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29041ac35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VF = 0.22 //Forward voltage (in volts) +T = 298.0 //Temperature (in kelvin) +I0 = 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) +n = 1 + +//Calculation + +VT = T/11600 //Volt equivalent of temperature (in volts) +I = I0*(exp(VF/(n*VT))-1) //Diode Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Diode current is %0.1f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..754b0f39b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I1 = 0.5 * 10**-3 //Diode current1 (in Ampere) +V1 = 340 * 10**-3 //Voltage1 (in volts) +I2 = 15 * 10**-3 //Diode current2 (in Ampere) +V2 = 440 * 10**-3 //Voltage2 (in volts) + +//Calculation + +n = 4/log(30) //By solving both the given equations + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of n is %0.2f .",n) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..564177a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I300 = 10 * 10**-6 //Current at 300 kelvin (in Ampere) +T1 = 300 //Temperature (in kelvin) +T2 = 400 //Temperature (in kelvin) + +//Calculation + +I400 = I300 * 2**((T2-T1)/10) //Current at 400 kelvin (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current at 400 k is %0.1f mA.",I400*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db9955c36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +rb = 2 //bulk resistance (in ohm) +IF = 12 * 10**-3 //FOrward current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +VF = 0.6 + IF * rb //Voltage drop (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage drop across a silicon diode is %0.3f V.",VF) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22cf8006b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +T = 398.0 //Temperature (in kelvin) +I0 = 30 * 10**-6 //Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) +V = 0.2 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VT = T/11600 //Volt equivalent of temperature (in volts) +I = I0 * (exp(V/VT)-1) //Diode current (in Ampere) +rac = VT/I0 * exp(-V/VT) //dynamic resistance in forward direction (in ohm) +rac1 = VT/I0 * exp(V/VT) //dynamic resistance in reverse direction (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Dynamic resistance in forward direction is %0.2f ohm.\nDynamic resistance in backward direction is %0.3f Mega-ohm.",rac,rac1/10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d3e7990d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.8/12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +PDmax = 0.5 //power dissipation (in watt) +VF = 1 //Forward voltage (in volts) +VBR = 150 //Breakdown voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IFmax = PDmax/VF //Maximum forward current (in Ampere) +IR = PDmax/VBR //Breakdwon current that burns out the diode (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum forward current is %0.3f A.\nBreakdwon current that burns out the diode is %0.2f mA.",IFmax,IR*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce b/3754/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77fab8003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH12/EX12.9/12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 330 //Resistance (in ohm) +VS = 5 //Source voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VD = VS //Voltage drop across diode (in volts) +VR = 0 //Voltage drop across the resistance (in volts) +I = 0 //Current through circuit + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage drop across the diode is %0.3f V.\nVoltage drop across the resistance is %0.3f V.\nCurrent through the circuit is %0.3f A.",VD,VR,I) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa72639d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +PZM = 500 //Power rating of zener diode (in milli-watt) +VZ = 6.8 //Zener voltage rating (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IZM = PZM / VZ //Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n THe value of IZM for the device is %0.1f mA.",IZM) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34e88d57f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +PZM = 500 //Power rating of zener diode (in milli-watt) +df = 3.33 //derating factor (in milli-watt) +T1 = 75 //Temperature (in degree Celsius) +T2 = 50 //Temperature (in degree Celsius) + +//Calculation + +Tdf = df * (T1 - T2) //Total derating factor (in milli-watt) +PZ = PZM - Tdf //Maximimum power dissipating for the device (in milli-watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum power dissipation for the device is %0.3f mW." ,PZ) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e38c0932f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IZ1 = 20 //Reverse current (in milli-Ampere) +IZ2 = 30 //Reverse current (in milli-Ampere) +VZ1 = 5.6 //Zener voltage (in volts) +VZ2 = 5.65 //Zener voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +dIZ = IZ2 - IZ1 //Change in reverse current (in milli-Ampere) +dVZ = VZ2 - VZ1 //Change in zener voltage (in volts) +rZ = dVZ / (dIZ * 10**-3) //Resistance of device (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance of the zener diode is %0.3f ohm.",rZ) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87e09eab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VZ = 4.7 //Zener voltage (in volts) +rZ = 15 //Resistance (in ohm) +IZ = 20 * 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +VZ1 = VZ + IZ * rZ //Terminal voltage of a zener diode (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal voltage of the zener diode is %0.3f V.",VZ1) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad4913d1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.5/13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C1min=5;C2min=5;Cmin=5; +C1max=50;C2max=50;Cmax=50; +L = 10 //Inductance (in milli-Henry) + +//Calculation + +CTmin = C1min * C2min / (C1min + C2min) //Total minimum capacitance (in pico-farad) +CTmin = CTmin * 10**-12 //Total minimum capacitance (in farad) +L = 10 * 10**-3 //Inductance (in Henry) +f0max = 1/(2*%pi*(L*CTmin)**0.5) //Maximun resonant frequency (in Hertz) +CTmax = C1max * C2max / (C1max + C2max) //Total maximum capacitance (in pico-farad) +CTmax = CTmax * 10**-12 //Total minimum capacitance (in farad) +f0min = 1/(2*%pi*(L*CTmax)**0.5) //Minimum resonant frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Tuning range for the circuit is between %0.0f kHz and %0.0f MHz.",f0min*10**-3,f0max*10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce b/3754/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e196eeee --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH13/EX13.6/13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +T = 0.04 * 10**-6 //Time period (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +f = 1/T //Frequency (in Hertz) +f = f * 10**-6 //Frequency (in Mega-Hertz) +f5 = 5 * f //%th - harmonic (in Mega-Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of 5th harmonic is %0.3f MHz.",f5) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a8f79e72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IE = 10 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = 9.8 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Base current is %0.3f mA." ,IB) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d417def1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IE = 12.0 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +beta = 140.0 //common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = IE / (1 + beta) //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE - IB //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector current is %0.3f mA.\nBase current is %0.3f mA.",IC,IB) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..060a2f956 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.11/14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IB = 105 * 10**-3 //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = 2.05 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +beta = IC / IB //Common base current gain +alpha = beta / (1 + beta) //Common emitter current gain +IE = IB + IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC1 = IC + 0.65 //New collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IB1 = IB + 27 * 10**-3 //New base current (in milli-Ampere) +beta1 = IC1 / IB1 //New value of beta + +//Result + +printf("\n Beta of the transistor is %0.1f .\nalpha of the transistor is %0.2f .\nEmitter current is %0.3f mA.\nNew value of beta is %0.2f .",beta,alpha,IE,beta1) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23370a59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.12/14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +alpha = 0.98 //common base current gain +ICO = 5 * 10**-3 //Leakage current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = 100 * 10**-3 //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IC = (alpha * IB + ICO)/ (1 - alpha) //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IC + IB //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of collector current is %0.3f mA.\nValue of emitter current is %0.3f mA.",IC,IE) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7153d614 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.13/14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ICBO = 10 * 10**-3 //Leakage current (in milli-Ampere) +beta=50;hFE=50; +T2 = 50.0 //Temperature (in degree Celsius) +T1 = 27.0 //Temperature (in degree Celsius) + +//Calculation + +//Case (a) + +IB = 0.25 //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB + (1 + beta)* ICBO //Value of new collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Case (b) + +ICBO1 = ICBO * 2**((T2 - T1)/10) //ICBO at 50 degree celsius (in milli-Ampere) +IC1 = beta * IB + (1 + beta)* ICBO1 //Value of new collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector current when IB = 0.25 mA is %0.3f mA.\nCollector current at 50 degree Celsius is %0.2f mA.",IC,IC1) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f9800a6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IE = 6.28 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = 6.20 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +alpha = IC / IE //Common base current gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Common-Base current gain is %0.3f ." ,alpha) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..117bbd8c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +alpha = 0.967 //common base current gain +IE = 10 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IC = alpha * IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Base current is %0.3f mA." ,IB) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..238fc8c1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IE = 10 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +alpha = 0.987 //common base current gain + +//Calculation + +IC = alpha * IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n IC is %0.3f mA.\nIB is %0.3f mA.",IC,IB) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2b7cb12b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +alpha1 = 0.975 //common base current gain +beta1 = 200.0 //common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +beta = alpha1 / (1-alpha1) //common emitter current gain +alpha = beta1 / (beta1 + 1) //common base current gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of beta when alpha = 0.975 is %0.3f .\nValue of alpha when beta = 200 is %0.3f .",beta,alpha) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c27a5c374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +beta = 100.0 //common emitter current gain +IC = 40.0 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IB = IC / beta //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IB + IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of emitter current is %0.3f mA.",IE) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20979098a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +beta = 150.0 //common emitter current gain +IE = 10 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +alpha = beta / (beta + 1) //common base current gain +IC = alpha * IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector current is %0.2f mA.\nBase current is %0.2f mA.",IC,IB) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e7ab54ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +beta = 170.0 //common emitter current gain +IC = 80.0 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IB = IC / beta //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IB + IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Base current is %0.2f mA.\nEmitter current is %0.2f mA.",IB,IE) diff --git a/3754/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce b/3754/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5768f8268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH14/EX14.9/14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IB = 0.125 //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +beta = 200.0 //common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IC = IB * beta //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IC + IB //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of collector current is %0.3f mA.\nValue of emitter current is %0.3f mA.",IC,IE) diff --git a/3754/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/3754/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8235e22db --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +PDmax = 500 //Maximum Power dissipation at 25 degree Celsius (in milli-watt) +DF = 2.28 //derating factor (in milli-watt per degree Celsius) +T = 70 //Temperaure (in degree Celsius) + +//Calculation + +PDmax70 = PDmax - DF * (T - 25) //Maximum Power dissipation at 70 degree Celsius (in milli-watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum power dissipation at 70 degree Celsius is %0.0f mW." ,PDmax70) diff --git a/3754/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce b/3754/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd2f8c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH16/EX16.4/16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VGS1 = -3.1 //Gate-Source voltage (in volts) +VGS2 = -3.0 //Gate-Source voltage (in volts) +ID1 = 1.0 //Drain current (in milli-Ampere) +ID2 = 1.3 //Drain current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +dVGS = VGS2 - VGS1 //Change in Gate-Source voltage (in volts) +dID = ID2 - ID1 //Change in Drain current (in milli-Ampere) +gm = dID / dVGS //Transconductance (in milli-Ampere per volt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of transconductance is %0.3f mA/V.",gm) diff --git a/3754/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce b/3754/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3afa4133a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH16/EX16.6/16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IDon = 10.0 //Drain current (in milli-Ampere) +VGS = -12.0 //Gate-Source voltage (in volts) +VGSth = -3.0 //Threshold Gate-Source voltage (in volts) +VGS1 = -6.0 //Gate-Source voltage in another case (in volts) + +//Calculation + +K = IDon/(VGS - VGSth)**2 //Transconductance (milli-Ampere per volt) +ID = (K) * (VGS1 - VGSth)**2 //Drain current (in milli-Ampere) + + +//Result + +printf("\n Since the value of VGS is negative for the enhancement-type MOSFET ,this indicated that device is P-channel.") +printf("\n The value of ID when VGS = -6 V is %0.3f mA.",ID) diff --git a/3754/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce b/3754/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7f16ac2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH17/EX17.1/17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 40 //Current (in milli-Ampere) +t = 15 * 10**-3 //time (in seconds) +CFS = 93 //Circuit fusing rate (in Ampere-square second) + +//Calculation + +SCR = I**2 * t //Surge in the device (in Ampere-square second) + +//Result + +printf("\n Since value of SCR i.e. %0.3f A**2s is less than CFS i.e. %0.3f A**2s.",SCR,CFS) +printf("\n Therefore the device will not be destroyed.") diff --git a/3754/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce b/3754/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b50a48500 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH17/EX17.2/17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +SCR=75.0;I2t=75.0; +IS = 100.0 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +tmax = I2t / IS**2 //Maximum allowable time (in seconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum allowable time is %0.3f ms.",tmax * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce b/3754/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6a17bee --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH17/EX17.3/17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VD = 0.7 //Voltage (in volts) +n = 0.75 //Intrinsic stand-off ratio +VBB = 12 //Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VP = n * VBB + VD //Peak-point voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Peak - point voltage of the circuit is %0.3f V.",VP) diff --git a/3754/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce b/3754/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cb877305 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH17/EX17.4/17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +rB1 = 4.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +rB2 = 2.5 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBB = 15.0 //Base voltage (in volts) +VD = 0.7 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +n = rB1 / (rB1 + rB2) //Intrinsic stand-off ratio +VP = n * VBB + VD //Peak-point voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Intrinsic stand off ratio is %0.4f .\nPeak-point voltage is %0.f ",n,VP) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15f674963 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.10/19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear// + +//Case (a): + +//Variables + +f = 50.0 //Frequency (in Hertz) +g = 0.05 //Ripple factor +RL = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +w = 2 * %pi * f //Angular frequency (in radians per second) + +//Calculation + +L = RL / (3 * 2**0.5 * w * g) //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of inductance is %0.1f H.",L) + +//Case (b): + +//Variables + +f = 400.0 //Frequency (in Hertz) +g = 0.05 //Ripple factor +RL = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +w = 2 * %pi * f //Angular frequency (in radians per second) + +//Calculation + +L = RL / (3 * 2**0.5 * w * g) //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Result + +printf("\n New Value of inductance is %0.3f H.",L) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aba5bfd56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.11/19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vdc = 30.0 //Average value of voltage (in volts) +RL = 1.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +gamma = 0.01 //Ripple factor +f = 50 //Frequency (in Hertz) +//Calculation + +C = 2890.0 / (gamma * RL) //Capacitance (in nano Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of capacitance is %0.3f micro-Farad.",C * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3a9e1bae --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.12/19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vdc = 12.0 //Average value of voltage (in volts) +Idc = 100.0 //Average value of current (in milli-Ampere) +gamma = 0.01 //Ripple factor +L = 1.0 //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +C = 1.195 / (gamma * L) //Capacitance + +//Result + +printf("\n Capacitance is %0.3f micro-Farad.",C) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f32a9fd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.13/19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Idc = 0.2 //Average value of current (in Ampere) +Vdc = 30.0 //Average value of voltage (in volts) +C1=100.0;C2=100.0; +L = 5.0 //Inductance (in Henry) +f = 50.0 //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +RL = Vdc / Idc //Load resistance (in ohm) +gamma = 5700.0 / (C1 * C2 * RL * L) //Ripple factor + +//Result + +printf("\n Ripple factor for 50 Hz supply is %0.3f .",gamma) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1be24be80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.2/19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 20 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +V2 = 24 //Secondary voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 //Maximum value of secondary voltage (in volts) +Im = Vm / RL //Maximumj value of load current (in milli-Ampere) +Idc = 0.318 * Im //dc current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of dc load current is %0.3f mA.",Idc) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2353a4ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.3/19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1 = 230 //Primary voltage (in volts) +N2byN1 = 1.0/2.0 //Turns ratio +RL = 200 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +V2 = V1 * N2byN1 //Secondary voltage (in volts) +Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 //Maximum value of secondary voltage (in volts) +Im = Vm / RL //Maximum value of load current (in Ampere) +Pm = Im**2 * RL //Maximum value of load power (in watt) +Vdc = 0.318 * Vm //Average value of load power (in watt) +Idc = Vdc / RL //Average value of load current (in Ampere) +Pdc = Idc**2 * RL //Average value of load power (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum value of load power is %0.1f W.",Pm) +printf("\n Average value of load power is %0.1f W.",Pdc) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84912e72c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.4/19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vdc = 30.0 //Average value of voltage (in volts) +RL = 600.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +Rf = 25.0 //forward resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Idc = Vdc / RL //Average value of load current (in Ampere) +Im = (%pi * Idc) //Maximum value of load current (in Ampere) + +Vinmax = Im * (Rf + RL) //Maximum a.c. voltage required at the input (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum a.c. voltage required at the input is %0.3f V.",Vinmax) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09f77ab4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.6/19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1 = 230.0 //primary voltage (in volts) +N2byN1 = 1.0/4.0 //Turns ratio +RL = 200 //Load resistance (in ohm) +fin = 50 //Frequency (in hertz) + +//Calculation + +V2 = V1 * N2byN1 //Secondary voltage (in volts) +Vm = 2**0.5 * V2 //Maximum value of voltage (in volts) +Vdc = 0.636 * Vm //Average value of voltage (in volts) +PIV = Vm //peak inverse voltage (in volts) +fout = 2 * fin //Output frequency (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The dc output voltage is %0.1f V.\nPeak inverse Voltage of a diode is %0.1f V.\nOutput frequency is %0.3f HZ.",Vdc,PIV,fout) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e9066200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.7/19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1 = 230.0 //primary voltage (in volts) +N2byN1 = 1.0/5.0 //Turns ratio +RL = 100 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +V2 = V1 * N2byN1 //Secondary voltage (in volts) +VS = V2 / 2 //Voltage between center - tap and either end of secondary winding (in volts) +Vm = 2**0.5 * VS //Maximum value of voltage (in volts) +Vdc = 2/%pi * Vm //Averaage value of Voltage (in volts) +PIV = 2 * Vm //Peak inverse voltage (in volts) +n = 0.812 //Efficiency of full wave rectifier + +//Result + +printf("\n The dc output voltage is %0.1f V.\nPeak inverse voltage is %0.0f V.\nRectification efficiency is %0.3f .",Vdc,PIV,n) diff --git a/3754/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce b/3754/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ae6d3fbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH19/EX19.9/19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vs = 150.0 //Voltage (in volts) +Idc = 2.0 //Average value of current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +Vdc = 2.34 * Vs //Average calue of voltage (in volts) +Ipi = 1/0.955 * Idc //Peak current per diode (in Ampere) +Iavg = 2.0/3.0 //Average current per diode (in AMpere) +Pdc = Vdc * Idc //Average power delievered to the load (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of Vdc is %0.3f V.\nPeak current through each diode is %0.1f A.\nAverage current through each diode is %0.2f A.\nAverage power delievered to the load is %0.3f W.",Vdc,Ipi,Iavg,Pdc) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65b6a034f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.1/20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +dVL = 100.0 * 10**-6 //Change in output voltage (in volts) +dVin = 5.0 //Change in input voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +LR = dVL / dVin //Line regulation (in volt per volt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of line regulation is %0.3f micro-volt/volt.",LR * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d26e1764a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.10/20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VZ = 10.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +VSmin = 13.0 //Minimum source voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 16.0 //Maximum source voltage (in volts) +ILmin = 10.0 //Minimum load current (in milli-Ampere) +ILmax = 85.0 //Maximum load current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmin = 15.0 //Minimum zener current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +RSmax = (VSmin - VZ)/ (IZmin + ILmax) //Maximum value of RS (in kilo-ohm) +IZmax = (VSmax - VZ)/ RSmax - ILmin //Maximum zener current (in milli-Ampere) +PZmax = IZmax * 10**-3 * VZ //Maximum power dissipation in zener (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum value of RS is %0.3f ohm.\nMaximum power dissipation be the zener diode is %0.3f W.",RSmax*10**3,PZmax) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f1868ec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.11/20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VSmin = 19.5 //Minimum source voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 22.5 //Maximum source voltage (in volts) +RL = 6.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +VZ = 18.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +IZmin = 2.0 * 10**-6 //Minimum zener current (in Ampere) +PZmax = 60.0 * 10**-3 //Maximum power dissipation (in watt) +rZ = 20.0 //Zener resistance (in ohm) +VL = VZ //Voltage across load resistance (in volt) + +//Calculation + +IZmax = (PZmax / rZ)**0.5 //Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere) +IL = VL / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +RSmax = (VSmin - VZ) / (IZmin + IL) //Maximum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RSmin = (VSmax - VZ) / (IZmax + IL) //Minimum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Magnitude of regulating resistance should be between %0.1f ohm and %0.0f ohm.",RSmin,RSmax) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18c415e8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.12/20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VSmin = 8.0 //Minimum source voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 12 //Maximum source voltage (in volts) +RS = 2.2 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VZ = 5.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +RL = 10.0 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VL = VZ //Voltage across load (in volts) + +//Calculation + +ISmin = (VSmin - VZ)/ RS //Minimum value of input current (in milli-Ampere) +ISmax = (VSmax - VZ)/RS //Maximum value of input current (in milli-Ampere) +IL = VL / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmin = ISmin - IL //Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmax = ISmax - IL //Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Minimum value of Zener current is %0.3f mA.\nMaximum value of Zener current is %0.3f mA.",IZmin,IZmax) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59504e9a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.13/20_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VO=5.0;VL=5.0; +IL = 20.0 //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +PZmax = 500.0 //Maximum power dissipation in zener (in milli-watt) +VSmin = 9.0 //Minimum source voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 15.0 //Maximum source voltage (in volts) +VZ = 5 +IZ =20 +//Calculation + +IZmax = PZmax / VZ //Maximum zener current (in milli-Ampere) +ISmax = IL + IZ //Maximum input current (in milli-Ampere) +RSmin = (VSmax - VZ)/(IZmax + IL) //Minimum value of regulating resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IZ = (VSmin - VZ)/ RSmin - IL //Minimum value of zener current + +//Result + +printf("\n Input varies from the normal 12 v within the range of +- 3 V.") +printf("\n Zener current vary from %0.3f mA to %0.3f mA.",IZ,IZmax) +printf("\n For safety purpose RS should be 220 ohm.") diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74d6ca5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.14/20_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RS = 500.0 //Series resistance (in ohm) +RL = 1.0 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VZ = 10.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +IZmin = 5.0 //Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmax = 55.0 //Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IL = VZ / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +VSmin = (IL + IZmin) * RS * 10**-3 + VZ //Minimum value of input voltage (in volts) +VSmax = (IL + IZmax) * RS * 10**-3 + VZ //Maximum value of input voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The minimum value of voltage level at input is %0.3f V and the maximum is %0.3f V.",VSmin,VSmax) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.15/20_15.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.15/20_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd487ce2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.15/20_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 15.0 //Input voltage (in volts) +RS = 33.0 //Series resistance (in ohm) +beta = 100.0 //common-emitter current gain +RL = 100.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +VZ = 10.0 //Voltage across zener diode (in volts) +VBE = 0.7 //Voltage across base and emitter + +//Calculation + +VL = VZ + VBE //Load voltage (in volts) +IL = VL / RL //Load current (in Ampere) +IS = (VS - VL) / RS //Current through RS (in Ampere) +IC = IS - IL //Collector current (in Ampere) +IB=IC/beta;IZ=IC/beta; + +//Result + +printf("\n Load voltage is %0.3f V.",VL) +printf("\n Load current is %0.3f mA.",IL * 10**3) +printf("\n Current through Rs is %0.1f mA.",IS * 10**3) +printf("\n Collector current is %0.1f mA.",IC* 10**3) +printf("\n Base current is %0.0f micro-A." ,IB * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.16/20_16.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.16/20_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0729d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.16/20_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 15.0 //Input voltage (in volts) +VZ = 8.3 //Zener voltage (in volts) +beta = 100.0 //Common-emitter current gain +R = 1.8 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 2.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Voltage across base-emitter junction (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VL = VZ - VBE //Voltage across load (in volts) +VCE = VS - VL //Collector to emitter voltage (in volts) +IR = (VS - VZ)/ R //Current through R (in milli-Ampere) +IL = VL / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IL / beta //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IZ = IR - IB //Current through Zener (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Load voltage is %0.3f V.",VL) +printf("\n Collector to Emitter voltage is %0.3f V.",VCE) +printf("\n Current through R is %0.2f mA.",IR) +printf("\n Load current is %0.3f mA.",IL) +printf("\n Base current is %0.3f micro-A.",IB * 10**3) +printf("\n Current through Zener is %0.2f mA.",IZ) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.17/20_17.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.17/20_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f32161a16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.17/20_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IZmin = 0 //Minimun Zener current (in Ampere) +ILmax = 2.0 //Maximum load current (in Ampere) +VL = 12.0 //Voltage across load (in volts) +VSmin = 15.0 //Minimum Input voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 20.0 //Maximum Input Voltage (in volts) +beta = 100 //common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.5 //Voltage between base-emitter junction (in volts) +VZ = 12.5 //Voltage across zener diode (in volts) +IZmin = 1.0 * 10**-3 //Current through Zener diode +ICmax = ILmax //Maximum Collector current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +IBmax = ICmax / beta //Maximum collector current +IR = IBmax + IZmin //Current through resistance R (in Ampere) +Rmax = (VSmin - VZ)/ IR //Maximum value of resistance R (in ohm) +IZmax = (VSmax - VZ)/ Rmax //Maximum value of Zener current (in Ampere) +PZmax = VZ * IZmax //Maximum power dissipation in Zener Diode (in watt) +PRmax = (VSmax - VZ) * IZmax //Maximum power dissipated in Resistance R (in watt) +VCEmax = VSmax - VL //Maximum value of collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +PDmax = VCEmax * ILmax //Maximum power dissipation of the transistor (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum value of R is %0.0f ohm.\nMaximum power dissipation of the zener diode is %0.2f W.\nMaximum power dissipation of resistance R is %0.2f W.\nMaximum power dissipation of the transistor is %0.3f W.",Rmax,PZmax,PRmax,PDmax) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.18/20_18.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.18/20_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57553d9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.18/20_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VL = 12.0 //Voltage across load (in volts) +IL = 200.0 //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +VS = 30.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = 10.0 //Series resistance (in ohm) +beta1=150.0;hfe1=150.0; +beta2=100.0;hfe2=100.0; +IC1 = 10.0 //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VBE1 = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base voltage1 (in volts) +VBE2 = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base voltage2 (in volts) +VZ=6.0;VR=6.0; +RZ = 10.0 //Resistance of zener diode (in ohm) +IZ = 20.0 //Current through zener diode (in milli-Ampere) +ID = 10.0 * 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) +I1 = 10.0 * 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +RD = (VL - VZ) / ID //Resistance (in ohm) +V2 = VZ + VBE2 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = (VL - V2)/I1 //Value of resistance R1 (in ohm) +R2 = R1 * (V2 / (VL - V2)) //Value of resistance R2 (in ohm) +IB1 = (IL + I1 + ID) / beta1 //Base Current IB1 (in Ampere) +I = IB1 + IC1 //Current through resistance R3 (in Ampere) +R3 = (VS - (VBE1 + VL))/I //Value of resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of Resistance RD is %0.3f ohm.\nValue of Resistance R1 and R2 is %0.3f ohm and %0.3f ohm.",RD,R1,R2) +printf("\n Value of Resistance R3 is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",R3) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.19/20_19.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.19/20_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89df37474 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.19/20_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 25.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +VZ = 15.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +RL = 1.0 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vout = VZ/2 + VBE //Output voltage (in volts) +IL = Vout / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +IE1 = IL //Current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE1 = VS - Vout //Collector-To-Emitter voltage (in volts) +P1 = VCE1 * IE1 //Power dissipated (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Vout is %0.3f V.\nIL is %0.3f mA.\nIE1 is %0.3f mA.\nP1 is %0.3f W.",Vout,IL,IE1,P1) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b56ca7bc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.2/20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +LR = 1.4 //Line regulation (in micro-volt per volt) +dVS = 10 //Change in source voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +dVL = LR * dVS //Change in output voltage (in micro-volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The change in output voltage is %0.3f micro-volt.",dVL) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.21/20_21.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.21/20_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1e36397 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.21/20_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 220.0 //Resistance1 (in ohm) +R2 = 1.5 * 10**3 //Resistance2 (in ohm) +VREF = 1.25 //Reference voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vo = VREF * (R2/R1 + 1) //Regulated dc output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Regulated dc output voltage is %0.2f V.",Vo) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.22/20_22.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.22/20_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6af248c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.22/20_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 240.0 //Resistance1 (in ohm) +R2 = 2.4 * 10**3 //Resistance2 (in ohm) +VREF = 1.25 //Reference voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vo = VREF * (R2/R1 + 1) //Regulated dc output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Regulated dc output voltage is %0.3f V.",Vo) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b78a88aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.3/20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +dIL = 40.0 //Change in current (in milli-Ampere) +VNL = 8.0 //Voltage under no load (in volts) +VFL = 7.995 //Voltage under full load (in volts) + +//Calculation + +LR = (VNL - VFL)/ dIL //Line regulation (in milli-volt per milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Line regulation is %0.3f mV/mA.",LR * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d5c7664d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.4/20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +LR = 10.0 //Load regulation (in micro-volt per milli-Ampere) +VNL = 5.0 //No load Voltage (in volts) +dIL = 20.0 //Change in current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +VFL = VNL - LR * dIL * 10**-6 //Full load Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Full load Voltage is %0.3f V.",VFL) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58ed1b3fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.5/20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V0 = 10 //Regulated dc supply (in volts) +LR = 0.00002 //Line regulation + +//Calculation + +dV = LR * V0 //Change in output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Change in output voltage is %0.3f mV.",dV * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa9855375 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.6/20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 30.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = 240.0 //Series resistance (in ohm) +Vz = 12.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +RL = 500.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +VL = Vz //Voltage drop across load (in volts) +IS = (VS - Vz) / RS //Current through RS (in Ampere) +VRS = IS * RS //Voltage drop across series resistance (in volts) +IL = VL / RL //Load current (in Ampere) +IZ = IS - IL //Zener current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Load voltage is %0.3f V.\nVoltage drop across series resistance is %0.3f V.\nCurrent through Zener diode is %0.3f A.",VL,VRS,IZ) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e6007035 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.8/20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 24.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = 500.0 //Series resistance (in ohm) +VZ = 12.0 //Zener Voltage (in volts) +IZmin = 3.0 //Minimum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmax = 90.0 //Maximum Zener current (in milli-Ampere) +rZ = 0.0 //Zener resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +IS = (VS - VZ) / RS //Current through RS (in Ampere) +ILmax = IS - IZmin * 10**-3 //Maximum value of load Current (in Ampere) +RLmin = VZ / ILmax //Minimum value of Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Minimum value of load resistance is %0.0f ohm.",RLmin) diff --git a/3754/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce b/3754/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b7f2a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH20/EX20.9/20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VZ = 10.0 //Zener voltage (in volts) +RS = 1.0 //Series Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 2.0 //Load Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VSmin = 22.0 //Minimum source voltage (in volts) +VSmax = 40 //Maximum source voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IL = VZ / RL //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmax = (VSmax - VZ) / RS - IL //Maximum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere) +IZmin = (VSmin - VZ) / RS - IL //Minimum value of zener current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum value of zener current is %0.3f mA.\nMinimum value of zener current is %0.3f mA.",IZmax,IZmin) diff --git a/3754/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce b/3754/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..784037c28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH21/EX21.1/21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +Vm = 300.0 //Maximum voltage (in volts) +P1 = 25.0 //Load power1 (in watt) +P2 = 80.0 //Load power2 (in watt) + +//Calculation + +Vdc = Vm / (2 * %pi) //dc voltage (in volts) +//When power is 25 watt +cosinealpha = (P1 * RL / Vdc**2)**0.5 -1 //cos of alpha +alpha = acos(cosinealpha) //Value of alpha (in radians) + +//When power is 80 watt +cosinealpha1 = (P2 * RL / Vdc**2)**0.5 -1 //cos of alpha +alpha1 = acos(cosinealpha1) //Value of alpha (in radians) +//Result + +printf("\n Angular firing control when load power P = 25 W is %0.2f degree.\nAngular firing control when load power P = 80 W is %0.2f degree.",alpha*180.0/%pi,alpha1*180.0/%pi) diff --git a/3754/CH21/EX21.4/21_4.sce b/3754/CH21/EX21.4/21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc8fac69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH21/EX21.4/21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Idc = 0.5 //dc current (in Ampere) +Vrms = 100.0 //Rms voltage (in volts) +alpha = 45.0 //Firing angle (in degree) +Idc = 0.5 //dc current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +alpharad = alpha * %pi / 180.0 //Firing angle (in radians) +Vm = 2**0.5 * Vrms //Peak voltage (in volts) +Vdc = Vm / (2 * %pi)*(1 + cos(alpharad)) //Average voltage (in volts) +RL = Vdc / Idc //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of resistance to limit the average current to 0.5 A is %0.2f ohm.",RL) diff --git a/3754/CH21/EX21.5/21_5.sce b/3754/CH21/EX21.5/21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c572fa71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH21/EX21.5/21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +TON = 30.0 //Chopper ON time (in milli-second) +TOFF = 10.0 //Chopper OFF time (in milli-second) + +//Calculation + +T = TON + TOFF //Total time (in milli-second) +cdc = TON / T //Chopper duty cycle +f = 1 / T //Chopping frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Chopper duty cycle is %0.3f .\nChopping frequency is %0.3f Hz.",cdc,f*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH21/EX21.6/21_6.sce b/3754/CH21/EX21.6/21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57eea43ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH21/EX21.6/21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +TON = 30.0 //Chopper ON time (in milli-second) +TOFF = 10.0 //Chopper OFF time (in milli-second) +Vdc = 200.0 //dc voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +T = TON + TOFF //Total time (in milli-second) +cdc = TON / T //Chopper duty cycle +VL = Vdc * cdc //dc output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Average valuye of dc voltage is %0.3f V.",VL) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7563f3be --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.10/22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 5.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 100.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +//Case 1 : when VBB = 0.2 V ->OFF +//Case 2: when VBB = 3 V ->ON + +//Result + +printf("\n When VBB = 0 V , LED is in OFF condition.\nWhen VBB = 3 V , LED is in ON condition.") diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb6dede08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.11/22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 25.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 820.0 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RB = 180.0 * 10**3 //Base Resistance (in ohm) +beta = 80.0 //Common-Emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +RE = 200.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +IC = (VCC -VBE)/(RE + RB / beta) //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * RC //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) +S = 1 + beta //Stability factor + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector current is %0.1f mA.\nCollector-to-Emitter voltage is %0.3f V.\nStability factor is %0.3f .",IC*10**3,VCE,S) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e987a09f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.13/22_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 2.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RB = 100.0 * 10**3 //Base Resistance (in ohm) +beta = 50.0 //Common-Emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IB = (VCC - VBE)/(RB + beta * RC) //Base current (in Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in Ampere) +IE = IC //Emitter current (in Ampere) +S = 1 + beta //Stability factor + +//Result + +printf("\n IB is %0.3f mA.\nIC is %0.3f mA.\nIE is %0.3f mA.",IB*10**3,IC*10**3,IE*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9954349d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.14/22_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +//When VC = 0 volts +VCC = 9.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RB = 220.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 3.3 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.3 //Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = (VCC - VBE)/((RB + beta*RC)* 10**3) //Base current (in Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**3 //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +VC = VCE //Collector voltage (in volts) +ICRC = VCC //Voltage (in volts) + +//When VC = 9 volts +IB1 = 16.0 //Base current (in micro-Ampere) +IC1 = beta * IB1 //Collector current (in micro-Ampere) +RC1 = 0 //Collector Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n In case 1, Collector junction is short circuited.\nIn case 2, Collector resistance is short circuited. " ) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caf6f9fcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.15/22_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 100.0 //Emitter Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 3.3 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IE = 2.0 //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +alpha = 0.98 //Common base current gain +R2 = 20.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +IC = alpha * IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VB = VBE + IE * RE * 10**-3 //Base voltage (in volts) +VC = VCC - IC * RC //Collector voltage (in volts) +IR2 = VC / (R2) //Current through resistance 2 (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IR1 = IR2 + IB //Current through resistance 1 (in milli-Ampere) +R1 = (VC - VB) / IR1 //Value of the resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of R1 is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",R1) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7609991 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.16/22_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 24.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 270.0 //Emitter Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 10.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +beta = 45.0 //Common emitter current gain +VCE = 5.0 //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IC = (VCC - VCE) / RC //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +RB = ((VCC - VBE) / IC - RC) * beta //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Base resistance is %0.2f kilo-ohm.",RB) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9061b4e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.17/22_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 3.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RB = 33.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 1.8 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +beta = 90.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = (VCC - VBE) / (RB + beta * RC) //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC -IC * RC //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +S = (1 + beta)/(1 + beta*RC/(RC + RB)) //Stability factor + +//Result + +printf("\n DC bias current is %0.2f mA.\nDC bias voltage is %0.1f V.\nStability factor is %0.1f .",IC,VCE,S) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb51072f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.18/22_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 500.0 //Emitter Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 5.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +VB = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) //Base voltage (in volts) +VE = VB - VBE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = VE / RE //Emitter current (in Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * (RC * 10**3 + RE) //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector current is %0.2f mA.\nCollector-to-Emitter voltage is %0.3f V.",IC*10**3,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74b1afa29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.19/22_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 15.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 2.0 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 5.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IE * (RC + RE) //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Emitter current is %0.3f mA.\nThe value of collector-to-emitter voltage is %0.3f V.",IE,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cc348693 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.20/22_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 100.0 //Emitter Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 25.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 5.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +betamin = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain (min) +betamax = 150.0 //Common emitter current gain (max) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) * 10**3 //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm) +IE1 = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/betamin) //Emitter current (in Ampere) +IE2 = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/betamax) //Emitter current (in Ampere) +perc_change = (IE2 - IE1) / IE1 * 100 //Percentage change in the value of beta + +//Result + +printf("\n The percentage change in collector current is %0.1f .",perc_change) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..537444f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.21/22_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 9.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 680.0 //Emitter Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 33.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 15.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VB = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Base voltage (in volts) +VE = VB - VBE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = VE / RE //Emitter current (in Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in Ampere) +VRC = IC * RC * 10**3 //Voltage across collector resistance (in volts) +VC = VCC - VRC //Collector voltage (in volts) +VCE = VC - VE //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Operating point values are IC = %0.1f mA and VCE = %0.3f V.",IC*10**3,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60f34ba94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.22/22_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 5.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 0.3 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IC = 1.0 //Collector Current (in milli-Ampere) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain +VCE = 2.5 //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +ICO = 0 //Reverse saturation current (in Ampere) +R2 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + + +//Calculation + +IE = IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +RC = (VCC - VCE) / IE - RE //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VE = IE * RE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +VB = VE + VBE //Base voltage (in volts) +R1 = VCC / VB * R2 - R2 //Resistance1 (in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of R1 is %0.3f kilo-ohm and value of RC is %0.3f ohm.",R1,RC*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..454134002 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.23/22_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 5.0 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VB = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Voltage (in volts) +VE = VB - VBE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = VE / RE //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * RC //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +VC = VCE + VE //Collector potential (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Emitter current is %0.3f mA.\nValue of VCE is %0.3f V.\nValue of collector potential is %0.3f V.",IE,VCE,VC) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0df0c3f25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.24/22_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 8.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +VRC = 0.5 //Voltage across collector resistance (in volts) +RC = 800.0 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +alpha = 0.96 //common base current gain + +//Calculation + +VCE = VCC - VRC //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +IC = VRC / RC //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IC / alpha //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IB = IE - IC //Base current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector-to-Emitter VCE is %0.3f V.\nBase current is %0.3f mA.",VCE,IB*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.28/22_28.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.28/22_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd84d5bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.28/22_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VEE = 10.0 //Emitter Bias Voltage (in volts) +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 1.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 5.0 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RB = 50.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VE = -VBE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = (VEE - VBE)/ RE //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VC = VCC - IC * RC //Collector voltage (in volts) +VCE = VC - VE //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of emitter current is %0.3f mA.\nTHe value of collector current is %0.3f mA.\nThe value of collector-to-emitter voltage is %0.3f V.",IE,IC,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fac10a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.3/22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 25.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 820.0 //Collector Resistance (in ohm) +RB = 180.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 80.0 //Common-Emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = VCC / RB //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * RC * 10**-3 //Collector-to-Emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of base current is %0.2f mA.\nThe value of Collector current is %0.2f mA.\nTHe value of Collector-to-Emitter voltage is %0.2f V.",IB,IC,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.30/22_30.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.30/22_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0d799c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.30/22_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 1.0 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 2.0 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 100.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 20.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = -0.2 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +VB = -VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Base voltage (in volts) +VE = VB - VBE //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = -VE / RE //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VC = -(VCC - IC * RC) //Collector voltage (in volts) +VCE = VC - VE //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Base voltage is %0.3f V.\nEmitter voltage is %0.3f V.\nCollector voltage is %0.3f V.\nCollector current is %0.3f mA.\nEmitter current is %0.3f mA.\nCollector-to-emitter voltage is %0.3f V.",VB,VE,VC,IC,IE,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.32/22_32.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.32/22_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4788ee85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.32/22_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 4.5 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 0.27 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 1.5 //Collector Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = 27.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 2.7 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.3 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage for germanium (in volts) +beta = 44.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +VB = - VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Base voltage (in volts) +VE = VB - (-VBE) //Emitter voltage (in volts) +IE = VE / RE //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VRC = -IC * RC //Voltage across collector resistance (in volts) +VC = -(VCC - VRC) //Collector voltage (in volts) +VCE = -(-VC - (-VE)) //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The operating point values are IC = %0.3f mA and VCE = %0.2f V.",-IC,VCE) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72279b502 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.4/22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear//Variables + +VBB = 2.7 //Base voltage (in Volts) +RB = 40.0 //Base resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VCC = 10.0 //Supply voltage (in volts) +RC = 2.5 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) +beta = 100.0 //Current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB + +//Result + +printf("\n The base current is %0.3f mA.",IB) +printf("\n The collector current is %0.3f mA.",IC) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fd5c011e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.5/22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 5.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBB = 5.0 //Base voltage (in volts) +RB = 100.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +beta = 30.0 //Common-Emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = (VBB - VBE)/RB //Base Current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector Current (in milli-Ampere) +IC1 = VCC / RC //Collector Current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of collector current is for operation in saturation region is %0.3f mA.\nSince %0.3f mA is greater than %0.3f mA , therefore it will operate in saturation region.",IC1,IC,IC1) diff --git a/3754/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce b/3754/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..842c83630 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH22/EX22.7/22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 2.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RB = 400.0 //Base Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 100.0 //Common-Emitter current gain +RE = 1.0 //Emitter Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +IB = VCC / (RB + beta * RE) //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector Current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IC * (RC + RE) //Collector-to-Emitter Voltage (volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n VCE of the transistor is %0.3f V.\nVCC of the transistor is %0.3f V.\nIB of the transistor is %0.3f mA.\nIC of transistor is %0.3f mA.",VCE,VCC,IB,IC) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..176c9841b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.1/24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 10.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RB = 1.0 * 10**3 //Base resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IB = (VCC - VBE) / RB //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-ohm) +R1 = beta * r1e //Input resistance looking directly into the base (in kilo-ohm) +Ris = RB * R1/(RB + R1) //Stage input resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Ro = RC //Output resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = RC / r1e //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance looking into the base is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nInput resistance of the stage is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain is %0.3f .",R1,Ris,Ro,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac9e9394 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.11/24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +rE = 500 * 10**-3 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 50.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Vs = 100.0 * 10**-3 //a.c voltage (in volts) +RS = 600.0 * 10**-3 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 50.0 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE1 = 500.0 * 10**-3 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 /(R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = RE1 + rE //Emitter total resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Ri = beta * (rE + r1e) //Input resistance directly into the base (in kilo-ohm) +Ris = Rth * Ri/(Rth + Ri) //Input resistance of the stage (in kilo-ohm) +rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = rL/(rE + r1e) //Voltage gain +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Overall voltage gain +Vo = Avs * Vs //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance looking directly into the base is %0.1f kilo-ohm.\nInput resistance of the stage is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain is %0.3f .\nOverall voltage gain is %0.2f .\nOutput voltage is %0.2f V.",Ri,Ris,Av,Avs,Vo) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eab675f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.2/24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Ri = 2.5 //Input resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = 200.0 //Voltage gain +Vs = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Input signal voltage (in volts) +beta = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IB = Vs / Ri //Base current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = beta * IB //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +Ai = beta //Current gain +Ap = Ai * Av //Power gain +Gp = 10 * log10(Ap) //dB power gain (in decibel) + +//Result + +printf("\n The base current is %0.3f mA.\nThe collector current is %0.3f mA.\nThe power gain is %0.3f .\nThe dB power gain is %0.3f dB.",IB,IC,Ap,Gp) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032ea7c2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.3/24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 1.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RB = 100.0 //Base resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 150.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IC = VCC / (RE + RB/beta) //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = IC //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-ohm) +Ri = beta * (r1e + RE) //Input resistance looking directly into the base (in kilo-ohm) +Ris = RB * Ri / (RB + Ri) //Input resistance of the stage (in kilo-ohm) +Av = RC / RE //Voltage gain +Gp = 10 * log10(Av) //dB power gain (in decibel) + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance looking into the base is %0.0f kilo-ohm.\nInput resistance of the stage is %0.0f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain is %0.3f .\ndB voltage gain is %0.0f dB.",Ri,Ris,Av,Gp) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8256ac632 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.4/24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 10.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RE = 1.0 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +RB = 500.0 * 10**3 //Base resistance (in ohm) +beta = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +IC = VCC / (RE + RB/beta) //Collector current (in Ampere) +IE = IC //Emitter current (in Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in ohm) +Ri = beta * (r1e) //Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm) +Ris = RB * Ri / (RB + Ri) //Input resistance of the stage (in ohm) +Av = RC / r1e //Voltage gain +AV1 = RC / RE //New voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance looking into the base is %0.0f ohm.\nInput resistance of the stage is %0.1f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain is %0.2f .\nNew Voltage gain is %0.3f .",Ri,Ris,Av,AV1) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613ac9d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.5/24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 30.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 10.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 8.2 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 3.3 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 200.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 47.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 15.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Vs = 5.0 //a.c voltage (in milli-volts) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in ohm) +rL = RC * RL/(RC + RL) //a.c load seen by the amplifier (in kilo-ohm) +Av = rL * 10**3 / r1e //Voltage gain +vo = Av * Vs //Output voltage (in volts) +Ri = beta * r1e * 10**-3 //Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm) +Ris = Rth * Ri / (Rth + Ri) //input resistance of the stage (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n a.c output voltage is %0.2f mV.\nInput impedance for the circuit is %0.0f kilo-ohm.",vo,Ris) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..558986122 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.6/24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 1.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 50.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Vs = 10.0 //a.c voltage (in milli-volts) +RS = 600.0 * 10**-3 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm) +Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) //input resistance of the stage (in ohm) +rL = RC * R1/(RC + R1) //a.c load seen by the amplifier (in kilo-ohm) +Av = rL / r1e //Voltage gain +vin = Vs * Ris / (Ris + RS) //input voltage (in milli-volts) +vo = Av * vin //Output voltage (in milli-volts) +Avs = Av * vin / Vs //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The output voltage is %0.3f V.\nThe overall voltage gain is %0.2f .",vo*10**-3,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9ff05811 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.7/24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 4.0 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 3.3 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 120.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 60.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 30.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm) +rL = RC //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = RC / r1e //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The voltage gain is %0.1f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8298daab --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.8/24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = -18.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 4.3 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 1.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 200.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = -0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 39.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 8.2 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 3.0 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts) +IC = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +IE = -IC //Emitter current (in milli-Amper) +r1e = 30.0/IE * 10**-3 //a.ac resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) //input resistance of the stage (in ohm) +rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = rL / r1e //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.1f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce b/3754/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adb6c6446 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH24/EX24.9/24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.7 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 1.0 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 100.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Vs = 10.0 * 10**-3 //a.c voltage (in volts) +RS = 100.0 * 10**-3 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 /(R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta) //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. resistance of emitter diode (in kilo-hm) +Ris = Rth * beta*r1e/(Rth + beta*r1e) //input resistance of the stage (in ohm) +rL = RC //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +Av = rL / r1e //Voltage gain +vin = Vs * Ris / (Ris + RS) //input voltage (in milli-volts) +vo = Av * vin //Output voltage (in milli-volts) +Avs = Av * vin / Vs //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Av is %0.3f .\nRi is %0.2f ohm.\nVo is %0.2f V.\nAvs is %0.2f .",Av,Ris*10**3,vo,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efd4df216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.1/25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 6.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 4.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 4.0 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation +//Let i1 = 10 A and v2 = 10 V. +i1 = 10.0 //Assumed current (in Ampere) +v2 = 10.0 //Assumed voltage (in volts) +//Parameters h11 and h21 + +h11 = R1 + R2 * R3/(R2 + R3) //Input resistance looking from the input terminals (in ohm) +i2 = -i1 / 2 //Current2 (in Ampere) +h21 = i2/i1 //h21 + +//Parameters h12 and h22 + +v1 = v2/2 //Voltage1 (in volts) +h12 = v1 / v2 //h12 +rnet = R2 + R3 //Output resistance (in ohm) +h22 = 1/rnet //h22 (in mhos) + +//Result + +printf("\n h11 : %0.3f \n h21 : %0.3f \n h12 : %0.3f \n h22 : %0.3f ",h11,h21,h12,h22) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed97991c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.10/25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RB = 330.0 * 10**3 //Base resistance (in ohm) +RC = 2.7 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +hfe = 120.0 //current gain +hie = 1.175 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +hoe = 20 * 10**-6 //hoe (in Ampere per volt) + +//Calculation + +Ri = hie //Input resistance of transistor (in ohm) +Ris = hie * RB /(hie + RB) //Input resistance of the circuit (in ohm) +Ro = 1 / hoe //Output resistance of transistor (in ohm) +Ros = Ro * RC / (Ro + RC) //Output resistance of the circuit (in ohm) +Ai = hfe //Current gain of the circuit +Avs = Ai * RC / Ri //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance of the circuit is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance of the circuit is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nCurrent gain of the circuit is %0.3f .\nVoltage gain of the circuit is %0.1f .",Ris*10**-3,Ros*10**-3,Ai,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d58a64ada --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.11/25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hfe = 50.0 //Current gain + +//Calculation + +hfb = -hfe / (1 + hfe) //hfb +hfc = -(1 + hfe) //hfc + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of hfb = %0.2f .\nValue of hfc = %0.3f .",hfb,hfc) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..117e6db5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.12/25_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hie = 1100.0 //hie (in ohm) +hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 //hre +hfe = 50.0 //Current gain +hoe = 24.0 * 10**-6 //hoe (in Ampere per volt) +rL=10.0*10**3;RL=10.0*10**3; +RS = 1.0 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +hic = hie //hic (in ohm) +hrc = (1 - hre) //hrc +hfc = -(1 + hfe) //hfc +Ai = -(hfc/(1 + hoe * rL)) //Current gain +Ri = hic + hrc * Ai * rL //Input resistance (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Current gain is %0.1f .\nInput resistance is %0.1f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain is %0.3f .",Ai,Ri*10**-3,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3237ecd4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.2/25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hie = 1.0 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +hre = 1.0 * 10**-4 //hre +hoe = 100.0 * 10**-6 //hoe (in mho) +RC = 1.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RS = 1000.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) +hfe=50.0;beta=50.0; + +//Calculation + +rL = RC //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Ai = -hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) //Current gain of a transistor +Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL //Input resistance looking directly into the base (in ohm) +Ris = Ri //Iput resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +dh = hie * hoe - hre * hfe //Change in h +Ro = (RS + hie)/(RS * hoe + dh) //Output resistance looking directly into collector (in ohm) +Ros = Ro * rL /(Ro + rL) //Output resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +Ais = Ai * RS / (RS + Ris) //Current gain of amplified stage +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain of transistor +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Voltage gain of amplified stage + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance of the amplifier stage is %0.0f ohm.\nOutput resistance of amplifier stage is %0.0f ohm.\nCurrent gain of amplified stage is %0.1f \nVoltage gain of amplifier stage is %0.1f .",Ris,Ros,Ais,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..254b54a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.3/25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hie = 1.1 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 //hre +hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 //hoe (in mho) +RS = 1000.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) +hfe=50.0;beta=50.0; +rL = 1000.0 //ac.c load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Ai = hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) //Current gain of a transistor +Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL //Input impedance (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Current gain is %0.2f \nInput impedance is %0.1f \nVoltage gain is %0.2f ",Ai,Ri,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603aa716c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.4/25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RC = 4.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RB = 40.0 * 10**3 //Base resistance (in ohm) +RS = 10.0 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) +hie = 1100.0 //hie (in ohm) +hfe = 50.0 //hfe +hre=0;hoe=0;dh=0; + +//Calculation + +RB2 = RB //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +rL = RC * RB2 /(RC +RB2) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Ai = -hfe //Current gain +Ri = hie //Input resistance of the amplifier looking into the base (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain +RB1 = RB/(1 - Av) //Resistance (in ohm) +Ris = Ri * RB1 / (Ri + RB1) //Input resistance looking from source terminals (in ohm) +Ro = "infinite" //Output resistance (in ohm) +Ros = rL //Output resistance of the stage (in ohm) +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Voltage gain of the stage + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.1f .\nInput resistance is %0.0f ohm.\nOutput resistance is %0.0f ohm.",Avs,Ris,Ros) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43bbf300c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.5/25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hie = 1.1 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +hre = 2.5 * 10**-4 //hre +hoe = 25.0 * 10**-6 //hoe (in mho) +RS = 10000.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) +hfe=50.0;beta=50.0; +rL = 1000.0 //ac.c load resistance (in ohm) +RB = 200.0 * 10**3 //Feedback resistor (in ohm) +RC = 5.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +rL = RC * RB / (RC + RB) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Ai = hfe /(1 + hoe * rL) //Current gain +Ri = hie + hre * Ai * rL //Input resistance of the amplifier looking into the base (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain +RB1 = RB/(1 - (-17.4)) //Resistance (in ohm) +Ris = Ri * RB1 / (Ri + RB1) //Input resistance looking from source terminals (in ohm) +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Voltage gain of the stage + +//Result + +printf("\n Ai is %0.2f \nAv is %0.2f \nAvs is %0.1f \nRi is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",Ai,Av,Avs,Ri*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..887f3fc6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.6/25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hib = 28.0 //hib (in ohm) +hfb = -0.98 //hfb +hrb = 5.0 * 10**-4 //hrb +hob = 0.34 * 10**-6 //hoh (in Siemen) +rL = 1.2 * 10**3 //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +RS = 0.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Ai = -(hfb/(1 + hob * rL)) //Current gain +Ri = hib + hrb * Ai * rL //Input resistance (in ohm) +dh = hib * hob - hrb * hfb //change in h +Ro = (RS + hib)/(RS*hib + dh)//Output resistance (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of input resistance is %0.1f ohm.\nThe value of output resistance is %0.0f kilo-ohm.\nThe value of current gain is %0.2f .\nThe value of voltage gain is %0.0f .",Ri,Ro*10**-3,Ai,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1cd238a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.7/25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hic = 2.0 * 10**3 //hic (in ohm) +hfc = -51.0 //hfe +hrc = 1.0 //hrc +hoc = 25.0 * 10**-6 //hoc (in mho) +rL=5.0*10**3;RE=5.0*10**3; +RS = 1.0 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) +R1=10.0*10**3;R2=10.0*10**3; + +//Calculation + +Ai = -hfc / (1 + hoc * rL) //Current gain +Ri = hic + hrc * Ai * rL //Input resistance (in ohm) +Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1 + Ri*R2 + R1*R2) //Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +Ro = -(RS + hic)/hfc //Output resistance (in ohm) +Ros = Ro * RE / (Ro + RE) //Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +Ais = Ai * RS / (RS + Ris) //Current gain of amplified stage +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Voltage gain of amplified stage + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of input resistance of amplified stage is %0.0f ohm.\nThe value of output resistance of amplified stage is %0.f kilo-ohm.\nThe value of current gain of amplified stage is %0.1f .\nThe value of voltage gain of amplified stage is %0.3f .",Ris,abs(Ros),Ais,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6af109e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.8/25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hie = 1500.0 //hie (in ohm) +hfe = 50.0 //hfe +hre = 50.0 * 10**-4 //hre +hoe = 20.0 * 10**-6 //hoe +R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 5.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RE = 1.0 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +RL = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +RS = 0 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Ai = -hfe +rL = RC * RL /(RC + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Ri = hie //Input resistance (in ohm) +Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1 + Ri*R2 + R1*R2) //Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +Ro = 1 / hoe //Output resistance (in ohm) +Ros = Ro * rL /(Ro + rL) //Output resistance of the stage (in ohm) +Av = Ai * rL / Ri //Voltage gain +Avs = Av * Ris / (RS + Ris) //Voltage gain of the stage +Ais = Ai //Current gain of the stage + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance of the stage is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance of the stage is %0.1f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain of the stage is %0.0f .\nCurrent gain of the stage is %0.3f .",Ris*10**-3,Ros*10**-3,Avs,Ai) diff --git a/3754/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce b/3754/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f65ec2b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH25/EX25.9/25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RC = 12.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RL = 4.7 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 33.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 4.7 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +IC = 1.0 * 10**-3 //Collector current (in Ampere) +hiemin = 1.0 * 10**3 //hie minimum (in ohm) +hiemax = 5.0 * 10**3 //hie maximum (in ohm) +hfemin = 70.0 //Current gain minimum +hfemax = 350.0 //Current gain maximum + +//Calculation + +hie = (hiemin * hiemax)**0.5 //hie (in ohm) +hfe = (hfemin * hfemax)**0.5 //current gain +Ri = hie //input resistance (in ohm) +Ris = (R1*R2*Ri)/(Ri*R1+Ri*R2+R1*R2) //Input resistance of the amplified stage (in ohm) +Ai = hfe //Current gain of transistor +rL = RC * RL / (RC + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Avs=Ai*rL/Ri;Av=Ai*rL/Ri; + +//Result + +printf("\n Input impedance is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nOverall voltage gain is %0.1f .",Ris*10**-3,Avs) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.1/26_1.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.1/26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33e1eed01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.1/26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av1 = 10.0 //Voltage gain1 +Av2 = 20.0 //Voltage gain2 +Av3 = 40.0 //Voltage gain3 + +//Calculation + +Av = Av1 * Av2 * Av3 //Voltage gain +Gv1 = 20 * log10(Av1) //dB voltage gain1 +Gv2 = 20 * log10(Av2) //dB voltage gain2 +Gv3 = 20 * log10(Av3) //dB voltage gain3 +Gv = Gv1 + Gv2 + Gv3 //dB voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Overall voltage gain is %0.3f .\nTotal dB voltage gain is %0.0f dB.",Av,Gv) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.2/26_2.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.2/26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24655c2d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.2/26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +n = 3 //Number of amplified stages +Vin1 = 0.05 //Input to first stage (in volts peak-to-peak) +Vout3 = 150.0 //Output of final stage (in volts peak-to-peak) +Av1 = 20.0 //Voltage gain of first stage +Vin3 = 15.0 //Input of final stage (in volts peak-to-peak) + +//Calculation + +Av = Vout3 / Vin1 //Overall voltage gain +Av3 = Vout3 / Vin3 //Voltage gain of third stage +Av2 = Av / (Av1 * Av3) //Voltage gain of second stage +Vin2 = Vin3 / Av2 //Input voltage gain of second stage + +//Result + +printf("\n Overall voltage gain is %0.3f .\nVoltage gain of 2nd and 3rd stage is %0.3f and %0.3f .\nInput voltage of the second stage is %0.3f Vpk-pk.",Av,Av2,Av3,Vin2) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.3/26_3.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.3/26_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62ed5e77e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.3/26_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 5.0 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RB = 1.0 * 10**6 //Base resistance (in ohm) +RE = 1.0 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +RL = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +beta1=100.0;beta2=100.0; + +//Calculation + +IE = VCC /(RE + RB/beta1) //Emitter current (in Ampere) +r1e = 25.0/IE * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm) +Ri1 = beta1 * r1e //Input resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ri2 = beta2 * r1e //Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Ro1 = RC * Ri2 / (RC + Ri2) //Output resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ro2 = RC * RL / (RC + RL) //Output resitance of second stage (in ohm) +Av1 = Ro1 / r1e //Voltage gain of first stage +Av2 = Ro2 / r1e //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain +Gv = 20 * log10(Av) //Overall dB voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance of first and scond stage is %0.0f ohm and %0.0f ohm.\nOutput resistance of first and second stage is %0.1f ohm and %0.1f ohm.\nVoltage gain of first and second stage is %0.0f and %0.1f .\nOverall voltage gain and dB voltage gain is %0.0f and %0.1f dB.",Ri1,Ri2,Ro1,Ro2,Av1,Av2,Av,Gv) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.4/26_4.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.4/26_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c82521d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.4/26_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 15.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RC = 3.3 * 10**3 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RE = 1.0 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +RL = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 33.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 8.2 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +beta1=100.0;beta2=100.0; +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm) +IE = (Vth - VBE)/(RE + Rth/beta1) //Emitter current (in Ampere) +r1e = 25.0/IE * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter resistance (in ohm) +Ri2 = beta1 * r1e //Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Ro1 = RC * Ri2 / (RC + Ri2) //Output resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ro2 = RC * RL /(RC + RL) //Output resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Av1 = Ro1 / r1e //Voltage gain of the first stage +Av2 = Ro2 / r1e //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain +Gv = 20 * log10(Av) //Overall voltage (in decibels) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain of stage one and two are as follows %0.2f and %0.2f .\nOverall voltage gain is %0.0f .\nOverall voltage gain in decibels is %0.1f dB.",Av1,Av2,Av,Gv) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.5/26_5.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.5/26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f08150d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.5/26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RB = 470.0 * 10**3 //Base resistance (in ohm) +RE = 1.0 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +RL = 1.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +a = 4.0 //Turn's ratio +beta1=50.0;beta2=50.0; +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IE = VCC/ (RE + RB/beta1) //Emitter current (in Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm) +Ri1 = RB*beta1*r1e/(RB+beta1*r1e) //Input resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ri2 = RB*beta2*r1e/(RB+beta2*r1e) //Input resistance of Second stage (in ohm) +R1i2 = a**2 * Ri2 //Input resistance of the second stage transformed to primary side (in ohm) +Ro1 = R1i2 //Output resistance of second stage (in ohm) +R1o2 = a**2 * RL //Output resistance of the second stage transformed to the primary side (in ohm) +Av1 = Ro1/r1e //Voltage gain of first stage +Av2 = R1o2/r1e //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain +Gv = 20 * log10(Av) //Overall voltage gain (in decibels) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain of first stage is %0.1f .\nVoltage gain of second stage is %0.1f .\nOverall voltage gain is %0.0f .\nOverall voltage gain in decibels is %0.0f dB.",Av1,Av2,Av,Gv) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.6/26_6.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.6/26_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ccfdb7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.6/26_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 12.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 2.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R5 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R6 = 2.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +beta1=100.0;beta2=100.0; + +//Calculation + +Vth = VCC * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Thevenin's voltage (in volts) +IE1 = Vth / R4 //Emitter curren1 (in Ampere) +r1e = 25.0 / IE1 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance (in ohm) +VR6 = VCC - IE1 * R3 //Voltage across resistance6 (in volts) +IE2 = VR6 / R6 //Emitter current2 (in Ampere) +r1e2 = 25.0 / IE2 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance2 (in ohm) +Ri2 = beta2*(r1e2 + R6) //Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Ro1 = R3 * Ri2 /(R3 + Ri2) //Output resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ro2 = R5 //Output resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Av1 = Ro1/(r1e + R4) //Voltage gain of first stage +Av2 = Ro2/(r1e2 + R6) //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain of first stage is %0.1f .\nVoltage gain of second stage is %0.1f .\nOverall voltage gain is %0.2f .",Av1,Av2,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.7/26_7.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.7/26_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10fcfc0c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.7/26_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 800.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 200.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 600.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 200.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R5 = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R6 = 1000.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +beta1=100.0;beta2=100.0; +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VR2 = VCC * (R2 / (R1 + R2)) //Voltage across resistance2 (in volts) +IE1 = (VR2 - VBE)/R2 //Emitter current of Q1 transistor (in Ampere) +IC1 = IE1 //Collector current of Q1 transistor (in Ampere) +VC1 = VCC - IC1 * R3 //Voltage at the collector of Q1 transistor (in volts) +VE1 = IE1 * R4 //Voltage at the emitter of Q1 transistor (in volts) +VCE1 = VC1 - VE1 //Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q1 transistor (in volts) +VE2 = VC1 - (-VBE) //Voltage at the emitter of Q2 transistor (in volts) +IE2 = (VCC - VE2)/R6 //Emitter current of Q2 transistor (in Ampere) +IC2 = IE2 //Collector-current of Q2 transistor (in Ampere) +VC2 = IC2 * R5 //Voltage at the collector of Q2 transistor (in volts) +VCE2 = VC2 - VE2 //Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q2 transistor (in volts) + +r1e1 = 25.0 / IE1 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 transistor (in ohm) +r1e2 = 25.0 / IE2 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 transistor (in ohm) +Ri2 = beta2 * (r1e2 + R6) //Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Ro1 = R3 * Ri2 / (R3 + Ri2) //Output resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Av1 = Ro1 / (r1e1 + R4) //Voltage gain of first stage +Av2 = 1.0 //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Emitter current of Q1 transistor is %0.3f mA.\nCollector current of Q1 transistor is %0.3f mA.\nEmitter current of Q2 transistor is %0.3f mA.\nCollecotr-current of Q2 transistor is %0.3f mA.",IE1*10**3,IC1*10**3,IE2*10**3,IC2*10**3) +printf("\n Collector-to-emitter voltage of Q1 transistor is %0.3f v.\nCollector-to-emitter voltage of Q2 transistor is %0.3f .",VCE1,VCE2) +printf("\n Overall voltage gain is %0.2f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH26/EX26.8/26_8.sce b/3754/CH26/EX26.8/26_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b8dc23c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH26/EX26.8/26_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RE = 1.5 * 10**3 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 30.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +beta1 = 150.0 //Common emitter current gain +beta2 = 100.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Ai = beta1 * beta2 //Overall current gain of transistor +VR2 = VCC * R2/(R1 + R2) //Voltage across resistor2 (in volts) +VB2 = VR2 - VBE //Voltage at the base of Q2 (in volts) +VE2 = VB2 - VBE //Voltage at the emitter of Q2 (in volts) +IE2 = VE2 / RE //Emitter current of Q2 (in Ampere) +r1e2 = 25.0/IE2 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 (in ohm) +IB2 = IE2 / beta2 //Base current of Q2 (in Ampere) +IE1 = IB2 //Emitter current of Q2 +r1e1 = 25.0/IE1 * 10**-3 //a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 (in ohm) +Ri1 = R1 * R2/(R1 + R2) //Total input resistance (in ohm) +Av = RE/(r1e1/beta2 + r1e2 + RE) //Overall voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The overall current gain is %0.3f .",Ai) +printf("\n The a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q1 transistor is %0.1f ohm.\nThe a.c. emitter diode resistance of Q2 transistor is %0.2f ohm.",r1e1,r1e2) +printf("\n Total input resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",Ri1 * 10**-3) +printf("\n Overall voltage gain is %0.2f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.10/27_10.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.10/27_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a78b7e63b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.10/27_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 8.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +a = 10.0 //Turns ratio +ICQ = 500.0 * 10**-3 //Collector current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +R1L = a**2 * RL //Effective load (in ohm) +Poac = 1.0/2* ICQ**2 * R1L //Maximum power delieverd (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum power delievered to load is %0.3f W.",Poac) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.11/27_11.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.11/27_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1a7b7b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.11/27_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Ptrdc = 100.0 * 10**-3 //Maximum collector dissipated power (in watt) +VCC = 10.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +RL = 16.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +no=0.5;nc=0.5; + +//Calculation + +Poac = no * Ptrdc //Maximum undistorted a.c. output power (in watt) +ICQ = 2 * Poac / VCC //Quiescent collector current (in Ampere) +R1L = VCC / ICQ //Effective load resistance (in ohm) +a = (R1L / RL)**0.5 + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum undistorted a.c. output power is %0.3f W.\nQuiescent collector current is %0.3f A.\nTransformer turns ratio is %0.0f .",Poac,ICQ,a) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.13/27_13.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.13/27_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b08b757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.13/27_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 1.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +IC = 10.0 * 10**-3 //Collector current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +PL = IC**2 * RL //Load power (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Power delivered to the load is %0.3f W.",PL) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.14/27_14.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.14/27_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..deabf0934 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.14/27_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 8.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +VP = 16.0 //Peak output voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +P = VP**2 / (2 * RL) //Power drawn from the source (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The power drawn from the source is %0.3f W.",P) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.15/27_15.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.15/27_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb5a98929 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.15/27_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Pcdc = 10.0 //Power rating of amplifier (in watt) +n = 0.785 //Maximum overall efficiency + +//Calculation + +PT = 2 * Pcdc //Total power dissipation of two transistors (in watt) +Poac = (PT * n) / (1-n) //Maximum power output (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum power output is %0.2f W.",Poac) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.16/27_16.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.16/27_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..379da2247 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.16/27_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +no = 0.6 //efficiency +Pcdc = 2.5 //Maximum collector dissipation of each transistor (in watt) + +//Calculation + +PT = 2 * Pcdc //Total power dissipation of two transistors (in watt) +Pindc = PT / (1 - no ) //dc input power (in watt) +Poac = no * Pindc //ac output power (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The d.c. input power is %0.3f W.\nThe a.c. output power is %0.3f W.",Pindc,Poac) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.2/27_2.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.2/27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a39314119 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.2/27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 10.0 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 1.8 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 620.0 * 10**-3 //Collector resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 200.0 * 10**-3 //Emitter resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RL = 1.2 //Load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +beta = 180.0 //Common emitter current gain +VBE = 0.7 //Emitter-to-Base voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VB = VCC * (R2 /(R1 + R2)) //Voltage drop across R2 (in volts) +VE = VB - VBE //Voltage at the emitter (in volts) +IE = VE / RE //Emitter current (in milli-Ampere) +IC = IE //Collector current (in milli-Ampere) +VCE = VCC - IE*(RC + RE) //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +ICEQ = IC //Collector current at Q (in milli-Ampere) +VCEQ = VCE //Collector-to-emitter voltage at Q (in volts) +rL = RC * RL/(RC + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in kilo-ohm) +PP = 2 * ICEQ * rL //Compliance of the amplifier (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Overall compliance (PP) of the amplifier is %0.2f V.",PP) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.3/27_3.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.3/27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d33e41f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.3/27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +r1e = 8.0 //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +RC = 220.0 //Collector resistance (in ohm) +RE = 47.0 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 4.7 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 470.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +beta = 50.0 //Common emitter current gain + +//Calculation + +rL = RC //Load resistance (in ohm) +Av = rL / r1e //Voltage gain +Ai = beta //Current gain +Ap = Av * Ai //Power gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.3f and Power gain is %0.3f .",Av,Ap) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.4/27_4.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.4/27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e977ba30e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.4/27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Ptrdc = 20.0 //dc Power (in watt) +Poac = 5.0 //ac Power (in watt) + +//Calculation + +ne = Poac / Ptrdc //Collector efficiency +P = Ptrdc //Power rating of the transistor + +//Result + +printf("\n Collector efficiency is %0.3f percentage.\nPower rating of the transistor is %0.3f W.",ne*100,P) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.5/27_5.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.5/27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..007dc9bde --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.5/27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Pcdc = 10.0 //dc power (in watt) +ne = 0.32 //efficiency + +//Calculation + +Poac = ne * Pcdc / (1 - ne) //a.c. power output (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The a.c. power output is %0.1f W.",Poac) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.6/27_6.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.6/27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68cef3c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.6/27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +nc = 0.5 //Efficiency +VCC = 24.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +Poac = 3.5 //a.c. power output (in watt) + +//Calculation + +Ptrdc = Poac / nc //dc power (in watt) +Pcdc = Ptrdc - Poac //Power dissipated as heat (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Total power within the circuit is %0.3f W.\nThe power Pcdc = %0.3f W is dissipated in the form of heat within the transistor collector region.",Ptrdc,Pcdc) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.7/27_7.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.7/27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a15ae20eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.7/27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VCC = 20.0 //Supply voltage (in volts) +VCEQ = 10.0 //Collector-to-emitter voltage (in volts) +ICQ = 600.0 * 10**-3 //Collector current (in Ampere) +RL = 16.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +Ip = 300.0 * 10**-3 //Output current variation (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +Pindc = VCC * ICQ //dc power supplied (in watt) +PRLdc = ICQ**2 * RL //dc power consumed by load resistor (in watt) +I = Ip / 2**0.5 //r.m.s. value of Collector current (in Ampere) +Poac = I**2 * RL //a.c. power across load resistor (in ohm) +Ptrdc = Pindc - PRLdc //dc power delievered to transistor (in watt) +Pcdc = Ptrdc - Poac //dc power wasted in transistor collector (in watt) +no = Poac / Pindc //Overall efficiency +nc = Poac / Ptrdc //Collector efficiency + +//Result + +printf("\n Power supplied by the d.c. source to the amplifier circuit is %0.3f W.",Pindc) +printf("\n D.C. power consumed by the load resistor is %0.3f W.",PRLdc) +printf("\n A.C. power developed across the load resistor is %0.3f W.",Poac) +printf("\n D.C. power delivered to the transistor is %0.3f W.",Ptrdc) +printf("\n D.C. power wasted in the transistor collector is %0.3f W.",Pcdc) +printf("\n Overall efficiency is %0.3f .",no) +printf("\n Collector efficiency is %0.1f percentage.",nc * 100) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.8/27_8.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.8/27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1809803e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.8/27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +a = 15.0 //Turns ratio +RL = 8.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +R1L = a**2 * RL //Effective resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The effective resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",R1L * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH27/EX27.9/27_9.sce b/3754/CH27/EX27.9/27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c92b28ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH27/EX27.9/27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RL = 16.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) +R1L = 10.0 * 10**3 //Effective resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +a = (R1L / RL)**0.5 //Turns ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n Turns ratio is %0.3f : 1.",a) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.1/28_1.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.1/28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e6b05039 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.1/28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L = 150.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) +C = 100.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +fo = 0.159 / (L * C)**0.5 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The resonant frequency is %0.1f MHz.",fo * 10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.2/28_2.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.2/28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaff26c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.2/28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L = 100.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) +C = 100.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +R = 5.0 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +fo = 0.159 / (L * C)**0.5 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +Zp = L / (C*R) //Circuit impedance at resonance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resonant frequency is %0.3f MHz.\nCircuit impedance at resonance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",fo*10**-6,Zp*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.3/28_3.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.3/28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7604ada98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.3/28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 1.0 * 10**6 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +Qo = 100.0 //Quality factor + +//Calculation + +BW = fo / Qo //Bandwidth (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Bandwidth of the circuit is %0.3f kHz.",BW * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.4/28_4.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.4/28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..444451960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.4/28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 1600.0 * 10**3 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +BW = 10.0 * 10**3 //Bandwidth (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +Qo = fo / BW //Quality factor + +//Result + +printf("\n The Q-factor is %0.3f .",Qo) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.5/28_5.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.5/28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a813c7d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.5/28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 2.0 * 10**6 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +BW = 50.0 * 10**3 //Bandwidth (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +Qo = fo / BW //Quality factor + +//Result + +printf("\n The Q-factor is %0.3f .",Qo) diff --git a/3754/CH28/EX28.6/28_6.sce b/3754/CH28/EX28.6/28_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0337c1109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH28/EX28.6/28_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 455.0 * 10**3 //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +BW = 10.0 * 10**3 //Bandwidth (in Hertz) +XL = 1255.0 //Inductive reactance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Qo = fo / BW //Quality factor +R = XL / Qo //Resistance (in ohm) +L = XL / (2*%pi*fo) //Inductance (in Henry) +C = 1 / (XL*2*%pi*fo) //Capacitance (in Farad) +Zp = L / (C*R) //Circuit impedance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of circuit impedance at resonance is %0.0f kilo-ohm.",Zp * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.1/29_1.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.1/29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adc28dfd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.1/29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 400.0 //Voltage gain +beta = 0.1 //feedback ratio + +//Calculation + +A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) //Voltage gain with negative feedback + +//Result + +printf("\n The voltage gain of an amplifier with negative feedback is %0.2f .",A1v) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.11/29_11.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.11/29_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda25545b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.11/29_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Rin = 4.2 * 10**3 //Input resistance (in ohm) +Av = 220.0 //Voltage gain without feedback +beta = 0.01 //Feedback ratio +f1 = 1.5 * 10**3 //Cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz) +f2 = 501.5 * 10**3 //Cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +R1i = (1 + beta * Av) * Rin //Input resistance of feedback amplifier (in ohm) +f11 = f1 / (1 + beta * Av) //New cut off frequency without feedback (in Hertz) +f21 = (1 + beta * Av) * f2 //New cut off frequency with feedback (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of input resistance with feedback is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nNew cut off frequency without feedback is %0.0f Hz.\nNew cut off frequency with feedback is %0.3f kHz.",R1i*10**-3,f11,f21*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.14/29_14.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.14/29_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a7a15174 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.14/29_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 300.0 //Voltage gain without feedback +Ri = 1.5 * 10**3 //Input resistance (in ohm) +Ro = 50.0 * 10**3 //Output resistance (in ohm) +beta = 1.0/15.0 //feedback ratio + +//Calculation + +A1v = Av/ (1 + beta*Av) //Voltage gain with feedback +R1i = (1 + beta* Av)* Ri //Input resistance with feedback (in ohm) +R1o = Ro/(1 + beta * Av) //Output resistance with feedback (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain with feedback is %0.1f .\nInput resistance with feedback is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance with feedback is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",A1v,R1i*10**-3,R1o*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.15/29_15.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.15/29_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..614e87eac --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.15/29_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hfe = 100.0 //hfe +hie = 2.0 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +Re1 = 100.0 //Emitter resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 15.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 5.6 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Rc = 470.0 //Collector resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Ai = hfe //Current gain +Av = Ai * Rc / hie //Voltage gain +Ri = (R1*R2*hie)/(R1*R2+R2*hie+R1*hie) //Input resistance (in ohm) +beta = Re1 / Rc //feedback ratio +A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) //Voltage ratio with feedback +R1i = Ri*(1 + beta * Av) //Input resistancewith feedback (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain without feedback is %0.3f .\nInput resistance without feedback is %0.0f kilo-ohm.\nVoltage gain with feedback is %0.2f .\nInput resistance with feedback is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",Av,Ri,A1v,R1i) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.16/29_16.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.16/29_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..490fd1d52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.16/29_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +hfe = 99.0 //hfe +hie = 2.0 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +Rc = 22.0 * 10**3 //Load resistor of frist stage (in ohm) +R4 = 100.0 //Emitter resistance of first stage (in ohm) +R1 = 220.0 * 10**3 //Biasing resistor of second stage (in ohm) +R2 = 22.0 * 10**3 //Biasing resistor of second stage (in ohm) +R1c = 4.7 * 10**3 //Load resistance of second stage (in ohm) +R3 = 7.8 * 10**3 //Feedback resistor from collector of second stage to emitter of first stage (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Ri = hie //Input resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ro1 = (1/Rc + 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/hie)**-1 //Output resistance of first stage (in ohm) +Ri2 = hie //Input resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Ro2 = R1c * (R3 + R4)/(R1c + R3 + R4) //Output resistance of second stage (in ohm) +Av1 = hfe * Ro1 / hie //Voltage gain of first stage +Av2 = hfe * Ro2 / hie //Voltage gain of second stage +Av = Av1 * Av2 //Overall voltage gain without feedback +beta = R4 / (R3 + R4) //Feedback ratio +Ri1 = Ri*(1 + beta*Av) //Input resistance with feedback (in ohm) +R1o2 = Ro2 / (1 + beta * Av) //Output resistance with feedback (in ohm) +A1v = Av / (1 + beta * Av) //Overall voltage gain with feedback + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain without feedback is %0.1f .\nInput resistance of first stage without feedback is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nInput resistance of second stage without feedback is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance of first stage without feedback is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance of second stage without feedback is %0.2f kilo-ohm .",Av,Ri*10**-3,Ri2*10**-3,Ro1*10**-3,Ro2*10**-3) +printf("\n Voltage gain with feedback is %0.1f .\nInput resistance with feedback is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nOutput resistance with feedback is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",A1v,Ri1*10**-3,R1o2*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.2/29_2.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.2/29_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e2822d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.2/29_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 100.0 //Voltage gain +A1v = 20.0 //Voltage gain with negative feedback + +//Calculation + +beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av //feedback ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n The percentage of the negative feedback is %0.3f",beta * 100) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.3/29_3.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.3/29_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963b16fbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.3/29_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 1000.0 //Voltage gain +A1v = 10.0 //Voltage gain with negative feedback + +//Calculation + +beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av //feedback ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n The fraction of the output that is feedback to the input is %0.3f .",beta) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.4/29_4.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.4/29_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83ff84a99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.4/29_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1o=12.5;Vo=12.5; +V1in = 1.5 //Input voltage with feedback (in volts) +Vin = 0.25 //Input voltage without feedback (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Av = Vo / Vin //Voltage gain without negative feedback +A1v = V1o / V1in //Voltage gain with negative feedback +beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av //feedback ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of voltage gain without negative feedback is %0.3f .\nThe value of voltage gain with negative feedback is %0.2f .\nThe value of beta is %0.3f .",Av,A1v,beta) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.5/29_5.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.5/29_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b43ef2c8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.5/29_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 60.0 //Voltage gain +A1v = 80.0 //Voltage gain with negative feedback + +//Calculation + +beta = (1 - Av/A1v ) / Av //feedback ratio +beta1 = 1/Av //feedback ratio which causes oscillation + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of feedback ratio is %0.3f .\nThe percentage of feedback which causes oscillation is %0.1f percentage.",beta,beta1*100) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.6/29_6.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.6/29_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dc3ff0b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.6/29_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +A1v = 100.0 //Voltage gain with negative feedback +Vin = 50.0 * 10**-3 //Input voltage without feedback (in volts) +V1in = 0.6 //Input voltage with feedback (in volts) + +//Calculation + +V1o = A1v * V1in //Output voltage with feedback (in volts) +Vo = V1o //Output voltage without feedback (in volts) +Av = Vo / Vin //Voltage gain without feedback +beta = (Av/A1v - 1) / Av //feedback ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of voltage gain without feedback is %0.3f .\nThe value of voltage gain with feedback is %0.3f .",Av,A1v) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.7/29_7.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.7/29_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c657eb167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.7/29_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 800.0 //Voltage gain +beta = 0.05 //Feedback ratio +dAvbyAv = 20.0 //Percentage change in open loop gain + +//Calculation + +dA1vbyA1v = 1 / (1 + beta*Av)*dAvbyAv //Percentage change in closed loop gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The percentage change in closed loop gain is %0.1f percentage.",dA1vbyA1v) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.8/29_8.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.8/29_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6f0d9a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.8/29_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +A1v = 100.0 //Voltage gain with feedback +dA1vbyA1v = 0.01 //Percentage change in closed loop gain +dAvbyAv = 0.20 //Percentage change in open loop gain + +//Calculation + +betamultAvplus1 = dAvbyAv/dA1vbyA1v //Product of feedback ratio and voltage ratio plus one +Av = A1v * betamultAvplus1 //Voltage gain without feedback +beta = betamultAvplus1 / Av //Feedback ratio + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of Av is %0.3f .\nThe value of beta is %0.3f .",Av,beta) diff --git a/3754/CH29/EX29.9/29_9.sce b/3754/CH29/EX29.9/29_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18a83e782 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH29/EX29.9/29_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Av = 100.0 //Voltage gain without feedback +BW = 200.0 * 10**3 //Bandwidth without feedback (in Hertz) +beta = 0.05 //Feedback ratio +BWn = 1.0 * 10**6 //New bandwidth without feedback (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +BW1 = (1 + beta*Av) * BW //Bandwidth with feedback (in Hertz) +A1v = Av/(1 + beta*Av) //Voltage gain with feedback +beta1 = (BWn/BW - 1)/Av //Amount of feedback required + +//Result + +printf("\n The new bandwidth is %0.3f kHz.\nThe new gain is %0.1f .",BW1*10**-3,A1v) +printf("\n Amout of feedback required when BW = 1MHz is %0.3f percentage.",beta1 * 100) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92d5e3827 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +W = 75.0 //Work done (in Joules) +Q = 50.0 //Charge produced (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation +V = W/Q //Voltage between battery terminals (in Volts) + +//Result +printf("\n Terminal voltage of a battery is %0.3f V.",V) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7903ea9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.10/3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 1.7 * 10**-8 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +l = 2 * 150 //Length (in meter) +R = 0.722 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +A = p*l/R //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +d = (A * 4 / %pi)**0.5 //diameter of wire (in meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Diameter of the wire is : %0.0f mm.",d * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc4b00e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +lc = 200 //Length of copper wire (in meter) +Rc = 1.5 //Resistance of Copper wire(in ohm) +pc = 1.7 * 10**-8 //Resistivity of (in ohm-meter) +ls = 10 //Length of silver wire (in meter) +ps = 1.6 * 10**-8 //Resistivity of Silver (in ohm-meter) + +//Calculation + +A = pc * lc / Rc //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +Rs = ps * ls / A //Resistance of silver wire(in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The resistance of silver wire is %0.2f ohm.",Rs) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28c946161 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.12/3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +T1 = 800 //Temperature (in celsius degeree) +T2 = 2250 //Temperature (in celsius degeree) +R20 = 3.49 //Resistance at 20 degree celsius (in ohm) +alpha20 = 4.5 * 10**-3 //Temperature coefficient at 20 degree celsius (in per degree Celsius) + +//Calculation + +R800 = R20 * (1 + alpha20*(T1 - 20)) //Resistance at 800 degree celsius (in ohm) +R2250 = R20 * (1 + alpha20*(T2-20)) //Resistance at 2250 degree celsius (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance at 800 degree celsius is %0.1f ohm.\n\nResistance at 2250 degree celsius is %0.3f",R800,R2250) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07af41cae --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +T1 = 20 //Temperature (in degree celsius) +R1 = 10000 //Resistance at 20 degree celsius (in ohm) +T2 = -25 //Temperature (in degree celsius) +alpha = 0.0039 //Temperature coefficient at 20 degree celsius (in per degree Celsius) + +//Calculation + +R80 = R1*(1 + alpha*(80 - T1)) //Resistance at 80 degree celsius (in ohm) +RT2 = R1*(1 + alpha*(-25 - T1)) //Resistance at -25 degree celsius (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance at 80 degree celsius is %0.1f kilo-ohm.\nResistance at -25 degree celsius is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",R80*10**-3,RT2*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..356eed480 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.14/3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 14 * 10**-8 //Resistivity of gold (in ohm-meter) +alpha = 5.8 * 10**-4 //Temperature coefficient (in per degree celsius) +l = 3 //Length (in meter) +d = 13 * 10**-6 //diameter of wire + +//Calculation + +A = %pi * d * d / 4 //Area of cross-section (in metersquare) +R = p * l /A //Resistance of wire at 20 degree celsius(in ohm) +R1 = R*(1 + alpha*(200-20)) +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance of wire at 200 degree celsius is %0.1f ohm.",R1) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcd0a7941 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.15/3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 10*10**-3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +G = 1/R //Conductance (in siemens) + +//Result + +printf("\n The conductance of gold conductor is %0.3f siemens.",G) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f691eea0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.16/3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 10.0*10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +G = 1/R //Conductance (in siemens) + +//Result + +printf("\n The conductance of gold conductor is %0.3f siemens.",G) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b2660061 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.17/3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +G = 50*10**-6 //Conductance (in siemens) + +//Calculation + +R = 1/G //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The Resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",R * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5bb4bead --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.18/3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 18 //Voltage (in volts) +I = 60*10**-6 //current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +R = V/I //Resistance (in ohm) +G = 1/R //Conductance (in siemens) + +//Result + +printf("\n The conductance is %0.2f micro-siemens.",G * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c609968bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.19/3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 600.00 //Resistance (in ohm) +V = 230.00 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +I = V/R //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current in the power line is %0.3f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4675465f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 1.5 //Voltage (in Volts) +E =7.5 //Energy produced (in Joules) + +//Calculation +Q = E/V //Charge separated ( in Coulomb ) + +//Result +printf("\n The Amount of charge separated by the battery is %0.3f C.",Q) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9840692d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.20/3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 8 //Resistance (in ohm) +I = 2.5 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +V = I*R //Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum safe voltage is %0.3f volts.",V) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.21/3_21.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.21/3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..250817144 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.21/3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 1.5 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +I = 16 * 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +V = I*R //Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The voltage that must be applied to the relay coil to energize it is %0.3f volts." ,V) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.22/3_22.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.22/3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e32053f52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.22/3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 20 * 10**-3 //Current per segment (in Ampere) +V = 5 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +R = V/I //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance that must be inserted into the circuit of each segment is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.23/3_23.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.23/3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73903f1d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.23/3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 7 * 2 //Voltage : 7 div * (2 V/div) (in volts) +I = 5 * 5 * 10**-3 //Current : 5 div * (5 * 10**-3) (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +R = V/I //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d45f9b861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +W = 64000 //Heat produced (in Joules) +t = 40 //time (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +P = W/t //Rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat energy (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat energy is : %0.3f W.",P) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.25/3_25.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.25/3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..358fe7cc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.25/3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 5 //Current (in Ampere) +V = 230 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +P = V*I //Power consumed (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The power consumed by the toaster is: %0.3f watt.",P) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.26/3_26.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.26/3_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ee91e2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.26/3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +P = 36.0 //Power consumed (in watt) +V = 230.0 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +I = P/V //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current through filament is %0.3f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c31e42c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +P = 150 *12/1000.0 //Power consumed by 12 bulbs (in kilowatt) +t = 10.0 //Time (in hours) + +//Calculation + +W = P * t //Energy used (in kWh) + +//Result + +printf("\n The energy used is %0.3f kWh.",W) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab36212b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Ps = 500.0 //Power of stereo system (in watt) +Pa = 2400.0 //Power of air conditioner (in watt) +t = 3 //time (in hours) + +//Calculation + +P = (Ps + Pa)/1000 //Total power consumed (in kilowatt) +W = P * t //Energy used (in kilowatthour) + +//Result + +printf("\n The energy used is %0.3f kWh.",W) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97af82a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 230.0 //Voltage (in volts) +P = 180.0 //Power (in watt) + +//Calculation + +I = P/V //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n The input current is %0.3f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d390f43ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Q = 7.5 //Charge (in Coulomb) +t = 0.5 //Time (in minute) + +//Calculation + +t = 0.5 * 60 //Time (in seconds) +I= Q/t //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n The current in the element is %0.3f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.30/3_30.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.30/3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..959b9e577 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.30/3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 24.0 //Voltage (in volts) +I = 2.0 //Current (in Ampere) +Pb = 0.5 //Power rating of each light bulb (in watt) + +//Calculation + +P = V * I //Maximum power (in watt) +P80 = P * 0.8 //80percentageof power rating (in watt) +n = (P80/Pb) //Number of bulbs required + +//Result + +printf("\n The number of bulbs required is %0.3f ." ,n) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7121fac85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 750.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +I = 32.0 //Current (in milliAmpere) + +//Calculation + +P = I**2 * 10**-6 * R //Power (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Power consumed by relay coil is %0.3f mW.",P*1000) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..253b5ced0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 36.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +V = 230.0 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +P = V**2/R //Power (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Power rating is %0.3f kW.",P/1000) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e574355e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +P = 36 //Power (in watt) +V = 230.0 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +R = V**2/P //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance of the heating element is %0.0f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.34/3_34.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.34/3_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a595b894 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.34/3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear// + +//Case a : + +//Variables + +R = 8.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +P1 = 60.0 //Power (in watt) + +//Calculation + +I1 = (P1/R)**0.5 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Case b : + +//Variables + +R = 8.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +P2 = 120.0 //Power (in watt) + +//Calculation + +I2 = (P2/R)**0.5 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum new current is %0.2f A.\nMaximum new current is %0.2f A.",I1,I2) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.36/3_36.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.36/3_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2b372b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.36/3_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 6.0 //voltage (in volts) +C = 2.0 //Capacity of battery (in Ampere-hour) +P = 1.2 //Power rating (in watt) + +//Calculation + +R = V**2 / P //Resistance (in ohm) +I = V/R //Current (in Ampere) +t = C/I //time (in hour) + +//Result + +printf("\n Battery will last for %0.3f hours.",t) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d8ee0cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 5 //Current (in Ampere) +Q = 4 * 10**-3 //Charge (in Coulomb) + +//Calculation +t = Q/I //time (in seconds) + +//Result +printf("\n Time in which the 4 mC of charge flows through this element is %0.3f ms.",t * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..893c62872 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.5/3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 0.3 //Current (in Ampere) +W = 9.45 //Heat (in Joules) +t = 5 //Time (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +Q = I * t +V = W/Q //Voltage (in Volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The voltage across filament is %0.3f volts.",V) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bcef420c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.6/3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 2.83 * 10**-8 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +w = 0.5 //width (in meter) +t = 2 * 10**-3 //thickness (in meter) +l = 1 //length (in meter) + +//Calculation + +A = w * t //Area of cross-section (in metersquare) +R = p*l/A //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The resistance between left end and right end is %0.3f micro-ohm.",R * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0e98d961 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.7/3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear// + +//Case 1: + +//Variables + +w = 0.01 //width (in meter) +h = 0.01 //height (in meter) +l = 0.50 //length (in meter) +p = 3.5 * 10**-5 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) + +//Calculation + +A = w * h //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +R = p*l/A //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result 1: + +printf("\n Resistance in case 1 is : %0.3f ohm.",R) + +//Case 2: + +//Variables + +w = 0.50 //width (in meter) +h = 0.01 //height (in meter) +l = 0.01 //length (in meter) + +//Calculation + +A = w * h //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +R = p*l/A //Resistance (in ohm-meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance in case 2 is: %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..061bad0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +l = 120 //length of wire (in meter) +d = 0.25 * 10**-2 //Diameter of cross section (in meter) +p = 1.7 * 10**-8 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) + +//Calculation + +r = d/2 //Radius of cross section (in meter) +A = %pi *r*r //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +R = p*l/A //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance of the wire is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce b/3754/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f27f5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH3/EX3.9/3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +p = 2.8 * 10**-8 //Resistivity (in ohm-meter) +d = 0.15 * 10**-2 //Diameter of wire (in meter) +R = 10 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +A = %pi *d*d/4 //Area of cross section (in metersquare) +l = R*A/p //Length of wire (in meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Length of the wire is %0.0f meter.",l) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.1/30_1.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.1/30_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3fd8996d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.1/30_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) +VDD = 10.0 //Voltage (in volts) +RD = 1.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RS = 500.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +VS = ID * RS //Source voltage (in volts) +VD = VDD - ID * RD //Drain voltage (in volts) +VDS = VD - VS //Drain-Source voltage (in volts) +VGS = -VS //Gate-to-source voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of drain-to-source voltage is %0.3f V.\nValue of Gate-to-source voltage is %0.3f V.",VDS,VGS) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.10/30_10.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.10/30_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8d016d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.10/30_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 2.0 * 10**-3 //Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) +rd = 40.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +RD = 20.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RG = 100.0 * 10**6 //Gate resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) //a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm) +Av = -gm * rL //Voltage gain +R1i = RG //input resistance (in ohm) +R1o = rL //output resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.1f .",Av) +printf("\n Input resistance is %0.3f Mega-ohm.\nOutput resistance is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",R1i*10**-6,R1o*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.11/30_11.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.11/30_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60307b6bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.11/30_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 2.0 * 10**-3 //Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) +rd = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +RD = 50.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) //a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm) +Av = - gm * rL //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.2f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.12/30_12.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.12/30_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34e4ec506 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.12/30_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RD = 100.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +gm = 1.6 * 10**-3 //Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) +rd = 44.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Cgs = 3.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance gate-to-source (in Farad) +Cds = 1.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance drain-to-source (in Farad) +Cgd = 2.8 * 10**-12 //Capacitance gate-to-drain (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +Av = -gm * rL //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.1f ",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.13/30_13.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.13/30_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eaff9768 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.13/30_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 4500.0 * 10**-6 //Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) +RD = 3.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RL = 5.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +Vin = 100.0 * 10**-3 //Input voltage (in volts) +ID = 2.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +rL = RD * RL / (RD + RL) //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +vo = -gm * rL * Vin //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output voltage is %0.3f V.",vo) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.17/30_17.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.17/30_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..732655c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.17/30_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +vin = 2.0 * 10**-3 //Input voltage (in volts) +gm = 5500.0 * 10**-6 //Transconductance (in Siemen) +R1=1.0*10**6;R2=1.0*10**6; +RS = 5.0 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) +RL = 2.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Av = RS / (RS + 1/gm) //Voltage gain +R1i = R1 * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Input resistance (in ohm) +R1o = RS * 1/gm /(RS + 1/gm) //Output resistance (in ohm) +Vo = RL / (RL + R1o) * Av * vin //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.3f .\nInput resistance is %0.3f Mega-ohm.\nOutput resistance is %0.1f ohm.\nOutput voltage is %0.2f mV.",Av,R1i*10**-6,R1o,Vo*10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.18/30_18.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.18/30_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75bf1c586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.18/30_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 2500.0 * 10**-6 //Transconductance (in Amper per volt) +RD = 10.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RS = 2.0 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Av = gm * RD //Voltage gain +R1i = RS * 1/gm /(RS + 1/gm) //Input resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Amplifier voltage gain is %0.3f .\nInput resistance is %0.0f ohm.",Av,R1i) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.19/30_19.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.19/30_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac3bfbffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.19/30_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gmo = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Maximum transconductance (in Siemen) +RD = 1.0 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RS = 200.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) +ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +R1i = RS * 1/gmo /(RS + 1/gmo) //Input resistance (in ohm) +VS = ID * RS //Source voltage (in volts) +VGS = VS //Gate-to-Source voltage (in volts) +IDSS = 2 * ID //Supply current (in Ampere) +VGSoff = -2 * IDSS / ID //Gate-to-source cut off voltage (in volts) +gm = gmo * (1 - abs(VGS / VGSoff)) //Transconductance (in Siemen) +Av = gm * RD //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Input resistance is %0.3f ohm.\na.c. voltage gain is %0.3f .",R1i,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.3/30_3.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.3/30_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86839482b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.3/30_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ID = 1.5 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) +IDSS = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Drain-to-source current (in Ampere) +Vp = -2.0 //Voltage (in volts) +VDS = 10.0 //Drain-to-source voltage (in volts) +VDD = 20.0 //Supply voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VGS = (1 - ID/IDSS)*Vp //Gate-to-Source voltage (in volts) +VS = -VGS //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = VS / ID //Source resistance (in ohm) +RD = (VDD - VDS) / ID - RS //Drain resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of RS is %0.0f ohm.\nValue of RD is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",RS,RD*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.5/30_5.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.5/30_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6173a6eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.5/30_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VP=5.0;VGSoff=5.0; +IDSS = 12.0 * 10**-3 //Drain-to-source current (in Ampere) +VDD = 12.0 //Drain voltage (in volts) +ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) +VDS = 6.0 //Drain-to-source voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +VGS = (1 - (ID / IDSS)**0.5)*VGSoff //Gate-to-source voltage (in volts) +VS = VGS //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = VS / ID //Source resistance (in ohm) +RD = (VDD - VDS) / ID //Drain resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of RD is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nValue of RS is %0.0f ohm.",RD*10**-3,RS) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.6/30_6.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.6/30_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b793b558a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.6/30_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IDSS = 10.0 * 10**-3 //Drain-to-source current (in Ampere) +VDD = 20.0 //Drain voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +IDQ = IDSS / 2 //Drain current at Q point (in Ampere) +VDSQ = VDD / 2 //Drain-to-source voltage at Q point (in volts) +VGS = -2.2 //Gate-to-source voltage (in volts) +ID = 5.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) +RD = (VDD - VDSQ) / ID //Drain resistance (in ohm) +VS = - VGS //Source voltage (in volts) +RS = VS / ID //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Operating point is ID = %0.3f mA and VDS = %0.3f V.",IDQ*10**3,VDSQ) +printf("\n Value of RD is %0.3f kilo-ohm and RS is %0.3f ohm.",RD*10**-3,RS) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.7/30_7.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.7/30_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44e25918f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.7/30_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VDD = 20.0 //Supply voltage (in volts) +RD = 2.5 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) +RS = 1.5 * 10**3 //Source resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 2.0 * 10**6 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 250.0 * 10**3 //Resitance (in ohm) +ID = 4.0 * 10**-3 //Drain current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +VG = VDD * R2 / (R1 + R2) //Gate voltage (in volts) +VS = ID * RS //Source voltage (in volts) +VGS = VG - VS //Gate-to-source voltage (in volts) +VD = VDD - ID * RD //Drain voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of VGS is %0.1f V. and value of VDS is %0.3f V.",VGS,VD-VS) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.8/30_8.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.8/30_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0181e2b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.8/30_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 4.0 * 10**-3 //Transconductance (in Siemen) +RD = 1.5 * 10**3 //Drain resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Av = -gm * RD //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.3f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH30/EX30.9/30_9.sce b/3754/CH30/EX30.9/30_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b13ac57a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH30/EX30.9/30_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 2.5 * 10**-3 //Transconductance (in Ampere per volt) +rd = 500.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +RD = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +rL = RD * rd / (RD + rd) //a.c. equivalent resistance (in ohm) +Av = -gm * rL //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage gain is %0.1f .",Av) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.1/31_1.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.1/31_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75e7163d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.1/31_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 22.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +C = 2.0 * 10**-9 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +L = (0.159/fo)**2/C //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Result + +printf("\n Inductance is %0.3f H.",L) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.10/31_10.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.10/31_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d875abd78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.10/31_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C1 = 100.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 7500.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +fomin = 950.0 * 10**3 //Frequency minimum (in Hertz) +fomax = 2050.0 * 10**3 //Frequency maximum (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +C = C1 * C2/ (C1 + C2) //Net capacitance (in Farad) +L1 = 1.0/(4 * %pi**2*(C*fomin**2)) //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 1.0/(4 * %pi**2*(C*fomax**2)) //Inductance2 (in Henry) + +//Result + +printf("\n The range of inductance required is from %0.0f micro-Henry to %0.0f micro-Henry.",L2*10**6,L1*10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.11/31_11.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.11/31_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0883d808f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.11/31_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 450.0 * 10**3 //Frequency(in Hertz) +//Let us assume +C1=10.0*10**-6;C2=10.0*10**-6;C=10.0*10**-6; +C21 = 2 * C2 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +fo1 = fo * (3.0/4.0)**0.5 //New Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The oscillation frequency if C2 is doubled is %0.1f kHz.",fo1 * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.12/31_12.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.12/31_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e115a2b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.12/31_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C1 = 0.1 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 1.0 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C3 = 100.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +L = 470.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +C = (1.0/C1 + 1.0/C2 +1.0/C3)**-1 //Capacitance (in Farad) +fo = 1/(2*%pi *(L*C)**0.5) //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillation is %0.1f kHz.",fo * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.13/31_13.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.13/31_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d9189a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.13/31_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L = 0.33 //Inductance (in Henry) +C1 = 0.065 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 1.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +R = 5.5 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +fs = 1/(2*%pi*(L*C1)**0.5) //Series Resonant frequency (in Hertz) +Qfactor = 2*%pi*fs*L/R //Q-factor + +//Result + +printf("\n Series resonant frequency is %0.2f MHz.\nQ-factor of the crystal is %0.1f .",fs*10**-6,Qfactor) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.14/31_14.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.14/31_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168c9154c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.14/31_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +gm = 5000.0 * 10**-6 //Transconductance (in mho) +rd = 40.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +fo = 1.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +Av = 40.0 //Voltage gain + +//Calculation + +C = 1/(2*%pi*(R)*6**0.5*fo) //Capacitance (in Farad) +rL = Av / gm //a.c. load resistance (in ohm) +RD = (rL * rd)/(rd-rL) //Drain resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of capacitor is %0.5f micro-Farad.",C* 10**6) +printf("\n Value of drain resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",RD * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.18/31_18.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.18/31_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c18c0490 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.18/31_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 2.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +hie = 2.0 * 10**3 //hie (in ohm) +R1 = 20.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 80.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +RC = 10.0 * 10**3 //Collector Resistance (in ohm) +R = 8.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +C = 1/(2*%pi*R)*(1/(6 + 4*RC/R)**0.5)/fo //Capacitance (in Farad) +hfe = 23 + 29 * R/RC + 4* RC /R //Current gain +Ri = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/hie)**-1 //Input resistance (in ohm) +R3 = R - Ri //Feedback resitor (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of capacaitor C is %0.3f micro-Farad.\nValue of transistor gain is hfe >= %0.3f .\nValue of feedback resistor R3 is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",C*10**6,hfe,R3*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.19/31_19.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.19/31_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfc727391 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.19/31_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 10.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +R = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +C = 1/(2*%pi*R*fo) //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of the capacitor C is %0.0f pico-Farad.",C * 10**12) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.2/31_2.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.2/31_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bfb1426e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.2/31_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +fo = 2.2 * 10**6 //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +f1o = fo * 2**0.5 //New frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n It will work at frequency of %0.2f MHz when capacitance is reduced by 50 percentage.",f1o * 10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.3/31_3.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.3/31_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b7d5b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.3/31_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C = 100.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +L1 = 30.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 1.0 * 10**-8 //Inductance2 (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +L = L1 + L2 //Net inductance (in Henry) +fo = 1/(2*%pi*(L * C)**0.5) //Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillations is %0.1f ",fo*10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.4/31_4.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.4/31_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a428c906 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.4/31_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L1 = 1000.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 100.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance2 (in Henry) +M = 20.0 * 10**-6 //Mutual Inductance (in Henry) +C = 20.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +L = L1 + L2 + 2 * M //Net inductance (in Henry) +fo = 1/(2*%pi*(L * C)**0.5) //Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillations is %0.3f ",fo*10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.5/31_5.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.5/31_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7957836b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.5/31_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C = 1.0 * 10**-9 //Capacitance (in Farad) +L1 = 4.7 * 10**-3 //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 47.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance2 (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +L = L1 + L2 //Net inductance (in Henry) +fo = 1/(2*%pi*(L * C)**0.5) //Frequency of oscillations (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillations is %0.2f ",fo*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.6/31_6.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.6/31_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..281d6723c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.6/31_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L1 = 2.0 * 10**-3 //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 20.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance2 (in Henry) +fomin = 950.0 * 10**3 //Frequency minimum (in Hertz) +fomax = 2050.0 * 10**3 //Frequency maximum (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +L = L1 + L2 //Net inductance (in Henry) +C1 = 1.0/(4 * %pi**2*(L*fomin**2)) //Capacitance1 (in Farad) +C2 = 1.0/(4 * %pi**2*(L*fomax**2)) //Capacitance2 (in Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Range of capacitance required is %0.2f pF and %0.1f pF.",C2*10**12,C1*10**12) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.7/31_7.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.7/31_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f2b911c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.7/31_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L1 = 0.1 * 10**-3 //Inductance1 (in Henry) +L2 = 10.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance2 (in Henry) +M = 20.0 * 10**-6 //Mutual Inductance (in Hnery) +fo = 4110.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +L = L1 + L2 + 2*M //Net inductance (in Henry) +C = 1.0/(4 * %pi**2 * L*fo**2) //Capacitance (in Farad) +beta = L2 / L1 //Feedback ratio +Av = 1/beta //Voltage gain + +//Result + +printf("\n Capacitance required is %0.4f pF.\nVoltage gain for sustained condition is %0.3f .",C*10**12,Av) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.8/31_8.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.8/31_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ff882281 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.8/31_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C1 = 0.001 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 0.01 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +L = 5.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +Av = C2 / C1 //Voltage gain +C = C1 * C2 / (C1 + C2) //Net capacitance (in Farad) +fo = 1 /(2*%pi*(L * C)**0.5) //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Required voltage gain is %0.3f .\nFrequency of oscillation is %0.2f Mhz.",Av,fo*10**-6) diff --git a/3754/CH31/EX31.9/31_9.sce b/3754/CH31/EX31.9/31_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16fb58bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH31/EX31.9/31_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C1 = 0.1 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 1.0 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +L = 470.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) + +//Calculation + +C = C1 * C2/ (C1 + C2) //Net capacitance (in Farad) +fo = 1 /(2*%pi*(L * C)**0.5) //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillation is %0.2f kHz.",fo * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.12/32_12.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.12/32_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef2594e91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.12/32_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +f = 50.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +duty_cycle = 0.6 //Duty cycle +C = 0.0022 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +T = 1/f //Time period (in seconds) +t1 = duty_cycle * T //time interval1 (in seconds) +t2 = T - t1 //time interval2 (in seconds) +R2 = t2 / (0.7 * C ) //Resistance (in ohm) +R1 = t1 / (0.7 * C) - R2 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Time period is %0.3f ms.\nt1 is %0.3f ms.\nt2 is %0.3f ms.\nR2 is %0.2f kilo-ohm.\nR1 is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",T*10**3,t1*10**3,t2*10**3,R2*10**-3,R1*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.2/32_2.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.2/32_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1276301aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.2/32_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1=20.0*10**3;R2=20.0*10**3;R=20.0*10**3; +C1=100.0*10**-12;C2=100.0*10**-12;C=100.0*10**-12; + +//Calculation + +f = 1/(1.38 * R * C) //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of oscillation is %0.0f kHz.",f * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.3/32_3.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.3/32_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c54c2f673 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.3/32_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 2.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 20.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +C2 = 0.05 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +T = 0.69*(R1*C1 + R2*C2) //Time periode of oscillation (in seconds) +f = 1/T //Frequency of oscillation (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Time period of oscillation is %0.1f ms.\nFrequency of oscillation is %0.2f kHz.",T*10**3,f*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.4/32_4.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.4/32_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..411fb0042 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.4/32_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +T1 = 1.0 * 10**-6 //Pulse width (in seconds) +f = 100.0 * 10**3 //Frequency (in Hertz) +R1=10.0*10**3;R2=10.0*10**3; + +//Calculation + +T = 1/f //Time period of oscillation (in seconds) +C1 = T1 / 0.69 / R1 //Capacitance (in Farad) +T2 = T - T1 //Time period (in seconds) +C2 = T2 / 0.69 / R2 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of C1 capacitor is %0.0f pico-Farad.\nValue of C2 capacitor is %0.0f pico-Farad.",C1*10**12,C2*10**12) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.8/32_8.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.8/32_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab0a54cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.8/32_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 2.2 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +tp = 1.1 * R1 * C1 //Pulse width (in seconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n The pulse width is %0.3f micro-second.",tp * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH32/EX32.9/32_9.sce b/3754/CH32/EX32.9/32_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5937b81f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH32/EX32.9/32_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +C = 1000.0 * 10**-12 //Capacitance (in Farad) +tp = 10.0 * 10**-6 //Pulse width (in seconds) +T = 60.0 * 10**-6 //time period (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +R1 = tp / (1.1 * C) //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Resistance required is %0.2f kilo-ohm.",R1 * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH33/EX33.2/33_2.sce b/3754/CH33/EX33.2/33_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19fadaac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH33/EX33.2/33_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vpk = 1.0 //Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) +Tby2 = 0.1 //Half-period (in seconds) +tau = 0.25 //Time constant (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +Vc = 0.5 * exp(-Tby2/tau) //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output peak voltage is %0.1f V.",Vc) diff --git a/3754/CH33/EX33.3/33_3.sce b/3754/CH33/EX33.3/33_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f5a9ed1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH33/EX33.3/33_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +RC = 250.0 * 10**-12 //Time constance (in seconds) +Vomax = 50.0 //Maximum output voltage (in volts) +tau = 0.05 * 10**-6 //time (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +alpha = Vomax / RC //alpha (in volt per second) +Vp = alpha * tau //Peak voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The peak value of input voltage is %0.3f kV.",Vp * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce b/3754/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8fa6cd9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH34/EX34.1/34_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +C = 0.4 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +n = 0.57 //Ratio of peak-peak voltage to the supply voltage + +//Calculation + +f = 1 / (2.3 * R * C * log10(1/(1-n))) //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency of sweep is %0.2f Hz.",f) diff --git a/3754/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce b/3754/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffc74a33c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH34/EX34.2/34_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +n = 0.62 //Ratio of peak-peak voltage to the supply voltage +R = 5.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +C = 0.05 * 10**-6 //Capacitor (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +T = 2.3 * R * C * log10(1/(1-n)) //Time period of oscillation (in seconds) +f = 1/T //Frequency of oscillation (in Hertz) +f1 = 50.0 //New frequency (in Hertz) +T1 = 1/f1 //New time period of oscillation (in seconds) +R1 = T1 / (2.3 * C * log10(1/(1-n))) //New Resistance (in ohm) +f2 = 50.0 //Another new frequency (in Hertz) +C2 = 0.5 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) +T2 = 1/f2 //Another new time period (in seconds) +R2 = T2 / (2.3 * C2 * log10(1/(1-n))) //New Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The time period and frequency of oscillation in case 1 is %0.2f ms and %0.0f Hz.",T*10**3,f) +printf("\n New value of R is %0.0f kilo-ohm.",R1 * 10**-3) +printf("\n Value of R with C is 0.5 micro-Farad is %0.1f kilo-ohm.",R2 * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b50ba6f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.1/35_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Adm = 200000.0 //Differential gain +Acm = 6.33 //Common mode gain + +//Calculation + +CMRR = 20 * log10(Adm / Acm) //Common-mode rejection ratio (in Decibels) + +//Result + +printf("\n The common-mode rejection ratio is %0.0f dB.",CMRR) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57268869c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.10/35_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in volt per second) +Vpk = 5.5 //Peak voltage (in volts) +RL = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load resistance (in ohm) +ACM = 0.001 //Common mode gain + +//Calculation + +ACL = (1 + R2/R1) //Closed loop voltage gain +CMRR = ACL / ACM //Common-mode rejection ratio +vin = 1.0 //Voltage (in volts) +Vout = ACL * vin //Output voltage (in volts) +Vpk = 5.5 //Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) +fmax = Slew_rate/(2*%pi*Vpk) //Maximum frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Closed loop gain is %0.3f .\nCMRR is %0.3f .\nMaximum operating frequency is %0.2f kHz.",ACL,CMRR,fmax*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8fee302d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.11/35_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ACL = 1.0 //Closed loop gain +Acm = 0.001 //Common mode gain +Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in Volt per second) + +//Calculation + +CMRR = ACL / Acm //Common-mode rejection ratio +vin = 1.0 //Voltage (in volts) +Vout = ACL * vin //Output voltage (in volts) +Vpk = 3.0 //Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) +fmax = Slew_rate/(2*%pi*Vpk) //Maximum frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n ACL is %0.3f .\nCMRR is %0.3f .\nfmax is %0.1f kHz.",ACL,CMRR,fmax*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.12/35_12.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.12/35_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d494cbf76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.12/35_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1 = 0.1 //Voltage (in volts) +V2 = 1.0 //Voltage (in volts) +V3 = 0.5 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 22.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vout = (-R4/R1*V1) + (-R4/R2*V2) + (-R4/R3*V3) //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output voltage is %0.3f V.",abs(Vout)) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8aa2ff76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.14/35_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V1 = -2.0 //Voltage (in volts) +V2 = 2.0 //Voltage (in volts) +V3 = -1.0 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 200.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 250.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 500.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Rf = 1.0 * 10**6 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vout = (-Rf/R1*V1) + (-Rf/R2*V2) + (-Rf/R3*V3) //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output voltage is %0.3f V.",Vout) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f15b7363c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.2/35_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +CMRR = 90.0 //Common-mode rejection ratio (in Decibels) +Adm = 30000.0 //Differential gain + +//Calculation + +Acm = 10**(-CMRR/20.0) * Adm //Common-mode gain + +//Result + +printf("\n The common-mode gain is %0.3f .",Acm) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..722993f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.3/35_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in volt per second) +Vpk = 100.0 * 10**-3 //Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +fmax = Slew_rate / (2 * %pi * Vpk) //Maximum operating frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum operating frequency for the amplifier is %0.0f kHz.",fmax * 10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3a3818b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.4/35_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Slew_rate1 = 0.5 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in volt per second) +Slew_rate2 = 13.0 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in volt per second) +Vpk = 10.0 //Peak-to-peak voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +fmax = Slew_rate1 / (2 * %pi * Vpk) //Maximum operating frequency1 (in Hertz) +fmax1 = Slew_rate2 / (2 * %pi * Vpk) //Maximum operating frequency2 (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum operating frequency for TLO 741 is %0.3f kHz.\nThe maximum opearing frequency for TLO 81 is %0.1f kHz.",fmax*10**-3,fmax1*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fee99dc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.5/35_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ACL = 200.0 //Closed loop voltage gain +Vout = 8.0 //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vin = - Vout / ACL //Input a.c. voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Maximum allowable input voltage (Vin) is %0.3f mV." ,abs(Vin * 10**3)) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a156646 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.6/35_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +ACL = 150.0 //Closed loop voltage gain +Vin = 200.0 * 10**-3 //Input a.c. voltage (in volts) +V = 12.0 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +Vout = ACL * Vin //Output voltage (in volts) +Vpkplus = V -2.0 //maximum positive peak voltage (in volts) +Vpkneg = -V + 2.0 //maximum negative peagk voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The maximum possible output value could be between %0.3f V and %0.3f V.",Vpkplus,Vpkneg) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.7/35_7.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.7/35_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff76a153a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.7/35_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in volts) +R2 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in volts) +vinmin = 0.1 //Input voltage minimum (in volts) +vinmax = 0.4 //Input voltage maximum (in volts) + +//Calculation + +ACL = R2 / R1 //Closed loop voltage gain +Voutmin = ACL * vinmin //Minimum output voltage (in volts) +Voutmax = ACL * vinmax //Maximum output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of output voltage increases from %0.3f V to %0.3f V.",Voutmin,Voutmax) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ff774cad --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.8/35_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 2.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +V1 = 1.0 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +ACL = R2 / R1 //Closed loop voltage gain +vo = ACL * V1 //Output voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Output voltage of the inverting amplifier is %0.3f V.",vo) diff --git a/3754/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce b/3754/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e371a5ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH35/EX35.9/35_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +ACM = 0.001 //Common-mode gain +Slew_rate = 0.5 * 10**6 //Slew rate (in volt per second) +Vpk = 5.0 //Peak voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +ACL = R2 / R1 //Closed loop voltage gain +Zin = R1 //Input impedance of the circuit (in ohm) +Zout = 80.0 //Output impedance of the circuit (in ohm) +CMRR = ACL / ACM //Common mode rejection ratio +fmax = Slew_rate / (2*%pi*Vpk) //Maximum frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Closed-loop gain is %0.3f .\nInput impedance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.\nOutput impedance is %0.3f ohm.\nCommon-mode rejection ratio is %0.3f .\nMaximum operating frequency is %0.1f kHz.",ACL,Zin*10**-3,Zout,CMRR,fmax*10**-3) diff --git a/3754/CH36/EX36.1/36_1.sce b/3754/CH36/EX36.1/36_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beacbb131 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH36/EX36.1/36_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 100.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +f1 = 159.0 //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +C = 1.0/(2*%pi*R2*f1) //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Capacitance required in the circuit is %0.2f micro-Farad.",C * 10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH36/EX36.2/36_2.sce b/3754/CH36/EX36.2/36_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f3d6c7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH36/EX36.2/36_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 1.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Rf = 51.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +Cf = 0.01 * 10**-6 //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +f = 1.0/(2*%pi*Rf*Cf) //Frequency (in Hertz) +fmin = 10* f //Minimum frequency required (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The cut-off frequency of an integrator circuit is %0.0f Hz.",f) +printf("\n Minimum non-linear operating frequency is %0.0f Hz.",fmin) diff --git a/3754/CH36/EX36.3/36_3.sce b/3754/CH36/EX36.3/36_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..360ae8e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH36/EX36.3/36_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 10.0 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) +C1 = 0.01 * 10**-6 //Capacitor (in Farad) + +//Calculation + +f2 = 1.0/(2*%pi*R1*C1) //Frequency (in Hertz) +fmax = f2 / 10.0 //Maximum linear operating freqeuncy (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n Cut-off frequency is %0.1f Hz.",f2) +printf("\n Maximum linear operating frequency is %0.0f Hz.",fmax) diff --git a/3754/CH36/EX36.4/36_4.sce b/3754/CH36/EX36.4/36_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..334888238 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH36/EX36.4/36_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1=51.0*10**3;R2=51.0*10**3; +C1=0.001*10**-6;C2=0.001*10**-6;C=0.001*10**-6; + +//Calculation + +fo = 1.0/(2*%pi*R1*C1) //Resonant frequency (in Hertz) + +//Result + +printf("\n The frequency of oscillations is %0.1f Hz.",fo) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5180779b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 220 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 470 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 560 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 910 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 //Net Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Total resistance of circuit is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25aacf20a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IT = 750 //Current (in milli-Ampere) +I1 = 200 //Current (in milli-Ampere) +I3 = 150 //Current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +I2 = IT - (I1 + I3) //Current through R2 (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current drawn by R2 branch is %0.3f mA.",I2) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8845b79f --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 12.0 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 4.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 6.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 12.0 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Req = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) //Equivalent resistance (in ohm) +I1 = V/R1 +I2 = V/R2 +I3 = V/R3 + +//Result + +printf("\n The Equivalent Resistance is %0.3f ohm.\nThe Current through R1 , R2 , R3 are %0.3f A, %0.3f A, %0.3f A.",Req,I1,I2,I3) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..038a4e686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1=10;R2=10; + +//Calculation + +Req = R1*R2 / (R1 + R2) //Equivalent Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The equivalent resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm.",Req) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83006e958 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +PR1 = 1.0/8 //1/8 watt resistor (in watt) +PR2 = 1.0/4 //1/4 watt resistor (in watt) +PR3 = 1.0/2 //1/2 watt resistor (in watt) +RT = 2400.0 //total resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 //Total power dissipated (in watt) +I = (PT/RT)**0.5 //Current (in Ampere) +Vs = I * RT //Applied voltage (in volts) +R1 = PR1 / I**2 //R1 resistor (in ohm) +R2 = PR2 / I**2 //R2 resistor (in ohm) +R3 = PR3 / I**2 //R3 resistor (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current in the circuit is %0.3f A.\nApplied Voltage is %0.3f V.\nValue of R1 is %0.3f ohm.\nValue of R2 is %0.3f ohm.\nValue of R3 is %0.3f ohm.",I,Vs,R1,R2,R3) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48362ef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 6.0 //Applied voltage (in volts) +R0 = 0.2 //Resistance (in ohm) +R1 = 2.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 3.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 6.0 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Req = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3) //Equivalent Resistance (in ohm) +R = R0 + Req //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = V/R //Current (in Ampere) +V0 = I * R0 //Voltage drop across R0 (in volts) +Veq = V - V0 //Voltage drop across Req (in volts) +I1 = Veq / R1 //Current through R1 (in Ampere) +I2 = Veq / R2 //Current through R2 (in Ampere) +I3 = Veq / R3 //Current through R3 (in Ampere) +P = V * I //Power supplied by the voltage source (in volts) +I0 = V/R0 //Current in case of 'Short' across DE (in Ampere) +P0 = V * I0 //Power dissipated in case of 'Short' (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Total Resistance is %0.3f ohm.",R) +printf("\n Branch Currents :\nThrough R1 = %0.3f A.\nThrough R2 = %0.3f A.\nThrough R3 = %0.3f A.",I1,I2,I3) +printf("\n Current supplied by voltage source is %0.3f A.",I) +printf("\n Power supplied by the voltage source is %0.3f W.",P) +printf("\n Current supplied in case of Short across DE is %0.3f A.",I0) +printf("\n Power supplied in case of Short acorss DE is %0.3f A.",P0) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9958b1f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 4 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 6 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R3 = 2 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +R = R1 + R2 + R3 //Equivalent Resistance(in kilo-ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Equivalent Resistance is %0.3f kilo-ohm." ,R) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..174290ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 250 * 10**-3 //Current (in Ampere) +R = 1.5 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Vs = I * R //Source voltage (in volts) +I1 = 0.75 * I //New current (in Ampere) +R1 = Vs / I1 //New Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = R1 - R //Resistance to be added (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n %0.3f ohm Resistance must be added in order to accomplish the reduction in current.",R2) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b5b2f00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 2.2 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R2 = 1 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +R3 = 3.3 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +V2 = 6 //Voltage drop across R2 (in volts) + +//Calculation + +I = V2 / R2 //Current in the circuit (in milli-Ampere) +V1 = R1 * I //Voltage drop across R1 (in volts) +V3 = R3 * I //Voltage drop across R3 (in volts) + +//Result +printf("\n The voltage drop across R1 is %0.3f V and the voltage drop across R3 is %0.3f V.",V1,V3) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6956c8ede --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R2 = 100 //Resistance R2 (in ohm) +I = 0.3 //Current (in Ampere) +VT = 120 //Voltage (in volts) + +//Calculation + +RT = VT / I //Total Resistance (in ohm) +R1 = RT - R2 //Resistance R1 (in ohm) +P1 = I**2 * R1 //Power dissipated by R1 (in watt) +P2 = I**2 * R2 //Power dissipated by R2 (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The power dissipated by R1 is %0.3f W.\nThe power dissipated by R2 is %0.3f W.",P1,P2) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d001f1a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 6 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 1 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 2 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Case (a): + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 + R2 + R3 //Equivalent Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / RT //Current (in Ampere) +P = I**2 * RT //Power dissipated (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Power dissipated in the entire circuit is %0.3f W.",P) + +//Case (b): + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 + R2 //Equivalent Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / RT //Current (in Ampere) +P = I**2 * RT //Power dissipated (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n Power dissipated in the circuit when R2 is shortened is %0.3f W.",P) + +//Case (c): + +//Calculation + +R = R1 //Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / R //Current (in Ampere) +P = I**2 * R //Power dissipated (in watt) + +printf("\n Power dissipated in the circuit when R3 and R2 is shortened is %0.3f W.",P) diff --git a/3754/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/3754/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a0b7e829 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 10.0 //Voltage (in volts) +R1 = 10**6 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 10 * 10**3 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Case (a): + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 + R2 //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / RT //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current through the circuit is %0.3f A.",I) + +//Case (b): + +//Calculation + +RT = R1 //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / RT //Current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current through circuit when R2 is shortened is %0.3f A.",I) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80d097152 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IT = 20 //Total current (in milli-Ampere) +I2 = 4 //Current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Calculation + +I1 = IT - I2 //Current (in milli-Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of the current I1 is %0.3f mA.",I1) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..816e86efe --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vth = 100 //Thevenin Voltage (in micro-volts) +Rth = 50 //Thevenin Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RL = Rth //Maximum Load Resistance (in ohm) +PL = (Vth/(Rth + RL))**2 *RL //Maximum load power (in pico-watt) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum load resistance is %0.3f ohm.\nMaximum load power is %0.3f pW.",RL,PL) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7e576708 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VTH = 20.0 * 10**-3 //Thevenin's Voltage (in volts) +RTH = 300.0 //Thevenin's Resistance (in ohm) +RL = 300.0 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +PL = (VTH/(RTH + RL))**2 * RL //Power across load resistance (in watt) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of power transmitted to the receiver is %0.2f micro-watt.",PL*10**6) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c56f6a7d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 5.0 //resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 2.0 //resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 3.0 //resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Req = R2 * R3 / (R2 + R3) //Equivalent resistance (in ohm) +RL = R1 + Req + +//Result + +printf("\n Load resistance is %0.3f ohm.",RL) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..102a97870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +I = 1 //Current (in Ampere) + +//Calculation + +//Applying Kirchoff's voltage law: +//(1 *3) + (1 * R) + (1 * 4) - 12 =0 + +R = 5 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of R is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80321b97e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vs = 100 //Source Voltage (in volts) +I = 5 //Current entering the circuit (in Ampere) +IL = 5 //Current leaving the circuit (in Ampere) +R15 = 15 //Resistor of 15 ohm (in ohm) +V15 = 30 //Voltage across 15 ohm resistor (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +I1 = V15 / R15 //Current through 15 ohm resistor (in Ampere) +IA = I + I1 //Current entering junction A (in Ampere) +//Applying Kirchoff's current law +I2 = I + I1 //Current through 5 ohm resistor (in Ampere) +IB = I2 //Current entering juction B (in Ampere) +IR = IA - IL //Current through R (in Ampere) +//Applying Kirchoff's voltage law +//(7 * 5) + (2 *R) - 100 + 30 =0 +R = 35.0/2 + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of R is %0.3f ohm.",R) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9012a254b --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 25 //Source voltage (in volts) +RB = 99 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RC = 2 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +RE = 1 //Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +VCE = 5 //Voltage across C and E (in volts) + +//Calculation + +//Applying Kirchoff's Voltage law: +//IB*RB + VBE + IE*RE -V = 0 +//IB*RB + VBE + (IB + IC)*RE - VCC = 0 +//100*IB + IC = 24 +//IB + 3*IC = 20 +IC = 1976.0/299 +IB = 20 - (3 * 6.61) + +//Result + +printf("\n Value of IB is %0.3f mA.\nValue of IC is %0.3f mA.",IB,IC) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2611b65e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS1 = 5 //Voltage source 1 (in volts) +VS2 = 3 //Voltage source 2 (in volts) +V6 = 0 //Voltage drop across 6 ohm resistor when AB is open (in volts) +R1 = 6 //Resistor (in ohm) +R2 = 4 //Resistor (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +I = 5.0/4 //Current through 4 ohm resistor (in Ampere) +V = I * R2 //Voltage drop across 4 ohm Resistor (in volts) +VOC = VS2 + V6 + V //Open circuit voltage (in volts) +Rth = R1 + +//Result + +printf("\n Thevenins equivalent Voltage is %0.3f V.\nThevenins equivalent resistance is %0.3f ohm.",VOC,Rth) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e1a2b715 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 25.0 //Source voltage (in volts) +R1 = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 75.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 50.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 25.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +RL = 250.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +I = V / (R1 + R2 + R3) //Series curren (in Ampere) +VR2 = I * R2 //Voltage drop across R2 +VOC = VR2 //Open circuit voltage (in volts) +Vth = VOC //Thevenin's equivalent voltage (in volts) +Rth = R4 + R2*(R1 + R3)/(R1 + R2 + R3) //Thevenin's equivalent resistance (in ohm) +IL = Vth/(Rth + RL) + +//Result + +printf("\n Thevenins equivalent voltage is %0.3f V. and resistance in %0.3f ohm.",Vth,Rth) +printf("\n Current through load resistance is %0.3f A.",IL) diff --git a/3754/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/3754/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..842453766 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +R1 = 0.6 //Resistance (in ohm) +R2 = 0.6 //Resistance (in ohm) +R3 = 0.8 //Resistance (in ohm) +R4 = 0.8 //Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +Rth = R3 + R4*(R1 + R2)/(R4 + (R1 +R2)) //Thevenin's resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The value of Rth is %0.3f ohm.",Rth) diff --git a/3754/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/3754/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..129018ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +t = 1.0 //time (in milliseconds) +n = 10.0 //number of cycles + +//Calculation + +T = t/n //Time period (in milliseconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n Time period by one cycle is %0.3f ms.",T) diff --git a/3754/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/3754/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9e5c0756 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +t = 0.01 //Time period of positive half cycle (in seconds) + +//Calculation + +t1 = 0.01 //Time period of negative half cycle (in seconds) +T = t + t1 //Time period of one complete cycle (in seconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n Time period of rectified input is %0.3f s.",T) diff --git a/3754/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/3754/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a4d0e8bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +n = 5.0 //number of cycles +t = 10.0 //time period (in micro-seconds) + +//Calculation + +f = n / t //frequency (in Mega-hertz) +T = 1/f //Time period (in micro-seconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n Frequency and Time period of the sine wave is %0.3f MHz and %0.3f micro-seconds.",f,T) diff --git a/3754/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/3754/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b17908e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +f = 69.0 //frequency (in Mega-hertz) + +//Calculation + +T = 1/f //Time period (in micro-seconds) + +//Result + +printf("\n Time period is %0.2f ns.",T * 10**3) diff --git a/3754/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/3754/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aae3a99d --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Vmax = 20.0 //Voltage (in milli-volts) + +//Calculation + +Vrms = 0.707 * Vmax //Rms Voltage (in milli-volts) +Vdc = 0.637 * Vmax //Average value of signal (in milli-volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n RMS value is %0.3f mV.\nAverage value is %0.3f mV.",Vrms,Vdc) diff --git a/3754/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/3754/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b51d693dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +N = 150.0 //Number of turns +mur = 3540.0 //Relative permeability (in H/m) +mu0 = 4*%pi * 10 **-7 //Absoulte permeability (in H/m) +l = 0.05 //coil length (in meter) +A = 5 * 10**-4 //Area of cross - section (in metersquare) + +//Calculation + +L = (mur * mu0 * A * N**2)/l //Coil inductance (in Henry) + +//Result + +printf("\n The coil inductance is %0.2f Henry.",L) diff --git a/3754/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/3754/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcfab761c --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +L1 = 40.0 //Inductance (in micro-Henry) +L2 = 80.0 //Inductance (in micro-Henry) +M = 11.3 //Mutual Inductance (in micro-Henry) + +//Calculation + +k = M/(L1 * L2)**0.5 //Coefficient of Coupling + +//Result + +printf("\n Coefficient of coupling is %0.2f .",k) diff --git a/3754/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/3754/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88d7a31ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +Q = 90.0 //Q-factor +L = 15.0 * 10**-6 //Inductance (in Henry) +f = 10.0 * 10**6 //Frequency (in Hertz) + +//Calculation + +Ro = 2*%pi*f*L/Q //d.c. resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n d.c. resistance of coil is %0.1f ohm.",Ro) diff --git a/3754/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/3754/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8e2a7eee --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +k = 5.0 //dielectric constant +A = 0.04 //Plate area (in meter-square) +d = 0.02 //Thickness of dielectric(in meter) +eps0 = 8.85 * 10**-12 //Absolute permittivity (in kg*m**3*s**-3*A**-2) + +//Calculation + +C = eps0 * k * A / d //Capacitance (in Farad) + +//Result + +printf("\n Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is %0.3f pF." ,C * 10**12) diff --git a/3754/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce b/3754/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ff190716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +k = 1200.0 //dielectric constant +A = 0.2 //Plate area (in meter-square) +eps0 = 8.85 * 10**-12 //Absolute permittivity (in kg*m**3*s**-3*A**-2) +C = 0.428 //Capacitance (in micro-farad) + +//Calculation + +d = eps0 * k * A / C //thickness of dielectric (in meter) + +//Result + +printf("\n Thickness of dielectric is %0.2f mm.",d * 10**9) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bffbcffe --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +V = 1.5 //Source Voltage (in volts) +RS = 0.2 //Resistance (in ohm) +RL = 1 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = V / RT //Current (in Ampere) +VAB = I * RL //Voltage drop across AB (in volts) +VR = V - VAB //Voltage drop due to internal resistance (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Voltage drop across internal resistance is %0.3f volts.",VR) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d304aae59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 1.5 //Source Voltage (in volts) +RS = 0.4 //Resistance (in ohm) +RL = 2.0 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = VS/ RT //Current (in Ampere) +VT = I * RL //Terminal Voltage (in volts) +PL = I**2 * RL //Power dissipated by load resistance (in watt) +PS = I**2 * RT //Power Supplied by the voltage source (in watt) +eff = PL / PS //Efficiency of the circuit + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal Voltage is %0.3f V.\nPower dissipated by 2 ohm resistor is %0.2f W.\nEfficiency of the circuit is %0.2f .",VT,PL,eff) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b5b6183a --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +clear// + +//Case a.1: + +//Variables +VT = 1.25 +VS = 6.0 //Source Voltage (in volts) +RS = 2.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +//When RL is 2 ohm +RL = 2.0 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = VS / RT //Current in the Circuit (in Ampere) +VT1 = I * RL //Terminal Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal voltage when RL is 2 ohm : %0.3f V.",VT1) + +//Case a.2: + +//Variables + +//When RL is 20 ohm +RL = 20.0 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = VS / RT //Current in the Circuit (in Ampere) +VT2 = I * RL //Terminal Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal voltage when RL is 20 ohm : %0.2f V.",VT) +printf("\n Variation in terminal voltage is %0.3f V.",(VT2-VT1)/VT2) + +//Case b.1: + +//Variables + +RS = 100.0 //Resistance (in ohm) +//When RL is 10 kilo-ohm +RL = 10.0 * 10**3 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = VS / RT //Current in the circuit (in Ampere) +VT = I * RL //Terminal Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is: %0.2f V.",VT) + +//Case b.2: + +//Variables + +//When RL is 100 kilo-ohm +RL = 100.0 * 10**3 //Load Resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RT = RS + RL //Total Resistance (in ohm) +I = VS / RT //Current in the circuit (in Ampere) +VT1 = I * RL //Terminal Voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Terminal voltage when RL is 100 kilo-ohm is : %0.3f V.",VT1) +printf("\n Variation in terminal voltage is %0.3f V.",(VT1-VT)/VT1) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ac151663 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 12.0 //Source Voltage (in volts) +VT = 10.0 //Terminal Voltage (in volts) +RL = 10.0 //Load resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +RS = RL*(VS / VT - 1) //Internal Resistance (in ohm) + +//Result + +printf("\n The internal resistance of the source is %0.3f ohm.",RS) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bfc68c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IS = 30.0 //Current (in milli-Ampere) +RS = 15.0 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +RL = RS / 20.0 //Load Resistance (in kilo-ohm) +IL = IS * RS/(RL +RS) //Load Current (in Ampere) + + +//Result + +printf("\n Largest value of load resistance to provide constant current is %0.3f ohm.",RL*10**3) +printf("\n Variation of current from the short-cicuit current is %0.4f .",(IS-IL)/IS) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef05f635e --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +VS = 12.0 //Source Voltage (in volts) +RS = 3.0 //Source resistance (in ohm) + +//Calculation + +IS = VS / RS //Source current (in Ampere) + +//Result + +printf("\n Current source value is %0.3f A.",IS) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..233ff7648 --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IS = 5.0 //Source current (in milli-Ampere) +RS = 2.0 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +VS = IS * RS //Voltage source (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n Equivalent voltage source is %0.3f V.",VS) diff --git a/3754/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/3754/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e33fa49bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3754/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear// + +//Variables + +IS =1.5 //Source current (in milli-Ampere) +RS = 2 //Source resistance (in kilo-ohm) + +//Calculation + +RL = 10*40/(10+40) //Load Reistance (in kilo-ohm) +IL = IS * RS/(RL +RS) //Load current (in milli-Ampere) +IL2 = IL * 10/(10 +40) //Current through part 2 (in milli-Ampere) +VS = IS * RS //Souce voltage (in volts) + +//Result + +printf("\n current through 40 kilo-ohm resistor is %0.3f mA.",IL2) +printf("\n Equivalent volage source is %0.3f V.",VS) diff --git a/3755/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3755/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a10a62f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +x=9*10^9; +r0=2.81*10^-10; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.748; //madelung constant +n=9; //repulsive exponent value + +//Calculations +U0=-(x*A*e/r0)*(1-1/n); //potential energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n potential energy is %0.3f eV",U0/2) diff --git a/3755/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3755/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2769e7b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +x=9*10^9; +r0=3.56*10^-10; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.763; //madelung constant +n=10.5; //repulsive exponent value +IE=3.89; //ionisation energy(eV) +EA=-3.61; //electron affinity(eV) + +//Calculations +U0=-(x*A*e/r0)*(1-1/n); //ionic cohesive energy(eV) +U=U0+IE+EA; //atomic cohesive energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n ionic cohesive energy is %0.2f eV",U0) +printf("\n atomic cohesive energy is %0.2f eV",U) diff --git a/3755/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3755/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cac86118d --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +N=6.02*10^26; //Avagadro Number +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +x=9*10^9; +r0=0.324*10^-9; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.748; //madelung constant +n=9.5; //repulsive exponent value + +//Calculations +U0=(A*e*x/r0)*(1-1/n); +U=(U0)*N*e*10^-3; //binding energy(kJ/kmol) + + +//Result +printf("\n binding energy is %0.0f *10^3 kJ/kmol",U/10^3) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..200faa2de --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +P=4.3*10^-8; //polarisation(per cm^2) +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +E=1000; //electric field(V/m) + +//Calculations +epsilonr=1+(P/(epsilon0*E)); //relative permittivity + +//Result +printf("\n relative permittivity is %0.2f ",epsilonr) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65a08a07c --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +epsilonr=1.0000684; //dielectric constant +N=2.7*10^25; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; //electronic polarizability(Fm^2) + +//Result +printf("\n electronic polarizability is %e Fm^2",alphae) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808162e85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.854*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +alphae=10^-40; //dielectric polarizability(Fm^2) +N=3*10^28; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +epsilonr=1+(N*alphae/epsilon0); //dielectric constant + +//Result +printf("\n dielectric constant is %e ",epsilonr) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12fd228b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +epsilonr=1.0024; //dielectric constant +N=2.7*10^25; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +alphae=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; //electronic polarizability(Fm^2) + +//Result +printf("\n electronic polarizability is %0.1f *10^-40 Fm^2",alphae*10^40) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36b840992 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=1.0000684; //dielectric constant +N=2.7*10^25; //number of atoms +X=1/(9*10^9); +E=10^6; //electric field(V/m) +Z=2; //atomic number +e=1.6*10^-19; //electron charge(coulomb) + +//Calculations +R=((epsilonr-1)/(4*%pi*N))^(1/3); //radius of electron cloud(m) +x=X*E*R^3/(Z*e); //displacement(m) + +//Result +printf("\n radius of electron cloud is %0.2f *10^-11 m",R*10^11) +printf("\n displacement is %0.5f *10^-17 m",x*10^17) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d142ba98e --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //dielectric constant +N=3*10^28; //number of atoms +alphae=10^-40; //dielectric polarizability(Fm^2) + +//Calculations +x=N*alphae/(3*epsilon0); +epsilonr=(1+(2*x))/(1-x); //dielectric constant + +//Result +printf("\n dielectric constant is %0.2f ",epsilonr) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e00ce9e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //dielectric constant +Na=6.023*10^26; //number of atoms +M=32; //atomic mass +alphae=3.28*10^-40; //dielectric polarizability(Fm^2) +rho=2.08*10^3; //density(kg/m^3) + +//Calculations +x=Na*rho*alphae/(M*3*epsilon0); +epsilonr=(1+(2*x))/(1-x); //dielectric constant + +//Result +printf("\n dielectric constant is %0.1f ",epsilonr) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da25ebeb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //dielectric constant +Na=6.02*10^26; //number of atoms +epsilonr=3.75; //dielectric constant +M=32; //atomic mass +rho=2050; //density(kg/m^3) +gama=1/3; //internal field constant + +//Calculations +N=Na*rho/M; //number of atoms +alphae=((epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2))*(3*epsilon0/N); //electronic polarizability(Fm^2) + +//Result +printf("\n electronic polarizability is %0.2f *10^-40 Fm^2",alphae*10^40) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.17/Ex10_17.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.17/Ex10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fc6f09a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.17/Ex10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=4.94; //dielectric constant +n2=2.69; + +//Calculations +x=(epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2); +y=(n2-1)/(n2+2); +alpha=1/((x/y)-1); //ratio between electronic and ionic polarizability + +//Result +printf("\n ratio between electronic and ionic polarizability is %0.3f ",alpha) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc8a592ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=5.6; //dielectric constant +n=1.5; + +//Calculations +x=(epsilonr+2)/(epsilonr-1); +y=(n^2-1)/(n^2+2); +alpha=(1-(x*y))*100; //percentage of ionic polarizability + +//Result +printf("\n percentage of ionic polarizability is %0.1f percentage",alpha) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80a737297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=4; +epsilon0=9*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +E=10^6; //electric field(V/m) + +//Calculations +D=k*epsilon0*E; //electric displacement(C/m^2) +P=epsilon0*E*(k-1); //polarisation(C/m^2) + +//Result +printf("\n electric displacement is %0.0f *10^-6 C/m^2",D*10^6) +printf("\n polarisation is %0.0f *10^-6 C/m^2",P*10^6) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42a32d913 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=5; +epsilon0=8.86*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +D=5*10^-12; //electric displacement(C/m^2) +V=0.5*10^-6; + +//Calculations +E=D/(k*epsilon0); //electric field(N/C) +P=D*(1-(1/k)); //polarisation(C/m^2) +dm=P*V; //induced dipole moment(cm) + +//Result +printf("\n electric field is %e N/C",E) +printf("\n polarisation is %e C/m^2",P) +printf("\n induced dipole moment is %e cm",dm) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7376531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=1.000074; +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +E=1; //electric field(N/C) +n=2.69*10^25; //molecular density + +//Calculations +p=epsilon0*E*(k-1)/n; //dipole moment(coulx metre) + +//Result +printf("\n dipole moment is %0.2f *10^-41 coul x metre",p*10^41) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb908446a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=1.000134; +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +E=90000; //electric field(N/C) +N=6.023*10^26; //avagadro number + +//Calculations +n=N/22.4; +p=epsilon0*E*(k-1)/n; //dipole moment(coul-metre) +alpha=p/E; //atomic polarizability(coul-m^2/volt) + +//Result +printf("\n dipole moment is %0.2f *10^-36 coul-metre",p*10^36) +printf("\n atomic polarizability is %0.1f *10^-41 coul-m^2/volt",alpha*10^41) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1491fb91a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=7; +epsilon0=8.9*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +V0=100; //potential difference(V) +d=10^-2; //displacement(m) + +//Calculations +E0=V0/d; //electric field intensity(volt/m) +E=E0/k; //electric field(N/C) +D=k*E*epsilon0; //electric displacement(C/m^2) +p=epsilon0*E*(k-1); //dipole moment(coul-metre) + +//Result +printf("\n electric field is %0.2f *10^3 volt/m",E/10^3) +printf("\n electric displacement is %e C/m^2",D) +printf("\n dipole moment is %0.1f *10^-8 C/m^2",p*10^8) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2192718ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +chi=35.4*10^-12; //electric susceptibility(coul^2/nt-m^2) + +//Calculations +k=1+(chi/epsilon0); //dielectric constant +epsilon=epsilon0*k; //permittivity(coul^2/nt-m^2) + +//Result +printf("\n dielectric constant is %0.3f ",k) +printf("\n permittivity is %0.2f *10^-12 coul^2/nt-m^2",epsilon*10^12) diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8191302c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +E=100; //electric field(N/C) +epsilonr=1.000074; //dielectric constant +n=2.68*10^27; //density + +//Calculations +p=epsilon0*E*(epsilonr-1)/n; //dipole moment(coul-metre) + +//Result +printf("\n dipole moment is %0.4f *10^-41 C/m^2",p*10^41) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3755/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7248ed30f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //relative permeability(F/m) +R=0.053*10^-9; //radius(nm) +N=9.8*10^26; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +alphae=4*%pi*epsilon0*R^3; //electronic polarizability(Fm^2) +epsilonr=1+(4*%pi*N*R^3); //relative permittivity + +//Result +printf("\n electronic polarizability is %0.4f *10^-41 Fm^2",alphae*10^41) +printf("\n relative permittivity is %0.4f ",epsilonr) diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..412916241 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mew0=4*%pi*10^-7; +B=0.2; //magnetic induction(web/m^2) +H=500; //magnetic field intensity(amp/m) + +//Calculation +mewr=B/(mew0*H); //relative permeability +chi=mewr-1; //susceptibility + +//Result +printf("\n relative permeability is %0.1f ",mewr) +printf("\n susceptibility is %0.1f ",chi) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..868e959fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mew0=4*%pi*10^-7; +chi=948*10^-11; //susceptibility + +//Calculation +mewr=1+chi; //relative permeability +mew=mewr*mew0; //absolute permeability + +//Result +printf("\n relative permeability is %0.3f ",mewr) +printf("\n absolute permeability is %0.3f *10^-6",mew*10^6) diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dbe87702 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +H=6.5*10^-4; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +M=1.4; //magnetic field(T) + +//Calculation +chi=M/H; +mewr=1+chi; //relative permeability + +//Result +printf("\n relative permeability is %0.3f ",mewr) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6871e2c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +H=220; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +M=3300; //magnetic field(T) + +//Calculation +chi=(M/H)+1; //relative permeability + +//Result +printf("\n relative permeability is %0.3f ",chi) diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f0f4eefb --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +H=1600; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +phi=4*10^-4; //flux(weber) +A=4*10^-4; //area(m^2) + +//Calculation +B=phi/A; +mew=B/H; //permeability of rod(weber/amp.m) + +//Result +printf("\n permeability of rod is %0.3f *10^-3 weber/amp.m",mew*10^3) diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db642c40f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +H=10^6; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +mew0=4*%pi*10^-7; +chi=1.5*10^-3; //susceptibility + +//Calculation +M=chi*H; //magnetisation of material(A/m) +B=mew0*(M+H); //flux density(T) + +//Result +printf("\n magnetisation of material is %0.3f *10^3 A/m",M/10^3) +printf("\n flux density is %0.3f T",B) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e53522249 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mew0=4*%pi*10^-7; +phi=2*10^-6; //flux(weber) +A=10^-4; //area(m^2) +N=300; //number of turns +l=30*10^-2; //length(m) +i=0.032; //current(ampere) + +//Calculation +B=phi/A; //flux density(weber/metre^2) +n=N/l; +H=n*i; //magnetic intensity(amp-turn/metre) +mew=B/H; //permeability of ring(weber/amp-metre) +mewr=mew/mew0; //relative permeability +chi=mewr-1; //magnetic susceptibility + +//Result +printf("\n flux density is %0.3f *10^-2 weber/metre^2",B*10^2) +printf("\n magnetic intensity is %0.0f amp-turn/metre",H) +printf("\n permeability of ring is %0.3f *10^-7 weber/amp-metre",mew*10^7) +printf("\n relative permeability is %0.1f ",mewr) +printf("\n magnetic susceptibility is %0.3f ",chi) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf4a535b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +new=6.5*10^15; //frequency(Hz) +r=0.54*10^-10; //radius(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) + +//Calculation +mew_m=e*new*%pi*r^2; //magnetic moment(A-m^2) + +//Result +printf("\n magnetic moment is %0.2f *10^-24 A-m^2",mew_m*10^24) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3755/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2b24348 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.64*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) + +//Calculation +mewb=e*h/(4*%pi*m); //bohr's magneton(J/T) + +//Result +printf("\n bohrs magneton is %0.2f *10^-24 J/T",mewb*10^24) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4db44ca49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +h=6.62*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=6328*10^-10; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +E=h*c/(lamda*e); //energy of photon(eV) +p=h/lamda; //momentum of photon(kg m/s) + +//Result +printf("\n energy of photon is %0.2f eV",E) +printf("\n momentum of photon is %0.2f *10^-27 kg m/s",p*10^27) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55f223773 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10^8; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +h=6.62*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=7000*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +n=2.8*10^19; //number of ions + +//Calculation +E=n*h*c/lamda; //energy of laser pulse(joule) + +//Result +printf("\n energy of laser pulse is %0.2f joule",E) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..121c6a273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10^8; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +l=2.945*10^-2; +lamda=5890*10^-10; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +n=l/lamda; //number of oscillations +tow_c=l/c; //coherence time(s) + +//Result +printf("\n number of oscillations is %0.0f *10^4",n/10^4) +printf("\n coherence time is %0.2f *10^-11 s",tow_c*10^11) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf6c51c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +P=10*10^-3; //power(W) +d=1.3*10^-3; //diameter(m) + +//Calculation +I=4*P/(%pi*d^2); //intensity of beam(W/m^2) + +//Result +printf("\n intensity of beam is %0.1f kW/m^2",I/10^3) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5e75ef8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10^8; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +h=6.62*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=6940*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +P=1; //power(J) + +//Calculation +n=P*lamda/(h*c); //number of ions + +//Result +printf("\n number of ions is %0.2f *10^18",n/10^18) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..371fc6329 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10^8; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +h=6.62*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=6*10^-7; //wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +k=8.6*10^-5; +T=300; //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +E=h*c/(lamda*e); //energy(eV) +N=-E/(k*T); //population ratio + +//Result +printf("\n population ratio is e^ %0.3f ",N) diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7db8dbe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=10.66*10^-6; //wavelength(m) +delta_lamda=10^-5*10^-9; //line width(m) + +//Calculation +cl=lamda^2/delta_lamda; //coherence length(m) + +//Result +printf("\n coherence length is %0.2f km",cl/10^3) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3755/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56fd1f616 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=7000*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +d=5*10^-3; //aperture(m) +f=0.2; //focal length(m) +P=50*10^-3; //power(W) + +//Calculation +d_theta=1.22*lamda/d; //angular speed(radian) +A=(d_theta*f)^2; //areal speed(m^2) +I=P/A; //intensity of image(watt/m^2) + +//Result +printf("\n areal speed is %0.3f *10^-8 m^2",A*10^8) +printf("\n intensity of image is %0.2f *10^5 watt/m^2",I/10^5) +printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b1bdb85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.5; //core refractive index +n2=1.48; //cladding refractive index +n=1; + +//Calculations +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //numerical aperture +i0=asin(NA/n); //maximum entrance angle(radian) +i0=i0*180/%pi ; //maximum entrance angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.5f ",NA) +printf("\n maximum entrance angle is %0.2f degrees",i0) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beb596a94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta=0.0045; //relative difference +i0=0.115; //acceptance angle(radians) +v=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/s) + +//Calculations +NA=sin(i0); //numerical aperture +n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta); //core refractive index +vcore=v/n1; //velocity of light in fibre core(m/s) + +//Result +printf("\n velocity of light in fibre core is %0.3f *10^8 m/s",vcore/10^8) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b05a6f80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=2.405; //V-number +lamda=8500*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +n1=1.48; //core refractive index +n2=1.47; //cladding refractive index + +//Calculations +d=V*lamda/(%pi*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); //diameter of core(m) + +//Result +printf("\n diameter of core is %0.2f *10^-6 m",d*10^6) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..019666bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=2.405; //V-number +lamda=1300*10^-3; //wavelength(micro m) +n1=1.466; //core refractive index +n2=1.46; //cladding refractive index + +//Calculations +r=V*lamda/(2*%pi*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); //maximum radius for fibre(micro m) + +//Result +printf("\n maximum radius for fibre is %0.2f micro m",r) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5899eee30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.3; //wavelength(micro m) +n1=1.5; //core refractive index +Nm=1100; //number of modes +delta=0.01; //refractive index difference + +//Calculations +d=lamda*sqrt(Nm/delta)/(%pi*n1); //diameter of fibre core(micro m) + +//Result +printf("\n diameter of fibre core is %0.1f micro m",d) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01e2b3a67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.1*10^-6; //wavelength(m) +r=60/2*10^-6; //radius(m) +NA=0.25; //numerical aperture + +//Calculations +V=2*%pi*r*NA/lamda; +Nm=V^2/4; //number of guided modes + +//Result +printf("\n number of guided modes is %0.3f ",Nm) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ed902ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +L=500/1000; //length(km) +P0byPi=25/100; //optical power + +//Calculations +dB=-10*log10(P0byPi)/L; //fibre loss(dB/km) + +//Result +printf("\n fibre loss is %0.4f dB/km",dB) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76a7b7c97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n0=1.33; //water refractive index +n2=1.59; //cladding refractive index +NA=0.2; //numerical aperture + +//Calculations +n1=sqrt(NA^2+n2^2); //core refractive index +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0; //numerical aperture +i0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radian) +i0=i0*180/%pi ; //acceptance angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n core refractive index is %0.4f ",n1) +printf("\n acceptance angle is %0.1f degrees",i0) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e075865c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.36; //core refractive index +delta=0.025; //relative difference + +//Calculations +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta); //numerical aperture +i0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radian) +i0=i0*180/%pi ; //acceptance angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.3f ",NA) +printf("\n acceptance angle is %0.1f degrees",i0) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2afe2a6a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.5; //core refractive index +n2=1.45; //cladding refractive index + +//Calculations +delta=(n1-n2)/n1; //relative difference +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta); //numerical aperture +i0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radian) +i0=i0*180/%pi ; //acceptance angle(degrees) +theta_c=asin(n2/n1); //critical angle(radian) +theta_c=theta_c*180/%pi ; //critical angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.4f ",NA) +printf("\n acceptance angle is %0.2f degrees",i0) +printf("\n critical angle is %0.2f degrees",theta_c) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..770dc85d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +NA=0.22; //numerical aperture +delta=0.012; //relative difference + +//Calculations +N=1-delta; +n1=sqrt(NA^2/(1-N^2)); //core refractive index +n2=N*n1; //cladding refractive index + +//Result +printf("\n core refractive index is %0.2f ",n1) +printf("\n cladding refractive index is %0.3f ",n2) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0568b1b53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +NA=0.40; //numerical aperture +delta=1/100; //relative difference + +//Calculations +i0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radians) +i0=i0*180/%pi ; //acceptance angle(degrees) +N=1-delta; +thetac=asin(N); //critical angle(radians) +thetac=thetac*180/%pi ; //critical angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n acceptance angle is %0.1f degrees",i0) +printf("\n critical angle is %0.1f degrees",thetac) diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09b8551d --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +vf=3*10^8; //velocity of light in free space(m/s) +vc=2*10^8; //velocity of light in core(m/s) +thetac=60*%pi/180; //critical angle(radians) + +//Calculations +n1=vf/vc; //core refractive index +n2=n1*sin(thetac); //cladding refractive index +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //numerical aperture + +//Result +printf("\n core refractive index is %0.3f ",n1) +printf("\n cladding refractive index is %0.1f ",n2) +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.3f ",NA) +printf("\n answer for numerical aperture varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3755/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a292d534a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta=0.03; //relative difference +i0=22*%pi/180; //acceptance angle(radians) + +//Calculations +NA=sin(i0); //numerical aperture +N=1-delta; +thetac=asin(N); //critical angle(radians) +theta_c=thetac*180/%pi ; //critical angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.3f ",NA) +printf("\n critical angle is %0.2f degrees",theta_c) diff --git a/3755/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3755/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c9be0292 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=7500; //volume(m^3) +T=1.5; //time(sec) + +//Calculations +aS=0.165*V/T; //total absorption in hall(OWU) + +//Result +printf("\n total absorption in hall is %0.3f OWU",aS) diff --git a/3755/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3755/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1c06499f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=1500; //volume(m^3) +A1=112; //area of plastered walls(m^2) +A2=130; //area of wooden floor(m^2) +A3=170; //area of plastered ceiling(m^2) +A4=20; //area of wooden door(m^2) +n=100; //number of cushioned chairs +A5=120; //area of audience(m^2) +C1=0.03; //coefficient of absorption in plastered walls +C2=0.06; //coefficient of absorption in wooden floor +C3=0.04; //coefficient of absorption in plastered ceiling +C4=0.06; //coefficient of absorption in wooden door +C5=1.0; //coefficient of absorption in cushioned chairs +C6=4.7; //coefficient of absorption in audience + +//Calculations +a1=A1*C1; //absorption due to plastered walls +a2=A2*C2; //absorption due to wooden floor +a3=A3*C3; //absorption due to plastered ceiling +a4=A4*C4; //absorption due to wooden door +a5=n*C5; //absorption due to cushioned chairs +a6=A5*C6; //absorption due to audience +aS=a1+a2+a3+a4+a5; //total absorption in hall +T1=0.165*V/aS; //reverberation time when hall is empty(sec) +T2=0.165*V/(aS+a6); //reverberation time with full capacity of audience(sec) +T3=0.165*V/((n*C6)+aS); //reverberation time with audience in cushioned chairs(sec) + +//Result +printf("\n reverberation time when hall is empty is %0.2f sec",T1) +printf("\n reverberation time with full capacity of audience is %0.3f sec",T2) +printf("\n reverberation time with audience in cushioned chairs is %0.2f sec",T3) diff --git a/3755/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3755/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb59b8d04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=1200; //volume(m^3) +a1=220; //area of wall(m^2) +a2=120; //area of floor(m^2) +a3=120; //area of ceiling(m^2) +C1=0.03; //coefficient of absorption in wall +C2=0.80; //coefficient of absorption in floor +C3=0.06; //coefficient of absorption in ceiling + +//Calculations +A1=a1*C1; //absorption due to plastered walls +A2=a2*C2; //absorption due to wooden floor +A3=a3*C3; //absorption due to plastered ceiling +aS=a1+a2+a3; //total absorption in hall +abar=(A1+A2+A3)/aS; //average sound absorption coefficient +AS=abar*aS; //total absorption of room(metric sabines) +T=0.165*V/AS; //reverberation time(sec) + +//Result +printf("\n average sound absorption coefficient is %0.2f ",abar) +printf("\n reverberation time is %0.1f sec",T) diff --git a/3755/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3755/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98916f610 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +I0=10^-12; //standard intensity level(watt/m^2) +A=1.4; //area(m^2) +il=60; //intensity level(decibels) + +//Calculations +x=10^(il/10); +I=x*10^-12; //intensity level(watt/m^2) +Ap=I*A; //acoustic power(watt) + +//Result +printf("\n acoustic power is %e watt",Ap) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fc3b5080 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +M=28; //atomic weight of Si +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +a=5.3*10^-10; //lattice constant(m) +n=4; + +//Calculations +V=a^3; //volume(m^3) +m=M/(N*10^3); //mass(kg) +rho=n*m/V; //volume density(kg/m^3) + +//Result +printf("\n volume density is %e kg/m^3",rho) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f544aff7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h1=0; //intercept on X axis +k1=1; //intercept on Y axis +l1=1; //intercept on Z-axis +h2=1; //intercept on X axis +k2=0; //intercept on Y axis +l2=1; //intercept on Z-axis +h3=1; //intercept on X axis +k3=1; //intercept on Y axis +l3=2; //intercept on Z-axis + +//Calculations +d1=h1^2+k1^2+l1^2; //interplanar spacing in 1st plane(angstrom) +d2=h2^2+k2^2+l2^2; //interplanar spacing in 2nd plane(angstrom) +d3=h3^2+k3^2+l3^2; //interplanar spacing in 3rd plane(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 1st plane is a/sqrt( %0.3f ) angstrom",d1) +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is a/sqrt( %0.3f ) angstrom",d2) +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is a/sqrt( %0.3f ) angstrom",d3) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db662d93f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=4.2; //lattice constant(angstrom) +h=3; //intercept on X axis +k=2; //intercept on Y axis +l=1; //intercept on Z-axis + +//Calculations +d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2); //interplanar spacing(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing is %0.2f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c416de667 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +M=63.5; //atomic weight(gm/mol) +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +r=1.278*10^-8; //atomic radius(cm) +n=4; + +//Calculations +m=M/N; //mass(g) +a=4*r/sqrt(2); //lattice constant(cm) +V=a^3; //volume(m^3) +rho=n*m/V; //density of crystal(g/cm^3) + +//Result +printf("\n density of crystal is %0.3f gm/cm^3",rho) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19a7d5525 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r=1; //assume + +//Calculations +a=4*r/sqrt(3); //lattice constant +R=(a-(2*r))/2; //minimum radius + +//Result" +printf("\n minimum radius is %0.3f r",R) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac3be6e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r=1; //assume + +//Calculations +a=4*r/sqrt(2); //lattice constant +R=(a/2)-r; //maximum radius + +//Result" +printf("\n maximum radius is %0.3f r",R) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15cac2a79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r1=1.258*10^-10; //atomic radius(m) +r2=1.292*10^-10; //atomic radius(m) +n1=2; +n2=4; + +//Calculations +a1=4*r1/sqrt(3); //lattice constant(m) +V1=a1^3/n1; //volume(m^3) +a2=2*sqrt(2)*r2; //lattice constant(m) +V2=a2^3/n2; //volume(m^3) +V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; //percent volume change + +//Result" +printf("\n percent volume change is %0.1f percentage",V) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bfb4030b --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=0.356*10^-9; //cube edge(m) +M=12.01; //atomic weight +N=6.023*10^26; //avagadro number + +//Calculations +n=8/a^3; //number of atoms +m=M/N; //mass(kg) +rho=m*n; //density of diamond(kg/m^3) + +//Result" +printf("\n number of atoms is %0.2f *10^29",n/10^29) +printf("\n density of diamond is %0.1f kg/m^3",rho) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..607ca7698 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +M=55.85; //atomic weight +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +a=2.9*10^-8; //lattice constant(m) +rho=7.87; //volume density(gm/cc) + +//Calculations +n=rho*N*a^3/M; //number of atoms per unit cell + +//Result +printf("\n number of atoms per unit cell is %0.3f ",n) +printf("\n the lattice is BCC") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c47f09be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=0.27*10^-9; //lattice constant(m) +c=0.494*10^-9; //height of cell(m) +M=65.37; //atomic weight +N=6.023*10^26; //avagadro number +n=6; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +V=3*sqrt(3)*a^2*c/2; //volume of unit cell(m^3) +rho=n*M/(N*V); //density of zinc(kg/m^3) + +//Result" +printf("\n volume of unit cell is %0.3f *10^-29 m^3",V*10^29) +printf("\n density of zinc is %0.0f kg/m^3",rho) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd20d6a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a1=5.43*10^-8; //lattice constant(cm) +M1=28.1; //atomic weight +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +n1=8; //number of atoms +a2=5.65*10^-8; //lattice constant(cm) +M2=144.6; //atomic weight +n2=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +rho1=n1*M1/(N*a1^3); //density of Si(gm/cm^3) +rho2=n2*M2/(N*a2^3); //density of GaAs(gm/cm^3) + +//Result" +printf("\n density of Si is %0.2f gm/cm^3",rho1) +printf("\n density of GaAs is %0.3f gm/cm^3",rho2) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3c7a711a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=6250; //density(kg/m^3) +M=60.2; //molecular weight +N=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number +n=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(m) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice constant is %0.0f angstrom",a*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f609e6bbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r=1.278*10^-8; //atomic radius(cm) +M=63.54; //molecular weight(g/mol) +N=6.02*10^23; //avagadro number +n=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=4*r/sqrt(2); //lattice constant(cm) +rho=n*M*10^3/(N*a^3); //density(kg/m^3) + +//Result +printf("\n density of copper is %0.0f kg/m^3",rho) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0e8e7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=7870; //density(kg/m^3) +M=55.8; //molecular weight +N=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number +n=2; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(m) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice constant is %0.3f angstrom",a*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9936536ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=6.23; //density(gm/cc) +M=60; //molecular weight +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +n=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(cm) +r=a*sqrt(2)*10^8/4; //radius of atom(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n radius of atom is %0.3f angstrom",r) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb767b688 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=2.48; //density(gm/cc) +M=58; //molecular weight +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +n=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(cm) +r=a*sqrt(2)*10^8/4; //radius of atom(angstrom) +d=2*r; //distance between ions(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n distance between ions is %0.1f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8980fa419 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=8.96; //density(gm/cc) +M=63.5; //molecular weight +N=6.02*10^23; //avagadro number +n=4; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(cm) +d=a/sqrt(2)*10^8; //distance between ions(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n distance between ions is %0.2f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..796fa807d --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=5.96; //density(gm/cc) +M=50; //molecular weight +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +n=2; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n*M/(rho*N))^(1/3); //lattice constant(cm) +r=a*sqrt(3)/4; //radius of atom(angstrom) +pf=n*(4/3)*%pi*r^3/a^3; //packing factor + +//Result +printf("\n packing factor is %0.2f ",pf) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ae2c41e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=1; //assume +n=2; //number of atoms + +//Calculations +r=a*sqrt(3)/4; //radius of atom +V=4*%pi*r^3/3; //volume +f=n*V*100/a^3; //packing fraction + +//Result +printf("\n packing fraction is %0.0f percentage",f) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0cdc605a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +M=120; //atomic mass +N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number +n=2; +g=20; //mass(gm) + +//Calculations +u=n*M/N; +nu=g/u; //number of unit cells + +//Result +printf("\n number of unit cells is %0.3f *10^22",nu/10^22) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a0c3be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +Vd=3*10^22; //density(gm/cc) +n=8*(1/8); //number of atoms + +//Calculations +a=(n/Vd)^(1/3); //lattice constant(cm) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice constant is %0.2f angstrom",a*10^8) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..178502c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=1.2; +b=1.8; +c=2.0; //crystal primitives +x=2; +y=3; +z=1; //intercepts +h=1.2; //intercept on X axis + +//Calculations +h1=a/x; +k1=b/y; +l1=c/z; +k=h*h1/k1; //intercept on Y axis +l=h*l1/h1; //intercept on Z-axis + +//Result +printf("\n intercept on Y axis is %0.3f angstrom",k) +printf("\n intercept on Z axis is %0.3f angstrom",l) diff --git a/3755/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3755/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e9bca2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r=1.246; //atomic radius(angstrom) +h1=2; //intercept on X axis +k1=0; //intercept on Y axis +l1=0; //intercept on Z-axis +h2=2; //intercept on X axis +k2=2; //intercept on Y axis +l2=0; //intercept on Z-axis +h3=1; //intercept on X axis +k3=1; //intercept on Y axis +l3=1; //intercept on Z-axis + +//Calculations +a=2*sqrt(2)*r; //lattice constant +d1=a/sqrt(h1^2+k1^2+l1^2); //interplanar spacing in 1st plane(angstrom) +d2=a/sqrt(h2^2+k2^2+l2^2); //interplanar spacing in 2nd plane(angstrom) +d3=a/sqrt(h3^2+k3^2+l3^2); //interplanar spacing in 3rd plane(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 1st plane is %0.3f angstrom",d1) +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 2nd plane is %0.3f angstrom",d2) +printf("\n interplanar spacing in 3rd plane is %0.4f angstrom",d3) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b753e42f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=2.82*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +theta=10; //glancing angle(degree) +n=1; //order + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength is %0.5f angstrom",lamda*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89afb2760 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.3922; //wavelength(angstrom) +n=1; +theta=14+(27/60)+(26/(60*60)); //glancing angle(degree) +M=58.454; //molecular weight +rho=2163; //density(kg/m^3) + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //lattice spacing(angstrom) +d_m=d*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +N=M/(2*rho*d_m^3); //avagadro number(mol/k-mole) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice spacing is %0.4f angstrom",d) +printf("\n avagadro number is %0.4f *10^26 mol/k-mole",N/10^26) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fd599960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=0.586*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +theta1=5+(58/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta2=12+(10/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta3=18+(12/60); //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta3=theta3*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +x1=sin(theta1); +x2=sin(theta2); +x3=sin(theta3); +d1=lamda/(2*sin(theta1)); //spacing for 1st order(m) +d2=2*lamda/(2*sin(theta2)); //spacing for 2nd order(m) +d3=3*lamda/(2*sin(theta3)); //spacing for 3rd order(m) +d=(d1+d2+d3)/3; //spacing(m) + +//Result +printf("\n ratio of angles of incidence are %0.3f : %0.4f : %0.4f which is nothing but %0.1f : %0.1f : %0.1f ",x1,x2,x3,x1,x2,x3) +printf("\n angles of incidence should be 1st, 2nd and 3rd orders") +printf("\n spacing is %0.3f *10^-10 m",d*10^10) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17c30190f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=5+(23/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta2=7+(37/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta3=9+(25/60); //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta3=theta3*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +x1=sin(theta1); +X1=1/(10*x1); +x2=sin(theta2)/x1; +x3=sin(theta3)/x1; + +//Result +printf("\n ratio of angles of incidence are %0.3f : %0.3f : %0.3f ",x1,x2,x3) +printf("\n the crystal is a simple cubic crystal") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2de61fada --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +m=9*10^-31; //mass(kg) +E=344; //energy(volts) +n=1; +theta=60; //angle(degrees) + +//Calculation +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*E); //wavelength(m) +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda*10^10/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing of crystal(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n spacing of crystal is %0.2f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e76e374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=2; +k=2; +l=0; +n=1; +theta=32; //angle(degrees) +lamda=1.54*10^-10; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda*10^10/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing of crystal(angstrom) +a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2); //lattice parameter(angstrom) +r=a/(2*sqrt(2)); //radius of atom(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice parameter is %0.1f angstrom",a) +printf("\n radius of atom is %0.2f angstrom",r) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6c47d7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=3.035*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +theta=12; //glancing angle(degree) +n=1; //order + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamda*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a563639e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=2.81; //lattice spacing(angstrom) +theta1=15.1; //glancing angle(degree) +theta2=17.1; //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda1=2*d*sin(theta1); //wavelength(angstrom) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda2=2*d*sin(theta2); //wavelength(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelengths are %0.3f angstrom and %0.4f angstrom",lamda1,lamda2) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5ebf42e --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.54; //wavelength(angstrom) +theta=11; //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //separation between lattice planes(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n separation between lattice planes is %0.3f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21deb9293 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamdaB=0.92; //wavelength(angstrom) +theta1=30; //glancing angle(degree) +theta2=60; //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamdaA=2*lamdaB*sin(theta1)/sin(theta1); //wavelength of line A(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamdaA) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44b25086a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=0.4086*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +theta=65; //glancing angle(degree) +h=6.6*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass(kg) +n=1; + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //debroglie wavelength(m) +v=h/(m*lamda); //velocity(m/sec) + +//Result +printf("\n debroglie wavelength is %0.4f *10^-10 metre",lamda*10^10) +printf("\n velocity is %0.3f *10^6 m/sec",v/10^6) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e5f583e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=2.82*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +sintheta=1; +n=1; + +//Calculation +lamda_max=2*d*sintheta/n; //longest wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n longest wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamda_max*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb4ad52f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=0.842*10^-10; //lattice spacing(m) +theta1=8+(35/60); //glancing angle(degree) +n1=1; //order +n2=3; //order + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta3=asin(n2*sin(theta1)); //glancing angle(radian) +theta3=theta3*180/%pi ; //glancing angle(degree) + +//Result +printf("\n glancing angle is %0.3f degree",theta3) diff --git a/3755/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3755/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27c5e7797 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=0.58; //wavelength(angstrom) +theta1=6+(45/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta2=9+(15/60); //glancing angle(degree) +theta3=13; //glancing angle(degree) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +theta3=theta3*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +x1=lamda/(2*sin(theta1)); +x2=lamda/(2*sin(theta2)); + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing is %0.3f angstrom",x2) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3755/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23490abd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T1=773; //temperature(K) +T2=1273; //temperature(K) +n=1*10^-10; //fraction of vacancy sites + +//Calculations +X=(T1*log(n)/T2); + +x=exp(X); //fraction of vacancy sites at 1000 C + +//Result +printf("\n fraction of vacancy sites at 1000 C is %0.4f *10^-7",x*10^7) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3755/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963718ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=273+25; //temperature(K) +m=4; +n=5*10^11; //density(per m^3) +V=(2*2.82*10^-10)^3; //volume(m^3) +kB=8.625*10^-5; + +//Calculations +N=m/V; +Ep=2*kB*T*log(N/n); + +//Result +printf("\n energy required is %0.3f eV",Ep) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e58f212d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +b=2.92*10^-3; //value of b(mK) +lamda=4900*10^-10; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculations +T=b/lamda; //temperature(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature is %0.0f K",T) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..586b8b3f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=1500; //temperature(K) +lamda=5500; //wavelength(m) +lamda_m=20000; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculations +T_dash=lamda_m*T/lamda; //temperature of sun(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature is %0.0f K",T_dash) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..088a844f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=327+273; //temperature(K) +b=2.897*10^-3; //value of b(mK) + +//Calculations +lamda_m=b/T; //wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength is %0.0f angstrom",lamda_m*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd316b672 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=10^7; //temperature(K) +b=0.292; //value of b(cmK) + +//Calculations +lamda_m=b/T; //wavelength(cm) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamda_m*10^8) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..932a59192 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=1127+273; //temperature(K) +lamda_m=2*10^-6; //wavelength(m) +lamda=14*10^-6; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculations +Tm=lamda_m*T/lamda; //temperature of moon(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature of moon is %0.0f K",Tm) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d498f3c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda_m=4753*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +lamda=14*10^-6; //wavelength(m) +b=0.2898*10^-2; //value of constant(mK) + +//Calculations +Ts=b/lamda_m; //temperature of sun(K) +Tm=b/lamda; //temperature of moon(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature of sun is %0.0f K",Ts) +printf("\n temperature of moon is %0.0f K",Tm) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f57c354b --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +m=9*10^-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.624*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +n=5.86*10^28; //density(electrons/m^3) +k=8.6*10^-5; + +//Calculations +ef=(h^2/(8*m))*(3*n/%pi)^(2/3); //energy(J) +ef=ef/e; //energy(eV) +theta_f=ef/k; //maximum kinetic energy(K) + +//Result +printf("\n maximum kinetic energy is %0.2f *10^4 K",theta_f/10^4) diff --git a/3755/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3755/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ecab94ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb) +m=9*10^-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.62*10^-34; //plank's constant(Js) +rho=970; //density(kg/m^3) +N0=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number +A=23; //atomic weight + +//Calculations +n=rho*N0/A; //concentration(electrons/m^3) +ef=(h^2/(8*m))*(3*n/%pi)^(2/3); //fermi energy(J) +ef=ef/e; //fermi energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n fermi energy is %0.3f eV",ef) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8668c2724 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=0.05; //mass(kg) +v=20; //velocity(m/sec) +mp=1.67*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg) +vp=2200; //velocity of proton(m/sec) +me=9.11*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +E=10*1.602*10^-19; //kinetic energy(J) + +//Calculations +lamda_ball=h/(m*v); //de-broglie wavelength of ball(m) +lamda_p=h*10^10/(mp*vp); //de-broglie wavelength of proton(angstrom) +lamda_e=h/(2*me*E); //de-broglie wavelength of electron(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of ball is %e m",lamda_ball) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of proton is %0.2f angstrom",lamda_p) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of electron is %0.2f *10^14 m",lamda_e/10^14) +printf("\n answer for de-broglie wavelength of electron in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f200b33df --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) +lamda=0.82*10^-10; //wavelength(m) + +//Calculations +E=h*c/lamda; //energy(J) +lamda=h*10^10/sqrt(2*m*E); //wavelength of photo-electron(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of photo-electron is %0.1f angstrom",lamda) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a964f060 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) + +//Calculations +lamda=h*10^10/(m*c); //wavelength of electron(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of electron is %0.4f angstrom",lamda) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4a634702 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.675*10^-27; //mass of neutron(kg) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +E=10^14; //energy of neutron(eV) + +//Calculations +v=sqrt(2*E*e/m); //velocity(m/sec) +lamda=h/(m*v); //de-broglie wavelength of neutron(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of neutron is %0.2f *10^-18 m",lamda*10^18) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820fd2d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.675*10^-27; //mass of neutron(kg) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +E=12.8*10^6; //energy of neutron(eV) + +//Calculations +v=sqrt(2*E*e/m); //velocity(m/sec) +lamda=h/(m*v); //de-broglie wavelength of neutron(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of neutron is %0.3f *10^-15 m",lamda*10^15) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d04cf6ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +mp=1836*m; //mass of photon(kg) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +E=m*c^2; //energy(J) +v=sqrt(2*E/mp); //velocity(m/sec) +lamda=h*10^10/(mp*v); //de-broglie wavelength of proton(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of proton is %0.4f angstrom",lamda) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f90bd9db1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.60*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.67*10^-27; //mass of neutron(kg) +k=8.6*10^-5; //boltzmann constant(eV/deg) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +T=300; //temperature(K) + +//Calculations +lamda=h*10^10/sqrt(2*m*k*e*T); //wavelength of thermal neutron(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of thermal neutron is %0.3f angstrom",lamda) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55f4e0fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +mn=1.67*10^-27; //mass of neutron(kg) +k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(eV/deg) +T=300; //temperature(K) + +//Calculations +E=k*T; //energy(J) +p=sqrt(2*mn*E); //momentum +d=h*10^10/p; //interplanar spacing(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing is %0.2f angstrom",d) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81fd710a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9*10^-31; //mass of neutron(kg) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +V=344; //potential difference(V) +theta=60*%pi/180; //angle(radian) + +//Calculations +d=h*10^10/(2*sin(theta)*sqrt(2*m*e*V)); //interplanar spacing(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing is %0.2f angstrom",d) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3be5cdcc --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +deltax=4*10^-10; //uncertainity in position of electron(m) + +//Calculations +delta_px=h/deltax; //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/sec) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in momentum is %e kg m/sec",delta_px) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f07e62a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +v=600; //speed(m/sec) +a=0.005/100; //accuracy(%) + +//Calculations +deltav=v*a; //uncertainity in speed(kg m/sec) +delta_px=m*deltav; //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/sec) +deltax=h/delta_px; //uncertainity in position of electron(m) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in position of electron is %0.5f m",deltax) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21e7b7a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.673*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg) +v=10^4; //velocity of proton(m/sec) +V1=100; //potential difference in 1st case(V) +V2=10000; //potential difference in 2nd case(V) +V3=6400; //potential difference in 3rd case(V) + + +//Calculations +lamda1=12.25/sqrt(V1) //de-broglie wavelength in 1st case(angstrom) +lamda2=12.25/sqrt(V2) //de-broglie wavelength in 2nd case(angstrom) +lamda3=12.25/sqrt(V3) //de-broglie wavelength in 3rd case(angstrom) +lamda4=12.25/sqrt(V2) //de-broglie wavelength in 4th case(angstrom) +lamda5=h/(m*v); //de-broglie wavelength of proton(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength in 1st case is %0.3f angstrom",lamda1) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength in 2nd case is %0.3f angstrom",lamda2) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength in 3rd case is %0.3f angstrom",lamda3) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength in 4th case is %0.3f angstrom",lamda4) +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of proton is %0.4f angstrom",lamda5*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3fb667b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m0=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +deltax=0.1*10^-10; //uncertainity in position of electron(m) + +//Calculations +delta_p=h/deltax; //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/sec) +delta_v=delta_p/m0; //uncertainity in velocity(m/sec) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in momentum is %e kg m/sec",delta_p) +printf("\n uncertainity in velocity is %0.3f *10^7 m/sec",delta_v/10^7) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9468ff161 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +me=9.10*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +mp=1.67*10^-27; //mass of electron(kg) + +//Calculations +uv=mp/me; //uncertainity in velocity + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in velocity is %0.3f ",uv) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83bba28f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m0=9*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +v=3*10^7; //velocity of electron(m/sec) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) + +//Calculations +deltax_min=h*10^10*sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2))/(4*%pi*m0*v); //smallest possible uncertainity in position of electron(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n smallest possible uncertainity in position of electron is %0.0f angstrom",deltax_min) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a90cb14c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.24/Ex6_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +deltax_max=10*10^-10; //length of box(m) + +//Calculations +deltavx_min=h/(deltax_max*m); //minimum uncertainity in velocity of electron(m/s) + +//Result +printf("\n minimum uncertainity in velocity of electron is %0.0f *10^5 m/s",deltavx_min/10^5) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa58d695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +dlamda=10^-4*10^-10; //width(m) +lamda=6000*10^-10; //wavelength(m) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) + +//Calculations +delta_t=lamda^2/(2*%pi*c*dlamda); //time required(second) + +//Result +printf("\n time required is %0.1f *10^-8 second",delta_t*10^8) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56ac48391 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +v=3.5*10^7; //speed(cm/sec) +a=0.0098/100; //accuracy(%) + +//Calculations +deltav=v*a; //uncertainity in speed(kg m/sec) +delta_p=m*deltav; //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/sec) +deltax=h/(4*%pi*delta_p); //uncertainity in position of electron(m) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in position of electron is %0.4f *10^-8 m",deltax*10^8) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22fc2e915 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=10^-6; //mass of electron(kg) +deltav=5.5*10^-20; //speed(m/sec) + +//Calculations +delta_p=m*deltav; //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/sec) +deltax=h/(4*%pi*delta_p); //uncertainity in position of dust particle(m) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in position of dust particle is %0.2f *10^-10 m",deltax*10^10) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd8fefb48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta_t=10^-12; //life time(s) +hby2pi=1.054*10^-34; +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +deltaE=hby2pi/(2*e*delta_t); //uncertainity in energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n uncertainity in energy is %0.1f *10^-4 eV",deltaE*10^4) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19c4ef13e --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta_t=10^-8; //life time(s) + +//Calculations +deltav=1/(4*%pi*delta_t); //minimum uncertainity in frequency(s-1) + +//Result +printf("\n minimum uncertainity in frequency is %0.0f *10^6 s-1",deltav/10^6) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e09f9c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.67*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg) +vc=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) + +//Calculations +v=vc/20; //velocity of proton(m/sec) +lamda=h/(m*v); //de-broglie wavelength of proton(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de-broglie wavelength of proton is %0.2f *10^-14 m",lamda*10^14) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b43771fd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +delta_t=2.5*10^-14*10^-6; //life time(s) + +//Calculations +deltaE=h*10^-3/(4*%pi*delta_t*e); //minimum energy(keV) + +//Result +printf("\n minimum energy is %0.5f keV",deltaE) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1712c8f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=10^-10; //width(m) +m=9.11*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) + + +//Calculations +E1=h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //least energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n least energy is %0.3f eV",E1) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a3bb0833 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=2.5*10^-10; //width(m) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +n1=1; +n2=2; +n3=3; + +//Calculations +E=h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //energy(eV) +E1=n1^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //1st least energy(eV) +E2=n2^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //2nd least energy(eV) +E3=n3^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //3rd least energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n 1st least energy is %0.0f eV",E1) +printf("\n 2nd least energy is %0.0f eV",E2) +printf("\n 3rd least energy is %0.0f eV",E3) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..264059112 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=10^-9; //width(m) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +n1=1; +n2=2; +n3=3; + +//Calculations +lamda1=2*L*10^10/n1; //wavelength in 1st energy state(angstrom) +lamda2=2*L*10^10/n2; //wavelength in 2nd energy state(angstrom) +lamda3=2*L*10^10/n3; //wavelength in 3rd energy state(angstrom) +E=h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //energy(eV) +E1=n1^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //1st least energy(eV) +E2=n2^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //2nd least energy(eV) +E3=n3^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //3rd least energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength in 1st energy state is %0.0f angstrom",lamda1) +printf("\n wavelength in 2nd energy state is %0.0f angstrom",lamda2) +printf("\n wavelength in 3rd energy state is %0.2f angstrom",lamda3) +printf("\n 1st least energy is %0.2f eV",E1) +printf("\n 2nd least energy is %0.4f eV",E2) +printf("\n 3rd least energy is %0.3f eV",E3) +printf("\n answers for 2nd and 3rd least energies varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a92b65fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.60*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=10^-10; //width(m) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +n1=1; +n2=2; + +//Calculations +E=h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //energy(eV) +E1=n1^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //1st least energy(eV) +E2=n2^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //2nd least energy(eV) +Ed=E2-E1 +//Result +printf("\n 1st least energy is %0.2f eV",E1) +printf("\n 2nd least energy is %0.0f eV",E2) +printf("\n energy difference between ground state and 1st excited state is %0.2f eV",Ed) +printf("\n answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..212463811 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=10^-1; //width(m) +m=10^-2; //mass of electron(kg) +n1=1; +n2=2; +n3=3; + +//Calculations +E=h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //energy(eV) +E1=n1^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //1st least energy(eV) +E2=n2^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //2nd least energy(eV) +E3=n3^2*h^2/(8*m*e*L^2); //3rd least energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n 1st least energy is %0.1f *10^-45 eV",E1*10^45) +printf("\n 2nd least energy is %0.1f *10^-45 eV",E2*10^45) +printf("\n 3rd least energy is %0.1f *10^-45 eV",E3*10^45) +printf("\n energy levels are so close to each other that the energy states cannot be observed") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a2bc2d4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +L=0.2*10^-9; //width(m) +n5=5; +En=10^3; //energy(eV) +E5=230; //energy of particle(eV) + +//Calculations2 +E5=230*e; //energy(J) +E1=E5/n5^2; //energy in 1st state(J) +m=h^2/(8*E1*L^2); //mass of particle(kg) +n=sqrt(En*e/E1); //quantum state + +//Result +printf("\n mass of particle is %0.1f *10^-31 kg",m*10^31) +printf("\n quantum state is %0.1f ",n) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9c43b70f --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +L=25*10^-10; //width(m) +deltax=5*10^-10; //interval(m) + +//Calculations2 +P=2*deltax/L; //probability of finding the particle + +//Result +printf("\n probability of finding the particle is %0.3f ",P) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f272ba9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.60*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.674*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg) +lamda=10^-10; //de-broglie wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +E=h^2/(2*m*lamda^2); //energy of neutron(J) +E=E/e; //energy of neutron(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n energy of neutron is %0.2f *10^-2 eV",E*10^2) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7059e99c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +lamda=3*10^-12; //de-broglie wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +E=h^2/(2*m*lamda^2); //energy of electron(J) +E=E/e; //energy of electron(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n energy of electron is %0.1f eV",E) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a4a13b81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +lamda=5896*10^-10; //de-broglie wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +K=h^2/(2*m*lamda^2); //energy of electron(J) +K=K/e; //kinetic energy of electron(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n kinetic energy of electron is %0.2f *10^-6 eV",K*10^6) diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1521b6626 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +lamda=0.4*10^-10; //de-broglie wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +V=h^2/(2*m*e*lamda^2); //voltage(V) + +//Result +printf("\n voltage is %0.1f V",V) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3024a4d06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.63*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=1.67*10^-27; //mass of neutron(kg) +lamda=10^-10; //de-broglie wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) + +//Calculations +v=h/(m*lamda); //velocity of neutron(m/sec) +E=m*v^2/(2*e); //kinetic energy of neutron(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n velocity of neutron is %0.2f *10^3 m/sec",v/10^3) +printf("\n kinetic energy of neutron is %0.5f eV",E) +printf("\n answer for kinetic energy in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3755/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6abbfb7fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J-sec) +m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron(c) +E=1000; //energy of electron(eV) + +//Calculations +lamda_p=h*c*10^10/(E*e); //wavelength of photon(angstrom) +lamda_e=h*10^10/sqrt(2*m*E*e); //wavelength of electron(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of photon is %0.1f angstrom",lamda_p) +printf("\n wavelength of electron is %0.2f angstrom",lamda_e) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40c773e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +ni=2.5*10^19; //concentration(per m^3) +d=4.4*10^28; //density(per m^3) +n=4*10^8; //number of Ge atoms + +//Calculation +Na=d/n; //density of acceptor atoms +np=ni^2/Na; +npbyni=np/ni; //ratio of density of electrons + +//Result +printf("\n ratio of density of electrons is %0.3f ",npbyni) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..324a72a12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=9*10^-3; //resistivity(ohm m) +RH=3.6*10^-4; //hall coefficient(m^3/C) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron + +//Calculation +sigma=1/rho; +rho=1/RH; +n=rho/e; //density of charge carrier(per m^3) +mew=sigma*RH; //mobility(m^2/Vs) + +//Result +printf("\n density of charge carrier is %0.5f *10^22 per m^3",n/10^22) +printf("\n mobility is %0.3f m^2/Vs",mew) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd0051368 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron +z=0.3*10^-3; //thickness(m) +VH=1*10^-3; //hall voltage(V) +Ix=10*10^-3; //current(A) +Bz=0.3; //magnetic field(T) + +//Calculation +n=Ix*Bz/(VH*z*e); //charge carrier concentration(m^-3) + +//Result +printf("\n charge carrier concentration is %e m^-3",n) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046ebb3ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=0.00912; //resistivity(ohm m) +RH=3.55*10^-4; //hall coefficient(m^3/C) +B=0.48; //flux density(Wb/m^2) + +//Calculation +sigma=1/rho; +theta_H=atan(sigma*B*RH); //hall angle(radian) +theta_H=theta_H*180/%pi ; //hall angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n hall angle is %0.4f degrees",theta_H) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..453da9785 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +me=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg) +kb=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant +T=300; //temperature(K) +h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant +Eg=0.7; //band gap(eV) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(c) + +//Calculation +x=2*%pi*me*kb*T/(h^2); +n=2*(x^(3/2))*exp(-Eg*e/(2*kb*T)); //density of holes and electrons(per m^3) + +//Result +printf("\n density of holes and electrons is %0.3f *10^19 per m^3",n/10^19) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71caa7329 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +kb=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant +T=300; //temperature(K) +m=6; +Eg=0.7; //band gap(eV) + +//Calculation +x=3*kb*T*log(m)/4; +EF=(Eg/2)+x; //position of Fermi level(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n position of Fermi level is %0.3f eV",EF) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab90a493 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T1=300; //temperature(K) +T2=330; //temperature(K) +E=0.3; //band gap(eV) + +//Calculation +Ec_Ef=T2*E/T1; //position of Fermi level(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n position of Fermi level is %0.3f eV",Ec_Ef) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba5b1a176 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=2.05*10^22; //charge carrier density +e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron + +//Calculation +RH=1/(n*e); //hall coefficient(m^3/C) + +//Result +printf("\n hall coefficient is %0.3f *10^-4 m^3/C",RH*10^4) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a53aa160 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=5*10^28; //charge carrier density +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron + +//Calculation +RH=-1/(n*e); //hall coefficient(m^3/C) + +//Result +printf("\n hall coefficient is %0.3f *10^-9 m^3/C",RH*10^9) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..926bc10a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=4.28*10^-10; //side(m) +e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron + +//Calculation +n=2/(a^3); +RH=-1/(n*e); //hall coefficient(m^3/C) + +//Result +printf("\n hall coefficient is %0.3f *10^-9 m^3/C",RH*10^9) diff --git a/3755/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3755/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d159cf18b --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=9*10^-3; //resistivity(ohm m) +mew=0.03; //mobility(m^2/Vs) + +//Calculation +sigma=1/rho; +RH=mew/sigma; //hall coefficient(m^3/C) + +//Result +printf("\n hall coefficient is %0.3f *10^-4 m^3/C",RH*10^4) diff --git a/3755/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3755/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7190219d --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +I0=0.3; //current(micro A) +V=0.15; //voltage(V) + +//Calculations +I=I0*(exp(40*V)-1); //value of current(micro A) + +//Result +printf("\n value of current is %0.2f micro A",I) diff --git a/3755/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3755/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14715a062 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +I=10*10^-3; //current(A) +V=0.75; //voltage(V) +T=300; //temperature(K) +eta=2; + +//Calculations +VT=T/11600; +I0=I*10^9/(exp(V/(eta*VT))-1); //reverse saturation current(nA) + +//Result +printf("\n reverse saturation current is %0.3f nA",I0) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3755/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa8087ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +J=10^5; //current density(amp/m^2) +T=300; //temperature(K) +eta=1; +J0=250*10^-3; //saturation current density(A/m^2) + +//Calculations +VT=T/11600; +x=(J/J0)+1; +V=log(x)*VT; //voltage applied(V) + +//Result +printf("\n voltage applied is %0.4f V",V) diff --git a/3755/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3755/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..493b866d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +I0=4*10^-6; //current(A) +T=273+25; //temperature(K) +V=0.15; //voltage(V) +eta=1; + +//Calculations +VT=T/11600; +IF=I0*(exp(V/VT)-1); //forward current(A) +IR=I0*(exp(-V/VT)-1); //reverse current(A) +r=-IF/IR; //rectification ratio + +//Result +printf("\n rectification ratio is %0.3f ",r) +printf("\n answer in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3755/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3755/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f22442c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3755/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=300; //temperature(K) +eta=1; +I0=1; +I=-0.9*I0; //saturation current density(A/m^2) + +//Calculations +VT=T/11600; +x=(I/I0)+1; +V=log(x)*VT; //voltage applied(V) + +//Result +printf("\n voltage applied is %0.2f Volt",V) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d67269714 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=0.5 //Distance from Screen in cm +d=0.5 //Distance between parallel slits in cm +lambdaa=5890 //Wavelength + +//Calculations +Beta=(D*lambdaa)/(d)/10**4 // in degrees + +//Result +printf("\n The Fringe width in Youngs Double Slit Experiment is Beta= %1.4f*10**-3 m", Beta) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..456e187e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=7.5*10**-4 //slit separation +Beta=0.094*10**-2 //Fringe width +D=1.2 //Distance from Screen + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(Beta*d*10**10)/D + +//Result +printf("\n The wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3299913fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=3.6125*10**-3 //slit separation +D=1 //Distance from Screen +lambdaa=5870*10**-10 //Wavelength + + +//Calculations +Beta=(D*lambdaa*10**4)/d + +//Result +printf("\n The Fringe width is %0.3f *10**-4 m",Beta) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb623d57d --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=0.3*10**-2 //slit separation +D=1 //Distance from Screen +Beta=0.0195*10**-2 //Wavelength + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(Beta*d*10**10)/D + +//Result +printf("\n The wavelength is %i *10**-10 m",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e1bf52ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n1=62 //fringes +lambdaa1=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength 1 +lambdaa2=5461*10**-10 //Wavelength 2 + + +//Calculations +n2=(n1*lambdaa1)/lambdaa2 + +//Result +printf("\n The number of fringes would be %i ",round(n2)) + diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81a9265d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5.46*10**-7 //Wavelength +t=6.3*10**-6 //thickness + +//Calculations +mu=((6*lambdaa)/t)+1 + +//Result +printf("\n The refractive index is %0.3f ",mu) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f37c98452 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +s=2.143*10**-3 +mu=1.542 //refractive index +lambdaa=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength +Beta=0.347*10**-3 + +//Calculations +t=(s*lambdaa*10**6)/(Beta*(mu-1)) + +//Result +printf("\n The refractive index is %0.2f mu m",t) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09bc5e695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu=1.4 //Refractive index +cosr=0.8631 +t=0.01*10**-3 //thickness +lambda1=4000*10**-10 //Wavelength 1 +lambda2=5000*10**-10 //Wavelength 2 + + +//Calculations +n1=(2*mu*t*cosr)/lambda1 +n2=(2*mu*t*cosr)/lambda2 +deln=(n1)-(n2) + + +//Result +printf("\n The number of dark bands seen betwween 4000 A and 5000A is %i ",deln) + diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9c466279 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu=1.33 //Refractive index +cosr=0.7989 +lambda1=6.1*10**-5 //Wavelength 1 +lambda2=6*10**-5 //Wavelength 2 + + +//Calculations +t=(lambda1*lambda2*10**-5)/(2*mu*cosr*(lambda1-lambda2)*10**-5) + +//Result +printf("\n The Thickness is %0.4f cm",t) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8572369c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=8 //number of fringes +lambdaa=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength +mu=1.5 //Refractive index +cosr=(2*sqrt(2))/3 +//Calculations +t=(n*lambdaa*10**6)/(2*mu*cosr) + +//Result +printf("\n The Thickness is %0.3f mu m",t) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c02b4f63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu=4/3 //refractive index +t=1.5 //thickness +cosr=0.7603 +lambdaa=5*10**-7 //Wavelength + + +//Calculations +n=(2*mu*t*cosr*10**-6)/lambdaa + +//Result +printf("\n The order of interference of dark band is %i ",n) + diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29ddb8295 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=2 //Distance from screen +lambdaa=5100 //Wavelength +Beta=0.02 //Fringe Width +x=10 //No. of fringes + + +//Calculations +d=(x*D*lambdaa)/Beta/10**6 + +//Result +printf("\n The Double slit separation 2d= %0.3f mu m",d) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac1652b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu=1.33 //refractive index +n1=0 +n2=1 +n3=2 +t=5*10**-7 //thickness + + +//Calculations +lambda1=(4*mu*t*10**10)/(2*n1+1) +lambda2=(4*mu*t*10**10)/(2*n2+1) +lambda3=(4*mu*t*10**10)/(2*n3+1) + +//Result +printf("\n For n=0 Lambda is %0.3f ",lambda1) +printf("\n For n=1 Lambda is %i ",lambda2) + +printf("\n For n=2 Lambda is %0.3f ",lambda3) +printf("\n Out of these only %0.3f lies in the visible range for n=2",lambda3) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..992581a50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +R=100 //radius +D25=0.8 //Diameter of the 25th ring +D5=0.3 //Diameter of the 5th ring +p=20 + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=((D25**2)-(D5**2))*10**8/(4*20*100) + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e295200a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=10 //no. of ring +D10=0.5 //Diameter of the 10th ring +lambdaa=5893*10**-8 //Wavelength + +//Calculations +R=(D10**2)/(4*10*5893*10**-8) +t=(D10**2)*10**4/(8*R) + +//Result +printf("\n The Thickness is %0.3f cm",t) +printf("\n The Radius is %0.1f cm",R) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3104e941 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=59 //no. of ring +lambdaa=6*10**-7 //Wavelength +R=0.9 //Radius + +//Calculations +D59=sqrt(4*R*n*lambdaa)*10**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The Diameter of the nth dark ring is %0.3f cm",D59) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1898d0f41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=20 //no. of ring +lambdaaR=0.0103 //Wavelength*R + +//Calculations +D20=sqrt(4*n*lambdaaR) + +//Result +printf("\n The Diameter of the 20th dark ring is %0.3f cm",D20) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0a8e090 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D3=10**-2 +lambdaa=5890*10**-10 + + +//Calculations +R=(D3*sqrt(3))*10**-2/(24*lambdaa) + +//Result +printf("\n The Radius is %0.2f m",R) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca2a953bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=8 //no. of ring +D8=0.72*10**-2 //Diameter of the 8th ring +R=3 //Radius + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(D8**2)*10**10/((2*(2*n-1))*R) + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e52450dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10**10 //Speed of Light in Vacuum +mu=1.44 //Refractive Index + +//Calculations +u=c*10**-10/mu + +//Result +printf("\n The Velocity in the liquid is %0.2f *10**10 m/s",u) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5b3792b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5400*10**-10 //Wavelength +n1=5 +n2=15 +R=100 //Radius of both rings + +//Calculations +r5=sqrt((R*n1*lambdaa)/2) +r15=sqrt((R*n2*lambdaa)/2) +d=(r15)-(r5) + + +//Result +printf("\n The Distance between 5th and 15th Dark ring is %0.3f m",d) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaa730f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=1 //Distance from screen +Beta=0.31*10**-3 //Fringe Width +d=1.9*10**-3 //Slit separation + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(Beta*d*10**6)/D + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength lamda=%0.4f *10**-6 m",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b5c1b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +l=0.0025 //Distance moved +t=0.005 //thickness of mica sheet + +//Calculations +mu=((l/t)+1) + +//Result +printf("\n The Refractive Index is %0.3f ",mu) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..102f536b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +l=0.02948*10**-3 //Distance moved +n=100 //number of fringes + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(2*l)*10**10/n + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..860de93f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa1=5896 //Wavelength1 +lambdaa2=5890 //Wavelength2 + + +//Calculations +l=(lambdaa1*lambdaa2)/(2*(lambdaa1-lambdaa2)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Distance by which the mirror moved is %i *10**-10 m",l) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fab49b8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=0.04 //Distance from screen +lambdaa=5890*10**-10 //Wavelength +d=2*10**-3 //Slit separation +n=10 //No. of fringes + + +//Calculations +x10=(n*D*lambdaa*10**-2)/d + +//Result +printf("\n The position of the 10th fringe is %0.3f *10**-4 m",x10) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5fa6f310 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=0.8 //Distance from screen +lambdaa=5890*10**-10 //Wavelength +Beta=9.424*10**-4 //Fringe Width + + +//Calculations +d=(D*lambdaa*10**-2)/Beta + +//Result +printf("\n The position of the 10th fringe is %e *10**-4 m",d) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ec6266b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=1.1 //Distance from screen +lambdaa=5900*10**-10 //Wavelength +d=0.00174 //Fringe separation + + +//Calculations +Beta=(D*lambdaa*10**-1)/d + +//Result +printf("\n The Fringe width observed at a distance of 1m from BP is %1.1f *10**-5 m",Beta) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311694357 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=2 //Distance from screen +lambdaa=5890*10**-10 //Wavelength +mu=1.5 //refractive index of glass +a=0.25 //distance from slit +Beta=0.2*10**-3 //Fringe width + + +//Calculations +alpha=(D*lambdaa*180*10**-6)/(2*a*(mu-1)*Beta*3.14) +A=(180-2*((alpha))) + + +//Result +printf("\n The Angle of prism at the vertex is is %i deg 17.8 min",A) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaf2d0de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D=1 //Distance from screen +mu=1.5 //refractive index of glass +a=0.5 //distance from slit +Beta=0.0135*10**-2 //Fringe width +alpha=0.0087 //angleof prism + + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(Beta*2*a*(mu-1)*alpha*10**10)/D + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %0.3f Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3756/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e0eb52f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=0.75 //slit separation +Beta=0.087*10**-3 //Fringe width + + +//Calculations +Beta2=Beta*10**3/d + +//Result +printf("\n The fringe width would become %0.3f mm",Beta2) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c27031e27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength +l=0.2945*10**-3 //Distance by which mirror is displaced + + +//Calculations +dellambdaa=(lambdaa**2)*10**10/(2*l) + +//Result +printf("\n The Difference between two wavelengths is %0.1f Angstrom",dellambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..963f841ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-8 //Wavelength +invde=(2620/2.54) //Diffraction element inverse + +//Calculations +n=(1/(lambdaa*invde)) +//Result +printf("\n The orders visible would be %i ",n) + diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90ef631a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa1=4000*10**-8 //Wavelength1 +lambdaa2=7000*10**-8 //Wavelength2 +invde=4000 //Diffraction element inverse + +//Calculations +n1=(1/(lambdaa1*invde)) +n2=(1/(lambdaa2*invde)) +//Result +printf("\n The orders visible will be from %i to %i order Spectrum",n2,n1) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bb8b3cc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-8 //Wavelength +theta=30 //Angular Width + + +//Calculations +thetarad=((%pi/180)*(theta)) +invde=((2*lambdaa)/(sin(thetarad)))**-1 + +//Result +printf("\n The number of line cm in grating is %0.3f ",invde) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a656e70d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=6000*10**-8 //Wavelength +sinetheta=(3/4) //Angular Width +n=4 + +//Calculations +gratingele=((n*lambdaa)/sinetheta) +//Result +printf("\n The grating element is %0.5f cm",gratingele) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e915432a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=6000*10**-8 //Wavelength +n=3 +invde=200 //inverse of diffraction element + +//Calculations +sinetheta=(n*lambdaa*invde) +thetarad=asin(sinetheta) +theta=(180/%pi)*(thetarad) +//Result +printf("\n The Angle of Diffraction is %0.5f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8796e3db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-10 //Wavelength +theta=30 //Angular Width +dtheta=0.01 + +//Calculations +thetarad=((%pi/180)*(theta)) +dlambda=((lambdaa*cos(thetarad))/(sin(thetarad)))*10**8 + +//Result +printf("\n The difference between the two wavelengths is %2.1f Angstrom",dlambda) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b40500fa9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-8 //Wavelength +N=40000 //Grating lines +de=12.5*10**-5 //Diffraction element + +//Calculations +RPmax=((de*N)/lambdaa) + +//Result +printf("\n The Maximum resolving power is %i or 10**5",RPmax) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec33f00ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5890 //Wavelength +dlambdaa=6 //Difference in wavelengths +n=2 //order + +//Calculations +N=((lambdaa)/(n*dlambdaa)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Minimum number of lines in the grating are %3.0f ",N) + diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e487b9020 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta=6*10**-3 //Angular Width +D=1 //Distance of Screen + +//Calculations +Totalangularwidth=2*theta +tlw=Totalangularwidth*D*10**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The Total Linear Width of central maxima is %0.3f cm",tlw) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cb7255be --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=0.14 //width of the slit +y=1.6 //Distance of center of dark band from middle of central bright band +n=2 //no. of dark band +D=2 //Distance from the slit + +//Calculations +lambdaa=((e*y)/(D*n))*10**5 + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8d57c616 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-8 //Wavelength +theta=30 //Angular Width + +//Calculations +thetarad=(%pi/180)*(theta) +sinetheta=sin(thetarad) +e=(lambdaa)/(sinetheta) + +//Result +printf("\n The Width of the slit is %0.4f cm",e) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2a556d48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +y=5*10**-3 //First Minima +D=2 //Distance of screen +e=0.2*10**-3 //Slit width + +//Calculations +lambdaa=((e*y)/D)*10**10 + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %d Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3f6d29a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +y=0.005 //First Minima +D=1 //Distance of screen +e=0.5*10**-2 //Slit width + +//Calculations +yd=(y/D) +sinyd=(sin(yd)) +lambdaa1=((e*sinyd)/4)*10**9 +lambdaa2=((e*sinyd)/5)*10**9 + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelengths are %4.0f Angstrom & %4.0f Angstrom",lambdaa1,lambdaa2) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dbb133ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=2 //order of spectral line +theta=30 //Angular Width +invde=5000 //Inverse of diffraction element + +//Calculations +thetarad=(%pi/180)*(theta) +sinetheta=sin(thetarad) +lambdaa=((sinetheta)/(n*invde))*10**8 + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %i Angstrom",lambdaa) diff --git a/3756/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3756/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..337b3fd00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-8 //Wavelength +invde=6000 //Diffraction element inverse + +//Calculations +sinetheta1=lambdaa*invde +sinetheta3=lambdaa*invde*3 +theta1=(180/%pi)*(asin(sinetheta1)) +theta3=(180/%pi)*(asin(sinetheta3)) +deltheta=theta3-theta1 + +//Result +printf("\n The Angular Difference is %2.1f Degrees",deltheta) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cb8f5622 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5896 //Wavelength +N=60000 //Total Number of lines in 10 cm +n1=2 //order +n2=3 //order + +//Calculations +RP=n1*N +dlambda=((lambdaa)/(n2*N)) + +//Result +printf("\n (a)The resolving power in second order is %0.3f ",RP) +printf("\n (b) The smallest wavelength that can be resolved in the 3rd order in 5896 Angstrom wavelength region is %0.4f Angstrom",dlambda) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..625e1c81e --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta=6.5 //rotation of plane +l=2 //length +c=0.05 //concentration + +//Calculations +s=(theta/(l*c)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Specific rotation of sugar solution is %i degree/(dm/(gm/cc)",s) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18b0b3bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta=12 //rotation of plane +l=2 //length +s=60 //Specific rotation + +//Calculations +c=(theta/(l*s)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Concentration of sugar solution is %0.3f gm/cc",c) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34f704c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=12 //rotation of plane +l1=2 //length +theta2=24 //rotation of plane +l2=3 //length +c1=0.08 //Concentration + +//Calculations +s=((theta1)/(l1*c1)) +c2=((theta2)/(s*l2)) +Ms=10*10*10*c2 +Ms2=Ms*2 + +//Result +printf("\n The Mass of sugar dissolved in 2 liter of water for optical rotation 24 deg is %3.1f gm",Ms2) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d9e6153 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5086*10**-7 //Wavelength +s=29.73 //Specific rotation + +//Calculations +delmu=((s*lambdaa)/180)*10**5 + +//Result +printf("\n The Difference in RI is %1.1f *10**-5",delmu) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddb9cd224 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=13 //rotation of plane +l1=2 //length +l2=3 //Length +s=6.5 //Specific rotation + +//Calculations +theta=s*l2*(1/3) + +//Result +printf("\n The Concentration of sugar solution is %0.3f degree",theta) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4e3c7ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=35 //rotation of plane +s=100 //Specific rotation +c=0.1 //Concentration + +//Calculations +l=((theta1)/(s*c))*10 + +//Result +printf("\n The Length will be %i cm",l) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d631591b --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu=1.54 //refractive index of glass + +//Calculations +ip=(180/%pi)*(atan(1.54)) +r=90-ip + +//Result +printf("\n The Angle of polarization is %2.0f Degrees",r) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f87cd4e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +ip=60 //Angle of incidence + +//Calculations +mu=tan((%pi/180)*(ip)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Angle of polarization is %1.4f Degrees",mu) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..480d09cf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +muwater=0.8660 //Refractive index of water + +//Calculations +ip=(180/%pi)*(atan(muwater)) +r=90-ip + +//Result +printf("\n The Angle of Refraction is %2.2f Degrees",r) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f554d3183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=6000*10**-10 //Wavelength +muo=1.55 //Refractive index of ordinary rays +mue=1.54 //Refractive index of extra ordinary rays + +//Calculations +t=((lambdaa)/(2*(muo-mue)))*10**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The thickness of the crystal is %0.3f cm",t) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a68239e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength +muo=1.54 //Refractive index of ordinary rays +mue=1.53 //Refractive index of extra ordinary rays + +//Calculations +t=((lambdaa)/(4*(muo-mue)))*10**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The thickness of the crystal is %0.3f cm",t) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2392bf59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5893*10**-10 //Wavelength +muo=1.551 //Refractive index of ordinary rays +mue=1.54 //Refractive index of extra ordinary rays + +//Calculations +t=((lambdaa)/(2*(muo-mue)))*10**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The thickness of the crystal is %0.5f cm",t) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe0d0b010 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=4000*10**-10 //Wavelength +mul=1.55821 //Refractive index of left landed +mur=1.55810 //Refractive index of right landed +t=2*10**-3 //thickness + +//Calculations +orot=(180/%pi)*((2*3.14*(t*(mul-mur)))/lambdaa) + +//Result +printf("\n The Amount of optical rotation produced is %3.0f degrees",orot) diff --git a/3756/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3756/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f897e0837 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5000*10**-10 //Wavelength +muo=1.5418 //Refractive index of ordinary rays +mue=1.5508 //Refractive index of extra ordinary rays +t=0.032*10**-3 //thickness + +//Calculations +orot=((2*(t*(mue-muo)))/lambdaa) + +//Result +printf("\n The Amount of optical rotation produced is %i radians",orot) diff --git a/3756/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3756/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88beff375 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=9.9 //rotation of plane +l=2 //Length +c=0.08 //Concentration +s2=66 //specific rotation + +//Calculations +s1=((theta1)/(l*c)) +pis=((s2-s1)/s2)*100 +pps=100-pis + + +//Result +printf("\n percentage of purity of sample %0.3f percentage",pps) diff --git a/3756/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3756/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54e9568f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +muclad=1.48 //Refractive index of claddings +mucore=1.5 //Refractive index of core + +//Calculations +thetac=(180/%pi)*(asin(muclad/mucore)) +fri=(mucore-muclad)/mucore +aa=(sqrt((mucore**2)-(muclad**2))) +NA=sin(aa) +//Result +printf("\n (a) The critical angle is :%2.2f degrees",thetac) +printf("\n (b) The Fractional refractive index is :%1.3f ",fri) + +printf("\n (c) The Acceptance angle is :%1.3f Radians",aa) +printf("\n (d) The Numerical Apperture is :%1.3f ",NA) + diff --git a/3756/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3756/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16ee16778 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=25*10**-6 //core radius +lambdaa=0.85*10**-6 //Wavelength +NA=0.22 //Numerical Aperture + +//Calculations +V=((2*3.14*a*0.22)/lambdaa) +N=((V**2)/4) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The V number is %2.2f ",V) + +printf("\n (b) The number of modes are %3.2f ",N) + diff --git a/3756/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3756/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cd6c39c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10**8 +delf=3000 //Bandwidth + +//Calculations +lc=(c/delf) + +//Result +printf("\n The coherence length of the laser beam is %0.3f m or 10**5 m",lc) diff --git a/3756/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3756/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..172a701eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5*10**-5 //Wavelength +theta=32 //Angle subtended by the sun at the slit + +//Calculations +l=((lambdaa*60*180)/(theta*3.14)) + +//Result +printf("\n The transverse coherence length is %1.3f cm",l) diff --git a/3756/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3756/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b1cba1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lambdaa=5400*10**-10 //Wavelength +tc=10**-10 //coherence time +c=3*10**-8 + +//Calculations +dom=((lambdaa)/(tc*c))*10**-10 + +//Result +printf("\n The Degree of Monochromaticity is %2.0f *10**-6",dom) diff --git a/3756/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3756/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d47c323e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +W=(3.14/3) //Angular frequency in radian + + + +//Calculations +t=((3.14)/(3*W)) + +//Result +printf("\n The time taken to move from one end of its path to 0.025m from mean position is %i sec",t) diff --git a/3756/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3756/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a86913613 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +T=31.4 //Time Period +A=0.06 //Amplitude + + +//Calculations +W=((2*3.14)/T) +Vmax=W*A + +//Result +printf("\n The Maximum Velocity is %0.3f m/sec",Vmax) diff --git a/3756/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3756/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ff0a6212 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +m=8 //mass +g=9.8 //acceleration due to gravity +x=0.32 //Stretched spring deviation +m2=0.5 //mass of the other body + + +//Calculations +k=((m*g)/x) +T=((2*3.14)*sqrt(m2/k)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Time Period of Oscillation for the other body is %0.2f sec",T) diff --git a/3756/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3756/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efc1bb918 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +Q=2000 //Quality Factor +f=240 //Frequency + + +//Calculations +Tau=((Q)/(2*3.14*f)) +t=4*Tau + +//Result +printf("\n The Time in which the amplitude decreases is %1.1f sec",t) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682461a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +A=50/1.4 //Amplitude which is A=(50f/1.4*W**2) +Amax=50 //Max Amplitude which is Amax=(50f/W**2) + + +//Calculations +Rat=A/Amax + +//Result +printf("\n The Value of A/Amax is %0.2f ",Rat) + diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c25c9c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E0=8.86*10**-12 +mu0=4*3.14*10**-7 +H=1 + +//Calculations +E=H*(sqrt(mu0/E0)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Magnitude of E for a plane wave in free space is %3.1f ",E) + diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0152d4498 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mu0=4*3.14*10**-7 +mur=1 +Er=2 +E0=8.86*10**-12 +E01=5 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculations +Z=sqrt((mu0*mur)/(E0*Er)) +H0=(E01/Z)*10 +v=((c)/sqrt(mur*Er))*10**-8 + +//Result +printf("\n The Impedence of the Medium is %3.1f ",Z) + +printf("\n The Peak Magnetic Field Intensity is %1.3f A/m",H0) +printf("\n The Velocity of the wave is %1.2f *10**8 m/s",v) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e734fe8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +c=3*10**8 +f=3*10**11 +E0=50 + +//Calculations +lambdaa=(c/f) +B0=(E0/c)*10**7 + +//Result +printf("\n The Wavelength is %0.3f m or 10**-3 m",lambdaa) +printf("\n The Amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field is %1.2f *10**-7 T",B0) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00477719f --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +R=1.5*10**11 //Average distance between sun & Earth +P=3.8*10**26 //Power Radiated by sun + + +//Calculations +S=((P*60)/(4*3.14*(R**2)*4.2*100))*10**-2 + +//Result +printf("\n The Average solar energy incident on earth is %1.2f cal/cm**2/min",S) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d82ff7ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +S=2 //solar energy +EH=1400 +Z=376.6 + +//Calculations +E=sqrt(EH*Z) +H=sqrt(EH/Z) +E0=E*sqrt(2) +H0=H*sqrt(2) + +//Result +printf("\n The Amplitude of Electric field is %i V/m",E0) +printf("\n The Amplitude of Magnetic field per turn is %1.2f A-turn/m",H0) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da1168eea --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +EH=(1000/(16*3.14)) +Z=376.6 + +//Calculations +E=sqrt(EH*Z) +H=sqrt(EH/Z) + +//Result +printf("\n The Intensity of Electric field is %2.2f V/m",E) +printf("\n The Intensity of Magnetic Field is %0.3f A-turn/m",H) diff --git a/3756/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3756/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42d4b7e9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +C=70*10**-12 //Cable Capacitance +L=0.39*10**-6 //Cable Inductance + +//Calculations +Z0=(sqrt(L/C)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Characteristic Impedence is %2.2f Ohm",Z0) diff --git a/3756/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3756/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25244800a --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +VF=0.62 //Velocity Factor of coaxial Cable + +//Calculations +Er=(1/(VF**2)) + +//Result +printf("\n The Dielectric Constant of the insulation used is %1.1f ",Er) + diff --git a/3756/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3756/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92778c31e --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=1.000074 +E=100 +E0=8.854*10**-12 +n=0.268*10**26 + +//Calculations +p=(k-1)*E0*E +P=(p/n)*10**38 + +//Result +printf("\n The Dipole Moment induced in each Helium atom is %1.3f *10**-38 Coul-m",P) diff --git a/3756/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3756/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db082fb38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=1.000074 +//Calculations +X=(k-1) + +//Result +printf("\n The Electrical Susceptibility is %0.6f ",X) + diff --git a/3756/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3756/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac9d530e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E=1*10**-4 +D=5*10**-4 +V=0.5 +P=4*10**-4 + +//Calculations +Er=(D/E) +NDM=P*V + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The Value of Er is %i ",Er) + +printf("\n (b) The Net Dipole Moment is %0.4f coul-m or 2*10**-4 coul-m",NDM) diff --git a/3756/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3756/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb6f83c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +k=3 +E0=8.854*10**-12 +E=10**6 + +//Calculations +P=(E0*(k-1)*E)*10**6 +D=(E0*k*E)*10**6 +Ed=0.5*E0*k*(E**2) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The Polarization in the Dielectric is %2.2f *10**-6 coul/m**2",P) +printf("\n (b) The Displacement Current Density is %2.2f *10**-6 coul/m**2",D) +printf("\n (c) The Energy Density is %0.3f J/m**3",Ed) diff --git a/3756/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3756/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dd3d9c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +l=2*6371 //Diameter of earth +v=30 //velocity +c=3*10**5 //velocity of light + +//Calculations +dell=(l*v**2)/(2*c**2)/10**-5 + +//Result +printf("\n Change in length in diameter= %0.2f *10**-2 m",dell) diff --git a/3756/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3756/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9add0dade --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delt=10 //time duration at earth +delt1=1/365 + +//Calculations +v=sqrt(1-(delt1/delt)**2) + +//Result +printf("\n The minimum speed v= %0.3f c",v) diff --git a/3756/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3756/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9294a9dca --- /dev/null +++ b/3756/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +L0=20 //The distance of the star +v=0.95 //velocity + +//Calculations +t=L0/v +L=L0*sqrt(1-v**2) +L=(L) + +t1=(L*3*10**8)/(v*3*10**8) + +//Result +printf("\n (1) The time taken on earth (t) = %0.2f year",t) +printf("\n (2) The time taken on spaceship (t1) = %0.2f year",t1) diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198c78b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +w=4000; //weight of certain oil in kg +v=5; //volume of given oil in cubic metre +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +r=1000; //specific weight of water in kg/cubic metre +s=w/v; //calculating specific weight of oil in kg/cubic metre +printf('specific weight of oil is %f kg/cubic metre\n',s); +m=s/g //mass density of oil; +printf('mass density of oil is %f kg/cubic metre\n',m); +p=s/r // specific gravity of oil +printf('specific gravity of oil is %f',p); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b94128ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +d1=0.3;//diameter of inner cylinder in meter +d2=0.31; //diameter of outer cylinder in meter +t=0.98; //torque in newton-meter +w=2*3.14; //amgular veocity in radian/sec +h=0.3; //height of both cylinder in meter +v=((d1/2)*w); //calculating the tangential velocity in m/sec +y=(d2-d1)/2; //calculating thickness of plate in meter +s=t/((2*3.14*(d1/2)*h)*(d1/2)); //calculating shear resisitance in newton/m^2 +disp(s); +u=(s*y)/v; //calculating viscosity of liquid +printf('viscosity of liquid is %f newton-sec/m^2',u); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f2b6fdd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +p1=75; //intial pressure in kg/cm^2 +p2=140; //final pressure in kg/cm^2 +dp=(p2-p1); //calculating change in pressure +dv=-0.147; //percentage decrease in volume +v=100; //original volume in percentage +k=dp/(dv/v); //calulating bulk modulus of elasticity +printf('bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid is %f kg/cm^2',k); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4633a5aeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +v2=0.0112; //final volume in m^3 +v1=0.0113; //initial volume in m^3 +dv=v2-v1; // calculating change in volume +p1=6.87*10^6; //initial pressure in N/m^2 +p2=13.73*10^6; //final pressure in N/m^2 +dp=p2-p1; //calculating change in pressure +k=-dp/(dv/v1); //calculating bulk modulus of elasticity +printf('bulk modulus of elasticity is %f N/m^2',k); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b6cadc9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +dp=840 ;// pressure in kg/cm^2 +w=1025; // specific weight of water in kg/m^3 +k=24*10^3; // bulk modulus of elasticity in kg/cm^2 +v=dp/k; //v =dv/v calculating change in volume +s=1/w; // calculating specific volume of water at surface of ocean in m^3/kg +dv=v/w; // calculating change in specific volume between surface and depth in m^3/kg +v1=s-dv; // calculating specific volume at depth +w1=1/v1; // calculating specific weight of water at depth +printf('specific weight of water at depth is %f kg/m^3',w1); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7429ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +dp=0.0018*10^4; // difference in inside and outside surface of bubble in kg/mm^2 +T=0.0075*10^3; // surface tension of water in contact in kg/mm +Temp=20; //temperature of air in degree +r=(2*T)/dp // calculating radius of droplet of water +d=2*r; // calculating diameter of droplet of water +printf('diameter of droplet of water is %f mm',d); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba760736e --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +d=0.05*10^-1; // diameter of droplet of water in cm +Pout=1.03; // pressure outside the droplet in kg/cm^2 +T=0.0075*10^-2; // surface tension in kg/cm +r=d/2 // radius of droplet in cm +Pin=(2*T)/r; //calcuating pressure inside droplet in kg/cm^2 +P=Pin+Pout; // pressure intensity within the droplet of water +printf('pressure intensity within the droplet of water is %f kg/cm^2',P); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d87620729 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +d=2; //diameter of glass tube in mm +r=(d/2)*10^-1 // radius of glass tube in cm +T=0.0075*10^-2; // surface tension of water in kg/cm +T1=0.052*10^-2; // surface tension of mercury in kg/cm +// calculating capillary rise for water +w=1000*10^-6; // specific weight of water in kg/cm^3 +s=1; //specific gravity of water +theta=0; // angle of contact between liquid and tube +h=(2*T*cos(theta))/(s*w*r); // calculating height of capillary rise +printf('height of capillary rise in water is %f cm\n',h); +// calculating capillary rise for mercury +s=13.6; //specific gravity of mercury +theta=130; // angle of contact between mercury and tube +h=(2*T1*cos(theta*(3.14/180)))/(s*w*r); // calculating height of capillary rise +printf('height of capillary rise in mercury is %f cm/n ',h); +disp('negative sign indicates decrease in height of mercury'); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..376606640 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +h=0.25; //height of capillary rise in cm +t=0.0075*10^-2; //surface tension in kg/cm +s=1; //specific gravity of water +w=1000*10^-6; //soecific weight of water in kg/cm^3 +r=(2*t)/(s*w*h); //calculating radius of glass tube +d=2*r; //diameter of glass tube +printf('diameter of glass tube is %f cm',d); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4ba74c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +v=5; //volume of oil in cubic meter +w=40; //weight of oil in kilo newton +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity in meter per second square +h=9810; //specific weight of water in newton per cubic meter +s=(w*1000)/v; //specific weight of oil in newton per cubic meter +printf('specific weight of oil is %f N/m^3\n',s); +m=s/g; //mass density of oil in kilogram per cubic meter +printf('mass density of oil is %f Kg/m^3\n',m); +f=s/h; //specific gravity of oil +printf('specific gravity of oil is %f ',f); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9296d6ee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +s=0.85; //specific gravity of oil +d=1.5*10^-3; //diameter of glass tube in meter +r=d/2; //calculating radius of glass tube in meter +h=1.25*10^-2; //height of capillary in meter +p=15; //bubble pressure in kg/m^2 +w=1000; //specific weight of water in kg/m^3 +p1=p-(s*w*h); //effective pressure attributable to surface tensions +t=(p1*r)/2; //calculating unit surface energy or surface tension in kg/m +printf('unit surface energy is %f kg/m',t); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59bf2fb42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +d=3*10^-3; //diameter of glass tube in meter +r=d/2; //calculating radius of glass tube in meter +//capillary rise for water +theta=0; //angle of contact between liquid and galss tube in degree +t=0.0736; //surface tension of water in N/m +w=9810; //specific weight of water in N/m^3 +s=1; //specific gravity of water +h=(2*t*cos(theta*(3.14/180))*10^3)/(s*w*r); //calculating capillary rise +printf('capillary rise for water is %f milimeter\n',h); +//capillary rise for mercury +theta=130;//angle of contact between liquid and galss tube in degree +t=0.51; //surface tension of water in N/m +w=9810; //specific weight of water in N/m^3 +s=13.6; //specific gravity of mercury +h=(2*t*cos(theta*3.14/180)*10^3)/(s*w*r); //calculating capillary rise +printf('capillary rise for mercury is %f milimeter\n',h); +printf('negative sign indicate capillary depression'); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..169220e40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +f=0.2; // shear stress in kg/m^2 +v=0.61; // velocity in m/sec +y=0.0000254; // distance between two plate in m +u=(f*y)/v; //calculating dynamic viscosity +printf('Dymanic viscosity of fluid between plates is %f kg sec/m^2',u); + diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cb7c9779 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +t=0.216; // shear stress in N/m^2 +v=0.216; // velocity gradient in sec^-1 +m=959.42; // mass density of castor oil in kg/m^3 +u=t/v; //determining dynamic viscosity of castor oil in N sec/m^2 +k=u/m; // calculating kinematic viscosity +printf('kinematic viscosity of castor oil is %f m^2/sec',k); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bba6962c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +u=4.9*10^-4; //dynamic viscosity in kg sec/m^2 +k=3.49*10^-2; //kinematic viscosity in stokes +k=3.49*10^-6; //converting kinematic viscosity in stokes to m^2/sec +w=102; // mass density of water in kg/m^3 +m=u/k; //calculating mass density in kg/m^3 +s=m/w; // calculating specific gravity of liquid +printf(' specific gravity of liquid is %f',s); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bfd420ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +s=2; //specific gravity of liquid +m=102; // mass density of water in msl/m^3 +m1=1000; // mass density of water in kg/m^3 +w=2*m; // mass density of liquid in msl/m^3 +w1=2*m1; // mass density of liquid in kg/m^3 +k=5.58; // kinematic viscosity in stokes +k1=5.58*10^-4; //kinematic viscosity in m^2/sec +u=k1*w; // dynamic viscosity of liquid +printf('dynamic viscosity in matric gravitational unit is %f kg sec/m^2\n',u); +u=k1*w1; // dynamic viscosity of liquid +printf('dynamic viscosity in S.I unit is %f N sec/m^2',u') diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac514bcc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +l=25; //length of plate in centimeter +b=5; //bredth of plate in centimeter +a=(l*b)*10^-4; //calculating area of plate in m^2 +v=2; //velocity with which plate slides in meter/sec +theta=30; //angle of plate with surface in degree +y=0.002 //gap between plate and inclined surface +r=l*sin(theta*(3.14/180));//viscous resistance in kg +u=(r*y)/(v*a); //calculating viscosity of oil +printf('viscosity of oil is %f kg-sec/m^2',u); diff --git a/3758/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3758/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ff2ac4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3758/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +l=20; //length of edge of cubical block in centimeter +theta=20; //inclination of plane with horizontal in degree +w=20; //weight of cubical block in kg +y=0.025*10^-3; //thickness of film im meter +u=0.22*10^-3; //viscosity of oil in kg-sec/m^2 +f=w*sin(theta*(3.14/180)); //calculating force causing downward motion of block +a=(l^2)*10^-4; //calculating area of one face of cube +t=f/a; //calculating shear resistance +v=(t*y)/u; //calculating terminal velocity +printf('terminal velocity is %f meter/se',v); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e48d24398 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +clc; +f=50; // frequency in Hz +Et=13; // emf per turn in volts +E1=2310; // primary voltage in volts +E2= 220; // secondary voltage in volts +B=1.4; // maximum flux density in Tesla +// calculating the number of turns in primary and secondary side +N2= round(E2/Et); //secondary side turns +printf('Number of secondary turns is %f\n',N2); +N1=round(N2*(E1/E2));// primary side turns +printf('Number of primary turns is %f\n',N1); +disp('The value of primary turns does not satisfy with the'); +disp('value of secondary turns so taking value of N2=18(next nearest integer)'); +N2=18; // new value of secondary turns +N1=18*(E1/E2); +printf('Number of primary turns is %f\n',N1); +printf('Number of secondary turns is %f\n',N2); +// calculating net core area +A=(220/(18*sqrt(2)*%pi*B*50))*10^4; // where N2=18 +printf('Net area of core is %f cm^2',A); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ab041e7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + +clc; +E1=250;// voltage on low tension side +E2=2500; // voltage on high tension side +k=E2/E1; //turns ratio +Z=380+230*%i; // given load connected to high tension side +Zl=Z/k^2; // load referred to low tension side +zl=0.2+0.7*%i; // leakage impedance of transformer +zt=Zl+zl; // total series impedance +ztm=abs(zt); // magnitude of total series impedance +I1=E1/zt; +I1m=abs(I1); // magnitude of primary load current +I2=I1m/k; // secondary load current +vt=5*abs(Z); +printf('secondary terminal voltage is %f V\n',vt); +R=500; // shunt branch resistance +X=250; // shunt branch leakage reactance +Ic=E1/R; // core less component of current +Im=E1/(%i*X); // magnetizing component of current +Ie=Ic+Im;// total exciting current +It=I1+Ie;// total current on low tension side +Itm=abs(It); +printf('primary current is %f A\n',Itm); +pf=cos(atan(imag(It),real(It))); +printf('power factor is %f lagging\n',pf), +lpf=real(Z)/abs(Z); +op=vt*I2*lpf; +printf('output power is %f W\n',op); +pc=Ic^2*R; // core less power +poh=I1m^2*real(zl); // ohmic losses +pin=E1*Itm*pf; // input power +n=(op/pin)*100; // efficiency +printf('efficiency of transformer is %f percent',n); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f7c5a7b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +p=10000; // rated output of transformer +E1=2500; // primary side rated voltage +E2=250; // secondary side rated voltage +k=E2/E1; // turn's ratio +// initialising results of open circuit results on l.v side +Vo=250; //open circuit voltage +Io=1.4; // no load current +Po=105; // open circuit voltage +// initialising the results of short circuit results on h.v side +Vsc=104; // short circuit voltage +Isc=8; // short circuit current +Psc=320; // power dissipated +theta=Po/(Vo*Io); // no load power factor +Ic=Io*theta; // core less component of current +Im=Io*sqrt(1-theta^2); // magnetising component of current +Ro=round(Vo/Ic); // shunt branch resistance +Xo=round(Vo/Im); // shunt branch impedance +Zsc=Vsc/Isc; // short circuit impedance +reh=Psc/Isc^2; // total transformer resistance +xeh=sqrt(Zsc^2-reh^2); // total transformer leakage impedance +// equivalent circuit referred to l.v side +rel=reh*k^2; +xml=xeh*k^2; +printf('shunt branch resistance and reactance is %f ohm and %f ohm\n',Ro,Xo); +printf('value of transformer resistance and leakage reactance referred to l.v side is %f ohm and %f ohm\n',rel,xml); +// equivalent circuit referred to h.v side +Rch=Ro/k^2; +Xmh=Xo/k^2; +printf('shunt branch resistance and reactance referred to h.v side is %f ohm and %f ohm\n',Rch,Xmh); +printf('value of transformer resistance and leakage reactance referred to h.v side is %f ohm and %f ohm\n',reh,xeh); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdfb35e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +P=200000; // rated power output of transformer +E1=11000; // primary side voltage +E2=400; // secondary side voltage +// initialising the results of the open circuit test performed on l v side +Vo=400; // open circuit voltage in V +Io=9; // no load current in A +Po=1500; // core loss in W +// initialising the results of short circuit test performed on h v side +Vsc=350; // voltage applied in short circuit test +Isc=P/(3*E1); // short circuit current +Psc=2100; // power dissipated in short circuit test +E2p=E2/sqrt(3); // per phase voltage +pop=Po/3; // per phase core loss +Ic=pop/E2p; // core loss current +Im=sqrt(Io^2-Ic^2); // magnetising component of current +R=E2p/Ic; // core loss resistance in ohm +X=E2p/Im; // magnetizing reactance +Rh=R*(E1/E2p)^2; // core loss resistance referred to h v side +Xh=floor(X*(E1/E2p)^2); // magnetizing component referred to h v side +printf('coreloss resistance and magnetizing reactance referred to h v side is %f ohm and %f ohm\n ',Rh,Xh); +Pscp=Psc/3; // ohmic loss per phase +Z=Vsc/Isc; // total impedance of transformer +Re=Pscp/Isc^2; // Total resistance of transformer refrred to high voltage side +Xe=sqrt(Z^2-Re^2); // total leakage impedance of transformer referred to h v side +printf('transformer resistance and leakage impedance referred to h v side are %f ohm and %f ohm\n',Re,Xe); +n=(1-(pop+Pscp/2^2)/(P/6+pop+Pscp/2^2))*100; // efficiency at half load +printf('efficiency at half load is %f percent',n); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29d40e4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +p=20000; // rated power of transformer +vbh=2500; // base voltage in volts for h. v. side +vbl=250; // base voltage in volts for l. v. side +ibh=p/vbh; // base current in Ampere for h. v. side +zbh=vbh/ibh; // base impedance in ohm +ze=2.6+4.3*%i; // equivalent leakage impedance referred to h. v. side in ohm +zepu=ze/zbh; // per unit value in ohm +disp('Per unit value of equivalent leakage impedance referred to h. v. side is'); +disp(zepu); +k=vbl/vbh; // turn's ratio +zel=ze*k^2; // equivalent leakage impedance referred to l. v. side in ohm +ibl=p/vbl; // base current in Ampere for l. v. side +zbl=vbl/ibl; // base impedance for l. v. side +zelpu=zel/zbl; // per unit value in ohm +disp('Per unit value of equivalent leakage impedance referred to l. v. side is'); +disp(zelpu); +zepum=abs(zepu); // magnitude of per unit impedance +vhl=zepum*vbh; // total leakage impedace drop on h. v. side +vbl=zepum*vbl; // total leakage impedace drop on l. v. side +printf('Total leakage impedance drop on h. v. side and l. v. side are %f V and %f V respectively\n',vhl,vbl); +Ieh=4.8; // exciting current in Ampere +Iepu=Ieh/ibh; // p u value of exciting current referred to h. v. side +printf('Per unit value of exciting current referred to h. v. side is %f p.u. \n',Iepu); +Iel=Ieh/k; // exciting current referred to l. v. side +Ielpu=Iel/ibl; // p u value of exciting current referred to l. v. side +printf('Per unit value of exciting current referred to l. v. side is %f p.u. \n',Ielpu); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c524c7a30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +P=10000; // rated power of transformer +vbh=2000; // base voltage for h v side in volts +ibh=P/vbh; // base current for h v side in Ampere +vbl=200; // base voltage for l v side in volts +ibl=P/vbl; // base current for l v side in Ampere +k=vbl/vbh; // turns ratio +r1=3.6; // resistance of h v side of transformer in ohm +x1=5.2; //leakage reactace h v side of transformer in ohm +z=vbh/ibh; // base impedance for h v side' +r1pu=r1/z; // p u value for resistance of h v side of transformer in ohm +x1pu=x1/z; // p u value for leakage reactance of h v side of transformer in ohm +r2=0.04; //resistance of l v side of transformer in ohm +x2=0.056; //leakage reactace l v side of transformer in ohm +// total resistance referred to h v side +re=r1+r2/k^2; +repu=re/z; +// total leakage impedance referred to h v side +xe=x1+x2/k^2; +xepu=xe/z; +printf('total per unit resistance and per unit leakage impedance referred to h v side are %f and %f\n',repu,xepu); +Z=vbl/ibl; // base impedance for l v side +Re=r2+r1*k^2; // total resistance referred to l v side +Repu=Re/Z; +Xe=x2+x1*k^2; //total leakage impedance referred to l v side +Xepu=Xe/Z; +printf('total per unit resistance and per unit leakage impedance referred to l v side are %f and %f ',Repu,Xepu); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7e463735 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +P=200000; //rated power of transformer +E1=4000; // primary side rated voltage +E2=1000; // secondary side rated voltage +n=0.97; // efficiency +pfn=0.25; // power factor at no load +pff=0.8; // power factor at full load +vr=5; // percentage voltage regulation +Pl=((1/n)-1)*200000; // total losses at full load +Pf=Pl*0.6; // total losses at 60% of full load +Po=(Pl-Pf)/(1-0.36); // ohmic losses +Pc=Pl-Po; // core losses +re2=(Po/P)*100; // P U total resistance referred to l. v. side +xe2=(vr-re2*pff)/sqrt(1-pff^2); // P U total leakage reactance referred to l. v. side +re2=(re2*E2^2)/(100*P); // total resistance in ohms +disp('Total resistance referred to l. v. side is '); +printf('%f ohm',re2); +xe2=(xe2*E2^2)/(100*P); // total leakage reactance in ohms +disp('Total leakage reactance referred to l. v. side is '); +printf('%f ohm',xe2); +Rc=E2^2/Pc; +disp('Coreloss resistance is'); +printf('%f ohm',Rc); +Ie2=Pc/(E2*pfn); // exciting current in Ampere +Ic=Pc/E2; // core loss current +Im=sqrt(Ie2^2-Ic^2); // magnetizing component of exciting current +Xm=E2/Im; // magnetizing reactance +disp('Magnetizing reactance is '); +printf('%f ohm',Xm); +disp('All parameters are known. So, equivalent circuit diagram referred to l. v. side can be drawn.'); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dcbbda5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +P=20000; // rated power of transformer +E1=2500; // primary side voltage +E2=500; // secondary side voltage +r1=8; // primary resistance in ohm +x1=17; // primary leakage reactance in ohm +r2=0.3; // secondary resistance in ohm +x2=0.7; // secondary leakage reactane in ohm +k=E2/E1; // turns ratio +re2=r2+r1*k^2; // equivalent resistance referred to secondary winding +xe2=x2+x1*k^2; // equivalent leakage reactance referred to secondary winding +Il=P/E2; // full load secondary current +disp('case a'); +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +vd=Il*(re2*pf+xe2*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // Voltage drop in impedance in volts +vt=E2-vd; // secondary terminal voltage +printf('secondary terminal voltage for a lagging power factor is %f v\n',vt); +vr=((E2-vt)/E2)*100; // voltage regulation +printf('voltage regulation for a lagging power factor is %f percent\n',vr); +disp('case b'); +pf=0.8; // leading power factor +vd=Il*(re2*pf-xe2*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // Voltage drop in impedance in volts +vt=E2-vd; // secondary terminal voltage +printf('secondary terminal voltage for a leading power factor is %f v\n',vt); +vr=((E2-vt)/E2)*100; // voltage regulation +printf('voltage regulation for a leading power factor is %f percent\n',vr); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..596f00942 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +rpu=0.02; // P U equivalent resistance +xpu=0.05; // P U equivalent leakage reactance +E2=440; // Secondary full load voltage +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +vr=rpu*pf+xpu*sqrt(1-pf^2); // P U voltage regulation +printf('Full load p.u. voltage regulation is %f or %f percent\n',vr,vr*100); +dv=E2*vr; // change in terminal voltage +V2=E2-dv; // secondary terminal voltage +printf('Secondary terminal voltage is %f V',V2); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dce16da4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +f=50; // frequency in hertz +B=1.2; // maximum flux density in Tesla +A=75*10^-4; // net core area in m^2 +E1=220; // primary side voltage in volts +E2=600; // secondary side voltage in volts +E3=11; // tertiary side voltage in volts +n3=round(E3/2); // number of turns in half of the tertiary winding +Et=round(sqrt(2)*%pi*50*B*A); // calculating emf per turn +N3=Et*n3; // total number of turns in tertiary winding +printf('total number of turns in tertiary winding is %f\n',N3); +N2=round(E2*(n3/E3)); // total number of turns in secondary winding +printf('total number of turns in secondary winding is %f\n',N2); +N1=round(E1*(n3/E3)); // total number of turns in secondary winding +printf('total number of turns in primary winding is %f',N1); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb94ee7f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +P=10000; // rated power of transformer in VA +E1=2000; // full load primary voltage +E2=400; // full load secondary voltage +k=E2/E1; // turns ratio +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +// initialising results of short circuit test +v=60; // voltage applied for short circuit test +i=4; // short circuit current +p=100; // power dissipated in short circuit; +reh=p/i^2; // total resistance referred to h v side +zeh=v/i; // total impedance referred to h v side +xeh=sqrt(zeh^2-reh^2); // total leakage reactance referred to h v side +rel=reh*k^2; // resistance referred to l v side +xel=xeh*k^2; // reactance referred to l v side +i2l=P/E2; // full load secondary current +vr=i2l*(rel*pf+xel*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // voltage regulation +v2=E2+vr; // total voltage of secondary when transformer is operating on full load +v1=v2/k; // voltage applied to primary to deliver full load +printf('voltage applied to primary to deliver full load is %f v',v1); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5ceb225 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +zf=30+120*%i; // feeder impedance +E1=33000; // primary side voltage +E2=3300; // secondary side voltage +k=E2/E1; // turns ratio +P=100000; // load power +pf=0.8;// leading power factor of load +zl=0.3+1.4*%i; // leakage impedance referred to l v side +zfl=zf*k^2; // feeder impedance referred to l v side +vt=3300; // terminal voltage +il=P/(vt*pf); // load current +R=real(zfl)+real(zl); // total resistance referred to l v side +X=imag(zfl)+imag(zl); // total impedance referred to l v side +vfl=vt+il*(R*pf-X*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // voltage at the sending end of feeder referred to l v side +vf=vfl/k; // voltage at the sending end of feeder +printf('Voltage at the sending end of feeder is %f v\n',vf); +v2=vt+il*(real(zl)*pf-imag(zl)*sqrt(1-pf^2)); //voltage induced in secondary windings +v1=round(v2/k); +printf('voltage at the primary terminals of transformer is %f v\n',v1); +ap=il^2*R; +printf('active power loss is %f W\n',ap); +ar=il^2*X; +printf('reactive power loss is %f W\n',ar); +cp=P-P*%i*tan(acosd(pf)*(%pi/180)); // complex power at load end in VA +cps=cp+((ap+ar*%i) ); // complex power at feeder end in VA +pfs=cos(atan(imag(cps),real(cps))); +printf('power factor at the sending end is %f leading',pfs); + + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58977276d --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +P=10000; // rated power of transformer +E1=2000; // primary side voltage +E2=200; // secondary side voltage +f=50; // frequency in hertz +po=125; // no load power +pfo=0.15; // no load power factor +zbh=E1^2/P; // base impedance on h v side +k=E2/E1; // turns ratio +zl=0.5+1*%i; // percent leakage impedance +zlh=zl*(zbh*k^2); // percent leakage impedance referred to h v side +Rc=E1^2/po; // coreloss resistance +Io=po/(E1*pfo); // No load current +Xm=E1/(Io*sqrt(1-pfo^2)); // magnetizing reactance +p=10000; // load power +pf=0.8; // power factor of load +il=p/(E2*pf); // secondary load current +ilp=il*k; // primary load current +vp=E1+ilp*(real(zlh)*pf+imag(zlh)*sqrt(1-pf^2)); +ap=ilp^2*real(zlh); // active power loss in series resistance +ar=ilp^2*imag(zlh); // reactive power loss in series reactance +Ap=vp^2/Rc; // active power loss in coreloss resistance +Ar=vp^2/Xm; // reactive power loss in magnetizing reactance +cpl=p*(1+%i*tan(acos(0.8))); // complex power at load end in VA +cpi=(real(cpl)+ap+Ap)+%i*(imag(cpl)+ar+Ar); // complex power input to transformer VA +printf('real power input to transformer is %f W\n',real(cpi)); +ipf=cos(atan(imag(cpi),real(cpi))); +printf('input power factor is %f lagging',ipf); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ada287e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +pc1=52; // core loss at f=40 +f1=40; // frequency in hertz +pc2=90; // core loss at f=60 +f2=60; // frequency in hertz +f=[f1 f1^2;f2 f2^2]; +pc=[pc1;pc2]; +k=inv(f)*pc; +// proportionality constants for hysteresis and eddy current losses are +kh=k(1);disp(kh) // proportionality constants for hysteresis losses +ke=k(2);disp(ke) // proportionality constants for eddy current losses +// determining both losses at 50 hertz +f=50; +ph=kh*f; +printf('hysteresis losses at 50 hertz is %f W\n',ph); +pe=ke*f^2; +printf('eddy current losses at 50 hertz is %f W',pe); +// answer for eddy current losses is misprinted in book diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db00e075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +clc; +// subscripts 1 and 2 are used the quantities referred to 60 hz and 50 hz frequency respectively +v1=220; // rated voltage at 60 hz +f1=60; // operating frequency +ph1=340; // hysteresis loss at 60 hz +pe1=120; // eddy current loss at 60 hz +v2=230; // rated voltage at 50 hz +f2=50; // operating frequency +s=1.6; // Steinmetz's constant +B=(f1/f2)*(v2/v1); // ratio of flux densities Bm2/Bm1 +ph2=ceil(ph1*(50/60)*B^s); // hysteresis loss at 50 hz +pe2=pe1*(f2/f1)^2*(B)^2;// eddy current loss at 50 hz +pc=ph2+pe2; +printf('Total core loss at 50 hz is %f W',pc); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957f6cb13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +// subscripts 1 and 2 are used to refer 50 hz and 60 hz quantity respectively +// voltage and current is same for both the cases +s=1.6; // Steinmetz's coefficient +poh1=1.6; // percentage ohmic losses +ph1=0.9; // percentage hysteresis losses +pe1=0.6; // percentage eddy current losses +f1=50; // frequency in hertz +f2=60; // frequency in hertz +B=f1/f2 // since voltage level are same for both cases ratio of flux densities i.e Bm2/Bm1=f1/f2 +ph2=ph1*(f2/f1)*B^s; // percentage hysteresis losses +pe2=pe1*(f2/f1)^2*B^2; // percentage eddy current losses +poh2=poh1; // since the voltage and current levels are same therefore ohmic losses are same +// for the total losses to be remain same at both the frequencies only ohmic losses can be varied +p=poh1+ph1+pe1; // total losses at 50 hz +pc=ph2+pe2; // total core losses at 60 hz +pnoh=p-pc; // permissible value for new ohmic losses +x=sqrt(pnoh/poh1); // factor by which output at 50 hz should be multiplied to get the same output at 60 hz +printf('ohmic losses at 60 hz is %f percent\n',poh2); +printf('hysteresis losses at 60 hz is %f percent\n',ph2); +printf('eddy current losses at 60 hz is %f percent\n',pe2); +printf('factor by which output at 50 hz should be multiplied to get the same output at 60 hz is %f ',x); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9332db01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +// subscripts 1 and 2 are used to indicate transformer of 11kv at 25hz and 22kv at 50 hz respectively +// for same current power is doubled therefore P2=2P1 +poh1=1.8; // ohmic losses as a percentage of total power P1 +ph1=0.8; // hysteresis losses as a percentage of total power P1 +pe1=0.3; // eddy current losses as a percentage of total power P1 +poh2=poh1/2; // ohmic losses do not change with frequency but changes with voltage since p1=2p1 we get the result shown +// since frequency also gets doubled whwn voltage levels double therefore there is no change in flux density i.e is Bm1=Bm2 +f1=25; // frequency in hertz +f2=50; // frequency in hertz +ph2=(f2/f1)*ph1; // hysteresis losses are directly proportional to frequency +pe2=(f2/f1)^2*pe1; // eddy current losses are directly proportional to frequency +// we know p2=2p1 +ph2p=ph2/2; // hysteresis losses as a percentage of total power P2 +pe2p=pe2/2; // eddy current losses as a percentage of total power P2 +printf('ohmic losses as a percentage of total power at 50 hz is %f percent\n',poh2); +printf('hysteresis losses as a percentage of total power at 50 hz is %f percent\n',ph2p); +printf('eddy current losses as a percentage of total power at 50 hz is %f percent\n',pe2p); +// efficiency at f1,v1 +n1=(1-((poh1+ph1+pe1)/100)/(1+((poh1+ph1+pe1)/100)))*100; +printf('efficiency at 25 hz is %f percent\n',n1); +// efficiency at f2,v2 +n2=(1-((poh2+ph2p+pe2p)/100)/(1+((poh2+ph2p+pe2p)/100)))*100; +printf('efficiency at 50 hz is %f percent',n2); + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8202e42a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clc; +P=10000; // rated power of transformer in VA +E1=2500; // primary side voltage +E2=250; // secondary side voltage +pf=0.8; // power factor +//initialising the results of open circuit test +vo=250; // open circuit voltage +io=0.8; //no load current +po=50; // open circuit voltage +// initialising the results of open circuit test +vsc=60; // short circuit voltage +isc=3; // short circuit current +psc=45; // power dissipated in test +ifl=P/E1; // full load current on primary side +poh=psc*(ifl/isc)^2; // ohmic losses at full load current +disp('case a(1)'); +n=(1-(po+(poh/4^2))/(po+(poh/4^2)+(P*pf)/4))*100; // efficiency at 1/4 load +printf('efficiency at 1/4 load is %f percent\n',n); +disp('case a(2)'); +n=(1-(po+(poh/2^2))/(po+(poh/2^2)+(P*pf)/2))*100; // efficiency at 1/2 load +printf('efficiency at 1/2 load is %f percent\n',n); +disp('case a(3)'); +n=(1-(po+(poh/1^2))/(po+(poh/1^2)+(P*pf)/1))*100; // efficiency at full load +printf('efficiency at full load is %f percent\n',n); +disp('case a(4)'); +n=(1-(po+((poh*5^2)/4^2))/(po+((poh*5^2)/4^2)+(P*pf*5)/4))*100; // efficiency at 1*1/4 load +printf('efficiency at 5/4 load is %f percent\n',n); +// let maximum efficiency occurs at x times the rated KVA +// maximum efficiency occurs when core loss becomes equal to ohmic losses +x=sqrt(po/poh); +nm=(x*P)/1000; // VA output at maximum +nmax=(1-(2*po)/(nm*1000*pf+2*po))*100; +printf('KVA load at which maximum efficiency occurs is %f KVA\n',nm); +printf('Maximum efficiency is %f percent\n',nmax); +// from short circuit test +reh=psc/isc^2; // total resistance referred to h v side +zeh=vsc/isc; // total impedance referred to h v side +xeh=sqrt(zeh^2-reh^2); // total leakage reactance referred to h v side +er=(ifl*reh)/E1; //p u resistance +ex=(ifl*xeh)/E1; // p u reactance +vr=(er*pf+ex*sqrt(1-pf^2))*100; // p u voltage regulation +printf(' p u voltage regulation for lagging power factor is %f percent\n',vr); +dv=E2*(vr/100); // voltage drop in series impedance +v2=E2-dv; +printf('secondary terminal voltage for lagging power factor of 0.8 is %f v\n',v2); +// voltaage regulation for leading power factor +vr=(er*pf-ex*sqrt(1-pf^2))*100; // p u voltage regulation +printf(' p u voltage regulation for leading power factor is %f percent\n',vr); +dv=E2*(vr/100); // voltage drop in series impedance +v2=E2-dv; +printf('secondary terminal voltage for leading power factor of 0.8 is %f v\n',v2); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44da56614 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +p=20000; // rated capacity of transformer +n=0.98; // efficiency of transformer at full load and half load +c=[ 1 1; 1 1/4]; +o=[ ((1/n)-1)*p; ((1/n)-1)*(p/2)]; +l=inv(c)*o; +printf('Core losses are %f W\n',l(1)); +printf('Ohmic losses are %f W\n',l(2)); +re=l(2)/p; +printf('p.u. value of equivalent resistance is %f ',re); + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d33b98e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +f=50; // frequency in hertz +E1=2200; // supply voltage in volts +E2=220; // secondary side voltage in volts +P=361; // core loss in watts +Io=0.6; // exciting current in Ampere +Is=60; // secondary load current in Ampere +pf=0.8; // power factor +Ic=P/E1; // core loss component of current +printf('core loss component of exciting current is %f A\n',Ic); +Im=sqrt(Io^2-Ic^2); // magnetising component of current +printf('magnetising component of exciting current is %f A\n',Im); +ip=Is*(E2/E1); // primary current required to neutralise the secondary current +Iv=ip*pf+Ic; // total vertical compartment of primary current +Ih=ip*0.6+Im; // total horizontal compartment of primary current,pf cos(theta)=0.8 so sin(theta)=0.6 +Ip=sqrt(Iv^2+Ih^2); // toatl primary current +printf('Total primary current is %f A\n',Ip); +ppf=Iv/Ip; // primary power factor +printf('primary power factor is %f (lagging)',ppf); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dccd83b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +P=100000; // VA of transformer +nmax=0.98; // maximum efficiency of transformer +pf=0.8; // power factor at which maximum efficiency occurs +l=80; // percentage of full load at which maximum efficiency occurs +po=P*pf*(l/100); // output at maximum efficiency +pl=((1/nmax)-1)*po; // total losses +pc=pl/2; // core loss +poh=pc; // at maximum efficiency variable losses are equal to constant losses +pohl=poh*(100/l)^2; // ohmic losses at full load +z=0.05; // p u leakage impedance +r=pohl/P; // p u resistance +x=sqrt(z^2-r^2); // p u leakage reactance +vr=(r*pf+x*sqrt(1-pf^2))*100; // voltage regulation +printf('Voltage regulation at 0.8 p.f. lagging is %f percent ',vr); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b62b64521 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +vdr=2; // percentage full load voltage drop in resistance +vdx=4; // percentage full load voltage drop in leakage reactance +// full load ohmic losses are equal to 0.02*VA rating of transformer which is equal to iron losses +n=100/(1+(vdr/100)+(vdr/100)); +printf('Efficiency on full load at unity p.f is %f percent\n',n); +// maximum voltage drop means voltage regulation is also maximum +pf=vdr/sqrt(vdr^2+vdx^2); +printf('Full load power factor at which voltage regulation is maximum is %f lagging\n',pf); +pf=vdx/sqrt(vdr^2+vdx^2); +printf(' load power factor at which voltage regulation is zero is %f leading',pf); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d63fa1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +P=20000; // rated VA of transformer +E1=3300; // rated voltage of primary +E2=220; // rated voltage of secondary +v2=220; // voltage at which load is getting delivered +p=14960; // load power in Watts +pf=0.8; // power factor at on load +pc=160; // core loss +pfo=0.15; // power factor at no load +il=p/(v2*pf); // load current +is=P/E2; // rated current of secondary +vr=1 ; // percentage voltage drop of rated voltage in total resistance +vx=3 ; // percentage voltage drop of rated voltage in total leakage reactance +re2=(E2*vr)/(is*100); // total resistance referred to secondary +xe2=(E2*vx)/(is*100); // total leakage reactance referred to secondary +poh=il^2*re2; // ohmic losses +pi=poh+pc+p; // total input power +// E2 as a reference +i2=il*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); +E2n=v2+i2*(re2+%i*xe2); // secondary winding voltage +io=pc/(pfo*E2); // no load current +ic=pc/E2; // core loss current +im=sqrt(io^2-ic^2); // magnetizing current +I=i2+(ic-im*%i); // total input current, negative sign before im indicates that it lags behind E2 by 90 degree +pfi=cos(atan(imag(I),real(I))); // input power factor +printf('Total input power is %f W \n',pi); +printf('Input power factor is %f lagging',pfi); + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4be6cb6f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.33/Ex1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +P=500000; // VA rating of transformer +E2=400; // rated secondary voltage +nmax=0.98; // maximum efficiency of transformer +l=80; // percentage of full load at which maximum efficiency occurs +ze2=4.5; // percentage impedance +pt=((1/nmax)-1)*P*(l/100); // total losses +pc=pt/2; // core loss = ohmic loss at maximum efficiency +poh=pc; // ohmic loss +pohl=poh*(100/l)^2; // full load ohmic losses +re2=(pohl/P)*100; // percentage resistance +xe2=sqrt(ze2^2-re2^2); // percentage leakage reactance +pfl=re2/ze2; // load power factor +vr=re2*pfl+xe2*sqrt(1-pfl^2); // voltage regulation +dv=(E2*vr)/100; // change in terminal voltage +V2=E2-dv; // Secondary terminal voltage +printf('Load power factor at which secondary terminal voltage is minimum is %f\n',pfl); +printf('Secondary terminal voltage is %f v',V2); +// answer for total losses is given wrong in the book diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0961f106a --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.34/Ex1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +P=5000; // rated VA of transformer +pc=40; // core loss , it remains fixed for whole day +poh=100; // ohmic losses +// data for duration 7 A.M to 1 P.M +p1=3000; // power consumed +pf1=0.6 // power factor of load +pk1=p1/pf1; // VA load +poh1=poh*(pk1/P)^2; // ohmic losses for given duration +// data for duration 1 P.M to 6 P.M +p2=2000; // power consumed +pf2=0.8 // power factor of load +pk2=p2/pf2; // VA load +poh2=poh*(pk2/P)^2; // ohmic losses for given duration +// data for duration 6 P.M to 1 A.M +p3=6000; // power consumed +pf3=0.9 // power factor of load +pk3=p3/pf3; // VA load +poh3=poh*(pk3/P)^2; // ohmic losses for given duration +// data for duration 1 A.M to 7 A.m =no load +poht=poh1*6+poh2*5+poh3*7; // energy lost in ohmic losses +pct=(pc*24); // daily energy lost as core loss +ptl=poht+pct; // total energy lost +po=p1*6+p2*5+p3*7; // output +n=(1-(ptl/(ptl+po)))*100; +printf('All day efficiency is %f percent',n); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2f4cf451 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.35/Ex1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc; + +//V/f ratio is same for every case hence hysteresis losses and eddy current losses can be calculated separately +// data for column 1 +vt1=214; // terminal voltage +f1=50; // frequency in hz +p1=100; // power input in Watts +vp1=vt1; // per phase voltage +pv1=p1/3; // per phase power +pc1=pv1/f1; // core loss per cycle +// data for column 2 +vt2=171; // terminal voltage +f2=40; // frequency in hz +p2=72.5; // power input in Watts +vp2=vt2; // per phase voltage +pv2=p2/3; // per phase power +pc2=pv2/f2; // core loss per cycle +// data for column 3 +vt3=128; // terminal voltage +f3=30; // frequency in hz +p3=50; // power input in Watts +vp3=vt3; // per phase voltage +pv3=p3/3; // per phase power +pc3=pv3/f3; // core loss per cycle +// data for column 4 +vt4=85.6; // terminal voltage +f4=20; // frequency in hz +p4=30; // power input in Watts +vp4=vt4; // per phase voltage +pv4=p4/3; // per phase power +pc4=pv4/f4; // core loss per cycle +// Values of k1 and k2 have been obtained from graph +k1=0.39; +k2=(pc1-k1)/50; +F1=60; //frequency at which losses has to be calculated +ph1=k1*F1; //per phase hysteresis loss at 60 hz +pe1=k2*F1^2; // per phase eddy curent loss at 60 hz +pht=3*ph1; // total hysteresis loss +pet=3*pe1; // total eddy current loss +printf('Total hysteresis and eddy current losses at 60 hz are %f W and %f W respectively\n',pht,pet); +F2=40; //frequency at which losses has to be calculated +ph2=k1*F2; //per phase hysteresis loss at 40 hz +pe2=k2*F2^2; // per phase eddy curent loss at 40 hz +pht=3*ph2; // total hysteresis loss +pet=3*pe2; // total eddy current loss +printf('Total hysteresis and eddy current losses at 40 hz are %f W and %f W respectively',pht,pet); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad13631ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.36/Ex1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +E1=230; // primary rating of transformer 1 and transformer 2 +E2=400; // secondary rating of transformer 1 +e2=410; // secondary rating of transformer 2 +iv=25; // current feeded by voltage regulator to h v series winding +pc=200; // core loss in each transformer +r=1 // assuming resistance of transformer to be 1 +x=3*r // as per question leakage reactance is thrice of resistance +il1=(iv*E2)/E1; // primary current of transformer 1 +il2=(iv*e2)/E1; // primary current of transformer 2 +pf=r/sqrt(r^2+x^2); // power factor during short circuit +// As per the circuit diagram given in question, by Kirchoffs current law current through current coil of wattmeter W1 is given by +I=il2-il1; +// 2*core loss is the reading of wattmeter 2 +W=E1*I*pf; // reading of wattmeter 1 connected on l v side +// in circuit diagram if terminal a is connected to c and terminal b is connected to d the current I and Io (no load current) flow in the same direction of current coil of Wattmeter.Hence its reading is increased to +Wt=2*pc+W; +printf('reading of wattmeter as per the connection described is %f W\n',Wt); +// in circuit diagram if terminal c is connected to b and terminal d is connected to a the current I and Io (no load current) flow in the opposite direction through current coil of Wattmeter.Hence its reading is decreased to +Wt=2*pc-W; +printf('reading of wattmeter as per the connection described is %f W',Wt); + + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ed4f1f8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.37/Ex1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +E1=3300; // rated phase voltage of primary of a three phase transformer +v=360; // voltage injected in open delta h v winding to circulate full load current +vph=v/3; // voltage across each phase +P=300; // rated KVA of transformer +Pph=P/3; // KVA per phase +Iph=(Pph*1000)/E1; // per phase current +z=vph/Iph; +printf('Per Phase leakage impedance is %f ohms\n',z); +zb=E1/Iph; // base impedance +zpu=z/zb; +printf('leakage impedance per phase in per unit system is %f p.u',zpu); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5df7964e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.38/Ex1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +P=20000; // rated VA of transformer +E1=2300; // rated voltage of primary +E2=230; // rated voltage of secondary +pf=0.6; // power factor +n=0.96; // efficiency +ih=P/E1; // rated current of h v winding +il=P/E2; // rated current of l v winding +// As per the connections given in fig 14.1(a), two voltages are in series aiding +Et=E1+E2; // output voltage of autotransformer +disp('case a'); +// By Kirchoffs law at point b , supply current is given by +I=il+ih; +Pa1=Et*il; // VA rating of autotransformer +Po1=(Pa1/1000); // power output at full load unity power factor +Pt1=(E2*il)/1000; // power transformed +Pc1=(Po1-Pt1); // power conducted +printf('For the given connection, output power is %f kW\n',Po1); +printf('For the given connection, transformed power is %f kW\n',Pt1); +printf('For the given connection, conducted power is %f kW\n',Pc1); +disp('case b'); +// As per the connections given in fig 14.1(b), two voltages are in series opposition +Et=E1-E2; // output voltage of autotransformer +// By Kirchoffs law at point b , supply current is given by +I=il-ih; +Pa2=E1*I; // VA rating of autotransformer +Po2=Pa2/1000; // power output at full load unity power factor +Pt2=(E2*il)/1000; // power transformed +Pc2=(Po2-Pt2); // power conducted +printf('For the given connection, output power is %f kW\n',Po2); +printf('For the given connection, transformed power is %f kW\n',Pt2); +printf('For the given connection, conducted power is %f kW\n',Pc2); +pl=((1/n)-1)*P*pf; // losses in 2-winding transformer +// autotransformer operates at rated current and rated voltage so efficiency and losses remain constant +disp('Efficiency for case a'); +n1=(1-(pl/(Po1*1000*pf+pl)))*100; +printf('Efficiency of autotransformer for %f VA is %f percent\n',Po1,n1); +disp('Efficiency for case b'); +n2=(1-(pl/(Po2*1000*pf+pl)))*100; +printf('Efficiency of autotransformer for %f VA is %f percent',Po2,n2); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1e4ee69e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.39/Ex1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +// connections have been made in fig 1.42 in book to suit voltage requirement of 3000V, 3500V and 1000V. +E1=1000; // primary winding of transformer +E2=2000; // secondary winding of transformer +E3=500; // tertiary winding of transformer +l1=1050; // load in KVA across 3500 V +l2=180; // load in KVA across 1000 V +i1=(l1*1000)/(E1+E2+E3); // current through load of 1050 KVA +i2=(l2*1000)/(E1); // current through load of 180 KVA +kt=l1+l2; // Total KVA load supplied +I=(kt*1000)/(E1+E2); +printf('current through %f KVA load is %f A\n',l1,i1); +printf('current through %f KVA load is %f A\n',l2,i2); +printf('current drawn from supply is %f A',I); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4dfeb90b --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +disp('weight of laminations is directly proportion to core volume density, which is directly proportional to product of area and height of limbs and while taking the ratio of weight of CRGO laminations and hot rolled laminations, height of limbs gets cancelled out(height of limbs are assumed to be equal). So, in the end ratio of weights of laminations is equal to ratio of area of core.Now area of core is given by maximum flux/flux density.According to question maximum flux remain same so ,while taking ratio of areas the maximum flux gets cancelled') +B1=1.2; //flux density in hot rolled steel laminations +B2=1.6; //flux density in CRGO steel laminations +W1=100; // weight of H.R core in kg +W2=W1*(B1/B2); // calculating weight of CRGO laminations in kg +s=((W1-W2)/W1)*100; // calculating saving in core material +printf('percentage saving in core material is %f percent\n',s); +disp('weight of wire is directly proportional to product of length of turn around core and cross section of wire.(Wire cross section is assumed to be same in CRGO and HR laminations so gets cancelled out while taking ratio) also the length of turn is inversely proportional to square root of flux density ') +w1= 80 // weight of Hot rolled wire +w2=w1*(sqrt(1.2/1.6)); // weight of CRGO wire +s=((w1-w2)/w1)*100; //saving in weight of wire +printf('Percentage saving in weight of wire is %f percent',s); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a5976531 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.40/Ex1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +E1=2500; // primary side voltage +E2=250; // secondary side voltage +P=10000; // rated VA of transformer +// to achieve a voltage level of 2625, two equal parts of 125 V each of secondary winding are connected in parallel with each other and in series with primary winding +Eo=E1+E2/2; // desired output of autotransformer +il=P/E2; // rated current of l v winding +i=2*il; // Total output current +K=(i*Eo)/1000; // Auto transsformer KVA rating +ip=P/E1; // rated current of h v winding +I=i+ip; // current drawn from supply +Pt=(i*(E2/2))/1000; // KVA transformed +Pc=K-Pt; // KVA conducted +printf('KVA output of autotransformer is %f KVA\n',K); +printf('KVA transformed is %f KVA\n',Pt); +printf('KVA conducted is %f KVA',Pc); + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9499c8cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.41/Ex1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +E1=440; // primary supply voltage +E2=380; // voltage at which load at secondary terminal is being supplied +l1=40000; // power rating of load in watts +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +I2=l1/(sqrt(3)*E2*pf); +// per phase KVA input=per phase KVA output +I1=(E2/E1)*I2; +In=I2-I1; +printf('Current in primary branch is %f A\n',I1); +printf('current in secondary branch is %f A\n',I2); +printf('current between neutral and tapping points is %f A',In); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..726360d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.42/Ex1_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +// From fig 1.45 +N1=1000; // no of turns on primary +N2=400; // no. of turns on secondary +n2=300; // no. of turns across points A and B +l1=600; // a load of 600 KW connected between points A and C +l2=60+60*%i; // load connected between points A and B +E=30000; // primary supply voltage +vac=E*(N2/N1); // secondary side voltage +I1=(l1*1000)/vac; // current through load of 600 KW +vab=(vac/N2)*n2; // volatge across pints A and B +I2=vab/l2 ; // load current through load of 60+60i +iba=I1+I2; // current through section Ab of winding +mfs=iba*n2+I1*(N2-n2); // seconadry mmf +ip=mfs/N1; +printf('primary current is %f%fi A\n',real(ip),imag(ip)); +Pi=(E*abs(ip)*cos(atan(imag(ip),real(ip))))/1000; +printf('primary power input is %f KW\n',Pi); +pf=cos(atan(imag(ip),real(ip))) +printf('power factor at primary terminal is %f lagging',pf) diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7effd027a --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.43/Ex1_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +E=400; // supply voltage +l1=200; // load connected across 75% tapping +l2=400; // load connected between 25% and 100% tapping +t1=25; // 25% tapping point +t2=50; // 50% tapping point +t3=75; // 75% tapping point +V2=(t3/100)*E; // voltage across 200 ohm load +I2=V2/l1; // current through 200 ohm load +I1=(V2*I2)/E; +// from fig.(1.46 b), KCL at point d gives +idb=I2-I1; +// same secondary voltage is applied against load of 400 ohm +I2=V2/l2; // current through 400 ohm load +I1=(V2*I2')/E; +// from fig (1.46 c), KCL at point c gives +ica=I2-I1; +// superimposing the currents of above results current in three portion of winding can be known +icd=ica; +disp('current in section cd of winding is') +printf('%f A\n',icd); +ibc=I1; +disp('current in section bc of winding is') +printf('%f A\n',ibc); +iab=idb+I1; +disp('current in section ab of winding is') +printf('%f A\n',iab); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d3c13848 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.44/Ex1_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +P=100000; // VA rating of two winding transformer +E1=2000; // rated voltage of h v side +E2=200; // rated voltage of l v side +l=2.5; // percentage of loss in two winding transformer +vr=3; // percentage of voltage regulation in two winding transformer +z=4; // percentage of leakage impedance in two winding transformer +ih=P/E1; // full load current of h v side +il=P/E2; // full load current of l v side +V1=E1; // rated voltage on l v side of autotransformer +V2=E1+E2; // rated voltage on h v side of autotransformer +Il=il+ih; // rated current on l v side of autotransformer +printf('Rated voltage on l v and h v side of autotransformer are %f v and %f v respectively\n,',V1,V2); +printf('Rated current on h v and l v side of autotransformer are %f A and %f A respectively\n,',il,Il); +k=E1/V2; // turns ratio for auto transformer +K=((1/(1-k))*P)/1000; +printf('Rated KVA of autotransformer is %f KVA\n',K); +pl=(1-k)*l; //percent full load losses in autotransformer +n=100-pl; +printf('Efficiency of auto transformer is %f percent\n',n); +Z=(1-k)*z; +printf('Percentage impedance as an auto transformer is %f \n',Z); +VR=(1-k)*vr; +printf('percentage voltage regulation as an auto transformer is %f \n',VR); +Is=(1/(1-k))*(100/z); // short circuit p u current +Ish=(Is*il)/1000; +printf('Short circuit of auto transformer on h v side is %f KA \n',Ish); +Isl=(Is*Il)/1000; +printf('Short circuit of auto transformer on l v side is %f KA \n',Isl); + + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b79bf8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.45/Ex1_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +v1=10; // voltage applied to primary when secondary is short circuited +ip=60; // primary current when secondary is short circuited +k=0.8; // turns ratio +E1=250; // input voltage for load voltage has to be calculated +E2=200; // rated voltage of secondary +il=100; // load current +pfo=0.24; // power factor during short circuit test +f=(1-k)^2/k^2; // factor by which secondary impedance has to be multiplied for referring it to primary +// ze1=z1+f*z2 therefore by ohm s law +ze1=v1/ip; // total impedance referred to primary +re1=ze1*pfo; // total resistance referred to primary +xe1=ze1*sqrt(1-pfo^2); // total leakage reactance referred to primary +disp('case a'); +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor of load +Ip=(E2*il)/E1; // current in primary due to load current +v2=(E1-Ip*(re1*pf+xe1*sqrt(1-pf^2)))*k; +printf('Secondary terminal voltage at %f lagging power factor is %f v\n',pf,v2); +disp('case b') +pf=1; // unity power factor +v2=(E1-Ip*(re1*pf+xe1*sqrt(1-pf^2)))*k; +printf('Secondary terminal voltage at unity power factor is %f v',v2); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a68bd686a --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.46/Ex1_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +r1=9 ; // ratio of reactance to resistance for transformer 1 +r2=3 ; // ratio of reactance to resistance for transformer 2 +d=atand(r1)-atand(r2); // differene between angles of transformer's leakage impedance +// leakage impedance of both transformers are equal z1=z2, threefore currents in both transformers are equal that is i1=i2; +I=1/cos((d/2)*(%pi/180)); // ratio of numerical sum of i1 and i2 to phasor sum of i1 and i2 +k=cos((d/2)*(%pi/180)); +printf('ratio of full load KVA delivered to sum of both transformers KVA ratings is %f',k); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0b27a94f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.48/Ex1_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +P=400000; // rated KVA of transformer +P1=11000; // rated primary voltage +S2=6600; // rated secondary voltage +v1=360; // voltage recorded during short circuit of l v winding for first transformer +p1=3025; // power dissipated during short circuit of l v winding for first transformer +v2=400; // voltage recorded during short circuit of l v winding for second transformer +p2=3200; // power dissipated during short circuit of l v winding for second transformer +v3=480; // voltage recorded during short circuit test of l v winding third transformer +p3=3250; // power dissipated during short circuit of l v winding for third transformer +l1=(P+(v1/v2)*P+(v1/v3)*P)/1000; +printf('The greatest load that can be put on the transformers is %f KVA\n',l1); +is=P/S2; // secondary rated current +// transformer 1 is fully loaded , its carries full load current +re2=p1/is^2; // total resistance referred to secondary side +vd=is*re2; // voltage drop for transformer 1 +E2=S2-vd; +printf('Secondary terminal voltage is %f v',E2); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc6265de --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.49/Ex1_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +disp('case b'); +// KVA ratings and leakage impedances for the transformers are +k1=100; // KVA rating for transformer 1; +z1=0.02; // p u impedance for transformer 1; +k2=75; // KVA rating for transformer 2; +z2=0.03; // p u impedance for transformer 2; +k3=50; // KVA rating for transformer 3; +z3=0.025; // p u impedance for transformer 3; +disp('case b(1)'); +// assumng k1 as a base KVA +S=225; // load which has to be shared by three transformers +ze1=z1*100; // percentage impedance for transformer 1 +ze2=(k1/k2)*z2*100; // percentage impedance for transformer 2 +ze3=(k1/k3)*z3*100; // percentage impedance for transformer 3 +zt=(1/ze1)+(1/ze2)+1/(ze3); // total percentage leakage impedance +s1=S/(ze1*zt); +s2=S/(ze2*zt); +s3=S/(ze3*zt); +printf('load shared by transformer 1,2 and 3 are %f KVA, %f KVA and %f KVA respectively\n',s1,s2,s3); +disp('case b(2)'); +// since transformer 1 has lowest leakage impedance among three, it will be loaded to its rated capacity +S=k1*ze1*zt ; // total KVA shared +printf('greatest load that can be shared by transformers is %f KVA\n',S); +disp('case b(3)'); +// for successful parallel operation of transformer all the three leakage impedances based on their KVA rating should be equal.Since magnitude of leakage impedance of transformer1 is fixed that is 2 percent z2=z3=2 percent +ze1=2; +ze2=ze1*(k1/k2); +ze3=ze1*(k1/k3); +zt=(1/ze1)+(1/ze2)+(1/ze3); // Total leakage impedance +printf('magnitude of equivalent leakage impedance is %f percent\n',zt); + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..919be6efe --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +v1=240; // high voltage side voltage +v2=120; // low voltage side voltage +f1=50; // frequency in Hz +disp('v1 is directly proportional to product of frequency and maximum flux. considering q1 be maximum flux for v1 and q2 be maximum flux for v11 then Q=q2/q1 can be calculated as follow ') +disp('case a') +v11=240; // new supply voltage +f2=40; // new supply frequency +Q=(v11*f1)/(v1*f2); +v22=(v2*f2*Q)/f1; +printf('secondary voltage for case a is %f v\n',v22); +disp('case b') +v11=120; // new supply voltage +f2=25; // new supply frequency +Q=(v11*f1)/(v1*f2); +v22=(v2*f2*Q)/f1; +printf('secondary voltage for case a is %f v\n',v22); +disp('case c') +v11=120; // new supply voltage +f2=50; // new supply frequency +Q=(v11*f1)/(v1*f2); +v22=(v2*f2*Q)/f1; +printf('secondary voltage for case a is %f v\n',v22); +disp('case d') +v11=480; // new supply voltage +f2=50; // new supply frequency +Q=(v11*f1)/(v1*f2); +v22=(v2*f2*Q)/f1; +printf('secondary voltage for case a is %f v\n',v22); +disp('case e') +v11=240; // new supply voltage +f2=0; // new supply frequency +disp('since frequency is zero. Source is a DC source so a very high current will flow in primary side which will damage the transformer and the secondary induced emf is zero ') + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9420898b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.50/Ex1_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +// shorts circuits test on two transformers gave the following results +P1=200000; // KVA of transformer 1 +V1=3; // percentage rated voltage +pf1=0.25; // lagging power factor for Xmer1 +P2=500000; // KVA of transformer 2 +V2=4; // percentage rated voltage +pf2=0.3 // lagging power factor for Xmer2 +l=560000; // load connected across parallel combination of transformers in KW +pf=0.8; // power factor of load +E1=11000; // Rated primary voltage +E2=400; // Rated secondary voltage +ib=1; // base current +vb=1; // base voltage +z1=(V1/100)*1; // base impedance +Ze1=z1*(pf1+%i*sqrt(1-pf1^2)); // p u impedance +z2=(V2/100)*1; // base imedance +Ze2=z2*(pf2+%i*sqrt(1-pf2^2)); // p u impedance +pb=P2; // base for p u conversion +ze1=(pb/P1)*Ze1; +ze2=(pb/P2)*Ze2; +zt=ze1+ze2; // total impedance +s=l/pf; // KVA rating of transformer +S=s*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // complex form of KVA rating +s1=(S*ze2)/(zt); // KVA shared by first transformer +PF1=cos(atand(imag(s1),real(s1))*(%pi/180)); +s1w=round((abs(s1)*PF1)/1000); +printf('KW load shared by transformer 1 is %f at %f power factor lagging\n',s1w,PF1); +s2=(S*ze1)/(zt); // KVA shared by first transformer +PF2=cos(atand(imag(s2),real(s2))*(%pi/180)); +s2w=ceil((abs(s2)*PF2)/1000); +printf('KW load shared by transformer 2 is %f at %f power factor lagging\n',s2w,PF2); +i1=abs(s1)/P1; // p u current shared by transformer 1 +i2=abs(s2)/P2; // p u current shared by transformer 2 +vr=i1*(real(Ze1)*PF1+imag(Ze1)*sqrt(1-PF1^2)); // voltag regulation +dv=E2*vr; // change in terminal voltage +Vt=E2-dv; // terminal voltage +printf('Secondary terminal voltage is %f v',Vt); diff --git a/3760/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce b/3760/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a68492b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH1/EX1.51/Ex1_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +k1=1000; // Rated KVA of transformer1 +k2=500; // Rated KVA of transformer2 +ze1=0.02+%i*0.06; // p u leakage impedance of transformer 1 +ze2=0.025+%i*0.08; // p u leakage impedance of transformer 2 +zb=1000; // base impedance +Z1=(zb/k1)*ze1; // impedance of transformer 1 +Z2=(zb/k2)*ze2; // impedance of transformer 2 +zt=Z1+Z2; // total impedance +S=k1*(abs(zt)/abs(Z2)); // since ze1 vp; hence leading power factor +printf('Line current is %f A\n',ia); +printf('Power factor is %f leading',pf); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c342dd70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +n=1490; // speed of machine in rpm +p=4; // number of poles +f=50; // frequency +v=11000; // rated voltage of machine +p=20*10^6; // rated power of machine +v1=30; +v2=25; // per phase voltage for phase A of machine +i1=10; +i2=6.5; // per phase current for phase A of machine +ns=(120*f)/p; // synchronous speed of machine +xd=v1/i2; // d-axis synchronous reactance +xq=v2/i1; // q-axis synchronous reactance +disp('case a'); +ia=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // armature current +vt=v/sqrt(3); // per phase armature voltage +Ef=vt+ia*xq*%i; +de=atand(imag(Ef),real(Ef)); // load angle +id=ia*sind(de); // d-axis current +Ef1=abs(Ef)+id*(xd-xq); +printf('Per phase excitation value is %f V\n',ceil(Ef1)); +printf('Line value of excitation EMf is %f V\n ',ceil(sqrt(3)*Ef1)); +disp('case 2'); +pr=(vt^2*(xd-xq)*sind(2*de))/(2*xd*xq); +printf('Reluctance power developed by machine is %f KW per phase\n',pr/1000); +printf('Total reluctance power developed by machine is %f KW',(3*pr)/1000); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26382f727 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +p=100*10^3; // rated power of alternator +v=440; // rated voltage of alternator +m=3; // number of phases +l1=340; // friction and windage losses +l2=480; // open circuit core losses +rf=180; // field winding resistance at 75 degree cel. +ra=0.02; // armature resistance per phase +vf=220; // voltage applied to field winding +pf=0.8; // power factor +disp('At half load'); +ia=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // full load armature current +l3=(m*ia^2*ra)/4; // short circuit load loss at half load +l4=vf^2/rf; // field circuit loss +lt=l1+l2+l3+l4; // net loss +n=(1-(lt/((p/2)*pf+lt)))*100; +printf('Efficiency is %f percent\n',n); +disp('At full load'); +l3=m*ia^2*ra; // short circuit load loss at full load +lt=l1+l2+l3+l4; // net loss +n=(1-(lt/(p*pf+lt)))*100; +printf('Efficiency is %f percent\n',n); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebb4f944b --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +p=40000; // rated power of machine +v=400; // rated voltage of machine +l=1500; // short circuit load loss +m=3; // number of phases +ia1=1; // armature current in p.u. +ra=0.118; // dc armature resistance at 30 degree cel. +ia2=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // rated armature current +l1=l/p; // short circuit loss in p.u. +ra1=l1/ia1^2; +printf('Effective armature resistance is %f p.u.\n',ra1); +l2=l/m; // short circuit load loss per phase +ra2=l2/ia2^2; +printf('Effective ac armature resistance is %f ohm per phase\n',ra2); +r=ra2/ra; +printf('Ratio of ac to dc armature resistance is given as %f ',r); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e0cbb64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +p=500*10^3; // rated power of alternator +v=11000; // rated voltage of alternator +m=3; // number of phases +l1=1500; // friction and windage losses +l2=2500; // open circuit core losses +ra=4; // armature resistance per phase +l3=1000; // field copper loss +pf=0.8; // power factor +disp('case a: Half load'); +ia=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // armature current +l4=(m*ia^2*ra)/4; // short circuit load loss at half load +lt=l1+l2+l3+l4; // net loss +n=(1-(lt/((p/2)*pf+lt)))*100; +printf('Efficiency is %f percent\n',n); +disp('case b'); +// for maximum efficiency variable losses=constant losses +iam=sqrt((l1+l2+l3)/(m*ra)); // armature current at maximum efficiency +pout=m*(v/sqrt(3))*iam*pf; // output power ta maximum efficiency +lt=2*(l1+l2+l3); // net losses +nm=(1-(lt/(pout+lt)))*100; +printf('Maximum efficiency is %f percent\n',nm); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20511a3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +l=1800; // total load on factory +pf=0.6; // power factor +pfn=0.95; // desired power factor +// from phasor diagram 5.107 +l1=l/pf; // load in VA +a1=acosd(pf); // phase angle between terminal voltage and armature current +a2=acosd(pfn); // phase angle corresponding to desired power factor +k1=l1*sind(a1); // KVAr of load +k2=l*tand(a2); // combined KVAr +disp('case a'); +s=k1-k2; +printf('Synchronous condenser rating is %f KVA\n',floor(s)); +disp('case b'); +r=sqrt(l^2+k2^2); +printf('Total KVA of factory is %f KVA',r); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4665a68f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +l0=300; // total load on factory +pf=0.6; // lagging power factor +n=88; // percentage efficiency of motor +pfn=0.9; // desired power factor +l1=60; // mechanical load to be supplied +// from phasor diagram 5.108 +pi=l1/(n/100); // synchronous motor input +lt=pi+l0; // combined load +disp('case a'); +k=lt/pfn; +printf('Total load is %f KVA\n',k); +disp('case b'); +a1=acosd(pf); // phase angle between terminal voltage and armature current +a2=acosd(pfn); // phase angle corresponding to desired power factor +k1=l0*tand(a1); // KVAr of load +k2=lt*tand(a2); // combined KVAr +s=k1-k2; // leading KVAr supplied by synchronous motor +r=sqrt(s^2+pi^2); +printf('Capacity of synchronous motor is %f KVA\n',r); +disp('case c'); +pfs=pi/r; +printf('Synchronous motor operating power factor is %f leading',pfs); + diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491c0f712 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +p0=1000; // full load power rating of substation +pf=0.71; // lagging power factor +pfn=0.87; // desired power factor +// from phasor dagram 5.109 +p1=p0*pf; // load KW +p2=sqrt(p0^2-p1^2); // load KVAr +pn=p0*pfn; // new power delivered to load +p0n=pn/pf; // new load KVA +pl=p0n-p0; +printf('Permissible additional load at %f lagging power factor is %f KVA\n',pf,pl); +p2n=sqrt(p0n^2-pn^2); // new load KVAr +p2ns=sqrt(p0^2-pn^2); // new load KVAr with the use of synchronous condensor +R=p2n-p2ns; +printf('Rating of synchronous condensor is %f KVA',R); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f17b1c6d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +p=4000; // load taken by industrial plant in KW +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +l=400; // rating of induction motor to be replaced by synchronous motor +n=0.9; // efficiency of induction motor and synchronous motor +pf1=0.9; // lagging power factor at which induction motor operates +pf2=0.8; // leading power factor at which synchronous motor operates +A=p-%i*p*tand(acosd(pf)); // complex power of plant +pi=l/pf1; // power input to induction motor +B=pi-%i*pi*tand(acosd(pf1)); // complex power requirement of induction motor +C=pi+%i*pi*tand(acosd(pf2)); // complex power requirement of synchronous motor +pfn=cosd(atand(imag(A-B+C),real(A-B+C))); +printf('New power factor of the plant is %f lagging\n',pfn); +r=(abs(A-B+C)/sqrt(3))/(p/(sqrt(3)*pf)); // ratio of new line current to original line current +pr=(1-r)*100; +printf('Percentage reduction in line current is %f percent',pr); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea7fe6f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +v=230; // rated voltage of motor +f=50; // frequency +p=4; // number of poles +zs=0.6+3*%i; // synchronous impedance +ia1=10; // current drawn by motor at upf +ia2=40; // final current after load is inceased to certain value +vt=v/sqrt(3); // per phase voltage +al=atand(real(zs),imag(zs)); +Ef=sqrt((vt-ia1*real(zs))^2+(ia1*imag(zs))^2); // excitation EMF +t1=(ia2*abs(zs))^2; +t2=Ef^2+vt^2; +t3=-2*Ef*vt; // terms needed to evaluate load angle +de=acosd((t1-t2)/t3); // load angle +pi=(Ef*vt*sind(de-al))/abs(zs)+(vt^2*real(zs))/abs(zs)^2; // input power +pf=pi/(vt*ia2); +printf('Power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +pd=3*(pi-ia2^2*real(zs)); // developed power +ns=(120*f)/p; // synchronous speed +T=(pd*60)/(2*%pi*ns); +printf('Torque developed is %f N-m',T); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.53/Ex5_53.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.53/Ex5_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a192ba3bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.53/Ex5_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc; +m=3; // number of phases +p=2; // number of poles +P=4*10^6; // rated power of generator +v=11000; // rated voltage of generator +as=72; // armature slots +cs=4; // conductor per armature slot +rs=24; // rotor slots +rp=10; // rotor slot angular pitch +cr=20; // conductors per rotor slot +z=0.1+2*%i; // armature leakage impedance per phase +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +vt=v/sqrt(3); // terminal voltage +ia=P/(sqrt(3)*v); // full load armature current +// Open circuit characteristics have been plotted using table given in question.Per phase value of excitation voltage is obtained fron table +IF=[ 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360]; +EA=[ 2490 4980 7470 9390 10620 11460 12030 12450 12660 ]; +plot(IF,EA/sqrt(3)); +xlabel('Field current'); +ylabel('open circuit voltage'); +title('open circuit characteristics'); +Er=vt+ia*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2))*z; // air gap voltage +printf('Air gap voltage is %f V\n',abs(Er)); +disp('Corresponding to magnitude of air gap voltage value of field MMF in terms of field current is obtained from O.C.C (for textbook refer fig. 5.114)'); +Fr=242; // field MMF in terms of field current +q=rs/p; // rotor slots per pole +kd=sind(q*rp/2)/(q*sind(rp/2)); // distribution factor +kp=1 ; // coil span factor for full pitch field coil +kw=kd*kp; // winding factor +Nf=(rs*cr)/p; // total field turns +F1f=(4*kw*Nf)/(%pi*p); // ratio of fundamental field mmf per pole to field current +Nph=(as*cs)/(m*p); // series turn per phase +q1=as/(m*p); // armature slots per pole per phase +v1=(p*180)/as; // armature slot angular pitch +kd=(sind(q1*v1/2))/(q1*sind(v1/2)); // distribution factor +kw=kd*kp; // winding factor +Fa=(0.9*m*Nph*ia*kw)/(p*F1f); // armature mmf in terms of field current +B=acosd(pf)+atand(imag(Er),real(Er)); // power factor angle + angle by which air gap voltage leads terminal voltage +Ff=sqrt(Fr^2+Fa^2-2*Fr*Fa*cosd(90+B)); // equivalent field current +printf('Equivalent field current is %f A\n',Ff); +// corresponding to equivalent field current, excitation voltage is obtained from O.C.C +Ef=7168; // excitation EMF per phase +vr=((Ef-vt)/vt)*100; +printf('Voltage regulation at full load %f lagging power factor is %f percent',pf,vr); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.54/Ex5_54.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.54/Ex5_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0959e9af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.54/Ex5_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +p=2*10^6; // rated power of alternator +v=11000; // rated voltage of alternator +zs=0.3+5*%i; // synchronous impedance per phase +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +vt=v/sqrt(3); // terminal voltage +ia=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // full load armature current +// with vt as reference phasor +Ef=vt+ia*(pf-sqrt(1-pf^2)*%i)*zs; +// now excitation level is same but load power fcator is leading +printf('Load current is %f A\n',ia); +de=cosd(atand(imag(Ef),real(Ef))); // angle between excitation and terminal voltage +vt=abs(Ef)*(de+sqrt(1-de^2)*%i)-ia*(pf+sqrt(1-pf^2)*%i)*zs; +printf('Terminal voltage at %f leading power factor is %f V per phase\n',pf,abs(vt)); +printf('Line terminal voltage is %f KV',(sqrt(3)*abs(vt))/1000); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.55/Ex5_55.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.55/Ex5_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c0d0c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.55/Ex5_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +p=30*10^6; // rated power of alternator +v=11000; // rated voltage of alternator +zs=0.005+0.70*%i; // p.u synchronous reactance +Ef=1.5; // p.u. excitation EMF +ia=1; // p.u. armature current +vt=1; // p.u. terminal voltage +t1=Ef^2-(real(zs)*ia)^2-(imag(zs)*ia)^2-1; +t2=sqrt((2*ia*real(zs))^2+(2*ia*imag(zs))^2); +t3=atand((2*ia*real(zs))/(2*ia*imag(zs))); // terms needed to find out power factor +pf=cosd(asind(t1/t2)-t3); +printf('Power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +de=acosd((ia*abs(zs)^2-Ef^2-vt^2)/(-2*Ef*vt)); +printf('Load angle is %f degrees',de); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.56/Ex5_56.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.56/Ex5_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..583f094a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.56/Ex5_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +xd=1.2; // pu d-axis synchronous reactance +xq=0.8; // pu q-axis synchronous reactance +xe=0.1; // pu external reactance +vb=1; // voltage of infinite bus +pf=0.9; // lagging power factor +disp('case a'); +// vb=vt-j*ia*xe -(1)where ia is armature current +// ia=ia*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // complex form of armature current +// vt*ia=1 therefore ia=1/vt solving equation 1 we get a quadratic equation in vt whose terms are +t1=1; +t3=-2*xe*sqrt(1-pf^2)-vb; +t5=(xe*sqrt(1-pf^2))^2-(pf*xe)^2; // terms of quadratic equation in terminal voltage +p= [t1 0 t3 0 t5]; +vt=roots(p); +ia=1/vt(2); // pu armature current +printf('Generator terminal voltage is %f pu\n',vt(2)); +printf('Armature current is %f pu\n',ia); +disp('case b'); +Ef=vt(2)+ia*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2))*%i*xq; +de=atand(imag(Ef),real(Ef)); +pa=acosd(pf); // power factor angle +id=ia*sind(de+pa); // d-axis component of armature current +Ef=abs(Ef)+id*(xd-xq); +printf('Load angle is %f degrees\n',de); +printf('Excitation voltage is %f pu',Ef); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.57/Ex5_57.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.57/Ex5_57.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecc525058 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.57/Ex5_57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +xd=0.85; // reactance along d-axis +xq=0.55; // reactance along q-axis +vt=1; // pu bus voltage +Ef=1.2; // pu excitation EMF +// P=(Ef*vt*sin(de))/xd + (vt^2/2)*((1/xq)-(1/xd))*sin(2*de) where p is power and de is load angle +// for maximum power dp/dde(derivative with respect to load angle) is zero. Solving we get a quadratic equation whose terms are +p=[ (vt^2/2)*((1/xq)-(1/xd))*4 (Ef*vt)/xd -(vt^2/2)*((1/xq)-(1/xd))*2 ]; +l=roots(p); +an=l(2); +de=acos(an)*(180/%pi); // load angle + +pmax=(Ef*vt*sin(de*(%pi/180)))/xd + (vt^2/2)*((1/xq)-(1/xd))*sin(2*de*(%pi/180)); +printf('Maximum power output that motor can supply without loss of synchronization is %f pu\n',pmax); +// cos(de)=(vt^2/p)*((xd-xq)/(xd+xq))*sin(de)^3 where de is load angle for minimum excitation EMF +// by trial and error value of de is +de=63; +P=1; // pu power +Ef=(P-((vt^2/2)*((xd-xq)/(xd*xq))*sind(2*de)))/((vt/xd)*sind(de)); +printf('Minimum excitation EMF for machine to stay in synchronism is %f pu\n',Ef); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.58/Ex5_58.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.58/Ex5_58.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70efa2c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.58/Ex5_58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +p=3*10^6; // rated power of alternator +v=11000; // rated voltage of alternator +r=0.4; // per phase effective resistance +vl=12370; // line to line voltage at zero leading power factor +i=100; // load current at zero power factor +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor at which voltage regulation has to be determined +vt=vl/sqrt(3); // per phase terminal voltage +Ef=v/sqrt(3); // per phase excitation EMF +ia=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // full load phase current +// for zero power factor load angle=0 +zs=(vt-Ef)/i; // synchronous impedance +xs=sqrt(zs^2-r^2); // synchronous reactance +// From phasor diagram +Ef1=sqrt((Ef*pf+ia*r)^2+(Ef*sqrt(1-pf^2)+ia*xs)^2); // excitation EMF at 0.8 power factor +vr=((Ef1-Ef)/Ef)*100; +printf('Voltage regulation at %f lagging power factor is %f percent',pf,vr); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.59/Ex5_59.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.59/Ex5_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..970281870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.59/Ex5_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +v=11000; // voltage of infinite bus +po=15*10^6; // output power of alternator +pf=0.8; // operating power factor of synchronous machine +p=130; // percentage increase in excitation EMF +m=3; // number of phases +ia=po/(sqrt(3)*pf*v); // per phase armature current +vb=v/sqrt(3); // per phase bus voltage +//from phasor diagrams in fig 5.117(a) and 5.117(b) +xs=(sqrt(((p/100)*vb)^2-(vb*pf)^2)-(vb*sqrt(1-pf^2)))/ia; // synchronous reactance +printf('Synchronous reactance of machine is %f ohms\n',xs); +de=asind((po*xs)/(m*vb^2)); +printf('Load angle of machine before excitation EMF is increased is %f degrees\n',de); +pf=cosd(de/2); +printf('Power factor of the machine before excitation EMF is increased is %f leading\n',pf); +ia=(2*vb*sind(de/2))/xs; +printf('Armature current of the machine before excitation EMF is increased is %f A',ia); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..848eec94f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +v=6600; // rated voltage of motor +zs=1.5+12*%i ; // per phase synchronous impedance +pi1=1000; // input power +pf=0.8; // power factor +pi2=1500; // power at which power factor is to be found out +vt=v/sqrt(3); // per phase voltage +al=atand(real(zs),imag(zs)); +ia=(pi1*1000)/(sqrt(3)*v*pf); +Ef=sqrt((vt*pf-ia*real(zs))^2+(vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+ia*imag(zs))^2); // excitation EMF +t1=(pi2*1000)/3; +t2=(vt^2/abs(zs)^2)*real(zs); +t3=abs(zs)/(vt*Ef); // terms needed to evaluate load angle +di=asind((t1-t2)*t3)+al; // load angle +ia=(sqrt(vt^2+Ef^2-2*Ef*vt*cosd(di)))/abs(zs); // new armature current +pfn=((pi2-pi1)*1000)/(ia*vt); +// as Ef*cos(di)+ia*ra> vt hence leading power factor +printf('New power factor is %f leading',pfn); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74e6e665 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +v=2300; // rated voltage of motor +xs=12 ; // per phase synchronous reactance +p=200000; // VA rating of motor +l1=120000; // initial load +l2=60000; // final load +vt=v/sqrt(3); // rated per phase voltage +ia=l1/(3*vt); // minimum armature current +ia1=1.5*ia; // armature current at reduced load (50% increment) +pf=1/1.5; // power factor +Ef=sqrt((vt*pf)^2+(vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+ia1*xs)^2); // excitation EMF +de=asind((l2*xs)/(3*vt*Ef)); // new load angle +ia2=(sqrt(vt^2+Ef^2-2*Ef*vt*cosd(de)))/xs; // new armature current +printf('New value of armature current is %f A\n',ia2); +pfn=l2/(3*vt*ia2); +printf('Power factor at new armature current is %f leading',pfn); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9282a7a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +ef=1.2; // ratio of excitation voltage to rated per phase voltage +i=0.7; // ratio of armature current to rated current +r=0.01; // percentage resistance of motor +x=0.5; // percentage reactance of motor +// as per the expression given in book +t1=ef^2-(r*i)^2-(x*i)^2-1; +t2=sqrt((2*i*r)^2+(2*i*x)^2); +t3=atand((2*i*r)/(2*i*x)); // terms needed to find out power factor +pf=cosd(asind(t1/t2)-t3); +printf('Power factor is %f lagging',pf); diff --git a/3760/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3760/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..630bb9e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +v=400; // rated voltage of motor +zs=0.13+%i*1.3 ; // per phase synchronous impedance +p=100000; // VA rating of motor +l=4000; // stray losses +pl=75000; // power delivered to load +disp('case a'); +il=p/(sqrt(3)*v); // line current +vt=v/sqrt(3); // per phase rated voltage +pd=pl+l ; // power developed +poh=3*il^2*real(zs); +lt=poh+l; // total losses +pi=pl+lt; // input power +pf=pi/p; // power factor +n=(1-(lt/pi))*100; // efficiency +printf('Power factor is %f\n',pf); +printf('Efficiency is %f percent\n',n); +Ef1=round(sqrt((vt*pf-il*real(zs))^2+(-vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+il*imag(zs))^2)); // excitation EMF +de=atand((-vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+il*imag(zs))/(vt*pf-il*real(zs)))+acosd(pf); // load angle +printf('Excitation EMf at under excitation is %f v\n',Ef1); +printf('Load angle at under excitation is %f degrees \n',de); +Ef2=round(sqrt((vt*pf-il*real(zs))^2+(vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+il*imag(zs))^2)); // excitation EMF +de=atand((vt*sqrt(1-pf^2)+il*imag(zs))/(vt*pf-il*real(zs)))-acosd(pf); // load angle +printf('Excitation EMf at over excitation is %f v\n',Ef2); +printf('Load angle at over excitation is %f degrees\n',de); +i=pi/(sqrt(3)*v); +printf('Input current is %f A\n',i); +disp('caes b'); +de=acosd(real(zs)/abs(zs)); // load angle +pmax=((vt*Ef1)/abs(zs))-((Ef1^2*real(zs))/abs(zs)^2); +pt=pmax*3; +printf('Load angle for maximum power output is %f degrees\n',de); +printf('Maximum output per phase is %f W\n',pmax); +printf('Total maximum output is %f W\n',pt); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8590e025 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +// after changing dc supply terminals from phase a to phase b +disp('case a'); +P=2; // number of poles +te=(2/P)*120; +printf('Number of mechanical degrees through which rotor moves is %d degrees\n',te); +disp('case b'); +P=4; // number of poles +te=(2/P)*120; +printf('Number of mechanical degrees through which rotor moves is %d degrees\n',te); +disp('case c'); +P=6; // number of poles +te=(2/P)*120; +printf('Number of mechanical degrees through which rotor moves is %d degrees\n',te); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..634d1fc96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ + + +clc; + +//from 6.9 problem +P=4; +r1=0.15; +x1=0.45; +r2=0.12; +x2=0.45; +Xm=28.5; +s=0.04; +V=400; +f=50; +Pfixed=400; +t=1.2; // rotor effective turns ratio + +//for part a +//According to the conditions and diagram +t1=complex(r1,x1); +t2=complex(0,Xm); +t3=complex(r1,x2+Xm); +Ze=(t1*t2)/(t3); +Re=real(Ze); +Xe=imag(Ze); +t4=complex(Re,(x2+Xe)); +SmT=(r2)/(sqrt((Re*Re)+((x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe)))); +Ve=(V/sqrt(3))*(Xm/(x2+Xm)); +Ws=(4*%pi*f)/P; +Tem=(3/Ws)*Ve^2*(1/2)*(1/(Re+sqrt(Re^2+(x2+Xe)^2))); +Pm=Tem*(1-SmT)*Ws; +Psh=Pm-Pfixed; +Tsh=Psh/(Ws*(1-SmT)); +mprintf('for part a \n slip = %f \n maximun torque = %f Nm \n power output = %f KW \n',SmT,Tem, Psh/1000); + + +//for part b +s=1; +I2st=(Ve)/(sqrt((r2+Re)*(r2+Re)+(x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe))); +Test=(3/Ws)*I2st*I2st*(r2); +mprintf(' for part b rotor current = %f A \n torque = %f Nm \n',I2st,Test); + + +//for part c +R=sqrt(Re^2+(x2+Xe)^2)-r2; +Ra=R/(t^2); +mprintf('for part c \n external resisitance value is = %f Ohm \n',Ra); + +//for part d +s1=0.04; +Pm=((3*(Ve)*(Ve))*r2*((1-s1)/s1))/(((Re+r2+((r2*(1-s1)/s1))))*((Re+r2+((r2*(1-s1)/s1))))+((x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe))); +mprintf('for part d \n power developed is %f KW \n',Pm/1000); + +//for part e +SmP=(r2)/(sqrt(((Re+r2)*(Re+r2))+((x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe)))+r2); +Pmn=((3/2)*Ve*Ve)/(Re+r2+sqrt((r2+Re)*(r2+Re)+(x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe))); +mprintf('for part e \n slip = %f \n power developed = %f KW',SmP,Pmn/1000); + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9a99d24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +clc; +P=4; +r1=0.15; +x1=0.45; +r2=0.12; +x2=0.45; +Xm=28.5; +s=0.04; +V=400; +f=50; +Pfixed=400; + +//from problem 6.10 +Re=0.1476; +Xe=0.443; +r2=0.12; +x2=0.45; + +a=Xm/(x2+Xm); +//Ve=a*V1; +Wr=(4*%pi*f)/P; +b=(3/Wr)*(1/2)*(1/((Re)+(sqrt((Re*Re)+((x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe)))))); +//Tem=b*Ve*Ve + +//for part a +V1=230; +Ve1=a*V1; +Tem1=b*Ve1*Ve1; +mprintf('for part a \n maximum internal torque developed is %f Nm \n',Tem1); + +//for part b +V2=115; +Ve2=a*V2; +Tem2=b*Ve2*Ve2; +mprintf('for part b \n maximum internal torque developed is %f Nm \n',Tem2); + +//for f=25 Hz +Xe1=(1/2)*Xe; +x21=(1/2)*x2; +Ws1=(1/2)*Wr; + + +//for part c +V3=115; +Ve3=a*V3; +Tem3=(3/Ws1)*Ve3*Ve3*(1/2)*(1/((Re)+(sqrt((Re*Re)+((x21+Xe1)*(x21+Xe1)))))) +mprintf('for part c \n maximum internal torque developed is %f Nm \n',Tem3); + +//for f=5 Hz +Xe2=(1/10)*Xe; +x22=(1/10)*x2; +Ws2=(1/10)*Wr; + + +//for part d +f3=5; //f3=(1/10)*f +V4=23; +Ve4=a*V4; +Tem4=(3/Ws2)*Ve4*Ve4*(1/2)*(1/((Re)+(sqrt((Re*Re)+(((x22+Xe2)*(x22+Xe2))))))) +mprintf('for part d \n maximum internal torque developed is %f Nm \n',Tem4); + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724c4c804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +//answer match + roots + +clc; +Pm=10000; +V=400; +f=50; +smT=0.1; +P=4; +Ns=(120*f)/P; + +//for (i) +disp('(i)'); +//As per given conditions the slip is given by equation Sfl2-0.4Sfl+0.01=0 +V=[1 -0.4 0.01]; +R=roots(V); +Sfl=R(2); +Nr=Ns*(1-Sfl); +mprintf('The slip is %f \n The rotor speed is %f r.p.m',Sfl,ceil(Nr)); + +//for (ii) +disp('(ii)'); +Pg=Pm/(1-Sfl); +Prot=Sfl*Pg; +mprintf('The rotor ohmic loss is %f W \n',Prot); + +//for (iii) +disp('(iii)'); +Tefl=Pg/(2*3.14*(Ns/60)); +Test=(4*Tefl)/((smT)+(1/smT)); +mprintf('starting torque is %f Nm \n',Test); + +//for (iv) +disp('(iv)'); +a=sqrt(((Sfl*Sfl)+(smT*smT))/((Sfl)*(Sfl)*(1+(smT)*(smT)))); +mprintf('starting current = %f full load current\n',a); + +//for (v) +disp('(v)'); +// answer is slightly different in book +b=sqrt((1/2)*(1+(smT/Sfl)^2)); +mprintf('stator current at maximun torque = %f full load current \n',b); + +//for (vi) +disp('(vi)'); +E=(Pm/Pg)*100; +mprintf('full load efficiency is = %f percent\n',E); + +//for (vii) +disp('(vii)'); +//As per given conditions +smT1=3*smT; +mprintf('New slip value is %f \n',smT1); + +//for (viii) +disp('(viii)'); +//According to the given conditions s1(2)-1.2s+0.09 +VV=[1 -1.2 0.09]; +RR=roots(VV); +s1=RR(2); +Nr1=Ns*(1-s1); +mprintf('full load slip is %f rotor speed is %f r.p.m',s1,Nr1); + +//for (ix) +disp('(ix)'); +Test1=((2)/((1/0.3)+(0.3)))*(2*Tefl); +mprintf('starting torque is %f Nm \n',Test1); + +//for (x) +disp('(x)'); +c=sqrt((s1^2+smT1^2)/(s1^2*(1+smT1^2))); +mprintf('starting current = %f full load current \n',c); + +//for (xi) +disp('(xi)'); +Protfl=s1*Pg; +mprintf('Rotor ohmic loss at full load torque is %f W \n',Protfl); + +//for (xii) +disp('(xii)'); +Pm1=(1-s1)*Pg; +E=Pm1/Pg; +mprintf('Efficiency is %f percent',E*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e72918dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +clc; +Pm=60000; +P=6; +s=0.04; +V=400; +smT=0.2; +f=50; +Ns=(120*f)/P; + +Ws=(2*%pi*Ns)/60; +Wr=Ws*(1-s); +Tefl=Pm/Wr; + +//for part a +Tem=(((smT/s)+(s/smT))/2)*Tefl; +mprintf('for part a \n the maximun torque is %f Nm\n',Tem); + +//for part b +Prot=(s/(1-s))*(Pm); +mprintf('for part b \n the rotor ohmic loss is %f W\n',Prot); + +//for part c +smT1=2*smT; +mprintf('for part c \n THe new slip is %f \n',smT1); + +//for part d +//On analysis the slip is given by +s2=0.084; +mprintf('for part d \n full load slip is %f \n',s2); + +//for part e +T2=Pm/((Ws)*(1-s2)); +mprintf('for part e \n the full load torque is %f Nm\n',T2); + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3e1159cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +clc; +sfl=0.05; //Full load slip +//Test/Tem=a +//Tfl/Tem=b +a=1/2; +b=1/1.6; +//As per the given equation we get smT1^2-2.5smT1+1=0 +Q=[1 -2.5 1]; +R=roots(Q); +smT1=R(2); + +//For full load slip of 0.05 we get the equation smT2^2-0.20smT2+0.0025 +Q1=[1 -0.20 0.0025]; +R1=roots(Q1); +smT2=R1(1); + +P=((smT1-smT2)/smT1)*100; +mprintf('Percentage reduction in rotor circuit resistance is %f percent',P); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ddb18a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +clc; +r2=0.04; +x2=0.2; + +//As per given conditions we get a quadratic equation in smT which is smT^2-4*smT+1 +t1=1; t2=-4; t3=1; +p=[ t1 t2 t3]; +smT=roots(p); + +r22=x2*smT(2); +R=r22-r2; +mprintf('The external resistane needed to be inserted is %f Ohm \n',R); + + +//say V=400(Input voltage) +V=400; +//without external resistance +Ist=V/(sqrt((r2)*(r2)+(x2)*(x2))); +pf=r2/(sqrt((r2)*(r2)+(x2)*(x2))); + +//with external resistance +Ist1=V/(sqrt((r22)*(r22)+(x2)*(x2))); +pf1=r22/(sqrt((r22)*(r22)+(x2)*(x2))); + +a=((Ist-Ist1)/Ist)*100; +b=((pf1-pf)/pf)*100; +mprintf('Percentage in starting current is %f \n',a); +mprintf('Percentage in power factor is %f \n',b); + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51e26e646 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +//r2/x2=a +a=.5; +Test=25; + +//for part a +disp('For part a '); +//b=3(V1)2/r2Ws +//As per given conditions +b=Test*5; +//When rotor resistace is doubled +Test1=b*(1/4); +mprintf('The starting torque is %f Nm\n',Test1); +//for part b +disp('For part b'); +//resisance is half +Test2=b*(2/17); + + +mprintf('The starting torque is %f Nm',Test2); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a869e26dd --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//equation +clc; +//Test/Tefl=1.5; +d=1.5; +//Tem/Tefl=2.5; +e=2.5; + +//for part a + +//d=Test/Tefl; +//equation of torque gives following equation +Q=[1 -3.33 1]; +R=roots(Q); +smT=R(2); +mprintf('The slip at maximun torque is %f \n',smT) + +//for part b +//equation of torque gives +Q=[1 -1.665 0.111]; +R=roots(Q); +sfl=R(2); +mprintf('The slip at full load is %f \n',sfl) + +//for part c +//I2st=c*Isfl As per torque equation +c=sqrt((d)*(1/sfl)); +mprintf('The rotor current = %f times full load current \n',c) diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..676c0b650 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.19/Ex6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +Te=200; +s=0.04; +c=4; //given multiplying factor of leakage reactance + +//3V*V=a*WS +a=Te*s*(((1+(1/s))*(1+(1/s)))+((c+c)*(c+c))); +Test=a*(1/((1+1)*(1+1)+(c+c)*(c+c))); +Tem=a*(1/2)*(1/(1+sqrt((1)*(1)+(c+c)*(c+c)))); +mprintf('The starting torque is %f Nm \n The maximun Torque is %f Nm',Test,Tem); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9d044910 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +Nf=1440; //full load speed +f=50; //frequency + +disp('case a'); + +P=fix((120*f)/Nf); //formula for finding poles +mprintf('The number of Poles is %d\n',P); + +disp('case b'); + + +Ns=(120*f)/P; //finding synchronous speed +s=(Ns-Nf)/Ns; //finding slip at full load +f2=s*f; //rotor frequency +mprintf('The full load slip is %f and the rotor frequency is %f Hz\n',s,f2); + +disp('case c'); + + +//speed of stator field w.r.t stator structure is Ns +Nss=Ns; +// answer for speed of stator field with respect to stator structure is given wrong in book +Wss=(2*%pi*Ns)/60; +Nsr=Ns-Nf; //speed of stator field w.r.t rotor structure +Wsr=(2*%pi*Nsr)/60; +printf('The speed of stator field w.r.t stator is %f rad/sec ,%f rpm\n and w.r.t rotor is %f rad/sec ,%f rpm\n',Wss,Nss,Wsr,Nsr); + +disp('case d'); + + +//speed of rotor field w.r.t stator structure is Nf+Ns +Nrr=(120*f2)/P; //speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor structure +Nrs=Nf+Nrr; +// answer for speed of rotor field with respect to rotor structure is given wrong in book +Wrs=(2*%pi*Nrs)/60; + +Wrr=(2*%pi*Nrr)/60; +//The stator and rotor fields are stationary w.r.t to each other +printf('The speed of rotor field w.r.t stator structure is %f rad/sec, %f rpm\n and w.r.t rotor structure is %f rad/sec, %f rpm and speed of rotor field w.r.t stator field is 0',Wrs,Nrs,Wrr,Nrr); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c7d78bca --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +sA=0.05; //slip + +//for part a +disp('for part a '); +//Torque is proportional to s/r2 +//As per given conditions sB=a*sA +a=4; +sB=a*sA; +mprintf('The slip is %d times previous slip and \n',a); + +//for part b +disp('for part b '); +//I2 is directly proportional to s/r2 +//As per given conditions I2B=b*I2A +b=sB/(a*sA); +//Rotor ohmic losses is directly proportional to I*I*r2 +//As per given conditions P2=c*P1 +c=a*b; +//As per given conditions Pf2=d*Pf1 +d=b; +mprintf('rotor current for new rotor resistance is equal to initial rotor current \n Rotor ohmic losses for new rotor resistance=%f times initial ohmic losses \n power factor for new rotor resistance is equal to initial power factor',c); + +//for part c +disp('for part c '); +//As per given conditions Wa=e*Ws +e=1-sA; +//Wb=f*Ws +b=1-sB; +//PB=g*PA +g=b/e; +mprintf('The power output is reduced to %f times previous value',g); + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b48ac82d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +f=50; +P=6; +Pmsh=10000; //Shaft Output +N=930; +Pw=600; +Pf=0.01*Pmsh; //Friction and Windage losses +Ns=(120*f)/P; +NmT=800; //Speed at maximum torque + + +//for part a +disp('for part a'); +sfl=(Ns-N)/Ns; +Pm=Pmsh+Pf; +Pg=Pm/(1-sfl); +Pst=Pg+Pw; +mprintf('Total Rotor input is %f W \n Total Stator input is %f W \n',Pg,Pst); + +//for part b +disp('for part b'); +smT=(Ns-NmT)/Ns; +Ws=(2*%pi*Ns)/60; +Tefl=Pg/Ws; +Test=(((smT/sfl)+(sfl/smT))/2)*(2/((smT)+(1/smT)))*Tefl; +mprintf('Maximun Torque is %f Nm',Test); + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c44f42765 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.22/Ex6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +Pm=7500; +V=420; +f=50; +P=4; +s=0.04; +r1=1.2; +x1=1.4; +x2=1.4; +Xm=38.6; + +//As per Thevenin's Equivalent circuit +Re=(r1*Xm)/(Xm+x2); +Xe=(x1*Xm)/(x2+Xm); +Ve=(V/sqrt(3))*(Xm/(x2+Xm)); +r2=(3)*(1-s)*s*Ve*Ve*(1/Pm); +smT=r2/(sqrt((Re*Re)+((Xe+x2)*(Xe+x2)))); +Tem=((3*Ve*Ve)/((((120*f)/P)/60)*2*%pi))*(1/2)*(1/(Re+(sqrt((Re*Re)+((Xe+x2)*(Xe+x2)))))); +Test=((3*Ve*Ve)/((((120*f)/P)/60)*2*%pi))*(r2/(((Re+r2)*(Re+r2))+((Xe+x2)*(Xe+x2)))); +mprintf('maximum torque is %f Nm \n slip is %f \n starting torque is %f Nm',Tem,smT,Test); + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..177f13087 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.23/Ex6_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clc; +Pm=100000; +V=420; +P=6; +f=50; +sfl=0.04; +smT=0.2; + +//for part a +disp('for part a'); +Pg=Pm/(1-sfl); +Ws=(4*%pi*f)/P; +Tefl=Pg/Ws; +//a=Tefl/Tem +a=(1/(2/((sfl/smT)+(smT/sfl)))); +Tem=a*Tefl; +mprintf('Maximum Torque is %f Nm \n',Tem); + +//for part b +disp('for part b'); +//b=Test/Tem +b=2/((1/smT)+(smT)); +Test=b*Tem; +mprintf('The starting Torque is %f Nm \n',Test) + +//for part c +disp('for part c'); +Prot=sfl*Pg; +mprintf('Rotor Ohmic losses are %f W \n',Prot) + +//for part d +disp('for part d'); +//Output is proportional to (s(1-s))/r2 +//Given conditions gives the equation as s1*s1-s1+0.0768 +Q=[1 -1 0.0768]; +R=roots(Q); +s1=R(2); +mprintf('Slip is %f \n',s1) + +//for part e +disp('for part e'); +Tefl=(Pm/(1-s1))/Ws; +mprintf('full-load torque is %f Nm \n',Tefl) + +//for part f +disp('for part f'); +smT1=2*smT; +mprintf('slip at maximum torque is %f',smT1); + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d24e286fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.25/Ex6_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc; +P=10; +f=50; +Pm=48000; +pf=0.8; +f21=120; //min frequency range +f22=300; //max frequency range +Ns=(120*f)/P; + +//for f2=300 +Nr1=((120*f21)/P)-Ns; +//for f2=600 +Nr2=((120*f22)/P)-Ns; +mprintf('Thus the dc motor changes speed from %f to %f rpm \n',Nr1,Nr2) + +//for part b and c +s1=(Nr1+Ns)/Ns; +s2=(Nr2+Ns)/Ns; +Pr=Pm/pf; +Pr1=Pr/s1; +Pr2=Pr/s2; +R1=(s1-1)*Pr1*pf; +R2=(s2-1)*Pr2*pf; +T1=(R1*60)/(2*%pi*Nr1); +T2=(R2*60)/(2*%pi*Nr2); +// stator should be able to handle higher KVA +mprintf('KVA rating of induction motor stator is %f KVA\n',Pr1/1000) +mprintf('DC motor rating is %f KW \n Maximum torque output from DC motor is %f Nm \n',R2/1000,T1); + +//for part d +//When speed is limited to 2700 rpm +P1=((120*f22)-(120*f))/2700; +P1=ceil(P1); +mprintf('Number of Poles is %d \n',P1); + +//for part e +Nr11=((f22*120)/P1)-((120*f)/P1); +Nr22=((f21*120)/P1)-((120*f)/P1); +mprintf('Thus the new speed range of dc motor is from %f to %f rpm \n',Nr22,Nr11); + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..479c80f24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.26/Ex6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +f=50; +P=4; +Pm=10000; //Rated output +N=1425; +Nm=1200; //Speed at which maximun torque is developed + +Ns=(120*f)/P; +s=(Ns-N)/Ns; +Ws=(2*%pi*Ns)/60; +Tefl=(Pm/Ws)*(1/(1-s)); +smT=(Ns-Nm)/Ns; +Tem=Tefl*((s/smT)+(smT/s))*(1/2); +Test=Tem*(2)*(1/((1/smT)+(smT/1))); +mprintf('The starting torque is %f Nm',Test); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8556fde4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.27/Ex6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc; +fs=2; //slip frequency +V=400; +f=50; +V2=340; //New voltage +f2=40; //New frequency +smT=0.1; //slip at which it develops maximum torque + +//maximun torque's slip is directly proportional to (1/f) +smT1=(f/f2)*smT; + +//Maximun Torque is directly proportional to ((V*V)/(f*f)) +s=fs/f; +//Ted(Developed Torque) is proportional to (Tem/smT)*(s/smT) +//Ted1(400V,50Hz)proportional a +a=((V*V)/(f*f))*(s/smT); +//equating the developed torque equation +s1=a*(((f2)*(f2))/((V2)*(V2)))*(smT1); +fs1=s1*f2; +mprintf('The new slip frequency is %f Hz',fs1); + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3132bc636 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.28/Ex6_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc; +f=50; +V=440; +P=4; +N=1490; //Rated speed +N1=1600; //New Speed + +Ns=(120*f)/P; +s=(Ns-N)/Ns; +//With neglecting resistances and leakage reactances +//Torque is directly proportional to s/(fr2) +//Appllying the condition for same torque we get +//a=s/f +a=(s/f); +//Ns/s=b +b=120/P; +//s=(Ns-N1)/Ns +//Using above equation we get equation (f*f)-7500f-400000 +Q=[1 -7500 400000] +R=roots(Q); +f1=R(2); +mprintf('Value of new Frequency is %f Hz',f1); + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48d84d2cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.29/Ex6_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//debug +clc; +V1=420; //supply voltage +r1=2.95; +x1=6.82; +r2=2.08; +x2=4.11; +Iml=6.7; //magnetizing line current +Pw=269; //core loss +s=0.03; //slip +P=12; +f=50; +N=(120*f)/P; +Ns=(120*f)/P; + +Im=Iml/sqrt(3); +//V1=E1+Im(r1+jx1) +//Above equation on solving gives the solution as E1*E1+52.8E1-175572.65 +Q=[1 52.8 -175572.62]; +R=roots(Q); +E1=R(2); +Xm=E1/Im; +//As per the circuit diagram +a=r2/s; +Zf=(((r2/s)+x2*%i)*Xm*%i)/((r2/s)+((x2+Xm)*%i)); +Rf=real(Zf); +Zab=complex((real(Zf)+r1),(imag(Zf)+x1)); +I1=420/Zab; +I1M=sqrt((real(I1)*real(I1))+(imag(I1)*imag(I1))); +an1=atand(imag(I1),real(I1)); +pf=cosd(atand(imag(I1)/real(I1))); +I2=I1*(Xm*%i)*(1/((r2/s)+((x2+Xm)*%i))); +an2=atand(imag(I2),real(I2)); +I2M=sqrt((real(I2)*real(I2))+(imag(I2)*imag(I2))); +T=3*(60/(2*%pi*N))*I1M*I1M*Rf; + +mprintf('The power factor is %f Lag\n The input current is %f A lagging by an angle of %f degrees \n The output rotor current is %f A lagging by an angle of %f degrees \n The Torque developed is %f Nm \n',pf,I1M,-an1,I2M,-an2,T); + + +//For maximun Torque +X1=x1+Xm; +Re=(r1*Xm)/X1; +Xe=(x1*Xm)/X1; +smT=r2/(sqrt((Re)*(Re)+(x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe))); +Nm=Ns*(1-smT); +Tem=3*(E1)*(E1)*(1/(Re+(sqrt((Re)*(Re)+(x2+Xe)*(x2+Xe)))))*(1/2)*(1/(2*%pi*(N/60))); +mprintf('maximum torque developed is %f Nm \n corresponding speed is %f rpm',Tem,Nm); + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0861c8ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + +clc; +f=50; //frequency of stator +P=6; +NofO=90; //number of oscillation +f2=NofO/60; //rotor frequency +s=f2/f; //slip +Ns=(120*f)/P; //synchronous speed +Nr=Ns*(1-s); //rotor speed + +mprintf('The rotor speed is %f rpm',Nr); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db1313f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.30/Ex6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ + +//In solution they have taken different value of speed at rated torque from what is given in question that is why answer is varying +clc; +P=4; +Pm=10000; //OUTPUT POWER +f=50; //FREQUENCY +N=1440; //SPEED AT WHICH RATED TORQUE IS OBTAINED +Ns=(120*f)/P; //SYNCHRONOUS SPEED + +s=(Ns-N)/Ns; +//Torque is directly proportional to the slip +//As per given conditions +s1=(1/2)*s; +Nr=Ns*(1-s1); +Pm1=(1/2)*(((Pm*60)/(2*%pi*N)))*((2*%pi*Nr)/(60)); +mprintf('The motor speed is %f rpm \n The power output is %f W',Nr,Pm1); + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dba3c754 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.31/Ex6_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +clc; +N=1455; +Ns=1500; //General case considered in the problem +s1=(Ns-N)/Ns; + +//for V1=0.9V +//V1/V=a +a=0.9; +//T=(3VVs)/(Wsr2) +//As torque is constant +s2=(s1)/(a*a); +Nr=Ns*(1-s2); +//I=s1V/r2 +//I22/I21=b +b=(s2*a)/s1; +//Losses Ratio=c +R=b*b; + +d=((N-Nr)/N)*100; +e=((R-1)/1)*100; +mprintf('Percentage reduction in speed is %f percent\n',d); +mprintf('Percentage reduction in ohmic losses is %f percent\n',e); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4fa3c183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.32/Ex6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +P=7500; // rated power of induction motor +v=400; // rated voltage of motor +To=6; // no load torque +fs=0.04; // full load slip +p=6; // number of poles +f=50; // frequency +ns=(120*f)/p; // synchronous speed +Tl=(P*60)/(2*%pi*ns*(1-fs)); // full load torque +s=(To*fs*v^2)/(Tl*(v/2)^2); // slip at no load +no=ns*(1-s); +printf('No load speed of motor is %f rpm\n',no); + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56142dbbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.33/Ex6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +tr=2.5; // ratio of maximum torque to full load torque +sm=0.18; // maximum slip +r=1; // per phase rotor resistance +x2=r/sm; // rotor reactance +// using expression for tr we obtain a quadratic equation is s(full load slip) whose terms are +t1=1; +t2=-tr*2*sm; +t3=sm^2; +t=[ t1 t2 t3 ]; +s=roots(t); +x=sqrt((2*x2)/(((r/s(2))^2+x2^2)*s(2))); +printf('Minimum voltage that could be impressed so that motor can supply rated torque is %f times rated voltage or %f percent of rated voltage\n',x,x*100); +// from expression for maximum torque and full load torque we get a quadratic equation in R(externall resistance) whose terms are +t1=1; +t2=2-2*x2; +t3=1+x2^2-2*x2; +t=[ t1 t2 t3 ]; +R=roots(t); +printf('External resistance inserted in rotor circuit is %f ohms\n',R(2)); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69f94a821 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.34/Ex6_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +f1=50; // rated frequency of 3- phase induction motor +f2=40; // applied frequency +vr=0.9; // ratio of applied voltage to rated voltage +m=3; // number o phases +fr=f2/f1; // ratio of frequencies +ir=fr/vr; +printf('Ratio of starting current at %d Hz to starting current at %d Hz is %f \n',f1,f2,ir); +tr=(m/f1)*(f2/m)*(fr/vr)^2; +printf('Ratio of starting torque at %d Hz to starting torque at %d Hz is %f \n',f1,f2,tr); +tmr=(m/f1)*(f2/m)*(fr/(vr)^2); +printf('Ratio of maximum torque at %d Hz to maximum torque at %d Hz is %f \n',f1,f2,tmr); +vr1=sqrt((m/f1)*(f2/m)*fr^2); +printf('For the same starting torque ratio of voltage at %d Hz to ratio of voltage at %d Hz is %f\n',f2,f1,vr1); +vr2=sqrt((m/f1)*(f2/m)*fr); +printf('For the same maximum torque ratio of voltage at %d Hz to ratio of voltage at %d Hz is %f\n',f2,f1,vr2); +// answer for ratio of v2/v1 for same starting torque is slightly different from what is given in book diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eecf2f645 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.35/Ex6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +P=60000; // rated power of 3-phase induction motor +p=4; // number of poles +f=50; // frequency +po=3000; // no load losses +i=0.3; // ratio of rated current to rated voltage when motor is prevented from rotating +pi=4000; // power input when motor is prevented from rotating +pr=0.3; //ratio of mechanical losses to no load losses +pm=pr*po; // mechanical losses +lsc1=po-pm; // stator core loss +lsc2=pi/2; // stator copper loss=rotor copper loss +disp('case a'); +pg=P+pm+lsc2; // air gap power +s=lsc2/pg; +printf('Slip at rated load is %f\n',s); +disp('case b'); +pim=pi/i^2; // power input to motor during blocked rotor test +pg=pim-lsc1-lsc2; // air gap power +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; // synchronous speed +T=pg/ws; +printf('Starting torque at rated applied voltage is %f Nm\n',T); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6d377fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.36/Ex6_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +sm=0.2; // slip +f1=50; // rated frequency of 3- phase induction motor +f2=45; // applied frequency +fr=f2/f1; // ratio of frequenciesir=fr/vr; +ir=sqrt((sm^2+1)/(sm^2+fr^2)); +printf('Ratio of starting current at %d Hz to starting current at %d Hz is %f \n',f2,f1,ir); +tr=(sm^2+1)/(sm^2+fr^2); +printf('Ratio of starting torque at %d Hz to starting torque at %d Hz is %f \n',f2,f1,tr); +tmr=1/fr; +printf('Ratio of maximum torque at %d Hz to maximum torque at %d Hz is %f \n',f2,f1,tmr); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a921d307f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.37/Ex6_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +P=20000; // rated power of induction motor +v=400; // rated voltage of motor +f=50; // frequency +m=3; // number of phases +p=4; // number of poles +r1=0.2; // stator resistance +x=0.45; // stator/rotor leakage reactance +xm=18; // magnetising reactance +s=0.04; // slip +pg=P/(1-s); // air gap power +pr=s*pg; // rotor copper loss +vp=v/sqrt(3); // per phase voltage +ve=(vp*xm)/(x+xm); // Thevenin voltage +re=(r1*xm)/(x+xm); // Thevenin resistance +xe=(x*xm)/(x+xm); // Thevenin reactance +// using Thevenin's theorrm and rotor copper loss expression we get a quadratic equation in r2 (rotor resistance) whose terms are +t1=pr/s^2; +t2=((2*pr*re)/s)-(m*ve^2); +t3=pr*((xe+x)^2+re^2); +t=[ t1 t2 t3]; +r2=roots(t); +disp('case a'); +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; // synchronous speed +Tm=(m*ve^2)/(ws*2*(re+sqrt(re^2+(x+xe)^2))); +printf('Maximum internal torque is %f Nm\n',Tm); +Ti=(m*ve^2*r2(1))/(ws*((re+r2(1))^2+(x+xe)^2)); +printf('Initial starting torque is %f Nm\n',Ti); +disp('case b'); +sm=r2(1)/(sqrt(re^2+(xe+x)^2)); +printf('Slip at maximum torque is %f ',sm); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd614c991 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +f1=50; //frequency of supply +f2=20; //frequency required by the load +P=4; +//for part a + +Nrf_ss=(120*f1)/P; //Speed of rotor field w.r.t stator structure +Nrf_rs=(120*f2)/P; //Speed of stator field w.r.t rotor structure +//Nr (+or-) speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor = speed of stator field w.r.t stator +//for +ve sign rotor must be driven in the direction of stator field at a speed +Nr1=Nrf_ss-Nrf_rs; +Nr2=Nrf_ss+Nrf_rs; +mprintf('The two speeds are %d and %d \n',Nr1,Nr2); + + +//for part b + +//for rotor speed Nr1 +s1=(Nrf_ss-Nr1)/Nrf_ss; +//for rotor speed Nr2 +s2=(Nrf_ss-Nr2)/Nrf_ss; +//On evaluation the ratio of voltages is found as + R=s1/s2; //R=E1/E2 +mprintf('The ratio of two voltages available at the slip rings at the two speeds is %d',R); + +//for part c + + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dcdd6c94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.41/Ex6_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +P=10000; // rated power of squirrel cage induction motor +V=400; // rated voltage of motor +m=3; // number of phases +// no load test results +Vo=400; // applied voltage +io=8; // no load current +Po=250; // no load power +// blocked rotor test +vb=90; // applied voltage +ib=35; // current +pb=1350; // input power +// ac resistance is 1.2 times dc resistance +rs=0.6; // per phase dc resistance of stator winding +pr=Po-m*(io/sqrt(3))^2*(1.2*rs); // no load rotational losses +znl=Vo/(io/sqrt(3)); // no load impedance +rnl=Po/(m*(io/sqrt(3))^2); // no load resistance +xnl=sqrt(znl^2-rnl^2); // no load reactance +zbr=vb/(ib/sqrt(3)); // block rotor test impedance +Rbr=pb/(m*(ib/sqrt(3))^2); // block rotor resistance +xbr=sqrt(zbr^2-Rbr^2); // block rotor reactance +x1=xbr/2; +xm=xnl-x1; +X2=xm+x1; +r2=(Rbr-1.2*rs)*(X2/xm)^2; +printf('Rotational losses are %f watts\n',pr); +printf('Stator resistance is %f ohms\n',1.2*rs); +printf('Rotor resistance is %f ohms\n',r2); +printf('Magnetising reactance is %f ohms\n',xm); +printf('Stator reactance is %f ohms\n',x1); +printf('Rotor reactance is %f ohms',x1); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..449e68d60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.43/Ex6_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +p=10000; // rated power of SCIM +v=420; // rated voltage of SCIM +p=4; // number of poles +f=50; // frequency of SCIM +// results of blocked rotor test +vb=210; // applied voltage +ib=20; // applied current +pb=5000; // power dissipated +l=300; // stator core loss +rs=0.6; // dc stator resistance +m=3; // number of phases +R=(rs*3)/2; // per phase stator resistance +Rs=1.2*R; // Effective stator resistance per phase +pi=pb*(v/vb)^2; // power input at rated voltage during block rotor test +is=ib*(v/vb); // stator current at rated voltage during block rotor test +pg=pi-m*(is/sqrt(3))^2*Rs-l; // air gap power +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; +printf('synchronous speed is %f rad/sec\n',ws); +T=pg/ws; +printf('Starting torque is %f Nm',T); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.44/Ex6_44.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.44/Ex6_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a73fecad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.44/Ex6_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +p=6; // number of poles +m=3; // number of phases +f=50; // frequency of motor +P=40000; // rated power of induction motor +v=400; // rated voltage of induction motor +// results of blocked rotor test +vb=200; // applied voltage +ib=110; // applied current +pf=0.4; // power factor +f1=45; // frequency at starting torque is to be determined +e=380; // voltage at starting torque is to be determined +vbp=vb/sqrt(3); // per phase voltage during blocked rotor test +zb=vbp/ib; // total impedance referred to stator +R=zb*pf; // net resistance referred to stator +X=zb*(sqrt(1-pf^2)); // net reactance referred to stator +X=X*(f1/f); // net reactance at frequency=45 +Z=R+X*%i; // impedance at frequency=45 +v1=e/sqrt(3); // per phase stator +is=v1/(Z); // starting current +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; // synchronous speed +T=(3/ws)*abs(is)^2*(R/2); +printf('Starting torque is %f Nm',T); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168f5d7eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.45/Ex6_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc; +v=400; // rated voltage of motor +m=3; // number of phases +r=2; // ratio of leakage reactance of stator to leakage reactance of rotor +ns=1000; // synchronous speed +n=960; // speed of motor +f=50; // frequency +// no load test results +Vo=400; // applied voltage +io=7.5; // no load current +pfo=0.135; // power factor +// blocked rotor test +vb=150; // applied voltage +ib=35; // current +pfb=0.44; // power factor +znl=Vo/(io*sqrt(3)); // no load impedance +rnl=znl*pfo; // no load resistance +xnl=sqrt(znl^2-rnl^2); // no load reactance +zbr=vb/(ib*sqrt(3)); // block rotor test impedance +Rbr=zbr*pfb; // block rotor resistance +xbr=sqrt(zbr^2-Rbr^2); // block rotor reactance +x2=xbr/3; // leakage reactance of rotor +x1=x2*2; // leakage reactance of stator +xm=xnl-x1; // magnetising reactance +r1=Rbr/2; // stator resistance/rotor resistance +V1=v/sqrt(3); // per phase stator voltage +Ve=(V1*xm)/(x1+xm); // thevenin voltage +Re=(r1*xm)/(x1+xm); // thevenin resistance +Xe=(x1*xm)/(x1+xm); // thevenin resistance +lr=sqrt(3)*v*io*pfo-m*io^2*r1; // rotational losses +s=(ns-n)/ns; // slip +ir=Ve/(Re+(r1/s)+%i*(Xe+x2)); // rotor current at slip +Pm=m*abs(ir)^2*r1*((1-s)/s); +disp('case a'); +Psh=Pm-lr; +printf('Mechanical power output is %f KW\n',Psh/1000); +disp('case b'); +wr=((2*%pi*f)*(1-s))/m; // speed at which motor is running +T=Psh/wr; +printf('Net torque is %f Nm\n',T); +disp('case c'); +lor=(Pm*s)/(1-s); // rotor/stator ohmic losses +Tl=lor*2+lr; // total losses +pi=Tl+Psh; // input power +ne=Psh/pi; +printf('Efficiency of motor is %f percent',ne*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca77363ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.46/Ex6_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +f=60; // frequency +p=6; // number of poles +n=1175; // speed of induction motor +re=0.06; // reduction in frequency +dv=0.1; // reduction in voltage +ws1=(120*f)/p; // synchronous speed +s1=(ws1-n)/ws1; // slip +s2=((1-re)/((1-dv)^2))*s1; // new slip +ws2=ws1*(1-s2)*(1-re); +printf('New operating speed is %f rpm',ws2); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c12aa0ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.47/Ex6_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +clc; +P=15000; // rated power of induction motor +V=400; // rated voltage of motor +f=50; // frequency +m=3; // number of phases +po=4; // number of poles +// no load test results +Vo=400; // applied line voltage +io=9; // no load line current +Po=1310; // power input +// blocked rotor test +vb=200; // line voltage +ib=50; // line current +pb=7100; // input power +pfo=po/(sqrt(3)*io*Vo); // no load power factor +pfb=pb/(sqrt(3)*ib*vb); // short circuit power factor +isc=(V/vb)*ib; // short circuit current +printf('Short circuit current is %d A\n',isc); +// circle diagram is drawn in fig 6.37 with scale 6 A= 1 cm +disp('case a'); +x=6; // scale +pps=(V/sqrt(3))*x; // per phase power scale +fp=P/3; // full load power per phase +// as per the construction we obtain OP=6.05 which corresponds to full load current +ifl=x*6.05; +printf('Full load line current is %f A\n',ifl); +// from fig angle POV1=29.5; +fpf=cosd(29.5); +printf('Full load power factor is %f lagging\n',fpf); +// full load slip is given by ratio ba/bP where ba=2.5, bP=38.5 +fs=2.5/38.5; +printf('Full load slip is %f \n',fs); +ws=(2*%pi*f*120)/(po*60); // synchronous speed +Ft=(3.85*pps*m)/ws; +printf('Full load torque is %f Nm\n',Ft); +// efficiency is given by ratio aP/dP where aP=3.6, dP=4.45 +ne=3.6/4.45; +printf('Full load efficiency is %f percent\n',ne*100); +disp('case b'); +// OP turns out to be tangent to circular locus, therefore +disp('Maximum power factor is 0.87 lagging'); +disp('Maximum line current is 36.3 A'); +disp('case c'); +// according to constructions given in solution we obtain AA'=5.3 from which maximum power output can be calculated +mpo=5.3*m*pps; +printf('Maximum output power is %f KW\n',mpo/1000); +// according to constructions given in solution we obtain CC'=8.45=radius of circle from which maximum power input can be calculated +mpi=8.45*m*pps+po; +printf('Maximum input power is %f KW\n',mpi/1000); +disp('case d'); +// according to constructions given in solution we obtain BB'=6.65 from which maximum torque can be calculated +Mt=(6.65*m*pps)/ws; +printf('Maximum torque is %f Nm\n',Mt); +// maximum slip is given by ratio fb'/BB' where fb'=1.58, BB'=6.65 +s=1.58/6.65; +printf('Maximum slip is %f \n',s); +disp('case e'); +// according to constructions given in solution we obtain DG=3.3 from which starting torque can be calculated +St=(3.3*m*pps)/ws; +printf('Starting torque is %f Nm\n',St); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.48/Ex6_48.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.48/Ex6_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c9688d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.48/Ex6_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc; +P=4500; // rated power of induction motor +V=400; // rated voltage of motor +f=50; // frequency +m=3; // number of phases +// no load test results +Vo=400; // applied line voltage +io=4.2; // no load line current +Po=480; // power input +// blocked rotor test +vb=215; // line voltage +ib=15; // line current +pb=1080; // input power +rs=1.2; // rotor resistance referred to stator per phase +nt=2; // stator to rotor turns ratio +pfo=Po/(sqrt(3)*io*Vo); // no load power factor +pfb=pb/(sqrt(3)*ib*vb); // short circuit power factor +isc=(V/vb)*(ib*sqrt(3)); // per phase short circuit current +iop=io/sqrt(3); // per phase no load current +x=1; // scale 1 A= 1 cm +// circle diagram is drawn in fig 6.38 +disp('case a'); +// value of maximum torque at starting is not given +// now we note Bf=4.6 and B'f=1.25 using these values external resistance to be inserted is calculated +re=(4.6/1.25)*1.2; // external resistance +printf('External resistance referred to rotor is %f ohms\n',re/nt^2); +// as per the construction we obtain OB=11.24 which is needed to calculate starting line current +is=11.24*sqrt(3); +printf('Starting current is %f A\n',is); +// angle OBB'=45.5 which is needed to calculate power factor +pf=cosd(45.5); +printf('power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +pps=x*V; // per phase power scale +fp=P/m; // full load power per phase +disp('case b'); +// now torque is 1.25 times full load torque +// now we note NK=2.9 and N'K=2.1 using these values external resistance to be inserted is calculated +re=(2.9/2.1)*1.2; // external resistance +printf('External resistance referred to rotor is %f ohms\n',re/nt^2); +// as per the construction we obtain ON=14.35 which is needed to calculate starting line current +is=14.35*sqrt(3); +printf('Starting current is %f A\n',is); +// angle ONN'=58.3 which is needed to calculate power factor +pf=cosd(58.3); +printf('power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +disp('case c'); +// we obtain OH=5.35 which is per phase output current +// thetag=41.3 +opf=cosd(41.3); +printf('Operating power factor is %f leading\n',opf); +po=m*5.35*V*opf; +printf('Output power is %f KW\n',po/1000); +// we note HL=3.95 and Ha=4.90 which is needed for efficiency +ne=3.95/4.9; +printf('Induction generator efficiency is %f percent',ne*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a4b8a793 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.49/Ex6_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +p=150000; // rated power of induction motor +v=400; // rated voltage of induction motor +m=3; // number of phases +r1=0.02; // stator resistance +r2=0.04; // rotor resistance +xm=9.8; // magnetising reactance +x1=0.2; // leakage reactance of stator or rotor +s=0.04; // slip +n=0.93; // efficiency +disp('case a'); +Zf=(((r2/s)+%i*x1)*%i*xm)/((r2/s)+%i*(xm+x1)); // per phase impedance offered to stator by rorating air gap field +z=r1+%i*x1; // impedance of stator +Z=Zf+z; // total impedance +is=v/(sqrt(3)*abs(Z)); // stator current +pg=m*is^2*real(Zf); // air gap power +l1=m*is^2*r1; // stator copper loss +l2=s*pg; // rotor copper loss +Tl=((1/n)-1)*p; // total losses +lr=Tl-(l1+l2); // rotational and core losses +printf('Rotational and core losses are %f W\n',lr); +disp('case b'); +s=-0.04; // slip +Zf=(((r2/s)+%i*x1)*%i*xm)/((r2/s)+%i*(xm+x1)); // per phase impedance offered to stator by rorating air gap field +Z=Zf+z; // total impedance +is=v/(sqrt(3)*abs(Z)); // stator current +pf=cosd(180-atand(imag(Z),real(Z))); // power factor +printf('Power factor at the generator terminal is %f leading\n',pf); +po=sqrt(3)*is*v*pf; // electrical output +printf('Electrical output is %f KW\n',po/1000); +pg=-m*is^2*real(Zf); // air gap power +l1=m*is^2*r1; // stator copper loss +l2=-s*pg; // rotor copper loss +Tl=l1+l2+lr; // total losses +pi=Tl+po; // mechanical power input +ne=po/pi; +printf('Efficiency is %f percent',ne*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c00fb80ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +P=4; +N=1440; +f=50; +r2=0.2; +x2=1; +E2=120; + +//mistake in Te_fl + + +//for part a +disp('For part a'); +Ns=(120*f)/P; +I2_st=120/(sqrt((r2*r2)+(x2*x2))); +Rpf=(r2)/(sqrt((r2*r2)+(x2*x2))); +Ws=(2*3.14*Ns)/60; +Te_st=(3/Ws)*(I2_st)*(I2_st)*(r2/1); +s_fl=(Ns-N)/Ns; +I2_fl=(s_fl*E2)/(sqrt(r2*r2+(s_fl*x2*s_fl*x2))); +Rpf_fl=(r2)/(sqrt(r2*r2+(s_fl*x2*s_fl*x2))); +Te_fl=((3)*(I2_fl)*(I2_fl)*(r2))/(Ws*s_fl); +RATIOst_fl=I2_st/I2_fl; +RATIOtst_tfl=Te_st/Te_fl; +mprintf('At starting \n the rotor current is %f amp \n Rotor power factor is %f \n Torque is %f rad/sec\n',I2_st,Rpf,Te_st); +mprintf('At full load \n the rotor current is %f amp \n Rotor power factor is %f \n Torque is %f rad/sec\n',I2_fl,Rpf_fl,Te_fl); + + +//for part b +disp('For part b'); +r2_n=r2+1; +I2_stn=E2/(sqrt((r2_n*r2_n)+(x2*x2))); +Rpf_stn=(r2_n)/(sqrt(((r2_n)*(r2_n))+((x2)*(x2)))); +Te_stn=(3/Ws)*(I2_stn)*(I2_stn)*(r2_n/1); +mprintf('At starting \n the rotor current is %f amp \n Rotor power factor is %f \n Torque is %f rad/sec\n',I2_stn,Rpf_stn,Te_stn); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe99ba2f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.50/Ex6_50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc; +v=400; // balanced supply voltage +i=10; // line current +f=50; // frequency of supply +m=3; // number of phases +pf=0.8; // lagging power factor +pfn=0.9; // improved power factor +disp('staor in star'); +i=i*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // complex form of line current +il=real(i)/pfn; // line current at improved power factor +il=il*(pfn-%i*sqrt(1-pfn^2)); // complex form of new line current +//from fig. 6.39 +ic=-(imag(i)-imag(il)); // reactive component of current to be neutralised +// capacitor bank is star connected +xcs=v/(ic*sqrt(3)); // capacitance reactance +Cs=1/(2*%pi*f*xcs); // capacitance +K=m*ic*v/sqrt(3); +printf('Per phase value of capacitance for star connected capacitor bank is %f microfarad\n',Cs*10^6); +printf('Total KVA rating for star connected capacitor bank is %f KVA\n',K/1000); +// delta connected capacitor bank +// capacitor bank is delta connected, converting into equivalent star Xstar=Xdelta/3 +xcd=v/(ic*sqrt(3)); // capacitance reactance +Cd=1/(2*%pi*f*xcd*m); // capacitance +printf('Per phase value of capacitance for delta connected capacitor bank is %f microfarad\n',Cd*10^6); +printf('Total KVA rating for delta connected capacitor bank is %f KVA\n',K/1000); +disp('Stator in delta'); +i=(abs(i)/sqrt(3))*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // complex form of line current +il=real(i)/pfn; // line current at improved power factor +il=il*(pfn-%i*sqrt(1-pfn^2)); // complex form of new line current +//from fig. 6.39 +ic=-(imag(i)-imag(il)); // reactive component of current to be neutralised +// capacitor bank is star connected +// capacitor bank is star connected, converting into equivalent delta Xdelta=3*Xstar +xcs=v/ic; // capacitance reactance +Cs=m/(2*%pi*f*xcs); // capacitance +K=m*ic*v; +printf('Per phase value of capacitance for star connected capacitor bank is %f microfarad\n',Cs*10^6); +printf('Total KVA rating for star connected capacitor bank is %f KVA\n',K/1000); +// delta connected capacitor bank +xcd=v/ic; // capacitance reactance +Cd=1/(2*%pi*f*xcd); // capacitance +printf('Per phase value of capacitance for delta connected capacitor bank is %f microfarad\n',Cd*10^6); +printf('Total KVA rating for delta connected capacitor bank is %f KVA\n',K/1000); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.51/Ex6_51.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.51/Ex6_51.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2edf37f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.51/Ex6_51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +v=3300; // balanced supply voltage +p=500000; // rated power of induction motor +f=50; // frequency of supply +m=3; // number of phases +pf=0.7; // lagging power factor +pfn=0.9; // improved power factor +vc=420; // rated voltage of capacitor +n=0.86; // motor efficiency +i=p/(sqrt(3)*v*pf*n); // line current +i=i*(pf-%i*sqrt(1-pf^2)); // complex form of line current +il=real(i)/pfn; // line current at improved power factor +il=il*(pfn-%i*sqrt(1-pfn^2)); // complex form of new line current +//from fig. 6.39 +ic=-(imag(i)-imag(il)); // reactive component of current to be neutralised +// capacitor bank is delta connected +// capacitor bank is delta connected, converting into equivalent star Xstar=Xdelta/3 +xcd=v/(ic*sqrt(3)); // capacitance reactance +Cd=1/(2*%pi*f*xcd*m); // capacitance +// now each capacitor is rated at 420 V, number of capacitor connected in series is +n=ceil(v/vc); +C=Cd*n; +printf('Per phase value of each capacitance for delta connected capacitor bank is %f microfarad\n',C*10^6); +// let R be resistance of distribution circuit +// power lost without capacitor bank is m*abs(i)^2*R +// power lost with capacitor bank is m*abs(il)^2*R therefore +ps=(abs(i)^2-abs(il)^2)/abs(i)^2 +printf('Percentage saving in losses is %f percent',ps*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad0b362a --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.53/Ex6_53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +fs=0.05; // full load slip +ir=6; // ratio of starting current and full load current +t=1; // ratio of starting torque to full load torque +x=sqrt(t/((ir^2)*fs)); +printf('Tapping point is at %f percent\n',x*100); +is=x^2*ir; +printf('Starting current is %f times full load current\n',is); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.54/ex6_54.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.54/ex6_54.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c05ecbe28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.54/ex6_54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +vr=0.4; // voltage applied during blocked rotor test as a fraction of rated voltage +ir=2.5; // line current during blocked rotor test as a fraction of full load current +tr=0.3; // starting torque as a fraction of rated torque +is=1.5; // starting current as a fraction of full load current +isc=ir/vr; // short circuit current at rated load +x=sqrt(is/isc); // starting current as a fraction of short circuit current at rated load +T=(x/vr)^2*tr; +printf('Starting torque is %f percent of full load torque',T*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.55/Ex6_55.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.55/Ex6_55.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07e3fee52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.55/Ex6_55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +v=440; // rated voltage of distribution circuit +im=1200; // maximum current that can be supplied +n=0.85; // efficiency of induction motor +pf=0.8; // power factor of motor +ir=5; // ratio of starting current to full load current +disp('case a'); +il=im/ir; //rated line current +p=sqrt(3)*v*il*n*pf; +printf('Maximum KW rating is %f KW\n',p/1000); +disp('case b'); +x=0.8; // rated of applied voltage and stepped down voltage +il=im/(x^2*ir); //rated line current +p=sqrt(3)*v*il*n*pf; +printf('Maximum KW rating is %f KW\n',p/1000); +disp('case c'); +// star-delta converter is same as autotransformer starter with 57.8 % tapping therefore +il=im/(0.578^2*ir); //rated line current +p=sqrt(3)*v*il*n*pf; +printf('Maximum KW rating is %f KW\n',p/1000); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a9bb42b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.56/Ex6_56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +p=10000; // rated power of motor +v=400; // rated voltage of motor +n=0.87; // full load efficiency +pf=0.85; // power factor +ir=5; // ratio of starting current to full load current +tr=1.5; // ratio of starting torque to full load torque +disp('case a'); +vt=v/sqrt(tr); +printf('Voltage applied to motor terminal is %f V\n',vt); +disp('case b'); +ifl=p/(sqrt(3)*v*pf*n); // full load current +il=(ir*vt*ifl)/v; +printf('Current drawn by motor is %f A\n',il); +disp('case c'); +i=(vt/v)*il; +printf('Line current drawn from supply mains is %f A',i); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.57/Ex6_57.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.57/Ex6_57.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af8f8eb2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.57/Ex6_57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +tm=2; // ratio of maximum torque to full load torque +r=0.2; // per phase rotor resistance referred to stator +x=2; // per phase reactance referred to stator +s=r/x; // slip at maximum torque +disp('case a'); +ts1=(2*s*tm)/(s^2+1); +printf('Ratio of starting torque to full load torque is %f\n',ts1); +disp('case b'); +ts2=ts1/3; +printf('Ratio of starting torque to full load torque with star-delta starter is %f\n',ts2); +disp('case c'); +t=0.7; // tapping point +ts3=ts1*t^2; +printf('Ratio of starting torque to full load torque with autotransformer starter is %f\n',ts3); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.58/Ex6_58.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.58/Ex6_58.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fb3a9549 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.58/Ex6_58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +v=400; // supply voltage +f=50; // frequency of supply +// results of short circuit test +V=200; // applied voltage +i=100; // short circuit current +pf=0.4; // power factor +zsc=(V*sqrt(3))/i; // short circuit impedance +rsc=zsc*pf; // short circuit resistance +xsc=sqrt(zsc^2-rsc^2); // short circuit reactance +R=sqrt(((xsc^2+rsc^2)-3*((rsc/3)^2+(xsc/3)^2))/2); // resistance of feeder +disp('with star connection'); +ts1=(3*(v/sqrt(3))^2*rsc)/((R+rsc)^2+xsc^2); // product of starting torque and synchronous speed +// now two feeders are connected in parallel therefore net resistace of feeder is +rp=R^2/(R+R); +ts2=(3*(v/sqrt(3))^2*rsc)/((rp+rsc)^2+xsc^2); // product of new starting torque and synchronous speed +pr=(ts2-ts1)/ts1; +printf('Percentage increase in starting torque with star connection is %f percent\n',pr*100); +disp('With delta connection'); +ts1=(3*(v/sqrt(3))^2*(rsc/3))/((R+(rsc/3))^2+(xsc/3)^2); // product of starting torque and synchronous speed +// now two feeders are connected in parallel therefore net resistace of feeder is +rp=R^2/(R+R); +ts2=(3*(v/sqrt(3))^2*(rsc/3))/((rp+(rsc/3))^2+(xsc/3)^2); // product of new starting torque and synchronous speed +pr=(ts2-ts1)/ts1; +printf('Percentage increase in starting torque with delta connection is %f percent\n',pr*100); + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7490c790b --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.59/Ex6_59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +z=1.2+3*%i; // per phase standstill impedance +v=400; // supply voltage +l=500; // length of feeder line +tr=30; // maximum percentage reduction possible in starting torque +ro=0.02; // resistivity of feeder material +// equating expression of starting torque with and without feeder we get a quadratic equation in R (feeder resistance) whose terms are +t1=(1-(tr/100)); +t2=2*real(z)*t1; +t3=t1*abs(z)^2-abs(z)^2; +p=[ t1 t2 t3 ]; +R=roots(p); +A=(ro*l)/R(2); +printf('Minimum allowable cross section is %f mm^2',A); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8f0eb3e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +P=6; +f=50; +N_f=960; +Ns=(120*f)/P; +n1=800; +n2=400; + +s_fl=(Ns-N_f)/Ns; +s_1=(Ns-n1)/Ns; +s_2=(Ns-n2)/Ns; +Ratio_1=s_1/s_fl; +Ratio_2=s_2/s_fl; +mprintf('The Ratio at %d rpm is %f \n',n1,Ratio_1); +mprintf('The Ratio at %d rpm is %f \n',n2,Ratio_2); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.60/Ex6_60.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.60/Ex6_60.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca1da5f26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.60/Ex6_60.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +f=50; // frequency +p=10; // number of poles +pb=120000; // power dissipated in block rotor test +// stator ohmic losses = rotor ohmic losses +pr=pb/2; // total rotor loss +disp('case a'); +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; // synchronous speed +Ts=pr/ws; +printf('Starting torque is %f Nm\n',Ts); +disp('case b'); +pr=pr/3; // total rotor ohmic loss +Ts=pr/ws; +printf('Starting torque is %f Nm\n',Ts); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.62/Ex6_62.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.62/Ex6_62.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5a1a4b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.62/Ex6_62.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +s=0.03; // full load slip +R=0.015; // rotor resistance per phase +n=4; // number of step in starter +al=s^(1/n); +R1=R/s; // resistance of whole section +r1=R1*(1-al); +printf('Resistance of first element is %f ohms\n',r1); +r2=r1*al; +printf('Resistance of second element is %f ohms\n',r2); +r3=r1*al^2; +printf('Resistance of third element is %f ohms\n',r3); +r4=r1*al^3; +printf('Resistance of fourth element is %f ohms\n',r4); + + + + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.63/Ex6_63.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.63/Ex6_63.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3ae926c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.63/Ex6_63.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +fs=0.02; // full load slip +ir=2; // ratio of starting current to full load current +n=5; // number of section +R=0.03; // rotor resistance +//ir*ifl=(E2/R)*sm where ifl is full load current and E2 is induced voltage in rotor therefore +sm=fs*ir; // maximum slip +al=sm^(1/n); +R1=R/sm; // resistance of whole section +r1=R1*(1-al); +printf('Resistance of first element is %f ohms\n',r1); +r2=r1*al; +printf('Resistance of second element is %f ohms\n',r2); +r3=r1*al^2; +printf('Resistance of third element is %f ohms\n',r3); +r4=r1*al^3; +printf('Resistance of fourth element is %f ohms\n',r4); +r5=r1*al^4; +printf('Resistance of fifth element is %f ohms\n',r5); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.64/Ex6_64.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.64/Ex6_64.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3469b9a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.64/Ex6_64.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +v=3300; // rated voltage of induction motor +p=6; // number of poles +f=50; // frequency +t=3.2; // stator to rotor turns +r=0.1; // rotor resistance +x=1; // rotor leakage reactance +R=t^2*r; // rotor resistance referred to stator +X=t^2*x; // rotor reactance referred to stator +ws=(4*%pi*f)/p; // synchronous speed +disp('case a'); +is=(v/sqrt(3))/(sqrt(R^2+X^2)); +printf('Starting current at rated voltage is %f A\n',is); +Ts=(3*is^2*R)/ws; +printf('Starting torque at rated voltage is %f Nm\n',Ts); +disp('case b'); +is=50; // starting current +// is=Vp/(sqrt((R+rex)^2+X^2) where rex is external resistance and Vp is phase voltage +// solving above equation we get a quadratic equation in rex whose terms are +t1=1; +t2=2*R; +t3=(R^2+X^2)-((v/sqrt(3))/is)^2; +p=[ t1 t2 t3 ]; +rex=roots(p); +printf('External resistance referred to rotor is %f ohms\n',rex(2)/t^2); +Ts=(3*is^2*(R+rex(2)))/ws; +printf('Starting torque under new condition is %f Nm\n',Ts); + diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.65/Ex6_65.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.65/Ex6_65.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56458efde --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.65/Ex6_65.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +p=6; // number of poles +v=400; // rated voltage of induction motor +m=3; // number of phases +f=50; // frequency +r1=0.2; // stator resistance +r2=0.5; // rotor resistance +xm=48; // magnetising reactance +x1=2; // leakage reactance of stator or rotor +n=1050; // speed of motor +ns=(120*f)/p; // synchronous speed +s=(ns-n)/ns; // operating slip +disp('case a'); +Zf=(((r2/s)+%i*x1)*%i*xm)/((r2/s)+%i*(xm+x1)); // per phase impedance offered to stator by rorating air gap field +z=r1+%i*x1; // impedance of stator +Z=Zf+z; // total impedance +is=v/(sqrt(3)*abs(Z)); // stator current +pf=cosd(atand(imag(Z),real(Z))); +printf('Stator line current is %f A\n',is); +disp('case b'); +Po=m*(v/sqrt(3))*is*pf; +// negative power indicates induction machine is acting as generator +printf('Power fed back to 3 phase supply system is %f W\n',-Po); +disp('case c'); +lr=600; // rotational and core losses +pg=m*is^2*real(Zf); // air gap power +l1=m*is^2*r1; // stator copper loss +l2=s*pg; // rotor copper loss +Tl=lr+l1+l2; // total losses +pi=-Po+Tl; // mechanical power input +ne=-Po/pi; +printf('Efficiency of induction motor is %f percent\n',ne*100); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4acb72e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc; +Psh=10000; +P=4; +f=50; +Pi=660; +Pw=420; +I_l=8; +rs=1.2; +Pi_fl=11200; +I_fl=18; +Ns=(120*f)/P; +Ws=(2*3.14*Ns)/60; + + +//for part a +disp('for part a '); + +Pstl=Pi-Pw-((3*I_l*I_l*rs)/(3)); +mprintf('The stator core loss is \n %f W \n',Pstl); + +//for part b +disp('for part b '); + +Pg=Pi_fl-Pstl-(3*(I_fl/sqrt(3))*(I_fl/sqrt(3))*rs); +Prl=Pg-Psh; +mprintf('The rotor loss is %f W \n',Prl); + +//for part c +disp('for part c '); + +Prol=Prl-Pw; +mprintf('The rotor ohmic loss is %f W \n',Prol); + +//for part d +disp('for part d '); + +s_fl=Prol/Pg; +Nr=Ns*(1-s_fl); +mprintf('Full Load speed of rotor is %f rpm \n',Nr); + +//for part e +disp('for part e '); + +Te=Pg/Ws; +Tsh=Psh/((Ws)*(1-s_fl)); +E=(Psh/Pi_fl)*100; +mprintf('The internal torque is %f Nm \n The shaft torque is %f Nm \n The motor Efficiency is %f percent',Te,Tsh,E); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e725ae1cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +E=0.9; +L=45000; +Tl=((1/0.9)-1)*L; + +Rl=(Tl*2)/7; //According to the given conditoins +Pg=L+Rl+(Rl/2); + +s=Rl/Pg; + +mprintf('Slip is %f',s); diff --git a/3760/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3760/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c56a4ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ + +clc; +P=4; +r1=0.15; +x1=0.45; +r2=0.12; +x2=0.45; +Xm=28.5; +s=0.04; +V=400; +f=50; +Pfixed=400; + +t1=complex((r2/s),x2); +t2=complex(0,Xm); +t3=complex((r2/s),(x2+Xm)); +T=(t1*t2)/t3; +Zab=complex(r1,x1)+T; +Rf=real(T); +I1=V/(sqrt(3)*abs(Zab)); +ian=atand(imag(Zab),real(Zab)); +Pf=cosd(ian); +I1_mag=sqrt(real(I1)*real(I1)+imag(I1)*imag(I1)); +Psti=sqrt(3)*I1_mag*V*Pf; +Pg=3*I1*I1*Rf; +ns=(2*f)/P; +nr=(1-s)*ns; +Ws=2*3.14*ns; +Pm=(1-s)*Pg; +Psh=Pm-Pfixed; +To=(Psh)/((1-s)*Ws); +Psto=3*I1_mag*I1_mag*r1; +Prto=s*Pg; +Tls=Psto+Prto+Pfixed; +Pi=Psh+Tls; +E=(1-(Tls/Pi))*100; + +mprintf('staror current = %f amp at lagging phase angle of %f w.r.t input voltage \n rotor speed = %f rps or %f rpm output torque = %f Nm \n Efficiency = %f percent',I1,ian,nr,nr*60,To,E); + diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c592868ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +p=6; // number of poles +c=40; // number of coils +w=2; // winding pitch for simplex lap winding +printf('Number of commutator segments is equal to number of coils=%f\n ',c); +k=1/3; // integer added(or subtracted) to calculate back pitch to make it an odd integer +yb=((2*c)/p)-k; +printf('Back pitch is %f \n',yb); +yf=yb-w; +printf('Front pitch for progressive winding is %f\n',yf); +yf=yb+w; +printf('Front pitch for retrogressive winding is %f\n',yf) +yc=1; +printf('For simplex lap winding, commutator pitch is equal to %f ',yc); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aca2e29d --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +disp('b(1)'); +c=12; // number of coils +r=0.1; // resistance of each coil +// any one coil connected to commutator segment is in parallel with other 11 series connected coils therefore +R=11*r; // resistance of 11 coil +req=(r*R)/(r+R); +printf('Resistance measured between two adjacent commutator segments is %f ohm\n',req); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d36744414 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +disp('a'); +s=24; // total number of slots +p=4; // number of poles +np=3; // number of phases +ph=60; // phase spread +// given armature has double layer winding and full pitch coil span +v=(p*180)/s; +printf('Slot angular pitch is %d degrees\n',v); +disp('Number of adjacent slots in one phase belt is'); +disp(ph/v); +cs=s/p; +printf('Coil span is %d slots\n',cs); +disp('Using this data winding table for the three phases is shown in Ex7.11') +disp('d'); +sp=s/(p*np); // slots per pole per phase +disp('Distribution factor is'); +disp(sind(ph/2)/(sp*sind(v/2))); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..952e75c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +disp('a'); +s=24; // total number of slots +p=4; // number of poles +np=3; // number of phases +ph=120; // phase spread +// given armature has double layer winding and full pitch coil span +v=(p*180)/s; +printf('Slot angular pitch is %d degrees\n',v); +disp('Number of adjacent slots in one phase belt is'); +disp(ph/v); +cs=s/p; +printf('Coil span is %d slots\n',cs); +disp('Using this data winding table for the three phases is shown in Ex7.12') +disp('d'); +sp=s/(p*np); // slots per pole per phase +disp('Distribution factor is'); +disp(sind(ph/2)/(sp*sind(ph/(2*sp)))); + diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf76204a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +np=3; // number of phase +sp=9; // slots per pole +zs=4; // conductors per slot +f=0.8; // coil span as a fraction of pole pitch +ph=60; // phase spread +v=180/sp; // slot angular pitch +disp('Number of adjacent slots belonging to any phase is '); +disp(ph/v); +printf('Pole pitch is %f slots\n',sp); +c=floor(0.8*sp); +printf('Coil span is of %f slots\n',c); +disp('Using this data, winding table is shown in Ex7.13'); +t=(sp*zs*4)/2; // total turns in machine +spp=sp/np; // slots per pole per phase +kd=sind(ph/2)/(spp*sind(v/2)); // distribution factor +cp=c*v; // coil span in degrees +e=180-cp; // chording angle +kp=cosd(e/2); // coil span factor +kw=kd*kp; // winding factor +tp=(t*kw)/np; +printf('Number of effective turns per phase is %f',tp); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad69787dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +s=24; // number of slots +p=4; // number of poles +ph=60; // phase spread +ap=(p*180)/s; // slot angular pitch +pp=s/p; // pole pitch +printf('Pole pitch is %d slots\n',pp); +printf('slot angular pitch is %d degrees',ap); +disp('using these data, half coil and whole coil single layer concentric windings diagram are drawn'); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1458d2ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +p=4; // number of poles +c=12; // number of coils +// Number of commutator segments is equal to number of coils=12 +// Each coil has two coil side therefore total coil sides are 24 +s=(2*c)/2 ; // total number of slots required +k=1; // integer added(or subtracted) to calculate back pitch to make it an odd integer +w=2; // winding pitch +yb1=((2*c)/p)-k; // back pitch +// or +yb2=((2*c)/p)+k; // back pitch +disp('Back pitch is '); +disp(yb1,'or',yb2); +yf1=yb1-2; // front pitch for yb=5 +yf2=yb2-2; // front pitch for yb=7 +disp('front pitch for progressive winding is '); +disp(yf1,'or',yf2); +disp('It is desirable that (yb+yf)/2 should be equal to pole pitch that is 6(in terms of coil sides per pole). So choose yb=7 and yf=5'); +disp('Commutator pitch for progressive lap winding is'); +disp(1); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36d579d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +p=4; // number of poles +s=14; // number of slots +cp=2; // coil sides per slots +w=2; // winding pitch +C=(s*cp)/2; // number of coils +yb=(2*C)/p; +disp('Back pitch is'); +disp(yb); +yf=yb-w; +disp('Front pitch is'); +disp(yf); +disp('winding table for progressive lap winding is'); +disp('(1-8)-(3-10)-(5-12)-(7-14)-(9-16)-(11-18)-(13-20)-(15-22)-(17-24)-(19-26)'); +disp('-(21-28)-(23-2)-(25-4)-(27-6)'); +disp('from winding diagram') +disp('Brush A is touching segments 1 and 2 partly'); +disp('Brush B is at segment 5'); +disp('Brush C is at segment 8'); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8b631ff3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +disp('case a'); +s=30; // number of slots +c=60; // number of coils +p=4; // number of poles +k=1; // integer added(or subtracted) to calculate back pitch to make it an odd integer +tc=c*2; // total coil sides +u=tc/s; // coil sides per slots +yb1=(tc/p)+k; +yb2=(tc/p)-k; +disp('Back pitch is'); +disp(yb1); +disp('or'); +disp(yb2); +disp('for back pitch=29, top coil sides 1 and 3 in slot 1 are connected to bottom coil 30 and 32 in slot 8. Due to this arrangement split coils can be avoided. But for back pitch= 31, coil sides 34 which is in slot 9 has to be used, so split coils are needed ') +disp('case b'); +s=20; // number of slots +c=60; // number of coils +p=4; // number of poles +k=1; // integer added(or subtracted) to calculate back pitch to make it an odd integer +tc=c*2; // total coil sides +u=tc/s; // coil sides per slots +yb1=(tc/p)+k; +yb2=(tc/p)-k; +disp('Back pitch is'); +disp(yb1); +disp('or'); +disp(yb2); +disp('for back pitch=29, top coil sides 1,3 and 5 are connected to bottom coil 30, 32 and 34. Due to this arrangement split coils cannot be avoided. But for back pitch= 31, coil sides 1,3 and 5 are connected to bottom coil sides 32, 34 and 36 which are in slot 6,so split coils are not needed '); + diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad8ff7729 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +p=4; // number of poles +s=11; // number of slots +ts=2; // coil sides per slot +C=(s*ts)/2; // total coils +w=((2*C)+2)/(p/2); // winding pitch +// since both back and front pitch should be odd choose +Yb=7; +Yf=5; +disp('Back pitch is') +disp(Yb); +disp('Front pitch is') +disp(Yf); +yc=(C+1)/(p/2); +disp('commutator pitch'); +disp(yc); +disp('Using this data winding diagram can be drawn'); +disp('Winding table is'); +disp('(1-8)-(13-20)-(3-10)-(15-22)-(5-12)-(17-2)-(7-14)-(19-4)-(9-16)-(21-6)-(11-18)-1'); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14c54e7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +p=6; // number of poles +s=72; // number of slots +ts=4; // number of coil sides per slot +C=(s*ts)/2; // total number of coils +// To make commutator pitch an integer one coil is made dummy coil therefore +C=C-1; +yc=(C+1)/(p/2); +disp('commutator pitch'); +disp(yc); +yw=((2*C)+2)/(p/2); +disp('Winding pitch is'); +disp(yw); +// since back and front pitch should be odd choose +yb=49; +disp('Back pitch is'); +disp(yb); +yf=47; +disp('Front pitch is'); +disp(yf); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..744df0e7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +p=4; // number of poles +z=2540; // number of conductors +s=32; // number of slots +c=127; // number of commutator sectors=total number of coils +v=500; // induced voltage required +f=5*10^-3; // field flux per pole +a=2; // number of parallel paths +zs=ceil(z/s); // conductors per slot +// for zs=80 +Z=zs*s; // total conductors +t=floor(Z/(2*c)); // turn per coil +C=Z/(2*t); // actual number of coils +// It is necessary that actual coils should be same as commutator segments so one coil is made dummy +disp('commutor pitch is') +disp((c+1)/(p/2)); +disp('or'); +disp((c-1)/(p/2)); +disp('Winding pitch is') +disp(((2*c)+2)/(p/2)); +disp('or'); +disp(((2*c)-2)/(p/2)); +disp('For progressive winding, back pitch=65 and front pitch=63'); +disp('For retrogressive winding, back pitch=63 and front pitch=63'); +// since dumy coil is not in circuit, number of active conductor is +Z=c*t*2; +n=(v*a*60)/(f*Z*p); +printf('Speed for required induced voltage is %f rpm',n); diff --git a/3760/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3760/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e580e99b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +p=8; // number of poles +c=240; // number of coils +r=10; // number of equilizer ring +Yeq=(2*c)/p; +printf('Equipotential pitch is %f coils\n',Yeq); +Ytp=(2*c)/(r*p); +printf('Tapping point pitch is %f coils',Ytp); +disp('Arrangement is shown in tabular form in example 7.9'); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.1/ExA_1.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.1/ExA_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a478018e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.1/ExA_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +// answer is given wrong in the book +d=0.2; // mean diameter of mild steel ring +ac=50*10^-4; // cross sectional area of core +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +ur=800; // relative permeability +f=1*10^-3; // required flux +N=200; // Number of turns +l=%pi*d // length of core +R=l/(uo*ur*ac); // reluctance of ring +printf('reluctance offered by ring is %f AT/Wb\n',R); +mmf=f*R; // mmf produced in ring +i=mmf/N; +printf('current required to produce the desired flux is %f A',i); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.10/ExA_10.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.10/ExA_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6899006fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.10/ExA_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; +l=0.5; // length of conductor lying along Y-axis +B=1.2; // Flux density along the X-axis +v=2; // velocity of conductor +//e=Blv; for maximum induced emf all the three quantities should be perpendicular to each other +e=B*l*v; +printf('Maximum induced EMF in conductor is %f V',e); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.12/ExA_12.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.12/ExA_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c6304242 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.12/ExA_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +disp('case a'); +// as per the data taken from Ex 1_3 +rlg=24.948*10^5; // air gap reluctance for example 1_3(a) +rlc=12.474*10^5; // iron core reluctance for example 1_3(a) +rl=rlg+rlc; // net reluctance +N=500; // Number of turns +L=(N^2/rl)*1000; +printf('Inductance for case a is %f mH\n',L); +disp('case b'); +// as per the data taken from Ex 1_3 part(c) +B=1.254; // calculated flux density +H=3200; // magnetic field intensity obtained from magnetisation curve corresponding to the flux density calculated +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +ur=B/(H*uo); // relative permeability of iron core +d=2.85*10^-2; // diameter of cross section +A=(%pi*d^2)/4; // area of core +l=0.5; // core length +rlc=l/(ur*uo*A); // reluctance of iron core for part C +rt=rlg+rlc; // net reluctance +L=(N^2/rt)*1000; +printf('Inductance for case b is %f mH\n',L); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.13/ExA_13.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.13/ExA_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c47fce1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.13/ExA_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +// data taken from Ex A.7, fig A.16 +N1=200; // number of turns in coil 1 +f1=53.97*10^-3; // flux in outer limb containing coil 1 +m1=5000; // mmf for coil 1 +I1=m1/N1; // current in coil 1 +N2=100; // number of turns in coil 2 +f2=43.97*10^-3; // flux in outer limb containing coil 2 +m2=1102; // mmf for coil 2 +I2=m2/N2; // current in coil 2 +L1=(N1*f1)/I1; +printf('Inductance for coil 1 is %f H\n',L1); +L2=(N2*f2)/I2; +printf('Inductance for coil 2 is %f H\n',L2); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.2/ExA_2.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.2/ExA_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7055ff815 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.2/ExA_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +ur=10000; // relative permeability of iron +lc=0.5; // core length +lg=4*10^-3; // air gap length +N=600; // number of turns +B=1.2; // desired flux density +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +Ac=25*10^-4; // core area +mfc=(B*lc)/(uo*ur); // mmf for core +mfg=(B*lg)/uo; // mmf for air gap +mft=mfc+mfg; // net mmf +i=mft/N; +printf('exciting current required to establish the desired flux is %f A',i); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.3/ExA_3.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.3/ExA_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c06456b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.3/ExA_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +lc=0.5; // core length in metre +dc=2.85*10^-2; // diameter of cross section of core +lg=2*10^-3; // length of air gap +N=500; // Number oof turns of coil +f=0.8*10^-3; // air gap flux +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // permeability of free space +HATM=[1500 2210 2720 3500 4100]; +BT=[0.9 1.1 1.2 1.275 1.3]; +plot(HATM,BT); +xlabel('magnetic field intensity'); +ylabel('flux density'); +disp('case a'); +ur=500; // relative permeability +Ac=(%pi/4)*dc^2; // Area of core +Rlg=lg/(uo*Ac); // reluctance of air gap +Rlc=lc/(uo*ur*Ac); // reluctance of iron core +Rt=Rlg+Rlc; // Total reluctance +I=(f*Rt)/N; // Exciting current +printf('Exciting current in coil is %f A\n',I); +disp('case b'); +Ag=(%pi/4)*(dc+2*lg)^2; // air gap area +Rlg=lg/(uo*Ag); // reluctance of air gap +I=(f*(Rlc+Rlg))/N; // Exciting current +printf('Exciting current after accounting for flux fringing is %f A\n',I); +disp('case c'); +Bg=f/Ac; // Air gap flux density +Atg=(Bg*lg)/uo; // air gap mmf +// from the plot we can get the values of core flux density and magnetic field intensity +Bc=1.245; // core flux density in Tesla +H=3200; // magnetic field intensity in Ats/m +Atc=H*lc; // core mmf +mt=Atg+Atc; // total mmf +I=mt/N; // Exciting current +printf('Exciting current for third case is %f A',I); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.4/ExA_4.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.4/ExA_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b10615de --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.4/ExA_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +N=1000; // Number of turns +f=1*10^-3; // flux in central limb +Ac=8*10^-4; // Area of central limb +Ao=4*10^-4; // Area of outer limb +lg=2*10^-3; // length of air gap +lc=0.15; // length of central limb in metre +lo=0.25; // length of outer limb in metre +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // permeability of free space +disp('case a'); +// for ur=infinity, reluctance offered by cast steel is zero +Rl1=lg/(uo*Ao); // reluctance offered by outer limb +Rl2=lg/(uo*Ac); // reluctance offered by central limb +// Assuming magnetic circuit as a close circuit, applying KVl in one of loop gives +I=(f*(Rl2+(Rl1/2)))/N; +printf('Coil current for first case is %f A\n',I); +disp('case b'); +ur=6000; // relative permability +Rlc1=(lc+lo)/(uo*ur*Ao); // reluctance of outer steel core (including the top) +Rlc2=(lc)/(uo*ur*Ac); // reluctance offered by central steel core +r=(Rlc1+Rl1)/2; // resultant of outer reluctance +// By kVL we get +I=(f*(Rlc2+Rl2+r))/N; +printf('Coil current for second case is %f A\n',I); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.5/ExA_5.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.5/ExA_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4db15d1ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.5/ExA_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +N=500; // number of turns in central limb +ac=600*10^-6; // cross sectional area of central limb +ao=375*10^-6; // cross sectional area of outer limb +f=0.9*10^-3; // required flux in Weber +lg=0.8*10^-3; // length of air gap +lc=180*10^-3; // length of central limb +lo=400*10^-3; // length of outer limb +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +Bg=f/ac; // air gap flux density +Hg=Bg/uo; // magnetic field intensity in air gap +mg=Hg*lg; // mmf required for air gap +// from fig A.7,for B=1.5T, H for cast steel is 3000Ats/m +H=3000; // magnetic field intensity for cast steel +mc=H*lc; // mmf in central limb +Bo=f/(2*ao); // flux density in each outer limb +// for B=1.2, H=1400 +H=1400; // magnetic field intensity for cast steel for given flux density +mo=H*lo; // mmf for outer limb +// By KVL +I=(mg+mo+mc)/N; +printf('The exciting current required to establish the desired flux is %f A',I); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.6/ExA_6.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.6/ExA_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14fb9ba3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.6/ExA_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +N=400; // number of turns in coil +ac=20*10^-4; // area of cemntral limb +ao=15*10^-4; // area of outer iimb +lg=1*10^-3; // length of air gap +lc=40*10^-2; // length of central limb +lo=60*10^-2; // length of each outer limb +f=0.9*10^-3; // required flux +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +Bg=f/ao; // air gap flux density +mg=(Bg*lg)/uo; // mmf or air gap +// for B=0.6,H=575 AT/m from fig A.7 +H=575; // magnetic flux intensity for given flux density +mo=H*lo; // mmf of outer limb which contain air gap +mt=mo+mg; // combined mmf of air gap and outer limb +// this mmf acts across the other outer limb +haeb=mt/lo; // magnetic field intensity in outer limb which does not contain air gap +// for H=1370.77, B=1.19 T from fig A.7 +Bo=1.19; // flux density for given magnetic field intensity +faeb=Bo*ao; // flux in outer limb +fnet=f+faeb; // net flux through central limb +Bc=fnet/ac; // flux density in central limb +// from fig A.7 +H=1900; // magnetic field intensity for given flux density +mc=H*lc; // mmf in central limb +// by KVL in one of the loop +I=(mc+mt)/N; +printf('Exciting current required to establish the given flux is %f A',I) diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.7/ExA_7.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.7/ExA_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78976b45f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.7/ExA_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +a=30*10^-4; // cross sectional area of ferromagnetic core +uo=4*%pi*10^-7; // free space permeability +ur=4000; // relative permeability for core +f=10*10^-3; // flux in central limb +n1=200; // number of turns in coil 1 +m1=5000; // mmf for coil 1 +n2=100; // number of turns in coil 2 +lc=0.3; // length of central limb +lo=0.6; // length of outer limb +lg=1*10^-3; // length of air gap +rc=lc/(uo*ur*a); // reluctance for central limb +ro=lo/(uo*ur*a); // reluctance for outer limb +rg=lg/(uo*a); // reluctance for air gap +mc=f*(rc+rg); // mmf in central limb +// by KML, flux in outer limb containing coil 1 is +f1=(m1-mc)/ro; +// By flux law at node a in fig A.17, flux in outer limb contaning coil 2 is +f2=f1-f; +// by mmf law , mmf in coil 2 is +m2=mc-f2*ro; +I2=m2/n2; // current in coil 2, upper polarity is assumed positive +printf('Current in coil 2 is %f A',I2); +disp('As the mmf of coil 2 is positive , assumed polarity is correct. Therefore terminal A is positive because current enters through it and terminal B is negative '); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.8/ExA_8.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.8/ExA_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3820eeb03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.8/ExA_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +l=0.8; // length of conductor +B=1.2; // flux density of uniform magnetic field +v=30; // speed of conductor +disp('case a'); +// conductor motion is normal to field flux +theta=90; // angle between direction of motion and field flux +e=B*l*v*sin(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('EMF induced is %f V\n',e); +disp('case b'); +// conductor motion is at an angle of 30 degrees from direction of field +theta=30; // angle between direction of motion and field flux +e=B*l*v*sin(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('EMF induced is %f V\n',e); +disp('case c'); +// conductor motion is parllel to field flux +theta=0; // angle between direction of motion and field flux +e=B*l*v*sin(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('EMF induced is %f V\n',e); diff --git a/3760/CH8/EX8.9/ExA_9.sce b/3760/CH8/EX8.9/ExA_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74e3923a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH8/EX8.9/ExA_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +// After deriving the expression +a=0.1; // side of square coil +N=100; // number of turns +n=1000; // speed of rotation on rpm +B=1; // flux density of a uniform magnetic field +disp('case a'); +theta=90; // angle of coil with the field +w=(2*%pi*n)/60; // angular speed of coil in rad/s +e=N*B*a^2*w*cos(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('Emf induced in coil is %f V\n',e); +disp('case b'); +theta=30; // angle of coil with the field +w=(2*%pi*n)/60; // angular speed of coil in rad/s +e=N*B*a^2*w*cos(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('Emf induced in coil is %f V\n',e); +disp('case c'); +theta=0; // angle of coil with the field +w=(2*%pi*n)/60; // angular speed of coil in rad/s +e=N*B*a^2*w*cos(theta*(%pi/180)); +printf('Emf induced in coil is %f V\n',e); diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.3/ExB_3.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.3/ExB_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b11be6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.3/ExB_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +vl=400; // line voltage +z=10+7.5*%i; // load impedance per phase +disp('For star connected load'); +vp=vl/sqrt(3); // phase voltage +ip=vp/abs(z);// phase and line current are same in the case of star connected load +an=atand(-imag(z),real(z)); +pf=cosd(an); +P=sqrt(3)*vl*ip; +pa=sqrt(3)*vl*ip*pf; +pr=-sqrt(3)*vl*ip*sind(an); +printf('Phase and line currents are %f A\n',ip); +printf('Power factor is %f lagging \n',pf); +printf('Total volt ampere is %f VA\n',P); +printf('Total active power is %f W\n',pa); +printf('Total reactive power is %f VAr\n',pr); +disp('For delta connected load'); +vp=vl // phase voltage and line voltage are same in the case of star connected load +ip=vp/abs(z); +il=ip*sqrt(3); +an=atand(-imag(z),real(z)); +pf=cosd(an); +P=sqrt(3)*vl*il; +pa=sqrt(3)*vl*il*pf; +pr=-sqrt(3)*vl*il*sind(an); +printf('Phase current is %f A\n',ip); +printf('Line current is %f A\n',il); +printf('Power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +printf('Total volt ampere is %f VA\n',P); +printf('Total active power is %f W\n',pa); +printf('Total reactive power is %f VAr\n',pr); diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.4/ExB_4.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.4/ExB_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3ac3edd --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.4/ExB_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +il=48; // load current(leading) +p=30; // load power in KW +vl=500; // line voltage +f=50; // supply frequency +pf=(p*1000)/(sqrt(3)*vl*il); +vp=vl/sqrt(3); // phase voltage +zp=vp/il; // magnitude of phase impedance +rp=zp*pf; +// since current is leading other parameter must be a capacitor +xc=zp*sqrt(1-pf^2); // reactance +c=(10^6)/(2*%pi*f*xc); +disp('circuit parameters are'); +printf('Load resistance is %f ohm\n',rp); +printf('Load capacitance is %f micro farad',c); diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.5/ExB_5.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.5/ExB_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0261d1582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.5/ExB_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +zs=10+15*%i; // star connected load per phase +zd=12-15*%i; // delta connected load per phase +vl=400; // supply line voltage +disp('case a'); +// converting delta connected load to star connected load +zd=zd/3; +vp=vl/sqrt(3); +i1=vp/zs; // line current in star connected load +i2=vp/zd; // line current in delta connected load +i=abs(i1+i2); +printf('Total line current is %f A\n',i); +an=atand(imag(i1+i2),real(i1+i2)); +pf=cosd(an); +P=(sqrt(3)*vl*i*pf); +pr=sqrt(3)*vl*i*sqrt(1-pf^2); +printf('Power factor is %f leading\n',pf); +printf('Total power is %f W\n',P); +printf('Total reactve power is %f VAr',pr); + + diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.6/ExB_6.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.6/ExB_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0875e2030 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.6/ExB_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +w1=85; // reading of wattmeter 1; +w2=35; // reading of wattmeter 2; +P=w1+w2; // total input power +n=0.85; // efficiency of motor +vl=1100; // supply voltage +pf=cosd(atand((sqrt(3)*(w1-w2))/(w1+w2))); +il=(P*1000)/(sqrt(3)*vl*pf); // line current +ps=n*P; +printf('Input power is %f KW\n',P); +printf('Line current is %f A\n',il); +printf('power factor is %f lagging\n',pf); +printf('shaft power is %f KW',ps); diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.7/ExB_7.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.7/ExB_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be6d3d08d --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.7/ExB_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +w1=2000; // reading of wattmeter 1 under no load +w2=-400; // reading of wattmeter 2 under no load, since the connections are reversed that is why negative sign +theta=atand((sqrt(3)*(w1-w2))/(w1+w2)); +pl=w1+w2; +pf=cosd(theta); +printf('No load losses are %f W\n',pl); +printf('No load power factor is %f lagging',pf); diff --git a/3760/CH9/EX9.8/ExB_8.sce b/3760/CH9/EX9.8/ExB_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..588b823f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3760/CH9/EX9.8/ExB_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +vl=230; // line voltage +f=50; // frequency of supply +c=100*10^-6; // value of capacitance in each phase +vp=230/sqrt(3); // phase voltage +zp=1/(2*%pi*f*c); // phase impedance +il=vp/zp; // line current +// value of cos(theta) is taken from figB.15 +w1=vl*il*cosd(120); +w2=vl*il*cosd(60); +printf('Reading of wattmeter 1 is %f W\n',w1); +printf('Reading of wattmeter 2 is %f W\n',w2); +p=w1+w2; +printf('Total input power is %f W',p); diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aed818c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +disp("EXAMPLE 4.1") +disp("Material Properties","Applied Moment = 50kNm","Grade of Steel = Fe415","Grade of Concrete = M20","Ast = 4-25mm dia bars","d = 550mm","D = 600mm","b = 300mm","Given:") +//disp("Given:") +b=300 +d=550 + +disp("sigmacbc= 7 MPa") +m=280/(3*7) +disp("modular ratio , m =" +string(m)) +// m= 280/(3*sigmacbc) + + +fcr = 0.7 * sqrt(20) +disp("modulus of rupture, fcr =" +string(fcr)) +// fcr = o.7 * sqrt(Fck) + +disp("Approximate Cracking Moment , assuming gross concrete section") +b=300 +D=600 +Z= (b*D*D)/6 +disp(" in mm^3","Section Modulus Z=" + string(Z)) +//Cracking Moment +Mcr= (fcr*Z)/(10^6) +disp("in kNm","Cracking Moment =" +string(Mcr)) + +disp("Transformed Section Properties") +diabar=25 +Ast=(4*%pi*25*25)/4 +disp("in mm^2","Area of Tension Steel = " +string(Ast)) +disp("Transformed Area, At") +disp("At = bD + (m-1)Ast") +disp("Depth of neutral axis y") +disp("At y = (bD)(D/2)+(m-1)Ast(d)") +y=(((b*D*D)/2)+((Ast)*(m-1)*(d)))/(((b*D))+ ((m-1)*Ast)) +disp("in mm","Depth of neutral axis, y = " +string(y)) +yc=y +yt= D-yc +ys=d-yc + +disp("Distance from NA to extreme compression fibre, yc= " +string(yc)) +disp("Distance from NA to extreme tension fibre, yt=" +string(yt)) +disp("Distance from NA to reinforcing steel, ys=" +string(ys)) +disp("Transformed Second Moment of Area") +It = (b*yc^3/3)+(b*yt^3/3)+ ((m-1)*Ast*ys*ys) + +disp("Calculating Cracking Moment","4.1.a") +Mcra = (fcr*It/(yt*10^6)) +disp("in kNm", "Cracking Moment=" +string(Mcra)) + +disp("Stresses due to applied moment","4.1.b") + +M=50 +fc = M*yc*10^6/It +disp("in MPa","Maximum Compressive Stress in Concrete, fc= " +string(fc)) +fct= (M*yt*10^6/It) +disp("in MPa", "Maximum Tensile Stress in Concrete, fct=" +string(fct)) + +if(fctxu,max. The value of fst obtained from last itteration is obtained as 349MPa, therefore, MuR=fst*Ast*(d-0.416*xu)") +MuR1=fst*Ast*(d-0.416*xu)/10^6 +disp("kNm",MuR1,"Therefore, MuR=") +disp("Alternative (using analysis aid)") +pt=(100*Ast)/(b*d) +disp(pt,"Referring Table A.2(a)-for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel for pt=") +disp("MuR/bd^2 for pt,1.18 = 3.145 and for pt, 1.20 = 3.170, therefore, for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel and pt=1.19 MuR/bd^2=") +MuR1bd2=(3.145+3.170)/2 +MuR1=MuR1bd2*b*d^2/10^6 +disp("kNm",MuR1,"MuR=") + +disp("Example 4.11.b, (Refering Example 4.10") +disp("Grade of Steel,fy = Fe250","Grade of Concrete,fck = M20","D=600mm","d=550mm","b=300mm","Bars used = 4 - 25 dia") +b=300 +d=550 +D=600 +fck=20 +Ast=%pi*4*25*25/4 +disp("mm^2",Ast,"Ast=") +disp("For Fe415 Steel,") +Es=2*10^5 +fy=250 +Est=0.87*fy/Es +xumaxd=(0.0035/(0.0055+Est)) +//disp(xumaxd,"xumax/d") +//xumax=xumaxd*d +//disp("mm",xumax,"xu,max=") +//disp("Assuming, xuDf, the value is incorrect ") + +disp("Asxu>Df, the compression in web is given by: Cuw=0.362*fck*bw*xu") +Cuw=0.362*fck*bw +disp("*xu N",Cuw) +disp("Assuming xu>/7/3*Df = 233.3, the commpression in the flange is given by: Cuf=0.447*fck*(bf-bw)*Df") +Cuf=0.447*fck*(bf-bw)*Df +disp("Cuf=") +disp("N",Cuf) +disp("Also assuming xuDf, Hence this value of xu is not correct") +disp("As xu>Df, Cuw = 0.362*fck*fy*bw*xu") +Cuw=0.362*fck*fy +disp("xu N", Cuw,"Cuw=") +disp("ASssuming xu>/7/3*Df = 233.33mm, yf=Df=100mm and Cuf=0.447*fck*(bf-bw)*Df") +Cuf=0.447*fck*(bf-bw)*Df +disp("N",Cuf,"Cuf=") +disp("Further assuming xu7/3Df =233.3mm, but not xuxu,max, hence the section is over-reinforced") +disp("Exact Solution considering strain compatibility") +disp("Applying Eq. 4.81: xu = fst*Ast - (fsc-0.447*fck)*Asc/(0.362*fck*b)") +disp("Therefore,xu=(3054*fst - 982*fsc+8779)/2172") + +disp("First Cycle") +disp("1. xu lies within the two limits above; 263.5 mm < xu < 348.5mm") +disp("2. xu = (xu,max+xu)/2") +xu1=(xumax+xu)/2 +disp("mm",xu1,"xu=") +disp("3.Esc = 00035*(1-dd/xu1)") +Esc = 0.0035*(1-dd/xu1) +disp(Esc,"Esc=") +disp("4.Est = 0.0035*(d/xu1-1)") +Est = 0.0035*(d/xu1-1) +disp(Est,"Est=") +disp("for Esc= 0.00380 fsc = 360.9 and for Esc = 0.00276 fsc=351.8") +fst1=351.8 +fst2=360.9 +fsc=fst1+((fst2-fst1)*((Esc*10^5-276)/(380-276))) +disp("MPa",fsc,"fsc=") +fst=fst1+((fst2-fst1)*((Est*10^5-276)/(380-276))) +disp("MPa",fst,"fst=") +disp("Therefore, xu = ") +xu2=(3054*fst - 982*fsc+8779)/2172 +disp("mm",xu2,"xu=") + +disp("Second Cycle") +disp("Assume xu= ") +xu3=(xu2+xu1)/2 +disp("mm",xu3,"xu=") +Esc = 0.0035*(1-dd/xu3) +disp(Esc,"Esc=") +Est1=0.0035*(d/xu3-1) +disp(Est1,"Est=") +disp("for Esc= 0.00380 fsc = 360.9 and for Esc = 0.00276 fsc=351.8") +fst1=351.8 +fst2=360.9 +fsc=fst1+((fst2-fst1)*((Esc*10^5-276)/(380-276))) +disp("MPa",fsc,"fsc=") +disp("For strain, 0.00276 fst = 351.8 and for strain 0.00241 fst=342.8 From table 3.2") +fst4=351.8 +fst3=342.8 +fst11=(fst3+(fst4-fst3)*((Est1*10^5-241)/(276-241))) +disp("MPa",fst11,"fst1=") +xu4=(3054*fst11- 982*fsc+8779)/2172 +disp("mm",xu4,"xu=") + +disp("Third Cycle") +disp("1.Assume xu=") +xu5=(xu3+xu4)/2 +disp("mm",xu5,"xu=") +Esc = 0.0035*(1-dd/xu5) +disp(Esc,"Esc=") +Est2=0.0035*(d/xu5-1) +disp(Est2, "Est=") +disp("for Esc= 0.00380 fsc = 360.9 and for Esc = 0.00276 fsc=351.8") +fst1=351.8 +fst2=360.9 +fsc=fst1+((fst2-fst1)*((Esc*10^5-276)/(380-276))) +disp("For strain, 0.00276 fst = 351.8 and for strain 0.00241 fst=342.8 From table 3.2") +fst12=342.8 +disp("MPa",fst12,"fst2=") +xu6=(3054*fst12- 982*fsc+8779)/2172 +disp("mm",xu6,"xu,final=") +Cuc=0.362*fck*b +Cus=(fsc-0.447*fck)*Asc +MuR=(Cuc*xu6*(d-0.416*xu6)+Cus*(d-dd))/10^6 +disp("kNm",MuR,"MuR,final=") + +disp("Approximate Solution") +disp("As an approximate and conservative estimate limiting xu to xu,max=263.5mm,") +Esc=0.0035*(1-dd/xumax) +disp(Esc,"Esc=") +fsc=352.5 +disp("MPa",fsc,"fsc=") +disp("This value is alternatively obtainable from Table 4.5 for dd/d=0.09 and Fe415") +disp("Accordingly, limiting the ultimate moment of resistance MuR to the limiting moment Mu,lim") +Mulim=(0.362*fck*b*xumax*(d-0.416*xumax)+(fsc-0.447*fck)*Asc*(d-dd))/10^6 +disp("kNm",Mulim,"Mu,lim=") diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f817fdc2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +disp("Example 4.16") +disp("Ast= 4-25dia bars","Asc= 2-25 dia bars","fck=20MPa","fy=415MPa","dd=45mm","d=655mm","b=300mm","Given:") +disp("xu,max/d=0.479") +Es=2*10^5 +dd=45 +d=655 +b=300 +fy=415 +fck=20 +Ast=%pi*25*25 +Asc=%pi*25*25*2/4 +xumaxd=0.0035/(0.0055+(0.87*fy/Es)) +xumax=xumaxd*d +disp("mm",xumax,"xu,max=") +disp("Assuming for a first approximation fsc=fst=0.87*fy") +Cuc=0.362*fck*b +disp("xu N",Cuc,"Cuc=") +Cus=(0.87*fy-0.447*fck)*Asc +disp("N",Cus,"Cus=") +Tu=0.87*fy*Ast +disp("N",Tu,"Tu=") +disp("Considering force equilibrium:Cuc+Cus = Tu") +xu=(Tu-Cus)/Cuc +disp("mm",xu,"xu=") +disp("xukb, the section is over reinforced (WSM method)") +disp("therefore, concrete stress controls, fc=sigmacbc= 7MPa") +disp("Applying Tension force=Compressive force") +disp("fst*Ast = 0.5*sigmacbc*b*kd") +fst= 0.5*sigmacbc*b*kd1/Ast +disp("MPa",fst,"fst=") +disp("Alternatively, considering the linear stress distribution") +fc=7 +fst1=(m*fc*(1-k))/k +disp("MPa",fst1,"fst=") + +disp("Calculating Allowable Bending Moment") +disp("Taking moments of forces about the tension steel considered") +disp("Mall= (0.5*sigmacbc*b*kd)*(d-(kd/3)") +Mall= (0.5*sigmacbc*b*kd1)*(d-(kd1/3)) +Mall1=Mall/10^6 +disp("kN-m",Mall1,"Mall=") +disp("Alternatively, using the analysis aids given in TABLE A.1(a) ") +pt=1.190 +disp("Muall = 1.28*bd^2") +Muall=1.28*b*d*d/10^6 +disp("kNm",Muall,"Muall=") + + + + diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..025fbc195 --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +L=6 +Df=100 +bw=250 +b=1000 +D=600 +d=520 +M=200 +disp("Example 4.4") +disp("Service Load Moment = 200kNm","Ast=6-28mmdia bar","Effective depth d=520 mm","Depth D=600mm","b=1000mm","bw=250mm","Depth of Flange Df=100mm","Span of Beam L=6m","Given Data:") +disp("Grade of Steel =Fe250","Grade of Concrete=M20") +disp("Verifying for the effective flange width b") +disp("Refering IS456:2000, Clause 23.1.2 c or Eq 4.30(b) from TB") +disp("For T-beams, bf = (lo/((lo/b)+4)+bw") +disp("bw=250mm","lo=6000mm") +lo=6000 +bf=((lo)/((lo/b)+4)+bw) +disp("mm",bf,"bf=") + +if(bfDf, the assumption kdDf, neutral axis located in the web") +disp("Using Equation 4.31 of TB") +disp("(bf-bw)*Df*(kd-Df/2)+ bw*(kd)^2/2 = mAst*(d-kd)") +a=bw/2 +B=(bf*Df-bw*Df+mAst) +c=(bw*Df*Df/2 - bf*Df*Df/2-mAst*d) + +Dis=(B*B)-(4*a*c) +kd1=((-B+sqrt(Dis))/(2*a)) +disp("mm",kd1,"kd=") +disp("Relating the compressive stress fc1 at the flange bottom to fc,") +disp("fc1=fc*((kd-Df)/kd)") +fact=((kd1-Df)/kd1) +disp("*fc",fact,"fc1=") +disp("Compressive Force C= 0.5*fc*bf*(kd)-0.5*fc1*(bf-bw)*(kd-Df)") +disp("Taking moments of forces about the tension steel centriod, using equation 4.34") +fc=((M*10^6)/((0.5*bf*(kd1)*(d-kd1/3)-(0.5*fact*(bf-bw)*(kd1-Df))*(d-Df-((kd1-Df)/3))))) +disp("MPa",fc,"Therefore, on solving we get, fc=") +disp("Applying C= T") +fst= (0.5*fc*bf*(kd1)-0.5*fact*fc*(bf-bw)*(kd1-Df))/Ast +disp("MPa",fst,"Therefore, fst = ") +disp("From the stress distribution diagram: fst = m*fc*((d-kd)/kd)") +fst1=m*fc*((d-kd1)/kd1) +disp("MPa",fst1, "As before") + + diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27366a9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +disp("Example 4.5") +disp("Calculating allowable moment capacity for beam of section as in 4.4") +L=6 +Df=100 +bw=250 +b=1000 +D=600 +d=520 +M=200 +disp("Example 4.4") +disp("Service Load Moment = 200kNm","Ast=6-28mmdia bar","Effective depth d=520 mm","Depth D=600mm","b=1000mm","bw=250mm","Depth of Flange Df=100mm","Span of Beam L=6m","Given Data:") +disp("Grade of Steel =Fe250","Grade of Concrete=M20") +disp("Verifying for the effective flange width b") +disp("Refering IS456:2000, Clause 23.1.2 c or Eq 4.30(b) from TB") +disp("For T-beams, bf = (lo/((lo/b)+4)+bw") +disp("bw=250mm","lo=6000mm") +lo=6000 +bf=((lo)/((lo/b)+4)+bw) +disp("mm",bf,"bf=") + +if(bfDf, the assumption kdDf, neutral axis located in the web") +disp("Using Equation 4.31 of TB") +disp("(bf-bw)*Df*(kd-Df/2)+ bw*(kd)^2/2 = mAst*(d-kd)") +a=bw/2 +B=(bf*Df-bw*Df+mAst) +c=(bw*Df*Df/2 - bf*Df*Df/2-mAst*d) + +Dis=(B*B)-(4*a*c) +kd1=((-B+sqrt(Dis))/(2*a)) +disp("mm",kd1,"kd=") +disp("The neutral axis depth factor, k") +k=kd1/d +disp(k,"k=") +disp("For a balanced section as per Eq 4.23, kb") +sigmast=130 +kb=280/(280+3*sigmast) +disp(kb,"kb=") +disp("As k20mm") +fst=sigmast +fc=(kd1/(d-kd1))*(fst/m) +fc1=0.526*fc //As derived in previous example 4.4 +disp("MPa",fc,"fc=") +disp("MPa",fc1,"fc1=") +disp("Substituting in Eq 4.34") +fact=0.526 +M=(fc*((0.5*bf*(kd1)*(d-kd1/3)-(0.5*fact*(bf-bw)*(kd1-Df))*(d-Df-((kd1-Df)/3)))))/10^6 +disp("Therefore, Moment carrying capacity Mall=") +disp("kNm", M , "Mall=") diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a351109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +disp("Example 4.6") +disp("Asc=2-25dia bars","Ast=3-36dia bars","Service Load Moment = 175kNm","M20 Grade of concrete and Fe250steel","sigmast=130MPa","Sigmacbc=7 MPa","dd = 50mm","d=550mm","b=300mm","Given:") +b=300 +d=550 +dd=50 +sigmacbc=7 +sigmast=130 +M=175 +Ast= %pi*36*36*3/4 +Asc=2*%pi*25*25/4 +disp("Transformed Section Properties") +m=13.33 //(280/(3*sigmacbc)) +mAst=m*Ast +CSA=(1.5*m-1)*Asc +disp("mm^2",mAst,"Transformed tension steel area=") +disp("mm^2",CSA,"Transformed Compression Steel Area=") + +disp("Neutral Axis Depth") +disp("Considering moments of areas about the neutral axis,") +disp("b*kd^2/2 + CSA*(kd-dd) = mAst*(d-kd)") +a=b/2 +b1=(CSA+mAst) +c=-CSA*dd-mAst*d +D=b1*b1-4*a*c +kd1=(-b1+sqrt(D))/(2*a) +disp("mm",kd1,"Solving kd=") +disp("Stresses due to M=175kNm") +disp("Considering the linear stress distribution") +disp("fcsc= fc*(kd-dd/kd)") +Ccfact=0.5*b*kd1 +Csfact=CSA*((kd1-dd)/kd1) +fc=(M*10^6)/(Ccfact*(d-kd1/3)+Csfact*(d-dd)) +disp("MPa",fc,"fc=") +disp("Compressive Stress in Steel,fsc") +fcsc= fc*((kd1-dd)/kd1) +fsc=1.5*m*fcsc +disp("MPa",fsc,"fsc=") +disp("Tensile Stress in Steel,fst") +fst=m*fc*((d-kd1)/kd1) +disp("MPa",fst,"fst=") +fst=(fc*(Ccfact+Csfact)/Ast) +disp("MPa",fst,"Alternatively, Cc+Cs = T --> fst=") +disp("Allowable Bending Moment") +disp("For a balanced (WSM) section, kb= 280/(280+3*sigmast)") +kb=280/(280+(3*sigmast)) +disp(kb,"kb=") +disp("For the given section, k =kd/d") +k=kd1/d +disp(k,"k=") +disp("Here, k >kb") +disp("Hence the section is over reinforced(WSM)") +disp("whereby fc =sigmacbc =7 MPa") +Mall=fc*(Ccfact*(d-kd1/3)+Csfact*(d-dd))/10^6 +disp(Mall) diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c723353 --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +disp("Example 4.7") +disp("M20 Grade of concrete and Fe250steel","sigmast=130MPa","Sigmacbc=7 MPa","dd = 50mm","d=550mm","b=300mm","Given:") +b=300 +d=550 +dd=50 //Mentioning the top cover d' as dd throughout the example +sigmacbc=7 +sigmast=130 +disp("Transformed Section Properties") +m=13.33 //(280/(3*sigmacbc)) +disp("Neutral Axis Depth, here in this case k=kb, corresponding to balanced section") +disp("For a balanced (WSM) section, kb= 280/(280+3*sigmast)") +kb=280/(280+(3*sigmast)) +disp(kb,"kb=") +kbd=kb*d +disp("mm",kbd,"kb d=") +disp("Considering moments of areas about the neutral axis,") +disp("b*kb d^2/2 + CSA*(kb d-dd) = mAst*(d-kb d)") +disp("On replacing values stated above we get equation as : Ast = (0.8Asc + 1856)mm^2") +disp("Asc is to be determined using equation 4.39 as stated") +disp("M= Cc(d-kb d/3)+Cs(d-dd)") +disp("Cc=0.5*fc*b*(kb.d)") +disp("Cs=(1.5*m-1)*Asc*fc*((kd-dd)/kd)") +M=175*10^6 +fc=7 +Cc=0.5*fc*b*(kbd) +Cs1=(1.5*m-1)*fc*((kbd-dd)/kbd) +Asc=(M-(Cc*(d-kbd/3)))/(Cs1*(d-dd)) +disp("mm^2",Asc,"Therefore, Asc=") +Ast=(0.8*Asc+1856) +disp("mm^2", Ast,"Therefore, Ast=") + +disp("Alternate Solution to Example 4.7") +disp("Calculating Mwb=0.5*kb*(1-kb/3)*sigmacbc*b*d*d") +Mwb=0.5*kb*(1-kb/3)*sigmacbc*b*d*d/10^6 +disp("kNm",Mwb,"Mwb=") +disp("Calculating Ast1=Mwb/(sigmast*d*(1-kb/3)") +Ast1=(Mwb*10^6)/(sigmast*d*(1-kb/3)) +disp("mm^2",Ast1,"Ast1=") +disp("Calculating Ast2, Ast2= (M-Mwb)/(sigmast*(d-dd))") +Ast2= (M-Mwb*10^6)/(sigmast*(d-dd)) +disp("mm^2",Ast2,"Ast2=") +disp("Therefore, Ast= Ast1+Ast2") +Astf=Ast1+Ast2 +disp("mm^2",Astf,"Therefore, final Ast=") +disp("Calculating fcsc=sigmacbc*(1-dd/kbd)") +fcsc=sigmacbc*(1-dd/kbd) +disp(fcsc) +disp("Calculating Asc=(M-Mwb)/(1.5*m-1)*fcsc*(d-dd)") +Asc=(M-Mwb*10^6)/((1.5*m-1)*fcsc*(d-dd)) +disp("mm^2",Asc,"Asc=") diff --git a/3761/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3761/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4461d96f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3761/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +disp("Example 4.8") +disp("Asc=3-28dia bars","Fe250","dd=50mm","Ast=6-28mmdia bar","Effective depth d=520 mm","Depth D=600mm","b=1000mm","bw=250mm","Depth of Flange Df=100mm","Span of Beam L=6m","Given Data:") +Asc=3*%pi*28*28/4 +L=6 +Df=100 +bw=250 +b=1000 +D=600 +d=520 +dd=50 +disp("Grade of Steel =Fe250","Grade of Concrete=M20") +disp("Verifying for the effective flange width b") +disp("Refering IS456:2000, Clause 23.1.2 c or Eq 4.30(b) from TB") +disp("For T-beams, bf = (lo/((lo/b)+4)+bw") +disp("bw=250mm","lo=6000mm") +lo=6000 +bf=((lo)/((lo/b)+4)+bw) +disp("mm",bf,"bf=") + +if(bfdd, and solving Eq4.35 with b=bf") +a=bf/2 +b1=CSA+mAst +c=(-CSA*dd)-(mAst*d) +kd1=((-b1+sqrt((b1*b1)-(4*a*c)))/(2*a)) +disp("mm",kd1,"kd=") +disp("As kd>Df, the assumption kd/Df") +a1=bw/2 +b12=CSA+mAst+Df*(bf-bw) +c1=(-CSA*dd)-(mAst*d)-(Df*Df*(bf-bw)/2) +D1=((b12*b12)-(4*a1*c1)) +kd12=(-b12+sqrt(D1))/(2*a1) +disp("mm",kd12,"kd=") +k=kd12/d +disp("mm",k,"Therefore, k =") +kb=(280)/(280+(3*sigmast)) +disp(kb,"For a balanced WSM section with sigmast=130MPa, kb=") +disp("As k=0.3496xu,max, 326.3mm>263.5mm") +disp("As xu>xu,max steel would not have yielded accordingly the strain compatibility method is adopted to obtain the correct value of xu") +disp("FIRST CYCLE") +disp("1. Assume xu = (xu+xu,max)/2 ") +xu1=(xu+xumax)/2 +disp("mm",xu1,"xu,1=") +disp("2. Strain Compatibility = Est = 0.0035*(d/xu1-1)") +//Est=strainst, ephselon st +Est =0.0035*(d/xu1-1) +disp(Est,"Est=") +disp(Est,"Interpoating for value of fst, corresponding to strain ,Fe415 and Est = ") +disp("For strain, 0.00276 fst = 351.8 and for strain >/0.00380 fst=360.9 From table 3.2") +fst1=351.8 +fst2=360.9 +disp("fst= ") +fst=fst1+((fst2-fst1)*((Est*10^5-276)/(380-276))) +disp("MPa",fst,"fst=") +disp("Cu=Tu") +xu2=fst*(Ast/(0.362*fck*b)) +disp("mm",xu2,"xu,2=") + +disp("SECOND CYCLE") +disp("Assume xu= ") +xu3=(xu2+xu1)/2 +disp("mm",xu3,"xu,3=") +Est1=0.0035*(d/xu3-1) +disp(Est1,"Est=") +disp(Est,"Interpoating for value of fst, corresponding to strain ,Fe415 and Est = ") +disp("For strain, 0.00276 fst = 351.8 and for strain 0.00241 fst=342.8 From table 3.2") +fst4=351.8 +fst3=342.8 +fst11=(fst3+(fst4-fst3)*((Est1*10^5-241)/(276-241))) +disp("MPa",fst11,"fst1=") + +disp("Cu=Tu") +fact=Ast/(0.362*fck*b) +//disp(fact) +xu4=fst11*(fact) +disp("mm",xu4,"xu,4=") + + +disp("THIRD CYCLE") +disp("1.Assume xu=") +xu5=(xu4+xu3)/2 +disp("mm",xu5,"xu,5=") +Est2=0.0035*(d/xu5-1) +disp(Est2, "Est=") +disp(Est,"Interpoating for value of fst, corresponding to strain ,Fe415 and Est = ") +disp("For strain, 0.00276 fst = 351.8 and for strain 0.00241 fst=342.8 From table 3.2") +fst4=351.8 +fst3=342.8 +fst12=(fst3+(fst4-fst3)*((Est2*10^5-241)/(276-241))) +disp("MPa",fst12,"fst2=") + +disp("Cu=Tu") +fact=Ast/(0.362*fck*b) +//disp(fact) +xu6=fst12*(fact) +disp("mm",xu6,"xu,6=") +disp("Therefore, the final value of xu may be takaen as xu=315mm") + diff --git a/3763/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3763/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b90f349a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +ws_al=103 //working stress of Al +ws_mg=55 //working stress of Mg +ws_st=138 //working stress of steel +ws_g=35 //working stress of glass +d_al=2770 //density of Al +d_mg=1780 //density of Mg +d_st=7800 //density of steel +d_g=1370 //density of glass +A=10**6 //area +l=1 //length + +//Calculation +L_al=ws_al*A //load of Al +L_mg=ws_mg*A //load of Mg +L_st=ws_st*A //load of steel +L_g=ws_g*A //load of glass +W_al=d_al*l //weight of Al +W_mg=d_mg*l //weight of Mg +W_st=d_st*l //weight of steel +W_g=d_g*l //weight of glass +r_al=L_al/W_al //ratio of Al +r_mg=L_mg/W_mg //ratio of Mg +r_st=L_st/W_st //ratio of steel +r_g=L_g/W_g //ratio of glass + +//Result +printf("\n ratio of Al is %0.2f *10**3",r_al/10**3) +printf("\n ratio of Mg is %0.2f *10**3",r_mg/10**3) +printf("\n ratio of steel is %0.2f *10**3",r_st/10**3) +printf("\n ratio of glass is %0.2f *10**3",r_g/10**3) +printf("\n Aluminium alloy is the best material") diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..291775f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.626*10**-34 //plancks constant(J s) +c=3*10**8 //velocity of light(m/s) +Eg=1.44*1.6*10**-19 //band gap(J) + +//Calculation +lamda=h*c/Eg //wavelength of emission(m) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of emission is %0.0f angstrom",lamda*10**10) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e81356d3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=50 +n2=1.5 //refractive index of cladding +n1=1.53 //refractive index of core +lamda0=1 //wavelength(micro m) + +//Calculation +V_number=(2*%pi*a*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)/lamda0) //V number + +n=V_number**2/2 //maximum number of modes + +//Result +printf("\n maximum number of modes is %0.3f ",n) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddfc497dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=100*10**-6 +NA=0.3 //numerical aperture(m) +lamda=850*10**-9 //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +V_number=(2*%pi**2*a**2*NA**2/lamda**2) //number of modes +printf("\n total number of modes is %0.3f",2*V_number) + +//Result diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b9fb2ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=25*10**-6 +n1=1.48 //refractive index of core +delta=0.01 //refractive index difference +V=25 //Vnumber + +//Calculation +lamda=2*%pi*a*n1*sqrt(2*delta)/V //cutoff wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n cutoff wavelength is %0.3f micro m",lamda*10**6) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f0ab2abd --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=2.405 //Vnumber +lamda=1.3 //wavelength(micro m) +NA=0.05 //numerical aperture(m) + +//Calculation +amax=V*lamda/(2*%pi*NA) //maximum value of core radius(micro m) + +//Result +printf("\n maximum value of core radius is %0.2f micro m",amax) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c604db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.55 //wavelength(micro m) + +//Calculation +Eg=1.24/lamda //band gap(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n band gap is %0.3f eV",Eg) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ba1ea1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +eta=0.65 //quantum efficiency +n=5*10**5 //number of photons incident + +//Calculation +N=eta*n //number of electron-hole pairs + +//Result +printf("\n number of electron-hole pairs is %0.3f *10**5",N/10**5) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a8dbcd0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +eta=0.6 //quantum efficiency +q=1.6*10**-19 //charge(coulomb) +lamda=1.3*10**-6 //lamda(m) +h=6.625*10**-34 //plancks constant(J s) +c=3*10**8 //velocity of light(m/s) + +//Calculation +R=eta*q*lamda/(h*c) //responsibility(A/W) + +//Result +printf("\n responsibility is %0.3f A/W",R) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0328449e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +eta=0.7 //quantum efficiency +q=1.6*10**-19 //charge(coulomb) +lamda=863*10**-9 //lamda(m) +P0=0.5*10**-6 //optical power(W) +h=6.625*10**-34 //plancks constant(J s) +c=3*10**8 //velocity of light(m/s) +IT=10*10**-6 //current(A) + +//Calculation +IP=eta*q*lamda*P0/(h*c) +M=IT/IP //multiplication factor + +//Result +printf("\n multiplication factor is %0.3f ",M) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f93e69589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n2=1.47 //refractive index of cladding +n1=1.5 //refractive index of core + +//Calculation +phi_c=asin(n2/n1) //critical angle(radian) +phi_c=phi_c*180/%pi //critical angle(degrees) +NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2) //numerical aperture +phi_max=asin(NA) //acceptance angle(radian) +phi_max=phi_max*180/%pi //acceptance angle(degrees) + +//Result +printf("\n critical angle is %0.1f degrees",phi_c) +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.1f ",NA) +printf("\n acceptance angle is %0.1f degrees",phi_max) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c142c318 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=50*10**-6 //diameter(m) +NA=0.2 //numerical aperture(m) +lamda=1*10**-6 //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2 //total number of guided modes + +//Result +printf("\n total number of guided modes is %0.3f",N) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc5459223 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=5*10**-6 //diameter(m) +n2=1.447 //refractive index of cladding +n1=1.45 //refractive index of core +lamda=1*10**-6 //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2) //numerical aperture +N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2 //total number of guided modes + +//Result +printf("\n total number of guided modes is %0.3f ",N) diff --git a/3763/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3763/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..289898803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.46 //refractive index of core +delta=0.05 //refractive index difference + +//Calculation +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) //numerical aperture + +//Result +printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.2f ",NA) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f5cc48d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +sigma0=8.55 +K=2.45 +sigma=10**-3 //steel size(mm) + +//Calculation +sigma=sigma0+(K/sqrt(sigma)) //yield strength + +//Result +printf("\n yield strength is %0.3f kg/mm**2",sigma) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5aa02dfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E=70*10**9 //young's modulus(Pa) +gama=1 //surface energy(joule/m**2) +C=1*10**-6 //depth(m) + +//Calculation +sigma_f=sqrt(2*E*gama/(%pi*C)) //fracture strength(GPa) + +//Result +printf("\n fracture strength is %0.3f GPa",sigma_f/10**9) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c2e8d605 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +ml=57800 //load(N) +d=10*10**-3 //diameter(m) +D=5 //diameter after fracture(mm) +l=50 //guage length(mm) +L=55 //length after fracture(mm) + +//Calculation +ts=ml/(%pi*(d/2)**2) //ultimate tensile strength(MPa) +de=(L-l)*100/l //ductility % of elongation(%) +dr=((2*D)**2-D**2)*100/(2*D)**2 //ductility % of reduction(%) +t=(2/3)*ts*de/100 //modulus of toughness(Pa) + +//Result +printf("\n ultimate tensile strength is %0.0f MPa",ts/10**6) +printf("\n modulus of toughness is %0.0f *10**6 Pa",t/10**6) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bda7fc58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +pl1=206850*10**3 //proportional limit(Pa) +pl2=310275*10**3 //proportional limit(Pa) +pl3=413700*10**3 //proportional limit(Pa) +s2=0.0615 //strain +s3=0.2020 //strain +Y=2.0685*10**11 //young's modulus(Pa) + +//Calculation +e1=pl1/Y //elastic strain in 1st case +e2=pl2/Y //elastic strain in 2nd case +p2=s2-e2 //plastic strain in 2nd case +r2=e2*100/p2 //ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 2nd case +e3=pl3/Y //elastic strain in 2nd case +p3=s3-e3 //plastic strain in 2nd case +r3=e3*100/p3 //ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 3rd case + +//Result +printf("\n elastic strain in 1st case is %0.3f",e1) +printf("\n ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 2nd case is %0.3f",r2) +printf("\n ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 3rd case is %0.3f ",r3) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc9ea51e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +s=12411*10**3 //stress(Pa) +t=0.0168 //tension +e=0.127 //elongation(cm) +l=15.24 //length(cm) +g=9.8 +L=68.04 //load(kg) + +//Calculation +E_eff=s/t //effective modulus(Pa) +S=e/l +W=E_eff*S +A=L*g/W //cross sectional area(m**2) + +//Result +printf("\n effective modulus is %0.3f *10**3 Pa",E_eff/10**3) +printf("\n cross sectional area is %0.4f *10**-4 m**2",A*10**4) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6826d3552 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E=35*10**10 //youngs modulus(Pa) +gama=2 //specific surface energy(J/m**2) +C=2*10**-6 //length(m) +x=17700 +y=2.1 +z=31.25 + +//Calculation +sigma_f=sqrt(2*E*gama/(%pi*C)) //fracture stress(Pa) +T=x/((sigma_f/(9.8*10**6))-y+z) //transition temperature(K) + +//Result +printf("\n transition temperature is %0.0f K",T) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7623821 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h1=1 +h2=1 +k1=1 +k2=1 +l1=1 +l2=1 +l3=0 +s=3.5*10**6 //stress(Pa) + +//Calculation +x=sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2) +y=sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2) +z=sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l3**2) +cos_phi=((h1*h2)-(k1*k2)+(l1*l2))/(x*y) +sin_phi=sqrt(1-(cos_phi)**2) +cos_theta=((h1*h2)+(k1*k2)+(l1*l3))/(x*z) +ss=s*cos_theta*cos_phi*sin_phi //critical resolved shear stress(Pa) + +//Result +printf("\n critical resolved shear stress is %0.3f MPa",ss/10**6) diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68515b1cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +dz1=4*10**-18 //diffusivity(m**2/s) +dz2=5*10**-13 //diffusivity(m**2/s) +T1=773 //temperature(K) +T2=1273 //temperature(K) +T3=573 //temperature(K) +T4=973 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +x1=(log(dz1)) + +y1=(log(dz2)) + +x2=(-1/(8.314*T1)) + +y2=(-1/(8.314*T2)) + +x=((x1-y1)) + +y=((x2-y2)) + +Q=x/y //activation energy(J/mol) +z=(y1-(y2*Q)) + +D0=exp(z) //diffusion coefficient(m**2/Vs) +D1=D0*exp(-Q/(8.314*T3)) //diffusivity at 300 C(m**2/s) +D2=D0*exp(-Q/(8.314*T4)) //diffusivity at 700 C(m**2/s) + +//Result +printf("\n activation energy is %0.3f kJ/mol",Q/10**3) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") +printf("\n diffusion coefficient is %0.3f *10**-4 m**2/s",D0*10**4) +printf("\n diffusivity at 300 C is %0.2f *10**-23 m**2/s",D1*10**23) +printf("\n diffusivity at 700 C is %0.3f *10**-15 m**2/s",D2*10**15) +printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3763/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3763/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b93d8550 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +D0=0.73*10**-4 //diffusion coefficient(m**2/s) +Q=170*10**3 //activation energy(J/mol) +R=8.314 +T=873 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +D=D0*exp(-Q/(R*T)) //diffusion(m**2/s) + +//Result +printf("\n diffusion is %0.1f *10**-15 m**2/s",D*10**15) diff --git a/3763/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3763/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f58dfc47d --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +dm=1.98*(10**-29)*(1/3) //dipole moment +l=0.92*10**-10 //bond length(m) + +//Calculation +ec=dm/l //effective charge(coulomb) + +//Result +printf("\n effective charge is %0.2f *10**-19 coulomb",ec*10**19) +printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..504463d9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=1 //order of diffraction +lamda=1.54*10**-10 //wavelength(m) +theta=32 //angle(degrees) +h=2 +k=2 +l=0 + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180 //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)) +a=d*sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) //lattice parameter of lead(m) + +//Result +printf("\n lattice parameter of lead is %0.1f *10**-10 m",a*10**10) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a4ee9d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta_Hf=1.6*10**-19 +T=500 //temperature(K) +N=6.026*10**23 +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant +mv=5.55 //molar volume(cm**3) +ne=10**6 //number of edge dislocations(per cm**3) +v=5*10**7 //number of vacancies +a=2*10**-8 //lattice parameter(cm) + +//Calculation +n=(N/mv)*exp(-delta_Hf/(k*T)) //number of vacancies at 300K(per mol) +ac=n*a/(v*ne) //amount of climb down(cm) + +//Result +printf("\n amount of climb down is %0.5f *10**-8 cm",ac*10**8) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dc27e7f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=5.64 //lattice constant(angstrom) +h1=1 +k1=0 +l1=0 +h2=1 +k2=1 +l2=0 +h3=1 +k3=1 +l3=1 + +//Calculation +d100=a/sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2) //spacing between (100) plane +d110=a/sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2) //spacing between (110) plane +d111=a/sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2) //spacing between (111) plane + +//Result +printf("\n spacing between (100) plane is %0.3f angstrom",d100) +printf("\n spacing between (110) plane is %0.2f angstrom",d110) +printf("\n spacing between (111) plane is %0.2f angstrom",d111) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89afd4fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +a=3.61*10**-7 //lattice constant(mm) + +//Calculation +A100=a**2 //surface area(mm**2) +n=1+(4*(1/4)) +N1=n/A100 //number of atoms in (100)(per mm**2) +A110=sqrt(2)*a**2 //surface area(mm**2) +N2=n/A110 //number of atoms in (110)(per mm**2) +A111=sqrt(3)*a**2/2 //surface area(mm**2) +N3=n/A111 //number of atoms in (110)(per mm**2) + +//Result +printf("\n number of atoms in (100) is %0.3f *10**13 atoms/mm**2",N1/10**13) +printf("\n number of atoms in (110) is %0.3f *10**13 atoms/mm**2",N2/10**13) +printf("\n number of atoms in (111) is %0.3f *10**13 atoms/mm**2",N3/10**13) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a0159aa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=4 +A=107.87 //atomic weight +rho=10500 //density(kg/m**3) +N=6.02*10**26 //number of molecules +theta=19+(12/60) //angle(degrees) +h=1 +k=1 +l=1 +h0=6.625*10**-34 //planck constant +c=3*10**8 //velocity of light(m/s) +e=1.6*10**-19 //charge(coulomb) + +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180 //angle(radian) +a=(n*A/(N*rho))**(1/3) +d=a*10**10/sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) +lamda=2*d*sin(theta) //wavelength of x rays(angstrom) +E=h0*c/(lamda*10**-10*e) //energy of x rays(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n wavelength of x rays is %0.3f angstrom",lamda) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") +printf("\n energy of x rays is %0.0f *10**3 eV",E/10**3) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66335084d --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=8 //number of atoms +r=2.351*10**-10 //bond length(angstrom) +A=28.09 //Atomic wt. of NaCl +N=6.02*10**26 //Avagadro number + +//Calculation +a=4*r/sqrt(3) +rho=n*A/(N*a**3) //density(kg/m**3) + +//Result +printf("\n density is %0.0f kg/m**3",rho) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f91180784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +r1=1.258*10**-10 //radius(m) +r2=1.292*10**-10 //radius(m) + +//Calculation +a_bcc=4*r1/sqrt(3) +v=a_bcc**3 +V1=v/2 +a_fcc=2*sqrt(2)*r2 +V2=a_fcc**3/4 +V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; //percent volume change is",V,"%" + +//Result +printf("\n percent volume change is %0.1f",(V)) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae9ac6b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +delta_Hf=120*10**3 +T1=0 //temperature(K) +T2=300 //temperature(K) +n1=0 +N=6.022*10**23 +R=8.314 +T3=900 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +n2=N*exp(-delta_Hf/(R*T2)) //number of vacancies at 300K(per mol) +n3=N*exp(-delta_Hf/(R*T3)) //number of vacancies at 900K(per mol) + +//Result +printf("\n number of vacancies at 0K is %0.3f per mol",n1) +printf("\n number of vacancies at 300K is %0.0f per mol",n2) +printf("\n number of vacancies at 900K is %0.2f *10**16 per mol",n3/10**16) diff --git a/3763/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3763/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8ad44192 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +theta1=6.45 //angle(degrees) +theta2=9.15 //angle(degrees) +theta3=13 //angle(degrees) +lamda=0.58 //wavelength(angstrom) + +//Calculation +theta1=theta1*%pi/180 //angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*%pi/180 //angle(radian) +theta3=theta3*%pi/180 //angle(radian) +d=lamda/(2*sin(theta2)) //interplanar spacing of crystal(angstrom) + +//Result +printf("\n interplanar spacing of crystal is %0.3f angstrom",d) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3140018cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E=10**4*1.6*10**-19 //kinetic energy(J) +m=1.675*10**-27 //mass(kg) +h=6.625*10**-34 //planck's constant + +//Calculation +v=sqrt(2*E/m) //velocity(m/s) +lamda=h/(m*v) //de broglie wavelength(m) + +//Result +printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.5f angstrom",lamda*10**10) diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2801ee82d --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +m=9.1*10**-31 //mass(kg) +nz=1 +ny=1 +nx=1 +n=6 +a=1 //edge(m) +h=6.63*10**-34 //planck's constant + +//Calculation +E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2) +E2=h**2*n/(8*m*a**2) +E=E2-E1 //energy difference(J) + +//Result +printf("\n energy difference is %0.2f *10**-37 J",E*10**37) diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd0fd14f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +y=1/100 //percentage of probability +x=0.5*1.6*10**-19 //energy(J) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant + +//Calculation +xbykT=log((1/y)-1) +T=x/(k*xbykT) //temperature(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature is %0.0f K",T) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..925e0a7cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=970 //density(kg/m**3) +Na=6.02*10**26 //avagadro number +w=23 //atomic weight +m=9.1*10**-31 //mass(kg) +h=6.62*10**-34 //planck's constant + +//Calculation +N=d*Na/w //number of atoms/m**3 +x=h**2/(8*m) +y=(3*N/%pi)**(2/3) +EF=x*y //fermi energy(J) + +//Result +printf("\n fermi energy is %0.2f eV",EF/(1.6*10**-19)) diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aefb70da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +h=6.625*10**-34 //planck's constant +c=3*10**8 //velocity of light(m/s) +lamda0=3000*10**-10 //wavelength(m) +e=1.6*10**-19 //charge(coulomb) +lamda=2536*10**-10 //wavelength(m) + +//Calculation +hf0=c*h/(lamda0*e) //work function(eV) +E=c*h*((1/lamda)-(1/lamda0))/e //maximum kinetic energy(eV) + +//Result +printf("\n work function is %0.2f eV",hf0) +printf("\n maximum kinetic energy is %0.3f eV",E) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e56eb70e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=1 +hbar=1.054*10**-34 +m=1.67*10**-27 //mass of neutron(kg) +a=10**-14 //size(m) + +//Calculation +E=n**2*%pi**2*hbar**2/(2*m*a**2) //lowest energy of neutron(J) + +//Result +printf("\n lowest energy of neutron is %0.2f MeV",E/(1.6*10**-13)) diff --git a/3763/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3763/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea5e23a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +i=10**-2 //current(ampere) +A=0.01*0.001 //area(m**2) +RH=3.66*10**-4 //hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb) +Bz=0.5 //magnetic induction(weber/m**2) + +//Calculation +Jx=i/A +Ey=RH*Bz*Jx +Vy=Ey*i //voltage appeared(V) + +//Result +printf("\n voltage appeared is %0.3f mV",Vy*10**3) diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68e8666c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +Na=6.023*10**26 //avagadro number +e=1.602*10**-19 +d=8960 //density +N=1 //number of free electrons +w=63.54 //atomic weight +i=10 //current(ampere) +m=9.1*10**-31 +rho=2*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) +r=0.08*10**-2 //radius(m) +c=1.6*10**6 //mean thermal velocity(m/s) + +//Calculation +A=%pi*r**2 //area(m**2) +n=Na*d*N/w +vd=i/(A*n*e) //drift speed(m/s) +tow_c=m/(n*e**2*rho) +lamda=tow_c*c //mean free path(m) + +//Result +printf("\n drift speed is %0.1f *10**-5 m/s",vd*10**5) +printf("\n mean free path is %0.2f *10**-8 m",lamda*10**8) +printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong") diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..056f7c4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.602*10**-19 +m=9.1*10**-31 //mass(kg) +tow=2*10**-14 //time(s) +n=8.5*10**28 + +//Calculation +sigma=n*e**2*tow/m //electrical conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) + +//Result +printf("\n electrical conductivity is %0.1f *10**7 ohm-1 m-1",sigma/10**7) diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6c4b975d --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9.1*10**-31 //mass(kg) +n=5.8*10**28 +rho=1.54*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) +E=1*10**2 + +//Calculation +tow=m/(rho*n*e**2) //relaxation time(s) +mew_e=1/(rho*e*n) //mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs) +vd=mew_e*E //drift velocity(m/s) + +//Result +printf("\n relaxation time is %0.0f *10**-14 s",tow*10**14) +printf("\n mobility of electrons is %0.0f *10**-3 m**2/Vs",mew_e*10**3) +printf("\n drift velocity is %0.1f m/s",vd) diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3292f3eef --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=1.7*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) +T=300 //temperature(K) +T1=973 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +a=rho/T +rho_973=a*T1 //resistivity(ohm m) + +//Result +printf("\n resistivity is %0.2f *10**-8 ohm m",rho_973*10**8) diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a67cab8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho1=1.2*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) +rho2=0.12*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) +p1=0.4 //atomic percent +p2=0.5 //atomic percent +rho=1.5*10**-8 //resistivity(ohm m) + +//Calculation +rho_i=(rho1*p1)+(rho2*p2) //increase of resistivity(ohm m) +Tr=rho+rho_i //total resistivity of copper alloy(ohm m) + +//Result +printf("\n increase of resistivity is %0.2f *10**-8 ohm m",rho_i*10**8) diff --git a/3763/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3763/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77a69cae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9.1*10**-31 //mass(kg) +n=6*10**28 //density(per m**3) +tow=10**-14 //relaxation time(s) +T=300 //temperature(K) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant + +//Calculation +sigma=n*e**2*tow/m //electrical conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +K=n*%pi**2*k**2*T*tow/(3*m) //thermal conductivity(W/m/K) +L=K/(sigma*T) //lorentz number(watt ohm K-2) + +//Result +printf("\n electrical conductivity is %0.3f *10**7 ohm-1 m-1",sigma/10**7) +printf("\n thermal conductivity is %0.2f W/m/K",K) +printf("\n lorentz number is %0.3f *10**-8 watt ohm K-2",L*10**8) diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2834c3614 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=5*10**16 //resistivity(ohm m) +l=5*10**-2 //thickness(m) +b=8*10**-2 //length(m) +w=3*10**-2 //width(m) + +//Calculation +A=b*w //area(m**2) +Rv=rho*l/A +X=l+b //length(m) +Y=w //perpendicular(m) +Rs=Rv*X/Y +Ri=Rs*Rv/(Rs+Rv) //insulation resistance(ohm) + +//Result +printf("\n insulation resistance is %0.2f *10**18 ohm",Ri/10**18) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0378541d --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +rho=10**10 //resistivity(ohm m) +d=10**-3 //thickness(m) +A=10**4*10**-6 //area(m**2) +V=10**3 //voltage(V) +f=50 //power frequency(Hz) +epsilonr=8 +epsilon0=8.84*10**-12 +tan_delta=0.1 + +//Calculation +Rv=rho*d/A +dl_DC=V**2/Rv //DC dielectric loss(watt) +C=A*epsilon0*epsilonr/d +dl_AC=V**2*2*%pi*f*C*tan_delta //AC dielectric loss(watt) + +//Result +printf("\n DC dielectric loss is %0.0f *10**-3 watt",dl_DC*10**3) +printf("\n AC dielectric loss is %0.2f *10**-3 watt",dl_AC*10**3) diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8761c7e6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.84*10**-12 +R=0.55*10**-10 //radius(m) +N=2.7*10**25 //number of atoms + +//Calculation +alpha_e=4*%pi*epsilon0*R**3 //polarisability of He(farad m**2) +epsilonr=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon0) //relative permittivity + +//Result +printf("\n polarisability of He is %0.3f *10**-40 farad m**2",alpha_e*10**40) +printf("\n relative permittivity is %0.6f ",epsilonr) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..131705bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +A=360*10**-4 //area(m**2) +V=15 //voltage(V) +C=6*10**-6 //capacitance(farad) +epsilonr=8 +epsilon0=8.84*10**-12 + +//Calculation +E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A) //field strength(V/m) +dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V*A //total dipole moment(Cm) + +//Result +printf("\n field strength is %0.3f *10**7 V/m",E/10**7) +printf("\n total dipole moment is %0.1f *10**-12 Cm",dm*10**12) diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57b5eff52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +d=0.08*10**-3 //thickness(m) +A=8*10**-4 //area(m**2) +epsilonr=2.56 +epsilon0=8.84*10**-12 +tan_delta=0.7*10**-4 +new=10**6 //frequency(Hz) + +//Calculation +C=A*epsilon0*epsilonr/d //capacitance(farad) +epsilonrdash=tan_delta*epsilonr +omega=2*%pi*new +R=d/(epsilon0*epsilonrdash*omega*A) //parallel loss resistance(ohm) + +//Result +printf("\n capacitance is %0.1f *10**-12 farad",C*10**12) +printf("\n parallel loss resistance is %0.0f mega ohm",R/10**6) diff --git a/3763/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3763/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6dd4e960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=4.36 //dielectric constant +t=2.8*10**-2 //loss tangent(t) +N=4*10**28 //number of electrons +epsilon0=8.84*10**-12 + +//Calculation +epsilon_r = epsilonr*t +epsilonstar = (complex(epsilonr,-epsilon_r)) +alphastar = (epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2) +alpha_star = 3*epsilon0*alphastar/N //complex polarizability(Fm**2) + +//Result +printf("\n the complex polarizability is %0.3f *10**-40 F-m**2",alpha_star*10**40) +printf("\n answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to ") diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32c451ebe --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +El=10**-2*50 //energy loss(J) +H=El*60 //heat produced(J) +d=7.7*10**3 //iron rod(kg/m**3) +s=0.462*10**-3 //specific heat(J/kg K) + +//Calculation +theta=H/(d*s) //temperature rise(K) + +//Result +printf("\n temperature rise is %0.2f K",theta) diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01019ddb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 //charge(coulomb) +new=6.8*10**15 //frequency(revolutions per second) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7 +R=5.1*10**-11 //radius(m) + +//Calculation +i=(e*new) //current(ampere) + +B=mew0*i/(2*R) //magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2) +A=%pi*R**2 +d=i*A //dipole moment(ampere/m**2) + +//Result +printf("\n magnetic field at the centre is %0.0f weber/m**2",B) +printf("\n dipole moment is %0.0f *10**-24 ampere/m**2",d*10**24) diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8da0edd1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +chi=0.5*10**-5 //magnetic susceptibility +H=10**6 //field strength(ampere/m) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7 + +//Calculation +I=chi*H //intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m) +B=mew0*(I+H) //flux density in material(weber/m**2) + +//Result +printf("\n intensity of magnetisation is %0.3f ampere/m",I) +printf("\n flux density in material is %0.3f weber/m**2",B) diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..119ea36b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +B=9.27*10**-24 //bohr magneton(ampere m**2) +a=2.86*10**-10 //edge(m) +Is=1.76*10**6 //saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m) + +//Calculation +N=2/a**3 +mew_bar=Is/N //number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2) +mew_bar=mew_bar/B //number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom) + +//Result +printf("\n number of Bohr magnetons is %0.2f bohr magneon/atom",mew_bar) diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be7852d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7 +H=9.27*10**-24 //bohr magneton(ampere m**2) +beta1=10**6 //field(ampere/m) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant +T=303 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +mm=mew0*H*beta1/(k*T) //average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin) + +//Result +printf("\n average magnetic moment is %0.2f *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin",mm*10**3) diff --git a/3763/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3763/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..319f6c5f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +A=94 //area(m**2) +vy=0.1 //value of length(weber/m**2) +vx=20 //value of unit length +n=50 //number of magnetization cycles +d=7650 //density(kg/m**3) + +//Calculation +h=A*vy*vx //hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3) +hs=h*n //hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3) +pl=hs/d //power loss(watt/kg) + +//Result +printf("\n hysteresis loss per cycle is %0.3f J/m**3",h) +printf("\n hysteresis loss per second is %0.3f watt/m**3",hs) +printf("\n power loss is %0.2f watt/kg",pl) diff --git a/3763/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3763/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49be8e171 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +H0=64*10**3 //initial field(ampere/m) +T=5 //temperature(K) +Tc=7.26 //transition temperature(K) + +//Calculation +H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2) //critical field(ampere/m) + +//Result +printf("\n critical field is %0.2f *10**3 ampere/m",H/10**3) diff --git a/3763/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3763/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43b2d6347 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +ni1=2.5*10**19 //number of electron hole pairs +T1=300 //temperature(K) +Eg1=0.72*1.6*10**-19 //energy gap(J) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant +T2=310 //temperature(K) +Eg2=1.12*1.6*10**-19 //energy gap(J) + +//Calculation +x1=-Eg1/(2*k*T1) +y1=(T1**(3/2))*exp(x1) +x2=-Eg2/(2*k*T2) +y2=(T2**(3/2))*exp(x2) +ni=ni1*(y2/y1) //number of electron hole pairs + +//Result +printf("\n number of electron hole pairs is %0.2f *10**16 per cubic metre",ni/10**16) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") diff --git a/3763/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3763/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f653d3a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +w=72.6 //atomic weight +d=5400 //density(kg/m**3) +Na=6.025*10**26 //avagadro number +mew_e=0.4 //mobility of electron(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.2 //mobility of holes(m**2/Vs) +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9.108*10**-31 //mass(kg) +ni=2.1*10**19 //number of electron hole pairs +Eg=0.7 //band gap(eV) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant +h=6.625*10**-34 //plancks constant +T=300 //temperature(K) + +//Calculation +sigmab=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h) //intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +rhob=1/sigmab //resistivity(ohm m) +n=Na*d/w //number of germanium atoms per m**3 +p=n/10**5 //boron density +sigma=p*e*mew_h +rho=1/sigma + +//Result +printf("\n intrinsic conductivity is %0.3f *10**4 ohm-1 m-1",sigma/10**4) +printf("\n intrinsic resistivity is %0.3f *10**-4 ohm m",rho*10**4) +printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors") +printf("\n number of germanium atoms per m**3 is %0.1f *10**28",n/10**28) diff --git a/3763/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3763/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5851ec34c --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 +RH=3.66*10**-4 //hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb) +sigma=112 //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) + +//Calculation +ne=3*%pi/(8*RH*e) //charge carrier density(per m**3) +mew_e=sigma/(e*ne) //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) + +//Result +printf("\n charge carrier density is %0.0f *10**22 per m**3",ne/10**22) +printf("\n electron mobility is %0.3f m**2/Vs",mew_e) diff --git a/3763/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3763/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..676f1888b --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +mew_e=0.13 //mobility of electron(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.05 //mobility of holes(m**2/Vs) +e=1.6*10**-19 +ni=1.5*10**16 //number of electron hole pairs +N=5*10**28 + +//Calculation +sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h) //intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +ND=N/10**8 +n=ni**2/ND +sigma2=ND*e*mew_e //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +sigma3=ND*e*mew_h //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) + +//Result +printf("\n intrinsic conductivity is %0.3f *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1 %0.3f ",sigma1*10**3,sigma2) +printf("\n conductivity during donor impurity is %0.3f ohm-1 m-1",sigma2) +printf("\n conductivity during acceptor impurity is %0.0f ohm-1 m-1",sigma3) diff --git a/3763/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3763/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105d2b746 --- /dev/null +++ b/3763/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +// +// + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19 +Eg=0.72 //band gap(eV) +k=1.38*10**-23 //boltzmann constant +T1=293 //temperature(K) +T2=313 //temperature(K) +sigma1=2 //conductivity(mho m-1) + +//Calculation +x=(Eg*e/(2*k))*((1/T1)-(1/T2)) +y=(x/2.303) + +z=(log10(sigma1)) + +log_sigma2=y+z +sigma2=10**log_sigma2 //conductivity(mho m-1) + +//Result +printf("\n conductivity is %0.2f mho m-1",sigma2) diff --git a/3764/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3764/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..144786644 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +Fac = 750 //Force on rod AC(lb) +D = 0.375 //Diameter at the upper junction of rod ABC(in) + + +//Calculation +//Case(a) +A=(1/4.0)*((%pi)*(D**2)) //Area at the upper junction of rod ABC(in^2) +tA=(Fac/A) //Shearing Stress in Pin A(psi) +//Case(b) +Ab=(1/4.0)*((%pi)*(0.25**2)) //Area at the lower junction of rod ABC(in^2) +tC=(((1/2.0)*Fac)/Ab) //Shearing Stress in Pin C(psi) +//Case(c) +Anet=(3/8.0)*(1.25-0.375) //Area of cross section at A(in^2) +sA=(Fac/Anet) //Largest Normal Stress in Link ABC(psi) +//Case(d) +F1=750/2 //Force on each side(lb) +Ad=(1.25*1.75) //Area at junction B(in^2) +tB=(F1/Ad) //Average Shearing Stress at B +//Case(e) +Ae=0.25*0.25 //Area at point C(in^2) +sB=(F1/Ae) //Bearing Stress in Link at C + + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Shearing Stress in Pin A = %.1f psi' ,tA) +printf("\n Case(b): Shearing Stress in Pin C = %.f psi' ,tC) +printf("\n Case(c): Largest Normal Stress in Link ABC = %.f psi' ,sA) +printf("\n Case(d): Average Shearing Stress at B = %.f psi' ,tB) +printf("\n Case(e): Bearing Stress in Link at C = %.f psi' ,sB) diff --git a/3764/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3764/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27f8a0d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +P = 120 //Maximum allowable tension force +s = 175 //Maximum allowable stress +t = 100 //Maximum allowable stress +Sb = 350 //Maximum allowable stress + + +//Calculation +//Case(a) +F1=P/2 //Current(A) +d=sqrt(((P/2.0)*1000)/((22/(4*7.0))*(100000000))) //Diameter of bolt(m) +d=d*1000 //Diameter of bolt(mm) +d=(d) //Rounding of the value of diameter of bolt(mm) + +Ad=(0.020*0.028) //Area of cross section of plate +tb=((P*1000)/Ad)/(1000000) //Stress between between the 20-mm-thick plate and the 28-mm-diameter bolt +tb=(tb) //Rounding of the above calculated stress to check if it is less than 350 + +a=(P/2)/((0.02)*(175)) //Dimension of cross section of ring +a=(a) //Rounding dimension of cross section of ring to two decimal places + +b=28 + (2*(a)) //Dimension b at Each End of the Bar +b=(b) //Rounding the dimension b to two decimal places + +h=(P)/((0.020)*(175)) //Dimension h of the Bar +h=(h) //Rounding dimension h of bar to 1 decimal place + + + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Diameter of the bolt = %.f mm' ,d) +printf("\n Case(b): Dimension b at Each End of the Bar = %.f mm' ,b) +printf("\n Case(c): Dimension h of the Bar = %f mm' ,h) diff --git a/3764/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3764/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07e1d44da --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +Su = 600 //ultimate normal stress(MPa) +FS = 3.3 //Factor of safety with respect to failure +tU=350 //Ultimate shearing stress(MPa) +Cx=40 //X Component of reaction at C(kN) +Cy=65 //Y Component of reaction at C(kN) +Smax=300 //Allowable bearing stress of the steel + +//Calculation +C=sqrt(((40**2))+((65**2))) + +//Case(a) +P=(15*0.6 + 50*0.3)/(0.6) //Allowable bearing stress of the steel(MPa) +Sall=(Su/FS) //Allowable Stress(MPa) +Sall=(Sall) //Rounding Allowable stress to 1 decimal place(MPa) + +Areqa=(P/(Sall*(1000))) //Cross Sectional area(m^2) +Areqa=(Areqa) //Rounding cross sectional area to 5 decimal places(m^2) + +dAB=sqrt(((Areqa)*(4))/(22/7)) //Diameter of AB(m) +dAB=dAB*1000 //Diameter of AB(mm) +dAB=(dAB) //Rounding Diameter of AB(mm) + + +//Case(b) +tALL=tU/FS //Stress(MPa) +tALL=(tALL) //Rounding of Stress + +AreqC=((C/2)/tALL) //Cross sectional area(m^2) +AreqC=AreqC*1000 +AreqC=(AreqC) //Rounding the cross sectional area + +dC=sqrt((4*AreqC)/(22/7)) //Diameter at point C +dC=((dC+1)) //Rounding of the diameter at C + + +//Case(c) + +Areq=((C/2)/Smax) +Areq=Areq*1000 //Cross sectional area(mm^2) +t=(Areq/22) //Thickness of the bracket +t=(t) + + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Diameter of the bolt = % f mm' ,dAB) +printf("\n Case(a): Dimension b at Each End of the Bar = % f mm' ,dC) +printf("\n Case(a): Dimension h of the Bar = % f mm' ,t) diff --git a/3764/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3764/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b476c4979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +tU=40 //ultimate tensile stress +sU=60 //ultimate shearing stress +FS=3 //Mimnimum factor of safety +dA=(7/16) //Diameter of bolt at A(in) +dB=3/8 //Diameter of bolt at B(in) +dD=3/8 //Diameter of bolt at D(in) +dC=1/2 //Diameter of bolt at C(in) + + +//Calculation +Sall=(sU/FS) //Total tensile stress(kips) +B=Sall*((1/4)*(22/7)*(((7/16)**2))) //Allowable force in the control rod(kips) +C1=1.75*(B) //Control Rod(kips) +tall=(tU/FS) //Total shearing stress +B=2*(tall*(1/4)*(22/7)*(3/8)*(3/8)) //Allowable magnitude of the force B exerted on the bolt +C2=1.75*B //Bolt at B(kips) +D=B //Bolt at D. Since this bolt is the same as bolt B, the allowable force is same(kips) +C3=2.33*D //Bolt at D(kips) +C4=2*(tall*(1/4)*(22/7)*(1/2)*(1/2)) //Bolt at C(kips) + + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Control Rod = % f kips' ,C1) +printf("\n Case(b): Bolt at B = % f kips' ,C2) +printf("\n Case(c): Bolt at D = % f kips' ,C3) +printf("\n Case(d): Bolt at C = % f kips' ,C4) diff --git a/3764/CH10/EX10.01/Ex10_01.sce b/3764/CH10/EX10.01/Ex10_01.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e268d5b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH10/EX10.01/Ex10_01.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=-1 +P1=15 // Force(kN) +P2=18 // Force(kN) +a=50 // Distance(mm) +b=60 // Distance(mm) +c=0.020 // Distance(m) +F=P1 // Force(kN) +V=P2 // Force(kN) +t=0.040 // Distance(m) +Iz=125.7*((10**-9)) // Moment of inertia(m**4) + +//Calculation +//Internal Forces in Given Section +T=P2*a // Torque(N.m) +My=P1*a // Moment(N.m) +Mz=P2*b // Moment(N.m) +// Case(a) Normal and Shearing Stresses at Point K +// Geometric Properties of the Section +A=(%pi)*(c**2) // Area of cross section(m**2) +Iy=(1/4.0)*(%pi)*(c**4) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Jc=(1/2.0)*(%pi)*(c**4) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Q=(A/2.0)*((4*c)/(3.0*(%pi))) +t=2*c // Distance(m) +// Normal Stresses +Sx=(n*(F/A))/(1000.0) + ((My*c)/(Iy))/(1000000.0) // Normal stress(MPa) +// Shearing Stresses +txyV=((V*Q)/(Iz*t))/(1000.0) // Shearing stress(MPa) +txytwist=((n*(T*c))/(Jc))/(1000000.0) // Shearing stress(MPa) +txy=(txyV + txytwist) // Shearing stress(MPa) +// Case(b) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses at Point K +CD=(1/2.0)*(107.4) // Stress(MPa) +OC=(1/2.0)*(107.4) // Stress(MPa) +DX=52.5 // Stress(MPa) +phyp=44.4/2.0 // Angle(degree) +R=sqrt(53.7**2 + 52.5**2) // Stress(MPa) +Smax=OC+R // Maximum principal stress(MPa) +Smin=OC-R // Minimum principal stress(MPa) +// Case(c) Maximum shearing stress at point k +tmax=75.1 // Shearing stress(MPa) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Normal stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Sx) +printf("\n Case(a) Shearing stress = %0.3f MPa' ,txy) +printf("\n Case(b) Principal axis angle = %0.3f degree' ,phyp) +printf("\n Case(b) Maximum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smax) +printf("\n Case(b) Minimum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smin) +printf("\n Case(c) Maximum shearing stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,tmax) diff --git a/3764/CH10/EX10.04/Ex10_04.sce b/3764/CH10/EX10.04/Ex10_04.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f47fc68f --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH10/EX10.04/Ex10_04.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +Sy=36 // Stress(ksi) +E=(29*((10**6))) // Modulus of elasticity(psi) +A=11.5 // Area(in**2) +FS=2 // Factor of safety + + +//Calculation +ratio=(4.71)*(E/(36*((10**3)))) // Value of the slenderness ratio + +//Case(a) Effective Length +Sr=(24*12)/(1.98) // Value of the slenderness ratio +Scr=((0.877)*((%pi)**2)*(29*((10**3))))/(145.5)**2 // Value of the slenderness ratio +Sall=(Scr/1.67) // Allowable stress(ksi) +Pall1=Sall*A // Pressure(kips) +//Case(b) Bracing at Midpoint C +//xz Plane +Elxz=(144)/(1.98) // Slenderness ratio +//yz Plane +Elyz=(288)/(4.27) // Slenderness ratio + +Se=(((%pi)**2)*(E))/(72.7)**2 // Stress(ksi) +Scr=(0.658)**(36/54.1)*(36) // Stress(ksi) + +Sall=(Scr)/(1.67) // Allowable load(ksi) +Pall2=Sall*A // Force(ksi) + +//Result +printf("\n Effective centric load P if the effective length of the column is 24 = %0.3f kips",Pall1) +printf("\n Effective centric load P if bracing is provided to prevent the movement of the midpoint C in the xz plane = %0.3f ksi",Pall2) diff --git a/3764/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3764/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9d53bf2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +//Free Body. Entire Crankshaft +Vx=-30 // Force(kN) +P=50 // Force(kN) +Vz=-75 // Force(kN) +Mx=(50)*(0.130) - (75)*(0.2) // Moment(kN.m) +My=0 // Moment +Mz=30*0.1 // Moment(kN.m) +A=0.040*0.140 // Area(m**2) +Ix=(1/12.0)*(0.040)*((0.140**3)) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Iz=(1/12.0)*((0.040**3))*(0.140) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +a=0.020 // Distance(m) +b=0.025 // Distance(m) +t=0.040 // Distance(m) +OC=33.0 // Stress(MPa) + +//Calculation +//Normal Stress at H +Sy=(((P/A) + ((Mz)*a)/Iz + ((Mx)*b)/Ix)/(1000.0)) // Normal stress at H(MPa) + + + +//Shearing Stress at H +Q=(0.040*0.045*0.0475) +tyz=((((-(Vz)*(Q))/(Ix*t))/1000.0)) // Shearing stress at H(MPa) + + + +//Principal Stresses, Principal Planes, and Maximum Shearing Stress at H. +phyp=27.96/2.0 +R=sqrt(33**2 + 17.52**2) +Smax=OC+R +Smin=OC-R + + +// Result +printf("\n Normal stress at H = %0.3f MPa' ,Sy) +printf("\n Shearing stress at H = %0.3f MPa' ,tyz) +printf("\n Principal axis angle = %0.3f degree' ,phyp) +printf("\n Maximum shearing stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,R) +printf("\n Maximum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smax) +printf("\n Minimum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smin) diff --git a/3764/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3764/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91149c258 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +L=2 // Length(m) +E=13*((10**9)) // Modulus of elasticity(GPa) +Sall=12 // Stress(MPa) +FS=2.5 // Factor of safety(2.5) +Ld1=100 // Load force(kN) +Ld2=200 // Load force(kN) + + +//Calculation +//(a) For the 100-kN Load +Pcr=FS*Ld1*(1000.0) // Pressure(kN) +I=(Pcr*(L**2))/(((%pi)**2)*E) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +a1=((I*12)**(1/4.0)) // Side of square(mm) + +S=(100)/((0.1)**2) // Normal stress in column(MPa) + +//(b) For the 200-kN Load +Pcr=FS*(Ld2)*(1000.0) // Pressure(kN) +I=(Pcr*(L**2))/(((%pi)**2)*E) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +a=((I)*12)**(1/4.0) // Side of square(mm) +S=(200/(0.11695)**2) // Normal stress(MPa) +A=(200/12.0)*((10**-3)) // Area of cross section(m**2) +a2=(A)**(1/2.0)*(1000) // Side of square(mm) + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Size of cross section if the column is to safetly support 100 kN = %0.3f psi ",a1) +printf("\n Case(b): Size of cross section if the column is to safetly support 200 kN = %0.3f psi ",a2) diff --git a/3764/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3764/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b342b6604 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +E=(29*((10**6))) // Modulus of elasticity(psi) +FS=2 // Factor of safety +A=3.54 // Area of cross section(in**2) +I=8.00 // Moment of inertia(in**4) +r=1.50 // Radius(in) +c=2.00 // Distance(in) +Lab=8 + +//Calculation +// Effective Length +Le=2*(Lab) // Effective length(in) +// Critical Load +Pcr=((((%pi)**2)*E*(8.0))/(192.0)**2)/(1000.0) // Critical load(kips) + +//Case(a) Allowable Load and Stress +Pall=Pcr/FS // Allowable load(kips) +S=Pall/A // Allowable Stress(ksi) + +//Case(b) Eccentric Load +ym=(0.75)*(2.252-1) // Distance(in) +Sm=(31.1/3.54)*(1+(0.667)*(2.252)) // Distance(in) + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Allowable load = %0.3f kips",Pall) +printf("\n Case(a): Allowable stress = %0.3f ksi ",S) +printf("\n Case(b): The horizontal deflection of the top of the column = %0.3f in ",ym) +printf("\n Case(b): Maximum normal stress in the column = %0.3f ksi ",Sm) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_01.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_01.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c39aad50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.01/Ex2_01.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +E=29*((10**6)) // Modulus of elasticity(psi) +L1=12 // Length(in) +L2=12 // Length(in) +L3=16 // Length(in) +A1=0.9 // Area(in**2) +A2=0.9 // Area(in**2) +A3=0.3 // Area(in**2) +P1=60*((10**3)) // Internal force(lb) +P2=15*((10**3)) // Internal force(lb) +P3=30*((10**3)) // Internal force(lb) + +//Calculation +Delta=((1/E)*(((P1*L1)/A1)+(-(P2*L2)/A2)+((P3*L3)/A3))) // deformation of the steel rod(in) + + +//Result +printf("\n Deformation of the steel rod = %0.3f in' ,Delta) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_07.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_07.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa3e7f192 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.07/Ex2_07.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +P=12*((10**3)) // Axial load(kN) +r=8*((10**-3)) // Radius of the rod(m) +n=-1 + +//Calculation +A=(%pi)*(r**2) // Cross sectional area of rod(m**2) +Sx=(P/A) // Stress in cylinder(MPa) +Ex=(300/500.0) // Strain() +Ey=(n*(2.4))/16.0 // Strain() + +E=Sx/Ex // Modulus of elasticity(GPa) +v=n*(Ey/Ex) // Poissons ratio() + +//Result +printf("\n Modulus of elasticity = %.1f GPa' ,E) +printf("\n Poissons ratio = %.1f ' ,v) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_09.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_09.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..631bfefc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.09/Ex2_09.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +p=180 // Hydrostatic pressure(MPa) +E=200 // Modulus of elasticity(GPa) +v=0.29 // Poissons ratio() + +//Calculation +k=E/(3*(1-(2*v))) // Bulk modulus of steel(GPa) +e=-p/k // Dialation +V=80*40*60 // Volume of block in unstressed state(mm**3) +DELTAv=(e*V)/((10**3)) // change in volume per unit volume + +// Results +printf("\n Change in volume = %1f mm**3' ,DELTAv) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64307fb43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +G=90 // Modulus of rigidity(ksi) +disp1=0.04 // Displacement of upper rod(in) +Lda=2 // Height of bar(in) +A=8*2.5 // Area of cross section(in**2) + +//Calculation +Yxy=(disp1/Lda) // Shearing strain(rad) +Txy=(90*((10**3)))*(0.020) // Shearing stress(psi) +P=(Txy*A)/((10**3)) // Force exerted on the upper plate(kips) + +// Results +printf("\n Shearing strain in rod=%1f rad' ,Yxy) +printf("\n Force exerted on the upper plate=%1f kips' ,P) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9267f7416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +Ex=155.0 // Modulus of elasticity in x direction(GPa) +Ey=12.10 // Modulus of elasticity in y direction(GPa) +Ez=12.10 // Modulus of elasticity in z direction(GPa) +Vxy=0.248 // Poissons ratio in xy direction +Vxz=0.248 // Poissons ratio in xz direction +Vyz=0.458 // Poissons ratio in yz direction +n=-1 +F=140*((10**3)) // Compressive load(kN) +L=0.060 // Length of cube(m) + +//Calculation +//(a) Free in y and z Directions +Sx=(n*F)/(0.060*0.060) // Stress in x direction(MPa) +Sy=0 // Stress in y direction(MPa) +Sz=0 // Stress in z direction(MPa) +ex=Sx/Ex // Lateral strains +ey=n*((Vxy*Sx)/Ex) // Lateral strains +ez=n*((Vxy*Sx)/Ex) // Lateral strains +DELTAx=ex*L // Change in cube dimension in x direction(um) +DELTAy=ey*L // Change in cube dimension in y direction(um) +DELTAz=ez*L // Change in cube dimension in z direction(um) +//(b) Free in z Direction, Restrained in y Direction +Sx=n*38.89 // Stress in x direction(MPa) +Sy=(Ey/Ex)*(Vxy)*(Sx) // Stress in y direction(MPa) +Vyx=(Ey/Ex)*(Vxy) // Poissons ratio +ex=(Sx/Ex)-(((Vyx)*(Sy))/Ey) // Lateral strains in x direction +ey=0 // Lateral strains in y direction +ez=n*((Vxz*Sx)/Ex)-(((Vyz)*(Sy))/Ey) // Lateral strains in z direction +DELTAx=ex*L*1000 // Change in cube dimension in x direction(um) +DELTAy=ey*L // Change in cube dimension in y direction(um) +DELTAz=ez*L*1000 // Change in cube dimension in z direction(um) + +// Results +printf("\n Change in cube dimension in x direction=%1f um' ,DELTAx) +printf("\n Change in cube dimension in y direction=%1f um' ,DELTAy) +printf("\n Change in cube dimension in z direction=%1f um' ,DELTAz) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a33b2ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +D=60 // Width(mm) +d=40 // Width(mm) +r=8 // Radius(mm) +K=1.82 // Stress-concentration factor +Smax=165 // Allowable normal stress(MPa) + +//Calculation +eave=(165/1.82) // Average stress in the narrower portion(MPa) +P=((40*10*eave)/(1000)) // Largest Axial Load(kN) + + +// Results +printf("\n Largest Axial Load =%1f in' ,P) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10ed7b770 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +L=500.0 // Length of rod(mm) +A=60 // Cross Sectional area(mm**2) +E=200 // Modulus of elasticity(GPa) +ey=300 // Yield Point(MPa) +DELTAc=7 // Stretch(mm) + +//Calculation +ec=DELTAc/L // Maximum strain permitted on point C +ey=(ey*((10**6)))/(E*((10**9))*(1.0)) // Maximum strain permitted on point Y +ed=ec-ey // Strain after unloading +DELTAd=ed*L // Deformation(mm) + +// Results +printf("\n Permanent set deformation =%1f mm' ,DELTAd) diff --git a/3764/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3764/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e79409d46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +d=9 // Diameter of the rod(in) +t=3/4.0 // Thickness of the rod(in) +ex=12 // Normal stresses(ksi) +ez=20 // Normal stresses(ksi) +E=(10*(10**6)) // Moduluus of elasticity(psi) +v=(1/3) // Poissons ratio +V=15*15*(3/4.0) // Volume(in**3) +n=-1 + +//Calculation +STRAINx=(1/((10**7)*(1.0)))*(12-(20/3.0))*(1000) // Strain in x direction(in./in) +STRAINy=n*(1/((10**7)*1.0))*((12/3.0)+(20/3.0))*(1000) // Strain in y direction(in./in) +STRAINz=(1/((10**7)*(1.0)))*(20-(12/3.0))*(1000) // Strain in z direction(in./in) + + +//Case(a) +DELTAba=(STRAINx)*(d) // Change in diameter(in) +//Case(b) +DELTAcd=(STRAINz)*(d) // Change in diameter(in) +//Case(c) +DELTAt=(STRAINy)*(t) // Change in thickness(in) +//Case(d) +e=(STRAINx+STRAINy+STRAINz) // Volume of the plate(in**3) +DeltaV=(e*V) + +// Results +printf("\n Change in diamter of rod AB =%1f in' ,DELTAba) +printf("\n Change in diamter of rod CD =%1f in' ,DELTAcd) +printf("\n Change in thickness =%1f in' ,DELTAt) +printf("\n Volume of the plate =%1f in**3' ,DeltaV) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.01/Ex3_01.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.01/Ex3_01.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15eddea4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.01/Ex3_01.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +l=1.5 // length of the cylindrical shaft +Tmax=120 // Maximum allowable torque +c1=0.02 // Inner radius +c2=0.03 // Outer radius + + + +//Calculation +//Case(a) +J=(1/2.0)*(%pi)*(c2**4-c1**4) // Polar moment of inertia +c=c2 // Letting c equal to c2 +T=((J*Tmax*((10**6)))/(c))/(1000.0) // Largest Permissible Torque +//Case(b) +Tmin=(c1/c2)*(Tmax) // Minimum Shearing Stress + +//Result +printf("\n Largest permissible torque that can be applied to the shaft = %0.3f kN' ,T) +printf("\n Minimum shearing stress that can be applied to the shaft = %0.3f MPa' ,Tmin) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.02/Ex3_02.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.02/Ex3_02.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f1b6a0f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.02/Ex3_02.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +G=77*((10**9)) // Modulus of rigidity(GPa) +L=1.5 // length of the shaft(m) +TWIST=2 // Allowable twist + +//Calculation +//Case(a) +phy=(2)*((2*(%pi))/(360)) // Angle of twist(rad) +//Case(b) +J=1.021*((10**-6)) // Polar moment of inertia(m**4) +T=(((J*G)/(L))*(phy))/(1000) // Torque to be applied to the end of shaft(kN.m) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum torque that can be transmitted by the shaft as designed = %0.3f kN.m' ,T) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.03/Ex3_03.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.03/Ex3_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81cfc6ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.03/Ex3_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +tmin=70*((10**6)) // Shearing stress(Pa) +G=77*((10**9))*(1.0) // Modulus of rigidity(Pa) +L=1500 // ength of arc AA'(mm) +c1=20 // inner radius(mm) + +//Calculation +//Case(a) +Ymin=tmin/G // shearing strain on the inner surface of the shaft +//Case(b) +phy=((L*Ymin)/(c1))*(360/(2*(%pi))) // Angle of twist(degrees) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum torque that can be transmitted by the shaft as designed = %0.3f degree' ,phy) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.06/Ex3_06.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.06/Ex3_06.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..615570c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.06/Ex3_06.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +P=5 // Power(hp) +f=3600 // frequency(rpm) +Tmax=8500 // Maximum torque(psi) + +//Calculation +P=P*(6600) // Converting power into lb/s +f=(3600)/(60.0) // Converting frequency into cycles per second +T=(P)/(2*(%pi)*f) // Torque exerted on the shaft +Ratio=T/Tmax // Here we are finding the value of J/c +c=(((10.30)*((10**-3))*(2))/(%pi))**(1/3.0) +d=2*c // Diameter of the shaft that should be used + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Size of shaft = %1f lb.in' ,d) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.09/Ex3_09.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.09/Ex3_09.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97ad0ba15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.09/Ex3_09.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +T=4.60*(10**3) // Torque(N.m) +L=1.2 // length(m) +G=77*(10**9) // modulus of rigidity(Pa) +J=614*(10**-9) // Polar moment of inertia(m**4) +phy=8.50 +c=25*(10**-3) // radius(m) + +//Calculation +// Case(a) +phyl=((T*L)/(J*G))*(360/(2*(%pi))) // Lateral twist(degree) +phyp=phy-phyl // Permanent twist(degree) +// Case(b) +Tlmax=((T*c)/(J))/((10**6)) // Residual stresses(MPa) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a): Permanent twist = %1f degree' ,phyp) +printf("\n Case(b): Residual stress = %1f MPa ' ,Tlmax) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91fa85f8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +t=0.160 // thickness(in) +T=24 // Torque(kip.in) + + +//Calculation +// Case(a) +Area=3.84*2.34 // Area bounded by centre line(in**2) +t=(T)/(2*t*Area) // shearing stress in wall(ksi) +// Case(b) +tABAC=0.120 +tBDCD=0.200 +tAB=(T)/(2*tABAC*Area) // shearing stress in wall(ksi) +tAC=tAB +tBD=(T)/(2*tBDCD*Area) // shearing stress in wall(ksi) +tCD=tBD + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a): Shearing stress in each wall = %1f ksi' ,t) +printf("\n Case(b): Shearing stress in wall AB and AC= %1f ksi ' ,tAB) +printf("\n Case(b): Shearing stress in wall BD and CD= %1f ksi ' ,tCD) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37cddb337 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +din=4 // Inner diamter of shaft (in) +dout=6 // Outer diamter of shaft (in) +STRESS=12 // Shearing stress(ksi) + +//Calculation +//Hollow Shaft as Designed. +J=((%pi)/2.0)*(((dout/2)**4)-((din/2)**4)) // Polar moment of inertia(in**4) +Th=(J*STRESS)/3.0 // Allowable shearing stress(kip.in) + +//Solid Shaft of Equal Weight +rad=sqrt((dout/2)**2-(din/2)**2) // Radius of solid shaft of equal weight(in) +Te=(12*(%pi)*((rad**3)))/2.0 // Maximum allowable torque(kip.in) + +//Hollow Shaft of 8-in. Diameter. +c5=sqrt(4**2 + 2**2 -3**2) // Inner radius of hallow shaft(in) +J8=((%pi)*(4**4-3.317**4))/2.0 // Polar moment of inertia(in**4) +Tor=((212)*(12))/4.0 + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a):Maximum torque that can be transmitted by the shaft as designed = %0.3f kip.in' ,Th) +printf("\n Case(b):Maximum torque that can be transmitted by the shaft of equal weight = %0.3f kip.in' ,Te) +printf("\n Case(c):Maximum torque that can be transmitted by the hollow shaft of equal weight and 8 in outer diameter = %0.3f kip.in' ,Tor) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1911a3aef --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +D=7.5 // Diameter of the bigger shaft(in) +d=3.75 // Diameter of the smaller shaft(in) +r=0.5625 // Inner radius(in) +k=1.33 // Stress concentration factor + +//Calculation +temp1=(D/d) +temp2=(r/d) +T=((1/2)*(%pi)*((1.875)**3)*(8/1.33)) // Maximum torque(ksi) + +//Power +f=(900/60) // Frequency(Hz) +Pa=(2*(%pi)*15*62.3*(10**3)) // Power(lb/s) +Pa=(Pa/6600) // Power(hp) + +//Final Design +r=15/16 // Radius(in) +temp2=(0.9375/3.75) +k=1.20 // Stress concentration factor +T=(10.35*(8/1.20)) // Torque(kip.in) +Pb=(2)*(%pi)*(15)*(69)*((10**3)) // Power(lb/s) +Pb=(Pb/6600) // Power(hp) + +//Percent Change in Power +PC=(((Pb-Pa)/Pa)*100) + + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a): Maximum power that can be transmitted = %1f hp' ,Pa) +printf("\n Case(b): Percentage in power = %1f ' ,PC) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..955d98801 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +Tp=44.1 +phyF=8.59 + +// Calculation +// Elastic Unloading +Tmax=((44.1)*(1.125))/2.02 +Tmin=(Tmax)*(0.75/1.125) +phyl=(((44.1*(10**3)*60)*(360/(2*%pi)))/((2.02)*(11.2*(10**6)))**2) + +phy=phyF-phyl + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a: Residual stress = %1f kip.in' ,0) +printf("\n Case(b: Permanent angle of twist= %1f degree ' ,phy) diff --git a/3764/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3764/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..061d048ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// + +//Bar with Square Cross Section +//Variable declaration +tALL=40 // Stress(MPa) + + +//Calculation +// Bar with square cross section +a=0.040 // Length(m) +b=0.040 // Length(m) +temp=(a/b) +c1=0.208 // Coefficient +tmax=tALL // Maximum stress(MPa) +T1=(40)*((10**6))*(0.208)*((0.040**3)) // Torque(N.m) + +// Bar with Rectangular Cross Section. +a=0.064 // Length(m) +b=0.025 // Length(m) +temp2=(a/b) +T2=(40)*((10**6))*(0.259)*(0.064)*((0.025**2)) // Torque(N.m) + +//Square Tube +A=(0.034)*(0.034) // Area bounded by the center line of the cross section(m**2) +T3=((40)*((10**6))*(2)*(0.006)*(1.156)*((10**-3))**0) // Torque(N.m) + + +// Result +printf("\n Largest torque on bar with square cross section = %1f N.m' ,T1) +printf("\n Largest torque on bar with rectangular cross section = %1f N.m' ,T2) +printf("\n Largest torque on square tube = %1f N.m' ,T3) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.01/Ex4_01.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.01/Ex4_01.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e511287d --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.01/Ex4_01.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +c=1.25 // Radius(in) +Sy=36 // Stress(ksi) +b=0.8 // Breadth(in) +h=2.5 // Height(in) + +//Calculation +I=(1/12.0)*(b)*(h)**3 // Centroidal moment of inertia(in**4) +M=(I/c)*(Sy) // Bending moment(kip.in) + +// Result +printf("\n Bending moment = %0.3f kip.in' ,M) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.02/Ex4_02.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.02/Ex4_02.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1255e07d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.02/Ex4_02.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +r=12 // Radius(mm) +p=2.5 // Mean radius(m) +E=70 // Modulus of rigidity(GPa) +n=-1 + +//Calculation +Y=(4*r)/(3*(%pi)) // Ordinate(mm) +c=r-Y // Distance from the neutral axis to the point of crossection(mm) +Em=(c*(10**-3))/p // Maximum absolute value of the strain +Sm=((E*((10**9)))*Em)/((10**6)*(1.0)) // Maximum tensile stress(MPa) +Scomp=(n)*(Y/c)*(Sm) // Maximum compressive stress(MPa) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum tensile stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Sm) +printf("\n Maximum compressive stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Scomp) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.03/Ex4_03.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.03/Ex4_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adbd866c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.03/Ex4_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +Es=29*((10**6)) // Modulus of rigidity(psi) +Eb=15*((10**6))*(1.0) // Modulus of rigidity(psi) +M=40 // Bending moment(kip.in) +h=3 // Height(3) +b=2.25 // Breadth(in) +c=1.5 // Distance(in) + +//Calculation +n=Es/Eb // Ratio +W=0.75*n // width(in) +I=(1/12.0)*(b)*((h)**3) // Moment of inertia of the transformed section(in**4) +Sm=(M*c)/(I) // Maximum stress in the transformed section(ksi) +Sbrass=Sm // Maximum stress in brass portion(ksi) +Ssteel=1.933*(Sbrass) // Maximum stress in steel portion(ksi) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum stress in brass portion = %0.3f ksi' ,Sbrass) +printf("\n Maximum stress in steel portion = %0.3f ksi' ,Ssteel) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.04/Ex4_04.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.04/Ex4_04.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf4cf3aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.04/Ex4_04.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +depth=10 // Depth(mm) +width=60 // Width(mm) +thickness=9 // Thickness(mm) +Smax=150 // Maximum stress(MPa) +M=180 // Bending moment(N.m) + +//Calculation +d=width-(2*depth) // Distance(mm) +c=(1/2.0)*d // Distance(mm) +b=9 // Distance(mm) +I=(1/12.0)*(b*((10**-3)))*((d*((10**3)))**3) // Moment of inertia of the critical cross section(m**4) +Ratio=((M)*(c)*((10**3)))/(I) // Stress(MPa) +k=150/75.0 // Factor +Ratio2=width/(d*1.0) // Ratio +r=0.13*40 // Radius(mm) +wid=2*r // Width(mm) + +// Result +printf("\n Smallest allowable width of the groves = %0.3f mm' ,wid) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.06/Ex4_06.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.06/Ex4_06.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48ebe5185 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.06/Ex4_06.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +M=36.8 // Bending moment(kN) +Sy=240 // Yield strength(MPa) +yY=40 // Thickness of elastic core(mm) +n=-1 +Sx=n*35.5*((10**6)) // Stress(Pa) +E=200*((10**9)) + +//Calculation +// Case(a) +Sml=((36.8)/(120*((10**-6))))/(1000) // Residual stress(MPa) +// Case(b) +Ex=Sx/E // Residual strain +p=(n*(40*((10**-3))))/(Ex) // Radius of Curvature after Unloading(m) + +// Result +printf("\n Residual stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Sml) +printf("\n Radius of curvature after unloading = %0.3f m' ,p) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7a372f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +sY=40 // Stress(ksi) +sU=60 // Stress(ksi) +E=(10.6)*((10**6)) // Modulus of rigidity(psi) +FS=3 // Factor of safety + +//Calculation +//Moment of Inertia +E=(10.6)*((10**6)) // Modulus of rigidity(psi) +I=(((1/12.0)*3.25*(5**3))-((1/12)*(2.75)*(4.5**3))**2) // Centroidal moment of inertia of a rectangle + +//Allowable Stress +sALL=(sU/FS) // Allowable stress(ksi) +//Case(a) Bending Moment +c=(1/2.0)*(5) // Radius(in) +M=((12.97)*(20))/2.5 // Bending moment(kip.in) +//Case(b) Radius of Curvature +p=((10.6*(10**6)*12.97)/(103.8*(10**3))**1) // Radius of curvature(in) + +p=((p*0.08333)) // Converting into feet(ft) + +//Alternative Solution. +Em=(sALL/(E*((10**-3))*(1.0))) // Maximum strain(in./in) +p=(c/Em) // Radius of curvature(in) +p=((p*0.08333)) // Converting into feet(ft) + + +// Result +printf("\n Bending moment M for which factor of safety is 3 = %0.3f kip.in' ,M) +printf("\n Radius of curvature of tube = %0.3f ft' ,p) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67f76db10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// +// + +// Variable declaration +M0=1500 // Couple of magnitude(kN) +yA=50 // Distance() +zA=74 +Iy=(3.25*((10**-6))) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Iz=(4.18*((10**-6))) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Iyz=(2.87*((10**-6))) // Moment of inertia(m**4) + +// Calculation +// Principal axes +Theta=(80.8)/2.0 // Angle +R=sqrt((0.465**2)+(2.87**2)) // Radius +R=2.91*((10**-6)) // Converting to meter +Iu=3.72-2.91 // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Iv=3.72+2.91 // Moment of inertia(m**4) +//Loading +Mu=(M0*sin(40.4)) // Applied couple(N.m) +Mv=(M0*cos(40.4)) // Applied couple(N.m) +//Case(a) Stress at A +uA=50*cos(40.4*((2*%pi)/360.0))+74*sin(40.4*((2*%pi)/360.0)) // Perpendicular distances(mm) +vA=-50*sin(40.4*((2*%pi)/360.0))+74*cos(40.4*((2*%pi)/360.0)) // Perpendicular distances(mm) +sA=((972*0.0239)/(0.810*((10**-6))) - ((1142)*(0.0860))/(6.63*(10**-6)))/((10**6)) // Stress at A(MPa) +//Case(b) Neutral Axis +phy=81.8 // Angle neutral axis with the v axis(degree) +B=81.8-40.4 // Angle neutral axis with the horizontal axis(degree) + +// Result +printf("\n Stress at point A = %0.3f MPa' ,sA) +printf("\n The angle formed by the neutral axis and the horizontal is = %0.3f degree' ,B) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b5834e65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +n=-1 + +//Calculation +//Centroid +sumA=3000 // Summing up the area(mm**2) +M=3 // Couple(kN.m) +cA=0.022 // Distance(m) +Y=(114*(10**6))/(3000.0) // Distance(mm) +//Centroidal Moment of Inertia +Ix=((1/12.0)*(90)*((20**3)) + (90*20*(12**2)) + ((1/12.0)*(30)*((40**3))) + (30*40*(18**2)))/((10**12)*(1.0)) // Centroidal moment of inertia(m**4) +//Case(a) Maximum Tensile Stress +sA=((M*cA)/(Ix)*(1.0))/(1000.0) // Maximum tensile stress(MPa) +//Maximum Compressive Stress +sB=n*(3*0.038)/((868*(10**-9)*(10**3))) // Maximum compressive stress(MPa) +//Case(b) Radius of Curvature +p=((165*868*((10**-9)))/(3))*((10**6)) // Radius of curvature(m) + + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum tensile stress = %0.3f MPa' ,sA) +printf("\n Maximum compressive stress = %0.3f MPa' ,sB) +printf("\n Radius of curvature = %0.3f ft' ,p) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b995cf0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// + +// Variable declaration +Es=200 // Moduluss of rigidity(GPa) +Ew=12.5 // Moduluss of rigidity(GPa) + +//Transformed Section. +n=(Es/Ew) // Ratio +//Neutral Axis +Y=(((0.160)*(3.2*0.020))/(3.2*0.020+0.470*0.300)) // Distance(m) + +//Centroidal Moment of Inertia +I=(((1/12)*0.470*((0.3**3)))+(0.470*0.3*((0.05**2)))+((1/12)*(3.2)*((0.020**3)))+(3.2*0.020*((0.160-0.050**2)))**5) // Centroidal Moment of Inertia + +//Maximum Stress in Wood +sW=((50*((10**3)))*(0.200))/(2.19*(10**-3)) // Maximum stress in wood(MPa) +sW=((sW/((10**6)))**2) // Rounding + +//Stress in Steel +sS=((16)*(50*((10**3)))*(0.120))/(2.19*((10**-3))) // Stress in steel(MPa) +sS=((sS/((10**6)))**1) // Rounding + + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum stress in the wood = %0.3f MPa' ,sW) +printf("\n Stress in steel = %0.3f MPa' ,sS) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed5476cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +// + +// variable declaration +E=(29*(10**6)) // Modulus of elastoplasticity(psi) +sY=50 // Stress(ksi) + +// Calculation +//Case(a) Onset Of Yield +I=((1/12.0)*(12)*((16**3))-(1/12.0)*(12-0.75)*((14**3))**0) // Centroidal moment of inertia(in**4) + +//Bending Moment +sMAX=sY // Stress(ksi) +c=8.0 // Distance(in) +My=(sY*I)/c // Bending moment(kip.in) +//Radius of Curvature +Ey=sY/(E*(1.0)) // Strain +pY=(c/Ey)/(1000.0) // Radius of curvature(in) +//Case(b) Flanges Fully Plastic +R1=50*12*1 // Compressive forces on top(kips) +R4=R1 // Compressive forces on top(kips) +R2=((1/2.0)*(50)*(7)*(0.75)+0.05) // Compressive forces on top half(kips) + +R3=R2 // Compressive forces on top half(kips) +//Bending Moment +M=2*((R1*7.5)+(R2*4.67)) // Bending moment(kip.in) +//Radius of Curvature +p=(((7/0.001724)*0.0833)) // Radius of curvature(ft) + + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Bending moment = %0.3f kip.in' ,My) +printf("\n Case(a) Radius of curvature = %0.3f in' ,pY) +printf("\n Case(b) Bending moment = %0.3f kip.in' ,M) +printf("\n Case(b) Radius of curvature = %0.3f ft' ,p) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..179f75be3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +// + + +// Variable declaration +sY=240 // Yield strength(MPa) +A1=(0.1*0.02) // Area of cross section(m**2) +A2=(0.02*0.02) // Area of cross section(m**2) +A3=(0.02*0.06) // Area of cross section(m**2) +A4=(0.06*0.02) // Area of cross section(m**2) + +// Calculation +//Neutral Axis +A=(100)*(20) + (80)*(20) + (60)*(20) // Total area(mm**2) +y=(2400-((20)*(100)))/(20) // Distance(mm) +//Plastic Moment +R1=(A1*sY*1000) // Resultant force(kN) +R2=(A2*sY*1000) // Resultant force(kN) +R3=(A3*sY*1000) // Resultant force(kN) +R4=(A4*sY*1000) // Resultant force(kN) + +Mp=(0.030*R1) + (0.010*R2) + (0.030*R3) + (0.070*R4) // Plastic moment(kN.m) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Plastic moment = %0.3f kN.m' ,Mp) diff --git a/3764/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3764/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ad525fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +// + +// Variable declaration +y=7 // Distance(in) +s=-3.01 // Stress(ksi) + +// Calculation +//Loading +M=10230 // Couple of moment(kip.in) +//Elastic Unloading +sMl=((10230)*(8))/(1524.0) // Maximum stress(ksi) +//Permanent Radius of Curvature +p=(((7)*(29*(10**6))*((10**-3)))/(3.01)**-2) // Permanent radius of curvature(in) + +p=((p*0.083333)) // Conversion(ft) + + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Residual stress = %0.3f ksi' ,sMl) +printf("\n Case(a) Permanent radius of curvature = %0.3f ft' ,p) diff --git a/3764/CH5/EX5.03/Ex5_03.sce b/3764/CH5/EX5.03/Ex5_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99497327d --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH5/EX5.03/Ex5_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +// Reactions +Rb=40 // Reaction at B(kN) +Rd=14 // Reaction at D(kN) + +// Calculations +// Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams +V1=-20 // Force(kN) +M1=0 // Moment(kN.m) +V2=-20 // Force(kN) +M2=-50 // Moment(kN.m) +V3=26 // Force(kN) +M3=-50 // Moment(kN.m) +V4=26 // Force(kN) +M4=28 // Moment(kN.m) +V5=-14 // Force(kN) +M5=28 // Moment(kN.m) +V6=-14 // Force(kN) +M6=0 // Moment(kN.m) +// Maximum Normal Stress +S=(1/6.0)*(0.080)*((0.250**2)) // Section modulus of the beam(m**3) +Mb=(50*(10**3)) // Moment(N.m) +sM=(Mb/S)/(((10**6))) // Stress(Pa) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum normal stress in the beam = %0.3f MPa' ,sM) diff --git a/3764/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3764/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f96f0fa5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +M=8 // Bending moment(kip.in) +A=(2.5)*(1.5) // Area(in**2) +R=5.969 +e=0.0314 // Distance(in) + +//Calculation +// Case(a) +Smax=((8)*(6.75-5.969))/((3.75)*(0.0314)*(6.75)) // Maximum stress(ksi) +Smin=((8)*(5.25-5.969))/((3.75)*(0.0314)*(5.25)) // Minimum stress(ksi) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum stress = %0.3f ksi' ,Smax) +printf("\n Minimum stress = %0.3f ksi' ,Smin) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.03/Ex6_03.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.03/Ex6_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15b76f86e --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.03/Ex6_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +//Variable declaration +l=0.020 // Length(m) +b=0.100 // Breadth(m) +V=500 // Vertical shear(N) +y=0.060 // Distance(m) + +//Calculation +A=l*b // Area(m**2) +Q=A*y // First moment of an area with respect to a given axis +I=(1/12.0)*(0.020)*(0.1**3) + 2*((1/12.0)*(0.1)*(0.02**3) + (0.020*0.1)*(0.06**2)) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +q=(V*Q)/(I) +F=(0.025)*q // Shearing force in each nail(N) + +// Result +printf("\n Shearing force in each nail is = %0.3f N' ,F) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.04/Ex6_04.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.04/Ex6_04.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1f92a50a --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.04/Ex6_04.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +V=1.5 // Force(kN) +y1=0.0417 // Distance(m) +y2=0.0583 // Distance(m) +AreaA=0.100*0.020 // Area(m**2) +AreaB=0.060*0.020 // Area(m**2) +I=8.63*((10**-6)) // Moment of inertia(m**2) +t=0.020 // Distance(m) + +//Calculation +//Shearing Stress in Joint a +Qa=AreaA*y1 +taweA=((V*Qa)/(I*t)) // Shearing stress in joint a(kPa) + + +//Shearing Stress in Joint b +Qb=AreaB*y2 +taweB=((V*Qb)/(I*t)) // Shearing stress in joint b(kPa) + + +// Result +printf("\n Shearing stress in joint a = %0.3f kPa' ,taweA) +printf("\n Shearing stress in joint b = %0.3f kPa' ,taweB) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.05/Ex6_05.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.05/Ex6_05.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cebef26e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.05/Ex6_05.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +tf=0.770 // Distance(in) + +//Calculation +I=(394 + 2*((1/12)*(12)*(0.75**3) + (12)*(0.75)*((5.575**2)))**0) // Centroidal moment of inertia(in**4) + +t=2*tf // Distance(in) +Q=(2*(4.31*0.770*4.815) + (12)*(0.75)*(5.575)) + +t=(((50)*(82.1))/((954)*(1.54))) // Shearing stress(ksi) + + +// Result +printf("\n Horizontal shearing stress = %0.3f ksi' ,t) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.06/Ex6_06.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.06/Ex6_06.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91eaded52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.06/Ex6_06.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// + +//Variable declaration +cosB=12/13.0 + +//Calculation +//Centroid +Y=((2*65*3*30)/((2*65*3)+((50)*(3)))) // Distance y(mm) + +//Centroidal Moment of Inertia +b=(3)/(cosB) // Distance(mm) +I=2*((1/12.0)*(3.25)*((60**3)) + (3.25)*(60)*((8.33**2))) + ((1/12.0)*(50)*((3**3)) + (50)*(3)*((21.67**2)))// Moment of inertia(mm**4) +I=(I/((10**12))) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +//Shearing Stress at A +ta=0 +//Maximum Shearing Stress +Q=(3.25*38.33*(38.33/2.0)) + +tE=((5)*(2.387*((10**-6))))/((0.2146*((10**-6)))*(0.003)) +tE=(tE/1000.0) // Largest shearing stress + + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Shearing stress at A = %0.3f ksi' ,ta) +printf("\n Case(a) Maximum shearing stress = %0.3f MPa' ,tE) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09f906e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +// +// +//Variable declaration +tw=5.8 // Distance(mm) +d=349 // Distance(mm) +Vmax=58 // Force(kN) + +//Calculation +Aweb=d*tw // Area(mm*2) +Tmax=(Vmax/Aweb)*(1000) // Maximum shearing stress(ksi) + +// Result +printf("\n Maximum allowable shearing stress for steel beam = %0.3f MPa' ,Tmax) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31aac0c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +l=0.75 // Distance(in) +b=3 // Breadth(in) +V=600 // Vertical shear(lb) +y=1.875 // Distance(in) + +//Calculation +Q=l*b*y +I=(1/12.0)*((4.5**4)-(3**4)) // Moment of inertia(in**4) +q=(V*Q)/(I) +F=(1.75)*(46.15) // Shearing force(lb) + +// Result +printf("\n Shearing force in each nail = %0.3f lb' ,F) diff --git a/3764/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3764/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2bad348c --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +V=2.5 // Force(kips) +b=4 // Distance(in) +t=0.15 // Thickness(in) +h=6 // Height(in) + + +//Calculation +tB=(6*V*b)/((t*h)*(6.0*b+h)) // Horizontal shearing stress(ksi) +tMAX=(3*(V)*(4*b+h))/(2.0*t*h*(6.0*b+h)) // Shearing stress in web(ksi) + +// Result +printf("\n Shearing stress in flanges = %0.3f ksi' ,tB) +printf("\n Shearing stress in web = %0.3f ksi' ,tMAX) diff --git a/3764/CH7/EX7.03/Ex7_03.sce b/3764/CH7/EX7.03/Ex7_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ed73ee68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH7/EX7.03/Ex7_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +sx=100 // Force(MPa) +sy=60 // Force(MPa) +CF=20 // Force(MPa) +FX=48 // Force(MPa) +OC=80 // Force(MPa) +CA=52 // Force(MPa) +BC=52 // Force(MPa) + +// Calculation +//Construction of Mohr’s Circle +R=sqrt(20**2+48**2) // Radius of circle(MPa) + + +//Case(a) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses +phyp=(67.4)/2.0 // Angle(degree) +Smax=OC+CA // Maximum stress(MPa) +Smin=OC-BC // Min stress(MPa) + +//Case(b) Stress Components on Element Rotated 30 +phy=180-60 // Angle(degree) +Sxl=80-(52*(cos(52.6*(%pi*2)/(360.0)))) +Syl=80+(52*(cos(52.6*(%pi*2)/(360.0)))) +txlyl=52*(sin(52.6*(%pi*2)/(360.0))) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Principal planes angle = %0.3f MPa' ,phyp) +printf("\n Case(b) Maximum principal stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Smax) +printf("\n Case(b) Minimum principal stress = %0.3f MPa' ,Smin) +printf("\n Case(c) Stress in x direction = %0.3f MPa' ,Sxl) +printf("\n Case(c) Stress in y direction = %0.3f MPa' ,Syl) +printf("\n Case(c) Stress in x and y direction = %0.3f MPa' ,txlyl) diff --git a/3764/CH7/EX7.05/Ex7_05.sce b/3764/CH7/EX7.05/Ex7_05.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c02347b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH7/EX7.05/Ex7_05.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +p=180 // Internal gage pressure(psi) +t=(5/16.0) // Length(in) +r=(15-t) // Distance(in) + + + +//Calculation +//Case(a) Spherical Cap +s=((p)*(r))/(2.0*t) // Stress(psi) +tmax=(1/2.0)*((p*r)/(t)) // Maximum shearing stress(psi) + +//Case(b) Cylindrical Body of the Tank +t=3/8.0 // Distance(in) +r=15-t // Distance(in) +s1=(p*r)/(t) // Stress(psi) +s2=(1/2.0)*s1 // Stress(psi) +Save=(1/2.0)*(s1+s2) // Stress average(psi) +R=(1/2.0)*(s1-s2) // Stress(psi) + +//Stresses at the Weld +Sw=(Save-(R*cos(50*(((%pi)*2)/360.0)))) // Stress at the weld(psi) + +tw=(R*sin(50*(((%pi)*2)/360.0))) // Shearing stress at the weld(psi) + + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Normal stress = %0.3f ' ,s) +printf("\n Case(a) Maximum shearing stress = %0.3f ' ,tmax) +printf("\n Case(b) Stress in direction perpendicular to helical weld = %0.3f ' ,Sw) +printf("\n Case(b) Stress in direction parallel to helical weld = %0.3f ' ,tw) diff --git a/3764/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3764/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6083da5b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +P=150 // Horizontal force(lb) +T=(150*18)/(1000.0) // Force couple system(kip.in) +Mx=(150*10)/(1000.0) // Force couple system(kip.in) +sx=0 // Stress at x +M=1.5 // Torque(kip.in) +c=0.6 // Radius(in) +n=-1 + +//Calculation +//Case(a) Stresses S x , S y , T xy at Point H +sy=(((M)*(c))/((1/4.0)*(%pi)*((0.6**4)))**2) // Stress(ksi) + +txy=(((T)*(c))/((1/2.0)*(%pi)*((0.6**4)))**2) // Shearing stress(ksi) + + +//Case(b) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses +phyp1=(n*61)/2.0 // Angle(degree) +phyp2=180-61 // Angle(degree) + +Smax=8.84/2.0 + sqrt(4.42**2 + 7.96**2) // Maximum stress(ksi) +Smin=8.84/2.0 - sqrt(4.42**2 + 7.96**2) // Minimum stress(ksi) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Normal stress = %0.3f ksi' ,sy) +printf("\n Case(a) Shearing stress = %0.3f ksi' ,txy) +printf("\n Case(b) Principal plane angle = %0.3f degree' ,phyp1) +printf("\n Case(b) Principal plane angle = %0.3f degree' ,phyp2) +printf("\n Case(c) Maximum stress at point H = %0.3f ksi' ,Smax) +printf("\n Case(c) Minimum stress at point H = %0.3f ksi' ,Smin) diff --git a/3764/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3764/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..458653090 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +// +// + +//Variable declaration +n=-1 +Sx=6 +Sy=3.5 +OC=4.75 +CA=3.25 +BC=3.25 + +//Calculation +// Case(a) Principal Planes and Principal Stresses +Save=(Sx+Sy)/2.0 // Average stress(ksi) +R=sqrt(1.25**2 + 3**2) // Radius of circle(ksi) +Sa=OC+CA // Principal stress(ksi) +Sb=OC-BC // Principal stress(ksi) +phyp=(67.4)/2.0 + +// Case(b) Maximum shearing stress +tmax=(1/2.0)*(Sa) // Maximum torque(ksi) + +//Result +printf("\n Case(a) Principal stress at A = %0.3f ksi' ,Sa) +printf("\n Case(a) Principal stress at B = %0.3f ksi' ,Sb) +printf("\n Case(b) Principal plane = %0.3f ksi' ,phyp) +printf("\n Case(c) Maximum shearing stress = %0.3f ksi' ,tmax) diff --git a/3764/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3764/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df2d92748 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// +// +//Variable declaration +Ea=400*((10**-6)) // Principal strain(in./in) +Eb=-50*((10**-6)) // Principal strain(in./in) +v=0.30 // Poisson's ratio +n=-1 + +//Calculation +//Case(a) Maximum In-Plane Shearing Strain +Ymaxinplane=Ea-Eb // Maximum in-plane shearing strain(rad) +//Case(b) Maximum Shearing Strain +Ec=n*(v/(1.0-v))*(Ea+Eb) // Strain(in./in) // Maximum shearing strain(rad) + +// Result +printf("\n Case(a) Maximum in plane shearing strain = %0.3f rad' ,Ymaxinplane) +printf("\n Case(b) Maximum shearing strain = %0.3f u' ,Ec) diff --git a/3764/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3764/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..685067b78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3764/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clear +// + +//Variable declaration +//Free Body. Entire Crankshaft +Vx=-30 // Force(kN) +P=50 // Force(kN) +Vz=-75 // Force(kN) +Mx=(50)*(0.130) - (75)*(0.2) // Moment(kN.m) +My=0 // Moment +Mz=30*0.1 // Moment(kN.m) +A=0.040*0.140 // Area(m**2) +Ix=(1/12.0)*(0.040)*((0.140**3)) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +Iz=(1/12.0)*((0.040**3))*(0.140) // Moment of inertia(m**4) +a=0.020 // Distance(m) +b=0.025 // Distance(m) +t=0.040 // Distance(m) +OC=33.0 // Stress(MPa) + +//Calculation +//Normal Stress at H +Sy=(((P/A) + ((Mz)*a)/Iz + ((Mx)*b)/Ix)/(1000.0)) // Normal stress at H(MPa) + + + +//Shearing Stress at H +Q=(0.040*0.045*0.0475) +tyz=((((-(Vz)*(Q))/(Ix*t))/1000.0)) // Shearing stress at H(MPa) + + + +//Principal Stresses, Principal Planes, and Maximum Shearing Stress at H. +phyp=27.96/2.0 +R=sqrt(33**2 + 17.52**2) +Smax=OC+R +Smin=OC-R + + +// Result +printf("\n Normal stress at H = %0.3f MPa' ,Sy) +printf("\n Shearing stress at H = %0.3f MPa' ,tyz) +printf("\n Principal axis angle = %0.3f degree' ,phyp) +printf("\n Maximum shearing stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,R) +printf("\n Maximum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smax) +printf("\n Minimum principal stress at point k = %0.3f MPa' ,Smin) diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f67b55304 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// Example 1.1.py +// Consider the low-speed flow of air over an airplane wing at standard +// sea level conditions the free-stream velocity far ahead of the wing +// is 100 mi/h. The flow accelerates over the wing, reaching a maximum +// velocity of 150 mi/h at some point on the wing. What is the percentage +// pressure change between this point and the free stream// + + +// Variable declaration +rho = 0.002377 // density at sea level (slug/ft^3) +p_1 = 2116.0 // pressure at sea level (lb/ft^2) +v_1 = 100.0 // velocity far ahead of the wing (mi/h) +v_2 = 150.0 // velocity at some point on the wing (mi/h) + +// Calculations + +u_1 = v_1 * 88.0/60.0 // converting v_1 in ft/s +u_2 = v_2 * 88.0/60.0 // converting v_2 in ft/s + +delP = 0.5*rho*(u_2*u_2 - u_1*u_1) // p_1 - p_2 from Bernoulli's equation +fracP = delP/p_1 // fractional change in pressure with respect to freestream + +// Result +printf("\n Fractional change in pressure is %.3f or %.1f percent", fracP, fracP*100) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f158e3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// Example 1.2.py +// A pressure vessel that has a volume of 10 m^3 is used to store high +// pressure air for operating a supersonic wind tunnel. If the air pressure +// and temperature inside the vessel are 20 atm and 300 K, respectively, +// what is the mass of air stored in the vessel// + +// Variable declaration +V = 10 // volume of vessel (m^3) +p = 20.0 // pressure (atm) +T = 300 // temperature (K) + +R = 287.0 // gas constant (J/Kg/K) + +// Calculations +p = p * 101000.0 // units conversion to N/m^2 +rho = p/R/T // from ideal gas equation of state +m = V * rho // total mass volume * density + + +// Result +printf("\n Total mass stored is %.1f Kg", m) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1ce816a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// Example 1.3.py +// Calculate the isothermal compressibility for air at a pressure of 0.5 atm. + +// Variable declaration +p = 0.5 // pressure (atm) +p_si = 0.5*101325 // pressure (N/m^2) +p_eng = 0.5*2116 // pressure (lb/ft^2) + +// Calculations +tau_atm = 1/p // isothermal compressibility in atm^-1 +tau_si = 1/p_si // isothermal compressibility in m^2/N +tau_eng = 1/p_eng // isothermal compressibility in ft^2/lb + +// Result +printf("\n Isothermal compressibility for air at %.1f atm is %.2f atm^-1 or %.2e m^2/N or %.2e ft^2/lb", p, tau_atm, tau_si, tau_eng) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..775b45071 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +// Example 1.4.py +// For thre pressure vessel in Example 1.2, calculate the total internal +// energy of the gas stored in the vessel. + +// Variable declaration from example 1.2 +V = 10 // volume of vessel (m^3) +p = 20.0 // pressure (atm) +T = 300 // temperature (Kelvin) + +R = 287.0 // gas constant (J/Kg/K) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats for air + +// Calculations +cv = R / (gamma1-1) // specific heat capacity at constant volume(J/Kg K) +e = cv * T // internal energy per Kg (J/Kg) +p = p * 101000.0 // units conversion to N/m^2 +rho = p/R/T // from ideal gas equation of state (Kg/m^3) +m = V * rho // total mass = volume * density (Kg) +E = m*e // total energy in J + +// Result +printf("\n Total internal energy is %.2e J", E) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6906bcad --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// Example 1.5.py +// Consider the air in the pressure vessel in Example 1.2. Let us now heat +// the gas in the vessel. Enough heat is added to increase the temperature +// to 600 K. Calculate the change in entropy of the air inside the vessel. + +// Variable declaration from example 1.2 +V = 10 // volume of vessel (m^3) +p = 20.0 // pressure (atm) +T = 300.0 // initial temperature (K) +T2 = 600.0 // final temperature (Kelvin) +R = 287.0 // gas constant (J/Kg/K) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats for air + + +// Calculations +p2_by_p = T2/T // p2/p, at constant volume p/T = constant + +cv = R / (gamma1-1) // specific heat capacity at constant volume (J/Kg K) +cp = cv + R // specific heat capacity at constant pressure (J/Kg K) + +p = p * 101000.0 // units conversion to N/m^2 +rho = p/R/T // from ideal gas equation of state (Kg/m^3) +m = V * rho // total mass = volume * density (Kg) + +// +del_s = cp*log(T2/T) - R*log(p2_by_p) // change in entropy per unit mass (J/ Kg K) +total_del_s = m*del_s // total change in entropy (J/K) + +// Result +printf("\n Total change in entropy is %.3e J/K", total_del_s) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de5edc931 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +// Example 1.6.py +// Consider the flow through a rocket engine nozzle. Assume that the gas flow +// through the nozzle in an isentropic expansion of a calorically perfect gas. +// In the combustion chamber, the gas which results from the combustion of the +// rocket fuel and oxidizer is at a pressure and temperature of 15 atm and +// 2500 K, respectively, the molecular weight and specific heat at constant +// pressure of the combustion gas are 12 and 4157 J/kg K, respectively. The gas +// expands to supersonic speed through the nozzle, with temperature of 1350 K at +// the nozzle exit. Calculate the pressure at the exit. + + +// Variable declaration +pc = 15.0 // pressure combustion chamber (atm) +Tc = 2500.0 // temperature combustion chamber (K) +mol_wt = 12.0 // molecular weight (gm) +cp = 4157.0 // specific heat at constant pressure (J/Kg/K) + +Tn = 1350.0 // temperature at nozzle exit (K) + +// Calculations +R = 8314.0/mol_wt // gas constant = R_prime/mo_wt, R_prime = 8314 J/K +cv = cp - R // specific heat at constant volume (J/Kg/K) +gamma1 = cp/cv // ratio of specific heat + +pn_by_pc = (Tn/Tc** gamma1/(gamma1-1)) // ratio of pressure for isentropic process** pn/pc + +pn = pc * pn_by_pc // pn = pc * pn/pc + +// Result +printf("\n Pressure at the exit is %.3f atm", pn) + diff --git a/3765/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3765/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db4a9b507 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clc +// Example 1.7.py +// A flat plate with a chord length of 3 ft and an infinite span(perpendicular to +// the page in fig 1.5) is immersed in a Mach 2 flow at standard sea level +// conditions at an angle of attack of 10 degrees. The pressure distribution +// over the plate is as follows: upper surface, p2=constant=1132 lb/ft^2 lower +// surface, p3=constant=3568 lb/ft^2. The local shear stress is given by tau_w = +// 13/xeta^0.2, where tau_w is in pounds per square feet and xeta is the distance +// in feet along the plate from the leading edge. Assume the distribution of +// tau_w over the top and bottom surfaces is the same. Both the pressure and +// shear disributions are sketched qualitatively in fig. 1.5. Calculate the lift +// and drag per unit span on the plate. + +// + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 2.0 // mach number freestream +p1 = 2116.0 // pressure at sea level (in lb/ft^2) +l = 3.0 // chord of plate (in ft) +alpha = 10.0 // angle of attack in degrees + +p2 = 1132.0 // pressure on the upper surface (in lb/ft^2) +p3 = 3568.0 // pressure on the lower surface (in lb/ft^2) + +// Calculations + +// assuming unit span + +pds = -p2*l + p3*l // integral p.ds from leading edge to trailing edge (in lb/ft) + +L = pds*cos(alpha*%pi/180.0) // lift per unit span (in lb/ft), alpha is converted to radians + +Dw = pds*sin(alpha*%pi/180.0) // pressure drag per unit span (in lb/ft), alpha is converted to radians + +Df = 16.25 * (l** 4.0/5.0) // skin friction drag per unit span (in lb/ft) + // from integral tau.d(xeta) + +Df = 2 * Df * cos(alpha*%pi/180.0) // since skin friction acts on both the side + +D = Df + Dw // total drag per unit span (in lb/ft) +// Result +printf("\n Total Lift per unit span = %.0f lb", L) + +printf("\n Total Drag per unit span = %.0f lb", D) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4becf3099 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +// Example 3.10.py +// In example 3.9, how much heat per unit mass must be added to choke the flow// + + +// Variable declaration from example 3.9 +To1 = 840 // upstream total temperature (in K) +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +To1_by_Tostar = 0.6540 // To1/Tostar from Table A3 +cp = 1004.5 // specific heat at constant pressure for air (in J/Kg K) + +// Calculations +Tostar = To1 / To1_by_Tostar // Tostar = To1 * Tostar/To1 (in K) + +M2 = 1.0 // for choked flow +To2 = Tostar // since M2 = 1.0 + +q = cp * (To2 - To1) // required heat = cp(To2 - To1) (in J/kg) + + +// Result +printf("\n Heat require to choke the flow is %.2e J/kg", q) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d3590d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +// Example 3.13.py +// In example 3.12, what is the length of the duct required to choke the flow// + + +// Variable declaration from example 3.12 +M1 = 3.0 // mach number +C1 = 0.5222 // C1 = 4*f*L1star/D +f = 0.005 // friction coefficient +D = 0.4 // diameter of pipe (in ft) + +// Calculations +L1star = 0.5222 * D/4.0/f + + +// Result +printf("\n Length required to choke the flow is %.2f ft", L1star) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b845282e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Example 3.2.py +// Return to Example 1.6, Calculate the Mach Number and velocity at the exit of the rocket +// nozzle. + +// Variable declaration from example 1.6 +pc = 15.0 // pressure combustion chamber (atm) +Tc = 2500.0 // temperature combustion chamber (K) +mol_wt = 12.0 // molecular weight (gm) +cp = 4157.0 // specific heat at constant pressure (J/Kg/K) + +Tn = 1350.0 // temperature at nozzle exit (K) + +// Calculations +R = 8314.0/mol_wt // gas constant = R_prime/mo_wt, R_prime = 8314 J/K +cv = cp - R // specific heat at constant volume (J/Kg k) +gamma1 = cp/cv // ratio of specific heat + +pn_by_pc = (Tn/Tc** gamma1/(gamma1-1)) // ratio of pressure for isentropic process** pn/pc + +Mn = (2/(gamma1-1)*((1/pn_by_pc**(gamma1-1)/gamma1) - 1)** 0.5) // Mach number at exit** from isentropic flow relation + +an = (gamma1*R*Tn** 0.5) // Speed of sound at exit (m/s) +Vn = Mn*an // Velocity at exit (m/s) + + +// Result +printf("\n Mach number at the exit of the rocket nozzle is %.3f",(Mn)) + +printf("\n Velocity at the exit of the rocket nozzle is %.1f m/s",(Vn)) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91e85eaf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +// Example 3.3.py +// Return to Example 1.1, calculate the percentage density change between the given point +// on the wing and the free-stream, assuming compressible flow. + +// Variable declaration from example 1.1 +rho_1 = 0.002377 // density at sea level (slug/ft^3) +T_1 = 519.0 // temperature at sea level (R) +v_1 = 100.0 // velocity far ahead of the wing (mi/h) +v_2 = 150.0 // velocity at some point on the wing (mi/h) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heat capacity for air +R = 1716.0 // gas constant (ft lbf/slug/R) + +// Calculations +cp = gamma1*R/(gamma1-1) // specific heat capacity at constant pressure (ft lb/ slug / R) +u_1 = v_1 * 88.0/60.0 // converting v_1 in ft/s +u_2 = v_2 * 88.0/60.0 // converting v_2 in ft/s + +T_2 = T_1 + (u_1*u_1 - u_2*u_2)/cp/2.0 // temperature at a point from energy equation (R) + +rho_2_by_rho_1 = ((T_2/T_1)** 1/(gamma1-1))// density ratio from isentropic flow relation + +rho_2 = rho_2_by_rho_1 * rho_1 // density at the point (slug/ ft^3) + +delrho = rho_1 - rho_2 // change in density (slug/ ft^3) +fracrho = delrho/rho_1 // fractional change in density + +// Result +printf("\n Percentage change in density is %.1f",(fracrho*100)) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4dc9308 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +// Example 3.4.py +// A normal shock wave is standing in the test section of a supersonic wind tunnel. +// Upstream of the wave, M1 = 3, p1 = 0.5 atm, and T1 = 200 K. Find M2, p2, T2 and +// u2 downstream of the wave + + +// Variable declaration from example 1.1 +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +p1 = 0.5 // upstream pressure (atm) +T1 = 200.0 // upstream temperature (K) +R = 287.0 // gas constant (J/Kg/K) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats for air + +// Calculations + +// from shock relation (Table A2) for M1 = 3.0 +// subscript 2 means downstream of the shock +p2_by_p1 = 10.33 // p2/p1 +T2_by_T1 = 2.679 // T2/T1 +M2 = 0.4752 // M2 + +p2 = p2_by_p1 * p1 // downstream pressure (atm) +T2 = T2_by_T1 * T1 // downstream temperature (K) +a2 = (gamma1*R*T2** 0.5) // speed of sound downstream of the shock (m/s) +u2 = M2*a2 // downstream velocity (m/s) + + +// Result +printf("\n M2 = %.4f",(M2)) + +printf("\n p2 = %.3f atm",(p2)) + +printf("\n T2 = %.1f K",(T2)) + +printf("\n u2 = %.1f m/s",(u2)) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad8c2aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +// Example 3.6.py +// Consider a point in a supersonic flow where the static pressure is 0.4 atm. When +// a pitot tube is inserted in the at this point, the pressure measured by the +// pitot tube is 3 atm. Calculate the mach number at this point. + +// Variable declaration +p1 = 0.4 // static pressure (in atm) +po2 = 3.0 // pressure measured by the pitot tube (in atm) + +//Calculations +// from table A2 for po2/p1 = 7.5 +M1 = 2.35 + +// Results +printf("\n Mach number is %.2f",(M1)) + diff --git a/3765/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3765/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72afdaa62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +// Example 3.7.py +// For the normal shock that occurs in front of the pitot tube in Example 3.6, +// calculate the entropy change across the shock. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 2.34 // mach number from example 3.6 +R = 1716.0 // gas constant (ft lbf/slug/R) + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means downstream of the shock + +po2_by_po1 = 0.5615 // from shock table A2 for mach M1 +// +dels = -R*log(po2_by_po1) // s2 - s1 (in lb/slug R) + +// Result +printf("\n Change is entropy is %.1f lb/slug R", dels) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f60855cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clc +// Example 4.1.py +// A uniform supersonic stream with M1 = 3.0, p1 = 1 atm, T1 = 288 K encounters +// a compression corner which deflects the stream by an angle theta = 20 deg. +// Calculate the shock wave angle, and p2, T2, M2, po2 and To2 behind the shock +// wave. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +p1 = 1.0 // upstream pressure (in atm) +T1 = 288 // upstream temperature (in K) +theta = 20 // deflection (in degrees) + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 3.0, theta = 20.0 deg. +beta1 = 37.5 // shock angle (in degress) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.826 +p2_by_p1 = 3.723 // p2/p1 +T2_by_T1 = 1.551 // T2/T1 +Mn2 = 0.6108 +po2_by_po1 = 0.8011 // po2/po1 + +p2 = p2_by_p1 * p1 // p2 (in atm) = p2/p1 * p1 +T2 = T2_by_T1 * T1 // T2 (in K) = T2/T1 * T1 + +M2 = Mn2/(sin((beta1-theta)*%pi/180)) // mach number behind the shock + +// from A1 for M1 = 3.0 +po1_by_p1 = 36.73 +To1_by_T1 = 2.8 + +po2 = po2_by_po1 * po1_by_p1 * p1 // po2 (in atm) = po2/po1 * po1/p1 * p1 +To1 = To1_by_T1 * T1 // To2 (in atm) = To2/To1 * To1/T1 * T1 +To2 = To1_by_T1 * T1 // To2 (in atm) = To2/To1 * To1/T1 * T1 + + +// Result +printf("\n Shock wave angle %.2f degrees",(beta1)) + +printf("\n p2 = %.2f atm", p2) + +printf("\n T2 = %.2f K", T2) + +printf("\n M2 = %.2f ", M2) + +printf("\n po2 = %.2f atm", po2) + +printf("\n To2 = %.2f K", To2) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caf6406b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clc +// Example 4.10.py +// Consider an infinitely this flat plate at 5 degrees angle of attack in a Mach +// 2.6 free stream. Calculate the lift and drag coefficients. + +// + +// Variable declaration +alpha = 5.0 // angle of attack in degrees (in degrees) +M1 = 2.6 // freestream mach number +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats + +// Calculations + +// from table A5 for M1 = 2.6 +v1 = 41.41 // (in degrees) +v2 = v1 + alpha // (in degrees) +// from table A5 for v2 = 46.41 deg +M2 = 2.85 +// from A1 for M1 = 2.6 +po1_by_p1 = 19.95 +// from A1 for M2 = 2.85 +po2_by_p2 = 29.29 + +p2_by_p1 = 1/po2_by_p2 * po1_by_p1 // p2/p1 = p2/po2 * po2/po1 * po1/p1 and po2 = po1 + +// from theta-beta1-M diagram for M1 = 2.6 +theta = 5.0 // deflection (in degrees) +beta1 = 26.5 // shock angle (in degrees) +Mn1 = M1*sin(beta1*%pi/180) // mach number normal to the shock + +// from table A2 for Mn1 = 1.16 +p3_by_p1 = 1.403 // p3/p1 + +cl = 2.0/(gamma1*M1*M1)*(p3_by_p1 - p2_by_p1)*cos(alpha*%pi/180) // coefficient of lift +cd1 = 2.0/(gamma1*M1*M1)*(p3_by_p1 - p2_by_p1)*sin(alpha*%pi/180) // coefficient of drag + + +// Results +printf("\n Lift coefficient : %.3f",(cl)) + +printf("\n Drag coefficient : %.4f",(cd1)) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d0dc82d --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +clc +// Example 4.2.py +// In Example 4.1, the deflection angle is increased to theta = 30 degrees. +// Calculate the pressure and Mach number behind the wave, and compare these +// results with those of Example 4.1. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +p1 = 1.0 // upstream pressure (in atm) +T1 = 288 // upstream temperature (in K) +theta = 30 // deflection (in degrees) + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 3.0, theta = 30.0 deg. +beta1 = 52.0 // shock angle (in degrees) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 2.364 +p2_by_p1 = 6.276 // p2/p1 +Mn2 = 0.5286 + +p2 = p2_by_p1 * p1 // p2 (in atm) = p2/p1 * p1 +M2 = Mn2/(sin((beta1-theta)*%pi/180)) // mach number behind the shock + + +printf("\n Shock wave angle %.2f degrees",(beta1)) + +printf("\n p2 = %.3f atm", p2) + +printf("\n M2 = %.2f ", M2) +printf("\n comparison") diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c387df1f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +clc +// Example 4.3.py +// In Example 4.1, the free stream mach number is increased to 5.0. +// Calculate the pressure and Mach number behind the wave, and compare these +// results with those of Example 4.1. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 5.0 // upstream mach number +p1 = 1.0 // upstream pressure (in atm) +T1 = 288 // upstream temperature (in K) +theta = 20.0 // deflection (in degrees) + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 5.0, theta = 20.0 deg. +beta1 = 30.0 // shock angle (in degrees) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 2.5 +p2_by_p1 = 7.125 // p2/p1 +Mn2 = 0.513 + +p2 = p2_by_p1 * p1 // p2 (in atm) = p2/p1 * p1 +M2 = Mn2/(sin((beta1-theta)*%pi/180)) // mach number behind the shock + + +printf("\n Shock wave angle %.2f degrees",(beta1)) + +printf("\n p2 = %.3f atm", p2) + +printf("\n M2 = %.2f ", M2) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98586c4ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +// Example 4.5.py +// Consider a 15 deg half angle wedge at zero angle of attack. Calculate the +// pressure coefficient on the wedge surface in a Mach 3 flow of air. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +theta = 15.0 // deflection (in degrees) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats + + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 3.0, theta = 15.0 deg. +beta1 = 32.2 // shock angle (in degress) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.6 +p2_by_p1 = 2.82 // p2/p1 + +Cp = 2/(gamma1*M1*M1) * (p2_by_p1 - 1) + + +// Results +printf("\n Coefficient of pressure is %.3f",(Cp)) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2390aa68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Example 4.6.py +// Consider a 15 deg half angle wedge at zero angle of attack in a Mach 3 flow of +// air. Calculate the drag coefficient. Assume that the pressure exerted over the +// base of the wedge, the base pressure, is equal to the free stream pressure. + + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 3.0 // upstream mach number +theta = 15.0 // deflection (in degrees) +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heats + + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 3.0, theta = 15.0 deg. +beta1 = 32.2 // shock angle (in degress) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.6 +p2_by_p1 = 2.82 // p2/p1 + +cd1 = 4/(gamma1*M1*M1)*(p2_by_p1 - 1)*tan(theta*%pi/180) + + +// Results +printf("\n Coefficient of drag is %.3f",(cd1)) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1ccab98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +clc +// Example 4.7.py +// Consider a horizontal supersonic flow at Mach 2.8 with a static pressure and +// temperature of 1 atm and 519 R, respectively. This flow passes over a compr- +// ession corner with deflection angle of 16 degrees. The oblique shock generated +// at the corner propagates into the flow, and is incident on a horizontal wall, +// as shown in Fig. 4.15. Calculate the angle phi made by the reflected shock wave +// with respect to the wall, and the Mach number, pressure and temperature behind +// the reflected shock. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 2.8 // upstream mach number +p1 = 1.0 // upstream pressure (in atm) +T1 = 519.0 // upstream temperature (in R) +theta = 16.0 // deflection (in degrees) + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M1 = 2.8, theta = 16.0 deg. +beta1_1 = 35.0 // shock angle (in degress) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +// +Mn1 = M1 * sin(beta1_1*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.606 +p2_by_p1 = 2.82 // p2/p1 +T2_by_T1 = 1.388 // T2/T1 +Mn2 = 0.6684 + + +p2 = p2_by_p1 * p1 // p2 (in atm) = p2/p1 * p1 +T2 = T2_by_T1 * T1 // T2 (in R) = T2/T1 * T1 + +M2 = Mn2/(sin((beta1_1-theta)*%pi/180)) // mach number behind the shock + +// from figure 4.5 from M2 = 2.053, theta = 16.0 deg. +beta1_2 = 45.5 // shock angle of reflected(in degress) + +// degree to radian conversion is done by multiplying by %pi/180 +Mn2 = M2 * sin(beta1_2*%pi/180) // upstream mach number normal to the shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.46 +p3_by_p2 = 2.32 // p3/p2 +T3_by_T2 = 1.294 // T3/T2 +Mn3 = 0.7157 + + +p3 = p3_by_p2 * p2 // p3 (in atm) = p3/p2 * p2 +T3 = T3_by_T2 * T2 // T3 (in R) = T3/T2 * T2 + +phi = beta1_2 - theta // (in degrees) +M3 = Mn3/(sin((beta1_2-theta)*%pi/180)) // mach number behind the reflected shock + + + + +// Result +printf("\n phi %.2f degrees", phi) + +printf("\n Pressure behind reflected shock, p3 = %.2f atm", p3) + +printf("\n Temperature behind reflected shock, T3 = %.2f R", T3) + +printf("\n Mach behind reflected shock, M3 = %.2f ", M3) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..782768802 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +clc +// Example 4.8.py +// A uniform supersonic stream with M1 = 1.5, p1 = 1700 lb/ft^2, and T1 = 460.0 R +// encounters an expansion corner which deflects the stream by and angle theta_2 +// = 20 degrees. Calculate M2, p2, T2, po2, To2, and the angles the forward and +// rearward Mach lines make with respect to the upstream flow direction. + + +// Variable declaration +M1 = 1.5 // upstream mach number +p1 = 1700.0 // upstream pressure (in lb/ft^2) +T1 = 460.0 // upstream temperature (in R) +theta_2 = 20.0 // deflection (in degrees) + + +// Calculations +// subscript 2 means after the expansion fan + +// from Table A5 for M1 = 1.5 +v1 = 11.91 // (in degrees) +mu1 = 41.81 // (in degrees) + +v2 = v1 + theta_2 + +// from Table A5, for v2 = 31.91 +M2 = 2.207 // Mach behind the expansion fan +mu2 = 26.95 // (in degrees) + +// from Table A1 for M1 = 1.5 +po1_by_p1 = 3.671 // po1/p1 +To1_by_T1 = 1.45 // To1/T1 + +// from Table A1 for M2 = 2.207 +po2_by_p2 = 10.81 // po2/p2 +To2_by_T2 = 1.974 // To2/T2 + +p2 = 1/po2_by_p2 * po1_by_p1 * p1 // p2 (in lb/ft^2) = p2/po2 * po2/po1 * po1/p1 * p1 and po2 = po1 +T2 = 1/To2_by_T2 * To1_by_T1 * T1 // T2 (in R) = T2/To2 * To2/To1 * To1/T1 * T1 and To2 = To1 + + +angle_forward = mu1 // angle of forward ray (in degrees) +angle_rearward = mu2 - theta_2 // angle of backward ray (in degrees) + +po2 = po1_by_p1 * p1 // po2 (in lb/ft^2) = po1/p1 * p1 +To2 = To1_by_T1 * T1 // To2 (in R) = To1/T1 * T1 + po1 = po1_by_p1 * p1 // po2 (in lb/ft^2) = po1/p1 * p1 + To1 = To1_by_T1 * T1 // To2 (in R) = To1/T1 * T1 + +// Result +printf("\n M2 = %.3f", M2) + +printf("\n p2 = %.2f lb/ft^2", p2) + +printf("\n T2 = %.2f deg R", T2) + +printf("\n po2 = %.2f lb/ft^2", po2) + +printf("\n To2 = %.2f deg R", To2) + +printf("\n Angle forward = %.2f degrees", angle_forward) + +printf("\n Angle rearward = %.2f degrees", angle_rearward) + diff --git a/3765/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3765/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4a730371 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +clc +// Example 4.9.py +// Consider the arrangement shows in fig. 4.29. A 15 degree half angle diamond +// wedge airfoil is in supersonic flow at zero angle of attack. A pitot tube is +// inserted into the flow at the location shown in fig 4.29. The pressure measured +// by the Pitot tube is 2.596 atm. At point a on the backface, the pressure is 0.1 +// atm. Calculate the freestream Mach number M1. + +// + +// Variable declaration +theta = 15.0 // wedge angle/deflection (in degrees) +po4 = 2.596 // measured pressure (in atm) +p3 = 0.1 // pressure at point a (in atm) + +// Calculations + +po4_by_p3 = po4/p3 + +// from Table A 2 for po4/p3 = 25.96 +M3 = 4.45 +v3 = 71.27 +v2 = v3 - 2*theta + +// from Table A 5, for v2 = 41.27 degrees +M2 = 2.6 +// Mn2 = M2*sin((beta1-theta)*%pi/180) @equation 1 + +// Guessing + +// Guess 1 +M1 = 4.0 // Guess for freestream number +beta1 = 27.0 // from fig 4.5 (in degrees) +Mn1 = M1*sin(beta1*%pi/180) // mach number normal to shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.816 +Mn2 = 0.612 +// but Mn2 from equation 1 is 0.54 + +// Guess 2 +M1 = 4.5 // Guess for freestream number +beta1 = 25.5 // from fig 4.5 (in degrees) +Mn1 = M1*sin(beta1*%pi/180) // mach number normal to shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.937 +Mn2 = 0.588 +// but Mn2 from equation 1 is 0.47 + +// Guess 3 +M1 = 3.5 // Guess for freestream number +beta1 = 29.2 // from fig 4.5 (in degrees) +Mn1 = M1*sin(beta1*%pi/180) // mach number normal to shock + +// from Table A2 for Mn1 = 1.71 +Mn2 = 0.638 +// but Mn2 from equation 1 is 0.638 + + + + +// Result +printf("\n Freestream mach number is %.1f", M1) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f4ced579 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clc +// Example 5.1.py +// Consider the subsonic-supersonic flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle. The +// reservoir pressure and temperature are 10 atm and 300 K, repectively. There are +// two locations in the nozzle where A/Astar = 6, one in the convergent section and +// the other in the divergent section. At each location calculate M, p, T, u. + +// Variable declaration +po = 10.0 // reservoir pressure (in atm) +To = 300.0 // reservoir temperature (in K) +A_by_Astar = 6.0 // area ratio +gamma1 = 1.4 // ratio of specific heat +R = 287.0 // gas constant (in J/ Kg K) + +// Calculations + +// from table A1 for subsonic flow with A/Astar = 6.0 +Msub = 0.097 // mach number in converging section +po_by_p = 1.006 // po/p in converging section +To_by_T = 1.002 // To/T in converging section + +psub = 1 / po_by_p * po // pressure (in atm) in converging section +Tsub = 1 / To_by_T * To // temperature (in K) in converging section +asub = (gamma1*R*Tsub** 0.5) // speed of sound (in m/s) in converging section +usub = Msub*asub // velocity (in m/s) in converging section + +// from table A1 for supersonic flow with A/Astar = 6.0 +Msup = 3.368 // mach number in diverging section +po_by_p = 63.13 // po/p in diverging section +To_by_T = 3.269 // To/T in diverging section + +psup = 1 / po_by_p * po // pressure (in atm) in diverging section +Tsup = 1 / To_by_T * To // temperature (in K) in diverging section +asup = (gamma1*R*Tsup** 0.5) // speed of sound (in m/s) in diverging section +usup = Msup*asup // velocity (in m/s) in diverging section + + +// Results +printf("\n Converging section") +printf("\n M = %.3f", Msub) + +printf("\n p = %.2f atm", psub) + +printf("\n T = %.1f K", Tsub) + +printf("\n u = %.2f m/s", usub) + + +printf("\n Divering section") +printf("\n M = %.3f", Msup) + +printf("\n p = %.4f atm", psup) + +printf("\n T = %.2f K", Tsup) + +printf("\n u = %.2f m/s", usup) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..197395c2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Example 5.2.py +// A supersonic wind tunnel is designed to produce Mach 2.5 flow in the test section +// with standard sea level conditions. Calculate the exit area ratio and reservoir +// conditions necessary to achieve these design conditions. + +// Variable declaration +Me = 2.5 // exit mach number +pe = 1.0 // sea level pressure (in atm) +Te = 288.0 // sea level temperature (in K) +// Calculations + +// from table A1 for Me = 2.5 +Ae_by_Astar = 2.637 // Ae/Astar +po_by_pe = 17.09 // po/p +To_by_Te = 2.25 // To/T + +po = po_by_pe * pe // reservoir pressure (in atm) +To = To_by_Te * Te // reservoir temperature (in K) + +// Results +printf("\n Area ratio required %.3f", Ae_by_Astar) + +printf("\n Reservoir pressure required %.2f atm", po) + +printf("\n Reservoir temperature required %.1f K", To) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ef42e747 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +// Example 5.3.py +// Consider a rocket engine burning hydrogen and oxygen combustion chamber temper- +// ature and pressure are 3571 K and 25 atm, respectively. The molecular weight of +// the chemically reacting gas in the combustion chamber is 16.0 and gamma1 = 1.22. +// The pressure at the exit of the convergent-divergent rocket nozzle is 1.174*10^-2 +// atm. The area of the throat is 0.4 m^2. Assuming a calorifically perfect gas, +// calculate (a) the exit mach number (b) the exit velocity (c) the mass through the +// nozzle and (d) the area of the exit. + +// Variable declaration +po = 25.0 // combustion chamber pressure (in atm) +To = 3571.0 // combustion chamber temperature (in K) +pe = 1.174e-2 // pressure at the exit of the nozzle (in atm) +Astar = 0.4 // throat area (in m^2) +gamma1 = 1.22 // ratio of specific heats +mol_wt = 16.0 // molecular weight (in gms) + +// Calculations + +// part (a) +Me = (2/(gamma1-1) *((po/pe**(gamma1-1)/gamma1) - 1)** 0.5) // Exit mach number + +// part (b) +Te_by_To = (pe/po** (gamma1-1)/gamma1) // Te/To +Te = Te_by_To * To // exit temperature (in K) + +R = 8314.0/mol_wt // gas constant (in J/Kg K) +ae = (gamma1*R*Te** 0.5) // speed of sound at exit (in m/s) +ve = Me * ae // velocity at exit (in m/s) + +// part (c) +rhoo = po*101325/R/To // density at reservoir (in Kg/m^3) +rhostar_by_rhoo = (2.0/(gamma1+1)**1/(gamma1-1)) // rhostar/rhoo +rhostar = rhostar_by_rhoo * rhoo // rhostar, throat density (in Kg/m^3) + +Tstar_by_To = 2.0/(gamma1+1) // Tstar/To +Tstar = Tstar_by_To * To // Tstar, throat temperature (in K) +astar = (gamma1*R*Tstar** 0.5) // speed of sound at throat (in m/s) +mass = rhostar*Astar*astar // mass flow rate at throat (in Kg/s) + +// part (d) +rhoe = pe*101325/R/Te // density at exit (in Kg/m^3) +Ae = mass/rhoe/ve // exit area (in m^2) + +// Results + +printf("\n Exit mach number %.2f", Me) + +printf("\n Exit velocity %.2f m/s", ve) + +printf("\n Mass flow rate %.2f Kg/s", mass) + +printf("\n Area of the exit %.2f m^2", Ae) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a06cf437 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc +// Example 5.4.py +// Consider the flow through a convergent-divergent duct with an exit to throat area +// ratio of 2. The reservoir pressure is 1 atm, and the exit pressure is 0.95 atm. +// Calculate the mach numbers at the throat and at the exit. + +// Variable declaration +po = 1.0 // reservoir pressure (in atm) +pe = 0.95 // pressure at the exit (in atm) +Ae_by_At = 2.0 // ratio of exit to throat area + +// Calculations +// from table A1 for po/pe = 1.053 +Me = 0.28 // mach number at exit +Ae_by_Astar = 2.17 // nearest entry + +At_by_Astar = 1 / Ae_by_At * Ae_by_Astar // At/Astar = At/Ae * Ae/Astar + +// from table A1 for At/A* = 1.085 +Mt = 0.72 // mach number at throat + + +// Results +printf("\n Mach number at exit %.2f", Me) + +printf("\n Mach number at throat %.2f", Mt) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..754b6d91d --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +// Example 5.5.py +// Consider a convergent divergent duct with an exit to throat area ratio of 1.6. +// Calculate the exit to reservoir pressure ratio required to achieve sonic flow +// at the throat, but subsonic flow everywhere else. + +// Variable declaration +Ae_by_At = 1.6 // ratio of exit to throat area + +// Calculations + +// since M = 1 at the throat Mt = Astar +// Ae/At = Ae/Astar = 1.6 + +// from table A1 for Ae/Astar = 1.6 +po_by_pe = 1.1117 // po/pe +pe_by_po = 1/po_by_pe // pe/po + + +// Results +printf("\n Exit to reservoir required pressure ratio is %.1f", pe_by_po) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2abceb9d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +// Example 5.6.py +// Consider a convergent divergent nozzle with an exit to throat area ratio of 3. +// A normal shock wave is inside the divergent portion at a location where the local +// area ratio is A/At = 2.0. Calculate the exit to reservoir pressure ratio. + +// Variable declaration +Ae_by_At = 3.0 // ratio of exit to throat area + +// Calculations + +// from table A1 for A/At = 2.0 +M1 = 2.2 // mach number in front the shock + +// from table A2 for M1 = 2.2 +M2 = 0.5471 // mach number behind the shock +po2_by_po1 = 0.6281 // stagnation pressure ratio accross the shock + +// from table A1 for M2 = 0.5471 +A2_by_A2star = 1.27 // A2/A2star +At_by_A2 = 1/2.0 // At/A2 +Ae_by_A2star = Ae_by_At * At_by_A2 * A2_by_A2star //Ae/A2star = Ae/At * At/A2 * A2/A2star + +// from table A1 for Ae/A2star = 1.905 +Me = 0.32 // exit mach number +poe_by_pe = 1.074 // poe/pe + +// po = po1 and poe = po2 +pe_by_po = 1 / poe_by_pe * po2_by_po1 // pe/po = pe/poe * poe/po2 * po2/po1 * po1/po + +// Results +printf("\n Exit to reservoir pressure ratio is %.3f", pe_by_po) + diff --git a/3765/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3765/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0ffe3e57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3765/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc +// Example 5.7.py +// Consider the wind tunnel described in example 5.2. Estimate the ratio of diffuser +// throat area to nozzle throat area required to allow the tunnel to start. Also, +// assuming that the diffuser efficiency is 1.2 after the tunnel has started, calculate +// the pressure ratio across the tunnel necessary for running i.e. calculate the ratio +// of total pressure at the diffuser exit to the reservoir pressure. + +// Variable declaration + +M = 2.5 // mach number before the shock +eta_d = 1.2 // diffuser efficiency + +// Calculations + +// from table for M = 2.5 +po2_by_po1 = 0.499 // po2/po1 +At2_by_At1 = 1 / po2_by_po1 // At2/At1 = po1/po2 + +Pdo_by_po = eta_d * po2_by_po1 // pdo/po + +// Results +printf("\n Ratio of diffuser throat area to nozzle throat area %.2f", At2_by_At1) + +printf("\n Ratio of total pressure at the diffuser exit to the reservoir pressure, %.3f",(Pdo_by_po)) + diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10e8461e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 1.1, Page number 10 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +r0=23.6*10**-10; //equilibrium distance(m) +I=5.14; //ionisation energy(eV) +EA=3.65; //electron affinity(eV) +N=8; //born constant + +//Calculation +x=1-(1/N); +V=(e**2)*x/(4*e*%pi*epsilon0*r0); //potential(V) +E=I-EA; //net energy(eV) +BE=(V*10)-E; //bond energy(eV) + +//Result +printf( "bond energy = %.2f eV",BE) + diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff75feb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 1.2, Page number 10 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +r0=0.41*10**-3; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.76; //madelung constant +n=0.5; //repulsive exponent value + +//Calculation +Beta=72*%pi*epsilon0*r0**4/(A*e**2*(n-1)); //compressibility + +//Result +printf( "compressibility = %.4e",Beta) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eb887c55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 1.3, Page number 10 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +r0=0.314*10**-9; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.75; //madelung constant +N=5.77; //born constant +I=4.1; //ionisation energy(eV) +EA=3.6; //electron affinity(eV) + +//Calculation +V=-A*e**2*((N-1)/N)/(4*e*%pi*epsilon0*r0); +PE=V/2; //potential energy per ion(eV) +x=(I-EA)/2; +CE=PE+x; //cohesive energy(eV) + +//Result +printf( "cohesive energy is = %.3f eV",CE) diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34a5d0701 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 1.4, Page number 11 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**26; //Avagadro Number +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +r0=0.324*10**-9; //equilibrium distance(m) +A=1.75; //madelung constant +n=8.5; //repulsive exponent value + +//Calculations +U0=(A*e/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r0))*(1-1/n); +U=U0*N*e/10**3; //binding energy(kJ/kmol) + +//Result +printf( "binding energy is %.1e kJ/mol",U) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5830eab3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 1.5, Page number 11 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +rCs=0.165*10**-9; //radius(m) +rCl=0.181*10**-9; //radius(m) +MCs=133; //atomic weight +MCl=35.5; //atomic weight +N=6.02*10**26; //Avagadro Number + +//Calculation +a=2*(rCl+rCs)/sqrt(3); //lattice constant(m) +M=(MCs+MCl)/N; //mass of 1 molecule(kg) +V=a**3; //volume of unit cell(m**3) +rho=M/V; //density of CsCl(kg/m**3) + +//Result +printf( "density of CsCl is %.3e kg/m**3",rho) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8c17811b --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 1.6, Page number 12 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +dm=1.98*(10**-29)*(1/3); //dipole moment +l=0.92*10**-10; //bond length(m) + +//Calculation +ec=dm/l; //effective charge(coulomb) + +//Result +printf( "effective charge is %.1e Coulomb",ec) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced71bc2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 1.7, Page number 12 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +r=0.5*10**-9; //distance(m) +I=5; //ionisation energy(eV) +E=4; //electron affinity(eV) + +//Calculation +C=e**2/(4*%pi*epsilon0*e*r); //coulomb energy(eV) +Er=I-E-C; //energy required(eV) + +//Result +printf( "energy required is %.1f eV",Er) + diff --git a/3768/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3768/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9abfa6f84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 1.9, Page number 13 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=7.68*10**-29; +r0=2.5*10**-10; //radius(m) + +//Calculation +b=a*(r0**8)/9; +y=((-2*a*r0**8)+(90*b))/r0**11; +E=y/r0/10**9; //young's modulus(GPa) + +//Result +printf( "young''s modulus is %d GPa",E) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d45d8310b --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.1, Page number 224 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T=5; //temperature(K) +Tc=7.2; //critical temperature(K) +H0=6.5*10**3; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +//Calculation +Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); //critical field(A/m) +//Result +printf("critical field is %.3e A/m",Hc) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e67110c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 10.10, Page number 227 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Hc=6*10**5; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +Tc=8.7; //critical temperature(K) +H0=3*10**6; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +//Calculation +T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)); //maximum critical temperature(K) +//Result +printf("maximum critical temperature is %.3f K",T) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..116db8061 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.2, Page number 225 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T=2.5; //temperature(K) +Tc=3.5; //critical temperature(K) +H0=3.2*10**3; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +//Calculation +Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); //critical field(A/m) +//Result +printf("critical field is %.3e A/m",Hc) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff8458ab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 10.3, Page number 225 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Hc=5*10**3; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +T=6; //temperature(K) +H0=2*10**4; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +//Calculation +Tc=T/sqrt(1-(Hc/H0)); //critical temperature(K) +//Result +printf("critical temperature is %.3f K",Tc) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c16d259c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.4, Page number 225 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Hc=2*10**3; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +r=0.02; //radius(m) +//Calculation +Ic=2*%pi*r*Hc; //critical current(amp) +//Result +printf("critical current is %.1f A",Ic) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad2984b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.5, Page number 225 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T1=5; //temperature(K) +T2=5.1; //temperature(K) +M1=199.5; //isotopic mass(amu) +//Calculation +M2=M1*(T1/T2)**2; //isotopic mass(amu) +//Result +printf("isotopic mass is %.2f a.m.u.",M2) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b382321b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 10.6, Page number 226 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T=5; //temperature(K) +Tc=8; //critical temperature(K) +H0=5*10**4; //critical magnetic field(A/m) +r=1.5*10**-3; //radius(m) +//Calculation +Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); //critical field(A/m) +Ic=2*%pi*r*Hc; //critical current(amp) +//Result +printf("critical field is %.4e A/m",Hc) +printf("\n critical current is %.3f A",Ic) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35c1aec11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.7, Page number 226 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Tc1=4.185; //critical temperature(K) +M1=199.5; //isotopic mass(amu) +M2=203.4; //isotopic mass(amu) +//Calculation +Tc2=Tc1*sqrt(M1/M2); //critical temperature(K) +//Result +printf("critical temperature is %.4f K",Tc2) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c49ca199 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.8, Page number 226 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +h=6.626*10**-36; //plank constant +V=8.5*10**-6; //voltage(V) +//Calculation +new=2*e*V/h; //frequency(Hz) +//Result +printf("frequency is %.3e Hz",new) diff --git a/3768/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3768/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6597a8d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 10.9, Page number 227 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Tc1=5; //critical temperature(K) +P1=1; //pressure(mm) +P2=6; //pressure(mm) +//Calculation +Tc2=Tc1*P2/P1; //critical temperature(K) +//Result +printf("critical temperature is %.f K",Tc2) diff --git a/3768/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3768/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4b76db19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 11.1, Page number 246 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +v=3*10**3; //velocity of matter wave(m/s) +h=6.6*10**-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=600*10**-9; //wavelength(m) +//Calculation +Ej=h*v/lamda; //matter wave energy(J) +E=Ej/e; //matter wave energy(eV) +//Result +printf("matter wave energy is %.2e eV",E) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3768/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b0ace9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 11.2, Page number 246 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +c=3*10**10; //velocity of light(m/s) +h=6.6*10**-34; //plank's constant(Js) +Eg=3; //energy gap(eV) +//Calculation +lamda=h*c*10**9/(Eg*e); //wavelength of photon(nm) +//Result +printf("wavelength of photon is %.f nm",lamda) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3768/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db52ccb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 11.3, Page number 246 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +E2_E1=3*e; //energy gap(J) +Kb=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/K) +T=323; //temperature(K) +//Calculation +n=exp(-E2_E1/(Kb*T)); //ratio in higher and lower energy +//Result +printf("ratio in higher and lower energy is %.4e",n) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3768/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5879f214c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 11.4, Page number 247 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +c=2.998*10**8; //velocity of light(m/s) +Kb=1.381*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/K) +T=1000; //temperature(K) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank's constant(Js) +lamda=0.5*10**-6; //wavelength(m) +//Calculation +v=c/lamda; //frequency(Hz) +BA=1/(exp(h*v/(Kb*T))-1); //ratio of emission +//Result +printf("ratio of emission is %.1e",BA) +//answer varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3768/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d05afb52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 11.5, Page number 247 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +c=2.998*10**8; //velocity of light(m/s) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank's constant(Js) +e=1.602*10**-19; //charge(coulomb) +Eg=1.43; //energy gap(eV) +//Calculation +lamda=h*c*10**6/(Eg*e); //wavelength(micro m) +//Result +printf("wavelength is %.2f micro-m",lamda) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66a17932d --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 12.1, Page number 263 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +NA=0.39; //numerical aperture +delta=0.05; //refractive index of cladding +//Calculation +n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta); //refractive index of core +//Result +printf("refractive index of core is %.3f",n1) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87b1945d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example number 12.10, Page number 266 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +theta0=26.80*%pi/180; //acceptance angle(radian) +//Calculation +NA=sin(theta0); //numerical aperture +//Result +printf("numerical aperture is %.5f",NA) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..956111dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 12.2, Page number 264 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.563; //Core refractive index +n2=1.498; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +delta=(n1-n2)/n1; //fractional index change +//Result +printf("fractional index change is %.5f",delta) + diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce20d664 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 12.3, Page number 264 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.55; //Core refractive index +n2=1.50; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); //numerical aperture +//Result +printf("numerical aperture is %.2f",NA) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b26fb1fbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 12.4, Page number 264 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.563; //Core refractive index +n2=1.498; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); //numerical aperture +theta0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radian) +theta0=theta0*180/%pi; //acceptance angle(degrees) +//Resul" +printf("acceptance angle is %.2f degree",theta0) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4035f5170 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 12.5, Page number 265 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.53; //Core refractive index +n2=1.42; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +thetac=asin(n2/n1); //critical angle(radian) +thetac=thetac*180/%pi; //critical angle(degrees) +//Resul" +printf("critical angle is %.2f degree",thetac) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06ccff104 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 12.6, Page number 265 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.6; //Core refractive index +n0=1.33; //refractive index of air +n2=1.4; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)/n0; //numerical aperture +theta0=asin(NA); //acceptance angle(radian) +theta0=theta0*180/%pi; //acceptance angle(degrees) +//Resul" +printf("acceptance angle is %.2f degree",theta0) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2c642cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 12.7, Page number 265 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.5; //Core refractive index +n2=1.3; //Cladding refractive index +//Calculation +delta=(n1-n2)/n1; //fractional index change +//Result +printf("fractional index change is %.3f delta",delta) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf4f460a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 12.8, Page number 265 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n1=1.55; //Core refractive index +n2=1.6; //Cladding refractive index +theta1=60*%pi/180; //incident angle(degrees) +//Calculation +x=n1*sin(theta1)/n2; +theta2=asin(x); //refraction angle(radian) +theta2=theta2*180/%pi; //refraction angle(degrees) +//Result +printf("refraction angle is %.2f degree",theta2) diff --git a/3768/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3768/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dbb272b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 12.9, Page number 266 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n2=1.3; //Cladding refractive index +delta=0.140; //fractional index change +//Calculation +n1=n2/(1-delta); //Core refractive index +//Result +printf("refractive index of core is %.2f",n1) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d0fe3f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 2.1, Page number 31 + +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**26; // Avagadro Number +n=8; // number of atoms +a=5.6*10**-10; // lattice constant(m) +M=72.59; // atomic weight(amu) + +// Calculation +rho=n*M/(a**3*N); // density(kg/m**3) + +// Result +printf( "density is %.3f kg/m^3",rho) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df87f0e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 2.2, Page number 32 + +clc;clear; +close; +// Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**23; // Avagadro Number +n=2; +rho=7860; // density(kg/m**3) +M=55.85; // atomic weight(amu) + +// Calculation +a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**8; // lattice constant(angstrom) + +// Result +printf( "lattice constant is %.4f Angstrom",a) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13169c8bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 2.3, Page number 32 +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**26; // Avagadro Number +n=2; +rho=530; // density(kg/m**3) +M=6.94; // atomic weight(amu) + +// Calculation +a=(n*M/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10; // lattice constant(angstrom) + +// Result +printf( "lattice constant is %.3f Angstrom",a) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9eb26cebf --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 2.4, Page number 32 + +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**26; // Avagadro Number +rho=7870; // density(kg/m**3) +M=55.85; // atomic weight(amu) +a=2.9*10**-10; // lattice constant(m) + +// Calculation +n=a**3*rho*N/M; // number of atoms + +// Result +printf( "number of atoms is %d",n) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96bd510c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 2.5, Page number 33 +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +N=6.02*10**26; // Avagadro Number +M=63.5; // atomic weight(amu) +r=0.1278*10**-9; // atomic radius(m) +n=4; + +// Calculation +a=r*sqrt(8); // lattice constant(m) +rho=n*M/(N*a**3); // density(kg/m**3) + +// Result +printf( "density is %.2f kg/m**3",rho) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1ee0395 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 2.6, Page number 33 + +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +r1=1.258*10**-10; // radius(m) +r2=1.292*10**-10; // radius(m) + +// Calculation +a_bcc=4*r1/sqrt(3); +v=a_bcc**3; +V1=v/2; +a_fcc=2*sqrt(2)*r2; +V2=a_fcc**3/4; +V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; // percent volume change is",V,"%" + +// Result +printf( "percent volume change is %.1f %%",V) diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d1415738 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 2.7, Page number 34 + +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +r=poly([0],'r') + +// Calculation +a=4*r/sqrt(2); +R=(4*r/(2*sqrt(2)))-r + +// Result +printf( "maximum radius of sphere is ") +disp(R) + diff --git a/3768/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3768/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f9885652 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 2.8, Page number 34 +clc;clear; +close; + +// Variable declaration +N=6.023*10**23; // Avagadro Number +Mw=23+35.5; // molecular weight of NaCl +rho=2.18; // density(gm/cm**3) + +// Calculation +M=Mw/N; // mass of 1 molecule(gm) +Nv=rho/M; // number of molecules per unit volume(mole/cm**3) +Na=2*Nv; // number of atoms +a=(1/Na)**(1/3)*10**8; // distance between atoms(angstrom) + +// Result +printf( "distance between atoms is %.2f Angstrom",a) + diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662f92407 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 3.1, Page number 45 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=1; +b=1/2; +c=3; //intercepts +//Calculation +h=int(c/a); +k=int(c/b); +l=int(c/c); //smiller indices +//Result +printf("miller indices are (%d,%d,%d)",h,k,l) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b3c2c2ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 3.10, Page number 49 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +r=0.1278*10**-9; //atomic radius(m) +h1=1; +k1=1; +l1=1; +h2=3; +k2=2; +l2=1; +//Calculation +a=2*sqrt(2)*r; +d111=a*10**10/sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); //interplanar spacing for (111) +d321=a*10**10/sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); //interplanar spacing for (321) +//Result +printf("interplanar spacing for (111) is %.3f Angstrom",d111) +printf("\n interplanar spacing for (321) is %.3f Angstrom",d321) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09ec5d723 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 3.11, Page number 50 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +r1=1.258*10**-10; //radius(m) +r2=1.292*10**-10; //radius(m) +//Calculation +a_bcc=4*r1/sqrt(3); +v=a_bcc**3; +V1=v/2; +a_fcc=2*sqrt(2)*r2; +V2=a_fcc**3/4; +V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; //percent volume change is",V,"%" +//Result +printf("percent volume change is %.1f %%",V) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d2af8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 3.12, Page number 50 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +C=0.494*10**-9; //height(m) +a=0.27*10**-9; //distance(m) +M=65.37; //atomic weight +N=6.02*10**26; //avagadro number +//Calculation +V=3*sqrt(3)*a**2*C/2; //volume of cell(m**3) +m=6*M/N; +rho=m/V; //density of Zn(kg/m**3) +//Result +printf("volume of cell is %.3e m**3",V) +printf("\n density of Zn is %.1f kg/m**3",rho) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61af974f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 3.13, Page number 51 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T1=773; //temperature(K) +T2=1273; //temperature(K) +n=1*10**-10; //fraction of vacancy sites +//Calculation +logx=T1*log(n)/T2 +x=%e**(logx); //fraction of vacancy sites +//Result +printf("fraction of vacancy sites is %.3e",x) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..171d2ad39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 3.14, Page number 51 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Ev=68*10**3; //enthalpy(j/mol) +R=8.314; +T1=300; //temperature(K) +T2=800; //temperature(K) +//Calculation +x1=-Ev/(R*T1); +x2=-Ev/(R*T2); +n=%e**(x1)/%e**(x2); //ratio of number of vacancies +//Result +printf("ratio of number of vacancies is %.2e",n) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb2beaf8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 3.15, Page number 52 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +KbT=0.025; +nbyN=1/10**10; //concentration +N=10**29; +//Calculation +x=2*KbT; +Ev=x*log(1/nbyN); //value of concentration(eV) +n=1/((N*nbyN)**(1/3)); //average seperation(m) +//Result +printf("value of concentration is %.1f eV",Ev) +printf("\n average seperation is %.2e m",n) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6266d7041 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 3.16, Page number 52 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +N=2.303*16.65; +T=298; //temperature(K) +Kb=8.625*10**-5; +//Calculation +E=2*N*Kb*T; //energy required(eV) +//Result +printf("energy required is %.2f eV",E) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fdb4e5ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 3.5, Page number 48 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=1; +b=2; +c=3; //intercepts +//Calculation +h=int(c/a); +k=int(b); +l=int(c*b); //miller indices +//Result +printf("miller indices are (%d,%d,%d)",h,k,l) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee6c81404 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 3.7, Page number 48 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=poly([0],'a') +b=poly([0],'b') +X=3; +Y=4; +Z=0; //intercepts +//Calculation +x=a/X; +y=b/Y; +z=%inf ; //miller indices +//Result +printf("miller indices are : \n") +disp (z,y,x) diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d1a4f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 3.8, Page number 49 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=0.25; +b=0.25; +c=0.18; +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +//Calculation +d_hkl=1/sqrt((a**2/h**2)+(b**2/k**2)+(c**2/l**2)); //spacing between planes(nm) +//Result +printf("spacing between planes is %.3f mm",d_hkl) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3768/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d3408c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 3.9, Page number 49 +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +h1=1; +k1=0; +l1=0; //miller indices of (100) +h2=1; +k2=1; +l2=0; //miller indices of (110) +a=0.287; //lattice constant(nm) +//Calculation +d100=a/sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); //spacing(nm) +d110=a/sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); //spacing(nm) +rho=2/(sqrt(2)*(d100*10**-9)**2); //number of atoms(per mm**2) +//Result +printf("number of atoms is %.3E atoms/mm^2",rho) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ffb5ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 4.1, Page number 66 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +d=0.282*10**-9; //lattice spacing(m) +theta=8+(35/60); //glancing angle(degree) +n=1; //order +Theta=90; //angle(degree) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +Theta=Theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength(m) +nmax=2*d*sin(Theta)/lamda; //maximum order of diffraction +//Result +printf("wavelength is %.3f Angstrom",lamda*10**10) +//answer varies due to rounding off errors +printf("\n maximum order of diffraction is %d",round(nmax)) diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e1a87ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 4.10, Page number 70 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=1; //order +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +V=5000; //voltage(V) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +H=6.625*10**-34; //plank constant +d=0.204*10**-9; //interplanar spacing(m) +//Calculation +lamda=H/sqrt(2*m*e*V); //wavelength(m) +theta=asin(n*lamda/(2*d)); //bragg's angle(radian) +theta=theta*180/%pi; //bragg's angle(degree) +//Result +printf("bragg''s angle is %.4f degree",theta) diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5350703d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 4.2, Page number 66 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +d=3.04*10**-10; //lattice spacing(m) +n=3; //order +lamda=0.79*10**-10; //wavelength(m) +//Calculation +theta=asin(n*lamda/(2*d)); //glancing angle(radian) +theta=theta*180/%pi; //glancing angle(degrees) +//Result +printf("glancing angle is %.3f degree",theta) diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b69bc2af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 4.3, Page number 66 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=0.28*10**-9; //lattice spacing(m) +n=2; //order +lamda=0.071*10**-9; //wavelength(m) +h=1; +k=1; +l=0; +//Calculation +d110=a/sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); //spacing(m) +theta=asin(n*lamda/(2*d110)); //glancing angle(radian) +theta=theta*180/%pi; //glancing angle(degrees) +//Result +printf("glancing angle is %.2f degree",theta) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40e9f17c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 4.4, Page number 67 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=1; //order +lamda=3*10**-10; //wavelength(m) +h=1; +k=0; +l=0; +theta=40; //angle(degree) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //space of plane(m) +a=d*sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); +V=a**3; //volume of unit cell(m**3) +//Result +printf("space of plane is %.4f Angstrom",d*10**10) +printf("\n volume of unit cell is %.3e m**3",V) diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8e30486c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 4.5, Page number 67 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=3; //lattice spacing(m) +n=1; //order +lamda=0.82*10**-9; //wavelength(m) +theta=75.86; //angle(degree) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*10**10*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing(angstrom) +//Result +printf("spacing is %.2f Angstrom",d) +//answer in the book is wrong. hence the miller indices given in the book are also wrong. diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b30ba295f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 4.6, Page number 68 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.625*10**-34; //plank constant +n=1; //order +theta=9+(12/60)+(25/(60*60)); //angle(degree) +V=235.2; //kinetic energy of electron(eV) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=h*10**10/sqrt(2*m*e*V); +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //interplanar spacing(angstrom) +//Result +printf("interplanar spacing is %.3f Angstrom",d) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e675bfe57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example number 4.7, Page number 68 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=1; //order +h=1; +k=1; +l=1; +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +theta=27.5; //angle(degree) +H=6.625*10**-34; //plancks constant +c=3*10**10; //velocity of light(m) +a=5.63*10**-10; //lattice constant(m) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=a/sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); +lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength of Xray beam(m) +E=H*c/(e*lamda); //energy of Xray beam(eV) +//Result +printf("wavelength of X-ray beam is %.f Angstrom",int32(lamda*10**10)) +printf("\n energy of Xray beam is %.2e eV",E) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724e9cca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 4.8, Page number 69 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +theta=56; //angle(degree) +V=854; //voltage(V) +n=1; //order of diffraction +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.625*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V); //wavelength(m) +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta))*10**10; //spacing of crystal(Angstrom) +//Result +printf("spacing of crystal is %.3f Angstrom",d) diff --git a/3768/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3768/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd926c384 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 4.9, Page number 69 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=1; //order +h=2; +k=0; +l=2; +theta=34; //angle(degree) +lamda=1.5; //wavelength(angstrom) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian) +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing of crystal(angstrom) +a=d*sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); //lattice parameter(angstrom) +//Result +printf("lattice parameter is %.3f Anstrom",a) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9b30e1be --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 5.1, Page number 85 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +E=2000; //energy(eV) +//Calculation +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*E*e)*10**9; //wavelength(nm) +//Result +printf("wavelength is %.4f nm",lamda) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..336480792 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 5.10, Page number 88 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +delta_x=10**-8; //length of box(m) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +delta_v=h/(m*delta_x)/10**3; //uncertainity in velocity(km/s) +//Result +printf("uncertainity in velocity is %.1f km/s",delta_v) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58ca4589f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 5.11, Page number 89 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +me=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +mp=1.6*10**-27; //mass(kg) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +c=3*10**10; //velocity of light(m/s) +//Calculation +lamda=h/sqrt(2*mp*me*c**2)*10**10; //de broglie wavelength(m) +//Result +printf("de broglie wavelength is %.5e Angstrom",lamda) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c50f36b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 5.12, Page number 89 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +m=1.675*10**-27; //mass(kg) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +E=0.04; //kinetic energy(eV) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +n=1; +d110=0.314*10**-9; //spacing(m) +//Calculation +E=E*e; //energy(J) +lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*E); +theta=asin(n*lamda/(2*d110)); //glancing angle(radian) +theta=theta*180/%pi; //glancing angle(degrees) +theta_m=60*(theta-int(theta)); +//Result +printf("glancing angle is %d degree and %d minutes",theta,theta_m) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a039acdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 5.2, Page number 85 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +V=1600; //potential energy of electron(V) +//Calculation +lamda=12.27/sqrt(V); //wavelength(m) +//Result +printf("wavelength is %f Angstrom",lamda) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a4b781ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 5.3, Page number 85 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +me=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +h=6.62*10**-34; //plank constant +mn=1.676*10**-27; //mass(kg) +c=3*10**8; //velocity of light(m/s) +//Calculation +lamda=h*10**10/sqrt(4*mn*me*c**2); //de broglie wavelength(angstrom) +//Result +printf("de broglie wavelength is %.1e Angstrom",lamda) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ed08dbe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 5.4, Page number 85 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=2*10**-10; //length(m) +n1=2; +n2=4; +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +E2=n1**2*h/(8*m*e*a); //energy of second state(eV) +E4=n2**2*h/(8*m*e*a); //energy of fourth state(eV) +//Result +printf("energy of second state is %.5e eV",E2) +printf("\n energy of second state is %.5e eV",E4) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7320730a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 5.5, Page number 86 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +V=344; //accelerated voltage(V) +n=1; +theta=60; //glancing angle(degrees) +//Calculation +theta=theta*%pi/180; //glancing angle(radian) +lamda=12.27/sqrt(V); +d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing of crystal(angstrom) +//Result +printf("spacing of crystal is %.4f Angstrom",d) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dd8e9251 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 5.6, Page number 86 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +lamda=1.66*10**-10; //wavelength(m) +m=9.1*10**-32; //mass(kg) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +E=h**2/(4*m*e*lamda**2); //kinetic energy(eV) +v=h/(m*lamda); //velocity(m/s) +//Result +printf("kinetic energy is %.2f eV",E) +printf("\n velocity is %.2e m/s",v) diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61fc0589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 5.7, Page number 87 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +a=1*10**-10; //length(m) +n2=2; +n3=3; +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +E1=h**2/(8*m*e*a**2); +E2=n2**2*E1; //energy of 1st excited state(eV) +E3=n3**2*E1; //energy of 2nd excited state(eV) +//Result +printf("ground state energy is %.2f eV",E1) +printf("\n energy of 1st excited state is %.2f eV",E2) +printf("\n energy of 2nd excited state is %.2f eV",E3) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3768/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..344382692 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 5.8, Page number 88 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=poly([0],'n'); +a=4*10**-10; //width of potential well(m) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +h=6.626*10**-34; //plank constant +//Calculation +E1=n**2*h**2/(8*m*e*a**2); //maximum energy(eV) +//Result +disp(E1,"maximum energy in eV is") diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ac51f358 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 6.1, Page number 116 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +rho=1.54*10**-8; //resistivity(ohm m) +n=5.8*10**28; //conduction electrons(per m**3) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +towr=m/(n*e**2*rho); //relaxation time(sec) +//Result +printf("relaxation time is %.4e sec",towr) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d17578965 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 6.10, Page number 120 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=10*10**-6; //area(m**2) +i=100; //current(amp) +n=8.5*10**28; //number of electrons +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +vd=i/(n*A*e); //drift velocity(m/s) +//Result +printf("drift velocity is %.4e m/s",vd) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bf638306 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 6.11, Page number 121 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Kb=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/k) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +tow=3*10**-14; //relaxation time(sec) +n=8*10**28; //density of electrons(per m**3) +T=273; //temperature(K) +//Calculation +sigma_T=3*n*tow*T*Kb**2/(2*m); //thermal conductivity(W/mK) +//Result +printf("thermal conductivity is %.3f W/mK",sigma_T) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7f271d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.2, Page number 116 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T=300; //temperature(K) +n=8.5*10**28; //density(per m**3) +rho=1.69*10**-8; //resistivity(ohm/m**3) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.11*10**-31; //mass(kg) +Kb=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/k) +//Calculation +rho=sqrt(3*Kb*m*T)/(n*e**2*rho); //mean free path(m) +//Result +printf("mean free path is %.2e m",rho) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3586942de --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 6.3, Page number 117 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +rho=1.43*10**-8; //resistivity(ohm m) +n=6.5*10**28; //conduction electrons(per m**3) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-34; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +towr=m/(n*e**2*rho); //relaxation time(sec) +//Result +printf("relaxation time is %.3e sec",towr) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aedbd0795 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 6.4, Page number 117 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +PE=1/100; //probability +E_EF=0.5; //energy difference +//Calculation +x=log((1/PE)-1); +T=E_EF/x; //temperature(K) +//Result +printf("temperature is %.4f K",T) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db871c62c --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 6.5, Page number 117 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +d=8.92*10**3; //density(kg/m**3) +rho=1.73*10**-8; //resistivity(ohm m) +M=63.5; //atomic weight +N=6.02*10**26; //avagadro number +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +n=d*N/M; +mew=1/(rho*n*e); //mobility(m/Vs) +tow=m/(n*e**2*rho); //average time(sec) +//Result +printf("mobility is %.3e m/Vs",mew) +printf("\n average time is %.2e sec",tow) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e395a4e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 6.6, Page number 118 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +EF=5.5; //energy(eV) +FE=10/100; //probability +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +Kb=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/k) +//Calculation +E=EF+(EF/100); +x=(E-EF)*e; +y=x/Kb; +z=(1/FE)-1; +T=y/log(z); //temperature(K) +//Result +printf("temperature is %.1f K",T) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d882db653 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 6.7, Page number 119 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Kb=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant(J/k) +T=303; //temperature(K) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +MH=2*1.008*1.67*10**-27; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +KE=3*Kb*T/(2*e); //kinetic energy(eV) +cbar=sqrt(3*Kb*T/MH); //velocity(m/s) +//Result +printf("kinetic energy is %.1e eV",KE) +printf("\n velocity is %.2f m/s",cbar) +//answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f23c28e1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 6.8, Page number 119 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +rho=10**4; //density of silver(kg/m**3) +N=6.02*10**26; //avagadro number +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +MA=107.9; //atomic weight(kg) +sigma=7*10**7; //conductivity(per ohm m) +//Calculation +n=rho*N/MA; //density of electrons(per m**3) +mew=sigma/(n*e*10**2); //mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs) +tow=sigma*m*10**15/(n*e**2); //collision time(n sec) +//Result +printf("density of electrons is %.1e m^3",n) +printf("\n mobility of electrons is %.4e m^2/Vs",mew) +printf("\n collision time is %.1f sec",tow) diff --git a/3768/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3768/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5c5731b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 6.9, Page number 120 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Ee=10; //electron kinetic energy(eV) +Ep=10; //proton kinetic energy(eV) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +me=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +mp=1.67*10**-27; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +cebar=sqrt(2*Ee*e/me); //electron velocity(m/s) +cpbar=sqrt(2*Ep*e/mp); //proton velocity(m/s) +//Result +printf("electron velocity is %.3e m/s",cebar) +printf("\n proton velocity is %.3e m/s",cpbar) +//answers given in the book are wrong diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e3d2e16b --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 7.1, Page number 146 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=3.75; //relative dielectric constant +T=27; //temperature(C) +gama=1/3; //internal field constant +rho=2050; //density(kg/m**3) +Ma=32; //atomic weight(amu) +Na=6.022*10**23; //avagadro number +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +//Calculation +x=(epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2); +alpha_e=x*Ma*3*epsilon0/(rho*Na); //electronic polarisability(Fm**2) +//Result +printf("electronic polarisability is %.3e Fm^2",alpha_e) +//answer varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b217f6ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 7.10, Page number 149 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +N=2.7*10**25; //density of atoms +R=0.55*10**-10; //radius(m) +//Calculation +alpha_e=4*%pi*epsilon0*R**3; //polarisability(Fm**2) +epsilonr=(N*alpha_e/epsilon0)+1; //relative permittivity +//Result +printf("polarisability is %.3e Fm^2",alpha_e) +printf("\n relative permittivity is %.7f Fm^2",epsilonr) diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0485d0118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 7.11, Page number 150 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=180*10**-4; //area(m**2) +epsilonr=8; //relative permittivity +C=3*10**-6; //capacitance(F) +V=10; //potential(V) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +//Calculation +E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr); //field strength(V/m) +dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*A*E; //total dipole moment(coul m) +//Result +printf("field strength is %.4e V/m",E) +printf("\n total dipole moment is %.4e Coul.m",dm) +//answer in the book is wrong" diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfd9dbfca --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 7.2, Page number 146 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=100*10**-4; //area(m**2) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +d=1*10**-2; //separation(m) +V=100; //potential(V) +//Calculation +C=A*epsilon0/d*10**12; //capacitance(PF) +Q=(C/10**12)*V; //charge on plates(C) +//Result +printf("capacitance is %.2f pF",C) +printf("\n charge on plates is %.2e C",Q) diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ac30db9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 7.3, Page number 147 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=1.0000684; //dielectric constant +N=2.7*10**25; //number of atoms +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +//Calculation +alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; //polarisability(Fm**2) +//Result +printf("polarisability is %.3e Fm^2",alpha_e) +//answer varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a8cc08c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 7.4, Page number 147 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +alpha_e=10**-40; //polarisability(Fm**2) +N=3*10**28; //density of atoms +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +//Calculation +x=N*alpha_e/epsilon0; +epsilonr=(1+(2*x))/(1-x); //dielectric constant(F/m) +//Result +printf("dielectric constant is %.3f F/m",epsilonr) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd6f1b5de --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 7.5, Page number 147 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=650*10**-4; //area(m**2) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +d=4*10**-2; //seperation(m) +Q=2*10**-10; //charge(C) +epsilonr=3.5; //dielectric constant +//Calculation +C=A*epsilon0/d; +V=Q/C; //voltage(V) +//Result +printf("voltage is %.1f V",V) diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfcc38273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 7.6, Page number 148 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=6.45*10**-4; //area(m**2) +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +d=2*10**-3; //seperation(m) +epsilonr=5; //dielectric constant +N=6.023*10**23; //avagadro number +//Calculation +alpha_e=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)/N; //polarisability(Fm**2) +//Result +printf("polarisability is %.3e Fm^2",alpha_e) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b614da609 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 7.7, Page number 148 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=1.0000684; //dielectric constant +Na=2.7*10**25; //number of atoms +x=1/(9*10**9); +E=10**6; //electric field(V/m) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +Z=2; //atomic number +//Calculation +r0=((epsilonr-1)/(4*%pi*Na))**(1/3); //radius of electron cloud(m) +X=x*E*r0**3/(Z*e); //displacement(m) +//Result +printf("radius of electron cloud is %.2e m",r0) +printf("\n displacement is %.4e m",X) diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4d74e530 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 7.8, Page number 149 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +epsilonr=4; //relative dielectric constant +Na=2.08*10**23; //avagadro number +epsilon0=8.85*10**-12; +//Calculation +x=(epsilonr-1)/(epsilonr+2); +alpha_e=x*3*epsilon0/Na; //electronic polarisability(Fm**2) +//Result +printf("electronic polarisability is %.3e Fm^2",alpha_e) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3768/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..236180aad --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 7.9, Page number 149 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +C=4*10**-6; //capacitance(F) +epsilonr=200; //relative dielectric constant +V=2000; //voltage(V) +//Calculation +C0=C/epsilonr; //energy in condenser(F) +E=C0*V/2; //energy in dielectric(J) +//Result +printf("energy in condenser is %.e F",C0) +printf("\n energy in dielectric is %.1e J",E) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecfd14a52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 8.1, Page number 170 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +r=0.05*10**-9; //radius(m) +B=1; //magnetic induction(web/m**2) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +m=9.1*10**-31; //mass(kg) +//Calculation +d_mew=e**2*r**2*B/(4*m); //change in magnetic moment(Am**2) +//Result +printf("change in magnetic moment is %.2e Am^2",d_mew) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29cde7622 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 8.10, Page number 173 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +h=200; //hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3) +M=7650; //atomic weight(kg/m**3) +n=100; //magnetisation cycles per second +//Calculation +hpl=h*n; //hysteresis power loss per second(watt/m**3) +pl=hpl/M; //power loss(watt/kg) +//Result +printf("hysteresis power loss per second is %.f W/m^3",hpl) +printf("\n power loss is %.3f W/kg",pl) diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3465952 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 8.2, Page number 170 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +chi=-0.5*10**-5; //magnetic susceptibility +H=9.9*10**4; //magnetic field intensity(amp/m) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; +//Calculation +I=chi*H; //intensity of magnetisation(amp/m) +B=mew0*H*(1+chi); //magnetic flux density(wb/m**2) +//Result +printf("intensity of magnetisation is %.3f amp/m",I) +printf("\n magnetic flux density is %.3f Wb/m^2",B) diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f44ebfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example number 8.3, Page number 170 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +H=220; //magnetic field intensity(amp/m) +I=3300; //magnetisation(amp/m) +//Calculation +mewr=1+(I/H); //relative permeability +//Result +printf("relative permeability is %d",mewr) diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac200e1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example number 8.4, Page number 171 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +r=6.1*10**-11; //radius of atom(m) +new=8.8*10**15; //frequency(revolution/sec) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +i=e*new; //current(amp) +B=mew0*i/(2*r); //magnetic induction(web/m**2) +mew=i*%pi*r**2; //dipole moment(amp m**2) +//Result +printf("magnetic induction is %.3f Wb/m^2",B) +printf("\n dipole moment is %.3e Amp-m^2",mew) +//answers in the book are wrong diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33337343a --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 8.5, Page number 171 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Is=1.96*10**6; //saturation magnetisation(amp/m) +a=3*10**-10; //cube edge(m) +mewB=9.27*10**-24; //bohr magneton(amp/m**2) +n=2; //number of atoms +//Calculation +N=n/(a**3); +mew_bar=Is/(N*mewB); //average number of bohr magnetons(bohr magneton/atom) +//Result +printf("average number of bohr magnetons is %.3f bohr magneton/atom",mew_bar) diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca43b8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 8.6, Page number 172 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +I=3000; //magnetisation(amp/m) +mew0=4*%pi*10**-7; +B=0.005; //flux density(weber/m**2) +//Calculation +H=(B/mew0)-I; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +mewr=(I/H)+1; //relative permeability +//Result +printf("magnetizing force is %.3f Amp/m",H) +printf("\n relative permeability is %.3f",mewr) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea05d9cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 8.7, Page number 172 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +H=1800; //magnetizing force(amp/m) +chi=3*10**-5; //magnetic flux(wb) +A=0.2*10**-4; //area(m**2) +//Calculation +B=chi/A; +mew=B/H; //permeability(henry/m) +//Result +printf("permeability is %.3e H/m^2",mew) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6850d331e --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 8.8, Page number 172 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +r=0.04; //radius(m) +i=1000*10**-3; //current(mA) +B=10**-3; //magnetic flux density(wb/m**2) +theta=45; //angle(degrees) +//Calculation +A=%pi*r**2; //area(m**2) +mew=i*A; //magnetic dipole moment(amp m**2) +theta=theta*%pi/180; +tow=i*B*cos(theta); //torque(Nm) +//Result +printf("magnetic dipole moment is %.4e Amp-m^2",mew) +printf("\n torque is %.4e Nm",tow) + +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3768/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50c7d40f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 8.9, Page number 173 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +A=100; //area(m**2) +B=0.01; //flux density(wb/m**2) +H=40; //magnetic field(amp/m) +M=7650; //atomic weight(kg/m**3) +//Calculation +h=A*B*H; //hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3) +//Result +printf("hysteresis loss per cycle is %.f J/m^3",h) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05d195472 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 9.1, Page number 202 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +ni=2.4*10**19; //particle density(per m**3) +mew_e=0.39; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.19; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +//Calculation +rho=1/(ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h)); //resistivity(ohm m) +//Result +printf("resistivity is %.5f ohm-m",rho) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3787b3e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example number 9.10, Page number 207 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Eg=1.9224*10**-19; //energy gap of semiconductor(J) +T1=600; //temperature(K) +T2=300; //temperature(K) +x=-1.666*10**-3; +KB=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant +//Calculation +T=(1/T1)-(1/T2); +r=exp(x*(-Eg/(2*KB))); //ratio between conductivity +//Result +printf("ratio between conductivity is %.3e",r) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..729e4a60a --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 9.11, Page number 207 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +ni=2.5*10**19; //charge carriers(per m**3) +r=10**-6; //ratio +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +mew_e=0.36; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.18; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +N=4.2*10**28; //number of atoms(per m**3) +//Calculation +Ne=r*N; //number of impurity atoms(per m**3) +Nh=ni**2/Ne; +sigma=(Ne*e*mew_e)+(Nh*e*mew_h); //conductivity(ohm m) +rho=1/sigma; //resistivity of material(per ohm m) +//Result +printf("resistivity of material is %.4e ohm-m",rho) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20ea090b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 9.12, Page number 208 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +n=5*10**17; //concentration(m**3) +vd=350; //drift velocity(m/s) +E=1000; //electric field(V/m) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +sigma=n*e*vd/E; //conductivity(per ohm m) +//Result +printf("conductivity is %.3f per ohm-m",sigma) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9e7bc8ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example number 9.13, Page number 208 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +sigmae=2.2*10**-4; //conductivity(ohm/m) +mew_e=125*10**-3; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +e=1.602*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +ne=sigmae/(e*mew_e); //concentration(per m**3) +//Result +printf("concentration is %.1e per m^3",ne) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550aeaa0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example number 9.14, Page number 209 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +RH=3.66*10**-4; //hall coefficient(m*3/c) +rho_i=8.93*10**-3; //resistivity(ohm m) +e=1.602*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +nh=1/(RH*e); //density of charge carriers(per m**3) +mewh=1/(rho_i*nh*e); //mobility of charge carriers(m**2/Vs) +//Result +printf("density of charge carriers is %.4e per m^3",nh) +printf("\n mobility of charge carriers is %.3f m^2/Vs",mewh) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaa113d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 9.15, Page number 209 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +I=3*10**-3; //current(A) +RH=3.66*10**-4; //hall coefficient(m**3/C) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +d=2*10**-2; +z=1*10**-3; +B=1; //magnetic field(wb/m**2) +//Calculation +w=d*z; //width(m**2) +A=w; //area(m**2) +EH=RH*I*B/A; +VH=EH*d*10**3; //hall voltage(mV) +n=1/(RH*e); //charge carrier concentration(per m**3) +//Result +printf("hall voltage is %.1f mH",VH) +printf("\n charge carrier concentration is %.2e per m^3",n) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..988b2a60d --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 9.2, Page number 203 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +ni=1.5*10**16; //particle density(per m**3) +mew_e=0.13; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.048; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +ND=10**23; //density(per m**3) +//Calculation +sigma_i=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); //conductivity(s) +sigma=ND*mew_e*e; //conductivity(s) +P=ni**2/ND; //equilibrium hole concentration(per m**3) +//Result +printf("conductivity is %.2e s",sigma_i) +printf("\n conductivity is %.3e s",sigma) +printf("\n equilibrium hole concentration is %.2e per m^3",P) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2d7c7c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 9.3, Page number 203 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +ni=1.5*10**16; //particle density(per m**3) +mew_e=0.13; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.05; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +ND=5*10**20; //density(per m**3) +//Calculation +sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); //intrinsic conductivity(s) +sigma_d=ND*e*mew_e; //conductivity during donor impurity(ohm-1 m-1) +sigma_a=ND*e*mew_h; //conductivity during acceptor impurity(ohm-1 m-1) +//Result +printf("intrinsic conductivity is %.3e (ohm-m)^-1",sigma) +printf("\n conductivity during donor impurity is %.1f (ohm-m)^-1",sigma_d) +printf("\n conductivity during donor impurity is %.f (ohm-m)^-1",sigma_a) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c97979d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example number 9.4, Page number 204 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +RH=3.66*10**-4; //hall coefficient(m**3/c) +rho=8.93*10**-3; //resistivity(m) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +//Calculation +mew=RH/rho; //mobility(m**2/Vs) +n=1/(RH*e); //density of atoms(per m**3) +//Result +printf("mobility is %.5f m^2/Vs",mew) +printf("\n density of atoms is %.1e per m^3",n) + +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed97e4289 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 9.5, Page number 204 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +w=72.6; //atomic weight +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +mew_e=0.4; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.2; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +T=300; //temperature(K) +x=4.83*10**21; +Eg=0.7; //band gap(eV) +y=0.052; +//Calculation +ni=x*(T**(3/2))*exp(-Eg/y); //carrier density(per m**3) +sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +//Result +printf("carrier density is %.2e per m^3",ni) +printf("\n conductivity is %.2f (ohm-m)^-1",sigma) +//answer in the book varies due to rounding off errors diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cec8ed4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example number 9.6, Page number 205 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +T1=293; //temperature(K) +T2=305; //temperature(K) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +sigma1=2; +sigma2=4.5; +KB=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant +//Calculation +x=((1/T1)-(1/T2)); +y=log(sigma2/sigma1); +z=3*log(T2/T1)/2; +Eg=2*KB*(y+z)/(e*x); //energy band gap(eV) +//Result +printf("energy band gap is %.2f eV",Eg) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be5511d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example number 9.7, Page number 205 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +mew_e=0.19; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +T=300; //temperature(K) +KB=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant +//Calculation +Dn=mew_e*KB*T/e; //diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec) +//Result +printf("diffusion coefficient is %.1e m^2/s",Dn) diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d31a0ee86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example number 9.8, Page number 206 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +sigma=2.12; //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1) +T=300; //temperature(K) +e=1.6*10**-19; //charge(c) +mew_e=0.36; //electron mobility(m**2/Vs) +mew_h=0.7; //hole mobility(m**2/Vs) +C=4.83*10**21; +KB=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant +//Calculation +ni=sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h)); //carrier density(per m**3) +x=C*T**(3/2)/ni; +Eg=2*KB*T*log(x)/e; //energy gap(eV) +//Result +printf("carrier density is %.2e per m^3",ni) +printf("\n energy gap is %.2f eV",Eg) +//answer in the book is wrong diff --git a/3768/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3768/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6d61e131 --- /dev/null +++ b/3768/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example number 9.9, Page number 206 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Variable declaration +Eg=6.408*10**-20; //energy gap of semiconductor(J) +T1=273; //temperature(K) +T2=323; //temperature(K) +T3=373; //temperature(K) +KB=1.38*10**-23; //boltzmann constant +//Calculation +FE1=1/(1+exp(Eg/(2*KB*T1))); //probability of occupation at 0C(eV) +FE2=1/(1+exp(Eg/(2*KB*T2))); //probability of occupation at 50C(eV) +FE3=1/(1+exp(Eg/(2*KB*T3))); //probability of occupation at 100C(eV) +//Result +printf("probability of occupation at 0C is %.3e eV",FE1) +printf("\n probability of occupation at 50C is %.2e eV",FE2) +printf("\n probability of occupation at 100C is %.2e eV",FE3) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eddafe6bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +q=4.5*10**-19 //C +e=1.6*10**-19 //C + +//Calculation +n=q/e + +//Result +printf("\n n= %0.1f This value of charge is not possible",n) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f50d9c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q=5*10**-6 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +// +F=(m*q*q)/r**2 +C=2*F*cos(30)*(180/3.14) + +//Result +printf("\n Force on each charge is %0.1f *10**-1 N",C) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ee8d94a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9*10**9 +G=6.67*10**-11 +me=9.11*10**-31 +mp=1.67*10**-27 +r=10**-10 + +//Calculation +F0=(m*e**2)/(G*me*mp) +F1=(m*e**2)/(G*mp*mp) +F2=m*e**2/r**2 +A1=F2/me +A2=F2/mp + +//Result +printf("\n (a)(i)strength of an electrons and protons %0.1f *10**39 ",F0*10**-39) +printf("\n (ii)Strength of two protons %0.1f *10**36 ",F1*10**-36) +printf("\n (b) Acceleration of electron is %0.1f *10**22 m/s**2",A1*10**-22) +printf("\n Acceleration of proton is %0.1f *10**19 m/s*2",A2*10**-19) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7e2c5c6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 //C +q1=10*10**-6 +q2=5*10**-6 +r=0.05 + +//Calculation +// +F1=m*q1*q2/r**2 +F2=m*q1*q2/r**2 +F3=sqrt(F1**2+F2**2+(2*F1*F2*cos(120)*180/3.14)) + +//Result +printf("\n Resultant charge is %0.0f N",F3*10**-1) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d4ab6d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q1=1 +q2=100 +r=10 +q3=75 //C +r1=5 + +//Calculation +// +F=m*q1*q2/r**2 //along BA +F1=m*q1*q2/r**2 //along AC +F2=m*q3/(sqrt(r**2-r1**2)**2) +F3=sqrt(F1**2+F2**2) +X=F1/F2 + +//Result +printf("\n Force experienced by 1 C Charge is %0.2f N",F3*10**-9) diff --git a/3769/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3769/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56311aeab --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +q1=20 //micro C +q2=-5 //micro C +a=9*10**9 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +q=q1+q2 +q3=q/2.0 +F=(a*q3*q3)/r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Force is %0.3f N",F*10**-13) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ef4af324 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +F=0.8*10**-3*9.8 //N +d=0.1 //m +u=10**-7 + +//Calculation +// +m=sqrt(F*d**2/(u*5)) +m1=5*m + +//Result +printf("\n Strength of pole M1 is %0.2f Am",m) +printf("\n Strength of pole M2 is %0.1f Am",m1) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4745062cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +A=7.5*10**-4 //m**2 +I=12 //A + +//Calculation +M=A*I + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the magnetic moment is %0.3f *10**-3 Am**2", M*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61e59e77f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +n=100 +I=0.1 //A +r=0.05 +B=1.5 //T + +//Calculation +// +M=n*I*%pi*r**2 +W=2*M*B + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the coil is %0.4f Am**2",M) +printf("\n Workdone is %0.4f J",W) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..017f4d73c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +n=10 +I=3 +A=7.85*10**-3 +B=10**-2 //T + +//Calculation +// +M=n*I*A +U1=-M*B*cos(0) +Uf=-M*B*cos(90) +w=-U1 +t=M*B*sin(90*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Work done is %0.1f *10**-3 Nm",t*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab715c7eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +M=4.8*10**-2 //J/T +a=30 //degree +B=3*10**-2 //t + +//Calculation +// +t=M*B*sin(a*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Torque acting on the needle is %0.1f *10**-4 Nm",t*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1034bb52e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +B=0.2 //T +a=30 //degree +t=0.06 //Nm + +//Calculation +// +M=t/(B*sin(a*3.14/180.0)) +U=M*B*cos(1*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnetic moment of the magnet is %0.1f Am**2",M) +printf("\n (ii) Orientation of the magnet is %0.0f ",U) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87fce370c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//given +a=30 //degree +B=800*10**-4 //T +t=0.016 //Nm +A=2*10**-4 //m**2 +n=1000 //turns + +//Calculation +M=t/(B*sin(a*3.14/180.0)) +W=2*M*B +I=M/(n*A) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Magnetic moment of the magnet is %0.2f Am**2",M) +printf("\n (b) Work done is %0.3f J",W) +printf("\n (c) Current flowing through the solenoid is %0.0f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..528e141c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +t=6.70 +n=10.0 +I=7.5*10**-6 //Kgm**2 +M=6.7*10**-2 //Am**2 + +//Calculation +T=t/n +B=(4*%pi**2*I)/(M*T**2) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the magnetic field is %0.2f T",B) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee32d977 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.18/Ex10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +t=1.2*10**-3 //nm +M=60 +H=40*10**-6 + +//Calculation +// +A=t/(M*H) +a=asin(A)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of the declination is %0.0f degree",a) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.19/Ex10_19.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.19/Ex10_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42ed712db --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.19/Ex10_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +V=sqrt(3) + +//calculation +// +a=atan(V)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of dip is %0.0f Degree",a) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a821d1694 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +F=14.4*10**-4 //N +d=0.05 //m +F1=1.6*10**-4 + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +m=sqrt((F*4*%pi*d**2)/u) +d1=1/(sqrt((F1*4*%pi)/(u*m**2))) + +//Result +printf("\n Distance is %0.3f m",d1) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.20/Ex10_20.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.20/Ex10_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eb9cc7aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.20/Ex10_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +H=0.28 //G +V=0.40 //G + +//Calculation +// +A=V/H +a=atan(A)*180/3.14 +R=sqrt(H**2+V**2) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Angle of dip is %0.0f Degree",a) +printf("\n (ii) earths total magnetic field is %0.2f G",R) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.22/Ex10_22.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.22/Ex10_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..126a51a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.22/Ex10_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +H=0.40 +a=18 //degree + +//Calculation +// +R=H/(cos(a*3.14/180.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of earths magnetic field is %0.2f G",R) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.24/Ex10_24.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.24/Ex10_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfedc791f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.24/Ex10_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +a=45 //Degree +b=60 //Degree + +//Calculation +// +A=tan(a*3.14/180.0)/(cos(b*3.14/180.0)) +a=atan(A)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Apparant dip is %0.1f Degree",a) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.25/Ex10_25.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.25/Ex10_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a32507d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.25/Ex10_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +M=1.6 //Am**2 +d=0.20 //m +u=10**-7 //N/A**2 + +//Calculation +H=u*2*M/(d**3) + +//Result +printf("\n Horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is %0.3f T", H) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.26/Ex10_26.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.26/Ex10_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f45fed5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.26/Ex10_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +l=0.05 //m +d=0.12 //m +H=0.34*10**-4 //T + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +M=(4*%pi*H*(d**2+l**2)**1.5)/u + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic moment of the magnet is %0.3f J/T",M) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.27/Ex10_27.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.27/Ex10_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2e8f39a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.27/Ex10_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +r=7*10**-2 //m +H=2*10**-5 //T +n=50 +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +//calculation +// +l=(2*r*H*tan(45*180/3.14))/u*n + +//Result +printf("\n Value of current is %0.3f A",l*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.28/Ex10_28.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.28/Ex10_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e592dab25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.28/Ex10_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +K=0.095 //A +n=50 +r=10*10**-2 //m +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +//Calculation +H=K*u*n/(2.0*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Horizontal component of earths magnetic field is %0.3f *10**-4 T",H*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.30/Ex10_30.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.30/Ex10_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abe4b015c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.30/Ex10_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=30 //degree +b=45 //degree +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +//Calculation +// +m=(2*tan(a*3.14/180.0))/(tan(b*3.14/180.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n Ratio of number of turns of the tangent galvanometers %0.3f ",m) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1f0669dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//given +M=8 +d=0.2 +u=4*%pi*10**-7 + +//Calculation +B=u*2*M/(4*%pi*d**3) +Beqa=B/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnetic induction at axial point %0.3f *10**-4 T", B*10**4) +printf("\n (ii) Magnetic induction at equatorial point is %0.3f *10**-4 T",Beqa*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b62b27c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +d=6.4*10**6 //m +B=0.4*10**-4 //T +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +//Calculation +// +M=(B*4*%pi*d**3)/u + +//Result +printf("\n earths dipole moment is %0.2f *10**23 Am**2",M*10**-23) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38c5a10ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +M=0.40 +d=0.5 +u=4*%pi*10**-7 + +//Calculation +Beqa=u*M/(4*%pi*d**3) +Baxial=2*Beqa + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of axial field is %0.3f T", Baxial) +printf("\n Magnitude of equatorial field is %0.3f T",Beqa) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f4d94d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1.6*10**-19 +f=6.8*10**15 +n=1 +r=0.53*10**-10 + +//Calculation +// +I=e*f +M=n*I*%pi*r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Equivalent magnetic moment is %0.1f *10**-24 Am**2",M*10**24) diff --git a/3769/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3769/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6331d1c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +n=50 +r=0.2 //m +I=12 //A +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +//Calculation +B=(u*n*I)/(2.0*r) +M=n*I*%pi*r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnetic field at the centre of the coil is %0.3f *10**-3 T",B*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) Magnetic moment is %0.1f Am**2",M) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0ce983b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1.6*10**-19 +f=6.8*10**15 +n=1 +r=0.53*10**-10 + +//Calculation +// +I=e*f +M=n*I*%pi*r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Equivalent magnetic moment is %0.1f *10**-24 Am**2",M*10**24) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a40ed875 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +x=1.68*10**-4 +T1=293 +T2=77.4 + +//Calculation +x1=(x*T1)/T2 + +//Result +printf("\n Susceptibility is %0.2f *10**-4",x1*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e0c0e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +l=10**-6 //m +d=7.9 //g +a=6.023*10**23 +n=55.0 +M1=9.27*10**-24 + +//Calculation +V=l**2 +M=V*d +N=(a*M)/n +Mmax=N*M1 +Imax=Mmax/V*10**-4 + +//Result +printf("\n Number of iron atom is %0.2f *10**10 atoms",N*10**-10) +printf("\n Magnetisation of the dipole is %0.0f *10**5 A/m",Imax*10**5) +printf("\n Maximum possible dipole moment is %0.0f *10**-13 A m**2",Mmax*10**13) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cb72eae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +E=240 +R=474.0 +r=12.5*10**-2 +N=500 +ur=5000 + +//Calculation +// +I=E/R +I1=2*%pi*r +H=(N*I)/I1 +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=u*ur*H + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The magnetising force is %0.0f AT/m",H) +printf("\n (ii) The magnetic flux density is %0.2f Wb/m**2",B) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fef6c007 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +r1=11 +r2=12 +B=2.5 //T +a=3000 +I=0.70 //A + +//Calculation +// +r=((r1+r2)/2.0)*10**-2 +n=a/(2*%pi*r) +ur=B*2*%pi*r/(4*%pi*10**-7*a*I) + +//Result +printf("\n Relative permeability is %0.1f ",ur) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0f763910 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +B=0.6 +H=360.0 + +//Calculation +u=B/H +x=(u-1*4*%pi*10**-7)/(4.0*%pi*10**-7) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Permeability is %0.2f *10**-3 T/A m",u*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) Susceptibility of the material is %0.0f ",x) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1437959f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +M=8.0*10**22 //Am**2 +R=64*10**5 //m + +//Calculation +// +I=(3*M)/(4.0*%pi*R**3) + +//Result +printf("\n earths magnetisation is %0.1f A/m",I) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6280a93a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//given +N=1800 +l=0.6 +I=0.9 //A +ur=500 +n1=6.02*10**26 +a=55.85 +y=7850 + +//Calculation +n=N/l +H=n*I +I1=(ur-1)*H +B=4*%pi*10**-7*ur*H +x=(y*n1)/a +X=I1/x + +//Result +printf("\n Average magnetic moment per iron atom is %0.2f *10**-23 A m**2",X*10**23) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d591476ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +M=8.4 //g +d=7200.0 +f=50 //Hz +E=3.2*10**4 +t=30*60.0 + +//Calculation +V=M/d +P=E/t +E1=P/(V*f) + +//Result +printf("\n Energy dissipated per unit volume is %0.0f J/m**3/cycle",E1) diff --git a/3769/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3769/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e58981f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +H=4*10**3 //A/m +a=60 +b=0.12 + +//Calculation +n=a/b +I=H/n + +//Result +printf("\n Current should be sent through the solenoid is %0.3f A", I) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..553581fc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=20 //mWb +a1=-20 //mWb +t=2*10**-3 //s +N=100 + +//Calculation +a2=(a1-a)*10**-3 +e=(-N*a2)/t + +//Result +printf("\n Average e.m.f induced in the coil is %0.3f V", e) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4b59ce9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +v=72 *(5/18.0) //Km/h +B=40*10**-6 //T +A=40 +l=2 //m +t=1.0 +N=1 + +//Calculation +A=l*v +a=B*A +e=N*a/t + +//Result +printf("\n e.m.f generated in the axle of the car %0.3f mV", e*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02b4486e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +w=1000/60.0 +r=0.3 +B=0.5 //T + +//Calculation +v=w*r +vav=v/2.0 +e=B*r*vav + +//Result +printf("\n e.m.f induced is %0.3f V",e) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a41306a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.5 //m +n=2 //r.p.s +B=0.4*10**-4 //T + +//Calculation +// +w=2*%pi*n +e=0.5*B*r**2*w + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of induced e.m.f between the axle and rim is %0.2f *10**-5 V",e*10**5) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88763a4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=1 //m +B=1 +f=50 + +//Calculation +// +e=%pi*R**2*B*f + +//Result +printf("\n e.m.f between the centre and the matallic ring is %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0042607f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +N=500 +a=1.4*10**-4 //Wb +l=2.5 //A + +//Calculation +L=(N*a)/l + +//Result +printf("\n Inductance of the coil is %0.3f mH", L*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..415defb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +L=130*10**-3 //H +I1=20 //mA +I2=28 //mA +t=140.0*10**-3 //S + +//Calculation +l=I2-I1 +e=(-L*l)/t + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of induced e.m.f is %0.2f *10**-3 V",e) +printf("\n Direction oppose the increase in current") diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51372c029 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +N=4000 +l=0.6 //m +r=16*10**-4 //m + +//Calculation +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +L=(u*N**2*((%pi*r)/4.0))/l +Liron=N*L + +//Result +printf("\n Inductance of the solenoid is %0.0f H",Liron) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..554917e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +L=10.0 //H +e=300 //V +t=10**-2 //S + +//Calculation +dl=(e*t)/L +a=e*t + +//Result +printf("\n Charge in magnetic flux is %0.3f Wb", a) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40211d24c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +L=10*10**-3 +I=4*10**-3 +N=200.0 + +//Calculation +N1=L*I +a=N1/N + +//Result +printf("\n Total flux linked with the coil is %0.3f Wb", N1) +printf("\n Magnetic flux through the cross section of the coil is %0.3f Wb",a) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9a8b0afd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.19/Ex12_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +L=500*10**-3 +I1=20*10**-3 //A +I2=10*10**-3 //A + +//Calculation +U1=0.5*L*I1**2 +U2=0.5*L*I2**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic energy stored in the coil is %0.3f *10**-4 J",U1*10**6) +printf("\n New value of energy is %0.3f J",U2) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ddab89eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +E=12 +R=30.0 //ohm +L=0.22 + +//Calculation +I0=E/R +I=I0/2.0 +P=E*I +dl=(E-(I*R))/L +du=L*I*dl + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Energy being delivered by the battery is %0.3f W", P) +printf("\n (ii) ENergy being stored in the magnetic field of inductor is %0.3f W",du) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a9cf8825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +L=2.0 //H +i=2 //A + +//Calculation +U=0.5*L*i**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Amount of energy spent during the period is %0.3f J", U) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85d44e75f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1500 //V +dl=3 //A +dt=0.001 //s + +//Calculation +M=(e*dt)/dl + +//Result +printf("\n Mumtual induction between the two coils is %0.3f H", M) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15970b722 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +N2=1000 +I1=5.0 //A +a2=0.4*10**-4 //Wb +dl=-24 //A +dt=0.02 //S + +//Calculation +M=(N2*a2)/I1 +eb=(-M*dl)/dt + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Mutual induction between A and B is %0.3f H", M) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae7188f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +N=1200 +A=12*10**-4 //m**2 +r=0.15 //m +N2=300 +a=0.05 + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +L=(u*N**2*A)/(2*%pi*r) +M=(u*N*N2*A)/(2*%pi*r) +dl=2/a +e=M*dl + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Self inductance of the toroid is %0.1f *10**-3 H",L*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) Induced e.m.f. in the second coil is %0.3f V",e) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24bdffcf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +I=2.0 +a1=20*10**-2 +x=0.15 +A2=0.3*10**-2 + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B1=(u*I*a1**2)/(2.0*(a1**2+x**2)**1.5) +a=B1*%pi*A2**2 +M=a/I + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Flux linking the bigger loop is %0.1f ",a*10**11) +printf("\n (ii) Mutual induction between the two loops is %0.2f !0**-11 H",M*10**11) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b87933a5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +l=0.5 //m +n=20 //turns +r=50 //cm +A1=40*10**-4 //m**2 +n1=25 +A2=25*10**-4 //m**2 + +//Calculation +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +N=n*r +N2=n1*r +M=(u*N*N2*A2)/l + +//Result +printf("\n Mutual induction of the system is %0.2f *10**-3 H",M*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d8d5472 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +A=10**-2 //m**2 +a=45 //degree +B1=0.1 //T +R=0.5 //ohm +t=0.7 //S + +//Calculation +// +a1=B1*A*cos(a*3.14/180.0) +a2=0 +a3=a1-a2 +e=a3/t +I=e/R + +//Result +printf("\n Current during this time interval is %0.1f *10**-3 A",I*10**3) +printf("\n Magnitude of induced emf is %0.0f *10**-3 V",e*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e1575556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +I=1.2*10**-3 //A +N=1.0 +R=10 //ohm + +//Calculation +e=I*R +a=e/N + +//Result +printf("\n Necessary rate is %0.3f *10**-2 Wb/second", a*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d33ee7d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +r=10**-1 //m +B=3.0*10**-5 //T +t=0.25 //S +N=500 +R=2 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +a1=B*%pi*r**2*cos(0*3.14/180.0) +a2=B*%pi*r**2*cos(180*3.14/180.0) +a3=a1-a2 +e=(N*a3)/t +I=e/R + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the emf is %0.1f *10**-3 V",e*10**3) +printf("\n Current induced in the coil is %0.1f *10**-3 A",I*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52210a129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +e=10**-2 //V +B=5*10**-5 //T +r=0.5 //m +N=1 + +//Calculation +// +A=%pi*r**2 +n=(e*N)/(%pi*r**2*B) + +//Result +printf("\n Rate of rotation of the blade is %0.1f revolutions/second",n) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0831b89fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +a=12 +b=7 +t=2 + +//Calculation +e=((a*t)+b)*10**-3 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnitude of induced emf is %0.3f mV", e*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) The current induced in the coil will be anticlockwise") diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa53c031e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +B=1 //T +l=0.5 //m +v=40 //m/s + +//Calculation +// +e=B*l*v*sin(60*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n emf induced in the conductor is %0.2f ",e) diff --git a/3769/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3769/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b0fa3f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +g=9.8 +h=10 +B=1.7*10**-5 +l=1 //m + +//Calculation +// +v=sqrt(2*g*h) +e=B*l*v + +//Result +printf("\n Potential difference between its end is %0.3f *10**4 V", e*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32cea3448 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +I0=141.4 //A +w=314 +t=3*10**-3 //s + +//Calculation +// +f=w/(2*%pi) +T=1/f +I=-I0*t*sin(314*180/3.14) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The maximum value is %0.3f A",I0) +printf("\n (ii) Frequency is %0.0f Hz",f) +printf("\n (iii) Time period is %0.2f S",T) +printf("\n (iv) The instantaneous value is %0.2f A",I*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e47985d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +Xl=220 //ohm +L=0.7 //H + +//Calculation +// +f=Xl/(2*%pi*L) + +//Result +printf("\n Frequency is %0.0f HZ",f) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21e52d80c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 //Hz +I=1.4 + +//Calculation +// +E=2*%pi*f*I*2*cos(2*%pi*f) +Ev=E/sqrt(2) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potential difference across the coil is %0.0f cos 100*pai*t",E) +printf("\n (ii) r.m.s value of p.d across the coil is %0.1f V",Ev) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..830ded78d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 //Hz +L=2 +Ev=12 //V +L1=6 + +//Calculation +// +Xl=2*%pi*f*L +Iv=Ev/Xl +Xl1=2*%pi*f*L1 +Iv1=Ev/Xl1 + +//Result +printf("\n Current flows when the inductance is changed to 6 H %0.4f A",Iv1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e73f3f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +Ev=200 //V +I0=0.9 //A +f=50 //Hz + +//Calculation +// +E0=sqrt(2)*Ev +Xl=E0/I0 +L=Xl/(2*%pi*f) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of inductance is %0.0f H",L) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d00a616d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +L=1 //H +Xl=3142.0 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +f=Xl/(2*%pi*L) +C=1/(2.0*%pi*f*Xl) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Value of frequency is %0.0f ohm",f) +printf("\n (ii) Capacity of a condenser is %0.2f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bda77b716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +C=50*10**-6 //F +V=230 //V + +//Calculation +// +q=C*V*sqrt(2) +E=0.5*C*(V*sqrt(2))**2 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Maximum charge on the capacitor is %0.2f *10**-3 C",q*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is %0.2f J",E) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..073810e06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +I0=10 //A +w=314 +L=5 + +//Calculation +E=0.5*L*I0**2 +E0=w*L*I0 +C=(E*2)/(E0**2) + +//Result +printf("\n Capacitance of the capacitor is %0.2f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.19/Ex13_19.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.19/Ex13_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cab83d251 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.19/Ex13_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 +L=31.8*10**-3 //H +R=7.0 //ohm +Ev=230 //V + +//Calculation +// +Xl=2*%pi*f*L +Z=sqrt(R**2+Xl**2) +Iv=Ev/Z +T=Xl/R +a=atan(T)*180/3.14 +a1=cos(a)*3.14/180.0 +P=Iv**2*R +t=55*%pi/(180.0*3.14) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Circuit current is %0.2f A",Iv) +printf("\n (ii) Phase angle is %0.0f lag",a) +printf("\n (iii) Power factor is %0.3f lag",a1*10**3) +printf("\n (iv) Power consumed is %0.0f W",P) +printf("\n Time lag between voltage maximum and current maximum is %0.2f *10**-3 S",t*10**1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.20/Ex13_20.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.20/Ex13_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d5888e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.20/Ex13_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +P=400 //W +Ev=250 //V +Iv=2.5 //A +f=50 + +//Calculation +// +a=P/(Ev*Iv) +Z=Ev/Iv +R=Z*a +Xl=sqrt(Z**2-R**2) +L=Xl/(2*%pi*f) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The power factor is %0.3f lag",a) +printf("\n (ii) Resistance of the coil is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n (iii) Inductance of the coil is %0.3f H",L) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.21/Ex13_21.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.21/Ex13_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6279c03e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.21/Ex13_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +Vr=150 //V +R=75.0 //ohm +f=50 //Hz +L=318*10**-3 //H + +//Calculation +// +Iv=Vr/R +Xl=2*%pi*f*L +Vl=Iv*Xl +Z=sqrt(R**2+Xl**2) +Ev=Iv*Z +a=Xl/R +a1=atan(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The supply voltage is %0.0f V",Ev) +printf("\n (ii) The phase angle is %0.2f degree lag",a1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.22/Ex13_22.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.22/Ex13_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..227ccfe5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.22/Ex13_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +P=60 //W +Ev=100.0 //V +Ev1=220 //v +f=50 //Hz + +//Calculation +Iv=P/Ev +Vr=Ev1-Ev +R=Vr/Iv + +Vl=sqrt(Ev1**2-Ev**2) +Xl=Vl/Iv +L=Xl/(2*%pi*f) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The value of non inductive resistance is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n (ii) Pure inductance is %0.2f H",L) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.23/Ex13_23.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.23/Ex13_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ded68993 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.23/Ex13_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Given +f1=50.0 +L=1 +E=100 //V +I=1.0 //A +Iv=0.5 //A +f=0 +Ev=100.0 //V + +//Calculation +// +Xl=2*%pi*f*L +R=E/I +Z=Ev/Iv +Xl1=sqrt(Z**2-R**2) +L=Xl1/(2.0*%pi*f1) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.3f ohm",R ) +printf("\n The value of impedence is %0.3f ohm",Z) +printf("\n Inductance of the coil is %0.2f H",L) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.25/Ex13_25.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.25/Ex13_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daef87736 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.25/Ex13_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +P=80 //W +V=100.0 //v +V1=200 //V +f=50 //Hz + +//Calculation +// +Iv=P/V +Vc=sqrt(V1**2-V**2) +Xc=Vc/Iv +C=1/(2.0*%pi*f*Xc) + +//Result +printf("\n Capcitance of a capacitor is %0.1f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.26/Ex13_26.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.26/Ex13_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d13cb4df --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.26/Ex13_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Ev=200 //V +Iv=10.0 +f=50 //Hz + +//Calculation +z=Ev/Iv +R=z*cos(30*3.14/180.0) +Xc=z*sin(30*3.14/180.0) +C=1/(2.0*%pi*f*Xc) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Value of resistance is %0.2f ohm",R) +printf("\n (ii) Capacitive reactance is %0.0f ohm",Xc) +printf("\n (iii) Capacitance of the circuit is %0.0f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.27/Ex13_27.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.27/Ex13_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..956cb43ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.27/Ex13_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +Iv=5 //A +R=10 //ohm +Ev=60 //V +C=400 //micro F + +//Calculation +// +Vr=Iv*R +Vc=sqrt(Ev**2-Vr**2) +Xc=Vc/Iv +f=1/(2.0*%pi*C*Xc) +a=Vc/Vr +a1=atan(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n The value of supplied frequency is %0.0f Hz",f*10**6) +printf("\n Phase angle between circuit current and supply voltage is %0.1f degree lead",a1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.28/Ex13_28.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.28/Ex13_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71f5ff422 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.28/Ex13_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +R=200 //ohm +C=15*10**-6 //F +Ev=220 //V +f=50 //Hz + +//Calculation +// +Xc=1/(2*%pi*f*C) +Z=sqrt(R**2+Xc**2) +Iv=Ev/Z +Vr=Iv*R +Vc=Iv*Xc +V=Vr+Vc +Vrc=sqrt(Vr**2+Vc**2) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The current in the circuit is %0.3f A",Iv) +printf("\n (b) Voltage across the resistor and capacitor is %0.3f V",Vrc) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.29/Ex13_29.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.29/Ex13_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10a34dd12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.29/Ex13_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=10.0 //ohm +R2=5.0 //ohm +R3=15 //ohm +Ev=200 + +//Calculation +// +R=R1+R2+R3 +X=R3-(R1+R3) +Z=sqrt(R**2+R1**2) +Iv=Ev/Z +T=X/R +a=-atan(T)*180/3.14 +b=cos(a*3.14/180.0) +P=Iv**2*R +printf("\n (i) Circuit current is %0.2f A",Iv) +printf("\n (ii) Circuit phase angle is %0.2f degree lead",a) +printf("\n (iii)Phase angle between applied voltage and circuit current %0.3f lead",b) +printf("\n (iv)Power consumed is %0.3f W",P) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1e39a37f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +E=220 //V + +//Calculation +// +E0=sqrt(2)*E +Emean=2*E0/%pi + +//Result +printf("\n Average e.m.f during a positive half cycle is %0.0f V",Emean) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.30/Ex13_30.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.30/Ex13_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfa855b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.30/Ex13_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +//Given +F=50 //HZ +L=0.06 +C=6.8 +l=10**6 +R=2.5 +Ev=230 //V + +//Calculation +// +Xl=2*%pi*F*L +Xc=l/(2*%pi*F*C) +Z=sqrt(R**2+(Xl-Xc)**2) +Iv=Ev/Z +a=(Xl-Xc)/R +a2=-atan(a)*180.0/3.14 +P=R/Z +P1=Ev*Iv*P + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Circuit impedence is %0.1f ohm",Z) +printf("\n (ii) Circuit current is %0.3f A",Iv) +printf("\n (iii) Phase angle is %0.1f degree lead",a2) +printf("\n (iv) Power factor is %0.4f lead",P) +printf("\n (v) Power consumed is %0.2f W",P1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.31/Ex13_31.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.31/Ex13_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f29ba91a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.31/Ex13_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Given +a=65 //degree +b=20 //degree +w=3000 +L=0.01 +E0=400 //V +I=10 +f=50 + +//calculation +// +a=a-b +Xl=w*L +Z=E0/(I*sqrt(2)) +R=Z/sqrt(2) +Xc=Xl-R +C=1/(w*Xc*10**-6) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of C is %0.1f microF",C) +printf("\n The value of R is %0.3f ohm",R) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.32/Ex13_32.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.32/Ex13_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95af3826a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.32/Ex13_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 //Hz +L=0.03 +R=8 //ohm +Ev=240 //V + +//Calculation +// +Xl=2*%pi*f*L +Z=sqrt(R**2+Xl**2) +Iv=Ev/Z +P=Iv**2*R +a=R/Z +Xc=2*Xl +C=1/(2*%pi*f*Xc) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The value of current is %0.2f A",Iv) +printf("\n The value of power is %0.0f W",P) +printf("\n Power factor is %0.2f lag",a) +printf("\n (ii) The vaue of capacitance is %0.0f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.33/Ex13_33.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.33/Ex13_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..372dcc8b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.33/Ex13_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +Vr=65 //V +R=100.0 //ohm +Vl=204 +f=50 //Hz +Vc=415 + +//Calculation +// +Iv=Vr/R +Xl=Vl/Iv +L=Xl/(2*%pi*f) +Xc=Vc/Iv +C=1/(2*%pi*f*Xc) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Circuit current is %0.3f A", Iv) +printf("\n (ii) Inductance is %0.0f H",L) +printf("\n (iii) The value of capacitance is %0.0f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.34/Ex13_34.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.34/Ex13_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..239a22173 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.34/Ex13_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +C=100*10**-12 //F +L=100*10**-6 //H +Ev=10 +R=100.0 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)) +Iv=Ev/R +Vl=Iv*2*%pi*fr*L +Vc=Iv/(2.0*%pi*fr*C) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Resonant frequency is %0.2f *10**6 HZ",fr*10**-6) +printf("\n (ii) Current at resonance is %0.3f A", Iv) +printf("\n (iii) Voltage across L and C is %0.3f V", Vc) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.35/Ex13_35.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.35/Ex13_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bf94aefe --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.35/Ex13_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 //Hz +L=0.5 +Ev=100 //v +R=4 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +C=1/(4*%pi**2*f**2*L) +Ir=Ev/R +Vr=Ir*2*%pi*f*L +Vc=Ir/(2*%pi*f*C) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The capacitance is %0.2f micro F",C*10**6) +printf("\n (ii) The voltage across inductance and capacitance is %0.0f V",Vc) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.36/Ex13_36.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.36/Ex13_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13f566a52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.36/Ex13_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +f=50 //Hz +L=0.318 //H +Iv=2.3 +R=100 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +C=1/((2*%pi*f)**2*L) +Vl=Iv*2*%pi*f*C*10**4 +P=Iv**2*R + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The value of capacitor is %0.1f micro F",C*10**6) +printf("\n (ii) Voltage across the inductor is %0.0f V",Vl) +printf("\n (iii)Total power consumed is %0.3f W",P) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.37/Ex13_37.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.37/Ex13_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e64727cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.37/Ex13_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +//Given +E0=283 //V +f=50 //Hz +R=3.0 //ohm +L=25.48*10**-3 //h +C=796*10**-6 //F +Xl=8 + +//Calculation +// +Xc=1/(2*%pi*f*C) +Z=sqrt(R**2+(Xl-Xc)**2) +a=atan(Xc/R)*180/3.14 +Iv=(E0/sqrt(2))/Z +P=Iv**2*R +a1=cos(a*180/3.14) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The inpedence of the circuit is %0.0f ohm",Z) +printf("\n (b) The phase difference is %0.1f degree",a) +printf("\n (c) The power dissipated is %0.0f W",P) +printf("\n (d) Power factor is %0.1f lag",a1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.38/Ex13_38.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.38/Ex13_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83675d2b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.38/Ex13_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +L=25.48*10**-3 //H +C=796*10**-6 +R=3.0 //ohm +E0=283 + +//Calculation +// +fr=1/(2.0*%pi*sqrt(L*C)) +Iv=(E0/sqrt(2))/R +P=Iv**2*R + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Frequency of the source is %0.1f Hz",fr) +printf("\n (b) The value of impedence is %0.3f ohm",R) +printf("\n The value of current is %0.1f A",Iv) +printf("\n The power dissipated is %0.0f W",P) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.39/Ex13_39.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.39/Ex13_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..694c2c5ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.39/Ex13_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +C=1200*10**-12 //F +E=500 +L=0.075 //H + +//Calculation +// +q0=C*E +I0=q0/(sqrt(L*C)) +f=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)) +T=1/f +U=q0**2/(2.0*C) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The initial charge onthe capcitor is %0.3f c",q0) +printf("\n (ii) The maximum current is %0.0f mA",I0*10**3) +printf("\n (iii) The value of frequency is %0.0f *10**3 Hz",f*10**-3) +printf("\n Time period is %0.0f *10**-5 S",T*10**5) +printf("\n (iv) Total energy is %0.3f *10**-4 J",U*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6844acdf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +A=2 + +//Calculation +// +I=sqrt(A**2) + +//Result +printf("\n r.m.s Value of current is %0.3f A", I) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.40/Ex13_40.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.40/Ex13_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..320140b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.40/Ex13_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +L=8*10**-6 //H +C=0.02*10**-6 //F +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +f=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C)) +w=c/f + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength is %0.2f *10**2 m",w*10**-2) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4908420 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +I0=120 //A +a=360.0 +b=96 +c=120.0 + +//Calculation +// +t=1/a +I=I0*sin(%pi/3.0) +a1=b/c +a2=asin(a1) +t=a2/(c*%pi) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Instantaneous value after 1/360 second is %0.2f A",I) +printf("\n (ii) Time taken to reach 96 A for the first time is %0.5f S",t) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d70d2e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E0=60 +R=20.0 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +Ev=E0/(sqrt(2)) +Iv=Ev/R + +//Result +printf("\n (i) A.C ammeter will %0.2f A",Iv) +printf("\n (ii) Average value of a.c over one cycle is zero") diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..098d48707 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +E0=250 //V +I0=10 //A + +//Calculation +P=E0*I0 +P1=P/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Peak power is %0.3f W", P) +printf("\n (ii) Average power is %0.3f W",P1) diff --git a/3769/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3769/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6b814803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +Ev=120.0 +P=1000 //W +Ev1=240 + +//Calculation +Iv=P/Ev +I0=sqrt(2)*Iv +R=Ev/Iv +P=Ev1**2/R + +//Result +printf("\n Resistance is %0.3f ohm \nPeak current is %0.3f W",R,P) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b55979409 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +N=100 +A=10**-2 //m**2 +B=0.5 //T +f=500/60.0 + +//Calculation +// +w=2*%pi*f +E0=N*A*B*w +E=E0*sin(60*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum emf produced in the coil is %0.2f V",E0) +printf("\n Instantaneous value of e.m.f. is %0.1f V",E) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981b8d3a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +V=200 //V +I=5 //A +R=8.5 //ohm + +//Calculation +Eb=V-(I*R) +Pi=V*I +P0=Eb*I +n=(P0*100)/Pi + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Back e.m.f of motor is %0.3f V", Eb) +printf("\n (ii) Power input is %0.3f W",Pi) +printf("\n (iii) Output power is %0.3f W",P0) +printf("\n (iv) Efficiency of motor is %0.3f percentage",n) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14166279b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +V=200 //V +Vp=200 //V +n=200.0 +Ip=2 //A + +//Calculation +Vs=Vp*n +Is=(Ip*V)/Vs + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Voltage developed in the secondary is %0.3f V", Vs) +printf("\n (ii) The current in the secondary is %0.3f A",Is ) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9def5ec1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +Vp=220.0 //V +Is=5 //A +n=20 + +//Calculation +Vs=Vp*n +Ip=(Vs*Is)/Vp +P=Vs*Is + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Voltage across secondary is %0.3f V",Vs) +printf("\n (ii) The current in primary is %0.3f A",Ip) +printf("\n (iii) The power output is %0.3f K W",P*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c4a55b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +P=120*10**3 //W +R=0.4 //ohm +Ev=240.0 //V +Ev1=24000.0 //V + +//Calculation +Iv=P/Ev +P=Iv**2*R +Iv1=P/Ev1 +P1=Iv1**2*R + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Power loss at 240 V is %0.3f K W", P*10**-3) +printf("\n (ii) Power loss at 24000 V is %0.0f W",P1) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eff82b3e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +Np=5000 +Vp=2200 //V +Vs=220 //V +Pout=8 //K W +n=0.9 + +//Calculation +Ns=(Vs*Np)/Vp +Pin=Pout/n + +//Result +printf("\n (ii) Input power is %0.1f K W",Pin) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c951a6fc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +Vp=220.0 //V +Vs=22 //V +Z=220 //ohm +Is=0.1 + +//Calclation +Ip=(Vs*Is)/Vp + +//Result +printf("\n Current drawn is %0.3f A", Ip) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..494fb7325 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +N=150 +A=2*10**-2 //m**2 +B=0.15 //T +f=60 + +//Calculation +// +w=2*%pi*f +E0=N*A*B*w + +//Result +printf("\n Peak value of e.m.f is %0.0f V",E0) +printf("\n Average value of induced e.m.f is zero") diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e92241a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +N=100 +A=3 +B=0.04 //T +w=60 +R=500 //ohm + +//Calculation +E0=N*A*B*w +I0=E0/R +P=E0*I0 + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum power dissipated in the coil is %0.3f W", P) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4943f73e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +N=100 +A=0.10 //m**2 +f=0.5 //Hz +B=0.01 //T + +//Calculation +// +w=2*%pi*f +E0=N*A*B*w + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum voltage generated in the coil is %0.3f V",E0) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..097836e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +V=240 //V +I=5 //A +R=4 //ohm + +//Calculation +Eb=V-(I*R) + +//Result +printf("\n Value of back e.m.f is %0.3f V", Eb) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fa4f037a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +I=20 //A +R=2 //ohm +n=0.5 +P=2000 //W + +//Calculation +P1=P/n +V=P1/I +Eb=V-(I*R) + +//Result +printf("\n The back e.m.f is %0.3f V \nSupply voltage is %0.3f V",Eb,V) diff --git a/3769/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3769/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5c7fec35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +V=100 //V +I=6 //A +V1=0.7 + +//Calculation +Pin=V*I +R=(V1*Pin)/I**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Armature resistance is %0.2f ohm",R) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..777543da1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +e=8.854*10**-12 //C**2/N/m**2 +A=10**-4 //m**2 +E=3*10**6 //V/ms + +//Calculation +Id=e*A*E + +//Result +printf("\n Displacement current is %0.1f *10**-9 A",Id*10**9) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..810c88df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +f=18 //W/cm**2 +A=20 //cm**2 +t=30*60 +c=3.0*10**8 + +//Calculation +U=f*A*t +P=U/c +F=P/t +P1=2*P +F1=P1/t + +//Result +printf("\n Average force exerted on the surface is %0.3f N", F1) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a991be807 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +Id=1 //A +C=10.0**-6 //F + +//Calculation +V=Id/C + +//Result +printf("\n Instantaneous current is %0.3f V/S", V) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5e4a9706 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +I=0.15 //A +R=0.12 //m +r=0.065 //m +r1=0.15 //m + +//Calculation +// +A=%pi*R**2 +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=(u*I*r)/(2*%pi*R**2) +B1=(u*I)/(2*%pi*r1) +Bmax=(u*I)/(2*%pi*R) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) (a) Magnetic field on the axis is zero") +printf("\n (b) Magnetic field at r=6.5 cm is %0.2f *10**-7 T",B*10**7) +printf("\n (c) Magnetic field at r=15 cm is %0.3f T", B1) +printf("\n (ii) Distance is %0.3f T", Bmax) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ce7eacab --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.05 //m +E=10**12 //V/m/s +e=8.854*10**-12 + +//Calculation +// +Id=e*%pi*r**2*E + +//Result +printf("\n Displacement current is %0.4f A",Id) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acf008757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +E0=8*10**-4 //v +c=3.0*10**8 +w=6*10**6 + +//Calculation +// +B0=E0/c +f=w/(2.0*%pi) +l=c/f + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of the wave is %0.4f m",l*10**-4) +printf("\n Frequency is %0.3f *10**10 Hz",f*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3769/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65b03af8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +E=6.3 //V/m +c=3.0*10**8 + +//Calculation +B=E/c + +//Result +printf("\n B= %0.3f K^ Tesla", B) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..827c60f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-15.0 //cm +f=-10 //cm +o=2.0 //cm + +//Calculation +v=1/((1.0/f)-(1.0/u)) +m=v/u +I=-m*o + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.3f cm", v) +printf("\n Size of the image is %0.3f cm",I) +printf("\n Nature of the image isreal and inverted ") diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d431b2b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-10.0 //cm +f=-15.0 + +//Calculation +v=1/((1/f)-(1/u)) +m=-v/u + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Image position is %0.3f cm", v) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..550e98e68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +f=12.0 +v=4.0 + +//Calculation +u=1/((1/f)-(1/v)) +m=-v/u + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Object position is %0.3f cm", u) +printf("\n (ii) Magnification is %0.2f ",m) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec4402a50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +R=36 //ohm + +//Calculation +f=-R/2.0 +u=(2*f)/3.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the object is %0.3f cm", u) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe4979be --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=20 //cm + +//Calculation +f=R/2.0 +u=-f +v=-u/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the object is %0.3f cm",u) +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.3f cm",v) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f07e5e5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +f=-15.0 + +//Calculation +u=(1/(1/f)/3.0)*4 +v=u/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Position of object is %0.3f cm",u) +printf("\n When the image is virtual %0.3f cm",v) diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3562bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +R=30 //ohm +u=-10.0 +h1=5 + +//Calculation +f=R/2.0 +v=1/((1/f)-(1/u)) +h2=(-v*h1)/u + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.3f cm", v) +printf("\n Size of the image is %0.3f cm",h2) +printf("\n The image is virtual") diff --git a/3769/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3769/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98d954305 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +f=-10.0 //cm +u=-25.0 //cm +h1=3 + +//Calculation +v=1/((1/f)-(1/u)) +h2=(-v*h1)/u +A=h2**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Area enclosed by the image of the wire is %0.3f cm**2", A) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d47a674df --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u1=1.50 +u2=1.33 + +//Calculation +// +sinr=u1*sin(50*3.14/180.0)/u2 +a=asin(sinr)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of refraction is %0.1f degree",a) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f87d17b99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +uw=1.33 + +//Calculation +a=1/uw +b=sin(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of refraction is %0.0f degree",b) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce3e739fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.11/Ex17_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=4 +b=6.0 + +//Calculation +// +A=a/b +B=atan(A)*180/3.14 +ur=1/(sin(B*3.14/180.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n Refrective index of the liquid is %0.1f ",ur) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80eca6755 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.12/Ex17_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=52 //Degree +b=33 //Degree + +//Calculation +// +u2=(sin(a*3.14/180.0))/(sin(b*3.14/180.0)) +C=1/u2 +A=asin(C)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of refrection is %0.1f Degree",A) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c9b06a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.13/Ex17_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-240.0 +R=15.0 //cm +u1=1.33 +u2=1.5 + +//Calculation +v=1/((((u2-u1)/R)+(u1/u))/u2) + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.0f cm",v) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e8f4848d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.14/Ex17_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-9.0 //cm +y=1 +y1=1.5 +R=-15.0 //cm + +//Calculation +v=1/(((y-y1)/R)-(y1/-u)) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of distance is %0.3f cm",v) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41631ce9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.15/Ex17_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-15 //cm +y1=1 +y2=1.5 +R=-7.5 //cm + +//Calculation +v=1/(((y1-y2)/R)-(y2/-u)) + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.3f cm",v) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d098dc3ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.16/Ex17_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-60.0 //cm +R=25.0 //cm +y1=1 +y2=1.5 + +//Calcution +v=1/((((y2-y1)/R)+(y1/u))/y2) +P=(y2-y1)/(R*10**-2) + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.3f cm", v) +printf("\n Power of the refracting surface is %0.3f dioptre", P) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bd23df94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.17/Ex17_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +u1=1 +u2=1.5 +R=1 + +//Calculation +x=(u1+u2)/(u2-u1) + +//Result +printf("\n Distance of the object is %0.3f R", x) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6750233ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u1=1.0 +u2=1.526 +i=45 //degree +//Calculation +sinr=(u1*sin(i*3.14/180.0))/u2 +r=asin(sinr)*180/3.14 +d=i-r + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of deviation is %0.2f degree",d) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.20/Ex17_20.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.20/Ex17_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eac11100b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.20/Ex17_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +u1=1 +u2=1.5 +v=100 //cm +R=20.0 //cm +a=3 +b=200.0 + +//Calculation +u1=(u2-u1)/R +u2=-1/(u1-(a/b)) +d=-u2+R + +//Result +printf("\n The object distance from the centre of curvature is %0.3f cm", d) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.21/Ex17_21.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.21/Ex17_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81af5efa8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.21/Ex17_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +ug=1.5 +R1=50.0 //cm +R2=-50.0 //cm +uw=9/8.0 + +//Calculation +f=1/((ug-1)*((1/R1)+(1/R1))) +f1=1/((uw-1)*((1/R1)+(1/R1))) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Focal length in air is %0.3f cm", f) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.22/Ex17_22.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.22/Ex17_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d74a4cf5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.22/Ex17_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +fa=20 //cm +ug=9/8.0 +uw=3/2.0 + +//Calculation +a=(uw-1)/(ug-1) +fw=a*fa +f=fw-fa + +//Result +printf("\n Change in focal length is %0.3f cm", f) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.23/Ex17_23.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.23/Ex17_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..275357c13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.23/Ex17_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1.56 +R1=20.0 //cm +u1=-10.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((u-1)*(2/R1)) +v=1/((1/u1)+(1/f)) + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image formed is %0.2f ",v) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.24/Ex17_24.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.24/Ex17_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec39ccc9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.24/Ex17_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1.47 + +//Calculation +u1=u + +//Result +printf("\n The liquid is not water because refractive index of water is 1.33") diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.25/Ex17_25.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.25/Ex17_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c06ea72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.25/Ex17_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +f=18 //cm +u=1.5 + +//Calculation +R=(u-1)*f + +//Result +printf("\n Radius of the curvature is %0.3f cm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.26/Ex17_26.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.26/Ex17_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbe1a4e3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.26/Ex17_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-25.0 //cm +f=10.0 //cm +h1=5 + +//Calculation +v=1/((1/f)+(1/u)) +h2=(v*h1)/u + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the image is %0.2f cm",v) +printf("\n Size of the image is %0.2f cm",h2) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.27/Ex17_27.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.27/Ex17_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25bb0ac46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.27/Ex17_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +f=-15.0 //cm +v=-10.0 //cm + +//Calculation +u=1/((1/v)-1/f) + +//Result +printf("\n The object is placed at a distance of %0.3f cm", u) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.28/Ex17_28.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.28/Ex17_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b325a6e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.28/Ex17_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +v=-20.0 //cm +u=-60.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((1/v)-(1/u)) + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length of the lens is %0.3f cm", f) +printf("\n The lens is diverging") diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.29/Ex17_29.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.29/Ex17_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284045d60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.29/Ex17_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-10.0 //cm +m=-3.0 + +//Calculation +v=m*u +f=1/((1/v)-(1/u)) + +//Result +printf("\n Image formed at %0.3f cm",v) +printf("\n Focal length is %0.3f cm",f) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ba7875b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +c=3.0*10**8 +u=1.5 +f=6*10**14 //Hz + +//Calculation +v=c/u +l=c/f +lm=v/f + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Wavelength of light in air is %0.3f m", l) +printf("\n (ii) Wavelength of light in glass is %0.1f *10**-7 m",lm*10**7) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.30/Ex17_30.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.30/Ex17_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8513999 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.30/Ex17_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +P1=6 +P2=-2.0 + +//Calculation +P=P1+P2 +f=1/P + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length of the combination is %0.3f cm", f*10**2) +printf("\n Power of the combinationis %0.3f D",P) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.31/Ex17_31.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.31/Ex17_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fa0a515c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.31/Ex17_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +f1=20.0 //cm +f2=-40.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((1/f1)+(1/f2)) +P=1/f + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length is %0.3f cm", f) +printf("\n Power is %0.3f D",P*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.33/Ex17_33.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.33/Ex17_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bdeaf6be --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.33/Ex17_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +f=-0.2 //m +v=0.3 //m + +//Calculation +u=1/((1/v)-(1/f)) + +//Result +printf("\n Position of the point is %0.3f m", u) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21c8c579e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +ug=1.5 +uw=1.3 +vw=2.25*10**8 + +//Calculation +vg=(uw*vw)/ug + +//Result +printf("\n Speed of the light in glass is %0.3f *10**8 m/s", vg*10**-8) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56fdd861d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1.6 +t=8 +t1=4.5 +u1=1.5 +t2=6 +u2=1.33 + +//Calculation +d=t*(1-(1/u)) +d1=t1*(1-(1/u1)) +d2=t2*(1-(1/u2)) +D=d+d1+d2 + +//Result +printf("\n Position of mark from the bottom is %0.0f cm",D) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f2fb91fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +uw=1.33 +uo=1.20 + +//Calculation +// +uow=uw/uo +sinr=(sin(30*3.14/180.0))/uow +r=asin(sinr)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of refraction in water is %0.1f degree",r) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..583c8bcee --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +v=2.0*10**8 //m/s +c=3*10**8 //m/s +d=6.0 //cm + +//Calculation +ug=c/v +a=d/ug +D=d-a + +//Result +printf("\n Distance through which ink dot appears to be raised is %0.3f cm", D) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df0be7751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +ug=1.5 +uw=1.33 + +//Calculation +u1=ug/uw +sinC=1/u1 +C=asin(sinC)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Critical angle is %0.2f degree",C) diff --git a/3769/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3769/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c964d994 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +v=1.5*10**8 +c=3.0*10**8 + +//Calculation +// +a=v/c +C=asin(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Value of critical angle is %0.0f Degree",C) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f97969a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +A=60 //Degree + +//Calculation +// +a=sqrt(2)*sin(30*3.14/180.0) +b=asin(a)*180/3.14 +c=(b*2)-A +i=(A+c)/2.0 +r=A/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Angle of minimum deviation is %0.0f Degree",c) +printf("\n (ii) Angle of incidence is %0.0f Degree",i) +printf("\n (iii) The angle of refraction is %0.3f Degree", r) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6b5b9f83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//given +w=0.031 +ur=1.645 +ub=1.665 + +//Calculation +u=1+((ub-ur))/w + +//Result +printf("\n Refrective index for yellow colour is %0.3f ",u) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.11/Ex18_11.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.11/Ex18_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07377ec8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.11/Ex18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +A=5 //Degree +uv=1.523 +ur=1.515 +uv1=1.688 +ur1=1.650 + +//Calculation +u=(uv+ur)/2.0 +u1=(uv1+ur1)/2.0 +A1=-((u-1)*A)/(u1-1) + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of flint line is %0.2f degree",A1) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.12/Ex18_12.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.12/Ex18_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f30892eea --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.12/Ex18_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +w=0.021 +u=1.53 +w1=0.045 +u1=1.65 +A1=4.20 //Degree + +//Calculation +A=-(w1*A1*(u1-1))/(w*(u-1)) + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of the prism is %0.2f Degree",A) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.13/Ex18_13.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.13/Ex18_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebefeea29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.13/Ex18_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear +//Given +A=72 //Degree +ab=56.4 //Degree +ar=53 //Degree +ay=54.6 //Degree +az=54 +A11=60 //Degree +ab1=52.8 +A12=50.6 +A13=51.9 + +//Calculation +// +A1=(A+ay)/2.0 +A2=A/2.0 +ub=(sin(A1*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A2*3.14/180.0)) +A3=(A+ar)/2.0 +ur=(sin(A3*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A2*3.14/180.0)) +A4=(A+az)/2.0 +uy=(sin(A4*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A2*3.14/180.0)) +w=(ub-ur)/(uy-1) + +//For flint glass prism +A5=(A11+ab1)/2.0 +A51=A11/2.0 +ub1=(sin(A5*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A51*3.14/180.0)) +A6=(A11+A12)/2.0 +ur1=(sin(A6*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A51*3.14/180.0)) +A7=(A11+A13)/2.0 +uy1=(sin(A7*3.14/180.0))/(sin(A51*3.14/180.0)) +w1=(ub1-ur1)/(uy1-1) +w2=w/w1 + +//Result +printf("\n The ratio of dispersive power of crown glass and flint glass prism is %0.3f ",w2) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72ae7d889 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +a=51 //Degree +A=60 //Degree + +//Calculation +// +b=(A+a)/2.0 +c=A/2.0 +u=(sin(b*3.14/180.0))/(sin(c*3.14/180.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The refracting angle of the prism is %0.3f Degree", A) +printf("\n (ii) The refractive index of the material is %0.4f ",u) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0060cc81c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +i1=48 //Degree +A=60 //Degree + +//Calculation +// +r=A/2.0 +u=sin(i1*3.14/180.0)/sin(r*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Refractive index of the material is %0.2f ",u) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4480f26ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=2.0 + +//Calculation +// +a=sqrt(a)/a +i=asin(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of incidence is %0.0f Degree",i) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..993343659 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1.5 +a=6 //Degree + +//Calculation +A=a/(u-1) + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of the prism is %0.3f Degree", A) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bddf5c5d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +uv=1.68 +ur=1.56 +A=18 //degree + +//Calculation +A1=A*(uv-ur) + +//Result +printf("\n Angular dispersion is %0.3f Degree", A1) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b41f4a48f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +av=3.32 //Degree +ar=3.22 //Degree +a=3.27 //Degree + +//Calculation +w=(av-ar)/a + +//Result +printf("\n Dispersive power of the flint glass is %0.4f ",w) diff --git a/3769/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce b/3769/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a7d45a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +ur=1.5155 +uv=1.5245 + +//Calculation +u=(ur+uv)/2.0 +w=(uv-ur)/(u-1) + +//Result +printf("\n Dispersive power of the crown glass is %0.4f ",w) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d2f30967 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +v=-75.0 +u=0 + +//Calculation +f=v +P=100/f + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length is %0.3f cm", f) +printf("\n Power of the lens is %0.2f D",P) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afaeeb0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +f=4.80 //cm +a=1.20 +v=-24.0 //cm + +//Calculation +D=f/(a-1) +u=1/((1/v)-1/f) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The least distance of distinct vision is %0.3f cm",D) +printf("\n (ii) Distance from the lens is %0.3f cm",-u) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a5887b9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +v0=15.0 //cm +f0=3.0 //cm +D=25 +fe=9 + +//Calculation +u0=1/((1/v0)-1/f0) +M=-(v0*D)/(u0*fe) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnifying power is %0.1f ",M) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..003b84bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +f0=1.0 +u0=-1.1 //cm +D=25 +fe=5.0 +ve=25.0 + +//Calculation +v0=1/((1/f0)+1/u0) +d=v0+fe +M=-(v0*D)/(u0*fe) +ue=-1/((1/ve)+1/fe) +D1=v0-ue +M1=-(v0/u0)*(1+(D/fe)) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Distance between the lenses when image is at infinity %0.3f cm", d) +printf("\n (ii) Distance between the lenses when image is at distinct vision %0.2f cm",D1) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc93b8bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.16/Ex19_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +fe=3 +M=4 + +//Calculation +f0=fe*M + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length of the lenses is %0.3f cm and %0.3f cm",f0,fe) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4c1cb5f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.17/Ex19_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u0=-200.0 //cm +f0=30.0 //cm +fe=3 + +//Calculation +v0=1/((1/f0)+1/u0) +a=v0+fe + +//Result +printf("\n Separation between the objective and eyepiece is %0.1f cm",a) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac6d5335b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.18/Ex19_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +ve=24.0 +fe=8.0 +f0=250.0 +a=10 + +//Calculation +ue=1/((1/ve)-(1/fe)) +D=f0-ue +d=a/2.0 +A=d/f0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Distance between objective and eyepiece is %0.3f cm", D) +printf("\n (ii) Angle subtended by the sun at the objective is %0.3f rad",A) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b016880 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.19/Ex19_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +M=-20 +R=-120 + +//Calculation +f0=R/2.0 +fe=f0/M + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length of eyepiece is %0.3f cm", fe) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9088b85ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-25.0 //cm +v=-150.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((1/v)-1/u) +P=100/f + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length of the lens is %0.3f cm", f) +printf("\n Power of the lens is %0.2f D",P) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b5ae5fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.21/Ex19_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +u0=-200.0 //cm +fa=50.0 //cm +ve=-25.0 //cm +fe=5.0 //cm + +//Calculation +v0=1/((1/fa)+1/u0) +M0=v0/u0 +ue=1/((1/ve)-1/fe) +Me=ve/ue +D=v0-ue +M=M0*Me + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Saparation between the objective and eyepiece is %0.2f cm",D) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cf6928a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-25.0 //cm +v=-50.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((1/v)-1/u) + +//Result +printf("\n Focal length is %0.3f cm", f) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e0565e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +v=-80.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=v +P=100/f + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Power of the lens is %0.3f D", P) +printf("\n (b) No the corrective lens is concave and it reduces the size of the image. Because it bring the object at the far point of the eye") +printf("\n (c) The myopic person may have a normal near point. He must keep the book at a distance greater than 25 cm.") diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4d222fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +v=-75.0 //cm +u=-25.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=1/((1/v)-1/u) +P=100/f + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Power of the lens is %0.2f D",P) +printf("\n (b) The corrective lens produce a virtual imageof an object at 25 cm. The angular size of this image is the same as the object") +printf("\n (c) A hypermetropic eye may have normal far point.Hence the person prefers not to use the spectacles for distant object") diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f43a29f24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +P=-0.8 //d +v1=-15.0 //cm +v2=-100.0 //cm + +//Calculation +f=100/P +u1=1/((1/v1)-1/f) +u2=1/((1/v2)-(1/f)) + +//Result +printf("\n The person can see objects lying between %0.0f cm and %0.3f cm",-u1,-u2) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c431a3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-25 //cm +p=3.0 + +//Calculation +f=100/p +v=1/((1/f)+1/u) + +//Result +printf("\n Distance is %0.0f m",v) diff --git a/3769/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3769/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd0c37ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +u=-25.0 //cm +v=-90.0 //cm + +//calculation +f=1/((1/v)-1/u) +f1=(1/2.0)*10**2 +u=1/((1/v)-1/f1) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) focal length is %0.1f cm",f) +printf("\n (ii) Distance is %0.1f cm",u) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74d866b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=16*10**-19 +a=3.9*10**-12 +E=10**5 + +//Calculation +p=q*a +U=-p*E + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The electric dipole moment %0.3f Cm", p) +printf("\n (ii) Potential energy of dipole in the stable equilibrium position %0.3f J",U) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac6787be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=20*10**-6 +a=10**-2 +m=9*10**9 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +p=q*a +E=m*2*p/r**3 + +//Result +printf("\n Electric field intensity is %0.3f *10**5 N/C", E*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9868238 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +E=4*10**5 +q=1*10**-6 +a=3*10**-2 + +//Calculation +t=q*a*E + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum torque on the dipole is %0.3f *10**-2 Nm", t*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe6433581 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +q=1*10**-6 +a=2*10**-2 +E=10**5 + +//Calculation +p=q*a +W=2*p*E + +//Result +printf("\n Work done in the rotation is %0.3f *10**-3 J", W*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc9ff475a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=2*10**-6 +a=0.1 +m=9*10**9 +r=0.5 + +//Calculation +p=q*a +E=m*p/r**3 + +//Result +printf("\n Electric field intensity is %0.3f *10**4 N/C",E*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e8b5c5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +qa=2.5*10**-7 +qb=-2.5*10**-7 +a=15 +b=15 + +//Calculation +q=qa+qb +C=(a+b)*10**-2 +E=qa*C + +//Result +printf("\n Total charge is %0.3f \nElectric dipole moment of the system is %0.3f Cm",q,E) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98cea389 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +p=2*10**-8 +m=9*10**9 +r=1.0 + +//Calculation +// +b=3*cos(60*3.14/180.0)**2+1 +a=p*sqrt(b) +E=(m*a)/r**3 + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of electric intensity is %0.1f N/C",E) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c59022d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +p=5*10**-8 +m=9*10**9 +r=0.15 + +//Calculation +E=m*2*p/r**3 +E1=m*p/r**3 + +printf("\n (i) Electric field along AB is %0.2f *10**5 N/C",E*10**-5) +printf("\n (ii) Electric field along BA is %0.2f *10**5 N/C",E1*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b2b47df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +q=2*10**-8 +E=2*10**4 +m=80*10**-6 +g=9.8 + +//Calculation +// +a=q*E/(m*g) +b=atan(a)*180/3.14 +T=(q*E/(sin(b*3.14/180.0)))*10**-4 + +//Result +printf("\n The angle is %0.0f degree",b) +printf("\n Tension in the thread of the pendulum is %0.2f *10**-4 N",T*10**8) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5c8528f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +r=0.707 +q=5*10**-6 + +//Calculation +// +E=m*q/r**2 //along AO +E2=m*q/r**2 //along BO +E3=m*q/r**2 //along OD +E11=E+E2 +E12=E2+E3 +I=(2*E11*r)*10**-4 + +//Result +printf("\n Electric field at the centre of the sphere is %0.2f *10**4 N/C",I) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d45b537f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +q=5*10**-9 +x=0.15 //m +r=0.1 //m +a=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +E=(a*q*x)/((r**2+x**2))**1.5 + +//Result +printf("\n Intensity of the electric field is %0.0f N/C",E) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bafbd686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=10**-3 +F=1 +v0=20 +v=0 + +//Calculation +a=-F/m +s=v**2-v0**2/(2.0*a) + +//Result +printf("\n The distance is %0.3f m", s) diff --git a/3769/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3769/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..447332530 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q1=1/3.0*10**-7 +r=5*10**-2 +F=58.8*10**-3 + +//Calculation +q2=F*r**2/(q1*m) + +//Result +printf("\n Charge is %0.3f C", q2) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b7c46e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E=2.5*10**5 //lm/m**2 +r=1.5*10**11 //m + +//Calculation +// +l=E*r**2 +a=4*%pi*l + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Luminous intensity is %0.3f cd", l) +printf("\n (ii) Luminous flux of the sun is %0.3f *10**28 lm",a*10**-28) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fff6faf04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +L=800.0*10**-7 +C=3.0*10**8 +f1=4.5*10**6 //Hz + +//Calculation +f=C/L +d=(1/100.0)*f +E=d/L +G=d/f1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) number of channels for audio signal is %0.1f *10**8",E*10**-14) +printf("\n (ii) number of channels for video tv signal is %0.1f *10**5",G*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72dbffd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=6400*10**3 //m +h=160 + +//Calculation +// +d=sqrt(2*R*h) +h2=4*h + +//Result +printf("\n Height is %0.3f m", h2) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de9fa08aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=6.4*10**6 //m +h=110 + +//Calculation +// +d=(sqrt(2*R*h))*10**-3 +P=%pi*d**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Population covered is %0.1f *10**6",P*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.13/Ex20_13.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.13/Ex20_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0f5eb554 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.13/Ex20_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=6.4*10**6 //m +hr=50 //m +ht=32 //m + +//Calculation +// +d=sqrt(2*R*ht)+sqrt(2*R*hr) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum distance is %0.1f Km",d*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..794bdc64c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +I2=150 +I1=75.0 +E1=20 + +//Calculation +E2=(I2*E1)/I1 + +//Result +printf("\n Illumination is %0.3f lux", E2) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42e009f95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +I=35 +e=5.0 //lumen/watt + +//Calculation +// +a=4*%pi*I +P=a/e + +//Result +printf("\n Power of the lamp is %0.0f Watt",P) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebc0fa138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +t1=2.5 //second +r1=0.5 +r2=1 + +//Calculation +t2=(t1*r2**2)/r1**2 + +//Result +printf("\n exposure time is %0.3f s",t2) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..364d3158f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +i2=60 +r2=105.0 +r1=70 + +//Calculation +i1=(i2*r1**2)/r2**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The luminous intensity of the first lamp is %0.2f cd",i1) diff --git a/3769/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce b/3769/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49e25960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +ra=60 +rb=45.0 +a=40.0 + +//Calculation +ia1=(ra**2)/(rb**2) +ia=(ra**2)/(a**2) +i=ia-ia1 +A=(i*100)/ia + +//Result +printf("\n percentage of light is absorbed by the glass is %0.0f percentage",A) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e3670b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Goven +d=5*10**-3 //m +D=1.0 //m +b=0.1092*10**-3 + +//Calculation +l=(d*b)/D + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of light used is %0.3f A", l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd6ffaf9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +Imax=121 +Imin=81.0 + +//Calculation +a=Imax/Imin + +//Result +printf("\n The ratio of intensity at the maxima and minima is %0.2f ",a) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.13/Ex21_13.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.13/Ex21_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d32cd7ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.13/Ex21_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +l=5.0 //m +d=1 //mm + +//Calculation +a=d/l + +//Result +printf("\n Width of each slit is %0.3f mm", a) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f4a7b9d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +l=6200*10**-10 //m +D=0.8 +b=2.8*10**-3/4.0 + +//Calculation +d=(l*D)/b + +//Result +printf("\n Separation of the two slit is %0.1f mm",d*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41bcd25f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=62 +l=5893 +l1=4358.0 + +//Calculation +n=(a*l)/l1 + +//Result +printf("\n Fringes required is %0.0f ",n) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e33b53416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +l=6000*10**-10 //m +D=0.800 //m +d=0.200*10**-3 //m + +//Calculation +x2=(3*l*D)/(2.0*d) +x21=(2*D*l)/d + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Distance of the second dark fringe is %0.3f cm", x2*10**2) +printf("\n (ii) Distance of the second dark fringe is %0.3f cm", x21*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..543e3e941 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +Imax=16 +Imin=4 + +//Calculation +r=Imax/Imin + +//Result +printf("\n Deduce the ratio of intensity is %0.3f :1", r) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3904c1b31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +b=2 +u=1.33 + +//Calculation +b1=b/u + +//Result +printf("\n Fringe width is %0.1f mm",b1) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abafdda0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +b2=0.4 +b1=0.6 +l1=5000 + +//Calculation +l2=(b2*2*l1)/b1 + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of the light is %0.0f A",l2) diff --git a/3769/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce b/3769/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f533aa630 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +d=0.125*10**-3 //m +l=4500*10**-10 //m +D=1 //m + +//Calculation +x2=(2*D*l)/d +d1=2*x2 + +//Result +printf("\n Separation between the fringes is %0.3f mm", d1*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54dac36fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +D=1 //m +l=5*10**-7 //m +d=0.1*10**-3 //m + +//Calculation +W=(2*D*l)/d + +//Result +printf("\n Width of the central maximum is %0.3f cm", W*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e32a4103b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +d=2*10**-3 //m +l=5000*10**-10 + +//Calculation +Z=d**2/l + +//Result +printf("\n Fresnel Distance is %0.3f m",Z) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6996b25e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +l=5.50*10**-7 //m +D=5.1 + +//Calculation +a=(1.22*l)/D + +//Result +printf("\n Minimum angular separation is %0.1f *10**-7 rad",a*10**7) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..711db9fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.13/Ex22_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +l=6000*10**-8 +D=254.0 + +//Calculation +a=(1.22*l)/D + +//Result +printf("\n Limt of resolution of a telescope is %0.1f *10**-7 Radian",a*10**7) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1105686d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.16/Ex22_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1 +l=600*10**-9 //, + +//Calculation +// +rp=(2*u*sin(30*3.14/180.0))/l + +//Result +printf("\n Resolving power of a microscope is %0.2f *10**6",rp*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85fd41dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.17/Ex22_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +l1=15*10**-10 //m +l=6563*10**-10 +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +v=(c*l1)/l + +//Result +printf("\n Speed of star is %0.2f *10**5 m/s",v*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29188176d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.18/Ex22_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +l1=0.032 +l=100.0 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +v=-(l1*c)/l + +//Result +printf("\n Velocity of star is %0.3f *10**4 m/s",v*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a4b9b83f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +D=1.60 //m +l=6328*10**-10 //m +w=4.0*10**-3 + +//Calculation +d=(2*D*l)/w + +//Result +printf("\n Width of the slit is %0.2f mm",d*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..217966efc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.21/Ex22_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +a=60 //Degree +a1=90 + +// +A=tan(a*3.14/180.0) +ap=a1-a + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Refractive index of the medium is %0.3f ",A) +printf("\n (ii) The refracting angle is %0.3f degree",ap) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8efacac86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.22/Ex22_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +a=1.33 + +//Calculation +// +ap=atan(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle of incidence is %0.0f Degree",ap) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5690a8582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.23/Ex22_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=1.33 +a=90 + +//Calculation +// +ap=atan(u)*180/3.14 +A=a-ap + +//Result +printf("\n Angle between the sun and the horizon is %0.0f Degree",A) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2af0baabd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.26/Ex22_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +ap=60 //Degree +u=3 + +//Calculation +// +a=1/sqrt(u) +C=asin(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Critical angle for this medium is %0.2f Degree",C) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b20195b70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +l=7500*10**-10 +d=1.0*10**-6 +c=20 + +//Calculation +// +a=l/d +b=asin(a)*180/3.14 +A=2*b +x=c*tan(a*3.14/180.0) +w=2*x + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Width of central maximum is %0.0f Degree",A) +printf("\n (ii) Width of central maximum is %0.0f cm",w*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea0debd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l=6.3*10**-7 //m +a=3.6 //Degree +n=10 + +//Calculation +// +d=(n*l)/sin(a*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Slit width is %0.1f mm",d*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7b2ca67a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l=5500*10**-10 +d=0.01 + +//Calculation +// +a=l/d +b=asin(a)*180/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angular deflection is %0.4f Degree",b) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fdb1277a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l1=5890*10**-10 //m +l2=5896*10**-10 +d=2.0*10**-6 //m +D=2 //m + +//Calculation +x=(3*D*(l2-l1))/(2*d) + +//Result +printf("\n Spacing between the first maxima of two sodium lines is %0.3f *10**-4 m",x*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/3769/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..350e4774a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +d=3*10**-3 //m +l=500*10**-9 //m + +//Calculation +Z=d**2/l + +//Result +printf("\n Distance is %0.3f m",Z) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1752e48cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.62*10**-34 //J +c=3*10**8 //m/s +l=4.0*10**-7 //m + +//Calculation +E=((h*c)/l)/1.6*10**-19 +p=h/l + +//Result +printf("\n Value of energy is %0.1f ev",E*10**38) +printf("\n Momentum of photon is %0.3f kg m/s",p) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efa9111f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.6*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +l=2000*10**-10 +w0=4.2*1.6*10**-19 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +K=((h*c)/l)-w0 +v0=K/e +l1=(h*c)/w0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potential difference is %0.3f V", v0) +printf("\n (ii) Wavelength of incident light is %0.0f A",l1*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab2cbf628 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.6*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +w0=2.39*1.6*10**-19 +f1=4000.0 //A +f2=6000 //A +m=9.1*10**-31 +e=1.9*10**-19 +d=0.1 + +//Calculation +// +l=(h*c)/w0 +K=(12400/f1)-2.39 +vmax=sqrt((2*K*1.6*10**-19)/m) +B=(m*vmax)/(e*d) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum value of B is %0.2f *10**-5 T",B*10**5) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16dabba92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +w0=4.4 + +//Calculation +l=12400/w0 + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of visible light is %0.0f A",l) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2380bde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.625*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +l=5600*10**-10 +a=5 + +//Calculation +E=(h*c)/l +n=a/E + +//Result +printf("\n Number of visible photons emitted per second is %0.2f *10**19 ",n*10**-19) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.15/Ex23_15.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.15/Ex23_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b029d0ee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.15/Ex23_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +v=100 + +//Calculation +// +l=12.27/sqrt(v) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of an electron is %0.3f A", l) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.16/Ex23_16.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.16/Ex23_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc2fbb2a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.16/Ex23_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.62*10**-34 +m=9*10**-31 +v=10**5 +mp=1.67*10**-27 + +//Calculation +l=h/(m*v) +lp=h/(mp*v) + +//Result +printf("\n De-Broglie wavelength of electrons is %0.1f *10**-10 m",l*10**10) +printf("\n De-Broglie wavelength of protons is %0.4f *10**-10 m",lp*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.17/Ex23_17.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.17/Ex23_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60c898995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.17/Ex23_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +E=500*1.6*10**-19 +mp=1.67*10**-27 +h=6.62*10**-34 + +//Calculation +// +l=h/(sqrt(2*mp*E)) + +//Result +printf("\n De-Broglie wavelength is %0.2f *10**-12 m",l*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.18/Ex23_18.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.18/Ex23_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbfd636c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.18/Ex23_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +v=150.0 +mn=1.675*10**-27 //Kg +En=150*1.6*10**-19 +h=6.62*10**-34 + +//Calculation +// +le=12.27/sqrt(v) +ln=h/sqrt(2*mn*En) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) De-Broglie wavelength of electron is %0.0f A",le) +printf("\n (ii) De-Broglie wavelength of neutron is %0.4f A",ln*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.19/Ex23_19.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.19/Ex23_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc9d053cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.19/Ex23_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +l=2.0*10**-10 //m +h=6.62*10**-34 + +//Calculation +p=h/l + +//Result +printf("\n Momentum of electrons is %0.3f Kg m/s", p) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d1126ad6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +E=75*1.6*10**-19 //J +h=6.62*10**-34 //J s +c=3*10**8 //m/s + + +//Calculation +f=E/h +l=(12400/E)*1.6*10**-19 +f=c/(l*10**10) + +//Result +printf("\n Frequency of the photon is %0.0f *10**15 Hz",f*10**5) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.20/Ex23_20.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.20/Ex23_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198efd6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.20/Ex23_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l=1.4*10**-10 //m +h=6.63*10**-34 +l1=2.0*10**-10 +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +E=h*c*(1/l-1/l1) + +//Result +printf("\n Energy of the scattered electron is %0.2f *10**-16 J",E*10**16) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.22/Ex23_22.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.22/Ex23_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12af3bf64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.22/Ex23_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +me=9.11*10**-31 //Kg +lp=1.813*10**-4 +vp=3 + +//Calculation +mp=me/(lp*vp) + +//Result +printf("\n The particles mass is %0.3f *10**-27 Kg. The particle is proton",mp*10**27) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.23/Ex23_23.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.23/Ex23_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e2636de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.23/Ex23_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +l=0.82*10**-10 //m +h=6.6*10**-34 +m=9.1*10**-31 +c=3*10**8 //m/s + +//Calculation +// +le=sqrt((h*l)/(2*c*m)) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength associated with the photoelectrons is %0.4f A",le*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5f6ff5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.62*10**-34 //Js +f=880*10**3 //Hz +E1=10*10**3 + +//Calculation +E=h*f +n=E1/E + +//Result +printf("\n Number of photons emitted per second is %0.3f *10**31 ",n*10**-31) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c59e5d550 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +A=2*10**-4 +I=30*10**-2 +t=1 +E=6.62*10**-19 + +//Calculation +n=(I*A)/E + +//Result +printf("\n Rate at which photons strike the surface is %0.2f *10**13 photons/s",n*10**-13) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be64cee48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.62*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 +l=4500*10**-10 //m +w=2.3 + +//Calculation +E=(h*c)/l +E1=(E/1.6*10**-19)*10**38 +K=E1-w +f0=(w*1.6*10**-19)/h +p=h/l + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The energy of photon is %0.1f ev",E1) +printf("\n (ii) The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons is %0.1f ev",K) +printf("\n (iii) Threshold frequency for sodium is %0.1f *10**14 Hz",f0*10**-14) +printf("\n (iv) Momentum of a photon is %0.1f *10**-27 Kg m/s",p*10**27) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d031e16d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +//Given +l=36.0*10**-8 //m +w0=2*1.6*10**-19 //J +h=6.62*10**-34 //Js +c=3*10**8 +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9.0*10**-31 + +//Calculation +// +l0=(h*c)/w0 +E=(h*c)/l +E1=(E/1.6*10**-19)*10**38 +K=E1-2 +v0=K +vmax=sqrt(e*v0*2/m) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Threshold wavelength is %0.0f A",l0*10**10) +printf("\n (ii) Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons is %0.3f ev",K) +printf("\n (iii) Stopping potential is %0.3f Volts",v0) +printf("\n (iv) Velocity is %0.2f *10**5 m/s",vmax*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce b/3769/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24406e1c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +h=6.62*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +l0=24.8*10**-8 +a=1.2 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +w0=(h*c)/l0 +w01=(w0/1.6*10**-19)*10**38 +h1=w01+a +C=h1*e +l=(h*c)/C + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of incident light is %0.0f A",l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e3d95f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +k=7.68*10**6*1.6*10**-19 //J +e=1.6*10**-19 +Z=29 +m=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +r=(m*2*Z*e**2)/k + +//Result +printf("\n The distance of the closest approach is %0.1f *10**-14 m",r*10**14) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d23b7de79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.10/Ex24_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +Rh=1.097*10**7 + +//Calculation +l=9/(8.0*Rh) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of second line is %0.0f A",l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71a55fef2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.11/Ex24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +Rh=1.097*10**7 + +//Calculation +l=4/Rh + +//Result +printf("\n Shortest wavelength is %0.0f A",l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f26b6e93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.12/Ex24_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +Rh=1.097*10**7 + +//Calculation +l=4/(3.0*Rh) + +//Result +printf("\n Longest wavelength is %0.0f A",l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4677fbee --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.13/Ex24_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +n=1.0 +h=6.62*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +f=1.6*10**-19 +Z=2 + +//Calculation +E1=(-13.6*Z**2)/n**2 +l=-(h*c)/(E1*f) + +//Result +printf("\n Minimum wavelength is %0.0f A",l*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..783c73426 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.15/Ex24_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +Z=2 +e=1.6*10**-19 +e1=8.854*10**-12 +n=3 +h=6.62*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +v=(Z*e**2)/(2*e1*n*h) +a=v/c + +//Result +printf("\n Speed of the electron is %0.3f ",a) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7517bdac --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.16/Ex24_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +r=10**-10 +R=10**-15 +Rs=7*10**8 + +//Calculation +R1=r/R +Re=R1*Rs + +//Result +printf("\n Radius of the earths orbit is %0.3f m. Thus the earth would be much farther away from the sun",Re) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..093761a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.17/Ex24_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +E=-13.6*1.9*10**-19 //J +m=9*10**9 +e=1.6*10**-19 +n=1 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +r=(-e**2*m)/(2.0*E) +v=c/(137*n) + +//Result +printf("\n Orbital radius is %0.1f *10**-11 m",r*10**11) +printf("\n Velocity of the electron is %0.1f *10**6 m/s",v*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e87045b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.18/Ex24_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +v=2.2*10**6 +r=5.3*10**-11 + +//Calculation +// +f=v/(2*%pi*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Initial frequency of light is %0.1f *10**15 Hz",f*10**-15) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14c4de23e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.19/Ex24_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +m=10 //Kg +T=2*60*60 //S +rn=8*10**6 //m +h=6.62*10**-34 + +//Calculation +// +vn=(2*%pi*rn)/T +n=(2*%pi*rn*vn)/h + +//Result +printf("\n Quantum number is %0.1f *10**45 ",n*10**-44) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4e0884b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +a=10 //degree +e=1.6*10**-19 +Z=79 +m=9*10**9 +a=5.0*1.6*10**-13 + +//Calculation +// +b=(Z*e**2*(1/(tan(5*3.14/180.0)))*m)/a + +//Result +printf("\n Impact parameter is %0.1f *10**-13 m",b*10**13) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91f714c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.20/Ex24_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E2=18.70 +E1=16.70 +h=6.62*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +E=E2-E1 +l=(h*c)/(E*1.6*10**-19) + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength is %0.0f nm",l*10**9) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93353fa41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.21/Ex24_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +n1=2 +n2=3 +lb=6563 +a=20 +b=108.0 + +//Calculation +l1=(lb*a)/b + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength of first member is %0.0f A",l1) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d769336e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.22/Ex24_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +Rh=1.097*10**7 ///m +h=6.63*10**-34 +c=3*10**8 +n=2.0 +n1=4.0 + +//Calculation +E=(h*c*Rh*(1/n**2-1/n1**2))/1.6*10**-19 + +//Result +printf("\n Minimum energy is %0.2f ev",E*10**38) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1463b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.23/Ex24_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +Rh=1.097*10**7 +n2=4.0 +n1=3.0 + +//Calculation +lm=1/(Rh*(1/n1**2-1/n2**2)) +lm1=9/Rh + +//Result +printf("\n Wavelength is %0.1f nm. This wavelength is in infrared part",lm1*10**9) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45f2ea9cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +Z=79 +m=9*10**9 +e=1.6*10**-19 +r=4.0*10**-14 + +//Calculation +K=(m*2*Z*e**2)/(r*1.6*10**-13) + +//Result +printf("\n Energy is %0.2f Mev",K) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f37366a25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +v=2.1*10**7 //m/s +a=4.8*10**7 //C/Kg +Z=79 +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +r0=(2*m*Z*e*a)/v**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Distance of the closest approach is %0.1f *10**-14 m",r0*10**14) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6150746ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Z=79 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +v=1.6*10**-12 +m=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +// +b=(m*Z*e**2*(1/(tan(45*3.14/180.0))))/v + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Scattering angle is 180 degree") +printf("\n (b) The value of scattering angle decreases") +printf("\n (c) Impact parameter is %0.1f *10**-14 m",b*10**14) +printf("\n (e) Scattering angle is increase with decrease in impact parameter") diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01275e1c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +e=8.854*10**-12 +h=6.62*10**-34 +m=9*10**-31 +e1=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +r1=((e*h**2)/(%pi*m*e1**2))*10**10 +v1=e1**2/(2*e*h) +n=2*r1 + +//Result +printf("\n Radius of first orbit is %0.2f A",r1) +printf("\n Velocity of electron is %0.1f *10**6 m/s",v1*10**-6) +printf("\n Size of hydrogen atom is %0.2f A",n) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..560762879 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.8/Ex24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Given +n=1.0 +n1=2.0 +n2=3.0 +a=0.53*10**-10 +Z=3.0 + +//Calculation +r1=(a*n)/Z +r2=(a*n1**2)/Z +r3=(a*n2**2)/Z +E1=(-13.6*Z**2)/n**2 +E2=(-13.6*Z**2)/n1**2 +E3=(-13.6*Z**2)/n2**2 +E=E3-E1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Radii of three lowest allowed orbits is %0.2f A %0.2f A and %0.3f A",r1*10**10,r2*10**10,r3*10**10) +printf("\n (ii) Energy of three lowest allowed orbits is %0.3f ev %0.3f ev and %0.3f ev",E1,E2,E3) +printf("\n Energy of the photon is %0.3f ev",E) diff --git a/3769/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce b/3769/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..decfd7bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH24/EX24.9/Ex24_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +n=2.0 +n1=3.0 + +//Calculation +E2=-13.6/n**2 +E3=-13.6/n1**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Energies of two energy level is %0.3f ev and %0.2f ev",E2,E3) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83cf6c610 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +R0=1.2*10**-15 //m +A=208 +A1=16 + +//calculation +R=R0*A**0.33 +R1=R0*A1**0.33 + +//Result +printf("\n Nuclear radius of lead is %0.1f fm",R*10**15) +printf("\n Nuclear radius of oxygen is %0.0f fm",R1*10**15) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa0b77cfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +a=1.66*10**-27 //Kg +c=3*10**8 +mp=1.00727 +mn=1.00866 +mo=15.99053 + +//Calculation +E=(a*c**2)/1.6*10**-19 +m1=8*mp+8*mn-mo +a1=m1*E + +//Result +printf("\n Energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit is %0.1f Mev/c**2",a1*10**32) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50172e601 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +mp=1.007825 +mn=1.008665 +m=39.962589 +a2=931.5 +Z=40.0 + +//Calculation +E=20*mp+20*mn +m1=E-m +Eb=m1*a2 +B=Eb/Z + +//Result +printf("\n Binding energy per nucleon is %0.3f Mev/nucleon",B) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.12/Ex25_12.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.12/Ex25_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9585c0e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.12/Ex25_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +t=5000 //Days +t1=2000.0 +a=0.693 + +//Calculation +// +dt=(a*t)/t1 +N=log10(dt) +l=a*N/(t1) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The fraction remaining after 5000 days is %0.3f ",N) +printf("\n (ii) The activity of sample after 5000 days is %0.1f *10**8 Bq",l*10**5) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.13/Ex25_13.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.13/Ex25_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..141ecabb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.13/Ex25_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +N=3.67*10**10 //dis/second +r=226.0 +A=6.023*10**23 + +//Calculation +n=A/r +l=N/n +D=0.693/l +a=D/(3600.0*24.0*365.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Half life of radium is %0.0f years",a) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.14/Ex25_14.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.14/Ex25_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcd892dea --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.14/Ex25_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +N0=475 +N=270.0 +t=5.0 + +//Calculation +// +a=N0/N +l=log(a)/t +T=1/l +T1=0.693/l + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The decay constant is %0.3f /minute",l) +printf("\n (ii) Mean life is %0.2f minute",T) +printf("\n (iii) Half life is %0.2f minute",T1) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.15/Ex25_15.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.15/Ex25_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b37c5c06e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.15/Ex25_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +t=1500 +N=0.01 +N0=0.999 + +//Calculation +// +T=t*log(N)/log(0.5) +T1=t*log(N0)/log(0.5) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Years will reduce to 1 centigram is %0.1f years",T) +printf("\n (ii) Years will lose 1 mg is %0.2f years",T1) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.16/Ex25_16.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.16/Ex25_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26399632f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.16/Ex25_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=2*10**12 +b=9.0*10**12 +T=80 + +//Calculation +// +c=log(a/b) +t=-(c*T)/0.693 + +//Result +printf("\n Time required is %0.0f second",t) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.17/Ex25_17.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.17/Ex25_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b57e8d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.17/Ex25_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +T=6.0 +A=6.023*10**23 +W=99.0 + +//Calculation +// +l=0.693/T +N0=A*10**-12/W +A0=l*N0 +N=N0*(1/log10(l)) +A1=-(l*N) + + +//Result +printf("\n Activity in the beginning and after one hour %0.3f /h",A1*10**-8) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.18/Ex25_18.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.18/Ex25_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57dd880fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.18/Ex25_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +T=30.0 + +//Calculation +// +l=0.693/T +T1=1/l +t=log(4)/l +t1=log(8)/l + +//Result +printf("\n (i) average life is %0.4f /day",l) +printf("\n (ii) The time taken for 3/4 of the original no. to disintegrate is %0.2f days",T1) +printf("\n (iii) Time taken is %0.0f days",t) +printf("\n (iv) Time taken is %0.0f days",t1) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.19/Ex25_19.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.19/Ex25_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d5a06490 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.19/Ex25_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l=1620.0 +l1=405.0 + +//Calculation +// +T=(1/l)+(1/l1) +t=log(4)/T + +//Result +printf("\n The time during which three-fourths of a sample will decay is %0.0f years",t) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b76967283 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +me=9.1*10**-31 +c=3*10**8 +e=1.6*10**-19 +mp=1.673*10**-27 +mn=1.675*10**-27 + +//Calculation +E=(me*c**2)/e +E1=(mp*c**2)/e +E2=(mn*c**2)/e + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Equivalent energy of electron is %0.2f Mev",E*10**-6) +printf("\n (ii) Equivalent energy of proton is %0.1f Mev",E1*10**-6) +printf("\n (iii) Equivalent energy of neutron is %0.1f Mev",E2*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.20/Ex25_20.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.20/Ex25_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edc84c2a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.20/Ex25_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +C=3.7*10**10 //disintegrations/s +A=6.02*10**23 +B=234 + +//Calculation +D=(C*B)/A + +//Result +printf("\n Mass ofuranium atoms disintegrated per second is %0.3f *10**-11 g",D*10**11) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.21/Ex25_21.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.21/Ex25_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bf45da76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.21/Ex25_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +M=0.075 //kg /mol +m=1.2*10**-6 //kg +A=6.0*10**23 ///mol +t=9.6*10**18 +N=170 + +//Calculation +n=(A*m)/M +l=N/t +T=0.693/l + +//Result +printf("\n Half life of K-40 is %0.3f *10**9 years",T/(24.0*3600.0*365)*10**-9) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.22/Ex25_22.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.22/Ex25_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e9dced87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.22/Ex25_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +mp=232.03714 +mn=228.02873 +m0=4.002603 +a=931.5 +A=232.0 +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=1.66*10**-27 + +//Calculation +M=mp-mn-m0 +Q=M*a +K=(A-4)*Q/A +S=sqrt((2*K*e)/(4.0*m)) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Kinetic energy is %0.1f Mev",K) +printf("\n (ii) Speed of particle is %0.1f *10**7 m/s",S*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.23/Ex25_23.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.23/Ex25_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b72a63f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.23/Ex25_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +b=238 +c=206 +d=92 +e=82 + +//Calculation +a=(b-c)/4.0 +A=-d+(2*a)+e + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The emission of alpha particle will reduce the mass number by 4a and charge number by 2a") diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.27/Ex25_27.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.27/Ex25_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f7a559bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.27/Ex25_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +mp=10.016125 +mn=4.003874 +mp1=13.007490 +mn1=1.008146 +a=931.5 + +//Calculation +Mr=mp+mn +Mp=mp1+mn1 +Md=Mr-Mp +A=a*Md + +//Result +printf("\n Energy released in the reaction is %0.3f Mev",A) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.28/Ex25_28.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.28/Ex25_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98c4bfe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.28/Ex25_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +a=10**6 //J/s +E=200*10**6*1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +N=a/E + +//Result +printf("\n Number of fission per second is %0.2f *10**16 ",N*10**-16) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.29/Ex25_29.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.29/Ex25_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9285710 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.29/Ex25_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +P=3*10**8 //W +E=200*10**6*1.6*10**-19 +a=235 +m=6.023*10**23 + +//Calculation +E1=P*3600 +N=E1/E +M1=(a*N)/m + +//Result +printf("\n Mass of uranium fissioned per hour is %0.2f g",M1) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.30/Ex25_30.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.30/Ex25_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68d72d384 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.30/Ex25_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +m=6.023*10**26 +a=235.0 +t=30 //Days +E=200*10**6*1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +N=(2/a)*m +A=N/(t*24*60.0*60.0) +P=E*A + +//Result +printf("\n Power output is %0.1f Mev",P*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.31/Ex25_31.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.31/Ex25_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52bcebde6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.31/Ex25_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=1.0076 +mp=4.0039 +a=931.5*10**6 //ev + +//Calculation +Mr=4*m +Md=Mr-mp +E=Md*a*1.6*10**-19 + +//Result +printf("\n Energy released is %0.2f *10**-13 J",E*10**13) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.32/Ex25_32.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.32/Ex25_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aad12aff --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.32/Ex25_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +a=6*10**-3 //Kg +c=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +E=a*c**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Energy liberated is %0.3f J", E) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c596cfd47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +A2=235 +A1=16.0 +R1=3*10**-15 //m + +//Calculation +R=(A2/A1)**0.33 +R2=R*R1 + +//Result +printf("\n Nuclear radius is %0.3f fermi",R2*10**15) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ca7a0c29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +me=55.85 +u=1.66*10**-27 //Kg +R=1.2*10**-15 + +//Calculation +// +m=me*u +a=(3*u)/(4.0*%pi*R**3) + +//Result +printf("\n Nuclear density is %0.2f *10**17 Kg/m**3",a*10**-17) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1870c14a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +M=4.001509 //a.m.u +N=1.008666 +N1=1.007277 +a=1.66*10**-27 +c=3*10**8 +e=1.6*10**-19 +n=4.0 + +//Calculation +A=2*N1+2*N +M1=A-M +Eb=M1*a*c**2/e +B=Eb/n + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Mass defect is %0.3f a.m.u",M1) +printf("\n (ii) Binding energy is %0.1f Mev",Eb*10**-6) +printf("\n Binding energy per nucleon is %0.2f Mev",B*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce b/3769/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9c64052b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +ma=1.00893 +m1=1.00813 +m2=2.01473 +a=931.5 +a1=4.00389 + +//Calculation +m=ma+m1-m2 +Eb=m*a +m3=2*ma+2*m1-a1 +Eb1=m3*a + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Binding energy when one neutron and one proton combined together is %0.2f Mev",Eb) +printf("\n (ii) Binding energy when two neutrons and two protons are combined is %0.1f Mev",Eb1) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..500386502 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.47 +ue=0.39 //m**2/volt sec +uh=0.19 //m**2/volt sec +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +a1=1/a +ni=a1/(e*(ue+uh)) + +//Result +printf("\n Intrinsic carrier conceentration is %0.1f *10**19 /m**3",ni*10**-19) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.10/Ex26_10.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.10/Ex26_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0feefa350 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.10/Ex26_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +ni=1.5*10**16 ///m**3 +a=5*10**28 +b=10.0**6 + +//Calculation +Ne=a/b +nh=ni**2/Ne + +//Result +printf("\n Number of Electrons is %0.3f /m**3",Ne) +printf("\n Number of holes is %0.3f *10**9 /m**3",nh*10**-9) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.11/Ex26_11.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.11/Ex26_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df3e574e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.11/Ex26_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +d=4.0*10*-8 //m + +//Calculation +a=2/1.6*10**-19 +E=-a/d + +//Result +printf("\n Electric field is %0.0f *10**7 V/m",E*10**22) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c278b8a20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.01 +e=1.6*10**-19 +ue=0.39 + +//Calculation +a1=1/a +Nd=a1/(e*ue) + +//Result +printf("\n Donor concentration is %0.1f *10**21 /m**3",Nd*10**-21) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1be3fadaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +ni=2.5*10**19 ///m**3 +e=1.6*10**19 +ue=0.36 //m**2/volt sec +uh=0.17 + +//Calculation +a=ni*e*(ue+uh) + +//Result +printf("\n Conductivity is %0.3f S/m", a*10**-38) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3b74fb01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +ni=1.5*10**16 ///m**3 +nh=4.5*10**22 ///m**3 + +//Calculation +ne=ni**2/nh + +//Result +printf("\n ne in the doped semiconductor is %0.3f *10**9 /m**3",ne*10**-9) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.6/Ex26_6.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.6/Ex26_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4142022d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.6/Ex26_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +l=5890.0 //A + +//Calculation +E=12400/l + +//Result +printf("\n Minimum energy is %0.1f ev",E) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.8/Ex26_8.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.8/Ex26_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f58d0558 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.8/Ex26_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +E=0.65 +a=10**-10 + +//Calculation +l=(12400*a)/E + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is %0.1f *10**-6 m",l*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH26/EX26.9/Ex26_9.sce b/3769/CH26/EX26.9/Ex26_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d865510d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH26/EX26.9/Ex26_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=5 ///ohm/cm +ue=3900 //cm**2/vs +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +Nd=a/(ue*e) + +//Result +printf("\n Number density of donor atom is %0.2f *10**15 /cm**3",Nd*10**-15) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b0f8b532 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E=1.5 //V +Vd=0.5 //V +P=0.1 //W + +//Calculation +Imax=P/Vd +V=E-Vd +R1=V/Imax + +//Result +printf("\n Value of resistance is %0.3f ohm",R1) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68b7dfcf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.10/Ex27_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +A=0.9 +Ie=1 //mA + +//Calculation +Ic=A*Ie +Ib=Ie-Ic + +//Result +printf("\n Base current is %0.3f mA",Ib) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4a51630 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.11/Ex27_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +B=50 +Ib=0.02 //mA + +//Calculation +Ic=B*Ib +Ie=Ib+Ic + +//Result +printf("\n Ie = %0.3f mA",Ie) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d7cef6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.12/Ex27_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +B=49 +Ie=12 //mA +Ib=240 //microA + +//Calculation +A=(B/1+B)*10**-2 +Ic=A*Ie +Ic1=B*Ib + +//Result +printf("\n The value of Ic using A is %0.3f mA",Ic) +printf("\n The value of Ic using B is %0.3f mA",Ic1*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d9506a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.13/Ex27_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +B=45.0 +Ic=1 //V + +//Calculation +Ib=Ic/B + +//Result +printf("\n The base current for common emitter connection is %0.3f mA",Ib) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.14/Ex27_14.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.14/Ex27_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87f87d55d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.14/Ex27_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Vcc=8 //V +V=0.5 //V +Rc=800.0 //ohm +a=0.96 + +//Calculation +Vce=Vcc-V +Ic=V/Rc*10**3 +B=a/(1-a) +Ib=Ic/B + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Collector-emitter voltage is %0.3f V",Vce) +printf("\n (ii) Base current is %0.3f mA",Ib) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.15/Ex27_15.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.15/Ex27_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7741d555 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.15/Ex27_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=10 +b=2 +c=3 + +//Calculation +Vce=a-b +Ic=c-b +Ro=Vce/Ic + +//Result +printf("\n The output resistance is %0.3f k ohm",Ro) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.17/Ex27_17.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.17/Ex27_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90fb9e4bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.17/Ex27_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +Ri=665.0 //ohm +Ib=15.0 //micro A +Ic=2 //mA +Ro=5*10**3 //ohm + +//Calculation +Bac=Ic/Ib*10**3 +Av=Bac*(Ro/Ri) + +//Result +printf("\n The voltage gain is %0.0f ",Av) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.18/Ex27_18.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.18/Ex27_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95447e9fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.18/Ex27_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Vbb=2.0 //v +Rc=2000 //ohm +B=100 +Vbe=0.6 //V + +//Calculation +Ic=Vbb/Rc*10**3 +Ib=Ic/B +Ib1=10*Ib +Rb=(Vbb-Vbe)/Ib +Ic=B*Ib1 + +//Result +printf("\n d.c. collector current is %0.3f mA",Ic) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6d10534 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +V=2 //V +R=10.0 //ohm +R1=20.0 + +//Calculation +I=V/R +I1=V/R1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Current drawn from battery is %0.3f A", I) +printf("\n (ii) Current drawn from point B is %0.3f A",I1) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.20/Ex27_20.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.20/Ex27_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f7ef5d5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.20/Ex27_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +a=200 +b=50 +c=17 +d=5 +e=4000 + +//Calculation +Ib=(a-b)*10**-3 +Ic=c-d +B=Ic/Ib +D=e/B +Ap=B**2*D + +//Result +printf("\n The value of power gain is %0.3f *10**5",Ap*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.21/Ex27_21.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.21/Ex27_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39f1f409a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.21/Ex27_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +L1=58.6*10**-6 //H +C1=300.0*10**-12 //F + +//Calculation +// +f=1/((2.0*%pi)*sqrt(L1*C1)) + +//Result +printf("\n Frequency of oscillation is %0.0f KHz",f*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f9ae4666 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//given +Vl=15 //V +Rl=2.0*10**3 +Iz=10 //mA +R1=20.0 + +//Calculation +Il=(Vl/Rl)*10**3 +Ir=Iz+Il +Vr=Ir*10**-2*R1 +V=Vr+Vl + +//Result +printf("\n Voltage is %0.3f V", V) +printf("\n Zener rating required is %0.3f mA",Ir) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47d2cbc36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +N=10.0 +V=230 //V + +//Calculation +// +Vrpm=sqrt(2)*V +Vsm=Vrpm/N +Vdc=Vsm/%pi + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The output dc voltage is %0.2f V",Vdc) +printf("\n (ii) Peak inverse voltage is %0.2f V",Vsm) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2124db43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Given +Vm=50 //V +rf=20.0 +Rl=800 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +Im=(Vm/(rf+Rl))*10**3 +Idc=Im/%pi +Irms=Im/2.0 +P=(Irms/1000.0)**2*(rf+Rl) +P1=(Idc/1000.0)**2*Rl +V=Idc*Rl*10**-3 +A=P1*100/P + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Im= %0.0f mA \nIdc= %0.1f mA \nIrms= %0.1f mA",Im,Idc,Irms) +printf("\n (ii) a.c power input is %0.3f watt \nd.c. power is %0.3f watt",P,P1) +printf("\n (iii) d.c. output voltage is %0.2f Volts",V) +printf("\n (iv) Efficiency of rectification is %0.1f percentage",A) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6def42b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +rf=20 //ohm +Rl=980 +V=50 //v + +//Calculation +// +Vm=V*sqrt(2) +Im=(Vm/(rf+Rl))*10**3 +Idc=(2*Im)/(%pi) +Irms=Im/sqrt(2) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) load current is %0.1f mA",Im) +printf("\n (ii) Mean load currant is %0.0f mA",Idc) +printf("\n (iii) R.M.S value of load current is %0.3f mA",Irms) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff7a2718f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +N=5.0 +A=230 //V +B=2 +Rl=100 + +//Calculation +// +V1=A/N +V2=V1*sqrt(2) +Vm=V2/B +Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl) +Vdc=Idc*Rl + +//Result +printf("\n (i) d.c voltage output is %0.1f V",Vdc) +printf("\n (ii) peak inverse voltage is %0.0f V",V2) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..430a952cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +Il=4.0 //mA +Vz=6 //V +E=10.0 //V + +//Calculation +Lz=5*Il +L=Il+Lz +Rs=E-Vz +Rs1=Rs/(L*10**-3) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of series resister Rs %0.0f ohm",Rs1) diff --git a/3769/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce b/3769/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39c00ce82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +Vf=0.3 //V +If=4.3*10**-3 //A +Vc=0.35 +Va=0.25 +Ic=6*10**-3 +Ia=3*10**-3 + +//Calculation +Rdc=Vf/If +Vf1=Vc-Va +If1=Ic-Ia +Rac=Vf1/If1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) D.C. resistance is %0.2f ohm",Rdc) +printf("\n (ii) A.C. resistance is %0.2f ohm",Rac) diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a9a76091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +c=3*10**8 +f=30.0*10**6 +f1=300*10**6 +f2=3000*10**6 + +//Calculation +l=c/f +l1=l/2.0 +l2=c/f1 +l3=l2/2.0 +l4=c/f2 +l5=l4/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) length of half wave dipole antenna at 30 MHz is %0.3f m",l1) +printf("\n (ii) length of half wave dipole antenna at 300 MHz is %0.3f m",l3) +printf("\n (iii) length of half wave dipole antenna at 3000 MHz is %0.3f m",15) diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.14/Ex29_14.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.14/Ex29_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..277ea3167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.14/Ex29_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +h=300 +R=6.4*10**6 //m +N=10**12 + +//Calculation +// +d=sqrt(2*R*h) +fc=9*N**0.5 + +//Result +printf("\n fc= %0.3f MHz", fc*10**-6) +printf("\n 5 MHz comes via ionospheric propogation.and 100 MHz signal comes via satellite transmission.") diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.6/Ex29_6.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.6/Ex29_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a023bc98d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.6/Ex29_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +Pc=500 //watts + +//Calculation +Ps=(1/2.0)*(Pc) +Pt=Pc+Ps + +//Result +printf("\n (i) sideband power is %0.3f W",Ps) +printf("\n (ii) power of AM wave is %0.3f W",Pt) diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.7/Ex29_7.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.7/Ex29_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d25dc4bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.7/Ex29_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +Pc=50 +Ma=0.8 +Ma1=0.1 + +//Calculation +Ps=(1/2.0)*Ma**2*Pc +Ps1=(1/2.0)*Ma1**2*Pc + +//Result +printf("\n total sideband at 80percentageis %0.3f KW",Ps) +printf("\n total sideband at 10percentageis %0.3f KW",Ps1) diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.8/Ex29_8.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.8/Ex29_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..512a28409 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.8/Ex29_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +Fc=500 //KHz +Fs=1 //KHz + +//Calculation +A1=Fc+Fs +A2=Fc-Fs +B=A1-A2 + +//Result +printf("\n sideband frequancies are %0.3f KHz and %0.3f KHz",A1,A2) +printf("\n bandwidth required is %0.3f KHz",B) diff --git a/3769/CH29/EX29.9/Ex29_9.sce b/3769/CH29/EX29.9/Ex29_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9629795b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH29/EX29.9/Ex29_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +F=10**10 //Hz +D=8*10**3 //Hz + +//Calculation +B=2/100.0*10**10 +C=B/D + +//Result +printf("\n No. of telephones channels are %0.3f 10**4",C*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec7c83e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +q=300*10**-6 //c +V=6 + +//Calculation +W=q*V + +//Result +printf("\n Work done is %0.3f *10**-3 J", W*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e55c76da --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +m=3*10**-16 +g=9.8 +d=5*10**-3 +q=16.0*10**-18 + +//Calculation +V=(m*g*d/q)*10 + +//Result +printf("\n Voltage needed to balance an oil drop is %0.2f V",V) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9216d814 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=1.6*10**-19 //C +V=3000 //V +r=5*10**-2 //m +g=9.8 + +//Calculation +E=V/r +m=q*E/g + +//Result +printf("\n The mass of the particle is %0.1f *10**-16 Kg",m*10**16) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69fce57d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**-9 +q1=3*10**-9 +q2=3*10**-9 +q3=10**9 +r=0.2 + +//Calculation +W=m*((q1*q3/r)+(q2*q3/r)) + +//Result +printf("\n Workdone is %0.3f J", W) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e6b8247d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q=1.6*10**-19 +r=10**-10 + +//Calculation +U=m*q**2/r +K=U/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy is %0.3f J",K) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63b26419f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**-31 +V=10**6 +q=1.6*10**-19 +a=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +K=m*V**2 +r=a*q**2/K + +//Result +printf("\n Distance of the closest approach is %0.3f m", r) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0b5da2e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.53*10**-10 //m +q1=1.6*10**-19 //C +q2=-1.6*10**-19 //C +a=9*10**9 +r1=1.06*10**-10 + +//Calculation +U=a*q1*q2/r +Ue=U/q1 +K=-Ue/2.0 +E=Ue+K +U1=(a*q1*q2/r1)/q1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potential energy of the system is %0.1f eV",Ue) +printf("\n (ii) Minimum amount of work required to free the elctrons ia %0.1f ev",E) +printf("\n (iii) Potential energyof the system is %0.1f ev and work requiredto free the electrons is %0.1f eV",E,-E) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7ca3444 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +a=9*10**9 +q1=7*10**-6 //C +q2=-2*10**-6 +r=0.18 +r1=0.09 +A=9*10**5 + +//Calculation +U=a*q1*q2/r +W=0-U +U1=(q1*A/r1)+(q2*A/r1)+U + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Electrostatic potential energy is %0.1f J",U) +printf("\n (b) Work required to seperate two charges is %0.1f J",W) +printf("\n (c) Electrostatic energy is %0.3f J", U1) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b331f97e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//given +Va=-10 //V +W=300 //J +q=3.0 //C + +//Calculation +V=(W/q)+Va + +//Result +printf("\n The value of V is %0.3f Volts", V) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bec0d89e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +p=6*10**-6 +E=10**6 +a=1 + +//Calculation, +U1=-p*E*a +U2=(p*E*(cos(60)*180/3.14))*10**-2 +U3=U2-U1 + +//Result +printf("\n Heat released by substance is %0.0f J",U3) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..433fc503b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +q=10**-7 +e=8.854*10**-12 + +//Calculation +a=q/e + +//Result +printf("\n Electric flux through the surface of the cube is %0.2f Nm**2C-1",a*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f118f6805 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +q=8.85*10**-6 +e=8.85*10**-12 + +//Calculation +a=q/e +b=a/6.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Electric flux through each face is %0.2f Nm**2C-1",b*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ccabc3db --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +E0=2*10**3 //N/C +S=0.2 + +//Calculation +a=(3/5.0)*E0*S + +//Result +printf("\n Electric flux of the field is %0.3f Nm**2C-1", a) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ef6ff585 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.2 +m=9*10**9 +b=50 + +// +E=250*r +a=E*4*%pi*r**2 +q=b*r**2/m + +//Result +printf("\n Charge contained in a sphere is %0.2f *10**-10 C",q*10**10) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995f82922 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.1 //m +A=800 +e=8.854*10**-12 + +//Calculation +b=A*a**2.5*(sqrt(2)-1) +q=e*b + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The flux through the cube is %0.2f Nm**2C-1",b) +printf("\n The charge within the cube is %0.2f *10**-12 C",q*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c53ecbfdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +E=200 +a=0.05 +e=8.854*10**-12 +d=3.14 + +//Calculation +// +b=E*%pi*a**2 +c=2*b +q=e*d + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Net outward flux through each flat face is %0.2f Nm**2C-1",b) +printf("\n (b) Flux through the side of cylinder is zero ") +printf("\n (c) Net outward flux through the cylinder is %0.2f Nm**2C-1",c) +printf("\n (d) The net charge in the cylinder is %0.2f *10**-11 C",q*10**11) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2498f750 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=5.8*10**-6 //C +r=8*10**-2 //m +e=8.854*10**-12 +l=3.0 + +//Calculation +// +E=q/(2*%pi*e*r*l) + +//Result +printf("\n Electric field is %0.1f *10**5 N/C",E*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e952a1598 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Given +E=9*10**4 //N/C +r=2*10**-2 //m +m=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +a=r*E/(2.0*m) +printf("\n Linear charge density is %0.3f Cm-1", a) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08d9151e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q=16*10**-10 //C +r=0.1 +r1=0.06 +q1=12*10**-10 + +//Calculation +Vb=m*q/r +Vb1=m*q/r1 +V=Vb1-Vb +W=q1*V + +//Result +printf("\n Workdone is %0.3f *10**-8 J", W*10**8) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4dc5433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Z=79 +e=1.6*10**-19 +e0=8.854*10**-12 +R=6.2*10**-15 + +//Calculation +// +q=Z*e +E=q/(4.0*%pi*e0*R**2) +b=E/4.0 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The magnitude of the electric field at the surface of nucleus is %0.0f *10**21 N/C",E*10**-21) +printf("\n (ii) The magnitude of the electric field at a distance 2R from the centre of the nucleus is %0.2f *10**21 N/C",b*10**-21) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9810c9530 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +e=8.854*10**-12 +A=0.5 +F=1.8*10**-12 //N +E=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +q=(2*e*A**2*F)/E + +//Result +printf("\n Total charge on the sheet is %0.0f micro C",q*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab12f92e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +a=5*10**-6 +e=8.854*10**-12 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +// +b=-(a*%pi*r**2*(cos(60)*180/3.14))/(2*e) + +//Result +printf("\n Electric flux through a circular area is %0.2f *10**3 Nm**2C-1",b*10**-5) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71ad59483 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +r=3.4*10**-14 //m +n=47 +q=1.6*10**-19 //C +m=9*10**9 + +//Calculation +V=m*n*q/r + +//Result +printf("\n Electric potential at the surface of silver nucleus is %0.2f *10**6 V",V*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b67ae03a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q=4*10**-6 + +//Calculation +V=2*q*m + +//Result +printf("\n Electric potential is %0.3f *10**3 V", V*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3769/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c274358a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +q=250*10**-6 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +V=m*q/r + +//Result +printf("\n Electric potential at the centre is %0.3f *10**7 V", V*10**-7) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3314050f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +r=6.4*10**6 //m + +//Calculation +C=r/m + +//Result +printf("\n The capacitance of the earth is %0.0f micro F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6a1e985f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +A2=500 //cm**2 +A1=100 //cm**2 +d1=0.05 //cm + +//Calculation +d2=A2*d1/A1 + +//Result +printf("\n Distance between the plates of second capacitor is %0.3f cm", d2) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3743d5bda --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +c1=0.5 //micro F +c2=0.3 //micro F +c3=0.2 //micro F + +//Calculation +Cp=c1+c2+c3 +Cs=(1/c1)+(1/c2)+(1/c3) + +//Result +printf("\n The ratio ofmaximum capacitance to minimum capacitance is %0.1f ",Cs) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b99992551 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +Ca=18 //micro F +Cb=4 //micro F + +//Calculation +// +C=Ca*Cb +C12=sqrt(Ca**2-4*C) +C2=2*C12 + +//Result +printf("\n The capacitance of capacitor C1 is %0.3f micro F", C12) +printf("\n The capacitance of capacitor C2 is %0.3f micro F",C2) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67d0af888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +q=750*10**-6 +C1=15*10**-6 +V2=20.0 //V +C3=8*10**-6 + +//Calculation +V1=q/C1 +V=V1+V2 +q3=C3*V2 +q2=q-q3 +C2=q2/V2 + +//Result +printf("\n The value of V1 is %0.3f V", V1) +printf("\n The value of V is %0.3f V",V) +printf("\n The value of capacitance is %0.3f micro F",C2*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd6636508 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +C2=9.0 //micro F +C3=9.0 +C4=9.0 +C1=3 +V=10 //V + +//Calculation +C=1/((1/C2)+(1/C3)+(1/C4)) +Cab=C1+C +q=Cab*V + +//Result +printf("\n Equivalent capacitance between point A and B is %0.3f micro F", Cab) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bcd0e7da --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Given +Cab=10 //micro F +C1=8.0 //micro F +C2=8.0 +C3=8 +C4=8 +C5=12 +V=400 + +//Calculation +Cbc=((C1*C2)/(C1+C2))+C3+C4 +Cac=Cab*Cbc/(Cab+Cbc) +Ccd=C1+C5 +Cad=Cac*Ccd/(Cac+Ccd) +q=Cad*V +Vcd=q/Ccd +q1=C5*Vcd + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The equivalent capacitance between A and D is %0.3f micro f", Cad) +printf("\n (ii) The charge on 12 micro F capacitor is %0.3f mC",q1*10**-3) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb62c86fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +c=50*10**-12 +V=10**4 + +//Calculation +r=(m*c)*10**2 +q=(c*V) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Radius of a isolated sphere is %0.3f cm",r) +printf("\n (ii) Charge of a isolated sphere is %0.3f micro C", q*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c00d369b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +C1=5 //micro F +C2=6 //micro F +V=10 //V + +//Calculation +Cp=C1+C2 +q=Cp*V + +//Result +printf("\n Charge supplied by battery is %0.3f micro F", q) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..febb36012 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +C1=2 //micro F +C2=2 //micro F +C3=2 +C4=2 + +//Calculation +Cs=C1*C2/(C1+C2) +Cab=C3*C4/(C3+C4) + +//Result +printf("\n The capacitance of the Capacitors %0.3f micro F", Cab) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..337e2ab8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +C1=10.0 //micro F +C2=10.0 +C3=10.0 +C4=10*10**-3 +V=500 //V + +//Calculation +Cs=1/((1/C1)+(1/C2)+(1/C3)) +Cab=Cs+(C4*10**3) +Q=(C1*(500/3.0))*10**-3 +Q1=C4*V + +//Result +printf("\n (a) The equivalent capacitance of the network is %0.1f micro F",Cab) +printf("\n (b) The charge on 12 micro F Capacitor is %0.3f *10**-3 C",Q1) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..776b4f5df --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +C4=6 //micro F +C5=12 +C1=8.0 +C7=1 + +//Calculation +Cs=C4*C5/(C4+C5) +C11=(C1*Cs)/(C1+Cs) +Cs1=C1*C7/(C1+C7) +Cp=C11+Cs1 +C=1/(1-(1/Cp)) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of capacitance C is %0.2f micro F",C) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b879f39ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +K=5 +l=0.2 +c=10**-9 //F +b=15.4 +a=15 +pd=5000 //V + +//Calculation +// +C=(K*l*c)/(41.1*log10(b/a)) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The capacitance of cylindrical capacitor is %0.1f *10**-9 F",C*10**9) +printf("\n (ii) The potential of the inner cylinder is equal to p.d. between two cylinders i.e potentila of inner cylinder is %0.3f V",pd) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92aa60e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.25/Ex4_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +C=5*10**-6 +V=100 +C1=3*10**-6 + +//Calculation +q=C*V +Cp=C+C1 +pd=q/Cp + +//Result +printf("\n P.D across the capacitor is %0.3f V", pd) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5240cc85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +V=250 //V +C1=6 //micro F +C2=4 +Cp=10*10**-6 + +//Calculation +pd=V*C1/(C1+C2) +q=pd*C2*10**-6 +q1=2*q +pd1=q1/Cp +q2=C2*pd1 +q3=C1*pd1 + +//Result +printf("\n New potentila difference is %0.3f V", pd1) +printf("\n Charge on 4 micro F capacitor is %0.3f micro C",q2) +printf("\n Charge on 6 micro F capacitor is %0.3f micro C",q3) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84b38f59a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +C1=16*10**-6 // F +C2=4 //micro F +V1=100 //V +Cp=20*10**-6 //f + +//Calculation +q=C1*V1 +U1=0.5*C1*V1**2 +V=q/Cp +U2=0.5*Cp*V**2 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potential difference across the capacitor is %0.3f Volts", V) +printf("\n (ii) The electrostatic energies before and after the capacitors are connected %0.3f J",U2) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6431d1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +V=3.0*10**6 +r=2 + +//Calculation +q=(V*r)/m +E=0.5*q*V + +//Result +printf("\n The heat generated is %0.3f J", E) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff6de3450 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +r=3*10**-3 //m +m=9*10**9 +q1=27*10**-12 //C + +//Calculation +R=3*r +C=R/m +V=q1/C + +//Result +printf("\n Capacitance of the bigger drop is %0.3f pico F \npotential of the bigger drop is %0.3f Volts",C*10**12,V) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5d53ac0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +V=12 //V +C=1.35*10**-10 //C + +//Calculation +q=C + +//Result +printf("\n Extra Charge supplied by battery is %0.3f C", q) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2028b1b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +C=100*10**-6 //F +V=500 //V + +//Calculation +q=V/2.0 +E=0.5*(0.5*C*V**2) + +//Result +printf("\n Charge in the new stored energy is %0.3f J", E) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..633454a86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +A=2*10**-3 //m**2 +d=0.01 //m +t=6*10**-3 //m +K=3 +a=8.854*10**-12 + +//Calculation +C=a*A/(d-t*(1-(1/3.0))) + +//Result +printf("\n The capacitance of the capacitor is %0.2f *10**-12 F",C*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..495993134 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +e=8.854*10**-12 +A=2 +t1=0.5*10**-3 +t2=1.5*10**-3 +t3=0.3*10**-3 +K1=2.0 +K2=4.0 +K3=6.0 + +//Calculation +C=(e*A)/((t1/K1)+(t2/K2)+(t3/K3)) + +//Result +printf("\n The capacitance of the capacitor is %0.3f *10**-6 F",C*10**6) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5e2fab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=3 //mm +b=4.0 //mm +K1=5 + +//Calaculation +K2=1/((a**2/b)-a/b)*K1 + +//Result +printf("\n The relative permittivity of the additional dielectric is %0.2f ",K2) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3bf46369 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +d=5 +t=2 +K=3.0 + +//Calculation +D=d+(t-t/K) + +//Result +printf("\n New seperaion between the plates are %0.2f mm",D) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4560d12f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +d=4 +t=2 +K=4.0 +C1=50*10**-12 //f +V0=200 //V + +//Calculation +C=(d-t+(t/K))/d +q=C1*V0 +V=V0*C +U=0.5*q*V +E=0.5*q*(V0-V) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Final charge on ach plate is %0.3f C", q) +printf("\n (ii) P.D batween the plates is %0.3f volts", V) +printf("\n (iii)Final energy in the capacitor is %0.3f J", U) +printf("\n (iv) Energy loss is %0.3f J", E) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad186a8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.39/Ex4_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +V=25*10**5 +E=5.0*10**7 + +//Calculation +r=V/E + +//Result +printf("\n Minimum radius of the spherical shell is %0.3f cm", r*100) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562df4521 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**9 +ra=0.09 +rb=0.1 + +//Calculation +C=ra*rb/(m*(rb-ra)) + +//Result +printf("\n Capacitance of the capacitor is %0.3f pico F", C*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6e2c3534 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +d=10**-3 //m +c=1 //F +e=8.854*10**-12 + +//Calculation +A=c*d/e + +//Result +printf("\n Area is %0.1f *10**8 m**2",A*10**-8) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf858bf8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +A=0.02 //m**2 +r=0.5 //m + +//Calculation +// +d=A/(4.0*%pi*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Distance is %0.2f mm",d*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5daecc2e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +e=8.854*10**-12 +K=6 +A=30 +d=2.0*10**-3 +E=500 + +//Calculation +C=e*K*A/d +V=E*d*10**3 +q=C*V + +//Result +printf("\n Capacitance of a parallel plate %0.3f micro C",q*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3769/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b1a978f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +C=300*10**-12 +V=10*10**3 +A=0.01 +d=1*10**-3 + +//Calculation +q=C*V +a=q/A +E=V/d + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Charge on each plate is %0.3f C", q) +printf("\n (ii) Electric flux density is %0.3f 10**-4 C/m**2", a*10**4) +printf("\n (iii) Potential gradient is %0.3f V/m", E) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef54e0b5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +n=10**17 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +t=1.0 //S + +//Calculation +I=n*e/t + +//Result +printf("\n The magnitude of current in the wire is %0.3f 10**-2 A and direction is from left to right",I*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a0dd4251 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.12*10**-2 //m +I=10 +r1=0.08*10**-2 //m +I=10 //A +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +n=8.4*10**28 + +//Calculation +// +A=%pi*(r**2) +J=I/A +A1=%pi*r1**2 +Vd=I/(e*n*A1) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Current density in the alluminium wire is %0.1f *10**6 A/m**2",J*10**-6) +printf("\n (ii) Drift velocity of electrons in the copper wire is %0.1f *10**-4 m/S",Vd*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..848a13b44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +D=0.13*10**-2 +R=3.4 //ohms +l=10.0 + +//Calculation +// +A=(%pi/4.0)*D**2 +a=R*A/l +b=1/a + +//Result +printf("\n Conductivity of a material is %0.1f *10**6 S/m",b*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bfde0cde --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +A1=25.0 //mm**2 +l2=1 //m +R2=1/58.0 +A2=1 +l1=1000 + +//Calculation +R=(l1/l2)*(A2/A1) +R1=R*R2 + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.2f ohm",R1) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2006f5a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=4.5 +A1=1 +A2=2.0 +l2=3 +l1=1.0 + +//Calculation +R=(l2/l1)*(A1/A2) +R2=R*R1 + +//Result +printf("\n The resistance of another wire is %0.3f ohm", R2) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..277dc4ba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +r=1 +r1=0.5 +R1=0.15 //ohm + +//Calculation +// +A1=(%pi/4.0)*r**2 +A2=(%pi/4.0)*r1**2 +l=A1/A2 +R=l*l +R2=R*R1 + +//Result +printf("\n New resistance of the wire is %0.3f ohm", R2) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1c6b10d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +ne=2.8*10**18 +np=1.2*10**18 +e=1.6*10**-19 +t=1 //S +V=220 + +//Calculation +q=(ne+np)*e +I=q/t +R=V/I + +//Result +printf("\n Effective resistance of the tube is %0.0f ohm",R) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77be5c954 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=84 //g +d=10.5 //g/cm**3 +a=1.6*10**-6 + +//Calculation +V=m/d +s=V**(1/3.0) +R=a/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Resistance between the opposite faces is %0.3f ohm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f95c8e356 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +l=1.001 +A=1.001 + +//Calculation +R=l*A +R1=R-1 +A=R1*100 + +//Result +printf("\n Percentage change in its resistance is %0.1f percentage",A) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bc0d6d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +m=0.45 //Kg +R=0.0014 //ohm +a=1.78*10**-8 //ohm +d=8.93*10**3 //Kg/m**3 + +//Calculation +// +l=sqrt(R*m/(a*d)) +r=sqrt(m/(%pi*d*1.99)) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of length is %0.2f m",l) +printf("\n The value of radius is %0.2f mm",r*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3271eecc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//given +I=0.5 +T=1 +e=1.6*10**-19 +t=60 //minute + +//Calculation +n=I*T/e +q=I*t**2 +n1=q/e + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The number of electrons passing a cross section of the bulb is %0.1f *10**18 electrons/S",n*10**-18) +printf("\n (ii) The number of electrons is %0.1f *10**22 electrons/hour",n1*10**-22) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25bf83bb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +R15=80 //ohm +a=0.004 + +//Calculation +R0=R15/(1+15*a) +R50=R0*(1+a*50) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance at 50 degree C is %0.2f ohm",R50) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16af83691 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.21/Ex5_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +R20=20 //ohm +P=60 //W +V=120.0 //Volts +a=5*10**-3 + +//Calculation +I=P/V +Rt=V/I +t=(((Rt/R20)-1)/a)+R20 + +//Result +printf("\n Normal working temperature of the lamp is %0.3f degree C", t) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d76ab3b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +R0=5 //ohm +R100=5.23 //ohm +Rt=5.795 //ohm + +//Calculation +t=((Rt-R0)/(R100-R0))*100 + +//Result +printf("\n The temperature of the bath is %0.2f degree C",t) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4b9040c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +A=15*10**-4 //m**2 +a=7.6*10**-8 // ohm m +l=2000 //m +b=0.005 //degree/C + +//Calculation +R0=a*l/A +R50=R0*(1+(b*50)) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.3f ohm",R50) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b31da8c39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.004 +ac=0.0007 +R0=100 + +//Calculation +R=ac*R0/a + +//Result +printf("\n The resistance of a copper filament is %0.3f ohm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29c22f764 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.28/Ex5_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=4.0 //ohm +R2=4.0 //ohm + +//Calculation +Rab=1/((1/R1)+(1/R2)) + +//Result +printf("\n The equivalent resisatance is %0.3f ohm", Rab) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c275077d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=15 //ohm +R2=30 //ohm + +//Calculation +R=R1*R2/(R1+R2) + +//Result +printf("\n The equivqlent resistance between A and B is %0.3f ohm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..466865f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +f=6.8*10**15 //rev/sec +r=0.51*10**-10 //m + +//Calculation +I=e*f + +//Result +printf("\n The equivalent current is %0.3f *10**-3 A", I*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..010ce40cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=5 //ohm +R2=9 //ohm +R3=14 //ohm +R4=11 +R5=7 +R6=18 +R7=13 +R8=22 +V=22 + +//Calculation +Rec=(R1+R2)*R3/(R1+R2+R3) +Rbe=(R4+R5)*R6/(R4+R5+R6) +Rae=(R7+R2)*R8/(R7+R2+R8) +I=V/Rae + +//Result +printf("\n The value of current in the branch AF is %0.3f A", I) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bcdadeb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=12 //ohm +R2=6 //ohm + +//Calculation +Rdg=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +Rch=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +Rab=Rdg+Rch + +//Result +printf("\n The equivalent resistance is %0.3f ohm", Rab) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6a783283 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.33/Ex5_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +Rab=500.0 //ohm +Rl=500 //ohm +Rbc=1500 //ohm +E=50 //Volts +Rac=2000.0 //ohm +V=40 + +//Calculation +R=Rbc*Rl/(Rbc+Rl) +I=E/(Rab+R) +Pd=I*Rab +Rl1=E-Pd +I1=E/Rac +R12=V/I1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potential difference across the road is %0.2f V",Rl1) +printf("\n (ii) Resistance at BC is %0.3f ohm", R12) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7adc253e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.35/Ex5_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=5 //ohm +R2=5.0 //ohm +R=6 + +//Calculation +n=(1/(R-R1)*R2) + +//Result +printf("\n There are %0.3f resistance are in parallel", n) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603046ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.36/Ex5_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=20.0 //ohm +R2=10.0 //ohm +R4=10 + +//Calculation +Rbd=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) +Rae=R2+Rbd+R4 + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.2f ohm",Rae) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27d4906c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.37/Ex5_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=2.0 //ohm +R2=3 //ohm +R3=2.8 +E=6 //V + +//Calculation +Rab=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +Rt=Rab+R3 +I=E/Rt +Vab=I*Rab +I1=Vab/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n The steady state current is %0.3f A", I1) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccc9ed740 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.38/Ex5_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=3 //ohm +R2=3 +R3=6 + +//Calculation +Rad=(R1+R2)*R3/(R1+R2+R3) +Rae=(Rad+R1)*R3/(Rad+R1+R3) +Raf=(Rae+R1)*R3/(Rae+R1+R3) +Rab=(Raf+R1)*R2/(Rae+R1+R2) + +//Result +printf("\n the effective resistance between the point A and B is %0.3f Ohm", Rab) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8555b385e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.39/Ex5_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +//Given +R2=50.0 //ohm +R3=50.0 //ohm +R4=75.0 //ohm +E=4.75 +R1=100 + +//Calculation +Rbc=1/((1/R2)+(1/R3)+(1/R4)) +R=R1+Rbc +I=E/R +R11=I*R1 +Vbc=E-(I*R1) +I2=Vbc/R2 +I3=Vbc/R3 +I4=Vbc/R4 + +//Result +printf("\n Equivalent resistance of the circuit is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n Current in R2 is %0.3f A",I2) +printf("\n Current in R3 is %0.3f A",I3) +printf("\n Current in R4 is %0.3f A",I4) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f82d91fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.40/Ex5_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +V=19 +I1=0.5 +I2=2 //A +r=2 + +//Calculation +E=V+I1*r + +//Result +printf("\n E.M.F is %0.3f V", E) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e61913fed --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.41/Ex5_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +V=1.5 +a=1.5 +r1=0.5 //ohm +r2=0.25 +R=2.25 //ohm + +//Calculation +E=V+a +r=r1+r2 +Rt=r+R +I=E/Rt +pd=V-(I*r1) +pd1=V-(I*r2) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The circuit current is %0.3f A",I) +printf("\n (ii) P.D across the terminals of each cell is %0.3f V and %0.3f V",pd,pd1) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42e2d119a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.42/Ex5_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +n=10 +E=1.5 +R=4 //ohm +r=0.1 +a=8 + +//Calculation +Emf=n*E +Rt=R+(n*r) +I=Emf/Rt +Emf1=(a*E)-(2*E) +I1=Emf1/Rt +I11=I-I1 + +//Result +printf("\n Reduction in current is %0.3f A", I11) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90c41c48f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.43/Ex5_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +Emf=2 +Emf1=1.9 +Emf2=1.8 +R1=0.05 +R2=0.06 +R3=0.07 +R0=5 //ohm + +//Calculation +Emft=Emf+Emf1+Emf2 +R=R1+R2+R3 +Rt=R+R0 +I=Emft/Rt + +//Result +printf("\n The reading of the ammeter is %0.1f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..262efdcac --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.44/Ex5_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=6.0 //ohm +R2=3 +I=0.8 //A +a=24 + +//Calculation +I1=I*(R1+R2)/R1 +I11=I1-I +Rp=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +Rt=Rp+8 +r=(a/I1)-10 +V=I1*Rt + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Current in 6 ohm resistance is %0.3f A", I11) +printf("\n (ii) Internal resistance of the battery is %0.3f ohm", r) +printf("\n (iii) The terminal potential difference of the battery is %0.3f V", V) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d60e346c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.45/Ex5_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=2 //ohm +R2=4 +R3=6 +E=8 +r=1 + +//Calculation +Rac=(R1+R2)*R3/(R1+R2+R3) +I=E/(Rac+r) +I1=I/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Internal resistance is %0.3f A", I1) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc600bbdf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.46/Ex5_46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +//Given +E=1 +R=2 + +//Calculation +r=(E*R)-E +printf("\n The internal resisatnce of aech cell is %0.3f ohm",r) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71127c13c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.47/Ex5_47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=15.0 // ohm +R2=15.0 +E=2 +V=1.6 + +//Calculation +R=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +r=((E/V)-1)*R*4 + +//Result +printf("\n Internal resisatnce of each cell is %0.3f ohm", r) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c3ae0d3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.48/Ex5_48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +I1=1 //A +E=1.5 +I2=0.6 +R2=2.33 //ohm + +//Calculation +R=2*E/I1 +R1=2*E/I2 +r=R1-2*R2 + +//Result +printf("\n Internal resisatnce of each battery is %0.3f ohm", r) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d46542b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.49/Ex5_49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=4 //ohm +R2=4 //ohm +R3=12 +R4=6.0 +E=16 +r=1 //ohm + +//calculation +Rab=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +Rcd=R3*R4/(R3+R4) +R=Rab+Rcd+1 +I=E/(R+r) +I1=I/2.0 +I3=I*R4/(R3+R4) +I4=I*R3/(R3+R4) +Vab=4*I1 +Vbc=I*1 +Vcd=12*I3 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) equivalent resistance of the network is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n (ii) Circuit current is %0.3f A , Current in R1 is %0.3f A , Current in R3 is %0.2f A , Current in R4 is %0.2f ",I,I1,I3,I4) +printf("\n Voltage drop Vab is %0.3f V \nVbc is %0.3f V \nVcd is %0.3f V",Vab,Vbc,Vcd) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12cbee457 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +I=10 //A +A=1 //m*m**2 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +n=10**28 //m**-3 + +//Calculation +Vd=I/(n*A*e) + +//Result +printf("\n Drift velocity of the conduction electrons are %0.3f m/s", Vd) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bacf3d468 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +I=10 //A +A=4*10**-6 //m**2 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +n=8*10**28 //m**-3 +l=4 + +//Calculation +Vd=I/(n*A*e) +t=l/Vd + +//Result +printf("\n Time required by an electron is %0.3f *10**4 S", t*10**-4) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9dc32885 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +//Given +a=6.023*10**23 +m=63.5*10**-3 +d=9*10**3 +A=10**-7 //m**2 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +I=1.5 //a +K=1.38*10**-23 //J/K +T=300 //K +Vd=1.1*10**-3 +C=3*10**8 + +//Calculation +// +n=a*d/m +Vd=I/(n*A*e) +V=sqrt((3*K*T*a)/m) +V1=Vd/V +E=Vd/C + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary temperatures are %0.2f *10**-6 m/s",V1*10**6) +printf("\n (ii) Speed of propagation of electric fild is %0.1f *10**-12 ",E*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b909daa39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +V=5 +l=0.1 +Vd=2.5*10**-4 + +//Calculation +E=V/l +u=Vd/E + +//Result +printf("\n The electron mobility is %0.3f m**2/V/C", u) diff --git a/3769/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3769/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7048fe8bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +I=2.4 +A=0.30*10**-6 +m=9.1*10**-31 +n=8.4*10**28 +e=1.6*10**-19 +E=7.5 + +//Calculation +J=I/A +t=m*J/(n*e**2*E) + +//Result +printf("\n Average relaxation time is %0.2f *10**-16 S",t*10**16) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13e0498b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +a=4 +b=2.0 +c=8 +d=5 +e=3.0 + +//Calculation +I1=((a*c)+(b*e))/((b*c)+(d*e)) +I2=(a-(2*I1))/e +V=(I1-I2)*5 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Current through each battery is %0.2f A and %0.2f A",I1,I2) +printf("\n (ii) Terminal voltage is %0.2f V",V) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dc55dd87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=28 +b=5.0 +c=2 + +//Calculation +Rak=a/(b*c) + +//Result +printf("\n Total resistance from one end of vacant edge to other end is %0.3f ohm", Rak) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2b50476d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +R=10 +l2=68.5 +l1=58.3 + +//Calculation +X=R*(l2/l1) + +//Result +printf("\n Value of X is %0.1f ohm",X) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baf919406 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +R=2 //ohm +R1=2.4 //ohm +V=4 //V +E=1.5 + +//Calculation +R11=R+R1 +I=V/R11 +Vab=I*R +K=Vab +l=E/K + +//Result +printf("\n Length for zero galvanometer deflection is %0.3f m", l) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14567a576 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +l1=33.7 +l2=51.9 + +//Calculation +S1=l1/(100-l1) +s11=l2/(100-l2) +s=((s11*12)/S1)-12 +R=s*S1 + +//Result +printf("\n Value of R is %0.2f ohm \nValue of S is %0.1f ohm",R,s) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24d7f364b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.4 +b=0.6 +lab=10 + +//Calculation +K=a/b +Vab=K*lab + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Potentila gradient along AB is %0.2f V/m",K) +printf("\n (ii) P.D between point A and B is %0.2f V",Vab) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..394666176 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=990 //ohm +R=10.0 //ohm +E=2 +l=1000 //mm +l1=400 //mm + +//Calculation +Rt=R1+R +I=E/Rt +pd=I*R +K=pd/l +pd1=K*l1 + +//Result +printf("\n e.m.f. generated by the thermocouple is %0.3f V", pd1) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c83e5edc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.18/Ex6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +AB=600 //cm +AC=500.0 //cm +l=40*10**-3 //A +E=2 +r=10 + +//Calculation +R=2*AB/(AC*l) +K=2/AC +AC1=AC-r +pd=K*AC1 +Iv=(E-pd)/r +R1=pd/Iv + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The resistance of the whole wire is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n (ii) Reading of voltmeter is %0.3f V", pd) +printf("\n (iii) Resistance of the voltmeter is %0.3f ohm",R1) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b6968e39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.20/Ex6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +a=6 +b=2 + +//Calculation +R1=a/((b*b)-1) +R2=b*R1 + +//Result +printf("\n Resistance R1 is %0.3f ohm \nR2 is %0.3f Ohm",R1,R2) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1fe38696 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.21/Ex6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +R=20 //ohm +L=10 //m +pd=10**-3 //V/m +V=10**-2 //Volts + +//Calculation +I=V/R +R11=(2/I)-R + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.3f ohm", R11) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..433d8a7a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +a=10 +b=5.0 +c=9.0 +d=19.0 + +//Calculation +I2=(a-c)/((b*a)-(d*c)) +I1=(1-(5*I2))/c +I=I1+I2 +pd=I*10 + +//Result +printf("\n Current through each cell is %0.2f A",I) +printf("\n Potential difference across 10 ohm wire is %0.3f V",pd) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f228e94a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=-3 +b=4.0 +c=3 + +//Calculation +I1=a/(b+(c**2)) +I2=-1-c*I1 +I3=-(I1+I2) + +//Result +printf("\n Current through each cell is %0.2f A %0.2f A and %0.2f A",I1,I2,I3) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b41db82f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +a=15 +b=4 +c=12.0 +d=10 + +//Calculation +R=(a*b)/c +X=(d*R)/(d-R) + +//Result +printf("\n The value of resistance is %0.3f ohm", X) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981f0261c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=4 //ohm +R2=3 //ohm +R3=2.0 +R11=2.4 //ohm +E=6 + +//Calculation +X=(R1*R2)/R3 +R4=R2+X +R5=R1+R3 +Rt=((R4*R5)/(R4+R5))+R11 +I=E/Rt + +//Result +printf("\n the value of unknown resistance is %0.3f ohm", X) +printf("\n The current drawn by the circuit is %0.3f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3769/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc566982 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +a=10 +b=7.0 +c=5 +d=4 +e=8.0 + +//Calculation +I1=(a+a)/(b+1) +I3=(c+(4*I1))/e +I2=(-a+(6*I3)+I1)/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Current I1= %0.3f A \nI2= %0.3f A \nI3= %0.3f A",I1,I2,I3) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd53ef70d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +E=12 //V +I=1 //A +r=0.5 //ohm + +//Calculation +P1=E*I +P2=I**2*r +P=P1-P2 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Rate of consumption of chemical energy is %0.3f W", P1) +printf("\n (ii) Rate Of energy dissipated inside the battery is %0.3f W",P2) +printf("\n (iv) Rate of energy dissipated in the resistor is %0.3f W", P) +printf("\n (v) Power output of the source is %0.3f W",P) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d82071f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Given +P=110 //W +P1=100 //W +n=5 +V=220 //V +t=2 //hours +n1=4 +P2=1120 //W +m=1.5 //per KWh + +//Calculation +W=n*P1 +W1=V*t +W2=n1*P +W3=W+W1+W2+P2 +E=(W3*t)*10**-3 +E2=E*30 +B=m*E2 + +//Result +printf("\n Electricity bill for the month of september is %0.3f Rs", B) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2af081e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +V=220 //V +P=60.0 //W +P1=85 //w + +//Calculation +// +R=V**2/P +V1=sqrt(P1*R) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum voltage is %0.1f V",V1) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2eb77f35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +V=200 //V +P=500.0 //W +V1=160 //v + +//Calculation +R=V**2/P +H=V1**2/R +P1=P-H +H1=P1*100/P + +//Result +printf("\n Heat percentage is %0.3f percentage", H1) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0381b48af --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +m=900 +w=100.0 +c=1 +a=80 +b=4.2 +V=210 //V +x=12 +y=60 + +//Calculation +Hout=(m+w)*c*a +Hin=(V*x*y)/b +Hin1=90/w*Hin +I=Hout/Hin1 + +//Result +printf("\n Strength of the current is %0.3f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc08bc97c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +a=0.8 + +//Calculation +H=a**2 +H1=(1-H)*100 + +//Result +printf("\n Decreased percentage is %0.3f percentage", H1) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d34591133 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +a=14 +b=60 +c=24 +d=7.0 + +//Calculation +t=a*b/60.0 +t1=(c/d) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Time in series is %0.3f minute", t) +printf("\n (ii) Time in parallel is %0.2f minute",t1) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f3e267c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +I=0.5 +R=100 +t=30 +a=4.2 +m=200 //g +w=10 //g + +//Calculation +H=I**2*R*t*60/a +A=H/(m+w) + +//Result +printf("\n The rise of temperature is %0.2f degree C",A) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c17b48f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +V=230 //v +P=100 +t=20*60 +V1=115 //V + +//Calculation +R=V**2/P +E=(V1**2*t)/R + +//Result +printf("\n Heat and light energy is %0.3f J", E) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e038fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +c=4.2 //KJ/Kg/C +m=0.2 //Kg +a=90 +b=20 +t=30 +V=230 + +//calculation +d=a-b +H=c*m*d +P=H/t +I=P/V + +//Result +printf("\n The value of current is %0.2f A",I*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21f5a3e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +P=500 //W +V=200.0 //V +V1=240 + +//Calculation +I=P/V +R=V1-V +R1=R/I + +//Result +printf("\n The value of R= %0.3f ohm",R1) +printf("\n Current in a circuit is %0.3f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..600dae6fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +P1=100.0 //W +P=1100.0 //W +V=250 + +//Calculation +P2=P-P1 +R=V**2/P2 + +//Result +printf("\n The value of unknown resistance is %0.3f ohm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13ee9d50c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +m=1 +c=1 +a=100 //W +b=15 +t=7.5 //second +P=1 //KW +C=860 //Kcal + +//Calculation +A=m*c*(a-b) +B=P*t/60.0 +D=B*C +n=A*a/D + +//Result +printf("\n Efficiency of the kettle is %0.1f percentage",n) diff --git a/3769/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3769/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85d85cd57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +H1=10 +a=5.0 +b=4.2 + +//Calculation +I1=(H1*b)/(a*4) +A=I1*4/b + +//Result +printf("\n Heat generated in 4 ohm resistor is %0.3f cal/sec", A) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9519e35e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +q=1.6*10**-19 //c +B=0.1 //T +v=5.0*10**6 //m/s +a=90 //degree + +//Calculation +// +Fm=q*v*B*sin(a) + +//Result +printf("\n Force on the proton is %0.1f *10**-14 N",Fm*10**14) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fee128301 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.02 //m +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m +I=12 //A + +//Calculation +B=u*I/(4*r) + +//Result +printf("\n The magnitude of magnetic field is %0.2f *10**-4 T",B*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0fe49128 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +v=4*10**6 +r=0.5*10**-10 +e=1.6*10**-19 +t=1 +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m + +//Calculation +// +f=v/(2.0*%pi*r) +I=f*e/t +B=u*I/(2*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic field produced by the electrons is %0.1f T",B) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3213251e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +n=100 +I=5 //A +r=0.1 //m +x=0.05 +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m + +//Calculation +B=u*n*I/(2*r) +B1=(u*n*I*r**2)/(2.0*(r**2+x**2)**1.5) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnetic field at the centre of the coil is %0.3f *10**-3 T",B*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) The magnetic field at the point on the axis of the coil is %0.2f *10**-3 T",B1*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6baaddce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +a=5*10**-2 +I=50 +e=1.6*10**-19 +B1=10**7 +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m + +//Calculation +// +B=u*I/(2*%pi*a) +F=e*B1*B + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Force on electron when velocity is towards the wire %0.1f *10**-16 N",F*10**16) +printf("\n (ii) Force on electron when velocity is parallel to the wire %0.1f *10**-16 N",F*10**16) +printf("\n (iii) Force on electron when velocity is perpendicular to the wire is zero") diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e8aa825a --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +n=1.0*10**29 //m**-3 +e=1.6*10**-19 //C +A=2*10**-6 //m**2 +I=5 //A +B=0.15 //T +a=90 //degree + +//Calculation +// +Vd=I/(n*e*A) +Fm=e*Vd*B*sin(a) + +//Result +printf("\n Force acting on each electron is %0.2f *10**-24 N",Fm*10**24) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd74e2d4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +e=1.6*10**-19 +f=6.8*10**15 +r=0.51*10**-10 +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m + +//Calculation +// +I=e*f +B=(u*I)/(2*r) +M=1*I*%pi*r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n The effective dipole moment is %0.0f *10**-24 Am**2",M*10**24) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42715aeb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +n=5*850/1.23 +I=5.57 //A + +//calculation +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=u*n*I + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of magnetic field is %0.1f *10**-3 T",B*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4740aaccc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +r1=20 +r2=25 +I=2 //a + +//Calculation +// +r=(r1+r2)/2.0 +l=(2*%pi*r)*10**-2 +n=1500/l +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=u*n*I + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Magnetic field inside the toroid is %0.3f T",B) +printf("\n (ii) magnetic field outside the toroid is zero") diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85abdb40b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +q=2*1.6*10**-19 //C +v=6*10**5 //m/s +B=0.2 //T +a=90 //degree +m=6.65*10**-27 + +//Calculation +// +Fm=q*v*B*sin(a) +a=Fm/m + +//Result +printf("\n Force on alpha particle is %0.2f *10**-14 N",Fm*10**14) +printf("\n Acceleration of alpha particle is %0.2f *10**12 m/s**2",a*10**-12) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d2ee702 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +a=60 //degree +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m +Bc=2 + +//Calculation +// +a=(Bc/2.0)/(tan(60)*180/3.14) +B1=(10**-7*tan(60)*(sin(60*180/3.14)+sin(60*180/3.14)))*10 +B=3*B1 + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic fieldat the centroid of the triangle is %0.0f *10**-7 T",B*10**7) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eea3a682 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +n=20 +I=1 //A +r=0.08 //m +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m + +//Calculation +B=u*n*I/(2*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the magnetic field is %0.3f *10*4 T", B*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9356a41ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +u=10**-7 +I=10*10**-2 //A +r=0.5 + +//Calculation +B=u*I/r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic field on Y axis is %0.3f K^ T", B) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..604709278 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +I=5 //A +l=0.01 //m +a=45 //degree +r=2 //m +u=10**-7 + +//Calculation +// +B=(u*I*l*sin(a)*180/3.14)/r**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic field is %0.1f *10**-10 T",B*10**8) diff --git a/3769/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3769/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4861d4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +u=4*3.14*10**-7 //T/A m +n=20 +I=12 //A +r=0.1 //m + +//Calculation +B=u*n*I/(2*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnetic field at the centre of coil is %0.1f *10**-3 T",B*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c09f4210b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +V=90 //V +d=2.0*10**-2 +e=1.8*10**11 +x=5*10**-2 +v=10**7 + +//Calculation +E=V/d +a=e*E +t=x/v +y=0.5*a*t**2 + +//Result +printf("\n Transverse deflection produced by electric field is %0.1f cm",y*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e63222c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +I=4 +u=10**-7 +a=0.2 //m +v=4*10**6 +q=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +B=(u*2*I)/a +F=q*v*B + +//Result +printf("\n Force is %0.3f N", F) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be0cd7169 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E=3.4*10**4 //V/m +B=2*10**-3 //Wb/m**2 +m=9.1*10**-31 +e=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +v=E/B +r=(m*v)/(e*B) + +//Result +printf("\n Radius of the circular path is %0.1f *10**-2 m",r*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61f64ad0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +V=600 //V +d=3*10**-3 //m +v=2*10**6 //m/s + +//Calculation +B=V/(d*v) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of magnetic field is %0.3f T", B) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690c059c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +q=1.6*10**-19 //c +B=2 //T +m=1.66*10**-27 //Kg +K=5*10**6 + +//Calculation +// +f=(q*B)/(2.0*%pi*m) +v=sqrt((2*K*q)/m) +r=(m*v)/(q*B) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The frequency needed for applied alternating voltage is %0.0f *10**7 HZ",f*10**-7) +printf("\n (ii) Radius of the cyclotron is %0.2f m",r) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76c61ed56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +B=1.7 //T +q=1.6*10**-19 //c +r=0.5 +m=1.66*10**-27 + +//Calculation +K=((B**2*q**2*r**2)/(2.0*m))/q + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy of proton is %0.0f Mev",K*10**-6) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b770f5ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +B=0.8 +q=3.2*10**-19 //C +d=1.2 +m=4*1.66*10**-27 //Kg +a=1.60*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +r=d/2.0 +K=(B**2*q**2*r**2)/(2.0*m*a) +v=(q*B*r)/m +f=(q*B)/(2.0*%pi*m) + +//Result +printf("\n Frequency of alternating voltage is %0.2f *10**7 HZ",f*10**-7) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c105ad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +q=1.6*10**-19 //C +r=0.6 //m +m=1.67*10**-27 //Kg +f=10**7 + +//Calculation +// +B=(2*%pi*m*f)/q +K=((B**2*q**2*r**2)/(2.0*m))/1.6*10**-13 + +//Result +printf("\n Kinetic energy of the protons is %0.1f Mev",K*10**26) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5f1c5c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +I=5 //A +l=0.06 //m +B=0.02 //T +a=90 + +//Calculation +// +F=I*B*l*sin(a*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Force is %0.3f N",F) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed7f08a63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +V=500 +d=2*10**-2 //m +v=3*10**7 +x=6*10**-2 +e=1.8*10**11 + +//Calculation +// +E=V/d +a=E*e +t=x/v +v1=a*t +T=v1/v +A=atan(T)*180.0/3.14 + +//Result +printf("\n Angle is %0.1f degree",A) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..862154294 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +m=0.2 //Kg +I=2 //A +l=1.5 //m +g=9.8 + +//Calculation +B=(m*g)/(I*l) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the magnetic field is %0.2f T",B) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a26c17320 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//given +r=0.002 //m +m=0.05 +g=9.8 + +//Calculation +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +f=u/(2*%pi*r) +f1=m*g +I=sqrt(f1*f**-1) + +//Result +printf("\n Current in each wire is %0.3f A", I) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e667b74d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +r=0.04 //m +I1=20 +I2=16 +l=0.15 +r1=0.1 + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +F1=(u*I1*I2*l)/(2.0*%pi*r) +F2=(u*I1*I2*l)/(2.0*%pi*r1) +F=F1-F2 + +//Result +printf("\n Net force on the loop is %0.3f *10**-4 N", F*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62cb4fe36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=0.3 //Kg +a=30 //degree +B=0.15 //T +g=9.8 //m/s**2 + +//Calculation +// +I=(m*g*tan(a*3.14/180.0))/B + +//Result +printf("\n value of current is %0.2f A",I) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb94b5ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +B=3*10**-5 //T +I=1 //A + +//Calculation +F=I*B*sin(90) + +//Result +printf("\n The direction of the force is downward i.e %0.0f *10**-5 N/m",F*10**5) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d2c5efd --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +clear +//Given +m=1.2*10**-3 +B=0.6 //T +g=9.8 //m/s**2 +r=0.05 +b=3.8 + +//Calculation +I=(m*g)/B +R=r*b +V=I*R + +//Result +printf("\n Potentila difference is %0.1f *10**-3 V",V*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d3b387cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +I2=10 //A +r=0.1 //m +l=2 //m +I1=2 +I2=10 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +F=u*I1*I2*I1/(2.0*%pi*r) + +//Result +printf("\n Force on small conductor %0.3f N", F) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..becc30d26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +A=10**-3 //m** +n=10 +I=2 //A +B=0.1 //T + +//Calculation +// +t=n*I*A*B*cos(0) +t1=n*I*A*B*cos(60*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Torque when magnetic field is parallel to the field %0.0f *10**-3 Nm",t*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) Torque when magnetic field is perpendicular to the field is zero") +printf("\n (iii) Torque when magnetic field is 60 degree to the field is %0.1f *10**-3 Nm",t1*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7218fbb1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +r=7 +I=10 +B=100*10**-4 + +//Calculation +// +A=%pi*r**2 +t=I*A*B + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of maximum torque is %0.2f *10**-3 Nm",t*10**-1) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.29/Ex9_29.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.29/Ex9_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e754524be --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.29/Ex9_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +N=10 +I=0.06 +r=0.05 +n=1000 +I2=25 + +//Calculation +// +A=%pi*r**2 +M=N*I*A +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=u*n*I2 +t=M*B*sin(45*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Torgue is %0.2f *10**-4 Nm",t*10**4) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a9ea04f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +x=10*10**-2 +v=3*10**7 +S=1.76*10**-3 +a=1800 + +//Calculation +t=x/v +e=S*2/(a*t**2) + +//Result +printf("\n Specific charge of the electron is %0.3f C/Kg", e) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.30/Ex9_30.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.30/Ex9_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e91afd545 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.30/Ex9_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +n=100 +l=3.2 +r=0.1 + +//Calculation +// +u=4*%pi*10**-7 +B=(u*n*l)/(2.0*r) +M=n*l*%pi*r**2 +t=M*B*sin(0) +t1=(M*B*sin(90*3.14/180.0))*10**3 +w=sqrt((2*M*B*10**3)/r) + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Field at the centre of the coil is %0.0f *10**-3 T",B*10**3) +printf("\n (b) Magnetic moment of the coil is %0.0f Am**2",M) +printf("\n Magnitude of the torque on the coil in the final position is %0.0f Nm",t1) +printf("\n (d) Angular speed acquired by the coil is %0.0f rad/s",w) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.31/Ex9_31.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.31/Ex9_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45b47b7f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.31/Ex9_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +n=125 +I=20*10**-3 //A +B=0.5 //T +A=400*10**-6 //m**2 +K=40*10**-6 + +//Calculation +T=n*I*B*A +a=T/K + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Torque exerted is %0.3f *10**-4 Nm", T*10**4) +printf("\n (ii) Angular deflection of the coil is %0.3f degree", a) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.32/Ex9_32.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.32/Ex9_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c424e8942 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.32/Ex9_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +K=3*10**-9 //Nm/deg +a=36 +n=60 +B=9*10**-3 //T +A=5*10**-5 //m**2 + +//Calculation +I=(K*a)/(n*B*A) + +//Result +printf("\n Maximum current is %0.3f mA", I*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.33/Ex9_33.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.33/Ex9_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fb6bad23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.33/Ex9_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +n=30 +B=0.25 //T +A=1.5*10**-3 +K=10**-3 + +//Calculation +S=(n*B*A)/K + +//Result +printf("\n Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is %0.3f degree/A", S) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.35/Ex9_35.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.35/Ex9_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c656f576b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.35/Ex9_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +Ig=0.015 //A +G=5 +I=1 +V=15 + +//Calculation +S=(Ig*G)/(I-Ig) +R=G*S/(G+S) +R1=(V/Ig)-G +R2=R1+G + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Resistance of ammeter of range 0-1 A is %0.3f ohm", R) +printf("\n (ii) Resistance of ammeter of range 0-15 A is %0.3f ohm", R2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.36/Ex9_36.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.36/Ex9_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..980c9dd21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.36/Ex9_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +V=75 //mV +Ig=0.025 //A +I=25 //mA +I1=100 +V1=750 + +//Calculation +G=V/I +S=(Ig*G)/(I1-Ig) +R=(V1/Ig)-G + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Resistance for an ammeter of range 0-100 A is %0.5f ohm",S) +printf("\n (ii) Resistance for an ammeter of range 0-750 A is %0.5f ohm",R) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.37/Ex9_37.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.37/Ex9_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21eb82c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.37/Ex9_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +Rg=60 +R1=3.0 +rs=0.02 + +//Calculation +Rt=Rg+R1 +I=R1/Rt +Rm=(Rg*rs)/(Rg+rs) +R2=Rm+R1 +I1=R1/R2 +I2=R1/R1 + +//Result +printf("\n (i) The value of current is %0.3f A",I) +printf("\n (ii) The value of current is %0.2f A",I1) +printf("\n (iii) The value of current is %0.3f A",I2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.38/Ex9_38.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.38/Ex9_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..362182881 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.38/Ex9_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +V=100 +v=1 +a=1980 + +//Calculation +Rm=a/(V-v) + +//Result +printf("\n Resistance of the voltmeter is %0.3f ohm", Rm) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.39/Ex9_39.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.39/Ex9_39.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d688a77cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.39/Ex9_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=1200.0 //ohm +R2=600 //ohm +Vab=5 //V +V=35 + +//Calculation +Rp=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) +I=Vab/Rp +pd=V-Vab +R=pd/I + +//Result +printf("\n value of unknown resistance is %0.3f ohm", R) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae69a9fdf --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**-31 +v=3*10**7 +q=1.6*10**-19 //C +B=6*10**-4 + +//Calculation +// +r=m*v/(q*B) +f=q*B/(2.0*%pi*m) +E=(0.5*m*v**2)/1.6*10**-16 + +//Result +printf("\n Energy is %0.2f Kev",E*10**32) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.40/Ex9_40.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.40/Ex9_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..475c17475 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.40/Ex9_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +R1=400 //ohm +R2=800.0 +R3=10 +V=6 +R11=10000.0 +R22=400 + +//Calculation +Rt=R1+R2+R3 +I=V/Rt +Rp=(R11*R22)/(R11+R22) +R=Rp+800 +I1=V/R +Vab=I1*Rp + +//Result +printf("\n Hence the voltmeter will read %0.2f V",Vab) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.41/Ex9_41.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.41/Ex9_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..002cadcbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.41/Ex9_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Given +V=2 //V +R=2000.0 //ohm + +//Calculation +I=V/R +pd=I*R + +//Result +printf("\n Reading of ammeter is %0.3f mA \nReading of voltmeter is %0.3f V",I*10**3,pd) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.42/Ex9_42.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.42/Ex9_42.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45e79757c --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.42/Ex9_42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +E=3 +G=100 +R=200.0 +n=30 + +//Calculation +Ig=E/(G+R) +K=(Ig/n)*10**6 + +//Result +printf("\n Figure of merit of the galvanometer is %0.1f micro A/division",K) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.43/Ex9_43.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.43/Ex9_43.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba47a3bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.43/Ex9_43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +V1=60 //ohm +V2=30 +R=300.0 +R1=1200 +R2=400 //ohm + +//Calculation +V=V1-V2 +I=V/R +R11=(R1*R)/(R1+R) +I=V1/(R11+R2) +V11=I*R11 + +//Result +printf("\n Voltmeter will read %0.3f V", V11) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.44/Ex9_44.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.44/Ex9_44.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1fb93f8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.44/Ex9_44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Given +R=20.0 //K ohm +R2=1 //K ohm + +//Calculation +Vr=(R*R2)/(R+R2) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Voltmeter resistance is %0.3f K ohm", R) +printf("\n (ii) Voltmeter resistance is %0.3f K ohm",R2) +printf("\n (iii) Voltmeter resistance is %0.2f K ohm",Vr) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.45/Ex9_45.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.45/Ex9_45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b69073b --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.45/Ex9_45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +s=20*10**-6 +n=30 +I=1 //A +G=25 //ohm + +//Calculation +Ig=s*n +S=Ig*G/(1-Ig) +Ra=G*S/(G+S) + +//Result +printf("\n Resistance of ammeter is %0.3f ohm",Ra) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d40dc5bbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Given +m=9*10**-31 +e=1.6*10**-19 +V=100 +B=0.004 + +//Calculation +// +r=sqrt(2*m*e*V)/(e*B) + +//Result +printf("\n Radius of the path is %0.1f mm",r*10**3) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c380dc147 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +m=1.67*10**-27 +v=4*10**5 +a=60 +q=1.6*10**-19 +B=0.3 + +//Calculation +// +r=(m*v*sin(a*3.14/180.0))/q*B +P=v*cos(a*3.14/180.0)*((2*%pi*m)/(q*B)) + +//Result +printf("\n (i) Radius of the helical path is %0.1f cm",r*10**3) +printf("\n (ii) Pitch of helix is %0.2f cm",P*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f0f0a8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +M=5*10**6 //ev +e=1.6*10**-19 +m=1.6*10**-27 +B=1.5 +q=1.6*10**-19 + +//Calculation +// +v=sqrt((2*M*e)/m) +F=q*v*B*sin(90*3.14/180.0) + +//Result +printf("\n Magnitude of the force is %0.2f *10**-12 N",F*10**12) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3fdb0201 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Given +m=1.67*10**-27 //Kg +v=4*10**5 +B=0.3 //T +q=1.6*10**-19 //C + +//Calculation +// +r=m*v*sin(60*3.14/180.0)/(q*B) +P=2*%pi*r*1/(tan(60*3.14/180.0)) + +//Result +printf("\n Pitch of the helix is %0.2f cm",P*10**2) +printf("\n Radius of helical path is %0.3f cm",r*10**2) diff --git a/3769/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3769/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfeab1bf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3769/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +q=3.2*10**-19 +B=1.2 +r=0.45 +m=6.8*10**-27 + +//Calculation +// +v=(q*B*r)/m +f=v/(2.0*%pi*r) +K=(0.5*m*v**2)/(1.6*10**-19) +V=K/2.0 + +//Result +printf("\n Required potentila difference is %0.0f *10**6 V",V*10**-6) diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..189a15c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Z=2; +E2=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/4; +b=(-E2); +printf('\n The Kinetic energy of the electron is %f',b); +m0=(9.1)*(10^-31)*(1.6)*(10^-19); +p=sqrt(2*b*m0); +h=(6.6); +disp("λ=(h)/(p)"); +c=h/p; //say c=λ +d=c*(10^-25); +printf('\n The value of de-Broglie wavelength is %fnm',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d9bb7231 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +disp("En=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n^2)"); +n1=1;n2=2;n3=3; +Z=3; +h=6.6*10^-34; +c=3*10^8; +E1=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n1^2); +E2=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n2^2); +E3=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n3^2); +printf('\n The value of E1 is %f eV',E1); +printf('\n The value of E2 is %f eV',E2); +printf('\n The value of E3 is %f eV',E3); +a1=91.8;a2=108.8;a3=114.75; //say a1,a2,a3 are hv1,hv2,hv3 respectively +v1=a1*1.6*(10^-19)/(h); +v2=a2*1.6*(10^-19)/(h); +v3=a3*1.6*(10^-19)/(h); +//say b1,b2,b3 are λ1,λ2,λ3 respectively +b1=c/v1;b2=c/v2;b3=c/v3; +c1=b1*10^9;c2=b2*10^9;c3=b3*10^9; +printf('\n The value of λ1 is %f nm',c1); +printf('\n The value of λ2 is %f nm',c2); +printf('\n The value of λ3 is %f nm',c3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..839041fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +c=3*(10^8); +pi=3.14; +m0=(549*1.6*10^-13)/(c^2)*(10^28); +printf('\n The value of m0 is %f*(10^-28) kg',m0); +disp("Δm0*Δt >= h/(2*pi*c^2)"); +a=7*10^-19; //say Δt=a +h=1.055*(10^-34); +d=(a*3*10^16); +b=h/d; //say Δm0=b +e=(b)/(m0); +printf('\n The Uncertainity in terms of rest mass is %f',e); +disp("p^2/(2*m0) = K and (p+Δp)^2/(2*m0) = K+(10^3*1.6*10^-19)"); +disp("(p+Δp)^2 - p^2 = 2*m0*(10^3*1.6*10^-19)"); +f=2*1.672*1.6*(10^-1); +g=sqrt(f); +k=h/j; +l=k*10^13; +printf('\n The value of minimum uncertainity is %f m',l); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe21c65d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +r=5*10^-15; //say r=∆x +h=1.055; +c=3*10^8; +m0=9.1; +disp("∆p >= h/(4*pi*∆x)"); +a=h/(2*r); +b=a*(10^-14); +printf('\n The uncertainity in momentum is %f *(10^-20) kg m/s',b); +d=0.511; +e=1.6; +f=d*e; +printf('\n The rest mass enrgy of electron is %f*(10^-13) J',f); +g=b*c; +k=g*10^-8; +printf('\n The value of ∆p*c is %f*(10^-12) J',k); +disp("E=sqrt((m0*c^2)^2+(p*c)^2)"); +disp("Emin=3.165*10^-12"); +i=3.165*(10^-12)/(1.6*(10^-19)*10^6); +printf('\n The value of Emin in Mev is %f',i); +j=5.3; +l=h/(2*j); +m=l*10^2; +printf('\n The uncertainity in momentum is when %f *(10^-23) kg m/s',m); +n=(m^2)/(2*m0); +printf('\n The value of kinetic energy is %f*(10^-19) J',n); +o=n/1.6; +printf('\n The value of kinetic energy in eV is %f eV',o); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f358ba5d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +a=1*10^-8; +pi=3.14; +disp("∆E*∆t=h*∆v*∆t >= h/(4*pi)"); +b=1/(4*pi*a); +printf('\n So, ∆v >= %f Hz',b); +disp("E=p^2/(2*m0)+(-e^2/(4*pi*Є0*r))"); +printf('\n'); +disp("The minimum value of E occurs at r=5.3*10^-11 m"); +m0=9.31; +e=1.6; +h=1.054; +d=8.85; //say d=Є0 +c=((-m0)*(e^4)*4*((pi)^2))/(2*(h^2)*(4*pi*d)^2); +d=c*1.6*10^2; +printf('\n The value of minimum energy Emin is %f eV',d); diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a770cfb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("T=16*exp(-2αβ/((1+β/α)^2)*((1+α/β)^2)))"); +E=1; +V0=4; +pi=3.14; +m0=1.67*(10^-27)*1.6*(10^-13); +h=1.055*10^-34; +disp("β^2=4*pi^2*m0*(V0-E)/(h^2)"); +printf('\n'); +disp("α^2=4*pi^2*m0*E/(h^2)"); +b1=sqrt(2*m0*(V0-E)/(h^2)); +printf('\n The value of β is %f*10^14',b1*10^-14); +c=3^0.5; //say c=β/α +a=1.9*10^14; +b=10^-14; +T=16*(exp(((-2)*a*b))/(((1+c)^2)*((1+(1/c))^2))); +printf('\n The value of T is %fpercent',T*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59ef1b4db --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lx^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Ly^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lz^2)"); +pi=3.14; +h=1.055; +me=0.04*9.1; +L=50; +E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*L^2); +printf('\n The value of E in Joules is %f *(10^-17)',E); +f=E/1.6*10^2; +printf('\n The value of E in eV is %f',f); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e2d9d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lx^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Ly^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lz^2)"); +pi=3.14; +h=1.055; +me=0.01*9.1; +L=50; +E=3*(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*L^2); +printf('\n The value of E in Joules is %f *(10^-18)',E); +f=E/1.6*10; +printf('\n The value of E in eV is %f',f); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f1288baf --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("v=(1/(2*pi))*sqrt(k/m0)"); +pi=3.14; +k=10; +m0=1*10^-3; +h=6.6; +v=(1/(2*pi))*sqrt(k/m0); +printf('\n The value of v is %f Hz',v); +E0=(h/2)*v; +printf('\n The zero point energy is %f *10^-32 J',E0); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11b3d51ed --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("E1=-(4*pi^2*μ*e^4)/(32*pi^2*Є0^2*h^2)"); +printf('\n'); +disp("r1=4*pi*Є0*h^2/(4*pi*μ*e^2)"); +printf('\n'); +disp("Thus from the above formulae, the ratio of energies of muon and electrons is 100 while that of radii is 0.01"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b16a3630e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Ic=1*10^-3; +Ib=10*10^-6; +b=Ic/Ib; //say b=β +printf('\n The value of β is %f',b); +Ie=Ic+Ib; +printf('\n The value of Ie is %f A',Ie); +a=Ic/Ie; +printf('\n The value of α is %f',a); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f17729867 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +b=50; //say b=β +a=b/(b+1); //say a=α +printf('\n The value of α is %f',a); +Ie=1.5*10^-3; +Ic=a*Ie; +printf('\n The value of Ic is %fmA',Ic*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7299742aa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Vbe(T)=Vbe(25)-(αt*(T-25))"); +V25=0.7; +a=2.2*10^-3; //say a=αt +T=50; +V50=V25-(a*(T-25)); +printf('\n The Base to emitter voltage at 50 deg.C is %fV',V50); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..728dfbf80 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Iep=2*10^-3; +Ien=10^-5; +Icp=1.98*10^-3; +Icn=10^-6; +a=Icp/Iep; //say a=α +printf('\n The value of α is %f',a); +Ie=Ien+Iep; +c=Iep/Ie; //say c=γ +printf('\n The value of γ is %f',c); +a1=Icp/Ie; +b=a1/(1-a1); //say b=β +printf('\n The value of β is %f',b); +Ic=Icp+Icn; +Ib=Ie-Ic; +printf('\n The value of Ib is %fmA',Ib*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50eee10c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +a=500; //say a=μh +b=0.5; //say b=Ïb +q=1.6*10^-19; +disp("Na=1/(q*μh*Ïb);"); +Na=1/(q*a*b); +printf('\n The value of Na is %f*10^16/cm^3',Na/10^16); +Wb=10^-4; +c=8.854*12*10^-14; //say c=Єs +disp("Vb=q*Na*(Wb^2)/(2*Єs)"); +Vb=q*Na*(Wb^2)/(2*c); +printf('\n The value of Vb is %fV',Vb); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff85f560e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +W=2*10^-6; +Dp=1.25*10^-3; +Tp=10^-6; +Lp=sqrt(Dp*Tp); +a=(W^2)/(2*(Lp^2)); //to prove a<<1 +printf('\n The value of (W^2)/(2*(Lp^2)) is %f which is <<1',a); +W=2*10^-6; +We=1*10^-6; +c=1/0.0010; +d=1/0.000010; +disp("γ=1/(1+((σn*W)/(σp*We)))"); +b=1/(1+((c*W)/(d*We))); //say γ=b +printf('\n The value of γ is %f',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f50b1b771 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Peo=nc^2/Ne"); +Ne1=10^18; +nc=1.5*10^10; +Peo1=nc^2/Ne1; +printf('\n The value of Peo when Ne=10^18 is %f/cm^3',Peo1); +Ne2=10^19; +Peo2=nc^2/Ne2; +printf('\n The value of Peo when Ne=10^19 is %f/cm^3',Peo2); +ni=1.5*10^10; +a=0.026; //say a=K*T +Eg=0.030; //Eg=ΔEg +Peo3=(ni^2)*(exp(Eg/a))/Ne1; //considering the effect of bandgap narrowing +printf('\n The value of Peo considering the effect of bandgap narrowing is %f/cm^3',Peo3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b265d7f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Na*Nd/(ni^2))"); +k=0.026; //say a=K*T/q +Na=10^18; +Nd=10^17; +ni=1.5*10^10; +a=0.25*10^-4; +q=1.6*10^-19; +c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; +Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/(ni^2)); +printf('\n The value of built in voltage is %fV',Vbi); +printf('\n'); +disp("b=q*(a^2)*Nd/(2*Єs)"); +b=q*(a^2)*Nd/(2*c); //say b=Vbi-Vg +printf('\n The total voltage drop required to pinch the channel is %fV',b); +Vg=Vbi-b; +printf('\n The value of gate bias at pinch-off is %fV',Vg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca66f2a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Na*Nd/ni^2)"); +k=0.026; //say a=K*T/q +Na=10^16; +Nd=10^19; +ni=1.5*10^10; +Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/ni^2); +printf('\n The value of built-in-voltage is %fV',Vbi); +disp("Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*Єs)"); +q=1.6*10^-19; +a=10^-8; +b=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say b=Єs +Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*b); +printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltage is %fV',Vp*10^5); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b0ef0d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("R=L/(q*Nd*μe*W*(a-(2*b)))"); +L=10*10^-4; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=10^16; +c=1500; //say c=μe +W=100*10^-4; +d=2*10^-4; //say d=(a-(2*b)) +R=L/(q*Nd*c*W*d); +printf('\n The minimum value of the linear resistor is %fohm',R); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd706d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Vp=σ*(a^2)/(2*μh*Єs)"); +b=1/10; //say b=σ +c=500; //say c=μh +d=12*8.854*10^-14; //say d=Єs +a=2*10^-4; +Vp=b*(a^2)/(2*c*d); +printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltege is %fV',Vp); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f4dacf9a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q +Na=5*10^16; +Nd=5*10^18; +ni=1.5*10^10; +Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/ni^2); +printf('\n The value of built-in-potential is %fV',Vbi); +q=1.6*10^-19; +a=0.25*10^-4; +c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp=q*Na*(a^2)/(2*c); +printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltage is %fV',Vp); +Vg=1; +disp("b=sqrt(2*Єs*(Vbi+Vg)/(q*Na))"); +b=sqrt(2*c*(Vbi+Vg)/(q*Na)); +printf('\n The depletion width is %f μm',b*10^4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79ac5bc6b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=10^17; +a=0.25*10^-4; +c=13.1*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*c); +printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV',Vp); +disp("Vbi=φb0+(Ec-Ef)"); +e=0.88; //say e=φb0 +f=0.037; //say f=(Ec-Ef)/q +Vbi=e-f; +printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi); +Vt=Vbi-Vp; +printf('\n The value of Vt is %fV and this is a depletion mode device',Vt); +Vsat=Vp-Vbi; //say for Vg=0 +printf('\n The value of Vsat at Vg=0 is %fV',Vsat); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b56a8075 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=2*10^15; +a=0.6*10^-4; +c=12.4*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*c); +printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV\n',Vp); +d=0.026; //sat d=K*T/q +Nc=4.7*10^17; +disp("φn=(K*T/q)*log(Nc/Nd)"); +b=d*log(Nc/Nd); +printf('\n The value of φn is %fV\n',b); +disp("Vbi=φb0-φn"); +e=0.89; //say e=φb0 +Vbi=e-b; +printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV\n',Vbi); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df87d2876 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Vbi=0.74; +Vg=0.5; +c=13.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=5*10^16; +b=(2*c*(Vbi-Vg)/(q*Nd))^(1/2); +printf('\n The value of depletion width near drain is %f*10^-2 μm',b*10^6); +d=0.8-(b*10^4); +printf('\n The maximum undepleted channel width is near the drain end of the gate is %f μm',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..954a18141 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +disp("Ef=(Ec/q)+(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc)"); +d=0.026; //say d=K*T/q +Nd1=2*10^16; +Nc=4.45*10^17; +c1=d*log(Nd1/Nc); //say c1=(K*T/q)*log(Nd1/Nc) +printf('\n The value is Ef1 is Ec/q%f V',c1); +Vbi1=0.8-(-c1); +printf('\n The value is Vbi1 is %f V',Vbi1); +e1=13.2*8.854*10^-14; +b1=sqrt(2*e1*Vbi1/(q*Nd1)); +printf('\n The value is b1 is %f μm',b1*10^4); +Nd2=2*10^17; +c2=d*log(Nd2/Nc); //say c2=(K*T/q)*log(Nd2/Nc) +printf('\n The value is Ef2 is Ec/q%f V',c2); +Vbi2=0.8-(-c2); +printf('\n The value is Vbi2 is %f V',Vbi2); +e2=12.2*8.854*10^-14; +b2=sqrt(2*e2*Vbi2/(q*Nd2)); +printf('\n The value is b2 is %f μm',b2*10^4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..035cd5442 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +d=0.026; //sat d=K*T/q +Nc=4.7*10^17; +Nd=2*10^15; +b=d*log(Nc/Nd); +printf('\n The value of φn is %fV\n',b); +e=0.89; //say e=φb0 +Vbi=e-b; +printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV\n',Vbi); +Vt=0.25; +Vp=Vbi-Vt; +printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV\n',Vp); +q=1.6*10^-19; +c=13.1*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +a=sqrt(Vp*2*c/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The value of a is %f μm',a*10^4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ae6bf52d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Ef=(Ec/q)+(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc)"); +d=0.026; //say d=K*T/q +Nd=10^16; +Nc=2.8*10^19; +c=d*log(Nd/Nc); //say c=(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc) +printf('\n The value is Ef is Ec/q%f V',c); +Vbi=0.7-(-c); +printf('\n The value is Vbi is %f V',Vbi); +q=1.6*10^-19; +c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp=0.796; +a=sqrt(Vp*2*c/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The value of a is %f μm',a*10^4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf2a53ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=2*10^18; +d=500*10^-8; +d0=50*10^-8; +c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp2=q*Nd*((d-d0)^2)/c; +printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2); +disp("Voff=φb0-ΔEc/q-Vp2"); +a=0.9; //say a=φb0 +b=0.24; //say b=ΔEc/q +Voff=a-b-Vp2; +printf('\n The value of Voff is %fV',Voff); +disp("ns=Єs*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d)"); +Vg=0; +ns=c*(Vp2)/(q*d); +printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^12 cm^2',ns*10^-12); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a85a7aed --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Voff=0.5; +Vp2=0.9-0.24-Voff; +printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2); +disp("d-d0=sqrt(Єs*Vp2/(q*Nd))"); +c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=10^18; +a=sqrt(c*Vp2/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The value of (d-d0) is %fA',a*10^8); +Vg=0.7; +d=153.9*10^-8; +ns=c*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d); +printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^11/ cm^2',ns*10^-11); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9ad25495 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=10^18; +d=500*10^-8; +d0=20*10^-8; +c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs +Vp2=q*Nd*((d-d0)^2)/c; +printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2); +disp("Voff=φb0-ΔEc/q-Vp2"); +a=0.85; //say a=φb0 +b=0.22; //say b=ΔEc/q +Voff=a-b-Vp2; +printf('\n The value of Voff is %fV',Voff); +disp("ns=Єs*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d)"); +Vg=0; +ns=c*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d); +printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^12 cm^2',ns*10^-12); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd2aee3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +ns=2*10^12; +E1=(1.11*10^-19)*((ns)^(2/3)); +E2=(1.95*10^-19)*((ns)^(2/3)); +printf('\n The value of E1 is %feV',E1*10^10); +printf('\n The value of E2 is %feV',E2*10^10); +Ef=0.24418; +nE=2.79*10^13; +a=0.026; //say a=K*T/q +ns1=nE*a*log(1+exp((Ef-(E1*10^10))/a)); +ns2=nE*a*log(1+exp((Ef-(E2*10^10))/a)); +printf('\n The value of ns1 is %f*10^12',ns1*10^-12); +printf('\n The value of ns2 is %f*10^12',ns2*10^-12); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d27e956f --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+Eg+(Ev-Ef)"); +k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q +p=7*10^14; +Nv=3.08*10^19; +a=4.05; //say a=χsi +b=1.125; //say b=Eg +c=k*log(p/Nv); //say c=Ev-Ef +printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',c); +d=a+b+c; //say d=φs +printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d); +disp("φms=φm-φs"); +f=4.05; //say f=φm +g=f-d; //say g=φms +printf('\n The value of φms is %1.2fV\n',g); +eox=3.9*8.854*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=200*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The oxide capacitance per unit area is %f*10^-8F/cm^2',cox*10^8); +printf('\n The value of flat band voltage is %1.2fV\n',g); +disp("Ld=sqrt(Є*Vt/(q*Na));"); +e=11.7*8.854*10^-14; +Vt=0.025852; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=7*10^14; +Ld=sqrt(e*Vt/(q*Na)); +printf('\n The value of Ld is %f*10^-5cm\n',Ld*10^5); +esi=11.7*8.854*10^-14; +Cfb=1/((dox/eox)+(Ld/esi)); +printf('\n The capacitance per unit area at the flat band condition is %f*10^-8F/cm^2\n',Cfb*10^8); +printf('\n The capacitance per unit area for deep accumulation of majority carriers Caccum=%f*10^-8F/cm^2',cox*10^8); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..838318ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("(W/L)=2*Idsat/(μ*cox*((Vg-Vt)^2))"); +Idsat=500*10^-8; +un=500;//say un=μe +uh=300;//say uh=μh +b=4.3;//say b=(Vg-Vt) +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=5*10^-3; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9); +an=2*Idsat/(un*cox*(b^2)); +ap=2*Idsat/(uh*cox*(b^2)); +printf('\n The value of W/L for n-MOSFET is %f',an); +printf('\n The value of W/L for p-MOSFET is %f',ap*0.1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a880c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+(Ev-Ef)"); +k=0.025852; //say k=K*T/q +n=1*10^15; +Nc=2.84*10^19; +a=4.05; //say a=χsi +b=k*log(Nc/n); //say b=Ev-Ef +printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',b); +d=a+b; //say d=φs +printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d); +disp("φms=φm-φs"); +c=4.1; //say f=φm +e=c-d; //say g=φms +printf('\n The value of φms is %1.3fV\n',e); +Vfb1=e; +disp("Vfb=Vfb1-(Qss1/cox1)"); +Qss1=1.6*10^-8; +cox1=3.45*10^-8; +Vfb=Vfb1-(Qss1/cox1); +printf('\n The value of Vfb is %fV\n',Vfb); +Nd=1*10^15; +ni=1.07*10^10; +f=k*log(Nd/ni); //say f=φb +printf('\n The value of φb is %1.3f\n',f); +g=11.7*8.854*10^-14; //say Єs=g +q=1.6*10^-19; +Xdmax=sqrt(2*g*2*f/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The value of Xdmax is %f*10^-5cm\n',Xdmax*10^5); +Cmin=1/((1/cox1)+(Xdmax/g)); +printf('\n The value of Cmin is %f*10^-9F/cm^2\n',Cmin*10^9); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9b812ad --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +k=0.025852; //say k=K*T/q +Na=3*10^14; +Nv=3.08*10^19; +a=4.05; //say a=χsi +c=k*log(Nv/Na); //say c=Ef-Ev +printf('\n The value of Ef-Ev is %fV',c); +b=1.125; //say b=Eg +d=a+b-c; //say d=φs +printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d); +e=11.7*8.854*10^-14; //say e=Єs +Vt=0.025852; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=3*10^14; +Ld=sqrt(e*Vt/(q*Na)); +printf('\n The value of Ld is %f*10^-5cm\n',Ld*10^5); +eox=3.9*8.854*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=350*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The oxide capacitance per unit area is %f*10^-9F/cm^2',cox*10^9); +esi=11.7*8.854*10^-14; +Cdiffb=1/((dox/eox)+(Ld/esi)); +printf('\n The capacitance per unit area at the flat band condition is %f*10^-9F/cm^2\n',Cdiffb*10^9); +Vfb1=a-d; +printf('\n The value of Vfb1 is %fV\n',Vfb1); +ni=1*10^10; +f=k*log(ni/Na); //say f=φb +printf('\n The value of φb is %1.3f\n',f); +Xdmax=sqrt(2*e*2*(-f)/(q*Na)); +printf('\n The value of Xdmax is %f*10^-4cm\n',Xdmax*10^4); +Qdmax=-q*Na*Xdmax; +printf('\n The value of Qdmax is %f*10^-9C/cm^2\n',Qdmax*10^9); +Emax=-Qdmax/e; +printf('\n The value of Emax is %fV/cm\n',Emax); +VT=Vfb1-(2*f)-(Qdmax/cox); +printf('\n The value of Threshold voltage is %fV\n',VT); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..589c488ae --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+(Eg/(2*q))+(Ev-Ef)"); +k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q +ni=10^10; +Na=10^17; +a=4.05; //say a=χsi +b=0.56; //say b=Eg/(2*q) +c=k*log(Na/ni); //say c=Ev-Ef +printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',c); +d=a+b+c; //say d=φs +printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d); +disp("φms=φm-φs"); +f=4.1; //say f=φm +g=f-d; //say g=φms +printf('\n The value of φms is %1.2fV\n',g); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acfbe592b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("VT=Vfb+(2*φb)+(sqrt(4*Єs*q*Na*φb)/cox)"); +Vfb=-0.93; +a=0.42; //say a=φb +e=11.9*8,85*10^-14; //say e=Єs +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=10^17; +eox=3.9*8,85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=20*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +VT=Vfb+(2*a)+(sqrt(4*e*q*Na*a)/cox); +printf('\n The value of VT is %fV',VT); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b8f0a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=20*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9); +disp("Cfb=1/((1/cox)+(Ld/Єs))"); +es=11.9*8.85*10^-14; +Vt=0.0259; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=10^17; +Ld=sqrt(es*Vt/(q*Na)); +printf('\n The value of Ld is %fnm',Ld*10^7); +Cfb=1/((1/cox)+(Ld/es)); +printf('\n The value of Cfb is %fnF/cm^2',Cfb*10^9); +xdT=1.05*10^-5; +Chf=1/((1/cox)+(xdT/es)); +printf('\n The value of Chf is %fnF/cm^2',Chf*10^9); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0dc16513 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=20*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9); +Vgs=3; +Vt=1; +W=10; +L=1; +u=300; //say u=μe +disp("Id=μe*cox*W*((Vgs-Vt)^2)/(2*L);"); +Id=u*cox*W*((Vgs-Vt)^2)/(2*L); +printf('\n The value of Id is %fmA',Id*10^3); +disp("gm=μe*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt)/L"); +gm=u*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt)/L; +printf('\n The value of gm is %fms',gm*10^3); +Vds=0; +gd=u*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt-Vds)/L; +printf('\n The value of gd is %fms',gd*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee03f228e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +disp("γ=sqrt(2*Єs*q*Na)/cox"); +es=11.9*8.85*10^-14; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=10^17; +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox +dox=20*10^-7; +cox=eox/dox; +printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9); +c=sqrt(2*es*q*Na)/cox; +printf('\n The value of γ is %fV^-0.5',c); +disp("Vt=vt0+((γ/sqrt(2*φb))*(sqrt(1+(Vsb/(2*φb)))-1))"); +Vt0=-0.09; +d=0.75; //say d=γ +b=0.42; //say b=φb +Vsb=2.5; +Vt=Vt0+((d/sqrt(2*b))*(sqrt(1+(Vsb/(2*b)))-1)); +printf('\n The value of Vt is %fV',Vt); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eadb41ac --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("T=Tr*Tnr/(Tr+Tnr)"); +Tr=60; +Tnr=100; +T=Tr*Tnr/(Tr+Tnr); +printf('\n Total carrier recombination lifetime is %fnS',T); +disp("η=T/Tr"); +n=T/Tr; +printf('\n The internal quantum efficiency is %fpercent',n*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2edc942b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +P=10;//assumed for calculation purpose +disp("Pin=0.5*P"); +printf('\n'); +Pin=0.5*P; +disp("Pe=0.013*Pin"); +printf('\n'); +Pe=0.013*Pin; +disp("ηext=Pe/p"); +n=Pe/P; +printf('\n The external power efficiency is %fpercent',n*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..094fd9e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("η=no. of electrons collected/no. of incident photons"); +a=1.2*10^11;//say a=no. of electrons collected +b=3*10^11;//say b=no. of incident photon +n=a/b; +printf('\n The value of quantum efficiency is %fpercent',n*100); +disp("R=Ip/Po=n*e*λ/(h*c)"); +e=1.602*10^-19; +d=0.85*10^-6;//say d=λ +h=6.626*10^-34; +c=2.998*10^8; +R=n*e*d/(h*c); +printf('\nThe value of R is %fA/W',R); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79c872aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("λ=c*h/E"); +h=6.626*10^-34; +c=2.998*10^8; +E=1.5*10^-19; +d=c*h/E; +printf('\nThe value of λ is %fμm',d*10^6); +n=0.65; +e=1.602*10^-19; +R=n*e/E; +printf('\nThe value of R is %fA/W',R); +disp("Po=Ip/R"); +Ip=2.5*10^-6; +Po=Ip/R; +printf('\nThe required incident opticalpower is %fμW',Po*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc1784cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("λ=c*h/Eg"); +h=6.626*10^-34; +c=2.998*10^8; +E=1.43*1.6*10^-19; +d=c*h/E; +printf('\nThe value of λ is %fμm',d*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8508db84e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Pout=I*V"); +I=14*10^-3; +V=0.425; +Pout=I*V; +printf('\n The value of Pout is %fW',Pout); +disp("Pin=li*A"); +li=50*10^-1;//say li=light intensity +A=0.01;//say A=surface area +Pin=li*A; +printf('\n The value of Pin is %fW\n',Pin); +disp("η=(Pout/Pin)*100"); +n=(Pout/Pin)*100; +printf('\n The photo voltaic efficiency is %fpercent',n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f19ac501 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +disp("It/(2*It)=exp((27/100)-(T/110))"); +T=110*(log(2)+(27/100)); +printf('\n The value of T is %fCentigrade',T); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63e05ce91 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Voc=k*log(Il/Is)"); +k=0.026;//say k=K*T/q +Il=100*10^-3; +Is=1*10^-9; +Voc=k*log(Il/Is); +printf('\n The value of Voc is %1.2fV',Voc); +disp("P=(Il*V)-(Is*exp((V/k)-1))"); +V=0.35; +P=(Il*V)-(Is*exp((V/k)-1)); +printf('\n The Output power is %f*10^-4W',P*10^4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a080c38f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Emax=q*Na*d/Єs"); +q=1.6*10^-19; +Na=6.42*10^18; +d=50*10^-8; +es=12.9*8.854*10^-14;//say es=Єs +Emax=q*Na*d/es; +printf('\n The value of Emax is %fkV/cm',Emax*10^-3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..321c2a43a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("E(r) = A*r^-6 + B*r^-12"); +disp("dE(r)/dr = 6*A*r^-7 - 12*B*r^-13"); +A=8*(10^-77);B=1.12*(10^133); +r0=3.75; +e=1.6*10^-19; +Eb=((-A)*(r0^(-6)))+(B*(r0^(-12))); +b=Eb*10^-126; +printf('\n The value of binding energy is %f*10^-20J',b); +c=b/e*10^-20; +printf('\n The value of binding energy is %fJ',c); diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..295d6e9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +a=0.095;b=0.181; +c=a+b; //say c=sum of radii of Na+ and Cl- +d=c*10; +Z1=1; +Z2=-1; +e=1.6; +pi=3.14; +f=8.85; //say f=Є0 +Fa=-(Z1)*(Z2)*(e^2)/(4*pi*f*(d^2)); +printf('\n The force of attraction is %f*10^-6 N',Fa); +printf('\n The force of repulsion is -%f*10^-6 N',Fa); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cbb3c7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("F*(a^(n+1))/n"); +F=3.02; +n=9; +a=2.76; +b=F*(a^(n+1))/n; +Z1=1;Z2=-1;e=1.6;f=8.85;pi=3.14; +printf('\n The value of b is %f*(10^-109) (Nm)^10',b); +E1=(Z1*Z2*(e^2)/(4*pi*f*a)); +e1=E1*10^3; +E2=(b/(a^n)); +E=e1+E2; +printf('\n The net potentila energy of NaCl is %f*(10^-19)',E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..726d85eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp(" % ionic character = (1-exp((-1/4)*(Xa-Xb)^2))*100"); +Xa1=1.8;Xb1=2.2;Xa2=1.7;Xb2=2.5; +a = (1-exp((-1/4)*((Xa1-Xb1)^2)))*100; +b = (1-exp((-1/4)*((Xa2-Xb2)^2)))*100; +printf('\n For GaAs,percent ionic character=%f',a); +printf('\n For ZnSe,percent ionic character=%f',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b15d48ced --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +printf('K(ph)=2*pi/λph\n=ħ*ω/ħ*ν\n=Eg/ħ*ν'); //k-vector of a photon +Eg=(1.5)*(1.6)*(10^-19); +b=(1.05)*(10^-26); //say (ħ*ν)=b +a=(Eg)/(b); +printf('\nthe k-vector of photon for GaAs will be %f',a); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..570dcc96e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("∆Ed=13.64*(me/mo)*(1/(Єr^2)) eV"); +disp("me = (0.015)*m0"); +a=0.015; +c=18; //say Єr=c +d=13.64*(a)*(1/(c^2)); +printf('the value of the ∆Ed = %f eV',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2b2bb098 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Ei=((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*K*T/4)*log(mh/me))"); +disp("me=(0.328)m0 & mh=(0.55)mo"); +b=1.12; //say b=(Ec+Ev)=1.12eV +c=0.0259; //say c=(K*T)=0.0259 +d=1.6768; //say d=(mh/me) +a=((b)/2)+(((3*c)/4)*log(d)); +printf('\n The value of Ei = %f eV',a); +disp("Ef=Ei+((K*T)*log(Nd/ni))"); +e=10^17; //say e=Nd +f=10^10; //say f=ni +g=a+((c)*log(e/f)); +printf('\nThus, the Fermi level is located at %f eV above the valence band',g); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98952147 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("E=(ħ*k*ħ*k)/(2*me)"); +m0=9.1*10^-31; +E=0.8*10^-19; +me=0.067*m0; +b=(sqrt(2*me*E))*(10^25); +printf('the value of ħ*k =%f *(10^-26)',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4392f007 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("Ef=K*T*log(n/Nc)"); // Ef measured from the conduction band edge +a=0.026; //say (K*T)=a +n=10^17; +Nc=4.45*(10^17); +b=(a)*log((n)/(Nc)); //say Ef=b +printf('the value of Ef = %f eV',b); +disp("Ef=K*T*[(log(n/Nc))+((n)/(sqrt(8)*(Nc)))]");//using Joyce-Dixon approximation +c=(a)*[(log((n)/(Nc)))+((n)/(sqrt(8)*(Nc)))]; +printf('the value of Ef using Joyce-Dixon approximation method is %f eV',c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f89a95c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Ega=0.36; +Egb=0.72; +T=300; +K=8.617*10^-5; +disp("ni=sqrt(Nc*Nv)*exp(Eg/2*K*T)"); +b = exp(-(Ega-Egb)/(2*K*T)); +printf('value of (niA/niB)= %f',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af4f5ec0b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("∆Ed = 13.64*(me/mo)*(1/(Єr^2))"); +disp("me = 0.43m0"); +d=11.7; //say d=Єr +a=((d)^2); +c=(0.43); //since me* = 0.43m0 and assumed (me*/m0)=c; +b=(13.64)*((c)/(a)); //say (∆Ed)=b +printf('\n∆Ed value is %f eV',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4f87eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Nd = f*(Ec-Ed) = (exp(((Ec-Ed-Ef)/(K)*(T))+1))^-1"); +disp("Ef=Ec-45 & Ed=45meV"); +disp("(Ec-Ed-Ef)=(Ec-45-(Ec-200)) = 155 meV = 2.48*10^-20 J"); +a= (2.48)*(10^-20); //say (Ec-Ed-Ef)=a +K=(1.38)*(10^-23); +T=300; +b=(exp(((a)/(K*T)))+1)^(-1); +printf('the value of Nd = %f',b); +d=b*100; //'d' is the percentage value of Nd +printf('\nSo the percentage of donor states that are occupied are %f percent',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fc0a947 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("g(E)=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((m0/(ħ^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(E)"); +a=9.1*(10^-31); //say m0=a +b=6.626*(10^-34); //say ħ=b +E=5*1.6*(10^-19); +pi=3.14; +f=0.026*1.6*(10^-19); +c=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((a/(b^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(E); //say gcentre=c +printf('\nthe value of gcentre in (m^-3)*(J^-1) is %f (m^-3)*(J^-1)',c); +d=(c)*(10^-6)*(1.6*(10^-19)); +printf('\nthe value of gcentre in (cm^-3)*(eV^-1) is %f (cm^-3)*(eV^-1)',d); +e=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((a/(b^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(f); //say f=K*T=0.026eV & e=g at K*T +printf('\nthe value of g at K*T in (m^-3)*(J^-1) is %f (m^-3)*(J^-1)',e); +g=(e)*(10^-6)*(1.6*(10^-19)); +printf('\nthe value of g at K*T in (cm^-3)*(eV^-1) is %f (cm^-3)*(eV^-1)',g); +h=g*0.026; +printf('\nthe volume density of states is %f (cm^-3)',h); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38382745 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("(E-Ef)=3*K*T"); +T=300; +K=1.38*(10^-23); +a=3*K*T; +b=K*T; +c=1/(1+exp(a/b)); //say probability,f(E)=c +d=c*100; +printf('the probablity that an energy level 3*K*T above the fermi level Ef is occupied by an electron at T=300k is %f percent',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3edfad6f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +disp("Nc=2((2*pi*me*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)"); +disp("Nv=2((2*pi*mh*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)"); +c=1.08*9.1*(10^-31); //say effective mass of electrons=me=c +d=0.56*9.1*(10^-31); //say effective mass of holes=mh=d +pi=3.14; +K=1.38*(10^-23); +T=300; +h=6.63*(10^-34); +a=2*(((2*pi*c*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)); //value in (m^-3) +b=2*(((2*pi*d*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)); //value in (m^-3) +e=a*(10^-6); //value in (cm^-3) +f=b*(10^-6); //value in (cm^-3) +printf('\nthe value of Nc = %f (cm^-3)',e); +printf('\nthe value of Nv = %f (cm^-3)',f); +disp("ni=sqrt(NcNv)*exp((-Eg)/(2*K*T))"); +g=1.10; //say g=Eg +K1=8.62*(10^-5); +l=(sqrt(e*f))*exp((-g)/(2*K1*T)); //say K1 is in eV/K; +printf('\nthe value of ni = %f (cm^-3)',l); +disp("σ = [e*n*μ(e) + e*p*μ(h)] = e*ni*(μ(e)+ μ(h))"); +n=1.6*(10^-19); //say e(in formula)=n +p=1350; //say μ(e)(in formula)=p +q=450; //say μ(h)(in formula)=q +m=n*l*(p+q); +printf('\n the value of Conductivity,σ = %f (ohm^-1)(cm^-1)',m); +disp("Ï=1/σ"); +r=(1/m); +printf('\n the value of Resistivity,Ï = %f (ohm)(cm)',r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a329d4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("nd/(n+nd) = 1/[((Nc/(2*Nd))*exp(-(Ec-Ef)/(K*T))+1]"); +Nc=2.8*10^19; +Nd1=1*10^16; +Nd2=1*10^18; +b=0.045; //say (Ec-Ef)=b +c=0.026; //sat K*T=c +a=1/(((Nc/(2*Nd1))*exp((-b)/(c))+1)); +printf('\n The value of (nd/(n+nd)) for (10^16) is %f',a); +d=1/(((Nc/(2*Nd2))*exp((-b)/(c))+1)); +printf('\n The value of (nd/(n+nd)) for (10^18) is %f',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b91c320f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +ni=1.5*10^16; +n=10^22; +Nd=10^22; +T=300; +p=(ni^2)/n; +printf('\n The value of p = %f',p); +a=0.913; //say a=me/m0; +b=-log(10^22/(4.83*10^21*(T^1.5)*(a^1.5)))*0.026; //say b=Ec-Ef +printf('\n The value of Ec-Ef is %f eV',b); +printf('\n The fermi energy is %f eV below the conduction band edge',b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43beb567c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Ef-Ec = K*T*((log(n/Nc))+((1/sqrt(8))*(n/Nc)))"); +a=4.4; //say n/Nc=a +Nc=2.78*10^19; +n=a*Nc; +a1=4.51; +n1=a*a1*10^17; +printf('\n For GaAs, the density for degeneracy is %f',n1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25ba35159 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("From Boltzmann approximation, n=Nc=2.78*10^19 cm^3"); +Nc=2.78*10^19; +n=Nc*0.78; +pi=3.14; +a=0.65; //say a=ξ(0) +printf('\n The value of n form Joyce-Dixon approximation is %f',n); +n1=2*a/sqrt(pi); +printf('\n The value of n form graph is %f*Nc',n1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c54dbc49a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Ï=1/(q*μe*n)"); +n=9*10^14; +c=1400; //say c=μe +q=1.6*10^-19; +a=1/(q*c*n); +printf('\n The value of Ï is %f ohm-cm',a); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..772198890 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("σ=q*(μe*n+μh*p)"); +b=510; //say μe=b +c=187; //say μh=c +n=10^16; +p=2.25*10^4; +q=1.6*10^-19; +a=q*((b*n)+(c*p)); +printf('\n The value of σ is %f/ohm/cm',a); +d=a*10^-2; +l=2;A=2; +R=l/(d*A); +printf('\n The value of Resistance is %fohm',R); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..401293f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("σn=q*μe*n and σp=q*μh*p"); +n=10^16;p=10^4; +a=626; //say μe=a +b=292; //say μh=b +q=1.6*10^-19; +c=q*a*n; //say c=σn +d=q*b*p*10^13; //say d=σp +printf('\n The value of σn is %f/ohm/cm',c); +printf('\n The value of σp is %f*10^-13/ohm/cm',d); +e=c+(d*10^-13); //say e=σ=σn+σp +A=2*10^-2; +l=2.5; +R=l/(e*A); +printf('\n The value of resistance is %fohm',R); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab54c5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +p0=10^15; +n0=10^5; +a=1331; //say μe=a +q=1.6*10^-19; +b=0.0259; //sat K*T/q=b +c=-10^14; +disp("Dn=(K*T/q)*μe"); +Dn=b*a; +printf('\n The value of Dn is %fcm^2/s',Dn); +disp("Jn=q*Dn*(dn/dx)"); +Jn=q*Dn*c; +d=Jn*10^3; +printf('\n The value of Jn is %fmA/cm^2',d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9db2450b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("n=dNa/Mat"); +a=5.9*10^5; //say a=σ +e=1.6*10^-19; +n=8.5*10^22; +me=9.1; +disp("μe=σ/(e*n)"); +b=a/(e*n); //say μe=b +printf('\n The value of μe is %fcm^2/V/s',b); +disp("Ï„=μe*me/e"); +c=b*me/e; //say c=Ï„ +d=c*10^-21; +printf('\n The value of Ï„ is %f*10^-14s',d); diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..528a5f3fa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +u=10^6; +disp("vdx=0.001*u"); +vdx=0.001*u; +a=43.4*10^-4; //say a=μe +b=5.9*10^7; //say b=σ +disp("Ex=vdx/a"); +Ex=vdx/a; +printf('\n The value of Ex is %fV/m',Ex); +disp("Jx=σ*Ex"); +Jx=b*Ex; +printf('\n The value of Jx is %fA/m^2',Jx); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94045f704 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("(1/2)*m*vf^2=Ef0"); +Ef0=1.6*7*10^-19; +m0=9.1*10^-31; +vF=sqrt(2*Ef0/m0); +printf('\n The value of vF is %1.1f*(10^6)m/s',vF/(10^6)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11aa5ae34 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +N1=5.5*10^18; +N2=4.5*10^18; +q=1.6*10^-19; +K=1.38*10^-23; +T=500; +N=N1+N2; +printf('\n The total doping is %fcm^-3',N); +De=a*K*T/q; +printf('\n The value of De is %fcm^2/s',De); +c=-10^7; //say c=dn/dx +F=-De*c; +printf('\n The value of F is %felectrons/cm^2-s',F); +J=q*F; +printf('\n The diffusion current density is %fpA/cm2',J*10^12); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..756b73c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("np0=n0p+(g*Ï„e)"); +n0p=4.5*10^5; +g=10^15; +a=10^-5; //say a=Ï„e +np0=n0p+(g*a); +printf('\n The value of np0 is %fcm^-3',np0); +t=-a*log(n0p/np0); +printf('\n The value of t is %fms',t*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ea4dde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Eg=1.420+(1.087*x)+(0.438*x^2)"); +x=800*10^-9; +Eg=1.420+(1.087*x)+(0.438*x^2); +printf('\n The value of Eg is %feV',Eg); +printf('\n'); +disp("The corresponding bandgap value for x=800nm from Eg(x) is 0.11"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc869cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("The absorption edge of the quantum well structureoccurs at Eg+Ehh1+Ee1"); +Ehh1=0.002; +Ee1=0.014; +Eg=1.424; +E=Eg+Ehh1+Ee1; +printf('\n The band edge therefore shifts from 1.424eV to %f eV',E); +printf('\n'); +disp("This corresponds to a blue shift of 10nm"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f177b73d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("The absorption edge of the quantum well structureoccurs at Eg+Ehh1+Ee1"); +Ehh1=0.003; +Ee1=0.025; +Eg=1.424; +E=Eg+Ehh1+Ee1; +printf('\n The band edge therefore shifts from 1.424eV to %f eV',E); +printf('\n'); +disp("This corresponds to a wavelength of 854nm"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1538a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +a=2.75; +b=0.3; +c=1.43; +d=0.7; +Eg=a*b+c*d; +printf('\n For the Al0.3Ga0.7As alloy, the bandgap energy is %feV',Eg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff04dbec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +a=1.247; +b=0.3; +c=a*b; //say c=ΔEg +printf('\n The value of ΔEg is %feV',c); +d=c*0.6; //say ΔEc=d +printf('\n The value of ΔEc is %feV',d); +e=c-d; //say ΔEv=e +printf('\n The barrier height for valence band is %feV',e); diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6101c7c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("α(620nm)/α(775nm)=(2-Eg)^0.5/(1.6-Eg)^0.5"); +a=56*10^6; //say a=α +l=10^-7; +b=exp(-a*l); //say b=T(620nm) +printf('\n The value of T(620nm) is %f percent',b*100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5836ee06c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("μd=-Rh*σ"); +Rh=-0.55*10^-10; +a=5.9*10^7; //say σ=a +b=-Rh*a; //say μd=b +printf('\n The value of μd is %f*10^-3 m^2/V/s',b*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e8f07e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("n=σ/(e*μd)"); +a=5.9*10^7; //say σ=a +b=3.2*10^-3; //say μd=b +e=1.6*10^-19; +d=8.5*10^28; +n=a/(e*b); +printf('\n The value of n is %f*10^29 m^-3',n*10^-29); +c=n/d; //say d=concentration of copper atoms and c=avg. no. of electrons/atom +printf('\n The average number of electrons/atom is %1.2f',c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..207f6bfe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +disp("σ=e*n*μe+e*p*μh=e*ni*(μe+μh)"); +b=1350; //say b=μe +c=450; //say c=μh +e=1.6*10^-19; +ni=1.45*10^10; +a=e*ni*(b+c); +printf('\n The value of σ is %1.2f*10^-6',a*10^6); +L=1;A=1; +g=4.18*10^-6; //rounding off σ +R=L/(g*A); +printf('\n The value of R is %f',R); +Nsi=5*10^22; +Nd=Nsi/10^9; +n=5*10^13; +h=5*10^13; +printf('\n The value of Nd is %f',Nd); +p=(ni^2)/Nd; +printf('\n Tha value of p is %f',p); +a1=e*n*b; //say σ=a1 +printf('\n The value of σ1 is %f/ohm/cm',a1); +R1=L/(a1*A); +printf('\n The value of R1 is %f ohm',R1); +a2=e*h*c; //say a2=σ +printf('\n The value of σ2 is %f/ohm/cm',a1); +R2=L/(a2*A); +printf('\n The value of R2 is %f ohm',R2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957018194 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("σ=q*μe*n0"); +q=1.6*10^-19; +b=700; //say b=μe +n0=10^17; +a=q*b*n0; //say a=σ +printf('\n The value of σ is %f /ohm/cm',a); +disp("Ï=σ^-1"); +c=1/a; //say c=Ï +printf('\n The value of resistivity is %f ohm-cm',c); +Rh=-1/(q*n0); +printf('\n The value of Hall coefficient is %f cm^3/C',Rh); +Ix=10^3; +Bz=10^-5; +t=10^-2; +Vh=Ix*Bz*Rh/t; +printf('\n The value of Hall voltage is %f μV',Vh); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..556450698 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("It=I0*exp(-α*l)"); +a=5*10^4; //say α=a +l=0.46*10^-4; +I0=10^-2; +It=I0*exp(-a*l); +printf('\n The value of It is %f W',It); +p1=10; +p2=1; +Pab=p1-p2; +printf('\n The value of Pab is %f mW(or)*10^-3J/s',Pab); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e9e97f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +a=1.6; //say a=σn +q=1.6*10^-19; +b=4000; //say b=μe +c=0.8; //say c=σp +d=2000; //say d=μh +e=0.0258; //sat e=K*T/q +g=16*8.854*10^-14; +ni-2.1*10^13; +Nd=a/(q*b); +Na=c/(q*d); +printf('\n The value of Nd is %f/cm^3',Nd); +printf('\n The value of Na is %f/cm^3',Na); +Vbi=e*log(Nd*Na/(ni^2))/2.303; +printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi); +h=5*10^15; +i=1; +j=1; +W=((2*g*0.2467/(q*(h)))^0.5)*2; +printf('\n The value of depletion bandwidth is %f cm',W); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4862a724c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +b=4.55; //say b=φm +x=4.01; //say x=χ +a=b-x; //say a=φb +printf('\n The Schottky barrier height is %fV',a); +disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Nc/Nd);"); +Nc=2.8*10^19; +Nd=10^16; +c=0.0259; //say c=K*T/q +Vbi=c*log(Nc/Nd); +printf('\n The built in potential is %fV',Vbi); +disp("W=sqrt(2*Єs*Vbi/(q*Nd))"); +d=11.7*8.854*10^-14; +Vbi1=0.33; +q=1.6*10^-19; +W=sqrt(2*d*Vbi1/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The space charge width at zero bias is %fcm',W*10^4); +disp("|Emax|=q*Nd*Wn/Єs"); +Emax=q*Nd*W*10^-4/d; +printf('\n The maximum electric field is %f*10^4 V/cm',Emax); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da234704 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("Is=A*R*T*exp(-q*Va/(K*T))"); +A=10^-3; +R=110; +T=300; +Va=0.67; +Va1=0.3; +a=0.026; //say a=K*T/q +Is=A*R*T*exp(-Va/a)*10^8; +printf('\n The value of Is is %f*10^-8 A',Is*10^2); +I=Is*exp(-Va1/a)*10^7; +printf('\n The value of I is %f*10^-3 A',I); diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98653a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +p1=2*10^16; ////say p1 is in p-region +Na=2*10^16; +ni=10^10; +n1=ni^2/p1; //say n1 is in p-region +printf('\n The value of n in p-region is %f/cm^3',n1); +n2=9*10^16; //say n2 is in n-region +p2=(ni^2)/n2; //say p2 is in n-region +printf('\n The value of p in n-region is %f/cm^3',p2); +a=0.0259; +pp=2*10^16; +nn=9*10^16; +Vbi=a*log(pp*nn/(ni^2)); //say a=K*T/q at room temp. i.e., 300k +printf('\n The value of Vbi,built-in-potential at 300K is %fV',Vbi); +b=0.0345; //say b=K*T/q at 400k +ni1=4.52*10^12; //say ni at 400K=ni1 +Vbi1=b*log(pp*nn/(ni1^2)); //say Vbi1 is built in potential at 400K +printf('\n The value of Vbi,built-in-potential at 400K is %fV',Vbi1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e889c0d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +a=1000; //say a=μe +Vt=0.0258; +c=300; //say c=μh +Dn=a*Vt; +Dp=c*Vt; +printf('\n The value of Dn is %f cm^2/V-s',Dn); +printf('\n The value of Dp is %f cm^2/V-s',Dp); +ni=10^10; +Na=10^16; +Nd=4*10^16; +np0=ni^2/Na; +pn0=ni^2/Nd; +printf('\n The value of np0 is %f cm^-3',np0); +printf('\n The value of pn0 is %f cm^-3',pn0); +tn=10^-5; +tp=10^-5; +Ln=sqrt(Dn*tn); +Lp=sqrt(Dp*tp); +f=Ln*10^-2; +g=Lp*10^-2; +printf('\n The value of Ln is %fm',f); +printf('\n The value of Lp is %fm',g); +disp("I=q*A*((Dn*np0/Ln)+(Dp*pn0/Lp))*exp((Va/Vt)-1);"); +q=1.6; +A=10^4; +Va=0.6; +I=q*A*3*((Dn*np0/f)+(Dp*pn0/g))*exp((Va/Vt)-1); +printf('\n The value of I is %f μA',I*10^-22); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86ddd5632 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Na=3*10^16; +Nd=8*10^15; +ni=10^10; +a=0.025852; //say a=K*T/q +disp("Vbi=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);"); +Vbi=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2); +printf('\n The value of built-in-potential is %1.3fV',Vbi); +disp("Xn=sqrt((2*Єs*Vbi*Na)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd)))"); +q=1.6*10^-19; +b=11.7*8.85*10^-14; +Xn=sqrt((2*b*Vbi*Na)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd))); +printf('\n The value of depletion width is %f*10^-5 cm',Xn*10^5); +Neff=Na*Nd/(Na+Nd); +printf('\n The value of Neff is %f*10^15',Neff*10^-15); +c=11.7*8.85; +q1=1.6; +Cj0=sqrt(c*q1*Neff/(2*Vbi))/3; +printf('\n The value of Cj0 is %f*10^-8 F/cm^2',Cj0*10^-8); +Va=-3; +Cj3=Cj0*10^-8*sqrt(Vbi/(Vbi-Va)); +printf('\n The value of Cj(-3) is %f*10^-8 F/cm^2',Cj3); +W=sqrt(2*b*(Vbi-Va)/(q*Neff)); +printf('\n The value of total depletion width is %f*10^-5 cm',W*10^5); +Emax=2*(Vbi-Va)/W; +printf('\n The value of maximum electric field is %f V/cm',Emax); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8bc8976 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Na=10^17; +Nd=10^16; +ni=10^10; +a=0.0259; //say a=K*T/q +V0=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2); +printf('\n The value of V0 is %1.2fV',V0); +Va=0.5; +b=11.8*8.85*10^-14; +q=1.6*10^-19; +xp=sqrt(2*b*Nd*(V0-Va)/(q*Na*(Na+Nd))); +xn=sqrt(2*b*Na*(V0-Va)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd))); +printf('\n The value of xp is %f*10^-6 cm',xp*10^6); +printf('\n The value of xn is %f*10^-5 cm',xn*10^5); +tn=10^-6; +tp=2*10^-6; +c=800; //say c=μe +d=410; //say d=μh +Ln=sqrt(0.0259*c*tn); +Lp=sqrt(0.0259*d*tp); +printf('\n The value of Ln is %f cm',Ln); +printf('\n The value of Lp is %f cm',Lp); +A=10^-2; +Cj=A*sqrt(q*b*Na*Nd/(2*(V0-Va)*(Na+Nd)))*10^10; +printf('\n The value of Cj is %f*10^-10 F',Cj); +Cs=(1/sqrt(a))*q*A*(ni^2)*((sqrt(tp*d)*(1/Nd))+(sqrt(tn*c)*(1/Na)))*exp(Va/a)*10^10; +printf('\n The value of Cs is %f*10^-10 F',Cs); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2acd2d4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +K=8.62*10^-5; +T=300; +a=K*T; +printf('\n The value of K*T is %fV',a); +I0=10^-6; +Va=0.15; +disp("rac=1/((I0/K*T)*exp(Va/K*T));"); +rac=1/((I0/a)*exp(Va/a)); +printf('\n The value of rac is %f ohm',rac); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbe542f42 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Va=(K*T/q)*log((J/Js)+1)"); +a=0.0259; //say +J=10^5; +Js=250*10^-3; +Va=a*log((J/Js)+1); +printf('\n The value of Va is %fV',Va); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f4d3b9ad --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("I=Is*(exp(e*Va/(K*T)-1))"); +Is=1*10^-6; +a=0.025875; //say a=K*T/q +Va=0.2; +I=Is*(exp(Va/a)-1); +printf('\n The value of I is %f A',I); +rdc=Va/I; +printf('\n The value of rdc is %f ohm',rdc); +rac=a/I; +printf('\n The value of rac is %f ohm',rac); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..052cec22d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("Vbi=φm-((K*T/q)*log(Nc/n))"); +a=0.72; //say φm=a +b=0.0259; //say b=K*T/q +Nc=3.22*10^19; +n=10^15; +Vbi=a-(b*log(Nc/n)); +printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi); +disp("W=sqrt(2*Єs*(Vbi-V)/(q*Nd))"); +c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; +V=0; +q=1.6*10^-19; +Nd=10^15; +W=sqrt(2*c*(Vbi-V)/(q*Nd)); +printf('\n The value of W is %f*10^-5 cm',W*10^5); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..523a16618 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Problem 1.1,Page No.8 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Rectangle-1 +a_1=37.5 //cm**2 +y_1=26.25 //cm + +//Rectangle-2 +a_2=50 //cm**2 +y_2=15 //cm + +//Rectangle-3 +a_3=150 //cm**2 +y_3=2.5 //cm + + +//Calculation + + +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1 //cm + +//Result +printf("The centroid of the section is %.2f cm",Y_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..594cdc7d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 1.12,Page no.16 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Right Circular Cyclinder +//m_1=(16*%pi*h*rho_1) //gm +//y_1=4+h*2**-1 //cm + +//Hemisphere +//m_2=256*%pi*rho_1 //gm +y_2=2.5 //cm + +Y_bar=4 //cm +r=4 //cm + +//Calculation + +//Y_bar=(m_1*y_1+m_2*y_2)*(m_1+m_2)**-1 //cm //Centroid +h=(402.114*25.132**-1)**0.5 + +//Result +printf("The value of h is %.2f cm",h) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd0b56921 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Problem 1.2,Page No.9 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Area-1 +a_1=6 //cm**2 +x_1=3 //cm +y_1=0.5 //cm + +//Area-2 +a_2=6 //cm**2 +x_2=2.671 //cm +y_2=3 //cm + +//Area-3 +a_3=16 //cm**2 +x_3=1 //cm +y_3=5 //cm + + +//Calculation + + +X_bar=(a_1*x_1+a_2*x_2+a_3*x_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1 //cm +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1 //cm + + +//Result +printf("The centre of gravity of section is %.2f cm",X_bar) +printf("\n The centre of gravity of section is %.2f cm",Y_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cc189789 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem 1.3,Page no.10 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Area-1 +a_1=93.75 //cm**2 +y_1=6.25 //cm + +//Area-2 +a_2=93.75 //cm**2 +y_2=6.25 //cm + +//Area-3 +a_3=375 //cm**2 +y_3=9.375 //cm + +//Area-4 +a_4=353.43 //cm**2 +y_4=6.366 //cm + + +//Calculation + +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3-a_4*y_4)*(a_1+a_2+a_3-a_4)**-1 //cm + + +//Result +printf("The centre of gravity lies at a distance of %.2f cm",Y_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63f81c708 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem 1.4,Page no.10 + + +clc;clear; +close; + + +a_1=36*%pi //cm**2 //Area of Quadrant of a circle +x_1=16/%pi //cm +y_1=16*%pi**-1 //cm + + +a_2=18*%pi //cm**2 //Area of the semicircle +x_2=6 //cm +y_2=8*%pi**-1 //cm + + +//Calculation-1 + +X_bar=(a_1*x_1-a_2*x_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1 //cm + +//Calculation-2 +//To calculate Y_bar,taking AB as the Reference line + +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1-a_2*y_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1 //cm + +//Result + +printf("The centre of gravity is %.2f cm",X_bar) +printf("\n The centre of gravity is %.2f cm",Y_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4907de9fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Problem 1.5,Page no.11 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Circle-1 +a_1=100*%pi //cm**2 +x_1=10 //cm + +//Square-2 +a_2=50 //cm**2 +x_2=15 //cm + +//Calculation + +X_bar=(a_1*x_1-a_2*x_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1 //cm + + +//Result +printf("The centre of gravity is %.2f cm",X_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb447d1cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem 1.6,Page no.12 + + +clc;clear;close; + +//Rectangle-1 +a_1=51200 //mm**2 +x_1=160 //mm +y_1=80 //mm + +//Triangle-2 +a_2=6400 //mm**2 +x_2=80*3**-1 //mm +y_2=320*3**-1 //mm + +//Semicircle-3 +a_3=1250*%pi //mm**2 +x_3=210 //mm +y_3=(160-(4*50-(3*%pi)**-1)) //mm + + +//Calculation + +X_bar=(a_1*x_1-a_2*x_2-a_3*x_3)*(a_1-a_2-a_3)**-1 //mm +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1-a_2*y_2-a_3*y_3)*(a_1-a_2-a_3)**-1 //mm + +//Result +printf("The centroid of the given area is %.2f mm",X_bar) +printf("\n The centroid of the given area is %.2f mm",Y_bar) +//Answer given in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3772/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e05a86be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Problem 1.8,Page no.12 + + +clc;clear; +close; + + +alpha=%pi/2 //degree //In case of semicircle + +//Semicircle-1 +r_1=20 //cm //radius of semicircle +y_1=4*r_1*(3*%pi)**-1 //cm //distance from the base +a_1=(%pi*r_1**2)*2**-1 //cm**2 //area of semicircle + +//Semicircle-2 +r_2=16 //cm //radius of semicircle +y_2=4*r_2*(3*%pi)**-1 //cm //distance from the base +a_2=(%pi*r_2**2)*2**-1 //cm**2 //area of semicircle + +//Calculations + + +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1-a_2*y_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1 //cm //centroid + + +//Result +printf("The centroid of the area is %.2f cm",Y_bar) diff --git a/3772/CH1/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3772/CH1/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7825f9b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH1/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem 5.7,Page no.126 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=12 //m //depth of mast +D_1=20 //cm //diameter at the base +D_2=10 //cm //diameter at the top + +//Calculations + +//Consider section at a distance x cm below top of mast and y be the diameter at this section + +//triangle OAB and ODC are similar,we get +//2*AB=x*120**-1 +//EB=y=10+x*120**-1 +//after simplifying we get, x=120*(y-10) + +//Z=%pi*64**-1*y**4)*(y*32**-1)**-1 //Section modulus +//After simplifying we get +//Z=(%pi*y**3)*(32)**-1 + +//M=120*P(y-10) //bending moment at that section + +//From flexural formula we get, +//sigma=M*Z**-1 +//After substituting and simplifying above equation we get, +//sigma=3840*P*%pi**-1*(1*y**2-1-10*y**3-1) + +//To find max value of sigma taking derivative of above equation we get +y=15 //cm + +//Now substituting value of y in all equations with variable y +x=120*(y-10) +//sigma=3840*P*(15-10)*(%pi*15**3)**-1 + +//After implifying above equation we get + +P=(3500*%pi*15**3)*(3840*5)**-1 //N //Magnitude of load causing failure + +//Result +printf("The Magnitude of Load is %.2f N",P) diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cc6b9416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem no 10.1,Page No.249 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Consider Equilibrium of joint A +//As there are no Load applied at A members AC and AB have nothing to Balance +//So they are null members +F_AB=0 +F_AC=0 + +//Consider Equilibrium of joint B + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DB=4*(cos(45*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_BC=F_DB*sin(45*%pi*180**-1) + +//Consider Equilibrium of joint B + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_CE=4*(sin(45*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DC=F_CE*cos(45*%pi*180**-1) + +//Result +printf("The Forces in Each members are as follows:F_AB = %.f kN",F_AB) +printf("\n :F_AC = %.f kN",F_AC) +printf("\n :F_DB %.2f",F_DB);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_BC %.2f",F_BC);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_CE %.2f",F_CE);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_DC %.2f",F_DC);printf(" KN (compression)" ) diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d6396ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// Problem no 10.2,Page No.250 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Taking moment at Pt A we get +R_B=100*8*4**-1 + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +R_AV=-R_B + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +R_H=100 + +//joint B + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_CB=R_B + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_AB=0 //As there is no force to balance in horizontal direction + +//joint A + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_AC=R_H*(cos(45*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_AD=200-F_AC*sin(45*%pi*180**-1) + +//joint C + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_EC=200-F_AC*cos(45*%pi*180**-1) + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DC=F_AC*cos(45*%pi*180**-1) + +//joint D + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DE=F_DC*(cos(45*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//DF and EF are null members at this joint as each member individually has nothing to balance +F_DF=0 +F_EF=0 + +//Result +printf("The Forces in Each members are as follows:F_AB = %.1f kN",F_AB) +printf("\n :F_CB = %.1f kN (compressive)",F_CB) +printf("\n :F_AC %.2f",F_AC);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_AD=%.1f kN (Tensile)",F_AD) +printf("\n :F_EC=%.1f kN N(Compressive)",F_EC) +printf("\n :F_DC=%.1f kN N(Compressive)",F_DC) +printf("\n :F_DE %.2f",F_DE);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_DF = %.f kN",F_DF) +printf("\n :F_EF = %.f kN",F_EF) diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23777b820 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +// Problem no 10.3,Page No.252 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//taking moment at pt A we get +R_D=(90*6+120*3)*9**-1 //Reaction at Pt D + +//Joint D + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_GD=100*(sin(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DC=F_GD*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint G + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_GC=F_GD + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_FG=F_GD*cos(60*%pi*180**-1)+F_GC*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//joint C + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_FC=(115.5*sin(60*%pi*180**-1)-90)*(sin(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_CB=F_DC+F_GC*cos(60*%pi*180**-1)+F_FC*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//joint F + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_FB=F_FC + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_EF=F_FG+F_FC*cos(60*%pi*180**-1)+F_FB*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint B + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_EB=(120-F_FB*sin(60*%pi*180**-1))*(sin(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_BA=F_CB+F_FB*cos(60*%pi*180**-1)-F_EB*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint E + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_AE=F_EB + +//Result +printf("Forces in Each members are as follows:F_GD %.1f kN (compression)",F_GD) +printf("\n :F_DC %.2f",F_DC);printf(" KN(Tension)" ) +printf("\n :F_GC %.1f kN (Tension)",F_GC) +printf("\n :F_FG %.1f kN (Compression)",F_FG) +printf("\n :F_FC %.1f kN(compression)",F_FC) +printf("\n :F_CB %.2f",F_CB);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_FB %.1f kN(compression)",F_FB) +printf("\n :F_EF %.2f",F_EF);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_EB %.2f",F_EB);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_BA %.2f",F_BA);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_AE %.2f",F_AE);printf(" KN(compression)") diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a07330b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem no 10.4,Page No.253 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//JOint D + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_1=6*sin(30*%pi*180**-1)**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_5=F_1*cos(30*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint C + +//Resolving forces perpendicular to plane +F_6=10*cos(30*%pi*180**-1) + +//Resolving forces parallel to plane +F_2=F_1+10*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint E + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_7=(8+F_6*sin(60*%pi*180**-1))*(sin(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 +F_4=F_5+F_6*cos(60*%pi*180**-1)+F_7*cos(60*180**-1*%pi) + +//Resolving forces perpendicular to plane +F_3=F_7*sin(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Resolving forces parallel to plane +F_8=F_2+F_7*cos(30*%pi*180**-1) + +//Result +printf("Forces in Each members are as follows:F_1 %.2f",F_1);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_5 %.2f",F_5);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_6 %.2f",F_6);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_2 %.2f",F_2);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_7 %.2f",F_7);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_4 %.2f",F_4);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_3 %.2f",F_3);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_8 %.2f",F_8);printf(" KN(Tension)") diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af85fdd5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// Problem no 10.5,Page No.256 + +clc;clear; +close; + +BC=6 //m + +//Calculations + +AB=2*BC*(3**0.5)**-1 + +//Taking moment about B we get +R_A=-(-2000*3-1000*6)*(12*(3**0.5)**-1)**-1 //reaction at the roller support A + +//The resultant of all the three Loads is 4000 N acting at right angle to BC at D + +//Resolving it vertically we have +V=4000*sin(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Resolving it horizontal we have +H=4000*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +R_B_v=V-R_A + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +R_B_h=H +R_B=((R_B_v)**2+(R_B_h)**2)**0.5 + +tan_theta=R_B_v*R_B_h**-1 + +//Joint B + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_BD=1000*(3**0.5)*2 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_BE=R_B_h+F_BD*cos(30*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint D +F_DE=2000 //N +F_CD=F_BD + +//Consider equilibrium of truss to the Left of section 2-2 +F_CE=R_A*AB*(sin(30*%pi*180**-1)*6)**-1 + +//Joint A + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_AC=R_A*(sin(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_AE=F_AC*cos(60*%pi*180**-1) + +//Result +printf("Forces in Each members are as follows:F_BD %.2f",F_BD);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_BE %.2f",F_BE);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_DE %.2f",F_DE);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_CD %.2f",F_CD);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_CE %.2f",F_CE);printf(" KN(Tension)") +printf("\n :F_AC %.2f",F_AC);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_AE %.2f",F_AE);printf(" KN(Tension)") diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c86506905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Problem no 10.6,Page No.258 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Calculations + +//Taking moment of the Forces about the hinge A +P=1000*2**0.5*1.2*(0.9)**-1 + +//Let R_AH be the Horizontal component of the reaction at A +R_AH=P-1000*2**0.5 +R_A=((R_AH)**2+(1000*2**0.5)**2)**0.5 + +//Resolving the forces vertically we get +R_AV=1000*2**0.5 //vertical component of the reaction at A + +//joint A + +//Resolving vertically we get +F_BA=1000*2**0.5*(sin(30*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Resolving horizontally we get +F_AD=2000*2**0.5*3**0.5*2**-1-1000*2**0.5*3**-1 //N + +//Joint C + +BD=1.2*sin(30*%pi*180**-1) +BE=0.6*sin(30*%pi*180**-1) +ED=0.6*cos(30*%pi*180**-1) +CE=0.9-0.52 + +theta=atan(BE*CE**-1)*(180*%pi**-1) + +F_CB=P*(sin(38.29*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Resolving vertically +F_CD=F_CB*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint D + +//Resolving horizontally +F_DB=(F_AD-1000*2**0.5)*(cos(60*%pi*180**-1))**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Pull in chain is %.2f",P);printf(" N") +printf("\n Force in the each members are as follows:F_BA %.2f",F_BA);printf(" KN(compressive)") +printf("\n :F_AD %.2f",F_AD);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_CB %.2f",F_CB);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_CD %.2f",F_CD);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_DB %.2f",F_DB);printf(" KN(compressive)") diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c909293b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// Problem no 10.7,Page No.261 +clc; +clear; +close; + + +//Calculations + +theta=atan(1*2**-1)*(180*%pi**-1) //Radian + +//Taking moment about A +R_EH=10*8*4**-1 + +//Horizontal component of reaction at A +R_AH=20 //KN + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_AB=20*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1)**-1 + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +R_AV=10*5**0.5*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Vertical Reaction at E +R_EV=0 + +//Joint C + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_DC=10*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1)**-1 + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_CB=F_DC*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint D + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_DB=F_DC*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Applying the summation of horizontal forces we get +F_DE=F_DC*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Joint E + +//Applying the summation of vertical forces we get +F_EB=R_EV*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) + +//Result +printf("Forces in Each members are as follows:F_AB %.2f",F_AB);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_DC %.2f",F_DC);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_CB %.2f",F_CB);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_DB %.2f",F_DB);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n :F_DE %.2f",F_DE);printf(" KN(compression)") +printf("\n :F_EB %.2f",F_EB);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3772/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c7f6088a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +// Problem no 10.8,Page No.262 + +clc;clear; +close; + +F_c=20 //KN //Force at C +F_d=5 //KN //Force at D +F_e=15 //KN //Force at E +F_f=10 //KN //Force at F +L_CD=3.6 //m //Length of CD +L_DE=3.6 //m //Length of DE +L_EF=4.8 //m //Length of EF +L_AD=3.6;L_BE=3.6 //m //Length of AD & BE + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A and R_B be the reactions at pts at A and B + +//Taking moment at A +R_B=-(-F_f*(L_DE+L_EF)+F_c*L_CD-F_e*L_DE)*(L_DE)**-1 +R_A=50-R_B + +//Considering section 1-1 through members AB,DB,DE and taking F.B.D of left side of section 1-1 + +//Taking moment at B +sigma_1=(F_d*L_DE+F_c*(L_CD+L_DE)-R_A*L_DE)*L_AD**-1 //Force i member DE + +//Taking moment @ D +sigma_3=(F_c*L_CD)*L_AD**-1 //KN //force in member AB + + +//Consider triangle DBE +theta=atan(L_BE*L_DE**-1)*(180*%pi**-1) + +//Taking moment @ A +sigma_2=(-sigma_1*L_AD+F_c*L_CD)*(L_AD*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1))**-1 //Force in member F_DE + +//Now considering section 2-2 passing through members AB,AD,CD and taking left hand F.B.D + +//Taking moment @C +sigma_5=(R_A*L_CD-sigma_3*L_AD)*L_CD**-1 //Force in member AD + +//Taking moment @A=0 +sigma_4=F_c*L_CD*L_AD**-1 //Force in member CD + + +//Result +printf("Force in member CD is %.2f",sigma_4);printf(" KN(Compressive)") +printf("\n Force in member AD is %.2f",sigma_5);printf(" KN(Tensile)") +printf("\n Force in member BD is %.2f",sigma_2);printf(" KN(Compression)") +printf("\n Force in member AB is %.2f",sigma_1);printf(" KN(Tension)") + +// Answer is wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..728cd48ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem 11.1,Page no.273 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=10 //KN //Load +e=0.06 //m //eccentricity +b=0.240 //m //width of column +d=0.150 //m //depth of column + +//Calculations + +sigma_d=P*(b*d)**-1 //KN/m**2 +M=P*e //KN*m //Moment due to eccentricity +Z=(d*(b)**2)*6**-1 //mm**3 + +sigma_b=M*Z**-1 //KN/m**2 + +sigma_CD=sigma_d+sigma_b +sigma_AB=sigma_d-sigma_b + +//Result +printf("Stress at face CD is %.2f",sigma_CD);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n Stress at face AB is %.2f",sigma_AB);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35d8aaab2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Problem 11.2,Page no.274 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=2 //cm //Diameter of specimen + +//Calculations + +//Let P be the Load on the section + +A=%pi*4**-1*d**2 //cm**2 //Area of section +I=%pi*64**-1*d**4 //cm**4 //M.I of the section +y=d*2**-1 //cm +Z=I*y**-1 //cm**3 //Section modulus +//M=P.e //Moment + +//Stress due to direct load +//sigma_d=(4*P)*(%pi*d**2)**-1 //N/cm**2 + +//stress due to moment +//sigma_b=(32*P*e)*(%pi*d**3)**-1 N/cm**2 + +//Maximum stress +//sigma_r_max=(((4*P)*(%pi*d**2)**-1)+((32*P*e)*(%pi*d**3)**-1)) + +//Mean stress +//sigma_r_mean=((4*P)*(%pi*d**2)**-1) + +//Since the maximum stress is 20% greater than the mean stress +//(((4*P)*(%pi*d**2))+((32*P*e)*(%pi*d**3)))=1.2*4*P*(%pi*d**2)**-1 + +//After substituing values and simplifyinf we get + +e=0.2*d*8**-1 //cm //distance of line of thrust from the axis + +//Result +printf("The distance of line of thrust from the axis is %.2f",e);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80df0134d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem 11.3,Page no.274 + +clc;clear; +close; + +A=300 //cm**2 //Area of column +e=5 //cm //eccentricity + +//Calculations + +//sigma_d=P*A**-1 //Direct compressive stress +//M=P*e //Bending Moment +Z=((20**4-10**4)*(6*20)**-1) //cm**3 //Section modulus + +//sigma_b=M*Z**-1=P*250**-1 + +//Now sigma_d+sigma_b=60*10**2 + +//P*300**-1+P*250**-1=6000 + +//After simplifying we get +P_1=6000*300*250*550**-1 //N //Load + +//sigma_b-sigma_d=300 + +P_2=300*300*250*50**-1 //N //Load + +//Result +printf("The maximum load column can carry %.2f",P_2);printf(" N") diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a29739d07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Problem 11.4,Page no.275 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=40 //cm //External diameter of column +d=30 //cm //Internal diameter of column +e=20 //cm //Eccentricity +P=150 //KN //Load + +//calculations + +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //cm**2 //Area of the column +Z=%pi*32**-1*((D**4-d**4)*D**-1) //cm**3 //Section modulus +M=P*10**3*e //N*cm //Moment + +sigma_r_max=((P*10**3*A**-1)+(M*Z**-1)) //N/cm**2 //Max stress +sigma_r_min=((P*10**3*A**-1)-(M*Z**-1)) //N/cm**2 //Min stress + +//Result +printf("Max intensities of stress in the section is %.2f",sigma_r_max);printf(" N/cm**2") +printf("\n Min intensities of stress in the section is %.2f",sigma_r_min);printf(" N/cm**2(tension)") diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..782ff05cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Problem 11.5,Page no.277 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=4 //m //width of %pier +d=3 //m //depth of %pier +e_x=1 //m //distance from y axis +e_y=0.5 //m //distance from x axis +P=80 //KN //Load + +//Calculations + +A=b*d //m**2 //Area of %pier +I_x_x=b*d**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I about x-x axis +I_y_y=d*b**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I about y-y axis +M_x=P*e_y //KN*m //Moment about x-x axis +M_y=P*e_x //KN*m //Moment about y-y axis + +x=2 //m //Distance between y-y axis and corners A and B +y=1.5 //m ////Distance between x-x axis and corners A and D + +//Part-1 +//Stress developed at each corner + + +sigma_A=P*A**-1+M_x*y*I_x_x**-1-M_y*x*I_y_y**-1 //KN/m**2 //stress at A +sigma_B=P*A**-1+M_x*y*I_x_x**-1+M_y*x*I_y_y**-1 //KN/m**2 //stress at B +sigma_C=P*A**-1-M_x*y*I_x_x**-1+M_y*x*I_y_y**-1 //KN/m**2 //stress at C +sigma_D=P*A**-1-M_x*y*I_x_x**-1-M_y*x*I_y_y**-1 //KN/m**2 //stress at D + +//Part-2 +//Let f be the additional load that should be placed at centre + +//sigma_c=F*A**-1 //KN/m**2 //compressive stress + +//For no tension in %pier section, compressive stress is equal to tensile stress +sigma_c=10 //KN/m**2 +F=sigma_c*A //KN + +//Part-3 + +sigma=F*A**-1 //KN/m**2 //stress due to additional load of 120 KN + +sigma_A_1=sigma_A+10 //stress at A +sigma_B_1=sigma_B+10 //stress at B +sigma_C_1=sigma_C+10 //stress at C +sigma_D_1=sigma_D+10 //stress at D + +//Result +printf("Stress at each corner are as follows:stress_A %.2f",sigma_A);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :stress_B %.2f",sigma_B);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :stress_C %.2f",sigma_C);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :stress_D %.2f",sigma_D);printf(" KN/m**2(tensile)") + +printf("\n\n Additional load that should be placed at centre is %.2f",F);printf(" KN") + +printf("\n\n Stresses at the corners with the additional load in centre are as follows:Stress_A_1 %.2f",sigma_A_1);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :Stress_B_1 %.2f",sigma_B_1);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :Stress_C_1 %.2f",sigma_C_1);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :Stress_D_1 %.2f",sigma_D_1);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3772/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..404574e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Problem 11.11.6,Page no.278 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//d=Diameter of rod +P=500 //KN +e=0.75 //cm //eccentricity + +//calculation + +//A=%pi*d**2*4**-1 //cm**2 //Area of rod +//sigma_d=P*A**-1 //KN/cm**2 //stress due to direct load + +//After substituting value and simplifying we get, +//sigma_d=2000*(%pi*d**2)**-1 //KN/cm**2 + +M=P*e //Kn*cm //Moment + +//Z=%pi*d**3*32**-1 //cm**3 //section modulus +//sigma_b=M*Z**-1 //KN/cm**2 //Stress due to moment + +//After substituting value and simplifying we get, +//sigma_b=12000*(%pi*d**3)**-1 //KN/cm**2 + +//Max stress +//sigma=sigma_d+sigma_b + +//After substituting value and simplifying we get, +//2000*(%pi*d**2)**-1+12000*(%pi*d**3)**-1=12.5 + +//After simplifying we get, +//d**3-53.05*d-318.3=0 + +//From Synthetic Division we get d**2+4.73*d-42.918 +a=1 +b=-4.73 +c=-42.918 + +X=b**2-(4*a*c) + +d_1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +d_2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +//Result +printf("The minimum diameter of the rod is %.2f",d_1);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9006f993 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 12.1,Page No.286 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=6 //m //Length of Beam +L_1=4 //m //Length of Beam with udl Load +w=10 //KN/m //u.d.l + +//Calculation + +//Deflection of cantileverat C due to udl on AB +y_c=w*L_1**4*8**-1+w*L_1**3*6**-1*(L-L_1) + +//Deflection of cantileverat C due to prop reaction alone +//y_c_2=R_c*L**3*3**-1 + +//Since both Deflection are Equal +//y_c=y_c_2 + +R_c=y_c*(6**3)**-1*3 //Reaction at C + +//Result +printf("The Reaction at End C is %.3f kN",R_c) diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c851e1778 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Problem no 12.2,Page No.286 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=10 //m //Length +b=15 //cm //Width +d=40 //cm //Depth +y_c=1.5*10**-2 //m //Deflection +E=120*10**9 +y=0.2 +sigma=10*10**6 //Bending stress + +//Calculations + +I=b*d**3*12**-1*10**-8 //cm //M.I + +//From Deflection at the centre of cantilever we get +w=y_c*192*E*I*(L**4)**-1*10**-3 //udl distributed over the cantilever + +//From Bending Moment Equation we get +w_2=sigma*I*y**-1*16*(L**2)**-1*10**-3 //udl distributed over the cantilever + +//Result +printf("The safe uniformly Distributed Load is %.2f",w_2);printf(" KN/m") diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fb5ae117 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem no 12.3,Page No.287 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=6 //m //span of beam +w=30*10**3 //KN/m //u.d.l +P=160*10**3 //N //concentrated Load + +//Calculations + +//Consider a section at a distance x from the fixed end A and B.M at x +//M_x=R_b*(6-x)-30*2**-1*(6-x)**2-160*(3-x) + +//E*I*d**2y*(dx**2)**-1=-M_x=-R_b*(6-x)+15*(6-x)+160*(3-x) + +//Now Integrating above term we get +//E*I*dy*(dx)**-1=R_b*2**-1*(6-x)**2-5*(6-x)**3-80*(3-x)**2+C_1 (Equation 1) + +//Now on Integrating we get +//E*I*y=-R_b*6**-1*(6-x)**3+5*4**-1*(6-x)**2+80*3**-1*(3-x)**3+C_1*x+C_2 (Equation 2) + +//At x=0,dy*dx**-1=0 +//substituting in equation 1 we get +//C_1=1800-R_b + +//At x=0,y=0 +//substituting in equation 2 we get +//C_2=36*R_b-2340 + +//At x=6,y=0 +R_b=72**-1*(10800-2340) + +//At x=0 +x=0 +M_x=R_b*(6-x)-30*2**-1*(6-x)**2-160*(3-x) + +//Result +printf("Bending Moment at A is %.2f",M_x);printf(" KNm") +printf("\n The Reaction at B %.2f",R_b);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28614afa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Problem no 12.4,Page No.288 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=4 //span of beam +w_1=20*10**3 //Nm //u.d.l +w_2=30*10**3 //Nm //u.d.l + +//Calculations + +//consider a section at a distance x from A and B.M at this section is +//M_x=R_b*(3-x)-10*x**2+90*x-195 + +//Now integrating above equation we get +//E*I*dy*(dx)**-1=-R_b(3*x-x**2*2**-1)+10*x**3*3**-1-45*x**2+195*x+C_1 + +//again on Integrating we get +//E*I*y=-R_b*(3*x**2*2**-1-x**3*6**-1)+10*x**4*12**-1-15*x**3+195*x**2*2**-1+C_1*x+C_2 + +//At x=0,dy*(dx)**-1=0 Therefore C_1=0 + +//At x=0,y=0 Therefore C_2=0 + +//At x=3m, y=0 +x=3 +C_1=0 +C_2=0 +R_b=-(-10*x**4*12**-1+15*x**3-195*x**2*2**-1-C_1*x-C_2)*(3*x**2*2**-1-x**3*6**-1)**-1 + +//result +printf("Load taken by prop is %.2f",R_b);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cee047e71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Problem no 12.5,Page No.289 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=2 //m //Span of beam +w=10 //KN/m //u.d.l + +//Calculations + +//Downward deflection at B(of Beam AB) due to u.d.l of 10 KN/m is +Y_B_1=w*L**4*8**-1 + +//Upward deflection at B due to reaction at C alone is +//Y_B_2=R_c*8*3**-1 + +//Net downward deflection of cantilever at AB at B +//Y_B=Y_B_1-Y_B_2 + +//Downward Deflection of Beam CD at C due to the reaction +//R_c=R_c*(3*E*I)**-1 + +//since both deflection at C and B are equal +R_c=20*(1*3**-1+8*3**-1)**-1 + +//Result +printf("Reaction at C is %.2f",R_c);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3772/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27215730d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +// Problem no 12.8,Page No.292 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=8 //m //span +W=24*10**3 //N/m //U.D.L +y=2*10**-2 //m //deflection +E=20*10**9 +I=10**-5 //m**4 + +//Calculations + +//The Downward deflection at C Due to u.d.l +//Y_c=5*W*L**3*(384*E*I)**-1 + +//The Upward Deflection at C due to prop Reaction P +//Y_c_1=P*L**3*(48*E*I)**-1 + +//Since the prop is at the same level as end supports +//Y_c_1=Y_c +P_1=5*W*8**-1*10**-3 //KN + +//The reaction at A and B is equal +R_a=(24-15)*2**-1 +R_b=R_a; +//Shear Force at B +V_B=4.5 //KN + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=4.5-24*2**-1 +V_C2=4.5-24*2**-1+15 + +//Shea rForce at A +V_A=-4.5 //KN + +//B.M at C due to u.d.l +M_C1=W*L*8**-1*10**-3 //KN*m + +//B.M due to only prop reaction P=15 KN +P=15 +M_C2=-P*L*4**-1 //KN*m + +//B.M at D +M_D=4.5*1.5-24*8**-1*1.5**2*2**-1 + +//In second case prop sinks by 2 cm +//Y_c-Y_c_1=2 + +//So Further simplifying and sunstituting values in above equation we get +P=-(2*100**-1-(5*W*L**3*(384*E*I)**-1))*(L**3*(48*E*I)**-1)**-1 + +//Let Each end reaction be X +X=(24-14.625)*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("prop reaction is %.2f",P_1);printf(" KN") +printf("\n The End Reaction is %.2f",X);printf(" KN") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,4,4,8,8] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bendimg Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,4,4] +Y2=[0,M_C1,0] +Z2=[0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Lenght in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c381ddd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// Problem no 13.10,Page No.309 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=25 //cm //width of top FLange +t=5 //cm //thickness of top Flange +D=35 //cm //Depth of overall section +w_d=25 //cm //depth of web +w_t=5 //cm //thickness of web +t_1=5 //cm //thickness of bottom Flange +b_1=15 //cm //width of bottom Flange +sigma=17.5*10**6 +F=100*10**3 //N //S.F + +//Calculations + +a_1=b*t //area of top flange +a_2=w_d*w_t //area of web +a_3=b_1*t_1 //area of bottom Flange +y_1=t*2**-1 //C.G of top flange +y_3=D-(t_1*2**-1) //C.G of bottom Flange +y_2=D*2**-1 //c.G of Web + +Y=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1 + +I=b*t**3*12**-1+b*t*(Y-y_1)**2+w_t*w_d**3*12**-1+w_t*w_d*(D*2**-1-Y)**2+b_1*t_1**3*12**-1+b_1*t_1*(y_3-Y)**2 + +M=sigma*I*10**-8*(Y*10**-2)**-1 //B.M + +//Shear Stress in upper Flange at the junction with web +S_1=F*b*t*(Y-y_1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8*b*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in web at the junction with upper Flange +S_2=S_1*b*t**-1 + +//Max shear stress at the N.A +S=F*(b*t*(Y-y_1)+w_t*(Y-t)*(Y-t)*2**-1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in Lower Flange at the junction with web +S_3=F*(a_3*(D-Y-t_1*2**-1))*10**-6*(I*10**-8*b_1*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in web at the junction with Lower Flange +S_4=S_3*b_1*t_1**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Bending Moment section can take is %.2f",M);printf(" N-m") +printf("\n The shear stress Distribution Diagram") + +//Plotting the Shear stress distribution Diagram + +X_1=[0,5,5,15.19,30,30,35] +Y_1=[0,S_1,S_2,S,S_3,S_4,0] +Z_1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X_1,Y_1,X_1,Z_1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Stress in kN/m**2") + diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4bb3ac8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem no 13.2,Page No.301 + +clc;clear; +close; +//W=10*w //KN/m //u.d.l +sigma=805*10**6 //Pa //Bending stress +Tou=0.85*10**6 //Pa //Shear stress + +//Calculations + +//M=W*L**2*10**-4*8**-1 //Max B.M +//F=W*L*10**-2*2**-1 //Max S.F +//y=h*2**-1 //depth +//A-b*h //Area of c/s + +//Now using relation we get +//sigma=M*h*(2*I)**-1 //Bending stress + +//AFter substituitng values we get +//805*10**6=w*l**2*h*(16*10**5*I)**-1 //Equation 1 + +//Again using the relation we get +//tou=F*A*y_bar*(I*b)**-1 //shear atress + +//AFter substituitng values we get +//0.85*10**6=w*L*h**2*(16*10**5*I)**-1 //Equation 2 + +//Dividing equation 1 & 2 we get +//L*h**-1=10 +//Let L*h**-1=Z +z=10 + +//Result +printf("The Ratio of span to depth ratio is %.2f",z) diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04abb8e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Problem no 13.3,Page No.302 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=2 //m //span +w=20*10**3 //N/m //u.d.L +b=12.5 //cm //width of Flange +t=2.5 //cm //flange thickness +w_t=2.5 //cm //web thickness +D=20 //cm //Overall depth +w_d=17.5 //m //Depth of web + +//Calculations + +F=w*L*2**-1 //N //Max S.F +a_1=b*t //Area of flange +a_2=w_d*w_t //Area of web +y_1=t*2**-1 //C.G of flange +y_2=w_d*2**-1+t //C.G of web + +//C.G of c/s +Y=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2)*(a_1+a_2)**-1 + +//M.I about N.A +I=b*t**3*12**-1+b*t*(Y-y_1)**2+w_t*w_d**3*12**-1+w_t*w_d*(y_2-Y)**2 + +//Shear Stress in flange at the junction with web +//Let tou(Shear stress)=S +//Change in the notifications of Shear Stress For convenience +S_1=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*10**-8*b*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in web at the junction with flange +S_2=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*10**-8*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Max Shear Stres at N.A +S_max=(F*(a_1*(Y-y_1)+(w_t*(Y-t))*((Y-t)*2**-1))*10**-6)*(I*10**-8*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Result +printf("The Max shear stress in the beam is %.2f",S_max);printf(" KN/m**2") + +printf("\n\n Shear stress distribution Diagram") + +//Plotting the Shear stress distribution Diagram + +X_1=[0,2.5,2.5,4.58,15.42] +Y_1=[0,S_1,S_2,S_max,0] +Z_1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X_1,Y_1,X_1,Z_1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Stress in kN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cc8d1ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Problem no 13.4,Page No.303 + +clc;clear; +close; + +F=100*10**3 //N //Shear Force +I=11340*10**-8 //m**4 //M.I +b=20 //cm //width of Flange +t=5 //cm //thickness of flange +w_d=20 //cm //Depth of web +w_t=5 //cm //thickness of web + +//Calculations + +a_1=b*t //cm**2 //Area of flange +a_2=w_d*w_t //cm**2 //Area of web +y_1=t*2**-1 //cm //C.G of flange +y_2=t+w_d*2**-1 + +//C.G of C/s +Y=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2)*(a_1+a_2)**-1 + +//Shear Stress in flange at the junction with web +//Let tou(Shear stress)=S +//Change in the notifications of Shear Stress For convenience +S_1=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*b*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in web at the junction with flange +S_2=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Max Shear Stres at N.A +S_max=(F*(a_1*(Y-y_1)+(w_t*(Y-t))*((Y-t)*2**-1))*10**-6)*(I*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Result +printf("Shear Stress in flange at the junction with web %.2f",S_1);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n Shear Stress in web at the junction with flange %.2f",S_2);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n Max Shear Stress at N.A %.2f",S_max);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25c1ecc9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// Problem no 13.5,Page No.304 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=50 //cm //Overall depth +b=19 //cm //width of flange +t=2.5 //cm //Thickness of Flange +w_t=1.5 //cm //Web thickness +w_d=45 //cm //web thickness +F=400*10**3 //N //Shear Force +I=64500*10**-8 //m**4 //M.I + +//Calculations (Part-1) + +a_1=b*t //cm**2 //Area of flange +a_2=w_d*w_t //cm**2 //Area of web +y_1=t*2**-1 //cm //C.G of flange +y_2=t+w_d*2**-1 + +//As section is symmetrical +Y=D*2**-1 //cm + +//Shear Stress in flange at the junction with web +//Let tou(Shear stress)=S +//Change in the notifications of Shear Stress For convenience +S_1=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*b*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in web at the junction with flange +S_2=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Max Shear Stres at N.A +S_max=(F*(a_1*(Y-y_1)+(w_t*(Y-t))*((Y-t)*2**-1))*10**-6)*(I*w_t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 //kPa + +//Calculations (Part-2) + +//consider a strip in the flange of thickness dy at a distance y from N.A + +//S=F*(b*(Y-y)*(Y+y)*2**-1*10**-6)*(I*b*10**-2)**-1 +//after substituting values we get +//S=625-y**2*(3225*10**-8)**-1 + +//shear force carried by small strip +//F_1=625-y**2*(3225*10**-8)**-1*b*dy*10**-4 + +//Now Integrating above Equation we get +a =625 +b =-1 +I = integrate('625-y**2','y', 22.5, 25)//, args=(a,b)) +//Shear force carried by one flange +F_1=19*3225**-1*10**4*I + +//Shear force carried by two flange +F_2=2*F_1 + +//Shear force carried by web +F_3=F-F_2 + +//Result +printf("The shear Force int the section is %.2f",S_max);printf(" kPa") +printf("\n Total Shear Force in the web is %.2f",F_3);printf(" N") + + +printf("\n Shear stress distribution Diagram") + +//Plotting the Shear stress distribution Diagram + +X_1=[0,2.5,2.5,25,47.5,47.5,50] +Y_1=[0,S_1,S_2,S_max,S_2,S_1,0] +Z_1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X_1,Y_1,X_1,Z_1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Stress in kN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff945c0eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem no 13.6,Page No.305 + +clc;clear; +close; + +F=5*10**3 //N //shea Force +b=20 //cm //width of Flange +t=6 //cm //Thickness of flange +w_d=20 //cm //depth of web +w_t=6 //cm //thickness of web +X=700 //N //Shear Looad + +//Calculations + +a_1=b*t //cm**2 //Area ofFlange +a_2=w_d*w_t //cm**2 //Area of web +y_1=t*2**-1 //cm //C.G of Flange +y_2=t+w_d*2**-1 //cm //C.G of Web + +Y=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2)*(a_1+a_2)**-1 + +//M.I about N.A +I=b*t**3*12**-1+b*t*(Y-y_1)**2+w_t*w_d**3*12**-1+w_t*w_d*(y_2-Y)**2 + +//Shear Force per metre Length in Plane of contact of two Planks +//Let Shear Force per metre Length=F_1 +F_1=(F*a_1*(Y-y_1)*10**-6)*(I*10**-8)**-1 + +//Spacing of nails +s=X*F_1**-1*100 + +//Result +printf("The spacing of nails along the Length of beam is %.2f",s);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dc2647cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem no 13.7,Page No.306 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=3 //m //span +d=5 //cm //depth of each plank +b=15 //cm //width of plank +d_1=1.9 //cm //Diameter of bolt +s=12.5 //cm //spacing of bolt +w=3.3*10**3 //N.m //u.d.l + +//Calculations + +//Shear Force at 1.5m from support +F=w*1.5 + +I=b*(5*d)**3*12**-1 //M.I +A=%pi*4**-1*d_1**2 //area of Bolt +Y=5*d*2**-1 //C.G of beam +y_1=d*2**-1 //c.G of top plank + +//Shear Force per metre Length +F_1=F*b*d*(Y-y_1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8)**-1 + +//Load carried by bolt +W_1=F_1*s*10**-2 + +//shear stress +X_1=W_1*A**-1*10**+4 + +//Shear Force per metre Length +F_2=F*b*2*d*((d+y_1)-Y*10**-6)*(I*10**-8)**-1*10**-6 + +//Load carried by bolt +W_2=F_2*s*10**-2 + +//shear stress +X_2=W_2*(A*10**-4)**-1*10**-3 + +//Reult +printf("Shear stress in a bolt Located at 1.5 m from support is %.2f",X_2);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ba8f6c7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem no 13.8,Page No.307 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=15 //cm //width of plank +t=2.5 //cm //thickness of planf +F_1=1250 //N //Shear Force +F_2=5*10**3 //shaear force transmitted by screw +d=15 //cm //Depth of plank +D=20 //cm //Overall depth + +//Calculations + +Y=D*2**-1 //C.G of beam +y_1=t*2**-1 //C.G of flange + +I=((b*D**3)-(D*2**-1*b**3))*12**-1 //cm**4 //M.I + +//Shear Stress in the Flange at 7.5 cm from N.A +X_1=F_2*b*t*(Y-y_1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8*d*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear Stress in the web at 7.5 cm from N.A +X_2=X_1*d*(2*t)**-1 + +//shear stress at N.A +X_max=F_2*(b*t*(Y-y_1)+2*t*d*2**-1*d*4**-1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8*2*t*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//horizontal shear force per %pitch length to the shearing strength of two bolts we have +//X_h=X_2*10**3*2*t*10**-2*p + +//Equating horizontal shear force per %pitch length to the shearing strength of two bolts we have +p=F_1*2*(X_2*10**3*2*t*10**-2)**-1*10**2 + +//Result +printf("The Min spacing of screw along the beam is %.2f",p);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3772/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60f3477de --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem no 13.9,Page No.308 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=4 //m //span +w=80*10**3 //N/m //u.d.l +D=35 //cm //Overall depth +b=15 //cm //width of Flange +t=2.5 //cm //Thickness of flange +w_d=30 //cm //Depth of web +w_t=1.2 //cm //thickness of web + +//Calculations + +R_a=160;R_b=160 //KN //Reactions at supports + +//Shear FOrce at 1m from left support +F=R_a*10**3-w + +M=R_a*10**3-w*2**-1 //B.M at 1m From support + +I=(b*D**3-((b-w_t)*w_d**3))*12**-1 //cm**4 + +y=w_d*2**-1 +sigma=M*I**-1*y //N/m**2 + +//Shear stress in Flange at the junction with web +X_1=w*b*t*(w_d*2**-1+t*2**-1)*10**-6*(I*10**-8*b*10**-2)**-1*10**-3 + +//Shear stress in web at the junction with Flange +X_2=X_1*15*1.2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Magnitude of Bending is %.2f",sigma);printf(" N/m**2") +printf("\n Shear stress in web at the junction with Flange %.2f",X_1);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ece91e449 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Problem no 14.1,Page No.325 + +clc;clear; +close; +b=2 //m //width +FOS=1.5 //Factor of safety +//rho_mason=2.5*rho_w +mu=0.5 //coeffeicient of friction + +//Calculations + +//Let L=1 m (length of dam) +L=1 +//W=b*H*L*rho +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//W=2*H*rho + +//Total Pressure +//P=W*H**2*2**-1 + +x_bar=b*2**-1 //Distance of Line of action of W from waterface + +//Distance of pt where resultant cuts the base measured from Line of action +//x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//x=H**2*30**-1 + +//x_bar+x=2*b*3**-1 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//1+H**2*30**-1=2*b*3**-1 +H=(30*(2*b*3**-1-1))**0.5 //height of dam + +//Frictional Resistance offered at the base +//F=mu*W +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//F=3.16*rho + +//Total Lateral Pressure +//P=W*H**2*2**-1 +//P=4.99*W + +//Factor of safety against sliding +//FOS1=F*P**-1=3.16*4.99**-1*rho_mason*rho_w**-1 +FOS1=3.16*4.99**-1*2.5 + +//FOS1>FOS + +//Result +printf("Dam is safe against sliding = %.2f m",FOS1) diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bdf26731 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Problem no 14.10,Page No.337 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=6 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //top width +b=3 //m //Bottom width +rho_mason=22 //KN/m**3 //weight of mason +rho_earth=16 //KN/m**3 //density of water +phi=30 //Degree //angle of repose +mu=0.5 //Coeffecient of friction + +//Calculations + +//Let Length of dam ,L=1 m +L=1 //m + +//weight of dam +W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho_mason + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_earth*H**2*L*2**-1*((1-sin(30*%pi*180**-1))*(1+sin(phi*%pi*180**-1))**-1) + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 +e_max=b*6**-1 + +//stress at toe +sigma2=W*10**3*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1)*10**-3 + +//Safe agaainst bearing + +//Frictional Resistance +F=mu*W + +if F>P then + //it is safe against sliding + +//Result +printf("Safe against bearing as well as sliding") + +end diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24ce862aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +// Problem no 14.11,Page No.338 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=8 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //top width +b=4.5 //m //Bottom width +rho_mason=24 //KN/m**3 //weight of mason +rho_earth=20 //KN/m**3 //density of water +phi=30 //Degree //angle of repose +mu=0.5 //Coeffecient of friction +BC=120 //KN/m**2 + + +//Calculations + +//Let Length of dam ,L=1 m +L=1 //m + +//weight of dam +W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho_mason + +//Rankine's coeff earth pressure +K=((1-sin(30*%pi*180**-1))*(1+sin(phi*%pi*180**-1))**-1) + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_earth*H**2*L*2**-1*K + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Pressure at heel B +sigma1=W*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//Pressure at heel C +sigma2=W*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//sigma2>120 //KN/m**2,so it is unsafe against bearing capacity of the soil + +//result +printf("Unsafe against the bearing capacity of soil") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram + +X1=[0,L,L] +Y1=[sigma2,sigma1,0] +Z1=[0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3c5c5884 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Problem no 14.12,Page No.340 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=6 //m //height of dam +a=1.5 //m //top width +b=3.5 //m //Bottom width +rho_s=16 //KN/m**3 //density of soil +rho_mason=22.5 //KN/m**3 //density of mason +phi=30 //Degree //angle of repose + +//Calculations + +//Let Length of dam ,L=1 m +L=1 //m + +//weight of dam +W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho_mason + +//Rankine's coeff earth pressure +K=((1-sin(30*%pi*180**-1))*(1+sin(phi*%pi*180**-1))**-1) + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_s*H**2*L*2**-1*K + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Pressure at heel B +sigma1=W*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//Pressure at heel C +sigma2=W*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Result +printf("The Max Intensities of soil at the wall is %.2f",sigma2);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n The Min Intensities of soil at the wall is %.2f",sigma1);printf(" KN/m**2") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +X1=[0,L,L] +Y1=[sigma2,sigma1,0] +Z1=[0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e5d892c --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Problem no 14.13,Page No.341 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=6 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //top width +b=3 //m //Bottom width +rho_s=18 //KN/m**3 //density of soil +rho_mason=24 //KN/m**3 //density of mason +alpha=20 +phi=30 + +//Calculations + +//Let Length of dam ,L=1 m +L=1 //m + +a2=cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1) +b2=(cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)-((cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)**2-cos(phi*%pi*180**-1)**2))**0.5) +c2=(cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)+((cos(alpha*%pi*180**-1)**2-cos(phi*%pi*180**-1)**2)**0.5)) + +X=a2*b2*c2**-1 + +//Total Pressue on the wall +P=rho_s*H**2*2**-1*X + +//The Horizontal component of pressure +P_H=P*cos(20*%pi*180**-1) + +//The Vertical component of pressure +P_V=P*sin(20*%pi*180**-1) + +//weight of wall +W=(a+b)*H*rho_mason*2**-1 + +//TotaL Weight +W1=W+P_V + +//Taking moment of vertical Loads about B,M_B=0 +x_bar=(rho_mason*a*H*0.5+rho_mason*H*2)*W1**-1 + +x=P_H*W1**-1*H*3**-1 + +//eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Stress at the toe at C +sigma_max=W1*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Stress at the heel at B +sigma_min=W1*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//Result +printf("Pressure at the base of the wall:Pressure at the heel %.2f",sigma_min);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n :Pressure at the toe %.2f",sigma_max);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..614d5841f --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem no 14.2,Page No.327 + +clc;clear; +close; +D=2 //m //External Diameter +d=1.5 //m //Internal Diameter +P=1600 //N/m**2 //N/m**2 //Wind Pressure +W=19200 //N/m**2 //Weight of masonry + +//Calculations + +//Let H be max height of dam + +//W2=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2)*H*W //weight of chimney +//W2=26400*H + +//Eccentricrty +x=(D**2+d**2)*(8*D)**-1 + +//P2=H*D*P //Lateral thrust of wind on chimney +//P2=3200*H + +//Now by using the relation we get P*W**-1=x*(H*2**-1)**-1 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +H=0.39*2*26400*3200**-1 + +//result +printf("The Height of Dam is %.2f",H);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce0752bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Problem no 14.3,Page No.327 + +clc;clear; +close; +rho_w=10 //KN/m**3 //Density of water +rho_mason=22.4 //KN/m**3 //Density of mason +H=6 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //width of top +b=4 //m //bottom width +h=5.5 //m //Weight of water depth + +//Calculations + +//Let L=1 m (length of dam) +L=1 + +//weight of dam +W=(a+b)*2**-1*H*a*rho_mason + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_w*h**2*a*2**-1 + +//distance of Line of action of W measured from vertical face +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W**-1*h*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Stress at Pt B +sigma1=W*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//stress at Pt C +sigma2=W*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Result +printf("Max stress intensities at the base is %.2f",sigma2);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n Min stress intensities at the base is %.2f",sigma1);printf(" KN/m**2") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram + +X1=[0,L,L] +Y1=[sigma2,sigma1,0] +Z1=[0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfe3387d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Problem no 14.4,Page No.329 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=10 //m //height od dam +a=2 //m //top width +b=5 //m //bottom width +W=25 //KN/m**3 //weight of mason +rho_w=10 //KN/m**3 //density of water + +//Calculations + +//Let L=1 m (length of dam) +L=1 + +//weight of dam +W2=(b+a)*H*L*W*2**-1 + +////Lateral thrust +P=rho_w*H**2*L*2**-1 + +//Resultant thrust +R=(P**2+W**2)**0.5 + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +////distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W2**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Stress at Pt B +sigma1=W2*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//stress at Pt C +sigma2=W2*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Result +printf("The Resultant Thrust on the base is %.2f",R);printf(" KN") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +X1=[0,L,L] +Y1=[-sigma2,-sigma1,0] +Z1=[0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26e70beca --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +// Problem no 14.5,Page No.330 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=30 //m //height of Dam +a=2 //m //top width +b=5 //m //bottom width + +h=29 //m //height of water +rho_w=9810 //N/m**3 +rho_mason=22560 //N/m**3 +sigma1=0 //KN/m**3 +sigma2=880 //KN/m**3 + +//Calculations + +//Let L=1 m (length of dam) +L=1 + +//weight of dam +//W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho_mason*10**-3 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//W=338.4*(a+b) //equation1 + +//Pressure at B=0, Sinc etension at base has just been avoided + +//Eccentricity +e=b*6**-1 //as sigma1=0 + +//Pressure at C +//sigma2=W2*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//W=440*b + +//From equation1,440*b=338*(a+b) +//b=3.33*a + +//the distance of C.Gof dam +//x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//x_bar=1.187*a + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +//x=P*W2**-1*H*3**-1 +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +//x=27.214*a**-1 + +//Now x_bar+x=2*3**-1*b +//After substituting values and Further simplifying we get +a=(27.17*(2.22-1.187)**-1)**0.5 +b=3.33*a + +//Result +printf("The top width dam is %.2f",a);printf(" m") +printf("\n The bottom width dam is %.2f",b);printf(" m") + + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +X1=[0,L,L] +Y1=[sigma2,sigma1,0] +Z1=[0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..254272dc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Problem no 14.6,Page No.332 + +clc;clear; +close; +H= 4 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //Top width +b=3 //m //bottom width +rho1=9810 //N/m**3 //weight of water +rho2=19620 //n/m**3 //Weight of mason + +//Calculations + +//Let L=1 m (length of dam) +L=1 + +//weight of dam +W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho2*10**-3 + +////Lateral thrust +P=rho1*H**2*L*2**-1*10**-3 + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 + +//distance of pt where resultant cuts the base +x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Stress at Pt B +sigma1=W*10**3*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//stress at Pt C +sigma2=W*10**3*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Stresses at the base when resorvoir is empty + +e2=x_bar-b*2**-1 + +//Minus sign indicates sigma_b>sigma_c + +//Stress at C +sigma2_2=W*10**3*b**-1*(1+6*e2*b**-1) + +//Stress at Pt B +sigma1_2=W*10**3*b**-1*(1-6*e2*b**-1) + +//result +printf("When the Reservoir is full :sigma1 %.2f",sigma1);printf(" N/m**2") +printf("\n :sigma2 %.2f",sigma2);printf(" N/m**2") +printf("\n When the Reservoir is empty:sigma1_2 %.2f",sigma1_2);printf(" N/m**2") +printf("\n :sigma2_2 %.2f",sigma2_2);printf(" N/m**2") + +//Answer is wrong in the textbook.////// diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fae09483 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// Problem no 14.7,Page No.333 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=8 //m //height of dam +h=7.5 //m //Height of water +a=1 //m //top width +mu=0.6 //Coeffeicient of friction +rho_mason=22.4 //KN/m**3 //weight of mason +rho_w=9.81 //KN/m**3 //density of water + +//Calculations + +//weight of dam +//W=(a+b)*2**-1*L*H*rho2*10**-3 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//W=89600*(b+1) + +//Distance of Line of action from vertical base +//x_bar=(b**2+b*a+a**2)*(3*(b+a))**-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//x_bar=(1+b+b**2)*(3*(1+b))**-1 + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_w*h**2*2**-1 + +//Min width to avoid tension at base +//Z=x_bar+P*W**-1*h*3**-1 +//Z=2*3**-1*b +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//b**2+b-24.09=0 +a=1 +b=1 +c=-24.09 + +X=b**2-4*a*c + +b1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +b2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +//Thus width cannot be negative,b1 is considered + +//Min width to avoid sliding +//mu*W>P +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +b=P*10**3*(mu*89600)**-1-1 + +//Result +printf("The Min bottom width is %.2f",b);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3772/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..551430d71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem no 14.8,Page No.334 + +clc;clear; +close; +H=10 //m //height of dam +a=1 //m //top width +b=7 //m //Bottom width +rho_mason=19620 //N/m**3 //weight of mason +rho_w=9810 //N/m**3 //density of water + +//Calculations + +//Lateral thrust +P=rho_w*H**2*2**-1 + +//weight of dam +W=(rho_w*H*2**-1*a)+(rho_mason*(a+b)*2**-1*H) + +//Taking Moment at B,M_B=0 +x_bar=((rho_w*H*2**-1*1*3**-1)+(rho_mason*H*2**-1*2*3**-1)+(rho_mason*H*1.5)+(rho_mason*H*5*11*2**-1*3**-1))*W**-1 + +//Now using relation we get +x=P*W**-1*H*3**-1 + +//Eccentricity +e=x_bar+x-b*2**-1 + +//Max stress +sigma_max=W*b**-1*(1+6*e*b**-1) + +//Min stress +sigma_min=W*b**-1*(1-6*e*b**-1) + +//Result +printf("The Max stresses on the base is %.2f",sigma_max);printf(" N/m**2") +printf("\n The Min stresses on the base is %.2f",sigma_min);printf(" N/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23f9bf4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 15.1,Page no.351 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.8 //m //Diameter of Shell +L=3 //m //Length of shell +t=0.01 //m //thickness of metal +E=200*10**9 //Pa +p=2.5*10**6 //Pa //Internal Pressure +m=4 //Poisson's ratio + +//Calculation + +sigma_1=p*D*(2*t)**-1 //N/m**2 //Hoop stress +sigma_2=p*D*(4*t)**-1 //N/m**2 //Longitudinal stress + +e_1=1*E**-1*(sigma_1-sigma_2*m**-1) //Hoop strain +e_2=1*E**-1*(sigma_2-sigma_1*m**-1) //Hoop strain + +d=e_1*D*100 //cm //Increase in Diameter +l=e_2*L*100 //cm //Increase in Length + +dell_v=2*e_1+e_2 //Volumetric strain +V=dell_v*%pi*4**-1*D**2*L*10**6 //cm**3 //Increase in Volume + +//Result +printf("Change in Diameter is %.3f cm",d) +printf("\n Change in Length is %.3f cm",l) +printf("\n Change in Volume is %.2f",V);printf(" cm**3") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45d813385 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Problem no 15.10,Page no.357 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.8 //m //Diameter +t=0.01 //m //Thickness +p=5*10**6 //Pa //Pressure +m=1*0.25**-1 +E=200*10**9 //Pa + +//Calculations + +sigma_1=5*10**6*0.8*(4*0.01)**-1 //stress +sigma_2=sigma_1 +e_1=sigma_1*E**-1-sigma_2*(m*E)**-1 //strain +e_v=3*e_1 +V=4*3**-1*%pi*(D*2**-1)**3 //m**3 tress +dell_v=e_v*V*10**6 //cm**3 + +//Result +printf("Volume of additional Fluid %.3f cm^3",dell_v) diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0f9002b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Problem no 15.11,Page no.358 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +d=0.3 //m //Diameter +D=0.003 //m //Diameter of steel wire +t=0.006 //m //thickness +sigma_w=8*10**6 //Pa //Stress +p=1*10**6 //Pa //Internal pressure +E_s=200*10**9 //Pa //Modulus of Elasticity for steel +E_c=100*10**9 //Pa //Modulus of Elasticity for cast iron +m=1*0.3**-1 + +//Calculations + +sigma_p=(sigma_w*%pi*2**-1*d)*(2*t)**-1 //compressive hoop stress +sigma_l=p*d*(4*t)**-1 //Longitudinal stress + +//when internal presure is apllied Let sigma_w_1=Tensile in wire and sigma_p_1=tensile hoop in wire +//sigma_p_1*2*t+sigma_w_1*2*d**-1*%pi*4**-1*d**2=p*D + +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//1.2*sigma_p_1+0.471*sigma_w_1=3000 Equation 1 + +//1*E_c**-1(sigma_p_1-sigma_1*m**-1+sigma_p)=1*E_s**-1(sigma_w_1-sigma_w) + +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//sigma_p_1-0.5*sigma_w_1=1.36*10**6 +//sigma_p_1=0.5*sigma_w_1-3.39*10**6 Equation 2 + +//From Equation 2 substituting value of sigma_p_1 in Equation 1 + + +sigma_w_1=(40.68*10**3+0.3*10**6)*(10.71238*10**-3)**-1 +sigma_p_1=0.5*sigma_w_1-3.39*10**6 + +//Let X=sigma_p_1 and Y=sigma_w_1 +X=sigma_p_1*10**-6 //MPa //Stresses in %pipe +Y=sigma_w_1*10**-6 //MPa //Stresses in wire + +//Result +printf("Stress in the pipe is %.2f",X);printf(" MN/m**2") +printf("\n Stress in the wire is %.2f",Y);printf(" MN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dd2475cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 15.12,Page no.359 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.038 //m //External Diameter +d=0.035 //m //Internal Diameter +d_1=0.0008 //m //Steel wire diameter +p=2*10**6 //pa //Pa //Internal Pressure +sigma_t_1=7*10**6 //Pa //Circumferential stress +//E_s=1.6*E_s +m=0.3 + +//Calculation + +t=(D-d)*2**-1 //m Thickness + +//sigma_t*2*t=%pi*d*2**-1*sigma_w +//From Above equation we get + +//sigma_t=0.419*sigma_w (Equation 1) + +sigma_w_1=(p*d-sigma_t_1*2*t)*(2*d_1**-1*%pi*4**-1*d_1**2)**-1 //stress in wire +sigma_l=p*d*(4*t)**-1 //Longitudinal stress in tube + +//Now Equating equations of strain in tube and wire we get +sigma_w=-(1.6*(sigma_t_1-sigma_l*m)-sigma_w_1)*1.67**-1*10**-6 + +//Result +printf("The Tension at which wire must have been wound is %.2f",sigma_w);printf(" MPa") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ca56a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Problem no 15.2,Page no.352 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.8 //m //iameter of water main +h=100 //m //Pressure head +w=10*10**3 //N/m**3 //Weight of Water +sigma_t=20*10**6 //MPa //Permissible stress + +//Calculation + +p=w*h //N/m**2 //Pressure of inside the main +t=p*D*(2*sigma_t)**-1*100 //m //Thcikness of metal + +//Result +printf("The Thickness of metal is %.2f",t);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..645fcad89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Problem no 15.3,Page no.352 + +clc;clear; +close; + +p=2*10**6 //MPa //Steam Pressure +t=0.02 //m //thickness of boiler plate +sigma_t=120*10**6 //MPa //Tensile stress +sigma_l=120*10**6 //MPa //Longitudinal stress +rho=0.90 //% //Efficiency of Longitudinal joint +rho_e=0.40 //% //Efficiency of circumferential joint + +//Calculations + +D_1=sigma_t*2*t*rho*p**-1 //Diameter of boiler +D_2=sigma_l*4*t*rho_e*p**-1 //Diameter of boiler + +//Max diameter of boiler is equal to minimum value of diameter + +//Result +printf("Maximum diameter of boiler is %.2f",D_2);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a968a21b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem no 15.4,Page no.352 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=0.9 //m //Length of cyclindrical shell +D=0.2 //m //Internal Diameter +t=0.008 //m //thickness of metal +dV=20*10**-6 //m**3 //Additional volume +E=200*10**9 //Pa +m=1*0.3**-1 //Poissoin's ratio + +//Calculations + +V=%pi*4**-1*D**2*L //Volume of cyclinder + +//Let X=2*e_1+e_2 +X=dV*V**-1 //Volumetric strain (Equation 1) + +//e_1=p*D*(2*E*t)**-1*(1-1*(2*m)**-1) //Circumferential strain +//e_2=p*D*(2*E*t)**-1*(1*2**-1-1*(2*m)**-1) //Circumferential strain + +//substituting above values in equation 1 we get +p=X*E*t*(D*((1-1*(2*m)**-1)+(1*4**-1-1*(2*m)**-1)))**-1*10**-3 //KN/m**2 //Pressure exerted by fluid +sigma_t=p*D*(2*t)**-1 //KN/m**2 //hoop stress + +//Result +printf("Pressure Exerted by Fluid on the cyclinder is %.2f",p);printf(" KN/m**2") +printf("\n Hoop stress is %.2f",sigma_t);printf(" KN/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..421f5a26d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 15.5,Page no.353 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t=0.015 //m //Thickness of plate +sigma_t=120*10**6 //Pa //tensile stress +sigma_l=120*10**6 //Pa //Longitudinal stress +rho=0.7 //% //Efficiency of longitudinal joints +rho_l=0.3 //% //Efficiency of circumferential joints +p=2*10**6 //Pa //Internal pressure +D=1.5 //m //shell diameter + +//Calculations (Part-1) + +D_1=sigma_t*2*t*rho*p**-1 //m +D_2=sigma_l*4*t*rho_l*p**-1 //m + +//Thus max diameter of shell is min of above two cases + +//Calculations (Part-2) + +p_1=sigma_t*2*t*rho*D**-1*10**-6 //MPa +p_2=sigma_l*4*t*rho_l*D**-1*10**-6 //MPa + +//Thus Internal pressure is min of above two cases + +//Result +printf("Max Permissible Diameter of shell is %.2f",D_2);printf(" m") +printf("\n Max Permissible Internal Pressure is %.2f",p_2);printf(" MPa") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964813121 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem no 15.6,Page no.354 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=3 //m //Length +D=1 //m //Internal Diameter +t=0.015 //m //thickness +p=1.5*10**6 //Pa //Internal pressure +E=200*10**9 //Pa +m=1*0.3**-1 //Poissoin's ratio + +//Calculations + +sigma_t=p*D*(2*t)**-1*10**-6 //MPa //Hoop stress +sigma_l=p*D*(4*t)**-1*10**-6 //MPa //Longitudinal stress + +dD=(p*D**2*(2*t*E)**-1*(1-1*(2*m)**-1))*10**2 //cm //Change in Diameter +dL=p*D*L*(2*t*E)**-1*(1*2**-1-1*m**-1)*10**2 //cm //Change in Length + +V=%pi*4**-1*D**2*L //Volume +dV=p*D*(2*t*E)**-1*(5*2**-1-2*(m)**-1)*V*10**6 //cm //Change in Volume + +//Result +printf("The circumferential stresses induced is %.2f",sigma_t);printf(" MPa") +printf("\n The Longitudinal stresses induced is %.2f",sigma_l);printf(" MPa") +printf("\n The change in dimension are:D is %.3f cm",dD) +printf("\n :L is %.4f cm",dL) diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..737299aae --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Problem no 15.7,Page no.355 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=0.9 //m //Length of cyclinder +D=0.4 //m //Diameter +t=0.006 //m //thickness +p=5*10**6 //Pa //Pressure +E=100*10**9 +m=3 //Poissoin's ratio +k=2.6*10**9 //Pa //Bulk modulus + +//Calculations + +//Let X=dV_1*V_1**-1 +X=p*(0.4-2*0.006)*(2*t*E)**-1*(5*2**-1-2*m**-1) //Volumetric strain +dV_1=X*%pi*4**-1*0.388**2*L //cm**3 //Increase in volume of cyclinder +V_1=%pi*4**-1*0.388**2*L //VOlume +dV_2=p*k**-1*V_1 //DEcrease in volume of oil due to increase in pressure + +dV=(dV_1+dV_2)*10**6 //Resultant additional space + +//Result +printf("Additional quantity of oil to be pumped is %.2f",dV);printf(" cm**3") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f38d0643c --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Problem no 15.8,Page no.356 + +clc;clear; +close; + +A=1600*(3600)**-1 //Kg/sec //Amount of steam generated +v=0.24 //m**3/kg //specific volume of steam +sigma_t=4*10**6 //MPa //Tensile stress +V_1=30 //m/s //Velocity of steam +p=1*10**6 //Pa //Steam pressure + +//Calculation + +V=A*v //m**3/s //volume of steam +D=(V*(%pi*4**-1*V_1)**-1)**0.5*100 //Diameter of %pipe +t=p*D*(2*sigma_t)**-1 //Thicknes of %pipe + +//Result +printf("Diameter of boiler is %.2f",D);printf(" cm") +printf("\n Thickness of steel plpe is %.2f",t);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3772/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e10c920 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Problem no 15.9,Page no.359 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=14*10**3 //N //Axial pull +dL=0.0084 //cm //Elongation +L=0.25 //m //Length +p=7*10**6 //Internal pressure +dL_2=0.0034 //cm //Longation +d=0.0475 //m //Internal diameter +D=0.05 //m //External Diameter +m=0.25 + +//Calculation + +t=(D-d)*2**-1 //thickness od tube +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //Area of tube +sigma=P*A**-1 //stress +e=dL*(L)**-1 //strain +E=sigma*e**-1 //Modulus of Elasticity +sigma_1=p*d*(2*t)**-1 //Hoop stress +sigma_2=p*d*(4*t)**-1 //Longitudinal stress + +m=-(sigma_1*(dL_2*L**-1*E-sigma_2)**-1) //POissoin's ratio\ + +//Let X=1*m**-1 +X=1*m**-1 //Poissoin's ratio + +//Result +printf("The value of Poissoin''s ratio is %.3f",X) diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d53e30304 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +// Problem 16.1,Page no.366 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t=1 //cm //thickness of plates +sigma_t=150 //MPa //Working stress +sigma_c=212.5 //MPa //crushing stress +sigma_s=94.5 //MPa //shearing stress + +//Calculation (Part-1) + +//P_s=%pi*4**-1*d**2*sigma_s //N //Shearing strength +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_s=%pi*4**-1*d**2*94.5*10**6 //N + +//P_c=d*t*sigma_c //N //crushing strength +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_c=d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 //N + +//P_t=(p-d)*t*sigma_t //N //Strength of plate in tearing +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_t=(p-d)*1*10**-2*150*10**6 + +//Now comparing strengths +//P_s=P_c +//%pi*4**-1*d**2*94.5*10**6=d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 +d=1*10**-2*212.5*10**6*(%pi*4**-1*94.5*10**6)**-1 //m //Diameter of rivet + +//Now comparing strengths +//P_t=P_c +//(p-d)*1*10**-2*150*10**6=d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 +//Afte further simplifying equation we get +//(p-d)=1.4166*d +p=(1.4166*d+d) //m //%pitch length of rivet + +P=p*sigma_t*10**6*t*10**-2 //N //Strength of solid plate //Answer for strength of solid plate is incorrect in textbook + +rho=(p-d)*p**-1*100 //Efficiency of the joint //Notification has been changed + +//Calculation (Part-2) + +//P_s=2*%pi*4**-1*d**2*sigma_s //N //Shearing strength +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_s=2*%pi*4**-1*d**2*94.5*10**6 //N + +//P_c=2*d*t*sigma_c //N //crushing strength +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_c=2*d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 //N + +//P_t=(p-d)*t*sigma_t //N //Strength of plate in tearing +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_t=(p-d)*1*10**-2*150*10**6 + +//Now comparing strengths +//P_s=P_c +//2*%pi*4**-1*d**2*94.5*10**6=2*d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 +d=1*10**-2*212.5*10**6*(%pi*4**-1*94.5*10**6)**-1 //m //Diameter of rivet + +//Now comparing strengths +//P_t=P_c +//(p-d)*1*10**-2*150*10**6=2*d*1*10**-2*212.5*10**6 +//Afte further simplifying equation we get +//(p-d)=2.833*d +p_1=(2.833*d+d) //m //%pitch length of rivets in shearing strength of plate //Notification for %pitch length has been changed + +rho_2=(p_1-d)*p_1**-1*100 //Efficiency of the joint //Notification has been changed + +//Result +printf("The Efficiency of joint in single rivet is %.2f %%",rho) +printf("\n The Efficiency of joint in double rivet is %.2f %%",rho_2) diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e307d6a21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Problem 16.2,Page no.367 + +clc;clear; +close; + +p=7.5 //cm //%pitch of rivets +t=1.5 //cm //Thickness of plate +d=2.5 //cm //diameter of rivets +sigma_t=400 //MPa //Working stress +sigma_c=640 //MPa //crushing stress +sigma_s=320 //MPa //shearing stress +n=2 //No. of rivets + +//Calculation + +P_t=(p-d)*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6*10**-3 //kN //Strength of plate in tearing +P_s=n*%pi*4**-1*d**2*10**-4*sigma_s*10**6*10**-3 //kN //Shearing strength +P_c=n*d*t*10**-4*sigma_c*10**6*10**-3 //kN //crushing strength + +//Thus Minimum force that will rapture the joint is least of P_t,P_s,P_c i.e P_t + +//Result +printf("Minimum force that will rapture the joint is %.2f",P_t);printf(" kN") diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7597f9873 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem 16.3,Page no.367 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d_1=2 //cm //Diameter of rivets +p_1=6 //cm //%pitch of rivet +d_2=3 //cm //Diameter of rivet +p_2=8 //cm //%pitch of rivet +sigma_t=120 //MPa //Working stress +sigma_c=160 //MPa //crushing stress +sigma_s=90 //MPa //shearing stress +t=1.2 //cm //thickness of plate +n=2 //No. of rivets + +//Calculation (part-1) + +P_t=(p_1-d_1)*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of plate in tearing +P_s=n*%pi*4**-1*d_1**2*10**-4*sigma_s*10**6 //N //Shearing strength +P_c=n*d_1*t*10**-4*sigma_c*10**6 //N //crushing strength +P=p_1*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of solid per %pitch length + +rho_1=P_s*(P)**-1*100 //% //Efficiency of the joint + +//Calculation (part-2) + +P_t_2=(p_2-d_2)*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of plate in tearing +P_s_2=n*%pi*4**-1*d_2**2*10**-4*sigma_s*10**6 //N //Shearing strength +P_c_2=n*d_2*t*10**-4*sigma_c*10**6 //N //crushing strength +P_2=p_2*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of solid per %pitch length + +rho_2=P_t_2*(P_2)**-1*100 //% //Efficiency of the joint + +//Result +printf("First joint has higher Efficiency i.e %.2f",rho_1);printf(" %% than second joint") diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae45eb84a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem 16.4,Page no.368 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t=18 //mm //thickness of plates +sigma_t=100 //MPa //Tensile stress //Notification has been changed +sigma_s=70 //MPa //Shearing stress //Notification has been changed + +//Calculations + +d=6*t**0.5 //mm //Diameter of rivet //Answer is in correct in textbook +s=%pi*4**-1*d**2*10**-6*sigma_s*10**6 //N //Strength of one rivet in single shear //Answer is in correct in textbook + +//Consider strip of joint equal to %pitch p + +//S_1=(p-d)*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6 //Strength of plate against tearing along 1-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//S_1=1800*p-45900 (Equation 1) + +//S_2=(p-d)*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6+s //Strength of plate against tearing along 1-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//S_1=1800*p-56050.64 (Equation 2) + +//But the value of Equation 2 is smaller than Equation 1 + +//Strength of rivets in single shear is +S=4*s + +//Equating Equation 2 to shearing value +//1800*p-56050.64=S +p=(S+56050.64)*18000**-1 //cm //%pitch of rivet + +//Result +printf("Diameter of rivets is %.2f",d);printf(" mm") +printf("\n pitch of rivet is %.2f",p);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25401bf11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem 16.5,Page no.369 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t=12 //mm //Thickness of plate +d=24 //mm //Diameter of rivets +sigma_t=120 //MPa //stress in tension +sigma_s=200 //MPa //stress in double shear +sigma_b=200 //MPa //stress in Bearing +n=1 //No. of rivet + +//Calculation + +//P_t=(p-d)*t*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of plate in tearing +//After further simplifying we get +//P_t=(p-24)*14400 //N + +P_s=n*%pi*4**-1*d**2*10**-6*sigma_s*10**6 //N //Shearing strength of rivet in double shear + +P_b=n*d*10**-3*t*10**-3*sigma_b*10**6 //N //Bearing strength per %pitch length + +//Now Equating P_t to P_s or P_b whichever is small +//(p-24)*14400=P_b +p=P_b*14400**-1+24*10**-1 //cm //pitch of rivet +p_min=2.5*d*10**-1 //cm //Minimum pitch + +//Now adopting 6.4 cm %pitch + +rho=(p-d*10**-1)*p**-1*100 + +//Result +printf("pitch of rivet is %.2f",p);printf(" cm") +printf("\n Efficiency of joint is %.2f %%",rho) diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11d213674 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Problem 16.6,Page no.370 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t=12 //mm //thickness of plate +d=18 //mm //Diameter of rivet +p=8 //cm //%pitch of rivet +sigma_t=460 //MPa //Tensile stress +sigma_s=320 //MPa //shearing stress +sigma_b=640 //MPa //bearing stress +n=2 //No. of rivet + +//Calculation + +P_t=(p-d*10**-1)*t*10**-1*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of plate in tearing +P_s=n*2*%pi*4**-1*d**2*10**-6*sigma_s*10**6 //N //Shearing strength of rivet pr %pitch length +P_b=n*d*10**-3*t*10**-3*sigma_b*10**6 //N //Bearing strength per %pitch length + +//The joint will fail at a pull of P_b + +S=p*t*sigma_t*10**6*10**-5 //N //strength of solid plate +rho=P_b*S**-1*100 //Efficiency of joint + +//Result +printf("Pull per pitch length at which joint will fail is %.2f",P_b);printf(" N") diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5e86937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem 16.7,Page no.370 + +clc;clear; +close; + +W=270 //KN //Load +t=14 //mm //thickness of plate +b=20 //cm //width of plate +d=20 //mm //diameter of rivet +sigma_s=70 //MPa //shear stress +sigma_b=190 //MPa //stress in bearing +sigma_t=110 //MPa //stress in tensile + +//Calculation + +S_1=1.75*%pi*4**-1*b**2*10**-4*sigma_s*10**6 //strength of one rivet in double shear +S_2=20*10**-3*t*10**-3*sigma_b*10**6 + +n=W*10**3*S_1**-1 + +//Adopt 7 rivets + +//The plates may tear along section 1-1 +W_1=(20-4)*10**-2*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Permissible Load + +//The plates may tear along section 2-2,at the same time shearing the 4 rivets along 1-1 +W_2=(20-2*2)*10**-2*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6+2*S_1 //N //Permissible Load + +//The plates may tear along section 3-3,at the same time shearing the rivets along 1-1 and 2-2 +W_3=(20-3*2)*10**-2*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6+4*S_1 //N //Permissible Load + +W_s=7*S_1 //N //Load to shear all the rivets +W_c=7*S_2 //N //Load to crush all the rivets + +W_4=b*10**-2*t*10**-3*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Load carried by solid plate + +rho=W_1*W_4**-1*100 //% //Efficiency of joint + +//Result +printf("Efficiency of joint is %.2f %%",rho) diff --git a/3772/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3772/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5138b52e --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem 16.8,Page no.371 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=1.5 //cm //Diameter of boiler +rho=75 //% //Efficiency of joint +sigma_t=85 //MPa //stress in tension +sigma_s=70 //MPa //stress in shear +P=1 //MPa //Steam Pressure //Notification has been changed + +//Calculation + +t=P*10**6*D*(2*sigma_t*10**6*rho*10**-2)**-1*100 + +//Adopt 12 mm thickness of plate +t_1=12 //mm +d=6*t_1**0.5 + +//Adopt 21 mm diameter of rivet +d_1=21 //mm + +//P_t=(p-d_1*10**-1)*t*10**-1*10**-4*sigma_t*10**6 //N //Strength of plate in tearing +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//P_t=(p-2.1)*10200 //N + +P_s=1.875*%pi*4**-1*d_1**2*10**-6*2*sigma_s*10**6 + +//(p-d_1*10**-1)*10200=P_s +p=P_s*10200**-1+d_1*10**-1 + +//Result +printf("Pitch of plate is %.2f",p);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d0bf32a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Ex no.17.1,Page no.379 + +clc; +clear; +close; +//Initilization of Variables + +b=12 //cm //width of steel plates +t=1 //cm //thickness of steel plates +sigma=75 //MPa //stress + +//Calculations + +//The maximum Load which the plate can carry +P=b*t*10**-6*sigma*10**6 //N + +//Length of weld for static loading + +//size of weld is equal to thickness of plate +S=t //cm + +//P=2**0.5*l*S*sigma + +//After substituting values and simplifying above equation, we get, +l=((P)*(2**0.5*S*sigma)**-1) //cm + +//add 1.25 to allow start and stop of weld run +L=l+1.25 //cm + +//Length of weld for Dynamic loading + +//The stress concentration factor for transverse fillet weld is 1.5 + +sigma_2=sigma*1.5**-1 //MPa //Permissible tensile stress + +//P=2**0.5*l_2*S*sigma_2 + +//After substituting values and simplifying above equation, we get, +l_2=((P)*(2**0.5*S*sigma_2)**-1) //cm + +//add 1.25 cm +l_3=l_2+1.25 //cm + +//Result +printf("Length of weld for static loading = %.2f cm",L) +printf("\n Length of weld for Dynamic loading = %.3f cm",l_3) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f01dd612 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Ex no.17.2,Page no.380 +clc; +clear; +close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +d=6 //cm //diameter of rod +L=40 //cm //Length of steel plate +P=12 //KN //Load +sigma=180 //MPa //Allowable stress + +//Calculations + +A=%pi*4**-1*d**2 //cm**2 //Area of rod +M=P*10**3*L //Ncm + +F=M*A**-1 //N/cm //Force per unit cm of weld at top and bottom + +V_s=P*10**3*(%pi*d)**-1 //N/cm //vertical shear + +R=(F**2+V_s**2)**0.5 //N/cm //resultant Load + +S=R*(sigma)**-1*10**-2 //cm //size of weld + +//Result +printf("Size of weld is %.2f cm",S) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e72057275 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Ex no.17.3,Page no.380 +clc;clear;close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +b=12 //cm //width of plate +S=1;t=1 //cm //thickness of plate +P=50 //KN //load +sigma_s=60 //MPa //shear stress + +//Calculations (part-1) + +//Under static Loading + +//P=2**0.5*l*S*sigma_s + +l=((P*10**3)*(2**0.5*S*sigma_s*10**-4*10**6)**-1) //cm + +//add 1.25 cm to start and stop weld run + +L=l+1.25 //cm //length of weld + +//Calculations (part-2) + +//Under Fatigue load + +//stress concentration factor for parallel fillet weld is 2.7 + +sigma_s_2=sigma_s*2.7**-1 //MPa //permissible shear stress + +//P=2**0.5*l_2*S*sigma_s_2 + +l_2=((P*10**3)*(2**0.5*S*sigma_s_2*10**-4*10**6)**-1) //cm + +//add 1.25 cm + +l_3=l_2+1.25 //cm //length of weld + +//Result +printf("Length of weld Under static Loading is %.3f cm",L) +printf("\n Length of weld Under Ftigue Loading is %.3f cm",l_3) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e94684465 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Ex no.17.4,Page no.381 +clc;clear;close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +sigma_t=100 //MPa //tensile stress +P=170 //KN //Load + +//Calculations + +//For equal stress in the welds A and B, the load shared by the fillet welds will be proportional to size of weld + +//t_a=0.7*s //Effective throat thickness of weld A in upper plate +//s=size of weld + +//t_b=1.05*s //Effective throat thickness of weld B in lower plate + +//For weld A +//P_1=l*t*sigma_t + +//After substituting values and simplifying above equation, we get, +//P_1=84000*s //N (equation 1) + +//P_2=l*t_2*sigma_t + +//After substituting values and simplifying above equation, we get, +//P_2=126000*s //N (equation 2) + +//After adding equation 1 and 2, we get, +//P=210000*s (equation 3) + +//Now equating total forces of the fillets to load on the plates +s=P*10**3*210000**-1 //cm + +//Result +printf("size of end fillet is %.2f cm",s) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fadc2b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Ex no.17.5,Page no.381 +clc;clear;close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +L_1=30 //cm //length of longitudinal weld +L_2=16 //cm //length of transverse weld +//t=0.7*s //Effective thickness of weld +sigma_t_1=100 //MPa //working stress for transverse welds +sigma_t_2=85 //MPa //working stress for longitudinal welds +P=150 //KN //load + +//Calculations + +//For transverse weld +//P_1=L_1*t*10**-4*sigma_t_1*10**6 + +//After substituting values and simplifying above equation, we get, +//P_1=112000*s //N + +//For longitudinal weld +//P_2=L_2*t*10**-4*sigma_t_2*10**6 + +//Total force of resistance of weld +//P=P_1+P_2 //N + +//after adding we get, +//P=290500*s //N + +//Now equating total forces of resistance to pull of the joint +s=P*10**3*290500**-1 //cm + +//Result +printf("size of weld is %.3f cm",s) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b90f9088 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex no.17.6,Page no.382 +clc;clear;close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +P=200 //KN //Load carried by the angle +S=0.6 //mm //size of weld +b=4.46 //cm //Distance of centre of gravity of the angle from the top shorter leg +a=10.54 //cm //Distance of centre of gravity of the angle from the top edge of the angle +sigma_s=102.5 //MPa //shear stress +//l_1=Length of the top weld +//l_2=length of the bottom weld +//L=l_1+l_2 //cm //total length weld + +//Using the relation +//P=L*0.7*S*sigma_s + +//After substituting values and simplifying we get +L=(P*10**3)*(0.7*S*sigma_s*10**-4*10**6)**-1 //cm (equation 1) + +//Using the relation +l_1=(L*b)*(a+b)**-1 //cm + +//substituting this value in equation 1 we have, +l_2=L-l_1 //cm + +//Result +printf("Distance of centre of gravity of the angle from the top edge of the angle = %.2f cm",l_2) diff --git a/3772/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3772/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2753eb512 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Ex no.17.7,Page no.383 +clc;clear;close; + +//Initilization of Variables + +P=12 //KN //Load +sigma_s=75 //N/mm**2 //shear stress +e=12 //cm +r_1=2.5 //cm + +//Calculations + +//A=(2*S*l)*(2)**0.5 +//sigma_s=P*A**-1 //MPa //shear stress + +//After substituting values and simplifying we get +//sigma_s=16.97*S**-1 //MPa + +//I_g=S*l*(3*b**2+l**2)*(6)**-1 //cm**4 //Polar moment of Inertia of weld + +//After substituting values and simplifying we get +//I_g=180.833*S //cm**4 +r_2=((8*2**-1)**2)+((5*2**-1)**2)**0.5 //cm //max radius of weld + +//sigma_s_2=P*e*r_2*I_g**-1 //MPa //shear stress due to bending moment + +cos_theta=r_1*r_2**-1 + +//Now using the relation +//sigma_s=(sigma_s_1**2+sigma_s_2**2+2sigma_s_1*sigma_s_2*cos_theta + +S=(2363.8958*5625**-1)**0.5 //cm //size of the weld + +//Result +printf("size of the weld = %.3f cm",S) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8368c0f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem no 2.1,Page no.29 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Rectangle-1 +b_1=10 //cm //width of Rectangle-1 +d_1=2 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-1 +a_1=40 //cm**2 //Area of Rectangle-1 +y_1=1 //cm //Distance of centroid-1 + +//Rectangle-2 +b_2=2 //cm //width of Rectangle-2 +d_2=10 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-2 +a_2=20 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-2 +y_2=7 //cm //Distance of centroid-2 + +//Rectangle-3 +b_3=20 //cm //width of Rectangle-3 +d_3=2 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-3 +a_3=20 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-3 +y_3=13 //cm //Distance of centroid-3 + + + +//Calculation +Y_bar=((a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1) //cm //centre of gravity of section + +Y_1=4.5 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 1 to C.G +Y_2=1.5 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 2 to C.G +Y_3=7.5 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 3 to C.G + +I_x_x_1=b_1*d_1**3*12**-1+a_1*Y_1**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 1 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_2=b_2*d_2**3*12**-1+a_2*Y_2**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 2 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_3=b_3*d_3**3*12**-1+a_3*Y_3**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 3 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x=I_x_x_1+I_x_x_2+I_x_x_3 //cm**4 + +//Result +printf("Moment of Inertia of the section is %.2f cm^4",I_x_x) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..362a46514 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Problem no. 2.12,Page no.38 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Rectangle +a_1=600 //cm**2 //Area of the Rectangle +y_1=15 //cm //C.G of Rectangle +b=20 //cm //width of rectangle +d=30 //cm //depth of rectangle +D=15 //cm //Diameter of circle + +//Circle +a_2=176.7 //cm**2 //Area of the circle +y_2=20 //cm //C.G of the circle + +//Calculation + +Y_bar=((a_1*y_1-a_2*y_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1) //cm //Distance of C.G From the AB +Y_bar_1=2.1 //cm +Y_bar_2=7.1 //cm + +I_1=b*d**3*12**-1 //cm**4 //M.I of the rectangle about its C.G and parallel to x-x axis +I_2=I_1+a_1*Y_bar_1**2 +I_3=%pi*D**4*64**-1+a_2*Y_bar_2**2 //cm**4 //M.I of circular section about x-x axis + +I=I_2-I_3 //cm**4 //M.I of the section about x-x axis + +//Result +printf("M.I of the section about x-x axis = %.2f cm^4",I) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3769e93a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Problem no.2.13,Page no.38 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=90 //cm //Diameter of grindstone +t=10 //cm //thickness of grindstone +rho=0.0026 //Kg/cm**3 //Density + +//calculations + +//M=Mass of grindstone=Volume *Density=Area*Thickness*Density +M=%pi*4**-1*d**2*t*rho //Kg +R=d*2**-1 //cm //radius +I_g=M*R**2*2**-1 //Kg*m**2 + +k=R*(2**0.5)**-1 //cm //Radius of gyration + +//Result +printf("Radius of gyration is %.2f cm",k) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f9a5997 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem no 2.2,Page no.31 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Rectangle-1 +b_1=2 //cm //width of Rectangle-1 +d_1=12 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-1 +a_1=24 //cm**2 //Area of Rectangle-1 +y_1=6 //cm //Distance of centroid-1 + +//Rectangle-2 +b_2=6 //cm //width of Rectangle-2 +d_2=2 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-2 +a_2=12 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-2 +y_2=1 //cm //Distance of centroid-2 + +//Rectangle-3 +b_3=2 //cm //width of Rectangle-3 +d_3=12 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-3 +a_3=24 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-3 +y_3=6 //cm //Distance of centroid-3 + +//Calculation +Y_bar=((a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1) //cm //centre of gravity of section + +Y_1=6 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 1 to base +Y_2=1 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 2 to base +Y_3=6 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 3 to base + +I_x_x_1=b_1*d_1**3*12**-1+a_1*Y_1**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 1 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_2=b_2*d_2**3*12**-1+a_2*Y_2**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 2 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_3=b_3*d_3**3*12**-1+a_3*Y_3**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 3 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x=I_x_x_1+I_x_x_2+I_x_x_3 //cm**4 + + +//Result +printf("Moment of Inertia of the section is %.2f cm^4",I_x_x) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efcd717c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem no 2.3,Page no.32 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Rectangle-1 +b_1=12 //cm //width of Rectangle-1 +d_1=2 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-1 +a_1=24 //cm**2 //Area of Rectangle-1 +y_1=1 //cm //Distance of centroid-1 + +//Rectangle-2 +b_2=2 //cm //width of Rectangle-2 +d_2=6 //cm //breadthof Rectangle-2 +a_2=12 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-2 +y_2=5 //cm //Distance of centroid-2 + +//Rectangle-3 +b_3=5 //cm //width of Rectangle-3 +d_3=2 //cm //breadth of Rectangle-3 +a_3=10 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle-3 +y_3=9 //cm //Distance of centroid-3 + +//Calculation +Y_bar=((a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2+a_3*y_3)*(a_1+a_2+a_3)**-1) //cm //centre of gravity of section + +Y_1=2.78 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 1 to C.G +Y_2=1.22 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 2 to C.G +Y_3=5.22 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 3 to C.G + +I_x_x_1=b_1*d_1**3*12**-1+a_1*Y_1**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 1 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_2=b_2*d_2**3*12**-1+a_2*Y_2**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 2 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x_3=b_3*d_3**3*12**-1+a_3*Y_3**2 //moment of inertia of rectangle 3 about centroidal x-x axis of the section +I_x_x=I_x_x_1+I_x_x_2+I_x_x_3 //cm**4 + + +//Result +printf("Moment of Inertia of the section is %.2f cm^4",I_x_x) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e060dc2ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Problem no 2.4,Page no.33 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=10 //cm //diameter of circle +b=4 //cm //width of rectangle +d=4 //cm //breadth of rectangle +Y=1 //cm //Distance of centroid of rectangle 1 to C.G +a=16 //cm**2 //area of rectangle + +//Calculations + +I_x_x_1=%pi*64**-1*(D**4) //cm**4 //moment of inertia of circle about x-x axis +I_x_x_2=b*d**3*12**-1+a*Y**2 //cm**4 //moment of inertia of rectangle about x-x axis +I_x_x=I_x_x_1-I_x_x_2 //cm**4 //Total moment of inertia of the section + +//Result +printf("Total moment of inertia of the section is %.2f cm^4",I_x_x) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26f62ef6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 2.5,Page no.33 + + +clc;clear; +close; + + +//Notifications has been changed as per requirement + + +h=8 //cm //height of triangle +b=8 //cm //breadth of triangle or diameter semicircle +d=4 //cm //diameter of circle enclosed + +//Calculations + +I_1=b*h**3*12**-1 //cm //moment of inertia of the triangle ABC about the axis AB +I_2=%pi*b**4*128**-1 //cm ////moment of inertia of the semicircle about the axis AB +I_3=%pi*d**4*64**-1 //cm //moment of inertia of circle about the circle about the axis + +I=I_1+I_2-I_3 //cm //Moment of Inertia of the shaded area about the axia AB + +//Result +printf("Moment of Inertia of the shaded area is %.2f cm",I) diff --git a/3772/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3772/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8dd24745 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem no 2.6,Page no.34 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b_1=10 //cm //Breadth of the triangle +h=9 //cm //Height of triangle +b_2=2 //cm //width of rectangle +d=3 //cm //Depth of rectangle + +//Triangle ABC-1 +a_1=45 //cm**2 //Area of triangle +y_1=3 //cm //C.G of triangle + +//Rectanglar hole-2 +a_2=6 //cm**2 //Area of rectangle +y_2=4.5 //cm //C.G of rectangle + +//Calculations + +//Using relations +Y_bar=((a_1*y_1-a_2*y_2)*(a_1-a_2)**-1) //cm + +I_1=b_1*h**3*36**-1+a_1*(y_1-Y_bar)**2 //cm**4 //M.I of triangle ABC about x-x passing through C.G of section +I_2=b_2*d**3*12**-1+a_2*(y_2-Y_bar)**2 //cm**4 //M.I of rectangular hole about x-x passing through C.G of section +I=I_1-I_2 //cm**4 //M.I of whole section about x-x passing through the C.G + +I_3=b_1*h**3*12**-1 //cm**4 //M.I of triangle ABC about the base BC +I_4=b_2*d**3*12**-1+a_2*y_2**2 //cm**4 //M.I of Rectangular hole about the base BC + +I_5=I_3-I_4 //cm**4 //M.I of the whole section about the base BC + +//Result +printf("M.I of whole section about x-x passing through the C.G = %.2f cm^4",I) +printf("\n M.I of the whole section about the base BC is %.2f cm^4",I_5) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..745356751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Problem 3.1,Page no.54 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=40 //mm //Force applied to stretch a tape +L=30 //m //Length of steel tape +A=6*1 //mm //Cross section area +E=200*10**9*10**-6 //KN/m**2 //Modulus of Elasticity + +//Calculations + +sigma_L=(P*L*10**3)*(A*E)**-1 //mm + +//Result +printf("The Elongation of steel tape is %.1f mm",sigma_L) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c8e30309 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem 3.12,Page no.61 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=500 //KN //Safe Load +d=20 //mm //steel rod diameter +n=4 //number of steel rod +sigma_c=4 //N/mm**2 //stress in concrete +//E_S*E_c**-1=15 + + +//Calculations + +A_s=4*%pi*4**-1*d**2 //mm**2 //Area os steel rod +sigma_s=15*sigma_c //N/mm**2 //stress in steel + +//P=sigma_s*A_s+sigma_c*A_c + +//After substituting and simplifying above equation we get, + +A_c=(P*10**3-sigma_s*1256)*(sigma_c)**-1 //mm**2 //Area of the concrete +X=(A_s+A_c)**0.5 //mm //Total cross sectional area +P_s=A_s*sigma_s*10**-3 //KN //Load carried by steel + +//Result +printf("Load carried by steel is %.2f kN",P_s) +printf("\n stress induced in steel is %.2f kN",sigma_s) +printf("\n cross sectional area of column is %.2f mm",X) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fbec8abd --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem 3.13,Page no.62 + +clc;clear; +close; + +A_s=500 //mm**2 +E_s=200000 +E_al=80000 +A_al=1000 + + +//Calculations + +//(P_al*L_al)*(A_al*E_al)**-1+(P_s*L_s)*(A_s*E_s)**-1=1*2**-1 + +P=1*1000**-1*((A_s*E_s*A_al*E_al)*(A_s*E_s+A_al*E_al)**-1) //N +P_s=P;//N +P_al=P //N +sigma_t=P_s*A_s**-1 //N/mm**2 //Tensile stress in bolt +sigma_c=P_al*A_al**-1 //N/mm**2 //Compressive stress in Aluminium tube + +//result +printf("Tensile stress in bolt is %.2f N/mm^2",sigma_t) +printf("\n Compressive stress in Aluminium tube is %.2f N/mm^2",sigma_c) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6eb85f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Problem 3.14,Page no.63 + +clc;clear; +close; + +A=1600 //mm**2 //Area of the Bar +P=480*10**3 //N //Load +dell_L=0.4 //mm //Contraction of metal bar +L=200 //mm //Length of metal bar +sigma_t=0.04 //mm //Guage Length +t=40 + +//Calculations + +sigma_L=dell_L*L**-1 +E=((P*L)*(A*dell_L)**-1*10**-3) //N/mm**2 //Young's Modulus +m=t*sigma_t**-1*sigma_L + + +//Result +printf("The value of Young''s Modulus is %.2f N/mm^2",E) +printf("\n The value of Poissoin''s ratio is %.2f",m) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89fb7ace7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Problem 3.15,Page no.63 + +clc;clear; +close; + +A_s=0.003848 //m**2 //Area of steel bar +A_al=0.003436 //m**2 //Area of Aluminium tube +E=220*10*9 //N //Young's modulus of steel +E=70*10*9 //N //Young's modulus of aluminium +P=600*10**3 //N //Load applied to the bar +//dell_L_al-dell_L_s=0.00015 //mm //difference between strain in aluminium bar and steel bar + +//Calculations + + +//Let the aluminium tube be compressed by dell_L_al and steel bar by by dellL_s +//dell_L_al=sigma_al*E_al**-1*L_al +//dell_L_s=sigma_s*E_s**-1*L_s + +//After substituting and simplifying above equation we get, +//((sigma_al*70**-1)-(sigma_s*220**-1))=300000 //(equation 1) + +//After simplifying above equation we get, +//sigma_al=17462.165*10**4-1.1199*sigma_s //(equation 2) + +//Now substituting sigma_al in equation(1) +//((17462.165*10**4-1.1199*sigma_s)*(70)**-1)-(sigma_s*220**-1)=300000 + +//After simplifying above equation we get, + +sigma_s=-((300000-249.4594*10**4)*0.0205444**-1)*10**-6 //MN/m**2 //stress developed in steel bar +//sigma_al=17462.165*10**4-1.1199*sigma_s +sigma_al=(17462.165*10**4-1.1199*106822005.02)*10**-6 + + +//Result +printf("stress developed in steel bar is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_s) +printf("\n stress developed in aluminium bar is %.2f MN/M^2",sigma_al) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54b9a1516 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem 3.16,Page no.64 + +clc;clear; +close; + +E=200 //GN/m**2 //Modulus of elasticity +alpha=11*10**-6 //per degree celsius //coeffecient o flinear expansion of steel bar +L=6 //m //Length of rod + + +//Calculations + +//(Part-1) //IF the walls do not yield + +t=58 //degree celsius //Fall in temperature //(t=80-22) +dell=alpha*t //strain +sigma=E*10**9*dell*10**-6 //MN/m**2 //Stress +A=%pi*4**-1*6.25*10**-4 //mm**2 //Area of wall and rod +P=sigma*10**6*A*10**-3 //KN //Pull Exerted + +//(Part-2) //IF the walls yield together at the two ends is 1.15 mm + +L_2=L*(1-alpha*t) //m //Length of rod at 22 degree celsius +L_3=L-L_2 //m //Decrease in Length + +//As the walls yield by 1.5 mm, actual decrease in length is +L_4=L_3-0.0015 //m +dell_2=L_4*L**-1 //strain +P_2=E*10**9*dell_2*A*10**-3 //KN + +//Result +printf("Pull Exerted by the rod:when walls do not yield %.2f kN",P) +printf("\n :when total yield together at two ends is 1.5 mm = %.2f kN",P_2) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3836285f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Problem 3.17,Page no.65 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=4.5 //cm //External Diameter of tube +d=3 //cm //Internal diameter of tube +t=3 //mm //thickness of tube +t_1=30 //degree celsius +t_2=180 //degree celsius //when metal heated +L=30 //cm //Original LEngth +alpha_s=1.08*10**-5 //Per degree celsius //coefficient of Linear expansion of steel tube +alpha_c=1.7*10**-5 //Per degree celsius //coefficient of Linear expansion of copper tube +E_s=210 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity of steel +E_c=110 //GPA //Modulus of Elasticity of copper + +//Calculation + +//For Equilibrium of the system, Total tension in steel=Total tension in copper + +//sigma_s*A_s=sigma_c*A_c (equation 1) + +A_c=%pi*4**-1*d**2 //cm**2 //Area of copper +A_s=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //cm**2 //Area of steel + +//simplifying equation 1 +//sigma_s=1.785*sigma_c + +T=t_2-t_1 //change in temperature + +//Actual expansion of steel=Actual expansion of copper +//alpha_s*T*L+sigma_s*E_s**-1*L=alpha_c*T*L-sigma_c*E_c**-1*L + +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get + +sigma_c=(930*10**5*1.7591**-1)*10**-6 //MN/m**2 //Stress in copper +sigma_s=1.785*sigma_c //MN/m**2 //Stress in steel + +//Increase in Length of either component +L_2=(alpha_s*T+sigma_s*10**6*(E_s*10**9)**-1)*L + +//Result +printf("stress in copper bar is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_c) +printf("\n stress in steel bar is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_s) +printf("\n Increase in Length is %.3f cm",L_2) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0b8e2821 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem 3.18,Page no.66 + +clc;clear; +close; + +t_1=15 //degree celsius //temperature of steel bar +t_2=315 //degree celsius //raised temperature +E_s=210 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity of steel bar +E_c=100 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity of copper bar +dell_L=0.15 //cm //Increase in Length of bar + +//Calculation + +//For Equilibrium of the system, Tension in steel bar = Tension in copper bar +//sigma_s*A_s = sigma_c*2*A_c +//sigma_S=2*sigma_c + +//Actual expansion of steel = Actual expansion of copper +//L*alpha_s*T+sigma_s*E_s**-1*L = L*alpha_c*T-sigma_c*E_c**-1*L (Equation 1) + +T=t_2-t_1 //per degree celsius //change in temperature + +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +sigma_c=(1650*10**5*1.9524**-1)*10**-6 //MN/m**2 //Stress in copper +sigma_s=2*sigma_c //MN/m**2 //Stress in steel + +//Actual Expansion of steel bar +//L*alpha_s*T+sigma_s*E_s**-1*L = L*alpha_c*T-sigma_c*E_c**-1*L +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +L=0.15*10**-2*0.0044048**-1 //m + +//Result +printf("Stress in copper bar is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_c) +printf("\n Stress in steel bar is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_s) +printf("\n Original Length of bar is %.2f m",L) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bd0ab2d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Problem 3.19,Page no.67 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=100 //m //Length of rod +A=2 //cm**2 //cross sectional area +rho=80 //KN/m**3 + +//Calculatiom +W=A*10**-4*L*rho //KN + +sigma_s=10+1.6 //KN //Rod experiencing max tensile stress when it is at top performing upstroke +sigma_s_2=sigma_s*10**3*200**-1 //N/mm**2 //corresponding stress at this moment + +sigma_c=1 //KN ////Rod experiencing max compressive stress at its lower end,free from its own weight +sigma_c_2=sigma_c*10**3*200**-1 //corresponding stress at this moment + +//Result +printf("Tensile stress in bar = %.2f N/mm^2",sigma_s_2) +printf("\n Compressive stress in bar = %.2f N/mm^2",sigma_c_2) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4af30412e --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Problem 3.2,Page no.54 + +clc;clear; +close; + + +//D=(D_0-2) //cm //Inside Diameter of cyclinder +//A=(%pi*(D_0-1)) //cm**2 //Area of cross-section +//L=(%pi*(D_0-1)*5400) //N //Crushing load for column +F=6 //Factor of safety +T=1 //cm //wall thickness of cyclinder + +//S=L*F**-1 +//After Simplifying,we get +S=600*10**3 + +//Calculations + +D_0=(S*F)*(%pi*54000)**-1+1 //cm //Outside diameter of cyclinder + +//Result +printf("The outside Diameter of cyclinder is %.2f cm",D_0) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591e8bb8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Problem 3.20,Page no.68 + +clc;clear; +close; + +sigma=0.012 //strain +P=150 //KN //Total Load on the Post +E=1.4*10**4 //N/mm**2 //modulus of elasticity +//b be the width of the post in mm +//2b is the longer dimension of the post in mm + +//Calculations + +//We know, +//sigma=(P*(A*E)**-1) + +//After substituting values and simplifying, we get +b=((150*10**3)*(0.012*1.4*2*10**4)**-1)**0.5 +q=2*b //mm //Longer dimension of post + +//Result +printf("Width of post is %.2f mm",b) +printf("\n Longer dimension of post is %.2f mm",q) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99d79a09c --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem 3.3,Page no.56 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=800 //N //force applied to steel wire +L=150 //m //Length of steel wire +E=200 //GN/m**2 //Modulus of Elasticity +d=10 //mm //Diameter of steel wire +W=7.8*10**4 //N/m**3 //Weight Density of steel +//A=(%pi*4**-1)*(d)**2 //m**2 + +//After simplifying Area,we get +A=7.85*10**-5 //m**2 + +//calculation (Part-1) + +//Elongation Due to 800N Load +dell_L_1=(P*L*10**-3)*(A*E*10**9*10**-6)**-1 //mm + +//calculation (Part-2) + +//Elongation due to Weight of wire +dell_L_2=((%pi*4**-1)*150*W*L*10**-3)*(2*A*E*10**7)**-1 //mm + +//calculation (Part-3) + +//Total Elongation of wire +dell_L_3=dell_L_1+dell_L_2 + + +//Result +printf("The Elongation due to 800N Load = %.2f mm",dell_L_1) +printf("\n The Elongation due to Weight of wire = %.2f mm",dell_L_2) +printf("\n Total Elongation of wire = %.2f mm",dell_L_3) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1649656d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Problem 3.4,Page no.55 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=10 //mm //Diameter of Punching Hole +t=4 //mm //Thickness of Mild Steel Plate +tou=320 //N/mm**2 //Shear Strength of mild Steel + +//Calculations + +//Force Required for punching the hole +P=tou*%pi*d*t //N + +//Area of punch in contact with the plate surface +A=(%pi*4**-1*d**2) //mm*2 + +//Compressive stress +sigma_c=P*A**-1 //N/mm*2 + +//Result +printf("Force Required for punching the hole is %.2f N",P) +printf("\n Compressive stress is %.f N/mm^2",sigma_c) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74e7d4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Problem 3.6,Page no.57 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=200*10**3 //N +L_1=0.10 //mm //Length of of portin AB +L_2=0.16 //mm //Length of of portin BC +L_3=0.12 //mm //Length of of portin CD +E=200*10**9 //N +d_1=0.1 //cm +d_2=0.08 //cm +d_3=0.06 //cm +A_1=(%pi*4**-1)*(0.1)**2 //mm**2 +A_2=(%pi*4**-1)*(0.08)**2 //mm**2 +A_3=(%pi*4**-1)*(0.06)**2 //mm**2 + +//Calculations + +dell_L_1=(P*L_1*10**3)*(A_1*E)**-1 //mm +dell_L_2=(P*L_2*10**3)*(A_2*E)**-1 //mm +dell_L_3=(P*L_3*10**3)*(A_3*E)**-1 //mm +dell_L=dell_L_1+dell_L_2+dell_L_3 //mm + +//Result +printf("Total Elongation of steel bar is %.3f mm",dell_L) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f5f867fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem 3.7,Page no.57 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +//from F.B.D,we get +P_1=50 //KN +P_2=20 //KN +P_3=40 //KN + +d=0.02 //mm //Diameter of steel bar +L_1=0.4 //mm +L_2=0.3 //mm +L_3=0.2 //mm +E=210*10**9 //N + +//After simplifying Area,we get +A=%pi*10**-4 //m**2 //Area of cross section + +//Calculations + +sigma_AB=P_1*1000*A //N/m**2 +sigma_BA=P_2*1000*A //N/m**2 +sigma_CD=P_3*1000*A //N/m**2 +dell_L=((P_1*L_1+P_2*L_2+P_3*L_3)*(A*E)**-1)*10**6 //mm + +//Result +printf("Total Elongation of Steel bar is %.3f mm",dell_L) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eb382901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem 3.8,Page no.58 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//R_a+R_c=25 //KN //R_a,R_b are reactions at supports A and C respectively +L_ab=2 //m +L_bc=3 //m + +//Calculation + +//From F.B.D,we get +//dell_L_AB=(R_a*L_AB)*(A*E)**-1 //Elongation of portion AB +//dell_L_BC=(R_c*L_BC)*(A*E)**-1 //Compression of portion BC + +//After simplifying above equations we get, +//R_a=(1.5)*R_c //KN +//R_a+R_c=25 //KN +//Solving the above simultaneous equations using matrix method +A=[1 -1.5;1 1] //Here the coefficients of the first equations of unknowns are setup +B=[0;25] //Here the RHS of both equations are setup +C=A**-1*B + +//print C[0] //Prints the first element in the vector C +//print C[1] //Prints the second element in the vector C + +//Result +printf("The reaction at support A is %.2f kN",C(1)) +printf("\n The reaction at support C is %.2f kN",C(2)) diff --git a/3772/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3772/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..489c1efc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Problem 3.9,Page no.59 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//P is the force acting on the bar BC compressive in nature and force on AB is (100-P) Tensile in nature +E=200*10*9 //N +A_1=3*10**-4 //cm**2 //Area of AB +A_2=4*10**-4 //cm**2 //Area of BC +L=1.5 //cm //Length of bar + +//Calculations + +//The total elongation of bar +//(((100-P)*10**3*1.5)*(3*10**-4*E)**-1)-((P*10**3*1.5)*(4*10**-4*E)**-1)=0 + +//The total elongation of bar is limited to 1 +//(25-0.4375*P)*10**-4=1*10**-3 + +//After simplifying above equation we get, +P=-(10-25)*0.4375**-1 //KN //Total elongation of bar +F_AB=100-P //KN //force in AB +F_BC=P //KN //Force in BC +sigma_AB=(((F_AB)*(3*10**-4)**-1)*10**-3) //KN //Stress in AB +sigma_BC=((F_BC)*(4*10**-4)**-1*10**-3) //KN //Stress in Bc + + +//Result +printf("F_AB = %.2f kN",F_AB) +printf("\n F_BC = %.2f kN",F_BC) +printf("\n sigma_AB = %.2f kN",sigma_AB) +printf("\n sigma_BC = %.2f kN",sigma_BC) diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9059dad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.1,Page No.89 + +clc;clear; +close; + +F_B=-10 //KN //Force at pt B +F_D=-20 //KN //Force at pt D +w_CB=5 //KN/m //u.d.l at CB +w_AE=40 //KN/m //u.d.l at AE +L_ED=2;L_CB=2 //m //Length of ED & CB +L_CD=1;L_DC=1 //m //Length of CD +L_AE=3 //m //Length of AE +L=8 //m //span of beam + + +//Calculations + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=F_B //KN + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=F_B-(w_CB*L_CB) + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_C +V_D2=V_C+F_D + +//Shear Force at E +V_E=V_D2 + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D2-(w_AE*L_AE) + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=F_B*L_CB-w_CB*L_CB**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=F_B*(L_CB+L_CD)-w_CB*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_CD) + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=F_B*(L_CB+L_CD+L_ED)-w_CB*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_CD+L_ED)+F_D*L_ED + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=F_B*L-w_CB*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_CD+L_ED+L_AE)+F_D*(L_AE+L_ED)-w_AE*(L_AE**2*2**-1) + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Y1=[V_B,V_C,V_D1,V_D2,V_E,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +subplot(2,1,2) +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram + +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_D,M_E,M_A] +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Lenght in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937f7b1b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.10,Page No.100 + +clc;clear; +close; +w=10 //KNm //u.d.l on L_AD +F_D=20 //KN //Pt Load at D +M_C=240 //KNm //moment at Pt C +L_DC=2;L_CB=2 //m //Length of DC and CB +L_AD=4 //m //Length of AD +L=8 //m //Length of Beam + +//Calculations + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=60 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=-R_B*L-M_C+F_D*L_AD+w*L_AD**2*2**-1 +R_B=-(M_C-F_D*L_AD-w*L_AD**2*2**-1)*L**-1 +R_A=60-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=V_B + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_B +V_D2=V_D1-F_D + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D2-w*L_AD + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C1=R_B*L_CB +M_C2=M_C+R_B*L_CB + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_DC+L_CB)+M_C + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=R_B*L+M_C-w*L_AD**2*2**-1-F_D*L_AD + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y1=[V_B,V_C,V_D1,V_D2,V_A] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y2=[M_B,M_C1,M_C2,M_D,M_A,0] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2857af64f --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.11,Page No.101 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=5 //KN //Force at C +w=2 //KNm //u.d.l on beam +L_BC=3 //m //Length of BC +L_AB=6 //m //Length of AB +L=9 //m //Length of Beam + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=23 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=F_C*L-R_B*L_AB+w*L**2*2**-1 +R_B=-(-F_C*L-w*L**2*2**-1)*L_AB**-1 +R_A=23-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=0 +V_C2=-F_C + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=V_C2-w*L_BC**2*2**-1 + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=F_C*L+R_B*L_AB-w*L**2*2**-1 + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let D be the pt And L_AD=x +//V_D=0=R_A+w*L_AD +L_AD=R_A*w**-1 +x=L_AD +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=0 + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=-F_C*L_BC-w*L_BC**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-F_C*L-w*L**2*2**-1+R_B*L_AB + +//Bending Moment at D +L_DC=L-L_AD +L_DB=L_DC-L_BC +M_D=-R_A*L_AD+w*L_AD**2*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_BC,L_BC+L_AB,L_BC+L_AB] +Y1=[V_C2,V_B,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_BC,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_AB] +Y2=[M_C,M_B,M_D,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") + +//The Bending moment in book is incorrect diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b39aaa1da --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.12,Page No.102 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=5 //KN //Pt Load at C +F_D=4 //KN //Pt Load at D +L_BC=1.25 //m //Length of BC +L_DB=1 //m //Length of DB +L_AD=3 //m //Length of AD +w=2 //KN/m //u.d.l +L=5.25 //m //Length of beam + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=15 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=F_C*L-R_B*(L_DB+L_AD)+F_D*L_AD+w*L_AD**2*2**-1 +R_B=-(-F_C*L-F_D*L_AD-w*L_AD**2*2**-1)*(L_DB+L_AD)**-1 +R_A=15-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=-F_C + +//Shear Force at B +V_B1=V_C +V_B2=V_C+R_B + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_B2 +V_D2=V_B2-F_D + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=-(w*L_AD)-F_D-F_C+R_B + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let E be the pt and BE=x +//V_E=0=-F_C+R_B-F_D-w*(L_BE-L_DB) +L_BE=-((F_C-R_B+F_D)*w**-1-L_DB); +x=L_BE; +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=0 + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=-F_C*L_BC + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=-F_C*(L_DB+L_BC)-R_B*L_DB + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-F_C*L+R_B*(L_DB+L_AD)-F_D*L_AD-w*L_AD**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at E +L_ED=L_BE-L_DB +M_E=-F_C*(L_BC+L_BE)+R_B*L_BE-F_D*(L_BE-L_DB)-w*(L_BE-L_DB)**2*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_BC,L_BC,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD] +Y1=[V_C,V_B1,V_B2,V_D1,V_D2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_BC,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB+L_ED,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD] +Y2=[M_C,M_B,M_D,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eea654f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.13,Page No.103 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_E=20 //KN //Pt Load at E +F_C=30 //KN //Pt Load at C +F_B=60 //KN //Pt Load at B +L_AB=1.5;L_BC=1.5;L_CD=1.5 //m //Length of AB,BC,CD respectively +L_DE=2.5 //m //Length od DE +L_AD=4.5 //m //Length of AD +L=7 //m //Length of beam +w=30 //KN/m + +//Calculations + +//LEt R_A and R_D be the reactions at A and D +//R_A+R_D=245 + +//Taking moment at A +//M_A=0=-R_D*(L_BC+L_AB+L_CD)+F_E*L+w*L_Ad**2*2**-1+F_C*(L_AB+L_BC)+F_B*L_AB +R_D=-(-(F_E*L)-(w*L_AD**2*2**-1)-F_C*(L_AB+L_BC)-F_B*L_AB)*(L_BC+L_AB+L_CD)**-1 +R_A=245-R_D + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at C +V_E1=0 +V_E2=-F_E + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_E2 +V_D2=V_E2+R_D + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=V_D2 +V_C2=V_D2-F_C-w*L_CD + +//Shear Force at B +V_B1=V_C2 +V_B2=-F_E+R_D-F_C-w*(L_BC+L_CD)-F_B + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=-F_E-F_C-F_B-w*L_AD+R_D + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let F be the pt and EF=x +//V_F=-F_E-F_C+R_D-w*L_FE+w*L_DE +L_FE=-(F_E+F_C-R_D-w*L_DE)*w**-1 +L_FD=L_FE-L_DE +L_FC=L_FE-L_CD-L_DE + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=0 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=-F_E*L_DE + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=-F_E*(L_CD+L_DE)+R_D*L_CD-w*L_CD**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at F +M_F=-w*L_FD**2*2**-1-F_C*L_FC+R_D*L_FD-F_E*L_FE + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=-F_E*(L_DE+L_CD+L_BC)-F_C*L_BC+R_D*(L_CD+L_BC)-w*(L_BC+L_CD)**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-F_E*L+R_D*(L_AD)-F_C*(L_BC+L_AB)-F_B*L_AB-w*(L_AD)**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at F +M_F=-F_E*L_FE+R_D*L_FD-F_C*L_FC-w*L_FD**2*2**-1 + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let G be the pt and GE=y +//M_G=-F_E*L_GE+R_D*(L_GE-L_DE)-F_C*(L_GE-L_DE)**2*2**-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//y**2-12.9+29.35=0 +a=1 +b=-12.9 +c=29.35 + +X=b**2-4*a*c + +y1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +y2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,0,L_DE,L_DE,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB] +Y1=[V_E1,V_E2,V_D1,V_D2,V_C1,V_C2,V_B1,V_B2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_DE,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD+L_FC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB] +Y2=[M_E,M_D,M_C,M_F,M_B,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30bbe8db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.14,Page No.105 + + +clc;clear; +close; +L_DE=2.5;L_BC=2.5 //m //Length of DE & BC +L_CD=5;L_FE=5;L_AB=5 //m //Length of CD & AB +F_C=80;F_B=80 //KN //Pt Load at C & B +w1=16 //KN/m //u.d.l on L_DE +w2=10 //KN/m //u.d.l on L_AB +L=10 //m //Length of beam + +//Calculations + +//LEt R_A and R_D be the reactions at A and D +//R_A+R_D=250 + +//Taking moment at A +//M_A=0=w1*L_DE*(L_DE*2**-1+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)-R_D*(L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)+F_C*(L_BC+L_AB)+F_C*(L_BC+L_AB)+F_B*L_AB+w2*L_AB**2*2**-1 +R_D=-(-w1*L_DE*(L_DE*2**-1+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)-F_C*(L_BC+L_AB)-F_B*(L_AB)-w2*L_AB**2*2**-1)*(L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)**-1 +R_A=250-R_D + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at E +V_E=0 + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=-w1*L_DE +V_D2=-w1*L_DE+R_D + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=V_D2 +V_C2=V_D2-F_C + +//Shear Force at B +V_B1=V_C2 +V_B2=V_C2-F_B + +//Shear Force at A +V_A1=V_B2-w2*L_AB +V_A2=0 + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=0 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=-w1*L_DE**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=R_D*L_CD-w1*L_DE*(L_DE*2**-1+L_CD) + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=-w1*L_DE*(L_DE*2**-1+L_CD+L_BC)+R_D*(L_CD+L_BC)-F_C*L_BC + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-w1*L_DE*(L_DE*2**-1+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)+R_D*(L_CD+L_BC+L_AB)-F_C*(L_BC+L_AB)-F_B*L_AB-w2*L_AB**2*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_FE,L_FE,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC+L_AB] +Y1=[V_E,V_D1,V_D2,V_C1,V_C2,V_B1,V_B2,V_A1,V_A2] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_DE,L_DE+L_CD,L_DE+L_CD+L_BC,L] +Y2=[M_E,M_D,M_C,M_B,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94c3e3596 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.15,Page No.105 + +clc;clear; +close; +L=8 //m //Length of beam +L_AD=4 //m //Length of AD +w=300 //KN //u.d.l + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A and R_C be the reactions at A and C +//R_A+R_C=300 + +//Taking moment at A +//LEt x be the distance from Pt B L_CB=x +//R_C*(L-L_CB)=300*L*2**-1 +//R_C=1200*(8-x)**-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//R_A=300-R_C +//R_A=1200-300*x*(8-x)**-1 + +//B.M at D +//M_D=R_A*L_AD-w*2**-1*2=0 + +//Now substituting value of R_A we get +//M_D=4*1200-300*x*(8-x)**-1-300=0 + +//Further on simplification we get +L_CB=600*225**-1 +x=L_CB; +R_C=1200*(8-x)**-1 +R_A=(1200-300*x)*(8-x)**-1 + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let E be the pt and BE=y +//V_E=0=-R_A*2**-1*L_BE+R_C +L_BE=R_C*(R_A*2**-1)**-1 +L_AE=L-L_BE +L_AC=L-L_CB +L_EC=L_BE-L_CB + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=0 + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=-w +V_C2=-V_C1+R_C + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=-w+R_C + +//B.M at C +M_C=-w*L_CB + +//B.M at E +M_E=-R_A*L_AE+w*L_AE + +//B.M at A +M_A=0 + +//B.M at B +M_B=0 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_AC,L_CB+L_AC] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_EC,L_CB+L_AC] +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..415028a08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.16,Page No.107 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=250 //KN //Pt LOad at C +M_D=120 //KNM //moment at Pt D +w=50 //KN/m //u.d.l 0n L_AD +L_DB=2;L_BC=2 //m //Length of DB & BC +L_AD=4 //m //Length of AD +L=8 //m //Length of beam + +//Calculations + +//LEt R_A and R_D be the reactions at A and D +//R_A+R_D=450 + +//Taking moment at A +//M_A=0=-R_B*(L_DB+L_AD)+M_D+F_C*L+w*L_AD**2*2**-1 +R_B=-(-M_D-F_C*L-w*L_AD**2*2**-1)*(L_DB+L_AD)**-1 +R_D=450-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=-F_C + +//Shear Force at B +V_B1=V_C +V_B2=R_B-F_C + +//Shear Force at D +V_D=V_B2 + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=-F_C+R_B-w*L_AD + +//Pt of contralfexure +//Let E be the pt and CE=x +//V_E=0=-F_C+R_B-w*(L_EC-L_DB-L_BC) +L_EC=-((+F_C-R_B)*w**-1-L_DB- L_BC) +L_ED=L_EC-L_DB-L_BC + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=0 + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=-F_C*L_BC + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D1=-F_C*(L_BC+L_DB)+R_B*L_DB +M_D2=M_D1-M_D + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=-F_C*L_EC+R_B*(L_ED+L_DB)-w*L_ED**2*2**-1-M_D + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=0 + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let F be the pt and CF=y +//M_F=0=- F_C*L_FC+R_B*(L_FC-L_BC)-M_D-w*(L_FC-L_DB-L_BC) +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get equation as +//y**2-14.8*y+54.5=0 + +a=1 +b=-14.8 +c=54.4 + +X=b**2-4*a*c + +y1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +y2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +//From above two equations y2 is taken into consideration + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_BC,L_BC,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD] +Y1=[V_C,V_B1,V_B2,V_D,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_BC,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB,L_BC+L_DB+L_ED,L_BC+L_DB+L_AD,] +Y2=[M_C,M_B,M_D1,M_D2,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3b4394a --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.2,Page No.90 + +clc;clear; +close; +w_CB=1 //KN/m //u.d.l on Length CB +F_D=2 //KN //Pt Load at D +L_AD=1;L_DC=1 //m //Length of AD & DC +L_CB=2 //m //Length of CB + +//Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=0 //KN + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=-(w_CB*L_CB) + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_C +V_D2=V_C-F_D + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D2 + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=-w_CB*L_CB**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=-w_CB*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC) + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-w_CB*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)-F_D*L_AD + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y1=[0,V_C,V_D1,V_D2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_D,M_A] +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Z2=[0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c09379c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.3,Page No.91 + +clc;clear; +close; +AC=5000 //N/m //u.v.l +L_AB=4 //m //Length of AB + +//Calculations + +//Consider a section at Distance x from B +//DB=x +//By similar triangles (triangle ABC and BDE) we get + +//Shear Force at x +//F_x=-DB*DE*2**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation we get +//F_x=625*x**2 + +//shear Force at B where x=0 +V_B=0 + +//shear Force at A where x=L_AB=4 +V_A=625*L_AB**2 + +//Bending Moment Calculation + +//M_x=DB*DE*DB*3**-1*2**-1 +//Substituting values in above equation we get +//M_x=-625*x**3*3**-1 + +//Bending Moment at B where x=0 +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at A where x=L_AB=4 +M_A=-625*L_AB**3*3**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_AB] +Y1=[V_B,V_A] +Z1=[0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +Y2=[M_B,M_A] +X2=[0,L_AB] +Z2=[0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b4ade724 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.4,Page No.92 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=30;F_D=30;F_E=30 //KN //Pt Load at C,D,E respectively +L_AE=1.5;L_ED=1.5;L_DC=1.5 //m //Length of AE,ED,DC respectively +L_CB=0.5 //m //Length of CB +L_AC=4.5 //m //Length of AC +L_AD=3 //m //Length of AD +w=10 //KN/m //u.d.l +L=5 //m //Length of beam + +//Calculations + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=0 //KN + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=-w*L_CB +V_C2=-w*L_CB-F_C //KN + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=-w*(L_DC+L_CB)-F_C*L_DC +V_D2=-w*(L_DC+L_CB)-F_C-F_D //KN + +//Shear Force at E +V_E1=-w*(L_DC+L_CB+L_ED)-F_C*(L_DC+L_ED) +V_E2=-F_C-F_D-F_E-w*(2*L_ED+L_CB) + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=-w*L-F_C-F_D-F_E + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=-w*L_CB**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=-w*(L_DC+L_CB)**2*2**-1-F_C*L_DC + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=-w*(L_DC+L_CB+L_ED)**2*2**-1-F_C*(L_ED+L_DC)-F_D*L_ED + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=-w*L**2*2**-1-F_C*L_AC-F_D*L_AD-F_E*L_AE + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_D1,V_D2,V_E1,V_E2,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_D,M_E,M_A,0] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da209616 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.5,Page No.93 + +clc;clear; +close; + +w1=30 //KN/m //u.d.l on L_CB +F_C=120 //KN //Pt Load at C +w2=50 //KN/m //u.d.l on L_AD +L_DC=2;L_CB=2 //m //Length of DC and CB respectively +L_AD=4 //m //Length of AD +L_AB=8;L=8 //m //Length of beam + + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=380 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=-R_B*L+F_C(L_DC+L_AD)+w1*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)+w2*L_AD**2*2**-1=0 + +//After Rearranging the terms we get +R_B=(F_C*(L_DC+L_AD)+w1*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)+w2*L_AD**2*2**-1)*L**-1 +R_A=380-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=-w1*L_CB+R_B +V_C2=R_B-w1*L_CB-F_C + +//Shear Force at D +V_D=V_C2 + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D-w2*L_AD + +//Point of contraflexure +//Let E be the point EB=x +//Shear Force at E +//V_E=0=R_B-F_C-w1*L_CB-w2*(L_EB-L_DC-L_CB) +L_EB=-((-R_B+F_C+w1*L_CB)*w2**-1-L_DC-L_CB) +V_E=0 + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=R_B*L_CB-w1*L_CB**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC)-w1*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC)-F_C*L_DC + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=0 + +//Bending Moment at E +L_ED=L_EB-(L_DC+L_CB) //m //Length of ED +M_E=-w1*L_CB*(L_ED+L_DC+L_CB*2**-1)-F_C*(L_DC+L_ED)+R_B*L_EB + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_D,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_D,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cae05ca69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.6,Page No.95 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=100 //KN //Pt Load at C +F_E=50 //KN //Pt Load at E +w=20 //KN/m +L_AE=2;L_ED=2;L_DC=2;L_CB=2 //m //Length of AE,ED,DC,CB respectively +L=8 //m //Length of Beam + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=190 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=-R_B*L+F_C*(3*L_AE)+w*L_DC*(L_DC*2**-1+2*L_ED)+F_E*L_AE=0 +R_B=(F_C*(3*L_AE)+w*L_DC*(L_DC*2**-1+2*L_ED)+F_E*L_AE)*L**-1 +R_A=190-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=R_B +V_C2=R_B-F_C + +//Shear Force at D +V_D=V_C2-w*L_DC + +//Shear Force at E +V_E1=V_D +V_E2=V_D-F_E + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_E2 + +//Point of contraflexure +//Let F be the point BF=x +//Shear Force at F +//V_F=R_B-F_C-w*(L_BF-L_CB) +L_FB=-((-R_B+F_C)*w**-1-L_CB) +V_F=0 + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=R_B*L_CB + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC)-F_C*L_DC-w*L_DC**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC+L_ED)-F_C*(L_ED+L_DC)-w*L_DC*(L_DC*2**-1+L_ED) + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=R_B*(L_ED+L_DC+L_AE+L_CB)-F_C*(L_ED+L_DC+L_AE)-w*L_DC*(L_DC*2**-1+L_ED+L_AE)-F_E*L_AE + +//Bending Moment at F +L_FC=L_CB-L_CB +M_F=R_B*L_FB-F_C*L_FC-w*L_FC**2*2**-1 +L_DF=L_DC-L_FC + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_D,V_E1,V_E2,V_A] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_FC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED] +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_F,M_D,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de07ef10f --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.7,Page No.96 + +clc;clear; +close; +w=20 //KN/m //u.d.l on Length CB +F_D= 50 //KN //Pt Load at D +L_CB=5 //m //Length of CB +L_DC=3 //M //Length of DC +L_AD=2 //m //Length of AD +L=10 //m //Length of Beam + +//Calculations + +theta=atan(4*3**-1)*(180*%pi**-1) +F_DV=F_D*sin(theta*%pi*180**-1) //Force at Pt D vertically +F_DH=F_D*cos(theta*%pi*180**-1) //Force at pt D horizontally + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=140 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=-R_B*L+w*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)+F_DV*L_AD +R_B=(w*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)+F_DV*L_AD)*L**-1 +R_A=140-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=V_B-w*L_CB + +//Shear Force at D +V_D1=V_C +V_D2=V_C-F_DV + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D2 + +//Pt of Contraflexure +//Let E be the pt And BE=x +//V_E=0=R_B-w*x +x=R_B*w**-1; +L_BE=R_B*w**-1 + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=R_B*L_CB-w*L_CB**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC)-w*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC) + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=R_B*L-w*L_CB*(L_CB*2**-1+L_DC+L_AD)-F_DV*L_AD + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=R_B*L_BE-w*L_BE**2*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y1=[V_B,V_C,V_D1,V_D2,V_A] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_BE,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y2=[M_B,M_E,M_C,M_D,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ea0a8200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.8,Page No.97 + +clc;clear; +close; +F_C=150 //KN //Pt LOad at C +w=300 //KN //u.v.l +L=6 //m //Length of beam +L_AE=1;L_DC=2;L_CB=1;L_CD=1 //m //Lengthof AE,DC,CB +L_ED=3 //m //Length of ED +L_Ed=2 //m +L_dD=1 //m + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=450 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=R_B*L-F_C*(L_CD+L_ED+L_AE)-w*(2*3**-1*L_ED+L_AE) +R_B=(F_C*(L_DC+L_ED+L_AE)+w*(2*3**-1*L_ED+L_AE))*L**-1 +R_A=450-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C1=R_B +V_C2=R_B-F_C + +//Shear Force at D +V_D=V_C2 + +//Shear Force at E +V_E=V_D-w + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_E + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let F be the pt and EF=x +//Let w1 be the rate of Loading at D we get +w1=w*2*3**-1 +//The rate of Loading at distance x is200*x*3**-1 + +//V_F=0=-R_B+200*x*3**-1*x*2**-1 +//After substituting values and simplifying further we get +L_EF=(R_A*3*100**-1)**0.5 +x=(R_A*3*100**-1)**0.5; +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C=R_B*L_CB + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC)-F_C*L_DC + +//Bending Moment at E +M_E=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC+L_ED)-F_C*(L_DC+L_ED)-w*L_Ed + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=0 + +//Bending Moment at F +M_F=R_A*(L_AE+L_EF)-200*x*3**-1*x*2**-1*x*3**-1 + +L_FD=L_ED-L_EF + + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_CD,L_CB+L_CD+L_ED,L_CB+L_CD+L_ED+L_AE,L_CB+L_CD+L_ED+L_AE] +Y1=[V_B,V_C1,V_C2,V_D,V_E,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_FD+L_DC+L_CB,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED+L_AE] +Y2=[M_B,M_C,M_D,M_F,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3772/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71d2696cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +// Problem no 4.4.9,Page No.99 + +clc;clear; +close; +M_C=40 //KNM //Moment at Pt C +w=20 //KNm //u.d.l on L_AD +L=10 //m //Length of beam +L_CB=5 //m //Length of CB +L_DC=1 //m //Length of DC +L_AD=4 //m //Length of AD + +//Calculations + +//Let R_A & R_B be the reactions at A & B +//R_A+R_B=80 + +//Taking Moment at A +//M_A=0=R_B*L-M-w*L_AD**2*2**-1 +R_B=(w*L_AD**2*2**-1+M_C)*L**-1 +R_A=80-R_B + +//Shear Force Calculations + +//Shear Force at B +V_B=R_B + +//Shear Force at C +V_C=V_B + +//Shear Force at D +V_D=V_C + +//Shear Force at A +V_A=V_D-w*L_AD + +//Pt of contraflexure +//Let E be the pt and BE=x +//V_E=0=R_B-w*(L_BE-L_DC-L_CB) +L_BE=R_B*w**-1+L_DC+L_CB; +x=L_BE + +//Bending Moment Calculations + +//Bending Moment at B +M_B=0 + +//Bending Moment at C +M_C1=R_B*L_CB +M_C2=M_C1-M_C + +//Bending Moment at D +M_D=R_B*(L_CB+L_DC)-M_C + +//Bending Moment at A +M_A=R_B*L-M_C-w*L_AD**2*2**-1 + +//Bending Moment at E +L_ED=L_BE-(L_DC+L_CB) +M_E=R_B*L_BE-M_C-w*L_ED**2*2**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are the results") + +//Plotting the Shear Force Diagram +subplot(2,1,1) +X1=[0,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y1=[V_B,V_C,V_D,V_A,0] +Z1=[0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X1,Y1,X1,Z1) +xlabel("Length x in m") +ylabel("Shear Force in kN") +title("the Shear Force Diagram") + +//Plotting the Bending Moment Diagram +subplot(2,1,2) +X2=[0,L_CB,L_CB,L_CB+L_DC,L_CB+L_DC+L_ED,L_CB+L_DC+L_AD] +Y2=[M_B,M_C1,M_C2,M_D,M_E,M_A] +Z2=[0,0,0,0,0,0] +plot(X2,Y2,X2,Z2) +xlabel("Length in m") +ylabel("Bending Moment in kN.m") +title("the Bending Moment Diagram") diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..943575825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Problem 5.1,Page no.121 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=100 //mm //width of timber joist +d=200 //mm //depth of joist +L=3 //m //Length of beam +sigma=7 //KN/mm**2 //bending stress +w_1=5 //KN/mm**2 //unit weight of timber + +//Calculations +w=0.1*0.2*1*5*100 //N/m //self weight of the joist +I_xx=1*12**-1*100*200**3 //mm**4 //M.I of section about N.A + +//M=W*L+w*L**2*2**-1 //Max Bending moment +//Therefore,M=(3*W+450) + +//using the relation M*I**-1=sigma*y**-1,we get +W=(((7*2*10**8)*(100*10**3*3)**-1)-450)*3**-1 //N //Max Load applied + +//Result +printf("The Max value of Load applied is %.2f N",W) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4eecfb1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Problem 5.11,Page no.131 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=4 //cm //Outside diameter +d=3 //cm //inside diamter +L=2 //m //span of beam +W=1000 //N //Max safe Load + +//Calculations + +I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4) //cm**4 //M.I +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //cm**2 //Area +y=2 +Z=I*y**-1 //cm**3 //Section modulus + +M=W*L*4**-1 //N*cm //Max bending moment + +//From Flexural Formula +sigma=M*Z**-1 //N/cm**2 + +//For Tubes +//M.I about x-x axis +I_1=4*(8.59+5.492*2**2) //cm**4 + +Z_1=122.32*4**-1 //cm**3 + +//M=W_1*200*4**-1 //N*cm +//After substituting values we get +//M=50*W_1 (equation 1) + +//Again from Flexural Formula +M=sigma*Z_1 + +//substitute value of M in equation 1 + +W=11640*30.58*50**-1 //N + +//Result +printf("Max central load is %.2f N",W) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8267df0ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem 5.12,Page no.133 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=200 //mm //width of beam +d=300 //mm //depth of beam +t=12 //mm //thickness of beam +E_s=220 //KN/m**2 //modulus of elasticity of steel +E_w=11 //KN/m**2 //modulus of elasticity of timber +sigma_s=115 //MN/m**2 //stress of steel +sigma_w=9.2 //MN/m**2 //stress of timber +L=2 //m //Span of beam + +//Calculations + +//E_w*E_s**-1=1*20**-1 //ratio of Modulus of elasticity of timber to steel + + +//(Part-1) +b_1=b*20**-1 //mm //web thickness of transformed section +stress=20*sigma_w //MN/m**2 //Allowable stress in web of equivalen beam +//But allowable stress in flanges is sigma_s is 115 KN/m**2 and therefore taken into consideration + + +d_1=324 //mm //depth of beam with thickness in consideration +I=1*12**-1*0.2*0.324**3-2*1*12**-1*0.095*0.3**3 //m**4 //M.I of transformed section + +//Using Relation, M*I**-1=sigma*y**-1 we get + +//Part-2 +M_max=I*(324*10**-3*2**-1)**-1*sigma_s*10**6 //N*m //Max allowable Bending moment for steel section + +//Part-3 +//As beam is simply supported at the ends and the load is applied at the centre of beam +//M_max=W*L*4**-1 //Max Bending moment +W=M_max*4*L**-1 //N //Allowable stress Load + +//Result +printf("Web thickness of Equivalent steel section is %.2f mm",b_1) +printf("\n Max Allowable bending moment for section is %.2f N-m",M_max) +printf("\n Allowable safe Load is %.2f N",W) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69d2eb537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem 5.13,Page no.135 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=10 //cm //distance between joists +t=2 //cm //thickness of steel plate +d_2=20 //cm //depth of beam +sigma_t=8.5 //N/mm**2 //stress in timber +E_s=2*10**5 //N/mm**2 //Modulus of elasticity of steel +E_t=10**4 //N/mm**2 ////Modulus of elasticity of timber +L=5 //cm //span of beam + +//calculation +sigma=10*15**-1*sigma_t //stress in timber at distance of 10 cm from XX (N/mm**2) + +dell=sigma*E_t**-1 //strain in timber at 10 cm from XX (N/mm**2) + +sigma_s=dell*E_s //N/mm**2 //Max stress + +//For Timber +Z_w=1*6**-1*10*30**2*2 //cm**3 //section modulus of timber +M_w=sigma_t*100*Z_w //moment of resistance of timber (N-cm) + +//For steel +Z_s=1*6**-1*2*20**2 //cm**3 //section modulus of steel +M_s=sigma_s*Z_s*100 //moment of resistance of steel (N-cm) + +M=(M_w+M_s)*10**-5 //total moment of resistance(N-cm) + +//M=w*L**2*8**-1 //N*cm //Max bending moment +w=8*M*(L**2)**-1 //kN/m //Max uniform distributed Load + +//Result kN/m +printf("Moment of resistance is %.3f N-cm",M) +printf("\n Max uniform distributed Load = %.3f kN/m",w) +// answer in the textbook is not accurate. + + + diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac0d42a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem 5.14,Page no.136 + +clc;clear; +close; + +B=10 //cm //width of timber section +D=15 //cm //depth of timber section +b=10 //cm //width of steel plate +t=12 //mm //thickness +w=3 //KN/m //Uniformly distributed Load +L=4 //m //Span of beam +m=20 //Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to timber +W=3 //KN/m //Load + +//Calculations + +y_1=15*2**-1 //C.G of timber +y_2=1.2*2**-1 //C.G of steel plate +b_s=10*m**-1 //cm //Equivalent width of steel +Y_bar=(10*1.2*0.6+15*0.5*8.7)*(10*1.2+15*0.5)**-1 //cm //distance of C.G from bottom edge + +I=1*12**-1*10*(1.2)**3+10*1.2*(3.72-0.6)**2+1*12**-1*0.5*(15)**3+0.5*15*(7.5-3.72)**2 +M=W*10**5*L**2*8**-1 //N*m + +Y_bar_1=3.72 //cm //C.G from bottom edge +Y_bar_2=16.2-Y_bar //cm //C.G from top edge + +sigma_1=(M*I**-1*Y_bar_1)*10**-2 //N/mm**2 //stress at bottom + +sigma_2=(M*I**-1*Y_bar_2)*10**-2 //N/mm**2 //stress at top + +sigma_max=sigma_2*m**-1 + +//The Answers in book for Moment of Inertia about x-x axis onwards are incorrect + +//Result +printf("Moment of Inertia = %.f N-m",M) +printf("\n The Max Stress in steel is %.2f N/mm^2",sigma_1) +printf("\n The Max Stress in timber is %.2f N/mm**2",sigma_max) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6adcca091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem 5.15,Page no.137 + +clc;clear; +close; + +B=20 //cm //width of timber +D=30 //cm //depth of timber +d=25 //cm //depth of steel plate +b=1.2 //cm //width of steel plate +sigma_s=90 //N/mm**2 //Bending stress in steel +sigma_t=6 //N/mm**2 //Bending stress in timber +m=20 //Ratio of modulus of elasticity of of steel to timber + +//Calculation + +//Equivalent width of wood section,when 1.2 cm wide steel plate is replaced by steel plate is +b_1=1.2*20 //cm +d_1=25 //cm //depth of wood section +y_1=d*2**-1 //cm //C.G of timber section +y_2=D*2**-1 //cm //C.G of steel section + +Y_bar=(2*d*b_1*y_1+D*B*y_2)*(2*d*b_1+D*B)**-1 //cm //Distance of C.G from Bottom edge +I=B*D**3*12**-1+B*D*(y_2-Y_bar)**2+2*(b_1*d_1**3*12**-1+b_1*d_1*(Y_bar-y_1)**2) //M.I of equivalent timber section about N.A +Y=30-Y_bar //distance of C.G from top of equivalent wood section + +//Thus max stress will occur at top and that in steel will occur at bottom +//sigma_s=m*Y_bar*Y**-1*sigma_t + +//After simplifying we get +//sigma_s=15.99*sigma_t + +sigma_t=sigma_s*15.99**-1 //N/mm**2 //Max stress in Equivalent timber section + +Z_t=I*Y**-1 //Section modulus of equivalent section +M=sigma_t*Z_t*10**-5*100 //Moment of resistance of beam + +//Result +printf("Position of N.A is %.2f cm",Y_bar) +printf("\n Moment of Resistance of beam is %.2f kN-m",M) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bedd1f905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +// Problem 5.2,Page no.122 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=160 //mm //Overall Depth +B=150 //mm //Width of Flange +f_t=40 //mm //Flange thickness +W_t=50 //mm //Web thickness +sigma_t=20 //N/mm**2 //tension stress +sigma_c=75 //N/mm**2 //compression stress + +//Calculations + +//Rectangle-1 +a_1=150*40 //mm**2 //Area of Rectangle-1 +y_1=40*2**-1 //mm //C.G of Rectangle-1 + +//Rectangle-2 +a_2=120*50 //mm**2 //Area of Rectangle-2 +y_2=40+120*2**-1 //mm //C.G of Rectangle-2 + +Y_bar=(a_1*y_1+a_2*y_2)*(a_1+a_2)**-1 //mm //Distance of C.G from the bottom flange +I=1*12**-1*150*40**3+150*40*(60-40)**2+1*12**-1*50*120**3+50*120*(100-60)**2 //mm**4 //M.I of section about N.A +y_t=60 //mm //Permissible tensile stress at the bottom face of flange from N.A +y_c=100 //mm //Permissible tensile stress at the top face of flange from N.A + +//M=W*L*4**-1 //Max bending mooment at the centre + +//Using the relation M*I**-1=sigma_t*y_t**-1 we get +W=(0.333*4*272*10**5)*(2.5*1000)**-1 //N //MAx central load + +//Result +printf("The Max Bending Moment at the centre is %.2f N",W) +//Answer is wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e8ba01c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem 5.3,Page no.123 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=10 //cm //width of beam +d=20 //cm depth of beam + +//Calculations + +//R_a and R_b are the reactions at A and B respectively. +//Moment of all forces about A + +R_b=(4*4*4*2**-1-2*1.5)*(2)**-1 //KN +//R_a+R_b=18 +R_a=18-R_b + +//Consider a section at a distance x from A +//M_x=9.25*x-2(x-1.5)-4*x*x*2**-1=7.25*x+3-2*x**2 + +//Taking derivative of above equation to find max value of M_x we get +x=1.81 //m + +M=7.25*x+3-2*x**2 //kN*m +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //cm**4 //M.I of the section +y=10 +sigma=M*I**-1*y*10**8*(10**2)**-1 //Max bending stress + +//Result +printf("The Max Bending stress is %.2f kN/m^2",sigma) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8269d81ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem 5.4,Page no.124 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=10 //cm //width of beam +d=20 //cm depth of beam + +sigma=8 //N/mm**2 //Max bending stress +W=5000 //N/m**2 //Load of floor +A=450 //cm**2 //Area of joist +L=5 //m //span of floor + +//Calculations +//Let x be the centre to centre spacingof the joists + +//A_1=5*x**2 //m**2 //Area of floor between any two joists +//W_1=5*x*W //N //total load supported by one interior joist +//M=W_1*L*8**-1 //Max bending moment +I=1*12**-1*b*(d*10**-2)**3*10**-2 //m**4 //M.I of joist +y=0.15 //cm //Distance of of farthest fibre +M=I*y**-1*sigma //N*m + +//Now equating to max bending moment we get +x=(18000*8)*(25000*5)**-1 + +//Result +printf("The Max Bending Moment is %.2f m",x) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..189a866ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Problem 5.8,Page no.127 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=3 //m //span of beam +t=20 //mm //Thickness of steel +D=200 //mm //overall depth +B=140 //mm //overall width +b=100 //mm //width of inner rectangle +d=160 //mm //depth of inner rectangle +w=77 //KN/mm**2 +sigma=100 //N/mm**2 //Bending stress +//Calculations +V=((D*10**-3*B*10**-3)-(d*10**-3*b*10**-3)) //m**3 //Volume of rectangular box +W=V*3*w //KN //Weight of Beam +I=(B*D**3-b*d**3)*12**-1 //mm**4 //M.I of beam section + +//Now using the relation,M*I**-1=sigma*y**-1 + +y=200 //mm //distance from farthest fibre +M=I*sigma*2*y**-1 //N*mm + +//M=3000*W+2772*3000*2**-1 +//After sub values in above equation we get + +W=((59.2*10**6-2772*3000*2**-1)*(3000)**-1)*10**-3 //KN //Max concentrated Load at free end + +F=W+2.772*2**-1 //KN //shear force at half length + +//Result +printf("The shear force at half length is %.2f kN",F) diff --git a/3772/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3772/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..390dc25fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Problem 5.9,Page no.128 + +clc;clear; +close; + +B=24 //mm //width of beam section +D=21.7 //mm //depth of beam section +E_1=11440 //MN/m**2 //Modulus of Elasticity parallel grain +E_2=2860 //MN/m**2 ////Modulus of Elasticity perpendicular grain +sigma_1=8.57 //MN/m**2 +sigma_2=2.14 //MN/m**2 +L=1.2 //m //span of beam + +//Calculations + +//Ratio of smaller modulus to larger modulus is E_2:E_1=1:4 +//Dimension of transformed Beam section +b=18 //mm //width of Beam section +d=3.1 //mm //depth of beam section + +I=(1*12**-1*B*10**-3*(D*10**-3)**3)-(3*(1*12**-1*b*10**-3*(d*10**-3)**3)) //m**4 //M.I of transformed section +y=21.7*10**-3*2**-1 +M=I*sigma_1*10**6*y**-1 //N*m //Safe B.M +P=4*M*L**-1 //N + +//Result +printf("Safe value of Load is %.2f N",P) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df498a429 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem no 6.1,Page No.154 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=0.12 //m //Width of beam +d=0.2 //m //Depth of beam +dell=0.005 //m //Deflection +E=2*10**5*10**6 //N/m**2 +L=2.5 //m //Length of beam + +//Calculations + +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I of rectangular section +w=8*E*I*dell*(L**4)**-1 //N/m //U.d.l + +//Let slope at free end be theta +theta=w*L**3*(6*E*I)**-1 //Radian + +W=dell*3*E*I*(L**3)**-1*10**-3 //kN //Concentrated Load + +theta_2=W*L**2*(2*E*I)**-1 //Slope at free end + +//Result +printf("Uniformly distributed Load beam should carry is %.2f N/m",w) +printf("\n Concentrated Load at free end is %.2f kN",W) + +//Answer is wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83d0afa26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Problem no 6.10,Page No.161 + +clc;clear; +close; + +E=200*10**9 //Pa +I=20000*10**-8 //m**4 + +//Calculations + +//Now Taking moment at B +R_a=(1000*3*4.5+1000*2)*6**-1 //Reaction Force at pt A + +//On part BC u.d.l of 1KN/m is introduced both above and below +//consider section at distance x i.e X-X and considering moment at section X-X + +//M=15500*x*6**-1-1000*x**2*2**-1-1000(x-4)+1000*2**-1*(x-3)**2 +//EI*d**2y*d**x=-M=15500*x*6**-1-1000*x**2*2**-1-1000(x-4)+1000*2**-1*(x-3)**2 + +//Now Integrating above Equation we get Equation of slope +//EI*dy*dx**-1=-15500*x**2*12**-1+1000*x**3*6**-1+1000*(x-4)**2*2**-1+1000*6**-1*(x-3)**3+C_1 + +//Now Integrating above Equation we get Equation of Deflection +//EI*y=-15500*x**3*36**-1+1000*x**4*24**-1+1000*(x-4)**3*6**-1+1000*24**-1*(x-3)**3+C_1*x+C_2 + +//At x=0,deflection is zero,i.e y=0 C_2=0 +//At x=6,deflection is zero,i.e y=0 +x=6 +C_1=-(-15500*x**3*36**-1+1000*x**4*24**-1+1000*(x-4)**3*6**-1+1000*(x-3)**4*24**-1)*x**-1 //Constant + +//Answer for constant C_1 is incorrect in Book + +//Now Deflection at C,put x=3 m +x=3 +y_C=1*(E*I)**-1*(-15500*x**3*36**-1+1000*x**4*24**-1+1000*(x-4)**3*6**-1+1000*24**-1*(x-3)**3+C_1*x)*10**3 + +//Now Deflection at D,put x=4 m +x=4 +y_D=1*(E*I)**-1*(-15500*x**3*36**-1+1000*x**4*24**-1+1000*(x-4)**3*6**-1+1000*24**-1*(x-3)**3+C_1*x)*10**3 + +//Answers for y_C & y_D are incorrect in book + +//Result +printf("Deflection at pt C is %.2f mm",y_C) +printf("\n Deflection at pt D is %.2f mm",y_D) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c583a5429 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem no 6.11,Page No.162 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=2.5 //m //Length of beam +L_1=1.5 //m //Length from Fixed end +W=50*10**3 //N //Load + +//Calculations + +//Case-1 +y=W*L**3*3**-1 //Deflection of the cantilever at free end + +//Case-2 +//Deflection of cantilever at free end is +//y_1=W_1*L**3*3**-1+W_1*L_1**3*3**-1+W_1*L_1**3*3**-1*(L-L_1) +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying further we get + +//y_1=22.375*W_1*3**-1 + +W_1=y*3*22.375**-1*10**-3 //Magnitude of equal Loads +M_1=W*L*10**-3 +M_2=W_1*L+W_1*L_1 + +//Let M_1=sigma_1*z and M_2=sigma_2*z +//Dividing above two equations we get + +//Let X=sigma_1*sigma_2**-1 +X=M_2*M_1**-1*100 + +//Result +printf("Magnitude of equal Loads is %.2f kN",W_1) +printf("\n Max Bending stress is %.2f %%",X) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5cbe7c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 6.12,Page No.163 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=4 //m //Length of Beam + +//calculations + +//Consider a section at distance x from A and B.M at this section is +//M=P*(3-x)-10*x**2+90*x-195 + +//Now //EI*d**2*y*d**2*x=-P*(3-x)+10*x**2-90*x+195 + +//On Integrating above equation we get +//E*I*dy*dx**-1=-P*(3*x-x**2*2**-1)+10*x**3*2**-1-45*x**2+195*x+C_1 + +//Again On Integrating above equation we get +//E*I*y=-P*(3*x**2*2**-1-x**3*6**-1)+10*x**4*12**-1-15*x**3+195*x**2*2**-1+C_1*x+C_2 + +//But at x=0,dy*dx**-1=0 we get ,C_1=0 +// x=0,y=0 we get ,C_2=0 +//At x=3 m,y=0 +x=3 +C_1=0 +C_2=0 +P=(10*x**4*12**-1-15*x**3+195*x**2*2**-1+C_1*x+C_2)*(3*x**2*2**-1-x**3*6**-1)**-1 + +//Result +printf("Load taken by prop is %.2f",P);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcaa46c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Problem no 6.13,Page No.163 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=6 //m //Span of Beam +sigma=100*10**6 //Pa //Bending stress +E=210*10**9 +y=0.45 //m //Depth + +//Calculations + +//Taking moment at B +R_a=20*6*3+6*40*2*2**-1 + +//At a section x from A the rate of Loading=20+2*3**-1*x //KN/m +//S.F=100-20*x-x**2*3**-1 +//M=100*x-10*x**2-x**3*9**-1 + +//Thus B.M will be max where S.F is zero,we get equation as +//x**2+60*x-300=0 +a=1 +b=60 +c=-300 + +X=b**2-4*a*c +x_1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +x_2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +x=4.641 +M=100*x-10*x**2-x**3*9**-1 //KN*m //Max bending moment +I=M*sigma**-1*y*1000*2**-1 //m**4 //M.I + +//E*I*d**2*y*(d*x**2)**-1=-100*x+10*x**2+x**3*9**-1 + +//AFter Integrating above EquATION WE get +//E*I*dy*(dx)**-1=-50*x**2+10*3**-1*x**3+x**4*36**-1+C_1 +//Again Integrating above EquATION WE get +//E*I*y=-50*x**3*3**-1+10*12**-1*x**4+x**5*180**-1+C_1*x+C_2 + +//At x=0,y=0 ,C_2=0 +//At x=6,y=0 +x=6 +C_2=0 +C_1=-(-50*x**3*3**-1+10*12**-1*x**4+x**5*180**-1)*x**-1 + +x=3 //m +y=1*(E*I)**-1*(-50*x**3*3**-1+10*12**-1*x**4+x**5*180**-1+C_1*x+C_2)*1000*100 + +//Result +printf("The central Deflection is %.2f",y);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaba57222 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem no 6.14,Page No.168 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=10 //m //Lenght of cantilever beam +P_1=20*10**3 //N //Load at free end +P_2=20*10**3 //N //Load at middle of beam +E=200*10**9 //Pa +I=20000*10**-8 //m**4 + +//Calculations + +//Taking moment at pt B we get +R_a=20*5*10**-1 //Force at pt A + +//Now B.M at b=0,at C=-100,at A=-300 KN*m + +//Now Area of B.M +A_1=2**-1*5*100 //KN*m**2 +A_2=5*100 //KN*m**2 +A_3=2**-1*5*200 //KN*m**2 + +//Total Area of B.M diagram is given by A +A=A_1+A_2+A_3 + +theta=A*10**3*(E*I)**-1 //radian + +x_1=2*3**-1*5 +x_2=3*2**-1*5 +x_3=5*3**-1*5 +M_1=A_1*x_1 +M_2=A_2*x_2 +M_3=A_3*x_3 + +M=M_1+M_2+M_3 //Total moments of B.M about B + +y_B=M*10**3*(E*I)**-1 //Deflection a tfree end + +//REsult +printf("Slope of cantilever at free end is %.2f",theta);printf(" radian") +printf("\n Deflection of cantilever at free end is %.2f",y_B);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3172da236 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Problem no.6.15,Page no.169 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Calculations + +//Slope at A is Zero and deflection at C is zero According to Mohr's second theorem +//Let A_1*x_1=Y +Y=1*30**-1*80*4*(3*4**-1*4+2) +P=200*27**-1 //Reaction at ens D + +//Result +printf("The reaction at end C is %.2f",P);printf(" KN") diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11eb4225 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Problem no 6.16,Page No.171 + +clc;clear; +close; + +E=200*10**9 //Pa +I=2500*10**-8 //m**4 + +//Calculations + +//Taking moment about A we get +R_a=(30*5+30*1)*6**-1 //Reaction at pt A +R_b=60-R_a //Reaction at pt B + +M_c=30*1 //B.M at C +M_d=30*1 //B.M at D +M_a=0 //B.M at a +M_b=0 //B.M at b + +//For conjugate beam taking moment about B_dash +R_a_dash=(30*2**-1*(5+1*3**-1)+30*4*3+30*2*3**-1*2**-1)*6**-1 +R_b_dash=150-R_a_dash + +y_e=1*(E*I)**-1*(R_a_dash*3-30*2*1-2**-1*1*30*(2+1*3**-1))*1000 + +//Result +printf("Deflection at the centre is %.2f",y_e);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e26a3c29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 6.2,Page No.155 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=6 //m //Length of beam +y_b=1.5*10**-2 //m //Deflection +E=2*10**7*10**4 +sigma=10*10**3*10**4 +//d=2*b + +//Calculations + +//Let w*I**-1=X //From Deflection at the free end Equation +X=y_b*8*E*(L**4)**-1*10**-3 //Equation 1 + +//Let w*b*I**-1=Y //From Max bending stress at the extreme fibre From N.A +Y=sigma*2*(L**2)**-1 //Equation 2 + +b=Y*X**-1 //width of beam //mm +d=2*b //depth of beam //mm + +//Result +printf("The Dimension of Beam are:\n\t\t\t b=%.2f mm (width)\n\t\t\t d=%.2f mm (depth)",b,d) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..865c03e6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 6.3,Page No.156 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=3 //m //Length of beam +L_1=1.2 //m //Distance from fixed end +d=0.25 //m //Depth of beam +w=15*10**3 //N //U.d.L +W=40*10**3 //N //Point Load +E=2*10*10**4 //N/m**2 +I=13500*10**-4 //M.I + +//Calculations + +y_b=W*L_1**3*(3*E*I)**-1+W*L_1**2*(2*E*I)**-1*(L-L_1)+w*L**4*(8*E*I)**-1 //Deflection at free end + +M=W*L_1+w*L*L*2**-1 //Max Bending moment at the fixed end A //Nm +y=d*2**-1 +sigma_max=M*y*I**-1 //N/cm**2 //Max Bending stress at extreme fibre + +//Result +printf("Deflection at the free end is %.4f cm",y_b) +printf("\n Max stress due to bending is %.2f N/cm^2",sigma_max) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb9ceb0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Problem no 6.4,Page No.156 + +clc;clear; +close; + +M=100*10**3 //N //Moment +L=3 //m //Length +d=0.15 //m //Width +b=0.1 //m //width +E=2.1*10**7*10**4 //N/cm**2 + +//Calculations + +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //cm**4 //M.I of beam section +B_1=M*L*(E*I)**-1 //radian //Slope at B +B_2=M*L**2*(2*E*I)**-1*10**2 //cm //Deflection at point B + +//Result +printf("The slope at Point B is %.2f radian",B_1) +printf("\n The Deflection at point B is %.2f cm",B_2) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7e0a958 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Problem no 6.5,Page No.157 + +clc;clear; +close; + +b=0.1 //m //width +d=0.2 //m //depth +L=2 //m //Length of beam +L_1=1 //m //Length from free end +E=210*10**9 +W=1*10**3 //N //Concentrated Load +w=2*10**3 //N/m + +//Calculations + +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I of the beam section + +//Slope at free end +theta=W*L**2*(2*E*I)**-1+w*L**3*(6*E*I)**-1-w*(L-L_1)**3*(6*E*I)**-1 + +//Deflection at free end +y_b=(W*L**3*(3*E*I)**-1+w*L**4*(8*E*I)**-1-w*(L-L_1)**4*(8*E*I)**-1-w*(L-L_1)**3*L_1*(6*E*I)**-1)*10**3 + +//Result +printf("Slope at free end is %.5f radian",theta) +printf("\n Deflection at free end is %.2f mm",y_b) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f80132f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Problem no 6.6,Page No.158 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=10 //m //span of beam +W=10*10**3 //N //Point Load +a=6 //m //Distance from left end of beam to point Load +b=4 //m ////Distance from right end of beam to point Load +E=210*10**9 +I=10**-4 //m //M.I of beam + +//Calculation + +//slope at left end is given by +theta_A=W*b*(L**2-b**2)*(6*E*I*L)**-1 //radian + +//Deflection under Load is +y_c=W*a*b*(L**2-a**2-b**2)*(6*E*I*L)**-1*10**3 //mm + +//Maximum Deflection of the beam is +y_max=W*a*(L**2-a**2)**1.5*(15.588457*E*I*L)**-1*10**3 //mm + +//Result +printf("slope at left end is %.5f radian",theta_A) +printf("\n Deflection under Load is %.2f mm",y_c) +printf("\n #Maximum Deflection of the beam is %.2f mm",y_max) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e53cbaa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Problem no 6.7,Page No.158 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=5 //m //Length of beam +w=40*10**3 //N //U.d.L +y_max=0.01 //Deflection +sigma_s=7*10**6 //Bending stress +E=10.5*10**9 + +//Calculation + +M=w*L*8**-1 //N*m //Max Bending moment + +//From equation of max deflection +I=5*w*L**3*(y_max*384*E)**-1 //m**4 + +d=sigma_s*2*I*M**-1*10**2 //cm +b=12*I*((d*10**-2)**3)**-1*10**2 //cm //Breadth + +//Result +printf("Minimum value of breadth is %.2f cm",b) +printf("\n Minimum value of Depth is %.2f cm",d) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..337ee732e --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Problem no 6.8,Page No.159 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=6 //m //Length of beam +d=0.15 //m //diameter +y_max=1.035*10**-2 //m //Deflection +E=210*10**9 + +//Calculations + +I=%pi*64**-1*d**4 //M.I of Beam +W=y_max*48*E*(L**3)**-1 //Point Load +theta_A=3*y_max*L**-1 +theta_B=-theta_A + +//Result +printf("The Heaviest central Point Load placed is %.2f N",W) +printf("\n Slope at supports are:theta_A = %.5f radian",theta_A) +printf("\n :theta_B = %.5f radian",theta_B) diff --git a/3772/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3772/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e6f934b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Problem no 6.9,Page No.160 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=14 //m //Lenth of steel girder +E=210*10**9 //modulus of Elasticity of steel +I=16*10**4*10**-8 //M.I of girder section + +//Calculations + +//R_a+R_b=200 //R_a & R_b are the Reactions at supports A & B respectively + +//After taking moment at B We get +R_a=(120*11+80*4.5)*14**-1 //KN +R_b=200-R_a + +//After considering section at X-X at a distance x from left end A and taking B.M at X-X +//M=120*x-120(x-3)-80*(x-9.5) + +//After Integrating twice we get +//EI*dy*dx**-1=-60*x**2*+60(x-3)**2+40(x-9.5)**2+C_1 //slope + +//Again on Integrating we get +//EI*y=-20*x**3+20(x-3)**3+40*3**-1*(x-9.5)**3+C_1*x+C_2 //Deflection + +//At A deflection is zero,i.e at x=0,y=0 +//At B deflection is zero,i.e at x=14,y=0 So C_2=0 + +C_1=-(-20*(14)**3+20*(11)**3+40*3**-1*(14-9.5)**3)*14**-1 //constant + +//Now Deflection at D i.e at x=3 m +x=3 +y_D=1*(E*I)**-1*(-20*x**3+20*(x-3)**3+C_1*x)*10**3 + +//Now Deflection at D i.e at x=9.5 m +x=9.5 +y_C=1*(E*I)**-1*(-20*x**3+20*(x-3)**3+40*3**-1*(x-9.5)**3+C_1*x)*10**3 + +//Result +printf("Deflection under points of two Loads are i.e: at pt D = %.4f m",y_D) +printf("\n : at pt C = %.4f m",y_C) diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bdf512b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem no 7.1,Page no.183 + +clc;clear; +close; + +G=84 //Gpa //Modulus of Rigidity +N=110 //no. of revolution +//d*D**-1=0.6 //Ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter +sigma_s=63 //MPa //shear stress +L=3 //m //Length of shaft +P=590 //KW //Power + +//Calculation + +//P=2*%pi*N*T_mean*60000**-1 //KW //Power +T_mean=P*60000*(2*%pi*N)**-1 //N*m //Mean Torque + +//I_p=p*32**-1*(D**4-d**4) + +//After substituting value of d in above equation we get +//I_p=0.0272*%pi*D**4 //m**4 //Polar moment of Inertia + +T_max=1.2*T_mean //N*m //Max torque + +//Using Relation +//T_max*T_p**-1=sigma_s*R**-1=G*theta*L**-1 + +//After substituting values and simplifying we get + +D=(5.7085*10**-3)**0.3333 //m //Diameter of shaft + +theta=1.4*%pi*180**-1 //radians + +//theta=((T_max*L)*(G*10**9*I_p)) //radians + +//After substituting values and simplifying we get +D_1=(1.0513*10**-3)**0.25 + +//Result +printf("The Minimum external diameter is %.2f",D_1);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feae8886b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Problem no 7.10,Page no.190 + +clc;clear; +close; + +sigma_s=90 //MPa //shear stress of steel +sigma_d=60 //MPa //shear stress of duralumin +G_d=28 //GPa //modulus of rigidity of duralumin +G_s=84 //GPa //modulus of rigidity of steel +L=1 //m //Length of shaft + +//Calculations + +//theta*L**-1=sigma_s*(G_s*R_s)**-1=sigma_d*(G_d*R_d)**-1 + +//After substituting and simplifying,we get, +//D=2*d + +//T_s=%pi*16**-1*d**3*sigma_s //N*m //torque of steel +//T_d=%pi*16*(((D**4-d**4)*D**4)**-1)*sigma_d //N*m //torque of duralumin + +//After substituting and simplifying above two equations,we get, + +//T_s=17.6714*10**6*d**3 //N*m +//T_d=88.3572*d**3 //N*m + +//T=T_s+T_d //Total torque + +//T=106.02875*10**6*d**3 + +d=(700*(106.02875*10**6)**-1)**0.333 //m +D=2*d //m +R_s=d*2**-1 //m + +theta=(sigma_s*10**6*L*(G_s*10**9*R_s)**-1)*180*%pi**-1 //degree //Angle of twist + +//Result +printf("The Angle of Twist is %.2f",theta);printf(" Degree") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f37f78e53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Problem no 7.11,Page no.191 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=4415 //KW //Power transmitted +N=110 //r.p.m +sigma_s=75 //MPs //shear stress +G=85 //GPa + +//Calculations + +//D=2*d + +T=P*60000*(2*%pi*N)**-1 //N*m //Torque Transmitted + +//T=%pi*16**-1*(D**4-d**4)*D**-1*sigma_s //N*m + +//After substituting and simplifying above equations,we get, + +D=(T*16*%pi**-1*(sigma_s*10**6)**-1)**(1*3**-1) +d=D*2**-1 +X=5*(sigma_s*10**6)**2*(16*G*10**9)**-1 + +//U*V**-1 //Energy stored +//X=U*V**-1 //Energy stored //Notations has been changed + +//Result +printf("Diameter of shaft is:D %.2f",D);printf(" cm") +printf("\n :d %.2f",d);printf(" cm") +printf("\n Energy stored per cubic meter is %.2f",X);printf(" N/m**2") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f00e51879 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem no 7.12,Page no.192 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=3680 //KW //Power transmitted +N=110 //r.p.m +X=20000 //N*m //Energy stored +G=85 //GPa + +//Calculations + + +//U*V**-1=X //Strain Energy per unit volume //Notification has been changed +//X=sigma_s**2*(4*G)**-1*((D**2+d**2)*(D**2)**-1) + +T=P*60000*(2*%pi*N)**-1 //N*m //Torque transmitted by shaft +sigma_s=(20000*3*G*10**9)**(1*2**-1) //MPa //shear stress of shaft + +//T=%pi*16**-1*((D**4-d**4)*D**-1)*sigma_s + +//After substituting and simplifying above equations,we get, + +d=((T*16*3**0.5)*(%pi*8*sigma_s)**-1)**(1*3**-1) +D=3**0.5*d + +//Result +printf("Diameter of shaft is D= %.2f",D);printf(" m") +printf("\n d= %.2f",d);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63597c75e --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem no 7.13,Page no.193 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=8 //cm //Diameter of bronze +d=5 //cm //diameter of steel shaft +R_b=4 //cm //Radius of bronze +R_s=2.5 //cm //Radius of steel shaft +sigma_b=40 //MPa //shear stress of bronze +sigma_s=65 //MPa //shear stress of steel shaft +N=500 //r.p.m +G_s=85 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity of steel +G_b=45 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity of bronze + +//Calculations + +I_p_s=%pi*32**-1*(5*10**-2)**4 //m**4 //Polar M.I of Steel shaft +I_p_b=%pi*32**-1*((8*10**-2)**4-(5*10**-2)**4) //m**4 //Polar M.I of Bronze shaft + +//T*(G_b*I_p_b)**-1=T_s*(G_s*I_s)**-1 + +//After substituting and simplifying above equations,we get + +//T_b=2.94*T_s + +T_b=I_p_b*sigma_b*10**6*(R_b*10**-2)**-1 //N*m //Torque carried by bronze +T_s=I_p_s*sigma_s*10**6*(R_s*10**-2)**-1 //N*m //Torque carried by steel shaft +T_s_1=T_b*2.94**-1 //N*m + +T=T_b+T_s_1 //N*m //Total Torque +P=(2*%pi*N*T*(60000)**-1) //KW //Power transmitted + +//Result +printf("Power transmitted by compound shaft is %.2f",P);printf(" KW") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c66b07bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Problem no 7.14,Page no.194 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=10 //cm //Diameter of shaft +r=5 //cm //radius of shaft +P=100 //KW //Power +N=120 //r.p.m +n=6 +L_k=14 //cm //Length of key +B_k=2.5 //cm //width of key +n=6 +d_b=2 //cm //Diameter of bolt +D_b=30 //cm //Diameter of bolt circle +R_b=15 //cm //radius + +//Calculations + +T=(P*60000*(2*%pi*N)**-1)*10**2 //N*m //Torque +I_p=%pi*32**-1*d**4 //Polar M.I of shaft +sigma_s=T*r*(I_p)**-1 //N/cm**2 +sigma_k=T*(L_k*B_k*r)**-1 //N/cm**2 +sigma_b=T*4*(n*%pi*d_b**2*R_b)**-1 //N/cm**2 + +//Result +printf("shear stress in shaft %.2f",sigma_s);printf(" N/cm**2") +printf("\n Key %.2f",sigma_k);printf(" N/cm**2") +printf("\n bolts %.2f",sigma_b);printf(" N/cm**2") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93e2e4e89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Problem no 7.2,Page no.184 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=295 //KW //Power +N=100 //R.p.m +sigma_s=80 //MPa //shear stress + + +//Calculations + +T_mean=((P*60000)*(2*%pi*N)**-1) //N*m + +//T_max=T_mean=(%pi*D**3*sigma_s)*16**-1 +D=((T_mean*16)*(%pi*sigma_s*10**6)**-1)**0.333 //m //Diameter of solid shaft + +//For hollow shaft +//I_p_h=%pi*32**-1*(D_1**4-d_1**4) (equation 1) + +//Now d_1=0.6*D_1 +//substituting above value in equation 1,we get, + +//I_p_h=0.0272*%pi*D_1**4 + +//For solid shaft +//I_p_s=%pi*32**-1*D**4 + +//T and sigma_s being the same then I_p*R**-1 will be the same for the two shafts +//Using relation I_p_h*R_1**-1=I_p_s*R**-1 + +//Substituting values and simplifying we get + +D_1=(D**3*0.8704**-1)**0.3333333 //m //External diameter of hollow shaft +d_1=0.6*D_1 //cm //Internal diameter of hollow shaft + +A_s=%pi*4**-1*(D*10**2)**2 //cm**2 //Area of solid shaft +A_h=%pi*4**-1*(((D_1*10**2)**2)-((d_1*10**2)**2)) + +W=(A_s-A_h)*A_s**-1*100 //Percentage //Percentage saving in weight + + +//Result +printf("Diameter of solid shaft is %.5f m",D) +printf("\n Percentage saving in weight is %.2f",W);printf(" %%") diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0df607ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Problem no 7.7,Page no.188 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P_C=45 //KW Power aplled at C +P_B=15 //KW Power taken off at B +P_BA=30 //KW //Power transmitted across BA +G=85 //GPa + +//Calculations (Part-1) + +//For BC +P_1=45 //KW //Power across BC +N_1=200 //r.p.m +d_1=0.075 //m //diameter of shaft BC +L_BC=2 //m //Length of shaft BC + + +T_BC=60000*P_1*(2*%pi*N_1)**-1 //N*m //Torque transmitted across BC +sigma_s_BC=16*T_BC*((%pi*(d_1)**3)**-1)*10**-6 //N/m**2 //max shear stress in BC +I_p_BC=%pi*32**-1*d_1**4 //m**4 //Polar M.I of BC +theta_1=T_BC*L_BC*(G*10**9*I_p_BC)**-1 //Radian //Max angle of twist theta_1 in BC of B relative to C + +//For AB +P_2=30 //KW //Power across AB +N_2=200 //r.p.m +d_2=0.05 //m //diameter of shaft AB +L_BC=4 //m //Length of shaft AB + + +T_AB=60000*P_2*(2*%pi*N_2)**-1 //N*m //Torque transmitted across AB +sigma_s_AB=16*T_AB*(%pi*(d_2)**3)**-1*10**-6 //MN/m**2 //max shear stress in AB +I_p_AB=%pi*32**-1*d_2**4 //m**4 //Polar M.I of AB +theta_2=T_AB*L_BC*(G*10**9*I_p_AB)**-1 //Radian //Max angle of twist theta_1 in AB of A relative to B +C=(theta_1+theta_2)*180*%pi**-1 //radian //Angle of Twist of gear + + +//Result +printf("Angle of Twist of gear is %.2f",C);printf(" Degree") +printf("\n The maximum shear stress developed in the shaft AB is %.2f MN/m^2",sigma_s_AB) diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a99c8d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem no 7.8,Page no.189 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L_BC=1.8 //m //Length of BC +L_AB=1.2 //m //Length of AB +sigma_s=70 //MPa //shear stress +d_1=0.05 //m //diameter of BC +d_2=0.1 //m //diameter of AB +r_BC=0.025 //cm //Radius of BC + +//Calculations + +I_p_BC=%pi*32**-1*d_1**4 //m**4 //Polar M.I of BC +I_p_AB=%pi*32**-1*d_2**4 //m**4 //Polar M.I od AB + +//For BC +//theta_1=T*L_BC*(G*10**9*I_p_BC)**-1 //Angle of Twist of C relative to B +//After substituting and simplifying value, we get + +//theta_1=3.4923*10**-5*T + +//For AB +//theta_2=T*L_AB*(G*10**9*I_p_AB)**-1 //Angle of Twist of B relative to A +//After substituting and simplifying value, we get + +//theta_2=1.45513*T + +//sigma_s=T*R*(I_P)**-1 //The max shear stress in BC + +//After substituting and simplifying value in above equation, we get + +T=sigma_s*10**6*I_p_BC*r_BC**-1 +theta_1=3.4923*10**-5*T +theta_2=1.45513*10**-6*T +theta_c=theta_1-theta_2 //radian //total angle of twist + +//Result +printf("Total angle of Twist is %.3f radian",theta_c) diff --git a/3772/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3772/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbf84dc44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem no 7.9,Page no.190 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.05 //m //Diameter of shaft +sigma_s_a=55 //MPa //shear stress of alloy +sigma_s_s=80 //MPa //shear stress of steel +P=185 //KW //Power + +//Calculations + +//For alloy shaft, +//theta*L**-1=T*(G_A*I_p_A)**-1 + +//For steel shaft, +//theta*L*-1=I*(G_S*I_p_S)**-1 + +//After substituting and simplifying we get +d=(246.2*10**-8)**0.25 //m //Internal diameter of steel shaft + +T_1=%pi*16**-1*D**3*sigma_s_s*10**6 //N*m //For alloy shaft max torque +T_2=%pi*16**-1*((D**4-d**4)*D**-1)*sigma_s_s*10**6 //N*m //For steel shaft max torque + +//Permissible torque,T_2 + +//P=2*%pi*N*T_2*(60000)**-1 + +//After substituting we get +N=P*60000*(2*%pi*T_2)**-1 //r.p.m //Speed + +//Result +printf("The speed at which the shafts to be driven is %.f rpm",N) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c8ab5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem 8.1,Page no.206 + +clc;clear; +close; + +k=1 //KN/m //stiffness of spring +P=45 //N //Maximum Load +sigma_s=126 //MPa //Max shear stress +L=4.5 //cm //Lenght of spring +G=42 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity + +//Calculations + +//sigma_s_max=16*P*R*(%pi*d**3)**-1 //Max shear stress + +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get +//1000=42*10**9*d**4*(64*R**3*n)**-1 (//Equation 1) + +//R=0.175*10**6*%pi*d**3 //Radius of spring (Equation 2) + +//L=n*d //solid length of spring +//Thus simplifying above equation, n=L*d**-1 + +//substituting value of n and R in (equation 1) we get, + +d=(42*10**9*(1000*64*4.5*10**-2*(0.175*%pi)**3*(10**6)**3)**-1)**0.25*10**2 //cm //diameter of helical spring + +//substituting value d in (equation 2) we get, +R=0.175*10**6*%pi*(d)**3*10**-6*100 //cm //Radius of coil +D=2*R //cm //Mean diameter of coil +n=0.045*0.00306**-1 //Number of turns + + +//Result +printf("The Diameter of wire is %.3f cm",d) +printf("\n The Mean Diameter of coil is %.2f",D);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9e0ed21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem 8.10,Page no.213 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=75 //cm //Legth of Leaf spring +P=8 //KN //Load +y_c=20 //mm //Deflection +sigma=200 //MPa //Bending stress +E=200 //GPa //modulus of Elasticity +//b=12*t + +//Calculation + +//y_c=sigma*L**2*(4*E*t)**-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +t=200*10**6*(75*10**-2)**2*(4*200*10**9*0.02)**-1*10**2 //Thickness of plate + +b=12*t //width of plate + +//Now using relation we get +//sigma=3*P*L*(2*n*b*t**2)**-1 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +n=3*8*10**3*0.75*(2*200*10**6*0.084*0.007**2)**-1 + +//Y_c=L**2*(8*R)**-1 +R=(L*10**-2)**2*(8*y_c*10**-3)**-1 //m //Radius of spring + +//Result +printf("The thickness of plate is %.2f",t);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The width of plate is %.2f",b);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The number of plate is %d",ceil(n)) +printf("\n The Radius of plate is %.2f m",R) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67671afff --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Problem 8.11,Page no.214 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=75 //cm //span of laminated steel spring +P=7.5 //KN //Load +y_c=5 //cm //Central Deflection +sigma=400 //MPa //Bending stress +E=200 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity +//b=12*t + +//Calculations + +//y_c=3*P*L**3*(8*E*n*b*t**3)**-1 //Deflection +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//nt**4=9.887*10**-9 (Equation 1) + +//We Know sigma=3*P*L*(2*n*b*t**3)**-1 //bending stress +//Again after substituting values and further simplifying we get +//nt**3=1.757*10**-6 (Equation 2) + +//After Divviding (Equation 1) by (Equation 2) we have +t=9.887*10**-9*(1.757*10**-6)**-1*10**2 //cm + +//substituting value of t in Equation 2) we get +n=1.757*10**-6*((t*10**-2)**3)**-1 //Number of plates +R=(L*10**-2)**2*(8*y_c*10**-2)**-1 //Radius of curvature + +//Result +printf("The thickness of Plates is %.2f",t);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The Number of Plates is %d",ceil(n)) +printf("\n The Radius of Curvature of Plates is %.2f",R);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0615f73a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Problem 8.12,Page no.214 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=1.3 //m //Length of carriage spring +b=10 //cm //width of spring +t=12 //mm //thickness of spring +sigma=150 //MPa //Bending stresses +E=200 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity +U=120 //N*m //Strain Energy + +//Calculation + +//V=n*b*t*L //Volume of carriage spring +//U=sigma**2*(6*E)**-1*V +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying we get +n=120*6*200*10**9*2*((150*10**6)**2*10*10**-2*12*10**-3*1.3)**-1 + +sigma_1=(120*6*200*10**9*2*(9*0.1*0.012*1.3)**-1)**0.5*10**-6 //MPa //Actual Bending stress + +R=E*t*(2*sigma_1)**-1 //m + +//Result +printf("The number of plates is %d",ceil(n)) +printf("\n Radius of curvature is %.3f m",R) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..866448121 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Problem 8.13,Page no.215 + +clc;clear; +close; + +P=200 //N //Load +h=10 //cm //Height of Load dropped +n=10 //Number of turns +b_1=5 //cm //width of plates +t=6 //mm //thickness of plates +L=75 //cm //Length of plates +E=200 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity + +//Calculaion + +//Let P be the equivalent gradually applied load whuch would cause the same stress as is caused by the impact Load +//200(0.1+dell)=P*dell*2**-1 (Equation 1) + +//dell=3*P*L**3*(8*E*n*b*t**3)**-1 //Deflection +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying we get +//P=136533.33*dell + +//After substituting values of P in (equation 1) and further simplifying we get +//200(0.1+dell)=136533.33*dell**2*2**-1 + +//simplifying above equation we get +//dell**2-2.93*10**-3*dell-2.93*10**-4=0 +//The Above Equation is in the form of ax**2+bx+c=0 +a=1 +b=-2.93*10**-3 +c=-2.93*10**-4 + +//First computing value of b^2-4ac and store it in a variable say X +X=b**2-(4*a*c) +//now roots are given as x=(-b+X**0.5)/(2*a) and second root is negative sign before X + +dell_1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 +dell_2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1 + +//Now deflection cannot be negative so consider value of dell_1 + +P=136533.33*dell_1 +sigma=3*P*L*10**-2*(2*n*b_1*10**-2*(t*10**-3)**2)**-1*10**-6 //MPa //Max instantaneous stress +R=(L*10**-2)**2*(8*dell_1)**-1 //Radius of curvature + +//Result +printf("Max instantaneous stress in plates is %.2f",sigma);printf(" MPa") +printf("\n Radius of curvature of spring is %.2f",R);printf(" m") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db5cda509 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Problem 8.14,Page no.215 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=70 //cm //Length of Longest plate +n=10 //Number of turns +b_1=5 //cm //width of plates +P=3.5 //KN //central Load +t=6 //mm //thickness of plates +L=75 //cm //Length of plates +y_c=1.8 //cm //central deflection +sigma=190 //MPa //allowable bending stress +//b=12*t +E=200 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity + +//Calculation +//The Above Equation is in the form of ax**2+bx+c=0 +a=1 +b=-2.93*10**-3 +c=-2.93*10**-4 + +y_c=3*P*L**3*(8*n*E*b*t**3)**-1 //Deflection (//Equation 1) +sigma=3*P*L*(2*n*b*t**2)**-1 //stress +//Dividing Equation 1 by Equation 2 we get +//y_c*sigma**-1=L**2*(4*E*t)**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying we get +t=190*10**6*0.7**2*(1.8*10**-2*4*200*10**9)**-1*10**3 //thickness of plate +b=12*t //Width of plates + +//sigma=3*2**-1*P*L*(n*b*t**2)**-1 //stress +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying we get +n=3*3.5*10**3*0.7*(2*190*10**6*0.077583*(6.465*10**-3)**2)**-1 + +//Now sigma*y**-1=E*R**-1 +//simplifying above equationwe get +R=200*10**9*6.465*10**-3*(2*190*10**6)**-1 //Radius of Curvature +a=L*10**-2*(2*n)**-1*10**3 //Overlap + +//Result +printf("size of the plate is: %.2f",b);printf(" mm") +printf("\n : %.2f",t);printf(" mm") +printf("\n Overlap of plates is %.2f",a);printf(" mm") +printf("\n Number of plates is %d",ceil(n)) +printf("\n The Radius of curvature is %.3f m",R) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4da33452 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem 8.15,Page no.216 + +clc;clear; +close; + +alpha=30 //degree //helix angle +dell=2.3*10**-2 //m //Vertical displacement +W=40 //N //Axial Load +d=6*10**-3 //steel rod diameter +E=200*10**9 //Pa +G=80*10**9 //Pa + +//Calculations + +//from equation of deflection of the spring under the Load we get +//R**3*n=8.49*10**-4 + +//Let R**3*n=X +X=8.49*10**-4 //Equation 1 + +//from equation of angular rotation +//R**2*n=8.1*10**-3 + +//Let R**2*n=Y +Y=8.1*10**-3 //Equation 2 + +//After dividing equation 1 by equation 2 we get R +//Let Z=R + +Z=X*Y**-1 +R=Z*10**2 //cm //Mean Radius + +//Result +printf("Mean Radius of Open coiled spring of helix angle is %.2f",R);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..791095d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Problem 8.16,Page no.217 + +clc;clear; +close; + +n=10 //Number of coils +sigma=100 //MPa //Bending stress +sigma_s=110 //MPa //Twisting stress +//D=8*d +dell=1.8 //cm //Max extension of of wire +E=200 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity +G=80 //GPa //Modulus od Rigidity + +//Calculation + +//M=W*R*sin_alpha=%pi*d**3*sigma_1*32**-1 //(Equation 1) //Bending moment +//As D=8*d +//then R=D*2**-1 +//Therefore, R=4*d + +//Now substituting values in equation 1 we get +//W*sin_alpha=2454369.3*d**2 (Equation 2) + +//T=W*R*cos_alpha=%pi*d**3*sigma_s //Torque (Equation 3) +//Now substituting values in equation 3 we get +//W*cos_alpha=5399612.4*d**2 (Equation 4) + +//Dividing Equation 2 by Equation 4 we get, +//tan_alpha=0.4545 +alpha=atan(0.4545)*180*%pi**-1 + +//From Equation 2 we get +//W=2454369.3*d**2*(sin24.443)**-1 +//W=5931241.1*d**2 (Equation 5) + +//dell=64*W*R**3*n*sec_alpha*(d**4)**-1*((cos_alpha)**2*G**-1+2*sin_alpha**2*E**-1) +//Now substituting values in above equation we get +//W=33140.016*d (Equation 6) + +//From Equation 5 and Equation 6 we get +//5931241.1*d**2=33140.016*d +//After simplifying above equation we get +d=33140.016*5931241.1**-1 //m //Diameter of wire +W=33140.016*d //N //MAx Permissible Load + +//Result +printf("The Max Permissible Load is %.2f",W);printf(" N") +printf("\n The Wire Diameter is %.6f m",d) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73c4da4bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Problem 8.18,Page no.218 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Calculation + +n=10 //number of coils +d=2*10**-2 //m //Diameter of wire +D=12*10**-2 //m //Diameter of coiled spring +R=0.06 //m //Radius of coiled spring +dell=0.5*10**-2 //Deflection +E=200*10**9 //Pa +G=80*10**9 //Pa +alpha=30 //degree + +//Calculations + +//beta=64*W*R**2*n*sinalpha*(d**4)**-1*(1*G**-1-2*E**-1)+64*T*R*n*secalpha*(d**4)**-1*(sin**2alpha*G**-1+2*cos**2alpha*E**-1)=0 +//From above equation anf simplifying we get + +//T=-6.11*10**-3*W + +//dell=64*W*R**3*n*sec(alpha)*(d**4)**-1*[(cos(alpha))**2*G**-1+2*(sin(alpha))**2*E**-1]+64*T*R**2*n*sin(alpha)*(d**4)**-1*[1*G**-1+2*E**-1] + +//After substituting Values and further simplifying we get +//1.1847*10**-5*W+1.62*10**-4*T=0.005 + +//Now substituting value of T in above equation we get +//1.1847*10**-5*W-9.8982*10**-7*W=0.005 +W=0.005*(1.1847*10**-5-9.8982*10**-7)**-1 //N +T=-6.11*10**-3*W //N*m + +//Result +printf("The axial Load is %.2f",W);printf(" N") +printf("\n Necesscary torque is %.2f",T);printf(" N*m") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8812b713 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Problem 8.19,Page no.219 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=6 //mm //Diameter of steel wire +n=1 //number of turns +D=6.5 //cm //Mean of diameter +G=80 //GPa //modulus of rigidity +P_1=150 //Load +p=1.5 //cm //%pitch of coil + +//Calculation + +R=D*2**-1 +//For one turn deflection is +dell=p-d*10**-1 //cm + +//dell=64*P*R**3*n*(G*d**4)**-1 +//Now, after simplifying further we get, +P=dell*10**-2*G*10**9*(d*10**-3)**4*(64*(R*10**-2)**3*n)**-1 //N //Axial Load + +dell_2=dell*8 //cm //Total Displacement //Notification has been changed +U=P*dell_2*10**-2*2**-1 //N-m //Strain Energy + +//Potential Energy given by 150N Load is +//U=150*(h+0.072) + +//After simplifying above equation we get +h=(U*P_1**-1-0.072)*10**2 //cm //Height from which 150 N load falls + +//Result +printf("Axial Load is %.2f",P);printf(" N") +printf("\n Height from which 150 N load falls is %.2f",h);printf(" cm" ) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bd89e308 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Problem 8.2,Page no.207 + + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=15 //cm //Length of close coiled helical spring +U=50 //N*m //Strain energy +sigma_s=140 //MPa //Shear stress +D=10 //cm //Mean coil diameter +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity + +R=D*2**-1 //cm //Mean coil Radius + +//Calculations + +//Let dell be the deflection of the spring when fully compressed +// 0.15-dell=n*d (Equation 1) + +//U=(sigma_s)**2*V*(4*G)**-1 //Strain energy + +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get +V=50*4*80*10**9*((140*10**6)**2)**-1 //m**3 //Volume of spring + +//But V=%pi*4**-1*d**2*2*%pi*R*n +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get +//n=3.308*10**-3*(d**2)**-1 //Number of turns + +//We know, T=P*R +//Now substituting values in T and simolifying we get +//P=549.7787*10**6*d**3 //Load + +//U=P*dell*2**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get +//dell=0.18189*10**-6*d**3 //Deflection + +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get + +//d**3-22.0533*10**-3*d**2-1.21261*10**-6=0 + +Coeff=[1 -22.0533*10**-3 0 -1.21261*10**-6] +d=roots(Coeff) //Diameter of steel wire +n=3.308*10**-3*((d(1)**2)**-1) //no.of coils + +//Result +printf("Diameter of steel wire is %.5f m",d(1)) +printf("\n number of coils = %d",ceil(n)) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86efd46ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Problem 8.20,Page no.219 + +clc;clear; +close; + +alpha=30 //degree +E=200*10**9 //Pa +G=80*10**9 //pa + +//Calculations + +//For alpha=30 //Degree +//dell=64*W*R**3*n*sec(alpha)*(d**4)**-1*(cos(alpha)**2*G**-1+2*sin(alpha)**2*E**-1) +//Now substituting values in above equation we get + +//dell_1=64*W*R**3*n*(d**4)**-1*1330*(10**9)**-1 (equation 1) + +//For alpha=0 //Degree +//dell=64*W*R**3*n*sec(alpha)*(d**4)**-1*(cos(alpha)**2*G**-1+2*sin(alpha)**2*E**-1) +//Now substituting values in above equation we get + +//dell_2=64*W*R**3*n*(d**4)**-1*1250*(10**9)**-1 (equation 2) + +//subtracting equation 1 and equation 2 we get +//Let dell_1-dell_2=X +//X=64*W*R**3*n*(d**4)**-1*80*(10**9) + +//Let Y=X*dell_1**-1*100 +Y=80*1330**-1*100 //% under estimation of axial extension + +//Result +printf("%% under estimation of axial extension is %.2f",Y) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7cd05c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem 8.3,Page no.208 + +clc;clear; +close; + +k=10 //KN/m //stiffness +L=40 //cm //Length of coil when adjascent coil touch each other +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity +//dell=0.002*n //Max compression + +//Calculation + +//k=G*d**4*(8*D**3*n)**-1 //Stiffness +//After substituting values in above equation and simolifying we get +//d**4=D**3*n*10**-6 (Equation 1) + +//L=n*d, //After substituting values we get +//n=0.4*d**-1 (Equation 2) + +//Again, d*D**-1=1*10**-1 +//After solving above ratios we get,D=10*d + +//After substituting values in Equation 1 And Equation 2 we get +d=(10**3*0.4*10**-6)**0.5*100 //cm +D=10*d //cm //Mean Diameter +R=D*2**-1 //cm //Mean Radius +n=0.4*(d*10**-2)**-1 //Number of turns +dell=0.002*n*100 //Deflection + +//k=P*dell**-1 +//after solving above equation we get +P=k*10**3*dell*10**-2 //N //Load + +sigma_s_max=16*P*R*10**-2*(%pi*(d*10**-2)**3)**-1 //N/m**2 //Max shear stress + +//Result +printf("The wire diameter is %.2f",d);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The Mean diameter is %.2f",D);printf(" cm") +printf("\n Max Load applied is %.2f",P);printf(" N") +printf("\n Max shear stress is %.f N/m^2",sigma_s_max) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..239803ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Problem 8.4,Page no.209 + +clc;clear; +close; + +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity +P=1 //KN //Load +dell=10 //cm //Deflection +sigma_s=350 //MPa //Max shear stress +rho=78000 //N/m**3 //Density of materials + +//Calculations + +U=P*1000*dell*10**-2*2**-1 //N*m //Energy stored + +//Again U=sigma_s**2*V*(4*G)**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying we get +V=50*4*80*10**9*((350*10**6)**2)**-1 //m**3 //Volume + +W=V*rho //N //Weight + +//Now T=P*R=%pi*d**3*sigma_s*16**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying +D=(10**6*16*(2*%pi*350*10**6)**-1)**0.5*10**2 //cm //Mean diameter of coil + +k=P*10**3*(dell*10**-2)**-1 //stiffness + +//Also k=D*n**-1*10**6 +//After substituting values in above equation and further simplifying +n=10**6*D*10**-2*k**-1 //number of turns + +//Result +printf("The Value of weight is %.3f N",W) +printf("\n Mean coil diameter is %.2f",D);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The number of Turns is %.d",ceil(n)) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90ac3d864 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Problem 8.5,Page no.210 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=6 //mm //Diameter of steel wire +n=50 //number of turns +D=5 //cm //Mean Diameter +R=D*2**-1 //cm //Radius of coil +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of Rigidity +P=150 //KN //Load + +//Calculation + +//Dell=64*P*R**3*n*(G*d**4)**-1 //Deflection +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +//P=2073.6*dell //Gradually applied equivalent Load + +//loss of potential Energy of the weight=Gain of strain Energy of the spring +//150*(0.05+dell)=P*dell*2**-1 +//After substituting values in above equation we get + +//dell**2-0.1446*dell-0.00723=0 +//Above Equation is in the form of ax^2+bx+c=0 + +a=1 +b=-0.1446 +c=-0.00723 + +//First computing value of b^2-4ac and store it in a variable say X +X=b**2-(4*a*c) +//now roots are given as x=(-b+X**0.5)/(2*a) and second root is negative sign before X + + +dell_1=(-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1*10**2 +dell_2=(-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1*10**2 + +P=2073.6*dell_1*10**-2 //N + +sigma=16*P*R*10**-2*(%pi*(d*10**-3)**3)**-1 //N/m**2 //Max stress + +//Result +printf("The Max Extension of the Spring is %.2f",dell_1);printf(" cm") +printf("\n The Max stress is %.3e N/m^2",sigma) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0c9e6436 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Problem 8.6,Page no.209 + +clc;clear; +close; + +W=200 //N //weight +v=4 //m/s //velocity of spring +sigma=600 //MPa //max allowable stress in spring +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity +rho=78000 //N/m**3 //density +d=8 //mm //diameter of spring +D=5 //cm //Mean Diameter of coil + + +//Calculation + +E=W*v**2*(2*9.81)**-1 //N*m //Kinetic Energy //Notification has been changed + +//U=sigma_s**2*V*(4*G)**-1 //Strain Energy stored inthe spring + +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +V=163.1*4*80*10**9*((600*10**6)**2)**-1 //Volume + +W=rho*V //N //Weight of spring + +//Now V=%pi*4**-1*d**2*%pi*D*n +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +n=0.000145*4*(%pi**2*0.008**2*0.05)**-1 //number of turns of spring + +//T=P*R=%pi*16**-1*d**3*sigma_s //Torsion +//After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +P=%pi*0.008**3*600*10**6*(0.025*16)**-1 //N + +//Now U=P*dell*2**-1 +//Again,After substituting values in above equation and simplifying we get +dell=163.1*2*(2412.743)**-1*10**2 //cm + +//Result +printf("The Max Deflection Produced is %.2f",dell);printf(" cm") +printf("\n Number of coil are %d",ceil(n)) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51ccd3456 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Problem 8.7,Page no.211 + +clc;clear; +close; + +n=12 //number of coils +d=3 //cm //mean diameter +k=720 //N/m //stiffness of spring +sigma_s=190 //MPa //Max shear stress +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity +D=3 //mm //Diameter of outer spring + +//Calculations +R=D*2**-1 //mm //Radius of outer spring + +//Dell_1=64*P*(R*10**-3**3*n*(G*10**9*(d*10**-3)**4)**-1 //m //Extension of first spring +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//Dell_1=0.0004*P //m + +//Dell_2=64*P*(R*10**-3**3*n*(G*10**9*(d_1)**4)**-1 //m //Extension of first spring +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//Dell_2=3.24*10**-14*P*(d_1**4)**-1 //m //where d_1 is diameter of inner spring + +//Dell=Dell_1+Dell_2 +//After substituting values and further simplifying we get +//dell=0.0004*P+3.24*10**-14*P*((d)**4)**-1 + +//But dell=P*k**-1=P*720**-1 + +//Now substituting value of dell in above equation we get +d_1=(3.24*10**-14*(1*720**-1-0.0004)**-1)**0.25 //cm //diameter of inner spring + +//Now T=P*R=%pi*d_1**3*dell_s*sigma_s*16**-1 +//simplifying above equation further +//P=%pi*d**3*sigma_s*(16*R)**-1 +//Now substituting values and further simplifying we get +P=%pi*d_1**3*sigma_s*10**6*(16*R*10**-2)**-1 //N //Limiting Load + +dell=P*k**-1*10**2 //cm //Total Elongation + +//Result +printf("Greatest Load that can be carried by composite spring is %.f N",P) +printf("\n Extension in spring is %.2f",dell);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9f5ec01b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Problem 8.8,Page no.212 + +clc;clear; +close; + +//Outer spring +n_1=10 //number of coils +D_1=3 //cm //Diameter of coil +d_1=3 //mm //diameter of wire +dell_1=2 //cm //deflection of spring + +//Inner spring +n_2=8 //number of coils + +G=80 //GPa //Modulus of rigidity + +//Calculation + +R_1=D_1*2**-1 +P_1=G*10**9*dell_1*10**-2*(d_1*10**-3)**4*(64*(R_1*10**-2)**3*n_1)**-1 //Load carried outer spring for compression of 2 cm + +P_2=100-P_1 //N //Load carried by inner spring +k_2=P_2*0.01**-1 //N/m //stiffness of inner spring + +//D_2=D_1*10**-2-d_1*10**-3-2*dell_1*10**-2-d_2 //Diameter of inner spring +//Further simplifying above equation we get +//D_2=0.023-d_2 + +//Now from stiffness equation of inner spring +//k=G*d_2**4*(8*D_2**3*n_2)**-1 +//Now substituting values and further simplifying we get +//d**4=(0.023-d)**3*312500**-1 + +//As d is small compared with 0.023,as a first appromixation +d_2_1=(0.023**3*312500**-1)**0.25 //m + +//Second Approximation +d_2_2=((0.023-d_2_1)**3*312500**-1)**0.25 //m + +//Final approximation +d_2_3=((0.023-d_2_2)**3*312500**-1)**0.25*100 //cm + +//Result +printf("Stiffness of inner spring is %.2f",k_2);printf(" N/m") +printf("\n Wire Diameter of inner spring is %.3f cm",d_2_3) diff --git a/3772/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3772/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e641ca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Problem 8.9,Page no.212 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L= 3 //m //Length of rod +d_1=25*10**-3 //m //Diameter of rod +n= 5 //no. of coils +sigma=70*10**6 //MPa //instantaneous stress +E=70*10**9 //Pa +G=80*10**9 //Pa +D=24*10**-2 //Spring diameter +R=d_1*2**-1 //spring radius +d=4*10**-2 //diameter of steel + +//Calculations + +dell_1=sigma*L*(E)**-1 + +//Let P be the equivalent applied Load which will produce same stress of 70 MPa +P=%pi*4**-1*(d_1)**2*E*10**-3 //KN + +//deflection of the spring is given by +dell_2=P*64*R**3*n*(G*d**4)**-1 + +//Now Loss of Potential Energy of the weight=strain energy stored in the rod and the spring +//Height measured from top of uncompressed spring +h=((P*dell_1*2**-1+P*dell_2*2**-1)*(5.5*10**3)**-1-(dell_1+dell_2))*10**2 + +//Shear stress in the spring is given by +sigma_s=16*P*R*(%pi*d**3)**-1*10**-6 //MPa + +//Result +printf("Height measured from top of uncompressed spring %.2f",h);printf(" cm") +printf("\n max shearing stress is %.2f",sigma_s);printf(" MPa") + +// Answer is wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83a678291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Problem no 9.1,Page no.232 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=15 //cm //External Diameter +t=2 //cm //Thickness +L=6 //m //Length of cyclinder +E=80*10**9 //Pa +alpha=1*1600**-1 +sigma_c=550*10**6 //Pa //compressive stress + +//Calculations + +d=D-2*t //m //Internal Diameter +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2)*10**-4 //m**2 //Areaof Tube +I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4)*10**-4 //m**4 //M.I of tube +k=(I*A**-1)**0.5 //m //Radius of Gyration + +P_e=%pi**2*E*I*(L**2)**-1 //Euler's Load +P_R=sigma_c*A*(1+alpha*(L*k**-1)**2)**-1 //According to Rankine's Formula + +//The Answer in Textbook is incorrect for P_R + +//Now again from Rankine's Formula +//As K=I*A**-1,so substituting in below equation +//Thus Stress calculated from Euler's Formula cannot exceed the yield stress of 550 MPa +L=(%pi**2*E*k**2*(550*10**6)**-1)**0.5*10**-2 //m //Length of cyclinder + +//Result +printf("The Length of strut is %.2f",L);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09d5175d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem no 9.10,Page no.240 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=3 //m //Length of strut +b=0.04 //m //Width of rectangle +d=0.10 //m //Depth if rectangle +P=100*10**3 //N //Axial thrust +w=10*10**3 //N //Uniformly Distributed Load +E=210*10**9 //Pa + +//Calculations + +A=b*d //m**2 //Area of strut +I=b*d**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I +m=(P*(E*I)**-1)**0.5 + +//Let X=secmL*2**-1 +X=(1*(cos(m*L*2**-1))**-1) + +M=w*E*I*P**-1*(X-1)*3**-1 //N*m //Max Bending Moment +sigma_1=P*A**-1 //Pa //Direct stress +sigma_2=M*0.05*I**-1 //Pa //Bending stress + +sigma_c_max=sigma_1+sigma_2 //Max compressive stress + +//If the Eccentricity of thrust is neglected +M_2=w*L**2*(3*8)**-1 //Max Bending moment +sigma_2_2=M_2*0.05*I**-1 //Pa //Bending stress + +sigma_c_max_2=(sigma_1+sigma_2_2)*10**-6 //Pa + +//Let Y=Percentage error +Y=((sigma_c_max-sigma_c_max_2*10**6)*sigma_c_max**-1)*100 + +//Result +printf("Max stress induced is %.2f",sigma_c_max_2);printf(" MPa") +printf("\n The Percentage Error is %.3f %%",Y) diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c18210973 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Problem no 9.2,Page no.233 + +clc;clear; +close; + + +L=1.5 //m //Length of steelbar +b=2 //cm //bredth of steelbar +d=0.5 //cm //depth of steelbar +sigma=320 //MPa //Yield point +E=210 //GPa //modulus of Elasticity of steelbar + +//Calculations + +I_min=b*d**3*12**-1*10**-8 //m**4 //Moment of Inertia +P=%pi**2*E*10**9*I_min*(L**2)**-1 //N //N //Crippling Load + +//Let dell=Central Deflection + +//M=P*dell //Max Bending moment +//After substituting value in above equation we get +//M=191.9*dell + +A=b*d*10**-4 //m**2 //Area of steel bar +sigma_1=P*A**-1*10**-6 //Mpa //Direct stress + +Z=b*d**3*10**-6 //Section modulus +//sigma_2=M*Z**-1 //N/m**2 //Bending stress +//After substituting value in above equation we get +//sigma_2=dell*2302.8*10**6 //N/m**2 + +//sigma=sigma_1+sigma_2 +//Now substituting value of Bending stress and direct stress in above equation we get + +//320*10**6=1.919*10**6+2302.8*10**6*dell +dell=((320*10**6-1.919*10**6)*(2302.8*10**6)**-1)*10**2 //cm //Central Deflection + +//Result +printf("Maximum Central Deflection is %.2f",dell);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dfb0017e --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 9.3,Page no.233 + +clc;clear; +close; + +dell=1 //cm //Deflection +FOS=4 //Factor of safety +E=210 //GPa //Modulus of Elasticity of steel bar +W=40 //KN //Load + +//Flange Dimensions +b=30 //cm //width of flange +d=5 //cm //depth of flange + +//Web Dimensions +d_1=100 //cm //Depth of web +t_1=2 //cm //Thcikness of web + +//Calculations + +I_xx=(0.3*1.1**3-0.28*1**3)*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I about x-x axis +I_yy=2*0.05*0.3**3*12**-1+1*0.02**3*12**-1 //m**4 //M.I about y-y axis + +//From the equation of deflection we get +L=(dell*10**-2*384*E*10**9*I_xx*(5*40*10**3)**-1)**0.25 //m //Length of beam +P=%pi**2*210*I_yy*10**9*4*(L**2)**-1 //N //crippling Load +S=P*4**-1 //N //Safe Load + +//Result +printf("The Safe Load is %.2f",S);printf(" N") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046a5853b --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Problem no 9.5,Page no.235 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=4 //m //Length of column +W=250 //KN //Safe Load +FOS=5 //Factor of safety +//d=0.8*D //Internal diameter is 0.8 times Extarnal Diameter +sigma_c=550 //MPa //Compressive stress +alpha=1*1600**-1 //constant + +//Calculations + +P=W*FOS //N //Crippling Load + +//A=%pi*4**-1(D**2-d**2) //m**2 //Area of hollow cyclinder +//After substituting value of d we get + +//A=%pi*0.09*D**2 + +//I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4) //m**4 //Mo,ent Of Inertia +//After substituting value of d we get d we get + +//I=0.009225*%pi*D**4 + +//K=(I*A**-1)**0.5 //Radius of Gyration +//After substituting value of I and A and further simplifying we get +//K=0.32*D + +//Now using the Relation we get +//P=sigma_c*A*(1+alpha*(l_e*k)**2)**-1 //Rankines Formula +//Now Substituting values in above equation we get +//125*10**4=550*10**6*%pi*0.09*D**2*(1+1*1600**-1*((2*0.32)**2)**-1)**-1 + +//Further simplifying and rearranging we get +//D**4-0.008038*D**2-0.0001962397=0 + +a=1 +b=-0.008038 +c=-0.0001962397 + +X=b**2-4*a*c + +D_1=((-b+X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1)**0.5*10**2 +D_2=((-b-X**0.5)*(2*a)**-1)**0.5 + +//Thus Diameter cannot be negative, discard value of D_2 +d=0.8*D_1 + +//Result +printf("The Minimum Diameter is %.2f",d);printf(" cm") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f60a6e301 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Problem no 9.6,Page no.236 + +clc;clear; +close; + +d=0.04 //m //Internal Diameter of tube +D=0.05 //m //External Diameter of tube +P_1=240*10**3 //N //Compressive Load +P_2=158*10**3//N //Failure Load +L=2 //m //Length of tube +l=3 //m //Length of strut + +//Calculations +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //m**2 //Areaof Tube +I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4) //m**4 //M.I of tube +k=(I*A**-1)**0.5 //m //Radius of Gyration +sigma_c=P_1*A**-1 //Pa //Compressive stress + +l_e=L*2**-1 //m //According to given condition i.e Both ends fixed + +//Now from crippling Load Equation we get +alpha=((sigma_c*A*P_2**-1-1)*((l_e*k**-1)**2)**-1)*10**4 + +//Now Crippling Load when L=3 m Is used as strut +l_e_2=l*(2**0.5)**-1 +P_3=sigma_c*A*(1+alpha*10**-4*(l_e_2*k**-1)**2)**-1 + + +printf("The Value of constant value alpha is %.2f",alpha) +printf("\n The Crippling Load of Tube is %.2f",P_3);printf(" N") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee7006551 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem no 9.8,Page no.239 + +clc;clear; +close; + +D=0.038 //m //External diameter +d=0.035 //m //Internal diameter +P=20*10**3 //N //Load +E=210*10**9 //Pa +e=0.002 //m //Eccentricity +L=1.5 //m //Lenght of tube + +//Calculations + +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //m**2 column +I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4) //m**4 //M.I of column +m=(P*(E*I)**-1)**0.5 + +//Let X=secmL*2**-1 +X=(1*(cos(m*L*2**-1))**-1) +M=P*e*X //N-m //MAx Bending Moment +sigma_1=P*A**-1*10**-6 //Pa //Direct stress +sigma_2=M*0.019*I**-1*10**-6 //Pa //Bending stress + +sigma_c_max=(sigma_1+sigma_2) //MPa //Max compressive stress + +//Result +printf("The Max stress developed is %.2f",sigma_c_max);printf(" MPa") diff --git a/3772/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3772/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bac21f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3772/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Problem no 9.9,Page no.239 + +clc;clear; +close; + +L=5 //m //Length of column +D=0.2 //m //External Diameter +d=0.14 //m //Internal diameter +P=200*10**3 //N //Load +e=0.015 //m //Eccentricity +E=95 *10**9 //Pa + +//Calculations + +L_2=L*2**-1 //m //half length of column +A=%pi*4**-1*(D**2-d**2) //m**2 column +I=%pi*64**-1*(D**4-d**4) //m**4 //M.I of column +m=(P*(E*I)**-1)**0.5 + +//Let X=secmL*2**-1 +X=(1*(cos(m*L_2*2**-1))**-1) +M=P*e*X //N-m //MAx Bending Moment +sigma_1=P*A**-1*10**-6 //Pa //Direct stress +sigma_2=M*0.1*I**-1*10**-6 //Pa //Bending stress + +sigma_c_max=(sigma_1+sigma_2) //MPa //Max compressive stress + +printf("The Max stress developed is %.2f",sigma_c_max);printf(" MPa") diff --git a/3773/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3773/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c48479ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 11: Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas +//Example 11-1.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +d = 4 //spacing (mm) +D = 100 //distance between the openings (mm) + +//Calculation +lambda_short = 10*d //Shortest wavelength (mm) +lambda_long = 2*D //Longest wavelength (mm) +bandwidth = lambda_long/lambda_short //Bandwidth (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The approximate bandwidth is %d to 1", bandwidth) diff --git a/3773/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3773/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..943316882 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 11: Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas +//Example 11-7.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +gain_dbi = 7.0 //Gain (dBi) +bandwidth = 4 //Relative bandwidth (unitless) +s_lambda = 0.15 //Spacing (lambda) +k = 1.2 //Scale constant (unitless) + +//Calculation +alpha = atan((1-1/k)/(4*s_lambda))*180/%pi //Apex angle (degrees) +n = round(log(bandwidth)/log(k)) //Number of elements(unitless) +n =n + 1 +n =n + 2 //Number of elements considering conservative design (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The apex angle is %.1f degrees",alpha) +mprintf("\nThe number of elements is %d", n) diff --git a/3773/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3773/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3a61f962 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Chapter 12: The Cylindrical Antenna and the Moment Method +//Example 12-12.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +N = 3 //Piecewise sinusoidal dipole modes (unitless) +l = 1/10.0 //Dipole length (lambda) +z11_exact = 0.4935 - 3454*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z11_apprx = 0.4944 - 3426*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) +z12_exact = 0.4935 + 1753*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z12_apprx = 0.4945 + 1576*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) +z13_exact = 0.4935 + 129.9*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z13_apprx = 0.4885 + 132.2*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) + +//Calculations +N2 = N + 1 //Number of equal segments (unitless) +d = l/4 //Length of each segment (lambda) +Rmn = 20*(2*%pi*d)**2 //Real part of elements of Z-matrix, Zmn (VA) +zmat_apprx=([z11_apprx+z13_apprx,z12_apprx;2*z12_apprx,z11_apprx])//matrix(unitless) +vmat = ([0;1]) //Voltage matrix (unitless) +[i1]=linsolve(zmat_apprx,vmat) //Current matrix (unitless) +i1=i1*-1 +i_ratio = i1(2)/i1(1) //Current ratio (unitless) +zin = vmat(2)/i1(2) //Input impedance (ohm) + + +zmat_exact =([z11_exact+z13_exact,z12_exact;2*z12_exact,z11_exact]) +[i1_e] = linsolve(zmat_exact,vmat) //Current matrix (unitless) +i1_e=i1_e*-1 +i_ratio_exact = i1_e(2)/i1_e(1) //Current ratio (unitless) +zin_exact = vmat(2)/i1_e(2) //Input impedance (ohm) + + +//Result +mprintf("The current ratio is %.2f+%.4f j",real(i_ratio),imag(i_ratio)) +mprintf("\nThis is nearly equal to 1.9 indicating a nearly triangular current distribution") +mprintf("\nThe input impedance is %.3f%.3fj ohm using approximate values", real(zin),imag(zin)) +mprintf("\nThe input impedance is %.3f%.3fj ohm using exact values", real(zin_exact),imag(zin_exact)) diff --git a/3773/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3773/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab3113674 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 12: The Cylindrical Antenna and the Moment Method +//Example 12-12.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +z_load = 2.083 + 1605*%i //Conjugate matched load (ohm) +e0 = 1.0 //Electric field magnitude (unitless) +l = 1/10.0 //Length of dipole (lambda) +ima = 0+1*%i //Imaginary number + +z11_exact = 0.4935 - 3454*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z11_apprx = 0.4944 - 3426*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) +z12_exact = 0.4935 + 1753*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z12_apprx = 0.4945 + 1576*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) +z13_exact = 0.4935 + 129.9*%i //Exact impedance vector(ohm) +z13_apprx = 0.4885 + 132.2*%i //Approximate impedance vector(ohm) + +//Calculation +d = l/4 //Length of each segment (lambda) +vm = (2*e0/(2*%pi))*tan(2*%pi*d/2) //Voltage vector (VA) +z22 = z11_exact + z_load //Impedance matrix for loaded dipole (VA) +zmat_exact =([z11_exact+z13_exact,z12_exact;2*z12_exact,z22])//Z(impedance) matrix (unitless) +vmat = ([vm;vm]) //Voltage matrix (unitless) +[i1]= linsolve(zmat_exact,vmat) //Current matrix (unitless) +i1=i1*-1 +i3 = i1(1) //Current vector (unitless) +e_zn = (60*tan(2*%pi*d/2))*ima //Free space electric field (V/m) +e_s = i1(1)*e_zn + i1(2)*e_zn + i3*e_zn //Scattered field (V/m) +sigma = 4*%pi*(abs(e_s)**2)/(abs(e0)**2) //Radar Cross section (lambda**2) + +//Result +mprintf("The radar cross section using exact values of Z matrix is %.4f lambda square",sigma(1)) diff --git a/3773/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3773/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180c7bee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 12: The Cylindrical Antenna and the Moment Method +//Example 12-12.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +z11_exact = 2-1921*%i //Exact impedance vector (ohm) +z12_exact = 1.9971-325.1*%i //Exact impedance vector (ohm) + +z11_apprx = 1.9739-1992*%i //Approximate impedance vector (ohm) +z12_apprx = 1.9739-232.8*%i //Approximate impedance vector (ohm) + +vmat =([1;0]) + +//Calculations +zmat_exact =([z11_apprx,z12_apprx;z12_apprx, z11_apprx]) //Impedance matrix (unitless) +[i1] = linsolve(zmat_exact,vmat) //Current matrix (unitless) +i1=i1*-1 +zin = 1/i1(1) + +//Result +mprintf("The input impedance for order N = 2 is %.3f%.3fi ohm",real(zin),imag(zin)) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505688201 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +frequency = 100e3 //Frequency (Hz) +height = 150 //Height of antenna(m) +RL = 2 //Loss resistance (ohm) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/frequency //Wavelength (m) +hp = height/wave_lt //Antenna (physical) height (lambda) +he = hp/2 //Effective height (lambda) + +Rr = 400*(hp**2) //Radiation resistance (ohm) + +R_E = Rr/(Rr+RL) //Radiation efficiency (unitless) + +//Results +mprintf("The Effective height of the antenna is %.3f lambda", he) +mprintf("\nThe Radiation resistance for 150m vertical radiator is %d ohm", Rr) +mprintf("\nThe radiation efficiency is %.2f or %.2f percent", R_E,R_E*100) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..159ce003e --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-20.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 30e9 //Frequency (Hz) +Tr = 300 //Receiver temperature (K) +Ta = 275 //Satellite antenna temperature (K) +r = 1400e3 //Height (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light(m/s) +bw = 9.6e3 //Bandwidth per channel (Hz) +rcp_gain = 10 //RCP satellite gain (dBi) +rain_att = 10 //Rain attenuation (dB) +k = 1.4e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) +snr = 10 //Required SNR (dB) +ap_eff = 0.7 //Aperture efficiency (unitless) +Ta_2 = 10 //Dish antenna temperature (K) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +Ld = (wave_lt/(4*%pi*r))**2 //Spatial loss factor(unitless) +Ld_db = 10*log10(Ld) //Spatial loss factor(dB) +Tsys = Ta+Tr //System temperature (K) + +N = k*Tsys*bw //Propagation loss due to rain (W) +N = 10*log10(N) //Propagation loss due to rain (dB) + +Dr = -rcp_gain + snr - Ld_db + N + rain_att //Antenna gain (dB) +Dr = 10**(Dr/10) //Antenna gain (unitless) + +Dr_req = Dr/ap_eff //Required antenna gain (unitless) +Dr_req_db = 10*log10(Dr_req) //Required antenna gain (dB) + +dish_dia = 2*wave_lt*sqrt(Dr_req/28) //Required diameter of dish (m) + +hpbw = sqrt(40000/Dr_req) //Half power beam width (degrees) + +Tsys2 = Ta_2 + Tr //System temperature(K) +N2 = k*Tsys2*bw //Propagation loss due to rain(W) +N2 = 10*log10(N2) //Propagation loss due to rain(dB) + +Pt_db = snr - Dr_req_db - rcp_gain + N2 - Ld_db + rain_att //Transmitted power (dB) +Pt = 10**(Pt_db/10) + +//Results +mprintf("The Uplink antenna gain required is %d dB",Dr_req_db) +mprintf("\nThe Required dish size %.3f m",dish_dia) +mprintf("\nThe HPBW is %.1f degrees",hpbw) +mprintf("\nThe Downlink satellite power required is %.3f W", Pt) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9356a5643 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-21.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +dia = 1000 //Diameter of asteroid (m) +prc = 0.4 //Power reflection coefficient of asteroid (unitless) +f = 4e9 //Frequency (Hz) +P = 1e9 //Power (W) +s = 20e3 //Asteroid speed (m/s) +ast_dis = 0.4 //Distance of asteroid (AU) +au = 1.5e11 //Astronomical Unit (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (m^2 kg s^-2 K^-1) +Tsys = 10 //System temperature (K) +B = 1e6 //Bandwidth (Hz) +snr = 10 //Signal to noise ratio (dB) +eap = 0.75 //Aperture efficiency (unitless) + +sigma = prc*%pi*s**2 //Radar cross section (m^2) +ast_dm = au*ast_dis //Astroid distance (m) +lmda = c/f //Wavelength(m) + +d4 = (64*(lmda**2)*(ast_dm**4)*k*Tsys*B*snr)/((eap**2)*%pi*(sigma)*P) +d = d4**(0.25) //Diameter of dish (m) + +delf = 2*s/lmda //Doppler shift (Hz) +delt = 2*(ast_dm)/c //Time delay (s) + +timp = ast_dm/s //Time before impact (s) + + +//Result +mprintf("The diameter of the dish is %.0f m",d) +mprintf("\nThe doppler shift is %.1f Hz",delf) +mprintf("\nThe time delay for the radar signal is %d s", delt) +mprintf("\nThe time before impact is %d s", timp) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d19f679e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-26.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +t1 = 0.3e-9 //Echo time off the top of pavement (s) +t2 = 2.4e-9 //Echo time off bottom of pavement (s) +t3 = 14.4e-9 //Echo time off bottom of water pocket (s) +er_1 = 4 //Relative permittivity of pavement (unitless) +er_2 = 81 //Relative permittivity of water pocket (unitless) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +d1 = (t2-t1)*c/(2*sqrt(er_1)) +d2 = (t3-t2)*c/(2*sqrt(er_2)) + +//Result +mprintf("The thickness of pavement is %.2f m",d1) +mprintf("\nThe thickness of water pocket is %.1f m",d2) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78686640d --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-4.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +eps_r1 = 16 //Real part of relative permittivity of ground (unitless) +sigma = 1e-2 //conductivity of ground (mho per meter) +eps_0 = 8.85e-12 //Air permittivity (F/m) +f1 = 1e6 //Frequency (Hz) +f2 = 100e6 //Frequency (Hz) + +//Calculation +eps_r11 = sigma/(2*%pi*f1*eps_0) //Loss part of relative permittivity for f1 (unitless) +eps_r11_2 = sigma/(2*%pi*f2*eps_0) //Loss part of relative permittivity for f2 (unitless) + +eps_ra = eps_r1 -(%i)*eps_r11 //Relative permittivity for f1 (unitless) +eps_rb = eps_r1 -(%i)*eps_r11_2 //Relative permittivity for f2 (unitless) + +n1 = sqrt(eps_ra) //Refractive index for f1 (unitless) +n2 = sqrt(eps_rb) //Refractive index for f2 (unitless) + +E_perp1t=[] +E_perp2t=[] + +for i=0:%pi/180:%pi/2 +E_perp1 = [1 + (abs((sin(i) - n1)/(sin(i)+n1))*exp(%i*(2*%pi*sin(i) + ((sin(i) - n1)/(sin(i)+n1)))))] +E_perp2 = [1 + (abs((sin(i) - n2)/(sin(i)+n2))*exp(%i*(2*%pi*sin(i) + ((sin(i) - n2)/(sin(i)+n2)))))] +E_perp1t($+1)=E_perp1 +E_perp2t($+1)=E_perp2 +end + +E_perp1_rel = E_perp1/(E_perp1t) //Relative electric field for f1 (unitless) + +E_perp2_rel = E_perp2/(E_perp2t) //Relative electric field for f2 (unitless) + + +//Result +mprintf("The loss parameter for 1MHz is %.0f", eps_r11) +mprintf("\nThe loss parameter for 100MHz is %.1f", eps_r11_2) +mprintf("\nThe relative permittivity for 1MHz is (%d%.0fj)", eps_ra,imag(eps_ra)) +mprintf("\nThe relative permittivity for 100MHz is (%d%.1fj)", eps_rb,imag(eps_rb)) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cf97010a --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-12.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 60e6 //Frequency(Hz) +dep = 20 //Depth of antenna location (m) +sigma = 1.33e-2 //Conductivity (mho per m) +eps0 = 8.85e-12 //Air Permittivity (F/m) +epr1 = 80 //Real part of relative permittivity (unitless) +alphat = 10 //Elevation angle (degrees) +cl = 1 //Circumference (lambda) +%pitch = 12.5 //%pitch angle (degrees) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +dir_gb = 3 //Directivity of George Brown turnstile (unitless) +Aer_gb = 6 //Effective aperture of George Brown turnstile (unitless) +r = 1e3 //Distance between transmitter and receiver (m) +Pt = 100 //Transmitted power (W) + +//Calculations +epr11 = sigma/(eps0*2*%pi*f) //Loss term of relative permittivity (unitless) +epr = epr1 + %i*epr11 //Relative permittivity (unitless) +alphac = acos(sqrt(1/epr1)) //Critical angle (degrees) +alpha = acos(cos((alphat)*%pi/180)/sqrt(epr1)) //Angle of incidence (degrees) + +n1=12 //Number of turns +rad = cl/(2*%pi) //Radius of loop (lambda) +sl = tan((12.5)*%pi/180) +hpbw1 = 52/(cl*sqrt(n1*sl)) //Half power beamwidth for 12 turns(degrees) +dir1 = 12*(cl**2)*n1*sl //Directivity for 12 turns (unitless) +n2 = n1*2 //Number of turns +hpbw2 = 52/(cl*sqrt(n2*sl)) //Half power beamwidth for 24 turns(degrees) +dir2 = 12*(cl**2)*n2*sl //Directivity for 24 turns (unitless) +num = 20 //Number of turns chosen + +p_perpt=[] +p_pallt=[] +for i=0:%pi/180:%pi +p_perp = [(sin(i)-sqrt(epr - cos(i)**2))/(sin(i)+sqrt(epr - cos(i)**2))] +p_pall = [(epr*sin(i)-sqrt(epr - cos(i)**2))/(epr*sin(i)+sqrt(epr - cos(i)**2))] +p_perpt($+1)=p_perp +p_pallt($+1)=p_pall +end + +Sr = 0.5*((p_perpt)**2 + (p_pallt)**2) //Relative power density reflected (unitless) +St = 1 - Sr //Relative power density transmitted (unitless) + +theta = 0:%pi/180:%pi + +subplot(1,2,1) +plot(theta,St) +title("Relative Power Vs Elevation Angle") + +subplot(1,2,2) +polarplot(theta,real(St)) +title("Pattern of Transmission") + +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +diam = wave_lt/(sqrt(epr1)*%pi) //Submerged helix diameter (m) +att_cons = (%pi*epr11)/(wave_lt*sqrt(epr1)) //Attenuation constant for water (Np/m) +att_d = 20*log10(exp(-att_cons*dep)) //Attenuation in the water path (dB) +Dir = 12*(cl**2)*num*sl //Directivity for 20 turn helix (unitless) +Ae = Dir*(wave_lt**2)/(4*%pi) //Effective aperture (m^2) + +Pr = Pt*Ae*dir_gb/((r**2)*(wave_lt**2)) //Received power(W) + +loss_inter = 10*log10(St(10)) //Loss at the interface for alpha = 83.68 (dB) +tot_loss = abs(att_d + loss_inter) //Total loss (dB) +Pr_act = Pr/(10**(ceil(tot_loss)/10)) //Net Actual received power (W) + + +//Results +mprintf("Half power beamwidth for 12 turns is %.0f degrees",hpbw1) +mprintf("\nDirectivity for 12 turns is %.1f", dir1) +mprintf("\nHalf power beamwidth for 24 turns is %.0f degrees",hpbw2) +mprintf("\nDirectivity for 24 turns is %.1f", dir2) +mprintf("\nA helix of %d turns is chosen for reasonable compromise",num) +mprintf("\nThe signal level at the distance of 1km is %.2e W",Pr_act) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e806a6e7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-13.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +fre = 3e9 //Frequency (Hz) +Re_Zc = 14.4e-3 //Real part of intrinsic impedance of copper (ohm) +Zd = 377 //Intrinsic impedance of air (ohm) + +//Calculation +tau = atan(Re_Zc/Zd)*180/%pi //Tilt angle (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The tilt angle is %.4f degrees",tau) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8eefd833 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-13.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +fre = 3e9 //Frequency (Hz) +eps_r = 80 //Relative permittivity of water (unitless) + +//Calculation +tau = atan(1/sqrt(eps_r))*180/%pi //Forward Tilt angle (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The forward tilt angle is %.1f degrees",tau) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..599d34322 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-13.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +lambda_g = 1.5 //Wavelength in guide (lambda) +m = -1 //Mode number + +//Calculation +phi = acos((1/lambda_g)+m)*180/%pi //Forward tilt angle (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The beam angle is %.1f degrees",phi) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef436f8f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-14.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +fre = 4e9 //Frequency (Hz) +T_sys = 100 //System Temperature (K) +S_N = 20 //Signal to Noise ratio (dB) +bandwidth = 30e6 //Bandwidth (Hz) +P_trans = 5 //Satellite transponder power (W) +dia = 2 //Satellite parabolic dish diameter (m) +sat_spacing = 2 //Spacing between satellites (degrees) +r = 36000e3 //Downlink distance (m) +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculation +wave_lt = c/fre +s_n = (wave_lt**2)/(16*(%pi**2)*(r**2)*k*T_sys*bandwidth) +s_n = 10*log10(s_n) //Signal to noise ratio for isotropic antennas (dB) + +Ae = 0.5*%pi*(dia**2)/4 //Effective Aperture (m^2) +Gs = 4*%pi*Ae/(wave_lt**2) +Gs = 10*log10(Gs) //Antenna Gain (dB) + +Ge = 20 - s_n - Gs - 10*log10(P_trans) //Required earth station antenna gain(dB) +Ae_e = (10**(Ge/10))*(wave_lt**2)/(4*%pi) //Required earth station effective aperture (m^2) +Ap = Ae_e*2 //Required Physical aperture (m^2) + +De = 2*sqrt(Ap/%pi) //Required diameter of earth-station antenna(m) +hpbw = 65/(De/wave_lt) //Half power beam width (degree) +bwfn = 145/(De/wave_lt) //Beamwidth between first null (degree) + +//Results +mprintf("The Required parabolic dish diameter of earth station antenna is %.1f m",De) +mprintf("\nThe Half power beamwidth is %.1f degrees",hpbw) +mprintf("\nThe Beamwidth between first null is %.1f",bwfn) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6e4c53cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-20.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Tr = 45 //Satellite receiver temperature (K) +rcp_gain = 6 //Right circularly polarized antenna gain (dBi) +rcp_quad_gain = 3 //RCP gain of quadrifilar helix antenna (dBi) +bandwidth = 9.6e3 //Bandwidth (Hz) +snr = 10 //Required Signal-to-Noise ratio (dB) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +f = 1.65e9 //Frequency (Hz) +r = 780e3 //Distance to the satellite (m) +Ta = 300 //Antenna temperature (K) +k = 1.4e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) +theta = 10 //Zenith angle (degree) +Tr_handheld = 75 //Hand held receiver temperature (K) +Tsky = 6 //Sky Temperature (K) +theta_horz = 80 //Zenith angle for horizontal dipole (degree) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +Ld = (wave_lt/(4*%pi*r))**2 //Spatial loss factor(unitless) +Ld_db = 10*log10(Ld) //Spatial loss factor(dB) +Tsys_up = Ta + Tr //Satellite system temperature (K) +N = k*Tsys_up*bandwidth //Noise power(W) +N_db = 10*log10(N) //Noise power (dB) +E_vert = cos(%pi*cos(theta*%pi/180)/2)/sin(theta*%pi/180) //Pattern factor for vertical lambda/2 dipole (unitless) +E_vert_db = 20*log10(E_vert) +Pt_vert_up = snr - (2.15 + (E_vert_db) - 3) - rcp_gain + ceil(N_db) - floor(Ld_db) //Uplink power for vertical lambda/2 antenna (dB) +Pt_vert_up = 10**(Pt_vert_up/10) //Uplink power for vertical lambda/2 antenna (W) +Ta_down = 0.5*(Ta)+0.5*(Tsky)+3 //Downlink antenna temperature (K) +Tsys_down = Ta_down + Tr_handheld //System temperature(K) +N_down = k*Tsys_down*bandwidth //Noise power (W) +N_down_db = 10*log10(N_down) //Noise power (dB) +Pt_vert_down = snr -(2.15+ (E_vert_db) - 3) - rcp_gain + ceil(N_down_db) - floor(Ld_db) //Downlink power for vertical lambda/2 antenna (dB) +Pt_vert_down = 10**(Pt_vert_down/10) //Downlink power for vertical lambda/2 antenna (W) +E_horz = cos(%pi*cos(theta_horz*%pi/180)/2)/sin(theta_horz*%pi/180) //Pattern factor for horizontal lambda/2 dipole (unitless) +E_horz_db = (20*log10(E_horz)) +Pt_horz_up = snr -(2.15 + E_horz_db - 3) - rcp_gain + round(N_db) - round(Ld_db) //Uplink power for horizonal lambda/2 dipole (dB) +Pt_horz_up = 10**(Pt_horz_up/10) //Uplink power for horizonal lambda/2 dipole (W) +Pt_horz_down = snr -(2.15 + E_horz_db - 3) - rcp_gain + round(N_down_db) - round(Ld_db) //Downlink power for horizonal lambda/2 dipole (dB) +Pt_horz_down = 10**(Pt_horz_down/10) //Downlink power for horizonal lambda/2 dipole (W) +Pt_quad_up = snr -(rcp_quad_gain + E_horz_db) - rcp_gain + round(N_db) - round(Ld_db) //Uplink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna (dB) +Pt_quad_up = 10**(Pt_quad_up/10) //Uplink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna (W) +Ta_quad = 0.85*(Tsky) + 0.15*(Ta) //Downlink antenna temperature (K) +Tsys_quad = Ta_quad + Tr_handheld //System temperature(K) +N_quad = k*Tsys_quad*bandwidth //Noise power (W) +N_quad_db = 10*log10(N_quad) //Noise power (dB) +Pt_quad_down = snr -(rcp_quad_gain + E_horz_db) - rcp_gain + round(N_quad_db) - round(Ld_db) //Downlink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna (dB) +Pt_quad_down = 10**(Pt_quad_down/10) //Downlink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna (W) + + +//Results +mprintf("The Uplink power for vertical lambda/2 dipole is %.1f W",Pt_vert_up) +mprintf("\nThe Uplink power for horizontal lambda/2 dipole is %.3f W",Pt_horz_up) +mprintf("\nThe Uplink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna is %.3f W",Pt_quad_up) +mprintf("\nThe Downlink power for vertical lambda/2 dipole is %.1f W",Pt_vert_down) +mprintf("\nThe Downlink power for horizontal lambda/2 dipole is %.3f W",Pt_horz_down) +mprintf("\nThe Downlink power for RCP quadrifilar helix antenna is %.3f W",Pt_quad_down) diff --git a/3773/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3773/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..102b382ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Chapter 15: Antennas for Special Applications +//Example 15-20.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 1.6e9 //Frequency (Hz) +r = 1400e3 //Height (m) +r_sep = 3500e3 //Height for 10 degree seperation (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light(m/s) +Ta = 300 //Satellite antenna temperature (K) +Tr = 45 //Satellite receiver temperature (K) +k = 1.3e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) +bandwidth = 9.6e3 //Bandwidth (Hz) +snr = 6 //Signal to noise ratio (dB) +rcp_gain = 3 //Helix gain(dB) +beam_angle = 25 //RCP spot beam (degree) +Tsky = 6 //Sky Temperature (K) +Tr_handheld = 75 //Hand held receiver temperature (K) + + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +Ld = (wave_lt/(4*%pi*r))**2 +Ld = 10*log10(Ld) //Propagation loss factor (dB) +sat_gain = 40000/(beam_angle**2) +sat_gain = 10*log10(sat_gain) //Satellite gain (dB) + +Tsys = Ta+Tr //System temperature (K) +N = k*Tsys*bandwidth //Noise power (W) +N_db = 10*log10(N) //Noise power (dB) + +Pt_up = snr - (rcp_gain) - (sat_gain) + N_db - Ld //Uplink power (dB) +Pt_up = 10**(Pt_up/10) //Uplink power (W) + +Ta_quad = 0.85*(Tsky) + 0.15*(Ta) //Downlink antenna temperature (K) +Tsys_quad = Ta_quad + Tr_handheld //System temperature(K) +N_quad = k*Tsys_quad*bandwidth //Noise power (W) +N_quad_db = 10*log10(N_quad) //Noise power (dB) + +Pt_down = snr - (rcp_gain) - (sat_gain) + round(N_quad_db) - round(Ld) //Downlink power (dB) +Pt_down = 10**(Pt_down/10) //Downlink power (W) + +Ld_sep = (wave_lt/(4*%pi*r_sep))**2 +Ld_sep = 10*log10(Ld_sep) //Propagation loss factor(dB) + +Pt_sep = snr - (rcp_gain) - sat_gain + ceil(N_db) - round(Ld_sep) //Uplink power (dB) +Pt_sep = 10**(Pt_sep/10) //Uplink power (W) + +//Results +mprintf( "The Satellite gain is %.1f dB",sat_gain) +mprintf( "\nThe Uplink power required is %.3f W", Pt_up) +mprintf( "\nThe Downlink power required is %.4f W",Pt_down) +mprintf( "\nThe Uplink power required for 10 deg. from horizon is %.3f W",Pt_sep) diff --git a/3773/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3773/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53bef4af0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 16: Practical Design Considerations of Large Aperture Antennas +//Example 16-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +delta = 1/20.0 //rms deviation (lambda) + +//Calculations +del_phi = 4*%pi*delta*180/%pi //Phase error (degrees) +kg = cos(del_phi*%pi/180)**2 //Gain-loss (unitless) +kg = 10*log10(kg) //Gain-loss (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The gain reduction is %.1f dB",abs(kg)) diff --git a/3773/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3773/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..332759940 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 16: Practical Design Considerations of Large Aperture Antennas +//Example 16-2.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +del_phi = 36.0 //rms phase error (degrees) +n_irr = 100.0 //Number of irregularities + +//Calculations +max_side = tan(del_phi*%pi/180)**2 +max_side = -10*log10(max_side) //Maximum side-lobe level (dB) +ran_side = (1/n_irr)*tan(del_phi*%pi/180)**2 +ran_side = -10*log10(ran_side) //Random side-lobe level (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The maximum side lobe level from main lobe is %.1f dB", max_side) +mprintf("\nThe random side lobe level from main lobe is %.1f dB", ran_side) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbc10b1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-1.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Ta = 0.24 //Antenna temperature (K) +ang = 0.005 //Subtended angle (degrees) +hpbw = 0.116 //Antenna half power beamwidth (degrees) + +//Calculations +Ts = Ta*(hpbw**2)/(%pi*(ang**2/4)) + +//Result +mprintf("The average temperature of the surface is %d K", Ts) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c14ef9b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-1.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +eff_aper = 500 //Antenna effective aperture (m^2) +wave_lt = 20e-2 //Wavelength (m) +Tsky = 10.0 //Sky temperature (K) +Tgnd = 300.0 //Ground temperature (K) +beam_eff = 0.7 //Beam efficiency (unitless) +aper_eff = 0.5 //Aperture efficiency (unitless) + +//Calculations +phy_aper = aper_eff/eff_aper //Physical aperture (m^2) +diam = 2*sqrt(phy_aper/%pi) //Antenna diameter (m) +diam_l = diam/wave_lt //Antenna diameter (lambda) + +ta_sky = Tsky*beam_eff //Sky contribution to antenna temp. (K) +ta_side = 0.5*Tsky*(1-beam_eff) //Side-lobe contribution to antenna temp. (K) +ta_back = 0.5*Tgnd*(1-beam_eff) //Back-lobe contribution to antenna temp. (K) + +Ta = ta_sky + ta_side + ta_back + +//Result +mprintf("The total antenna temperature is %.1f K", Ta) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f86b1619c --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Tn = 50.0 //Noise temperature (K) +Tphy = 300.0 //Physical temperature (K) +Eff = 0.99 //Efficiency (unitless) +Tn_stg = 80.0 //Noise temperature of first 3 stages (K) +gain_db = 13.0 //Gain (dB) +Tphy_tr = 300 //Transmission line physical temperature (K) +Eff_tr = 0.9 //Transmission line efficiency (unitless) + +//Calculations +gain = 10**(gain_db/10) +T_r = Tn_stg + Tn_stg/(gain) + Tn_stg/(gain**2) //Receiver noise temperature (K) +Tsys = Tn + Tphy*(1/Eff - 1) + Tphy_tr*(1/Eff_tr - 1) + (1/Eff_tr)*T_r //System temperature (K) + +//Result +mprintf("The system temperature is %.0f K",Tsys) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..852718927 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-2.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +phy_aper = 2208 //Physical aperture (m^2) +f = 1415e6 //Frequency (Hz) +aper_eff = 0.54 //Aperture efficiency (unitless) +Tsys = 50 //System temperature (K) +bw = 100e6 //RF Bandwidth (Hz) +t_const = 10 //Output time constant (s) +sys_const = 2.2 //System constant (unitless) +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) + +//Calculations +Tmin = sys_const*Tsys/(sqrt(bw*t_const)) //Minimum detectable temperature(K) +eff_aper = aper_eff*phy_aper //Effective aperture (m^2) +Smin = 2*k*Tmin/eff_aper //Minimum detectable flux density (W/m^2/Hz) + +//Result +mprintf("The minimum detectable flux density is %.1e W/m^2/Hz" ,Smin) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ccd413f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-3.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/K) +trans_pow = 5 //Transponder power (W) +r = 36000e3 //Distance (m) +wave_lt = 7.5e-2 //Wavelength (m) +ant_gain = 30 //Antenna gain (dB) +earth_ant = 38 //Earth station antenna gain (dB) +Tsys = 100 //Earth station receiver system temperature (K) +bw = 30e6 //Bandwidth (Hz) + +//Calculations +s_n = wave_lt**2/(16*(%pi**2)*(r**2)*k*Tsys*bw) +s_n = 10*log10(s_n) //Signal to Noise ratio (dB) +trans_pow_db = 10*log10(trans_pow) //Transponder power (dB) +erp = ant_gain + trans_pow_db //Effective radiated power (dB) +s_n_downlink = erp + earth_ant + s_n //Signal to Noise ratio downlink(dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The earth station S/N ratio is %.2f dB",s_n_downlink) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aa1c0bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-4.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +tf = 0.693 //Absorption co-efficient (unitless) +Te = 305 //Earth temperature (K) +Ta = 300 //Satellite antenna temperature (K) + +//Calculations +Tf = (Ta - Te*exp(-tf))/(1-exp(-tf)) + +//Result +mprintf("The forest temperature is %.0f K", Tf) diff --git a/3773/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3773/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2551c6bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 17: Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross Section +//Example 17-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 10e9 //Frequency (Hz) +wind_speed = 350 //Wind speed (km/h) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +vr = 1e3 //Differential velocity (m/h) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +freq_shift = 2*(wind_speed*1000/3600)/wave_lt //Doppler Frequency shift (Hz) +T = 1/(2*freq_shift) //Pulse repetition interval (s) +prf = 1/T //Pulse repetition frequency (Hz) + +fmin = 2*(vr/3600)/wave_lt //Frequency resolution (Hz) +N = 1/((fmin)*T) //Number of pulses + +//Result +mprintf("The minimum pulse repetition frequency is %d Hz",prf) +mprintf("\nThe number of pulses to be sampled is %d", N) + diff --git a/3773/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3773/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9a5562ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 19: The Fourier Transform Relation between Aperture Distribution and Far-field Pattern +//Example 19-8.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +gal_ext = 400000 //Extent of galaxy (light-years) +alpha = 0.032 //Extent of galaxy (degrees) +f = 5e9 //Frequency (Hz) +a = 36e3 //Maximum VLA Spacing (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +wid = 0.03 //Width of image (degrees) +hei = 0.008 //Height of image (degrees) +flux_den = 2.5e-23 //Average flux density (W/m^2) +bw = 1e9 //Bandwidth (Hz) + +//Calculations +dist = gal_ext/sin(alpha*%pi/180) //Distance to the galaxy (light-years) +dist_m = dist*(365*24*3600*c) +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +a_lambda = a/wave_lt //Spacing in wavelength (unitless) +pix_size = 51/a_lambda //Resolution or pixel size (degrees) +pix_size_arc = pix_size*3600 //Pixel size (arc seconds) +area = wid*hei //Area of image (square degrees) +area_arc = area*(3600**2) //Area of image (arc seconds) +num_pix = area_arc/pix_size_arc**2 //Number of pixels +rad_pow = flux_den*4*%pi*(dist_m**2)*bw + +//Result +disp(dist,"The distance to the galaxy in light years:") +disp(pix_size_arc,"The resolution or pixel size in arc seconds") +disp(num_pix,"The number of pixels is") +disp( rad_pow,"The radio power of the galaxy in W") diff --git a/3773/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3773/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6070c15c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 19: The Fourier Transform Relation between Aperture Distribution and Far-field Pattern +//Example 19-8.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 10e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +dia = 100 //Dish diameter (m) +aper_eff = 0.725 //Aperture efficiency (unitless) + +//Calculation +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +hpbw = 66/(dia/wave_lt) //Half power beam width (degrees) + +gain = 41000/(hpbw**2) //Gain from beamwidth (unitless) +gain_db = 10*log10(gain) //Gain from beamwidth (dBi) + +gain_ap = 4*(%pi**2)*(dia/2)**2*(aper_eff)/(wave_lt**2) //Gain from effective aperture(unitless) +gain_ap_db = 10*log10(gain_ap) //Gain from effective aperture (dBi) + +side_lobe = -23 //First side lobe level from table (dB) + +//Result +mprintf( "The Half Power Beamwidth is %.2f degrees", hpbw) +mprintf( "\nThe gain from beamwidth is %d dBi", gain_db) +mprintf( "\nThe gain from effective aperture is %d dBi",gain_ap_db) +mprintf( "\nThe first side-lobe level is %d dB", side_lobe) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c8cf1bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-3.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +e_half_power = 1/sqrt(2) //E(theta) at half power (relative quantity) + +//Calculation +theta = acos(sqrt(e_half_power)) // theta (radians) +hpbw = 2*theta*180/%pi // Half power beamwidth (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The Half Power Beamwidth is %.0f degrees",hpbw) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20129b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-16.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +E1 = 3 //Magnitude of electric field in x direction (V/m) +E2 = 6 //Magnitude of electric field in y direction (V/m) +Z = 377 //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) + +//Calculation +avg_power = 0.5*(E1**2 + E2**2)/Z //Average power per unit area (W/m^2) + +//Result +disp(avg_power,"The average power per unit area in watts/meter square") diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da5d3f09b --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-17.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +AR_w = 4 //Axial Ratio for left elliptically polarized wave (unitless) +tau_w = 15 //Tilt angle for left elliptically polarized wave (degrees) +AR_a = -2 //Axial Ratio for right elliptically polarized wave (unitless) +tau_a = 45 //Tilt angle for right elliptically polarized wave (degrees) +tau_w2 = 20.7 //2*Tilt angle for left elliptically polarized wave (degrees) +tau_a2 = 39.3 //2*Tilt angle for right elliptically polarized wave (degrees) + +//Calculation +eps_a2 = 2*atan(1,AR_a)*180/%pi //Polarisation latitude (degrees) +eps_w2 = 2*atan(1,AR_w)*180/%pi //Antenna latitude (degrees) +gamma_w2 =acos(cos(eps_w2*%pi/180)*cos(tau_w2*%pi/180)) //great-circle angle - antenna (radians) +gamma_a2 =acos(cos(eps_a2*%pi/180)*cos(tau_a2*%pi/180)) //great-circle angle - wave (radians) +M_Ma = (gamma_w2*180/%pi) + (gamma_a2*180/%pi) //total great-circle angle (degrees) +F = cos((M_Ma/2)*%pi/180)**2 //Polarisation matching factor (relative quantity) + +//Result +mprintf("The polarization matching factor is %.2f",F) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c00b37c47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-3.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +e_half_power = 1/sqrt(2) //E(theta) at half power(unitless) +e_null = 0 //E(theta) = 0 at null points (unitless) +theta_1 = 0 //theta' (degrees) +theta = 1 //theta (degrees) + +//Calculation +for x=0:2 //loop untill theta = i +theta = 0.5*acos(e_half_power/cos(theta_1*%pi/180)) //theta(radian) +theta_1 = theta*180/%pi //theta(degrees) +end + +hpbw = 2*(theta*180/%pi) //Half-power beamwidth (Degrees) +theta = 0.5*acos(e_null) //theta (radians) +fnbw = 2*(theta*180/%pi) //Beamwidth between first null (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The half power beamwidth is %.2f degrees",hpbw) +mprintf("\nThe beamwidth between first nulls is %d degrees", fnbw) + diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8dcb20a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-4.1 +clc; + +//Calculation +deff('y=f(x)','y=sin(x)') //sin(theta) +omega=intg(20*%pi/180,40*%pi/180,f) +omega1=omega*(180/%pi) +deff('y=f1(x)','y=1') +omega2=intg(30,70,f1) +omega_f=omega2*omega1 //omega (square degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The solid angle, omega is %.0f square degrees",omega_f) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e37cc35e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-4.2 +clc; +clear; + +//Calculation +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=(cos(x)**4)*sin(x)*1')//Integration Function +X=[0 0;%pi/2 %pi/2;%pi/2 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Beam area (steradians) + +//Result +mprintf('The Beam Area of the given pattern is %.2f sr',I) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d28b6bd8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-7.1 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable declaration +n = 10 //Number of isotropic point sources +dr = %pi/2 //Distance(radians) +hpbw = 40 //Half power beamwidth (degrees) + +//Calculation +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=(sin(%pi/20)*(sin((%pi/2)*(5*cos(y)-6))/sin((%pi/20)*(5*cos(y)-6))))**2') +X=[0 0;%pi/2 %pi/2;%pi/2 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[g1,err]=int2d(X,Y,f) +gain = (4*%pi)/g1 //Gain (unitless) +gain_db = 10*log10(gain)//Gain (dB) +gain_hpbw = 40000/(hpbw**2) //Gain from approx. equation (unitless) +gain_hpbw_db = 10*log10(gain_hpbw) //Gain from approx. equation (dB) +gain_diff = gain_hpbw_db - gain_db //Difference in gain (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The Gain G is %.2f dB",gain_db) +mprintf("\nThe Gain from approx. equation is %.0f dB",gain_hpbw_db) +mprintf("\nThe Difference is %.2f dB",gain_diff) + +//An error arises due to incorrect integration of the normalized power pattern +//Subsequently, the difference in gain is varying diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85c55d552 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-7.2 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +theta_hp = 90 +phi_hp = 90 + +//Calculation +X=[0 0;%pi %pi;%pi 0]; +Y=[0 0;0 %pi;%pi %pi]; +function z = f(x,y), z=sin(x)*sin(x)*sin(x)*sin(y)*sin(y),endfunction +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f) //Exact Directivity(No unit) +direct_e=4*%pi/I //Exact Directivity(Unitless) +direct_apprx=41253.0/(theta_hp * phi_hp) //Approximate Directivity(Unitless) +db_diff=10*log10(direct_e/direct_apprx) //Difference(dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The exact directivity is %.1f",direct_e) +mprintf("\nThe approximate directivity is %.1f",direct_apprx) +mprintf("\nThe decibel difference is %.1f dB",db_diff) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a28ec0d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-10.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Z = 120*%pi //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) + +//Calculation +max_aper = Z/(320*%pi**2) //Max. effective aperture (lambda squared) +direct = 4*%pi*max_aper //Directivity (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The Maximum effective aperture is %.3f lambda square",max_aper) +mprintf("\nThe Directivity is %.1f", direct) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc4114c93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-10.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +R_r = 73 //Radiation resistance (ohm) + +//Calculation +eff_aper = 30/(R_r*%pi) //Effective aperture (lambda squared) +directivity = 4*%pi*eff_aper //Directivity (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The effective aperture is %.2f lambda square",eff_aper) +mprintf("\nThe directivity is %.2f",directivity) diff --git a/3773/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3773/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a3d246c --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 2: Antenna Basics +//Example 2-11.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +P_t = 15 //Transmitter power (W) +A_et = 2.5 //Effective aperture of transmitter (meter^2) +A_er = 0.5 //Effective aperture of receiver (meter^2) +r = 15e3 //Distance between the antennas (Line of sight) (m) +frequency = 5e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculation +wave_len = c/frequency //Wavelength (m) +P_r = (P_t*A_et*A_er)/((r**2)*(wave_len**2)) //Received power (W) + +//Result +mprintf("The power delivered to the receiver is %.2e watts",P_r) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae615938d --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 900e6 //Frequency (Hz) +len = 25e-3 //Length of antenna (m) +len_cell = 110e-3 //Length of handset chassis (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +del_L = 0.5 //Peak to Peak measurement uncertainty (dB) + +//Calculations +Dm = len + len_cell //Maximum Dimension of antenna (m) +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +r_rnf = (wave_lt/(2*%pi)) //Outer boundary of reactive near field (m) +r_ff = 2*(Dm**2)/wave_lt //Fraunhofer region (m) +r2_ff = r_rnf/(10**(del_L/40)-1) //Minimum distance where effect of near field is small (m) +r3_ff = 2*Dm/(10**(del_L/10)-1) //Minimum distance where effect of rotation of AUT is small (m) + +//Result +mprintf( "The Outer boundary of reactive near field is at a distance %.3f m",r_rnf) +mprintf( "\nThe Fraunhofer region starts at a distance %.3f m",r_ff) +mprintf( "\nThe Minimum distance where effect of near field is small enough is %.1f m",r2_ff) +mprintf( "\nThe Minimum distance where effect of rotation of AUT is small enough is %.1f m",r3_ff) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6021e28f --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-2.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +horn_len = 350e-3 //Length of horn (m) +ap_wid = 200e-3 //Aperture width (m) +ap_hei = 150e-3 //Aperture height (m) +del_L = 0.2 //Peak to peak uncertainty (dB) +f = 10e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +r_rnf = wave_lt/(2*%pi) ////Outer boundary of reactive near field (m) +r_ff = 2*(ap_wid**2)/wave_lt //Fraunhofer region (m) +r2_ff = r_rnf/(10**(del_L/40)-1) //Minimum distance where effect of near field is small (m) +r3_ff = 2*horn_len/(10**(del_L/10)-1) //Minimum distance where effect of rotation of AUT is small (m) + +//Result +mprintf( "The Outer boundary of reactive near field is at a distance %.4f m",r_rnf) +mprintf( "\nThe Fraunhofer region starts at a distance %.1f m",r_ff) +mprintf( "\nThe Minimum distance where effect of near field is small enough is %.2f m",r2_ff) +mprintf( "\nThe Minimum distance where effect of rotation of AUT is small enough is %.1f m", r3_ff) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c70e4c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-2.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +D = 0.5 //Antenna diameter (m) +f = 300e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +r_ff = 2*(D**2)/wave_lt //Fraunhofer region (m) + +//Result +mprintf("The Fraunhofer region starts at a distance %d m", r_ff) +mprintf("\nAt 300 GHz the attenuation of the atmosphere is around 10dB/km making the measurement difficult in full-size ranges") diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284f31487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-4.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +D = 1 //Diameter of antenna (m) +f = 10e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +hpbw = 70*wave_lt/D //Half power beamwidth (degrees) +mea_dist = 2*(D**2)/wave_lt //Measurement distance (m) +trav_dist = hpbw*%pi*mea_dist/180 //Traverse distance (m) +taper = ((0.5/(trav_dist/2))**2)*(-3) //Amplitude taper (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The amplitude taper is %.1f dB", taper) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89bc80c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-4.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +pat_lev1 = -22.3 //Pattern level maximum (dB) +pat_lev2 = -23.7 //Pattern level minimum (dB) + +//Calculations +S = abs(pat_lev2-pat_lev1) //Amplitude ripple (dB) +a = (pat_lev1+pat_lev2)/2 //Pattern level (dB) + +R = a + 20*log10((10**(S/20) - 1)/(10**(S/20) + 1)) //Reflectivity (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The reflectivity is %.1f dB", R) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b8463507 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +En = 1 //Field illuminating the AUT (unitless) +tilt_diff = 88 //Difference in tilt angles (degrees) + +//Calculations +En_pol = En*sin(tilt_diff*%pi/180) //Co-polar component of field (unitless) +En_crosspol = En*cos(tilt_diff*%pi/180) //Cross-polar component of field (unitless) +meas_cross = 20*log10(En_crosspol) + +//Result +mprintf("The measure cross-polar level is %d dB relative to the co-polar field",meas_cross) diff --git a/3773/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3773/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c1a93ca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 21: Antenna Measurements +//Example 21-5.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 1.4e9 //Frequency (Hz) +Tant = 687 //Increase in antenna temperature (K) +phy_ap = 2210 //Physical aperture (m^2) +S = 1590 //Flux density of Cygnus A (Jy) +k = 1.38e-23 //Boltzmann's constant (J/k) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +gain = (8*%pi*k*Tant)/(S*(10**-26)*wave_lt**2) //Gain(unitless) +gain_db = 10*log10(gain) //Gain (dBi) +Ae = gain*wave_lt**2/(4*%pi) //Effective area (m^2) +eff_ap = Ae/phy_ap //Aperture efficiency (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The gain of the antenna is %d dBi", gain_db) +mprintf("\nThe aperture efficiency is %.2f or %.1f percent",eff_ap,eff_ap*100) diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dec2df237 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-1.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f1 = 0.1 //Frequency (MHz) +f2 = 1.0 //Frequency (MHz) +f3 = 10.0 //Frequency (MHz) + +//Calculation +d1 = 50/(f1**(1.0/3)) //Distance for f1 (miles) +d2 = 50/(f2**(1.0/3)) //Distance for f2 (miles) +d3 = 50/(f3**(1.0/3)) //Distance for f3 (miles) + +//Result +mprintf( "The distance for 100kHz is %.2f miles",d1) +mprintf( "\nThe distance for 1MHz is %d miles", d2) +mprintf( "\nThe distance for 10MHz is %.2f miles", d3) + diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4374b85e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 3e6 //Frequency (Hz) +sigma = 0.5 //Standard deviation of surface irregularities (unitless) +theta = 30 //Angle of incidence as measured from normal angle (degrees) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +R = 4*%pi*sigma*sin(theta*%pi/180)/wave_lt //Roughness factor (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The roughness factor is %.6f",R) diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9517c2d74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-2.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 10e6 //Frequency (Hz) +sigma = 5 //Standard deviation of surface irregularities (unitless) +theta1 = 30 //Angle of incidence as measured from normal angle (degrees) +theta2 = 45 //Angle of incidence as measured from normal angle (degrees) +theta3 = 60 //Angle of incidence as measured from normal angle (degrees) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +R1 = 4*%pi*sigma*sin(theta1*%pi/180)/wave_lt //Roughness factor for theta1 (unitless) +R2 = 4*%pi*sigma*sin(theta2*%pi/180)/wave_lt //Roughness factor for theta2 (unitless) +R3 = 4*%pi*sigma*sin(theta3*%pi/180)/wave_lt //Roughness factor for theta3 (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf( "The roughness factor for 30 degrees is %.4f", R1) +mprintf( "\nThe roughness factor for 45 degrees is %.3f", R2) +mprintf( "\nThe roughness factor for 60 degrees is %.4f", R3) diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cd78765e --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-2.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f1 = 0.3 //Frequency (MHz) +f2 = 1 //Frequency (MHz) +f3 = 3 //Frequency (MHz) +sigma = 4e-5 //Standard deviation of surface irregularities (unitless) + +//Calculations +x1 = (18e3)*sigma/f1 //Parameter x for f1 (unitless) +x2 = (18e3)*sigma/f2 //Parameter x for f2 (unitless) +x3 = (18e3)*sigma/f3 //Parameter x for f3 (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf( "The parameter x for 0.3MHz is %.1f", x1) +mprintf( "\nThe parameter x for 1MHz is %.2f", x2) +mprintf( "\nThe parameter x for 3MHz is %.2f", x3) diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ca7f473e --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f1 = 5e3 //Frequency (Hz) +f2 = 50e3 //Frequency (Hz) +f3 = 500e3 //Frequency (Hz) +sigma = 5e-5 //Standard deviation of surface irregularities (unitless) +eps_r = 15.0 //Relative permittivity (unitless) +mu = %pi*4e-7 //Absolute Permeability (H/m) + +//Calculations +w1 = 2*%pi*f1 //Angular frequency (rad/s) +w2 = 2*%pi*f2 //Angular frequency (rad/s) +w3 = 2*%pi*f3 //Angular frequency (rad/s) + + +Zs1 = sqrt((w1*mu)/sqrt(sigma**2 + (w1**2)*eps_r)) //Surface impedence for f1 (ohm) +Zs2 = sqrt((w2*mu)/sqrt(sigma**2 + (w2**2)*eps_r)) //Surface impedence for f2 (ohm) +Zs3 = sqrt((w3*mu)/sqrt(sigma**2 + (w3**2)*eps_r)) //Surface impedence for f3 (ohm) + +//Result +mprintf( "The surface impedence for 5kHz is %.5f ohms",Zs1) +mprintf( "\nThe surface impedence for 50kHz is %.5f ohms", Zs2) +mprintf( "\nThe surface impedence for 500kHz is %.5f ohms", Zs3) + +//An error has been made in calculation/substitution of square root of +//(sigma**2 + (w1**2)*eps_r) and in the second case, the mistake in the calculation of (w2*mu)/sqrt(sigma**2 + (w2**2)*eps_r) diff --git a/3773/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce b/3773/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b52e441d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 23: Ground Wave Propagation +//Example 23-7.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 2.0 //Frequency (MHz) +sigma = 5e-5 //Standard deviation of surface irregularities (unitless) +eps_r = 15.0 //Relative permittivity (unitless) +d = 20e3 //Distance (m) +eff = 0.5 //Antenna efficiency (unitless) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +E1 = 0.5e-3 //Ground wave electric field strength (V/m) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/(f*10**6) //Wavelength (m) +x = (18e3)*sigma/f //Parameter x (unitless) + +b = atan((eps_r + 1)/x) //Phase constant (unitless) + +p = (%pi/x)*(d/wave_lt)*cos(b) //Numerical distance (unitless) + +A = (2 + 0.3*p)/(2 + p + 0.6*(p**2)) //Reduction factor (unitless) + +E_t = E1 * d/A + +//Result +mprintf("The Electric field strength at the transmitted end is %.2f V/m", E_t) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629ab25e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-9.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +tx_h = 49.0 //Transmitting antenna height (m) +rx_h = 25.0 //Receiving antenna height (m) +f = 100e6 //Frequency (Hz) +tx_p = 100.0 //Transmitted power (W) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +a = 6370 //Earth's radius (km) + +//Calculation +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +d0 = sqrt(2*(4.0/3.0)*(a/1000.0))*(sqrt(tx_h)+sqrt(rx_h)) //Line of Sight (LOS) distance (km) +d = d0*1000 //LOS (m) +Er = (88*sqrt(tx_p)/(wave_lt*(d**2)))*tx_h*rx_h //Received signal strength (W) + +//Result +mprintf( "The Line of Sight distance is %.2f km",d0) +mprintf( "\nThe Received Signal strength is %.6f W", Er) + + + +//There is an error in the calculation of (88*sqrt(tx_p)/(wave_lt*(d**2))) where four orders of magnitude are ignored in the resulting calculation. diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a1b3375 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-9.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +tx_h = 144 //Transmitting antenna height (m) +rx_h = 25 //Receiving antenna height (m) +k = 4.0/3.0 //Equivalent earth radius/Actual earth radius (unitless) +a = 6370 //Radius of earth (km) + +//Calculations +los = 4.12*(sqrt(tx_h) + sqrt(rx_h)) //Line of sight distance (km) +horz = sqrt(2*k*a*(tx_h/1000.0)) //Surface range to radio horizon from radar (km) + +//Result +mprintf("The Radio horizon distance from radar is %.2f km",horz) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11df63691 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-9.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +tx_h = 100 //Transmitting antenna height (m) +rx_h = 16 //Receiving antenna height (m) +tx_p = 40e3 //Transmitting antenna power radiation (W) +f = 100e6 //Frequency (Hz) +d = 10e3 //Distance (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +E = 1e-3 //Signal strength (V/m) + +//Calculations +los = 4.12*(sqrt(tx_h) + sqrt(rx_h)) //LOS distance (km) +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) + +Es = (88*sqrt(tx_p)/(wave_lt*(d**2)))*tx_h*rx_h //Field strength at distance d (V/m) + +dsig = sqrt(88*sqrt(tx_p)*tx_h*rx_h/(wave_lt*E)) //Distance at which field strength reduces to 1mV/m + +//Result +mprintf( "The LOS distance is %.2f km", los) +mprintf( "\nThe field strength at 10km is %.5f V/m", Es) +mprintf( "\nThe distance at which field strength is 1mV/m is %.d m",dsig) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2acdf16a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-9.4 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +gain = 10 //Antenna gain (dB) +Wt = 500 //Power radiation (W) +d = 15e3 //Distance (m) +Wr = 2e-6 //Received power (W) + +//Calculations +Ae = Wr*(4*%pi*(d**2))/(Wt*gain) //Effective area (m^2) + +//Result +mprintf("The effective area of the receiving antenna is %.2f m^2", Ae) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..641387b43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-9.5 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +h = 1000 //Height of duct (m) +delM = 0.036 //Change in refractive modulus (unitless) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) + +//Calculations +wl_max = 2.5*h*sqrt(delM*1e-6) //Maximum wavelength (m) +fmax = c/wl_max //Maximum frequency (Hz) + +//Result +mprintf("The maximum frequency that can be transmitted is %.1f MHz", fmax/1e6) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b467a56f --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-12.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +gain = 10 //Gain of transmitting antenna (dB) +P = 100 //Radiating power (W) +f = 1e6 //Frequency (Hz) +rx_gain = 15 //Gain of receiving antenna (dB) +d = 20e3 //Distance (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +v = 1000 //Scattering volume (m^3) +sigma = 0.1 //Effective scattering cross-section (m^2) + +//Calculations +wl = c/f //Wavelength (m) +Pr_a = P*gain*rx_gain*(wl**2)/(4*%pi*(4*%pi*(d**2))) //Received power in case (a) (W) +F = (2*sqrt(sigma*v))/(d*sqrt(%pi)) //Attenuation Factor (unitless) +Pr_b = Pr_a*F //Received power in case (b) (W) + + +//Result +mprintf("The received power in case (a) is %.5f W", Pr_a) +mprintf("\nThe received power in case (b) is %e W", Pr_b) diff --git a/3773/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce b/3773/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a811ac5fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 24: Space Wave Propagation +//Example 24-14.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +d = 3000 //Distance (km) +f = 3e3 //Frequency (MHz) + +//Calculations +path_l = 32.45 + 20*log10(f) + 20*log10(d) + +//Result +mprintf("The path loss between the two points is %.3f dB",path_l) diff --git a/3773/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3773/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04cf3d33f --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 25: Sky Wave Propagation +//Example 25-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +muf = 10e6 //Maximum usable frequency (Hz) +h = 300 //Height of reflection (km) +n = 0.9 //Maximum value of refractive index (unitless) + +//Calculations +Nmax = (1 - n**2)*(muf**2)/81 //Max. Number of electrons per cubic cm +fc = 9*sqrt(Nmax) //Critical frequency (Hz) +dskip = 2*h*sqrt((muf/fc)**2 - 1) //Skip distance (km) + + +//Result +mprintf("The skip distance is %.1f km",dskip) + +//An error has been made in the calculation of sqrt((muf/fc)**2 - 1) diff --git a/3773/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3773/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..789d4a66d --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 25: Sky Wave Propagation +//Example 25-5.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +fE = 3e6 //Critical frequency for E layer (Hz) +fF1 = 5e6 //Critical frequency for F1 layer (Hz) +fF2 = 9e6 //Critical frequency for F2 layer (Hz) + +//Calculations +N_E = (fE**2)/81 //Concentration of electrons in E layer (per cubic cm) +N_F1 = (fF1**2)/81 //Concentration of electrons in F1 layer (per cubic cm) +N_F2 = (fF2**2)/81 //Concentration of electrons in F2 layer (per cubic cm) + +//Result +mprintf( "The concentration of electrons in E layer is %e per cubic cm",N_E) +mprintf( "\nThe concentration of electrons in F1 layer is %e per cubic cm", N_F1) +mprintf( "\nThe concentration of electrons in F2 layer is %e per cubic cm", N_F2) diff --git a/3773/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3773/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9113cfc27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//Chapter 25: Sky Wave Propagation +//Example 25-5.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +N_E = 0.8*0.111e12 //Concentration of electrons in E layer (per cubic cm) +N_F1 = 0.8*0.3086e12 //Concentration of electrons in E layer (per cubic cm) +N_F2 = 0.8*1e12 //Concentration of electrons in E layer (per cubic cm) + +//Calculations +fE = 9*sqrt(N_E) //Critical frequency in E layer (Hz) +fF1 = 9*sqrt(N_F1) //Critical frequency in F1 layer (Hz) +fF2 = 9*sqrt(N_F2) //Critical frequency in F2 layer (Hz) + +//Result +disp(fE,"The Critical frequency in E layer in Hz") +disp(fF1,"The Critical frequency in F1 layer in Hz") +disp(fF2,"The Critical frequency in F2 layer in Hz") + +//The difference appearing for fE,fF1 is a result of approximation diff --git a/3773/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3773/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a716549 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 25: Sky Wave Propagation +//Example 25-6.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +hD = 70 //Height of D layer (km) +hE = 130 //Height of E layer (km) +hF1 = 230 //Height of F1 layer (km) +hF2 = 350 //Height of F2 layer (km) +theta = 10*%pi/180 //Angle of incidence (radians) + +//Calculations +temp = sqrt((cos(theta))**-2 - 1) +d1 = 2*hD*temp //Maximum single hop distance for D layer (km) +d2 = 2*hE*temp //Maximum single hop distance for E layer (km) +d3 = 2*hF1*temp //Maximum single hop distance for F1 layer (km) +d4 = 2*hF2*temp //Maximum single hop distance for F2 layer (km) + +//Result +mprintf( "The Maximum single hop distance for D layer is %.1f km", d1) +mprintf( "\nThe Maximum single hop distance for E layer is %.2f km", d2) +mprintf( "\nThe Maximum single hop distance for F1 layer is %.2f km", d3) +mprintf( "\nThe Maximum single hop distance for F2 layer is %.1f km", d4) diff --git a/3773/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3773/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..295a1bacf --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 25: Sky Wave Propagation +//Example 25-9.1 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +d = 200 //Height of layer (km) +bet = 20 //Takeoff angle (degrees) +R = 6370 //Earth's radius (km) + +//Calculations +phi_0 = 90 - bet //Take off angle for flat earth (degrees) +h = (d/2)/(sqrt((cos(phi_0*%pi/180)**-2) - 1)) //Skip distance for case (a) (km) + +phi_02 = 90 - bet - 57.2*d/(2*R) //Take off angle for spherical earth (degrees) +h2 = (d/2)/(sqrt((cos(phi_02*%pi/180)**-2) - 1)) //Skip distance for case (b) (km) + +//Result +mprintf("The skip distance for case (a) is %.3f km", h) +mprintf("\nThe skip distance for case (b) is %.2f km", h2) diff --git a/3773/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3773/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dda9f83a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3: The Antenna Family +//Example 3-3.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Z_0 = 377 //Intrinsic impedance of free space(ohm) +Z_d = 710 +%i //Terminal impedance of dipole cylinder (ohm) + +//Calculation +Z_s = (Z_0**2)/(4*Z_d) //Terminal impedance of the slot (ohm) + +//Result +mprintf("The terminal impedance of the slot is %d ohms",Z_s) diff --git a/3773/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3773/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..422b51aee --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 3: The Antenna Family +//Example 3-6.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +L = 10 //Horn length (lambda) +delta = 0.25 //Path length difference (lambda) + +//Calculation +theta = 2*acos(L/(L+delta)) //Horn flare angle (radians) +theta = theta*180/%pi //Horn flare angle (degrees) + +//Result +mprintf("The largest flare angle for given delta is %.1f degrees",theta) diff --git a/3773/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3773/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58bd39129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 3: The Antenna Family +//Example 3-7.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +f = 599e6 //Frequency of TV Station (Hz) +E = 1e-6 //Field strength (V/m) +D = 20 //Diameter of antenna (m) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +Z_0 = 377 //Intrinsic impedence of free space (ohm) + +//Calculation +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +A_e = (D*(wave_lt**2))/(4*%pi) //Effective aperture (m^2) +P_r = (E**2)*A_e/Z_0 //Received power (W) + +//Result +mprintf("The received power is %.2e W", P_r) diff --git a/3773/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3773/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9573ec49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 3: The Antenna Family +//Example 3-11.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +n = 4 //Number of patch antennas (lambda) +diameter = 0.5 //Diameter of patch antennas (lambda) + +//Calculation +A_e = n*diameter //Effective aperture (lambda^2) +D = (4*%pi*A_e) //Directivity (unitless) +D_dbi = 10*log10(D) //Directivity (dBi) +ohm_a = (4*%pi)/D //Beam area (steradians) + +//Result +mprintf("The directivity is %d or %d dBi",D,D_dbi) +mprintf("\nThe beam area is %.1f sr", ohm_a) diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaf28c96d --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-4.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +theta = 30 //Angle of radiation (degrees) +epsilon_0 = 8.854e-12 //Permittivity of free space (F/m) +I_dl = 10 //Current in length dl (A-m) +r = 100e3 //Distance of point from origin (m) + +//Calculation +E_mag = (I_dl*sin(theta*%pi/180))/(4*%pi*epsilon_0) //Magnitude of Electric field vector (V/m) +H_mag = (I_dl*sin(theta*%pi/180))/(4) //Magnitude of Magnetic field vector (T) + +//Result +disp(E_mag,"The magnitude of E vector in V/m ") +mprintf("\nThe magnitude of H vector is %.3f /pi T", H_mag) diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69146989 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-4.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +v = 3e8 //Speed of light(m/s) +f = 10e6 //Frequency (Hz) + +//Calculation +w = 2*%pi*f //Angular frequency(rad/s) +r = v/w //Distance (m) + +//Result +mprintf("The distance for the specified condition is %.2f m",r) diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cba15737 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-4.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +f = 3e9 //Frequency (Hz) + +//Calculation +v = 0.6*c //60% of velocity of light (m/s) +w = 2*%pi*f //Angular frequency (rad/s) +r = v/w //Distance (m) + +//Result +mprintf("The distance for the specified condition is %.6f m", r) diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e38f69daa --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +dl = 1e-2 //Length of radiating element (m) +I_eff = 0.5 //Effective current (A) +f = 3e9 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Velocity of light (m/s) + +//Calculation +w = 2*%pi*f //Angular Frequency (rad/s) +P = 20*(w**2)*(I_eff**2)*(dl**2)/(c**2) //Radiated power (W) + +//Result +mprintf("The radiated power is %.2f W", P) + +//The answer obtained is varying compared with the textbook answer because of a calculation error diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd3200079 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-5.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +L = 5 //Length of radiating element (m) +f1 = 30e3 //Frequency (Hz) +f2 = 30e6 //Frequency (Hz) +f3 = 15e6 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Velocity of light (m/s) + +//Calculation +wave_lt1 = c/f1 //Wavelength (m) +wave_lt1 = wave_lt1 /10 +R_r1 = 800*(L/wave_lt1)**2 //Radiation resistance (ohm) + +wave_lt2 = c/f2 //Wavelength (m) +L = wave_lt2/2 //Effective length (m) +R_r2 = 200*(L/wave_lt2)**2 //Radiation resistance (ohm) + +wave_lt3 = c/f3 //Wavelength (m) +L = wave_lt3/4 //Effective length (m) +R_r3 = 400*(L/wave_lt3)**2 //Radiation resistance (ohm) + +//Result +mprintf("The radiation resistance for f1 is %.2f ohms", R_r1) +mprintf("\nThe radiation resistance for f2 is %d ohms",R_r2) +mprintf("\nThe radiation resistance for f3 is %d ohms",R_r3) diff --git a/3773/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3773/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e018f715c --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 4: Radiation +//Example 4-6.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Im = 5 //Maximum current (A) +r = 1e3 //Distance (km) +eta = 120*%pi //Intrinsic impedance (ohm) +theta = 60*%pi/180 //Angle of radiation (radians) + +//Calculation +sin2 = sin(theta)**2 //Sine squared theta (unitless) +P_av = (eta*(Im**2))/(8*(%pi**2)*(r**2)) +P_av = P_av*(cos(%pi/2*cos(theta))**2)/(sin2) //Average power (W) + +//Result +mprintf("The average power available at 1km distance is %e W",P_av) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0ea98851 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.1 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +Um=1 //Maximum radiation intensity (unitless) + +//Calculation +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=cos(x)*sin(x)')//Integrand(Unitless) +X=[0 0;%pi/2 %pi/2;%pi/2 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Total power radiated (relative to Um) + +D=(4*%pi)/I //Directivity (unitless) + +mprintf('The directivity is %f',D) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44fea4da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.2 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +Um=1 //Maximum radiation intensity (unitless) +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=cos(x)*sin(x)')//Integrand(Unitless) +X=[0 0;%pi/2 %pi/2;%pi/2 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Total power radiated (relative to Um) + +D=(4*%pi)/(2*I) //Directivity (unitless) + +mprintf('The directivity is %f',D) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f63f8b2e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.3 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +Um=1 //Maximum radiation intensity (unitless) +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=sin(x)**2')//Integrand(Unitless) +X=[0 0;%pi %pi;%pi 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Total power radiated (relative to Um) + +D=(4*%pi)/I //Directivity (unitless) + +mprintf('The directivity is %.3f',D) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14fe3468c --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.4 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +Um=1 //Maximum radiation intensity (unitless) +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=sin(x)**3')//Integrand(Unitless) +X=[0 0;%pi %pi;%pi 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Total power radiated (relative to Um) + +D=(4*%pi)/I //Directivity (unitless) + +mprintf('The directivity is %.1f',D) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b07b90df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.5 +clc; +clear; + +//Variable Initialization +Um=1 //Maximum radiation intensity (unitless) +deff('z=f(x,y)','z=sin(x)*cos(x)**2')//Integrand(Unitless) +X=[0 0;%pi/2 %pi/2;%pi/2 0]; +Y=[0 0;2*%pi 2*%pi;0 2*%pi]; +[I,err]=int2d(X,Y,f)//Total power radiated (relative to Um) + +D=(4*%pi)/I //Directivity (unitless) + +mprintf('The directivity is %.1f',D) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a6a493fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-6.6 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +lobes = [0.25,0.37,0.46,0.12,0.07] //Normalized power of lobes (unitless) + +//Calculation +ohm_a = 0 //Beam area (sr) +sum_lobes = 0 //Sum of all lobes (unitless) +for i=lobes + ohm_a =ohm_a + 2*%pi*(%pi/36)*(i) + sum_lobes =sum_lobes + i +end +D = 4*%pi/ohm_a //Directivity (unitless) +D_db = 10*log10(D) //Directivity (in dBi) +e_m = lobes(1)/sum_lobes //Beam efficiency (unitless) + +//Result +mprintf("The directivity is %d or %.1f dBi",D,D_db) +mprintf("\nThe beam efficiency is %.1f",e_m) diff --git a/3773/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3773/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3648e722f --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 5: Point Source and Their Arrays +//Example 5-21.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +a = 25 //Height of vertical conducting wall (m) +r = 100 //Distance to the receiver (m) +wave_lt = 10e-2 //Transmitter dimension (m) + +//Calculation +k = sqrt(2/(r*wave_lt)) //Constant (unitless) +S_av = (r*wave_lt)/(4*(%pi**2)*(a**2)) //Relative signal level (unitless) +S_av_db = 10*log10(S_av) //Signal level (in db) + +//Result +mprintf("The signal level at the receiver is %.5f or %.0f dB",S_av,S_av_db) diff --git a/3773/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3773/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f55ea769b --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electric Dipoles, Thin Linear Antennas and Arrays of Dipoles and Apertures +//Example 6-8.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +z = 333.0 //Driving point impedance (ohm) +r = 300.0 //Twin-line impedance (ohm) +z1 = 73.0 //Self impedance of lambda/2 dipole (ohm) +z2 = 13.0 //Mutual impedance with lambda/2 spacing (ohm) + +//Calculation +pv = (z-r)/(z+r) //Reflection coefficient (unitless) +vswr = (1+pv)/(1-pv) //Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (unitless) +gain_l2 =sqrt((2*z1)/(z1-z2)) //Field gain over lambda/2 dipole (unitless) +gain_l2_db = 20*log10(gain_l2) //Field gain (in dB) +gain_iso = (gain_l2**2)*1.64 //Gain over isotropic source (unitless) +gain_iso_db = 10*log10(gain_iso) //Gain over isotropic source (in dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The VSWR is %.2f", vswr) +mprintf("\nThe field gain over lambda/2 dipole is %.2f or %.1f dB",gain_l2,gain_l2_db) +mprintf("\nThe gain over isotropic source is %.1f or %.1f dB",gain_iso,gain_iso_db) diff --git a/3773/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3773/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28c6b4bc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electric Dipoles, Thin Linear Antennas and Arrays of Dipoles and Apertures +//Example 6-8.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +z = 73.0 //Self impedance of lambda/2 dipole (ohm) +zm = 64.4 //Mutual impedance with lambda/8 spacing (ohm) + +//Calculation +D = sqrt((2*z)/(z-zm))*sin(%pi/8) //Field gain over lambda/2 dipole (unitless) +D_db = 20*log10(D) //Field gain over lambda/2 dipole (in dB) + +gain_iso = (D**2)*1.64 //Gain over isotropic source (unitless) +gain_iso_db = 10*log10(gain_iso) //Gain over isotropic source (in dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The field gain over lambda/2 dipole is %.2f or %.2f dB",D,D_db) +mprintf("\nThe gain over isotropic source is %.2f or %.1f dB", gain_iso,gain_iso_db) diff --git a/3773/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3773/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68bdcb38a --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Chapter 6: Electric Dipoles, Thin Linear Antennas and Arrays of Dipoles and Apertures +//Example 6-12.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +s1 = 0.4 //Spacing 1(lambda) +s2 = 0.5 //Spacing 2(lambda) +s3 = 0.6 //Spacing 3(lambda) +R_21_1 = 6.3 //Mutual resistance for s1 (ohm) +R_21_2 = -12.691 //Mutual resistance for s2 (ohm) +R_21_3 = -23.381 //Mutual resistance for s3 (ohm) +Z = 73.13 //Self impedance of lambda/2 dipole (ohm) + +//Calculation +gain_1 = sqrt(2*(Z/(Z+R_21_1))) //Gain in field for s1 (unitless) +gain_iso1 = 1.64*(gain_1**2) //Power gain over isotropic (unitless) +gain_iso_db1 = 10*log10(gain_iso1) //Power gain (in dBi) + +gain_2 = sqrt(2*(Z/(Z+R_21_2))) //Gain in field for s2 (unitless) +gain_iso2 = 1.64*(gain_2**2) //Power gain over isotropic (unitless) +gain_iso_db2 = 10*log10(gain_iso2) //Power gain (in dBi) + +gain_3 = sqrt(2*(Z/(Z+R_21_3))) //Gain in field for s3 (unitless) +gain_iso3 = 1.64*(gain_3**2) //Power gain over isotropic (unitless) +gain_iso_db3 = 10*log10(gain_iso3) //Power gain (in dBi) + +//Result +mprintf( "The gain in field over half wave antenna for s1 is %.2f",gain_1) +mprintf( "\nThe power gain over isotropic for s1 is %.2f or %.1f dBi",gain_iso1,gain_iso_db1) + +mprintf( "\n\nThe gain in field over half wave antenna for s2 is %.2f",gain_2) +mprintf( "\nThe power gain over isotropic for s2 is %.2f or %.2f dBi ", gain_iso2,gain_iso_db2) + +mprintf( "\n\nThe gain in field over half wave antenna for s3 is %.2f",gain_3) +mprintf( "\nThe power gain over isotropic for s3 is %.2f or %.2f dBi ",gain_iso3,gain_iso_db3) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a125a537e --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-8.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +C_lambda = 0.1*%pi //Circumference (lambda) +R_m = 1.6 //Mutual resistance of two loops (ohm) +theta1 = 90*%pi/180 //Angle of radiation (radians) +theta2 = 2*%pi/10 //Angle of radiation (radians) + +//Calculation +Rr = 197*(C_lambda)**4 //Self resistance of loop (ohm) +D1 = (1.5)*(sin(theta1))**2 //Directivity of loop alone (unitless) +D1_db = 10*log10(D1) //Directivity of loop alone (dBi) +D2 = 1.5*(2*sqrt(Rr/(Rr-R_m))*sin(theta2))**2 //Directivity of loop with ground plane (unitless) +D2_db = 10*log10(D2) //Directivity of loop with ground plane (dBi) + +//Result +mprintf("The directivity of loop alone is %.2f or %.2f dBi",D1,D1_db) +mprintf("\nThe directivity of loop with ground plane is %.2f or %.0f dBi",D2,D2_db) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..053f02a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-8.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Rr = 197.0 //Self resistance of loop (ohm) +Rm = 157.0 //Mutual resistance of two loops (ohm) +theta = 2*%pi/10 //Angle of radiation (radians) + +//Calculation +D = 1.5*(2*sqrt(Rr/(Rr-Rm))*sin(theta))**2 //Directivity (unitless) +D_db = 10*log10(D) //Directivity (dBi) + +//Result +mprintf("The directivity is %.1f or %.1f dBi",D,D_db) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..760550a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-11.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +c =%pi //Circumference (m) +f1 = 1 //Frequency (MHz) +f2 = 10 //Frequency (MHz) +d = 10e-3 //Diameter of copper wire (m) + +//Calculation +RL_Rr1 = 3430/((c**3)*(f1**3.5)*d) +RL_Rr2 = 3430/((c**3)*(f2**3.5)*d) //Ratio of Loss resistance and radiation resistance (unitless) +k1 = 1/(1+RL_Rr1) //Radiation efficiency (unitless) +k_db1 = 10*log10(k1) //Radiation efficiency (in dB) +k2 = 1/(1+RL_Rr2) //Radiation efficiency (unitless) +k_db2 = 10*log10(k2) //Radiation efficiency (in dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The radiation efficiency for 1 MHz is %.1ef or %.1f dB",k1, k_db1) +mprintf("\nThe radiation efficiency for 10 MHz is %.2f or %.1f dB",k2, k_db2) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce861f911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-11.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +n = 10 //Number of turns (unitless) +dia = 1e-3 //Diameter of copper wire (m) +dia_rod = 1e-2 //Diameter of ferrite rod (m) +len_rod = 10e-2 //Length of ferrite rod (m) +mu_r = 250 - 2.5*%i //Relative permeability (unitless) +mu_er = 50 //Effective relative permeability (unitless) +f = 1e6 //Frequency (Hz) +c = 3e8 //Speed of light (m/s) +mu_0 = %pi*4e-7 //Absolute permeability (H/m) + +//Calculations +wave_lt = c/f //Wavelength (m) +radius = dia_rod/2 +C_l = (2*%pi*radius)/(wave_lt) //Circumference of loop (m) +Rr = 197*(mu_er**2)*(n**2)*(C_l**4) //Radiation resistance (ohm) +Rf = 2*%pi*f*mu_er*(imag(mu_r)/real(mu_r))*mu_0*(n**2)*(%pi*radius**2)/len_rod //Loss resistance(ohm) +conduc = 1/((7e-5**2)*f*%pi*mu_er) //Conductivity (S/m) +delta = 1/(sqrt(f*%pi*mu_er*conduc)) //Depth of penetration(m) + +RL = n*(C_l/dia)*sqrt((f*mu_0)/(%pi*conduc)) //Ohmic resistance (ohm) +k = Rr/(RL+abs(Rf)) //Radiation efficiency (unitless) + +L = mu_er*(n**2)*(radius**2)*mu_0/len_rod //Inductance (H) +Q = 2*%pi*f*L/(abs(Rf) + Rr + RL) //Ratio of energy stored to energy lost per cycle (unitless) + +fHP = f/Q //Bandwidth at half power (Hz) + + +//Results +mprintf("The radiation efficiency is %.2e",k) +mprintf("\nThe value of Q is %.3f",Q) +mprintf("\nThe half-power bandwidth is %d Hz",fHP) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83185c004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-17.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Z0 = 376.7 //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) +Zd = 73 + 42.5*%i //Impedance of infinitely small thin lambda/2 antenna (ohm) + +//Calculation +Z1 = (Z0**2)/(4*Zd) //Terminal impedance of the lambda/2 slot antenna (ohm) + +//Result +mprintf("The terminal impedance of the thin lambda/2 slot antenna is %.0f%dj ohm",real(Z1),imag(Z1)) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a284e389f --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-17.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Zd = 67 //Terminal impedance of cylindrical antenna (ohm) +Z0 = 376.7 //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) +L = 0.475 //Length of complementary slot (lambda) + +//Calculation +Z1 = Z0**2/(4*Zd) //Terminal resistance of complementary slot (ohm) +w = 2*L/100 //Width of complementary slot (lambda) + +//Result +mprintf("The terminal resistance of the complementary slot is %d ohm",Z1) +mprintf("\nThe width of the complementary slot is %.4f lambda", w) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5baf1f77b --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-17.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +Zd = 710 //Terminal impedance of cylindrical dipole +Z0 = 376.7 //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) + +//Calculation +Z1 = Z0**2/(4*Zd) //Terminal resistance of complementary slot (ohm) + +//Result +mprintf("The terminal resistance of the complementary slot is %.0f ohm",Z1) diff --git a/3773/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3773/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..081b1deab --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 7: Loop, Slot and Horn Antennas +//Example 7-20.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +delta_e = 0.2 //Path length difference in E-plane (lambda) +delta_h = 0.375 //Path length difference in H-plane (lambda) +a_e = 10 //E-plane aperture (lambda) + + +//Calculation +L = a_e**2/(8*delta_e) //Horn length(lambda) +theta_e = 2*atan(a_e,2*L)*180/%pi //Flare angle in E-plane (degrees) +theta_h = 2*acos(L/(L+delta_h))*180/%pi //Flare angle in the H-plane (degrees) +a_h = 2*L*tan(theta_h/2*%pi/180) //H-plane aperture (lambda) + +hpbw_e = 56/a_e //Half power beamwidth in E-plane (degrees) +hpbw_h = 67/a_h //Half power beamwidth in H-plane (degrees) + +D = 10*log10(7.5*a_e*a_h) //Directivity (dB) + +//Result +mprintf("The length of the pyramidal horn is %.1f lambda", L) +mprintf("\nThe flare angles in E-plane and H-plane are %.1f and %.2f degrees",theta_e,theta_h) +mprintf("\nThe H-plane aperture is %.1f lambda",a_h) +mprintf("\nThe Half power beamwidths in E-plane and H-plane are %d and %.1f degrees", hpbw_e,hpbw_h) +mprintf("\nThe directivity is %.1f dBi",D) diff --git a/3773/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3773/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7404e7d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 8: Helical Antennas +//Example 8-5.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +w = 5 //Width of flattened tubing at termination (mm) +Er = 2.7 //Relative permittivity of the sheet +Z0 = 50 //Characteristic impedance of the sheet + +//Calculation +h = w/((377/(sqrt(Er)*Z0))-2) + +//Result +mprintf("The required thickness of the polystyrene sheet is %.1f mm",h) diff --git a/3773/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3773/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e56ba6995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 8: Helical Antennas +//Example 8-5.2 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +n = 16.0 //Number of turns (unitless) +C = 1 //Circumference (lambda) +S = 0.25 //Turn Spacing (lambda) + +//Calculation +hpbw = 52/(C*sqrt(n*S)) //Half power beamwidth (degrees) +ax_rat = (2*n + 1)/(2*n) //Axial ratio (unitless) +gain = 12*(C**2)*n*S //Gain of antenna (unitless) +gain_db = 10*log10(gain) //Gain of antenna (in dBi) + +mprintf("The half power beam width is %d degrees", hpbw) +mprintf("\nThe axial ratio is %.2f",ax_rat) +mprintf("\nThe gain is %d or %.1f dBi",gain,gain_db) diff --git a/3773/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3773/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e809d417 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 8: Helical Antennas +//Example 8-5.3 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +n = 10.0 //Number of turns (unitless) +S = 0.236 //Spacing between turns (lambda) +n_a = 4.0 //Number of helical antennas in the array (unitless) + +//Calculation +D = 12*n*S //Directivity of a single antenna(unitless) +Ae = D/(4*%pi) //Effective aperture (lambda^2) + +A = sqrt(Ae) //Area of square/spacing between helixes (lambda) +Ae_total = Ae*n_a //Total effective aperture (lambda^2) +D_array = (4*%pi*Ae_total) //Directivity of the array (unitless) +D_array_db = 10*log10(D_array) //Directivity of the array (dBi) + +//Result +mprintf("The best spacing between the helixes is %.1f lambda",A) +mprintf("\nThe directivity of the array is %d or %.1f dBi",D_array,D_array_db) diff --git a/3773/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3773/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea4a96700 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 8: Helical Antennas +//Example 8-16.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +gain = 24.0 //Gain (dB) +alpha = 12.7 //Pitch angle (degrees) +c_lambda = 1.05 //Circumference (lambda) +s_lambda = 0.236 //Spacing between turns (lambda) + +//Calculation +D = 10**(gain/10) //Directivity (unitless) +L = D/(12*(c_lambda**2)) //Helix length (lambda) +n = L/s_lambda //Number of turns (unitless) +D = D/4 //Directivity for four 20-turn helixes(unitless) +Ae = D/(4*%pi) //Effective aperture of each helix (lambda^2) + +//Result +mprintf("The Axial length is %.0f lambda",L) +mprintf("\nThe number of turns for the axial length is %d",n) +mprintf("\nThe effective aperture for 20 turns is %.0f lambda square",Ae) diff --git a/3773/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3773/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4998a537 --- /dev/null +++ b/3773/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 9: Reflector Antennas +//Example 9-2.1 +clc; + +//Variable Initialization +P_transmit = 25000.0 //Power transmitted by station transmitter (W) +gain_dbi = 29.0 //Gain of array (dBi) +r = 7500e3 //Distance (m) +h = 250e3 //Height (m) +z = 377.0 //Intrinsic impedance of free space (ohm) + +//Calculation +gain = 10**(gain_dbi/10) //Gain of array (unitless) +erp = gain*P_transmit //Effective radiated power (W) +p_area = erp/(2*%pi*r*h) //Power per unit area at distance r (W/m^2) +field_str = sqrt(p_area*z) //Field strength (mV/m) + +//Result +disp(erp,"The effective radiated power in W") +mprintf("\nThe field strength at the distance r is %.3f V/m^2",field_str) diff --git a/3774/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3774/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c09f7fc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// exa 1.1 Pg 13 +clc;clear;close; +Nmax=1000;// rpm +Nmin=30;// rpm +z=9;// no. of steps + +//Rn=Nmax/Nmin=fi**(z-1) +fi=(Nmax/Nmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('The speeds of gear box are:') +N1=Nmin;// rpm +for i=1:z + printf('\n\t\t\tN%d = %.1f rpm',i,N1) + N1=fi*N1;//rpm +end; + + + + diff --git a/3774/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3774/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0355ed31b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// exa 1.2 Pg 14 +clc;clear;close; +Pmax=100;// kW +Pmin=10;// kW +z=5;// no. of models + +//Rn=Pmax/Pmin=fi**(z-1) +fi=(Pmax/Pmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('The power of generating sets are:') +P1=Pmin;// kW +for i=1:z + printf('\n\t\t\tP%d = %.1f kW',i,P1) + P1=fi*P1;//kW +end; + +printf('\nExpanding for 10 models.'); +z=10;// no. of models + +fi=(Pmax/Pmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('\nThe power of generating sets are:') +P1=Pmin;// kW +for i=1:z + printf('\n\t\t\tP%d = %.1f kW',i,P1) + P1=fi*P1;//kW +end; + + diff --git a/3774/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3774/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c82508d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// exa 1.4 Pg 15 +clc;clear;close; +Pmax=50;// kW +Pmin=5;// kW +z=4;// no. of models + +//Rn=Pmax/Pmin=fi**(z-1) +fi=(Pmax/Pmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('The models are:') + +for i=0:z-1 + P1=fi**(i)*Pmin;// kW + printf('\n\t\t\tP%d = %.1f kW',i,P1) +end; + +printf('\n for 8 models.') + +z=8;// no. of models + +//Rn=Pmax/Pmin=fi**(z-1) +fi=(Pmax/Pmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('The models are:') + +for i=0:z-1 + P1=fi**(i)*Pmin;// kW + printf('\n\t\t\tP%d = %.1f kW',i,P1) +end; diff --git a/3774/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3774/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..791a14c8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// exa 1.6 Pg 15 +clc;clear;close; +Pmax=75;// kW +Pmin=7.5;// kW +z=5;// no. of models + +//Rn=Pmax/Pmin=fi**(z-1) +fi=(Pmax/Pmin)**(1/(z-1));// common ratio + +printf('The models are:') + +for i=0:z-1 + P1=fi**(i)*Pmin;// kW + printf('\n\t\t\tP%d = %.1f kW',i,P1) +end; diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..357bcaf6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// exa 3.1 Pg 62 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=30;// kN +Sut=350;// MPa +n=2.5;// factor of safety + +sigma_w=Sut/n;// MPa (Working stress for the link) + +t=poly(0,'t');// thickness of link +A=2.5*t**2;// mm.sq. +I=t*(2.5*t)**3/12;// mm^4 (Moment of Inertia about N-A) +sigma_d=P/A;// N/mm.sq. +e=10+1.25*t;//mm +M=P*10**3*e;// N.mm +sigma_t=M*1.25*t/I;// N/mm.sq. +//maximum tensile stress at the top fibres = sigma_d+sigma_t=sigma_w ...eqn(1) +expr=sigma_d+sigma_t-sigma_w ;// expression of polynomial from above eqn. +t=roots(numer(expr));// solving the equation (as denominator will me be multiplied by zero on R.H.S) +t=t(1);// mm // discarding -ve roots +printf('dimension of cross section of link, t=%.f mm. Adopt t=21 mm. ',t) diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9d5db7fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// exa 3.10 Pg 71 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=4;// cm +M=15000;// N.cm +Syt=20000;// N/cm.sq. + +printf('\n (i) Maximum Principal Stress Theory-') +z=%pi*d**3/32;// cm.cube. +sigma_b=M/z;// N/cm.sq. +T=poly(0,'T') +tau=16*T/(%pi*d**3);// N/cm.sq. +//sigma1=(1/2)*(sigma_b+sqrt(sigma_b**2+4*tau**2)) // Maximum principal stress +//sigma1=(sigma_b/2+sqrt(sigma_b**2/4+tau**2)) // on solving +//tau=sqrt((sigma1-sigma_b/2)**2-sigma_b**2/4) +sigma1=Syt;// N/cm.sq. +T=sqrt((sigma1-sigma_b/2)**2-sigma_b**2/4)*(%pi*d**3)/16;// N.cm. +printf('\n Maximum value of torque, T = %.f N.cm.',T) + +printf('\n (ii) Maximum Shear Stress Theory') +tau_d=0.5*Syt;// N.cm. +//Te=sqrt(M**2+T**2)=(%pi/16)*d**3*tau_d +T=sqrt(((%pi/16)*d**3*tau_d)**2-M**2);// N.cm. +printf('\n Maximum value of torque, T = %.f N.cm.',T) +// Answer in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..529217bd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// exa 3.11 Pg 72 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +N=200;// rpm +P=25;// kW +tau_d=42;// MPa +W=900;// N +L=3;// m +Syt=56;// MPa +Syc=56;// MPa +sigma_d=56;// MPa + +T=P*60*10**3/(2*%pi*N);// N.m +M=W*L/4;// N.m +Te=sqrt(M**2+T**2);// N.m +// Te=(%pi/16)*d**3*tau_d +d=(Te*10**3/((%pi/16)*tau_d))**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n shaft diameter(using equivalent torque)-\n d=%.f mm.',d) + +Me=(1/2)*(M+sqrt(M**2+T**2));//N.m +// Me=(%pi/32)*d**3*sigma_d +d=(Me*10**3/((%pi/32)*sigma_d))**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n shaft diameter(using equivalent bending moment)-\n d=%.f mm.',d) +printf('\n adopt d=57 mm.') diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b94e8c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 3.12 Pg 72 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +sigma_w=60;// MPa +F=10;// kN +alfa=30;// degree + +FH=F*sind(alfa);// kN +FV=F*cosd(alfa);// kN +t=poly(0,'t');// mm +A=t*t;// mm.sq. +sigma_d=FV*10**3/A +M=FV*10**3*120+FH*10**3*150;// N.mm +I=t*(2*t)**3/12;// mm^4 +sigma_t=M*t/I;// N/mm.sq. +// Tensile stress at A=sigma_d+sigma_t=sigma_w ...eqn(1) +expr = sigma_d+sigma_t-sigma_w;// polynomial from above eqn. +t=roots(numer(expr));// roots of the polynomial +t=t(1);// mm // discarding -ve roots +printf('\n value of t = %.1f mm',t) +A=2*t**2;// mm.sq. +printf('\n Area of cross-section of Hanger, A = %.f mm.sq.',A) +// Note-Answer in the textbook is slighly wrong and cross section not calculated. diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbbecc0e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// exa 3.13 Pg 74 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=15;// kW +n1=200;// rpm +l=600;// mm +z2=18;// no. of teeth +m2=5;// mm +alfa2=14.5;// degree +l2=120;// mm +z1=72;// no. of teeth +m1=5;// mm +alfa1=14.5;// degree +l1=150;// mm +sigma_d=80;// MPa + +d1=m1*z1;// mm +v1=%pi*d1*n1/(60*10**3);// m/s +Ft1=10**3*P/v1;// N (outwards) +Fr1=Ft1*tand(alfa1);// N (Downwards) +d2=m2*z2;// mm +v2=%pi*d2*n1/(60*10**3);// m/s +Ft2=10**3*P/v2;// N (outwards) +Fr2=Ft2*tand(alfa2);// N (Upwards) + +// RAV*600=Fr1*450+Fr2*120 (Taking moments about bearing B) +RAV=(Fr1*450+Fr2*120)/600;// N (Downwards) +RBV=(Fr1-Fr2-RAV);// N (upwards) +MCV=RAV*l1;// N.mm +MBV=Fr2*l2;// N.mm + +// RAH*600=-Ft1*450+Ft2*120 (Taking moments about bearing B) +RAH=(-Ft1*450+Ft2*120)/600;// N (Outwards) +RBH=Ft1+Ft2+RAH;// N (inwards) +MCH=RAH*l1;// N.mm +MBH=Ft2*l2;// N.mm + +// Resultant Bending Moments +MC=sqrt(MCV**2+MCH**2);// N.mm +MB=sqrt(MBV**2+MBH**2);// N.mm +Mmax=max(MC,MB);// N.mm +T=10**3*P/(2*%pi*n1);// N.m +Me=(1/2)*(Mmax+sqrt(Mmax**2+T**2));// N.mm +// Me=(%pi/32)*d**3*sigma_d +d=(Me/((%pi/32)*sigma_d))**(1/3) +printf('\n shaft diameter is : %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5414dc4be --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 3.2 Pg 63 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=6;// kN +alfa=30;// degree +Sut=250;// MPa +n=2.5;// factor of safety + +sigma_w=Sut/n;// MPa (Working stress for the link) +PH=P*10**3*cosd(alfa);// kN +PV=P*10**3*sind(alfa);// kN + +t=poly(0,'t');// thickness of link +A=2*t*t;// mm.sq. +sigma_d=PH/A;// N/mm.sq. +M=PH*100+PV*250;// N.mm +I=t*(2*t)**3/12;// mm^4 (Moment of Inertia) +sigma_t=M*t/I;// N/mm.sq. +//maximum tensile stress at the top fibres = sigma_d+sigma_t=sigma_w ...eqn(1) +expr=sigma_d+sigma_t-sigma_w ;// expression of polynomial from above eqn. +t=roots(numer(expr));// solving the equation (as denominator will me be multiplied by zero on R.H.S) +t=t(1);// mm // discarding -ve roots +printf('dimension of cross section of link, t=%.f mm.',t) diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a1fcf9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// exa 3.3 Pg 64 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=20;// kN +Sut=300;// MPa +n=3;// factor of safety + +sigma_w=Sut/n;// MPa (Working stress for the link) + +t=poly(0,'t');// thickness of link +A=4*t*t;// mm.sq. +sigma_d=P*10**3/A;// N/mm.sq. +e=6*t;//mm +M=P*10**3*e;// N.mm +z=t*(4*t)**2/6;// mm^3 (section modulus at x1-x2) +sigma_b=M/z;// N/mm.sq. +//maximum tensile stress at x1 = sigma_d+sigma_b=sigma_w ...eqn(1) +expr=sigma_d+sigma_b-sigma_w ;// expression of polynomial from above eqn. +t=roots(numer(expr));// solving the equation (as denominator will me be multiplied by zero on R.H.S) +t=t(2);// mm // discarding -ve roots +printf('dimension of cross section of link, t=%.2f mm. Use 23 mm.',t) diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8f3b6496 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// exa 3.4 Pg 65 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=15;// kN +sigma_t=20;// MPa +sigma_c=60;// MPa +n=3;// factor of safety + +a=poly(0,'a');// from the diagram. +// Area of cross section +A1=2*a*a;// mm.sq. +A2=2*a*a/2;// mm.sq. +A=A1+A2;// mm.sq. + +// Location of neutral axis +//3*a**2*y_bar=2*a**2*a/2+a**2*(a+a/2) +y_bar=(2*a**2*a/2+a**2*(a+a/2))/(3*a**2);// mm + +// Moment of Inertia about neutral axis N-A +I=2*a*a**3/12+2*a**2*(y_bar-0.5*a)**2+2*((a/2)*(a**3/12)+(a**2/2)*(1.5*a-y_bar)**2);// mm^4 +yt=y_bar;//mm +yc=2*a-y_bar;// mm +e=y_bar-0.5*a;//mm +M=P*10**3*e;// N.mm +sigma_d=P*10**3/A;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_t1=M*yt/I;//N/mm.sq. +sigma_c1=M*yc/I;//N/mm.sq. +sigma_r_t=sigma_d+sigma_t1;// N/mm.sq. (sigma_r_t=resultant tensile stress at AB=sigma_d+sigma_t) +sigma_r_c=sigma_c1-sigma_d;// N/mm.sq. (sigma_r_t=resultant tensile stress at AB=sigma_d+sigma_t) + +//equating resulting tensile stress with given value sigma_t-sigma_r_t=0...eqn(1) +expr1=sigma_t-sigma_r_t;// expression of polynomial from above eqn. +a1=roots(numer(expr1));// solving the equation (as denominator will me be multiplied by zero on R.H.S) +a1=a1(2);// mm // discasrding -ve roots +printf('Equating resultant tensile stress gives, a = %.2f mm',a1) + +//equating resulting compressive stress with given value sigma_c-sigma_c_t=0...eqn(1) +expr2=sigma_c-sigma_r_c;// expression of polynomial from above eqn. +a2=roots(numer(expr2));// solving the equation (as denominator will me be multiplied by zero on R.H.S) +a2=a2(2);// mm // discarding -ve roots +printf('\n Equating resultant compressive stress gives, a = %.2f mm',a2) +a=ceil(a1);//mm +printf('\n dimension of cross section of link, a=%.2f mm. adopt a=%.f mm.',a1,a) diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a09bdbdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// exa 3.5 Pg 67 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Syt=760;// MPa +M=15;// kN.m +T=25;//kN.m +n=2.5;// factor of safety +E=200;// GPa +v=0.25;// Poisson's ratio + +sigma_d=Syt/n;// MPa +// let d is diameter of the shaft +sigma_b_into_d_cube=32*M*10**6/%pi;// N/mm.sq. (where sigma_b_into_d_cube = sigma_d*d**3) +tau_into_d_cube=16*T*10**6/%pi//d**3;// N/mm.sq. (where tau_into_d_cube = tau*d**3) +sigma1_into_d_cube=sigma_b_into_d_cube/2+1/2*sqrt(sigma_b_into_d_cube**2+4*tau_into_d_cube**2) ; // (where sigma1_into_d_cube=sigma1*d**3) +sigma2_into_d_cube=sigma_b_into_d_cube/2-1/2*sqrt(sigma_b_into_d_cube**2+4*tau_into_d_cube**2); // (where sigma2_into_d_cube=sigma2*d**3) +printf('\n (i) Maximum shear stress theory') +tau_max_into_d_cube=(sigma1_into_d_cube-sigma2_into_d_cube)/2; //(where tau_max_into_d_cube = tau_max*d**3) +d=(tau_max_into_d_cube/(sigma_d/2))**(1/3);//mm +printf('diameter of shaft, d=%.1f mm or %.f mm',d,ceil(d)) + +printf('\n (ii) Maximum strain energy theory') +//sigma1**2+sigma2**2-2*v*sigma1*sigma2=sigma_d**2 +d=((sigma1_into_d_cube**2+sigma2_into_d_cube**2-2*v*sigma1_into_d_cube*sigma2_into_d_cube)/sigma_d**2)**(1/6) +printf('diameter of shaft, d=%.1f mm',d) +printf('\n Adopt d=100mm') diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc7afb40c --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 3.6 Pg 69 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +N=200;// rpm +P=200;// kW +tau_d=42;// Mpa +W=900;// N +L=3;// m +sigma_t=56;// MPa +sigma_c=56;// MPa + +T=P*60*10**3/(2*%pi*N);// N.m +M=W*L/4;// N.m +Te=sqrt(M**2+T**2);// N.m +//Te=(%pi/16)*d**3*tau_d +d=(Te/((%pi/16)*tau_d)*1000)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n Using equivalent torque equation,\n shaft diameter d = %.f mm',d) + +Me=(1/2)*(M+sqrt(M**2+T**2));// N.m +//Me=(%pi/32)*d**3*sigma_d +d=(Me/((%pi/32)*sigma_c)*10**3)**(1/3);//mm +printf('\n Using equivalent bending moment equation,\n shaft diameter d = %.2f mm or %.f mm',d, ceil(d)) +printf('\n Adopt d=105 mm.') diff --git a/3774/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3774/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1003c0c77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// exa 3.8 Pg 70 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +M=15;// N.m +P=5;// kW +N=500;// rpm +tau_d=40;// Mpa +sigma_d=58;// MPa + +T=P*60*10**3/(2*%pi*N);// N.m +Te=sqrt(M**2+T**2);// N.m +//Te=(%pi/16)*d**3*tau_d +d=(Te/((%pi/16)*tau_d)*1000)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n Using equivalent torque equation,\n shaft diameter d = %.f mm',d) + +Me=(1/2)*(M+sqrt(M**2+T**2));// N.m +//Me=(%pi/32)*d**3*sigma_d +d=(Me/((%pi/32)*sigma_d)*10**3)**(1/3);//mm +printf('\n Using equivalent bending moment equation,\n shaft diameter d = %.2f mm or %.f mm',d, ceil(d)) +printf('\n Adopt d=23 mm.') diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e68f24ff1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// exa 4.1 Pg 102 +clc;clear;close; +P=6;// kN + +//dimensions of plate +r=5;//mm +d=40;//mm +D=50;//mm +d0=10;//mm +w=40;//mm +Sut=200;//MPa +n=2.5;// factor of safety + +//Fillet - +rBYd=r/d; +DBYd=D/d; +Kt=1.75;// factor +printf('for stepped plate under tension, Kt=%.2f for r/d = %.3f & D/d = %.2f ',Kt,rBYd,DBYd) +t=poly(0,'t') +sigma_max = Kt*P/t;// N per mm sq. + +// Hole - +d0BYw=d0/w; +Kt=2.42;// factor +printf('\n for finite width plate under tension with a hole, Kt=%.2f for d0/w = %.2f',Kt,d0BYw) +sigma_max_into_t = Kt*P/(w-d0);//N/mm sq. + +//Design stress +sigma_d = Sut/n;// MPa +//putting sigma_max=sigma_d +t=sigma_max_into_t/sigma_d*1000;// mm +printf('\n Thickness of plate = %.2f mm or %.f mm',t,t) + + diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5f0fb62d --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// exa 4.10 Pg 116 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=600;//MPa +Se=280;//MPa +sigma_x_min=50;// MPa +sigma_x_max=100;// MPa +sigma_y_min=20;// MPa +sigma_y_max=70;// MPa + +sigma_xm=(sigma_x_max+sigma_x_min)/2;// MPa +sigma_xa=(sigma_x_max-sigma_x_min)/2;// MPa +sigma_ym=(sigma_y_max+sigma_y_min)/2;// MPa +sigma_ya=(sigma_y_max-sigma_y_min)/2;// MPa + +// distortion energy theory - +sigma_m=sqrt(sigma_xm**2+sigma_ym**2-sigma_xm*sigma_ym);// MPa +sigma_a=sqrt(sigma_xa**2+sigma_ya**2-sigma_xa*sigma_ya);// MPa +theta=atand(sigma_a/sigma_m);// degree +// Sm/Sut+Sa/Se=1 where Sa=Sm*tan(theta) +Sm=1/(1/Sut+tand(theta)/Se);// MPa +Sa=tand(theta)*Sm;// MPa +n=Sa/sigma_a;// factor of safety + +printf('\n factor of safety, n = %.2f',n) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7319081d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// exa 4.11 Pg 117 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=600;//MPa +Syt=400;//MPa +Se=200;//MPa +Mmin=200;// N.m +Mmax=500;// N.m +Tmin=60;// N.m +Tmax=180;// N.m +n=2;// factor of safety + +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.mm +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.mm +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.mm +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.mm +// sigma_xm=32*Mm/%pi/d**3 +sigma_xm_into_d_cube=(32*Mm*1000)/%pi; +// sigma_xa=32*Ma/%pi/d**3 +sigma_xa_into_d_cube=(32*Ma*1000)/%pi; +//Txym=16*Tm/%pi/d**3 +Txym_into_d_cube=16*Tm*1000/%pi; +//Txya=16*Ta/%pi/d**3 +Txya_into_d_cube=16*Ta*1000/%pi; +// sigma_m=sqrt(sigma_xm**2+3*Txym**2) +sigma_m_dash=sqrt(sigma_xm_into_d_cube**2+3*Txym_into_d_cube**2);// taken sigma_m_dash = sigma_m*d**(-3) for calculation +// sigma_a=sqrt(sigma_xa**2+3*Txya**2) +sigma_a_dash=sqrt(sigma_xa_into_d_cube**2+3*Txya_into_d_cube**2);// taken sigma_a_dash = sigma_a*d**(-3) for calculation +//tan(theta) = sigma_a/sigma_m +theta = atan(sigma_a_dash/sigma_m_dash);// radian +//Sm/Sut+Sa/Se= 1 where Sa/Sm=0.4348 +Sm= 1/(1/Sut+0.4348/Se);// MPa +Sa=0.4348 * Sm;// MPa +//sigma_a=Sa/n +d=(Sa/n/sigma_a_dash)**(1/3)*1000;// mm +printf('\n diameter of shaft, d = %.2f mm',d) +// Note - Ans in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9075270f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// exa 4.12 Pg 119 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=620;//MPa +Syt=380;//MPa +R=90/100;// Reliability +n=2.5;// factor of safety +Tmin=-200;// N.m +Tmax=400;// N.m + +Se_dash=0.5*Sut;//MPa +// for ground shaft +ka=0.92;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=0.897;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=0.577;// load factor +Ses=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*Se_dash;// MPa( Endurance limit) +Sys=ke*Syt;// MPa +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.mm +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.mm +theta=atan(Ta/Tm);//radian +Sas=Ses;// MPa +Sms=Sas/3;// MPa +//Tda=Sas/n=16*Ta/%pi/d**3 +d=(16*Ta*1000/%pi/(Sas/n))**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n diameter of shaft, d = %.2f mm or %d mm',d, ceil(d)) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b811333b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// exa 4.14 Pg 121 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +sigma_max=300;// MPa +sigma_min=-150;// MPa +n=1.5;// factor of safety + + +sigma_m=(sigma_max+sigma_min)/2;// MPa +sigma_a=(sigma_max-sigma_min)/2;// MPa +// Goodman failure line - sigma_m/Sut+sigma_a/Se=1/n +Sut=(sigma_m+sigma_a/(0.5))*n ;// putted Se=0.5*Sut +printf('\n Minimum required ultimate strength, Sut = %.1f MPa',Sut) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0b425113 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// exa 4.16 Pg 122 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Pmin=-15;// kN +Pmax=25;// kN +Se_dash=360;// MPa +Sy=400;// MPa +Ki=1.25;// impact factor +n=2.25;// factor of safety +ka=0.88;// surface finish factor +Kt=2.25;// stress concentration factor +Pm=(Pmax+Pmin)/2;// kN +Pa=(Pmax-Pmin)/2;// kN +q=0.8;// sensitivity factor + +// sigma_m=4*Pm/%pi/d**2 +sigma_m_into_d_sq = 4*Pm*1000/%pi; +sigma_a_into_d_sq = 4*Pa*1000/%pi; +Kf=1+q*(Kt-1);// fatigue strength factor +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +kb=0.85;// size factor +ke=0.9;//load factor +ki=1/Ki;// reverse impact factor +Se=ka*kb*ke*kf*ki*Se_dash;// MPa +//soderburg failure equation - sigma_m/Sy+sigma_a/Se=1/n +d=sqrt((sigma_m_into_d_sq/Sy+sigma_a_into_d_sq/Se)*n) +printf('\n Size of piston rod, d = %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c87c3fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 4.18 Pg 123 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Pmin=-300;// kN +Pmax=700;// kN +Se_dash=280;// MPa +Sy=350;// MPa +Kf=1.8;//fatigue strength factor +n=2;// factor of safety + +Pm=(Pmax+Pmin)/2;// kN +Pa=(Pmax-Pmin)/2;// kN +// sigma_m=4*Pm/%pi/d**2 +sigma_m_into_d_sq = 4*Pm*1000/%pi; +sigma_a_into_d_sq = 4*Pa*1000/%pi; +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +kb=0.85;// size factor +ke=0.9;//load factor +ka=0.93;// surface finish factor +Se=ka*kb*ke*kf*Se_dash;// MPa +//Goodman failure equation - sigma_m/Sy+sigma_a/Se=1/n +d=sqrt((sigma_m_into_d_sq/Sy+sigma_a_into_d_sq/Se)*2.25) +printf('\n Suitable diameter of rod, d = %.f mm',d) +// Note - Ans in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dcbcc259 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// exa 4.19 Pg 124 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +w=110;// mm +Pmin=98.1;// kN +Pmax=250;// kN +Se=225;// N/mm.sq +Sy=300;// N/mm.sq +n=1.5;// factor of safety + +Pm=(Pmax+Pmin)/2;// kN +Pa=(Pmax-Pmin)/2;// kN +// sigma_m=Pm/w/t +sigma_m_into_t = Pm/w; +sigma_a_into_t = Pa/w; +//Soderburg failure equation - sigma_m/Sy+sigma_a/Se=1/n +d=(sigma_m_into_t/Sy+sigma_a_into_t/Se)*n*1000;// mm +printf('\n thickness of plate, t = %.1f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0660587a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// exa 4.2 Pg 104 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +rBYd=0.1; +DBYd=1.2; +P=3;// kN +Syt=300;//MPa +n=3;// factor of safety +//dimensions of plate +l1=400;//mm +l2=300;//mm +l3=400;//mm + + +sigma_d=Syt/n;// MPa +Kt=1.65;// factor for circular fillet radius member +Rp=P/2;//kN (bearing reaction due to symmetry) +Mf=Rp*l1;// kN.mm (bending moment at fillet) +Mc=P*(l1+l2+l3)/4;// kN.mm (bending moment at centre) + +//Fillet +//sigma_max=Kt*32*Mf/(%pi*d**3) +sigma_max_into_d_cube_1 = Kt*32*Mf*1000/%pi + + +//Centre +//sigma_max=32*Mc/(%pi*d**3) +sigma_max_into_d_cube_2 = Kt*32*Mf*1000/%pi +sigma_max_into_d_cube=max(sigma_max_into_d_cube_1,sigma_max_into_d_cube_2);// (getting max) + +//putting sigma_max=sigma_d +t=(sigma_max_into_d_cube/sigma_d)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n Diameter of axle = %.1f mm',t) + + diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacd208e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// exa 4.20 Pg 124 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Mmin=200;// kN.mm +Mmax=600;// kN.mm +Tmin=60;// kN +Tmax=180;// kN +Su=550;// MPa +Sy=400;// MPa +Se=0.5*Su;// MPa +n=1.5;// factor of safety +Ktb=1.5;// stress concentration factor in blending +Kts=1.2;// stress concentration factor in torsion + +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// kN.mm +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// kN.mm + +//sigma_xm=32*Mm/%pi/d**3 +sigma_xm_into_d_cube=32*Mm/%pi; +//sigma_xa=32*Ma/%pi/d**3 +sigma_xa_into_d_cube=32*Ma/%pi; +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// kN.mm +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// kN.mm +Txym_into_d_cube=16*Tm/%pi; +Txya_into_d_cube=16*Ta/%pi; +// using distortion energy theory +// sigma_m=sqrt(sigma_xm**2+3*Txym**2) +sigma_m_into_d_cube=sqrt(sigma_xm_into_d_cube**2+3*Txym_into_d_cube**2); +// sigma_a=sqrt((Ktb*sigma_xa)**2+3*(Kts*Txym)**2) +sigma_a_into_d_cube=sqrt((Ktb*sigma_xa_into_d_cube)**2+3*(Kts*Txya_into_d_cube)**2); +// Sodeburg equation - sigma_m + (Su/Se)*sigma_a=Sy/n +d=((sigma_m_into_d_cube + (Su/Se)*sigma_a_into_d_cube)*1000/(Sy/n))**(1/3) +printf('\n shaft size, d = %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcf97e794 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// exa 4.21 Pg 126 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +// Hole - +d=25;//mm +w=150;//mm +Kt=2.56;// stress concentration factor +P=50;// kN +sigma_max=100;// N/mm.sq +t=Kt*P*1000/(w-d)/sigma_max;// mm +printf('Calculating for hole - \n thickness is : %.2f mm',t) + +// Notch - +d=30;//mm +w=120;//mm +w=150;//mm +Kt=2.3;// stress concentration factor +P=50;// kN +sigma_max=100;// N/mm.sq +t=Kt*P*1000/(w-d)/sigma_max;// mm +printf('\n Calculating for notch - \n thickness is : %.2f mm',t) +disp('Suggestion, Adopt t = 11 mm') diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ebd65026 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 4.3 Pg 105 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=440;//MPa +d=25;//mm +R=95/100;// reliability +Kt=1.8;// stress concentration factor +q=0.86;// sensitivity factor + +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa + +// for machined surface +ka=0.82;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor +kc=0.868;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=0.577;// load factor + +Kf=1+q*(Kt-1);// fatigue strength factor +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se_dash;// (MPa) Endurance limit +printf('\n Endurance limit = %.2f MPa',Se) + + diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26b769886 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// exa 4.4 Pg 105 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=440;//MPa +w=60;//mm +d=12;// mm +P=20;// kN +q=0.8;// sensitivity factor +R=90/100;// reliability +n=2;// factor of safety + +Kt=2.52;// stress concentration factor +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +// for hot rollednormalized condition +ka=0.67;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=0.897;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=0.9;// load factor +dBYw=d/w; //(for circular hole) + +Kf=1+q*(Kt-1);// fatigue strength factor +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se_dash;// (MPa) Endurance limit +sigma_d=Se/n;// MPa (design stress) +// sigma_max=P/(w-d)/t +sigma_max_into_t = P*1000/(w-d); +// putting sigma_max=sigma_d +t=sigma_max_into_t/sigma_d;// mm +printf('\n Thickness of plate = %.2f mm or 20 mm',t) + + diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91dfd1de8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// exa 4.5 Pg 107 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=650;//MPa +N=10**5;// cycles +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +of=5;// unit +ob=6;//unit +bf=ob-of;// unit +be=3;//unit + +// calculating endurance section wise +OE=log10(Se_dash); +OA=log10(0.9*Sut); +AE=OA-OE; +//log10_Sf=OD=OE+ED=OE+FC +log10_Sf=OE+(bf/be)*AE; +Sf=10**log10_Sf; // (MPa) Endurance +printf('\n Endurance of specimen = %.2f MPa',Sf) + + diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44b67139b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// exa 4.6 Pg 108 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=540;//MPa +N=10**4;// cycles +q=0.85;// sensitivity factor +R=90/100;// reliability +P=1500;// N +l=160;// mm + +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +// for cold drawn steel +ka=0.79;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=0.897;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=1;// load factor + +Kt=1.33;// under bending + +Kf=1+q*(Kt-1);// fatigue strength factor +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se_dash;// MPa( Endurance limit) + +of=4;// unit +ob=6;//unit +bf=ob-of;// unit +be=3;//unit + +// calculating endurance section wise +OE=log10(Se); +OA=log10(0.9*Sut); +AE=OA-OE; +//log10_Sf=OD=OE+ED=OE+FC +log10_Sf=OE+(bf/be)*AE; +Sf=10**log10_Sf; // (MPa) Endurance + +MB=P*l;// N.mm +// 32*MB/%pi/d**3 = Sf +d=(32*MB/%pi/Sf)**(1/3) +printf('\n diameter of beam %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03ead01d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// exa 4.7 Pg 110 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=600;//MPa +Syt=380;//MPa +q=0.9;// sensitivity factor +R=90/100;// reliability +n=2;// factor of safety +Pmin=-100;// N +Pmax=200;// N +l=150;// mm + +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +// for cold drawn steel +ka=0.76;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=0.897;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=1;// load factor + +Kt=1.4;// under bending + +Kf=1+q*(Kt-1);// fatigue strength factor +kf=1/Kf ;// fatigue strength reduction factor +Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se_dash;// MPa( Endurance limit) +Mmax=Pmax*l;// N.mm +Mmin=Pmin*l;// N.mm +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.mm +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.mm +theta=atand(Ma/Mm);// degree + +//equation of Goodman - sigma_m/Sut+sigma_a/Se=1 +//here sigma_a/sigma_m=3 +sigma_m=1/(1/Sut+3/Se);//MPa +sigma_a=3*sigma_m;// MPa + +sigma_da=sigma_a/n;// MPa +//sigma_da=32*Ma/%pi/d**3 +d=(32*Ma/%pi/sigma_da)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n diameter d at fillet cross section = %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b587914e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// exa 4.8 Pg 112 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=500;//MPa +Syt=300;//MPa +R=90/100;// reliability +n=2;// factor of safety +Tmin=-200;// N.m +Tmax=500;// N.m + +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +// for cold drawn steel +ka=0.80;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=0.897;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=0.577;// load factor + +Ses=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*Se_dash;// MPa( Endurance limit) +Sys=ke*Syt;// MPa +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.m +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.m +theta=atand(Ta/Tm);// degree +Sms=Ses/tand(theta);//MPa +Sas=Ses;//MPa +tau_da=Sas/n;//MPa +//tua_da=16*Ta/%pi/d**3 +d=(16*Ta*1000/%pi/tau_da)**(1/3);//mm +printf('\n diameter of shaft = %.f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3774/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2640f651 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// exa 4.9 Pg 113 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=860;//MPa +Syt=690;//MPa +Pmin=60;// N +Pmax=120;// N +R=50/100;// reliability +l=500;//mm +d=10;//mm +Se_dash = 0.5*Sut;// MPa +// for machines surface +ka=0.70;// surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor (assuming t<50 mm) +kc=1;// reliability factor +kd=1;// temperature factor +ke=1;// load factor + +Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*Se_dash;// MPa( Endurance limit) +Mmax=Pmax*l;// N.mm +Mmin=Pmin*l;// N.mm +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.mm +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.mm +Sm=32*Mm/%pi/d**3;//MPa +sigma_m=Sm;//MPa +Sa=32*Ma/%pi/d**3;//MPa +sigma_a=Sa;//MPa +Sf=Sa*Sut/(Sut-Sm);//MPa + +//calculating section +OB=6;//unit ref. o at 3 +BE=OB-3;//unit +OC=Sf;// MPa +AE=log10(0.9*Sut)-log10(Se);//MPa +AC=log10(0.9*Sut)-log10(Sf);//MPa +CD=BE*AC/AE;// +//log10(N)=3+CD +N=10**(3+CD);// cycle +printf('\n life of the spring, N = %.f cycles',N) +//Note : answer in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6132697b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +// exa 5.1 Pg 142 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +ps=2.5;// MPa +D=1.5;//m +sigma_t=80;// MPa +tau=60;// MPa +sigma_c=120;// MPa +n=5;// no. of rivets + +printf('DESIGNING LONGITUDINAL JOINT - \n') +printf('\n Plate Thickness') +eta_l=80;// % (efficiency) +t = ps*D*1000/2/sigma_t/(eta_l/100)+1;// mm +printf(', t = %.2f mm',t) +t=32;//mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n use t = %d mm',t) +printf('\n Diameter of rivet hole, do = ') +d0=6*sqrt(t);//mm (for t>8 mm) +printf('%.2f mm',d0) +d0=34.5;// suggested for design +printf('\n Use do = %.f mm',d0) +printf('\n Diameter of rivet, d = ') +d=d0-1.5;//mm +printf('%.2f mm',d) +printf('\n Pitch of rivets, p = ') +Ps=(4*1.875+1)*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N +// Putting Pt=Ps where Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// N +Pt=Ps;//N +p=Pt/(t*sigma_t)+d0;// N +printf('%.1f mm',p) +C=6;// for 5 no. of rivets +pmax=C*t+40;// mm (as per IBR) +printf('\n as per IBR-\n pitch, pmax = %.f mm',pmax) +p=220;// mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n Use p = %.f mm',p) +pi=p/2;// mm +printf('\n pitch of rivets in inner row, pi = %.f mm',pi) + +//Distance between rows of rivets +dis1=0.2*p+1.115*d0;// mm +printf('\n distance between outer and adjacent row = %.1f mm',dis1) +dis1=85;//mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n take & use this distance = %.f mm', dis1) +dis2=0.165*p+0.67*d0;// mm +printf('\n distance between inner row for zig-zag riveting = %.1f mm', dis2) +dis2=60;//mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n take & use this distance = %.f mm', dis2) +printf('\n Thickness of wide butt strap, t= ') +t1=0.75*t;// mm (wide butt strap) +printf(' %.f mm',t1) +t2=0.625*t;// mm (narrow butt strap) +printf('\n Thickness of narrow butt strap, t= %.f mm',t2) +//margin +m=ceil(1.5*d0);// mm +printf('\n margin, m = %.f mm',m) +// Efficiency of joint +Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// N +Ps=Ps;// N (shearing resistance of rivets) +Pc=n*d0*t*sigma_c;// N (crushing resistance of rivets) +sigma_com = (p-2*d0)*t*sigma_t+%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N +printf('\n strength of the joint = %d N',sigma_com) +P=p*t*sigma_t;//N (strength of solid plate) +printf('\n strength of solid plate = %d N',P) +eta_l=sigma_com/P*100;// % (efficiency) +printf('\n Efficiency of joint, eta_l = %.1f %%',eta_l) + +printf('\n\n DESIGNING CIRCUMFERENTIAL JOINT- \n') +t=32;// mm +d0=34.5;//mm +d=33;//mm +printf('\n Plate Thickness') +printf(', t = %.2f mm',t) +printf('\n Diameter of rivet hole, do = ') +printf('%.2f mm',d0) +printf('\n Diameter of rivet, d = ') +printf('%.2f mm',d) +n=(D*1000/d0)**2*(ps/tau);// no. of rivets +printf('\n no. of rivets = %.1f',n) +n=80;// adopted for design +printf('\n take n = %d',n) +// Pitch of rivets +n1=n/2;// no. of rivets per row +pc=%pi*(D*1000+t)/n1;// mm (pitch of rivets) +printf('\n pitch of rivets, pc = %.2f mm\n use pc = %.f mm',pc,pc) +eta_c=(pc-d0)/pc*100;// % (efficiency of joint) +printf('\n Efficiency of joint, eta_c = %.2f %%',eta_c) +dis=0.33*pc+0.67*d0;// mm (distance between rows of rivets) +printf('\n for zig-zag riveting, distance between rows of rivets = %.1f mm. use 65 mm', dis) +m=1.5*d0;// mm (Margin) +printf('\n margin, m = %.f mm',m) diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98e59d846 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// exa 5.2 Pg 147 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +w=400;//mm +t=20;//mm +sigma_t=90;// MPa +tau=60;// MPa +sigma_c=140;// MPa + +printf('\n Diameter of rivet, do = ') +d0=6*sqrt(t);//mm (for t>8 mm) +printf('%.2f mm',d0) +d0=29;//mm (standard) +printf('\n Standard diameter of rivet hole, do = %.f mm & corresponding diameter of rivet = 27 mm',d0) +Pt=(w-d0)*t*sigma_t;//N max. tearing strength of plate +Ps=1.75*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N (shearing strength of one rivet) +n1=Pt/Ps;// no. of rivets +n=ceil(n1); +printf('\n no. of rivets, n = %.3f. Use n = %.f ',n1,n) +t1=0.75*t;// mm +t2=t1;// mm +printf('\n thickness of inner butt strap, t1 = %.f mm', t1) +printf('\n thickness of outer butt strap, t2 = %.f mm', t2) +// section 1-1 +P1=(w-d0)*t*sigma_t;//N +// section 2-2 +P2=(w-2*d0)*t*sigma_t+1.75*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;//N +// section 3-3 +P3=(w-3*d0)*t*sigma_t+1.75*3*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;//N +// section 4-4 +P4=(w-4*d0)*t*sigma_t+1.75*6*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;//N +Ps=10*Ps;// N (shearing stress of all rivets) +Pc=10*d0*t*sigma_c;// N (shearing stress of all rivets) +Pj=P1;// N (strength f joint) +P = w*t*sigma_t;// N (strength of solid plate) +eta=P1/P*100; // % (efficiency of joint) +printf('\n efficiency of joint = %.2f %%', eta) +p1=3*d0+5;// mm (pitch of rivets) +p=100;//mm (adopt for design) +printf('\n pitch of rivets = %.f mm. Use %.f mm',p1,p) +m1=1.5*d0;// mm (margin) +m=50;//mm +w=3*p+2*m;// mm +printf('\n margin,\n m = %.1f mm. Use %.f mm', m1,m) +printf('\n w = %.f mm',w) +dis=2.5*d0;// mm +printf('\n distance between rows = %.1f mm. Use 75 mm',dis) diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f93343890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 5.3 Pg 150 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +n=6;// no. of rivets +P=54;// kN +e=200;//mm +a=50;//mm (from fig.5.13(a)) +b=100;//mm (from fig.5.13(a)) +tau=120;// MPa + +Pd=P/n*1000;// N (direct shear load in rivet) +C=P*e;// kN.mm (Couple) +//l1=l3=l4=l6 +l1=sqrt(a**2+b**2);// mm +l3=l1;l4=l1;l6=l1//mm +l2=a;l5=a;//mm +// F1/l1*(4*l1**2+2*l2**2)=C +F1=C*1000/(4*l1**2+2*l2**2)*l1;// N +theta1=acos(a/l1);// radian +R1=sqrt(Pd**2+F1**2+2*Pd*F1*cos(theta1));// N (resultant force in rivet 1) +//R1=%pi/4*d0**2*tau +d0=sqrt(R1/(%pi/4*tau));// mm +printf('\n diameter of rivets = %.2f mm. Use d0 = 17.5 mm & d=16 mm for design.',d0) + diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..194be35a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +// exa 5.4 Pg 151 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +D=0.75;//m +ps=1.55;// N/mm.sq +eta_l=0.75;// efficiency +sigma_t=90;// MPa +sigma_c=140;// MPa +tau=56;// MPa +n=2;// no. of rivets + +printf('DESIGNING LONGITUDINAL JOINT - \n') +printf('\n Plate Thickness') +t = ps*D*1000/2/sigma_t/eta_l+1;// mm +printf(', t = %.2f mm',t) +t=ceil(t);//mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n use t = %d mm',t) + +printf('\n Diameter of rivet hole, do = ') +d0=6*sqrt(t);//mm (for t>8 mm) +printf('%.2f mm',d0) +d0=19.5;// suggested for design +printf('\n Use do = %.1f mm',d0) +printf('\n Diameter of rivet, d = ') +d=d0-1.5;//mm +printf('%.2f mm',d) + +printf('\n Pitch of rivets, p = ') +Ps=(2*1.875)*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N +// Putting Pt=Ps where Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// N +Pt=Ps;//N +p=Pt/(t*sigma_t)+d0;// N +printf('%.2f mm',p) +C=3.5;// for 2 no. of rivets +pmax=C*t+40;// mm (as per IBR) +printf('\n as per IBR-\n pitch, pmax = %.f mm',pmax) +p=75;// mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n Use p = %.f mm',p) + +//Distance between rows of rivets +dis=0.33*p+0.67*d0;// mm +printf('\n distance between rows of rivets = %.1f mm',dis) +dis=40;//mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n take & use this distance = %.f mm', dis) + +printf('\n Thickness of butt strap, t= ') +t1=0.625*t;// mm +printf(' %.2f mm',t1) +t1=7;// mm (adopted for design) +printf('\n Use thickness = %.f mm',t1) + +//margin +m=ceil(1.5*d0);// mm +printf('\n margin, m = %.f mm',m) + +// Efficiency of joint +Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// N +Ps=Ps;// N (shearing resistance of rivets) +Pc=n*d0*t*sigma_c;// N (crushing resistance of rivets) +sigma_com = (p-2*d0)*t*sigma_t+%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N +printf('\n strength of the joint = %d N',Pt) +P=p*t*sigma_t;//N (strength of solid plate) +printf('\n strength of solid plate = %d N',P) +eta_l=Pt/P*100;// % (efficiency) +printf('\n Efficiency of joint, eta_l = %.2f %% = 75 %% as given',eta_l) + diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98707b70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// exa 5.6 Pg 153 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +n=5;// no. of rivets +P=45;// kN +alfa=30;// degree +tau=120;// MPa + + +Pd=P/n*1000;// N (direct shear load in rivet) +// C.G. of rivet group +// values below are collected direct from figure +x_bar=(3*200)/5;// mm +y_bar=(1*50+1*150+1*100+1*200)/5;// mm +ex=300+x_bar+y_bar;//mm +ey=100;//mm +l1=sqrt(x_bar**2+(y_bar/2)**2);// mm +l2=l1;//mm +l3=sqrt(100**2+80**2);// mm +l4=80;//mm +l5=l3;//mm + +//2*F1*l1+2*F3*l3+F4*l4=P*cos(alfa)*ex+P*sin(alfa)*ey +F1=(P*1000*cosd(alfa)*ex+P*1000*sind(alfa)*ey)/(2*l1**2+2*l3**2+l4**2)*l1;//N +// rivet 1 is nearest +Beta = atand(x_bar/(y_bar/2));// degree +theta1=Beta-(90-alfa);// degree +R1=sqrt(Pd**2+F1**2+2*Pd*F1*cosd(theta1));// N (resultant force in rivet 1) +//R1=%pi/4*d0**2*tau +d0=sqrt(R1/(%pi/4*tau));// mm +printf('\n diameter of rivets = %.2f mm. Use d0 = 21.5 mm & d=20 mm for design.',d0) +// Note - Ans in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd53849db --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// exa 5.7 Pg 155 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +t=6;//mm +sigma_t=220;// MPa +tau=100;// MPa +sigma_c=150;// MPa +n=2;// no. of rivets / pitch length +//Ps=n*%pi/4**d0**2*tau;// shearing strength of rivets +//Pc=2*d0*t*sigma_c;// Crushing strength of rivets +d0=2*t*sigma_c/(n*%pi/4*tau);// mm (equating Ps=Pc) +printf('Diameter of rivets, d0 = %.2f mm. Take d0=13.5 mm & d=12 mm',d0) +d0=13.5;//mm +d=12;//mm +//Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// tearing strength +// equating Pt=Ps +//p= n*%pi/4**d0**2*tau/(t*sigma_t)+d0;//mm +p= n*%pi/4*d0**2*tau/(t*sigma_t)+d0 +printf('\n Distance between rows of rivet = %.1f mm = %.f mm',p,p) +p=floor(p);//mm +pb=0.6*p;//mm (back pitch) +printf('\n back pitch = %.f mm',pb) +Pt=(p-d0)*t*sigma_t;// N (tearing strength) +printf('\n tearing strength = %.f N',Pt) +Ps=n*%pi/4*d0**2*tau;// N ( shearing strength) +printf('\n shearing strength = %.f N',Ps) +Pc=2*d0*t*sigma_c;//N (Crushing strength of rivets) +printf('\n crushing strength = %.f N',Pc) +joint_strength = Pc;// N +printf('\n joint strength = %.f N',joint_strength) +P=p*t*sigma_t;//N (strength of solid plate) +printf('\n strength of solid plate = %.f N',P) +eta = joint_strength/P*100;// % (efficiency) +printf('\n efficiency of joint = %.1f %%', eta) diff --git a/3774/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3774/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0e5d4ded --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// exa 5.8 Pg 156 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=20;// kN +e=80;//mm +tau=150;// MPa + + +Pd=P/4;// kN +C=P*e;// kN.mm (Couple) +// As C.G. lies at 45mm from top rivet +l1=45;l4=45;//mm +l2=15;l3=15;//mm +//(F1/l1)*(2*l1*l4+2*l2*l3) = C +F1= C*1000/(2*l1*l4+2*l2*l3)*l1;//N +R1=sqrt(Pd**2+F1**2);// N +//R1=%pi/4*d0**2*tau +d0=sqrt(R1/(%pi/4*tau));//mm +printf('Diameter of rivets - \n d0 = %.3f mm',d0) +printf('\n Use d0 = 13.5 mm & d = 12 mm') diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da42a0ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// exa 6.1 Pg 168 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=650;// MPa +Syt=380;// MPa +F1BYF2 = 2.5;// ratio of tensions +Fmax=2.5;// kN +da=200;// mm +db=400;// mm +L=1*1000;//mm +Km=1.5;// fatigue factor +Kt=1;// shock factor + + +tau_d1=0.30*Syt;// MPa +tau_d2=0.18*Sut;// MPa +tau_d=min(tau_d1, tau_d2);// MPa (taking minimum value) +tau_d=0.75*tau_d;//MPa (Accounting keyway effect) + +// Pulley A +F1=2500;// N +F2=1000;// N +T=(F1-F2)*da/2;// N.mm +Fa=F1+F2;// N (resultant pull Downwards) + +// Pulley B +// F3 & F4 are tension in belt (assumed) +//T=(F3-F4)*db/2 +SUB_F3F4 = 2*T/db;// N (where SUB_F3F4 = F3-F4) --eqn(1) +F3BYF4=F1BYF2;// ratio of tensions --eqn(2) +F4 = SUB_F3F4/(F3BYF4-1);// N (using above 2 equations) +F3=F3BYF4*F4;// N +Fb=F3+F4;// N (resultant pull right side( -->)) + +// BENDING MOMENTS - +Mav=Fa*L/4;// N.mm (vertical force) +Mc=Fb*da;// N.mm +Mah=Mc/2;// N.mm (vertical force) +M = sqrt(Mav**2+Mah**2);// N.mm (resultant bending moment at A) +d=((16/%pi/tau_d)*sqrt((Km*M)**2+(Kt*T)**2))**(1/3);// mm + +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm. Use diameter = 45 mm.',d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11dcf709e --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// exa 6.2 Pg 170 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Tmax=400;// N.m +Tmin=140;// N.m +Mmax=500;// N.m +Mmin=250;// N.m +Sut=540;// MPa +Syt=400;// MPa +n=2;// factor of safety +Kf=1.25;// given + +Se_dash=0.4*Sut;// Mpa +Se=Se_dash/Kf;//MPa +Sys=0.577*Syt;// MPa +Ses=0.577*Se;// MPa +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.m +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.m +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.m +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.m +// Max. Distortion energy theory - Syt/n = 32/%pi/d**3*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se)**2)+0.75*(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2) +d = (32/%pi*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se))**2+0.75*(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2)*1000/(Syt/n))**(1/3) ; // mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm. Use %.f mm.',d,d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1144db636 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// exa 6.3 Pg 171 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=5;// kW +N=1000;// rpm +Syt=300;// N/mm.sq. +n=2;// factor of safety +v=0.25;// Poisson's ratio + +//P=2*%pi*N*T/(60*1000) +T=P/(2*%pi*N/(60*1000));// N.m +//tau = 16*T/%pi/d**3 // shear stress & sigma1 = tau;sigma2=0;sigma3=-tau +// max. shear strain energy theory, sigma1**2+sigma3**2+(sigma3-sigma1)**2=2*(Syt/n)**2 +d=(16*T*1000/%pi/sqrt(2/6*(Syt/n)**2))**(1/3);// mm (putting values of tau) +printf('shaft diameter = %.1f mm. Use %.f mm.',d,ceil(d)) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13143d328 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// exa 6.4 Pg 171 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Sut=700;// MPa +Syt=460;// Mpa +F1BYF2=3;// ratio of tensions +dg=300;// mm +dp=400;// mm +P=25;// kW +N=600;// rpm +alfa=20;// degree +Km=1.5;// fatigue factor +Kt=1.5;// shock factor + +tau_d1=0.30*Syt;// MPa +tau_d2=0.18*Sut;// MPa +tau_d=min(tau_d1, tau_d2);// MPa (taking minimum value) +tau_d=0.75*tau_d;//MPa (Accounting keyway effect) + +// Pulley D +// P= 2*%pi*N*T/60 +T=P/(2*%pi*N/(60*1000));// N.m +// (F1-F2)*dp/2=T +SUB_F1F2 = T*2/dp;// N (where SUB_F1F2 = F1-F2) +F2 = SUB_F1F2/(F1BYF2-1) ;// N (putting value of ratio) +F1=F1BYF2*F2;// N +F=F1+F2;// N +// Gear B +Ft=T*2/dg;// N +Fr=Ft*tand(alfa);// N + +// Bearing Reactions + +//Vertical forces +//RA*2*dg+Fr*dg=F*dg; +RA=(F*dg-Fr*dg)/(2*dg);// N (downwards) +RC=RA+Fr+F;// N (upwards) +MA=0;MB_v=-RA*dg;// N.mm +MC=-F*dg;// N.mm +//Horizontal forces +MB_h=Ft*2*dg/4;// N.mm +//Resultant B.M at B +MB=sqrt(MB_v**2+MB_h**2);// N.mm +Mmax=MC;//N.mm +T=T*1000;// N.mm +// d**3=16/%pi/tau_d*sqrt((Km*M)**2+(Kt*T)**2) +d=(16/%pi/tau_d*sqrt((Km*Mmax*1000)**2+(Kt*T)**2))**(1/3) +printf('shaft diameter(using ASME Code) = %.1f mm. Use diameter = %.f mm.',d,d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d22d021b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// exa 6.5 Pg 174 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +L=1000;// mm +alfa=20;// degree +dg=500;// mm +L1=250;// mm +L2=300;// mm +dp=600;// mm +Wp=2000;// N +F1=2.5*1000;// N +F1BYF2=3;// ratio of tensions +tau_d=42;// MPa + +F2=F1/F1BYF2;// N +T=(F1-F2)*dp/2;// N.mm +Ftg=2*T/dg;// N +Frg=Ftg*tand(alfa);// N +F=F1+F2;// N + +// Vertical Loads +RAV=(Ftg*(L1+dg)+Wp*L2)/L;// N +RBV=Ftg+Wp-RAV;// N +MCV=RAV*L1;//N.mm +MDV=RBV*L2;// N.mm +// Horizontal Loads +RAH=(Frg*(L1+dg)+F*L2)/L;//N +RBH=Frg+F-RAH;// N +MCH=RAH*L1;// N.mm +MDH=RBH*L2;// N.mm +MD=sqrt(MDV**2+MDH**2);// N.mm +Mmax=MD;//N.mm +Te=MCV+MDV;// N.mm +// d**3 = 16*Te/%pi/tau_d +d = (16*Te/%pi/tau_d)**(1/3);//mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.1f mm.',d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2305b281 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// exa 6.6 Pg 176 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Tmax=400;// N.mm +Tmin=200;// N.mm +Mmax=500;// N.mm +Mmin=250;// N.mm +Sut=540;// MPa +Syt=420;// MPa +n=2;// factor of safety + +Se=0.35*Sut;// MPa + +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.m +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.m +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.m +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.m +Sys=0.5*Syt// MPa +Ses=0.5*Se;// MPa +// Max. Distortion energy theory - Syt/n = 32/%pi/d**3*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se)**2)+0.75*(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2) +d = (32/%pi*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se))**2+0.75*(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2)*1000/(Syt/n))**(1/3) ; // mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.f mm.',d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b64b11393 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// exa 6.7 Pg 177 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Wmax=40;// kN +Wmin=20;// kN +L=500;// mm +Se_dash=350;// MPa +Sut=650;// MPa +Syt=500;// MPa +n=1.5;// factor of safety +ka=0.9; // surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor +ke=1;// load factor +Kf=1;// fatigue strength factor + +Wm=1/2*(Wmax+Wmin);// N +Wa=1/2*(Wmax-Wmin);// N +Se=ka*kb*ke*Se_dash;//MPa +Mm=Wm*L/1000/4;// kN.m +Ma=Wa*L/1000/4;// kN.m +//sigma_m=32*Mm/%pi/d**3; & sigma_a=32*Ma/%pi/d**3 +//soderburg failure criteria - 1/n=sigma_m/Syt+Kf*sigma_a/Se +//d=((32/%pi*n/1000)*(Mm/Syt+Kf*Ma/Se))*(1/3) +d=((32/%pi/1000)*(Mm/Syt+Kf*Ma/Se)*n)**(1/3)*1000;// mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.f mm.',d) diff --git a/3774/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3774/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c56495bc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// exa 6.8 Pg 178 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Tmax=300;// N.mm +Tmin=-100;// N.mm +Mmax=400;// N.mm +Mmin=-200;// N.mm +n=1.5;// factor of safety +Sut=500;// MPa +Syt=420;// MPa +sigma_d=280;// MPa +ka=0.62; // surface finish factor +kb=0.85;// size factor +keb=1;// load factor for bending +kes=0.58;// load factor for torsion +Kfb=1;// fatigue strength factor for bending +Kfs=1;// fatigue strength factor for torsion + +Se_dash=0.5*Sut;// MPa +Se=ka*kb*keb*Se_dash;// MPa +Ses_dash=0.5*Se_dash;// MPa +Ses=ka*kb*kes*Ses_dash;// MPa +Sys=0.5*Syt;// MPa +Mm=(Mmax+Mmin)/2;// N.m +Ma=(Mmax-Mmin)/2;// N.m +Tm=(Tmax+Tmin)/2;// N.m +Ta=(Tmax-Tmin)/2;// N.m + +// tau_d/n = (16/%pi/d**3)*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se)**2)+(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2) +tau_d=sigma_d/2;// MPa +d = ((16/%pi)*sqrt((Mm+Ma*(Syt/Se)**2)+(Tm+Ta*(Sys/Ses))**2)/(tau_d*10**6/n))**(1/3)*1000;// mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm.',d) +// Note - answer in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbd4ed075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +// exa 7.1 Pg 195 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=20;// kW +N=240;// rpm +tau_s=45;// MPa +tau_b=30;// MPa +sigma_b=60;// MPa +sigma_cs=2*tau_s;// MPa +tau_ci=15;// MPa +//Tmax=1.25*Tm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of friction + +//SHAFT DIAMETER +// P= 2*%pi*N*Tm/60/1000 +Tm=P/(2*%pi*N/60/1000);// N.m +Tmax=1.25*Tm;// N.m +// %pi*d**3*tau_s/16= Tmax +d=(Tmax/(%pi*tau_s/16)*1000)**(1/3);// mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm. Use d = 50 mm.',d) +d=50;// mm + +// HUB DIAMETER +// Tmax=%pi/16*((d1**4-d**4)/d1)*tau_h +tau_h=tau_ci;// MPa +//d1*(Tmax/(%pi/16)/tau_h)-d1**4=d**4 -- eqn(1) +Tmax=Tmax*1000;// N.mm +p=[1 0 0 -Tmax/(%pi*tau_h/16) -d**4] ;// polynomial coefficients from eqn(1) +d1=roots(p);// roots of poly +d1=d1(1);// mm (taking +ve value) +d1=100;// mm (empirically adopted) +t1=(d1-d)/2;// mm (thickness of hub) +printf('\n thickness of hub = %.f mm',t1) +d4=d+t1;// mm (diameter of recess in flanges) +printf('\n diameter of recess in flanges = %.f mm',d4) +d3=4*d;// mm (outside diameter of protecting flange) +printf('\n outside diameter of protecting flange = %.f mm',d3) + +// Hub length +b=d/4;// mm (width of key) +l=1.5*d;// mm (length of key) +printf('\n width of key = %.1f mm. Use b = 15 mm',b) +b=15;// mm +printf('\n length of key = %.f mm.',l) +t=b;// mm (thickness for square key) +printf('\n thickness for square key = %.f mm',t) +printf('\n Hub length = %.f mm',l) + +//Number of bolts +n=floor(4*d/150+3);// no. of bolts +printf('\n Number of bolts = %.f',n) + +// Bolt diameter +r2=1.5*d;// mm +F=Tmax/r2/n;// N +//%pi/4*db**2*tau_b=F +db=sqrt(F/(%pi/4*tau_b));// mm +printf('\n Bolt diameter = %.2f mm. Use db=12 mm',db) +bolt_dia=db;//mm + +// Bolt diameter based on Tensile load +r3=d3/2;// mm +r4=d4/2;// mm +rf=2/3*((r3**3-r4**3)/(r3**2-r4**2));// mm +//Tmax=n*mu*Pi*rf;// N +Pi=Tmax/(n*mu*rf);// N +// Pi=%pi/4*db**2*sigma_t +sigma_t=sigma_b;// MPa +db=sqrt(Pi/(%pi/4*sigma_t));// mm +printf('\n Bolt diameter (based on Tensile load) = %.1f mm. Use db=15 mm',db) +db=15;// mm (adopted) + +// Flange thickness +t2=0.5*t1+6;// mm (empirically) +printf('\n Flange thickness = %.1f mm. Use t=20 mm',t2) +t2=20;// mm (adopted) +//F=n*db*t2*sigma_c +sigma_ci=F/n/db/t2;// MPa +//2*%pi*d1**2*tau*t2/4=Tmax +tau=Tmax/(2*%pi*d1**2*t2/4);// MPa +printf('\n permissible bearing stress in flange = %.2f MPa < 30 MPa',sigma_ci) +printf('\n shearing of the flange at the junction with hub = %.2f MPa < 15 MPa.',tau) +printf(' Values are acceptable.') + +// Check for crushing of bolt +//n*db*t2*sigma_cb*d2/2=Tmax +d2=d1+d;// mm +db=bolt_dia;//mm +sigma_cb=Tmax/(n*db*t2*d2/2);// MPa +printf('\n permissible crushing strength of bolts = %.1f MPa < 60 MPa.',sigma_cb) +printf(' Hence design is safe.') + +// Thickness of protecting flange +t3=0.5*t2;// mm +printf('\n Thickness of protecting flange = %.f mm', t3) +// Hub overlap +ho=3;// mm (min) +printf('\n Hub overlap = %.f mm (min)',ho) +//Note - Answer for **Bolt diameter based on Tensile load** is calculated wrong in the textbook(error in Pi calculation). diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..459f61a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// exa 7.10 Pg 212 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=35;// mm +d2=125;// mm +n=6;// factor of safety +T=800;// N.m +N=350;// rpm +tau_s=63;// MPa +tau_b=56;// MPa +tau_CI=10;// MPa +tau_k=46;// MPa + +// Diameter of bolts: +F=2*T*10**3/d2/n;// N +//%pi/4*db**2*tau_b=F +db=sqrt(F/(%pi/4*tau_b));// mm +printf('\n (i) Diameter of bolts = %.2f mm. Use 8 mm.',db) + +// Flange thickness +d1=2*d;// mm +//T=%pi/2*d1**2*t2*tau_CI +t2=T*1000/(%pi/2*d1**2*tau_CI);// mm +printf('\n (ii) Flange thickness = %.1f mm. Use t2 = 12 mm',t2) +t2=12;// mm + +//Key dimensions +b=10;// mm (width of key) +t=7;// mm (from tables) +//T=l*b*tau_k*d/2 +l=T*10**3/(b*tau_k*d/2);// mm +l=ceil(l);// mm +printf('\n (iii) Length of key = %.f mm\n\t\td=%.f mm\n\t\tb=%.f mm',l,d,b) + +// Hub length +lh=l;// mm (length of hub) +printf('\n (iv) Hub length = %.f mm',l) +tau_c=T*10**3/(%pi/16*(d1**4-d**4)/d1);// N/mm.sq. +printf('\n shear stress in hub = %.2f N/mm.sq.',tau_c) +printf('It is nearly equal to %.f N/mm.sq.',tau_CI) +printf('\n hence design parameters are fine.') + +// Power transmitted +P=2*%pi*N*T/60/10**3;// kW +printf('\n (v) Power transmitted = %.2f kW',P) diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc5fef40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +// exa 7.2 Pg 200 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=30;// kW +N=750;// rpm +//Tmax=1.2*Tm;// MPa +tau_s=35;// MPa +tau_b=35;// MPa +tau_k=35;// MPa +sigma_cs=70;// MPa +sigma_ck=70;// MPa +sigma_cb=70;// MPa +tau_ci=15;// MPa +pb=0.8;// MPa + +//sigma_cs=2*tau_s;// MPa + +//Tmax=1.5*Tm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of friction + +//SHAFT DIAMETER +// P= 2*%pi*N*Tm/60/1000 +Tm=P/(2*%pi*N/60/1000);// N.m +Tmax=1.2*Tm;// N.m +// %pi*d**3*tau_s/16= Tmax +d=(Tmax/(%pi*tau_s/16)*1000)**(1/3);// mm +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm. Use d = 42 mm.',d) +d=42;// mm + +// HUB DIAMETER +// Tmax=%pi/16*((d1**4-d**4)/d1)*tau_h +tau_h=tau_ci;// MPa +//d1*(Tmax/(%pi/16)/tau_h)-d1**4=d**4 -- eqn(1) +Tmax=Tmax*1000;// N.mm +p=[1 0 0 -Tmax/(%pi*tau_h/16) -d**4] ;// polynomial coefficients from eqn(1) +d1=roots(p);// roots of poly +d1=d1(1);// mm (taking +ve value) +d1=2*d;// mm (empirically adopted) +t1=(d1-d)/2;// mm (thickness of hub) +printf('\n thickness of hub = %.f mm',t1) +//d4=d+t1;// mm (diameter of recess in flanges) +//printf('\n diameter of recess in flanges = %.f mm',d4) +d3=4*d;// mm (outside diameter of protecting flange) +printf('\n outside diameter of protecting flange = %.f mm. Use 170 mm',d3) +d3=170;// mm (adopted) + +//Key size & Hub length +b=d/4;// mm (width of key) +l=1.5*d;// mm (length of key) +printf('\n width of key = %.1f mm. Use b = 12 mm',b) +b=12;// mm +printf('\n length of key = %.f mm.',l) +t=b;// mm (thickness for square key) +printf('\n thickness for square key = %.f mm',t) +printf('\n Hub length = %.f mm',l) + +//Number of bolts +n=(0.04*d+3);// no. of bolts +printf('\n Number of bolts = %.2f. Use n=6',n) +n=6;// adopted + +// Bolt diameter +db=0.5*d/sqrt(n);// mm +printf('\n Bolt diameter = %.2f mm. Use db=20 mm for design purpose',db) +db=20;//mm (adopted) +bolt_dia=db;//mm +dsb=24;// mm(shank diameter of bolt for design) + +// Outer diameter of rubber bush +trb=2;// mm (thickness of rubber bush) +tbb=6;// mm (thickness of brass bush) +d3=dsb+2*trb+2*tbb;// mm +d2=d1+d3+2*tbb;// mm (pitch circle diameter of bolts) +printf('\n pitch circle diameter of bolts = %.f mm ',d2) + +// Check of shear in bolt +F=2*Tmax/n/d2;// N +//%pi/4*db*2*tau=F +tau=F/(%pi/4*db**2);//MPa +printf('\n Permissible shear stress in bolts = %.2f MPa < 35 MPa. Hence design is safe.', tau) + +// Length of brush +pb=0.8;// MPa(bearing pressure of brush) +//F=l2*d3*pb; +l2=F/d3/pb;// mm +printf('\n length of bush = %.f mm',l2) + +// Check for pin in bending +c=5;// mm (clearance between two flanges) +l3=(l2-c)/2+c;//mm +//M=%pi/32*db**3*sigma_b & M=F*l3 +sigma_b = F*l3/(%pi/32*db**3);// MPa +printf('\n Bending stress in pin = %.1f MPa',sigma_b) + +// Maximum shear stress in pin +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_b/2)**2+tau**2);//MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress in pin = %.2f MPa < 35 MPa. Hence design is safe.',tau_max) + +// Flange thickness +t2=0.5*t1+6;// mm (empirically) +printf('\n Flange thickness = %.1f mm. Use t=18 mm',t2) +t2=18;// mm (adopted) +tau=Tmax/(2*%pi*d1**2*t2/4);// MPa +printf('\n shearing of the flange at the junction with hub = %.2f MPa < 15 MPa.',tau) +printf(' Values are acceptable.') + +//Note - Answer in llast part is calculated wrong in the textbook(error in calculation). diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..681ceb911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// exa 7.3 Pg 204 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +n=8;// no. of spline +d=52;// mm +D=60;// mm +pm=6;// MPa +mu=0.06;// coefficient of friction +N=320;// rpm +P=20;// kW + +T=60*10**3*P/2/%pi/N;// N.m +l=8*T*10**3/pm/n/(D**2-d**2);// mm +printf('length of hub = %.f mm',l) +Rm=(D+d)/4;// mm +F=T*10**3/Rm;// N +Ff=mu*F;//N (Force of friction) +printf('\n Force required to shift the connection = %.1f N',Ff) diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..112ac9a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// exa 7.4 Pg 204 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=75;// mm +tau=50;// MPa +sigma_c=75;// MPa +printf('for key to be equally strong in shear & crushing - \n') +b=d/4;// mm +printf(' b= %.2f mm. Use b=20 mm.',b) +b=20;//mm +//2*b/t=sigma_c/tau for key to be equally strong in shear & crushing +t=2*b/(sigma_c/tau);// mm +printf('\n t=%.2f mm. Use t=27 mm',t) +l= %pi*d**2/8/b;// mm (for key to be equally strong in shear as shaft) +printf('for key to be equally strong in shear as shaft - \n') +printf(' l=%.1f mm. Use l=115 mm',l) diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915d8510a --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +// exa 7.6 Pg 205 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +P=135;// kW +N=120;// rpm +tau_s=55;// MPa +tau_b=45;// MPa +tau_ci=175;// MPa +sigma_ci=75;// MPa + +//sigma_cs=2*tau_s;// MPa + +//Tmax=1.5*Tm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of friction + +//SHAFT DIAMETER +// P= 2*%pi*N*Tm/60/1000 +Tm=P/(2*%pi*N/60/1000);// N.m +// %pi*d**3*tau_s/16= Tm +d=(Tm/(%pi*tau_s/16)*1000)**(1/3);// mm +d=ceil(d) +printf('shaft diameter = %.2f mm.',d) +Tmax=Tm;// N.m + +// HUB DIAMETER +// Tmax=%pi/16*((d1**4-d**4)/d1)*tau_h +tau_h=tau_ci;// MPa +//d1*(Tmax/(%pi/16)/tau_h)-d1**4=d**4 -- eqn(1) +Tmax=Tmax*1000;// N.mm +p=[1 0 0 -Tmax/(%pi*tau_h/16) -d**4] ;// polynomial coefficients from eqn(1) +d1=roots(p);// roots of poly +d1=d1(1);// mm (taking +ve value) +d1=2*d;// mm (empirically adopted) +t1=(d1-d)/2;// mm (thickness of hub) +printf('\n thickness of hub = %.f mm',t1) +d4=d+t1;// mm (diameter of recess in flanges) +printf('\n diameter of recess in flanges = %.f mm',d4) +d3=4*d;// mm (outside diameter of protecting flange) +printf('\n outside diameter of protecting flange = %.f mm.',d3) + +//Key size & Hub length +b=d/4;// mm (width of key) +l=1.5*d;// mm (length of key) +printf('\n width of key = %.1f mm.',b) +printf('\n length of key = %.f mm.',l) +t=b;// mm (thickness for square key) +printf('\n thickness for square key = %.f mm',t) +printf('\n Hub length = %.f mm',l) + +//Number of bolts +n=ceil(4*d/150+3);// no. of bolts +printf('\n Number of bolts = %.2f.',n) + +// Bolt diameter +r2=1.5*d;// mm +F=Tm*1000/r2/n;//N +//(%pi/4)*db**2*tau_b=F +db=sqrt(F/((%pi/4)*tau_b));// mm +printf('\n Bolt diameter = %.2f mm. Use db=20 mm for design purpose',db) +db=20;// mm (adopted for design) +bolt_dia=db;//mm + +// Flange thickness +t2=0.5*t1+6;// mm (empirically) +printf('\n Flange thickness = %.1f mm. Use t=20 mm',t2) +//F=n*db*t2*sigma_c +sigma_ci=F/n/db/t2;// MPa +//2*%pi*d1**2*tau*t2/4=Tmax +tau=Tmax/(2*%pi*d1**2*t2/4);// MPa +printf('\n permissible bearing stress in flange = %.2f MPa < 75 MPa',sigma_ci) +printf('\n shearing of the flange at the junction with hub = %.2f MPa < 175 MPa.',tau) +printf(' Values are acceptable.') + +// Check for crushing of bolt +//n*db*t2*sigma_cb*d2/2=Tmax +d2=d1+d;// mm +db=bolt_dia;//mm +sigma_cb=Tmax/(n*db*t2*d2/2);// MPa +printf('\n permissible crushing strength of bolts = %.2f MPa < 60 MPa.',sigma_cb) +printf(' Hence design is safe.') +// Thickness of protecting flange +t3=0.5*t2;// mm +printf('\n Thickness of protecting flange = %.f mm', t3) +// Hub overlap +ho=3;// mm (min) +printf('\n Hub overlap = %.f mm (min)',ho) diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ec7ff5b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// exa 7.7 Pg 208 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=50;// mm +tau=42;// MPa +sigma_c=72;// MPa +printf('for key to be equally strong in shear & crushing - \n') +b=d/4;// mm +printf(' b= %.2f mm. Use b=15 mm.',b) +b=15;//mm +//2*b/t=sigma_c/tau for key to be equally strong in shear & crushing +t=2*b/(sigma_c/tau);// mm +printf('\n t=%.2f mm. Use t=20 mm',t) +l= %pi*d**2/8/b;// mm (for key to be equally strong in shear as shaft) +printf('\n for key to be equally strong in shear as shaft - \n') +printf(' l=%.2f mm. Use l=70 mm',l) diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..161af8ede --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// exa 7.8 Pg 208 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=25;// mm +N=550;// rpm +P=12;// kW +sigma_yt=400;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_yc=400;// N/mm.sq. +n=2.5;// factor of safety + +// P= 2*%pi*N*T/(60*10**3) +T=P/(2*%pi*N/(60*10**3));// N.m +tau=0.5*sigma_yt;// MPa +tau_d=tau/n;// N/mm.sq. +printf('design shear stress = %.f N/mm.sq.',tau_d) +sigma_d=sigma_yc/n;// N/mm.sq. +printf('\n design crushing strength = %.f N/mm.sq.',sigma_d) +b=d/4;//mm +printf('\n width of key = %.f mm. Use 7mm',b) +b=ceil(d/4);// mm +t=b;// mm +printf('\n thickness of key = %.f mm.',t) +l_s=2*T*10**3/(d*b*tau_d);// mm (length of key based on shear failure) +printf('\n length of key based on shear failure = %.2f mm or %.f mm',l_s, l_s) +l_c=4*T*10**3/(d*t*sigma_d);// mm (length of key based on crushing failure) +printf('\n length of key based on crushing failure = %.2f mm or %.f mm',l_c, l_c) + + diff --git a/3774/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3774/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c800ac040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +// exa 7.9 Pg 209 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=36;// mm +P=15;// kW +N=720;// rpm +//Tmax=1.25*Tm +sigma_yt=245;// MPa (for C20 steel) +n=3;// factor of safety +sigma=82;// MPa (Design tensile stress) + +tau=0.577*sigma;// MPa (shear stress) +sigma_u=200;// MPa (for FG 200 cast Iron) +n2=5;// factor of safety (for FG 200 cast Iron) +tau2=20;// MPa shear stress (for FG 200 cast Iron) + +// Max. torque transmitted +//P=2*%pi*N*Tm/(60*10**3) +Tm=P/(2*%pi*N/(60*10**3))*1000;// N.mm +Tmax=1.25*Tm;// N.mm +printf('\n Maximum transmitted torque = %.f N.mm',Tmax) + +// Hub diameter +tau_h=20;// MPa (permissible shear stress in hub) +//Tmax=(%pi/16)*(d1**4-d**4)/d1*tau_h ...eqn(1) +d1=2*d;//mm (empirically) +tau_h=Tmax*1000/((%pi/16)*(d1**4-d**4)/d1);// MPa +t1=(d1-d)/2;// mm (thickness of hub) +printf('\n Hub diameter = %.f mm',d1) +printf('\n Thickness of hub = %.f mm',t1) +d4=d+t1;// mm +printf('\n Diameter of recess in flanges = %.f mm',d4) +d3=4*d;//mm +printf('\n Outside diameter of protecting flange = %.f mm',d3) + +//Hub length +b=d/4;// mm (width of key) +l=1.5*d;// mm (length of key) +printf('\n width of key = %.1f mm.',b) +printf('\n length of key = %.f mm.',l) +t=b;// mm (thickness for square key) +printf('\n thickness for square key = %.f mm',t) +printf('\n Hub length = %.f mm',l) + +//Number of bolts +n=ceil(4*d/150+3);// no. of bolts +printf('\n Number of bolts = %.2f.',n) + +// Bolt diameter +r2=1.5*d;// mm +F=Tmax/r2/n;//N +//(%pi/4)*db**2*tau_b=F +db=sqrt(F/((%pi/4)*tau));// mm +printf('\n Bolt diameter = %.2f mm. Use db=6 mm for design purpose',db) +db=6;// mm (adopted for design) +bolt_dia=db;//mm + +// Flange thickness +t2=0.5*t1+6;// mm (empirically) +printf('\n Flange thickness = %.1f mm. Use t=20 mm',t2) +//F=n*db*t2*sigma_c +sigma_ci=F/n/db/t2;// MPa +//2*%pi*d1**2*tau*t2/4=Tmax +tau=Tmax/(2*%pi*d1**2*t2/4);// MPa +printf('\n permissible bearing stress in flange = %.2f MPa < 40 MPa',sigma_ci) +printf('\n shearing of the flange at the junction with hub = %.2f MPa < 20 MPa.',tau) +printf(' Values are acceptable.') + +// Check for crushing of bolt +//n*db*t2*sigma_cb*d2/2=Tmax +d2=d1+d;// mm +db=bolt_dia;//mm +sigma_cb=Tmax/(n*db*t2*d2/2);// MPa +printf('\n permissible crushing strength of bolts = %.2f MPa < 82 MPa.',sigma_cb) +printf(' Hence design is safe.') +// Thickness of protecting flange +t3=0.5*t2;// mm +printf('\n Thickness of protecting flange = %.f mm', t3) +// Hub overlap +ho=3;// mm (min) +printf('\n Hub overlap = %.f mm (min)',ho) + diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e14f6c82d --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// exa 8.1 Pg 227 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fmin=250;// N +Fmax=300;// N +del=8;// mm +C=8;// spring index +tau_d=420;// MPa +G=84;// GPa + +// 1. Wahl's correction factor +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +printf("\n Wahl''s correction factor = %.3f ",Kw) +// 2. Wire diameter +// tau_d=Kw*8*Fmax*C/%pi/d**2 +d=sqrt(Kw*8*Fmax*C/%pi/tau_d);// mm +printf('\n Wire diameter = %.2f mm. Use 4.25 mm.',d) +d=4.25;// mm +// 3. Mean coil diameter +Dm=8*d;// mm +printf('\n Mean coil diameter = %.f mm.',Dm) +// 4. Stiffness of spring +k=(Fmax-Fmin)/del;// N/mm +// 5. no. of active turns +n = G*10**3*d/8/C**3/k ;// no. of active turns +printf('\n no. of active turns = %.f',n) +// 6. total no. of turns for squared and ground ends +nt=n+2;// total no. of turns for squared and ground ends +printf('\n total no. of turns for squared and ground ends = %.f',nt) +// 7. Free length of spring +//lf=l_s+del_max+clashallowance(=0.15*del_max) +del_max=del*Fmax/(Fmax-Fmin);//mm +l_s=nt*d;// mm +lf=l_s+del_max+0.15*del_max;// mm +printf('\n Free length of spring = %.1f mm Use 124 mm',lf) +lf=124;//mm +// 8. Pitch of coils +p=lf/(nt-1);//mm +printf('\n Pitch of coils = %.2f mm',p) +// 9. Check for buckling +printf('\n Check for buckling - ') +m=lf/Dm;// > 2.6 provided guide +printf('\n ratio lf/Dm = %.3f > 2.6. So, Providing guide is necessary.',m) +kl_1=0.22;// for hinged ends +kl_2=0.62;// for fixed ends +Fcr_1=k*kl_1*lf;//N (for hinged ends) +Fcr_2=k*kl_2*lf;//N (for fixed ends) +printf('\n Critical load for buckling - ') +printf('\n Fcr = %.1f N for hinged ends < Fmax',Fcr_1) +printf('\n Fcr = %.1f N for fixed ends > Fmax',Fcr_2) +printf('\n From above two calculatio, it can be seen that spring is safe in buckling for fixed ends.') +// 10. Lowest natural frequency for both ends fixed +rau=7800;// N/mm.cube. (Density of spring material) +fn=d/(%pi*n*Dm**2)*sqrt(G*10**3/8/(rau*10**-9));// +printf('\n\n Lowest natural frequency for both ends fixed, fn = %.3f Hz',fn) + + diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..917ea3632 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// exa 8.10 Pg 235 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fmin=600;// N +Fmax=1000;// N +C=6;// spring index +n=1.5;// factor of safety +Sys=700;// N/mm.sq. +Ses_dash=350;// N/mm.sq. + +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +Ks=1+0.5/C;// Shear Stress factor +Fm=(Fmax+Fmin)/2;// N +Fa=(Fmax-Fmin)/2;// N +tau_m_into_d_sq=Ks*(8*Fm*C)/(%pi);// where tau_m_into_d_sq = tau_m*d**2 +tau_a_into_d_sq=Kw*(8*Fa*C)/(%pi);// where tau_a_into_d_sq = tau_a*d**2 + +//(tau_m-tau_a)/Sys+2*tua_a/Ses_dash=1/n +d=sqrt(n)*sqrt((tau_m_into_d_sq-tau_a_into_d_sq)/Sys+2*tau_a_into_d_sq/Ses_dash);// mm +printf('wire diameter of spring = %.2f mm',d) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4de41f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// exa 8.11 Pg 236 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +dv=100;//mm +C=5.5;// spring index +pi=1;// N/mm.sq. +p=1.075;// N/mm.sq. +del=6;// mm +tau_max=400;// N/mm.sq. +G=80;// kN/mm.sq. + +Fi=(%pi/4)*dv**2*pi;// N (initial tension in spring) +printf('\n initial tension in spring = %.f N', Fi) +F=(%pi/4)*dv**2*p;// N (maximum tension in spring) +printf('\n maximum tension in spring = %.f N', F) +k=(F-Fi)/del;// N/mm (stiffness of spring) +printf('\n stiffness of spring = %.2f N/mm',k) +//Tmax=F*Dm/2 where Dm=5.5*d +Tmax_BY_d=F*5.5/2;// calculation +//Tmax=(%pi/16)*d**3*tau_max +d=sqrt(Tmax_BY_d/((%pi/16)*tau_max));// mm +printf('\n diameter of spring = %.2f mm. Use 18 mm.',d) +d=ceil(d);// mm (rounding) +Dm=5.5*d;//mm +printf('\n mean coil diameter = %.f mm',Dm) +Do=Dm+d;//mm +printf('\n outside coil diameter = %.f mm',Do) +Di=Dm-d;// mm +printf('\n initial coil diameter = %.f mm',Di) +n=G*10**3*d*del/8/(F-Fi)/C**3;// no. of turns +printf('\n no. of turns = %.f',n) +nt=n+1;// total no. of turns +printf('\n total no. of turns(for extension spring) = %.f',nt) +gi=1;// mm (initial gap) +lf=nt*d+(nt-1)*gi;// mm +printf('\n free length of spring = %.f mm',lf) +p=lf/(nt-1);//mm +printf('\n pitch of coils = %.2f mm',p) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2532a0da --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// exa 8.12 Pg 236 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=6;//mm +Do=75;// mm +tau=350;// N/mm.sq. +G=84;// kN/mm.sq. + +printf('\n (i) neglecting the effect of curvature') +dm=Do-d;// mm +C=dm/d;// spring index +Ks=1+0.5/C;// shear stress factor +//tau=Ks*(8*Fmax*C)/(%pi*d**2) +Fmax=tau/(Ks*(8*C)/(%pi*d**2));// N +printf('\n Axial load = %.1f N',Fmax) +delBYi=8*Fmax*C**3/(G*10**3*d);// mm/turn +printf('\n deflection per active turn = %.3f mm/turn',delBYi) +printf('\n\n (ii) considering the effect of curvature') +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +//tau=Kw*(8*Fmax*C)/(G*d) +Fmax=tau/(Kw*8*C/(%pi*d**2)); +printf('\n Axial load = %.1f N',Fmax) +delBYn=8*Fmax*C**3/(G*10**3*d);// mm/turn +printf('\n deflection per active turn = %.3f mm/turn',delBYn) +// Note - answer in the textbook is wrong for last part. diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe7f98b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// exa 8.2 Pg 228 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fmin=60;// N +Fmax=140;// N +d=3;// mm +Dm=18;// mm +Sut=1430;// MPa + +C=Dm/d;// spring index +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +Ks=1+0.5/C;// Shear Stress factor +Fm=(Fmax+Fmin)/2;// N +Fa=(Fmax-Fmin)/2;// N +tau_m=Ks*(8*Fm*C)/(%pi*d**2);// MPa +tau_a=Kw*(8*Fa*C)/(%pi*d**2);// MPa +Ses_dash=0.22*Sut;// MPa +Sys=0.45*Sut;// MPa +//tau_m/Sys+tua_a/Ses_dash*(2-Ses_dash/Sys)=1/n +n=1/(tau_m/Sys+tau_a/Ses_dash*(2-Ses_dash/Sys));// factor of safety +printf('\n factor of safety = %.2f',n) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2cac9a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// exa 8.3 Pg 229 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fi=40;// N +d=3;// mm +C=6;// spring index +n=15;// factor of safety +tau=650;// N/mm.sq. +G=84;// kN/mm.sq. + +// Wahl's correction factor +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +printf("\n Wahl''s correction factor = %.4f ",Kw) + +// Initial tortional shear stress +tau_i=Kw*(8*Fi*C)/(%pi*d**2);// MPa +printf('\n Initial tortional shear stress = %.2f MPa',tau_i) +k=G*10**3*d/(8*C**3*n);// spring stiffness +printf('\n spring stiffness = %.2f N/mm',k) +// Spring load to cause yielding +//tau=Kw*(8*Fi*C)/(%pi*d**2) +F=tau/(Kw*(8*C)/(%pi*d**2)) +printf('\n Spring load to cause yielding = %.1f N',F) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b5d8929d --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// exa 8.4 Pg 230 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fmin=500;// N +Fmax=1200;// N +C=6;// spring index +n=1.5;// factor of safety +Sys=760;// MPa +Ses_dash=350;// MPa +del=25;// mm +G=82;// kN/mm.sq. + +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +Ks=1+0.5/C;// Shear stress factor +Fm=(Fmax+Fmin)/2;// N +Fa=(Fmax-Fmin)/2;// N +tau_m_into_d_sq=Ks*(8*Fm*C)/(%pi);// where tau_m_into_d_sq = tau_m*d**2 +tau_a_into_d_sq=Kw*(8*Fa*C)/(%pi);// where tau_a_into_d_sq = tau_a*d**2 + +//(tau_m-tau_a)/Sys+2*tua_a/Ses_dash=1/n +d=sqrt(n)*sqrt((tau_m_into_d_sq-tau_a_into_d_sq)/Sys+2*tau_a_into_d_sq/Ses_dash);// mm +printf('\n diameter of spring wire = %.2f mm or %.f mm',d, ceil(d)) +d=ceil(d);// mm +Dm=C*d;// mm +printf('\n Mean coil diameter = %.f mm', Dm) +//del=8*Fmax*Ci**3/(G*d) +i=(del/(8*Fmax*C**3/(G*10**3*d)));// no. of active coils +i=ceil(i);// no. of active coils +printf('\n no. of active coils = %.f',i) +nt=i+2;// no. of active coils (for square & ground ends) +lf=nt*d+1.15*del;// mm +printf('\n free length of spring = %.2f mm',lf) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b6bc712d --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// exa 8.5 Pg 231 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +p=125;// MPa +dv=60;// mm +del1=40;// mm +del2=20;// mm +tau_max=600;// MPa +G=85;// kN/mm.sq. +C=6;// spring index + +Fv=(%pi/4)*dv**2*p/100;// N (Force on the valve) +del_max=del1+del2;// mm (Max. deflection) +Fmax=Fv*dv/del1;// N (Max. force) +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +// tau = 8*Fmax*C*Kw/(%pi*d**2) +d=sqrt((8*Fmax*C*Kw/(%pi))/tau_max);// mm (Diameter of spring wire) +Dm=6*d;// mm (Mean coil diameter) +n=G*10**3*d*del_max/(8*Fmax*C**3);// no. of turns +n = ceil(n);// no. of turns +nt=n+2;// total no. of turns +lf=nt*d+1.15*del_max;// mm (Free length) +p=lf/(nt-1);// mm (Pitch of coil) +printf('\n Force on the valve = %.1f N',Fv) +printf('\n Maximum deflection = %.f mm', del_max) +printf('\n Maximum force = %.1f N', Fmax) +printf('\n Wahl''s correction factor = %.4f ',Kw) +printf('\n Diameter of spring wire = %.f mm',d) +printf('\n Mean coil diameter = %.f mm', Dm) +printf('\n number of turns = %.f ',n) +printf('\n Total number of turns for square & ground ends = %.f ',nt) +printf('\n Free length = %.f mm. Use 200 mm',lf) +printf('\n Pitch of coil = %.1f mm',p) diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..002a1565f --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// exa 8.7 Pg 232 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +dv=30;// mm +Wv=10;// N +Wl=25;// N +lf=100;// mm +del1=20;// mm +p=3.5;// N/mm.sq. +valve_lift=2;// mm +C=6;// spring index +tau=500;// N/mm.sq. +G=0.84*10**5;// N/mm.sq. + +W=(%pi/4)*dv**2*p;// N (load on the valve at operating condition) +W1=W-Wv;//N (Net load on the valve at operating condition) +//W1*100=Wl*150+S1*200+P*300 // taking momens about the fulcrum +//S1*200+P*300=W1*100-Wl*150 ...eqn(1) +valve_lift=20*100/200;// mm //from figure (when spring is extended by 20 mm) +spring_extension=2*200/100;// mm // from figure (when valve is lifted 2 mm) +valve_load=W*12/10;// N // (when valve is lifted 2 mm) +W2=valve_load-Wv;// N // (when valve is lifted 2 mm) +del2=del1+4;// mm (when valve is lifted) +//S2=S1*del2/del1;// spring force when valve is lifted +//S1*del2/del1-s2=0 ... eqn(1) +//W2*100=Wl*150+S2*200+P*300 // taking momens about the fulcrum +//S2*200+P*300 =W2*100-Wl*150 ... eqn(2) +//S1*200+P*300=W1*100-Wl*150 ...eqn(3) +// solving above 3 eqn. by matrix method +A=[del2/del1 -1 0;200 0 300;0 200 300]; +B=[0;W1*100-Wl*150;W2*100-Wl*150]; +X=A**-1*B;// solution matrix +S1=X(1);// N +S2=X(2);// N +printf('\n Spring force when valve is lifted = %.1f N',S2) +printf('\n\n Design of spring - ') +k=(S2-S1)/(del2-del1);// N/mm (Spring stiffness) +printf('\n Spring stiffness = %.2f N/mm',k) +Kw=(4*C-1)/(4*C-4)+0.615/C;// Wahl's correction factor +printf('\n Wahl''s correction factor = %.4f',Kw) +// tau=Kw*8*S2*C/%pi/d**2 max. shear stress +d=sqrt(Kw*8*S2*C/%pi/tau);// mm (spring diameter) +printf('\n spring diameter = %.2f mm or %.f mm',d,d) +d=ceil(d);// mm +// k=G*d/(8*C**3*n) (Spring stiffness) +n=G*d/(8*C**3*k);// no. of active coils +printf('\n no. of active coils = %.2f. Use n=7',n) +n=ceil(n);// rounding +nt=n+1;// total no. of active coils +printf('\n total no. of active coils = %.f',nt) +p=lf/(n-1);// mm (pitch of coils) +printf('\n pitch of coils = %.2f mm',p) + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3774/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3774/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07dbaecf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// exa 8.8 Pg 234 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +Fmin=0;// N +Fmax=1000;// N +del=80;// mm +Do=25;// mm +n=30;// no. of turns +G=85;// kN/mm.sq. + +k=(Fmax-Fmin)/del;// N/mm (Spring stiffness) +printf('\n Spring stiffness = %.1f N/mm',k) +// k=G*d/(8*C**3*n) (Spring stiffness) +C_cube_BY_d=G*10**3/(k*8*n);// + +function [C,d]=hitntrial(c3d,Do) + for C=5:-0.1:4.5 + d=C**3/(c3d); + Doo=d*C+C; + if Doo 50kN',Wcr) +printf('\n Hence design is safe.') diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac537e623 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// exa 9.14 Pg 278 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=32;// mm +p=5;// mm +W=12;// kN +D3=50;// mm +D4=20;// mm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.20;// coefficient of collar friction +N=24;// rpm +pb=6;// N/mm.sq. +tau_s=30;// MPa +tau_n=30;// MPa + +dm=d-p/2;// mm +dc=d-p;// mm +t=p/2;// mm +l=2*p;//mm +alfa=atand(l/%pi/dm);// degree +fi=atand(mu);// degree +Tf=W*10**3*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// N.mm +Tc=mu_c*W*10**3/4*(D3+D4);// N.mm +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +printf('\n (i) Torque required to rotate the screw = %.f N.mm',T) + +printf('\n (ii) Stresses induced in screw - ') +sigma_c=4*W*10**3/(%pi*dc**2);// N/mm.sq. +printf('\n Direct compressive stress = %.2f N/mm.sq',sigma_c) +tau=16*T/(%pi*dc**3);// N/mm.sq. +printf('\n Tortional shear stress = %.2f N/mm.sq',tau) +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_c/2)**2+tau**2);// MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress = %.2f MPa < %.f MPa',tau_max,tau_s) +printf('\n Hence design is safe.') +n=W*10**3/(%pi*dm*t*pb);// no. of threads +n=ceil(n);// rounding +h=n*p;//mm +printf('\n (iii) Height of nut = %.f mm',h) diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26caa5ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +// exa 9.15 Pg 279 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +W=100;// kN +lift=260;// mm +pb=15;// N/mm.sq. +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.20;// coefficient of collar friction +//Screw +Suts=800;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_ss=340;// N/mm.sq. +ns=4;// factor of safety +//Nut +Sutn=552;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_sn=260;// N/mm.sq. +nn=5;// factor of safety + +sigma_ts=Suts/ns;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_cs=Suts/ns;// N/mm.sq. +tau_s=sigma_ss/ns;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_tn=Sutn/nn;// N/mm.sq. +sigma_cn=Sutn/nn;// N/mm.sq. +tau_n=sigma_sn/nn;// N/mm.sq. + +//sigma_cs=4*W/(%pi*dc**2) +dc=sqrt(4*W*10**3/(%pi*sigma_cs));// mm +printf('\n Screw Diameter-\n Core diameter of screw, dc=%.2f mm. Use dc=33 mm',dc) +dc=33;// mm +p=7;// mm (for normal series square threads) +d=dc+p;//mm +printf('\n outside diameter = %.f mm',d) +dm=dc+p/2;// mm +printf('\n mean diameter = %.1f mm',dm) +t=p/2;// mm +printf('\n thread thickness = %.1f mm',t) + +printf('\n Maximum stresses in screw -') +sigma_c=4*W*1000/%pi/dc**2;// MPa +alfa=atand(p/(%pi*dm));// degree +fi=atand(mu);// degree +Tf=dm*W*10**3/2*tand(alfa+fi);// where TfByW = Tf/W +tau=16*Tf/(%pi*dc**3);// MPa +sigma12=(1/2)*(sigma_c+sqrt(sigma_c**2+4*tau**2));// MPa +printf('\n Maximum tensile stress = %.1f N/mm.sq. < %.f N/mm.sq.. Hence design is safe.',sigma12,sigma_ts) +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_c/2)**2+tau**2);// MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress = %.2f N/mm.sq. < %.f N/mm.sq.. Hence design is safe.',tau_max,tau_s) + +printf('\n Height of nut-') +n=W*10**3/(%pi/4)/pb/(d**2-dc**2);// no. of threads +n= ceil(n);// no. of threads (rounding) +h=n*p;// mm +printf('\n h=%.f mm. Use 120 mm.',h) +h=120;// mm + +printf('\n Check for stress in screw and nut') +tau_screw=W*10**3/(%pi*n*dc*t);// MPa +printf('\n shear stress in screw = %.2f MPa < %.f MPa',tau_screw,tau_s) +tau_nut=W*10**3/(%pi*n*d*t);// MPa +printf('\n shear stress in nut = %.2f MPa < %.f MPa',tau_nut,tau_n) +printf('\n These are within permissible limits. Hence design is safe.') + +printf('\n Nut collar size-') +// %pi/4*(D1**2-d**2)*sigma_tn=W +D1=sqrt(W*10**3/(%pi/4)/sigma_tn+d**2);// mm +printf('\n Inside diameter of collar = %.2f mm. Use D1=55 mm',D1) +D1=55;//mm (adopted for design) +// %pi/4*(D2**2-D1**2)*sigma_cn=W +D2=sqrt(W*10**3/(%pi/4)/sigma_cn+D1**2);// mm +printf('\n Outside diameter of collar = %.2f mm. Use D2=70 mm',D2) +D2=70;//mm (adopted for design) + +// %pi*D1*tc*tau_n=W +tc=W*10**3/(%pi*D1*tau_n);// mm +printf('\n thickness of nut = %.f mm. Use tc=15 mm.',tc) +tc=15;// mm (adopted for design) + +printf('\n Head Dimensions-') +D3=1.75*d;// mm +printf('\n Diameter of head on top of screw = %.2f mm.',D3) +D4=D3/4;// mm +printf('\n pin diameter in the cup = %.1f mm. Use 20 mm.',D4) +D4=20;// mm (adopted for design) + +printf('\n Torque required between cup and head-') +Tc=mu_c*W*10**3/3*((D3**3-D4**3)/(D3**2-D4**2));// N.mm +printf('\n Tc=%.f N.mm (acc. to uniform pressure theory)',Tc) +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +printf('\n Total Torque, T=%.f N.mm',T) + +F=300;// N (as a normal person can apply 100-300 N) +l=T/F;//mm +printf('\n length of lever = %.f mm or %.2f m',l,l/1000) + +M=F*l;// N.mm +sigma_b=100;// N/mm.sq. (assumed) +dl=(32*M/%pi/sigma_b)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n Diameter of lever, dl=%.1f mm. Use dl=45 mm.',dl) +dl=45;// mm (adopted for design) + +H=2*dl;// mm +printf('\n Height of head, H=%.f mm',H) + +printf('\n Check for screw in buckling-') +L=lift+0.5*h;// mm +K=dc/4;// mm +C=0.25;// spring index +sigma_y=200;// MPa +Ac=%pi/4*dc**2;//mm.sq. +Wcr=Ac*sigma_y*(1-(sigma_y/4/C/%pi**2/(200*10**3))*(L/K)**2)/1000;// kN +printf('\n Buckling or critical load for screw, Wcr = %.f kN > 100kN',Wcr) + +To=W*10**3*dm/2*tand(alfa);// N.mm +eta=To/T*100;// % +printf('\n Efficiency of screw = %.2f %%',eta) + +printf('\n Body dimensions-') +D5=1.5*D2;// mm +t2=2*tc;// mm +t3=0.25*d;//mm +D6=2.25*D2;// mm +printf('\n Diameter of body at top, D5 = %.f mm', D5) +printf('\n Thickness of base, t2 = %.f mm', t2) +printf('\n Thickness of body, t3 = %.f mm', t3) +printf('\n Inside diameter of bottom, D6 = %.1f mm. Use D6=160 mm.', D6) +D6=160;// mm (adopted for design) +D7=1.75*D6;// mm +hb=lift+h+100;// mm +printf('\n Outside diameter at the bottom, D7 = %.2f mm.', D7) +printf('\n Height of body = %.f mm.',hb) diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4f7f1259 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// exa 9.2 Pg 257 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=50;// mm +p=8;// mm +W=2;// kN +Do=100;// mm +Di=50;// mm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.10;// coefficient of collar friction +N=25;// rpm +two_beta=29;// degree + +dm=d-p/2;// mm +dc=d-p;// mm +t=p/2;//mm +l=2*p;// mm +alfa=atand(p/(%pi*dm));// degree +mu_e=mu/cosd(two_beta/2);// virtual coefficient of friction +fi=atand(mu_e);// degree +Tf=W*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// N.mm +Tc=mu_c*W/4*(Do+Di);// N.mm +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +P=2*%pi*N*T/(60*10**3);// kW +printf('\n (a) Power required = %.3f kN',P) +To=W*dm/2*tand(alfa);// N.mm +eta=To/T*100;// % (efficiency) +printf('\n (b) Efficiency of screw = %.2f %%',eta) diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a818e5233 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// exa 9.3 Pg 259 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=10;// mm +p=3;// mm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.20;// coefficient of collar friction +dc=15;// mm +F=60;// N +W=4;// kN +two_beta=30;// degree +h=25;// mm +lf=150;// mm (screw free length) + +dm=d-p/2;// mm +alfa=atand(p/(%pi*dm));// degree +mu_e=mu/cosd(two_beta/2);// virtual coefficient of friction +fi=atand(mu_e);// degree +Tf=W*10**3*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// N.mm +Tc=mu_c*W*10**3/2*dc;// N.mm +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +//F*l=T +l=T/F;// mm (Length of handle) +printf('\n (a) Length of handle = %.1f mm',l) + +printf('\n\n (b) Maximum shear stress in screw') +printf('\n Section 1-1 : ') +dc=d-p;//mm +tau=16*T/(%pi*dc**3);// N/mm.sq. +M=F*lf;// N.mm +sigma_b=32*M/(%pi*dc**3);// N/mm.sq. +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_b/2)**2+tau**2);// MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress = %.2f MPa',tau_max) +printf('\n Section 2-2 : ') +sigma_c=4*W*10**3/(%pi*dc**2);// N/mm.sq. (Direct compressive stress) +tau2=16*Tc/(%pi*dc**3);//;// N/mm.sq. (Tortional shear stress) +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_c/2)**2+tau2**2);// MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress = %.2f MPa',tau_max) + +//h=n*p;// height of nut +n=ceil(h/p);// no. of threads +t=p/2;// mm (thickness of threads) +pb=W*10**3/(%pi*dm*t*n);// MPa +printf('\n\n (b) Bearing pressure on threads = %.1f MPa',pb) diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c2a6b60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// exa 9.4 Pg 260 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +W=25;// kN +two_beta=29;// degree +v=0.96;// m/min +mu=0.14;// coefficient of thread friction +Di=30;// mm +Do=66;// mm +mu_c=0.15;// coefficient of collar friction +d=36;// mm +p=6;// mm +Sut=630;// MPa +Syt=380;// MPa + +dm=d-p/2;// mm +dc=d-p;// mm +l=2*p;// mm +alfa=atand(l/(%pi*dm));// degree +mu_e=mu/cosd(two_beta/2);// virtual coefficient of friction +fi=atand(mu_e);// degree +Tf=W*10**3*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// N.mm +Tc=mu_c*W*10**3/4*(Do+Di);// N.mm +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +N=v*10**3/l;// rpm + +P=2*%pi*N*T/(60*10**3)*10**-3;// kW +printf('\n Power required to drive the slide = %.2f kN',P) +sigma_c=4*W*10**3/(%pi*dc**2);// MPa +tau=16*T/(%pi*dc**3);// MPa +sigma1=1/2*(sigma_c+sqrt(sigma_c**2+4*tau**2));// MPa +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_c/2)**2+tau**2);// MPa +n_t=Syt/sigma1;// factor of safety in tension +printf('\n factor of safety in tension = %.2f ',n_t) +n_s=Syt/2/tau_max;// factor of safety in shear +printf('\n factor of safety in shear = %.2f ',n_s) +// Note- Answer in the textbook are not accurate. diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f5741295 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// exa 9.5 Pg 262 +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=12;// mm +dc=10;// mm +p=2;// mm +Do=10;//mm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.18;// coefficient of collar friction +F=100;// N +l=150;// mm + +dm=dc+p/2;// mm +alfa=atand(p/(%pi*dm));// degree +fi=atand(mu);// degree +TfByW=dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// where TfByW = Tf/W +TcByW=mu_c/3*Do;// where TcByW = Tc/W +TByW=TfByW+TcByW;// N.mm (total torque at B-B) +Tapplied=F*l;// N.mm (torque applied by the operator) +//putting T= Tapplied +W= Tapplied/TByW;// N +printf('\n (a) Clamping force between the jaws = %.f N',W) +eta=W*dm/2*tand(alfa)/Tapplied*100;// % +printf('\n (b) Efficiency of vice = %.2f %%',eta) +Tf=TfByW*W;// N.mm +printf('\n (c) Torque at A-A, Tf = %.1f N.mm & Torque at B-B = %.f N.mm',Tf,Tapplied) +// Note- Answer in the textbook are not accurate. diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c548c7e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +// exa 9.6 Pg 267 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +W=100;// kN +lift=400;// mm +sigma_ts=100;// MPa +sigma_cs=100;// MPa +tau_s=60;// MPa +tau_tn=50;// MPa +sigma_cn=45;// MPa +tau_n=40;// MPa +pb=15;// MPa +mu=0.2;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.15;// coefficient of collar friction + +//sigma_cs=4*W/(%pi*dc**2) +dc=sqrt(4*W*10**3/(%pi*sigma_cs));// mm +printf('\n Screw Diameter-\n Core diameter of screw, dc=%.2f mm. Use dc=40 mm',dc) +dc=40;// mm +p=7;// mm (for normal series square threads) +d=dc+p;//mm +printf('\n outside diameter = %.f mm',d) +dm=dc+p/2;// mm +printf('\n mean diameter = %.1f mm',dm) +t=p/2;// mm +printf('\n thread thickness = %.1f mm',t) + +printf('\n Maximum tensile & shear stress in screw -') +sigma_c=4*W*1000/%pi/dc**2;// MPa +alfa=atand(p/(%pi*dm));// degree +fi=atand(mu);// degree +Tf=dm*W*10**3/2*tand(alfa+fi);// where TfByW = Tf/W +tau=16*Tf/(%pi*dc**3);// MPa +sigma12=(1/2)*(sigma_c+sqrt(sigma_c**2+4*tau**2));// MPa +printf('\n Maximum tensile stress = %.f MPa < %.f MPA. Hence design is safe.',sigma12,sigma_ts) +tau_max=sqrt((sigma_c/2)**2+tau**2);// MPa +printf('\n Maximum shear stress = %.2f MPa < %.f MPA. Hence design is safe.',tau_max,tau_s) + +printf('\n Height of nut-') +n=W*10**3/(%pi/4)/pb/(d**2-dc**2);// no. of threads +n= ceil(n);// no. of threads (rounding) +h=n*p;// mm +printf('\n h=%.f mm',h) + +printf('\n Check for stress in screw and nut') +tau_screw=W*10**3/(%pi*n*dc*t);// MPa +printf('\n shear stress in screw = %.2f MPa < %.f MPa',tau_screw,tau_s) +tau_nut=W*10**3/(%pi*n*d*t);// MPa +printf('\n shear stress in nut = %.2f MPa < %.f MPa',tau_nut,tau_n) +printf('\n These are within permissible limits. Hence design is safe.') + +printf('\n Nut collar size-') +// %pi/4*(D1**2-d**2)*sigma_tn=W +D1=sqrt(W*10**3/(%pi/4)/tau_tn+d**2);// mm +printf('\n Inside diameter of collar = %.2f mm. Use D1=70 mm',D1) +D1=70;//mm (adopted for design) +// %pi/4*(D2**2-D1**2)*sigma_cn=W +D2=sqrt(W*10**3/(%pi/4)/sigma_cn+D1**2);// mm +printf('\n Outside diameter of collar = %.2f mm. Use D2=90 mm',D2) +D2=90;//mm (adopted for design) + +// %pi*D1*tc*tau_n=W +tc=W*10**3/(%pi*D1*tau_n);// mm +printf('\n thickness of nut = %.2f mm. Use tc=12 mm.',tc) +tc=12;// mm (adopted for design) + +printf('\n Head Dimensions-') +D3=1.75*d;// mm +printf('\n Diameter of head on top of screw = %.2f mm. use D3=84 mm.',D3) +D3=84;// mm (adopted for design) +D4=D3/4;// mm +printf('\n pin diameter in the cup = %.f mm',D4) + +printf('\n Torque required between cup and head-') +Tc=mu_c*W*10**3/3*((D3**3-D4**3)/(D3**2-D4**2));// N.mm +printf('\n Tc=%.f N.mm (acc. to uniform pressure theory)',Tc) +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +printf('\n Total Torque, T=%.f N.mm',T) + +F=300;// N (as a normal person can apply 100-300 N) +l=T/F;//mm +printf('\n length of lever = %.f mm. Use 3300 mm',l) + +M=F*l;// N.mm +dl=(32*M/%pi/sigma12)**(1/3);// mm +printf('\n Diameter of lever, dl=%.1f mm. Use dl=48 mm.',dl) +dl=48;// mm (adopted for design) + +H=2*dl;// mm +printf('\n Height of head, H=%.f mm',H) + +printf('\n Check for screw in buckling-') +L=lift+0.5*h;// mm +K=dc/4;// mm +C=0.25;// spring index +sigma_y=200;// MPa +Ac=%pi/4*dc**2;//mm.sq. +Wcr=Ac*sigma_y*(1-(sigma_y/4/C/%pi**2/(200*10**3))*(L/K)**2)/1000;// kN +printf('\n Buckling or critical load for screw, Wcr = %.f kN > 100kN',Wcr) + +To=W*10**3*dm/2*tand(alfa);// N.mm +eta=To/T*100;// % +printf('\n Efficiency of screw = %.1f %%',eta) + +printf('\n Body dimensions-') +D5=1.5*D2;// mm +t2=2*tc;// mm +t3=0.25*d;//mm +D6=2.25*D2;// mm +printf('\n Diameter of body at top, D5 = %.f mm', D5) +printf('\n Thickness of base, t2 = %.f mm', t2) +printf('\n Thickness of body, t3 = %.f mm', t3) +printf('\n Inside diameter of bottom, D6 = %.1f mm. Use D6=205 mm.', D6) +D6=205;// mm (adopted for design) +D7=1.75*D6;// mm +hb=lift+h+100;// mm +printf('\n Outside diameter at the bottom, D7 = %.2f mm. Use 360 mm.', D7) +printf('\n Height of body = %.f mm. Use 600mm',hb) diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0adbaae08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// exa 9.7 Pg 267 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +two_beta=30;// degree +W=400*10**3;// N +d=100;// mm +p=12;// mm +mu=0.15;// coefficient of thread friction + +dm=d-p/2;// mm +dc=d-p;// mm +l=2*p;// mm +alfa=atand(l/%pi/dm);// degree +mu_e=mu/cosd(two_beta/2);// virtual coefficient of friction +fi=atand(mu);// degree +Tf=W*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi);// N.mm (Frictional torque for raising load) +T=W*dm/4*tand(fi);// N.mm +To=W*dm/2*tand(alfa);// N.mm (Torque without friction) +eta1=To/Tf*100;// % +printf('\n Efficiency during raising the load = %.2f %%',eta1) +eta2=T/To*100;// % +printf('\n Efficiency during lowering the load = %.2f %%',eta2) +// Note - answer & solution is wrong in the textbook. diff --git a/3774/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3774/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9fd634e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3774/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// exa 9.9 Pg 272 + +clc;clear;close; + +// Given Data +d=70;// mm +mu=0.13;// coefficient of thread friction +mu_c=0.15;// coefficient of collar friction +Do=90;// mm +Di=26;// mm +L=450;// mm +// C-25 steel screw +sigma_t1=275;// MPa +sigma_c1=275;// MPa +tau1=137.5;// MPa +// Phosphor bronze nut +sigma_t2=100;// MPa +sigma_c2=90;// MPa +tau2=80;// MPa +pb=15;//MPa +n=2;// factor of safety +//screw +sigma_ts=137.5;// MPa +sigma_cs=137.5;// MPa +tau_s=68.75;// MPa +//Nut +sigma_tn=50;// MPa +sigma_cn=45;// MPa +tau_n=40;// MPa + +p=10;// mm (for normal series square threads) +dc=d-p;//mm +dm=d-p/2;//mm +t=p/2;//mm +alfa=atand(p/%pi/dm);// degree +fi=atand(mu);// degree + +K=dc/4;// mm +C=0.25;// spring index +sigma_y=275;// MPa +Ac=%pi/4*dc**2;//mm.sq. +Wcr=Ac*sigma_y*(1-(sigma_y/4/C/%pi**2/(200*10**3))*(L/K)**2);// N +printf('\n (a) Safe Capacity of press or critical load for the screw = %.f N',Wcr) + +n=Wcr/(%pi*dm*t*pb);// no. of threads +n=ceil(n);// rounding +h=n*p;// mm +printf('\n (b) Height of nut, h=%.f mm',h) + +W=Wcr;// N +Tf=W*dm/2*tand(alfa+fi)/1000;// N.mm (Frictional torque) +Tc=mu_c*W/4*(Do+Di)/1000;// N.mm (Collar torque) +T=Tf+Tc;// N.mm +printf('\n (c) Necessary torsional moment or total torque = %.2f N.mm',T) +// Note - answer in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994b2525e --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex 2.1 page 67 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +V1=1;//V across SCR +IG=0;//A +Ih=2;//mA holding current +R=50;//ohm + +// Applying kirchoff law +//VA-(IAK*R)-V1=0 +VA=(Ih*10**-3*R)+V1;//V (let IAK=Ih) +printf('VA = %.2f V',VA) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2ef39989 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex 2.10 page 73 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=10;// ohm +L=0.1;// H +delta_i=20/1000;// A +Vs=230;// V4 +f=50;// Hz +theta=45;//degree + +delta_t = L*delta_i/Vs; // s +delta_t = delta_t*10**6;// micro s +printf('Minimum gate pulse width = %.1f micro s',delta_t) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80b0ca754 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex 2.11 page 73 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +m=3*10**3;// gradient (VG/IG) +VS=10;// V +PG=0.012;// W +// IG = VG/m & PG=VG*IG +VG=sqrt(PG*m) +IG=VG/m ; // A +RS=(VS-VG)/IG/1000;// kohm +printf('gate source resistance = %.1f kohm',RS) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3d55c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex 2.12 page 74 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +VS=300;// V +delta_i = 50/1000;// A +R=60;// ohm +L=2;// H +TP=40*10**-6;// s + +I1=VS/L*TP;// A (at the end of pulse) +// as I1 << delta_i +I2=delta_i;// A (anode current with RL load) + +Rdash = VS/(I2-I1)/1000;// kohm +printf('Value of resistance = %.2f kohm',Rdash) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f329cd717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Ex 2.13 page 74 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Im=50;// A + +printf('For half sine wave current : \n') +// theta=180;// degree +theta=180;// degree +Iav=Im/%pi;// A +Irms=Im/2;// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(i) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) + +// theta=90;// degree +theta=90;// degree +Iav=Im/2/%pi;// A +Irms=Im/2/sqrt(2);// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(ii) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) + +// theta=180;// degree +theta=180;// degree +Iav=Im*0.0213;// A +Irms=Im*0.0849;// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(iii) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) + +printf('\n For rectangular wave current : \n') +// theta=180;// degree +theta=180;// degree +Iav=Im/2;// A +Irms=Im/sqrt(2);// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(i) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) + +// theta=90;// degree +theta=90;// degree +Iav=Im/4;// A +Irms=Im/2;// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(ii) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) + +// theta=180;// degree +theta=180;// degree +Iav=Im/12;// A +Irms=Im/2/sqrt(3);// A +FF=Irms/Iav;// form factor +ITav=Im/FF ; // A +printf('(i) Average ON State current = %.2f A\n',ITav) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62a65af10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Ex 2.14 page 76 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +VS=500;// V +IP=250;// A +diBYdt=60;// A/micro-s +dvaBYdt=200;// V/micro-s +RL=20;// ohm +r=0.65;// ohm +eps=0.65 ;// damping ratio + +F=2;// saftety factor +IP=IP/2;// A +diBYdt=60/2;// A/micro-s +dvaBYdt=200/2;// V/micro-s +L=VS/diBYdt;// uH +R=L*10**6/VS*dvaBYdt/10**6;// ohm +printf('Value of L = %.2f uH',L) +printf('\n Value of R = %.1f ohm',R) + +Ip=VS/RL+VS/R;// A +if Ip > IP then + printf('\n Value of Ip = %.1f A is greater than permissible peak current = %.1f A\n change the value of Rs',Ip,IP) + Rs=6;//ohm +end +Ip=VS/RL+VS/Rs;// A +Cs=(2*eps/Rs)**2*L;// micro F +printf('\n Value of C = %.2f micro F',Cs) + +//load combination current Cs*dv/dt = Vs/(Rs+RL) + +Cs=0.4;// uF (reduced value of Cs) +Rs=6;//ohm +dvBYdt = VS/(Rs+RL)/Cs; // V/micro-s +printf('\n Value of dv/dt = %.1f V micro-s',dvBYdt) +disp('This is less than the specified max. value. Hence the choice is correct.') + +//Answer in the textbook is wrong. In last part RL+Rs = 18 is taken in place of 26 diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3288a0a68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Ex 2.15 page 77 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Isb=3000;// A +f=50;// Hz +I=sqrt((Isb**2*1/2/f)*f) ;// A +I2t=I**2/2/f;// sq.A/s +printf('I2t rating = %d A**2/s',ceil(I2t)) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ea2e9af --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Ex 2.2 page 67 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +diBYdt=1000;//A/s (rate of rise of current) +il=10;//mA (latching current = diBYdt * tp) +tp=il*10**-3/diBYdt;//s +printf('Minimum duration of gating pulse = %.f micro s',tp*10**6) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ac9e02f --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex 2.3 page 68 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +m=16;// V/A (gradient) +t_on=4;// us +IG=500;// mA +VS=15;// V + +VG=m*IG/1000;// V +//Load line equation +//VG=VS-IG*RS +RS=(VS-VG)/(IG/1000) ;// ohm +Pg=VS*(IG/1000)**2 ; // W +printf('Gate power dissipation = %.f W',Pg) +printf('\n Resistance to be connected = %.f ohm',RS) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..949b80064 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex 2.4 page 68 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// VG=0.5+8*IG -- eqn(1) +f=400; // Hz +delta=0.1 ; // (Duty Cycle) +P=0.5;//W +VS=12;// V + +Tp=1/f*10**6;// us +// P= VG*IG -- eqn(2) +// solving eqn 1 and 2 +//8*IG*IG**2+0.5*IG-P=0 +p=[8, 0.5, -P] // polynomial for IG +IG=roots(p) ;// A +IG=IG(2) ;// A (discarding -ve value) +VG=0.5+8*IG;// V +// VS=VG+IG*RS +RS=(VS-VG)/IG +printf('Value of resistance to be added in series = %.2f ohm',RS) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3511c44a --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex 2.5 page 69 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +// VG=10*IG -- eqn(1) +PGM=5;// W +PGav=.5;// W +VS=12;// V +Tp=20;// us + +// PGM = VG*IG where VG=10*IG +IG=sqrt(PGM/10);// A +VG=10*IG;// V +// During the application of pulse VS = VG+(IG*RS) +RS=(VS-VG)/IG ;// ohm +f=PGav/(PGM*Tp*10**-6)/1000;// kHz +delta=f*1000*Tp*10**-6;// Duty Cycle +printf('Value of resistance to be connected in series = %.2f ohm',RS) +printf('\n Triggering frequency = %.2f kHz',f) +printf('\n Duty Cycle = %.1f ',delta) +// Note : ans in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7da826e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex 2.6 page 70 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +VS=3;// kV +IS=750;// A + +VD=800;// V +ID=175;// A +dr=30/100;// de-rating factor +IB=8;//mA +delQ=30;// u Coulomb +// dr = 1-IS/np*ID +np = round(IS/(1-dr)/(ID)) ; // no. of parallel string +ns = round(VS*1000/(1-dr)/(VD)) ; // no. of series string +R=(ns*VD-VS*1000)/(ns-1)/(IB/1000)/1000;//kohm +C=(ns-1)*delQ*10**-6/(ns*VD-VS*1000) +printf('Value of R = %.2f kohm',R) +printf('\n Value of C = %.2e F',C) diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..517db0b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex 2.7 page 71 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +VS=4;// kV +IS=800;// A + +VD=800;// V +ID=200;// A +dr=20/100;// de-rating factor +// for series connection +ns = ceil(VS*1000/(1-dr)/(VD)) ; // no. of series string +// for parallel connection +np = round(IS/(1-dr)/(ID)) ; // no. of parallel string +printf('\n no. of series connection = %d',ns) +printf('\n no. of parallel connection = %d',np) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f53b605 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex 2.8 page 72 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +IS1=100;// A +IS2=150;// A +vd1=2.1;// V +vd2=1.75;// V +I=250;// A + +rf1=vd1/IS1;// ohm +rf2=vd2/IS2;// ohm +// Equating voltage drops +// vd1+IS1*re = vd2+IS2*re +re=(vd1-vd2)/(IS2-IS1) +printf(' Series resistance = %.3f ohm',re) + diff --git a/3775/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3775/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ae72759f --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex 2.9 page 72 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Vf1=1;// V +If1=0;//A +Vf2=1.9;// V +If2=60;//A +IT=20*%pi;// A +// PAV = 1/T*integrate(VT*IT,0,T)*dt = ITAV+0.015*IRMS**2 +ITAV=IT/%pi;//A +ITRMS=IT/2;// A +dt=ITAV+0.015*ITRMS**2;// W +printf('Average power loss = %.1f W',dt) + diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a019e6bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 3.1 page 117 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=100;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha=45;// degree + +Vo=Vs*sqrt(2)/2/%pi*(1+cosd(alpha));// V +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf('Average current = %.4f A',Io) +Vor=Vs/sqrt(2)*sqrt(1/180*((180-alpha)+sind(2*alpha)/2));// V +Ior=Vor/R;// A +P=Ior**2*R;// W +printf('\n Power delivered = %.2f W',P) + +//Ans in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee08c1c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Ex 3.10 page 124 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=2;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 120;// degree +Ia=10;// A + +Vo=2*sqrt(2)*Vs*cos(alpha*%pi/180)/%pi +V=Ia*R-Vo;// V +printf('emf on load side = %.2f V', V) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a4ec0d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Ex 3.11 page 125 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Vs=230;// V +Io=5;// A +alpha = 45;// degree +printf('part(i)') +Vo=2*sqrt(2)*Vs/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +printf('\n dc output voltage = %.1f V',Vo) +Pi=Vo*Io;// W +printf('\n Active power = %.1f W',Pi) +Qi=2*sqrt(2)*Vs/%pi*sin(alpha*%pi/180)*Io;// VAR +printf('\n Reactive power = %.1f VAR',Qi) +printf('\n\n part(ii)') +R=Vo/Io;// ohm +Vo=sqrt(2)*Vs/%pi*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180));// V +printf('\n dc output voltage = %.1f V',Vo) +Io=Vo/R;// A +Pi=Vo*Io;// W +printf('\n Active power = %.1f W',Pi) +Qi=sqrt(2)*Vs/%pi*sin(alpha*%pi/180)*Io;// VAR +printf('\n Reactive power = %.0f VAR',Qi) +printf('\n\n part(iii)') +Vo=sqrt(2)*Vs/%pi/2*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180));// +printf('\n Average load voltage = %.0f V',Vo) +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A',Io) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b4acf18a --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex 3.12 page 126 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=20;// ohm +Vs=400;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 30;// degree + +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=3*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf('\n Average load voltage = %.3f V',Vo) +printf('\n Average load current = %.3f A',Io) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e8ffe356 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Ex 3.13 page 126 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=3;// no. of phase +Vs=400;// V +f=50;// Hz +Io=100;// A +alpha = 60;// degree + +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=n*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +Po=Vo*Io;// W +printf(' (i)') +printf('\n Output voltage = %.0f V',Vo) +printf('\n Output power = %.0f W',Po) +printf('\n\n (ii)') +Iav=Io*2*%pi/3/2/%pi;// A +printf('\n average current through thyristor = %.2f A', Iav) +Ior=sqrt(Io**2*2*%pi/3/2/%pi);// A +printf('\n rms current through thyristor = %.2f A', Ior) +Ip=Io;//A +printf('\n peak current through thyristor = %.2f A', Ip) +printf('\n\n (iii)') +PIV=sqrt(2)*Vs;//V +printf('\n PIV of thyristor = %.1f V',PIV) +// Ans in the book is not accurate. diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5083948a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Ex 3.14 page 127 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=3;// no. of phase +R=60;// ohm +Vs=400;// V +alpha = 30;// degree + +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=3*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +Io=Vo/R;// A +Is=Io*sqrt(2/3);// A +P=Io**2*R;// W +pf=P/sqrt(3)/Vs/Is;// power factor + +printf('\n Average load voltage = %.3f V',Vo) +printf('\n Average load current = %.1f A',Io) +printf('\n input power factor = %.4f',pf) +// Note : Ans in the textbook is wrong as in calculation for pf Io is used in place of Is diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67dfdc114 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex 3.15 page 127 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=3;// no. of phase +R=50;// ohm +Vs=400;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 45;// degree + +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=3*Vm/2/%pi*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180));// V +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf('\n Average load voltage = %.2f V',Vo) +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A',Io) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c90eeaf75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Ex 3.16 page 128 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +n=3;// no. of phase +Vs=400;// V +f=50;// Hz +Ls=5/1000;// H +Io=20;// A +Ri=1;// ohm +Vdc=400;// V + +Vo=Vdc+Io*Ri;// V +// Vo=3*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180)-3*2*%pi*f*Ls/%pi*Io +Vm=sqrt(2)*Vs;// V +alpha=acos((Vo+3*2*%pi*f*Ls/%pi*Io)/(3*Vm/%pi))*180/%pi;// degree + +// Vo=3*Vm/%pi*cos((alpha+mu)*%pi/180)-3*2*%pi*f*Ls/%pi*Io +mu=acos((Vo-3*2*%pi*f*Ls/%pi*Io)/(3*Vm/%pi))*180/%pi-alpha;// degree +printf('\n Firing angle = %.2f degree',alpha) +printf('\n Overlap angle = %.2f degree',mu) +// ans in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8986a5e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex 3.17 page 128 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +n=3;// no. of phase +Vs=400;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = %pi/4;// radian +Io=10;// A +Vo=360;// V + +// Vo=n*Vs*sqrt(2)/%pi/sqrt(2)-3*2*%pi*f*Ls*Io/%pi +Ls=(n*Vs*sqrt(2)/%pi/sqrt(2)-Vo)/(3*2*%pi*f)/(Io/%pi)*1000;// mH +R=Vo/Io;// ohm +printf(' Load resistance = %.f ohm',R) +printf('\n Source inductance = %.1f mH',Ls) +// Vo = n*Vs*sqrt(2)/%pi*cos(alpha+mu)+3*2*%pi*f*Ls*Io/%pi +mu=acos((Vo-3*2*%pi*f*Ls/1000*Io/%pi)/(n*Vs*sqrt(2)/%pi))-alpha;// radian +mu=mu*180/%pi;// degree +printf('\n Overlap angle = %.d degree',mu) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c276b4c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Ex 3.2 page 118 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=10;// ohm +E=165;// V +//vt=330*sin(314*t) +Vm=330;// V +f=314/2/%pi;// Hz +alpha1=asin(E/Vm);// radian +alpha2=%pi-alpha1;// radian +Io=1/2/%pi/R*(2*Vm*cos(alpha1)-E*(alpha2-alpha1));// A +P=E*Io;// W + +printf('Power supplied to battery = %d W',P) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82ba6d895 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Ex 3.3 page 119 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +//v2t = 325*sin(w*t) +R=20;// ohm +alfa=45;// degree +vm=325;// V +V=230;// V +printf('part (a)\n') +Vo=vm/2/%pi*(1+cosd(alfa)) ;// V +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf(' dc voltage Vo = %.1f V',Vo) +printf('\n & Current Io = %.3f A',Io) +printf('\n\n part (b)\n') +Vor=vm/2/sqrt(%pi)*sqrt((%pi-%pi/180*alfa)+1/2*sind(2*alfa));// V +Ior=Vor/R;// A +printf(' rms voltage Vor = %.3f V',Vor) +printf('\n & Current Ior = %.3f A',Ior) +printf('\n\n part (c)') +Pdc=Vo*Io;// W +Pac=Vor*Ior;// W +eta=Pdc/Pac;// rectification efficiency +printf("\n dc Power = %.2f W", Pdc) +printf("\n ac Power = %.2f W", Pac) +printf("\n Rectification efficiency = %.4f", eta) +printf('\n\n part (d)') +FF=Vor/Vo;// form factor +RF=sqrt(FF**2-1) +printf('\n Form factor = %.3f ',FF) +printf('\n Ripple factor = %.3f ',RF) +printf('\n\n part (e)') +VA=V*Ior;// VA +TUF=Pdc/V/Ior;// Transformer Utilization factor +printf("\n VA rating = %.1f VA", VA) +printf("\n Transformer Utilization factor = %.4f", TUF) +printf('\n\n part (f)') +Vp=vm;// V +printf("\n Peak inverse voltage = %d V",Vp) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e057de355 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex 3.4 page 120 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=10;// ohm +E=165;// V +//vt=330*sin(314*t) +Vm=330;// V +Vs=233;// V +f=314/2/%pi;// Hz +theta1=asin(E/Vm);// radian +//alpha2=%pi-alpha1;// radian +Io=1/2/%pi/R*(2*Vm*cos(theta1)-E*(%pi-2*theta1));// A +printf('(a) Average value of current = %.2f A',Io) +P=E*Io;// W +printf('\n (b) Power supplied to battery = %d W',P) +Ior=sqrt(1/2/%pi/R**2*((%pi-2*theta1)*(Vs**2+E**2)+Vm**2*sin(2*theta1)-4*Vm*E*cos(theta1)));// A +Pr=Ior**2*R;// W +printf('\n (c) Power dissipated in the resistor = %.2f W',Pr) +pf=(Pr+P)/Vs/Ior;// power factor +printf('\n (d) Power factor = %.4f',pf) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..754f6a2c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Ex 3.5 page 122 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=20;// ohm +V=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha=30;// degree +Vm=V*sqrt(2);//V +Vo=Vm/%pi*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180));// V +printf('Average load voltage = %.1f V',Vo) +Io=Vo/R;// A +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A', Io) +Vor=V/sqrt(%pi)*sqrt((%pi-alpha*%pi/180)+sin(2*alpha*%pi/180)/2);// V +Ior=Vor/R;// A +printf('\n rms load current = %.2f A', Ior) +Iav=Io/2;//A +printf('\n Average thyristor current = %.2f A', Iav) +Irms=Ior/sqrt(2);// A +printf('\n rms thyristor current = %.3f A', Irms) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed56e8cbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex 3.6 page 122 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=10;// ohm +L=100/1000;// H +E=100;// V +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 45;// degree +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=2*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +Io=(Vo-E)/R;// A +printf('Average load current = %.3f A',Io) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09f9bcb2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Ex 3.7 page 123 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=2;// ohm +L=0.3;// H +E=100;// V +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 30;// degree +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=2*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +printf(' Average load voltage = %.2f V', Vo) +Io=(Vo)/R;// A +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A', Io) +Is=Io;// A +Is1=4*Io/%pi/sqrt(2);// A +PF=Vo*Io/Vs/Is;// power factor +printf('\n Power factor = %.4f',PF) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fea42e53b --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Ex 3.8 page 123 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=5;// ohm +L=1;// H +E=10;// V +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 45;// degree +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=Vm/%pi*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180));// V +printf(' Average load voltage = %.2f V', Vo) +Io=(Vo-E)/R;// A +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A', Io) +PF=(Io**2*R+E*Io)/Vs/Io;// power factor +printf('\n Power factor = %.4f',PF) diff --git a/3775/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3775/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52c125ab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex 3.9 page 124 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=50;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 30;// degree +Vm=Vs*sqrt(2);// V +Vo=2*Vm/%pi*cos(alpha*%pi/180);// V +printf(' (i) Average voltage across 50 ohm resistor = %.2f V', Vo) +Io=(Vo)/R;// A +Ior=Io/sqrt(2);// A +printf('\n (ii) rms current = %.4f A', Ior) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757ecc342 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 4.1 page 158 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=5;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 120;// degree + +Vor=Vs*sqrt(1/%pi*(%pi-alpha*%pi/180+sin(2*alpha*%pi/180)/2));// V +printf('\n rms load voltage = %.2f V', Vor) +Ior=Vor/R;// A +printf('\n rms load current = %.2f A', Ior) +Irms=Ior/sqrt(2);//A +printf('\n rms thyristor current = %.2f A', Irms) +pf=sqrt(1/%pi*((%pi-alpha*%pi/180)+sin(2*alpha*%pi/180)/2));// power factor +printf('\n input power factor = %.3f ',pf) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d25608094 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Ex 4.2 page 158 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=10;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +nc=18;// conducting cycles +noff=32;// off cycles + +k=nc/(nc+noff);// duty ratio +Vor=Vs*sqrt(k);// V +Po=Vor**2/R;// W +Pi=Po;// W (losses are negligble) +Ior=Vor/R;//A +pf=Po/Vs/Ior;//W +Im=Vs*sqrt(2)/R;//A +Irms=Im*sqrt(k)/2;//A +Iav=k*Im/%pi;//A +printf('\n (a) rms output voltage = %.0f V', Vor) +printf('\n (b) Power output to load = %.1f W', Po) +printf('\n (c) Power input to regulator = %.1f W', Pi) +printf('\n (d) input power factor = %.1f ',pf) +printf('\n (e) average scr current = %.3f A', Iav) +printf('\n rms scr current = %.3f A', Irms) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0ea49598 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 4.3 page 159 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=10;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 90;// degree + +Vor=Vs*sqrt(1/%pi*(%pi-alpha*%pi/180+sin(2*alpha*%pi/180)/2));// V +Ior=Vor/R;// A +P=Ior**2*R;// W +pf=Vor/Vs;// power factor +printf('\n rms load voltage = %.2f V', Vor) +printf('\n rms load current = %.2f A', Ior) +printf('\n power input = %.2f W', P) +printf('\n load power factor = %.1f ',pf) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a559736b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex 4.4 page 160 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=30;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +alpha = 45;// degree + +Vor=Vs*sqrt(1/%pi*(%pi-alpha*%pi/180+sin(2*alpha*%pi/180)/2));// V +Ior=Vor/R;// A +printf('\n rms load voltage = %.2f V', Vor) +printf('\n rms load current = %.2f A', Ior) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ef30291f --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 4.5 page 160 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=10;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz +fi = 45;// degree + +Vmax=Vs;// V(max supply voltage) +XL=R*tan(fi*%pi/180);// ohm +Z=XL*sqrt(2);// ohm +Imax=Vs/Z;//A + +printf('\n max load voltage = %.2f V', Vmax) +printf('\n max load current = %.3f A', Imax) +printf('\n range of delay angle = %d to %d',0,fi) diff --git a/3775/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3775/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce881d896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Ex 4.7 page 161 + +clc; +clear; +close; + + +R=3;// ohm +wL=4;//ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=50;// Hz + +fi=atan(wL/R)*180/%pi;//degree +printf('\n (i) control range of firing angle = %.2f to pi',fi) +Imax=Vs/sqrt(R**2+wL**2);// A +printf('\n (ii) max rms load current = %.f A', Imax) +Pmax=Imax**2*R;//W +printf('\n (iii) max power input to load = %.f W', Pmax) +pf_max=Pmax/Vs/Imax;// power factor +printf('\n (iv) max power factor = %.1f ', pf_max) +Ithrms=Imax/sqrt(2);// A +Ithav=Ithrms/1.57;// A +printf('\n (v) max rms thyristor current = %.3f A', Ithrms) +printf('\n max average thyristor current = %.3f A', Ithav) diff --git a/3775/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3775/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7c79e0b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex 5.1 page 184 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=10;// ohm +Vs=230;// V +f=1*1000;// Hz +Ton=0.4;// ms +k=0.4 ;// duty cycle + +Vo=Vs*k;//V +Ioav=Vo/R;// A +Vor=Vs*sqrt(k);// V +Po=Vor**2/R;// W +printf('\n Average load current = %.1f A', Ioav) +printf('\n Power delivered = %.2f W',Po) diff --git a/3775/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3775/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d3056997 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 5.2 page 185 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +R=5;// ohm +Vs=300;// V +f=1*1000;// Hz +Ton=20;// ms +Toff=10;// ms + +k= Ton/(Ton+Toff);// duty ratio +f=1000/(Ton+Toff);//Hz +Voav=Vs*k;// V +Ioav=Voav/R;// A +printf('\n duty ratio = %.3f',k) +printf('\n chopping frequency = %.2f Hz',f) +printf('\n Average load voltage = %.2f V', Voav) +printf('\n Average load current = %.2f A', Ioav) diff --git a/3775/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3775/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..149f849c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Ex 5.3 page 185 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Vs=400;//V +alfa=0.25;// duty cycle +delta_I=10;// A +L=0.5;// H +R=0;// ohm + +Vo=alfa*Vs;//V +//Vo+L*di/dt=Vs -- putting dt=Ton & di=delta_I +Ton=delta_I/((Vs-Vo)/L)*1000;// ms +T=Ton/alfa;// ms +f=1/T*1000;//Hz +printf('\n chopping frequency = %d Hz',f) diff --git a/3775/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3775/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77362790a --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Ex 5.5 page 186 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Vs=220;//V +Vo=660;// V +Toff=100;// micro s + +//Vo=Vs/(1-alfa) +alfa=1-Vs/Vo;// duty cycle +//alfa=Ton/(Ton+Toff) +Ton=alfa*Toff/(1-alfa);// micro s +T=Ton+Toff;//micro s +printf('Pulse width of output voltage, Ton = %d micro s & T = %d micro s',Ton,T) +//(ii) reduce pulse width by 50% +Ton=Ton/2;// micro s +Toff=T-Ton;// micro s +alfa=Ton/(Ton+Toff);// duty cycle +Vo=Vs/(1-alfa);// V +printf('\n New output voltage = %d V',Vo) + diff --git a/3775/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3775/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64466ed7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Ex 7.1 page 260 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +N1=1000;// rpm +Va1=200;// V +alfa=60;// degree +Va2=230;// V + +N2=2*Va2*sqrt(2)*cos(alfa*%pi/180)*N1/Va1/%pi +printf('\n Speed of motor = %d rpm',N2) +// ans in the textbook is not accurate. diff --git a/3775/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3775/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87f099dd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Ex 7.2 page 260 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +N1=1100;// rpm +Va1=220;// V +N2=900;// rpm + +Va2=Va1*N2/N1;// V +delta=Va2/Va1;// duty ratio +printf('\n duty ratio = %.2f',delta) diff --git a/3775/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3775/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4f0d3334 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Ex 7.3 page 261 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +N1=900;// rpm +Va1=198;// V +N2=500;// rpm +Vs=230;// V + +Va2=Va1*N2/N1;// V +// 2*sqrt(2)*Vs*cos(alfa)/%pi=Va2 +alfa=acos(Va2/(2*sqrt(2)*Vs)*%pi)*180/%pi;// degree + +printf('\n triggering angle = %.1f degree',alfa) diff --git a/3775/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3775/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0605a583 --- /dev/null +++ b/3775/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Ex 7.4 page 261 + +clc; +clear; +close; + +Vs=230;// V +Ton=10;// ms +Toff=25;// ms +Ra=2;//ohm +N=1400;// rpm +k=0.5;// V/rad/s (back emf constant) +kt=0.5;// NM-A**-1 (torque constant) + +Eb=N*2*%pi*k/60;// V +Va=Vs*Ton/(Toff);// V +Ia=(Va-Eb)/Ra;// A +T=kt*Ia;// Nm +printf('\n average armature current = %.2f A', Ia) +printf('\n torque = %.3f Nm', T) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0d2002bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +//Given +// +d_bolt = 20.0 //mm,diameter,This is not the minimum area +d_bolt_min = 16.0 //mm This is at the roots of the thread +//This yealds maximum stress +A_crossection = (%pi)*(d_bolt**2)/4 //sq.mm +A_crossection_min = (%pi)*(d_bolt_min**2)/4 //sq.mm ,This is minimum area which yeilds maximum stress +load1 = 10.0 //KN +BC = 1.0 //m +CF = 2.5 //m +contact_area = 200*200 // sq.mm , The contact area at c + +//caliculations +//Balancing forces in the x direction: +// Balncing the moments about C and B: +Fx = 0 +R_cy = load1*(BC+CF) //KN , Reaction at C in y-direction +R_by = load1*(CF) //KN , Reaction at B in y-direction +//Because of 2 bolts +stress_max = (R_by/(2*A_crossection_min))*(10**3) // MPA,maximum stess records at minimum area +stress_shank = (R_by/(2*A_crossection))*(10**3) // MPA +Bearing_stress_c = (R_cy/contact_area)*(10**3) //MPA, Bearing stress at C + +printf("\n The bearing stress at C is %0.3f MPa",(Bearing_stress_c) ) +printf("\n The maximum normal stress in BD bolt is: %0.0f MPa",stress_max) +printf("\n The tensile strss at shank of the bolt is: %0.1f MPa",stress_shank) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d76b556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +//Given +load_distributed = 20 //kN/sq.m, This is the load distributed over the pier +H = 2 // m, Total height +h = 1 //m , point of investigation +base = 1.5 //m The length of crossection in side veiw +top = 0.5 //m ,The length where load is distributed on top +base_inv = 1 //m , the length at the point of investigation +area = 0.5*1 //m ,The length at a-a crossection +density_conc = 25 //kN/sq.m +//caliculation of total weight + +v_total = ((top+base)/2)*top*H //sq.m ,The total volume +w_total = v_total* density_conc //kN , The total weight +R_top = (top**2)*load_distributed //kN , THe reaction force due to load distribution +reaction_net = w_total + R_top + +//caliculation of State of stress at 1m +v_inv = ((top+base_inv)/2)*top*h //sq.m ,The total volume from 1m to top +w_inv = v_inv*density_conc //kN , The total weight from 1m to top +reaction_net = w_inv + R_top //kN +Stress = reaction_net/area //kN/sq.m +printf("\n The total weight of pier is %0.3f kN",w_total) +printf("\n The stress at 1 m above is %0.1f kN/m**2",Stress) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05d597de5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clear +//Given +// +d_pins = 0.375 //inch +load1 = 3 //kips +AB_x = 6 //inch,X-component +AB_y = 3 //inch,Y-component +BC_y = 6 //inch,Y-component +BC_x = 6 //inch,X-component +area_AB = 0.25*0.5 //inch*2 +area_net = 0.20*2*(0.875-0.375) //inch*2 +area_BC = 0.875*0.25 //inch*2 +area_pin = d_pins*2*0.20 //inch*2 +area_pin_crossection = 2*3.14*((d_pins/2)**2) +//caliculations + +slope = AB_y/ AB_x //For AB +slope = BC_y/ BC_x //For BC + +//momentum at point C: +F_A_x = (load1*AB_x )/(BC_y + AB_y ) //kips, F_A_x X-component of F_A + +//momentum at point A: +F_C_x = -(load1*BC_x)/(BC_y + AB_y ) //kips, F_C_x X-component of F_c + +//X,Y components of F_A +F_A= ((5**0.5)/2)*F_A_x //kips +F_A_y = 0.5*F_A_x //kips + +//X,Y components of F_C +F_C= (2**0.5)*F_C_x //kips +F_C_y = F_C_x //kips + +T_stress_AB = F_A/area_AB //ksi , Tensile stress in main bar AB +stress_clevis = F_A/area_net //ksi ,Tensile stress in clevis of main bar AB +c_strees_BC = F_C/area_BC //ksi , Comprensive stress in main bar BC +B_stress_pin = F_C/area_pin //ksi , Bearing stress in pin at C +To_stress_pin = F_C/area_pin_crossection //ksi , torsion stress in pin at C + +printf("\n Tensile stress in main bar AB: %0.1f ksi",T_stress_AB) +printf("\n Tensile stress in clevis of main bar AB: %0.1f ksi",stress_clevis) +printf("\n Comprensive stress in main bar BC: %0.1f ksi",-c_strees_BC) +printf("\n Bearing stress in pin at C: %0.2f ksi",-B_stress_pin) +printf("\n torsion stress in pin at C: %0.2f ksi",-To_stress_pin) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7d7e038 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Given +mass = 5 //Kg +frequency = 10 //Hz +stress_allow = 200 //MPa +R = 0.5 //m + +//caliculations +// +w = 2*%pi*frequency //rad/sec +a = (w**2)*R //sq.m/sec +F = mass*a //N +A_req = F/stress_allow //sq.m , The required area for aloowing stress +printf("\n The required size of rod is: %0.2f sq.m",A_req) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9cde7839 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +//Given +D_n = 5.0 //kips, dead load +L_n_1 = 1.0 //kips ,live load 1 +L_n_2 = 15 //kips ,live load 2 +stress_allow = 22 //ksi +phi = 0.9 //probalistic coefficients +y_stress = 36 //ksi,Yeild strength +//According to AISR + +//a +p_1 = D_n + L_n_1 //kips since the total load is sum of dead load and live load +p_2 = D_n + L_n_2 //kips, For second live load + +Area_1 = p_1/stress_allow //in*2 ,the allowable area for the allowed stress +Area_2 = p_2/stress_allow //in*2 +printf("\n the allowable area for live load %0.3f is %0.3f in*2",L_n_1,Area_1) +printf("\n the allowable area for live load %0.3f is %0.3f in*2",L_n_2,Area_2) + +//b +//area_crossection= (1.2*D_n +1.6L_n)/(phi*y_stress) + +area_crossection_1= (1.2*D_n +1.6*L_n_1)/(phi*y_stress) //in*2,crossection area for first live load +area_crossection_2= (1.2*D_n +1.6*L_n_2)/(phi*y_stress) //in*2,crossection area for second live load +printf("\n the crossection area for live load %0.3f is %0.3f in*2",L_n_1,area_crossection_1) +printf("\n the crossection area for live load %0.3f is %0.3f in*2",L_n_2,area_crossection_2) diff --git a/3776/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3776/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e30f1631e --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Given +A_angle = 2 //in*2 +stress_allow = 20 //ksi, The maximum alowable stress +F = stress_allow*A_angle //K, The maximum force +AD = 3 //in, from the figure +DC = 1.06 //in, from the figure +strength_AWS = 5.56 // kips/in,Allowable strength according to AWS + +//caliculations +//momentum at point "d" is equal to 0 +R_1 = (F*DC)/AD //k,Resultant force developed by the weld +R_2 = (F*(AD-DC))/AD //k,Resultant force developed by the weld + +l_1 = R_1/strength_AWS //in,Length of the Weld 1 +l_2 = R_2/strength_AWS //in,Length of the Weld 2 + +printf("\n Length of the Weld 1: %0.2f in",l_1) +printf("\n Length of the Weld 2: %0.2f in",l_2) diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfc409a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Given +dia = 400 //mm - The diameter of a pulley +E = 2001 //Gpa - Youngs modulus +t = 0.6 //mm - The thickness of band +c = t/2 //mm - The maximum stress is seen +//Caliculations + +stress_max = E*c*(10**3)/(dia/2) //MPa - The maximum stress on the crossection occurs at the ends +printf("\n The maximum bending stress developed in the saw %0.3f MPa",stress_max) diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9e6eac7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +k = 24.0*(10**12) //N.mm2 Flexure rigidity +E = 200.0 //Gpa - Youngs modulus of the string +l = 5000.0 //mm - The length of the string +C_A = 300.0 //mm2 - crossection area +P = 50.0 //KN - The force applies at the end +a = 2000.0 //mm - The distance C-F +x = 1//X - let it be a variable X +y_d = x*(a**3)/(3*k) //Xmm The displacement at D, lets keep the variable in units part +y_p = -P*(10**3)*(16*(a**3)-12*(a**3)+(a**3))/(k*6) //mm The displacement due to p +e_rod = l/(C_A*E*(10**3)) //Xmm -deflection, The varible is in units +e_rod +X = y_p/(2*e_rod+y_d) // By equating deflections +y_d_1 = X*(a**3)/(3*k) // the deflection of point D +printf("\n The deflection of point D %0.2f mm",y_d_1) diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a514a0eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +l = 15 //in - The length of the crossection +b = 33.9 //in - the width of the crossection +L = 100 //in The length of the cantilever +E = 29*(10**6) //psi The youngs modulus of the material used +I_Z = 315 //in^4 - the moment of inertia wrt Z axis +I_y = 8.13 //in^4 - the moment of inertia wrt Y axis +o = 5 // degrees - the angle of acting force +P = 2000 //k the acting force +P_h = P*sin((%pi/180)*(o)) //k - The horizantal component of P +P_v = P*cos((%pi/180)*(o)) //k - The vertical component of P +e_h = P_h*(L**3)/(3*E*I_y) // the horizantal component of deflection +e_v = P_v*(L**3)/(3*E*I_Z ) // the vertical component of deflection +e = ((e_h**2 + e_v**2)**0.5) +printf("\n the horizantal component of deflection %0.3f in",e_h) +printf("\n the vertical component of deflection %0.3f in",e_v) +printf("\n the resultant deflection %0.3f in",e) diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2688eb46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Given +l = 50.0 //mm - The length of the crossection +b = 50.0 //mm - the width of the crossection +m = 15.3 // mass of the falling body +h = 75.0 //mm - The height of the falling body +p = m*9.81 //N the force acted due to the body +L = 1000.0 //mm The length of the cantilever +E = 200 //Gpa The youngs modulus of the material used +I = (l**4)/12 //mm - the moment of inertia +k = 300 //N/mm -the stiffness of the spring +//Rigid supports +e = m*9.81*(L**3)*(10**-3)/(48*E*I) //mm - the deflection of beam +imp_fact_a = 1 +((1 +2*h/e)**0.5) //no units ** impact factor +//spring supports +e_spr = h/k //mm the elongation due to spring +e_total = e_spr + e +imp_fact_b = 1 +((1 +2*h/e_total)**0.5) //no units ** impact factor +printf("\n a) The maximum deflection when the beam is on rigid supports %0.3f mm with impact factor %0.2f ",e,imp_fact_a) +printf("\n b) The maximum deflection when the beam is on spring supports %0.2f mm with impact factor %0.2f ",e_total,imp_fact_b) diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72f3ed920 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Given +E = 30*(10**3) //ksi - The youngs modulus of the material +stress_y = 40 //ksi - yield stress +stress_max = 24.2 //ksi - the maximum stress +l = 2 //in - The length of the crossection +b = 3 //in - the width of the crossection +h = 3 //in - the depth of the crossection +//lets check ultimate capacity for a 2 in deep section +M_ul = stress_y*b*(l**2)/4 //K-in the ultimate capacity +curvature = 2*stress_y/(E*(h/2) ) //in*-1 the curvature of the beam +curvature_max = stress_max/(E*(h/2)) //in*-1 The maximum curvature +printf("\n the ultimate capacity %0.3f k-in",M_ul) +printf("\n the ultimate curvature %0.3f in *-1",curvature_max) +printf("\n E given in equation is wrong") +printf("\n Actual E in question is 30*10**3") + diff --git a/3776/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce b/3776/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cce6d1d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH10/EX10.16/Ex10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Given +l_ad = 1600 //mm - The total length of the beam +l_ab = 600 //mm - The length of AB +l_bc = 600 //mm - The length of BC +e_1 = 0.24 //mm - deflection +e_2 = 0.48 //mm - deflection +E = 35 //Gpa +//Caliculation + +A_afe = -(l_ab+l_bc)*e_1*(10**-3)/(2*E) +A_afe = -(l_ab)*e_2*(10**-3)/(4*E) +y_1_b = A_afe + A_afe //rad the slope at the tip B +x_1 = 1200 //com from B +x_2 = 800 //com from B +y_b = A_afe*x_1 + A_afe*x_2 //mm The maximum deflection at tip B +printf("\n The maximum deflection at tip B %0.2f mm",y_b) +printf("\n The slope at the tip B %0.2f radians",y_1_b) diff --git a/3776/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3776/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..510361b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +clear +// +P = 200.0 //K The force on the beam +L = 15 //ft - The length of the rod +F_y = 50.0 //ksi +F_a = F_y/(5.0/3) //ksi -AISC MANUAL ,allowable axial stress if axial force is alone +F_b = F_a //Allowable compressive bending stress +M_1 = 600.0 //k-in - The moment acting on the ends of the rod +M_2 = 800.0 //k-in - the moment acting on the other end of teh rod +B_x = 0.264 //in - Extracted from AISC manual +E = 29*(10**3) +A = P/F_a + M_2*B_x/F_b //in2- The minimum area +printf("\n \n The minimum area is %0.2f in^2",A) +//we will select W10x49 section +A_s = 14.4 //in2 - The area of the section +r_min = 2.54 //in The minimum radius +r_x = 4.35 //in +f_a = P/A_s //Ksi- The computed axial stress +f_b = M_2*B_x/A_s //Computed bending stess +C_c = ((2*(%pi**2)*E/F_y)**0.5) //Slenderness ratio L/R +C_s = L*12/r_min // Slenderness ratio L/R of the present situation +if C_s 1 then + printf("\n The following W10x49 section is not satisfying our constraints since f_a/F_a_1 + c_m*f_b*(1-(f_a/F_e))/F_b %0.3f >1",k) +else + printf("\n The following W10x49 section is satisfying our constraints since f_a/F_a_1 + c_m*f_b*(1-(f_a/F_e))/F_b %0.3f <1",k) + end +//trail - 2 +//Lets take W10 x 60 +A_s = 17.6 //in2 - The area of the section +r_min = 2.57 //in The minimum radius +r_x = 4.39 //in +f_a = P/A_s //Ksi- The computed axial stress +f_b = M_2*B_x/A_s //Computed bending stess +C_c = ((2*(%pi**2)*E/F_y)**0.5) //Slenderness ratio L/R +C_s = L*12/r_min // Slenderness ratio L/R of the present situation +if C_s 1 then + printf("\n The following W10x49 section is not satisfying our constraints since f_a/F_a_1 + c_m*f_b*(1-(f_a/F_e))/F_b %0.3f >1",k) +else + printf("\n The following W10x49 section is satisfying our constraints since f_a/F_a_1 + c_m*f_b*(1-(f_a/F_e))/F_b %0.3f <1",k) + end +printf("\n small variation due to rounding off errors") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3776/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3776/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a11f41c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Given +// +h = 60 //mm - the length of the crossection +b = 100 //mm - the width of hte crossection +E = 200 //Gpa - The youngs modulus +stress_cr = 250 //MPa - The proportionality limit +//Caliculations + +I = b*(h**3)/12 //mm3 The momentof inertia of the crossection +A = h*b //mm2 - The area of teh crossection +//From Eulier formula +r_min = ((I/A)**0.5) //mm - The radius of the gyration +//(l/r)**2= (%pi**2)*E/stress_cr //From Eulier formula +l = (((%pi**2)*E*(10**3)/stress_cr)**0.5)*r_min //mm - the length after which the beam starts buckling +printf("\n The length after which the beam starts buckling is %0.0f mm",l) diff --git a/3776/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3776/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a095bf461 --- /dev/null +++ b/3776/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear +//Given +// +L = 15 //ft - The length of the each rod +A = 46.7 //in2 - The length of the crossection +r_min = 4 //in - The radius of gyration +stress_yp = 36 //ksi - the yielding point stress +E = 29*(10**3) //ksi - The youngs modulus +C_c = ((2*(%pi**2)*E/stress_yp)**0.5) //Slenderness ratio L/R +C_s = L*12/r_min // Slenderness ratio L/R of the present situation +//According to AISC formulas +if (C_s ton1 then + disp("Current (Ia) is continuous") +else + disp("Current (Ia) is not continuous") +end +printf('\n\n The coupling Torque for minimum value of ton obtain=%0.1f N-m\n\n',Tc) + diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4631e041 --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +V=230//Input Voltage of motor in volts +f=300//Chopper Frequency +Tl=40//Load Torque in N-m +N1=900//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +Ra=0//Armature resistance in ohm +La=12e-3//Inductance in Henry +k=2//Motor Constant +//Solution +Ia=Tl/k +W=2*%pi*N1/60 +Eb=k*W +d=(Eb+(Ia*Ra))/V +t1=1/f +ton=d*t1 +toff=(1-d)*t1 +Z1=(V-Eb)/La +Z2=-Eb/La +A=Z1*ton //A=Imax-Imin +B=2*Ia //B=Imax+Imin +Imax=(A+B)/2 +Imin=(B-A)/2 + +t=poly(0,'t'); +x=Imin+Z1*t +y=Imax+Z2*t + +disp (Imax ,"Maximum Armature Current in Amp is") +disp (Imin ,"Minimum Armature Current in Amp is") +disp (A ,"Armature Current Excursion in Amp is") +disp (x ,"Armature Current During Ton in Amp is") +disp (y ,"Armature Current During Toff in Amp is") diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5fdb8d66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +Ea=200//Input Voltage of motor in volts +Ra=0.12//Armature resistance in ohm +La=12e-3//Armature Inductance in ohm +K=2//Motor constant in V-s/rad +Eb=150//Motor back EMF +Ia=30//Armature Current in Ampere +f=300//Chopper Frequency +//Solution +T=1/f +d=(Eb+(Ia*Ra))/Ea +ton=d*T +toff=(1-d)*T +t=Ra/La +Ea1=Ea +Imin=poly(0,'Imin'); +Ia1=((Ea1-Eb)/Ra)*(1-%e^(-ton*t))+(Imin*%e^(-ton*t)) +disp (Ia1 ,"Imax is") +Ea2=0 +Imax=poly(0,'Imax'); +Ia2=((Ea2-Eb)/Ra)*(1-%e^(-toff*t))+(Imax*%e^(-toff*t)) +disp (Ia2 ,"Imin is") +a=poly(0,'a'); +b=poly(0,'b'); +Imax1=(10.409+(0.975*(-9.96)))/(1-(0.975*0.992))//From above displayed values and rounding off +Imin1=(-9.960)+(0.992*Imax1) +Im=Imax1-Imin1//Armature Current Excursion +printf('\n\n Maximum Armature Current=%0.1f Amp\n\n',Imax1) +printf('\n\n Minimum Armature Current=%0.1f Amp\n\n',Imin1) +printf('\n\n Armature Current Excursion=%0.1f Amp\n\n',Im) diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10bb78ca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +V=440//Input Voltage of motor in volts +Rf=100//Field resistance in ohm +Il=50//Load Current in Ampere +N1=900//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +N2=300//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +N3=400//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +N4=600//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +Ra=0.3//Armature resistance in ohm +ton=4e-3//On period of Chopper in sec +//Solution +If=V/Rf//Motor Field Current in Amp +Ia=Il-If//Armature Current in Amp +Eb1=V-(Ia*Ra)//Back EMF of Motor +Eb2=(N2/N3)*Eb1 +V2=Eb2+(Ia*Ra)//Required Terminal Voltage in volts +T1=(V/V2)*ton//Chopping Period +f1=1/T1///Chopping Period +Eb3=(N4/N1)*Eb1//Back Emf at 600 rpm +V3=Eb3+(Ia*Ra)//Required Terminal Voltage in volts +T2=(V/V3)*ton//Chopping Period +f2=1/T2//Chopping Period +printf('\n\n Frequency of chopper=%0.1f Hz\n\n',f2) diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a40868b --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +ton=10//On time of Chopper +toff=12//Off time of Chopper +Ea=220//Input Voltage of motor in volts +k=0.495//Motor Voltage constant +W=146.60//Rated Speed of Motor in rad/sec +Ra=2.87//Armature resistance in ohm +//Solution +d=ton/(ton+toff)//Duty cycle ratio +Ia=((d*Ea)-(k*W))/Ra +printf('\n\n Average load Current=%0.1f Amp\n\n',Ia) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ff231f14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +Ea=450//Input Voltage of motor in volts +Ra=0.06//Armature resistance in ohm +Kt=1.4//Motor Voltage Constant +Ia=300//Armature Current in Ampere +If=3.3//Motor Field Current in Amp +d=0.7//Duty cycle of Converter +//Solution +Pin1=Kt*Ea*Ia//Input Power +Re1=Ea/(Kt*Ia)//Equivalent Resistance +E01=Kt*Ea +Eb1=E01-(Ia*Ra) + +Pin2=d*Ea*Ia +Re2=Ea/(d*Ia) +E02=d*Ea +Eb2=E02-(Ia*Ra) +N1=Eb2/(Kt*If) +N=N1*60/(2*%pi) +T=Kt*Ia*If +printf('\n\n Input Power=%0.1f KW\n\n',Pin1*10^-3) +printf('\n\n Equivalent Resistance developed=%0.1f ohm\n\n',Re1) +printf('\n\n Motor Speed=%0.1f rpm\n\n',N) +printf('\n\n Motor Torque=%0.1f N-m\n\n',T) diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0399c672d --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +Ea=210//Input Voltage of motor in volts +Ia=25//Armature Current in Ampere +Es=230 +N1=1500//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +Ra=3//Armature resistance in ohm +N2=800//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +//Solution +Ia2=1.5*Ia +Eb=Ea-(Ia*Ra) +Eb2=(N2/N1)*Eb +E0=Eb2+(Ia2*Ra) +d=E0/Es +printf('\n\n Duty Ratio=%0.1f\n\n',d) diff --git a/3784/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3784/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d59f2ab41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3784/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +//Variable Initialisation +Ea=200//Input Voltage of motor in volts +Ia=20//Armature Current in Ampere +Ra=0.33//Armature resistance in ohm +La=11e-3//Armature Inductance in ohm +N1=1200//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +N2=800//Rated Speed of Motor in rpm +f=500//Chopper Frequency in Hz +//Solution +T=1/f +t=Ra/La +t1=1/t +Eb1=Ea-(Ia*Ra) +Eb2=(N2/N1)*Eb1 +E0=Eb2+(Ia*Ra) +d=E0/Ea +ton1=d*T +A=log(1+((Eb2/Ea)*((%e^(T/t1))-1)))//Ia2=0 & A=ton2/t +ton2=A*t1 +printf('\n\n Duty Cycle=%0.1f\n\n',ton2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong(answer given in textbook is in invalid range) +if ton2=%0.4f",SG) +printf("\nIce cubes and styrofoam cubes will float upright, but not soap cubes !"); diff --git a/3785/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3785/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e992c6e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 2_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d=3;// The internal diameter of a horizontal cylindrical fuel oil storage tank in m +SG=0.87;// Specific gravity of water oil +t=0.2;// Thickness in m +z_0=0;// The initial height in m +z_1=-1.3;// The height of the water-oil interface in m +z_2=-1.5;// The height of the bottom of the tank in m +rho_w=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +p_bminusp_0=rho_w*-g*((SG*(z_1-z_0))+(z_2-z_1));// The gage pressure at the bottom of the tank in Pa +printf("The gage pressure at the bottom of the tank is %0.4e Pa",p_bminusp_0); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3785/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3785/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa92c6172 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 2_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From table 2.1 +z=5;// Altitude in km +z_i=0;// The initial height in km +dTbydz=-6.5;// The temperature gradient from 0 to 5 km in K/km +T_i=288.15;// Temperature in K +p_i=1.0133*10^5;// Pressure in Pa +R=287;// Gas constant in J/kg.K + +//Calculation +// Using equation 2.41, +T=T_i+((dTbydz)*(z-z_i));// Temperature in K +// Using equation 2.42, +p=p_i*(T/T_i)^(-1/((dTbydz*10^-3)*29.26));// The pressure in Pa +rho=p/(R*T);// The density in kg/m^3 +printf("\nT=%0.1f K \np=%1.4e Pa \nrho=%0.4f kg/m^3",T,p,rho); diff --git a/3785/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3785/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e92cd493 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 3_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +R=1;// The radius of a cylindrical tank in m +V_w=1;// The velocity in mm/s + +// Calculation +Q=%pi*R^2*V_w*10^-3;// The volume flow rate of water through the pump in m^3/s +printf("\nThe volume flow rate Q of water through the pump is %1.3e m^3/s",Q); diff --git a/3785/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3785/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f3578b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 3_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q=1*10^3;// The water volume flow rate in m^3/s +D=2;// The diameter of the fire hose at exit nozzle in inch + +// Calculation +V=(4*(Q/60)*3.785*10^-3)/(%pi*(D*2.54*10^-2)^2);// The velocity of the water leaving the nozzle in m/s +// We have used table 1.6 to convert gallons to cubic meters. +printf("\nThe velocity of the water leaving the nozzle,v=%2.2f m/s",V); diff --git a/3785/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3785/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a6ddc467 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 3_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v=10;// The volume of the tank in m^3 +rho_s0=3.0;// The initial salt density in kg/m^3 +t=0;// Time in s +Q=0.01;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s + +// Calculation +// (b) +// V=Q*t; +V=v*log(2);// +printf("\nThe volume of fresh water,V=%0.3f m^3",V); diff --git a/3785/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3785/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38bd31ff9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 4_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_1=50;// Velocity in m/s +alpha=45;// Angle in degree +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +w_1=V_1*sind(alpha);// m/s +h=(w_1)^2/(2*g);// Height in m +printf("\nThe maximum value of h is %2.2f m",h) diff --git a/3785/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3785/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d1a14b44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 4_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +rho=1.225;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +A_0=1.0;// Area of orifice in cm^2 +A_pV=2.5*10^-4;// The volumetric flow rate in m^3/s + +// Calculation +P=(rho*(A_pV)^3)/(2*(A_0*10^-4)^2);// The power expended in inhaling in W +printf("\nThe power P expended in inhaling (or exhaling) is %1.2e W",P) diff --git a/3785/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3785/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6e8180ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 4_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_t=30;// The diameter of an oil storage tank in m +H=5;// The depth of the oil in m +D_p=5;// The inside diameter of pipe in cm +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +t=(D_t/(D_p/100))^2*sqrt((2*H)/g);// Time in s +t=t/3600;// Time in hours +printf("\nIt will take %3.0f hr for the oil to drain completely from the tank.",t) diff --git a/3785/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3785/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9b7d7120 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 4_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +rho=8.6*10^2;// The density of gasoline in kg/m^3 +L=1.0;// The tank length in m +H=0.6;// The tank height in m +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +p=rho*g*(H+(2*L));// Pa +printf("\nThe maximum pressure in the tank,p=p_a+%1.3e Pa",p) diff --git a/3785/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3785/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3142398d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 4_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +R=5;// The radius of a jar in cm +n=33;// tThe turntable has been revolving at a steady speed in rpm +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +omega=(2*%pi*n)/60;// Acceleration +h=(omega*R*10^-2)^2/(2*g);// The height h in m +printf("\nThe height,h=%1.3e m",h); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015f2b725 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 5_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +A_w=100;// The wake area in m^2 +x=100;// m +// From example 5.7, +rho_w=0.4;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +V_f=250;// The speed of flight in m/s +F=2.6*10^4;// The restraining force in N + +// Calculation +V_w=V_f+(F/(rho_w*A_w*V_f));// m/s +printf("\nThe wake speed,V_w=%3.1f m/s",V_w); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8072f038 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 5_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_s=1;// The speed of water jet in m/s +D_s=3;// The diameter of a hole in cm +D_j=10;// The jet diameter in cm +x=1;// Distance from the source in m + +// Calculation +V_j=V_s*(D_s/D_j);// m/s +printf("\nThe value of the jet speed V_j at that point is %0.1f m/s.",V_j); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d099d2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 5_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_s=1;// The diameter of jet in inch +D=3;// The inside diameter of a pipe in inch +Q_s=100;// The jet volumetric flow rate in GPM (gallons per minute) +Q_1=500;// The volumetric flow rate in GPM +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +A_s=(%pi/4)*(D_s*2.54*10^-2)^2;// m^2 +A=9*A_s;// m^2 +Q_s=(Q_s*3.785*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +Q_1=5*Q_s;// m^3/s +V_1=Q_1/(A-A_s);// m/s +V_s=Q_s/A_s;// m/s +// Assume dp=p_2-p_1; +dp=(A_s/A)*(1-(A_s/A))*rho*(V_s-V_1)^2;// The pressure rise in the jet pump in Pa +printf("\nThe pressure rise in the jet pump,p_2-p_1=%1.3e Pa",dp); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e77b1d298 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 5_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h=100;// Height in m +A_n=1.0;// The area of the turbine jet stream in in^2 +alpha=20;// The blade angle in degree +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +// (a) +V_n=sqrt(2*g*h);// The nozzle velocity V_n in m/s +printf("\n(a)The nozzle velocity V_n=%2.2f m/s",V_n); +// (b) +maxP_b=((1+cosd(alpha))/2)*(rho*(A_n*2.54*10^-2)^2*(V_n^3/2))/1000;// The maximum power P, of the turbine in kW +printf("\n(b)The maximum power P_t of the turbine is %2.2f kW.",maxP_b); +// (c) +V_b=V_n/2;// The blade speed in m/s +F_b=rho*(A_n*2.54*10^-2)^2*(V_n-V_b)^2*(1+cosd(alpha));// The force in N +printf("\n(c)The blade speed,V_b=%2.2f m/s \n The force when maximum power is being produced,F_b=%3.1f N",V_b,F_b); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09c9cb345 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 5_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +A=10;// The internal area of the rotating tube in mm^2 +V=5;// The speed of water flow in m/s +alpha=30;// Angle in degree +R=10;// The tip radial dimension in mm +T=2*10^-2;// Torque in Nm +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +omega=(V/(R*10^-2)*cosd(alpha))-((T)/(2*rho*(A*10^-6)*(R/100)^2*V));// The angular speed of the sprinkler rotor in s^-1 +V=[(V*sind(alpha)),((V*cosd(alpha))-(omega*R*10^-2))];// The velocity V of the fluid stream relative to the ground in m/s +printf("\n(a)The angular speed of the sprinkler rotor,omega=%2.2f s^-1 \n(b)The velocity V in the ground reference frame is:V=(%1.1f m/s)i_r+(%1.1f m/s)i_theta",omega,V(1),V(2)); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..368374171 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 5_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q=150;// The water stream volume flow rate in gal/min +D=1;// The nozzle exit diameter in inch +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +Q=(Q*3.785*10^-3)/60;// The water stream volume flow rate in m^3/s +V_out=(4*Q)/(%pi*(D*2.54*10^-2)^2);// The velocity in m/s +F_e=rho*Q*V_out;// The force in N +F_e=F_e/4.448;// The force in lbf +printf("\nThe force,F_e=%2.2f lbf",F_e); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f27d1ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 5_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=1;// Diameter of hose at inlet in inch +d=2;// Diameter of hose at outlet in inch +// From example 5.4,F_e=rho*Q*V_out +F_e=176.8;// The force in N + +// Calculation +// F_c=rho*Q*V_out*[1/2*((A_in/A_out)+(A_out/A_in)-1]; +// A_in=4*A_out +F_c=F_e*((1/2)*(4+(1/4))-1);// The force exerted on the nozzle by the coupling in N +printf("\n The force exerted on the nozzle by the coupling,F_c=%3.1f N",F_c); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9342e564 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 5_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=2;// The mass flow rate in kg/s +V_e=200;// The rocket exhaust velocity in m/s + +// Calculation +F=m*V_e;// The restraining force required to hold the rocket in place in N +printf("\nThe restraining force required to hold the rocket in place,F_c=%0.0f N",F); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9fe0a268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 5_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_f=250;// The speed of flight in m/s +rho_a=0.4;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +A_in=1;// The inlet area in m^2 +m_f=2;// The mass flow rate of fuel in kg/s +V_e=500;// The speed of exhaust jet in m/s + +// Calculation +m_in=rho_a*V_f*A_in;// The mass flow rate of air at inlet in kg/s +m_out=m_in+m_f;// The mass flow rate of air at outlet in kg/s +F=(m_out*V_e)-(m_in*V_f);// The force exerted on the engine by the airframe in N +printf("\nThe value of the force F exerted on the engine by the airframe is %1.1e N",F); + + diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ffb4feab --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 5_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_f=200;// The speed of flying air plane in km/h +rho=1.2;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +F=3*10^3;// The propulsive force in N +D_p=2;// The diameter of the propeller in m + +// Calculation +// (a) +V_f=(V_f*10^3)/3600;// The speed of flying air plane in m/s +A_p=(%pi*D_p^2)/4;// Area of propeller in m^2 +V_w=sqrt((V_f^2)+((2*F)/(rho*A_p)));// The wake speed in m/s +printf("\nThe wake speed,V_w=%2.2f m/s",V_w); + +// (b) +n_prop=(2*V_f)/(V_w+V_f)*100;// The propulsive efficiency in % +printf("\nThe propulsive efficiency is %2.2f percentage",n_prop); +// (c) + +P_p=(F*(V_w+V_f))/(2*10^3);// The engine powerin kW +printf("\nThe engine power for this air craft is %3.1f kW",P_p); diff --git a/3785/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3785/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..681055ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 5_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=6;// The diameter of wind turbine in m +V_w=20;// The wind speed in m/s +rho=1.2;// The density of air in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +A_p=((%pi/4)*(6)^2);// m^2 +maxP_wt=((8/27)*(rho)*A_p*(V_w*0.447)^3)/1000;// The maximum power that can be generated by a wind turbine in kW +printf("\nThe maximum power that can be generated by a wind turbine is %1.3f kW",maxP_wt); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cc96c70d --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +a=1.0;// s^-1 +b=0.1;// s^-1 +c=2.0;// s^-1,where a,b,c are constants +z=1;// m +mu=1.82*10^-5;// Pa s + +// Calculation +tau_xz=mu*(a-(2*b*z));// The non-zero viscous stress component in Pa +tau_zx=tau_xz;// The non-zero viscous stress component in Pa +tau_yz=mu*c;// The non-zero viscous stress component in Pa +tau_zy=tau_yz;// The non-zero viscous stress component in Pa +printf("The numerical values of all the viscous stress components,tau_xz=tau_zx=%1.3e Pa & tau_yz=tau_zy=%1.2e Pa",tau_xz,tau_yz); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb8de56f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=1.0*10^-6;// Diameter of solid particle in m +rho_p=2*10^3;// The density of particle in kg/m^3 +rho_f=1.206;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +mu=1.80*10^-5;// Viscosity in Pa s +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +V_f=(2*(rho_p-rho_f)*g*D^2)/(9*mu);// The free fall velocity in m/s +// (b) +Re_D=(rho_f*V_f*D)/mu;// The Reynolds number +printf("\n(a)The free fall velocity,V_f=%1.3e m/s \n(b)The Reynolds number,Re_D=%1.3e",V_f,Re_D); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a6d98202 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 6_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_i=3;// The inner diameter of hollow cylinder in cm +D_o=10;// The outer diameter of hollow cylinder in cm +L=20;// Length in cm +Q=1;// The fuel flow rate in l/min +mu=2*10^-6;// The fuel viscosity in Pa s +k=1*10^-6;// The fuel filter permeability in m^2 + +// Calculation +// Assume dp=p_in-p_out +dp=((mu*Q/60)/(2*%pi*k*L/100))*log(D_o/D_i);// The pressure drop in Pa +printf("\n The pressure drop,p_in-p_out=%1.3e Pa",dp); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e540bd87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From Example 6_4 +h=0.1;// The gap betwen the shaft and the bearing in mm +mu=6.7*10^-5;// Viscosity in Pa/s +rho=8.0*10^2;// kg/m^3 + +//Calculation +// (b) +t=(rho*(h*10^-3)^2)/mu;// s +printf("\nThe numerical value of t is %0.4f s",t); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a7c25b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=0.5;// The diameter of cirrcular disk in m +mu=1.0;// The viscosity of oil in Pa s +rho=9.0*10^2;// Density in kg/m^3 +omega=1*10^3;// The angular frequency in s^-1 +phi=1*10^-3;// The angular amplitude + +// Calculation +P=(%pi/32)*mu*(omega*phi)^2*((omega*rho)/(2*mu))^(1/2)*D^4;// W +printf("\nThe power absorbed by the vibration damper,P=%1.3f W",P); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d2de4083 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 6_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// L=10h; +Lbyh=10; + +// Calculation +// Re=(V*h)/nu; +Re=Lbyh*(12/1.328)^2;// Reynolds number +printf("For flow velocities having Vh/v «%3.1f. the pressure drop would be given by (a),while for Vh/v »%3.1f it would be given by (b).",Re,Re); +// The answer provided in the text book is wrong \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8d854ee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +a=1.0;// s^-1 +b=0.1;// s^-1 +c=2.0;// s^-1 where a,b,c are constants +z=1;// m +mu=1.82*10^-5;// Pa s + +// Calculation +delp=mu*(2*b);// Pa/m +printf("[delp=%1.2e Pa/m]i_x",delp) diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14c8919ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 6_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=10;// The diameter of circular shaft in cm +L=10;// The bearing length in cm +h=0.1;// The gap betwen the shaft and the bearing in mm +mu=6.7*10^-5;// Viscosity in Pa/s +n=3600;// rpm + +// Calculation +omega=(2*%pi*n)/60;// s^-1 +T=(%pi*mu*omega*(L/100)*(D/100)^3)/(4*(h/1000));// The torque applied to the shaft in Nm +P=T*omega;// The power consumed in the bearing by friction in W +printf("\nThe torque applied to the shaft,T=%1.3e Nm \nThe power consumed in the bearing by friction,P=%1.3f W",T,P); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d1add8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 6_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=1.0;// Width of concrete slabs in m +L=0.1;// Depth in m +h=1.0;// Width of a crack in mm +mu=1.13*10^-3;// Pa s +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +Q=(rho*g*(h*10^-3)^3*W)/(12*mu);// m^3/s (or) l/s +printf("\nThe volume flow rate of rainwater through the crack,Q=%1.3e m^3/s (or) %0.4f l/s",Q,Q*1000); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bd416b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 6_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=0.1;// The speed of coating liquid in m/s +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The liquid kinematic viscosity in m^2/s +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +h=sqrt((2*nu*V)/g);// m +printf("\nThe film thickness h=%1.3e m",h); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36a6aa120 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 6_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Solution +// P_out=(3*%pi*mu*W*omega^2*D^3)/(16*h); +// P_in=(5*%pi*mu*W*omega^2*D^3)/(8*h); +// n_p=P_out/P_in; +n_p=(((3*%pi)/16)/((5*%pi)/8))*100;//The pump efficiency in % +printf("\nThe pump efficiency,n_p=%0.0f percentage",n_p); diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbe396d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +H=3;// Distance in m +L=30;// Length in cm +D=3;// Diameter in mm +V=100;// cm^3 +t=152;// s +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +Q=(V*10^-6)/t;// The flow rate in m^3/s +nu=((%pi*((D*10^-3)^4)*g)/(128*Q))*(1+(H/L));// The kinematic viscosity of the oil mixture in m/s^2 +printf("\nThe kinematic viscosity of the oil mixture is %1.3e m^2/s",nu); +// The answer provided in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3785/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3785/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bf257ee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 6_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +a=1.5;// Radius in cm +W=3;// Length in cm +hbar=5*10^-5;// Clearance in m +mu=2*10^-2;// Viscosity of lubricating oil in Pa s +rho=9*10^2;// Density of lubricating oil in kg/m^3 +N=3600;// rpm +n=0.5;// The eccentricity + +// Calculation +// (a) +omega=(2*%pi*N)/60;// s^-1 +L=(12*%pi*mu*omega*W*10^-2)*((a*10^-2)^3/(hbar)^2)*(n/((sqrt(1-n^2))*(2+n^2)));// The load force in N +// (b) +T=(4*%pi*mu*omega*W*10^-2)*((a*10^-2)^3/(hbar))*((1+(2*n^2))/((sqrt(1-n^2))*(2+n^2)));// The torque in Nm +P=omega*T;// Power in W +// (c) +Re_h=(rho*omega*a*10^-2*hbar*(1-n^2))/(mu*(2+n^2));// Reynolds number +printf("\n(a)The maximum load F=%1.3e N \n(b)The torque,T=%0.4f Nm \n The frictional power of the bearing,P=%2.2f W \n(c)The reynolds number,Re_h=%2.2f",L,T,P,Re_h); +Re_h=((a*10^-2)/hbar) +// The answer provided in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3785/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3785/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d65b2e7a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 7_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=6;// The diameter of a steel pipe in inch +Q=2000;// Volume flow rate in gpm +L=1.0;// Length in km +nu=1.0*10^-6;// Kinematic viscosity in m^2/s +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +// (a) +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=(Q*3.782*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +Vbar=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +Re_D=(Vbar*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +// (b) +epsilon=5*10^-5;// physical height in m +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +dp=f*((1/2)*rho*Vbar^2)*((L*10^3)/D);// The pressure drop in Pa +P=dp*Q;// The power required to maintain the flow in W +printf("\n(a)Re_D=%1.3e.The How is turbulent since the Reynolds number exceeds the transition value of 2300. \n(b)The pressure drop,deltap=%1.3e Pa \n(c)The power required to maintain the flow,P=%1.3e W",Re_D,dp,P); +// The answer is varied due to round off error diff --git a/3785/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3785/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c59def7cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 7_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +L=100;// The length of the ship in m +A=3*10^3;// Surface area in m^2 +rho=1.03*10^3;// The density of sea water in kg/m^3 +V=8;// Speed in m/s +epsilon=1*10^-4;// The surface roughness in m +nu=1*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m^2/s + +// Calculation +Re_L=(V*L)/nu;// The length Reynolds number Re_L +// If the ship surface were smooth, +C_D_fp=0.455/(log10(Re_L))^2.58;// The drag coefficient +// For a rough surface, +C_D_fp=0.30/(log10(14.7*(L/epsilon))^2.5);// The drag coefficient for a rough surface +D=((1/2)*rho*V^2)*A*C_D_fp;// The ship's frictional drag force in N +P=D*V;// The power in MW +printf("\nThe ships frictional drag force,D=%1.4e N \nThe power required to overcome drag force,DV=%1.3f MW",D,P/10^6); diff --git a/3785/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3785/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7702c9253 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 7_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +z_1=1;// m +z_2=10;// m +k=0.4;// The von Karman constant +ubar_1=6;// m/s +ubar_2=9;// m/s + +// Calculation +ustar=(ubar_2-ubar_1)/(2.5*log(10));// m/s +y_0=10/exp(ubar_2/(2.5*ustar));// m +C_f=(2*ustar^2)/ubar_2^2;// The friction coefficient +printf("\nu_*=%0.3f m/s \ny_0=%1.2e m \nThe friction coefficient,C_f=%1.2e",ustar,y_0,C_f); diff --git a/3785/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3785/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04609301b --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 7_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +x=40;// Fixed distance in m +V_v=100;// Vehicular speed in m/s +C_D=1.0;// The truck drag coefficient +A=9;// The trucks frontal area in m^2 +alpha_w=0.05; + +// Calculation +V_w=V_v*((C_D*A)/(%pi*(2*alpha_w*x)^2));// km/h +dV=V_v-V_w;// The relative air speed in km/h +printf("\nThe relative air speed,V_v-V_w=%2.1f km/h",dV) diff --git a/3785/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3785/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aa710cc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 8_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=2;// The diameter of the pipe in inch +h_in=10;// Elevation in m +Q=425;// The volumetric flow rate in gal/min +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=(Q*3.785*10^-3)/60;// The volumetric flow rate in m^3/s +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +deltah=h_in-(V^2/(2*g));// m +printf("The reduction in head,h_in-h_out=%1.3f m",deltah); diff --git a/3785/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3785/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66878ce60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 8_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P=8*10^6;// The mechanical power delivered to an electric generator in MW +deltah=10;// The change in head between the turbine inlet and outlet in m +Q=100;// The volumetric flow rate in m^3/s +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +n_t=(P/(rho*g*Q*deltah))*100;// The turbine efficiency in % +printf(" The turbine efficiency n_t=%2.2f percentage",n_t); diff --git a/3785/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3785/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f14162dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 8_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +lambda=4;// W/mK +// From example 6.4 +mu=6.7*10^-5;// Pa s +V=18.85;// m/s +h=1*10^-4;// m + +// Calculation +// (a) +q_w=-(mu)*((V^2)/h);// The heat flux to the wall (y =0) for the bearing in W/m^2 +// (b) +deltaT=(mu/lambda)*((V^2)/(2*h));// The temperature difference T_h-T_o across the oil gap in K +printf("\n(a)The heat flux to the wall (y =0) for the bearing,q_w=%1.3e W/m^2 \n(b)The temperature difference T_h-T_o across the oil gap is %2.2f K",q_w,deltaT); diff --git a/3785/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3785/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49dda9167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 8_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q=5;// The flow rate of water through a pipe in gal/min +q=10*10^3;// kW +c_p=4.18;// The specific heat in J/kg.K +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +Q=(Q*3.785*10^-3)/60;// The flow rate of water through a pipe in m^3/s +deltaT=q/(rho*Q*c_p*10^3);// The temperature rise in the water in K +printf("The temperature rise in the water,T_out-T_in=%1.3f K",deltaT); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45e115cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 9_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=8;// The diameter of the steel pipe in inch +z_in=100;// Elevation in m +z_out=22;// Elevation in m +L=2.2;// The distance in km +Q=1000;// The flow rate in m^3/s +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +// (a) +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=Q*(3.782*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +epsilon=5*10^-5;// physical height +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); + +K_f=f*((L*10^3)/D);// The head loss coefficient +// (b) +deltah_f=K_f*((V^2)/(2*g));// The head loss in m +// (c) +dp=(deltah_f-(z_in-z_out))*rho*g;// The static pressure change between the pipe inlet and outlet +printf("\n(a)The head loss coefficient,K_f=%1.3e \n(b)The head loss,deltah_f=%2.2f \n(c)The static pressure change between the pipe inlet and outlet,p_in-p_out=%1.3e Pa",K_f,deltah_f,dp); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f170284f --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From Example 9_1 +D=8;// The diameter of the steel pipe in inch +z_in=100;// Elevation in m +z_out=22;// Elevation in m +L=2.2;// The distance in km +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +dp=0;// The static pressure in Pa + +// Calculation +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +deltah_f=(dp/(rho*g))+(z_in-z_out);// m +// From equation 9.9 +sqrtoffintoRe_D=((2*g*deltah_f*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L*10^3))^(1/2); +epsilon=5*10^-5;// physical height in m +Re_D=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D)));// Reynolds number +Q=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q=(Q*60)/(3.782*10^-3)// The volume flow rate in gal/min +printf("The volume flow rate,Q=%4.0f gal/min",Q); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d39b27e27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 9_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +dp=100;// The pressure drop in psi +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +Q=2000;// The flow rate of water in gal/min +D=4;// The next pipe size in inch +L=100;// Length in m +nu=1*10^-6;// m^2/s + +// Calculation +deltah=(dp*6.895*10^3)/(rho*g);// m +printf("\nh_in-h_out=%2.2f m",deltah); +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=Q*(3.782*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +epsilon=5*10^-5;// physical height +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +K_f=f*((L)/D);// The head loss coefficient +deltah_f=K_f*((V^2)/(2*g));// The head loss in m +printf("\nD=%0.4f m \nQ=%1.3e m^3/s \nV=%2.2f m/s \nRe_D=%1.3e \nf=%1.3e \nK_f=%2.2f \nh_in-h_out=%3.1f m",D,Q,V,Re_D,f,K_f,deltah_f) +printf("\nThe head loss of 205.9 m is greater than the allowable los s of 70.31 m."); + +// If we try the next size pipe, D = 6 in, +D=6;// inch +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=2000;// The flow rate of water in gal/min +Q=Q*(3.782*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +epsilon=5*10^-5;// physical height +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +K_f=f*((L)/D);// The head loss coefficient +deltah_f=K_f*((V^2)/(2*g));// The head loss in m +printf("\nD=%0.4f m \nQ=%1.3e m^3/s \nV=%1.3f m/s \nRe_D=%1.3e \nf=%1.3e \nK_f=%2.2f \nh_in-h_out=%2.2f m",D,Q,V,Re_D,f,K_f,deltah_f) +printf("\nThis is smaller than the allowable head loss so that a 6 in diameter pipe is acceptable.") diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ad0ec16d --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 9_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +l=6;// in +b=12;// in +A=6*12;// in^2 +L=20;// Length in ft +Q=1000;// ft^3/min +epsilon=1*10^-5;// The duct roughness in m +nu=1.51*10^-5;// m/s +rho=1.204;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +D=(4*(l*b))/(2*(l+b));// m +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +Q=Q*(2.832*10^-2)/60;// m^3/s +A=A*(2.54*10^-2)^2;// m^2 +V=Q/A;// m/s +L=L*0.3048;// m +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +K_f=f*((L)/D);// The head loss coefficient +deltah=K_f*((V^2)/(2*g));// The head loss in m +dp=rho*g*deltah;// The pressure drop in Pa +printf("\nThe head loss,h_in-h_out=%1.3f m \nThe pressure drop,p*_in-p*_out=%2.2f Pa",deltah,dp); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d470102ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 9_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=1;// Diameter in cm +L=22;// The lngth of a copper tube in m +Q=4;// The water flow rate in the circuit in l/min +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +D=1*10^-2;// m +Q=(Q*1*10^-3)/60;// m^3/s +A=(%pi*(D)^2)/4;// m^2 +V=Q/A;// m/s +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +epsilon=1*10^-6;// Roughness in m +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +K_f=f*((L)/D);// The head loss coefficient +SigmaK=11.4; +deltah=(K_f+SigmaK)*((V^2)/(2*g));// The total head loss in m +printf("The total head loss,deltah=%1.2f m",deltah); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e77b6b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 9_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +L=1.5;// The length in km +D=6;// Diameter in inch +h=80;// m +// Assume +deltah_l=20;// m +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +nu=1*10^-6;// m/s^2 +epsilon=5*10^-5;// roughness in m + +// Calculation +D=D*2.54*10^-2;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D=((2*g*deltah_l*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L*10^3))^(1/2); +Re_D=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D)));// Reynolds number +Q=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q_20=(Q*60)/(3.782*10^-3)// The volume flow rate in gal/min +deltah=150*(1-(Q_20/1000)^2);// m +dh_20=deltah-(h+deltah_l);// m +deltah_l=40;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D=((2*g*deltah_l*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L*10^3))^(1/2); +Re_D=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D)));// Reynolds number +Q=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q_40=(Q*60)/(3.782*10^-3)// The volume flow rate in gal/min +deltah=150*(1-(Q_40/1000)^2);// m +dh_40=deltah-(h+deltah_l);// m +Q=((((dh_20)/(dh_20-dh_40))*(Q_40-Q_20))+Q_20);// GPM +deltah=150*(1-(Q/1000)^2);// m +deltah_l=deltah-h;// m +printf("\nThe flow rate through the system,Q=%3.1f GPM \ndeltah=%3.1f m \ndeltah_l=%2.2f m",Q,deltah,deltah_l); +printf("\nContinuing this process to improve our estimate of Q and Ah we finally arrive at:Q=527.7(GPM);deltah=108.3 m") + diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9a0cb27b --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 9_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h=100; +Q=10; +n_t=.85; +D=1.5; +L=300; +delta_t=93.99; +epsilon=1*10^-4; +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*D^2);// m/s +Re_D=(V*D)/nu;// Reynolds number +function[X]=frictionfactor(y) + X(1)=-(2.0*log10(((epsilon/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re_D*sqrt(y(1))))))-(1/sqrt(y(1))); +endfunction +// Guessing a value of f=1*10^-2; +y=[1*10^-2]; +f=fsolve(y,frictionfactor); +K_f=f*((L)/D);// The head loss coefficient +SigmaK=3.681; +deltah_1=SigmaK*((V^2)/(2*g));// The head loss in m +P=n_t*(rho*Q)*g*deltah_1; +P=P/10^3; +printf("\nThe head loss in the piping,deltah_1=%1.3f m \nThe power produced by the turbine,P=%3.0f kW",deltah_1,P); diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c39ef76ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 9_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +L=50;// Lengths of garden hose in ft +D_A=3/4;// Diameter of hose A in inch +D_B=1/2;// Diameter of hose B in inch +p=40;// Pressure in the tank in psig +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 +rho=1*10^3;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +epsilon=0; + +// Calculation +D_A=D_A*2.54*10^-2;// m +D_B=D_B*2.54*10^-2;// m +L=L*0.3048;// m +deltah_l1=(p*6.895*10^3)/(rho*g);// m +deltah_A1=10;// m +deltah_B1=18.12;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D_A=((2*g*deltah_A1*D_A^3)/(((nu)^2)*L))^(1/2); +Re_D_A=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_A*log10(2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_A));// Reynolds number +Q_A1=(%pi*D_A*nu*Re_D_A)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_B=((2*g*deltah_B1*D_B^3)/(((nu)^2)*L))^(1/2); +Re_D_B=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_B*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_B)));// Reynolds number +Q_B1=(%pi*D_B*nu*Re_D_B)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +V_A=(4*Q_A1)/(%pi*D_A^2);// m/s +V_B=(4*Q_B1)/(%pi*D_B^2);// m/s +// Assume deltah=SigmaK*((V^2)/(2*g)) +deltah=((0.4*V_A^2)+(0.4*V_B^2))/(2*g);// m +deltah_f=deltah_l1-deltah;// m +// We decide to allocate this total to +deltah_A2=2;// m +deltah_B2=25.43;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D_A=((2*g*deltah_A2*D_A^3)/(((nu)^2)*L))^(1/2); +Re_D_A=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_A*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_A)));// Reynolds number +Q_A2=(%pi*D_A*nu*Re_D_A)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_B=((2*g*deltah_B2*D_B^3)/(((nu)^2)*L))^(1/2); +Re_D_B=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_B*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_B)));// Reynolds number +Q_B2=(%pi*D_B*nu*Re_D_B)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +V_A=(4*Q_A2)/(%pi*D_A^2);// m/s +V_B=(4*Q_B2)/(%pi*D_B^2);// m/s +deltah_l2=((0.4*V_A^2)+(0.4*V_B^2))/(2*g);// m +//Indicating the first and second guesses by '1' and '2' we find a third guess to be: +deltah=deltah_A2-((Q_A2-Q_B2)*((deltah_A1-deltah_A2)/((Q_A1-Q_B1)-(Q_A2-Q_B2))));// m +printf('\nThe flow rate through the hoses Q_A=%1.3e m^3/s;Q_B=%1.3e m^3/s;SigmaK(V^2/2g)=%0.4f m',Q_A2,Q_B2,deltah_l2); +// The answer is vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3785/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3785/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f99179a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3785/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +// Example 9_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=1*10^-2;// m +h_1=10;// m +h_4=0;// m +L_12=3;// m +L_13=4;// m +L_14=5;// m +g=9.807;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +nu=1.0*10^-6;// The kinematic viscosity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// Because of the symmetry of the network. h1- h2 = h3-h4,Q12 = Q34 and Q13 = Q24. +// Assume +h_2a=5;// m +h_3a=5;// m +deltah_12=h_1-h_2a;// m +deltah_13=h_1-h_3a;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D_12=((2*g*deltah_12*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_12))^(1/2); +Re_D_12=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_12*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_12)));// Reynolds number +Q_12=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_12)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_13=((2*g*deltah_13*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_13))^(1/2); +Re_D_13=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_13*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_13)));// Reynolds number +Q_13=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_13)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q_23=0;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q_24=Q_13;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +deltaQ_2a=Q_12-Q_23-Q_24;// m^3/s +// Assume +h_2b=6;// m +h_3b=4;// m +deltah_12=4;// m +deltah_13=6;// m +deltah_23=2;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D_12=((2*g*deltah_12*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_12))^(1/2); +Re_D_12=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_12*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_12)));// Reynolds number +Q_12=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_12)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_13=((2*g*deltah_13*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_13))^(1/2); +Re_D_13=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_13*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_13)));// Reynolds number +Q_13=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_13)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_23=((2*g*deltah_23*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*1))^(1/2); +Re_D_23=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_23*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_23)));// Reynolds number +Q_23=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_23)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +deltaQ_2b=Q_12-Q_23-Q_24;// m +h_2=h_2a-(((h_2b-h_2a)/(deltaQ_2b-deltaQ_2a))*deltaQ_2b);// m +// Proceeding in this manner for two more iterations, we converge to the solution: +h_2=5.11;// m +h_3=4.89;// m +deltah_12=h_1-h_2;// m +deltah_13=h_1-h_3;// m +deltah_23=h_2-h_3;// m +sqrtoffintoRe_D_12=((2*g*deltah_12*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_12))^(1/2); +Re_D_12=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_12*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_12)));// Reynolds number +Q_12=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_12)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_13=((2*g*deltah_13*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*L_13))^(1/2); +Re_D_13=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_13*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_13)));// Reynolds number +Q_13=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_13)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +sqrtoffintoRe_D_23=((2*g*deltah_23*D^3)/(((nu)^2)*1))^(1/2); +Re_D_23=-2*sqrtoffintoRe_D_23*log10((2.51/(sqrtoffintoRe_D_23)));// Reynolds number +Q_23=(%pi*D*nu*Re_D_23)/4;// The volume flow rate in m^3/s +Q_2=Q_13+Q_12;// m^3/s +printf("\nThe flow rate,Q=%1.3e m^3/s",Q_2); diff --git a/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.PNG b/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a95137ba1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.sce b/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec1e5f619 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH10/EX10.6.1/Ex10_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 10.6.1 +//Length and gain of Satellite +clc +clear +height=750 +theta=10 +SEC=theta + 90 +re=6378 +rs=re + 750 +del = asind(re*(sind(SEC)/rs)) +Y=180-100-del +Yradian=Y*(%pi/180) + +ArcEZ=re*Yradian +Diameter=2*ArcEZ +printf("Length of coverage region is %f km \n",Diameter) + +Beamwidth=2*del +Gain=33000/Beamwidth^2 +G=10*log10(Gain) +printf("Gain of Satellite Antenna is %f dB",G) diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.1.1/Ex2_1_1.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.1/Ex2_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d3283b7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.1/Ex2_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.1.1 +// Calculate the Orbital radius for a Geostationary Satellite + +//Variable Declaration +T=86164.09 // Time Period for 1 sidereal day in Sec + +//Calculation +u=(3.986004418*10^5) +a=((T^2*u)/(4*%pi^2))^(1/3) + +//Result +printf("The Radius of the circular orbit with 1 day period is : %d km",a) + diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.1.2/Ex2_1_2.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.2/Ex2_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3378dea56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.2/Ex2_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.1.2 +// Calculate the Orbital radius and Linear Velocity of Shuttle along its orbit + +//Variable Declaration +re=6378.14 //radius of earth in km +h=250 //altitude in km +a=re+h +u=(3.986004418*10^5) + +//Calculation +T=sqrt((4*(%pi^2)*(a^3)/u)) // Period of orbit in Sec +circum=2*%pi*a //circumference of orbut=2*pi*a in km +Vs=(2*%pi*a)/T //velocity in km/s +v=sqrt(u/a) //velocity by alternate method + +//Result +disp(T,'Period of orbit in Sec') +disp(circum,'Circumference of Orbit in km') +disp(Vs,'Velocity of Satellite in Orbit in km/s') +disp(v,' Velocity of Satellite in Orbit in km/s(By Alternate Method)') diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.1.3/Ex2_1_3.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.3/Ex2_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..503bb20b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.1.3/Ex2_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.1.3 +//Elliptical Orbit + +//Variable Declaration +re=6378.14 +hp=1000 +ha=4000 +u=3.98600*((10)^5) + +//Calculation +a=(2*re+hp+ha)/2 +T=sqrt((4*(%pi^2)*(a^3)/u)) + +e=1-((re+hp)/a) //Eccentricity of orbit + +//Result +printf("The period of orbit is : %f seconds",T) +disp(e,'Eccentricity of orbit') + diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2629612f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.2.1 +//Geostationary Satellite Look Angles + +//Variable Declaration +Le=52.0 +le=0 +longs=66.0 + +//Calculation +y=acosd(cosd(Le)*cosd(longs-le)) +printf("Central Angle is %f degrees\n",y) + +El=atand((6.6107345-cosd(y))/sind(y))-y +printf("Elevation Angle is %f degrees\n",(El)) + +alpha=atand(tand(longs-le)/sind(Le)) +printf("Intermediate Angle is %f degrees\n",alpha) + +Az=180-alpha +printf("Azimuth Angle is %f degrees (clockwise from true north )",Az) diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08a52f005 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.3.1 +//Drift with a Geostationary Satellite + +//Variables +T=86400 //T corresponds to 1 solar day +u=(3.986004418*10^5) + +//Calculation +//Part1 Orbital Radius +a=((T^2*u)/(4*%pi^2))^(1/3) //4 pi^2=39.4784716 +printf("The radius of the circular orbit is : %f km\n",a) + +//Part2 Rate of Drift +drift=360*(235.9/T) +printf("The drift is %f degrees/day",drift) + diff --git a/3788/CH2/EX2.6.1/Ex2_6_1.sce b/3788/CH2/EX2.6.1/Ex2_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f90ae3efc --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH2/EX2.6.1/Ex2_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2.6.1 +//Doppler Shift for A leo Satellite + +//Part1 Velocity of Satellite in Orbit +//Variables +re=6378 //radius of earth in km +h=1000 //altitude in km +a=re+h +u=(3.986004418*10^5) + +//Calculation +//Part1 Velocity of Satellite in Orbit +T=sqrt((4*(%pi^2)*(a^3)/u)) +circum=2*%pi*a +vs=circum/T +printf("Velocity of Satellite is %f km/s\n",vs) + +//Part2 Component of velocity towards the observer +D=re/a +vr=(vs*(re/a)) +printf("Velocity of Satellite towards observer is %f km/s\n",vr) + +//Part3 Doppler shift in received signal +VT=6354 +lam=0.1132 +Df=(VT/lam)/1000 +disp(Df,'Doppler shift in kHz') + diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b4b221e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..745fd4be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.1/Ex4_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//example 4.2.1 +//Calculate the Flux Density and Power received + +//Variables +clc +clear +D = 40000 +gain = 17 //gain is in dB +Gt = 50 +A = 10 //effective area of antenna +Pt = 10 //transmitted power +R = 4*(10)^7 + +//Calculation +F=(Pt*Gt)/(4*%pi*R^2) //flux density equation +Pr = Pt/A //Received Power + +//Result +printf("The flux density is %f Watts per sqm \n",F) +printf("The power received by antenna is %f Watts",Pr) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cc54dd4f Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a8d1be7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.2.2/Ex4_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 4.2.2 +// Calculate the power received by the antenna while the gain of +// receiving antenna is 52.3 dB + +//variables +clc +clear +EIRP=27.0 +Gr=52.3 +R=4*10^7 +lam=2.727*10^(-2) + +//calculation +pathloss=20*log10((4*%pi*R)/lam) //Finding path loss +Pr=EIRP+Gr-pathloss //Finding Power received + +//Result +printf("Power received at the antenna is %f dBW",Pr) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29698fd8f Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc5b4dc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.1/Ex4_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 4.3.2 +// Calculate the New System noise temperature + +//Variables +clc +clear +Gain = 50 +G1 = 0.631 +attenuation = 2 +Tm = 500 +TIF = 1000 +Tp = 300 + +//Calculation +Twg = Tp*(1-G1) +Tin = G1*25 +T = (Tin + Twg +Gain + (Tm/(10^5)) + (TIF/(10^4))) +Ts = (T/G1) + +//Result +printf("Waveguide Noise temperature is %fK \n",Twg) +printf("The new System noise temperature is %fK",Ts) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01a6a72f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4925a9693 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.3/Ex4_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.3.3 +// Calculate Noise Temperature + +clc +clear +T0 = 290 //reference temp usually 290K +NF = 1.78 //Noise Figure +Td = T0*(NF - 1) + +//Result +printf("Value of noise temperature is %dK",Td) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..110fda409 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f40655044 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.3.4/Ex4_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 4.3.4 +// Calculate the GT ratio and also if the Noise temperature is risen + +//Variables +clc +clear +D = 30 +na = 0.68 +lam = 0.0723 +temp0 = 79 +temp1 = 88 + +//Calculation +Gr = na*((%pi*D)/lam)^2 +GrdB = 10*log10(Gr) +Ts0 = 10*log10(temp0) +Ts1 = 10*log10(temp1) +GT = GrdB - Ts0 +GTnew = GrdB - Ts1 + +//Result +printf("The Gain of antenna is %f dB \n",GrdB) +printf("System noise temperature is %f dBK \n",Ts1) +printf("Earth station GT ratio is %f dB/K \n",GT) +printf("If the temperature rises to 88K ,then new GT ratio is %f dB/K",GTnew) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04d535a1e Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5ea32ff0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.6.1 +//Calculate the power op of an uplink transmitter +//Variables +clc +clear +Pr = -127 +Gt = 50 +Gr = 26 +Lp = 207.2 +Lta = 1.5 +Lat = 0.5 +Lpt = -2 +Pin = 0-127 + +//Result +Pt = Pr - Gt - Gr + Lp + Lat + Lta - Lpt +printf("The transmitter output power is %f dBW \n",Pt) +Rainattenuation = 7 +Ptrain = Pt + Rainattenuation +printf("The transmitter output power due to fading of rain is %f dBW",Ptrain) diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.PNG b/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ec9c5468 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.sce b/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f291cbff --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH4/EX4.7.1/Ex4_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.7.1 +//Calculate the overall CN ratio + +//Variables +clc +clear +CNdnratio = 100 +CNupratio = 100 + +CIratio = 24 +CIratioindB = 0.004 +CN0 = (1/((1/CNupratio) + (1/CNdnratio))) +CN1 = (1/((1/CNupratio) + (1/CNdnratio) + CIratioindB)) + +//result +printf("CN0 ratio is %f\n",CN0) +printf("The overall CN0 ratio at earth receiveing station is %f ",CN1) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88575cf23 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..430068de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example +//Calculate the baseband SN ratio for the video signal +//Variables +clc +clear +Fmax = 4.2 +RFbw = 30 +CNratio = 15 +P = 9 +Q = 8 + +//Result +delFpk = (RFbw/2) - Fmax +Brf = 2*(delFpk + Fmax) +SN = CNratio + 10*log10(RFbw/Fmax) + 20*log10(delFpk/Fmax)+ 1.5 +P + Q +printf("The baseband SN ratio for the video signal is %f",SN) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5490c622 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ce9fcd18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.2/Ex5_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 5.2.2 +//Calculate the baseband SN ratio for the Voice channel + +//Variables +clc +clear +Fmax = 3.4 +Brf = 45 +Rs = 9.6 +P = 8.8 +SNratio = 7 +CNratio = 13 + +//result +delFpk = Brf/2 - Fmax +SNfm = CNratio + 10*log10(Brf/Fmax) + 20*log10(delFpk/Fmax) + 1.8 + P +printf("The baseband SN ratio for the voice channel is %f dB ",SNfm) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72270fbfc Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76100e6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.2.3/Ex5_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.2.3 +//Calculate the SN ratio if CN = 10dB + +//Variables +clc +clear +delFpk = 3.6 +Fmax = 4.8 +CN = 10 +delFpeak = 3.6 + +//result +Brf = 2*(delFpk + Fmax) +SNout = CN +10*log10(Brf/Fmax) + 20*log10(delFpeak/Fmax) + 1.8 +printf("The SN ratio is %f dB,if the CN ratio for \n the signal from the satellite is 10dB",SNout) + diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c116b57a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d24c65fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.3.1 +//Calculate the pulse rate for the link +//Variables +clc +clear +Bocc = 100000.00 +alpha = 0.5 + +//Result +Rs = Bocc/(1 + alpha) +printf("The correct symbol rate is %f symbols/sec",Rs) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..058e0efce Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fbf66a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.3.2 +//Claculate the bandwidth and frequency range +//Variables +clc +clear +Rs = 16 +fc = 14.125 +alpha = 0.25 + +//result +Bocc = Rs*(1 + alpha) +fl = fc - (Rs/2)*(1+alpha) +fh = fc + (Rs/2)*(1+alpha) + +printf("The bandwidth occupied by RF signal is %f Mhz\n",Bocc) +printf("The frequecny range is from %f Ghz to %f Ghz",fl,fh) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8e664968 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f59009a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 5.3.3 +//calculate bit rate for BPSK and QPSK +//variables +clc +clear +BW = 36 +alpha = 0.4 + +//result +RsBPSK = BW/(1 + alpha) +RsQPSK = 2*RsBPSK +printf("The maximum symbol rate for BPSK RF link is %f Msps \n",RsBPSK) +printf("The maximum symbol rate for QPSK RF link is %f Msps ",RsQPSK) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a68228fd1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff73ca724 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.1/Ex5_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//example 5.4.1 +//Calculate the bitrate ,Symbol rate BW and BER values + +//Variables +clc +clear +CN = 25 +NoiseBw = 1.0 +r=0.3 +Rs = 1 +Bocc = Rs*(1+r) +rainattenuation = 3 +printf("The occupied bandwidth of the RF signal is %f Mhz \n",Bocc) +//BPSK +Rb = 1 +printf("The bit rate is %f Mbps \n",Rb) +BERclearair = erfc((2*CN)^(1/2)) +printf("BER in clear air for BPSK is %f \n Since the all BER values are -ve high orders \n the BER values are shown zero\n",BERclearair) + +//QPSK +Rb1 = 2*Rs +printf("The bit rate for QPSK is %f Mbps \n",Rb1) +BERclearair1 = erfc((CN)^(1/2)) +printf("BER in clear air for QPSK is %f \n",BERclearair1) + +CN1 = CN - rainattenuation + +//BPSK +BERrain = erfc((2*CN1)^(1/2)) +printf("BER in rain for BPSK is %f \n",BERrain) + +//QPSK +BERrain1 = erfc((CN1)^(1/2)) +printf("BER in rain for BPSK is %f \n",BERrain1) diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.PNG b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0825593d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.sce b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88bd4968b --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH5/EX5.4.2/Ex5_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 5.4.2 +//Calculate Bit rate,symbol rate ,BER values for BPSK and QPSK + +//Variables +clc +clear +BW = 10 +alpha = 0.25 +CN = 16 +marginbpsk = 0.8 +marginqpsk = 1.2 +Rs = BW/(1+alpha) +RsQPSk = 2*Rs + +printf("The Symbol rate for satelite link is %f Msps \n",Rs) +printf("The bit rate for BPSK is %f MBps \n",Rs) +printf("The bit rate for QPSK is %f MBps \n",RsQPSk) + +CNeff = 10^((CN - marginbpsk)/10) +BERBPSk = erfc((2*CNeff)^(1/2)) +printf("C/N effective for BPSk is %f \n ",CNeff) +printf("The BER value for BPSK is %f \n",BERBPSk) + + +CNeff1 = 10^((CN - marginqpsk)/10) +BERQPSk = erfc((CNeff)^(1/2)) +printf("C/N effective for QPSk is %f \n ",CNeff1) +printf("The BER value for QPSK is %f ",BERQPSk) diff --git a/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.PNG b/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebe52ea0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce b/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee07265c --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//example 6.2.1 +//calculate power level at op of transponder +//variables +clc +clear +pearth = 500 +gain = 105 +backoff = 3 +outputpower = 40 +BWStA = 15 +BWStB = 10 +BWStC = 5 +Pt = 20 +EIRPa = 3.0 +EIRPb = 4.8 +EIRPc = 7.8 + +PtindB=10*log10(outputpower) - backoff +printf("Power of tansponder is %fdBW \n",PtindB) +BWt = BWStA + BWStB + BWStC +PtA = 10*log10((BWStA/BWt)*Pt) +PtB = 10*log10((BWStB/BWt)*Pt) +PtC = 10*log10((BWStC/BWt)*Pt) +printf("Transponder power output allocated to StA is %f dBW \n",PtA) +printf("Transponder power output allocated to StB is %f dBW\n",PtB) +printf("Transponder power output allocated to StC is %f dBW\n",PtC) + +PinA = PtA - gain +PinB = PtB - gain +PinC = PtC - gain +printf("Transponder input power for StA signal is %f dBW\n",PinA) +printf("Transponder input power for StB signal is %f dBW\n",PinB) +printf("Transponder input power for StC signal is %f dBW \n",PinC) + +Pte = 10*log10(250) +PStA = Pte - EIRPa +PStB = Pte - EIRPb +PStC = Pte - EIRPc +printf("The Earth Station A transmit power is %f dBW \n",PStA) +printf("The Earth Station B transmit power is %f dBW \n",PStB) +printf("The Earth Station C transmit power is %f dBW\n",PStC) + diff --git a/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.PNG b/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..780c395f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce b/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..917bc811a --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 6.3.1 +//Calculate the no of digital channels +//Variables +clc +clear +Tframe=2000 //20ms +N = 5 //5us +tg=5 +tpre = 20 +datarate = 64000 +QPSKsymbol = 2 +QPSKTxburst = 30 //30mbaud + +Td = (Tframe-N*(tg+tpre))/N +Rb = QPSKsymbol*QPSKTxburst +Cb = Td*(((Rb*(10)^6))/Tframe) +n = (Cb)/64000 +printf("The number of 64kbps digital sppech channels that \n can be carried by one earth station is %d",n) diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3006b892 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68f1b8d6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.2.1/Ex8_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 8.2.1 +//find the physical pathlength and path attenuation +clc +clear +elevationangle=35 +height=3 +specificattenation=2 +L=height/sind(35) +printf("The physical pathlength is %f km \n",L) +//error for L part +A=specificattenation*5.23 +printf("The path attenuation is %f dB " ,A) diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b5d3361b Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c9144ded --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.1/Ex8_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8.5.1 +//Calculate the specific attenuation +clc +clear +rainfallrate=40 +f=10 //10 Ghz +kv=0.00887 +av=1.264 +yr=kv*(rainfallrate)^av +printf("The specific attenuation at 10 Ghz is %f dB/km",yr) + diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d389bb0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3378503c --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.2/Ex8_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Example 8.5.2 +//Calculate the rain attenuation +clc +clear +Upfreq=17.80 //17.80Ghz + //Polarization=vertical +kv=0.0510 +av=1.0927 +elevationangle=45 +hs=0.05 +hr=4.00 +R=63 +latitude=25 +Ls=((hr - hs)/(sind(elevationangle))) +printf("The slant path length is %f km",Ls) + +Lg=Ls*cosd(elevationangle) +printf("The horizontal projection of slant path length is %f km \n",Lg) + +Yr=kv*(R)^av +printf("The specific attenuation is %f dB/km \n",Yr) + +r=1/(1+0.78*(sqrt((Lg*Yr)/Upfreq))-0.38*(1-exp(-2*Lg))) +printf("The horizontal reduction factor for Miami is %f \n",r) + +eta=atand((hr - hs)/(Lg*r)) +Lr=(Lg*r)/(cosd(elevationangle)) +X=36-abs(latitude) +v=1/(1+sqrt(sin(elevationangle))*(31*(1-exp(-(elevationangle/(1+X)))))*(sqrt(Lr*Yr)/Upfreq^2)-0.45) +printf("Vertical adjustment factor for Miami is %f \n",v) + +Le=Lr*v +printf("Effective path length for Miami %f \n",Le) + +A=(Yr*Le) +printf("Rain attenuation for Miami uplink of the average year is %f dB ",A) diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c1eb0c4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9698312cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.3/Ex8_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8.5.3 +//Rain attenuation at 10 degrees +clc +clear +A45=4 //Rain atttenuation of 4 dB at elevation angle of 45 +angle=45 +newangle=10 +A=(cscd(10)/cscd(45))*A45 +printf("Rain attenuation of %f dB at elevation angle of 10 degrees",A) diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebcab0210 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c704f8aff --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.5.4/Ex8_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8.5.4 +//RAin attenuation at 11.4GHZ +clc +clear +carrierfreq=10.7 +newcarrierfreq=11.4 +A=6 +Anew=((newcarrierfreq)^2/(carrierfreq)^2)*A +printf("Rain attenuation at Carrier frequency \n of 11.4 Ghz is %f dB \n",Anew) diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.PNG b/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.PNG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45918cb66 Binary files /dev/null and b/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.PNG differ diff --git a/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.sce b/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86f8d1e64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3788/CH8/EX8.6.2/Ex8_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Example 8.6.2 +//Calculate the XPD +clc +clear +elevationangle=30 +f=12 +attenuation=7 +t1=20 +t2=0 +sigma=10 +p=0.01 +Cf=30*log10(f) +printf("Cf = %f \n",Cf) + +Vf=12.8*f^0.19 +printf("Vf = %f \n",Vf) + +Ca=Vf*log10(attenuation) +printf("Ca = %f \n",Ca) + +Ct1=(-10)*log10(1-0.484*(1+cosd(4*t1))) +Ct2=(-10)*log10(1-0.484*(1+cosd(4*t2))) +printf("Ct1 for tilt angle of 20 degrees = %f \n",Ct1) +printf("Ct2 for tilt angle of 0 degree = %f \n",Ct2) + +Ctheta=-40*log10(cosd(elevationangle)) +printf("Ctheta = %f \n",Ctheta) + +Csigma=0.0052*sigma^2 +printf("Csigma = %f \n",Csigma) + +XPD1=Cf-Ca+Ct1+Ctheta+Csigma +XPD2=Cf-Ca+Ct2+Ctheta+Csigma +printf("XPD1 for tilt angle of 20 degrees = %f dB \n",XPD1) +printf("XPD2 for tilt angle of 0 degree = %f dB \n",XPD2) + +Cice1=XPD1*(0.3+0.1*log10(p))/2 +Cice2=XPD2*(0.3+0.1*log10(p))/2 +printf("Cice1 for tilt angle of 20 degrees = %f \n",Cice1) +printf("Cice2 for tilt angle of 0 degree = %f \n",Cice2) + +XPDp1=XPD1-Cice1 +XPDp2=XPD2-Cice2 +printf("XPDp1 for tilt angle of 20 degrees = %f dB \n",XPDp1) +printf("XPDp2 for tilt angle of 0 degree = %f dB \n",XPDp2) diff --git a/3792/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3792/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feb96ea0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 1/1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=100;// lb +theta=45;// degree +h=200;// mi +R=3959;// mi +g_f=32.1740;// ft/sec^2 +g_m=9.80655;// m/s^2 +g_0=32.234;// ft/sec^2 +m_E=4.095*10^23;// lbf-s^2/ft +G=3.439*10^-8;// ft^4/(lbf-s^4) + +// Calculation +// (a) +m_a=W/g_f;// slugs +W_a=W*4.4482;// N +m=W_a/g_m;// kg +printf("\n(a)The mass of the module in slugs,m=%1.2f slugs \n The weight of the module in newtons,W=%3.0f N \n The mass of the module in kilograms,m=%2.1f",m_a,W_a,m); +// Again using the table inside the front cover, we have +m=W*0.45359;// kg +// (b) +g_h=(g_0*((R^2)/(R+h)^2)); +W_h=m_a*g_h; +printf("\n(b)The weight at an altitude of 200 miles is then,W_h=%2.1f lb",W_h); +W_h=W_h*4.4482; +printf("\n The weight at an altitude of 200 miles is in newton,W_h=%3.0f N",W_h); +W_h=(G*m_E*m_a)/((R+h)*5280)^2; +// (c) +// The weight of an object (the force of gravitational attraction) does not depend on the motion of the object. Thus the answers for part (c) are the same as those in part (b). +printf("\n(c)The weight of the module in both pounds and newtons,W_h=%2.1f lb (or) %3.0f N",W_h,W_h*4.4482); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95f5300f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// s=2t^3-24t+6; +v_a=72;// Velocity in m/s +v_b=30;// Velocity in m/s +t_0=1;// s +t_1=4;// s + +// Calculation +// v=6t^2-24; +// a=12t; +// (a) +t=sqrt((v_a+24)/6);// Time in s +// (b) +a=sqrt((v_b+24)/6);// Time in s +// (c) +s4=((2*t_1^3)-(24*t)+6);// m +s1=((2*t_0^3)-(24*t_0)+6)// m; +deltaS=s4-s1;// The net displacement during the specified interval in m +printf("\n(a)The time required for the particle to reach a velocity of 72 m/s from its initial condition at t=0 is %1.0f s.\n(b)The acceleration of the particle a=%2.0f m/s^2 \n(c)The net displacement,deltaS=%2.0f m",t,a,deltaS); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c52f32337 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 2_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +theta_i=30;// degrees +r=25*10^4;// ft +rdot=4000;// ft/sec +theta=0.80;// deg/sec +g=31.4;// ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +v_r=rdot;// ft/sec +v_theta=r*(theta*%pi/180);// ft/sec +v=sqrt(v_r^2+v_theta^2);// ft/sec +a_r=-g*cosd(theta_i);// ft/sec^2 +a_theta=g*sind(theta_i);// ft/sec^2 +rdotdot=a_r+(r*(theta*(%pi/180))^2);// ft/sec^2 +thetadotdot=(a_theta-(2*rdot*theta*%pi/180))/r;// ft/sec^2 +printf("\nThe velocity of the rocket,v=%4.0f ft/sec \nrdotdot=%2.1f ft/sec^2 and thetadotdot=%1.2e rad/sec^2",v,rdotdot,thetadotdot); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e360eda7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 2_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_0=250;// km/h +theta_i=15;// degree +a=0.8;// m/s^2 +t=60;// seconds +s_0=0;// m +x=3000;// m + +// Calculation +// (a) +v_0=v_0/3.6;// m/s +v=v_0+(a*t);// m/s +s=s_0+(v_0*t)+((1/2)*a*t^2);// m +y=s*cosd(theta_i);// m +theta=atand(y/x);// degree +r=sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);// m +v_xy=v*cosd(theta_i);// m/s +v_r=v_xy*sind(theta);// m/s +v_theta=v_xy*cosd(theta);// m/s +thetadot=v_theta/r;// rad/s +zdot=v*sind(theta_i);// m/s +v_z=zdot;// m/s +// (b) +z=y*tand(theta_i);// m +phi=atand(z/r);// degree +R=sqrt(r^2+z^2);// m +v_R=(v_r*cosd(phi))+(zdot*sind(phi));// m/s +v_phi=(zdot*(cosd(phi)))-(v_r*sind(phi));// m/s +phidot=v_phi/R;// m/s +printf("\n(a)v_r=%2.1f m/s \n thetadot=%1.2e rad/s \n zdot=v_z=%2.1f m/s \n(b)v_R=%3.1f m/s \n thetadot=%1.2e rad/s \n phidot=%1.3e rad/s",v_r,thetadot,zdot,v_R,thetadot,phidot); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5de18d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 2_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_A=800;// km/h +theta_1=45;// degree +theta_2=60;// degree +theta_3=75;// degree + +// Calculation +// (I) Graphical. +v_BA=586;// km/h +v_B=717;// km/h +printf("\nv_BA=%3.0f km/h and v_B=%3.0f km/h",v_BA,v_B); +// (II) Trigonometric. +v_B=(sind(theta_2)*v_A)/sind(theta_3);// km/h +printf("\nv_B=%3.0f km/h",v_B); +// (III) Vector Algebra +v_B=[(v_B*cosd(theta_1)),(v_B*sind(theta_1))];// km/h +v_BA=[-(v_BA*cosd(theta_2)),(v_BA*sind(theta_2))];// km/h +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=(v_A-(y(2)*cosd(theta_2)))-(y(1)*cosd(theta_1)); + X(2)=(y(2)*sind(theta_2))-(y(1)*sind(theta_1)); +endfunction +y=[100,100]; +z=fsolve(y,velocity); +v_BA=z(1);// km/h +v_B=z(2);// km/h +printf("\nv_AB=%3.0f km/h and v_B=%3.0f km/h",v_BA,v_B); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aefb6540 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_A=45;// mi/hr +v_B=30;// mi/hr +a_A=3;// ft/sec^2 +theta_1=30;// degree +theta_2=60;// degree +rho=440;// The radius of curvature in ft + +// Calculation +// Velocity +v_A=v_A*(5280/3600);// ft/sec +v_B=v_B*(5280/3600);// ft/sec +// By the application of the law of cosines and the law of sines gives +v_BA=sqrt(v_A^2+v_B^2-(2*v_A*v_B*cosd(theta_2)));// ft/sec +theta=asind((v_B*sind(theta_2))/v_BA);// degree +// Acceleration +a_B=(v_B)^2/rho;// ft/sec^2 +a_BAx=a_B*cosd(theta_1)-a_A;// ft/sec^2 +a_BAy=a_B*sind(theta_1);// ft/sec^2 +a_BA=sqrt(a_BAx^2+a_BAy^2);// ft/sec^2 +beta=asind((a_B*sind(theta_1))/a_BA);// degree +printf("\nv_BA=%2.1f ft/sec \ntheta=%2.1f degree \na_AB=%1.2f ft/sec^2 \nbeta=%2.1f degree",v_BA,theta,a_BA,beta); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43e3ca538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 2_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_A=0.3;// m/s + +// Calculation +// Solution (I). +// v_A=y_A,v_B=y_B +v_B=-(2*v_A)/3;// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of B,v_B=%0.1f m/s",v_B); +// Solution (II). +v_B=abs((2/3)*v_A);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of B,v_B=%0.1f m/s (upward)",v_B); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70aee775b --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 2_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_x=50;// The initial velocity in ft/sec +a_x=-10;// The acceleration in ft/sec^2 +t_0=8;// s +t_1=12;// s + +// Calculation +// v_x=90-10t; ft/sec +v_x0=(90-(10*t_0));// The velocity in ft/sec +v_x1=(90-(10*t_1));// The velocity in ft/sec +// x=-5t^2+90t-80; ft +x_0=(-5*t_0^2)+(90*t_0)-80;// ft +x_1=(-5*t_1^2)+(90*t_1)-80;// ft +// The maximum positive x-coordinate is,then, the value of x for t=9 sec which is +t=9;// sec +x_max=(-5*t^2)+(90*t)-80;// ft +printf("\nThe velocity of the particle for the conditions of t=8 sec and t=12 sec,v_x=%2.0f ft/sec & v_x=%2.0f ft/sec \nThe x-coordinate of the particle for the conditions of t=8 sec and t=12 sec, x=%3.0f ft & x=%3.0f ft \nThe maximum positive x-coordinate reached by the particle,x_max=%3.0f ft",v_x0,v_x1,x_0,x_1,x_max) diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8c3b5772 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 2_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// v_x=50-60t; +// y=100-4t^2; +// where v_x is in meters per second, y is in meters, and t is in seconds. + +// Calculation +// x=50t-8t^2; +a_x=-16;// The x-component of the acceleration in m/s^2 +// v_y=-8t; The y-component of the velocity in m/s +a_y=-8;// The y-component of the acceleration in m/s^2 +// When y=0, +t=sqrt(100/4); +v_x=50-(16*t); +v_y=-8*(t); +v=sqrt((v_x.^2)+(v_y.^2));// m/s +a=sqrt(a_x.^2+a_y.^2);// m/s^2 +printf("\nThe velocity,v=%2.0fi+(%2.0fj) m/s \nThe acceleration,a=%2.0fi+(%1.0fj) m/s^2",v_x,v_y,a_x,a_y); +y=[0,20,40,60,80,100];// m +for(i=1:6) + t(i)=sqrt((100-y(i))/4);// s + x(i)=((50*t(i))-(8*t(i).^2));// m + v_x(i)=((50*t(i)-(8*t(i).^2)));// m/s + v_y(i)=(-8*t(i));// m/s + v=sqrt((v_x.^2)+(v_y.^2));// m/s + a=sqrt(a_x.^2+a_y.^2);// m/s^2 +end +plot(x',y,'-.*'); +xlabel('x,m'); +ylabel('y,m'); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Fig2_5.jpg b/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Fig2_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e362780d Binary files /dev/null and b/3792/CH2/EX2.5/Fig2_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60b35cdf --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 2_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_0=80;// The launch speed in ft/sec +theta=35;// The launch angle in degree +m=8;// lb +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +y_0=6;// ft +x_0=0;// ft +x=100+30;// ft + +// Calculation +v_x0=v_0*cosd(theta);// ft/sec +t=(x-x_0)/v_x0;// s +v_y0=v_0*sind(theta);// ft/sec +y=(y_0+(v_y0*t))-((1/2)*g*t^2);// ft +// (a) +// We now find the flight time by setting +y_01=20;// ft +function[X]=time(y) + X(1)=((y_0+(v_y0*y(1))-((1/2)*g*y(1)^2)))-y_01; +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,time); +t_f=z(1);// s +x=x_0+(v_x0*t_f);// ft +printf("\n(a)The time duration of the flight,t_f=%1.2f s",t_f); +//(b) +printf("\n(b)Thus the point of first impact is (x,y)=(%3.0f,%2.0f)ft",x,y_01); +// (c) +v_y=0;// ft +h=((v_y0^2-v_y^2)/(2*g))+6;// ft +printf("\n(c)The maximum height above the horizontal field attained by the ball,h=%2.1f ft",h); +// (d) +v_x=v_x0;// ft/sec +v_y=v_y0-(g*t_f);// ft/sec +printf("\n(d)The impact velocity,v=%2.1f i+(%2.1f j) ft/sec",v_x,v_y); +x=100+30;// ft (given) +v_0=75;// ft/sec (given) +v_x0=v_0*cosd(theta);// ft/sec +t=(x-x_0)/v_x0;// s +v_y0=v_0*sind(theta);// ft/sec +y=(y_0+(v_y0*t))-((1/2)*g*t^2);// ft +printf("\n The point of impact is (x,y)=(%3.0f,%2.1f)ft",x,y); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d54a73078 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +a=3;// m/s^2 +v_A=100;// km/h +v_C=50;// km/h +s=120;// m + +// Calculation +v_A=v_A*(1000/3600);// The velocity in m/s +v_C=v_C*(1000/3600);// The velocity in m/s +a_t=(1/(2*s))*(v_C.^2-v_A.^2);// The acceleration in m/s^2 +// (a) Condition at A. +a_n=sqrt(a.^2-(a_t).^2);// The acceleration in m/s^2 +rho_A=v_A.^2/a_n;// The radius of curvature at A in m +// (b) Condition at B. +a_n=0;// m/s^2 +a_b=a_n+a_t;// The acceleration at the inflection point B in m/s^2 +// (c) Condition at C. +rho=150;// The radius of curvature of the hump at C in m +a_n=v_C.^2/rho;// The normal acceleration in m/s^2 +a=sqrt(a_n.^2+a_t.^2);// The total acceleration at C in m/s^2 +printf("\n(a)The radius of curvature at A,rho=%3.0f m \n(b)The acceleration at the inflection point B,a=%1.2f m/s^2 \n(c)The total acceleration at C,a=%1.2f m/s^2",rho_A,a_b,a) + diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ebf9862f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +g=30;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +theta=15;// The direction of its trajectory in degree +v=12000;// The velocity in mi/hr +a_x=20;// The horizontal component of acceleration in ft/sec^2 +a_y=g;// The downward acceleration component in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +a_n=(a_y*cosd(theta))-(a_x*sind(theta));// The normal component of acceleration in ft/sec^2 +a_t=(a_y*sind(theta))+(a_x*cosd(theta));// The tangential component of acceleration in ft/sec^2 +// (a) +v=v*44/30;// ft/sec +rho=v^2/a_n;// The radius of curvature in ft +// (b) +vdot=a_t;// The t-component of acceleration in ft/sec^2 +// (c) +betadot=v/rho;// The angular rate of line GC in rad/sec +// (d) +a=[a_n,a_t];// The total acceleration in ft/sec^2 +printf("\n(a) The radius of curvature,rho=%2.2e ft \n(b)The t-component of acceleration,v_dot=%2.1f ft/sec^2 \n(c)The angular rate of line GC,betadot=%2.2e rad/sec \n(d)The total acceleration,a=%2.1f e_n+%2.1f e_t ft/sec^2",rho,vdot,betadot,a(1),a(2)); diff --git a/3792/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3792/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2bc9da8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// theta=0.2t+0.02t^3; +// r=0.2+0.04t^2; +t=3;// s + +// Calculation +r_3=0.2+(0.04*t^2);// m +rdot_3=0.08*t;// m/s +rdotdot_3=0.08;// m/s^2 +theta_3=(0.2*t)+(0.02*t^3);// rad +thetadot_3=0.2+(0.06*t^2);// rad/s +thetadotdot_3=0.12*t;// rad/s^2 +v_r=rdot_3;// m/s +v_theta=r_3*thetadot_3;// m/s +v=sqrt(v_r^2+v_theta^2);// m/s +a_r=rdotdot_3-(r_3*thetadot_3^2);// m/s^2 +a_theta=((r_3*thetadotdot_3)+(2*rdot_3*thetadot_3));// m/s^2 +a=sqrt(a_r^2+a_theta^2);// m/s^2 +printf("\nThe magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of the slider, v=%0.3f m/s and a=%0.3f m/s^2",v,a); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..737c32d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/1 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=75;// kg +T=8300;// The tension in the hoisting cable in N +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +m_ems=750;// The total mass of the elevator, man and scale in kg +t_0=0;// s +t_1=3;// s + +// Calcaulation +// SigmaF_y=m*a_y; +a_y=(T-(m_ems*g))/m_ems;// m/s^2 +// SigmaF_y=m*a_y; +R=((m*a_y)+(m*g));// N +v=(1.257*t_1)-(1.257*t_0);// m/s +printf("\nThe equal and opposite reaction,R=%3.0f N \nThe upward velocity of the elevator,v=%1.2f m/s",R,v); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..057d33c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/11 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=50;// kg +v_1=4;// m/s +mu_k=0.30;// The coefficient of kinetic friction +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +s=10;// m +theta=15;// degree +R=474;// N + +// Calculation +U_12=((m*g)*s*sind(theta))-(mu_k*R*(s));// The total work done on the crate during the motion in J +v_2=sqrt((((1/2)*m*v_1^2)+U_12)/((1/2)*m));// The velocity of the crate in m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of the crate,v_2=%1.2f m/s",v_2); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e99b56895 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/12 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=80;// kg +v=72;// km/h +s=75;// m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +mu_sa=0.30;// The coefficient of static friction +mu_ka=0.28;// The coefficient of kinetic friction +mu_sb=0.25;// The coefficient of static friction +mu_kb=0.20;// The coefficient of kinetic friction + +// Calculation +// (a) +a_1=(v/3.6)^2/(2*s);// m/s^2 +F=m*a_1;// The friction force on the block in N +U_12=F*s;// The work done in J +printf("\n(a)The work done by the friction force acting on the crate,U_12=%5.0f J (or) %2.0f kJ",U_12,U_12/1000); +// (b) +F_1=mu_sb*m*g;// N +F_2=mu_kb*m*g;// N +F=F_2;// N +a=F/m;// The acceleration in m/s^2 +s=(a/a_1)*s;// The displacement of a crate in m +U_12=F*s;// The work done in J +printf("\n(b)The work done by the friction force acting on the crate,U_12=%4.0f J (or) %1.2f kJ",U_12,U_12/1000); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b115ee8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/13 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=50;// The mass of the block in kg +F=300;// N +x_1=0.233;// m +k=80;// The spring stifness in N/m +x=1.2;// m +y=0.9;// m + +// Calculation +x_2=x_1+x;// m +U_12=(1/2)*k*(x_1^2-x_2^2);// The work done by the spring force acting on the block in J +s=sqrt(x^2+y^2)-y;// m +W=F*s;// The work done in J +T_1=0;// J +v=sqrt(((U_12+W)*2)/m);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of the block as it reaches position B,v=%1.2f m/s",v); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02efc42ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/14 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +F=800;// lb +v=4;/// ft/sec +P=6;// The power output of the winch in hp +P_i=8;// hp +theta=30;// degree +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +N=F*cosd(theta);// lb +// SigmaF_x=0; +T=(P*550)/v;// The tension in the cable in N +mu_k=(T-(F*sind(theta)))/N;// The coefficient of kinetic friction +T=(P_i*550)/v;// lb +a=(T-(N*mu_k)-(F*sind(theta)))*(g/F);// The acceleration in ft/sec^2 +printf("\nThe corresponding instantaneous acceleration of the log,a=%2.2f ft/sec^2",a); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddf8ea777 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/15 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h_1=500;// km +v_1=30000;// km/h +h_2=1200;// km +R=6371;// km +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 + +// Calculation +v_2=sqrt((v_1/3.6)^2+((2*g*(R*10^3)^2)*((10^-3/(R+h_2))-(10^-3/(R+h_1))))); +printf("\nThe velocity of the satellite as it reaches point B,v_2=%4.0f m/s (or) v_2=%5.0f km/h",v_2,v_2*3.6); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26376deda --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/16 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mg=6;// lb +k=2;// lb/in +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +h=24;// in +x_1=24/12;// ft +x_2=(((24*sqrt(2))/12)-(24/12));// ft + +// Calculation +// The reaction of the rod on the slider is normal to the motion and does no work. +T_1=0;// ft-lb +U_12=0;// ft-lb +// We define the datum to be at the level of position 1, so that the gravitational potential energies are +V_1g=0;// ft-lb +V_2g=-(mg)*(h/12);// ft-lb +V_1e=(1/2)*(k*12)*(x_1)^2;// ft-lb +V_2e=(1/2)*(k*12)*(x_2)^2;// ft-lb +v_2=sqrt(((T_1+(V_1g+V_1e)+U_12)-(V_2g+V_2e))*(2*(g/mg)));// ft/sec +printf("\nThe velocity of the slider as it passes position 2,v_2=%2.1f ft/sec",v_2); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12664cd9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/17 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=10;// kg +k=60;// N/m +F=250;// N +theta=30;// degree +ABbar=1.5;// m +BCbar=0.9;// m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +d_AC=1.2;// The distance in m +d_BC=0.9;// The distance in m + +// Calculation +s=ABbar-BCbar;// m +U_ac=F*s;// J +V_Ag=0;// The initial gravitational potential energy in J +T_A=(1/2)*m*V_Ag^2;// N.m +V_Cg=m*g*(d_AC*sind(theta));// The final gravitational potential energy in J +x_A=s;// m +x_B=s+d_AC;// m +V_Ae=(1/2)*k*(x_A)^2;// The initial elastic potential energy in J +V_Ce=(1/2)*k*(x_B)^2;// The final elastic potential energy in J +// Substitution into the alternative work-energy equation 3/21a gives +v_c=sqrt((((T_A+V_Ag+V_Ae+U_ac)-(V_Cg+V_Ce))*2)/m);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of the slider as it passes point C,v_C=%0.3f m/s",v_c); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16b01a9a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/18 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_A=2;// kg +m_B=4;// kg +L=0.5;// m +K_theta=13;// N.m/rad +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +// T_1+V_1+U_12=T_2+V_2 +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=(((1/2)*m_A*y(1)^2)+((1/2)*m_B*(y(1)/4)^2)-(m_A*g*L)-(m_B*g*(L*sqrt(2)/4))+((1/2)*K_theta*(%pi/2)^2))-0; +endfunction +y=[0.1]; +v_A=fsolve(y,velocity);// m/s +printf("\nThe speed of particle A,v_A=%0.3f m/s",v_A); +// (b) +for(i=1:10) + theta=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90];// degree + // T_1+V_1+U_12=T_2+V_2 + v_A(i)=sqrt(((m_A*g*L*(1-cosd(theta(i))))+((m_B*g*(1/2)*[((L*sqrt(2))/2)-((2*(L/2)*sind((90-(theta(i)))/2)))]))-((1/2)*K_theta*(theta(i)*(%pi/180))^2))/(((1/2)*m_A)+((1/2)*m_B*((1/4)*cosd((90-(theta(i)))/2))^2))); +end +plot(theta',v_A); +xlabel('theta,deg'); +ylabel('v_A,m/s'); +printf("\nThe maximum value of v_A is seen to be (v_A)_max=1.400 m/s at theta=56.4 degree."); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Fig3_18.jpg b/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Fig3_18.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50629ec80 Binary files /dev/null and b/3792/CH3/EX3.18/Fig3_18.jpg differ diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..202752863 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/19 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_1=50;// ft/sec +v_2=70;// ft/sec +theta=15;// degree +dt=0.02;// sec +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +W=2/16;// N +v_1x=v_1;// ft/sec +v_2x=v_2;// ft/sec +v_1y=0;// ft/sec +v_2y=v_2;// ft/sec +R_x=(((W/g)*(v_2x*cosd(theta)))+((W/g)*(v_1x)))/dt;// lb +R_y=(((W/g)*(v_2y*sind(theta)))+((W/g)*(v_1y)))/dt;// lb +R=sqrt(R_x^2+R_y^2);// lb +beta=atand(R_y/R_x);// degree +printf("\nThe magnitude of the average force exerted by the racket on the ball,R=%2.1f lb \nThe angle made by R with the horizontal,beta=%1.2f degree",R,beta); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b49c7a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=200;// The mass of the small inspection car in kg +T=2.4;// kN +x=12;// adjacent side +y=5;// opposite side +r=13;// hypotenuse side +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +W=(m*g)/1000;// The weight in N +// SigmaF_y=0; +P=(T*(y/r))+(W*(x/r));// The total force exerted by the supporting cable on the wheels in N +// SigmaF_x=ma_x +a=((T*10^3*(x/r))-(W*10^3*(y/r)))/m;// The acceleration of the car in m/s^2 +printf("\nThe total force exerted by the supporting cable on the wheels,P=%1.2f kN \nThe acceleration of the car,a=%1.2f m/s^2",P,a); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592de95d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/20 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// G=(3/2)*(t^2+3)j-((2/3)*(t^3-4))k +t=2;// sec + +// Calculation +F=[3*(t),2-(2*t^2)];// [j,k] lb +F_r=sqrt(F(1)^2+F(2)^2);// lb +printf("\nF=%1.0fj+(%1.0fk)lb \nF=%1.3f lb",F(1),F(2),F_r); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9772ccb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/21 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.5;// kg +v_1x=10;// m/s +v_1y=0;// m/s +t_1=1;// s +t_2=2;// s +t_3=3;// s + +// Calculation +v_2x=((m*v_1x)-((4*(t_1))+(2*(t_3-t_1))))/(m);// m/s +v_2y=((m*v_1y)+((1*(t_2))+(2*(t_3-t_2))))/(m);// m/s +v_2=[v_2x,v_2y];// m/s +v_2=norm(v_2);// m/s +theta_x=180+atand(v_2y/v_2x);// degree +printf("\nThe velocity of the particle at the end of the 3-s interval,v_2=%2.0f m/s \ntheta_x=%3.1f degree",v_2,theta_x); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6f92681d --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + // SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/22 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=150;// kg +v_1=4;// m/s +t_0=0;// s +t_1=4;// s +P=600;// N +t_2=8;// s +theta=30;// degree +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 + +// Calculation +deltat=(m*0)+((m*v_1)-((v_1*2*P)/2)+(m*g*sind(theta)))/((2*P)+(m*g*sind(theta)));// s +t_a=v_1+deltat;// s +v_2x=((m*-v_1)+((v_1*2*P)/2)+(v_1*2*P)-(m*g*sind(theta)*t_2))/m;// m/s +printf("\n(a)The time at which the skip reverses its direction,t_a=%1.2f s \n(b)The velocity of the skip,v_2x=%1.2f m/s",t_a,v_2x); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f55cb7bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/23 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_1=0.050;// kg +m_2=4;// kg +v_1=600;// m/s +v_2=12;// m/s +theta=30;// degree + +// Calculation +v_2=[(m_2*v_2*cosd(theta))/(m_1+m_2),((m_1*v_1)+(m_2*v_2*sind(theta)))/(m_1+m_2)];// m/s +v_x=v_2(1);// m/s +v_y=v_2(2);// m/s +V_2=sqrt((v_x^2+v_y^2));// m/s +theta=atand((v_y/v_x));// degree +printf("\nThe velocity of the block and embedded bullet immediately after impact,v_2=%2.2fi+%2.2fj m/s \nThe final velocity and its direction are given by v_2=%2.2f m/s and theta=%2.1f degree",v_x,v_y,V_2,theta); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..739052428 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/24 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +F_z=10;// N +m=2;// kg +v_y=5;// m/s +x=3;// m +y=6;// m +z=4;// m + +// Calculation +r=[x,y,z];// m +mv=[m*0,m*v_y,m*0];// (kg.m/s) +H_O1=det([r(2),r(3);mv(2),mv(3)]);// N.m/s +H_O2=-det([r(1),r(3);mv(1),mv(3)]);// N.m/s +H_O3=det([r(1),r(2);mv(1),mv(2)]);// N.m/s +H_O=[H_O1,H_O2,H_O3];// m/s +F=[0,0,F_z];// N +Hdot_O1=det([r(2),r(3);F(2),F(3)]);// N.m +Hdot_O2=-det([r(1),r(3);F(1),F(3)]);// N.m +Hdot_O3=det([r(1),r(2);F(1),F(2)]);// N.m +Hdot_O=[Hdot_O1,Hdot_O2,Hdot_O3];// N.m +printf("\nThe angular momentum H_O about point O,H_O=%2.0fi+(%2.0f)j+%2.0fk N.m/s \nThe time derivative,Hdot=%2.0fi+(%2.0f)j+%2.0fk N.m",H_O(1),H_O(2),H_O(3),Hdot_O(1),Hdot_O(2),Hdot_O(3)); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dca932fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/25 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_A=740;// m/s +r_A=6000*10^6;// km +r_B=75*10^6;// km + +// Calculation +v_B=(r_A*v_A)/r_B;// m/s +printf("\nThe speed of comet at the point B of closest approach to the sun,v_B=%5.0f m/s",v_B); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1434aac9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/28 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=800;// kg +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +h=2;// m +m_p=2400;// kg +h_1=0.1;// m + +// Calculation +v_r=sqrt(2*g*h);// m/s +v_ra=sqrt(2*g*h_1);// m/s +// (a) +v_pa=(((m*v_r)+0)+(m*v_ra))/m_p;// m/s +// (b) +e=(v_pa+v_ra)/(v_r+0);// The coefficient of restitution +// (c) +T=m*g*h;// J +T_a=((m*v_ra**2)/2)+((m_p*v_pa**2)/2);// J +E_l=((T-T_a)/T)*100;// The percentage loss of energy(%) +printf("\n(a)The velocity of the pile immediately after impact,v_p=%1.2f m/s \n(b)The coefficient of restitution,e=%0.3f \n(c)The percentage loss of energy due to the impact is %2.1f percentage.",v_pa,e,E_l); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cc4d840e --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/29 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_1=50;// m/s +v_2=0;// m/s +e=0.5;// The effective coefficient of restitution +theta=30;// degree + +// Calculation +v_1an=e*v_1*sind(theta);// ft/sec +v_1at=v_1*cosd(theta);// ft/sec +// Assume ' as a +v_a=sqrt((v_1an)**2+(v_1at)**2);// ft/sec +theta_a=atand((v_1an/v_1at));// degree +printf("\nThe rebound velocity and its angle are then v_a=%2.1f ft/sec and theta_a=%2.1f degree",v_a,theta_a); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..793f50e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/3 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_A=250;// The mass of concrete block A in lb +m=400;// lb +theta=30;// degree +mu_k=0.5;// The coefficient of kinetic friction between the log and the ramp +x=20;// ft +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// SigmaF_y=0; +N=m*cosd(theta);// lb +// SigmaF_x=ma_x; +function[X]=acceleration(y) + X(1)=0-((2*y(2))+y(3)); + X(2)=((mu_k*N)-(2*y(1))+(m*sind(theta)))-((m/g)*y(2)); + X(3)=(m_A-y(1))-((m_A/g)*y(3)); +endfunction +y=[100,1,1]; +z=fsolve(y,acceleration); +T=z(1);// lb +a_A=z(3);// ft/sec^2 +a_C=z(2);// ft/sec^2 +v_A=sqrt(2*a_A*x);// ft/sec +printf("\nThe velocity of the block as it hits the ground at B,v_A=%2.2f ft/sec",v_A); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67df7f584 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/30 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_1=6;// m/s +v_2=0;// m/s +e=0.6;// The coefficient-of-restitution +theta=30;// degree + +// Calculation +// Assume a for ' +v_1n=v_1*cosd(theta);// m/s +v_1t=v_1*sind(theta);// m/s +v_2n=0;// m/s +v_2t=v_2n;// m/s +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=(v_1n+v_2n)-(y(1)+y(2)); + X(2)=(e*(v_1n+v_2n))-(y(2)-y(1)); +endfunction +y=[1,1]; +z=fsolve(y,velocity); +v_1an=z(1);// m/s +v_2an=z(2);// m/s +v_1at=v_1t;// m/s +v_2at=v_2t;// m/s +v_1a=sqrt((v_1an)^2+(v_1at)^2);// m/s +v_2a=sqrt((v_2an)^2+(v_2at)^2);// m/s +thetaa=atand(v_1an/v_1at);// m/s +// The kinetic energies just before and just after impact, with m=m1=m2,are +T=18;// m +T_a=13.68;// m +E_l=((T-T_a)/T)*100;// The percentage energy loss(%) +printf("\nThe final speeds of the particles v_1a=%1.2f m/s ,v_2a=%1.2f m/s \nThe angle which v_1a makes with the t-direction,theta=%2.2f degree \nThe percentage energy loss is %2.0f percentage.",v_1a,v_2a,thetaa,E_l); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53efcea11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/31 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h_1=2000;// The perigee altitude in km +h_2=4000;// The apogee altitude in km +h_c=2500;//The altitude of the satellite in km +g=9.825;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/sec^2 +R=12742/2;// km + +// Calculation +// (a) +r_max=R+h_2;// km +r_min=R+h_1;// km +a=(r_min+r_max)/2;// km +v_P=(R*10^3*sqrt(g/(a*10^3))*sqrt(r_max/r_min));// m/s +v_A=(R*10^3*sqrt(g/(a*10^3))*sqrt(r_min/r_max));// m/s +// (b) +r=R+h_c;// km +v_C=sqrt((2*g*(R*10^3)^2)*((1/r)-(1/(2*a)))*(1/10^3));// m/s +// (c) +tau=(2*%pi*((a*10^3)^(3/2)))/((R*10^3)*sqrt(g));// km +tau_h=tau/3600;// km +printf("\n(a)The necessary perigee velocity,v_P=%4.0f m/s (or) %5.0f km/h \n The necessary apogee velocity,v_A=%4.0f m/s (or) %5.0f km/h \n(b)The velocity at point C,v_C=%4.0f m/s (or) %5.0f km/h \n(c)The period of the orbit,tau=%1.3f h",v_P,v_P*3.6,v_A,v_A*3.6,v_C,v_C*3.6,tau_h); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..522d11a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/4 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=10;// The mass in kg +v=2;// The speed in m/s +R=8;// N + +// Calculation +k=R/v^2;// N.s^2/m^2 +// SigmaF_x=ma_x; +v_0=v;// m/s +v=v_0/2;// m/s +t=((1/v)-(1/2));// The time in s +t_0=0;// s +t_1=2.5;// s +x=integrate('10/(5+(2*t))','t',t_0,t_1); +printf("\nThe corresponding travel distance,x=%1.2f m",x); diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33d91f508 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/8 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=1500;// The mass of the car in kg +v_A=100;// The velocity in km/h +v_C=50;// The velocity in km/h +rho_A=400;// The radius of curvature in m +rho_C=80;// The radius of curvature in m +delta_s=200;// m + +// Calculation +a_t=abs((((v_C/3.6)^2)-((v_A/3.6)^2))/(2*delta_s));// The tangential acceleration in m/s^2 +a_na=((v_A/3.6)^2)/rho_A;// The normal components of acceleration at A in m/s^2 +a_nb=0;// The normal components of acceleration at B in m/s^2 +a_nc=((v_C/3.6)^2)/rho_C;// The normal components of acceleration at C in m/s^2 +F_t=m*a_t;// N +F_na=m*a_na;// N +F_nb=m*a_nb;// N +F_nc=m*a_nc;// N +F_a=sqrt(F_na^2+F_t^2);// The total horizontal force acting on the tires at A in N +F_b=sqrt(F_nb^2+F_t^2);// The total horizontal force acting on the tires at B in N +F_c=sqrt(F_nc^2+F_t^2);// The total horizontal force acting on the tires at C in N +printf("\nAt A,F=%4.0f N \nAt B,F=%4.0f N \nAt C,F=%4.0f N",F_a,F_b,F_c); + diff --git a/3792/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3792/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38136a4c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 3/9 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h=200;// The altitude in mi +R=3959;// mi +g=32.234;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// SigmaF_n=ma_n; +v=(R*5280)*sqrt(g/((R+h)*5280));// ft/sec +printf("\nThe velocity required for the spacecraft,v=%5.0f ft/sec",v); diff --git a/3792/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3792/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..409498d73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 4/4 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=20;// kg +u_z=300;// m/s +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +m_a=5;// kg +m_b=9;// kg +m_c=6;// kg +theta=45;// degree +s=4000;// m +x=3;// m +y=4;// m +r=5;// m +h_a=500;// m + +// Calculation +t=(u_z*(y/r))/g;// The time required for the shell to reach P in s +h=u_z^2/(2*g);// The verticl rise in m +v_a=sqrt(2*g*h_a);// m/s +v_b=s/t;// m/s +v_c=[(m*u_z*(x/r))-(m_b*v_b*cosd(theta)),(m_b*v_b*sind(theta)),(m_a*v_a)]/6;// m/s +v_c=sqrt((v_c(1))^2+(v_c(2))^2+(v_c(3))^2);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity which fragment C has immediately after the explosion,v_C=%3.0f m/s",v_c); diff --git a/3792/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3792/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec601cd5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 4/5 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +n_12=80;// rev/min +n_34=100;// rev/min +W_a=32.2;// lb +W_b=3.22;// lb +n=4;// Number of balls +vbar=4;// m/s +r_12=18/12;// ft +r_34=12/12;// ft + +// Calculation +// (a)Kinetic energy +v_rel12=r_12*((2*%pi*n_12)/60);// ft/sec +v_rel34=r_34*((2*%pi*n_34)/60);// ft/sec +ke=(1/2)*((W_a/g)+(n*(W_b/g)))*(vbar)^2;// ft-lb +ke_r=(2*[(1/2)*(W_b/g)*v_rel12^2])+(2*[(1/2)*(W_b/g)*v_rel34^2]);// The rotational part of the kinetic energy in ft-lb +T=ke+ke_r;// The total kinetic energy in ft-lb +// (b)Linear momentum +G=((W_a/g)+(n*(W_b/g)))*vbar;// ft-lb-sec +// (c)Angular momentum about O. +H_O=(2*[(W_b/g)*r_12*v_rel12])-(2*[(W_b/g)*r_34*v_rel34]);// lb-sec +printf("\n(a)The kinetic energy,T=%2.0f ft-lb \n(b)The magnitude of the linear momentum,G=%1.1f lb-sec \n(c)The magnitude of the angular momentum about point O,H_O=%1.3f ft-lb-sec",T,G,H_O); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592e9c8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/1 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +n_1=1800;// rev/min +t_0=0;// s +// alpha=4t; +n_2=900;// rev/min + +// Calculation +// (a) +omega_1=(-2*%pi*n_1)/60;// rad/s +// omega=-(60*%pi)+2t^2 +omega_2=(-2*%pi*n_2)/60;// rad/s +t=sqrt((omega_2-omega_1)/2);// s +// (b) +// The flywheel changes direction when its angular velocity is momentarily zero. Thus, +t_b=sqrt((0-omega_1)/2);// s +// (c) +t_0=0;// s +t_1=t_b;// s +theta_1=integrate('omega_1+(2*t^2)','t',t_0,t_1);// rad +N_1=abs(-theta_1/(2*%pi));// rev(clockwise) +t_1=t_b;// s +t_2=14;// s +theta_2=integrate('omega_1+(2*t^2)','t',t_1,t_2);// rad +N_2=theta_2/(2*%pi);// rev +N=N_1+N_2;// rev +printf("\n(a)The time required for the flywheel to reduce its clockwise angular speed,t=%1.2f s \n(b)The time required for the flywheel to reverse its direction of rotation,t=%1.2f s \n(c)The total number of revolutions,N=%3.0f rev",t,t_b,N); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9b73f25f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_B=0.8;// The velocity in m/s +theta=30;// degree +d_co=18;// The distance in inch + +// Calculation +v_A=v_B*cosd(theta);// ft/sec +OAbar=(d_co/12)/(cosd(theta));// ft +omega=v_A/(OAbar);// rad/sec CCW +printf("\nThe angular velocity of the slotted arm,omega=%0.3f rad/sec CCW",omega); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f35879c78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=300/1000;// m +r_0=200/1000;// m +v_o=3;// m/s +OCbar=r;// m +theta=120;// degree + +// Calculation +omega=v_o/OCbar;// rad/s +ACbar=sqrt(r^2+r_0^2-(2*r*r_0*cosd(theta)));// m +v_A=ACbar*omega;// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of point A for the position indicated,v_A=%1.2f m/s",v_A); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc646b95f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega_OB=10;// rad/sec +theta=45;// degree +OBbar=(6*sqrt(2))/12;// ft +BCbar=(14*sqrt(2))/12;// ft +ACbar=14/12;// ft +CDbar=15.23/12;// ft + +// Calculation +omega_BC=(OBbar*omega_OB)/BCbar;// rad/sec CCW +v_A=ACbar*omega_BC;// ft/sec +v_D=CDbar*omega_BC;// ft/sec +printf("\nThe velocity of A,v_A=%1.2f ft/sec \nThe velocity of D,v_D=%1.2f ft/sec \nThe angular velocity of link AB,omega_AB=%1.2f rad/sec CCW",v_A,v_D,omega_BC); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2940b99fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/14 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega_CB=2;// rad/s +r_A=100;// mm +r_B=75;// mm +OCbar=250;// mm + +// Calculation +omega_AB=-6/7;// rad/s +omega_OA=-3/7;// rad/s +// The acceleration equation is a_A=a_B+(a_A/B)_n+(a_A/B)_t; +// a_A=(alpha_OA*r_A)+(omega_OA*(omega_OA*r_A)) +// a_A=(-100*alpha_OA)i-((100)*(3/7)^2)j mm/s^2 +// a_B=(alpha_CB*r_B)+(omega_CB*(omega_CB*r_B)) mm/s^2 +// a_B=300i mm/s^2 +// (a_A/B)n=omega_AB*(omega_AB*r_AB) +// (a_A/B)n=(6/7)^2*(175i-50j) mm/s^2 +// (a_A/B)t= alpha_AB*r_A/B +// (a_A/B)t=(-50*alpha_AB)i-(175*alpha_AB)j mm/s^2 +// Equate separately the coefficients of the i-terms and the coefficients of the j-terms to give +function[X]=acceleration(y) + X(1)=(-100*y(1))-(429-(50*y(2))); + X(2)=(-18.37)-(-36.7-(175*y(2))); +endfunction +y=[0.1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,acceleration); +alpha_AB=z(2);// mm/s^2 +alpha_OA=z(1);// mm/s^2 +printf("\nThe angular acceleration of link AB,alpha_AB=%0.4f rad/s^2 \nThe angular acceleration of link OA,alpha_OA=%1.2f rad/s^2",alpha_AB,alpha_OA); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e7b29fc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +N=1500;// rev/min +theta_1=60;// degree +r=5/12;// ft +ABbar=14/12;// ft + +// Calculation +omega=(2*%pi*N)/60;// rad/s +a_B=r*omega^2;// ft/sec^2 +omega_AB=29.5;// rad/sec +a_AB_n=ABbar*omega_AB^2; +// If we adopt an algebraic solution using the geometry of the acceleration polygon, we first compute the angle between AB and the horizontal. With the law of sines, this angle becomes 18.02 degree. +theta_2=18.02;// degree +function[X]=acceleration(y) + X(1)=((a_B*cosd(theta_1))+(a_AB_n*cosd(theta_2))-(y(2)*sind(theta_2)))-y(1); + X(2)=((a_B*sind(theta_1))-(a_AB_n*sind(theta_2))-(y(2)*cosd(theta_2)))-0; +endfunction +y=[1000 1000]; +z=fsolve(y,acceleration) +a_AB_t=z(2);// ft/sec^2 +a_A=z(1);// ft/sec^2 +r=ABbar;// ft +alpha_AB=a_AB_t/r;// rad/sec^2 +printf("\nThe acceleration of the piston A,a_A=%4.0f ft/sec^2 \nThe angular acceleration of the connecting rod AB,alpha_AB=%4.0f rad/sec^2",a_A,alpha_AB); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f25db2972 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/16 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega=4;// rad/sec +omegadot=10;// rad/sec^2 +r=6;// in +rdot=5;// in/sec +rdotdot=81;// in/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// Velocity +v_rel=rdot;// (k) in/sec +v_A=[v_rel,(omega*r)];// in/sec +printf("\nv_A=%1.0fi+%2.0fj in/sec",v_A(1),v_A(2)); +v_A=norm(v_A);// in/sec +printf("\nv_A=%2.1f in/sec",v_A); +// Acceleration +// Assume O=omega*(omega*r);O_1=omegadot*r;O_2=(2*omega*v_rel); +O=-(omega*(omega*r));// in/sec^2 +O_1=-omegadot*r;// in/sec^2 +O_2=2*(omega)*(v_rel);// in/sec^2 +a_rel=rdotdot;// in/sec^2 +a_A=[(a_rel+O),(O_2+O_1)];// in/sec^2 +printf("\na_A=%2.0fi+(%2.0f)j in/sec^2",a_A(1),a_A(2)); +a_A=norm(a_A);// in/sec^2 +printf("\na_A=%2.0f in/sec",a_A); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..238d910c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/17 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega=2;// rad/sec +theta=45;// degree +OCbar=450;// mm +CAbar=225;// mm + +// Calculation +// v_A=omega_CA*r_CA; +// v_A=(225/sqrt(2))omega_CA*(i-j) +OPbar=sqrt((OCbar-CAbar)^2+(CAbar)^2);// mm +r=OPbar;// mm +omega=omega;//(k) rad/s +O=omega*r;// mm/s +// Substitution into the relative-velocity equation gives +// (225/sqrt(2))omega_CA*(i-j)=(450*sqrt(2)j+xdoti) +// Equating separately the coefficients of the i and j terms yields +omega_CA=O/(225/sqrt(2));// mm/s +xdot=(225/sqrt(2))*omega_CA;// mm/s +v_rel=xdot;// mm/s +v_A=CAbar*abs(omega_CA);// mm/s +v_P=OPbar*omega;// mm/s +v_AP=abs(v_rel);// mm/s +omega_AC=v_A/CAbar;// rad/s +printf("\nThe actual angular velocity of CA,omega_CA=%1.0f rad/s \nThe velocity of A relative to the rotating slot in OD,xdot=v_rel=%3.2f mm/s \nThe velocity of pin A,v_A=%3.0f mm/s",omega_CA,xdot,v_A); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed54dad1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/18 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega=2;// rad/s +theta=45;// degree +OCbar=450;// mm +CAbar=225;// mm + +// Calculation +// a_A=(omegadot*r)+(omega*(omega*r))+(2*omega*v_rel)+a_rel +// a_A=(omegadot_CA*r_CA)+omega_CA*(omega_CA*r_CA) +// a_A=[omegadot_CA*(225/sqrt(2))*(-i-j)]-[4k*(-4k*225/sqrt(2))*(-i-j)] +omega=2;// rad/s +r=CAbar*sqrt(2);// mm +omega_CA=-4;// rad/s +v_rel=(-OCbar*sqrt(2));// mm/s +// Assume O=omega*(omega*r);O_1=omegadot*r;O_2=(2*omega*v_rel); +O_1=0;// mm/s^2 +O_2=omega*(omega*r);// mm/s^2 +O_2=2*omega*v_rel;// mm/s^2 +// a_rel=xdotdot; +// [(1/sqrt(2))*(225omegadot_CA+3600)i]+[(1/sqrt(2))*(-225omegadot_CA+3600)j] =(900*sqrt(2))i-(1800*sqrt(2))j+xdotdoti +omegadot_CA=(((-1800*sqrt(2))*sqrt(2))-3600)/-225;// rad/s^2 +xdotdot=(((225*omegadot_CA)+3600)/sqrt(2))-(-900*sqrt(2));// mm/s^2 +printf("\nThe angular acceleration of AC,omega_CA=%2.0f rad/s \nThe acceleration of A relative to the rotating slot in OD,xdotdot=%4.0f mm/s",omegadot_CA,xdotdot); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246d02896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/19 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_B=150;// (i) m/s +v_A=100;// (i) m/s +rho=400;// m +r=-100;// m + +// Calculation +omega=v_B/rho;// (k) rad/s +r_AB=r;// (j) m +v_rel=[v_A-(v_B+(-(omega*r)))];// (i) m/s +a_A=0;// m/s^2 +a_B=(v_B(1))^2/rho;// m/s^2 +omegadot=0;// rad/s +a_rel=a_A-[a_B+(omegadot*r)+(omega*-(omega*r))+(2*(omega*v_rel))];// m/s^2 +printf("\nThe instantaneous velocity,v_rel=%2.1fi m/s \nThe instantaneous acceleration,a=%1.2fk m/s^2",v_rel,a_rel); +v_AB=v_A-v_B;// (i) m/s +a_AB=a_A-a_B;// (j) m/s^2 diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaf08263b --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v=3;// ft/sec +s=4;// ft +d_C=48;// inch +d_B=36;// inch +d_A=12;// inch +r_A=d_A/2;// inch +r_C=d_C/2;// inch +r_B=d_B/2;// inch + +// Calculation +// (a) +a=v^2/(2*s);// ft/sec^2 +a_t=a;// ft/sec^2 +a_n=v^2/(r_C/12);// ft/sec^2 +a_C=sqrt(a_n^2+a_t^2);// ft/sec^2 +// (b) +omega_B=v/(r_C/12);// rad/sec +alpha_B=a_t/(r_C/12);// rad/sec^2 +omega_A=(r_B/r_A)*omega_B;// rad/sec CW +alpha_A=(r_B/r_A)*alpha_B;// rad/sec^2 CW +printf("\n(a)The acceleration of point C on the cable in contact with the drum,a_C=%1.2f ft/sec^2 \n(b)The angular velocity and angular accelerationof the pinion A,omega_A=%1.1f rad/sec CW and alpha_A=%1.3f rad/sec^2 CW",a_C,omega_A,alpha_A); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93e8009bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/3 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +alpha=4;// rad/s^2 +omega=-2;// rad/s +x=0.4;// m +y=0.3;// m + +// Calculation +// Using the right-hand rule gives +// omega=-2k rad/s and alpha=+4k rad/s^2 +r=[x,y];// m +v=[-omega*r(2),omega*r(1)];// (i,j) (k*i=j)(k*j=-i) m/s +a_n=[-omega*v(2),omega*v(1)];// m/s^2 +a_t=[-alpha*r(2),alpha*r(1)];// m/s^2 +a=a_n+a_t;// m/s^2 +printf("\nThe vector expression for the velocity,v=%0.1fi+(%0.1f)j m/s \nThe vector expression for the acceleration of point A,a=%2.1fi+%0.1fj m/s^2",v(1),v(2),a(1),a(2)); +v=norm(v);// m/s +a=norm(a);// m/s^2 diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a2221d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r_1=4;// inch +r_2=4;// inch +// Case(a) +// Pulley 1: +omega_1a=0;// rad/sec +omega_dot=0;// rad/sec +alpha_1a=omega_dot; +// Pulley 2: +omega_2a=2;// rad/sec +alpha_2a=-3;// rad/sec^2 +// Case(b) +// Pulley 1: +omega_1b=1;// rad/sec +alpha_1b=4;// rad/sec^2 +// Pulley 2: +omega_2b=2;// rad/sec +alpha_2b=-2;// rad/sec^2 +ABbar=12;// inch +AObar=4;// inch + +// Calculation +// Case (a) +v_D=r_2*omega_2a;// in/sec +a_D=r_2*alpha_2a;// in/sec +omega=v_D/ABbar;// rad/sec +alpha=a_D/ABbar;// in/sec^2 +v_O=AObar*omega;// rad/sec (CCW) +a_O=AObar*alpha;// rad/sec^2 (CW) +printf("\n(a)omega=%0.3f rad/sec (CCW)\n alpha=%1.0f rad/sec^2 (CW) \n v_O=%1.3f in/sec \n a_O=%1.0f in/sec^2",omega,alpha,v_O,a_O); +// Case (b) +v_C=r_1*omega_1b;// in/sec +v_D=r_2*omega_2b;// in/sec +a_C=r_1*alpha_1b;// in/sec^2 +a_D=r_2*alpha_2b;// in/sec^2 +omega=(v_D-v_C)/ABbar;// rad/sec (CCW) +alpha=(a_D-a_C)/ABbar;// rad/sec^2 (CW) +v_O=v_C+(AObar*omega);// in/sec +a_O=a_C+(AObar*alpha);// in/sec +printf("\n(b)omega=%0.3f rad/sec (CCW)\n alpha=%1.0f rad/sec^2 (CW) \n v_O=%1.3f in/sec \n a_O=%1.0f in/sec^2",omega,alpha,v_O,a_O); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e04a12631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +v_A=0.3;// m/s +b=0.2;// m +theta=30;// degree + +// Calculation +v_B=-v_A*tand(theta);// m/s +a_B=-((v_A^2)/b)*(secd(theta))^3;// m/s^2 +omega=(v_A/b)*secd(theta);// rad/s +alpha=((v_A^2)/b^2)*(secd(theta))^2*tand(theta);// rad/s^2 +printf("\nThe velocity of the center of the roller B in the horizontal guide,v_B=%1.4f m/s \nThe acceleration of the center of the roller B in the horizontal guide,a_B=%0.3f m/s^2 \nThe angular velocity of edge CB,omega=%1.3f rad/s \nThe angular acceleration of edge CB,alpha=%1.3f rad/sec^2",v_B,a_B,omega,alpha); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5a6012bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=0.300;// m +v_O=3;// m/s +theta=30;// degree +r_0=0.200;// m +ACbar=0.436;// m +OCbar=0.300;// m + +// Calculation +// Solution I (Scalar-Geometric) +omega=v_O/r;// rad/s +v_AO=r_0*omega;// m/s +v_A=sqrt(v_O^2+v_AO^2+(2*v_O*v_AO*cosd(theta)));// m/s +v_AC=(ACbar/OCbar)*v_O;// m/s +v_A=v_AC;// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of point A on the wheel,v_A=%1.2f m/s",v_A); +// Solution II (Vector) +omega=[0,0,-omega];// rad/s +r_0=[(r_0*-cosd(theta)),(r_0*sind(theta)),0];// m +v_O=[v_O,0,0];// m/s +v_AO1=det([omega(2),omega(3);r_0(2),r_0(3)]);// m/s +v_AO2=-det([omega(1),omega(3);r_0(1),r_0(3)]);// m/s +v_AO3=det([omega(1),omega(2);r_0(1),r_0(2)]);// m/s +v_AO=[v_AO1,v_AO2,v_AO3];// m/s +v_A=v_O+v_AO;// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of point A on the wheel,v_A=%1.0fi+%1.3fj m/s",v_A(1),v_A(2)); +v_A=norm(v_A);// m/s + diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bee5ac56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +OCbar=0.250;// m +omega=2;// rad/s +OAbar=0.100;// m +OBbar=0.050;// m +ABbar=0.075;// m + +// Calculation +// Solution I (Vector) +r_A=[0,0.100,0];// (i,j,k) m +r_B=[-0.75,0,0];// (i,j,k) m +r_AB=[-0.175,0.50,0];// (i,j,k) m +// omega_OA*r=(omega_CB*r_B)+(omega_AB*r_AB); +// omega_OA=omega_OA*k +// omega_CB=2k +// omega_AB=omega_ABk +// Matching coefficients of the respective i- and j-terms gives +omega_AB=-(25*6)/(25*7);// rad/s +omega_OA=(50*omega_AB)/100;// rad/s +printf("\n(I)The angular velocity of OA,omega_OA=%0.3f rad/s \n The angular velocity of AB,omega_AB=%0.3f rad/s",omega_OA,omega_AB); +// Solution II (Scalar-Geometric) +r_A=0.100;// m +r_B=0.075;// m +v_B=r_B*omega;// m/s +tantheta=(OAbar-OBbar)/(OCbar-r_B); +// v_AB=v_B/ cos(theta); +// ABbar= (OCbar-r_AB)/ cos(theta); +v_A=v_B*tantheta;// m/s +omega_AB=(v_B)/(OCbar-r_B);// rad/s CW +omega_OA=v_A/OAbar;// rad/s CW +printf("\n(II)The angular velocity of OA,omega_OA=%0.3f rad/s \n The angular velocity of AB,omega_AB=%0.3f rad/s",omega_OA,omega_AB); diff --git a/3792/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3792/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032e74b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 5/9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +n=1500;// rev/min +theta=60;// degree +r=5;// inch +d_AG=10;// The distance from A to G in inch +d_GB=4;// The distance from G to B in inch +d_AB=14;// The distance from A to B in inch + +// Calculation +v_B=(r/12)*((2*%pi*n)/60);// ft/sec +// From the law of sines, +beta=asind(r/(d_AB/sind(theta)));// degree +theta_3=30;// degree +theta_1=90-beta;// degree +theta_2=180-theta_3-theta_1;// degree +v_A=(v_B*sind(theta_2))/sind(theta_1);// ft/sec +v_AB=(v_B*sind(theta_3))/sind(theta_1);// ft/sec +ABbar=d_AB/12;// ft +omega_AB=v_AB/ABbar;// rad/sec +GBbar=d_GB/12;// ft +v_GB=(GBbar/ABbar)*v_AB;// ft/sec +// From velocity diagram +v_G=64.1;// ft/sec +printf("\nThe velocity of the piston A,v_A=%2.1f ft/sec \nThe velocity of point G on the connecting rod,v_G=%2.1f ft/sec \nThe angular velocity of the connecting rod,omega_AB=%2.1f rad/sec",v_A,v_G,omega_AB); + diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2f14c658 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=3220;// lb +v=44;// m/s (30 mi/hr) +s=200;// ft +mu=0.8;// The effective coefficient of friction between the tires and the road +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +d_G=24;// inch +d_BG=60;// inch +d_GA=60;// inch + +// Calculation +abar=v^2/(2*s);// ft/sec^2 +theta=atand(1/10);// degree +W_h=W*cosd(theta);// lb +W_v=W*sind(theta);// lb +mabar=(W/g)*abar;// lb +// SigmaF_x = m*abar_x +F=mabar+W_v;// lb +function[X]=reaction(y) + X(1)=(y(1)+y(2)-W)-0; + X(2)=((d_GA*y(1))+(F*d_G)-(y(2)*d_BG))-0; +endfunction +y=[1000,1000]; +z=fsolve(y,reaction); +N_1=z(1);// lb +N_2=z(2);// lb +FbyN_2=F/N_2; +printf("\nThe friction force under the rear driving wheels,F=%3.0f lb \nThe normal force under each pair of wheels,N_1=%4.0f lb & N_2=%4.0f lb",F,N_1,N_2); +// Alternative solution +// SigmaM_A=m*abar*d +// SigmaM_A=m*abar*d +N_2=((mabar*d_G)+((d_GA*W_h)+(d_G*W_v)))/(d_BG+d_GA);// lb +// SigmaM_B=m*abar*d; +N_1=((W_h*d_BG)-(d_G*W_v)-(mabar*d_G))/(d_BG+d_GA);// lb +printf("\nALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:The normal force under each pair of wheels,N_1=%4.0f lb & N_2=%4.0f lb",N_1,N_2); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98c39433f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +l=4;// ft +W=40;// The weight of the slender bar in N +theta=30;// degree +k=30;// The stiffness of the spring in lb/in +ABbar=24;// inch +BDbar=24;// inch +h=-2;// inch +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + + +// Calculation +// (a) +// T=[[(1/2)*m*v^2]+((1/2)*I_G*omega^2)]; +// T=1.449*omega^2; +T_1=0;// ft-lb +U_12=0;// ft-lb +V_1=0;// ft-lb +V_2=W*((2*cosd(theta))-2);// ft-lb +// We now substitute into the energy equation and obtain +omega=sqrt(((T_1+V_1+U_12)-(V_2))/1.449);// rad/sec +// (b) +x=ABbar-18;// ft +V_1=0;// ft-lb +V_3=(1/2)*k*(x^2)/12;// ft-lb +// T=(1/2)*I_A*omega^2; +// T_3=0.828*v_B^2; +U_13=0;// ft-lb +// The final gravitational potential energy is +V_3p=W*h;// ft-lb +v_B=sqrt(((T_1+V_1+U_13)-(V_3+V_3p))/0.828);// ft-lb +printf("\n(a)The angular velocity of the bar,omega=%1.2f rad/sec \n(b)The velocity with which B strikes the horizontal surface,v_B=%1.2f ft/sec",omega,v_B); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42324eff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=30;// kg +k=0.100;// m +m_OB=10;// kg +m_c=7;// kg +K=30;// kN/m +theta=45;// degree +l=0.375;// m +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +// T_2=[2*((1/2)*I_G*omega^2]+[(1/2)*m*v^2]; +// T_2= 6.83*v_B^2; +T_1=0;// J +l_b=l/sqrt(2);// m +V_1=(2*m_OB*g*(l_b/2))+(m_c*g*l_b);// J +V_2=0;// J +U_12=0;// J +v_B=sqrt(((T_1+V_1+U_12)-(V_2))/6.83);// m/s +// (b) +T_3=0;// J +U_13=0;// J +function[X]=deformation(y) + X(1)=(T_1+V_1+U_13)-(T_3+((-2*m_OB*g*(y(1)/2))-(m_c*g*y(1))+((1/2)*K*10^3*y(1)^2))); +endfunction +y=[10]; +z=fsolve(y,deformation); +x=z(1)*1000;// mm +printf("\n(a)The velocity of the collar as it first strikes the spring,v_B=%1.2f m/s \n(b)The maximum deformation of the spring,x=%2.1f mm",v_B,x); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d76a77854 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_A=3;// kg +m=2;// kg +k=0.060;// The radius of gyration in m +k=1.2;// The spring stiffness in kN/m +F=80;// N +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// dT_rack=3a dx +// dT_gear=0.781a dx +// dV_rack=29.4 dx +// dV_gear=9.81 dx +// dV_spring=24 dx +// Canceling dx and solving for a give +a=(80-(29.4+9.81+24))/(3+0.781); +printf("\nThe acceleration of rack A,a=%1.2f m/s^2",a); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdcb83c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// P=1.5*t; +r_i=9/12;// ft +r_o=18/12;// ft +t_1=0;// s +t_2=10;// s +k=10/12;// ft +W=120;// lb +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +v_1=-3;// ft/sec + +// Calculation +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=(((W/g)*v_1)+integrate('((1.5*t)-y(2))','t',t_1,t_2))-((W/g)*(r_o*y(1))); + X(2)=(((W/g)*(k)^2*(v_1/r_o))+integrate('((r_o*y(2))-(r_i*(1.5*t)))','t',t_1,t_2))-((W/g)*(k^2*y(1))); +endfunction; +y=[1 10]; +z=fsolve(y,velocity); +omega_2=z(1);// rad/sec clockwise +printf("\nThe angular velocity of the wheel,omega_2=%1.2f rad/sec",omega_2); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09024a579 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_E=30;// kg +m_D=40;// kg +v_1=1.2;// m/s +t_1=0;// s +t_2=5;// s +F=380;// N +d=375/1000;// m +k_o=250/1000;// m +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// [H_O1+(integral(t_2 to t_2))SigmaM_Odt=H_O2] +// Integrating we get +M=((((F*0.750)*t_2)-(((m_E+m_D)*g*d)*t_2))-(((F*0.750)*t_1)-(((m_E+m_D)*g*d)*t_1)));// N.m.s +Ibar=(m_E)*k_o^2;// kg-m^2 +omega_1=v_1/d;//rad/sec +H_O1=-((m_E+m_D)*v_1*d)-(Ibar*(v_1/d));// N.m.s +// H_O2=-(m_E+m_D*v_2*d)-(Ibar*(v_2/d)); +// H_O2=11.72*omega_2; +// Substituting into the momentum equation gives +omega_2=(H_O1+M)/11.72;// N.m.s +// [G_1+(integral(t_2 to t_2))SigmaFdt=G_2] +m=m_E+m_D;// kg +G_1=m*-(v_1);// (kg.m/s) +G_2=m*(d*omega_2);// (kg.m/s) +// Integrating +// SigmaF=[T*(t_2)+(F*t_2)-(m*g*t_2)]-[T*(t_1)+(F*t_1)-(m*g*t_1)]; +T=((G_2-G_1)-(((F*t_2)-(m*g*t_2))-((F*t_1)-(m*g*t_1))))/(t_2-t_1);// N +printf("\nThe angular velocity,omega_2=%1.2f rad/s counter clockwise \nThe tension in the cable,T=%3.0f N",omega_2,T); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c7597c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/2 +clc;clear;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=150;// kg +M=5;// kN +theta=30;// degree +ACbar=1.5;// m +BDbar=1.5;// m +ABbar=1.8;// m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// SigmaM_C=0 +A_t=M/ACbar;// kN +// SigmaF_t=m*abar_t +// alpha=14.81-6.54*cos(theta); +wsquare_30=(29.6*theta*%pi/180)-(13.08*sind(theta));// (rad/s)^2 +alpha_30=14.81-(6.54*cosd(theta));// rad/s^2 +A_n=(m/1000)*ACbar*wsquare_30;// kN +A_t=(m/1000)*BDbar*alpha_30;// kN +// SigmaM_A=m*abar*d +B=((A_n*(ABbar-0.6)*cosd(theta))+(A_t*0.6))/(ABbar*cosd(theta));// kN +printf("\nThe force in the link DB,B=%1.2f kN",B); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..720801322 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W_b=644;// lb +r_i=12;// inch +r_o=24;// inch +theta=45;// degree +P=400;// lb +k_o=18;// inch +W=322;// lb +g=32.2;// lb + +// Calculation +// Solution 1 +// I=k^2*m +Ibar=(k_o/12)^2*(W/g);// lb-ft-sec^2 +function[X]=acceleration(y) +// SigmaM_G=Ibar*alpha + X(1)=((P*(r_o/12))-(y(1)*(r_i/12)))-(Ibar*y(2)); +// SigmaF_y=m*a_y + X(2)=((y(1)-W_b))-((W_b/g)*y(3)); +// a_t=r*a; + X(3)=y(3)-((r_i/12)*y(2)); +endfunction +y=[100 1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,acceleration); +T=z(1);// lb +alpha=z(2);// rad/sec^2 +a=z(3);// ft/sec^2 +// SigmaF_x=0 +O_x=P*cosd(theta);// lb +// SigmaF_y=0 +O_y=W+T+(P*sind(theta));// lb +O=sqrt(O_x^2+O_y^2);// lb +printf("\nSolution I:T=%3.0f lb,alpha=%1.2f rad/sec^2,a=%1.2f ft/sec^2,O=%4.0f lb",T,alpha,a,O); +// Solution 2 +function[Y]=acceleration(x) +// SigmaM_o=(Ibar*alpha)+(m*abar*d) + Y(1)=((P*(r_o/12))-(W_b*(r_i/12)))-((Ibar*x(1))+((W_b/g)*x(2)*(r_i/12))); +// a_t=r*a; + Y(2)=x(2)-((r_i/12)*x(1)); +endfunction +x=[1 1]; +m=fsolve(x,acceleration); +alpha=m(1);// rad/sec^2 +a=m(2);// ft/sec^2 +// SigmaF_y=Sigmam*(a_ybar) +O_y=(W+W_b+(P*sind(theta)))+(((W/g)*(0))+((W_b/g)*alpha));// lb +// SigmaF_x=Sigmam*(a_xbar) +O_x=P*sind(theta);// lb diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2446945df --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=7.5;// kg +rbar=250/1000;// m +k_o=295/1000;// m +theta_1=0;// degree +theta_2=60;// degree +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// SigmaM_o=I_o*alpha; +// alpha=28.2*cos(theta); +wsquare=48.8;// (rad/s)^2 +// SigmaF_n=m*rbar*omega^2; +O_n=(m*rbar*wsquare)+(m*g*sind(theta_2));// N +// SigmaF_t=m*rbar*alpha; +O_t=(m*g*cosd(theta_2))-(m*rbar*28.2*cosd(theta_2));// N +O=sqrt(O_n^2+O_t^2);// N +q=k_o^2/(rbar);// The distance in m +// SigmaM_Q=0 +O_t=(m*g*cosd(theta_2)*(q-rbar))/q;// N +printf("\nThe total force supported by the bearing,O=%3.1f N \nO_t=%2.2f N",O,O_t); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..104694086 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=6/12;// ft +mu_s=0.15;// The coefficients of static friction +mu_k=0.12;// The coefficients of kinetic friction +theta=20;// degree +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +x=10;// ft + +// Calculation +// SigmaF_x=m*abar_x----> mg*sind(theta)-F=m*abar +// SigmaF_x=m*abar_y----> N-mg*cosd(theta)=0 +// SigmaM_G=Ibar*alpha---> F*r=m*r^2*alpha +abar=(g/2)*sind(theta);// ft/sec^2 +// SigmaM_G=Ibar*alpha+m*abar*d----->mgr*sin(theta)=mr^2*(abar/r)+ m*abar*r +// From the above equations,we solve using the coefficients of mg +F=sind(theta)-(sind(theta))/2;// N +N=cosd(theta);// N +F_max=mu_s*N;// N +F=mu_k*N;// N +// SigmaF_x=m*abar_x +abar=(sind(theta)-F)*g;// ft/sec^2 +alpha=(F*g)/r;// rad/sec^2 +t=sqrt((2*x)/abar);// sec +printf("\nThe angular acceleration of the hoop,alpha=%1.2f ft/sec^2 \nThe time t for the hoop to move a distance of 10 ft down the incline,t=%1.3f sec",alpha,t); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05d165655 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +alpha_0=3;// rad/s^2 +m=70;// kg +k=0.250;// The radius of gyration in m +mu_s=0.25;// The coefficient of static friction +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +DCbar=0.30;// m +r_A=0.250;// m +r_Bi=0.150;// m +r_Bo=0.450;// m + +// Calculation +a_t=r_A*alpha_0;// m/s^2 +alpha=a_t/DCbar;// rad/s^2 +abar=r_Bo*alpha;// m/s^2 +function[X]=force(y) + // SigmaF_x=m*abar_x + X(1)=(y(1)-y(2))-(m*-abar); + N=(m*g);// N + // SigmaM_G=Ibar*alpha + X(2)=((r_Bo*y(1))-(r_Bi*y(2)))-(m*k^2*alpha); +endfunction +y=[10 100]; +z=fsolve(y,force); +F=z(1);// N +T=z(2);// N +printf("\nThe tension in the cable,T=%3.1f N \nThe friction force exerted by the horizontal surface on the spool,F=%2.1f N",T,F); +N=(m*g);// N +F_max=mu_s*N;// N +// If the coefficient of static friction had been 0.1 +mu_s=0.1;// The coefficient of static friction +F=mu_s*(m*g);// N +// SigmaM_C=Ibar*alpha + m*abar*r +T=((m*(r_A^2)*alpha)+(m*abar*r_Bo))/DCbar;// N +printf("\nThe tension in the cable,T=%3.1f N",T); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01def36a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=60;// lb +theta=30;// degree +F=30;// lb +BGbar=2;// ft +AGbar=2;// ft +l=4;// ft +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// abar_x=abar*cos(theta)=1.732*alpha; +// abar_y=abar*sin(theta)=1.0*alpha; +function[X]=force(y) + // SigmaM_G=Ibar*alpha; + X(1)=((F*(2*cosd(theta)))-(y(1)*(AGbar*sind(theta)))+(y(2)*(BGbar*cosd(theta))))-((1/12)*(W/g)*l^2*y(3)); + // SigmaF_x=m*abar_x; + X(2)=(F-y(2))-((W/g)*(2*cosd(theta)*y(3))); + // SigmaF_y=m*abar_y; + X(3)=(y(1)-W)-((W/g)*2*sind(theta)*y(3)); +endfunction +y=[10 10 1]; +z=fsolve(y,force); +A=z(1);// lb +B=z(2);// lb +alpha=z(3);// rad/sec^2 +printf("\nThe forces on the small end rollers ,A=%2.1f lb and B=%2.2f lb \nThe resulting angular acceleration of the bar,alpha=%1.2f rad/sec^2",A,B,alpha); +// Alternative solution +// SigmaM_C=(Ibar*alpha)+(Sigma m*abar*d) +alpha=((F*(l*cosd(theta)))-(W*2*sind(theta)))/(((1/12)*(W/g)*l^2)+((W/g)*1.732*2*cosd(theta))+((W/g)*1*2*sind(theta)));// rad/sec^2 +// SigmaF_x=m*abar_x; +abar_y=2*alpha*sind(theta);// ft +A=((W/g)*abar_y)+W;// lb +// SigmaF_x=m*abar_x; +abar_x=2*alpha*cosd(theta);// ft +B=F-((W/g)*abar_x);// lb +printf("\nAlternative solution: \nThe forces on the small end rollers ,A=%2.1f lb and B=%2.2f lb \nThe resulting angular acceleration of the bar,alpha=%1.2f rad/sec^2",A,B,alpha); diff --git a/3792/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3792/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..753318c96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 6/9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +F=100;// N +m=40;// kg +k=0.150;// m +theta=15;// degree +r_i=0.100;// m +r_o=0.200;// m +l=3;// The distance in m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +W=m*g;// N +l=(r_o+r_i)/r_i;// m +U_12=(F*((r_o+r_i)/r_i)*l)-((W*sind(theta)*l));// J +T_1=0;// J +// T_2=((1/2)*m*vbar^2)+((1/2)*Ibar*omega^2); +// The work-energy equation gives +omega=sqrt((T_1+U_12)/(((1/2)*m*(r_i)^2)+((1/2)*m*k^2)));// rad/s +// Alternatively, the kinetic energy of the wheel may be written +// T=(1/2)*I_C*omega^2 +P_100=F*(r_o+r_i)*omega;// W +printf("The power input,P=%3.0f W",P_100); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4ca762ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +L=0.8;// m +N=60;// rev/min +betadot=4;// rad/s +beta=30;// degree + +// Solution +// (a) +omega_x=betadot;// (i) rad/s +omega_z=(2*%pi*N/60);// (k) rad/s +omega=[omega_x,0,omega_z];// (i,j,k) rad/s +printf("\n(a)The angular velocity of OA,omega=%1.0fi+%1.2fk rad/s",omega(1),omega(3)); +// (b) +omegadot_z=0;// (k) rad/s +omegadot_x=omega_z*omega_x;// (i) rad/s +alpha=omegadot_x+omegadot_z;// (j) rad/s^2 +alpha=[0,alpha,0];// (i,j,k) rad/s^2 +printf("\n(b)The angular acceleration of OA,alpha=%2.1fj rad/s^2",alpha(2)); +// (c) +r=[0,0.693,0.4];// m +// v=omega*r; +v_1=det([omega(2),omega(3);r(2),r(3)]);// m/s +v_2=-det([omega(1),omega(3);r(1),r(3)]);// m/s +v_3=det([omega(1),omega(2);r(1),r(2)]);// m/s +v=[v_1,v_2,v_3];// m/s +printf("\n(c)The velocity of point A,v=%1.2fi+(%1.2f)j+%1.2fk m/s",v(1),v(2),v(3)); +// (d) +a_1=det([alpha(2),alpha(3);r(2),r(3)])+det([omega(2),omega(3);v(2),v(3)]);// m/s^2 +a_2=-det([alpha(1),alpha(3);r(1),r(3)])+(-det([omega(1),omega(3);v(1),v(3)]));// m/s^2 +a_3=det([alpha(1),alpha(2);r(1),r(2)])+det([omega(1),omega(2);v(1),v(2)]);// m/s^2 +a=[a_1,a_2,a_3];// m/s^2 +printf("\n(d)The acceleration of point A,v=%2.1fi+(%2.1f)j+(%1.2f)k m/s^2",a(1),a(2),a(3)); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2685b098 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +N_0=120;// rev/min +N=60;// rev/min +gamma=30;// degree +OCbar=10;// inch +CAbar=5;// inch +theta=30;// degree + +// Calculation +// (a) +omega_0=(2*%pi*N_0)/60;// rad/sec +omega_1=(2*%pi*N)/60;// rad/sec +omega=[0,(omega_1*cosd(gamma)),(omega_0+(omega_1*sind(theta)))];// rad/sec +printf("\n(a)The angular velocity,omega=%1.2fj+%2.2fk rad/s",omega(2),omega(3)); +alpha=[(omega_1*omega_0*cosd(theta)),0,0];// rad/sec^2 +printf("\n(b)The angular acceleration,alpha=%2.1fi rad/s^2",alpha(1)); +r=[0,5,10];// inch +// (c) +// v=omega*r; +v_1=det([omega(2),omega(3);r(2),r(3)]);// in/sec +v_2=-det([omega(1),omega(3);r(1),r(3)]);// in/sec +v_3=det([omega(1),omega(2);r(1),r(2)]);// in/sec +v=[v_1,v_2,v_3];// in/sec +printf("\n(c)The velocity of point A,v=%2.1fi+(%1.0f)j+%1.fk in/sec",v(1),v(2),v(3)); +// a=(alpha*r)+(omega*v) +a_1=det([alpha(2),alpha(3);r(2),r(3)])+det([omega(2),omega(3);v(2),v(3)]);// in/sec^2 +a_2=-det([alpha(1),alpha(3);r(1),r(3)])+(-det([omega(1),omega(3);v(1),v(3)]));// in/sec^2 +a_3=det([alpha(1),alpha(2);r(1),r(2)])+det([omega(1),omega(2);v(1),v(2)]);// in/sec^2 +a=[a_1,a_2,a_3];// in/sec^2 +printf("\n The acceleration of point A,a=%1.0fi+(%1.0f)j+%3.0fk in/sec^2",a(1),a(2),a(3)); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05d17cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega_1=6;// rad/s +r_x=50;// mm +r_y=100;// mm +r_z=100;// mm + + +// Calculation +// v_A=r_x*omega_2; +v_B=r_y*omega_1;// (i) mm/s +// v_A=v_B+(omega_n*r_A/B); +// Expanding the determinant and equating the coefficients of the i, j, k terms give +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=-6-(y(2)-y(3)); + X(2)=y(4)-((-2*y(1))+y(3)); + X(3)=0-((2*y(1))-y(2)); + X(4)=((r_x*y(1))+(r_y*y(2))+(r_z*y(3))); +endfunction +y=[1 1 1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,velocity); +omega_nx=z(1);// rad/s +omega_ny=z(2);// rad/s +omega_nz=z(3);// rad/s +omega_2=z(4);// rad/s +omega_n=[omega_nx,omega_ny,omega_nz];// rad/s +omega_n=norm(omega_n);// rad/s +printf("\nThe angular velocity of crank DA,omega_2=%1.0f rad/s \nThe angular velocity of link AB,omega_n=%1.3f rad/s",omega_2,omega_n); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73ad45fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From sample problem 7/3 +omega_1=6;// rad/s +omega_2=6;// rad/s +r_x=50;// mm +r_y=100;// mm +r_z=100;// mm +omega_n=2*sqrt(5);// rad/s + +// Calculation +r_AB=[r_x,r_y,r_z];// mm +// a_A=[r_x*omega_2^2]i+[r_x*omegadot]j; +// a_B=[r_y*omega_1^2]k+[0]i; +omegadot=(omega_n)^2*(r_AB);// rad/s^2 +// omegadot*r_A/B=(100*omegadot_ny-100*omegadot_nz)i+(50*omegadot_nz-100*omegadot_nx)j+(100*omegadot_nx-50omegadot_ny)k +function[X]=velocity(y) + X(1)=28-(y(2)-y(3)); + X(2)=(y(4)+40)-((-2*y(1))+y(3)); + X(3)=-32-((2*y(1))-y(2)); + X(4)=((2*y(1))+(4*y(2))+(4*y(3))); +endfunction +y=[1 10 10 10]; +z=fsolve(y,velocity); +omegadot_nx=z(1);// rad/s^2 +omegadot_ny=z(2);// rad/s^2 +omegadot_nz=z(3);// rad/s^2 +omegadot_2=z(4);// rad/s^2 +omegadot_n=[omegadot_nx,omegadot_ny,omegadot_nz];// rad/s^2 +omegadot_n=norm(omegadot_n);// rad/s^2 +printf("\nThe angular acceleration of crank AD,omegadot_2=%2.0f rad/s \nThe angular acceleration of link AB,omegadot_n=%2.2f rad/s",omegadot_2,omegadot_n); + diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a098ea34c --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// SAMPLE Pr_BOBLEM 7/5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +omega=3;// rad/s +p=8;// rad/s +gamma=30;// degree +y=0.300;// m +z=0.120;// m + +// Calculation +// Velocity +omega=[0,0,3];// rad/s +r_B=[0,0.350,0];// m +v_B1=det([omega(2),omega(3);r_B(2),r_B(3)]);// m/s +v_B2=-det([omega(1),omega(3);r_B(1),r_B(3)]);// m/s +v_B3=det([omega(1),omega(2);r_B(1),r_B(2)]);// m/s +v_B=[v_B1,v_B2,v_B3];// m/s +// Note that k*i=J=jcos(gamma)-ksin(gamma),K*j=-i*cos(gamma) and K*k=i*sin(gamma) +r_AB=[0,y,z];// m +// omega*r_AB=3K*(yj+zk); +omegaintor_AB=(-(omega(3)*(y*cosd(gamma))))+(omega(3)*(z*sind(gamma)));// m/s +p=[0,8,0];// rad/s +v_rel1=det([p(2),p(3);r_AB(2),r_AB(3)]);// m/s +v_rel2=-det([p(1),p(3);r_AB(1),r_AB(3)]);// m/s +v_rel3=det([p(1),p(2);r_AB(1),r_AB(2)]);// m/s +v_rel=[v_rel1,v_rel2,v_rel3];// m/s +v_A=v_B(1)+omegaintor_AB+v_rel(1);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of point A,v_A=%0.4fi m/s",v_A); +// Acceleration +a_B1=det([omega(2),omega(3);v_B(2),v_B(3)]);// m/s^2 +a_B2=-det([omega(1),omega(3);v_B(1),v_B(3)]);// m/s^2 +a_B3=det([omega(1),omega(2);v_B(1),v_B(2)]);// m/s^2 +a_B=[a_B1,a_B2,a_B3];// m/s^2 +a_B=[0,((a_B(2)*(cosd(gamma)))),-(a_B(2)*(sind(gamma)))];// m/s^2 +omegadot=0;// m/s^2 +// Assume O=omega*(omega*r_A/B) +O=[0,((omega(3)*omegaintor_AB*(cosd(gamma)))),-omega(3)*(omegaintor_AB*(sind(gamma)))];// m/s^2 +// Assume O_1=2*omega*v_rel +O_1=[0,((2*omega(3)*v_rel(1)*(cosd(gamma)))),-2*omega(3)*(v_rel(1)*(sind(gamma)))];// m/s^2 +a_rel1=det([p(2),p(3);v_rel(2),v_rel(3)]);// m/s^2 +a_rel2=-det([p(1),p(3);v_rel(1),v_rel(3)]);// m/s^2 +a_rel3=det([p(1),p(2);v_rel(1),v_rel(2)]);// m/s^2 +a_rel=[a_rel1,a_rel2,a_rel3];// m/s^2 +a_A=[(a_B(1)+(omegadot*r_AB(1))+O(1)+O_1(1)+a_rel1),(a_B(2)+(omegadot*r_AB(2))+O(2)+O_1(2)+a_rel2),(a_B(3)+(omegadot*r_AB(3))+O(3)+O_1(3)+a_rel3)];// m/s^2 +a_A=norm(a_A);// m/s^2 +printf("\nThe acceleration of point A,a_A=%1.2f m/s",a_A); +// Angular Acceleration +// Note that k*i=J=jcos(gamma)-ksin(gamma),K*j=-i*cos(gamma) and K*k=i*sin(gamma) +omega=[3,8];// rad/s (K,j)(k*j=-i*cos(gamma)) +alpha=[0+(-omega(1)*omega(2)*cosd(gamma))];// (i) rad/s^2 +printf("\nThe angular acceleration of the disk,alpha=%2.1fi rad/s^2",alpha); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a6ce6d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=70;// The mass of bent plate in kg +omega=30;// rad/s +x_A=0.125;// m +y_A=0.100;// m +x_B=0.075;// m +y_B=.150;// m +d_x=0.0375;// m +d_y=0.125;// m +d_z=0.075;// m + +// Calculation +// Part A +m_A=x_A*y_A*m;// kg +m_B=x_B*y_B*m;// kg +I_xxA=((m_A/12)*(y_A^2+x_A^2))+(m_A*((x_A/2)^2+(y_A/2)^2));// kg.m^2 +I_yyA=(m_A/3)*(y_A)^2;// kg.m^2 +I_zzA=(m_A/3)*(x_A)^2;// kg.m^2 +I_xyA=0;// kg.m^2 +I_xzA=0;// kg.m^2 +I_yzA=0+(m_A*(x_A/2)*(y_A/2));// kg.m^2 +// Part B +I_xxB=((m_B/12)*(y_B^2))+((m_B)*(d_y^2+d_z^2));// kg.m^2 +I_yyB=((m_B/12)*(x_B^2+y_B^2))+(m_B*(d_x^2+d_z^2));// kg.m^2 +I_zzB=((m_B/12)*(x_B^2))+(m_B*((x_A)^2+(d_x^2)));// kg.m^2 +I_xyB=0+(m_B*d_x*d_y);// kg.m^2 +I_xzB=0+(m_B*d_x*d_z);// kg.m^2 +I_yzB=0+(m_B*d_y*d_z);// kg.m^2 +I_xx=I_xxA+I_xxB;// kg.m^2 +I_yy=I_yyA+I_yyB;// kg.m^2 +I_zz=I_zzA+I_zzB;// kg.m^2 +I_xy=I_xyA+I_xyB;// kg.m^2 +I_xz=I_xzA+I_xzB;// kg.m^2 +I_yz=I_yzA+I_yzB;// kg.m^2 +// (a) +H_o=[-(omega*I_xz),-(omega*I_yz),(omega*I_zz)];// The angular momentum of the body in N.m.s +// (b) +T=(1/2)*(omega)*[H_o(3)];//(k.i=0,k.j=0,k.k=1) The kinetic energy in J +printf("\n(a)The angular momentum H of the plate about point O,H_O=%0.4fi+(%0.4f)j+%0.4fk \n(b)The kinetic energy of the plate,T=%1.2f J",H_o(1),H_o(2),H_o(3),T); diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..230175198 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=1000;// The mass of turbine rotor in kg +k=0.200;// m +N=500;// rev/min +rho=400;// The radius of gyration in m +v=25*0.514;// m/s +d_AG=0.6;// m +d_GB=0.9;// m +d_AB=d_AG+d_GB;// m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +// The moment principle from statics easily gives +W=m*g;// N +R_1=(m*g)*d_AG;// N +R_2=W-R_1;// N +omega=(v/rho);// rad/s +I=m*k^2;// kg-m^2 +deltaR=(I*omega*((2*%pi*N)/60))/d_AB; +R_A=R_1-deltaR;// N +R_B=R_2+deltaR;// N +printf("\nThe vertical components of the bearing reactions at A and B,R_A=%4.0f N and R_B=%4.0f N",R_A,R_B); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3792/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3792/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fae018e14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 7/9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +t=4;// s +theta=20;// degree +p=(2*%pi)/4;// rad/s + +// Calculation +// (a) +// I_zz=(56/3)*mr^2; +// I_xx=(32/3)*mr^2; +// By using coefficient of I_xx and I_zz +I=56/3;// The moment of inertia +I_0=32/3;// The moment of inertia +costheta=1;// radian +n=I/((I_0-I)*costheta);// The ratio of angular rates +// (b) +tau=((2*%pi)/p)*abs(((I_0-I)/I)*cosd(theta));// s +beta=atand((I/I_0)*tand(theta));// degree +printf("\n(a)The number of complete cycles,n=%1.2f \n The minus sign indicates retrograde precession where, in the present case,and p are essentially of opposite sense. Thus, the station will make seven wobbles for every three revolutions. \n(b)The period of precession,tau=%1.3f s",n,tau); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca567445f --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=25;// The weight of the body in lb +k=160;// lb/ft +v=2;// The downward velocity in ft/sec +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +delta_st=W/k;// The static spring deflection in ft +delta_st=delta_st*12;// in +// (b) +omega_n=sqrt(k/(W/g));// The natural frequency of the system in rad/sec +f_n=omega_n*(1/(2*%pi));// The natural frequency of the system in cycles/sec +// (c) +tau=1/f_n;// The system period in sec +printf("\n(a)The static spring deflection,delta_st=%0.4f ft (or)%1.3f in \n(b)The natural frequency of the system,omega_n=%2.2f rad/sec \n The natural frequency of the system,f_n=%0.3f sec \n(c)The system period,tau=%0.3f sec",delta_st/12,delta_st,omega_n,f_n,tau); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3df59a453 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_c=3;// The mass of collar in kg +m_l=1.2;// The mass of the links in kg +k=1.5;// The stiffness of the spring in kN/m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +P=(m_c*g)+(2*(1/2)*m_l*g);// The compression P in N +delta_st=P/(k*10^3);// The static deflection of the spring in m +omega_n=sqrt(750/1.9);// Hz; +printf("\nThe natural frequency of vertical vibration,omega_n=%2.2f Hz",omega_n); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0776e6945 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=8;// kg +s=0.2;// m +t_1=0;// s +t_2=2;// s +c=20;// N.s/m +k=32;// N/m + +// Calculation +omega_n=sqrt(k/m);// rad/s +eta=c/(2*m*omega_n);// The damping ratio +omega_d=omega_n*(sqrt(1-eta^2));// The damped natural frequency in rad/s +x_2=0.256*(exp((-1.25*t_2)))*(sin((1.561*t_2)+0.896));// m +printf("\nThe displacement in meters, x_2=%0.5f m",x_2); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddf406946 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=50;// kg +n=4;// Number of springs +// x_B=0.002cos50t +b=0.002;// m +omega=50;// rad/s +k=7500;// The stiffness of the spring in N/m + +// Calculation +omega_n=sqrt((n*k)/m);// The resonant frequency in rad/s +X=b/(1-(omega/omega_n)^2);// m +printf("\nThe amplitude of the steady-state motion of the instrument,X=%1.2e m (or) %0.3f mm",X,X*10^3); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4db86a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=100;// The weight of the piston in lb +k=200;// The spring modulus in lb/in +c=85;// The damping coefficient in lb-sec/ft +a=80;// The top surface area in in^2 +omega=30;// rad/s +g=32.2;// The acceleration due to gravity in ft/sec^2 +p=0.625;// lb/in^2 + +// Calculation +omega_n=sqrt((k*12)/(W/g));// The natural frequency of the system in rad/sec +eta=c/(2*(W/g)*omega_n);// The damping ratio +F_0=p*a;// lb +X=(F_0/(k*12))/((1-(omega/omega_n)^2)^2+(2*eta*omega/omega_n)^2)^(1/2);// The steady-state amplitude in ft +phi=atan((2*eta*omega/omega_n)/(1-(omega/omega_n)^2));// The phase angle in rad +// x_p=Xsin(omega*t-phi); +F_trmax=X*sqrt((k*12)^2+(c^2*omega^2));// The maximum force transmitted to the base in lb +printf("\nThe steady-state displacement as a function of time,x_p=%0.5fsin(%2.0ft-(%1.3f))ft \nThe maximum force transmitted to the base,(F_tr)_max=%2.1f lb",X,omega,phi,F_trmax); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0636b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +rbar=0.9;// m +k_o=0.95;// The radius of gyration in m +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +tau=2*%pi*sqrt(k_o^2/(g*rbar));// The period for small oscillations about the pivot in s +printf("\nThe period for small oscillations about the pivot,tau=%1.2f s",tau); diff --git a/3792/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3792/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dd8ff582 --- /dev/null +++ b/3792/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// SAMPLE PROBLEM 8/9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=50;// The mass of the cylinder in kg +r=0.5;// The cylinder radius in m +k=75;// The spring constant in N/m +c=10;// The damping coefficient in N.s/m +x=-0.2;// m +t=0;// s +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +omega_n=sqrt((2/3)*(k/m));// The undamped natural frequency in rad/s +eta=(1/3)*(c/(m*omega_n));// The damping ratio +omega_d=omega_n*(sqrt(1-eta^2));// The damped natural frequency in rad/s +tau_d=(2*%pi)/omega_d;// The period of the damped system in s +function[X]=Candpsi(y) + X(1)=(y(1)*sin(y(2)))-(-0.2); + X(2)=((-0.0667*y(1)*sin(y(2)))+((0.998*y(1)*cos(y(2)))))-0; +endfunction +y=[0.1 1.1]; +z=fsolve(y,Candpsi); +C=z(1);// m +psi=z(2);// rad +printf("\n(a)The undamped natural frequency,omega_n=%1.0f rad/s \n(b)The damping ratio,eta=%0.4f \n(c)The damped natural frequency,omega_d=%0.3f rad/s \n(d)The period of the damped system,tau=%1.2f s \nThus, the motion is given by x=%0.3fexp(-%0.4f*t)sin(%0.3ft+%1.3f)m",omega_n,eta,omega_d,tau_d,C,eta,omega_d,psi); diff --git a/3793/CH1/EX1.1/Exp1_1.sce b/3793/CH1/EX1.1/Exp1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77c629b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH1/EX1.1/Exp1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 1 Example 1 +//Daily Variation of Load +L = [1 0 6 4 + 2 6 9 8 + 3 9 11 12 + 4 11 14 18 + 5 14 18 15 + 6 18 20 12 + 7 20 22 8 + 9 22 24 4]; + +t_int = length(L(:,1)); + +//Calculate the energy +energy = 0; +for i = 1:t_int + energy = energy + (L(i,3) - L(i,2))*L(i,4); +end +davg = energy/24; ///Daily Average power +mload = max(L(:,4)); ///Max Load +LF = davg/mload; ///Load Factor +plot2d2(L(:,2), L(:,4)); +title('Daily Load Curve') +xlabel('Time in hours') +ylabel('Load in MW') diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.1/exp_10_1.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.1/exp_10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2cc2b3f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.1/exp_10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=[complex(100,0);complex(-75,129.90);complex(-105,-181.865)]; +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +vs=inv(A)*v; +mprintf("symmetrical components of phase voltages are \n"); +disp(vs); diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.10/exp_10_10.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.10/exp_10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07622ccf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.10/exp_10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clear; +clc; +Sb=30; +vb=11; +sg=20; +p=10; +R=6.6; +//generator +X1=complex(0,.1); +X2=complex(0,.1); +X0=complex(0,.15); +x1=X1*(Sb/sg); +x2=X2*(Sb/sg); +x0=X0*(Sb/sg); +//transformer12 +xt1=complex(0,.12); +xt2=complex(0,.12); +xt0=complex(0,.12); +//transmission line +vtr=22; +Ztr=vtr^2/Sb; +Z=complex(1,5); +Zpu=Z/Ztr; +//transformer34 +Xt1=complex(0,.05); +Xt2=complex(0,.05); +Xt0=complex(0,.05); +xtt1=Xt1*(Sb/sg); +xtt2=Xt2*(Sb/sg); +xtt0=Xt0*(Sb/sg); +Vf3=1; +Rpu=((Vf3^2)*Sb)/p; +Rf=(R*Sb)/vtr^2; +Il=p/Sb; +Vf4=Vf3+(Il*xtt1); +Zfp=((x1+xt1+Zpu)*(Rpu+xtt1))/(x1+xt1++Zpu+Rpu+xtt1); +Zfn=Zfp; +zf0=Zpu+xt1; +Ia1=Vf3/complex(1.611,1.5); //from figure +Ia0=Ia1; +Ia2=Ia1; +Ia=3*Ia1; +Ip23=(Rpu+xtt1)*Ia1/((x1+xt1+Zpu)+Rpu+xtt1); +Ip34=Ia1-Ip23; +In23=Ip23; +In34=Ip34; +Iz23=Ia1; +Iz34=0; +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +I23=[Iz23;Ip23;In23]; +II=A*I23; +mprintf("Current for node 2-3 is Ia=%f%f A Ib=%f+%f A Ic=%f+%f A\n",real(II(1,1)),imag(II(1,1)),real(II(2,1)),imag(II(2,1)),real(II(3,1)),imag(II(3,1))); +I34=[Iz34;Ip34;In34]; +III=A*I34; +mprintf("Current for node 3-4 is Ia=%f+%f A Ib=%f%f A Ic=%f%f A\n",real(III(1,1)),imag(III(1,1)),real(III(2,1)),imag(III(2,1)),real(III(3,1)),imag(III(3,1))); +Vp2=Vf3+(Zpu*Ip23); +Vn2=Zpu*Ip23; +Vz2=Zpu*Ia1; +Vz=[Vz2;Vp2;Vn2]; +V=A*Vz; +mprintf("Phase voltages at node 2 are Va=%f+%f Kv Vb=%f%f Kv Vc=%f+%f Kv",real(V(1,1)),imag(V(1,1)),real(V(2,1)),imag(V(2,1)),real(V(3,1)),imag(V(3,1))); diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.2/exp_10_2.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.2/exp_10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8610c3784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.2/exp_10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +I=[complex(0,0);complex(5.006,-2.89);complex(4.087,4.087)]; +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +Ip=A*I; +mprintf("line currents are \n"); +disp(Ip); diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.3/exp_10_3.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.3/exp_10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..463404ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.3/exp_10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +Zabc=[4 1 1;1 4 1;1 1 4]; +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +Z012=inv(A)*Zabc*A; +mprintf("Sequence impedence matrix\n"); +disp(Z012); + + diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.4/exp_10_4.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.4/exp_10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75707c17e --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.4/exp_10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +clear; +clc; +Sb=100; +//generator 1 +x0=complex(0,.08); +s=100; +v=11; +z=3; +Zb=v^2/s; +X=z/Zb; +x=z*X; +mprintf("Magnitutde of grounding reactor for G1 %.3f\n",x); +//generator 2 +s1=50; +x1=complex(0,.05); +sm=25; +xm=complex(0,.05); +z1=x1*(Sb/s1); +zm=xm*(Sb/sm); +mprintf("pu reactance for G2 is %.3f\n",imag(z1)); +mprintf("pu reactance for M is %.3f\n",imag(zm)); +//transformers +s12=100; +x12=.1; +z12=x12*(Sb/s12); +mprintf("pu reactance for T12 is %.3f\n",imag(z12)); +s34=50; +x34=complex(0,.075); +z34=x34*(Sb/s34); +mprintf("pu reactance for T34 is %.3f\n",imag(z34)); +s45=50; +x45=complex(0,.08); +z45=x45*(Sb/s45); +mprintf("pu reactance for T45 is %.3f\n",imag(z45)); +s67=50; +x67=complex(0,.076); +z67=x67*(Sb/s67); +mprintf("pu reactance for T67 is %.3f\n",imag(z67)); +s78=75; +x78=complex(0,.06); +z78=x78*(Sb/s78); +mprintf("pu reactance for T78 is %.3f\n",imag(z78)); +vb=132; +zb=vb^2/s; +X11=z/zb; +x11=z*X11; +mprintf("pu reactance for zero sequence is %.3f\n",x11); +Zt23=vb^2/s; +xt23=complex(0,300); +zt23=xt23/Zt23; +mprintf("pu reactance for Tr23 is %.3f\n",imag(zt23)); +Zt28=vb^2/s; +xt28=complex(0,250); +zt28=xt28/Zt28; +mprintf("pu reactance for Tr28 is %.3f\n",imag(zt28)); +vt=66; +Zt56=vt^2/s; +xt56=complex(0,200); +zt56=xt56/Zt56; +mprintf("pu reactance for Tr56 is %.3f\n",imag(zt56)); + + + diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.5/exp_10_5.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.5/exp_10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62c8e4af8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.5/exp_10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +s=30; +v=11; +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +xs=complex(0,.5); +xn=complex(0,.3); +xz=complex(0,.08); +Z=5; +X=(Z*s)/v^2; +Xn=complex(0,3*X); +Ea=complex(1,0); +Ia1=Ea/(Xn+xn+xs+xz); +Ia=3*Ia1; +Va0=-Ia1*(xz+Xn); +Va1=Ea-(Ia1*xs); +Va2=-Ia1*xn; +V1=[Va0;Va1;Va2]; +V=A*V1; +Vab=V(1,1)-V(2,1); +Vbc=V(2,1)-V(3,1); +Vca=V(3,1)-V(1,1); +Ibase=(s*1000)/(sqrt(3)*v); +If=Ia1*Ibase; +Vab1=Vab*(v/sqrt(3)); +Vbc1=Vbc*(v/sqrt(3)); +Vca1=Vca*(v/sqrt(3)); +mprintf("Sub transient fault current is %.3f A \n",imag(If)); +mprintf("Actual Line Voltages are Vab=%f+%f Kv Vbc=%f%f Kv Vca=%f+%f Kv",real(Vab1),imag(Vab1),real(Vbc1),imag(Vbc1),real(Vca1),imag(Vca1)); + + + diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.6/exp_10_6.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.6/exp_10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0b2e8bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.6/exp_10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +clear; +clc; +Sb=30; +vb=11; +sg=20; +p=10; +R=6.6; +//generator +X1=complex(0,.1); +X2=complex(0,.1); +X0=complex(0,.15); +x1=X1*(Sb/sg); +x2=X2*(Sb/sg); +x0=X0*(Sb/sg); +//transformer12 +xt1=complex(0,.12); +xt2=complex(0,.12); +xt0=complex(0,.12); +//transmission line +vtr=22; +Ztr=vtr^2/Sb; +Z=complex(1,5); +Zpu=Z/Ztr; +//transformer34 +Xt1=complex(0,.05); +Xt2=complex(0,.05); +Xt0=complex(0,.05); +xtt1=Xt1*(Sb/sg); +xtt2=Xt2*(Sb/sg); +xtt0=Xt0*(Sb/sg); +Vf3=1; +Rpu=((Vf3^2)*Sb)/p; +Rf=(R*Sb)/vtr^2; +Il=p/Sb; +Vf4=Vf3+(Il*xtt1); +Zfp=((x1+xt1+Zpu)*(Rpu+xtt1))/(x1+xt1++Zpu+Rpu+xtt1); +Zfn=Zfp; +zf0=Zpu+xt1; +Ia1=Vf3/complex(1.611,1.5); //from figure +Ia0=Ia1; +Ia=3*Ia1; +Va0=-zf0*Ia0; +Va1=Vf3-(Zfn*Ia1); +Va2=-(Zfn*Ia1); +Ibase=(Sb*1000)/(sqrt(3)*vtr); +If=Ibase*Ia; +mprintf("fault current is %f%f A \n",real(If),imag(If)); +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +V1=[Va0;Va1;Va2]; +V=A*V1; +Vab=V(1,1)-V(2,1); +Vbc=V(2,1)-V(3,1); +Vca=V(3,1)-V(1,1); +mprintf("Actual Line Voltages are Vab=%f+%f Kv Vbc=%f%f Kv Vca=%f+%f Kv",real(Vab),imag(Vab),real(Vbc),imag(Vbc),real(Vca),imag(Vca)); + + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.7/exp_10_7.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.7/exp_10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39e02844a --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.7/exp_10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clear; +clc; +Sb=30; +vb=11; +sg=20; +p=10; +R=6.6; +Ea=1; +//generator +X1=complex(0,.1); +X2=complex(0,.1); +X0=complex(0,.15); +x1=X1*(Sb/sg); +x2=X2*(Sb/sg); +x0=X0*(Sb/sg); +//transformer12 +xt1=complex(0,.12); +xt2=complex(0,.12); +xt0=complex(0,.12); +//transmission line +vtr=22; +Ztr=vtr^2/Sb; +Z=complex(1,5); +Zpu=Z/Ztr; +//transformer34 +Xt1=complex(0,.05); +Xt2=complex(0,.05); +Xt0=complex(0,.05); +xtt1=Xt1*(Sb/sg); +xtt2=Xt2*(Sb/sg); +xtt0=Xt0*(Sb/sg); +Vf3=1; +Rpu=((Vf3^2)*Sb)/p; +Rf=(R*Sb)/vtr^2; +Il=p/Sb; +Vf4=Vf3+(Il*xtt1); +Zfp=((x1+xt1+Zpu)*(Rpu+xtt1))/(x1+xt1++Zpu+Rpu+xtt1); +Zfn=Zfp; +zf0=Zpu+xt1; +Ia1=Vf3/(Zfp+Zfn+Rf); +Ia2=-Ia1; +Va0=0; +Va1=Ea-(Zfn*Ia1); +Va2=-Zfn*Ia2; +Ibase=(Sb*1000)/(sqrt(3)*vtr); +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +V1=[Va0;Va1;Va2]; +V=A*V1; +Vab=V(1,1)-V(2,1); +Vbc=V(2,1)-V(3,1); +Vca=V(3,1)-V(1,1); +mprintf("Actual Line Voltages are Vab=%f+%f Vbc=%f%f Vca=%f+%f \n",real(Vab),imag(Vab),real(Vbc),imag(Vbc),real(Vca),imag(Vca)); + +Ib1=complex(0,-sqrt(3))*Ia1; +Ib=Ib1*Ibase; +mprintf("Phase current is %f%f A",real(Ib),imag(Ib)); diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.8/exp_10_8.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.8/exp_10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973e0229f --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.8/exp_10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear; +clc; +s=30; +v=22; +E=1; +Zf=6.6; +Zg=13.2; +Z0=complex(.062,.43); +Z1=complex(.161,.535); +Z2=Z1; +Zff=.409; +Zgp=(Zg*s)/v^2; +Ia1=E/(Z1+Zff+((Z2+Zff)*(Z0+Zff+3*Zgp)/(Z2+Z0+2*Zff+3*Zgp))); +Ia2=-((Z0+Zff+3*Zgp)/(Z2+Z0+2*Zff+3*Zgp))*(Ia1); +Ia0=-((Z2+Zff)/(Z2+Z0+2*Zff+3*Zgp))*(Ia1); +a=complex(-.5,.866); +A=[1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2]; +I=[Ia0;Ia1;Ia2]; +Ia=A*I; +Va0=-Z0*Ia0; +Va1=E-Z1*Ia1; +Va2=-Z1*Ia2; +V1=[Va0;Va1;Va2]; +V=A*V1; +Vab=V(1,1)-V(2,1); +Vbc=V(2,1)-V(3,1); +Vca=V(3,1)-V(1,1); +mprintf("Actual Phase Voltages are Va0=%f+%f Va1=%f%f Va2=%f+%f \n",real(Va0),imag(Va0),real(Va1),imag(Va1),real(Va2),imag(Va2)); +mprintf("Actual Phase currents are \n"); + +disp(Ia); diff --git a/3793/CH10/EX10.9/exp_10_9.sce b/3793/CH10/EX10.9/exp_10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c39d58a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH10/EX10.9/exp_10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clear; +clc; +s=30; +v=22; +E=1; +Zf=6.6; +Zg=13.2; +Z0=complex(.062,.43); +Z1=complex(.161,.535); +Z2=Z1; +Zff=.409; +Zgp=(Zg*s)/v^2; +Ia=E/(Z1+Zff); +absIa=abs(Ia); +mprintf("Absolute Ia=%.3f\n",absIa); +angleIa=atand(imag(Ia)/real(Ia)); +mprintf("Abngle of Ia=%.3f\n",angleIa); +a=complex((-.5),.866); +aa=a^2; +anglea=atand(imag(aa)/real(aa)); +angleaa=atand(imag(a)/real(a)); +angleIb=angleIa+(anglea); +disp(anglea) + +mprintf("Angle of Ib=%.3f\n",angleIb); +angleIc=angleIa+(angleaa); + +mprintf("Angle of Ic=%.3f\n",angleIc); +Va=E-(Zff*Ia); +absVa=abs(Va); +mprintf("Absolute Va=%.3f\n",absVa); +angleVa=atand(imag(Va)/real(Va)); +mprintf("Angle of Va=%.3f\n",angleVa); +angleVb=angleVa+(anglea); +mprintf("Angle of Vb=%.3f\n",angleVb); +angleVc=angleVa+(angleaa); +mprintf("Angle of Vc=%.3f",angleVc); + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.1/exp_11_1.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.1/exp_11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..628114475 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.1/exp_11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +f=50; +s=100; +H=3.5; +p=.16; +sb=500; +ip=.18; +Pole=4; +K=H*s; +mprintf("Kinetic energy stored is %.3f MJ\n",K); +Pa=(ip-p)*sb; +A=(Pa*360*f)/(2*H*s); +mprintf("acceleration of generator is %.3f degree electrical per second sqr\n",A); +a=7.5; +accp=a/f; +Ns=120*f/Pole; +rotora=(2.996*accp)^2; //change in rotor angle equation obtained with the help of eq11.1.1 and integrating it + +mprintf("change in rotor angle is %.3f rad \n",rotora); +del=.202; +rv=2.996*sqrt(del); +vel=(rv*120)/(3.14*Pole); +NN=Ns+vel; +mprintf("Speed is %.3f rpm",NN); diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.2/exp_11_2.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.2/exp_11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aa5422d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.2/exp_11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +pole=2; +s=50; +v=11; +pf=.8; +H=6; +Ns=3000; +inpinc=62000; +K=H*s; +mprintf("Kinetic energy stored is %.3f MJ\n",K); +po=s*pf; +pi=inpinc*735.5/10^6; +f=50; +Ap=pi-po; +A=(Ap*360*f)/(2*H*s); +mprintf("acceleration of generator is %.3f degree electrical per second sqr\n",A); diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.3/exp_11_3.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.3/exp_11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c608bc74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.3/exp_11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [S,pin,deltam,itr,delta1]=pinstab (V,X1,Xt,Xd,pf,typee,tolr); + Xtot=X1+Xt+Xd; + Pu=input('Generator output power'); + phi=acosd(pf); + Qu=Pu*tand(phi); + if typee==0 + S=Pu+%i*Qu; + else + S=Pu-%i*Qu; + end + I=conj(S)/conj(V); + Edash=V+I*(%i*Xtot); + Edash=abs(Edash); + delta0=asin(Pu*Xtot/(Edash*V)); + itr=0; + deltam=input('initial estimate of deltam'); + ndeltam=0; + difff=abs(ndeltam-deltam); + while difff > tolr; + itr=itr+1; + fdeltam=cos(delta0)-(deltam-delta0)*sin(deltam)-cos(deltam); + dfdeltam=(deltam-delta0)*cos(deltam); + ndeltam=deltam+fdeltam/dfdeltam; + difff=abs(ndeltam-deltam); + deltam=ndeltam; + + end + delta1=%pi-deltam; + pin=(Edash*V/Xtot)*sin(delta1); + deltam=deltam*180/%pi; + delta1=delta1*180/%pi; + mprintf("Magnitude of power input without loosing synchronism is %.4f",pin); + + + + +endfunction +V=1; +X1=.15; +Xt=.2; +Xd=.15; +pf=.8; +typee=0; +tolr=.001; +[S,pin,deltam,itr,delta1]=pinstab (V,X1,Xt,Xd,pf,typee,tolr); diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.4/exp_11_4.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.4/exp_11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3d458f24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.4/exp_11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [deltam]=stabnr (tolr); + itr=0; + ndeltam=0; + deltam=input('Initial estimate of deltam'); + difff=abs(ndeltam-deltam); + while difff>tolr; + itr=itr+1; + fdeltam=2.7202*cos(deltam)+.8*deltam-2.8247; + dfdeltam=2.7202*sin(deltam); + ndeltam=deltam+fdeltam/dfdeltam; + difff=abs(ndeltam-deltam); + deltam=ndeltam; + + end + deltam=deltam*180/%pi; + mprintf("Maximum swing of the rotor angle is %.4f degree, since it is less than(pi-delta0) therefore system will remain stable\n",deltam); +endfunction +phi=-acosd(.8); +S=complex(.8,.6); +pu=.8; +V=1; +I=conj(S)/conj(V); +Xtot=.5; +E=V+%i*I*Xtot; +E=abs(E); +delta0=asin(pu*Xtot/(E*V)); +mprintf("Deta0=%.4f radian\n",delta0); +tolr=.001; +[deltam]=stabnr (tolr); +deltac=acos(-.0866/(2.7202)); +H=6; +M=H/(%pi*50); +pi=.8; +t=sqrt(2*M*(deltac-delta0)/pi); +mprintf("Critical angle is %.4f radian and time is %.4f seconds",deltac,t); + diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.5/exp_11_5.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.5/exp_11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeda6a7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.5/exp_11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +Xtf=.2+.2+(.3*.6/0.9); +pi=0.9; +po=pi; +del1=asin(Xtf*pi/(1.2*1)); + +Pm=1.2*1/Xtf; +//fault condition +Xtf1=(.4*.3+.3*.3+.3*.4)/.3; +Pm1=1.2*1/Xtf1; +//post fault condition +Xtf2=.2+.2+.3; +Pm2=1.2*1/Xtf2; +delm=(%pi-(asin(pi/Pm2))); + +delc=acos((pi*(delm-del1)+Pm2*cos(delm)-Pm1*cos(del1))/(Pm2-Pm1)); + + +mprintf("rotor angle is %.3f radian \n",del1); +mprintf("Critical clearing angle is %.3f radian",delc); diff --git a/3793/CH11/EX11.9/exp_11_9.sce b/3793/CH11/EX11.9/exp_11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86d29a0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH11/EX11.9/exp_11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +pf=.8; +f=50; +rp=.8; +X=.4; +Xd=.2; +H=10; +v=1; +Xeq=Xd+X; +Ig=rp/(v*pf); +angle=acosd(pf); +E=sqrt(((v+Ig*Xd*Xeq)^2)+((Ig*Xd*pf)^2)); +del=atand((Ig*Xd*pf)/(v+Ig*Xd*Xeq)); +P=(E*v)/Xeq; +mprintf("Steady state power limit is %.3f pu\n",P); +Pc=cosd(del)*P; +mprintf("Synchronizing power coefficient is %.3f pu\n",Pc); +M=H/(3.14*f); +gaama=sqrt(Pc/M); +fre=gaama/(2*%pi); +mprintf("frequency of free oscillation is %.3f Hz\n",fre); +T=1/fre; +mprintf("time period of free oscillation is %.3f s\n",T); diff --git a/3793/CH12/EX12.1/exp_12_1.sce b/3793/CH12/EX12.1/exp_12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aca342f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH12/EX12.1/exp_12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +Vs=1.05;//in pu +Vr=1.0; +//for del 10 degree +X=1; +del=10; +Qs=((Vs^2)/X)-(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +Qr=(-(Vr^2)/X)+(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +mprintf("for 10 degree Qs = %.3f and Qr = %.3f\n",Qs,Qr); +del=20; +Qs=((Vs^2)/X)-(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +Qr=(-(Vr^2)/X)+(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +mprintf(" for 20 degree Qs = %.3f and Qr = %.3f\n",Qs,Qr); +del=30; +Qs=((Vs^2)/X)-(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +Qr=(-(Vr^2)/X)+(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +mprintf(" for 30 degree Qs = %.3f and Qr = %.3f\n",Qs,Qr); +del=40; +Qs=((Vs^2)/X)-(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +Qr=(-(Vr^2)/X)+(Vs*Vr*cosd(del)/X); +mprintf(" for 40 degree Qs = %.3f and Qr = %.3f",Qs,Qr); diff --git a/3793/CH12/EX12.2/exp_12_2.sce b/3793/CH12/EX12.2/exp_12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faa4876ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH12/EX12.2/exp_12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear; +clc; + +phi=38.74;//in degree +k=0.8; +vs=220; + +a=gca(); +a.auto_scale="off"; +a.data_bounds=[0,0;.3,1]; +xlabel("Voltage"); +ylabel("Power"); + +p=[0:.1:1]; +v1=( 0.5-(p*0.8)+((.25-(p*0.8)-(p^2))^(1/2)))^(1/2); +v2=( 0.5-(p*0.8)-((.25-(p*0.8)-(p^2))^(1/2)))^(1/2); +//change the axis boundary of x axis to 0.3 +plot(p,v1,p,v2); +cp=.24;//from graph +cv=.55;//from graph +x=60; +Pr=(cp*(vs^2))/x; +Vr=cv*vs; +mprintf("Critical power = %.3f MW and Critical voltage = %.3f KV",Pr,Vr); + + + diff --git a/3793/CH12/EX12.3/exp_12_3.sce b/3793/CH12/EX12.3/exp_12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72f0e1563 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH12/EX12.3/exp_12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +Pr=.24; +Vr=.55; +del=asind(Pr/Vr); +a=gca(); +a.auto_scale="off"; +a.data_bounds=[0,0.3;1.5,1]; +xlabel("Voltage"); +ylabel(" ReactivePower"); +V=[0:.01:5]; +Q=((V)^2)+(V*cosd(del)); +plot(V,Q); +q=.38; +v=.95; +Qr=((220^2)*q)/60; +Vrr=v*220; +mprintf("Critical power = %.3f MVAR and Critical voltage = %.3f KV",Qr,Vrr); diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.1/exp_13_1.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.1/exp_13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d1e5e86f --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.1/exp_13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +Yb=[complex(1.14,-4.19) complex(-.59,2.35) complex(0,0) complex(-0.55,1.83);complex(-0.59,2.35) complex(3.76,-9.4) complex(-.77,3.85) complex(-2.4,3.2);complex(0,0) complex(-0.77,3.85) complex(1.77,-6.85) complex(-1,3);complex(-.55,1.83) complex(-2.4,3.2) complex(-1,3) complex(4.19,-8.03)]; +v=[1.02 1 .98 1.04]'; + +Zb=inv(Yb); +Zbus=imag(Zb); + +Z12={Zbus(1,1)-Zbus(1,2)-(Zbus(2,1)-Zbus(2,2))}; +Z34={Zbus(3,3)-Zbus(3,4)-(Zbus(4,3)-Zbus(4,4))}; +z11=Zbus(1,1)-Zbus(1,2)-(Zbus(2,1)-Zbus(2,2))+0.4; +z12=Zbus(1,3)-Zbus(1,4)-(Zbus(2,3)-Zbus(2,4)); +z21=Zbus(3,1)-Zbus(3,2)-(Zbus(4,1)-Zbus(4,2)); +z22=Zbus(3,3)-Zbus(3,4)-(Zbus(4,3)-Zbus(4,4))+0.3; +z=[z11 z12;z21 z22]; +V=[(v(1,1)-v(2,1));(v(3,1)-v(4,1))]; +Ic=inv(z)*V; +A=[1 -1 0 0;0 0 1 -1]; +delV=-Zbus*A'*Ic; +VV=v+delV; +mprintf("Thevenin impedences are Z12=%f Z34=%f\n",Z12,Z34); +mprintf("New Bus voltages are\n"); +disp(VV); diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.2/exp_13_2.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.2/exp_13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c64c08433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.2/exp_13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clear; +clc; +Yb=[complex(1.14,-4.19) complex(-.59,2.35) complex(0,0) complex(-0.55,1.83);complex(-0.59,2.35) complex(3.76,-9.4) complex(-.77,3.85) complex(-2.4,3.2);complex(0,0) complex(-0.77,3.85) complex(1.77,-6.85) complex(-1,3);complex(-.55,1.83) complex(-2.4,3.2) complex(-1,3) complex(4.19,-8.03)]; +v=[1.02 1 .98 1.04]'; + +Zb=inv(Yb); +Zbus=imag(Zb); + +Z12={Zbus(1,1)-Zbus(1,2)-(Zbus(2,1)-Zbus(2,2))}; +Z34={Zbus(3,3)-Zbus(3,4)-(Zbus(4,3)-Zbus(4,4))}; +//case1 +z11=Z12-.4; +z12=Zbus(1,3)-Zbus(1,4)-(Zbus(2,3)-Zbus(2,4)); +z21=Zbus(3,1)-Zbus(3,2)-(Zbus(4,1)-Zbus(4,2)); +z22=Z34-.3; +z=[z11 z12;z21 z22]; +V=[(v(1,1)-v(2,1));(v(3,1)-v(4,1))]; +Ic=inv(z)*V; +A=[1 -1 0 0;0 0 1 -1]; +delV=-Zbus*A'*Ic; +VV=v+delV; +disp(z) + +mprintf(" Bus voltages for case1 are\n"); +disp(VV); +//case2 +z11=Z12-.4; +z12=Zbus(1,3)-Zbus(1,4)-(Zbus(2,3)-Zbus(2,4)); +z21=Zbus(3,1)-Zbus(3,2)-(Zbus(4,1)-Zbus(4,2)); +z22=Z34+.3 +z=[z11 z12;z21 z22]; +V=[(v(1,1)-v(2,1));(v(3,1)-v(4,1))]; +Ic=inv(z)*V; +A=[1 -1 0 0;0 0 1 -1]; +delV=-Zbus*A'*Ic; +VV=v+delV; + +mprintf(" Bus voltages for case2 are\n"); +disp(VV); +//case3 +z11=Z12+.4; +z12=Zbus(1,3)-Zbus(1,4)-(Zbus(2,3)-Zbus(2,4)); +z21=Zbus(3,1)-Zbus(3,2)-(Zbus(4,1)-Zbus(4,2)); +z22=Z34-.3; +z=[z11 z12;z21 z22]; +V=[(v(1,1)-v(2,1));(v(3,1)-v(4,1))]; +Ic=inv(z)*V; +A=[1 -1 0 0;0 0 1 -1]; +delV=-Zbus*A'*Ic; +VV=v+delV; + +mprintf(" Bus voltages for case3 are\n"); +disp(VV); diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.3/exp_13_3.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.3/exp_13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..988ad844d --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.3/exp_13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +clear; +clc; +Ybusa=zeros(4,4); +Ybusb=zeros(4,4); +Ybusa(1,1)=1/(complex(0,4))+1/(complex(0,.8))+1/(complex(0,.5))+1/(complex(0,.4)); +Ybusa(1,2)=-1/(complex(0,.8)); +Ybusa(2,1)=Ybusa(1,2); +Ybusa(1,3)=-1/(complex(0,.5)); +Ybusa(3,1)=Ybusa(1,3); +Ybusa(1,4)=-1/(complex(0,.4)); +Ybusa(4,1)=Ybusa(1,4); +Ybusa(2,2)=1/(complex(0,.8)); +Ybusa(3,3)=1/(complex(0,.5))+1/(complex(0,.1)); +Ybusa(3,4)=-1/(complex(0,.1)); +Ybusa(4,3)=Ybusa(3,4); +Ybusa(4,4)=1/(complex(0,.1))+1/(complex(0,.4)); +Ybusb(1,1)=1/(complex(0,.2))+1/(complex(0,.4)); +Ybusb(1,2)=-1/(complex(0,.2)); +Ybusb(2,1)=Ybusb(1,2); +Ybusb(2,3)=-1/(complex(0,.5)); +Ybusb(3,2)=Ybusb(2,3); +Ybusb(1,4)=-1/(complex(0,.4)); +Ybusb(4,1)=Ybusb(1,4); +Ybusb(2,2)=1/(complex(0,.2))+1/(complex(0,.5)); +Ybusb(3,3)=1/(complex(0,5))+1/(complex(0,.5))+1/(complex(0,.25)); +Ybusb(3,4)=-1/(complex(0,.25)); +Ybusb(4,3)=Ybusb(3,4); +Ybusb(4,4)=1/(complex(0,.25))+1/(complex(0,.4)); +Zbusa=inv(Ybusa); +Zbusb=inv(Ybusb); + +Zbusa(1,:)=[]; +Zbusa(:,1)=[]; +Zbusb(4,:)=[]; +Zbusb(:,4)=[]; +Zbusb(3,:)=[]; +Zbusb(:,3)=[]; + +AA=[1 0 0;1 0 0;0 0 1]; +Zbounda=AA*Zbusa*AA'; +AB=[-1 0;0 -1;0 -1]; +Zboundb=AB*Zbusb*AB'; +Ztie=[complex(0,.1) 0 0;0 complex(0,.2) 0; 0 0 complex(0,.3)]; +Z=Zbounda+Ztie+Zboundb; +Va=[complex(1,0); complex(1.0086,-.0529); complex(.9794,-.0342);complex(.999,-.0436)]; +Vb=[complex(.994,-0.0349); complex(1.0047,-.0263); complex(1,0);complex(.9898,.0173)]; +Vdiff=[Va(2)-Vb(1);Va(2)-Vb(2);Va(4)-Vb(2)]; +Itie=inv(Z)*Vdiff; +Abusa=[0 1 0 0;0 1 0 0;0 0 0 1]; +Vadash=Va-inv(Ybusa)*Abusa'*(-Itie); +Abusb=[ -1 0 0 0;0 -1 0 0;0 -1 0 0]; +Vbdash=Vb-inv(Ybusb)*Abusb'*(-Itie); +mprintf("Bus voltages of A power system are"); +disp(Vadash); +mprintf("Bus voltages of B power system are"); +disp(Vbdash); + + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.4/exp_13_4.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.4/exp_13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..722bc2901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.4/exp_13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear; +clc; +a=[complex(0,4.8) complex(0,4);complex(0,4) complex(0,4.24)]; +b=[complex(0,5.337) complex(0,5.2407);complex(0,5.2407) complex(0,5.3148)]; +wa=inv(a); +wb=inv(b); +mprintf("Ward eqiwalents for power system A is"); +disp(wa); +mprintf("Ward equivalent for power system B is"); + disp(wb); diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.6/exp_13_6.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.6/exp_13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69407faaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.6/exp_13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clear; +clc; +Ybus=zeros(4,4); +Za=%i*.1; +Z12=%i*.25; +Z14=%i*.4; +Z43=%i*.1; +Z42=%i*.2; +Z32=%i*.1; +Z13=%i*.5; +Zg=%i*4; + +V1=1; +V2=complex(.9787,-.0513); +V3=complex(1.019,.0445); +V4=complex(1.0098,-.0176); +Ybus(1,1)=1/Zg+1/Z12+1/Z13+1/Z14; +Ybus(1,2)=-1/Z12; +Ybus(2,1)=Ybus(1,2); +Ybus(1,3)=-1/Z13; +Ybus(3,1)=Ybus(1,3); +Ybus(1,4)=-1/Z14; +Ybus(4,1)=Ybus(1,4); +Ybus(2,2)=1/Z12+1/Z32+1/Z42; +Ybus(2,3)=-1/Z32; +Ybus(3,2)=Ybus(2,3); +Ybus(2,4)=-1/Z42; +Ybus(4,2)=Ybus(2,4); +Ybus(3,3)=1/Z13+1/Z43+1/Z32; +Ybus(3,4)=-1/Z43; +Ybus(4,3)=Ybus(3,4); +Ybus(4,4)=1/Z14+1/Z43+1/Z42; +Z=inv(Ybus); +Zt34=Z(3,3)+Z(4,4)-2*Z(3,4); +V=[V1;V2;V3;V4]; +I12=(V1-V2)/Z12; +I13=(V1-V3)/Z13; +I14=(V1-V4)/Z14; +I23=(V2-V3)/Z32; +I24=(V2-V4)/Z42; +I34=(V3-V4)/Z43; +Zaa=-Za; +Zden=Zt34-Zaa; +L1234=Zaa/Z12*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(2,3)-Z(2,4)))/Zden; +L1334=Zaa/Z13*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L1434=Zaa/Z14*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +L2334=Zaa/Z32*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L2434=Zaa/Z42*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +I112=I12+L1234*I34; +I113=I13+L1334*I34; +I114=I14+L1434*I34; +I223=I23+L2334*I34; +I224=I24+L2434*I34; +L12=abs(I112)/(4*abs(I12))*100; +L13=abs(I113)/(4*abs(I13))*100; +L14=abs(I114)/(4*abs(I14))*100; +L23=abs(I223)/(1.3333*abs(I23))*100; +L24=abs(I224)/(1.3333*abs(I24))*100; +mprintf(" Line-outage distribution factors are L1234=%.3f, L1334=%.3f, L1434=%.3f, L2334=%.3f and L2434=%.3f\n",L1234,L1334,L1434,L2334,L2434); +mprintf("New values of line current are I12=%.3f %.3f, I13=%.3f+%.3f, I14=%.3f+%.3f, I23=%.3f+%.3f and I24=%.3f+%.3f\n",real(I112),imag(I112),real(I113),imag(I113),real(I114),imag(I114),real(I223),imag(I223),real(I224),imag(I224)); +mprintf("Loading after tripping in percentage is L12=%.3f percent,L13=%.3f percent, L14=%.3f percent, L23=%.3f percent and L24=%.3f percent",L12,L13,L14,L23,L24); + diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.7/exp_13_7.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.7/exp_13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d90293d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.7/exp_13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +clear; +clc; +Ybus=zeros(4,4); +Za=%i*.1; +Z12=%i*.25; +Z14=%i*.4; +Z43=%i*.1; +Z42=%i*.2; +Z32=%i*.1; +Z13=%i*.5; +Zg=%i*4; + +V1=1; +V2=complex(.9787,-.0513); +V3=complex(1.019,.0445); +V4=complex(1.0098,-.0176); +Ybus(1,1)=1/Zg+1/Z12+1/Z13+1/Z14; +Ybus(1,2)=-1/Z12; +Ybus(2,1)=Ybus(1,2); +Ybus(1,3)=-1/Z13; +Ybus(3,1)=Ybus(1,3); +Ybus(1,4)=-1/Z14; +Ybus(4,1)=Ybus(1,4); +Ybus(2,2)=1/Z12+1/Z32+1/Z42; +Ybus(2,3)=-1/Z32; +Ybus(3,2)=Ybus(2,3); +Ybus(2,4)=-1/Z42; +Ybus(4,2)=Ybus(2,4); +Ybus(3,3)=1/Z13+1/Z43+1/Z32; +Ybus(3,4)=-1/Z43; +Ybus(4,3)=Ybus(3,4); +Ybus(4,4)=1/Z14+1/Z43+1/Z42; +Z=inv(Ybus); +Zt34=Z(3,3)+Z(4,4)-2*Z(3,4); +V=[V1;V2;V3;V4]; +I12=(V1-V2)/Z12; +I13=(V1-V3)/Z13; +I14=(V1-V4)/Z14; +I23=(V2-V3)/Z32; +I24=(V2-V4)/Z42; +I34=(V3-V4)/Z43; +Zaa=-Za; +Zden=Zt34-Zaa; +L1234=Zaa/Z12*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(2,3)-Z(2,4)))/Zden; +L1334=Zaa/Z13*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L1434=Zaa/Z14*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +L2334=Zaa/Z32*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L2434=Zaa/Z42*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +I112=I12+L1234*I34; +I113=I13+L1334*I34; +I114=I14+L1434*I34; +I223=I23+L2334*I34; +I224=I24+L2434*I34; +Iinj=Ybus*V; +S1=V(1)*conj(Iinj(1)); +S2=V(2)*conj(Iinj(2)); +S3=V(3)*conj(Iinj(3)); +S4=V(4)*conj(Iinj(4)); +K321=(Z(3,1)-Z(2,1))/Z32; +K323=(Z(3,3)-Z(2,3))/Z32; +delIinj1=.8340; +delIinj3=-delIinj1; +delI32=K321*delIinj1+K323*delIinj3; +I32d=I23+delI32; +In=[(Iinj(1,1)+delIinj1);Iinj(2,1);(Iinj(3,1)+delIinj3);Iinj(4,1)]; +Vnew=inv(Ybus)*In; +I32n=(Vnew(3)-Vnew(2))/Z32; +mprintf("Power at each bus are S1=%.4f+%.4f, S2=%.4f%.4f, S3=%.4f+%.4f and S4=%.4f+%.4f\n",real(S1),imag(S1),real(S2),imag(S2),real(S3),imag(S3),real(S4),imag(S4)); +mprintf("Change in current is I32=%.4f%.4f",real(I32n),imag(I32n)); diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.8/exp_13_8.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.8/exp_13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91072a828 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.8/exp_13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +clear; +clc; +Ybus=zeros(4,4); +Za=%i*.1; +Z12=%i*.25; +Z14=%i*.4; +Z43=%i*.1; +Z42=%i*.2; +Z32=%i*.1; +Z13=%i*.5; +Zg=%i*4; + +V1=1; +V2=complex(.9787,-.0513); +V3=complex(1.019,.0445); +V4=complex(1.0098,-.0176); +Ybus(1,1)=1/Zg+1/Z12+1/Z13+1/Z14; +Ybus(1,2)=-1/Z12; +Ybus(2,1)=Ybus(1,2); +Ybus(1,3)=-1/Z13; +Ybus(3,1)=Ybus(1,3); +Ybus(1,4)=-1/Z14; +Ybus(4,1)=Ybus(1,4); +Ybus(2,2)=1/Z12+1/Z32+1/Z42; +Ybus(2,3)=-1/Z32; +Ybus(3,2)=Ybus(2,3); +Ybus(2,4)=-1/Z42; +Ybus(4,2)=Ybus(2,4); +Ybus(3,3)=1/Z13+1/Z43+1/Z32; +Ybus(3,4)=-1/Z43; +Ybus(4,3)=Ybus(3,4); +Ybus(4,4)=1/Z14+1/Z43+1/Z42; +Z=inv(Ybus); +Zt34=Z(3,3)+Z(4,4)-2*Z(3,4); +V=[V1;V2;V3;V4]; +I12=(V1-V2)/Z12; +I13=(V1-V3)/Z13; +I14=(V1-V4)/Z14; +I23=(V2-V3)/Z32; +I24=(V2-V4)/Z42; +I34=(V3-V4)/Z43; +Zaa=-Za; +Zden=Zt34-Zaa; +L1234=Zaa/Z12*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(2,3)-Z(2,4)))/Zden; +L1334=Zaa/Z13*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L1434=Zaa/Z14*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +L2334=Zaa/Z32*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L2434=Zaa/Z42*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +Zb=-Za; +Zt23=Z(2,2)+Z(3,3)-2*Z(2,3); +Zden1=Zt23-Zb; +L1423=Zb/Z14*((Z(1,2)-Z(1,3))-(Z(4,2)-Z(4,3)))/Zden1; +L3423=Zb/Z43*((Z(3,2)-Z(3,3))-(Z(4,2)-Z(4,3)))/Zden1; +L11=(L1423+L1434*L3423)/(1-L2334*L3423); +L12=(L1434+L1423*L2334)/(1-L2334*L3423); +I14d=I14+(L11*I23+L12*I34); +mprintf("Change in current line connected buses 1-4 is %.4f+%.4f",real(I14d),imag(I14d)); + diff --git a/3793/CH13/EX13.9/exp_13_9.sce b/3793/CH13/EX13.9/exp_13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994cb6333 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH13/EX13.9/exp_13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +clear; +clc; +Ybus=zeros(4,4); +Za=%i*.1; +Z12=%i*.25; +Z14=%i*.4; +Z43=%i*.1; +Z42=%i*.2; +Z32=%i*.1; +Z13=%i*.5; +Zg=%i*4; + +V1=1; +V2=complex(.9787,-.0513); +V3=complex(1.019,.0445); +V4=complex(1.0098,-.0176); +Ybus(1,1)=1/Zg+1/Z12+1/Z13+1/Z14; +Ybus(1,2)=-1/Z12; +Ybus(2,1)=Ybus(1,2); +Ybus(1,3)=-1/Z13; +Ybus(3,1)=Ybus(1,3); +Ybus(1,4)=-1/Z14; +Ybus(4,1)=Ybus(1,4); +Ybus(2,2)=1/Z12+1/Z32+1/Z42; +Ybus(2,3)=-1/Z32; +Ybus(3,2)=Ybus(2,3); +Ybus(2,4)=-1/Z42; +Ybus(4,2)=Ybus(2,4); +Ybus(3,3)=1/Z13+1/Z43+1/Z32; +Ybus(3,4)=-1/Z43; +Ybus(4,3)=Ybus(3,4); +Ybus(4,4)=1/Z14+1/Z43+1/Z42; +Z=inv(Ybus); +Zt34=Z(3,3)+Z(4,4)-2*Z(3,4); +V=[V1;V2;V3;V4]; +I12=(V1-V2)/Z12; +I13=(V1-V3)/Z13; +I14=(V1-V4)/Z14; +I23=(V2-V3)/Z32; +I24=(V2-V4)/Z42; +I34=(V3-V4)/Z43; +Zaa=-Za; +Zden=Zt34-Zaa; +L1234=Zaa/Z12*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(2,3)-Z(2,4)))/Zden; +L1334=Zaa/Z13*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L1434=Zaa/Z14*((Z(1,3)-Z(1,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +L2334=Zaa/Z32*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(3,3)-Z(3,4)))/Zden; +L2434=Zaa/Z42*((Z(2,3)-Z(2,4))-(Z(4,3)-Z(4,4)))/Zden; +I112=I12+L1234*I34; +I113=I13+L1334*I34; +I114=I14+L1434*I34; +I223=I23+L2334*I34; +I224=I24+L2434*I34; +Iinj=Ybus*V; +S1=V(1)*conj(Iinj(1)); +S2=V(2)*conj(Iinj(2)); +S3=V(3)*conj(Iinj(3)); +S4=V(4)*conj(Iinj(4)); +L3234=Zaa/Z43*((Z(3,3)-Z(3,4))-(Z(2,3)-Z(2,4)))/Zden; +K323=(Z(3,3)-Z(2,3))/Z43; +K321=(Z(3,1)-Z(2,1))/Z43; +K341=(Z(3,1)-Z(4,1))/Z43; +K343=(Z(3,3)-Z(4,3))/Z43; +K323d=K323+L3234*K343; +K321d=K321+L3234*K341; +delP32=K323d*(-1.6760/2)+K321d*(1.670/2); +mprintf("Change in power flow is %.4f",delP32); + diff --git a/3793/CH14/EX14.1/exp_14_1.sce b/3793/CH14/EX14.1/exp_14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3845488 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH14/EX14.1/exp_14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear; +clc; +z1=2.00; +z2=(-.250); +z3=1.200; +z4=11.00; +z5=(-1.00); +//z1,z2,z3 are currents and z4,z5 is voltage +//if v2 is short circuited +z11=(1/(2+(24/10))); +z22=(6/10)*z11; +z33=(4/10)*z11; +z44=z33*6; +z55=z22*4; +//when v1 is short ckted; +z2a=(1/(4+(12/8))); +z1a=(6/8)*z2a; +z3a=(2/8)*z2a; +z4v=z3a*6; +z5v=z2a*4; +H=[z11 -z22; -z22 z2a; z33 z3a; z55 z4v; -z55 z5v]; +mprintf("H = " ); +disp(H); +H1=[H]'; +W=[100 0 0 0 0; 0 100 0 0 0; 0 0 75 0 0; 0 0 0 75 0; 0 0 0 0 75;] +G=H1*W*H; +mprintf("G = "); +disp(G); +z=[z1;z2;z3;z4;z5]; +x=(inv(G))*H1*W*z; +mprintf("x = "); +disp(x); diff --git a/3793/CH14/EX14.2/exp_14_2.sce b/3793/CH14/EX14.2/exp_14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e5287b65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH14/EX14.2/exp_14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clear; +clc; +z12=complex(.05,.20); +z23=complex(.075,.25); +c1=.025; +c2=.005; +w1= (.1568*10^(-4)); +w2= (.1679*10^(-4)); +w3= (.0668*10^(-4)); +w4= (.0702*10^(-4)); +W=[w1 0 0 0; 0 w2 0 0; 0 0 w3 0; 0 0 0 w4]; +v1=1.05; +v2=1.05; +v3=(1.05); +h1=(v1/z12); +h2=(v2/z12); +h3=(v2/z23); +h4=(v3/z23); +H=[h1 0 0 0; 0 h2 0 0; 0 0 h3 0; 0 0 0 h4]; +H1=conj(H); +D=H1*W*H; +D1=real(D); +A=[1 -1 0; -1 1 0; 0 1 -1; 0 -1 1]; +B=[-1 0; 1 0; 1 -1; -1 1]; +b=[1;-1;0;0]; +E=(B')*D; +f=E*B; +s1=complex(.50,-.12); +s2=complex(-.48,.10); +s3=complex(.80,-.40); +s4=complex(-.78,.38); +S=[s1;s2;s3;s4]; +vm=(inv(H))*(conj(S)); +vb=inv(f)*E*(vm-(b*v1)); +V=[v1;vb]; +printf("V = ") +disp(V); + diff --git a/3793/CH14/EX14.3/exp_14_3.sce b/3793/CH14/EX14.3/exp_14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73322be44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH14/EX14.3/exp_14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear; +clc; +z1=2.00; +z2=(-.250); +z3=1.200; +z4=11.00; +z5=(-1.00); +//z1,z2,z3 are currents and z4,z5 is voltage +//if v2 is short circuited +z11=(1/(2+(24/10))); +z22=(6/10)*z11; +z33=(4/10)*z11; +z44=z33*6; +z55=z22*4; +//when v1 is short ckted; +z2a=(1/(4+(12/8))); +z1a=(6/8)*z2a; +z3a=(2/8)*z2a; +z4v=z3a*6; +z5v=z2a*4; +H=[z11 -z22; -z22 z2a; z33 z3a; z55 z4v; -z55 z5v]; +H1=[H]'; +W=[100 0 0 0 0; 0 100 0 0 0; 0 0 75 0 0; 0 0 0 75 0; 0 0 0 0 75;] +G=H1*W*H; +R=[.0100 0 0 0 0; 0 .0100 0 0 0; 0 0 .0133 0 0; 0 0 0 .0133 0; 0 0 0 0 .0133]; +F=H*inv(G)*(H')*inv(R); +Rtemp=[diag(F)]; +fun=(1-F(1,1))+(1-F(2,2))+(1-F(3,3))+(1-F(4,4))+(1-F(5,5)); +mprintf("Performance function is %3.f",fun); + + diff --git a/3793/CH14/EX14.4/exp_14_4.sce b/3793/CH14/EX14.4/exp_14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4de23a44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH14/EX14.4/exp_14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +clear; +clc; +z1=2.00; +z2=(-.250); +z3=1.200; +z4=11.00; +z5=(-1.00); +//z1,z2,z3 are currents and z4,z5 is voltage +//if v2 is short circuited +z11=(1/(2+(24/10))); +z22=(6/10)*z11; +z33=(4/10)*z11; +z44=z33*6; +z55=z22*4; +//when v1 is short ckted; +z2a=(1/(4+(12/8))); +z1a=(6/8)*z2a; +z3a=(2/8)*z2a; +z4v=z3a*6; +z5v=z2a*4; +H=[z11 -z22; -z22 z2a; z33 z3a; z55 z4v; -z55 z5v]; + +H1=[H]'; +W=[100 0 0 0 0; 0 100 0 0 0; 0 0 75 0 0; 0 0 0 75 0; 0 0 0 0 75;] +G=H1*W*H; + +z=[z1;z2;z3;z4;z5]; +x=(inv(G))*H1*W*z; +zh=H*x; +z=[z1;z2;z3;z4;z5]; +eh=z-zh; +fh=100*eh(1)^2+100*eh(2)^2+75*eh(3)^2+75*eh(4)^2+75*eh(5)^2; +k=3; +alphha=.01; +R=[.0100 0 0 0 0; 0 .0100 0 0 0; 0 0 .0133 0 0; 0 0 0 .0133 0; 0 0 0 0 .0133]; +F=H*inv(G)*(H')*inv(R); +Rtemp=[diag(F)]; + +er1=eh(1)/sqrt((1-F(1,1))*100); +er2=eh(2)/sqrt((1-F(2,2))*100); +er3=eh(3)/sqrt((1-F(3,3))*75); +er4=eh(4)/sqrt((1-F(4,4))*75); +er5=eh(5)/sqrt((1-F(5,5))*75); +mprintf("for k=3 and alpha=.001 estimated value of function f is %f, which is greater than critical value of 11.35. therefore it contains some bad data\n",fh); +mprintf("standardized error are er1=%f , er2=%f, er3=%f, er4=%f, er5=%f and we can see that er4 is greater so it should be rejected\n ",er1,er2,er3,er4,er5); +H(4,:)=[]; +R(4,:)=[];; +R(:,4)=[]; +W(4,:)=[]; +W(:,4)=[]; +G1=H'*W*H; +z(4)=[]; +xh1=inv(G1)*H'*W*z; +zh1=H*xh1; +eh1=z-zh1; +fh1=100*eh1(1)^2+100*eh1(2)^2+75*eh1(3)^2+75*eh1(4)^2; +mprintf("for k=2 and alpha=.001 estimated value of function f is %f, which is greater than critical value of 9.21. therefore the measurement data is inaccurate and need to be more precise\n",fh1); + + + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.1/exp_15_1.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.1/exp_15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9c5bbce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.1/exp_15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +Pdc=1; +Pac=1; +phi=acosd(.9428); +mprintf(" power factor angle in degree is %.3f ",phi); +p=[0.7:0.1:1]; +Pd=(.9428/(p)); +disp(Pd); +disp(p); +plot(p,Pd); diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.2/exp_15_2.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.2/exp_15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b4cdccad --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.2/exp_15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +E_ll=110; +U=12; +V_o=(3*sqrt(2)*E_ll)/%pi; +X=0; +V_d1=(V_o*(cosd(X)+cosd(U+X)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (X=0) = %.3f kV",V_d1); +X1=25; +V_d2=(V_o*(cosd(X1)+cosd(U+X1)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (X1=25) = %.3f kV",V_d2); +X2=90; +V_d3=(V_o*(cosd(X2)+cosd(U+X2)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (X2=90) = %.3f kV",V_d3); +X3=120; +V_d4=(V_o*(cosd(X3)+cosd(U+X3)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (X3=120) = %.3f kV",V_d4); diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.3/exp_15_3.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.3/exp_15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3730a1454 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.3/exp_15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +E_ll=110; +X=10; +V_o=(3*sqrt(2)*E_ll)/%pi; +U1=15; +V_d1=(V_o*(cosd(X)+cosd(U1+X)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (U1=15) = %.3f kV",V_d1); + +U2=20; +V_d2=(V_o*(cosd(X)+cosd(U2+X)))/2; +printf("\nthe dc output voltage when (U2=20) = %.3f kV",V_d2); diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.4/exp_15_4.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.4/exp_15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d242b931 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.4/exp_15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +V_d=90; +V_i=220; +V_o=110' +X=25; +U=20; +M=cosd(X)+cosd(X+U); +E_ln=(2*%pi*V_d)/(3*sqrt(2)*M); +printf("the effective voltage will be = %.3f kV",E_ln); +D_s=E_ln/V_o; +printf("\ndesired tap setting of transformer = %.3f",D_s); diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.5/exp_15_5.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.5/exp_15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4c084711 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.5/exp_15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +V_0=100; //Six -pulse bridge rectifier voltage; +V_1=110;//Line to Line Voltages; +w=314; +X=25;//Firing Angle in Degrees; +I_r=1.2; //Rectifier Current in milli amperes; +F=50; +V_d0=(3*sqrt(2)*V_1)/%pi; +V_o=V_d0*cosd(X);//open circuit Voltage; +printf("the open circuuit voltage is = %.7f kv",V_o); +L_c=(%pi*(V_o*cosd(X)-V_0))/(3*w*I_r); +printf("\nthe inductance of the rectifier is = %.7f mH",L_c*10^3); diff --git a/3793/CH15/EX15.6/exp_15_6.sce b/3793/CH15/EX15.6/exp_15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05344a014 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH15/EX15.6/exp_15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=600; +betta=22; +gammma=10; +Vd=(2*v)/(cosd(betta)+cosd(gammma)); +El=(Vd*%pi)/(3*sqrt(2)); +mprintf("RMS value of voltage is %.3f KV",El); diff --git a/3793/CH2/EX2.2/exp_2_2.sce b/3793/CH2/EX2.2/exp_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a185fff41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH2/EX2.2/exp_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [r,th]=rect2pol(x,y) +//rectangle to polar coordinate conversion + r=sqrt(x^2+y^2); + th = atan(y,x)*180/%pi; +endfunction + // linear cominations + // 1 part (1+a) + a=complex((-0.5),0.866); + b=1+a; + [r,th]=rect2pol(real(b),imag(b)); + mprintf("a) magnitude = %f, Angle = %f\n",r,th); + // 2 part (a^2 - 1) +c=((a^2)-1) +[r,th]=rect2pol(real(c),imag(c)); + mprintf(" b) magnitude = %f, Angle = %f\n",r,th); + // 3 part (a^2 + a) +d=((a^2)+a) +[r,th]=rect2pol(real(d),imag(d)); + mprintf(" c) magnitude = %f, Angle = %f\n",r,th); + // 4 part (a^2 + a + 1) +e=((a^2)+a+1) +[r,th]=rect2pol(real(e),imag(e)); + mprintf(" d) magnitude = %f, Angle = %f",r,th); diff --git a/3793/CH2/EX2.3/exp_2_3.sce b/3793/CH2/EX2.3/exp_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..004c054d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH2/EX2.3/exp_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; + p=50; //power transmits in MW + pf=0.8; //power factor lagging + va=132 //actual voltage in kV + v=132; //KV base + m=100; // MVA base + z=complex(40,100); // transmision impedence + //calculate pu values + zb=(v^2)/m; //impedence base + i=(m*1000)/(sqrt(3)*va); //base current in KA + s=p/(pf*m); + ppu=p/m; + q=(((p/pf)*0.6)/m); + mprintf(" complex power pu= %.3f , active power pu= %.3f , reactive power pu=%.3f \n",s,ppu,q); + vpu=va/v; + mprintf(" kV pu= %.3f\n",vpu); + ia=(p*1000)/(sqrt(3)*va*pf); + ipu=ia/i; + mprintf(" current pu=%.3f \n",ipu); + za=sqrt(((real(z))^2) + ((imag(z))^2)); + zpu=za/zb; + rpu=(real(z))/zb; + xpu=(imag(z))/zb; + mprintf(" Impedence pu= %.3f , resistance pu= %.3f , reactance pu=%.3f ",zpu,rpu,xpu); + diff --git a/3793/CH2/EX2.5/exp_2_5.sce b/3793/CH2/EX2.5/exp_2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3259ae740 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH2/EX2.5/exp_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clear; +clc; + // parameters for generator g1 + mva1=20; + kv1=6.6; + x1=0.1; // in pu + mvab=50; //mva base + kv11=6.6; + xg1=(x1*(((kv11^2)*mvab)/((kv1^2)*mva1))) + mprintf("Xg1=%.3f pu\n",xg1); + //parameters for generator g2 + mva2=25; + kv2=11; + x2=0.2; // in pu + kv22=11; +xg2=(x2*(((kv22^2)*mvab)/((kv2^2)*mva2))) + mprintf(" Xg2=%.3f pu\n",xg2); + //parameters for transformer t1 + mva3=25; + kv3=132; + x3=0.08; // in pu + kv33=132; +xt3=(x3*(((kv33^2)*mvab)/((kv3^2)*mva3))) + mprintf(" Xt3=%.3f pu\n",xt3); + //parameters for transformer t2 + mva4=30; + kv4=132; + x4=0.10; // in pu + kv44=132; +xt4=(x4*(((kv44^2)*mvab)/((kv4^2)*mva4))) + mprintf(" Xt4=%.3f pu\n",xt4); + //parameters for transmission line + kvb=132; + Z=complex(30,120); + Zpu=((Z*50))/(kvb^2); + mprintf(" Zpu=%.3f + j%.3f\n",real(Zpu),imag(Zpu)); + //for load + s1=(10*(complex(0.8,0.6))); + s1pu=(s1/mvab); + mprintf(" S1pu=%.3f + j%.3f\n",real(s1pu),imag(s1pu)); + s2=(25*(complex(0.9,0.436))); + s2pu=(s2/mvab); + mprintf(" S2pu=%.3f + j%.3f\n",real(s2pu),imag(s2pu)); + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.1/exp_3_1.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.1/exp_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34ae376bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.1/exp_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear; +clc; +//there are 9 distances and self GMD of conducto will be the ninth root of the product of the nine distance +d12=2;//consider 2 as 2r r=radius +d23=2;//consider 2 as 2r r=radius +d13=2; //consider 2 as 2r r=radius +r1=.7788; // onsider .7788 as .7788r +SGMD=((((.7788)^3)*(d12^2)*(d23^2)*(d13^2))^(1/9)) +mprintf("Self-GMD = %.4fr",SGMD); diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.10/exp_3_10.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.10/exp_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..227a4e800 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.10/exp_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +//geometric constants +a=sqrt((5^2)+1); +b=sqrt(((4+1)^2)+(5^2)); +h=10; +r=.02; +s1=4; +s2=6; +c=10.773; +ca=4*%pi*8.854*(10^(-12+9))*150; +cb=(((a^2)*(b^2)*10*4)/((r^3)*(c^2)*s2))^(1/3); +Cn=ca/log(cb); +mprintf(" capacitance to neutral is %.3f microF\n",Cn); +I=(2*%pi*50*Cn*10^(-3)*220)/(3^(1/2)); +mprintf(" Line Charging Current is %.3f A\n",I); +Ip=I/2; +mprintf("Charging Current per conductor is %.3f A",Ip); + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.11/exp_3_11.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.11/exp_3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03405cdcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.11/exp_3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear; +clc; +D=(6*6*12)^(1/3); +ca=2*%pi*8.854*10^(-9); +cb=log(D/sqrt(.013*.25)); +Cn=ca/cb; +mprintf("Capacitance to neutral is %.14f F/Km",Cn); diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.2/exp_3_2.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.2/exp_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4454aba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.2/exp_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +Aln=6; +Dacsr=6; +f=50; +DAl=2; +d1=120//distance +Dst=(Dacsr-(2*DAl)); +d12=2; +d16=2 +d=2; +d13=sqrt(3)*d; +d15=sqrt(3)*d; +d14=2*d; +Ds=((((.7788*d)*(d^2)*((sqrt(3)*d)^2)*(2*d))^6)^(1/36));// in book answer is misprinted of ds +L=(((2*(10^(-7)))*(log1p(d1/Ds)))*(10^6)); +mprintf("L=%.5f mH/km\n",L); +Li=2*L; +mprintf(" Loop inductance = %.5f mH/km\n",Li); +Xl=(2*(3.14)*(f*Li)*(10^(-3))) +mprintf(" Inductive Reactance= %.5f ohm/km",Xl); + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.3/exp_3_3.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.3/exp_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e0c9b12a --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.3/exp_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +D=1.200; +r=.75*(10^2); +rd=.7788*r; +Ir=complex(25,-30); +Iy=complex(35,-50); +Ib=complex(-60,80); +fln=2*(10^(-7))*(Ir*log(1/(3*D))+Iy*log(1/(2*D))+Ib*log(1/D)); +mprintf("flux linkage of the neutral = %.9f + i%.9f Wb-T/m\n",real(fln),imag(fln)); +Dn=%i*2*%pi*50*fln*10000; +LMAT=zeros(3); +LMAT(1,1)=log((2*D)/rd); +LMAT(1,2)=log(2); +LMAT(2,2)=log(D/rd); +LMAT(3,2)=log(2); +LMAT(3,3)=LMAT(1,1); +I=[Ir;Iy;Ib]; +Vryb= %i*200*%pi*(10^(-7))*LMAT*I; +mprintf(" Voltage drop per unit length = "); +disp(Vryb); + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.4/exp_3_4.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.4/exp_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bb4f4649 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.4/exp_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; + +//given parameter +r=1; //radius +d=3 +h=300; +p=500; +q=(100*sqrt((6^2)+(5^2))); +l=(2*(10^-7)*log(((2^(1/6))*((d/(.7788*r))^(1/2))*((p/q)^(2/3))))); +L=l*h*1000*1000; +Xl= 2*%pi*50*L*(10^-3); +mprintf(" Inductance = %.3f mH\n",L); +mprintf(" Rectance = %.3f ohm",Xl); diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.5/exp_3_5.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.5/exp_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49c3ad49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.5/exp_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; + +f=50; +d=.05; //Diameter Of each Conductor in m +r=d/2; //radius Of each conductor +D=.5; //Space Between Two Conductor in m +ln=200; //Distance Of the Line in km +Dsb=sqrt(.7788*r*D); +Dyb=10; +Dry=10; +Dbr=20; +D_eq=((Dyb*Dry*Dbr)^(1/3)); +L=(2*(10^-7)*log(D_eq/Dsb)*(10^(6))); +mprintf(" Inductaance = %.3f mH/Km \n",L); +l=L*ln*(10^-3) + mprintf("the Inductaance of the line= %.3f H\n",l); +Xl=2*%pi*l*f; +mprintf("the reactance of the line= %.3f ohm",Xl); + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.6/exp_3_6.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.6/exp_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0dee9de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.6/exp_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +pe=(%pi*(8.85*10^(-12))); +v=33000; +d=1.5//distance +r=.005 //radius in m +h=5; +l=5; +Cab= ((.01206)/log10((d/r)))*(l); +Cn=2*Cab; +I=(2*%pi*50*Cab*v*10^(-6)); +ab=sqrt(1+((d^2)/(4*(h^2)))) +f=log(d/.050559); +Cbb=((pe/f)*((10^9)*5)/2); + +mprintf(" capacitance = %.3f microF\n",Cab); +mprintf(" capacitance to neutral = %.3f microF\n",Cn); +mprintf(" charing current = j%.3f A\n",I); +mprintf(" capacitance with earth cnsideration = %.3f microF\n",Cbb);// capacitance when effect of earth is considered + diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.8/exp_3_8.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.8/exp_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dc63a9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.8/exp_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; +clc; +D=6; +r=.015; +e=8.85*10^(-12); +a=complex(0.5,-0.866); +ca=log(r/(2*D))-(log(D/(2*r))*a); +cb=(log((D^2)/(r^2))*log(r/(2*D)))-(log((2*D)/r)*log(D/(2*r))); +Cyr= (2*%pi*e*(10^9)*ca)/cb; +mprintf(" capacitance in microF/Km is %.3f %.3fi\n",real(Cyr),imag(Cyr)); +I=%i*2*%pi*50*Cyr*110000*10^-6; +mprintf(" Current is %.3f+%.3fi A",real(I),imag(I)); diff --git a/3793/CH3/EX3.9/exp_3_9.sce b/3793/CH3/EX3.9/exp_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35dd1bca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH3/EX3.9/exp_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +Hr1y=15.93; +Hyb1=12.65; +Hbr1=15.93; +Hrr1=18.93; +Hyy1=12; +Hbb1=12; +Deq=4; +Cb=(2*%pi*(8.854*10^(-12))); + +cb1=log(Deq/.02); +cb2=log(((Hr1y*Hyb1*Hbr1)^(1/3))/((Hrr1*Hyy1*Hbb1)^(1/3))); +Cn=(Cb/(cb1-cb2)); + +Cln=Cn*100*10^(9); +I=((2*%pi*50*Cln*(10^(-3))*220)/sqrt(3)); +mprintf("line capacitance to neutral = %.3f microF\n",Cln); +mprintf("line current = %.3f A",I); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.1/exp_4_1.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.1/exp_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc020b3cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.1/exp_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +R=.11; +L=1.5; +c=.01; +l=150; +P=50; +V=complex(72128.8,0); +z=complex(.11,.471); +Y=complex(0,(3.14*10^(-6))); +Zc=complex(389.9,-44.925) +gama=sqrt(Y*z); +Ir=complex(230.94,-173.21); +a=gama*l; +sine=complex(.0148,.179); +cosi=complex(.9838,.0027); +Vs=(V*cosi)+(Zc*sine*Ir); +mprintf("sending end voltage is = ") +disp(Vs); +Is=((V*sine)/Zc)+(cosi*Ir); +mprintf("sending end current is = ") +disp(Is); +S=Vs*conj(Is)*10^(-6); +effi=(P/(3*real(S)))*100; +mprintf("efiiciency is = %f percentage",effi) diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.10/exp_.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.10/exp_.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19007ba94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.10/exp_.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=400; +Xl=.30; +Xc=3.75*10^(-6); +l=300; +L=Xl/(2*%pi*50); +C=Xc/(2*%pi*50); +Zc=sqrt(L/C); +mprintf(" surge impedence is %.3f ohm\n",Zc); +phase=2*%pi*50*sqrt(L*C); +pconstant=%i*phase; +mprintf("propagation constant is %.4f\n",imag(pconstant)); +A=cos(phase*l); +D=A; +B=%i*Zc*sin(phase*l); +C=(%i*sin(phase*l))/Zc; +lamda=(3*10^(8))/50; +SIL=v^(2)/Zc; +mprintf("A,B,C and D parameters are respectively\n") +disp(A,B,C,D); +mprintf("Lamda and SIL is %.5fm and %.5fMW",lamda,SIL); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.11/exp_4_11.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.11/exp_4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b7ca280 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.11/exp_4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear; +clc; +L=.35/(2*%pi*50); +C=4.2*10^(-6)/(2*%pi*50); +Zc=sqrt(L/C); +bet=2*%pi*50*sqrt(L*C); +disp(bet); +V=1; +X=1; +step=600/20; +x=600:-step:0; +y=(((cos(bet*x))+(%i*(sin(bet*x))/X)))*V; + +plot(x,abs(y),'k'); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off"); +X=.25; +y=(((cos(bet*x))+(%i*(sin(bet*x))/X)))*V; + +plot(x,abs(y),'-k'); + +X=.5; +y=(((cos(bet*x))+(%i*(sin(bet*x))/X)))*V; + +plot(x,abs(y),'k.'); +X=1.25; +y=(((cos(bet*x))+(%i*(sin(bet*x))/X)))*V; + +plot(x,abs(y),'k*'); +X=1.5; +y=(((cos(bet*x))+(%i*(sin(bet*x))/X)))*V; + +plot(x,abs(y),'kdiamond'); + +xlabel('Distance from receiving end in km' ); +ylabel('Sending end voltage in pu'); +title("Voltage profile of a three phase tramsmission line"); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","on"); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.12/exp_4_12.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.12/exp_4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2ed3a0f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.12/exp_4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=33; +s=10; +z=complex(0,20); +vs=v/sqrt(3); +vr=vs; +Pm=(vr^2)/imag(z); +del=asind(s/Pm); +Qr=-((vr^2)/imag(z))+((vr^2)/imag(z)*cosd(del)); +mprintf("Power angle is %.4f degree and reactive power is %.4f MVAR\n",del,Qr); +P=sqrt((vs^4)/(4*400)); +V=vr^2/2; +Vr=sqrt(V); +del1=asind((P*imag(z))/(vr*Vr)); +mprintf("Power angle when capacitance removed is %.4f degree and maximum real power is %.4f MW\n",del1,P); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.13/exp_4_13.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.13/exp_4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c53ceaa77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.13/exp_4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +Vs=1.02; +Vr=0.9; +Z=.1; +anglez=80; +Cs=(Vs^2)/Z*exp(complex(0,80)); +Cr=-(Vr^2)/Z*exp(complex(0,80)); +radius=Vs*Vr/Z; +Pms=((Vs^2)/Z*cosd(anglez))+(Vs*Vr/Z); +dels=180-anglez; +Pmr=-(((Vr^2)/Z*cosd(anglez))-(Vs*Vr/Z)); +Ps=((Vs^2)/Z*cosd(anglez))-(Vs*Vr/Z*cosd(anglez+15)); +Pr=-(((Vr^2)/Z*cosd(anglez))-(Vs*Vr/Z*cosd(anglez-15))); +loss=Ps-Pr; +mprintf("Sending end maximum power is %.3f pu\n",Pms); +mprintf("Receiving end maximum power is %.3f pu\n",Pmr); +mprintf("Sending end maximum power angle is %.3f pu\n",dels); +mprintf("Receiving end maximum power angle is %.3f pu\n",anglez); +mprintf("Line loss is %.3f pu\n",loss); + + + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.14/exp_4_14.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.14/exp_4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc18aa3f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.14/exp_4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=400; +Xl=.30; +Xc=3.75*10^(-6); +l=300; +L=Xl/(2*%pi*50); +C=Xc/(2*%pi*50); +Zc=sqrt(L/C); +phase=2*%pi*50*sqrt(L*C); +pconstant=%i*phase; +Vs=v/sqrt(3); +//case a open ckt +Ir=0; +Vr=Vs/(cos(phase*l)); + + +//terminated by surge impedence +VR=Vs/(exp(%i*phase*l)); +//carries a load +ld=.6; +Vr1=Vs/(cos(phase*l)+((%i*sin(phase*l))/ld)); +vv=abs(Vr1); +mprintf("Receiving end voltage when ckt is open %.4f kV\n ",Vr); +mprintf("Receiving end voltage when line is terminated by surge impedence is open %.4f%.4f kV\n ",real(VR),imag(VR)); +mprintf("Receiving end voltage when load carries 60 percent load is open %.4f kV\n ",vv); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.15/exp_4_15.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.15/exp_4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..563da9fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.15/exp_4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=400; +Xl=.30; +Xc=3.75*10^(-6); +l=300; +L=Xl/(2*%pi*50); +C=Xc/(2*%pi*50); +Zc=sqrt(L/C); +phase=2*%pi*50*sqrt(L*C); +pconstant=%i*phase; +Vs=v/sqrt(3); +Vr=Vs/(cos(phase*l)); +betal=18.9076; +Xl=(Zc*sind(betal))/(1-cosd(betal)); +Xr=(3*(Vs^2))/Xl; +mprintf("Reactance and rating of inductive shunt reactor are %.4f ohm and %.4f MVAR\n",Xl,Xr); +//case b +l=800; +pf=.8; +del12=asind((l*pf*91.6532)/v^2); +Q12=((Vs^2/91.6532)*cosd(betal))-((Vs^2/91.6532)*cosd(del12)); +Cr=complex(0,3*Q12)-complex(0,800*.6); +XC=v^2/Cr; +cc=10^6/(2*%pi*50*(imag(XC))); +mprintf("Rating and capacitance of capacitor are %.4f MVAR AND %.4f microF\n",imag(Cr),cc); +//case c +XX=Zc*sind(betal); +com=.5; +Xcs=com*XX; +Ir=l/(sqrt(3)*v*pf); +zz=complex(0,XX-Xcs); +yy=complex(0,(2/Zc*tand(betal/2))); +A=(1+(zz*yy/2)); +B=zz; +Irr=Ir*complex(.8,-.6); +Vsss=(.9519*Vs)+(zz*Irr); +Vss=sqrt(3)*Vsss; +Reg=((abs(Vss)-v)/v)*100; +mprintf("Sending end voltage is %.4f+j%.4f kV\n",real(Vss),imag(Vss)); +mprintf("regulation is %.4f percent",Reg); +disp(Irr) + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.16/exp_4_16.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.16/exp_4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9927f29a --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.16/exp_4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +Rl=400; +sl=300; +Rs=80; +sb=900; +Rsb=400; +va=300; +vb=150; +ta=sl/vb; +tb=sb/va; +reflectionca=(Rs-Rsb)/(Rs+Rsb); + +refractionca=(2*Rs)/(Rs+Rsb); +reflectionca=-reflectionca; +reflectionca1=-reflectionca; +reflectioncb1=reflectionca; +refractioncb=refractionca; +refractioncb1=(2*Rsb)/(Rs+Rsb); +refractionca1=refractioncb1; +reflectionend=1; +refractionend=0; +v1=(reflectionend - reflectionca+.37+.163);//using bewley lattice diagram +mprintf("From the diagram the voltage at 10 micros is %.4f pu",v1); + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.4/exp_4_4.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.4/exp_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9626f618a --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.4/exp_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=400; +z=complex(.032,.30); +y=complex(0,(3.5*(10^-6))); +l=250; +Zc=sqrt(z/y); +g=sqrt(y*z); +A=cosh(g*l); +B=Zc*sinh(g*l); +C=sinh(g*l)/Zc; +D=A; +mprintf("A B C D parameters are A=%f+j%f, B=%f+j%f ohm, C=%f+j%f S, D=%f+j%f",real(A),imag(A),real(B),imag(B),real(C),imag(C),real(D),imag(D)); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.5/exp_4_5.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.5/exp_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96cd5fc16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.5/exp_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +phi=-36.87; +v=33; +l=1000; +pf=0.8; +r=20; +xl=50; +i=(l/(sqrt(3)*v*pf)); + +Vr=v/sqrt(3); +Ir=i*complex(.8,-.6); + +Vs=(Vr+((complex(r,xl)*Ir)/1000))*sqrt(3); +reg=(((sqrt((real(Vs)^2)+(imag(Vs)^2)))-v)/v)*100; +loss=((real(Ir)^2)+(imag(Ir)^2))*r; +Ps=(l*1000)+loss; +eff=((l*1000)/Ps)*100; +mprintf("sending end voltage=%f+j%f V, sending end real power=%f W, efficiency=%f percent, regulation=%f percent and loss=%f W",real(Vs),imag(Vs),Ps,eff,reg,loss); + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.6/exp_4_6.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.6/exp_4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b71ee1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.6/exp_4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear; +clc; +l=60; +v=66; +load1=25; +pf=.8; +r=.08; +l=1.25; +f=50; +Z=complex(.08,(2*%pi*f*1.25*(10^-3)))*60; +Vr=(v/sqrt(3)); +I=((25*1000)/(sqrt(3)*66*0.8))*complex(.8,-.6); +A=1; +D=1; +C=0; +B=Z; +M=[A Z;C D]*[Vr*1000;I]; +Vs=M(1,:)*(10^-3); +Vs1=Vs*sqrt(3); +mprintf("Vs=%f+j%f Kv\n",real(Vs1),imag(Vs1)); +Is=M(2,:); +mprintf("Is=%f+j%f A\n",real(Is),imag(Is)); +reg=(((sqrt((real(Vs)^2)+(imag(Vs)^2)))-Vr)/Vr)*100; +mprintf("Regulation=%f percent\n",reg); +yy=-(atan(imag(I)/real(I))*180)/%pi; +xx=(atan(imag(Vs)/real(Vs))*180)/%pi; +PhiS=yy + xx ; +PS=((3*(sqrt((real(Vs)^2)+(imag(Vs)^2)))*(sqrt((real(Is)^2)+(imag(Is)^2)))*cosd(PhiS))/1000); + +eff=(load1/PS)*100; +mprintf("Efficiency=%f percent",eff); + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.7/exp_4_7.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.7/exp_4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edc1eae0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.7/exp_4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; +clc; +l=250; +z=complex(.032,.30); +y=complex(0,3.5*10^(-6)); +Z=z*l; +Y=y*l; +A=1+((Y*Z)/2); +B=Z; +C=Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4); +D=A; +mprintf("A,B,C and D parameters are respectively"); +disp(A,B,C,D); diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.8/exp_4_8.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.8/exp_4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9692680c --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.8/exp_4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear; +clc; +R=15; +L=.2; +C=0.5*10^(-6); +P=1000; +V=22; +pf=0.71; +Z=complex(15,(2*%pi*50*L)); +Y=complex(0,(2*%pi*50*C)); +A=1+((Y*Z)/2); +D=A; +B=Z; +C=Y*(1+(Y*Z/4)); +Ir=(P/V)*complex(.71,-.70421); +Vs=[A B; C D]*[22000;Ir]; +Vss=sqrt(((real(Vs(1,1)))^2)+((imag(Vs(1,1)))^2))*(10^(-3)); +Iss=sqrt(((real(Vs(2,1)))^2)+((imag(Vs(2,1)))^2)); +mprintf("Sending End Voltage is %.3f KV\n",Vss); +mprintf("Sending End Current is %.3f A\n",Iss); +del1=atand(imag(Vs(1,1)/real(Vs(1,1)))); +del2=atand(imag(Vs(2,1)/real(Vs(2,1)))); +pf1=cosd(del1-del2); +mprintf("power factor at sending End is %.3f\n ",pf1); +Vrnl=Vss/real(A); +mprintf("No load Receiving End Voltage is %.3f A",Vrnl); + diff --git a/3793/CH4/EX4.9/exp_4_9.sce b/3793/CH4/EX4.9/exp_4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..469b84243 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH4/EX4.9/exp_4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [A,B,C,D,Vs] = trmlnper(r,L,g,CC,l,Vr,Pr,pf,pftype); + Vs=zeros(2,1); + z=r+%i*2*%pi*50*L; + y=g+%i*2*%pi*50*CC; + gammma=sqrt(z*y); + Zc=sqrt(z/y); + mprintf("Line 1 for distributed and 2 for lumped(pi equivalent) , 2 for medium lines, 3 for short line\n"); + type1=input ('Type of line'); + if type1==0; + A=cosh(gammma*l); + B=Zc*sinh(gammma*l); + C=sinh(gammma*l)/Zc; + D=A; + else + end + if type1==1; + Zd=(z*l*sinh(gammma*l))/(gammma*l); + Yd=(y*l*tanh(gammma*l/2))/(gammma*l/2); + A=(1+(Yd*Zd/2)); + B=Zd; + C=Yd*(1+(Yd*Zd/4)); + D=A; + else + end + if type1==2; + Z=z*l; + Y=y*l; + A=(1+(Y*Z/2)); + B=Z; + C=Y*(1+(Y*Z/4)); + D=A; + else + + end + if type1==3; + Z=z*l; + A=1; + B=Z + C=0; + D=A; + else + end + Ir=Pr/(sqrt(3)*Vr*pf); + Vr=Vr/sqrt(3); + phi=acosd(pf); + if pftype==0; + phi=-phi; + else + end + Ir=Ir*(cosd(phi)+%i*sind(phi)); + [Vs]=[A B;C D]*[Vr;Ir]; + vS=abs(Vs(1)); + deltaVs=atand(imag(Vs(1))/real(Vs(1))); + Is=abs(Vs(2)); + deltaIs=atand(imag(Vs(2))/real(Vs(2))); + ps=(Vs(1)*(Vs(2))'); + pS=real(ps)*3; + inlos=3*(pS-Pr); + effy=(1-inlos/pS)*100; + reg=(vS-abs(Vr))/(abs(Vr)); + vS=sqrt(3)*vS; + mprintf("Sending end per phase voltage %.4f+%.4f kV\n",real(Vs(1)),imag(Vs(1))); +mprintf("Ending end line to line voltage %4f kV\n",vS); +mprintf("Sending end current %.4f%.4fj A\n.",real(Vs(2)),imag(Vs(2))); +mprintf("three phase sending power %.4f MW\n",pS); +mprintf("total line loss %.4f MW\n",inlos); +mprintf("efficincy %.4f\n",effy); +mprintf("Regulation %.4f",reg); + +endfunction + +r=.0781; +L=.746*(10^-3); +g=0; +CC=.00995*(10^-6); +Vr=66; +l=130; +Pr=24; +pf=.8; +pftype=0; +[A,B,C,D,Vs] = trmlnper(r,L,g,CC,l,Vr,Pr,pf,pftype); + + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.1/exp_5_1.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.1/exp_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0ff219b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.1/exp_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +S=250; +V=3330; +r=.25; +x=3.5; +pf=0.8; +i=(S*1000)/(sqrt(3)*V); +Il=i; +Vp=(V/sqrt(3)); +z=complex(r,x); +Ia=complex(34.99,-26.24); +E=Vp+(Ia*z); + +Vv=sqrt((real(E)^2)+(imag(E)^2)); +reg=((Vv-Vp)/Vp)*100; + +mprintf("regulation=%f percent",reg); diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.2/exp_5_2.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.2/exp_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64302f117 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.2/exp_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clear; +clc; +V=33; +S=45; +pf=0.8; +x=10; +P=S*pf; +z=complex(0,10); +I=(P*1000)/(sqrt(3)*V*pf); +Vp=V/sqrt(3); +Ia=I*(complex(0.8,-0.6)); +E=(Vp*1000)+(z*Ia); +mprintf("Excitation voltage per phase %.3f + %.3f\n",real(E),imag(E)); +Vv=sqrt((real(E)^2)+(imag(E)^2)); +del=asind((10*10)/((Vv*10^(-3))*Vp)); +x=Vv*cosd(del); +y=Vv*sind(del); +VV=complex(x,y); +II=(VV-(Vp*1000))/complex(0,10); +pf1=cosd(atand(imag(II)/real(II))); +mprintf("Armature current %.3f + %.3f\n",real(II),imag(II)); +mprintf("load angle %f\n",del); +mprintf("power factor %f\n",pf1); +maxdel=90; +x1=Vv*cosd(maxdel); +y1=Vv*sind(maxdel); +VV1=complex(x1,y1); +II1=(VV1-(Vp*1000))/complex(0,10); +pf2=cosd(atand(imag(II1)/real(II1))); + +Pmax=(3*Vp*(Vv*10^(-3)))/10; +mprintf("Maximum power %f",Pmax); +p=P/3; // at minimum excitation pf is unity there fore power is per phase + +E1=(p*10)/Vp; +x2=E1*cosd(maxdel); +y2=E1*sind(maxdel); +VV2=complex(x2,y2); +II2=((VV2-(Vp))*1000)/complex(0,10); +pf3=cosd(atand(imag(II2)/real(II2))); + + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.3/exp_5_3.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.3/exp_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c59f88723 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.3/exp_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [Ecom,Emag]=vcurves(Prtd,Xs,Vt,Phi,K); + index=1; + if index==1; + X= input('percentage load'); + Pg=X*Prtd; + Vt=Vt/sqrt(3); + pfang=Phi*%pi/180; + x=pfang:-.005:-pfang; + Pg=Pg*ones(1,length(x)); + Ia=Pg./(3*abs(Vt)*cos(x)); + Iacom=Ia.*(cos(x)+%i*sin(x)); + Ecom=Vt+%i*Xs*Iacom; + Emag=abs(Ecom); + Ifld=Emag*1000/K; + plot(Ifld,Ia,'k'); + + set(gca(),"auto_clear","off"); + return; + + plot(Ifld,Ia,'k-'); + return; + + plot(Ifld,Ia,'k-.'); + return; + + plot(Ifld,Ia,'k.'); + return; + + set(gca(),"auto_clear","on"); + + + + else + + end +endfunction +Prtd=36; +Vt=33; +Xs=10; +Phi=70; +K=1500; + +[Ecom,Emag]=vcurves(Prtd,Xs,Vt,Phi,K); +[Ecom,Emag]=vcurves(Prtd,Xs,Vt,Phi,K); +[Ecom,Emag]=vcurves(Prtd,Xs,Vt,Phi,K); +[Ecom,Emag]=vcurves(Prtd,Xs,Vt,Phi,K); +index=0; + +xlabel('Field current in amperes'); +ylabel('Armature current in amp'); +title('Plot of V-curves of a Synchronous machine'); + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.4/exp_5_4.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.4/exp_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf76dda7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.4/exp_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clear; +clc; +E=1; +Ig=.8; +pf=.8; +Xd=1.1; +Xq=.8; +p=E+complex(0,Xq)*Ig*complex(.8,-.6); +angle=atand(imag(p)/real(p)); +dell=acosd(pf); +Iq=Xq*cosd(dell+angle); +Id=Xq*sind(dell+angle); +function [A] = p2z(R,Theta) + if argn(2) <> 2 then + error("incorrect number of arguments."); + end + if ~and(size(R) == size(Theta)) then + error("arguments must be of the same dimension."); + end + A = R.*exp(%i*%pi*Theta/180.); +endfunction +Iqq=p2z(Iq,(20.3015)); +Idd=p2z(Id,(-69.685)); + +EE=E+complex(0,Xd)*Idd+complex(0,Xq)*Iqq; +mprintf("Excitation voltage and load angles are %.4f+%.4f pu and %.4f degree\n",real(EE),imag(EE),angle); +step=2*%pi/100; +delta=0:step:%pi; +PP=(1.6673*E/Xd)*sin(delta); +plot(delta,PP,'-k'); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","off") +PP1=.5*(1/Xq-1/Xd)*sin(2*delta); +plot(delta,PP1,'k.'); +PP2=PP+PP1; +plot(delta,PP2,'k'); +xlabel('power angle in radians'); +ylabel('Power output in per unit'); +title('Plot of power generated vs power angle'); +set(gca(),"auto_clear","on") diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.5/exp_5_5.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.5/exp_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a57e5c163 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.5/exp_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +//case1 +V2=2300; +S=150; +V1=11500+V2; +a=(V1-V2)/V2; //two winding transformer ratio + +aa=a+1; //autotransformer ratio +output=((1+a)/a)*S; +mprintf("output for 1 case %f KVA\n",output); +//case 2 +V11=13.8; +V22=11.5; +a1=(V11-V22)/V22; + +output1=((1+a1)/a1)*S; +mprintf("output for 2 case %f KVA\n",output1); + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.6/exp_5_6.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.6/exp_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ff89fb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.6/exp_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +v1=66; +v2=11; +v3=6.6; +s1=20; +s2=10; +s3=5; +Xps=0.1; +Xpt=0.12; +Xst=.08; +//now these rectance in pu and converted into 50 MVA base +xps=Xps*(50/s1); +xpt=Xpt*(50/s1); +xst=Xst*(50/s2); +Xp=complex(0,((xps+xpt-xst)/2)); +Xs=complex(0,((xps-xpt+xst)/2)); +Xs1=complex(0,((-xps+xpt+xst)/2)); +mprintf(" pu leakage reactances are %f, %f and %f",imag(Xp),imag(Xs),imag(Xs1)); + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.7/exp_5_7.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.7/exp_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0be71feab --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.7/exp_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +v=220; +s=5; +z=4.5; +Vb=11; +sb=50; +Zb=(Vb^2)/s; +Zpu=z/Zb; +mprintf("pu leakage reactance is %f\n",Zpu); +a=Vb/v; +Zs=z/(a^2); +//case2 +vb1=220; +Zb1=(vb1^2)/s; +Zpu1=Zs/Zb1; +mprintf("Ratio of pu leakage reactances are %f",Zpu1); diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.8/exp_5_8.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.8/exp_5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..194e3d102 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.8/exp_5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +s=5; +v1=11; +v2=66; +X1=.08; +xm=75; +Z1=(v1^2)/s; +X11=X1*Z1; +Xmm=xm*Z1; +mprintf(" Actual reactance for primary X1=%f ohm and Xm=%f ohm\n",X11,Xmm); +//case2 +Z2=(v2^2)/s; +X2=X1*Z2; +X2m=xm*Z2; +mprintf(" Actual reactance for secondary X1=%f ohm and Xm=%f ohm\n",X2,X2m); +mprintf("The pu values are independent of the side to which they are refeered. Therefore the pu values of X1 and Xm remain unchanged for all types of 3 phase transformer connections.") + diff --git a/3793/CH5/EX5.9/exp_5_9.sce b/3793/CH5/EX5.9/exp_5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d6734f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH5/EX5.9/exp_5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +s=50; +vt=150; +Sg1=50; +vg1=11; +Xg1=0.1; +Sg2=40; +vg2=6.6; +xg2=.12; +St1=100; +Xt1=.15; +St2=50; +xt2=.1; +vt1=220; +l=75; +pf=0.8; +Z34=complex(30,150); +Z35=complex(20,40); +Z45=complex(25,60); +Zb=(vt1^2)/100; +z34=Z34/Zb; +z35=Z35/Zb; +z45=Z45/Zb; +mprintf("reactances in pu are Z34=%f+j%f pu, Z35=%f+j%f pu and Z45=%f+j%f pu\n",real(z34),imag(z34),real(z35),imag(z35),real(z45),imag(z45)); +vbg1=11; +vbg2=6.313; +Xg11=Xg1*(vt/Sg1)*((vbg1/vbg2)^2); +Xt11=Xt1*(vt/St1)*((vbg1/vbg2)^2); +Xg22=xg2*(vt/Sg2)*((vg2/vbg2)^2); +Xt22=xt2*(vt/St2)*((vg2/vbg2)^2); +l1=(l/vt)*complex(.8,.6); +mprintf("reactance of transformer and generator in pu are Xg1=%f pu, Xg2=%f pu, Xt1=%f pu, Xt2=%f pu and load=%f+j%f pu ",Xg11,Xg22,Xt11,Xt22,real(l1),imag(l1)); diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.1/exp_6_1.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.1/exp_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ada421e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.1/exp_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +A=[-1 0 0; 0 0 -1; 1 -1 0; 0 -1 1; -1 0 1]; +B=(A'); +z=diag([.05;.10;.5;.40;.25]); +y=pinv(z); +Yb=(B*y*A); +mprintf("Ybus matrix without coupling\n"); +disp(Yb); + +//case2 +z1=[.05 0 0 0 0; 0 .10 0 0 0; 0 0 .5 0 0; 0 0 0 .4 .2;0 0 0 .2 .25]; +y1=pinv(z1); +Y1b=B*y1*A; +mprintf("\nYbus matrix with coupling\n"); +disp(Y1b); +Zb=pinv(Y1b); diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.3/exp_6_3.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.3/exp_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52097172a --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.3/exp_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear; +clc; +y12=complex(.0059,-.0235); +y14=complex(.0055,-.0183); +y23=complex(.0077,-.0385); +y24=complex(.0240,-.0320); +y34=complex(.0100,-.0300); +y40=complex(.0100,-.0200); +Y11=y12+y14; +Y22=y12+y23+y24; +Y33=y23+y34; +Y44=y14+y24+y34+y40; +Y13=0; +Y31=0; +Y12=-y12; +Y21=-y12; +Y14=-y14; +Y41=-y14; +Y23=-y23; +Y32=-y23; +Y24=-y24; +Y42=-y24; +Y34=-y34; +Y43=-y34; +Yb=[Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14; Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24; Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34; Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44]; +mprintf(" Ybus matrix is\n"); +disp(Yb); + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.4/exp_6_4.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.4/exp_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82907e511 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.4/exp_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +y=[4 3 6;2 8 5;1 5 9]; +nbus=3; +l11=4; +disp(y(1,2)); +u12=(1/l11)*y(1,2); +u13=(1/l11)*y(1,3); +l21=2; +l22=y(2,2)-(l21*u12); +u23=(1/l22)*(y(2,3)-(l21*u13)); +l31=1; +l32=y(3,2)-(l31*u12); +l21=2; +l33=y(3,3)-(l31*u13)-(l32*u23); +Yb=[l11 u12 u13; l21 l22 u23;l31 l32 l33]; +mprintf("matrix for table of factor is\n") +disp(Yb); diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.5/exp_6_5.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.5/exp_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..519654d61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.5/exp_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clear; +clc; + +function[Ybus,I]=fbsub(Ybus,nbus,I); + for k=1:nbus; + if k==1; + for j=2:nbus; + Ybus(k,j)=Ybus(k,j)/Ybus(k,k); + end +else + for j=2:nbus; + if j<=k; + for m=1:j-1; + Ybus(k,j)=Ybus(k,j)-Ybus(k,m)*Ybus(m,j); + + end +else + for m=1:k-1; + Ybus(k,j)=Ybus(k,j)-Ybus(k,m)*Ybus(m,j); + + end + Ybus(k,j)=Ybus(k,j)/Ybus(k,k); +end +end +end +end +for k=1:nbus; + if k==1; + I(k)=I(k)/Ybus(k,k); + else + for j=1:k-1; + I(k)=I(k)-Ybus(k,j)*I(j); +end +I(k)=I(k)/Ybus(k,k); +end +end +for k=nbus:-1:1; + if k==nbus; + disp('node voltages'); + disp(Ybus); + + + else + for j=nbus:-1:k+1; + I(k)=I(k)-Ybus(k,j)*I(j); +end +end +end +endfunction +Ybus=[4 3 6;2 8 5;1 5 9]; +nbus=3; +I=[1;1;1]; +[Ybus,I]=fbsub(Ybus,nbus,I); +V1=1/Ybus(1,1); +V2=(1/Ybus(2,2))*(1-2*V1); +V3=(1/Ybus(3,3))*(1-1*V1-4.25*V2); +VV3=V3; +VV2=(V2-Ybus(2,3)*V3); +VV1=(V1-Ybus(1,2)*VV2-Ybus(1,3)*V3); +V=[VV1 ; VV2 ;VV3] +disp("V is"); +disp(V); diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.6/exp_6_6.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.6/exp_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4c85cb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.6/exp_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clear; +clc; +Zb=complex(0,.20); +Z1b=complex(0,.25); +V1=Z1b; + +Z2b=[Z1b 0;0 Z1b]; +//p=2,q=3 +Zbn=complex(0,.10); +Z22=complex(0,.25); +Z33=Z22+Zbn; +Z13=complex(0,0); +Z31=Z13; +Z32=complex(0,.25); +Z23=Z32; + +Z2bn=[Z1b 0 Z13;0 Z22 Z23;Z31 Z32 Z33]; +//p=1,q=4 +Z44=Z1b+Zb; +Z14=complex(0,.25); +Z41=Z14; +Z24=complex(0,0); +Z42=complex(0,0); +Z34=complex(0,0); +Z43=Z34; +Z4b=[Z1b 0 Z13 Z14;0 Z22 Z23 Z24;Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34;Z41 Z42 Z43 Z44]; +//p=3,q=4 +Zbb=complex(0,.3); +y=1/((Zbb+Z33)-(2*Z34)+Z44); +Z=[Z13-Z14;Z23-Z24;Z33-Z34;Z43-Z44]; +Z5b=Z4b-((-y)*Z*(Z')); +//p=0,q=3 +y1=1/(Zbn+Z5b(3,3)); +ZZ=[-Z5b(1,3);-Z5b(2,3);-Z5b(3,3);-Z5b(4,3)]; +Z6b=Z5b-((-y1)*ZZ*(ZZ')); +mprintf("Z1b = \n"); +disp(Z1b); +mprintf("Z2b = \n"); +disp(Z2bn); + +mprintf("Z4b = \n"); +disp(Z4b); +mprintf("Z5b = \n"); +disp(Z5b); +mprintf("Z6b = \n"); +disp(Z6b); + + + + + + diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.7/exp_6_7.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.7/exp_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b97351b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.7/exp_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); + if ind==1; + Zbus=input('Partial matrix Zbus'); + ind=0; + else + end + if ind==0; + for l=1:nelemnt; + p=input('bus number p'); + q=input('bus number q'); + zb=input('impedence'); + typee=input('type of bus'); + if typee==1; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(k,k)=zb; + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + end + end + end + if typee==2; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(q,q)=zb+Zbus(p,p); + else + if k==p; + Zbus(p,q)=Zbus(p,p); + Zbus(q,p)=Zbus(p,q); + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + Zbus(q,k)=0; + end + end + end + end + if typee==3; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(p,p)-2*Zbus(p,q)+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=Zbus(k,p)-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + if typee==4; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + end + else + + + end + +endfunction +nelemnt=7; +ind=0; +node=4; +[Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); +mprintf("Zbus = \n"); +disp(Zbus); diff --git a/3793/CH6/EX6.8/exp_6_8.sce b/3793/CH6/EX6.8/exp_6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bda4e775 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH6/EX6.8/exp_6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); + if ind==1; + Zbus=input('Partial matrix Zbus'); + ind=0; + else + end + if ind==0; + for l=1:nelemnt; + p=input('bus number p'); + q=input('bus number q'); + zb=input('impedence'); + typee=input('type of bus'); + if typee==1; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(k,k)=zb; + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + end + end + end + if typee==2; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(q,q)=zb+Zbus(p,p); + else + if k==p; + Zbus(p,q)=Zbus(p,p); + Zbus(q,p)=Zbus(p,q); + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + Zbus(q,k)=0; + end + end + end + end + if typee==3; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(p,p)-2*Zbus(p,q)+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=Zbus(k,p)-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + if typee==4; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + end + else + + + end + +endfunction +nelemnt=7; +ind=0; +node=4; +[Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); +mprintf("Zbus = \n"); +disp(Zbus); +nelemnt=1; +ind=1; +[Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); +disp(Zbus); diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.3/exp_8_3.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.3/exp_8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d10ed7e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.3/exp_8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +S=110; +ff=.1; +sg=.05; +f=50; +//supplying to infinite work +mprintf("since power is supplied to infinite work frequency changes are independent of output\n"); +mprintf("Since DelPg(0) is proportional to DelP(ref) therefore turbine generation can be reduced by giving a command to servometer of the speed changer to lower the turbine generation by 10 MW\n"); +//network is finite +R=(sg*f)/S; +Pg=-(1/R)*(-ff); +mprintf("The drop in hertz per megawatt is %.3f Hz/MW\n",R); +mprintf("Increase in turbine power is %.3f MW",Pg); + diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.4/exp_8_4.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.4/exp_8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d37fbfc7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.4/exp_8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; +clc; +g1=200; +g2=300; +f=50; +fr=.5; +dl=150; +lg1=g1/(g1+g2)*dl; +lg2=g2/(g1+g2)*dl; +Rg1=-fr/lg1; +Rg2=-fr/lg2; +Rpu1=(fr*g1)/(f*lg1); +Rpu2=(fr*g2)/(f*lg1); +mprintf("Drop for G1 and G2 is Rg1=%.4f Hz/MW and Rg2=%.4f Hz/MW\n",Rg1,Rg2); +mprintf("Drop in pu is Rg1=%.4f pu ad Rg2=%.4f pu",Rpu1,Rpu2); diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.5/exp_8_5.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.5/exp_8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16657c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.5/exp_8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; +clc; +Rc=2500; +il=1500; +H=4; +rg=2; +f=50; +D=il/f; +Dpu=D/Rc; +Kps=1/Dpu; +Tps=(2*H)/(Dpu*f); +mprintf("The initial area load freq dependence parameter in MW/Hz and in pu are %.3f MW/Hz and %.3f pu\n",D,Dpu); +mprintf("gain=%.3f Hz/pu MW\n",Kps); +mprintf("Time Constant=%.3f s",Tps); diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.6/exp_8_6.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.6/exp_8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35bdd0c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.6/exp_8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +Rc=2500; +il=1500; +H=4; +rg=2; +f=50; +D=il/f; +Dpu=D/Rc; +Kps=1/Dpu; +Tps=(2*H)/(Dpu*f); +Dl=Dpu*Rc; +delP=-(Dl/Rc); +mprintf("Constant step change in load is %.3f pu MW\n",delP); +c=Dpu+1/rg; +delf=-(delP/(Dpu+1/rg)); +mprintf("change in frequency and increase in frequency are %.4f pu MW/Hz and %.4f Hz\n",c,delf); +delpl=1; +delf1=-(delpl/(Dpu+1/rg)); +mprintf("Drop in frequency is %.4f Hz\n",delf1); +delf2=-(Dl/Dpu); +perf=-delP/f*100; +mprintf("Change in percentage of frequency is %.2f",perf); diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.7/exp_8_7.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.7/exp_8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..858da3130 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.7/exp_8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear; +clc; +S=3000; +l=2000; +f=50; +//for case a +D=l/f; +Dpu=D/S; +mprintf("load frequency parameter is %.3f MW/Hz\n",D); +r=2; +betaa=Dpu+1/r; +mprintf("ARFC Parameter is %.4f pu MW/Hz\n",betaa); +ld=25; +ldemand=ld/S; +fd=-(ldemand/betaa); +mprintf("Static Frequency Drop is %.4f Hz\n",fd); +//for case b +s1=5000; +beta1=betaa/S*s1; +mprintf("ARFC Parameter on base of 5000MW is %.4f pu MW/Hz\n",beta1); +sb=10000; +delp1=ld/sb; +delp2=0; +beeta=betaa/S*sb; +beeta1=beta1/s1*sb; +sf=-(delp1/(beeta+beeta1)); +tp=-(beeta1*delp1*sb)/(beeta+beeta1); +mprintf("Static frequency drop for command base of 10000MW is %.5f Hz\n",sf); +mprintf("Tie line power in %.4f MW\n",tp); +perf=sf/fd*100; +mprintf("Static frequency drop in control area 1 in pool operation is %.3f percentage\n",perf); +mprintf("Control area 2 supplies 50 percent of the load increase"); + + diff --git a/3793/CH8/EX8.8/exp_8_8.sce b/3793/CH8/EX8.8/exp_8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..002ca6974 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH8/EX8.8/exp_8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; +clc; +R=4; +f=50; +H=4; +tc=.2; +angle=50; +T12=tc*cosd(angle); + +FF=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt((2*%pi*f*T12/H)-((f/(4*R*H))^2)); +mprintf("Oscillating Frequency is %.2f Hz ",FF); diff --git a/3793/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce b/3793/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78bfc7043 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH9/EX9.1/exp_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +S=100; +p=50; +pf=.95; +v=11; +Z=complex(0,(.15*.5)/(.15+.5)); +disp(Z); +V=1; +If=V/Z; + +mprintf("Subtransient fault currnt is %.4f pu\n",imag(If)); +Ig=If*(.15/(.15+.5)); +Im=If*(.5/(.15+.5)); +mprintf("Subtransient fault currnt in motor is %.4f pu\n",imag(Im)); +mprintf("Subtransient fault currnt in generator is %.4f pu\n",imag(Ig)); +Ibm=(S)/(sqrt(3)*v); + +function [A] = p2z(R,Theta) + if argn(2) <> 2 then + error("incorrect number of arguments."); + end + if ~and(size(R) == size(Theta)) then + error("arguments must be of the same dimension."); + end + A = R.*exp(%i*%pi*Theta/180.); +endfunction +Ipm=p2z((p)/(sqrt(3)*v*pf*Ibm),-(acosd(pf))); +disp(Ipm); +Igg=complex(0,-2)+Ipm; +Imm=Im-Ipm; +mprintf("Subtransient fault currnt in generator including pre fault is %f%f pu\n",real(Igg),imag(Igg)); +mprintf("Subtransient fault currnt in motor including pre fault is %f%f pu\n",real(Imm),imag(Imm)); diff --git a/3793/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce b/3793/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd8852cb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH9/EX9.2/exp_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +clear; +clc; +function [Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); + if ind==1; + Zbus=input('Partial matrix Zbus'); + ind=0; + else + end + if ind==0; + for l=1:nelemnt; + p=input('bus number p'); + q=input('bus number q'); + zb=input('impedence'); + typee=input('type of bus'); + if typee==1; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(k,k)=zb; + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + end + end + end + if typee==2; + for k=1:q; + if k==q; + Zbus(q,q)=zb+Zbus(p,p); + else + if k==p; + Zbus(p,q)=Zbus(p,p); + Zbus(q,p)=Zbus(p,q); + else + Zbus(k,q)=0; + Zbus(q,k)=0; + end + end + end + end + if typee==3; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(p,p)-2*Zbus(p,q)+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=Zbus(k,p)-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + if typee==4; + y=1/(zb+Zbus(q,q)); + for k=1:node; + X(k,1)=-Zbus(k,q); + Xt(1,k)=(k:1); + end + Zbus=Zbus-(-y)*X*X'; + end + end + else + + + end + +endfunction +nelemnt=3; +ind=0; +node=2; +[Zbus]=zeebus(nelemnt,ind,node); +mprintf("Zbus = \n"); +disp(imag(Zbus)); +V=1.02; +X21=complex(0,.31); +If=V/Zbus(1,1); +V1=(1-(Zbus(1,1)/Zbus(1,1)))*V; +V2=(1-(Zbus(2,1)/Zbus(1,1)))*V; +I21=(V2-V1)/X21; +mprintf("Fault current is %.3f j pu\n",imag(If)); +mprintf("Transmission current is %.3f j pu\n",imag(I21)); + diff --git a/3793/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce b/3793/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1157047f --- /dev/null +++ b/3793/CH9/EX9.3/exp_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clear; +clc; +function fault3faze (Zbus,nfbuses,loc,elemz,col,locs,Zf); + for n=1:nfbuses + p=input('number of bus to be faulted'); + Vf=input('fault bus voltage'); + If=Vf/(Zbus(p,p)+Zf); + mprintf("Bus no. Fault current\n"); + mprintf("%2i\",p); + mprintf(" %15.4f\",real(If)); + mprintf(" %15.4f\n",imag(If)); + for k=1:3 + V(k)=Vf-Zbus(k,p)*If; + mprintf("Bus no. Bus Voltage\n"); + mprintf("%2i\",k); + mprintf(" %15.4f\",real(V(k))); + mprintf(" %15.4f\n",imag(V(k))); + end + kk=1; + for k=1:locs-1 + add=loc(k+1)-loc(k); + for m=1:add + j=col(kk); + I(k,j)=(V(k)-V(j))/elemz(kk); + kk=kk+1; + mprintf("Bus no. Bus No. Current\n"); + mprintf("%2i\",k); + mprintf("......%10i\",j); + mprintf(" %15.4f\",real(I(k,j))); + mprintf(" %15.4f\n",imag(I(k,j))); + end + end + + + + end +endfunction +nfbuses=2; +loc=[1 3 4]; +elemz=[.2 .3 .25]*%i; +col=[2 3 3]; +locs=3; +Zf=%i*.2; +Zbus=[.0776 .0448 .0597;.0448 .1104 .0806;.0597 .0806 .2075]*%i; + +fault3faze (Zbus,nfbuses,loc,elemz,col,locs,Zf); diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4350d9f02 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ea01ce44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_1.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=200; //power rating of lamp in watts +V=110; //voltage rating of lamp in volts + +//case1 +printf("\n(a)") +I=(P/V); +printf("\nCurrent in the lamp=%f A",I) + +//case2 +printf("\n(b)") +T=1; //time in hour for electric charge flow through the lamp +t=T*60*60; //time in seconds for electric charge flow through the lamp +q=I*t; +printf("\nElectric charge flowing through the lamp for one hour=%f coloumb",q) + +//case3 +printf("\n(c)") +Numberofdaysinmay=31; +time=10; //on time of lamp in hour per day +unitcharge=1.20; //electricity charge in rupees (1kwhr = 1unit) +t1=time*Numberofdaysinmay; //on time of lamp in hour per month +Energyconsumed=P*t1; //consumption of energy in watt-hour +Energyconsumedinkwhr=Energyconsumed/(1e3);//consumption of energy in kilowatt-hour +charges=Energyconsumedinkwhr*unitcharge; +printf("\nCharge for electricity=%f rupees",charges) + diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73db358b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d7070a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_10.sce. + +clc; +clear; +subplot(2,2,1) +t=[0:0.001:8]; +x=length(t); +v=ones(1,x); +for n=1:x; + L=5; + if t(n)<=2 + v(n)=6.25; + else if t(n)>=6 & t(n)<8 + v(n)=-6.25; + else + v(n)=0; + end + end + end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("voltage in volts") +title("voltage waveform") +plot(t,v) +subplot(2,2,2) +t=[0:0.001:8]; +x=length(t); +p=ones(1,x); +for n=1:x; + if t(n)<=2 + v(n)=6.25; + i(n)=1.25; + p(n)=v(n)*t(n)*i(n); + else if t(n)>=6 & t(n)<8 + v(n)=-6.25; + i(n)=10; + p(n)=(i(n)-(1.25*t(n)))*v(n); + else + v(n)=0; + i(n)=2.5; + p(n)=v(n)*t(n)*i(n); + end + end + end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("power in watts") +title("power waveform") +plot(t,p) +subplot(2,2,3) +t=[0:0.001:8]; +x=length(t); +e=ones(1,x); +L=5; +for n=1:x; + if t(n)<=2 + i(n)=1.25; + e(n)=(1/2)*L*(t(n)*i(n))^2; + else if t(n)>=6 & t(n)<8 + i(n)=10; + e(n)=(1/2)*L*(i(n)-(1.25*t(n)))^2; + else + i(n)=2.5; + e(n)=(1/2)*L*(i(n))^2; + end + end + end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("Energy in joules") +title("Energy waveform") +plot(t,e) + diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e63d80fe Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46838ac0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_11.sce. +clc; +clear; +R=10; //resistance in ohms +L=5; //inductance in henry +V=100; //supply voltage in volts +t1=2; //time at which k1 switch opened in seconds +//CASE1 +printf("\n (a)") +i=(V*(1-exp(-((R*t1)/L))))/R; +printf("\n The inductive current at the time k1 is opened=%1.2f A",i) + +//CASE2 +printf("\n (b)") +v1=V*exp(-((R*t1))/L); +printf("\n The voltage across the inductor at t=2second=%1.2f V",v1) + +//CASE3 +printf("\n (c)") +t2=3; //time in seconds +Imax=(V/R); +v2=Imax*R*(exp(-((R*t2))/L)); +printf("\n The voltage across the inductor at t=3 second=%1.4f V",v2) +//For v2 calculation ,the answer in the book is wrong + +//CASE4 +printf("\n (d)") +t3=0; //initial time in seconds +it=(-R*(-Imax)*exp(-(R*t3)/L))/L; //rate of decay of inductor current in amphere per seconds +printf("\n The initial value of rate of decay of inductor current=%d A/s",it) + +//CASE5 +printf("\n (e)") +Energy=(1/2)*L*Imax^2; +printf("\n The energy dissipated in the resistor=%d J",Energy) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71f2ef76b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5435d336 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_2.sce. + +clc; +clear; +R25=120; //resistance of copper wire at 25 degree celsius +T1=25; //temperature1 in degree celsius +T2=55; //temperature in degree celsius +alphazero=4.2e-3; //temperature coefficient +R55=(R25*(1+(T2*alphazero)))/(1+(T1*alphazero)); //resistance of the copper wire at a temperature of 55 degree celsius +printf("The resistance value for the resitor(copper wire)=%3.3f ohms",R55) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.png b/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83b16d7c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.png differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2bf5fcc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_3.sce. + +clc; +clear; +V=20; //voltage rating of the battery in volts +I=0.2; //current rating of the battery in amphere +R=V/I; //from ohm's law +P=(I^2)*R; +printf("\nThe value of resistance=%d ohms",R) +printf("\nPower rating or heat dissipated=%d watts",P) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a890a898 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d4ede65a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +R1=10; //resistance value in ohms +R2=15; //resistance value in ohms +R3=20; //resistance value in ohms +V=15; //supply voltage in volts +Rs=R1+R2+R3; +Rp=(R1*R2*R3)/((R2*R3)+(R3*R1)+(R1*R2)); +printf("\nThe series equivalent resistance=%2.0f ohms \n",Rs) +printf("\nThe parallel equivalent resistance=%1.3f ohms \n ",Rp) +Ps=(V^2)/Rs; +Pp=(V^2)/Rp; +printf("\nPower dissipated in series connection=%1.0f watts \n",Ps) +printf("\nPower dissipated in parallel connection=%2.2f watts \n",Pp) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a7b6bce Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eb2baacc --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_5.sce. + +clc; +clear; +subplot(2,2,1) +t=[0:0.00001:2]; +x=length(t); +i=ones(1,x); +for n=1:x; +if t(n)<=1 + i(n)=2 +else + i(n)=0 +end +end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("Current in amphere") +title("current wavefrom") +plot(t,i) +subplot(2,2,2) +t=[0:0.00001:2]; +x=length(t); +v=ones(1,x); +c=0.1; +for n=1:x; + i(n)=2; +if t(n)<=1 + v(n)=i(n)*t(n)/c; +else + v(n)=i(n)/c; +end +end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("voltaget in volts") +title("voltage wavefrom") +plot(t,v) +subplot(2,3,4) +t=[0:0.00001:2]; +x=length(t); +q=ones(1,x); +c=0.1; +for n=1:x; + v(n)=20; +if t(n)<=1 + q(n)=v(n)*t(n)*c; +else + q(n)=v(n)*c; +end +end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("capacitance in coloumbs") +title("charge waveform") +plot(t,q) +subplot(2,3,5) +t=[0:0.00001:2]; +x=length(t); +p=ones(1,x); +for n=1:x; + v(n)=20; +if t(n)<=1 + i(n)=2; + p(n)=v(n)*t(n)*i(n); +else + i(n)=0; + p(n)=v(n)*i(n); +end +end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("power in watts") +title("power waveform") +plot(t,p) +subplot(2,3,6) +t=[0:0.00001:2]; +x=length(t); +e=ones(1,x); +c=0.1; +for n=1:x; + v(n)=20; +if t(n)<=1 + e(n)=((v(n)*t(n))^2*c)/2; +else + e(n)=((v(n)^2)*c)/2; +end +end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("Energy in joules") +title("Energy waveform") +plot(t,e) + + + diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1eb7ae8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +t=[0:0.0001:4]; +x=length(t); +p=ones(1,x); +for n=1:x; + if t(n)<=2 + v(n)=3; + i(n)=10; + p(n)=v(n)*t(n)*i(n); + else if t(n)>2 + v(n)=12; + i(n)=-5; + p(n)=(v(n)-(3*t(n)))*i(n); + else + p(n)=0; + end + end + end +xlabel("Time in seconds") +ylabel("Power in watts") +title("Power waveform") +plot(t,p) + + +//Case(b) +printf("\n (b)") +area_OAB=(1/2)*max(p)*max(t)/2; +area_BCD=(1/2)*abs(min(p))*max(t)/2; +energy=area_OAB-area_BCD; +avg_power=energy/max(t); +printf("\n The average power=%1.1f W \n",avg_power) + + + diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_a.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..def8ae34a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_a.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_b.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d402afcd7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6_b.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..758625ca7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb1278418 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_7.sce + +clc; +clear; +printf("\n From the given plots the waveform of voltage is the time integral of the current wave.So the electric device must be capacitor\n") + +t=2; //time in seconds +V=100; //voltage of elecric device(capacitor) in volts +I=5; //capacitance (electric devce) current in amphere +C=(I*t)/V; +printf("\n So the value of capacitance=%1.1f farads",C) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9950b106c Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aedf0f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_8.sce. + +clc; +clear; +V=200; //suply voltage in volts +R1=0.3e6; //resistance value in ohms +R2=0.5e6; //resistance value in ohms +C=10e-6; //capacitance value in farad +t1=5; //time seconds +t2=2.5; //time in seconds + +//case1 +printf("\n (a)") +v=V*(1-exp(-(t1/(R1*C)))); +printf("\n The voltage across capacitor when k1 is opened=%3.3f V",v) +//case2 +printf("\n (b)") +Im=(v/R2); +printf("\n Initial value of discharge current=%1.5f mA",Im*1e3) +//case3 +printf("\n (c)") +i=-Im*exp(-(t2/(R2*C))); +printf("\n The value of discharge current at 2.5 seconds=%1.3f mA",i*1e3) +//case4 +printf("\n (d)") +Vc=v/(R2*C); +printf("\n Initial rate of decay of capacitor voltage=%2.3f V/s",Vc) +//case5 +printf("\n (e)") +E=(1/2)*(C*v^2); +printf("\n The energy dissipated in resistor=%1.4f J",E) diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.jpg b/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff89337f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85d64f6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex1_9.sce. + +clc; +clear; +C1=100; //capacitance value in microfarad +C2=150; //capacitance value in microfarad +C3=200; //capacitance value in microfarad + +//CASE1 +printf("\n (a)") +Cs=(C1*C2*C3)/((C2*C3)+(C1*C2)+(C3*C1)); +printf("\n The equivalent capacitance in series connection=%2.3f microfarad",Cs) + +//CASE2 +printf("\n (b)") +Cp=C1+C2+C3; +printf("\n The equivalent capacitance in parallel connection=%3.0f microfarad",Cp) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c5ad6ab9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..607f85489 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_1.sce + +clc; +clear; +f=50; +p=4; + +printf("\n (a)") +Ns=(120*f)/p; +printf("\n Synchronous speed=%d r.p.m \n",Ns) + +printf("\n (b)") +s=0.04; +N=Ns-(s*Ns); +printf("\n The rotor speed=%d r.p.m \n",N) + +printf("\n (c)") +N=600; +s=(Ns-N)/Ns; +fs=s*f; +printf("\n The rotor frequency=%d Hz",fs) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d328dd451 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9d2e551 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//EX10_10.sce. +clc; +clear; +sf=0.04; +If=37.5; +f=50; +p=4; +V=400; +P_in_HP=25; +z=2.8; +P_in_watt=P_in_HP*735.5; +Nf=((120*f)/p)*(1-sf); +nf=Nf/60; +Tf=P_in_watt/(2*%pi*nf); +Isc_phase=V/z; +Isc=sqrt(3)*Isc_phase; + +printf("\n (i) Using Direct switching") +Ist=Isc; +printf("\n \t The starting current=%3.2f A",Ist) +Tst=(Isc/If)^2*sf*Tf; +printf("\n \t The starting torque=%3.1f Nm \n",Tst) + +printf("\n (ii) Using Star delta connector") +Ist=(1/3)*Isc; +printf("\n \t The starting current=%3.2f A",Ist) +Tst=(1/3)*(Isc/If)^2*sf*Tf; +printf("\n \t The starting torque=%3.1f Nm \n",Tst) + +printf("\n (iii) Using auto transformer") +k=0.7; +Ist=k^2*Isc; +printf("\n \t The starting current=%3.2f A",Ist) +Tst=k^2*(Isc/If)^2*sf*Tf; +printf("\n \t The starting torque=%3.1f Nm \n",Tst) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56d5db18 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d974b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_11.sce + +clc; +clear; + + +P_in_HP=25; +s=0.04; +p=4; +f=50; +Ns=(120*f)/p; +ns=Ns/60; +nf=(1-s)*ns; +P_in_watt=P_in_HP*735.5; +Tf=P_in_watt/(2*%pi*nf); +sf=s; +sp=2-s; //At the time of plugging the slip is 200% +a=4; +X2_by_R2=a; +Tp=(sp/sf)*((1+(sf^2*X2_by_R2^2))/(1+(sp^2*X2_by_R2^2)))*Tf; +printf("\n Plugging torque at full load=%2.1f Nm",Tp) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7e6efb34 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd13ff34c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_12.sce + +clc; +clear; +p=4; +f=50; +R2=0.25; +N1=1425; +N2=1275; + +Ns=(120*f)/p; +s1=(Ns-N1)/Ns; +s2=(Ns-N2)/Ns; +R=(R2*(s2/s1))-R2; +printf("\n External resistance per phase=%1.1f ohm per phase",R) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a999cda1e Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a14a9a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_13.sce + +clc; +clear; +p1=12; +p2=8; +f=50; +printf("\n (a)") +printf("\n \t (i)Speed when cumulatively cascaded:") +N1=(120*f)/(p1+p2); +printf("\n \t N=%d r.p.m",N1) +printf("\n \t (ii)Speed when differentially cascaded:") +N2=(120*f)/(p1-p2); +printf("\n \t N=%d r.p.m \n",N2) + +printf("\n (b)") +printf("\n The ratio of power shared by the two motors=%d/%d \n",p1,p2) + +printf("\n (c)") +printf("\n \t(i)First motor:") +Ns1=(120*f)/p1; +s1=(Ns1-N1)/Ns1; +sf1=s1*f; +printf("\n Required frequency of voltage to be injected in rotor of first motor=%d Hz",sf1) +printf("\n \t(ii)Second motor:") +Ns2=(120*f)/p2; +s2=(Ns2-N1)/Ns2; +sf2=s2*f; +printf("\n Required frequency of voltage to be injected in rotor of second motor=%d Hz",sf2) + + + + diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de0ebf793 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2933f79c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +T1=120; +T2=24; +R2=0.013; +X2=0.048; +V=400; +kd=0.96; +kp=1.0; +f=50; + +printf("\n (a)") +phi=V/(4.44*kd*kp*f*T1); +printf("\n The flux per pole=%1.6f Wb \n",phi) + +printf("\n (b)") +E2=4.44*kd*kp*phi*f*T2; +printf("\n The rotor emf induced at standstill on open circuit=%d V \n",E2) + +printf("\n (c)") +s=0.04; +Er=s*E2; +printf("\n Rotor emf at a slip=%1.1f V",Er) +Ir=Er/sqrt(R2^2+(s*X2)^2); +printf("\n The rotor current=%3.2f A \n",Ir) + +printf("\n (d)\t(i)") +s=0.04; +phir=atand(s*(X2/R2)); +printf("\n The phase difference between rotor emf and current for 4 percentage slip=%2.2f degree",phir) +printf("\n\t(ii)") +s=1; +phir=atand(s*(X2/R2)); +printf("\n The phase difference between rotor emf and current for 100 percentage slip=%2.2f degree",phir) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da1c7eda4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42c1ca674 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +Pin=40; // power in kW +Ps=1.5; // power in kW +Ns=100; //speed percentage value +N=40; //speed percentage value +power_loss=0.8; // power in kW + +printf("\n (a)") +rotor_input_power=Pin-Ps; +s=0.04; +rotor_copper_loss=s*rotor_input_power; +mec_power_developed=rotor_input_power-rotor_copper_loss; +printf("\n Mechanical power developed by the rotor=%2.2f kW",mec_power_developed) +printf("\n Rotor copper loss=%2.2f kW \n",rotor_copper_loss) + +printf("\n (b)") +motor_output_power=mec_power_developed-power_loss; +printf("\n Output of the motor=%2.2f kW \n",motor_output_power) + +printf("\n (c)") +motor_efficiency=(motor_output_power/Pin)*100; +printf("\n The motor efficiency=%2.1f percentage \n",motor_efficiency) + +printf("\n (d)") +new_slip=(Ns-N)/Ns; +total_rotor_copper_loss=new_slip*rotor_input_power; +printf("\n Total rotor copper loss when speed reduced to 40percentage of synchronous speed=%2.1f kW \n",total_rotor_copper_loss) + +printf("\n (e)") +total_rotor_loss=total_rotor_copper_loss+power_loss; +motor_output_power=rotor_input_power-total_rotor_loss; +motor_efficiency=(motor_output_power/Pin)*100; +printf("\n Efficiency of motor when speed reduced to 40percentage of synchronous speed=%2.1f percentage",motor_efficiency) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12923d51b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d1282ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_4.sce + +clc; +clear; + +f=50; +p=4; +V=400; +E2=190; +R1=0.5; +X1=2.5; +R2=0.06; +X2=0.3; + +printf("\n (a)") +Ns=(120*f)/p; +printf("\n Synchronous speed=%d r.p.m \n",Ns) + +printf("\n (b)") +s=(R2/X2)*100; +printf("\n Slip at which maximum torque occurs=%d percentage \n",s) + +printf("\n (c)") +E=E2/sqrt(3); +Ir=(s*E)/(sqrt(2)*R2*100); +pf=1/sqrt(2); +Pi=sqrt(3)*E2*Ir*pf; +P0=(1-s/100)*Pi; +Tm=Pi/(2*%pi*Ns/60); +printf("\n Maximum Torque=%3.2f synchronous watt \n",Tm) + +printf("\n (d)") +Tfl=(1/2)*Tm; +//(2/1)=(R2^2+sf^2*X2^2)/(2*X2*R2*sf) +//From this equation we get sf^2-0.8*sf+0.04=0; +a=1; +b=-0.8;//a,b,c are coefficient values taken from the above second order equation +c=0.04; +sf=(-b-sqrt(b^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a); +sf_percentage=sf*100; +Nf=Ns*(1-sf); +Pf=2*%pi*(Nf/60)*Tfl; +printf("\n Full load torque=%3.2f synchronous watt",Tfl) +printf("\n Full load slip=%1.1f percentage",sf_percentage) +printf("\n Speed at full load=%d r.p.m",Nf) +printf("\n Power output=%2.2f kW \n",Pf/1000) +//Answer vary dueto round off error + +printf("\n (e)") +f_at_fullload=sf*f; +printf("\n The rotor frequency at full load=%1.1f Hz",f_at_fullload) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d182aa5f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..509b16d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +f=50; +N=285; +Ns=300; //which is near the value of N as slip lies b/w 0.03 to 0.05 + +printf("\n (a)") +p=(120*f)/Ns; +printf("\n Number of poles=%d \n",p) + +printf("\n (b)") +s=(Ns-N)/Ns; +s_percentage=s*100; +printf("\n Slip at full load=%d percentage \n",s_percentage) + +printf("\n (c)") +//slip is proportional to rotor resistance +s=2*s_percentage; +printf("\n Slip at full load if rotor resistance is doubled=%d percentage \n",s) + +printf("\n (d)") +//copper loss=I^2*R; so copper loss doubles if rotor resistance doubles +Pcu=280; +Pcu_new=2*Pcu; +printf("\n The new value of rotor copper loss=%d watt \n",Pcu_new) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27b9192b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46b910f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_6.sce + +clc; +clear; +s=0.05; //Full load slip of 5 percentage +Iss_by_Isf=5; //Taken from question statement +Ts_by_Tf=s*(Iss_by_Isf)^2; +printf("\n Starting torque interms of full load torque=%1.2f*Tf",Ts_by_Tf) diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f304d104f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43d348166 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_7.sce + +clc; +clear; +Vl_not=400; //No load voltage in volt +Vl_sc=50; //Blocked rotor voltage in volt +I_not=20; //No load current in Ampere +Isc=60; //Blocked rotor currnet in Ampere +W1_not=5e3; //watt meter readings for no load test in watt +W2_not=-3.2e3; //watt meter readings for no load test in watt +Wsc1=2.3e3; //watt meter readings for blocked rotor test in watt +Wsc2=0.75e3; //watt meter readings for blocked rotor test in watt +Vdc=18; //dc voltage in volt +Idc=60; //dc line current in Ampere + +printf("\n (a)") +R1=(Vdc/Idc)/2; +printf("\n R1=%1.2f ohm",R1) +P_not=W1_not+W2_not; +V_not=Vl_not/sqrt(3); +cos_phi_not=P_not/(3*V_not*I_not); +R_not=V_not/(I_not*cos_phi_not); +printf("\n R0=%2.3f ohm",R_not) +//R_not answer vary dueto round off error in v_not and cos_phi_not +X_not=V_not/(I_not*sqrt(1-cos_phi_not^2)); +printf("\n X0=%2.3f ohm",X_not) +Psc=Wsc1+Wsc2; +Vsc=Vl_sc/sqrt(3); +cos_phi_sc=Psc/(3*Vsc*Isc); +R2_dash=((Vsc/Isc)*cos_phi_sc)-R1; +printf("\n R2dash=%1.3f ohm",R2_dash) +X1=((Vsc/Isc)*sqrt(1-cos_phi_sc^2))/2; +printf("\n X1=%1.3f ohm",X1) +X2_dash=X1; +printf("\n X2dash=%1.3f ohm \n",X2_dash) + +printf("\n (b)") +ns=25; +s=R2_dash/X2_dash; //Slip for maximum torque +pf_max=1/sqrt(2); +Ps=(3*V_not^2)/sqrt((R1+R2_dash/s)^2+(2*X1)^2); +Pc=(3*V_not^2*(R1+R2_dash))/((R1+R2_dash/s)^2+(2*X1)^2); //Stator copper loss in kw +Pin=Ps-Pc; +T=Pin/(2*%pi*ns); +printf("\n Slip for pullout torque=%g",s) +printf("\n Magnitude of pullout torque=%3.2f Nm",T) +//There is a mistake in the book solution in part (b) +//The calculated Ps value is wrong +//Hence T answer vary diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.jpg b/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df3599beb Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a604c24a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex10_9.sce + +clc; +clear; +P_in_HP=10; +eta=0.9; +pf=0.8; +Vl=400; +Vsc=160; +Isc=7.2; +P_in_watt=P_in_HP*735.5; +If=P_in_watt/(sqrt(3)*Vl*pf*eta); +Isc_400=Isc*Vl/Vsc; +Ist=Isc_400/3; +Ist_by_If=Ist/If; +printf("\n The ratio value of starting current to full load current=%1.3f",Ist_by_If) diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg b/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94cfdaa0f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c1e618ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex11_1.sce + +clc; +clear; +V_not=220; +I_not=4; +W_not=100; +Vsc=110; +Isc=10; +Wsc=400; +p=6; +V=220; +f=50; + +printf("\n (a)") +r1=(Wsc/Isc^2)/2; +x1=sqrt((Vsc/Isc)^2-(2*r1)^2)/2; +r2_dash=r1; +x2_dash=x1; +phi_not=acosd(W_not/(V_not*I_not)); +V_not_dash=V_not-((I_not*(cosd(phi_not)-%i*sind(phi_not)))*((r1+r2_dash/4)+%i*(x1+x2_dash/2))); +Wi=W_not-(I_not^2*(r1+r2_dash/4)); +R_not_by_2=(V_not_dash^2)/Wi; +Y_not=(I_not)/(V_not_dash*2); +B_not=sqrt((2*Y_not)^2-(1/R_not_by_2)^2)/2; +X_not_by_2=1/(2*B_not); +printf("\n Parameters of the motor:") +printf("\n \t r1=r2dash=%d ohm",r1) +printf("\n \t x1=x2dash=%1.3f ohm",x1) +printf("\n \t R0/2=%3.2f ohm",sqrt(real(R_not_by_2)^2+imag(R_not_by_2)^2)) +printf("\n \t X0/2=%2.2f ohm",sqrt(real(X_not_by_2)^2+imag(X_not_by_2)^2)) + +printf("\n (b)") +//From the applied parameters of equivalent circuit of the motor stator current is simplified +I1=complex(1.096,-0.526)*complex(6.36,-1.92); +I1_mag=sqrt(real(I1)^2+imag(I1)^2); +I1_angle=atand(imag(I1)/real(I1)); +pf=cosd(I1_angle); +P_input=1075; +P_loss=102.87; +P_not=P_input-P_loss; +Ns=1000; +s=0.04; +Nfl=(1-s)*Ns; +T_net=P_not/(2*%pi*Nfl/60); +motor_input=V*I1_mag*pf; +efficiency=(P_not/motor_input)*100; +printf("\n Stator current: \n\t magnitude=%1.2f V,\n\t angle=%2.2f degree",I1_mag,I1_angle) +printf("\n Power factor=%0.3f lagging",pf) +printf("\n Power output=%3.2f watt",P_not) +printf("\n Speed=%d r.p.m",Nfl) +printf("\n Torque=%1.2f Nm",T_net) +printf("\n Efficiency=%d percentage",efficiency) +//Answer vary dueto roundoff error diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg b/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2359d72ba Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f2b680b --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex11_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +t=0.5; //pole pitch +f=50; +vmp=162; +fd=100e3; +vm=vmp*1e3/(60*60); +pd=fd*vm; +vs=2*t*f; +s=(vs-vm)/vs; +pcu=s*fd*vs; +printf("\n The developed power by the motor=%d kw \n",pd/1000) +printf("\n Secondary copper loss=%d kw \n",pcu/1000) diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df4d5adcb Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfd423c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex11_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +Ra=0.8; +Va=40; +Td=1.2; +Ka=600; +phi_p=0.004; + +printf("\n (a)") +n=(Va/(Ka*phi_p))-(2*%pi*Ra*Td/(Ka*phi_p)^2); +N=n*60; +printf("\n The speed of the motor=%d r.p.m \n",N) +//The book answer for part(a) is wrong value + +printf("\n (b)") +n=0; +Td=(Va*Ka*phi_p)/(2*%pi*Ra); +printf("\n The blocked rotor torque=%d Nm \n",Td) diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg b/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d8885cb Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5257c1654 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex11_4.sce + +clc; +clear; +P=200; +V=100; +N=1500; +Ka=525; +Ra=2; +Pl=15; + +Pd=P+Pl; +n=N/60; +Td=Pd/(2*%pi*n); +//n=(Va/(Ka*phi_p))-(2*%pi*Ra*Td/(Ka*phi_p)^2); +//from this equation we get phi^2-o-0.0076*phi+2.5e-6=0; +a=1; +b=-0.0076;//a,b,c are coefficient values taken from the above second order equation +c=2.5e-6; +phi_p=(-b+sqrt(b^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a); +printf("\n The magnetic flux=%1.3f mWb \n",phi_p*1000) diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b2756c85 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84bfca9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_1.sce + +clc; +clear; +z=complex(3,4); +Vl=120; +printf("\n Line current of load: Magnitude \t Angle(deg) \n") +I_R=complex(Vl*cosd(0),Vl*sind(0))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_Y=complex(Vl*cosd(-120),Vl*sind(-120))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_B=complex(Vl*cosd(120),Vl*sind(120))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))-180; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B)); +printf("\n\t Ir in A:\t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n\t Iy in A:\t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n\t Ib in A:\t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) +//The line current of alternator is same as the line or phase current of load + +printf("\n Line current of alternator: Magnitude Angle(deg) \n") +I_R=complex(Vl*cosd(0),Vl*sind(0))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_Y=complex(Vl*cosd(-120),Vl*sind(-120))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_B=complex(Vl*cosd(120),Vl*sind(120))/(sqrt(3)*z); +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))-180; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B)); +printf("\n\t Ir in A: \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n\t Iy in A: \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n\t Ib in A: \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7a9c9627 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4396af82b --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_10.sce + +clc; +clear; +Z_R=complex(8,6); +Z_Y=complex(8,-6); +Z_B=complex(5,0); +Z_N=complex(0.5,1); +Y_R=1/Z_R; +Y_Y=1/Z_Y; +Y_B=1/Z_B; +Y_N=1/Z_N; +E_R=220; +E_Y=220; +E_B=220; +theta1=0; +theta2=-120; +theta3=120; +V_R=complex(E_R*cosd(theta1),E_R*sind(theta1)); +V_Y=complex(E_Y*cosd(theta2),E_Y*sind(theta2)); +V_B=complex(E_B*cosd(theta3),E_B*sind(theta3)); +V_NN_dash=((V_R*Y_R)+(V_Y*Y_Y)+(V_B*Y_B))/(Y_R+Y_Y+Y_B+Y_N); + +V_R_dash=V_R-V_NN_dash; +V_Y_dash=V_Y-V_NN_dash; +V_B_dash=V_B-V_NN_dash; +V_R_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_R_dash)^2+imag(V_R_dash)^2); +V_Y_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_Y_dash)^2+imag(V_Y_dash)^2); +V_B_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_B_dash)^2+imag(V_B_dash)^2); +V_R_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_R_dash)/real(V_R_dash)); +V_Y_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_Y_dash)/real(V_Y_dash))+180; +V_B_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_B_dash)/real(V_B_dash))+180; +printf("\n Load phase voltages: Magnitude\tAngle(deg)") +printf("\n For R phase\t%3.2f\t%0.3f",V_R_dash_mag,V_R_dash_angle) +printf("\n For Y phase\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",V_Y_dash_mag,V_Y_dash_angle) +printf("\n For B phase\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",V_B_dash_mag,V_B_dash_angle) +//For V_NN_dash value , the answer given in the book is wrong.So load phase voltage vary from the book answer. +//Also V_R_dash angle is not 0.168. It is negative angle that is -0.193 +I_R=V_R_dash*Y_R; +I_Y=V_Y_dash*Y_Y; +I_B=V_B_dash*Y_B; +I_N=V_NN_dash*Y_N; +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_N_mag=sqrt(real(I_N)^2+imag(I_N)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))+360; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B))+180; +I_N_angle=atand(imag(I_N)/real(I_N))+180; +printf("\n\n Load phase current: Magnitude\tAngle(deg)") +printf("\n For R phase\t%3.2f\t%0.3f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n For Y phase\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n For B phase\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) +printf("\n For Neutral\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",I_N_mag,I_N_angle) + + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe84ee2e7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b20258ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_11.sce + +clc; +clear; +Vl=400; +V=Vl/sqrt(3); +Z_R=complex(20*cosd(30),20*sind(30)); +Z_Y=complex(40*cosd(60),40*sind(60)); +Z_B=complex(10*cosd(-90),10*sind(-90)); +Y_R=1/Z_R; +Y_Y=1/Z_Y; +Y_B=1/Z_B; +theta1=0; +theta2=-120; +theta3=120; +V_R=complex(V*cosd(theta1),V*sind(theta1)); +V_Y=complex(V*cosd(theta2),V*sind(theta2)); +V_B=complex(V*cosd(theta3),V*sind(theta3)); +V_NN_dash=((V_R*Y_R)+(V_Y*Y_Y)+(V_B*Y_B))/(Y_R+Y_Y+Y_B); +V_R_dash=V_R-V_NN_dash; +V_Y_dash=V_Y-V_NN_dash; +V_B_dash=V_B-V_NN_dash; +V_R_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_R_dash)^2+imag(V_R_dash)^2); +V_Y_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_Y_dash)^2+imag(V_Y_dash)^2); +V_B_dash_mag=sqrt(real(V_B_dash)^2+imag(V_B_dash)^2); +V_R_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_R_dash)/real(V_R_dash)); +V_Y_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_Y_dash)/real(V_Y_dash)); +V_B_dash_angle=atand(imag(V_B_dash)/real(V_B_dash)); +printf("\n\n Phase voltages: Magnitude\tAngle(deg)") +printf("\n For R phase\t%3.2f\t%0.3f",V_R_dash_mag,V_R_dash_angle) +printf("\n For Y phase\t%3.2f\t%3.2f",V_Y_dash_mag,V_Y_dash_angle) +printf("\n For B phase\t%3.0f\t%3.2f",V_B_dash_mag,V_B_dash_angle) + +I_R=V_R_dash*Y_R; +I_Y=V_Y_dash*Y_Y; +I_B=V_B_dash*Y_B; +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))-180; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B))+180; +printf("\n Phase current: Magnitude\tAngle(deg)") +printf("\n For R phase\t%2.2f\t%0.3f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n For Y phase\t%1.2f\t%3.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n For B phase\t%2.0f\t%3.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) + +//Answer vary due to roundoff error + + + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1575d2d3a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20cc8070c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_12.sce + +//The input data taken from Example:12.11 +clc; +clear; +Vl=400; +V=Vl/sqrt(3); +Z_R=complex(20*cosd(30),20*sind(30)); +Z_Y=complex(40*cosd(60),40*sind(60)); +Z_B=complex(10*cosd(-90),10*sind(-90)); +Z_YR=((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R))/Z_B; +Z_BY=((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R))/Z_R; +Z_RB=((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R))/Z_Y; +theta1=30; +theta2=-90; +theta3=150; +V_YR=complex(Vl*cosd(theta1),Vl*sind(theta1)); +V_BY=complex(Vl*cosd(theta2),Vl*sind(theta2)); +V_RB=complex(Vl*cosd(theta3),Vl*sind(theta3)); +I_YR=V_YR/Z_YR; +I_BY=V_BY/Z_BY; +I_RB=V_RB/Z_RB; +I_R=I_YR-I_RB; +I_Y=I_BY-I_YR; +I_B=I_RB-I_BY; +printf("\n Line current I_R,I_Y,I_B values are,\n") +disp(I_R) +disp(I_Y) +disp(I_B) + + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7ea434c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10affb757 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_13.sce + +//The input data taken from Example:12.11 +clc; +clear; +Vl=400; +V=Vl/sqrt(3); +Z_R=complex(20*cosd(30),20*sind(30)); +Z_Y=complex(40*cosd(60),40*sind(60)); +Z_B=complex(10*cosd(-90),10*sind(-90)); +theta1=30; +theta2=-90; +theta3=150; +V_YR=complex(Vl*cosd(theta1),Vl*sind(theta1)); +V_BY=complex(Vl*cosd(theta2),Vl*sind(theta2)); +V_RB=complex(Vl*cosd(theta3),Vl*sind(theta3)); + +I_R=((V_YR*Z_B)-(V_RB*Z_Y))/((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R)); +I_Y=((V_BY*Z_R)-(V_YR*Z_B))/((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R)); +I_B=((V_RB*Z_Y)-(V_BY*Z_R))/((Z_R*Z_Y)+(Z_Y*Z_B)+(Z_B*Z_R)); +printf("\n Line current I_R , I_Y , I_B values are,\n") +disp(I_R) +disp(I_Y) +disp(I_B) diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91dd630d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37709dba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +z=complex(6,8); +Vl=110; +printf("\nPhase current of the load: Magnitude \t Angle(deg) \n") +I_YR=complex(Vl*cosd(0),Vl*sind(0))/(z); +I_BY=complex(Vl*cosd(-120),Vl*sind(-120))/(z); +I_RB=complex(Vl*cosd(120),Vl*sind(120))/(z); +I_YR_mag=sqrt(real(I_YR)^2+imag(I_YR)^2); +I_BY_mag=sqrt(real(I_BY)^2+imag(I_BY)^2); +I_RB_mag=sqrt(real(I_RB)^2+imag(I_RB)^2); +I_YR_angle=atand(imag(I_YR)/real(I_YR)); +I_BY_angle=atand(imag(I_BY)/real(I_BY))-180; +I_RB_angle=atand(imag(I_RB)/real(I_RB)); +printf("\n\t\t Iyr in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_YR_mag,I_YR_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Iby in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_BY_mag,I_BY_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Irb in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_RB_mag,I_RB_angle) + +printf("\nLine current of the load: Magnitude \t Angle(deg) \n") +I_LR_mag=sqrt(3)*I_YR_mag; +I_LY_mag=sqrt(3)*I_BY_mag; +I_LB_mag=sqrt(3)*I_RB_mag; +I_LR_angle=I_YR_angle-30; +I_LY_angle=I_BY_angle-30; +I_LB_angle=I_RB_angle-30; +printf("\n\t\t Ilr in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_LR_mag,I_LR_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Ily in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_LY_mag,I_LY_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Ilb in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_LB_mag,I_LB_angle) + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6e35bb90 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..500460b64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +P=36; //power in kilowatt +Vl=440; +f=50; +efficiency=0.89; +pf1=0.85; +pf2=0.95; +P_not=P/3; +P_input=P_not/efficiency; +Q1=P_input*tand(acosd(pf1)); +Q2=P_input*tand(acosd(pf2)); +Qc=Q1-Q2; +kVA=3*Qc; +printf("\n Total kVA of the capacitors for raising power factor to 0.95 is %2.2f kVAR \n",kVA) +V=Vl/sqrt(3); +Xc=V^2/(Qc*1e3); + +printf("\n(a)") +C_star=1/(2*%pi*f*Xc); +printf("\n Required capacitance per phase for star connected capacitors=%3.3f micro-farad \n",C_star/1e-6) + +printf("\n(b)") +C_delta=C_star/3; +printf("\n Required capacitance per phase for delta connected capacitors=%2.2f micro-farad \n",C_delta/1e-6) +//Answer vary dueto round off error diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c468f63f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da897f589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_4.sce + + +//The input data taken from Example:12.3 +clc; +clear; +P=36; +Vl=440; +f=50; +efficiency=0.89; +pf1=0.85; +pf2=0.95; +Pm=P/efficiency; +Qm=Pm*tand(acosd(pf1)); +Qs=Pm*tand(acosd(pf2)); +Qc=Qm-Qs; +Qc_phase=Qc/3; +kVA=Qc_phase; +printf("\n Total kVA of the capacitors for raising power factor to 0.95 is %2.2f kVAR \n",Qc) + +printf("\n(a)") +Vph=Vl/sqrt(3); +Iph=kVA*1e3/Vph; +C=Iph/(2*%pi*f*Vph); +printf("\n Required capacitance per phase for star connected capacitors=%3.3f micro-farad \n",C/1e-6) + +printf("\n(b)") +Vph=Vl; +Iph=kVA*1e3/Vph; +C=Iph/(2*%pi*f*Vph); +printf("\n Required capacitance per phase for delta connected capacitors=%3.3f micro-farad \n",C/1e-6) +//Answer vary dueto round off error diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..900f566e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1fc30050 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +Vl=440; +z_mag=40; +z_angle=-30; +z=complex(z_mag*cosd(z_angle),z_mag*sind(z_angle)); +Iph=Vl/z; +Iph_mag=sqrt(real(Iph)^2+imag(Iph)^2); +Iph_angle=atand(imag(Iph)/real(Iph)); + +printf("\nLine current of load:\t Magnitude \t Angle(deg) \n") +I_R_mag=Iph_mag; +I_Y_mag=Iph_mag; +I_B_mag=Iph_mag; +I_R_angle=Iph_angle-0; +I_Y_angle=Iph_angle-120; +I_B_angle=Iph_angle+120; +printf("\n\t\t Ir in A \t%d \t %2.2f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Iy in A \t%d \t %2.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n\t\t Ib in A \t%d \t %2.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) + +I_R=complex(I_R_mag*cosd(I_R_angle),I_R_mag*sind(I_R_angle)) +I_Y=complex(I_Y_mag*cosd(I_Y_angle),I_Y_mag*sind(I_Y_angle)) +I_B=complex(I_B_mag*cosd(I_B_angle),I_B_mag*sind(I_B_angle)) +I_N=I_R+I_Y+I_B; +printf("\n The neutral current is %d A",I_N) + + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e343cfe5f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a852cfdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_6.sce + +clc; +clear; +printf("\n (a)") +Pi=8; //power in kilowatt +pf=0.8; +Vl=440; +Qi=Pi*tand(acosd(pf)); +P=complex(Pi,Qi); +P_mag=sqrt(real(P)^2+imag(P)^2); +P_angle=atand(imag(P)/real(P)); +Il=(P_mag*1e3)/(sqrt(3)*Vl); +printf("\n Complex power= magnitude\tangle(deg) \n\t\t %1.0f \t %2.2f",P_mag,P_angle) +printf("\n Line current=%2.2f A \n",Il) + +printf("\n (b)") +Pl=7.5; +pf=0.6; +P=Pi+(Pl*pf); +Q=Qi-(P*sind(acosd(pf))); +kVA=P; +Il=(kVA*1e3)/(sqrt(3)*Vl); +printf("\n Total line current=%2.1f A \n",Il) diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a740043be Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7549c79cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_7.sce + +clc; +clear; +z1=complex(8,6); +z2=complex(6,8); +z3=complex(4,-3); +R_YR=z1; +R_BY=z2; +R_RB=z3; +Vl=440; + +printf("\n(a)Delta connected load of phase sequence RYB:") +theta1=0; +theta2=-120; +theta3=120; +V_YR=complex(Vl*cosd(theta1),Vl*sind(theta1)); +V_BY=complex(Vl*cosd(theta2),Vl*sind(theta2)); +V_RB=complex(Vl*cosd(theta3),Vl*sind(theta3)); +I_YR=V_YR/z1; +I_BY=V_BY/z2; +I_RB=V_RB/z3; +I_YR_mag=sqrt(real(I_YR)^2+imag(I_YR)^2); +I_BY_mag=sqrt(real(I_BY)^2+imag(I_BY)^2); +I_RB_mag=sqrt(real(I_RB)^2+imag(I_RB)^2); +I_YR_angle=atand(imag(I_YR)/real(I_YR)); +I_BY_angle=atand(imag(I_BY)/real(I_BY))-180; +I_RB_angle=atand(imag(I_RB)/real(I_RB))+180; +printf("\nPhase current= \tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) \n") +printf("\n\t Iyr in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_YR_mag,I_YR_angle) +printf("\n\t Iby in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_BY_mag,I_BY_angle) +printf("\n\t Irb in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_RB_mag,I_RB_angle) + +I_R=I_YR-I_RB; +I_Y=I_BY-I_YR; +I_B=I_RB-I_BY; +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))+180; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B))+180; +printf("\nLine current= \tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) ") +printf("\n\t Ir in A \t %2.2f %2.2f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n\t Iy in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n\t Ib in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) + +W_YR=(I_YR_mag)^2*real(z1); +W_BY=(I_BY_mag)^2*real(z2); +W_RB=(I_RB_mag)^2*real(z3); +printf("\n Toatal power dissipated:\n") +printf("\n\t W_YR=%d W",W_YR) +printf("\n\t W_BY=%d W",W_BY) +printf("\n\t W_RB=%d W",W_RB) + + +printf("\n\n(b)Delta connected load of phase sequence RBY:") +theta1=0; +theta2=120; +theta3=-120; +V_YR=complex(Vl*cosd(theta1),Vl*sind(theta1)); +V_BY=complex(Vl*cosd(theta2),Vl*sind(theta2)); +V_RB=complex(Vl*cosd(theta3),Vl*sind(theta3)); +I_YR=V_YR/z1; +I_BY=V_BY/z2; +I_RB=V_RB/z3; +I_YR_mag=sqrt(real(I_YR)^2+imag(I_YR)^2); +I_BY_mag=sqrt(real(I_BY)^2+imag(I_BY)^2); +I_RB_mag=sqrt(real(I_RB)^2+imag(I_RB)^2); +I_YR_angle=atand(imag(I_YR)/real(I_YR)); +I_BY_angle=atand(imag(I_BY)/real(I_BY)); +I_RB_angle=atand(imag(I_RB)/real(I_RB)); +printf("\nPhase current= \tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) \n") +printf("\n\t Iyr in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_YR_mag,I_YR_angle) +printf("\n\t Iby in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_BY_mag,I_BY_angle) +printf("\n\t Irb in A \t %d \t %2.2f",I_RB_mag,I_RB_angle) + +I_R=I_YR-I_RB; +I_Y=I_BY-I_YR; +I_B=I_RB-I_BY; +I_R_mag=sqrt(real(I_R)^2+imag(I_R)^2); +I_Y_mag=sqrt(real(I_Y)^2+imag(I_Y)^2); +I_B_mag=sqrt(real(I_B)^2+imag(I_B)^2); +I_R_angle=atand(imag(I_R)/real(I_R)); +I_Y_angle=atand(imag(I_Y)/real(I_Y))+180; +I_B_angle=atand(imag(I_B)/real(I_B))-180; +printf("\nLine current= \tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) ") +printf("\n\t Ir in A \t %2.2f %2.2f",I_R_mag,I_R_angle) +printf("\n\t Iy in A \t %2.2f \t %2.2f",I_Y_mag,I_Y_angle) +printf("\n\t Ib in A \t %2.2f %2.2f",I_B_mag,I_B_angle) + +W_YR=(I_YR_mag)^2*real(z1); +W_BY=(I_BY_mag)^2*real(z2); +W_RB=(I_RB_mag)^2*real(z3); +printf("\n Toatal power dissipated:\n") +printf("\n\t W_YR=%d W",W_YR) +printf("\n\t W_BY=%d W",W_BY) +printf("\n\t W_RB=%d W",W_RB) diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e7c6e668 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb136ed66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_8.sce + +clc; +clear; +Vl=110; +f=50; + +printf("\n (a)") +R_YR=0; +R_BY=100; +R_RB=200; +W_YR=0; //since R_YR value is zero +W_BY=Vl^2/R_BY; +W_RB=Vl^2/R_RB; +printf("\n Phase power=%3.1f W \n",W_YR+W_BY+W_RB) + + +printf("\n (b)") +X_YR=95; +X_BY=0; +X_RB=0; +W_YR=Vl^2/X_YR; +W_BY=0; //since X_BY value is zero +W_RB=0; //since X_RB value is zero +printf("\n Reactive power=%3.2f VAR",W_YR+W_BY+W_RB) + diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.jpg b/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..106771358 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f84ce8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex12_9.sce + +clc; +clear; +z=10; +ang1=0; +ang2=37; +ang3=-53; +Zr=complex(z*cosd(ang1),z*sind(ang1)); +Zy=complex(z*cosd(ang2),z*sind(ang2)); +Zb=complex(z*cosd(ang3),z*sind(ang3)); + +printf("\n (a)For phase sequence RYB:\n") +V=220; +theta1=0; +theta2=-120; +theta3=120; +Vr=complex(V*cosd(theta1),V*sind(theta1)); +Vy=complex(V*cosd(theta2),V*sind(theta2)); +Vb=complex(V*cosd(theta3),V*sind(theta3)); + +Ir=Vr/Zr; +Iy=Vy/Zy; +Ib=Vb/Zb; +In=Ir+Iy+Ib; +In_mag=sqrt(real(In)^2+imag(In)^2); +In_angle=atand(imag(In)/real(In)); +printf("\n The current through the neutral wire,\n -In=\tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) \n\t %2.2f \t %2.2f \n",In_mag,In_angle) + +Ir_mag=sqrt(real(Ir)^2+imag(Ir)^2); +Iy_mag=sqrt(real(Iy)^2+imag(Iy)^2); +Ib_mag=sqrt(real(Ib)^2+imag(Ib)^2); +Pr=(Ir_mag)^2*real(Zr); +Py=(Iy_mag)^2*real(Zy); +Pb=(Ib_mag)^2*real(Zb); +printf("\n Power taken by each load:\n\t Pr=%d W \n\t Py=%4.1f W \n\t Pb=%4.1f W \n", Pr, Py, Pb) + + + +printf("\n\n (b)For phase sequence RBY:\n") +V=220; +theta1=0; +theta2=120; +theta3=-120; +Vr=complex(V*cosd(theta1),V*sind(theta1)); +Vy=complex(V*cosd(theta2),V*sind(theta2)); +Vb=complex(V*cosd(theta3),V*sind(theta3)); + +Ir=Vr/Zr; +Iy=Vy/Zy; +Ib=Vb/Zb; +In=Ir+Iy+Ib; +In_mag=sqrt(real(In)^2+imag(In)^2); +In_angle=atand(imag(In)/real(In)); +printf("\n The current through the neutral wire,\n In=\tMagnitude\tAngle(deg) \n\t %2.2f \t %2.2f \n",In_mag,In_angle) + +Ir_mag=sqrt(real(Ir)^2+imag(Ir)^2); +Iy_mag=sqrt(real(Iy)^2+imag(Iy)^2); +Ib_mag=sqrt(real(Ib)^2+imag(Ib)^2); +Pr=(Ir_mag)^2*real(Zr); +Py=(Iy_mag)^2*real(Zy); +Pb=(Ib_mag)^2*real(Zb); +printf("\n Power taken by each load:\n\t Pr=%d W \n\t Py=%4.1f W \n\t Pb=%4.1f W \n", Pr, Py, Pb) + + + + diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92fe143a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65b0ddeb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_1.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Vc=60; +V_not=120; +t=20; +C=10e-6; +R=-t/(C*log(Vc/V_not)); +printf("\n The value of resistance=%1.3f mega_ohm",R*1e-6) + + + diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b8dc4a3d Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3856bbbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_14.sce + +clc; +clear; +//From Ex_13.2 +Id=300e-3; +t=6e-3; +V=12; +R=60; +Ir=V/R; +Ic1=0.15*exp(-125*t); // it Obtain, after the simplification of loop equation +I=Ir+Ic1; +printf("\n Current drawn from the load after 6 ms=%3.0f mA \n",I*1e3) +Ic2=Id-Ir; +t=log(Ic2/0.15)/-125; +printf("\n The time when current drawn from the source is 0.3 A=%1.3f ms \n",t*1e3) + + diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4328a4e87 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a2c56003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +R1=60; +R2=80; +C=100e-6; +V=12; +t1=6e-3; +i_S=300e-3; +i_R=V/R1; +i_C=(V/R2)*exp(-t1/(R2*C)); +i=i_R+i_C; +printf("\n The current drawn from the source=%3.0f mA \n",i*1e3) +I_C=i_S-i_R; +t2=(R2*C)*log(V/(R2*I_C)); +printf("\n Time for draw the current of 300 mA from the source=%1.3f ms \n",t2*1e3) diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa12fd43c Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daafb5e65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +V=100; +R=2; +L=10; +t=8; +T=L/R; +printf("\n Time constant=%d sec \n",T) +del=R/L; +printf("\n Damping ratio=%1.1f \n",del) +I=(V/R)*(1-exp(-t/T)); +printf("\n The value of current of after 8 seconds of switching=%2.1f A \n",I) + + + diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f2e4c92b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cad8e07d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_6.sce + +clc; +clear; +R=20; +L=0.5; +V=100; +R_S=10; +t1=0; +t2=50e-3; +Req=R+R_S; +T1=L/Req;//Time constant1 +T2=L/R;//Time constant2 +I=V/Req; +printf("\n Steady state current=%1.3f A \n",I) +i=I*exp(-t2/T2); +printf("\n The value of current after 50 ms=%0.2f A \n",i) + + diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg b/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3589b4f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29e07d27e --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex13_7.sce + +clc; +clear; +R=10; +L=0.1; +t1=0.01; +omega=100*%pi; +phi=omega*t1; +t=(asin(1)+atan((omega*L)/R))/omega; +Imax=((-omega*L*exp(-R*t/L))/(R^2+(omega*L)^2))-(sin((100*%pi*t)-(atan(omega*L/R)))/sqrt(R^2+(omega*L)^2)); +t=0; +Iss=((-omega*L*exp(-R*t/L))/(R^2+(omega*L)^2))-(sind((100*%pi*t)-(atan(omega*L/R)))/sqrt(R^2+(omega*L)^2)); +a=Imax/Iss; +printf("\n Ratio of maximum value of current to steady state value of current=%1.2f \n",a) +//Answer vary dueto round off error in 't' calculation + + + diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dcc5cb85 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c0fcf8d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_1.sce. + +clc; +clear; +maximum_demand=1.5e3; +total_lamps=10; +lamps_on=7; +lamp_ontime=5; +lamp_power=100; +heater_on=2; +heater_ontime=3; +heater_power=1e3; +printf("\n (a)") +actual_energy_consumed=(lamps_on*lamp_power*lamp_ontime)+(heater_on*heater_power*heater_ontime); +time_duration=24; +average_load=(actual_energy_consumed)/(time_duration); +printf("\n Average load=%3.2f W \n",average_load) + +printf("\n (b)") +monthly_energy_consump=actual_energy_consumed*30*1e-3; +printf("\n Monthly energy consumption=%3.0f kW \n",monthly_energy_consump) + +printf("\n (c)") +load_factor=average_load/maximum_demand; +printf("\n Load factor=%1.3f \n",load_factor) diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e176a2f7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e0d2c2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_2.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//Loads are in kilowatt +avg_load1=1; +avg_load2=0.3; +avg_load3=0.5; +avg_load4=2.5; +max_load1=5; +max_load2=2; +max_load3=2; +max_load4=10; +max_demand1=5; +max_demand2=1.6; +max_demand3=1; +max_demand4=5; + +printf("\n (a)") +sumof_individualmax_dem=max_load1+max_load2+max_load3+max_load4; +max_demandof_wholegroup=max_demand1+max_demand2+max_demand3+max_demand4; +diversity_factor=sumof_individualmax_dem/max_demandof_wholegroup; +printf("\n Diversity factor=%1.4f \n",diversity_factor) + + +printf("\n (b)") +LF_of_consumer1=avg_load1/max_load1; +printf("\n Load factor of consumer1 =%1.2f \n",LF_of_consumer1) +LF_of_consumer2=avg_load2/max_load2; +printf("\n Load factor of consumer2 =%1.2f \n",LF_of_consumer2) +LF_of_consumer3=avg_load3/max_load3; +printf("\n Load factor of consumer3 =%1.2f \n",LF_of_consumer3) +LF_of_consumer4=avg_load4/max_load4; +printf("\n Load factor of consumer4 =%1.2f \n",LF_of_consumer4) + +printf("\n (c)") +combined_avg_load=(avg_load1+avg_load2+avg_load3+avg_load4); +printf("\n Combined average load =%1.1f kW \n",combined_avg_load) +combined_load_factor=combined_avg_load/max_demandof_wholegroup; +printf("\n Combined load factor =%1.3f \n",combined_load_factor) diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..118aad48b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d45fe5be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_3.sce. + +clc; +clear; +average_demand=33.75; //in kilowatt +time_duration=24*365; // in hours +tariff=1.25; //in rupees per kilowatthour +annualenergy_consumption=average_demand*time_duration; +C=annualenergy_consumption*tariff; +printf(" \n Annual bill of the consumer=%6.1f rupees \n",C) diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9da85508 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..564dfa4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +max_demand=75; //in kilowatt +time_duration=24*365; //in hour +load_factor=0.45; +tariff1=650; +tariff2=1.30; +annual_energy_consump=max_demand*time_duration*load_factor; +Ce=tariff2*annual_energy_consump; +Cf=tariff1*max_demand; +total_annualcharge=Ce+Cf; +overall_costperkwhr=total_annualcharge/annual_energy_consump; +printf(" \n Overall cost per kWh= %1.2f rupees \n",overall_costperkwhr) diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..422fa7070 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32fed9c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +tariff1=3.50; //tariff in rupees per kilowatthour for first 500kilowatthour +tariff2=3.00; //tariff in rupees per kilowatthour for next 500kilowatthour +tariff3=2.50; //tariff in rupees per kilowatthour for usage exceeding 1000kilowatthour +days_in_a_month=31; +time_duration=24*days_in_a_month; +average_demand=2.5; //in kilowatt +monthly_consumption=time_duration*average_demand; +a1=500; //kWh for tariff1 +a2=500; //kWh for tariff2 +a3=monthly_consumption-a1-a2; //kWh for tariff3 +monthly_charge=(a1*tariff1)+(a2*tariff2)+(a3*tariff3); +printf("\n Monthly Charge=%d rupees.",monthly_charge) diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.jpg b/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73fc90bb0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc21c1c1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex14_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +average_demand=450; +load_factor=0.65; +power_factor=0.8; +tariff1=75; //in ruees per month per kVA +tariff2=1.30; //in rupees per kilowatthour +working_time=8*300; +maximum_kw_demand=average_demand/load_factor; +maximum_kVA_demand=maximum_kw_demand/power_factor; +annual_energy_charge=tariff2*average_demand*working_time; +annual_max_demand_charge=tariff1*12*maximum_kVA_demand; +annual_charge=annual_energy_charge+annual_max_demand_charge; +disp(annual_charge,'Annual bill of the consumer in rupees') +//The answer vary dueto roundoff error. diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.jpg b/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8d899a24 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e67f060a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex15_1.sce + +clc; +clear; +W=100; +V=250; +light_flux=3000; +printf("\n(a)") +mew=light_flux/W; +printf("\n Lamp efficiency=%d Lumens/watt \n",mew) + +printf("\n(b)") +total_solid_angle=(4*%pi); +I=light_flux/total_solid_angle; +printf("\n Luminous intensity=%3.2f cd \n",I) + +printf("\n(c)") +M.S.C.P=I/W; +printf("\n Mean Spherical Candle Power per watt=%1.4f cd/watt \n",M.S.C.P) diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.jpg b/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b1519b6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47e417135 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex15_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +d=40e-2; +light_flux=5000; +absorption_factor=0.2; +transmission_factor=0.8; +F=light_flux*transmission_factor; +A=%pi*d^2; +L=F/A; +printf("\n Average luminance of the sphere=%4.1f lumens/m^2 \n",L) +//Answer vary due to roundoff error in surface area (A) calculation diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.jpg b/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d522343ce Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..215358f46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex15_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +M.S.C.P=1000; +h=2.8; +x=2.5; +E=(M.S.C.P*h)/(h^2+x^2)^(3/2); +printf("\n Illumination=%2.2f lux \n",E) + diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.jpg b/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f949aa6e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cafb67074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex15_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//There is a mistake in the question , given height is 5 instead of 4 +h=4; +x=[2:2:14]; +for i=1:length(x) + +Ed(i)=(64/(4^2+x(i)^2)^(3/2))+1; +Eb(i)=(256/(4^2+(x(i)/2)^2)^(3/2)); + +end +xlabel("x-axis") +ylabel("y-axis") +title("Curves of L.H.S and R.H.S for different values of x") +plot(x,[Ed Eb]) + +legend('LHS','RHS') diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.jpg b/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3a0d2fa Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac35b5bad --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex15_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +I=25; +V=230; +l=45; +d=(0.02*V)+1; //Permissible voltage drop +//Referring table 15.10, +d1=(l/3.4)*(I/27); //voltage for selected values from the table +if (dE) + printf("\n The air will break.") +else + printf("\n The air will not break.") +end diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1388818a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0cfd9aed --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_24.sce. + +clc; +clear; +d=1e-2; +l=15e-2; +h=10e-2; +Q=750e-12; +epsilon_not=8.854e-12; + +A=l*h; +C=(epsilon_not*A)/d; +printf("\n Capacitance=%2.3f pF \n",C*1e12) +V=Q/C; +printf("\n Potential difference=%2.1f volt \n",V) + +epsilon_r=4; +C=(epsilon_not*epsilon_r*A)/d; +printf("\n New capacitance=%2.3f pF \n",C*1e12) +V=Q/C; +printf("\n New potential difference=%2.3f volt \n",V) + +//There is a error in the book calculation for finding new potential difference(V) ,the answer is given V=14.125 volt insteadof 14.118 volt diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf5ec21b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..907fa7925 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_26.sce. + +clc; +clear; +d_i=5e-3; //Diameter of inner cylinder in metre +d_o=15e-3; //Diameter of outer cylinder in metre +epsilon_r=4; +V=500; +epsilon_not=8.854e-12; +epsilon=epsilon_r*epsilon_not; +a=d_i/2; +b=d_o/2; +C=(2*%pi*epsilon)/(log(b/a)); +printf("\n Capacitance of the cable=%3.2f pF/m \n",C*1e12) + +printf("\n(a)") +p_l=C*V; //Electric displacement through a cylindrical area of unit length in C/m +D=p_l/(2*%pi*a); +E=D/epsilon; +printf("\n The electric flux density at the surface of inner conductor=%1.3f micro_C/m^2",D*1e6) +printf("\n The electric field intensity at the surface of inner conductor=%3.0f kV/m \n",E*1e-3) + +printf("\n(b)") +D=p_l/(2*%pi*b); +E=D/epsilon; +printf("\n The electric flux density at the inner surface of outer conductor=%1.3f micro_C/m^2",D*1e6) +printf("\n The electric field intensity at the inner surface of outer conductor=%2.3f kV/m \n",E*1e-3) +//Answer vary dueto round off error diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6a4f8fa5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a79fda6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.27/Ex4_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_27.sce. + +clc; +clear; +l=4e3; +b=2*75e-2; +a=2.5e-2; +epsilon_not=8.854e-12; +C=(%pi*epsilon_not*l)/log(b/a); +printf("\n Capacitance of the transmission line=%1.4f micro farad",C*1e6) diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ee59508b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49d756ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.28/Ex4_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_28.sce. + +clc; +clear; +t1=1.5; //Insulation thickness of conductor in cm +d_c=1.5; //Diameter of conductor in cm +a1=d_c/2; +b1=a1+t1; +R1=500; //Insulation resistance in megaohm for a given thickness +R2=700; //Insulation resistance in megaohm for a unknown thickness + +//R=(p/(2*%pi*l))*log(b/a) R1=(p/(2*%pi*l))*log(b1/a1) R2=(p/(2*%pi*l))*log(b2/a2) + +a2=d_c/2; +b2=a2; //b2 is the sum of a2 and unknown thickness + +t2=a2*(b1/a1)^(R2/R1)-b2; //thickness of 700 megaohm resistance insulation in cm +printf("\n Insulation thickness of the cable if insulation resistance is 700 megaohm=%1.3f cm",t2) diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ef30caa9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..077c958f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_29.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Q1=60e-6; //Capacitor charges in coulomb +V1=180; //Volatge in volt + +C1=Q1/V1; +C2=4*C1; +Q2=0; +E1=(1/2)*C1*V1^2; //Before two capacitance are joined the energy stored in C1 +E2=0; //Energy stored in C2 +Ea=E1+E2; //Total energy before two capacitors are joined +V=(Q1+Q2)/(C1+C2); //Potential in volt + +E1=(1/2)*C1*V^2; //Energy stored in C1 in joule +E2=(1/2)*C2*V^2; //Energy stored in C2 in joule +Eb=E1+E2; //Total energy after two capacitors are joined + +E_loss=Ea-Eb; +printf("\n Loss of energy=%2.1f*10^-4 joule",E_loss*1e4) + diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9b7b6eab Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c884f6ef4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +r=[-0.03 0.01 0.04]; +r_dash=[0.03 0.08 -0.02]; +Q1=129e-9; +Q2=110e-6; +epsilon_not=1/(36*%pi*1e9); + +a=r-r_dash; //r and r_dash are the position of two charges +b=a.^2; +c=b(1,1)+b(1,2)+b(1,3); +d=sqrt(c); //b,c,d are assumed alphabets for calculating magnitude of difference of r and r' + +F=(Q1*Q2)/(4*%pi*epsilon_not*d^2); +printf("\n The force on Q2=%2.1f N \n",F) +Ir=a/d; +F1=Ir*F; +printf("\n Force interms of i,j,k vector coefficient is") +disp(F1) + +//There is a error in the book for calculating F value +//So answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b0e7aef5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50f4489ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +q=1.6e-19; +m=9.1e-31; +g=9.8; +F=m*g; +E=F/q; +printf("\n Magnitude of electric field intensity E=%1.1f*10^-11 N/C",E*1e11) diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80ece4a00 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae2ce6433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_5.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//from the given figure +q=1e-8; +OB=sqrt(5^2-4^2); //Distance between point O and B +cos_theta=3/5; +sin_theta=4/5; +r=5e-2; + +epsilon_not=1/(36e9*%pi); +modulus_E=q/(4*%pi*epsilon_not*r^2); +E1=((modulus_E*cos_theta)-(modulus_E*sin_theta*%i)); +E2=((-modulus_E*cos_theta)-(modulus_E*sin_theta*%i)); +E=E1+E2; +disp(E,'The resultant field intensity in N/C is') + + + diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.jpg b/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c37474dc Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e264debea --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex4_7.sce. + +clc; +clear; +q1=1e-4; +q2=2e-4; +l=10e-2; +x=l*1e2/(1+sqrt(q2/q1)); +printf("\n Distance between q1 and the point on the line joining two charges where the electric field is zero=%1.1f cm",x) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..657dd5e54 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0b3999cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_10.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=800; +Hi=50e-3; +Wi=40e-3; +l_not=2e-3; +A_not=2500e-6; +leakage_factor=1.2; +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; +mew_r=322; +pi_not=2.5e-3; +lc=600e-3; //from the figure + +B_not=pi_not/A_not; +H_not=B_not/mew_not; +F_not=H_not*l_not; +pi_T=pi_not*leakage_factor; +Ac=Wi*Hi*0.92; //given 8 percent is taken for insulation . so (1-0.08=0.92) +Bc=pi_T/Ac; +Hc=Bc/(mew_r*mew_not); +Fc=Hc*lc; +F=Fc+F_not; +Im=F/N; +printf("\n Magnetizing current=%d A \n",Im) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc98de133 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4096e27a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_12.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=20000; +R=5e2; +V=250; +mmf=3471; +pi=0.04e-3; + +printf("\n (a)") +I=mmf/N; +L=(N*pi)/I; +printf("\n Inductance of the coil=%1.2f H \n",L) + +printf("\n (b)") +t=log(1/(1-((I*R)/V)))*(L/R); +printf("\n Time required for the current to reach pickup value=%1.2f ms",t*1E3) +//The book answer for t (=3.93 ms) is obtained only if R=500 ohm.Otherwise (R=5000) we cannot get the answer +//So there is a mistake in R value given diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c628aaf3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..597d966a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_13.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Bm=1.1; +V=2.2e3; +f=50; +N=200; + +printf("\n\t (a)") +stack_factor=0.9; +pi_m=V/(4.44*f*N); +A=pi_m/(Bm*stack_factor); +printf("\n Cross sectional area of the core=%3.1f cm^2 \n",A*1e4) +//There is a small (printing) mistake in the final answer of A in the book + +printf("\n\t (b)") +l=250e-2; +H=490; //from the graph 5.21 H value is taken which is corresponding to B=1.1 wb/m^2 +mmf=H*l; +Im=mmf/N; +printf("\n Magnetizing current=%1.3f A",Im) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d90e31ca3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a77dfd1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.14/Ex5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_14.sce. + +clc; +clear; +V=200; +i=0.2; +T=3e-3; +t=3e-3; + +R=(V/i)*(1-exp(-t/T)); +I=V/R; +printf("\n The final steady state value of current=%1.3f A \n",I) + +L=R*T; +printf("\n Inductance=%1.3f H \n",L) +printf("\n Resistance=%3.0f ohm \n",R) + +E=(L*I^2)/2; +printf("\n Energy stored when current reached its final value=%1.3f J",E) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..951fe18b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78dbba0f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_15.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=50e3; +V1=2.2e3; +V2=220; + +printf("\n (a)") +I1=P/V1; +I2=P/V2; +printf("\n Primary current=%2.2f A \n",I1) +printf("\n Secondary current=%3.1f A \n",I2) + +printf("\n (b)") +Zl2=V2/I2; +printf("\n The load impedence for the secondary side=%1.3f ohm \n",Zl2) + +printf("\n (c)") +Zl1=V1/I1; +printf("\n The load impedence for the primary side=%2.1f ohm \n",Zl1) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..436eedd47 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..689ad581b --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_16.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=100; +a=10e-2; +n=20; +B=0.5; + +omega=2*%pi*n; +A=a^2; +v=A*N*omega*B; + +printf("\n(a)") +//theta=40*180*t=n*180 where n=0,1,2,3..... +//if we take n=2 +V=v*sind(180*2); +printf("\n The instantaneous value of induced emf when plane of the coil is right angle to the field=%d volt \n",V) + +printf("\n(b)") +//theta=n*180/2 where n=1,3,5,7......... +//if we take n=3 +V=v*sind(180*3/2); +printf("\n The instantaneous value of induced emf when the plane of the coil is in the plane of the field=%2.1f volt",V) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..111d4ed33 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39bff4ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.17/Ex5_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_17.sce. + +clc; +clear; +l=7.5e-2; +b=5e-2; +N=100; +B=1.1; +i=5; +T=N*B*l*b*i; +printf("\n Torque exerted on the coil=%1.4f Nm",T) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..291c54f1a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..848524877 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_5.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=200; +A=5e-4; +I=4; +l=60e-2; + +printf("\n\t (a)") +F=N*I; +printf("\n Magnetomotive force=%d AT \n",F) + +printf("\n\t (b)") +mew_r=1; +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; +mew=mew_r*mew_not; +R=l/(mew*A); +phi=(F)/R; +printf("\n Total flux=%1.5f microWb \n",phi*1e6) + +printf("\n\t (c)") +B=phi/A; +printf("\n Flux density=%1.4f mWb/m^2",B*1e3) +//Answer vary dueto round off error +//The unit for B(flux density) is Wbm/m^2 diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..905fc315c Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a4cbdae --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +l=2.5e-3; +A=200e-4; +phi=0.015; //flux in weber +mew_r=1; +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; +mew=mew_r*mew_not; +R=l/(mew*A); +F=phi*R; +printf("\n The Magnetomotive force=%d AT \n",F) diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87a47f6d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af7c0c20a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_7.sce. + +clc; +clear; +A=5e-4; +l=0.4; +N=200; +mew_r=380; +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; +mew=mew_r*mew_not; + +printf("\n (a)") +R=(l*1e-6)/(mew*A); +printf("\n Reluctance of the core=%1.4f*10^6 AT/Wb \n",R) + +printf("\n (b)") +phi=800e-6; //flux in weber +F=phi*1e6*R; +I=F/N; +printf("\n Magnetizing current=%1.4f A \n",I) +//Answer vary dueto round off error diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22a59578e Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2e7d6204 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_8.sce. + +clc; +clear; +mew_rA=250; +mew_rB=320; +lA=40e-2; +lB=25e-2; +aA=5e-4; +aB=7e-4; +N=250; +printf("\n (a)") +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; +mew_A=mew_rA*mew_not; +mew_B=mew_rB*mew_not; +R=((lA/(mew_A*aA))+(lB/(mew_B*aB))); +printf("\n The total reluctance=%g*10^3 AT/Wb \n",R*1e-3) + +printf("\n (b)") +phi=2.5e-3; +F=phi*R; +I=F/N; +printf("\n The magnetizing current=%2.2f AT \n",I) +//Answer vary dueto round_off error diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.jpg b/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a20bc332 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..221009a4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex5_9.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//from the given figure +l_not=350e-3; +lc=150e-3; +la=1e-3; +A_not=400e-6; +Ac=800e-6; +pi=1e-3; //flux in weber +mew_r=340; +mew_not=4e-7*%pi; + +R_not=l_not/(mew_r*mew_not*A_not); +Rc=lc/(mew_r*mew_not*Ac); +Ra=la/(mew_not*Ac); +F=pi*(R_not/2+Rc+Ra); +printf("\n Total mmf=%4.2f AT",F) +//Answer vary dueto round_off error diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7734d0b8c Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce88fcfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_1.sce. + +clc; +clear; +p=175e3; //power rating of transformer in KVA +Ep=6600; //primary voltage in volts +Es=440; //secondary voltage in volts +f=50; +Ns=100; //Number of secondary turns + +//(a) +printf("\n (a)") +Ip=p/Ep; +Is=p/Es; +printf("\n Full load primary current=%2.2f A ",Ip) +printf("\n Full load secondary current=%3.2f A \n",Is) + +//(b) +printf("\n (b)") +Np=Ns*Ep/Es; +printf("\n Number of primary turns=%d \n",Np) + +//(c) +printf("\n (c)") +max_flux=Es/(4.44*f*Ns); +printf("\n The maximum value of flux=%1.5f Wb \n",max_flux) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f098e955 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0962ef68f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_10.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Ip=1000; //primary current in A +Is=5; //secodary current in A +Tp=1; //number of Primary turns + +printf("\n (a)") +nominal_ratio=Ip/Is; +Ie=7; //loss component of current in A +actual_ratio=nominal_ratio+(Ie/Is); +epsilon_r=((nominal_ratio-actual_ratio)/actual_ratio)*100; +printf("\n Ratio error when turns ratio equal to nominal ratio=%1.3f percentage \n",epsilon_r) + +printf("\n (b)") +reducing_value=0.5/100; +Ts=nominal_ratio-(reducing_value*nominal_ratio); +n=Ts/Tp; //transformer turns ratio +actual_ratio=n+(Ie/Is); +epsilon_r=((nominal_ratio-actual_ratio)/actual_ratio)*100; +printf("\n Ratio error when secondary turns are reduced by 0.5 percentage=%1.1f percentage",epsilon_r) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f9c349de Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..481ba6eb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_2.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Np=1000; //number of Primary turns +Ns=200; //number of secondary turns +Io=3; //No load current in A +cos_phi_not=0.2; //lagging +Is=250; //secondary current in A +cos_phi_s=0.8; //lagging + +Is_dash=Ns*Is/Np; +phi_s=(acosd(0.8)); +phi_not=(acosd(0.2)); +Ip_cos_phi_p=(Is_dash*cos_phi_s)+(Io*cos_phi_not); +Ip_sin_phi_p=(Is_dash*(sind(phi_s)))+(Io*(sind(phi_not))); +Ip=sqrt((Ip_cos_phi_p)^2+(Ip_sin_phi_p)^2); +printf("\n Primary current=%2.2f A\n",Ip) + +phi_p=atand((Ip_sin_phi_p)/(Ip_cos_phi_p)); +printf("\n Power factor=%1.3f lagging",cosd(phi_p)) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21bc3b91b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0216c8fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_3.sce. + +clc; +clear; +T1=1000; //number of Primary turns +T2=200; //number of secondary turns +Is=250; //secodary load current in A +I0=3; //No load current in A +rp=0.72; //primary winding resistance in ohms +rs=0.025; //secondary winding resistance in ohms +xp=0.92; //primary winding leakage reactance in ohms +xs=0.036; //secondary winding leakage reactance in ohms +Vs=2.2e3; //supply voltage in volts + +N=T1/T2; //turns ratio of transformer +Is_dash=Is/N; +rs_dash=N^2*rs; +xs_dash=N^2*xs; +cos_pi_s=0.8; +cos_pi_0=0.2; +sin_pi_s=sind(acosd(0.8)); +sin_pi_0=sind(acosd(0.2)); +Isdash=(Is_dash*cos_pi_s)-%i*(Is_dash*sin_pi_s); +Io=(I0*cos_pi_0)-%i*(I0*sin_pi_0); +Ip=Isdash+Io; +a=real(Ip); +b=imag(Ip); +Ip_mag=sqrt(a^2+b^2); +printf("\n Primary Current=%2.2f A \n",Ip_mag) + +pi_p=atand(b/a); +printf("\n Power factor=%1.3f lagging \n",cosd(pi_p)) + +VL_dash=Vs-(Ip*(rp+%i*xp))-(Isdash*(rs_dash+%i*xs_dash)); //secondary terminal voltage referred to primary +VL_dash_mag=real(VL_dash); +VL=VL_dash_mag/N; +printf("\n Secondary terminal voltage=%3.1f V \n",VL) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5dff35ae Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de9b6552d --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=75e3; //power rating of transformer in KVA +Np=500; //number of Primary turns +Ns=100; //number of secondary turns +rp=0.4; //primary winding resistance in ohms +rs=0.02; //secondary winding resistance in ohms +xp=1.5; //primary winding leakage reactance in ohms +xs=0.045; //secondary winding leakage reactance in ohms +Vs=2200; //supply voltage in volts + +//case1 +printf("\n (a)") +Re=rp+(Np/Ns)^2*rs; //Equivalent resistance in ohms +Xe=xp+(Np/Ns)^2*xs; //Equivalent leakage reactance in ohms +Ze=sqrt(Re^2+Xe^2); +printf("\n Equivalent impedance referred to prinmary side=%1.3f ohms\n",Ze) + +//case2 +printf("\n (b).1") +I1=P/Vs; //full load primary current in A +cos_pi2=0.8; +sin_pi2=sind(acosd(0.8)); +percentage_voltage_reg=((I1*((Re*cos_pi2)+(Xe*sin_pi2)))/Vs)*100; +printf("\n Voltage regulation for 0.8 power factor lagging=%1.2f percentage \n",percentage_voltage_reg) +NL_secondary_voltage=(Ns/Np)*Vs; //NL means "no load" +del_V=(NL_secondary_voltage*percentage_voltage_reg)/100; +FL_secondary_voltage=(NL_secondary_voltage)-(del_V); +printf("\n Secodary terminal voltage at FL 0.8 power factor lagging=%3.3f V \n",FL_secondary_voltage) + +//case3 +printf("\n (b).2") +percentage_voltage_reg=((I1*((Re*cos_pi2)-(Xe*sin_pi2)))/Vs)*100; +printf("\n Voltage regulation for 0.8 power factor leading=%1.3f percentage \n",percentage_voltage_reg) +del_V=(NL_secondary_voltage*percentage_voltage_reg)/100; +FL_secondary_voltage=(NL_secondary_voltage)-(del_V); +printf("\n Secodary terminal voltage at FL 0.8 power factor leading=%4.4f V \n",FL_secondary_voltage) +//The anwser vary dueto roundoff error + diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09837ea3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..029151346 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_5.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=500e3; //KVA rating of the transformer +Vp=6600; //primary voltage in V +Vs=440; //secondary voltage in V +rp=0.45; //primary winding resistance in ohms +rs=0.0015; //secondary winding resistance in ohms +iron_loss=2.9e3; +pf=0.8; //power factor lagging + +//case1 +printf("\n (a)") +Ip=P/Vp; //primary current in A +Is=P/Vs; //secondary current in A +Ip_square_rp=Ip^(2)*rp; //primary copper loss +Is_square_rs=Is^(2)*rs; //secondary copper loss +FL_copper_loss=Ip_square_rp+Is_square_rs; //FL means "full load" +FL_total_loss=iron_loss+FL_copper_loss; +FL_output_power=P*pf; +FL_input_power=FL_output_power+FL_total_loss; +FL_efficiency=(FL_output_power/FL_input_power)*100; +printf("\n Full load efficiency=%2.2f percentage \n",FL_efficiency) + +//case2 +printf("\n (b)") +HL_copper_loss=FL_copper_loss*(0.5^2); //HL means "half load" +HL_total_loss=iron_loss+HL_copper_loss; +HL_output_power=FL_output_power/2; +HL_input_power=HL_output_power+HL_total_loss; +HL_efficiency=(HL_output_power/HL_input_power)*100; +printf("\n Half load efficiency=%2.4f percentage \n",HL_efficiency) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c5ac0e90 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71032962c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//the given data are taken from previous example(Ex7_5) + +Vp=6600; //primary voltage in V +Vs=440; //secondary voltage in V +rp=0.45; //primary winding resistance in ohms +rs=0.0015; //secondary winding resistance in ohms +Wi=2.9e3; //iron loss in watt +pf=0.8; //power factor lagging + +Re=rp+(Vp/Vs)^2*rs; //equivalent resistance referred to primary +Ip=sqrt(Wi/Re); +P_max=Vp*Ip*pf; +total_loss=2*Wi; +Max_efficiency=(P_max/(P_max+total_loss))*100; +printf("\n Maximum Efficiency=%2.2f percentage \n",Max_efficiency) diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96b2ca359 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b7c06762 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_7.sce +clc; +clear; +KVA=50e3; + +printf("\n (a)") +PF=0.7; +iron_loss=430; //primary power of transformer on open circuit test in watt is called iron loss +copper_loss_FL=525; //primary power of transformer on short circuit test in watt is called copper loss +total_loss_FL=iron_loss+copper_loss_FL; +eta_FL=(KVA*PF)/((KVA*PF)+total_loss_FL)*100; //full load efficiency +printf("\n Full load efficiency for 0.7 power factor=%2.2f percentage \n",eta_FL) +copper_loss_HL=(0.5^2)*copper_loss_FL; +total_loss_HL=iron_loss+copper_loss_HL; +eta_HL=(KVA*PF*0.5)/((KVA*0.5*PF)+total_loss_HL)*100; +printf("\n Half load Efficiency for 0.7 power factor=%2.2f percentage \n",eta_HL) + +printf("\n (b)") +Vsc=124; //primary voltage on short circuit test in volts +Isc=15.3; //primary current on short circuit test in amphere +Psc=525; //primary power of transformer on open circuit test in watt +pi_e=acosd(Psc/(Vsc*Isc)); +pi_2=acosd(PF); +Voc=3300; +voltage_regulation1=Vsc*cosd(pi_e-pi_2)/(Voc)*100; +printf("\n The voltage regulation for 0.7 lagging power factor=%1.1f percentage \n",voltage_regulation1) +pi_2=-acosd(PF); +voltage_regulation2=Vsc*cosd(pi_e-pi_2)/(Voc)*100; +printf("\n The voltage regulation for 0.7 leading power factor=%1.2f percentage \n",voltage_regulation2) + +printf("\n (c)") +Voc=400; +decrease_in_voltage=voltage_regulation1*Voc/100; +Vs1=Voc-decrease_in_voltage; +increase_in_voltage=voltage_regulation2*Voc/100; +Vs2=Voc-increase_in_voltage; +printf("\n The secondary terminal voltage corresponding to 0.7 pf lagging=%3.1f V \n",Vs1) +printf("\n The secondary terminal voltage corresponding to 0.7 pf leading=%3.1f V \n",Vs2) + diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ab36a692 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de10ea05c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_8.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Np=1000; //number of Primary turns +Ns=100; //number of secondary turns +KVA=120e3; //KVA rating of the transformer +V_SL=440; //supply voltage in V + +K=Np/Ns; //transformer turns ratio +I_SL=KVA/(sqrt(3)*V_SL); + +printf("\n (a)") +V_PL=(V_SL*K)/sqrt(3); +I_PL=(sqrt(3)*I_SL)/K; +transformation_ratio=V_PL/V_SL; +printf("\n Delta star connection:\n") +printf("\n Primary line current=%2.1f A ",I_PL) +printf("\n Primary line voltage=%d V ",V_PL) +printf("\n Transformation ratio =%2.1f \n",transformation_ratio) + +printf("\n(b)") +V_PL=V_SL*K*sqrt(3); +I_PL=I_SL/(sqrt(3)*K); +transformation_ratio=V_PL/V_SL; +printf("\n star delta connection:\n") +printf("\n Primary line current=%1.1f A ",I_PL) +printf("\n Primary line voltage=%d V ",V_PL) +printf("\n Transformation ratio =%2.2f ",transformation_ratio) + diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg b/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39cfbf8db Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b65af80d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex7_9.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Vp=220; //primary voltage in V +Vs=250; //secondary voltage in V +Ns=2000; //number of secondary turns + +printf("\n (a)") +Np=(Vp/Vs)*Ns; //number of Primary turns +tapping_point=Ns-Np; //number of turns from C to A in figure +printf("\n The position of tapping point=%d turns \n",tapping_point) + +printf("\n (b)") +Po=10e3; //output power in KVA +Is=Po/Vs; //secodary current in A +Ip=(Vs/Vp)*Is; //primary current in A +approximate_current=Ip-Is; +printf("\n The approximate value of current in each part of the winding:\n") +printf("\t Is=%d A\n",Is) +printf("\t Ip=%2.2f A\n",Ip) +printf("\t Ip-Is=%1.2f A\n",approximate_current) + +printf("\n (c)") +copper_saved=Vp/Vs; +printf("\n copper saved=%1.2f p.u",copper_saved) + diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c44e0f9d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a42b7a42a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_1.sce + +clc; +clear; +p=4; +s=24; +com_seg=24; +//winding detail calculation +pole_pitch=s/p; +c=com_seg; +printf("\n Number of coils=%d \n",c) +Cs=2*c; +printf("\n Number of coil sides=%d \n",Cs) +Yb1=Cs/p+1; +Yb2=Cs/p-1; +Yb=Yb1; //choosing full pitch coil +printf("\n Back pitch=%d \n",Yb) +Yf1=Yb-2; //For progressive winding +Yf2=Yb+2; //For retrogressive winding +Yf=Yf1; +printf("\n Full pitch=%d \n",Yf) +//for progressive winding +Y=2; +Yc=1; +printf("\n Winding pitch=%d \n",Y) +printf("\n Commutator pitch=%d \n",Yc) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc13e54ae Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2615493d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_10.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Ra=0.1; + +printf("\n (a)") +Ia=80; +V=230; +E=V+(Ia*Ra); +printf("\n The generated emf when running as generator=%3.0f volt \n",E) + +printf("\n (b)") +Ia=60; +V=230; +E=V-(Ia*Ra); +printf("\n The generated emf when running as motor=%3.0f volt \n",E) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4be64141 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41c460f42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_11.sce. + +clc; +clear; +V1=440; +V2=220; +Ia=50; +Ra=0.3; +a=2; +p=2; +Z=850; +phi_1=0.025; +phi_2=0.02; + +E=V1-(Ia*Ra); +n1=(E*a)/(2*Z*p*phi_1); +N1=n1*60; +n1_by_n2=(V1*phi_2)/(V2*phi_1); +n2=n1/(n1_by_n2); +N2=n2*60; +printf("\n Motor Speed: \t N1=%d r.p.m \t N2=%d r.p.m \n",N1,N2) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7742d1c76 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0da4d367 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_12.sce. + +clc; +clear; +V=480; +Ia=110; +Ra=0.2; +Z=864; +phi=0.05; +a=6; +p=3; + +printf("\n (a)") +E=V-(Ia*Ra); +n=(E*a)/(2*Z*p*phi); +N=(n*60); +printf("\n Speed=%d r.p.m \n",N) + +printf("\n (b)") +Pm=E*Ia; +T=Pm/(2*%pi*n); +printf("\n Gross torque developed in the armature=%d Nm \n",T) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc15e758b Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3ddb691b --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_13.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Il=2; +Z=864; +If=0.6; +V=220; +Ra=0.8; +a=2; +p=2; +phi=5.4e-3; +T=25; + +Ia=Il-If; +E1=V-(Ia*Ra); +n1=(E1*a)/(2*Z*phi*p); +N1=n1*60; +printf("\n Motor speed at no load=%4.0f r.p.m \n",N1) + +Ia=(T*a*%pi)/(p*phi*Z); +Il=Ia+If; +printf("\n Motor current at full load torque=%2.3f A \n",Il) +E2=V-(Ia*Ra); +n2=(E2*a)/(2*Z*phi*p); +N2=n2*60; +printf("\n Motor speed at full load=%4.0f r.p.m \n",N2) + +speed_reg=((N1-N2)/N2)*100; +printf("\n Speed regulation=%1.3f percentage",speed_reg) +//There is a error in the regulation calculation in the book +//The book answer 9.95% is wrong diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de141b15 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60fa32013 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_14.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=600; +V=500; +Il=32; +Ra=0.4; +Rf=250; + +printf("\n (a)") +P=(V*Il)/1e3; +N1=450; +Ia=Il-(V/Rf); +k_phi=(V-(Ia*Ra))/N; +R=(V-(k_phi*N1))/Ia-Ra; +printf("\n Input power at 600 r.p.m=%d kW \n",P) +printf("\n Armature current Ia=%d A \n",Ia) +printf("\n R=%1.2f ohm \n",R) + +printf("\n (b)") +//To increase the speed the field control is used. +If1_by_If=0.856; +If=Il-Ia; +If1=If1_by_If*If; +Rf1=V/If1; +R=Rf1-Rf; +Ia1=Ia/If1_by_If; +Il=Ia1+If1; +Pi=(V*Il)/1e3; +printf("\n New armature current Ia=%d A \n",Ia1) +printf("\n New Input power=%2.1f kW",Pi) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..512742ad7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f995a52a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_15.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P_in_HP=37.5; +V=220; +N=535; +Ra=0.086; +Ia1=140; +I=200; + +E=V-(Ia1*Ra); +R=(V+E)/I; +R_ext=R-Ra; +P=(P_in_HP)*736; +omega=(2*%pi*N)/60; +FL_T=P/omega; +initial_braking_T=FL_T*(I/Ia1); +Ia2=(V+(E/2))/R; +halfspeed_braking_T=FL_T*(Ia2/Ia1); +printf("\n Armature circuit resistance=%1.2f ohm \n",R) +printf("\n The external resistance=%1.3f ohm \n",R_ext) +printf("\n Initial braking torque=%3.1f Nm \n",initial_braking_T) +printf("\n Braking torque at half speed=%3.1f Nm \n",halfspeed_braking_T) +//Answer vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43ebc3006 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db188b5b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_16.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P_in_HP=20; +P=(P_in_HP)*736; +N=450; +Ra=0.18; +Rf=0.12; +R=8.7+Ra+Rf; +omega=(2*%pi*N)/60; +Tf=P/omega; + +//The voltage developed for 450 rpm is 289 volt which is taken from the curve +E=289; +P_not=(E*E)/R; +Pi=(2*%pi*N*Tf)/60; + +//The mechanical input is greater than electrical output , so the motor speed increases +//The voltage developed for 550 rpm is 403 volt which is taken from the curve +N=550; +E=403; +P_not=(E*E)/R; +Pi=(2*%pi*N*Tf)/60; + +printf("\n Electrical input=%5.2f W \n",P_not) +printf("\n Mechanical input=%5.2f W \n",Pi) +if PiN +end +printf("\n Desired speed=%d rpm \n",N1) +//Answer vary dueto roundoff error +//since mechanical input is less than electrical output the motor cannot attain a speed as 550 rpm +//So the speed is 540 rpm which is obtained using trial and error method diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..798210997 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f73440c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_17.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=100e3; +V=460; +It=9.8; +If=2.7; +R=0.11; + +printf("\n (a)") +I=(P/2)/V; +Ia=I+If; +Wa=Ia^2*R; +Wsh=V*If; +Ian=It-If; +W_not=V*Ian; +NL_armature_loss=Ian^2*R; +other_loss=W_not-NL_armature_loss; //other losses include iron,friction,windage losses +T_loss_HL=Wa+Wsh+other_loss; +Pi_HL=(P/2)+T_loss_HL; +efficiency=((P/2)/Pi_HL)*100; +printf("\n Efficiency of the generator at half load=%2.1f percentage \n",efficiency) + +printf("\n (b)") +I=P/V; +Ia=I+If; +Wa=Ia^2*R; +Wsh=V*If; +Ian=It-If; +W_not=V*Ian; +NL_armature_loss=Ian^2*R; +other_loss=W_not-NL_armature_loss; //other losses include iron,friction,windage losses +T_loss_FL=Wa+Wsh+other_loss; +Pi_FL=P+T_loss_FL; +efficiency=(P/Pi_FL)*100; +printf("\n Efficiency of the generator at full load=%2.2f percentage \n",efficiency) + diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab8071c9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68c8816e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_18.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=1000e3; +V=500; +I1=2000; +I2=400; +Ig=21; //shunt field current of generator +Im=17; //shunt field current of motor +R=0.01; +I=P/V; + +printf("\n (a)") +efficiency=sqrt(I1/(I1+I2))*100; +printf("\n Effciency at full load=%2.1f percentage \n",efficiency) + +printf("\n (b)") +Ia_G=I1+Ig; +copper_loss_G=Ia_G^2*R; +loss_G=V*Ig; + +Ia_M=I1+I2-Im; +copper_loss_M=Ia_M^2*R; +loss_M=V*Im; + +total_loss=V*I2; +other_loss=total_loss-(copper_loss_G+loss_G+copper_loss_M+loss_M); //other losses include iron,friction,windage losses +other_loss_each=other_loss/2; +total_loss_G=copper_loss_G+loss_G+other_loss_each; +Pi_G=P+total_loss_G; +efficiency=(P/Pi_G)*100; +printf("\n Efficiency with considering losses=%2.1f percentage \n",efficiency) +//There is a mistake in the (a) part calculation in the book. +//The efficiency is 91.3% not 89.1% diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60df0fa42 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51a826d16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +p=4; +s=30; +c=90; +Cs=2*c; +printf("\n Number of coil sides=%d \n",Cs) +Cs_per_slot=Cs/s; +printf("\n Number of coil sides per slot=%d \n",Cs_per_slot) +Yb1=Cs/p+2; //Winding is not split +Yb2=Cs/p-2; //Winding is split +Yb=Yb2; +printf("\n Back pitch=%d \n",Yb) +Cs1=1+Yb; +Cs3=3+Yb; +Cs5=5+Yb; +//Top coil sides 1,3,5 are in in slot,while all the corresponding bottom coil sides 44,46,48 are in slot 8. + + diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ec6b612f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..182fc0b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_20(c).sce. + +clc; +clear; +Ra=35; +J=6e-5; +K=0.325; + +T=(J*Ra)/K^2; +t=-T*log(1-0.98); //(1-0.98)=0.02 +printf("\n Time for the motor to run with 2 percentage of its final speed=%1.3f sec \n",t) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bef85619a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaa7eacfc --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +s=25; +c=25; +com_seg=25; +p=4; +Sp=s/p; //slot per pole +printf("\n Slots per pole=%d \n",Sp) +Cs=2*c; +printf("\n Number of coil sides=%d \n",Cs) +Cs_per_slot=Cs/s; +printf("\n Number of coil sides per slot=%d \n",Cs_per_slot) +Y1=((2*c)+2)/(p/2); +Y2=((2*c)-2)/(p/2); +Y=Y1; //For progressive winding +printf("\n Winding pitch=%d \n",Y) +Yb=Y/2; +printf("\n Back pitch=%d \n",Yb) +Yf=Yb; +printf("\n Full pitch=%d \n",Yf) +Yc=(c+1)/(p/2); +printf("\n Commutator pitch=%d \n",Yc) + + diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d86026f4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39572035f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_4.sce + +clc; +clear; +p=4; +s=21; +Cs_per_slot=4; +Cs=Cs_per_slot*s; +printf("\n Number of coil sides=%d \n",Cs) +C=Cs/2; +printf("\n Number of coils=%d \n",C) +Yc1=(C+1)/(p/2); +Yc2=(C-1)/(p/2); +C=41; //Simplex wave winding is not possible with 42 coils.Therefore active coils are 42 +Yc=(C+1)/(p/2); +printf("\n Commutator pitch=%d \n",Yc) +Y=((2*C)+2)/(p/2); +printf("\n Winding pitch=%d \n",Y) +Yb=Y/2; +printf("\n Back pitch=%d \n",Yb) +Yf=Yb; +printf("\n Full pitch=%d \n",Yf) +//This value of Yb also satisfies the condition to avoid split winding diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c61d59a3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66d017e4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_5.sce. + +clc; +clear; +s=50; +c=8; +N=900; +phi=25e-3; +Z=s*c; +a=2; +p=2; +n=N/60; +E=(2*Z*phi*p*n)/a; +printf("\n Emf generated=%d volt",E) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15c3c16b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f640e244c --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +N=360; +phi=45e-3; +s=120; +E=260; +p=4; +n=N/60; +a=8; +Z=(E*a)/(2*phi*p*n); +coductors_per_slot=Z/s; +total_no_of_conductors=coductors_per_slot*s; +printf("\n Number of conductors per slot=%d \n",coductors_per_slot) + +phi=(E*a)/(2*960*n*p) +printf("\n Flux=%1.5f Wb/pole",phi) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de7e4dc5e Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..755ee0609 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_7.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=300e3; +V=500; +a=8; +p=4; +Z=786; +theta=5; + +I=P/V; +armature_AT=(1/2)*(I/a)*(Z/(2*p)); //Total AT per pole +demagnetizing_AT=armature_AT*(4*theta/360); //demagnetizing AT per pole +distorting_AT=armature_AT-demagnetizing_AT; //distorting AT per pole +printf("\n Demagnetizing AT per pole=%d AT/pole \n",demagnetizing_AT) +printf("\n Cross AT per pole=%4.0f AT/pole \n",distorting_AT) + +//There is a error in the substitution of number of conductors (Z) in the book +//In the question Z=786 but problem is solved by substituting Z=768 +//But I make the codes with the given data that is Z=786 +//So the book answer vary diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ba6a86e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4852d569a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_8.sce. + +clc; +clear; +R=200; +P=100e3; +V=500; +E=525; + +printf("\n (a)") +Il=P/V; +If=V/R; +Ia=Il+If; +Ra=(E-V)/Ia; +printf("\n The armature resistance=%1.4f ohm \n",Ra) + +printf("\n (b)") +P=60e3; +V=520; +Il=P/V; +If=V/R; +Ia=Il+If; +E=V+(Ia*Ra); +printf("\n The generated emf=%3.2f volt",E) diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg b/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c72f6be24 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9de1ebe68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex8_9.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Ra=0.8; +Rsh=45; +Rse=0.6; +P=5e3; +V=250; +Il=P/V; +If=(V+(Rse*Il))/Rsh; +Ia=Il+If; +E=V+(Il*Rse)+(Ia*Ra); +printf("\n Armature generated voltage=%3.2f volt \n",E) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6613bb4cc Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e3012684 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_1.sce. + +clc; +clear; +slots=24; +pole=4; + +printf("\n (a)") +//when all slots are wound +m=slots/pole; +alpha=180/m; +Kd=sind(m*alpha/2)/(m*sind(alpha/2)); +printf("\n Distribution factor when all slots are wound=%1.3f",Kd) + +printf("\n (b)") +//only 4 adjacent slots are wound +m=4; +Kd=sind(m*alpha/2)/(m*sind(alpha/2)); +printf("\n Distribution factor when only four slots per pole are wound=%1.3f",Kd) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c071775f Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2041df3b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_10.sce. + +clc; +clear; +Pl=1e6; +Pd=360; //developing power +Pi=600e3; +Vl=6600; +pf=0.8; +Pin=800e3; +theta=acosd(pf); +Il=Pl/(Vl*sqrt(3)); +Ps=(Pd*746)/0.9; // 1HP=746 watt and efficiency is assumed 90% (i.e 0.9) +phi_s=acosd(Ps/Pi); +Is=Pi/(Vl*sqrt(3)); +lag_reactive_crt_load=Il*sind(theta); +lead_reacitve_crt_motor=lag_reactive_crt_load*sind(phi_s); +lag_reactive_crt_result=lag_reactive_crt_load-lead_reacitve_crt_motor; +resultant_active_crt=(Il*pf)+(lag_reactive_crt_load*cosd(phi_s)); + +resultant_line_crt=sqrt(resultant_active_crt^2+lag_reactive_crt_result^2); +printf("\n Resultant line current=%2.2f A \n",resultant_line_crt); + +final_power_factor=resultant_active_crt/resultant_line_crt; +printf("\n Final power factor=%1.0f \n",final_power_factor); + +increase_of_crt=(resultant_line_crt-Il)*100/Il; +printf("\n The increase of current=%2.1f percentage \n",increase_of_crt) + +increase_power_trans=((Pin+Ps)-Pin)*100/Pin; +printf("\n The increase of power transmitted=%2.1f percentage \n",increase_power_trans) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..551a351e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a11b1082 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_11.sce + +clc; +clear; +//The input data are taken from the previous example 9.10 + +Pl=1e6; +Pd=360; //developing power +Pi=600e3; +Vl=6600; +pf=0.1; +pf1=0.8; +Pin=800e3; +theta=acosd(pf); +Il=Pl/(Vl*sqrt(3)); +Ps=(Pd*746)/0.9; // 1HP=746 watt and efficiency is assumed 90% (i.e 0.9) +phi_s=acosd(Ps/Pi); +Is=Pi/(Vl*sqrt(3)); +lag_reactive_crt_motor=52.5; +lead_reacitve_crt_motor=lag_reactive_crt_motor*sind(acosd(pf)); +active_crt=lag_reactive_crt_motor*pf; +lag_reactive_crt_result=lag_reactive_crt_motor-lead_reacitve_crt_motor; +resultant_active_crt=(Il*pf1)+(active_crt); + +resultant_line_crt=sqrt(resultant_active_crt^2+lag_reactive_crt_result^2); +printf("\n Resultant line current= %2.3f A \n",resultant_line_crt); + +pf=resultant_active_crt/resultant_line_crt; +printf("\n Power factor= %1.0f \n",pf) + +increase_of_crt=(Il-resultant_active_crt)*100/Il; +printf("\n The increase of current= %2.0f percentage \n",increase_of_crt) + +increase_power_trans=(Pi*pf)*100/Pin; +printf("\n The increase of power transmitted= %2.0f percentage",increase_power_trans) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12431458e Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9998ee9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_2.sce + +clc; +clear; +V=3.6e3; +phase=3 +f=50; +N=500; +m=3; +c=10; + +printf("\n (a)") +p=(120*f)/N; +printf("\n The number of poles=%d",p) + +printf("\n (b)") +slots_per_phase=m*p; +conductor_per_phase=(slots_per_phase)*c; +turns_per_phase=conductor_per_phase/2; +emf_per_phase=V/sqrt(3); +solts_per_pole=m*phase; +alpha=180/solts_per_pole; + +Kd=sind(m*alpha/2)/(m*sind(alpha/2)); +betta=alpha; +Kp=cosd(betta/2); +phi=emf_per_phase/(4.44*f*Kd*Kp*turns_per_phase); +printf("\n The useful flux per pole=%1.3f Wb",phi) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..425654f8a Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e8287eff --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_3.sce + +clc; +clear; +P=45e3; +E=220; +phase=3; +p=6; +f=50; + +I=P/(E*sqrt(3)); +//From SCC ,the excitation current is, +Isc1=118.1; +If=2.2; +//For this If, the corresponding line voltage from the air gap line is, +V1=202; +I1=1.0; +Vph=V1/sqrt(3); +Xs_unsat=Vph/Isc1; //Unsaturated reactance in ohm +V=V1/E; +Xs_unsat_pu=V/I1; //Unsaturated reactance in per unit +printf("\n Unsaturated value of synchronous reactance=\t %1.4f ohm \t %1.3f p.u \n",Xs_unsat,Xs_unsat_pu) + +//For 220 volt from figure, +If=2.9; +Isc2=157; +Vph=E/sqrt(3); +Xs_sat=Vph/Isc2; +Xs_sat_pu=I1/(Isc2/Isc1); +printf("\n Saturated value of synchronous reactance=\t %1.3f ohm \t %1.3f p.u \n",Xs_sat,Xs_sat_pu) + +Ie2=2.9; +Ie1=2.2; +SCR=Ie2/Ie1; +printf("\n Short circuit ratio=%1.2f \n",SCR) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4458b5b29 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e41a83159 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_4.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//From figure 9.26 +EG=25; +P=45e3; +E=220; +I=P/(E*sqrt(3)); +Xl=EG/(sqrt(3)*I); +printf("\n Leakage reactance=%1.4f ohm \n",Xl) + +//From fig 9.26 armature reaction amphere is equal to the field current +If=1.925; +printf("\n Field amphere current=%1.3f A \n",If) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12a50d150 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b755bf9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_5.sce + +clc; +clear; +V=1+%i*0; +Xd=1.0; +Xq=0.6; +pf=0.8; +theta=acosd(pf); +Ia1=pf-%i*sind(acosd(pf)); +Ia=1.0; //phase magnitude of Ia + +tan_del=(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))/(V+(Ia*Xq*sind(theta))); +del=atand(real(tan_del)); +Ef_dash=((V+(Ia*Xq*sind(theta)))^2+(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))^2)^(1/2); + +Ef=real(Ef_dash)+(Ia*sind(theta+del)*(Xd-Xq)); +disp(Ef,'Magnitude excitation voltage in p.u is') + +Ef_double_dash=V*(1+%i*0)+%i*((cosd(theta)-%i*sind(theta))*Xd); +disp(Ef_double_dash,'The rectangular value of double excited voltage in p.u is') + +Ef_double_dash_mag=sqrt(real(Ef_double_dash)^2+imag(Ef_double_dash)^2); +Ef_double_dash_ang=atand(imag(Ef_double_dash)/real(Ef_double_dash)); +printf("\n The polar form of double excited voltage=%1.2f angle%2.3f degree \n",Ef_double_dash_mag,Ef_double_dash_ang) + diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e6a69a37 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd72adc8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_6.sce. + +clc; +clear; +P=500e3; +Vl=3.3e3 +Il=P/(sqrt(3)*Vl); +Vph=Vl/sqrt(3); +Iph=Il; +Rph=0.4; +Xsyn=4.2; + +printf("\n (a)") +pf=1; //unity +Ef=((Vph+(Iph*Rph))^2+(Iph*Xsyn)^2)^(1/2); +reg=((Ef/Vph)-1)*100; +printf("\n Voltage Regulation for unity power factor=%1.2f percentage \n",reg) + +printf("\n (b)") +pf=0.8; //lagging +theta=acosd(pf); +Ef=((Vph+(Iph*Rph*cosd(theta))+(Iph*Xsyn*sind(theta)))^2+((Iph*Xsyn*cosd(theta))-(Iph*Rph*sind(theta)))^2)^(1/2); +reg=((Ef/Vph)-1)*100; +printf("\n Voltage Regulation for 0.8 lagging power factor=%2.3f percentage \n",reg) + +printf("\n (c)") +pf=0.8; //leading +theta=acosd(pf); +Ef=((Vph+(Iph*Rph*cosd(theta))-(Iph*Xsyn*sind(theta)))^2+((Iph*Xsyn*cosd(theta))+(Iph*Rph*sind(theta)))^2)^(1/2); +reg=((Ef/Vph)-1)*100; +printf("\n Voltage Regulation for 0.8 leading power factor=%1.1f percentage \n",reg) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc5f30ff9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9cf9898 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_7.sce. + +clc; +clear; +//input data are taken from example 9.5 +V=1+%i*0; +Xd=1.0; +Xq=0.6; +pf=0.8; +theta=acosd(pf); +Ia1=pf-%i*sind(acosd(pf)); +Ia=1.0; //phase magnitude of Ia + +printf("\n (a)") +//lagging power factor +tan_del=(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))/(V+(Ia*Xq*sind(theta))); +del=atand(real(tan_del)); +Ef_dash=((V+(Ia*Xq*sind(theta)))^2+(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))^2)^(1/2); +Ef=real(Ef_dash)+(Ia*sind(theta+del)*(Xd-Xq)); +reg=((Ef-V)/1.0)*100; +printf("\n Voltage Regulation for 0.8 lagging power factor=%d percentage \n",reg) + +printf("\n (b)") +tan_del=(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))/(V-(Ia*Xq*sind(theta))); +del=atand(real(tan_del)); +Ef=((V-(Ia*Xq*sind(theta)))^2+(Ia*Xq*cosd(theta))^2)^(1/2); +reg=((Ef-V)/1.0)*100; +printf("\n Voltage Regulation for 0.8 leading power factor=%2.0f percentage",reg) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19fe22f41 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5022b47f --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_8.sce. + +clc; +clear; +VI1=10e6; +phi1=acosd(0.75); +phip=acosd(0.9); +phic=90-asind(7/100); //given loss is 7% of KVA output +KVAc=VI1*(((sind(phi1)*cosd(phip))-(cosd(phi1)*sind(phip)))/((sind(phic)*cosd(phip))+(cosd(phic)*sind(phip))))*1e-3; +MVAc=KVAc*1e-3; +printf("\n The capacity of the synchronous condenser= %1.2f MVA",MVAc) diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.jpg b/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5103cb30 Binary files /dev/null and b/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086d9b0a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3802/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book Name:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering +//Author:Rajendra Prasad +//Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited +//Edition:Third ,2014 + +//Ex9_9.sce. + +//input data are taken from example 9.8 +clc; +clear; +VI1=10e6; +pf1=0.75; +pfc=cosd(90-asind(7/100)); +KVAc=VI1*((sqrt(1-pf1^2))/(sqrt(1-pfc^2)))*1e-3; +MVAc=KVAc*1e-3; +printf("\n The capacity of synchronous condenser which is desired to raise the power factor to unity=%1.2f MVA",MVAc); diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47dfb370e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; +s1=1+1==2 +s2=2+2==3 +mprintf("The following sentences are Propositions\n") //Proposition should be a declarative sentence or should result in either a YES or a NO. +mprintf("1. Washington D.C is the capital of the United States of America\n") +mprintf("2. Toronto is the capital of Canada\n") +mprintf("3. 1+1=2 %s ", string([%T])) +mprintf("\n4. 2+2=3 %s ", string([%F])) +//Since these statements are declarative and they answer the question YES or NO they are called propositions. diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dd0f0179 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +function atck(X) + if (X=='CS1') then + mprintf("\nA(%s) is true",X) + elseif (X=='MATH1') then + mprintf("\nA(%s) is true",X) + else + mprintf("\nA(%s) is false",X) + end +endfunction + +//Defining systems to check whether they are under attack through a function. +x1='CS1' +x2='CS2' +x3='MATH1' + +atck(x1) +atck(x2) +atck(x3) + +mprintf("\nSystems under attack are CS1 and MATH1.\nThe truth values for the same are calculated using functions.") + diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aa40650f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +v1=sqrt(2) +v2=(3/2) + +//let p be the proposition that sqrt(2) > (3/2) +if v1 > v2 then //which is false + z=v1**2 >v2**2 + mprintf("(sqrt(2))^2 > (3/2)^2 %s ", string([%F]))//which is false and as a result will not be printed +end + +//The conclusion is false,therefore final argument +fin_arg=v1**2>v2**2//sqrt(2)^2 is less than (3/2)^2 +disp(fin_arg) diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b6daded1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +mprintf("1. What time is it? \n") +mprintf("2. Read this carefully. \n") +mprintf("3. x+1=2.\n") +mprintf("4. x+y=Z.\n") +mprintf("Sentences 1 and 2 are not propositions since they are not declarative.\nSentences 3 and 4 are neither true nor false and so they are not propositions.") diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..663236d7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +mprintf("Propositon p=Michael s PC runs Linux.") +mprintf("\n Negation of p is ~p : It is not the case that Michael s PC runs Linux.") +mprintf("\n Negation of p is ~p : Michael s PC does not run.Linux")//Negation is opposite of the truth value of the proposition expressed with "it is not the case that" or with "not". diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcb445ade --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +mprintf( "Let p=Vandana s smartphone has at least 32GB of memory.") +mprintf( "\nThe negation of p is ( ~p ) :It is not the case that Vandana s smartphone has at least 32GB of memory.") +mprintf( "\nOr in simple English ( ~p ): Vandana s smartphone does not have at least 32GB of memory.") +mprintf( "\nOr even more simple as ( ~p ): Vandana s smartphone has less than 32GB of memory.") diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60342f59f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +p="Rebecca s PC has more than 16GB free hard disk space" +q="The processor in Rebecca s PC runs faster than 1GHz" +mprintf("Let p,q be two propositions") +mprintf("\nLet p=%s \n Let q=%s",p,q) +mprintf("\nConjunction of p^q is : %s and %s",p,q) //conjunction combines two propositons with "and" diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cba9e7e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +p="Rebecca s PC has more than 16GB free hard disk space" +q="The processor in Rebecca s PC runs faster than 1GHz" +mprintf("Let p,q be two propositions") +mprintf("\nLet p= %s\n Let q=%s",p,q) +mprintf("\nDisjunction of pVq is : %s or %s",p,q) //cup symbol.= V +//Disjunction combines two propositons using OR diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..681c15a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +p="Maria learns discrete mathematics" +q="Maria will find a good job" +mprintf("Let p=%s \n Let q=%s",p,q) +mprintf("\np->q is : If %s then %s",p,q) //p->q p implies q means If p then q. +mprintf("\np->q is also expressed as :%s when %s",q,p) diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74bd443dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +x = [0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0]; +y = [1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1]; + +bit_and=bitand(x,y) +bit_or=bitor(x,y) +bit_xor=bitxor(x,y) + +disp(bit_and,"The bitwise AND is") +disp(bit_or,"The bitwise OR is") +disp(bit_xor,"The bitwise XOR is") diff --git a/3808/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3808/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f9840b72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 01: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs + +clc; +clear; + +function p(x) //function definition to check whether the given statements are true. +if(x>3) then + mprintf("\np(%d) which is the statement %d > 3, is true",x,x) +else + mprintf("\np(%d) which is the statement %d > 3, is false",x,x) +end +endfunction + +p(4) +p(2) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97e401b71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +mprintf("The factorial of 1 is") +disp(factorial(1)) +mprintf("The factorial of 2 is") +disp(factorial(2)) +mprintf("The factorial of 6 is") +disp(factorial(6)) +mprintf("The factorial of 20 is") +disp(factorial(20)) + +disp("It shows that the factorial function grows extremely rapidly as the number grows.") diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aaa571df --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +a=[] +i=1 +for i=1:10 + for j =1:i + mprintf("%d ",i) +end +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7f25a50f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +//Finding the summation of j**2 +up=input("Enter the upper limit for the operation j**2:"); +low=input("Enter the lower limit for the operation j**2:"); +sum_j=0 +mprintf("\nThe square of terms from 1 to n :\n") +for j=low:up +mprintf("%d **2 +",j), + j=j**2 + sum_j=sum_j+j +end +mprintf("=%d",sum_j) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b386f954 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +k=4 //lower limit +sum_a=0 +mprintf("The value for the sequence ") +for k=4:8 + if (k==8) then + mprintf("(-1) ** %d ",k) + else + mprintf("(-1) ** %d +",k) +end +sum_a=sum_a + ((-1) ** k) +end +mprintf("=%d",sum_a) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..515671e8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +j=[] +s=[] +i=0 +upj=input("Enter the upper limit for the inner summation:"); +lowj=input("Enter the lower limit for the inner summation:"); +upi=input("Enter the upper limit for the outer summation:"); +lowi=input("Enter the lower limit for the outer summation:"); +for i=lowj:upj+1 + j=j+1 +end +for l=lowi:upi+1 + s=s+(j*l) +end +mprintf("%d",s) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33d9121f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +s=0 +res=[] +mprintf("Sum of values of s for all the members of the set { ") +for s=0:2:4 + mprintf("%d ",s) + res=res+s +end +mprintf("} is %d",res) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00417224f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +n1=100 +n2=49 + +//From table 2 summation k^2=(n(n+1)(2n+1))/6 + +v1=(n1*(n1+1)*(2*n1+1))/6 +v2=(n2*(n2+1)*(2*n2+1))/6 + +v=v1-v2 + +mprintf("Summation k^2 ,k=50 to 100 is %d",v) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23615d90a --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +matA=[] +mprintf("Enter the dimensions of MATRIX A:") +row=input("Enter the no. of rows:") +col=input("Entet the no.of columns:") +mprintf("Enter the elements:") +for i=1:row + for j=1:col + mprintf('\nInput for Row %d , Column %d:',i,j) + n=input(" ") + matA(i)(j)=n +end +end + +matB=[] +mprintf("Enter the dimensions of MATRIX B:") +row1=input("Enter the no. of rows:") +col1=input("Entet the no.of columns:") +mprintf("Enter the elements:") +for i=1:row1 + for j=1:col1 + mprintf('\nInput for Row %d , Column %d:',i,j) + n=input(" ") + matB(i)(j)=n +end +end +mprintf("Matrix A:") +disp(matA) +mprintf("Matrix B:") +disp(matB) +matADD=matA+matB +mprintf("Sum of Matrices:") +disp(matADD) diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9081c7e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +A = [[1,1], +[2,1]] + +B = [[2,1], +[1,1]] + +m1=A*B +m2=B*A + +disp(m1,'A*B=') +disp(m2,'B*A=') + +if m1==m2 then + disp('AB=BA') +else + disp('AB!=BA') +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3890dc57d --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +X = [[1,0,4], + [2,1,1], + [3,1,0], + [0,2,2]] + +Y = [[2,4], + [1,1], + [3,0]] + +result = X * Y + +mprintf("The multiplication of the two matrices XY is:") +disp(result) + diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00d50b095 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +mat=[] + +row=input("Enter the no. of rows:") +col=input("Entet the no.of columns:") +mprintf("Enter the elements:") +for i=1:row + for j=1:col + mprintf('\nInput for Row %d , Column %d:',i,j) + n=input(" ") + mat(i)(j)=n +end +end +mprintf("Original Matrix:") +disp(mat) +matt=mat' +mprintf("Transpose of Matrix:") +disp(matt) + diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..809ed2d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +//To generate a sequence a_n=1/n +i=1.0 //floating point division +n=input("Enter the number of terms in the sequence:"); +mprintf("\na_n=1/n") +mprintf("\nWhen n=%d a_n is:",n) +for i=1:n //iteration till the number of terms specified by the user +a=1.0/i +mprintf( "\n1/%d,\t",i) +end +for i=1:n //iteration till the number of terms specified by the user +a=1.0/i +mprintf("\n%f,\t",a) +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad179dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +n=input("Enter the no. of terms in the sequence to generate the GP:"); +i=1 +mprintf("\nThe list of terms:") +for i=0:n + mprintf("b%d ,\t",i) +end +mprintf("begins with ") +for i=0:n //iterate for the number of terms given as input + b_n=(-1)**i + mprintf("%d ,",b_n) +end +mprintf("\nThe list of terms:") +for i=0:n + mprintf("c%d ,\t",i) +end +mprintf("begins with ") +for i=0:n //iterate for the number of terms given as input + c_n=2*(5**i) + mprintf("%d ,",c_n) +end +mprintf("\nThe list of terms:") +for i=0:n + mprintf("c%d ,\t",i) +end +mprintf("begins with ") +for i=0:n //iterate for the number of terms given as input + d_n=6.0*((1.0/3.0)**i) + mprintf("%f ,",d_n) //prints the fraction values in decimals. Floating point division +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32e15da0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +n=input("Enter the number terms in the sequence:"); +s_n=-1+4*n +t_n=7-3*n +i=0 +mprintf("The list of terms:") +for i=0:n-1 + mprintf("s%d ,",i) +end +mprintf(" begins with ") +for i=0:n-1 //generates the sequence for -1*4i + t=-1+4*i + mprintf("%d ,",t) +end +mprintf("\nThe list of terms:") +for i=0:n-1 + mprintf("t%d ,",i) +end +mprintf(" begins with ") +for i=0:n-1 //generates the sequence for 7-3i + t=7-3*i + mprintf("%d ,",t) +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9437753cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +str=['abcd'] +disp(length(str),'Length of the string is:') diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f66e96775 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +a=[2,0,0,0] //given +//index starts from 1 so a0 is not present +for i=2:4 + a(i)=a(i-1)+3 + mprintf("a[%d]=%d\n",i,a(i)) +end + +mprintf("\nOriginal List:\n") +for i=1:4 +mprintf("a[%d]=%d\n",i,a(i)) +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35f27e4c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +a=[3,5,0,0] //given +//index starts from 1 so a0 is not present +for i=3:4 + a(i)=a(i-1)-a(i-2) + mprintf("a[%d]=%d\n",i,a(i)) +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a824de0c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +f=[0,1,0,0,0,0,0] //given +//index starts from 1 so f0 is not present +mprintf("Fibonacci series is:\n") +for i=3:7 + f(i)=f(i-1)+f(i-2) + mprintf("f[%d]=f[%d] + f[%d]=%d\n",i,i-1,i-2,f(i)) +end diff --git a/3808/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3808/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..538e11926 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 02:Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums and Matrices + +clc; +clear; + +n=1 +result=0 +number=input("Enter the number:"); +for i=1:number-1 +n=n+(i*n) +end +mprintf("The factorial of %d is %d",number,n) diff --git a/3808/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3808/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b13d0d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 03: Algorithms + +clc; +clear; + +ar=[] +max_v=0 +n=input('Enter the number of elements in the finite sequence:') +disp('Enter the elements one after the other!') +for i=1:n + ar(i)=input(' ') +end +for i=1:n + if ar(i)>max_v then + max_v=ar(i) + end +end +disp(max_v,'The largest element is:') diff --git a/3808/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3808/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23ee5ab2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 03: Algorithms + +clc; +clear; + +//Linear Search is also known as Sequential Search +function []= linearsearch (a ,n , ie ) +i =1; +j =0; +for i =1: n +if ( arr(i) == ie ) +printf ( "\nElement:%d found at position %d\n " ,ie , i ) ; +j =1; +end +end +if ( j ==0) +disp ( "Element Not Found!") ; +end +endfunction + +arr =[1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22] +l=length(arr) +disp (arr , " Given array:" ) ; +linearsearch (arr ,l ,19) //Note:input format for function is (array,length,element to be searched) diff --git a/3808/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3808/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a469d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 03: Algorithms + +clc; +clear; + +function []= binarysearch (arr ,n ,i) +last =1; +h=n; +while (last <= h ) +mid = int (( last + h ) /2) ; +if ( arr ( mid ) == i ) +printf ( "\nElement:%d found at position %d",i ,mid) ; +break ; +else +if ( arr ( mid ) >i ) +h = mid -1; +else +last = mid +1; +end +end +end +endfunction + +//Note:input array has to be sorted +ar =[1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22] +l=length(ar) +disp (ar , " Given array " ) ; +binarysearch (ar ,l ,19) //Note:input format for function is (array,length,element to be searched) diff --git a/3808/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3808/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d54fa302 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 03: Algorithms + +clc; +clear; + +function [ res ]= bubblesort (a , n ) +i =1; +j =1; +temp =0; +for i =1: n -1 +for j =1: n - i +if ( a ( j ) >a ( j +1) ) +temp = a ( j ) ; +a ( j ) = a ( j +1) ; +a ( j +1) = temp ; +end +j = j +1; +end +i = i +1; +end +res = a ; +disp ( res ,"Sorted Array :") ; +endfunction + + a =[3 2 4 1 5] + disp (a , " Given Array " ) +a1 = bubblesort (a ,5) diff --git a/3808/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3808/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87528b20a --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 03: Algorithms + +clc; +clear; + +function result = insertionSort(Arr) + for i=2:length(Arr) + A = Arr(i); + j = i-1; + while (j>0 & Arr(j) > A) + Arr(j+1) = Arr(j); + j = j-1; + end + Arr(j+1) = A; + end + +result = Arr; +endfunction + +arr=[3 2 4 1 5] +disp(arr,"Given Array") +arr_s=insertionSort(arr) +disp(arr_s,"Sorted Array") + diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e8c11b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +//To find the quotient and remainder + +dividend=101 +divisor=11 +quotient=int(dividend/divisor) //To find quotient +remainder=modulo(dividend,divisor) //To find remainder +dividend_a=(divisor *quotient)+remainder //To find dividend +mprintf("The quotient when %d is divided by %d is %d = %d div %d and the remainder is %d = %d mod %d",dividend,divisor,quotient,dividend,divisor,remainder,dividend,divisor) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cb348579 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +function primefactors(n) + while modulo(n,2) == 0 //To print all the 2s that divide input + disp('2') + n=n/2 + end + for i=3:2:sqrt(n)//increment by 2 so as to obtain odd numbers only + while modulo(n,i)==0 + disp(i) + n=n/i + end + end +if(n>2) then //to check for prime number + disp(n) + end +endfunction + +n1=100 +n2=641 +n3=999 +n4=1024 +mprintf("Prime factors of %d are:",n1) +disp(primefactors(n1)) +mprintf("\nPrime factors of %d are:",n2) +disp(primefactors(n2)) +mprintf("\nPrime factors of %d are:",n3) +disp(primefactors(n3)) +mprintf("\nPrime factors of %d are:",n4) +disp(primefactors(n4)) + diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c50d792be --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +n=input("Enter the number:") +c=0 +for i =2:n-1 + if modulo(n,i)==0 then + c=c+1 + end +end +if c==0 then + mprintf("%d is a prime number",n) +else + mprintf("%d is not a prime number",n) +end diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9dae24eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +function primefactors(n) + while modulo(n,2) == 0 //To print all the 2s that divide input + disp('2') + n=n/2 + end + for i=3:2:sqrt(n)//increment by 2 so as to obtain odd numbers only + while modulo(n,i)==0 + disp(i) + n=n/i + end + end +if(n>2) then //to check for prime number + disp(n) + end +endfunction + +n1=7007 +mprintf("Prime factors of %d are:",n1) +disp(primefactors(n1)) + diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f0b75d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +//GCD using recursion +function f=gcd(n,m) + if (n>=m) & (modulo(n,m)==0) then + f=m + else + f=gcd(m,modulo(n,m)) + end +endfunction + +a=input("Number 1:") +b=input("Number 2:") +ann=gcd(a,b) +mprintf("GCD(%d,%d) is:%d",a,b,ann) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecf0c7486 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +n1=input("Number 1:") +n2=input("Number 2:") +a=n1 +b=n2 +while n1 ~=n2 + if n1>n2 then + n1=n1-n2 + else + n2=n2-n1 + end +end +mprintf("GCD(%d,%d) is:%d",a,b,n1) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..894d8d040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +//To find the GCD using euclidean algorithm + +function gcd(a,b) + x=a + y=b + while y ~=0 + r=modulo(x,y) + x=y + y=r + end +mprintf("GCD(%d,%d) = %d",a,b,x) +endfunction + +n1=input("Enter 1st Number:") +n2=input("Enter 2nd Number:") +gcd(n1,n2) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..894d8d040 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +//To find the GCD using euclidean algorithm + +function gcd(a,b) + x=a + y=b + while y ~=0 + r=modulo(x,y) + x=y + y=r + end +mprintf("GCD(%d,%d) = %d",a,b,x) +endfunction + +n1=input("Enter 1st Number:") +n2=input("Enter 2nd Number:") +gcd(n1,n2) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67873dde0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +//To find the quotient and remainder + +dividend=-11 +divisor=3 +quotient=(dividend/divisor) //To find quotient +remainder=pmodulo(dividend,divisor) //To find remainder +dividend_a=(divisor*quotient)+remainder //To find dividend +mprintf("The quotient when %d is divided by %d is %.f = %d div %d and the remainder is %d = %d mod %d",dividend,divisor,quotient,dividend,divisor,remainder,dividend,divisor) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6c936256 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +bin=[] +n=input("Enter the length of the binary number:") +dec=0 +disp("Enter the digits one by one") +for i =1:n + bin(i)=input(" ") +end +for i=1:n + dec=dec*2+bin(i) +end +disp(dec,"Decimal Equivalent") + diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec7501830 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +i=0 +oct=input("Enter the octal number:") +tmp=oct +dec=0 +while(oct~=0) + dec=dec+(modulo(oct,10))*(8**(i+0)) + i=i+1 + oct=int(oct/10) +end +disp(dec,'Equivalent Decimal Value:') diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..787eb006c --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +dec=[] +d=0 +i=1 +disp('Please enter input in inverted commas') +hex=input("Enter the hexadecimal number:") +l=length(hex) +hex=strsplit(hex) +cn=0 +for i=l:-1:1 + select hex(i) + case 'A' then + d=10 + case 'B' then + d=11 + case 'C' then + d=12 + case 'D' then + d=13 + case 'E' then + d=14 + case 'F' then + d=15 + case 'a' then + d=10 + case 'b' then + d=11 + case 'c' then + d=12 + case 'd' then + d=13 + case 'e' then + d=14 + case 'f' then + d=15 + else + d=eval(hex(i)) + end + dec=dec+ (d) *(16**cn) + cn=cn+1 +end +disp(dec) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b21ef3a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +arr=[] +n=input("Enter the number:") +tn=n +while n~=0 + re=pmodulo(n,8) + n=int(n/8) + arr($+1)=re +end +mprintf("The octal equivalent of the decimal number %d is:",tn) +for i=length(arr):-1:1 + mprintf("%d",arr(i)) +end diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd1e6f5a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +function dec_hex(num) +rem=[] +i=1 +len=0 +while num >0 + rem(i)=pmodulo(num,16) + num=int(num/16) + i=i+1 + len=len+1 +end +disp("Hexadecimal Equivalent:") +for i=len:-1:1 + select rem(i) + case 10 then + disp('A') + case 11 then + disp('B') + case 12 then + disp('C') + case 13 then + disp('D') + case 14 then + disp('E') + case 15 then + disp('F') + else + disp(rem(i)) +end +end +endfunction + +inp=input("Enter the decimal number:") +dec_hex(inp) diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c5a0374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +bin_eq=[] +decn=input("Enter the decimal number:") +tn=decn +i=1 +b=floor(decn/2) +rem=modulo(decn,2) +bin_eq(i)=string(rem(i)) +while 2<=b + decn=b + i=i+1 + b=floor(decn/2) + rem=modulo(decn,2) + bin_eq(i)=string(rem) +end +bin_eq(i+1)=string(b) +bin_eq=eval(bin_eq) +mprintf("The binary equivalent of the decimal number %d is:",tn) +for i=length(bin_eq):-1:1 + mprintf("%d",bin_eq(i)) +end diff --git a/3808/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3808/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c961b295c --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 04:Number Theory and Cryptography + +clc; +clear all; + +bin_a=[] +i=1 +rem=0 +n1=input("Enter 1st binary number:") +n2=input("Enter 2nd binary number:") +t1=n1 +t2=n2 +while (n1~=0 | n2~=0) + bin_a($+i)=modulo((modulo(n1,10)+modulo(n2,10)+rem),2) + rem=(modulo(n1,10)+modulo(n2,10)+rem)/2 + n1=int(n1/10) + n2=int(n2/10) +end +if rem ~=0 then + bin_a($+i)=rem +end +bin_a=int(bin_a) +bin_a=flipdim(bin_a,1) +mprintf("The sum of binary numbers %d and %d is",t1,t2) +disp(bin_a) diff --git a/3808/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3808/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e73efa02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 05: Induction and Recursion + +clc; +clear; + +function f = my_f(n) +if n == 0 + f = 3 +else + f = 2* my_f(n-1) +3 //making a recursive call +end +return f +endfunction + +for n=0:4 +re=my_f(n) +mprintf("The value of f(%d) is %d\n",n,re) +end diff --git a/3808/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3808/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7b9b38f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 05: Induction and Recursion + +clc; +clear; + +function fact = my_factorial(n) +if n == 0 + fact = 1 +else + fact = n * my_factorial(n-1)//recursive function call +end +return fact +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number whose factorial is to be found:") +f=my_factorial(num) +mprintf("The factorial of %d is %d",num,f) diff --git a/3808/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3808/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cff1ffb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 05: Induction and Recursion + +clc; +clear; + +function pow = power(i,n) +if n == 0 + pow = 1 +else + pow = i * power(i,n-1)//recursive function call +end +return pow +endfunction + +n=input("Enter the number whose power is to be found:") +po=input("Enter the power:") +p=power(n,po) +mprintf("%d to the power %d is %d",n,po,p) diff --git a/3808/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3808/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14e171890 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 05: Induction and Recursion + +clc; +clear; + +function res=greatestcommondivisior(a,b) + if a==0 then +res=b + else +res=greatestcommondivisior(modulo(b,a),a) + end +return res +endfunction + +num1=input("Enter the first number:") +num2=input("Enter the second number:") +res_gcd=greatestcommondivisior(num1,num2) +mprintf("The gcd of %d , %d is %d",num1,num2,res_gcd) + +//By Using the inbuilt function,that is provided by Scilab +p=[num1,num2] +res=gcd(p) +mprintf("\nThe gcd of %d , %d is %d",num1,num2,res) diff --git a/3808/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3808/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855d902a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Chapter 05: Induction and Recursion + +clc; +clear; + +//Function to merge & sort +function [ a1 ]= mergesort (a ,p , r ) +if (p < r ) +q = int (( p + r ) /2) ; +a = mergesort (a ,p , q ) ; +a = mergesort (a , q +1 , r ) ; +a = merge (a ,p ,q , r ) ; +else +a1 = a ; +return ; +end +a1 = a ; +endfunction + +//Function to merge +function [ a1 ]= merge (a ,p ,q , r ) +n1 =q - p +1; +n2 =r - q ; +left = zeros ( n1 +1) ; +right = zeros ( n2 +1) ; +for i =1: n1 +left ( i ) = a ( p +i -1) ; +end +for i1 =1: n2 +right ( i1 ) = a ( q + i1 ) ; +end +left ( n1 +1) =111111111; +right ( n2 +1) =111111111; +i =1; +j =1; +k=p; +for k = p : r +if ( left ( i ) <= right ( j ) ) +a ( k ) = left ( i ) ; +i = i +1; +else +a ( k ) = right ( j ) ; +j = j +1; +end +end +a1 = a ; +endfunction + +arr =[8 2 4 6 9 7 10 1 5 3] +disp(arr," Given Array:" ) ; +arr_s =mergesort (arr ,1 ,10) +disp(arr_s , " Sorted Array:" ); diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2afa6464b --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +n=2 //no of employees +r=12 //no of office rooms +sanchez=12 +patel=11 +sol=sanchez*patel + +//product rule +mprintf("Total no of ways to assign offices to these employees is %d",sol) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b4136221 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number of elements:") +com=input("Enter the number of combinations:") +res=combination(num,com) +mprintf("The number of combinations are %d ",res) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e16105aab --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +//Part A Solution +num=input("Enter the number of cards in the deck(For standard deck n=52):") +com1=input("Enter the number of cards for poker hands determination:") +com2=input("Enter the number of cards to select no of ways:") +res1=combination(num,com1) +mprintf("The number of poker hands of %d cards that can be dealt are %d ",com1,res1) +res2=combination(num,com2) +mprintf("\nThe number of ways to select %d cards from a standard deck are %d ",com2,res1) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72830762d --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the total number of members in a team:") +com=input("Enter the number of players:") +res=combination(num,com) +mprintf("The number of combinations are %d ",res) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c926eca40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number of astronauts:") +com=input("Enter the number of astronauts to be selected:") +res=combination(num,com) +mprintf("The number of combinations are %d ",res) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9541498b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +num1=input("Enter the total number of faculty in Computer Science department:") +com1=input("Enter the number of faculty to be selected for the Computer Science department:") +res1=combination(num1,com1) + +mprintf("The number of combinations for the Computer Science department is %d ",res1) + +num2=input("Enter the total number of faculty in the Maths department:") +com2=input("Enter the number of faculty to be selected for the Maths department:") +res2=combination(num2,com2) + +mprintf("The number of combinations for the Maths department is %d ",res2) + +final_res=res1*res2 + +mprintf("The total number of combinations for the selected faculties is %d",final_res) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9a115522 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +fac=1 +nc=52//no of cards in a standard deck +num1=input("Enter the number of cards to distribute:") +num2=input("Enter the number of players:") +for i=1:num2 + fac=fac*combination(nc,num1) + nc=nc-num1 +end + +mprintf("The total number of ways to deal %d players %d cards each is",num2,num1) +disp(fac) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9f3fe42e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +num1=input("Enter the number of indistinguishable bins:") +num2=input("Enter the number of distinguishable bins:") + +//Using formula C(n+r-1,n-l) we obtain + +comb=combination(num2+num1-1,num2-1) + +mprintf("There are %d number of ways to place %d objects into %d distinguishable boxes",comb,num1,num2) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..407f66fa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +letters=26 //Total no of letters in the english alphabet +post=100 //Total positive no.s not beyond 100 +sol=letters*post + +//number of chairs to be labelled with an alphabet and an integer using product rule +mprintf("Total number of chairs that can be labelled with an alphabet and an integer is %d",sol) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42134de52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +mc=32 //total no of microcomputers +p=24 //total no of ports in each microcomputer +sol=mc*p + +//total number of different ports to a microcomputer in the center are found using product rule +mprintf("Total number of ports is %d",sol) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b057a4f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +bits=2 //possible bits are either 0 or 1 +ns=7 //no of bits in the string (ie). length of the string +sol=bits**ns + +// 7 bits are capable of taking either 0 or 1 so by PRODUCT RULE +mprintf("Total different bit strings of length seven are %d",sol) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..576708e95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +letters=26 //no. of letters in english alphabet +no_of_letters=3 //number of letters +choices=10 //number of choices for each letter +result=1//in order to avoid junk values. Assigned it to 1. +for i=1:no_of_letters +result=result*letters*choices +end + +mprintf("The total number of choices are %d",result) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25b0b648e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function res=permutation(n,r) //function definition +i=n +res=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //computing the permutation +res=res*i +end +return res +endfunction + +a=permutation(5,3)//function call +b=permutation(5,5)//function call + +mprintf("The number of ways to select 3 students from a group of 5 students to line up for a picture is %d",a) +mprintf("\nThe number of ways to select 5 students from a group of 5 students to line up for a picture is %d",b) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b2a36c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function res=permutation(n,r) //function definition +i=n +res=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //computing the permutation +res=res*i +end +return res +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number of people:") +perm=input("Enter the number of prizes:") +result=permutation(num,perm) +mprintf("The number of ways to decide the prize winners is %d ",result) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d23d608 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function res=permutation(n,r) //function definition +i=n +res=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u +res=res*i +end +return res +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number of runners:") +perm=input("Enter the number of prizes:") +result=permutation(num,perm) +mprintf("The number of ways to decide the prize winners is %d ",result) diff --git a/3808/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3808/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ebf8aec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 06: Counting + +clc; +clear; + +function res=citycal(n) //function definition +i=n +res=1 +for i=1:n-1 +res=res*i +end +return res +endfunction + +num=input("Enter the number of cities:") +result=citycal(num) +mprintf("The number of possible ways to decide the path is %d ",result) diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20dae4c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +no_blue=4 //no of blue balls +no_red=5 //no of red balls + +prob_blue=no_blue/(no_red+no_blue) + +disp('The probability that a ball chosen at random will be blue is:') +disp(prob_blue) diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..696b872c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +s_total_msg=2000 //spam messages total +spam_msg=250 //occurrence of 'Rolex' in spam +nspam_msg=5 //occurrence of 'Rolex' in not know to be spam +ns_total_msg=1000//not spam messages total +threshold=0.9 +p=spam_msg/s_total_msg +q=nspam_msg/ns_total_msg +r=p/(p+q) + +if r>threshold then + disp(r,'R=') + disp('Reject') +end diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..025b4134f --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +spam_msg=2000 //no of spam messages +nspam_msg=1000 //no of messages that are not spam +o_msg_spam=400 //occurrence of stock in spam +o_msg_nspam=60 //occurrence of stock in non spam +o_msg1_spam=200 //occurrence of undervalued in spam +o_msg1_nspam=25 //occurrence of undervalued in non spam +threshold=0.9 +p1=o_msg_spam/spam_msg +q1=o_msg_nspam/nspam_msg +p2=o_msg1_spam/spam_msg +q2=o_msg1_nspam/nspam_msg + +r=(p1*p2)/(p1*p2+q1*q2) + +if r>threshold then + disp(r,'R=') + disp('Reject') +end diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6668d90df --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +X=[1,2,3,4,5,6] //possible values on a fair die +p=1/6 //probability for any value to appear when die is rolled +Ex=0 +l=length(X) +for i=1:l + Ex=Ex+p*X(i) +end + +disp(Ex,'Expected value of X') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53c63bf99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +times=8 //time flipped +o1=3 //occurrence of 3 heads +o2=2 //occurrence of 2 heads +o3=2 //occurrence of 2 heads +o4=2 //occurrence of 2 heads +o5=1 //occurrence of 1 head +o6=1 //occurrence of 1 head +o7=1 //occurrence of 1 head +o8=0 //occurrence of 0 heads +peo=1/times //probability of each outcome +Ex=peo*(o1+o2+o3+o4+o5+o6+o7+o8) + +disp(Ex,'Expected heads when fair coin is flipped 3 times') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd04fa52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +tot_out=36 //total no of outcomes when 2 dice are rolled +X=[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] //possible sum of 2 dice +pX2=1/tot_out //no of possible chances +pX12=pX2 //no of possible chances +pX3=2/tot_out //no of possible chances +pX11=pX3 //no of possible chances +pX4=3/tot_out //no of possible chances +pX10=pX4 //no of possible chances +pX5=4/tot_out //no of possible chances +pX9=pX5 //no of possible chances +pX6=5/tot_out //no of possible chances +pX8=pX6 //no of possible chances +pX7=6/tot_out //no of possible chances + +Ex=X(1)*pX2+X(2)*pX3+X(3)*pX4+X(4)*pX5+X(5)*pX6+X(6)*pX7+X(7)*pX8+X(8)*pX9+X(9)*pX10+X(10)*pX11+X(11)*pX12 + +disp(Ex,'Ex=') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75436d2f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +//For sum to be 7 out of the total 36 equally likely possible outcomes there are 6 outcomes +//(1,6) (2,5) (3,4) (4,3) (5,2) (6,1) + +total_outcomes=36 //total no of outcomes +seven_sum_outcome=6 //no of outcomes where sum of numbers appearing on dice is 7 + +prob_seven=seven_sum_outcome/total_outcomes + +disp('Probability that 7 comes when 2 dice are rolled is') +disp(prob_seven) diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8b0603b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +//Part a +no_four_digits=10**4 //no of ways to choose 4 digits by the product rule + +//since only 1 entry is correct and wins the prize ,it is inferred that there is only 1 possible way to choose all the digits correctly +no_correctentry=1 //no of ways to choose all 4 digits correctly +prob_winning=no_correctentry/no_four_digits //probability of player winning the large prize + +disp(,prob_winning,'Probability that a player wins the large prize is') + +//Part b +//to win small prize player must correctly choose exactly 3 of 4 digits + +no_correctentry=36 //no of ways to choose 4 digits with exactly three of the four being correct +prob_winning=no_correctentry/no_four_digits //probability of player winning small prize + +disp(,prob_winning,'Probability that a player wins the small prize is') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..455dfafc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +n1=input('Enter the total numbers: ') +n2=input('Enter the amount of numbers to pick correctly to win the prize:') +win=combination(n1,n2) +p_win=1/win +mprintf('The total no of ways to choose %d numbers out of %d number is: %d',n1,n2,win) +mprintf('\nThe probability of a winning combination is') +disp(p_win) diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e73ebb24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +total_balls=50 //total no of balls in bin +pr=1 +//Part-(A) Sampling without replacement +given_no=5 //11 4 17 39 23 +select_ways=1 //ways in which that particular order can be drawn +n=total_balls-given_no +for i=total_balls:-1:n+1 +pr=pr*i +end +prob=select_ways/pr +disp(prob,'The probability that 11,4,17,39,23 are drawn in that order is') + +//Part-(B) Sampling with replacement +total_ways=total_balls**given_no //5 is the no.of balls ,i.e, 11 4 17 39 23 +select_ways=1 //numbers are drawn in that order +prob=select_ways/total_ways +disp(prob,'The probability that 11,4,17,39,23 are drawn in that order is') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2294942e --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +s=2**10 //no of bits-0,1 power sequence ie 10 +eb=1 //for bits are 1 +pEb=eb/s //probability of event E bar that all the bits are 1 +pE=1-pEb //probability of event E +disp(pE,'The probability that the bit string will contain at least one 0 bit is') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d26984d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +max_integers=100 +E1=100/2 //event that random integer is divisible by 2 +E2=100/5 //event that random integer is divisible by 5 +E1IE2=100/(5*2) //event that random integer is divisible by 5 and 2 +pE1=E1/max_integers //probability of event E1 +pE2=E2/max_integers //probability of event E2 +pE1IE2=E1IE2/max_integers //probability of event E1IE2 + +pE1UE2=pE1+pE2-pE1IE2 + +disp(pE1UE2,'Probability that random integer is divisible by either 2 or 5 is') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..583f32afd --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +times=7 //no of times flipped +total_outcomes=2**times //outcomes power times flipped + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +reqd_heads=4 //no of heads coming up +ways_heads=combination(times,reqd_heads) +pH=2/3 //biased coin with probability of heads for 1 head +pT=1-pH //probability of tails is total probability-heads probability +rpH=pH**reqd_heads //probability of 4 heads outcome +rpT=pT**(times-reqd_heads) //probability of tails outcome + +prob_four_heads=ways_heads*rpH*rpT //probability of exactly four heads appearing + +disp(prob_four_heads,'The probability of exactly four heads appearing is') diff --git a/3808/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3808/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d98ca511 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 07: Discrete Probability + +clc; +clear; + +p0=0.9 //prob of bit 0 generation +p1=1-p0 //prob of bit 1 generation +total_bits=10 //total bits generated +reqd_bits=8 //reqd bits out of totalbits generated + +function result=combination(n,r) //function definition +i=n +num=1 +denominator=1 +l=(n-r)+1 +u=n +for i=l:u //to compute the value of the numerator +num=num*i +end +for j=1:r //to compute the value of the denominator +denominator=denominator*j +end +result=num/denominator +return result +endfunction + +//Using theorem 2 +prob_eight_0=combination(total_bits,reqd_bits)*((p0)**reqd_bits)*((p1)**(total_bits-reqd_bits)) + +disp(prob_eight_0,'Probability of exactly eight 0 bits generated is') diff --git a/3808/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3808/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeefc31b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 08: Advanced Counting Techniques + +clc; +clear; + +//For (-2 3) +u=-2 //From definition 2 +k=3 //From definition 2 +bin_coeff1=(u*(u-1)*(u-k+1))/factorial(k) + +//For (1/2 3) +u=1/2 //From definition 2 +k=3 //From definition 2 +bin_coeff2=(u*(u-1)*(u-k+1))/factorial(k) + +mprintf("The extended binomial coefficient for (-2 3) is %d",bin_coeff1) +mprintf("\nThe extended binomial coefficient for (1/2 3) is %f",bin_coeff2) diff --git a/3808/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3808/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c60adb6ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 08: Advanced Counting Techniques + +clc; +clear; + +no_cs=25 //no of students majoring in computer science +no_math=13 //no of students majoring in mathematics +no_mathcs=8 //no of students majoring in computer science and mathematics + +aub=no_cs+no_math-no_mathcs + +mprintf("The total no of students in the class is %d",aub) diff --git a/3808/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3808/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a46b434c --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 08: Advanced Counting Techniques + +clc; +clear; + +A=int(1000/7) //set of positive integers not exceeding 1000 and divisible by 7 Note:inferred from Example 2 of Section 4.1 +B=int(1000/11) //set of positive integers not exceeding 1000 and divisible by 11 Note:inferred from Example 2 of Section 4.1 +AIB=int(1000/(7*11)) //set of positive integers not exceeding 1000 and divisible by 7 also 11 + +AUB=A+B-AIB + +mprintf("There are %d positive integers not exceeding 1000 that are divisible by either 7 or 11",AUB) diff --git a/3808/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3808/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81eb6d362 --- /dev/null +++ b/3808/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 08: Advanced Counting Techniques + +clc; +clear; + +no_freshmen=1807;.........//total no if freshmen +no_cs=453; //no of students taking course in computer science +no_math=567; //no of students taking course in mathematics +no_csmath=299; //no of students taking course in computer science and mathematics + +AUB=no_cs+no_math-no_csmath + +csmath=no_freshmen-AUB + +mprintf("No.of freshmen taking a course in computer science or math is %d",AUB) +mprintf("\n No.of freshmen not taking a course in either computer science or math is %d",csmath) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9931be8e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.1/EX1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.1 + +clc +//Initialisation +v1=15.8 //voltage +v2=12.3 //voltage +r=220 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +v=v1-v2 //voltage +i=v/r //current in ampere + +//Results +printf("Current, I = %.1f mA",(i*1000)) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.2/EX1_2.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.2/EX1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b849ed74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.2/EX1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.2 + +clc +//Initialisation +i1=10 //current in ampere +i3=3 //current in ampere + +//Calculation +i2=i1-i3 //current in ampere + +//Results +printf("Current, I = %.1f A",i2) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.3/EX1_3.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.3/EX1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9eb2e0fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.3/EX1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.3 + +clc +//Initialisation +v2=7 //voltage +e=12 //emf + +//Calculation +v1=e-v2 //voltage + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %.1f V",v1) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3d0837d --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.4/EX1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.4 + +clc +//Initialisation +r=50 //resistance in ohm +i=3 //current in ampere + + + +//Calculation +p=i^2*r //Power in watts + +//Results +printf("Power P = %.1f Watt",p) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.5/EX1_5.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.5/EX1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ba00a689 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.5/EX1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.5 + +clc +//Initialisation +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=20 //resistance in ohm +r3=15 //resistance in ohm +r4=25 //resistance in ohm + + + + +//Calculation +r=r1+r2+r3+r4 //resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("Equivalent Resistance, R = %d Ohm",r) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.6/EX1_6.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.6/EX1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a88d3e00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.6/EX1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.6 + +clc +//Initialisation +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=20 //resistance in ohm + + + + + +//Calculation +r=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2) //resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("Equivalent Resistance, R = %.2f Ohm",r) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d6d66200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.7/EX1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.7 + +clc +//Initialisation +v1=10 //voltage +v2=0 //voltage +r1=200 //resistance in ohm +r2=300 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +v=v1*(r2/(r1+r2)) //voltage + + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %d V",v) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.8/EX1_8.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.8/EX1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fc08ec2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.8/EX1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.8 + +clc +//Initialisation +v1=15 //voltage +v2=3 //voltage +r1=1000 //resistance in ohm +r2=500 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +v=v2+((v1-v2)*(r2/(r1+r2))) //voltage + + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %d V",v) diff --git a/3809/CH1/EX1.9/EX1_9.sce b/3809/CH1/EX1.9/EX1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2f991a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH1/EX1.9/EX1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 1, Example 1.9 + +clc +//Initialisation +f=50 //Frequency in Hertz + + +//Calculation +t=1/f //Time Period in Sec + + +//Results +printf("Time Period, T = %d ms",(t*1000)) diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4d8451a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.1/EX13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +ri=10**3 //resistance in ohm +rs=100 //resistance in ohm +rl=50 //resistance in ohm +ro=10 //resistance in ohm +vs=2 //voltage +ao=10 //output gain + +//Calculation +vi=(ri/(rs+ri))*vs //input voltage +vo=ao*vi*(rl/(ro+rl)) //output voltage + + +//Results +printf("Output Voltage = %.2f V",vo) + diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.2/EX13_2.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.2/EX13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17b4c2e47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.2/EX13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.2 + +clc +//Initialisation' +ri=10**3 //resistance in ohm +rs=100 //resistance in ohm +rl=50 //resistance in ohm +ro=10 //resistance in ohm +vs=2 //voltage +ao=10 //output gain + +//Calculation +vi=(ri/(rs+ri))*vs //input voltage +vo=ao*vi*(rl/(ro+rl)) //output voltage +av=vo/vi //voltage gain + +//Results +printf("Voltage Gain Av = %.2f",av) + diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.3/EX13_3.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.3/EX13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ad3b770 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.3/EX13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.3 + +clc +//Initialisation' +rl=50 //resistance in ohm +ro=0 //resistance in ohm +vs=2 //voltage +ao=10 //output gain + +//Calculation +vi=vs //input voltage +vo=ao*vi*(rl/(ro+rl)) //output voltage + + +//Results +printf("Output Voltage = %.2f V",vo) + diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.4/EX13_4.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.4/EX13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4580066df --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.4/EX13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +ri=10**3 //resistance in ohm +rs=100 //resistance in ohm +rl=50 //resistance in ohm +ro=10 //resistance in ohm +vs=2 //voltage +ao=10 //output gain + +//Calculation +vi=(ri/(rs+ri))*vs //input voltage +vo=ao*vi*(rl/(ro+rl)) //output voltage +po=vo**2/rl //output power in watt + +//Results +printf("Output Power = %.1f W",po) + diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.5/EX13_5.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.5/EX13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2c5e87e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.5/EX13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.5 + +clc +//Initialisation +ri=1000 //resistance in ohm +rl=50 //resistance in ohm +vi=1.82 //input voltage +vo=15.2 //output voltage + + + +//Calculation + +po=vo**2/rl //output power in watt +pi=vi**2/ri //input power in watt +ap1=po/pi //power gain + +//Results +printf("Power Gain, Ap = %d",ap1) + diff --git a/3809/CH13/EX13.6/EX13_6.sce b/3809/CH13/EX13.6/EX13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eff4bf39c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH13/EX13.6/EX13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 13, Example 13.6 + +clc +//Initialisation' +p=1400 //power gain + +//Calculation +pdb=10*log10(p) //power gain in dB + +//Results +printf("Power Gain (dB) = %.1f dB",pdb) + diff --git a/3809/CH14/EX14.2/EX14_2.sce b/3809/CH14/EX14.2/EX14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bd582dff --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH14/EX14.2/EX14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 14, Example 14.2 +clc +//Initialisation +A1=100000 //gain of an amplifier A +B=0.0001 //gain of an amplifier B +A2=200000 //gain of an amplifier A + +//Calculation +G1=A1/(1+(A1*B)) //overall gain +G2=A2/(1+(A2*B)) //overall gain + + +//Results +printf("if gain of the amplifier A = 100,000\n") +printf("G = %d\n\n",G1) +printf("if gain of the amplifier A = 200,000\n") +printf("G = %d",G2) + + diff --git a/3809/CH15/EX15.4/EX15_4.sce b/3809/CH15/EX15.4/EX15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0a0d695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH15/EX15.4/EX15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 15, Example 15.4 + +clc +//Initialisation +b=2*10**4 //bandwidth in hertz + +//Calculation +gain=10**6/b //gain + +//Results +printf("Gain = %d",gain) + diff --git a/3809/CH15/EX15.5/EX15_5.sce b/3809/CH15/EX15.5/EX15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8590cfa70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH15/EX15.5/EX15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 15, Example 15.5 + +clc +//Initialisation +g=2*10**5 //open loop gain +g2=20 //closed loop gain +ro=75 //ouput resistance +ri=2*10**6 //input resistance + +//Calculation +ab=g/g2 //1 + AB +ro2=ro/ab //output resistance in ohm +ri2=ri*ab //input resistance in ohm + +//Results +printf("Output Resistance = %.1f mOhm\n",ro2*1000) +printf("Input Resistance = %d GOhm",ri2/10**9) + + diff --git a/3809/CH15/EX15.6/EX15_6.sce b/3809/CH15/EX15.6/EX15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0738d818 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH15/EX15.6/EX15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 15, Example 15.6 + +clc +//Initialisation +g=2*10**5 //open loop gain +g2=20 //closed loop gain +ro=75 //ouput resistance +ri=2*10**6 //input resistance +r1=1000 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +ab=g/g2 //1 + AB +ro1=ro/ab //output resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("Output Resistance = %.1f mOhm\n",ro1*1000) +printf("Input Resistance = %d kOhm\n",r1/1000) + + diff --git a/3809/CH15/EX15.7/EX15_7.sce b/3809/CH15/EX15.7/EX15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b13b2535e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH15/EX15.7/EX15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 15, Example 15.7 + +clc +//Initialisation +g=2*10**5 //open loop gain +g2=1 //closed loop gain +ro=75 //ouput resistance +ri=2*10**6 //input resistance + +//Calculation +ab=g/g2 //1 + AB +ro2=ro/ab //output resistance in ohm +ri2=ri*ab //input resistance in ohm + +//Results +printf("Output Resistance = %.1f uOhm\n",ro2*10**6) //wrong answerin textbook +printf("Input Resistance = %d GOhm",ri2/10**9) + + diff --git a/3809/CH16/EX16.1/EX16_1.sce b/3809/CH16/EX16.1/EX16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a61e0ec1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH16/EX16.1/EX16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 16, Example 16.1 + +clc +//Initialisation +e=5 //emf i volt +r=1000 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +i=e/r //current in amp +v=0.75 //voltage across diode from graph shown + +//Results +printf("Current = %d mA\n",i*1000) +printf("Voltage = %.2f V",v) + diff --git a/3809/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce b/3809/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..037742c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH16/EX16.2/EX16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 16, Example 16.2 +clc +//Initialisation +E=5 //voltage +R=1000 //resistance in ohm +Vd=0.7 //barrier voltage +ron=10 //internal resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +I=E/R //current in ampere +I1=(E-Vd)/R //current in ampere +I2=(E-Vd)/(R+ron) //current in ampere + +//Results +printf("When no voltage drop, I = %d mA\n",I*1000) +printf("When there is conduction voltage of the diode, I = %.1f mA\n",I1*1000) +printf("When there is conduction voltage and internal resistance if the diode, I2 = %.2f mA\n",I2*1000) diff --git a/3809/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce b/3809/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4895cc5f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH16/EX16.3/EX16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 16, Example 16.3 +clc +//Initialisation +vz=3.6 //voltage +Rl=200 //resistance in ohm +ron=10 //internal resistance in ohm +R=47 //chosen value of resistor in ohm +V=5.5 //minimum supply voltage +IL=0.018 //current in ampere + +//Calculation +Il=vz/Rl //current in ampere +Pr=(V-vz)**2/R //power in watt +Pz=(((V-vz)/R)-IL)*vz //power in watt + +//Results +printf("Pr(max) = %d mW\n",round(Pr*1000)) +printf("Pz(max) = %d mW",round(Pz*1000)) diff --git a/3809/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce b/3809/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eef8ad7d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH16/EX16.4/EX16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 16, Example 16.4 + +clc +//Initialisation +i=0.2 //current in ampere +c=0.01 //capacitance in farad +t=20*10**-3 //time in sec + +//Calculation +dv=i/c //change in voltage w.r.t time +vc=t*dv //peak ripple voltage on capacitor + +//Results +printf("Peak Ripple Voltage = %.1f V",vc) + diff --git a/3809/CH16/EX16.5/EX16_5.sce b/3809/CH16/EX16.5/EX16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06581c30a --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH16/EX16.5/EX16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 16, Example 16.5 + +clc +//Initialisation +dv=20 //change in voltage w.r.t time +t=10*10**-3 //time in sec + +//Calculation +vc=t*dv //peak ripple voltage on capacitor + +//Results +printf("Peak Ripple Voltage = %.1f V",vc) + diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b56218817 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.1/EX17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.1 +clc +//Initialisation +rd=100*10**3 //resistance in ohm +gm=2*10**-3 //in seimens +RD=2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RG=10**6 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +ro=((rd*RD)/(rd+RD)) //Input Resistance +v=-gm*ro //Small Signal Voltage Gain +ri=RG //Input Resistance + +//Results +printf("Small Signal Voltage Gain = %.1f \n",v) +printf("Input Resistance, ri = %d MOhm \n",ri/10**6) +printf("Ouput Resistance, ro = %d kOhm \n",round(ro/10**3)) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..145890ab0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.2/EX17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.2 +clc +//Initialisation +C=10**-6 //capacitance in farad +RG=10**6 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi + + +//Calculation +fc=1/(2*pi*C*RG) //frequency in Hz + +//Results +printf("Fc = %.2f Hz",fc ) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e865e5b54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.3/EX17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.3 +clc +//Initialisation +VDD=15 //voltage +Vq=10 //quiescent output voltage +VGS=3 //voltage +RD=2.5*10**3 //resistance in Ohm + +//Calculation +VR=VDD-Vq //voltage +ID=VR/RD //quiescent drain current +Rs=VGS/ID //resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("Rs = %.1f kOhm\n",Rs/1000) +printf("ID = %d mA\n",ID*1000) +printf("VR = %d V",VR) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13e60ece7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.4/EX17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.4 +clc +//Initialisation +VDD=15 //voltage +Vq=10 //quiescent output voltage +RD=2.5*10**3 //resistance in Ohm +Vp=-6 //voltage +IDSS=8*10**-3 //saturation drain current in amp + +//Calculation +VR=VDD-Vq //voltage +ID=VR/RD //quiescent drain current +VGS=Vp*(1-sqrt(ID/IDSS)) //voltage +Rs=VGS/ID //resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("Rs = %.1f kOhm\n",-Rs/1000) +printf("ID = %d mA\n",ID*1000) +printf("VGS = %d V\n",VGS) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.5/EX17_5.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.5/EX17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d64959db0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.5/EX17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.5 +clc +//Initialisation +r1=10**6 //resistance in ohm +r2=2*10**6 //resistance in ohm +Rd=3.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +Rs=10**3 //resistance in ohm +c=10**-6 //capactance in farad +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +ri=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2) //resistance in R1 & R2 parallel +ro=Rd //output resistance +av=-Rd/Rs //votlage gain +fc=1/(2*pi*ri*c) //frequency in Hz + +//Results +printf("Input resistance ri = %d kOhm\n",round(ri/1000)) +printf("Output resistance ro = %.1f kOhm\n",ro/1000) +printf("Small Signal Voltage Gain = %.1f\n",av) +printf("Fo = %.2f Hz ",fc) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.6/EX17_6.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.6/EX17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d362fee18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.6/EX17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.6 +clc +//Initialisation +rd=50*100*3 //resistance in ohm +gm=72*10**-3 //in siemens +Rd=3.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +Rs=10**3 //resistance in ohm + + + +//Calculation +av=-Rd/Rs //votlage gain from eq 17.7 +b=gm*Rd +c=gm*Rs +av1=-(b)/(1+(c)+((Rd+Rs)/rd)) //voltage gain from eq 17.8 +av2=-(b)/(1+(c)) //voltage gain from eq 17.9 + +//Results +printf("From Eq 17.7, Gain = %.1f\n",av) +printf("From Eq 17.8, Gain = %.3f\n",av1) +printf("From Eq 17.9, Gain = %.3f\n",av2) diff --git a/3809/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce b/3809/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57d8da13b --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH17/EX17.7/EX17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 17, Example 17.7 +clc +//Initialisation +gm=72*10**-3 //in siemens +Rd=3.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm + + + +//Calculation +b=-gm*Rd //gain of the circuit + + +//Results +printf(" Gain = %.1f\n",round(b)) + diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.1/EX18_1.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.1/EX18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e457afd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.1/EX18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.1 +clc +//Initialisation +VCC=10 //voltage +VBE=0.7 //base emitter voltage +RB=910*10**3 //resistance in ohm +hfe=100 //HFE parameter of the transistor +RC=4.7*10**3 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +IB=(VCC-VBE)/RB //base current in ampere +IC=hfe*IB //collector current in ampere +Vq=VCC-(IC*RC) //quiescent output voltage + + +//Results +printf("Quiescent Output Current = %.2f mA\n",IC*1000) +printf("Quiescent Output Voltage = %.1f V\n",Vq) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.10/EX18_10.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.10/EX18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4883b9768 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.10/EX18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.10 +clc +//Initialisation +VCC=10 //voltage +R2=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R1=27*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RE=100 //resistance in ohm +RC=2.2 //resistance in ohm +VBE=0.7 //base emitter voltage +av=1 //small sg voltage gain + + +//Calculation +VB=VCC*(R2/(R1+R2)) //Quiescent base voltage +VE=VB-VBE //Quiescent emitter voltage +IE=VE/RE //Quiescent emitter current +ri=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) //input resistance +ro=1/(40*IE) //output resistance + + + +//Results +printf("Small Signal Voltage Gain = %d\n",av) +printf("Small Signal Input Resistance is %.1f kOhm\n",(ri/1000)) +printf("Small Signal Output Resistance is %.2f kOhm\n",(ro)) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.11/EX18_11.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.11/EX18_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..041e93433 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.11/EX18_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.11 +clc +//Initialisation +VCC=10 //voltage +R2=3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R1=7*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RE=10**3 //resistance in ohm +RC=3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +VBE=0.7 //base emitter voltage +av=1 //small sg voltage gain +RE2=2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RC2=4*10**3 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +VB=VCC*(R2/(R1+R2)) //Quiescent base voltage +VE=VB-VBE //Quiescent emitter voltage +IE=VE/RE //Quiescent emitter current +VC1=VCC-(IE*RC) //Quiescent collector voltage +VB2=VC1 //bias voltage +VE2=VB2-VBE //emitter voltage +IC2=VE2/RE2 //collector current in ampere +VC2=VCC-(IC2*RC2) //collector voltage +Av=(-RC/RE)*(-RC2/RE2) //overall gain + + + +//Results +printf("Quiescent output voltage = %.1f V\n",VC2) +printf("Overall Voltage Gain = %d",Av) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.2/EX18_2.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.2/EX18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c78321878 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.2/EX18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.2 +clc +//Initialisation +Ie=1.02*10**-3 +RB=910*10**3 //resistance in ohm +hfe=100 //HFE parameter of the transistor +RC=4.7*10**3 //resistance in ohm +hoe=10*10**-6 //HOE parameter of the transistor + +//Calculation +gm=40*Ie +hie=hfe/(40*Ie) //HIE parameter of the transistor +av=-gm*RC/((hoe*RC)+1) //small signal voltage gain +ri=(RB*hie)/(RB+hie) //Input Resistance +a1=1/hoe +ro=(RC*a1)/(RC+a1) //Output Resistance + + +//Results +printf("Small Signal Voltage Gain = %d \n",av) +printf("Input Resistance = %.1f kOhm \n",ri/1000) +printf("Output Resistance = %.1f kOhm \n",ro/1000) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.3/EX18_3.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.3/EX18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89d255e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.3/EX18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.3 +clc +//Initialisation +VCC=10 //voltage +R2=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R1=27*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RE=1*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RC=2.2 //resistance in ohm +VBE=0.7 //base emitter voltage + + + +//Calculation +VB=VCC*(R2/(R1+R2)) //Quiescent base voltage +VE=VB-VBE //Quiescent emitter voltage +IE=VE/RE //Quiescent emitter current +IC=IE //Quiescent collector current +VO=VCC-(IC*RC) //Quiescent collector voltage + + + + +//Results +printf("Quiescent base voltage = %.2f V\n",VB) +printf("Quiescent emitter voltage = %d V\n",VE) +printf("Quiescent emitter current = %d mA\n",IE*1000) +printf("Quiescent collector current = %d mA\n",IC*1000) +printf("Quiescent collector voltage = %.1f V\n",VO) //wrong answer on textbook diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.4/EX18_4.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.4/EX18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c01a960e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.4/EX18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.4 +clc +//Initialisation +RE=1.2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RC=2.2*10**3 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +av=-RC/RE //voltage gain + + +//Results +printf("Voltage gain = %.1f ",av) //wrong answer in the textbook diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.6/EX18_6.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.6/EX18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a2971847 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.6/EX18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.6 +clc +//Initialisation +vcc=15 //voltage +vc=9.5 //voltage +ic=10**-3 //collector current +Ie=10**-3 //emitter current +RE=5.6*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RC=1.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R2=13*10**3 //resistance in ohm, choosen R2 as approximately 10 times RE +pi=3.14 //pi +fc=10 //frequency in hertz + + +//Calculation +rc=(vcc-vc)/ic //resistance in ohm +re=rc/4 //resistance in ohm +vg=-RC/(RE+re) //voltage gain +R1=(R2*(vcc-2))/2 //resistance in ohm +Ri=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) //input resistance in ohm +c=1/(2*pi*fc*Ri) //cut-off frequency + + + +//Results +printf("C = %.1f uF\n",c*10**6) +printf("R1 = %.1f kOhm\n",R1/10**3) +printf("R2 = %d kOhm\n",R2/10**3) +printf("RC = %.1f kOhm\n",rc/10**3) +printf("RE = %.1f kOhm\n",re/10**3) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.7/EX18_7.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.7/EX18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbd0af61c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.7/EX18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.7 +clc +//Initialisation +vcc=15 //voltage +RC=5.6*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RE=1.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R2=13*10**3 //resistance in ohm, +R1=82*10**3 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi +fc=10 //frequency in hertz +VBE=0.7 //base to emitter voltage + +//Calculation +VB=vcc*(R2/(R1+R2)) //Quiescent base voltage +VE=VB-VBE //Quiescent emitter voltage +IE=VE/RE //Quiescent emitter current +IC=IE //Quiescent collector current +VO=vcc-(IC*RC) //Quiescent collector voltage + + + +//Results +printf("Quiescent base voltage = %.2f V\n",VB) +printf("Quiescent emitter voltage = %.2f V\n",VE) +printf("Quiescent emitter current = %.2f mA\n",IE*1000) +printf("Quiescent collector current = %.2f mA\n",IC*1000) +printf("Quiescent collector voltage = %.1f V\n",VO) diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.8/EX18_8.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.8/EX18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5331dcb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.8/EX18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.8 +clc +//Initialisation +vcc=15 //voltage +RC=5.6*10**3 //resistance in ohm +RE=1.3*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R2=13*10**3 //resistance in ohm, +R1=82*10**3 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi +fc=10 //frequency in hertz +VBE=0.7 //base to emitter voltage +hfe1=100 +hfe2=400 + +//Calculation +VB=vcc*(R2/(R1+R2)) //Quiescent base voltage +VE=VB-VBE //Quiescent emitter voltage +IE=VE/RE //Quiescent emitter current +IC=IE //Quiescent collector current +VO=vcc-(IC*RC) //Quiescent collector voltage + +re=1/(40*IE) +av=-RC/re //voltage gain +rp=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) + +//if hfe=100 +hie1=hfe1*re +ri1=(rp*hie1)/(rp+hie1) + +//if hfe=400 +hie2=hfe2*re +ri2=(rp*hie2)/(rp+hie2) + +ro=RC + +//Results +printf("Small Signal Voltage Gain = %d\n",av) +printf("Small Signal Input Resistance is %d kOhm to %.1f kOhm\n",round(ri1/1000),(ri2/1000)) +printf("Small Signal Output Resistance is %.1f kOhm\n",(RC/1000)) + diff --git a/3809/CH18/EX18.9/EX18_9.sce b/3809/CH18/EX18.9/EX18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4431f5612 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH18/EX18.9/EX18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 18, Example 18.9 +clc +//Initialisation +R1=2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +R2=5.2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi +c=2.2*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +ce=10*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +re=24 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +fc1=1/(2*pi*c*R1) //cut-off frequency + +fc2=1/(2*pi*c*R2) //cut-off frequency + +fc=1/(2*pi*ce*re) //cut-off frequency + +//Results +printf("Coupling Capacitor is in the range %d Hz - %d Hz\n",round(fc2),round(fc1)) +printf("Decoupling Capacitor, Ce = %d Hz",fc) diff --git a/3809/CH19/EX19.1/EX19_1.sce b/3809/CH19/EX19.1/EX19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7150b8542 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH19/EX19.1/EX19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 19, Example 19.1 + +clc +//Initialisation +r3=1.222*10**3 //resistance in ohm +r4=1*10**3 //resistance in ohm +v1=0.7 //voltage +vz=4.7 + +//Calculation +vo=(vz+v1)*((r3+r4)/r4) //Output Voltage + + +//Results +printf("Output Voltage Vo = %d V",round(vo)) + + diff --git a/3809/CH19/EX19.2/EX19_2.sce b/3809/CH19/EX19.2/EX19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1591db671 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH19/EX19.2/EX19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 19, Example 19.2 + +clc +//Initialisation +rl=5 //resistance in ohm +vo=10 //Output Voltage +vi=15 //input voltage + +//Calculation +io=vo/rl //current in ampere +po=vo*io //power delivered to load +pt=(vi-vo)*io //power delivered to output transistor + + +//Results +printf("Output Power on Load Po = %d W\n",round(po)) +printf("Output Power on O/P Transistor Pt = %d W",round(pt)) + diff --git a/3809/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/3809/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f90640f81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.1 +clc +//Initialisation +t=0.02 //time period in sec, from graph +v1=7 //position peak voltage, from graph +v2=7 //negative peak voltage, from graph + +//Calculation +f=1/t //frequency in hertz +vpp=v1+v2 //peak to peak voltage + +//Result +printf("Period T = %.2f sec\n",t) +printf("Frequency F = %d Hz\n",f) +printf("Peak Voltage, Vp = %d V\n",v1) +printf("Peak to Peak Voltage, Vpp = %d V\n",vpp) diff --git a/3809/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce b/3809/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..926e7ebef --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH2/EX2.2/EX2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.2 +clc +//Initialisation +t=50*10^-3 //time period in sec, from graph +v1=10 //position peak voltage, from graph +pi=3.14 + +//Calculation +f=1/t //frequency in hertz +w=2*pi*f //angular velocity + +//Result +printf("Equation of Voltage signal is, \n") +printf("v = %d sin %d t",v1,round(w)) diff --git a/3809/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce b/3809/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..837e39491 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.3 +clc +//Initialisation +vp=10 //voltage +f=10 //frequency in hertz +pi=3.14 //pi +phi=90 //phase angle + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency + + + +//Results +printf("%d sin( %d t - %d)",vp,round(w),phi) diff --git a/3809/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce b/3809/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..061deb236 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH2/EX2.4/EX2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.4 +clc +//Initialisation +v1=5 //voltage +v2=5 //voltage +r=10 //resistance in ohm + + + +//Calculation +p1=v1^2/r //Power in watt when a constant 5 V applied +p2=v2^2/r //Power in watt when a sine wave of 5 V r.m.s is applied +p3=((v1^2)/2)/r //Power in watt when a sine wave of 5 V peak is applied + +//Result +printf("(a) P = %.1f W\n",p1) +printf("(b) Pav = %.1f W\n",p2) +printf("(c) Pav = %.2f W\n",p3) diff --git a/3809/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/3809/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55424cad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2, Example 2.6 +clc +//Initialisation +i2=1*10^-3 //full scale deflection current in ampere +v=50 //full scale deflection voltage +r=25 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +i3=1/i2 //reduction of the sensitivity of the meter +R=v/i2 //Resistance in ohm +rse=R-r //Resistance in ohm + +//Result +printf("Series Resistance, Rse = %.3f Kohm\n",rse/1000) +printf(" \t\t\t≈ %.1f Kohm",rse/1000) diff --git a/3809/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce b/3809/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf81cb905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH21/EX21.1/EX21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 21, Example 21.1 + +clc +//Initialisation + +vo=2.5 //Output Voltage +vi=0.01 //input voltage + +//Calculation +sn=20*log10(vo/vi) //signal to noise ratio + + +//Results +printf("S/N Ratio = %d dB",round(sn)) + diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.16/EX23_16.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.16/EX23_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dba8078f --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.16/EX23_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.16 + +clc +////Initialisation +x="11010" //binary number to be convert + + +//Calculation +x1=bin2dec(x) //conversion to decimal + +//Results +printf("Decimal of 11010 = %d",x1) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.17/EX23_17.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.17/EX23_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0565e8c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.17/EX23_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.17 +clc +//Initialisation +x=26 //decimal number to be convert + + +//Calculation +z1=dec2bin(x) //conversion to binary + +//Results +printf("Binary of 26 = %s",z1) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.18/EX23_18.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.18/EX23_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..045b063e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.18/EX23_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.18 + +//Conversion of decimal to binary// +clc +//clears the console// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +q=0 +b=0 +s=0 +//initialising// +//a=input(enter the decimal number to be converted to its binary form) +//taking input from the user// +a=34.6875 +d=modulo(a,1) +//separating the decimal part from the integer// +a=floor(a) +a1=a +a=0 +//removing the decimal part// +while(a>0) +//integer part converted to equivalent binary form// +x=modulo(a,2) +b=b+(10^q)*x +a=a/2 +a=floor(a) +q=q+1 +end +for i=1: 10 +//taking values after the decimal part and converting to equivalent binary form// +d=d*2 +q=floor(d) +s=s+q/(10^i) +if d>=1 then + d=d-1 +end +end +l=dec2bin(a1) +k=b+s + +disp('the decimal number in binary form is :') +printf("%s . %d",l,k*10**4) +//result is displayed// diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.19/EX23_19.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.19/EX23_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7d6865c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.19/EX23_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.19 + +clc +//Initialisation +x="A013" //hex number to be convert + + +//Calculation +x1=hex2dec(x) //conversion to decimal + +//Results +printf("Decimal of A013 = %d",x1) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.20/EX23_20.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.20/EX23_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..137ecd5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.20/EX23_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.17 +clc +//Initialisation +x=7046 //decimal number to be convert + + +//Calculation +z1=dec2hex(x) //conversion to hex number + +//Results +printf("Hex of 7046 = %s",z1) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.21/EX23_21.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.21/EX23_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9cb16c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.21/EX23_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.21 +clc +//Initialisation +x="F851" //hex number to be convert + + +//Calculation +z1=hex2dec(x) //conversion to decimal +z2=dec2bin(z1) //conversion to binary + +//Results +printf("Binary of F851 = %s",z2) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.22/EX23_22.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.22/EX23_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47bd3900c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.22/EX23_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.22 +clc +//Initialisation +x="111011011000100" //binary numbr to be convert + + +//Calculation +z1=bin2dec(x) //conversion to decimal +z2=dec2hex(z1) //conversion to binary + +//Results +printf("Hex of 111011011000100 = %s",z2) diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.23/EX23_23.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.23/EX23_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4348d92b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.23/EX23_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.23 +clc +//Initialisation +x=[9 4 5 0] //decimal number to be convert + + +//Calculation +//using for loop for converting each decimal to BCD +n=4 +m=4 +disp("BCD is ") +for i = 1:n + z=dec2bin(x(i),m) //decimal to binary conversion + printf(z) + printf(" ") //display of BCD +end + + diff --git a/3809/CH23/EX23.24/EX23_24.sce b/3809/CH23/EX23.24/EX23_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f977d4c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH23/EX23.24/EX23_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Chapter 23, Example 23.16 +clc + +a=11100001110110 //input BCD digits +z =0; + +d= modulo (a ,10000) +for j =1:3 + y(j)= modulo (d ,10) + z=z+(y(j) *(2^(j -1))) + d=d/10 + d= floor (d) +end + +b=a /10000 +b= floor (b) +c= modulo (b ,10000) +z1 =0 +for j =1:3 + y(j)= modulo (c ,10) + z1=z1 +(y(j) *(2^(j -1) )) + c=c/10 + c= floor (c) +end + +e=b /10000 +e= floor (e) +e1= modulo (e ,10000) +z2 =0 +for j =1:4 + y(j)= modulo (e1 ,10) + z2=z2 +(y(j) *(2^(j -1) )) + e1=e1/10 + e1= floor (e1) +end + +f=e /10000 +f= floor (f) +z3 =0 +for j =1:2 + y(j)= modulo (f ,10) + z3=z3 +(y(j) *(2^(j -1) )) + f=f/10 + f= floor (f) +end + + +r=z3*1000+z2 *100+ z1 *10+ z +printf ( '(11100001110110)BCD to Decimal = %d ' ,r) //display of decimal numbers diff --git a/3809/CH26/EX26.1/EX26_1.sce b/3809/CH26/EX26.1/EX26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93f321c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH26/EX26.1/EX26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 26, Example 26.1 + +clc +//Initialisation +n=24 //no of bits + + +//Calculation +ad=2**n //no of locations + + +//Results +printf("No of Locations = %d ",ad) + diff --git a/3809/CH26/EX26.4/EX26_4.sce b/3809/CH26/EX26.4/EX26_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ea89a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH26/EX26.4/EX26_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 26, Example 26.4 + +clc +//Initialisation +x=5 //decimal number to be convert +y=65536 //2^16 decimal number + + +//Calculation +z=y-x //subtraction from 2^16 number +z1=dec2bin(z) //conversion to binary + +//Results +printf("-5 as a 16 bit signed number = %s",z1) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c34d993d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +i1=8 //current in amp +i2=1 //current in amp +i3=4 //current in amp + +//Calculation +i4=i3+i2-i1 //current in amp + + +//Results +printf("Current, I4 = %d A",i4) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a1d8c68f --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.2 + +clc +//Initialisation' +v1=3 //voltage +v3=3 //voltage +e=12 //voltage + +//Calculation +v2=v1+v3-e //voltage + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %d V",v2) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebe8d6bf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.3/EX3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.3 +clc +//Initialisation +v1=30 //voltage +r1=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm +r2=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm +r3=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +voc=v1/2 //open circuit voltage +r23=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3) //resistance in parallel in ohm +rt=r1+r23 //resistance in ohm +i1=v1/rt //current in ampere +isc=i1/2 //short circuit current in ampere +R=voc/isc //resistance in ohm + + +//Results +printf("For Thevenin Circuit \n") +printf("V = %d V\n",voc) +printf("R = %d kOhm\n\n",R/1000) +printf("For Norton Circuit \n") +printf("I = %d mA\n",isc*1000) +printf("R = %d kOhm",R/1000) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e77235a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.4/EX3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.4 +clc + +R1=25 //resistance in ohm +R2=400 //resistance in ohm + +//To solve simultaneous equation by converting them into matrices form +a=[R1 -2;R2 -8] +b=[50;3200] +x=a\b + +//Results +printf("Voc = %d V\n",x(1)) //display voltage Voc +printf("R = %d Ohm",x(2)) //display Resistance R diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92ed523d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.5 + +clc +//Initialisation' +v1=15 //voltage +v2=20 //voltage +r1=100 //resistance in ohm +r2=200 //resistance in ohm +r3=50 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +rp1=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3) //resistance in parallel in ohm +vp1=v1*(rp1/(r1+rp1)) //voltage V2 +rp2=(r1*r3)/(r1+r3) //resistance in parallel in ohm +vp2=v2*(rp2/(r2+rp2)) //voltage V2 +vp=vp1+vp2 // total voltage + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %.2f V",vp) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd73e176f --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.6 + +clc +//Initialisation' +v1=5 //voltage +i=2 //current in ampere +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=5 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +i1=v1/(r1+r2) //current in ampere +r=(r1*r2)/(r1+r2) //resistance in ohm +v=i*r //voltage +i2=v/r2 //current in ampere +i3=i1+i2 //current in ampere + +//Results +printf("Current, I = %.2f A",i3) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a359f20e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.7/EX3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.7 +clc +//Initialisation +v1=50 //voltage +v2=15 //voltage +v3=100 //voltage +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=20 //resistance in ohm +r3=30 //resistance in ohm +r4=25 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +//by making a two linear equations, and solving them by matrix method +a=[(-13/60) (1/20);(1/60) (-9/100)] +b=[-5;(-100/30)] +x=a\b +I1=x(2)/25 //current in ampere + +//Results +printf("Current, I1 = %.1f A",I1) diff --git a/3809/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce b/3809/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1bc927b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 3, Example 3.8 +clc +Re=10 //resistance in ohm +//To solve simulataneous equation by converting them itno matrices form +a=[-160 20 30;20 -210 10;30 10 -190] +b=[-50;0; 0] +x=a\b +Ve=Re*(x(3)-x(2)) //voltage + +//Results +printf("I1 = %.2f mA\n",x(1)*1000) +printf("I2 = %.2f mA\n",x(2)*1000) +printf("I3 = %.2f mA\n",x(3)*1000) +printf("Voltage, VE = %.2f V\n",Ve) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4027170ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.1/EX4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +c=10^-5 //capacitance in farad +v=10 //voltage + + +//Calculation +q=c*v //charge in coulombs + + + +//Results +printf("Charge, Q = %d uC",(q*10^6)) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..043c7054a --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.2/EX4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.2 + +clc +//Initialisation +eo=8.85*10^-12 //dielectric constant +er=100 //relative permittivity +a=10*10^-3*25*10^-3 //area in metre +d=7*10^-6 //distance between plates + + + + +//Calculation +c=(eo*er*a)/d //capacitance in farad + + + +//Results +printf("Capacitance, C = %.1f nF",c*10^9) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3c4c65ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.3/EX4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.3 + +clc +//Initialisation +v=100 //voltage +d=10^-5 //distance between plates + + + + +//Calculation +e=v/d //capacitance in farad + + + +//Results +printf("Electric Field Strength, E = %d ^ 7 V/m",e*10^-6) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba18a4cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.4/EX4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.4 + +clc +//Initialisation +q=15*10**-6 //charge in coulomb +a=200*10**-6 //area in meter + + +//Calculation +d=q/a //electric flux density + + + +//Results +printf("Electric Flux Density, D = %d mC/m^2",d*10**3) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7054b58e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.5 + +clc +//Initialisation' +c1=10*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +c2=25*10**-6 //capacitance in farad + + +//Calculation +c=c1+c2 //capacitance in farad + + + +//Results +printf("Total Capacitance, C = %d uF",c*10**6) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bef9d7cfc --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.6/EX4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.6 + +clc +//Initialisation' +c1=10*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +c2=25*10**-6 //capacitance in farad + + +//Calculation +c=(c1*c2)/(c1+c2) //equivalent parallel capacitance in farad + + + +//Results +printf("Total Capacitance, C = %.2f uF",c*10**6) diff --git a/3809/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce b/3809/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5d6983e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH4/EX4.7/EX4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 4, Example 4.7 + +clc +//Initialisation +c=10**-5 //capacitance in farad +v=100 //voltage + + +//Calculation +e=(1/2)*c*v**2 //energy stored + + + +//Results +printf("Energy Stored, C = %d mJ",e*10**3) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd918436e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +i=5 //current in amp +r=100*10**-3 //radius in meter +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +l=2*pi*r //circumference +h=i/l //magnetic field strength + + + +//Results +printf("Magnetic field strength, H = %.2f A/m",h) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..925718d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.2/EX5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.2 + +clc +//Initialisation' +i=6 //current in amp +n=500 //no of turns +l=0.4 //mean circumference +pi=3.14 //pi +uo=4*pi*10**-7 //dielectric constant +a=300*10**-6 //area + +//Calculation +f=i*n //force +h=f/l //magnetic field strength +B=uo*h //magnetic induction +phi=B*a //total flux + +//Results +printf("(a) Force F = %d ampere-turns\n",f) +printf("(b) Magnetic Field Strength, H = %d A/m\n",h) +printf("(c) Magnetic Induction, B = %.2f mT\n",B*10**3) +printf("(d) Total Flux, phi = %.2f uWb\n",phi*10**6) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d201ad944 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.3/EX5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.3 + +clc +//Initialisation' +di=3 //change in current w.r.t time +l=10*10**-3 //inductance in henry + +//Calculation +v=l*di //voltage induced + +//Results +printf("Voltage Induced V = %d mV",v*10**3) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d7a9c429 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.4 + +clc +//Initialisation' +n=400 //no of turns +l=200*10**-3 //mean circumference +pi=3.14 //pi +uo=4*pi*10**-7 //dielectric constant +a=30*10**-6 //area + +//Calculation +L=(uo*a*n**2)/l //inductance + +//Results +printf("Inductance L = %d uH",L*10**6) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f210a1b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.5/EX5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.5 + +clc +//Initialisation' +L1=10 //inductance +L2=20 //inductance + + +//Calculation +Ls=L1+L2 //inductance in series +Lp=(L1*L2)/(L1+L2) //inductance in parallel + +//Results +printf("(a) Inductance in Series Ls = %d H\n",Ls) +printf("(b) Inductance in Parallel Lp = %.2f H\n",Lp) diff --git a/3809/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce b/3809/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd9880b74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH5/EX5.6/EX5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 5, Example 5.6 + +clc +//Initialisation' +L=10**-2 //inductance +I=5 //current in ampere + + +//Calculation +e=(1/2)*L*I**2 //stored energy + +//Results +printf("Stored Energy = %d mJ",e*10**3) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1318dcda --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.1/EX6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.1 +clc +//Initialisation +w=1000 //angular frequency +L=10**-3 //inudctance in henry + + +//Calculation +Xl=w*L //reactance in ohm + +//Results +printf("Reactance, Xl = %d Ohm",Xl) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee1484995 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.2/EX6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.2 +clc +//Initialisation +pi=3.14 //pi +f=50 //frequency in hertz +C=2*10**-6 //capacitance in farad + + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency +Xc=1/(w*C) //Capacitive Reactance + +//Results +printf("Reactance, Xc = %.2f KOhm",Xc/1000) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a436f95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.3/EX6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.3 +clc +//Initialisation +pi=3.14 //pi +f=100 //frequency in hertz +L=25*10**-3 //inductance in henry +vl=5 //peak voltage + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency +Xl=w*L //inductive reactance +il=vl/Xl //peak current + +//Results +printf("Peak Current, IL = %d mA",il*1000) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87c01644a --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.4/EX6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.4 +clc +//Initialisation +w=25 //angular frequency +C=10*10**-3 //capacitance in farad +Ic=2 //current in ampere + +//Calculation + +Xc=1/(w*C) //Capacitive Reactance +Vc=Ic*Xc //voltage across capacitor + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %d V r.m.s",Vc) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec6b7be01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.5/EX6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.5 +clc +//Initialisation +pi=3.14 //pi +f=50 //frequency in hertz +i=5 //current in ampere +r=10 //resistance in ohm +L=25*10**-3 //inductance in henry +VL=39.3 //from phasor diagram +VR=50 //from phasor diagram + + +//Calculation +Vr=i*r //voltage across resistor +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency +Xl=w*L //inductive reactance +Vl=i*Xl //voltage across inductor +V=sqrt(VR**2+VL**2) //voltage +phi=atan(VL/VR) //phase angle + +//Results +printf("Voltage, V = %.1f V\n",V) +printf("Phase Angle, phi = %.1f Degree",phi*180/pi) diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e5901737 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.6/EX6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.6 +clc +//Initialisation +C=3*10**-8 //capacitance in farad +pi=3.14 //pi +f=10**3 //frequency in hertz +V=10 //voltage +R=10**4 //resistance in ohm +i=5 //current in ampere +r=10 //resistance in ohm +L=25*10**-3 //inductance in henry +VL=39.3 //from phasor diagram +VR=50 //from phasor diagram + + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency +Xc=1/(w*C) //capacitive reactance in ohm +I=sqrt((V**2)/(R**2+Xc**2)) //current in ampere +phi=atan(Xc/R) //phase angle + +//Results +printf("Current, I = %d uA\n",I*10**6) +printf("Phase Angle, phi = %.2f Degree",phi*180/pi) //wrong answer in textbook diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fba76de47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.7/EX6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.7 +clc +//Initialisation +pi=3.14 //pi +f=50 //frequency in hertz +L=400*10**-3 //inductance in hemry +C=50*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +R=200 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +w=2*pi*f //angular frequency +Xl=w*L //inductive reactance +Xc=1/(w*C) //Capacitive Reactance +X=Xl-Xc //Complex part + +//Results +printf("Complex Impedance = %d + j %d Ohm",R, round(X)) + diff --git a/3809/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce b/3809/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97450ce40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH6/EX6.8/EX6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Chapter 6, Example 6.8 +clc +funcprot(0) +//Initialisation +C=200*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +R1=5 //resistance in ohm +R2=50 //resistance in ohm +L=50*10**-3 //inductance in henry +pi=3.14 //pi +w=500 //angular frequency +v=10 //voltage + +//Calculation +Z1=R1-(%i*(1/(w*C))) //impedance in complex form +Z2=((R2*w**2*L**2)+(%i*R2**2*w*L))/(R2**2+(w**2*L**2)) //impedance in complex form +Z=Z2/(Z1+Z2) //impedance in complex form +V0=v*Z + + +function [r,th]=rect2pol(x,y) +//rectangle to polar coordinate conversion +//based on "Scilab from a Matlab User's Point of View", Eike Rietsch, +2002 + r=sqrt(x^2+y^2); + th = atan(y,x)*180/%pi; +endfunction + +[r,th]=rect2pol(real(V0),imag(V0)) //calling a function + +//Results +printf("vo = %.1f sin( %d t + %.1f )",r,w,th) diff --git a/3809/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3809/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a79df19fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +v=50 //voltage +i=5 //current +phi=30 //angle in degree +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +s=v*i //apparent power +p=cos(phi*3.14/180) //power factor +ap=s*p //active power + +//Results +printf("(a) Apparent Power, S = %d VA\n",s) +printf("(b) Power Factor = %.3f Degree\n",p) //wrong answer in textbook +printf("(c) Active Power, P = %.1f W\n",ap) //wrong answer in textbook diff --git a/3809/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3809/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10601776e --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.2 + +clc +//Initialisation +s=2000 //apparent power +p=0.75 //power factor +v=240 //voltage +//Calculation + +ap=s*p //active power +phi=sqrt(1-(p**2)) //phase angle in radians +q=s*phi //reactive power in var +i=s/v //current in ampere + + +//Results +printf("(a) Apparent Power, S = %d VA\n",s) +printf("(b) Active Power, P = %d W\n",ap) +printf("(c) Reactive Power, Q = %d var\n",q) +printf("(d) Current, I = %.2f A\n",i) diff --git a/3809/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3809/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..691ed3d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 7, Example 7.3 + +clc +//Initialisation +s=2000 //apparent power +p=0.75 //power factor +v=240 //voltage +pi=3.14 //pi +f=50 //frequency + +//Calculation + +ap=s*p //active power +phi=sqrt(1-(p**2)) //phase angle in radians +q=s*phi //reactive power in var +i=s/v //current in ampere +xc=-v**2/q //capacitive reactance in ohm +c=1/(xc*2*pi*f) //capacitance in farad +s1=ap //new apparent power +i2=s1/v //new current in ampere + +//Results +printf("(a) Apparent Power, S = %d VA\n",s1) +printf("(b) Active Power, P = %d W\n",ap) +printf("(c) Reactive Power, Q = %d var\n",q) +printf("(d) Current, I = %.2f A\n",i2) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98301c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.1 +clc +//Initialisation +vi=10 //input voltage +vo=3 //output voltage +ii=2*10**-3 //input current in ampere +io=5*10**-3 //output current in ampere + +//Calculation +av=vo/vi //voltage gain +ai=io/ii //current gain +ap=(vo*io)/(vi*ii) //power gain + +//Result +printf("Voltage Gain, Av = %.1f\n",av) +printf("Current Gain, Ai = %.1f\n",ai) +printf("Power Gain, Ap = %.2f\n",ap) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..605ff6e2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.2 +clc +//Initialisation +p=2500 //power gain + +//Calculation +pdb=10*log10(p) //power gain +//Result +printf("Power Gain (dB) = %.1f dB\n",pdb) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dc730f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.3 +clc +funcprot() +//Initialisation +p1=5 //power gain +p2=50 //power gain +p3=500 //power gain +v1=5 //voltage gain +v2=50 //voltage gain +v3=500 //voltage gain + + +//initialising a function for gain in dB +function [x]=pgain(a) + x=10*log10(a) +endfunction + +function [x]=vgain(a) + x=20*log10(a) +endfunction + +//calling a functions +[pd1]=pgain(p1) +[pd2]=pgain(p2) +[pd3]=pgain(p3) +[vd1]=vgain(v1) +[vd2]=vgain(v2) +[vd3]=vgain(v3) + +//Result +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 5 = %.1f dB\n",pd1) +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 50 = %.1f dB\n",pd2) +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 500 = %.1f dB\n",pd3) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 5 = %.1f dB\n",vd1) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 50 = %.1f dB\n",vd2) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 500 = %.1f dB\n",vd3) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76dcbc22a --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.4 +funcprot() +clc +//Initialisation +p1=20 //gain +p2=30 //gain +p3=40 //gain + + + +//initialising a function for gain +function [x]=pgain(a) //function for power gain + x=10**(a/10) +endfunction + +function [x]=vgain(a) //function for voltage gain + x=10**(a/20) +endfunction + +//calling a functions +[pd1]=pgain(p1) +[pd2]=pgain(p2) +[pd3]=pgain(p3) +[vd1]=vgain(p1) +[vd2]=vgain(p2) +[vd3]=vgain(p3) + +//Result +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 20 = %.1f dB\n",pd1) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 30 = %.1f dB\n\n",vd1) +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 40 = %.1f dB\n",pd2) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 20 = %.1f dB\n\n",vd2) +printf("Power Gain (dB) of 30 = %.1f dB\n",pd3) +printf("Voltage Gain (dB) of 40 = %.1f dB\n",vd3) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f843a3a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.5 +clc +//Initialisation +c=10*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +r=10**3 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +t=c*r //time constant +wc=1/t //angular frequency +f=wc/(2*pi) //cyclic frequency + +//Result +printf("Time Constant, T = %.2f s\n",t) +printf("Angular Cut-off Frequency, F = %d rad/s \n",wc) +printf("Cyclic Cut-off Frequency, Fc = %.1f Hz\n",f) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a250a99c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.6 +clc +//Initialisation +f1=1000 //frequency in hertz +f2=10 //frequency in hertz +f3=100 //frequency in hertz +f4=20 //frequency in hertz +f5=10**6 //frequency in hertz +f6=50 //frequency in hertz + +//Calculation +f11=f1*2 //an octave above 1 kHz +f22=f2*2*2*2 //three octaves above 10 Hz +f33=f3/2 //an octave below 100 Hz +f44=f4*10 //a decade above 20 Hz +f55=f5/10/10/10 //three decades below 1 MHz +f66=f6*10*10 //two decades above 50 Hz + + +//Result +printf("(a) an octave above 1 kHz = %d kHz \n",f11/1000) +printf("(b) three octaves above 10 Hz = %d Hz \n",f22) +printf("(c) an octave below 100 Hz = %d Hz \n",f33) +printf("(d) a decade above 20 Hz = %d Hz \n",f44) +printf("(e) three decades below 1 MHz = %d kHz \n",f55/1000) +printf("(f) two decades above 50 Hz = %d kHz \n",f66) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16a45e5c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.7 +clc +//Initialisation +c=10*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +r=10**3 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +t=c*r //time constant +wc=1/t //angular frequency +f=wc/(2*pi) //cyclic frequency + +//Result +printf("Time Constant, T = %.2f s\n",t) +printf("Angular Cut-off Frequency, F = %d rad/s \n",wc) +printf("Cyclic Cut-off Frequency, Fc = %.1f Hz\n",f) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..702cff0ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.8 +clc +//Initialisation +l=10*10**-3 //inductance in henry +r=100 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +t=l/r //time constant +wc=1/t //angular frequency +f=wc/(2*pi) //cyclic frequency + +//Result +printf("Time Constant, T = %d ^-4 s\n",t*10**5) +printf("Angular Cut-off Frequency, F = %d ^4 rad/s \n",wc/10**3) +printf("Cyclic Cut-off Frequency, Fc = %.2f kHz\n",f/1000) diff --git a/3809/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce b/3809/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d836b5ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 8, Example 8.9 +clc +//Initialisation +l=15*10**-3 //inductance in henry +c=30*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +r=5 //resistance in ohm +pi=3.14 //pi + +//Calculation +fo=1/(2*pi*sqrt(l*c)) //Resonant Frequency +q=(1/r)*sqrt(l/c) //Quality Factor +b=r/(2*pi*l) //Bandwidth + +//Result +printf("Resonant Frequency, Fo = %d Hz \n",fo) +printf("Quality Factor, Q = %.2f\n",q) +printf("Bandwidth, B = %d Hz\n",b) diff --git a/3809/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3809/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00ca3cc42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9, Example 9.1 + +clc +//Initialisation' +C=100*10**3 //capacitance in farad +R=100*10**-6 //resistance in ohm +t=25 //time in seconds +V=20 //voltage +//Calculation +T=C*R //time constant in sec +v=V*(1-exp(-t/T)) //output voltage + +//Results +printf("Output Voltage = %.2f V",v) + diff --git a/3809/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3809/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a21519aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3809/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 9, Example 9.2 +clc +//Initialisation +L=400*10**-3 //inductance in henry +R=20 //resistance in ohm +V=15 //voltage +i=300*10**-3 //current in amp +e=2.7183 //exponent + +//Calculation +T=L/R //time constant in sec +I=V/R //current in amp from Ohms Law +t=(log10(I/(I-i))/log10(e))*T //time period + + + +//Results +printf("t = %.1f ms",t*1000) + diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg b/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ccb41365 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0ed65907 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 10 +//example 10.1 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +V=208;//source voltage in volts +p=6;//number of poles +R1=0.6;//given resistance in ohm +R2=0.4;//given R'2 in ohm +Xeq=5;//given Xeq in ohm +Td=30;//load torque of the motor in ohm +f=60;//frequency for 3 phase line +ns=(120*f)/p +disp('a)To find the regenerative speed:') +Tl=-Td//reversed load torque +rpss=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rpss);//angular speed +s=(Tl*omegas*R2)/V^2; +n=ns*(1-s); +mprintf("The regenerative speed is %f rpm",n) +disp('b)To calculate the regenerative speed :') +rps=n/60; +omega=(2*%pi*rps); +Pd=Td*omega; +I2=sqrt(-Pd/(3*(R2/s)*(1-s)));//to find I'2 which is taken as I2 +Ploss=3*(R1+R2)*I2'^(2) +Pds=Pd-Ploss; +mprintf("The power delivered to the electric supply is %f watt",Pds) diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg b/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cd2c09d1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8d8fe152 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 10 +//example 10.2 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +Vdc=200;//voltage at the dc link in volt +I=25;//motor current in A +R1=0.5;//stator resistance in ohm +Ib=3*I; +Vb=Ib*1.5*R1;//braking voltage in volt +d=1.5*(Vb/Vdc)^2; +mprintf("\nThe duty ratio of the FWM is %f",d) diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg b/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f787876a Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..554c51dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 10 +//example 10.3 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +n1=1150;//full load speed in rpm +V=300;//terminal voltage in volt +f=80;//frequency in Hz +Rr=0.5;//rotor resistance of the motor in ohm +Xeq=3;//equivalent inductive reactance in ohm +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed in rpm +rpss=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rpss); +s1=(ns-n1)/ns; +T6=(V^(2)*s1)/(omegas*Rr);//torque at the point 6 +T6=ceil(T6); +mprintf("\nThe torque developed is %d Nm",T6)//approximated value +s6=(T6*Rr*(-omegas))/V^(2); +mprintf("\nThe slip is %f",s6) +n6=(-ns)*(1-s6); +mprintf("\nThe current of the induction motor does not surge to high value when the concurrent braking is implemented") + diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b9f3caa0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0a29f77a --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Kphi=3; //constant in Vsec +Ra=1; //resistance in ohm +La=10; //inductance in mH +V=600; //rated voltage of the motor in volt +Vt=150; //starting voltage in volt +Tl=20; //constant torque in Nm +m=6; //total moment of inertia in Nm sec^2 +omegaf=(Vt/Kphi)-((Ra*Tl)/Kphi^(2)); +nf=(omegaf*60)/(2*%pi); +mprintf("\nThe motor speed after 5 sec is %d rpm",nf) +//The plot obtained in the book is using a simulation software using specific design that is avaliable in the software.In scilab or xcos there is no option to simulate DC shunt motor diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4887220e0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0942497ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.10 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +n=1120;//related full load speed of the motor in rpm +R1=1;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=1;//rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +X1=5;//equivalent winding resistance in ohm +J=4;//inertia of the motor in NM sec^2 +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +K=1.196; +Tl=60;//load torque in Nm +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +Tmax1=V^(2)/(2*omegas*(R1+sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)))); +Tmax=fix(Tmax1) +tau=(J*omegas)/Tmax; +smax=R2/sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)); +TR=Tl/Tmax; +A=2*(smax^(2)-((K*smax)/TR)); +Q=A^(2)-(4*smax^(2)); +B=1+A+smax^(2); +mB=abs(B); +D1=(-2/sqrt(Q))*(atanh(abs(2+A)/sqrt(Q))); +D=abs(D1); +tst=(tau/TR)*(1-(((0.5*A)-smax^(2))*(abs(A*D)+log10(mB)))); +mprintf("\nThe starting time of the induction machine is %f sec",tst) diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be0943773 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77c19215a --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.3 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +Ra=2;//armature resistance in ohm +Tst1=2;//limited starting time in sec +Kphi=3;//field constant in V sec +Jm=1;//motor moment of inertia in Nm +Jl=5;//load moment of inertia in Nm +tau=((Jl+Jm)*Ra)/Kphi^(2); +Tst=3*tau;//starting time of the motor based on given data in sec +Jeq=(Tst1*(Kphi^(2)))/(3*Ra); +gr=sqrt((Jeq-Jm)/Jl);//gear ratio n1/n2 +mprintf("To achieve the desired starting current the gear ratio n1/n2 must be between %f",gr) diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54abe358f Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cdf12506 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.4 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +Kphi=3;//field constant in V sec +Vt=500;//terminal voltage in volt +Vf=600;//increased motor voltage in volt +Td=20;//constant torque of thmotor in Nm +J=6;//total moment of inertia of the drive in Nm +omega0=(Vt/Kphi)-((Ra*Td)/Kphi^(2));//initial speed in rad/sec +omegaf=(Vf/Kphi)-((Ra*Td)/Kphi^(2));//final speed in rad/sec +tau=(J*Ra)/Kphi^(2); +t=-(tau*log((0.05*omegaf)/(omegaf-omega0)));//obtained from the equation of omega=omega(f)(1-e^-t/tau)+omega(0)e^-t/tau +mprintf("The time required to change the motor speed is %f sec",t) diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4da99bb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..661bbf416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.5 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +Kphi=3;//field constant in V sec +Vt=500;//terminal voltage in volt +Td=20;//constant torque of the motor in Nm +J=6;//total moment of inertia of the drive in Nm +omegaf=0; +Vb=(omegaf+((Ra*Td)/Kphi^(2)))*Kphi; +mprintf("\nThe terminal voltage that stop the motor and keep it at holding is %f V",Vb) +tau=(J*Ra)/Kphi^(2); +t=3*tau;//the motor reaches the holding state when speed is 5% of initial speed +mprintf("\nThe traveling time during the braking is %d sec",t) diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01369ed14 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..321bd541b --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.6 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +n=1120;//related full load speed of the motor in rpm +R1=1;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=1;//rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +X1=5;//equivalent winding resistance in ohm +J=4;//inertia of the motor in NM sec^2 +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +K=1.196; +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +Tmax=V^(2)/(2*omegas*(R1+sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)))); +tau=(J*omegas)/Tmax; +smax=R2/sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)); +tst=(tau/K)*((0.25/smax)+(1.95*smax)+smax); +mprintf("The starting time of the motor at no load and full voltage and frequency is %f sec",tst) diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4197da3c Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc907d097 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.7 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +n=1120;//related full load speed of the motor in rpm +R1=1;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=1;//rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +Radd=1;//starting resistance inserted in the rotor circuit in ohm +X1=5;//equivalent winding resistance in ohm +J=4;//inertia of the motor in NM sec^2 +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +smax=(R2+Radd)/sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)); +K=1.392; +Tmax=V^(2)/(2*omegas*(R1+sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)))); +tau=(J*omegas)/Tmax; +tst=(tau/K)*((0.25/smax)+(1.95*smax)+smax); +mprintf("The starting time of the induction machine is %f sec",tst) + diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ed0d1e62 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..036beb4fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.8 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +n=1120;//related full load speed of the motor in rpm +R1=1;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=1;//rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +X1=5;//equivalent winding resistance in ohm +J=4;//inertia of the motor in NM sec^2 +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +tbr=15;//time taken to stop the motor in sec +s1=2; +s2=1; +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +smax=R2/sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)); +Tmax=V^(2)/(2*omegas*(R1+sqrt(R1^(2)+X1^(2)))); +tau=(2*tbr)/(((s1^(2)-s2^(2))/(2*smax))+(smax*log(s1/s2))+(2*smax*(s1-s2))); +Tmax1=(J*omegas)/tau; +Vbr=sqrt(Tmax1/Tmax)*V; +mprintf("The magnitude of motor voltage during braking is %f volt",Vbr) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.jpg b/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a7ef1820 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a1d44358 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 11 +//example 11.9 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +n=1120;//related full load speed of the motor in rpm +R1=1;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=1;//rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +Xeq=5;//equivalent winding resistance in ohm +J=4;//inertia of the motor in NM sec^2 +ns=1200;//nearest synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +K=1.196; +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +s1=2; +s2=1; +Tmax=V^(2)/(2*omegas*(R1+sqrt(R1^(2)+Xeq^(2)))); +tau=(J*omegas)/Tmax; +smax=sqrt((s2^2-s1^2)/(((-log(s1/s2))-(2*(s1-s2)))*2));//the equation is obtained by differentiating tbr with respect to smax +Radd=(smax*sqrt(R1^2+Xeq^2))-R2;//equation to find the Radd +mprintf("\nThe value of braking resistance to minimize the braking time is %f ohm",Radd) diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg b/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..213a367fc Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af4212e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 2 +//example 2.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ic=10;//collector current in ampere +beta1=200; // current gain in the linear region +beta2=10; //current gain in the saturation region +Ib1=(Ic/beta1); //base current in the linear region in ampere +Ib2=(Ic/beta2); //base current in the saturation region in ampere +disp(Ib1,'The base current in the linear region in ampere is') +disp(Ib2,'The base current in the saturation region in ampere is') diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg b/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e920307f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cadb33a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter2 +//example 2.2 +clc; +clear; +sv=(2^(1/2))*120*sind(30);//rms value of voltage source +K=0.2; // constant whose value dependent ondevice characteristics +bv=200; //base voltage in volts +ig=((log(sv/bv))/(-K)); //gate current in mA +disp(ig,'gate current required to trigger the SCR at 30 degree in milliamphere is') diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg b/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f48e6f1a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0b2777ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Book Name: Fundametals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 2 +//example 2.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +VBO=300; //base voltage in volts +de=100; //maximum di/dt of SCR in A/microsec +Vs=120; //source voltage rms value in volts +L=(VBO/(0.5*de)); +disp(L,'The minimum value of snubbing inductance in microhenry is') diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg b/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f25bf001 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f85ac280d --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter2 +//example 2.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ls=8;//snubbing inductor in microhenry +VBO=4000;//base voltage in volts +di=200;//rate of change of current (di/dt) in amperes per microsec +dv=1500;//rate of change of voltage (dv/dt) in volt per microsce +Cs=10;//snubbing capacitance in microfarad +Rs=sqrt(VBO/(0.5*di*Cs));//snubbing resistance in ohms +dVscr=((Rs*VBO)/Ls);///rate of change of SCR voltage with respect to time +mprintf("The given snubber circuit is suitable for protecting the SCR from excessive %f volt per microsec",dVscr) + diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15760efda Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d60e173c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +o//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vrms=110; //source voltage of the circuit in volts +alpha=90; //triggering angle in degree +Vm=Vrms*(2)^(1/2); //maximum voltage in volts +Vave=(Vm/(2*%pi))*(1+cosd(alpha)); +R=(0.2*(Vave)^(2))+5; //load resistance in ohm +Iave=Vave/R; //average current of the load +disp(Iave,'The average current when the triggering angle 90 degree in ampere is:') diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74fc16b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4663b25e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.10 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +f=2; //switching frequency of chopper in kilohertz +Vs=80; //source voltage in volts +k=.3; //duty ratio +R=4; //load resistance in ohm +mprintf("\na.To calculate on time and switching period:") +t=1/f; //switching period in milli sec +ton=k*t; //on time in milli sec +mprintf("\nThe switching period and on time in milli second are %f %f",t,ton) +mprintf("\nTo calculate average voltage across the load:") +Vave=k*Vs; +mprintf("\nThe average voltage across the load is %d volt",Vave) +mprintf("\nc.To calculate average voltage across the load:") +Vdave=(1-k)*Vs; //obtained by integrating Vs with respect to ton and t +mprintf("\nThe average voltage across the load is %d volt",Vdave) +mprintf("\nd.To calculate average current of the load:") +Iave=Vave/R; +mprintf("\nThe average current of the load is %d ampere",Iave) +mprintf("\ne.To calculate load power:") +P=Vave*Iave; +mprintf("\nThe load power is %d watt",P) diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73bdc8276 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c48d7af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.12 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +f=500; //frequency at the load side in Hz +t=1/f; //time for one cycle in sec +tseg=t/6; //time of the switching segment in sec +tcon=3*tseg; //conduction period of each transistor in sec +tcon1=tcon*10^3; //conduction period of each transistor in msec +disp(tcon1,'The conduction period of each transistor in msec is') diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e82718532 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d0d57072 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.13 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +d=.25; //duty ratio +Vdc=150; //source voltage in volts +Vab=((2*d)/3)^(1/2)*Vdc; //rms voltage applied to the motor winding with FWM +disp(Vab,'The rms voltage applied to the motor winding with FWM in volts is:') +Vab1=(Vab/d^(1/2)); //rms voltage applied to the motor winding without FWM +disp(Vab1,'The rms voltage applied to the motor winding without FWM in volts is') diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83e0222d0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46417c716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.14 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vs=110; //source voltage in volts +Vdc=150; //DC voltage in volts +Vm=Vs*2^(1/2); //maximum voltage in volts +a=90; //triggering angle in degree +R=1; //resistance in ohm +theta=asind(Vdc/Vm); +theta1=75; //approximated value of theta in degree +B=180-theta1; //The value of bete +gama=B-a; //conduction period in degree +VRrms=((Vdc^(2)*gama/180)+((Vm^(2)/(2*%pi))*(gama*(%pi/180)-(sind(2*B)-sind(2*a))/2)-((2*Vdc*Vm)/%pi)*(cosd(a)-cosd(B))))^(1/2); +Icrms=VRrms/R; //rms current +mprintf("\nThe rms current delivered to the battery during charging is %f ampere",Icrms) +mprintf("\nTo find the power delivered to the battery during charging:") +a1=((Vm/(R*%pi))*(((1-cosd(2*B))/2)-((1-cosd(2*a))/2)))-(((2*Vdc)/(R*%pi))*(sind(B)-sind(a))); +b1=((Vm/(R*%pi))*(gama*(%pi/180)+((sind(2*a)-sind(2*B))/2)))-(((2*Vdc)/(R*%pi))*(cosd(a)-cosd(B))); +pie1=atand(a1/b1); +I1crms=sqrt(a1^2+b1^2)/sqrt(2); +Ps=Vs*I1crms*cosd(pie1); +Ploss=Icrms*R; +Pcharge=Ps-Ploss; +mprintf("\nThe power delivered to the battery during charging is %f degree",Pcharge) diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1586417 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0683f7a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.15 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vs=110;//source voltage in volts +Vdc=150;//DC voltage in volts +Vm=Vs*2^(1/2);//maximum voltage in volts +alphamin=0;//triggering angle in degree +R=1;//resistance in ohm +Beta=180;//The value of bete +gama=Beta-alphamin;//conduction period in degree +VRrms=sqrt(Vdc^(2)+((Vs*2^(1/2))^(2)/2)-((4*Vdc*Vm)/%pi)); +VRrms=ceil(VRrms) +Idrms=VRrms/R; +mprintf("\nThe total rms current during discharging is %f A",Idrms) +a1=((Vm/(R*%pi))*(((1-cosd(2*Beta))/2)-((1-cosd(2*alphamin))/2)))-(((2*Vdc)/(R*%pi))*(sind(Beta)-sind(alphamin))); +b1=((4*Vdc)/(R*%pi))-(Vm/R); +pie1=atand(a1/b1); +I1drms=sqrt((a1^2+b1^2)/2);//rms value of fundamental component +Pac=Vs*I1drms*cosd(pie1); +Pac=Pac*10^(-3); +mprintf("\nThe power delivered to the ac source during discharging is %f kW",Pac) diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152f50833 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c283818f --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.16 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vdc=250; +Vs=208;//line to line ac voltage +R=3;//system resistance between battery bank and source in ohm +Beta=122; +Vmax=(sqrt(2)*Vs)/sqrt(3); +mprintf("\na.To calculate minimum triggering angle and associated conduction period:") +alphamin=60-asind(Vdc/(sqrt(3)*Vmax)); +alphamin=ceil(alphamin); +gama=Beta-alphamin; +mprintf("\nThe minimum triggering angle is %d degree and the associated time period is %d degree",alphamin,gama) +mprintf("\nTo compute the average charging current for the minimum triggering angle:") +VR=Vdc+(((9*Vmax)/(2*%pi))*cosd(alphamin+150)); +l=((9*Vmax)/(2*%pi))*cosd(alphamin+150); +IRave=VR/R; +mprintf("\nThe average charging current of minimum triggering angle is %f A",IRave) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e29473198 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..954021ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter3 +//example 3.2 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vsrms=110; //source voltage of the circuit in volts +Vm=Vsrms*(2)^(1/2); //maximum voltage in volts +R=2; //resistance in ohm +alpha1=45; //triggering angle in degree +alpha2=90; //triggering angle in degree +//when a1=45 +disp('case 1') +Vrms=(Vsrms/(2)^(1/2))*(1-(alpha1*(%pi/180)/%pi)+(sind(2*alpha1)/(2*%pi)))^(1/2); +disp(Vrms,'rms voltage across the load resistance in volt is:') +Irms=Vrms/R ; +disp(Irms,'rms current of the resistance in ampere is:') +Vscr=-(Vm/(2*%pi))*(1+cosd(alpha1)); +disp(Vscr,'average voltage drop across the SCR in volt is:') +//when a2=90 +disp('case 2') +Vrms1=(Vsrms/(2)^(1/2))*(1-(alpha2*(%pi/180)/%pi)+(sind(2*alpha2)/(2*%pi)))^(1/2); +disp(Vrms1,'rms voltage across the load resistance in volt is:') +Irms1=Vrms1/R ; +disp(Irms1,'rms current of the resistance in ampere is:') +Vscr1=-(Vm/(2*%pi))*(1+cosd(alpha2)); +disp(Vscr1,'average voltage drop across the SCR in volt is:') diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591e31e94 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c135fc53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vrms=110; //The voltage on the ac side in volts +R=10; //Resistance value of the resistive load in ohm +alpha=60; //triggering angle of the converter in degree +Vm=110*(2)^(1/2); //maximum voltage in volts +disp('Instantaneous power method:') +P=((Vm)^(2)/(8*%pi*R))*(2*(%pi-alpha*(%pi/180))+sind(2*alpha)); +disp(P,'Power dissipated in the load resistance in watt is:') +disp('Harmonic method:') +a1=(Vm/(2*%pi*R))*(cosd(2*alpha)-1); +b1=(Vm/(4*%pi*R))*(sind(2*alpha)+(2*(%pi-alpha*(%pi/180)))); +c1=(a1^(2)+b1^(2))^(1/2); +pie1=atand(a1/b1); +P1=(Vm*c1*cosd(pie1))/2; +disp(P1,'The power computed by harmonic method in watt is:') + diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acb3fdf6e Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd29df32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vrms=110; //The voltage on the ac side in volts +R=10; //Resistance value of the resistive load in ohm +alpha=60; //triggering angle of the converter in degree +Vm=110*(2)^(1/2); //maximum voltage in volts +a1=(Vm/(2*%pi*R))*(cosd(2*alpha)-1); +b1=(Vm/(4*%pi*R))*(sind(2*alpha)+(2*(%pi-alpha*(%pi/180)))); +c1=(a1^(2)+b1^(2))^(1/2); +pie1=atand(a1/b1); +pie1=abs(pie1); +I1rms=c1/sqrt(2); +Irms=(Vrms/R)*sqrt(1-((alpha/%pi)*(%pi/180))+(sin(2*alpha)/(2*%pi))); +pf=(I1rms/Irms)*cos(pie1); +disp(pf,'The power factor on the ac side is') +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505a80261 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..673c0e53c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.5 +//edition 1 +//publishing place:Thomson Learning +clc; +clear; +Vsrms=110;//The voltage on the ac side in volts +R=5;//Resistance value of the resistive load in ohm +Vrms=55;//voltage across the load +//iteration method +xold=1;//assumed value +x=(180/%pi)*(2.25+(sind(2*xold)/2)); +err=100;//assumed value +while(err>0.0001) + xnew=(180/%pi)*(2.25+(sind(2*x)/2)); + x=xnew; + err=abs(xnew-xold); + xold=x; + end +disp(x,'The triggering angle in degree is') +P=(Vrms)^2/R; +disp(P,'The load power in watt is:') +//The answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18dae7553 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54ae9efc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.6 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +R=10;//resistance of the load in ohm +L=0.03;//inductance in H +Vrms=100;//source voltage in volt +f=60;//frequency in Hz +alpha=60;//triggering angle in degree +omega=2*%pi*f; +tau=L/R; +Q=atand((omega*L)/R); +//iteration method +xold=1;//assumed value +x=Q+asind(sind(Q-alpha)*exp((-1)*(((xold-alpha)*(%pi/180))/(omega*tau)))); +err=10;//assumed value +while(err>0.01) + xnew=Q+asind(sind(Q-alpha)*exp((-1)*((x-alpha)*(%pi/180)/(omega*tau)))); + x=xnew; + err=abs(xnew-xold); + xold=x; + end +disp(x,'The value of beta in degree is') +r=x-alpha; +disp(r,'The conduction period in degree is ') +//The answer given in the book is wrong.While using the book answer both LHS and RHS are not equal. diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9170e87 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4168001cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.7 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vs=110;//source voltage in volts +L=20e-3;//inductance of the circuit in henry +R=10;//resistance of the circuit in ohm +a=60;//trigerring angle in degree +r1=a*(%pi/180); +Vm=Vs*2^(1/2); +T=L/R;//Time constant of the circuit in sec +w=2*%pi*a;//rotational speed in rad/sec +mprintf("\n To find Conduction period:") +b=(%pi-(w*T*log(0.05)))*(180/%pi); +gama=b-a;//conduction period in degree +mprintf("\nThe conduction period is %d dgree",gama) +mprintf("\nTo find maximum diode current:") +Z=sqrt(R^2+(w*L)^2); +wtau=(w*L)/R; +Q=atand(wtau); +l=exp((-1)*((%pi-(a*(%pi/180)))/wtau)); +c=(%pi-(a*(%pi/180))); +id=(Vm/Z)*(sind(Q)+((sind(Q-a))*l)); +mprintf("\nThe maximum diode current is %f ampere",id) +mprintf("\nTo calculate average current of the diode:") +Idave=(id/(2*%pi))*(-wtau)*(exp((-1)*(b*(%pi/180)-%pi))-1); +mprintf("\nThe average current of the diode is %f ampere",Idave) +mprintf("\nTo calculate average load current:") +Vave=(Vm/(2*%pi))*(1+(cosd(a))); +Iave=Vave/R; +mprintf("\nThe average load current is %f ampere",Iave) +mprintf("\nTo calculate average current of the SCR:") +ISCR=Iave-Idave; +mprintf("\nThe average current of the SCR is %f ampere",ISCR) diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1f1052f Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dbe554c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.8 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vab=208;//source voltage in volts +Vs=Vab/3^(1/2);//rms voltage in volts +Vm=Vs*2^(1/2);//maximum peak voltage in volts +R=10;//resistance of the circuit in ohm +a1=80;//triggering angle 1 in degree +a2=30;//triggering angle 2 in degree +if a1<60 then + disp(a1,'The current is discontinous') +else if (a2>60) + disp(a2,'The current is discontinous') +end +disp('To find the power delivered at a1=80 degree:') +B1=180; +p=(((3*Vm^(2))/(8*%pi*10))*(2*(B1-a1)*(%pi/180)+sind(2*a1)-sind(2*B1)));//power delivered when triggering angle a1=180 degree +P=p*10^-3;//power interms of kilowatt +disp(P,'The power delivered at the triggering angle 80 degree in kilowatt is') +disp('To find the power delivered at a2=30 degree:') +B2=120+a2; +p1=(((3*Vm^(2))/(8*%pi*10))*(2*(B2-a2)*(%pi/180)+sind(2*a2)-sind(2*B2)));//power delivered when triggering angle a2=30 degree +P1=p1*10^-3;//power interms of kilowatt +disp(P1,'The power delivered at the triggering angle 80 degree in kilowatt is') diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg b/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a89e1b7f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d716810 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 3 +//example 3.9 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vab=208;//source voltage in volts +Vs=Vab/3^(1/2);//rms voltage in volts +Vm=Vs*2^(1/2);//maximum peak voltage in volts +disp('a)To find maximum average voltage across the load:') +Vavemax=(3*3^(1/2)*Vm)/%pi; +disp(Vavemax,'maximum average voltage across the load') +disp('b)To find the triggering angle at the average voltage of the load:') +xold=1;//assumed value +c=30;//constant value +x=asind((%pi/(3*sqrt(3)))-(cosd(xold+c))); +err=100;//assumed value +while(err>0.0001) + xnew=asind((%pi/(3*sqrt(3)))-(cosd(x+c))); + x=xnew; + err=abs(xnew-xold); + xold=x; + end +disp(x,'The triggering angle in degree is') +disp('c)To find load voltage when the triggering angle is -30 degree :') +Vave=(3*3^(1/2)*Vm)/(2*%pi); +disp(Vave,'Load voltage when the triggering angle is -30 degree in volt is') +//The part (b) answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg b/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2515065b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b7f75468 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 4 +//example 4.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +m=5000; //mass of the electric bus in kg +d=1; //diameter of the wheel in m +r=d/2; //radius of the wheel in m +v=50; //speed of the bus going to uphill in kg/hr +a=30; //slope of the hill in degree +u=0.4; //friction coefficient +g=9.8; //gravitational acceleration +Fg=m*g; //gravitational force in newton(N) +F=Fg*cosd(a); //normal force in newton(N) +Fl=Fg*sind(a); //load pulling force in newton (N) +Fr=u*F; //friction force in newton(N) +Fm=Fl+Fr; //total force seen by motor in newton(N) +Tm=Fm*r; //Torque seen by the motor in Nm +omega=v/r; //angular speed +Pm=Tm*omega; //power consumed by the motor in watt +Pm=Pm*10^-3; //power consumed by the motor in kilowatt +disp(Pm,'The power consumed by the motor in kilowatt is:') diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de34e10d Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33def8fdb --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +kpie=3; //flux in voltsec +Vt=600; //voltage in volts +Ra=2; //armature resistance in ohms +Ia=5; //armature current at fullload in ampere +Td=kpie*Ia; //rated torque in Nm +disp(Td,'The rated torque in Nm is') +Tst=(Vt*kpie)/Ra; //starting torque +disp(Tst,'The starting torque in Nm is') +Ist=Vt/Ra; //starting current +disp(Ist,'The starting current in ampere is') diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83353413e Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18c9d91cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.2 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +l=50; //load in hp +f=60; //frequency in hertz +n=1764; //full load speed in rpm +ns=1800; //synchronous speed of motor in rpm +Pr=.950; //rotational loss in kilowatts +Pcu=1.600; //stator copper loss in kilowatt +Pi=1.200; //iron loss in kilowatt +Pout=l/1.34; //output power at full load is 50 hp in kilowatt +Pd=Pout+Pr; //power developed in kilowatt +s=(ns-n)/ns; //slip of the motor +Pg=Pd/(1-s); +Pin=Pg+Pcu+Pi; //input power in kilowatt +efficiency=Pout/Pin; //motor efficiency +efficiency=efficiency*100;//efficiency in percentage +mprintf("The efficiency of the motor is %d percentage",efficiency) diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f24efaae Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e5a9128a --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +l=50;//load in hp +f=60;//frequency in hertz +V=440;//voltage of the motor in volts +p=4;//Number of poles of the motor +Tmax=2.5;//maximum torque of the motor +T=1;//motor torque +smax=0.1;//maximum slip +ns=(120*f)/p;//synchronous speed in rpm +disp('a). Motor speed :') +s=(T/Tmax)*(smax/2);//the equation is obtained from the equation T=3V^2s/wsR2 +n=ns*(1-s);//speed of the motor in rpm +disp(n,'The speed of the motor at full load in rpm is') +disp('b).Copper loss of the rotor') +Pd=l/1.34;//power developed or Pout in kilowatt +Pcu2=Pd*(s/(1-s));//copper loss in kilowatt which is obtained from two equationsPcu2=Pg*s,Pd=Pg*(1-s) +Pcu=Pcu2*10^3;//copper loss in watt +disp(Pcu,'The copper loss of the rotor in watt is') +disp('c).Starting torque') +//At starting slip s=1 +omega=(2*%pi*n)/f; +Pout=Pd*10^3;//Pout value in watts +Tst=(smax^(2)*Pout)/(s*omega); +disp(Tst,'The starting torque in Nm is') +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffb82f22f --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.4/EX5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +R1=3; //stator resistance in ohm +R2=2; //rotor resistance referred to stator in ohm +Xeq=10; //equivalent inductive reactance in ohm +l=10; //voltage reduction in percentage +V=1; //assumed value of V +TA=(1*V)^2; //starting torque at the rated voltage +TB=(0.9*V)^2; //starting torque after 10% voltage reduction +r=1-TB; //reduction in starting torque +r=r*100; //reduction in starting torque in percentage +mprintf("\nThe reduction in starting torque is %f percentage",r) +Radd=sqrt(R1^(2)+Xeq^(2))-R2; +mprintf("\nThe resistance added to the rotor circuit to achieve the maximum torque is %f",Radd) +//The answer given in the book is wrong diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22c66b85 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c4c474bd Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..349d43faa --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.5 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +P=40; //load of an industrial plant in Mw +pf=.85; //power factor lagging +pfnew=.95 //To improve new power factor +V=5000; //motor rated voltage in volts +Xs=5; //synchronous reactance in ohm +c=200; //constant value given +Vt=V/3^(1/2); +a=acosd(pf); //power factor angle of the load in degree +Ql=P*tand(a); //load reactive power in KVAR +Qtot=P*tand(acosd(pfnew)); //total reactive power for .95 power factor lagging +disp(Qtot,'The total reactive power for .95 power factor lagging in KVAR is') +Qm=Qtot-Ql; +Vt=(V/sqrt(3)); +Ef=((Qm*Xs)/(3*Vt))+Vt; +If=Ef/c; +disp(If,'The excitation current required to improve overall power factor of the plant in A is') diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg b/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcbfe3c1a Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3caed4519 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 5 +//example 5.6 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=2300; //rated voltage of the synchronous motor in volt +Vt=V/3^(1/2); +f=60; //frequency in Hertz +p=6; //number of poles +Tl=5000; //constant torque of the load in Nm +Xs=6; //synchronous reactance of the motor in ohm +ns=(120*f)/p; //synchronous speed of the motor in rpm +omegas=(2*%pi*ns)/60; +Ef=(Tl*omegas*Xs)/(3*Vt); //The minimum excitation that machine must maintain to provide the needed torque +disp(Ef,'The minimum excitation that machine must maintain to provide the needed torque in volt is:') diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f28820754 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65c68b55a --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vs=150;//source voltage of DC shunt motor in volt +n1=1200;//synchronous speed in rpm +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +Rf=150;//field resistance in ohm +I=10;//line current in ampere +If=(Vs/Rf);//Field current before adding the resistance in ampere +disp('a)Calculate the resistance that should be added to the armature circuit to reduce the speed by 50%') +//consider that the motoring point 1 represents without adding resistance & point 2 for the operating point at 50% load reduction +Ia1=I-If;//armature current without adding resistance +n2=0.5*n1;//50% speed is reduced +Ea1=Vs-(Ia1*Ra);//speed equation at operating point 1 +Radd=Ea1/(2*Ia1);//Obtained from the equation of Ea1/Ea2=n1/n2 +disp(Radd,'The resistance which should be added to reduce the speed by 50% in ohm is:') +disp('b)To calculate the motor efficiency') +Prloss=100;//rotational loss in watt +Pfloss=If^(2)*Rf;//field loss in watt +Paloss=Ia1^(2)*Ra//armature losses in watt +Pin=Vs*I;//Input power in watt +Ploss=Prloss+Pfloss+Paloss;//Total losses before adding armature resistance in watt +Ploss1=Prloss+Pfloss+Paloss*(Ra+Radd);//Total losses after adding armature resistance in watt +eff=((Pin-Ploss)/Pin)*100;//efficiency of the motor without adding resistance in % +eff1=((Pin-Ploss1)/Pin)*100;//efficiency of the motor with adding resistance in % +disp(eff,'The efficiency of the motor without adding resistance in % is:') +disp(eff1,'The efficiency of the motor with adding resistance in % is:') +disp('c)To calculate the resistance to be added to the armature for the holding operation') +//set motor speed equal to zero +Radd=(Vs/Ia1)-Ra; +disp(Radd,'The resistance to be added to the armature for the holding operation in ohm is:') diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cdcfe289 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3be6507 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Vs=150;//source voltage of DC shunt motor in volt +n1=1200;//synchronous speed in rpm +Ra=2;//armature resistance in ohm +Rf=150;//field resistance in ohm +I=10;//line current in ampere +If1=(Vs/Rf);//Field current before adding the resistance in ampere +//Assume the resistance added in the field circuit to reduce the field current by 20% +If2=.8;//Field current after adding the resistance in ampere +Ia1=I-If1;//Armature current before inserting the resistance in ampere +Ia2=(If1*Ia1)/If2;//Armature current after inserting the resistance in ampere +disp(Ia2,'The armature current after inserting the resistance in ampere is:') +Ea1=Vs-(Ia1*Ra); +Ea2=Vs-(Ia2*Ra); +n2=(If1*n1*Ea2)/(Ea1*If2); +disp(n2,'The motor speed in rpm is:') +Radd=(Vs-(If2*Rf))/If2; +disp(Radd,'The value of added resistance in ohm is:') +P=If2^(2)*Radd; +disp(P,'The extra field loss due to the addition of resistance in watt is:') diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c91f05ccf Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..527e1dc65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +L=1;//load of shunt motor in hp +T=10;//constant torque of motor in Nm +Ra=5;//armature resistance of the motor in ohm +KQ=2.5;//The field constant in V sec +V=120;//source voltage in volt +f=60;//supply frequency in Hertz +a=60;//trigerring angle of the converter in degree +b=150;//conduction period in degree +Iave=T/KQ;//average current in ampere +Vm=V*2^(1/2); +W=((Vm/(2*%pi))*(cosd(a)-cosd(b+a))-(Iave*Ra))/((b/360)*KQ);//angular speed of the motor +n=W*(f/(2*%pi)); +disp(n,'The speed of the motor in rpm is:') +Pd=KQ*W*Iave;//power developed by the motor +disp(Pd,'The power developed by the motor in terms of watt is:') diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4413b5533 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09e48bf9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.5 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +L=1;//load of shunt motor in hp +T=10;//constant torque of motor in Nm +Ra=5;//armature resistance of the motor in ohm +KQ=2.5;//The field constant in V sec +V=120;//source voltage in volt +f=60;//supply frequency in Hertz +a=60;//trigerring angle of the converter in degree +b=150;//conduction period in degree +Iave=T/KQ;//average current in amphere +Vm=V*2^(1/2); +W=((Vm/%pi)*(cosd(a)-cosd(b+a))-(Iave*Ra))/((b/180)*KQ);//angular speed of the motor +n=W*(60/(2*%pi)); +mprintf("\nThe speed of the motor is %f rpm",n) +Pd=KQ*W*Iave;//power developed by the motor +mprintf("\nThe power developed by the motor is %f watt",Pd) diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23e8cefe2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b364f178c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.6 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +T=60;//Constant load torque in Nm +V=120;//supply voltage in volt +KQ=2.5;//Field constant of the motor +Ra=2;//Armature resistance in ohm +n=200;//speed of the motor in rpm +Vm=V*2^(1/2);//maximum voltage in volt +w=(2*%pi*n)/T;//angular speed +Iave=T/KQ; +b=((%pi/(2*Vm))*((Ra*Iave)+(KQ*w))); +alpha=acosd(b); +mprintf("\nThe triggering angle of the motor is %f degree",alpha) diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg b/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f7992d16 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d13c2228c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 6 +//example 6.7 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=2;//armature resistance in ohm +Rf=3;//field resistance in ohm +V=320;//terminal voltage in volt +T=60;//full load torque in Nm +n=600;//motor speed in rpm +mprintf("\nCalculate the field current:") +KC=0.248;//calculated by solving two equations +Ia=sqrt(T/KC); +mprintf("\nThe field current is %f A",Ia) +mprintf("\nCalculate the motor voltage:") +n1=400; +omega1=(2*%pi*n1)/T; +Vt=Ia*(Ra+Rf+(KC*omega1)); +mprintf("\nThe motor voltage is %f volt",Vt) +mprintf("\nCalculate the motor speed :") +AR=Ra/Rf; +Ia=sqrt(T/(KC*AR)); +w=(V/(KC*AR*Ia))-((Ra+(AR*Rf))/(KC*AR)); +n2=(w*T)/(2*%pi); +mprintf("\nThe speed of the motor is %f rpm",n2) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19d9fe6e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f35287fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=6;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Pout=30*746;//rated output voltage in volts +R1=0.5;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=0.5;//rotor resistance reffered to stator in ohm +Protational=500;//rotational loss in watt +Pcu=600;//core losses in watt +c=0.05;//cost of energy +t1=100;//time which the motor operates in a week +Pd=Pout+Protational;//developed power in watt +a=1;// the s^2 value from the equation s^2-s+0.039 +b=-1;//the s value from the equation s^2-s+0.039 +c=0.039;//the constant value from the equation s^2-s+0.039 +s1=(-(b)+sqrt((b)^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a); +s2=(-(b)-sqrt((b)^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a);//roots to find the value of s from the equation s^2-s+0.03 +s=s2;//s1 is very large hence neglected thus slip=s2 +a1=120;//constant value in the formula +ns=(a1*f)/p;//synchronous speed in rpm +n=ns*(1-s); +mprintf("\nThe speed of the motor is %d rpm",n) +I2=sqrt((Pd*s)/(3*R2*(1-s)));//motor current in amps +Pwinding=3*I2^(2)*(R1+R2); +Pin=Pd+Pwinding+Pcu; +eta=Pout/Pin;//efficiency of the motor +eta=eta*100;//efficiency in percentage +mprintf("\nThe efficiency of the motor without added resistance is %d percentage",eta) +nnew=0.8*n;//speed after 20% reduction +snew=(ns-nnew)/ns; +rmsnew=nnew/60;//speed in rps +omegadnew=(2*%pi*rmsnew); +rps=n/60;//speed in rps +omega=(2*%pi*rps); +Pdnew=(Pd*omegadnew)/omega; +Radd=R2*((snew-s)/s);//resistance added to reduce 20% of the speed +mprintf("\nThe resistance added to reduce 20 percentage of the speed is %f ohm",Radd) +I2new=sqrt((Pdnew*snew)/(3*(R2+Radd)*(1-snew))) +Pwindingnew=3*I2^(2)*(R1+R2+Radd); +Pinnew=Pdnew+Pwindingnew+Pcu; +Poutnew=Pdnew-Protational; +etanew=Poutnew/Pinnew; +etanew=etanew*100; +mprintf("\nThe efficiency of the motor with added resistance is %d percentage",etanew) +Padd=3*I2^(2)*Radd; +Padd=Padd*10^(-3); +t=100*52;//total hours of operation in one year +C=Padd*t*c; +mprintf("\nThe annual cost of the operating motor is $%f",C) +//The answer may vary due to roundoff error + diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfb908e92 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..529847e30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.10 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480; //terminal voltage in volt +p=6; //number of poles +f=60; //frequency in hertz +Xl=3; //inductive reactance in ohm +Rs=.2; //stator resistance in ohm +X2=2; //rotor reactance in ohm +R2=0.1; //resistance reffered to the stator in ohm +Xm=120; //magnetizing reactance in the linear region in ohm +Xm1=42; //magnetizing reactance in the saturation region in ohm +Td=100; //constant load torque in Nm +n=900; //speed of the motor in rpm +Is=21.6; +rps=n/60; +omega=(2*%pi*rps); +f=(((3*Is^(2)*R2)/((2*%pi*Td)/f))+n)*(p/Xm); +mprintf("\nThe frequency of the CSI to drive the machine at 900 rpm is %f Hz",f) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d24de09e2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..058a41a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.2 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=4;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Td=60;//constant torque load in Nm +R1=0.4; +R2=0.1; +Xeq=4; +N1=2; +N2=1; +n=1000;//speed of the motor in rpm +a1=120; +ns=(a1*f)/p; +s=(ns-n)/ns; +R21=R2*(N1/N2)^(2); +theta=atand(Xeq/(R1+(R21/s))); +a=0.05; +b=8; +c=-80.74; +Vi11=(-b+sqrt(8^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a);//obtained from the equation 0.05Vi^2+8Vi-80.74 +Vi12=(-b-sqrt(8^2-(4*a*c)))/(2*a);//obtained from the equation 0.05Vi^2+8Vi-80.74 +Vi1=Vi11;//because negative voltage is neglected +Vi=(Vi1*N2)/N1; +c1=122;//calculated constant values of the equation +c2=1.85;//calculated constant values of the equation +I2=(c1-Vi1)/c2; +V1=sqrt(3)*Vi;//line to line injected voltage +mprintf("\nThe magnitude of injected voltage is %f volt",V1) +Pr=3*I2*Vi1*cosd(theta); +mprintf("\nThe power delivered by the source of injected voltage is %f watt",Pr) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9abadd43b Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2837d90bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=4;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Tl=60;//load torque in Nm +R1=0.4; +R2=0.1; +Xeq=4; +N1=2;//obtained from the equation N1/N2=2 +n=1000;//motor speed in rpm +a=120; +ns=(a*f)/p; +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +mprintf("\na)Without injected voltage Vi=0v") +Vs=V/sqrt(3); +R21=R2*(N1^(2)); +I2st=Vs/sqrt((R1+R21)^(2)+Xeq^(2));//starting current in A +I2st=ceil(I2st)//rounding off the starting current +Tst=(3*I2st^(2)*R1)/omegas;//staring torque +mprintf("\nThe starting current without injected voltage is %f A",I2st) +mprintf("\nThe starting torque without injected voltage is %f Nm",Tst) +mprintf("\nb)With injected voltage Vi=9.5v") +Vi=9.5;//injected voltage in volt +I2st1=(Vs-Vi)/sqrt((R1+R21)^(2)+Xeq^(2));//starting current with injected resistance in A +thetar=atand(Xeq/(R1+R21)); +Tst1=(3/omegas)*((I2st1^2*R1)+(I2st*Vi)*cosd(thetar)); +mprintf("\nThe starting current with injected voltage is %f A",I2st1) +mprintf("\nThe starting torque with injected voltage is %f Nm",Tst1) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..463dc9c04 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..161dcd5fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=6;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Tout=300;//constant load torque in Nm +N1=1; +N2=1; +Prot=1e3;//rotational power in watt +alpha=120;//trigerring angle in degree +mprintf("\nTo find speed of the motor:") +a=120;//constant value +ns=(a*f)/p; +n=ns*(1+((N1/N2)*cosd(alpha))); +mprintf("\nThe speed of the motor is %f rpm",n) +s=(ns-n)/ns; +mprintf("\nTo compute current in DC link:") +rps=n/60;//speed in rps +omega=(2*%pi*rps); +Pout=Tout*omega; +Pd=Pout+Prot; +K=(3*sqrt(2))/%pi; +I=(Pd/(1-s))/(K*V); +mprintf("\nThe current in DC link is %f A",I) +mprintf("\nTo compute rotor rms current:") +itr=sqrt(2/3);//solved integration value +I2=itr*I; +mprintf("\nThe rotor rms current is %f A",I2) +mprintf("\nTo compute stator rms current:") +I1=(N1/N2)*I2 +mprintf("\nThe stator rms current is %f A",I1) +mprintf("\nTo compute power returned to the source:") +Pr=Pd; +Pr=Pr*10^(-3); +mprintf("\nThe power returned to the source is %f watt",Pr) +mprintf("\nTo compute the losses when additional resistance is added:") +Td=Pd/omega; +rpss=ns/60;//speed in rps +omegas=(2*%pi*rpss); +Radd=(V^2*s)/(Td*omegas);//additional resistance added in ohm +I2=sqrt(((s/(1-s))*(Pd/3))/Radd);//rotor current +Padd=3*I2^2*Radd;//additional power loss +Padd=Padd*10^(-3); +mprintf("\nThe power losses when additional resistance added is %f watt",Padd) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04219237f Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..860fc8c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.5 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=6;//number of poles +Pout=30*746;//output power interms of watt +f=60;//frequency in hertz +R1=0.5;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=0.5;//rotor resistance reffered to stator in ohm +ns=1200;//synchronus speed in rpm +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps);//angular synchronous speed +Td=120;//load torque constant +s=(Td*omegas*R2)/V^2; +n=ns*(1-s);//the speed at full voltage in rpm +n=ceil(n) +Vnew=0.8*V;//when voltage is reduced by 20% +snew=(V^2*s)/Vnew^2;//new slip after the reduction of 20% of the rated voltage +nnew=ns*(1-snew);//new speed of the motor in rpm +nnew=ceil(nnew) +mprintf("The speed of the motor after the reduction of the rated voltage is %d rpm",nnew) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2da97297 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99185d778 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.6 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=2;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Xeq=4;//inductive reactance in ohm +R1=0.2;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=0.3;//rotor resistance reffered to stator in ohm +Td=60;//driving constant load torque in Nm +n=3500;//speed of the motor in rpm +a=120;//constant value +ns=(a*f)/p;//synchronous speed in rpm +mprintf("\nTo compute the maximum frequency of the supply voltage:") +Tmax=Td; +rpss=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rpss); +fmax=sqrt((V^2*f^2)/(Tmax*2*omegas*4)); +mprintf("\nThe maximum frequency of the supply voltage is %f Hz",fmax) +mprintf("\nTo calculate the motor current at f and fmax:") +s=(ns-n)/ns;//slip at 60Hz +Vs=V/sqrt(3); +I2=Vs/sqrt((R1+(R2/s))^2+Xeq^2); +mprintf("\nThe motor current at 60 Hz is %f A",I2) +Xeqmax=(fmax/f)*Xeq; +smax=R2/sqrt(R1^2+Xeqmax^2); +nmax=((a*fmax)/p)*(1-smax); +I2max=Vs/sqrt((R1+(R2/smax))^2+Xeqmax^2); +mprintf("\nThe motor current at 67.7Hz is %f A",I2max) +mprintf("\nTo calculate the power delivered to the load at f and fmax:") +rps=n/60; +omega=(2*%pi*rps); +Pd=Td*omega;//developed power at 60Hz +Pd=Pd*10^(-3);//developed power in kilowatt +mprintf("\nThe power delivered to the load at 60Hz is %f Kw",Pd) +rpsmax=nmax/60; +omegamax=(2*%pi*rpsmax); +Pdmax=Td*omegamax;//developed power at 67.7Hz +Pdmax=Pdmax*10^(-3);//developed power in kilowatt +mprintf("\nThe power delivered to the load at 67.7Hz is %f Kw",Pdmax) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5c1c41c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f08ac482 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.7 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=2;//number of poles +fst=60;//frequency in hertz +f=50;//decreased frequency in Hz +Xeq=4;//inductive reactance in ohm +R1=0.2;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=0.3;//rotor resistance reffered to stator in ohm +Td=60;//driving constant load torque in Nm +n=3500;//speed of the motor in rpm +ns=(120*f)/p;//synchronous speed in rpm +Vs=V/sqrt(3); +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +s=(Td*omegas*R2)/V^2; +n=ns*(1-s);//the new motor speed at 50Hz in rpm +mprintf("\nThe new motor speed at 50Hz is %f rpm",n) +I2st=Vs/sqrt((R1+R2)^(2)+Xeq^(2));//starting current in A +Xeqnew=(f/fst)*Xeq;//inductive reactance at 50Hz +I2stnew=Vs/sqrt((R1+R2)^(2)+Xeqnew^(2));//starting current at 50Hz in A +mprintf("\nThe starting current at 50Hz is %f A",I2stnew) diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51bc4807c Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f50eccee --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.8 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=2;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +fd=50;//decreased frequency in Hz +Xeq=4;//inductive reactance in ohm +R1=0.2;//stator resistance in ohm +R2=0.3;//rotor resistance reffered to stator in ohm +Td=60;//driving constant load torque in Nm +n=3500;//speed of the motor in rpm +VFR=V/f;//voltage frequency ratio +Vnew=fd*VFR; +a=120;//constant value +ns=(a*fd)/p;//synchronous speed in rpm +Vs=V/sqrt(3); +rps=n/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +s=(Td*omegas*R2)/Vnew^2; +n=ns*(1-s);//the new motor speed at 50Hz in rpm +rpss=ns/60; +omega=(2*%pi*rpss)/60; +mprintf("\nTo compute the starting current at 60Hz,480v:") +I2st=Vs/sqrt((R1+R2)^(2)+Xeq^(2));//starting current in A +mprintf("\nThe starting current at 60Hz,480v is %f A",I2st) +mprintf("\nTo compute the starting current at 50Hz,400v:") +Vsnew=Vnew/sqrt(3); +Xeqnew=(fd/f)*Xeq;//inductive reactance at 50Hz +I2stnew=Vsnew/sqrt((R1+R2)^(2)+Xeqnew^(2));//starting current at 50Hz in A +mprintf("\nThe starting current at 50Hz,400v is %f A",I2stnew) +mprintf("\nThe starting current is almost unchanged due to the v/f control") diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg b/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd6b7839 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52652c7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book Name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 7 +//example 7.9 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=480;//terminal voltage in volt +p=6;//number of poles +f=60;//frequency in hertz +Xl=3;//inductive reactance in ohm +Rs=.2;//stator resistance in ohm +X2=2;//rotor reactance in ohm +R2=0.1;//resistance reffered to the stator in ohm +Xm=120;//magnetizing reactance in the linear region in ohm +Xm1=42;//magnetizing reactance in the saturation region in ohm +Td=100;//constant load torque in Nm +n=900;//speed of the motor in rpm +ns=(120*f)/p;//synchronous speed of the machine in rpm +s=(ns-n)/ns;//slip of the machine +//If the machine is in the linear region +rps=ns/60; +omegas=(2*%pi*rps); +Is=sqrt(((Td*s*omegas)*((R2/s)^2+(X2+Xm)^2))/(3*Xm^2*R2)); +costheta=0.7;//assumed power factor value +I1rated=(Td*omegas)/(sqrt(3)*V*costheta); +mprintf("\nThe input current if the machine is in the linear region is %f A",I1rated) +//if the machine is in saturation region +Is1=sqrt(((Td*s*omegas)*((R2/s)^2+(X2+Xm1)^2))/(3*Xm^2*R2)); +mprintf("\nThe input current if the machine is in the saturation region is %f A",Is1) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58ae219ab Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a91f6a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.1 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +V=440;//source voltage in volt +Ia=76;//armature current in ampere +ns=1000;//speed of the DC shunt motor in rpm +Ra=.377;//armature resistance of the motor in ohm +Rf=110;//field resistance of the motor in ohm +Prloss=1000;//rotational losses in watt +se=60;//seconds for 1 minute +Ea=V-(Ra*Ia); +rps=ns/se; +omega=(2*%pi*rps);//angular speed of the motor +KQ=Ea/omega;//field constant +disp('a) To calculate no load speed of the motor:') +omegao=V/KQ;//angular no load speed +no=(omegao*se)/(2*%pi); +mprintf("The no load speed of the motor in rpm is %f",no) +disp('b)To calculate motor speed when Ia=60 ampere:') +Ia3=60; +omega3=(V+(Ra*Ia3))/KQ; +n3=(omega3*se)/(2*%pi); +mprintf("The speed of the motor in rpm is %f",n3) +disp('c)To calculate the torque developed during regenerative braking:') +Tl3=KQ*Ia3; +mprintf("The torque developed during regenerative braking in Nm is %f",Tl3) +disp('d)To calculate Ea during regenerative braking:') +Ea3=KQ*omega3; +mprintf("The back emf in volt is %f",Ea3) +disp('e)Power delivered by the source') +If=V/Rf; +I1=Ia+If; +Ps=I1*V; +mprintf("The power delivered by the source in watt is %f",Ps) +disp('f)To calculate terminal current under regenerative braking:') +I3=Ia3-If; +mprintf('The terminal current under regenerative braking in ampere is %f',I3) +disp('g)To calculate power generater during regenerative braking') +Pg=Ea3*Ia3; +mprintf("power generater during regenerative braking in watt is %f",Pg) +disp('h)To calculate total losses under regenerative braking') +Ploss=(Ra*(Ia3^(2)))+((V^(2))/Rf)+Prloss; +mprintf("The total losses under regenerative braking in watt is %f",Ploss) +disp('i)To calculate power delivered under regenerative braking:') +Pd=Pg-Ploss; +mprintf("The power delivered under regenerative braking in watt is %f",Pd) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..258426fb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90f51ef35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.2 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ib=40;//current of the motor in ampere +Rb=2;//braking resistance in ohm +Ra=0.377;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3.93;//field constant +omega=-(Ib*(Ra+Rb))/KQ;//angular speed in rad/sec +se=60;//seconds in 1 minute +n=omega*(se/(2*%pi)); +mprintf("The speed at steady state operating point in rpm is %f",n) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d9686bc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df2e842da --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.3 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=.5;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field constant +V=277;//source voltage in volt +Tup=100;//upward directional load torque in Nm +a=20;//triggering angle in degree +Tdw=200;//downward directional load torque in Nm +Vm=V*sqrt(2); +Veq=((2*Vm)/%pi)*cosd(a); +omega1=((Veq/KQ))-((Ra*Tup)/KQ^(2)); +n1=omega1*(60/(2*%pi));//downward speed in rpm +b1=((-KQ*omega1)+((Ra*Tdw)/KQ))/((2*Vm)/%pi); +alpha2=acosd(b1); +mprintf("The triggering angle required to keep the downward speed equal in magnitude to the upward speed in degree is %f",alpha2) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b3ade662 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d1c04637 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.4 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=.5;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field constant +V=277;//source voltage in volt +Tup=100;//upward directional load torque in Nm +Vm=V*sqrt(2); +b1=((Ra*Tup)/KQ)/((2*Vm)/%pi); +alpha3=acosd(b1);//triggering angle at the upward motion +mprintf("The triggering angle at the motor changes during the upward motion to keep the motor constant in degree is %f",alpha3) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21cc46297 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44dccd75b --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.5 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field constant +V=320;//Terminal voltage in volts +n=1000;//motor speed in rpm +omega=(2*%pi*n)/60; +Ea1=KQ*omega; +Ia=(V-Ea1)/Ra;//normal field current in ampere +Ib=2*Ia;//maximum braking current which is twice the armature voltage in A +Rb=-(V+Ea1+(Ib*Ra))/Ib;//braking resistance +Rb=abs(Rb); +mprintf("The maximum braking resistance in ohm is %f",Rb) +//the answer given in the book is wrong + diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b171eab9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3a19a7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.6 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field constant +V=480;//Terminal voltage in volts +Tl=120;//load torque in Nm +alpha=30;//triggering angle of SCR 1 and 2 +Vm=V*sqrt(2); +Iave1=Tl/KQ; +omega1=(((2*Vm)/%pi)*cosd(alpha)-(Iave1*Ra))/KQ; +se=60;//seconds in one minute +n1=(omega1*se)/(2*%pi); +Ib=-3*Iave1; +b1=-((KQ*omega1)-(3*Iave1))/((2*Vm)/%pi); +alpha2=acosd(b1); +mprintf("The triggering angle for scr 3 and 4 to reduce the minimum braking current in degree is %f",alpha2) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cd93624d Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a3665f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.7 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field constant +V=480;//Terminal voltage in volts +Tl=120;//load torque in Nm +Vm=V*sqrt(2); +Iave1=Tl/KQ; +omega3=0;//motor speed at holding condition +Iave3=-Iave1; +b1=((KQ*omega3)+(Ra*Iave3))/-((2*Vm)/%pi); +alpha2=acosd(b1); +mprintf("The triggering angle for scr 3 and 4 in degree is %f",alpha2) diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg b/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f51930277 Binary files /dev/null and b/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cc4c729c --- /dev/null +++ b/3811/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book name: Fundamentals of electrical drives by Mohamad A. El- Sharkawi +//chapter 9 +//example 9.8 +//edition 1 +//publisher and place:Nelson Engineering +clc; +clear; +Ra=0.5;//armature resistance in ohm +KQ=3;//field resistance +V=200;//source voltage in volt +T=180;//troque of the forklift in Nm +V1=-30;//terminal voltage of the motor in volt +omega5=((V1/KQ))-((Ra*T)/KQ^(2)); +se=60;//seconds in one minute +n5=omega5*(se/(2*%pi));//new steady state speed at point 5 in rpm +mprintf("The new steady state speed in is %f rpm",n5) +I5=(V1-(KQ*omega5))/Ra;//current at point 5 +mprintf("\n The armature current at new speed in is %d A",I5) diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.14.a/1_14_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.a/1_14_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cde65ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.a/1_14_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.14 +//check the given signL is PERIODIC OR NOT// +clc ; +t=-10:.01:10; +x=%i*(exp(%i*10*t)); +subplot (311) +plot (t,x); +disp ('(a) this shows that the given signal is periodic with period (.2*%pi)'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.14.b/1_14_b.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.b/1_14_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ce4cffe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.b/1_14_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.14 +//check the given signL is PERIODIC OR NOT e^(-1+j)*t +clc ; +t=-1:.01:1; +x=(exp(-1+%i)*t); +f=1/2*%pi; +N=1/f; +disp (N,'this shows that the given signal is not periodic'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.14.c/1_14_c.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.c/1_14_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d25dcad50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.14.c/1_14_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.14 +// Find wheather the following signal is periodic or not x3(n)=e^(i*7*pi*n) +clc; +n=-21:21; +x=exp(%i *7* %pi *n); +f=(7*%pi)/(2*%pi); +N=1/f; +disp(N,'the given signal is periodic'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.15.a/1_15_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.15.a/1_15_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5c7892ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.15.a/1_15_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.15 +// Find wheather the following signal is periodic or not x3(n)=2*e^(%i*(t+%pi/4)) +clc; +t=-21:21; +x=2*exp(%i*(t+%pi/4)); +f=1/(2*%pi); +N=1/f; +disp('samples',N,'(b)the given signal is not periodic'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.18.c/1_18_c.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.18.c/1_18_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56349128 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.18.c/1_18_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// example 1.18 +//determine the values of power and energy +clc ; +t =0:0.01:100; +A=1; +x=A*cos (t); +P=(integrate('(A*cos(t))^2','t',0,2*%pi ))/(2*%pi); +disp(P,'The power of the signal is:'); +E=(integrate('(A*cos(t))^2','t',0,2*%pi)); +disp(E,'The energy is:'); +disp('As t tends to infinity energy also tends to infinity but power remains finite hence it is power signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.18.d/1_18_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.18.d/1_18_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..693d03f07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.18.d/1_18_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1.18 +//determine the values of power and energy +clc ; +E=0; +for n=0:200 +x(n+1)=(1/2)^n; +end +for n=0:200 +E=E+x(n +1)^2; +end +disp(E,'The energy of the signal is; ' ); +disp ('since the energy is finite, hence it is energy signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.19.a/1_19_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.a/1_19_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..967a0c326 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.a/1_19_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// example 1.19 +//determine whether the following signals are power or energy signal +clc ; +t =0:0.01:100; +A=1; +x=A*sin(t); +P=(integrate('(A*sin(t))^2','t',-%pi,%pi))/(2*%pi); +disp(P,'The power of the signal is:'); +E=(integrate('(A*sin(t))^2','t',-%pi,%pi)); +disp(E,'The energy is:'); +disp('As t tends to infinity energy also tends to infinity but power remains finite hence it is power signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.19.b/1_19_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.b/1_19_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e693e692 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.b/1_19_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 1.19 +//determine whether the following signals are power or energy signal +clc ; +t=0:0.01:100; +x=1; +P=(integrate('1^2','t',0,1))/2; +disp(P,'The power of the signal is:'); +E=(integrate('1^2','t',0,1)); +disp(E,'The energy is:'); +disp('As t tends to infinity energy also tends to infinity but power remains finite hence it is power signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.19.e/1_19_e.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.e/1_19_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d66be01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.19.e/1_19_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.19 +//determine whether the following signals are power or energy signal power and energy +clc ; +t=0:0.01:100; +x=t; +T=2; +P=(integrate('t^2','t',0,T))/(T); +disp(P,'The power of the signal is:'); +disp('As t tends to infinity energy also tends to infinity but power remains finite hence it is power signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.2.a/1_2_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.a/1_2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14681b23a --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.a/1_2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//example 1_2 +//sketch the following signal x(3t) +clc; +clear all; +t=-1/3:0.0001:1/3; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)<0 then +x(i)=1+3*t(i); +else +x(i)=1-3*t(i); +end +end +plot2d(t,x) +plot (t,x, 'red' ); +xtitle('required figure','t','x(3*t)'); +xgrid(); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.2.b/1_2_b.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.b/1_2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e5d5fdff --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.b/1_2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//example 1_2 +//sketch the following signal x(3t+2) +clc; +clear all; +t=-1:0.0001:-1/3; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)<-2/3 then +x(i)=3+3*t(i); +else +x(i)=-1-3*t(i); +end +end +plot(t,x) +plot(t,x, 'red' ); +xtitle('required figure','t','x(3*t+2)'); +xgrid(); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.2.c/1_2_c.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.c/1_2_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0febffac --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.2.c/1_2_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//example 1_2 +//sketch the following signal x(-2t-1) +clc; +clear all; +t=-1:0.0001:0; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=-1/2 then +x(i)=-2*t(i); +else +x(i)=(2*t(i))+2; +end +end +plot(t,x) +plot(t,x, 'red' ); +xtitle('required figure','t','x(-2*t-1)'); +xgrid(); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1ec469d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.23 +//Find the even and odd components of the signal x(t)=(e^-2t)*cos(t) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.1:10; +for j=1:length(t) +i=t(j); +x(j)=(exp(-2*i))*cos(i); +y(j)=(exp(2*i))*cos(i); +e(j)=(1/2)*(x(j)+y(j)); +o(j)=(1/2)*(x(j)-y(j)); +end +disp('In the plot even component is in red and odd component is in blue') +plot(t,e,'red') +plot(t,o,'blue') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.25.a/1_25_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.a/1_25_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d992c263a --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.a/1_25_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 1.25 +//To check whether the given discrete system is a Linear System (or) Non-Linear System y(t)= t*x(t) +clear; +clc; +x1=[1,1,1,1]; +x2=[2,2,2,2]; +a=1; +b=1; +for t=1:length(x1) +x3(t)=a*x1(t)+b*x2(t); +end +for t=1:length(x1) +y1(t)=t*x1(t); +y2(t)=t*x2(t); +y3(t)=t*x3(t); +end +for t=1:length(y1) +z(t)=a*y1(t)+b*y2(t); +end +count=0; +for n=1:length(y1) +if(y3(t)==z(t)) +count=count+1; +end +end +if(count==length(y3)) +disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') +disp('The given system is a Linear system') +else +disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') +disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.25.b/1_25_b.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.b/1_25_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e081b1ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.b/1_25_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 1.25 +//Check whether the following signal is linear or not. +clear ; +close ; +clc ; +T =20; //length of the signal +for n=1: T +x1(n)=n;x2(n)=2*n; +y1(n)=x1(n)*x1(n); +y2(n)=x2(n)*x2(n); +end +z=y1+y2; +for n =1: T +y3(n)=( x1(n)+x2(n)) ^2; +end +if z== y3 then +disp('The following signal is linear'); +else +disp ( 'The following signal is non linear'); +end diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.25.d/1_25_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.d/1_25_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14174bddb --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.25.d/1_25_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 1.25(d) +//To check whether the given discrete system is a Linear System (or) Non-Linear System y[n])= 2*x[n]-3 +clear; +clc; +x1=[1,1,1,1]; +x2=[2,2,2,2]; +a=1; +b=1; +for n=1:length(x1) +x3(n)=a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n=1:length(x1) +y1(n)=2*x1(n)-3; +y2(n)=2*x2(n)-3; +y3(n)=2*x3(n)-3; +end +for n=1:length(y1) +z(n)=a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count=0; +for n=1:length(y1) +if(y3(n)==z(n)) +count=count+1; +end +end +if(count==length(y3)) +disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') +disp('The given system is a Linear system') +else +disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') +disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.27.a/1_27_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.27.a/1_27_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7ef09bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.27.a/1_27_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 1.27 +//Determine whether the following system is time invariant or not +clc; +clear all; +T =20; +s =2; +for n=1:T +x(n)=n; +y(n)=n*x(n); +end +IP=x(T-s); +OP=y(T-s); +if IP == OP then +disp('The given system is time invariant'); +else +disp('The given system is time variant'); +end diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.29.a/1_29_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.29.a/1_29_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3afb9caf --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.29.a/1_29_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.29: +//Determination of stablility of a given system +clear; +clc; +x=[1,2,3,4,0,2,1,3,5,8]; +Maximum_Limit=10; +S=0; +for t=0:Maximum_Limit-1 +S=S+t*x(t+1); +end +if (S >Maximum_Limit) +disp('Eventhough input is bounded output is unbounded') +disp('The given system is unstable'); +else +disp('The given system is stable'); +end diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.31.d/1_31_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.31.d/1_31_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dffdf48ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.31.d/1_31_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 1.31 +//check the given signL is PERIODIC OR NOT e^(-2*t)*u(t) +clc ; +t=-1:.01:1; +x=exp(-2*t); +plot (t,x); +disp ('(a)this shows that the given signal is not periodic which gives w0=1+j,complex no. the frequency of signal can never be complex it must have real value'); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.35.a/1_35_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.35.a/1_35_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9489016e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.35.a/1_35_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.35 +//Find whether the given system is causal or not y(t)=x*sin(t). +clear all; +clc; +t=-10:10; +x=2; +for i=1:length(t) +x3(i)=x*sin(t(i)); +end +causal=%t; +for i=1:length (t) +if t(i)<0 & x3(i)~=0 then +noncausal=%f; +end +end +disp (noncausal,"The statement that the system is noncausal is"); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.36.f/1_36_f.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.36.f/1_36_f.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05321f416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.36.f/1_36_f.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.36 +//Find whether the given signal is causal or not y(n)=x(n^2). +clear all; +clc; +n=-10:10; +for i=1:length (n) +x(i)=i; +y(i)=(i.^2) ; +end +causal=%t; +for i=1: length (n) +if n(i)<0 &y(i)~=0 then +causal=%f; +end +end +disp(causal,"The statement that the system is causal is:"); diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.a/1_6_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.a/1_6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e0b2f63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.a/1_6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example 1.6 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=u(t+2) +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=-2 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.b/1_6_b.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.b/1_6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6f31ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.b/1_6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//draw the waveform of the signal x2(t)=u(t-2) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=2 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.c/1_6_c.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.c/1_6_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a7a28e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.c/1_6_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//draw the waveform of the signal x3(t)=u(-t) +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)<=0 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.d/1_6_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.d/1_6_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40a5cec2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.d/1_6_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//draw the waveform of the signal x4(t)=u(-2t+1) +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)<=1/2 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.e/1_6_e.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.e/1_6_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8b9d889 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.e/1_6_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)<=-1/2 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +// f i g u r e +f=scf(0); +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.f/1_6_f.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.f/1_6_f.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a221ae08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.f/1_6_f.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.6 +//draw the waveform of the signal x6(t)=u(t+2)-u(t-2) +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=-2 & t(i)<=2 then +x(i)=1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') + diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.6.g/1_6_g.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.g/1_6_g.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88a8c588f --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.6.g/1_6_g.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.6// +//draw the waveform of the signal x7(t)=u(t)-2*u(t-1)+u(t-2)// +clc ; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10 +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 & t(i)<=1 then +x(i)=1; +end +if t(i)>=1 & t(i)<=2 then +x(i)=-1 +end +end +//figure +plot2d(t,x); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.a/1_7_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.a/1_7_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edb6f693c --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.a/1_7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(t-1) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 then +x(i)=t(i)+1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.b/1_7_b.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.b/1_7_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddf366f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.b/1_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(t+1) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=1 then +x(i)=t(i)-1; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.c/1_7_c.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.c/1_7_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6431584f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.c/1_7_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(-t) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:0.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 then +x(i)=-t(i); +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.d/1_7_d.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.d/1_7_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36aa82c3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.d/1_7_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(3t) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 then +x(i)=3*t(i); +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.e/1_7_e.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.e/1_7_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38db62da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.e/1_7_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(-3t) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 then +x(i)=-3*t(i); +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.7.f/1_7_f.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.f/1_7_f.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dba56f02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.7.f/1_7_f.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.7 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(3t+1) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=-1/3 then +x(i)=3*t(i)-1/3; +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +//figure +plot2d(x,t); +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH1/EX1.8.a/1_8_a.sce b/3812/CH1/EX1.8.a/1_8_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11d820c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH1/EX1.8.a/1_8_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.8 +//draw the waveform of the signal x1(t)=r(t)-r(t-1)-u(t-1) +clc; +clear all; +t=-10:0.001:10; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i)>=0 & t(i)<1 then +x(i)=t(i); +else +x(i)=0; +end +end +plot2d(t,x) +xtitle('Required figure','t','x(t)') diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.12.a/10_12a.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.a/10_12a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bac1171d --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.a/10_12a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 10.12(a): +//Find Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[1,2,6,-2,0,3]; +n1=0:length(x)-1; +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.12.b/10_12b.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.b/10_12b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d25e8888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.b/10_12b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 10.12(b) +//determine Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[1,2,6,-2,0,3]; +n1=-2:length(x)-3; +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.12.c/10_12c.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.c/10_12c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbc5615d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.c/10_12c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 10.12(c): +//Find Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[0,0,1,2,6,-2,3]; +n1=0:length(x)-1; +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.12.d/10_12d.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.d/10_12d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5874d796f --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.12.d/10_12d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 10.12(d) +// Find Z Transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[1,2,6,-2,0,3]; +n1=-5:length(x)-6; +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d166812a --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 10_27 +//Convolution of given signals +clc; +x=[1,-2,1]; +y=[1,1,1,1,1,1]; +X= convol (x,y); +disp(X,'Convolution of given sequences'); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.33/10_33.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.33/10_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c74724911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.33/10_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 10_33 +//Find the inverse Z-transform +clc; +clear; +z=poly(0,'z'); +x=ldiv((z+1),(z-1/3),4); +disp(x,'x[n]='); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.34/10_34.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.34/10_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da8c1d183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.34/10_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 10_34 +//Inverse Z-transform using long division method +clc; +clear; +z=poly(0,'z'); +x=ldiv(z,(z-0.5),4); +disp(x,'x[n]='); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.41/10_41.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.41/10_41.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..620bfcbd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.41/10_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 10_41 +//Find the inverse Z-transform using long division method +clc; +clear; +z=poly(0,'z'); +x=ldiv(z^3-10*z^2-4*z+4,2*z^2-2*z-4,4); +disp(x,'x[n]='); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.53.a/10_53_a.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.a/10_53_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc76e2ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.a/10_53_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 10_53: +//Find unilateral Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[1 2 5 4 0 3]; +n1=0:length(x)-1; +disp(n1) +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.53.b/10_53_b.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.b/10_53_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..483590112 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.b/10_53_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//example 10_53: +//Find unilateral Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[1,2,5,4,0,3]; +n1=-2:3; +count=0; +for a=n1(1):length(x) + if a==0 then + abc=count; + else + end + count=count+1; +end +abc=abc+1; +ac1=0; +x11=[1 1 1 1]; +for a=abc:length(x) + ac1=ac1+1; + x11(ac1)=x(a); +end +n11=0:(length(x)-abc); +X=ztransfer(x11,n11); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH10/EX10.53.c/10_53_c.sce b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.c/10_53_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a7bbabe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH10/EX10.53.c/10_53_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 10_53: +//Find unilateral Z transform +clc; +function[za]=ztransfer(sequence,n) +z=poly(0,'z','r') +za=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction +x=[0,0,1,2,5,4,0,3]; +n1=0:length(x)-1; +X=ztransfer(x,n1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); +funcprot(0); diff --git a/3812/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce b/3812/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86f4ed78f --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 11_9 +//Find state space representation of the system +clc; +clear; +s=%s; +tf=syslin('c',((3*s+7)/((s+1)*(s+2)*(s+5)))); +ss=tf2ss(tf); +disp(ss) diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afbe02690 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2_1 +//Find the convolution of two continous time signal +clc; +t=-8:1/100:8; +for i=1:length(t) +x(i)=exp(-t(i)^2); +h(i)=3*t(i)^2; +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d(t,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d(t,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +t2=-16:1/100:16 +plot2d(t2,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a196b56be --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 2_13 +//Convolution Integral of input x(t)=u(t+0.5)-u(t-0.5) h(t)=exp(%i*w*t) +clc; +clear; +Max_Limit=0.1; +x=[0,0,0,ones(1,Max_Limit+0.5)-ones(1,Max_Limit-0.5)]; +w=2; +t=-9:0; +h=exp(%i*w*t); +N2=0:length(x)-1; +N1=-length(h)+1:0; +t1=-6:3; +y1=(1/%i*w)*(exp(%i*w*(t1+0.5))); +y2=(1/%i*w)*(ones(1,Max_Limit)); +y=[y1 y2] +N=-length(x)+1:length(h)-1; +figure +a=gca(); +a.y_location="origin"; +plot2d(t,h) +xtitle('Input Response','t','h(t)'); +a.thickness=2; +figure +a=gca(); +a.y_location="origin"; +a.x_location="origin"; +a.data_bounds=[-10,0;13,1]; +plot2d(-Max_Limit+4:Max_Limit+3,y) +xtitle('Output Response','t','y(t)'); +a.thickness=2; diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7142b4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2_15 +//Find the convolution of two sequences +clc +n=-8:1:8; +for i=1:length(n) +x(i)=exp(-n(i)^2); +h(i)=3.*n(i)^2; +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d3(n,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d3(n,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +n1=-16:1:16 +plot2d3(n1,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d541a79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 2_15 +//Find the convolution of two sequences +clc; +n=-8:1/1000:8; +for i=1:length(n) +x(i)=exp(-n(i)^2); +if n(i)<0 then +h(i)=exp(n(i)); +else +h(i)=exp(-n(i)); +end +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d3(n,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d3(n,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +n1=-16:1/1000:16 +plot2d3(n1,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d1910fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 2_17 +//find convolution of two sequences +clc; +n=-8:1/1000:8; +for i=1:length(n) +if n(i)<-5 then +x(i)=0; +else +x(i)=(1/2)^n(i); +end +if n(i)<3 then +h(i)=0; +else +h(i)=(1/3)^n(i); +end +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d3(n,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d3(n,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +n1=-16:1/1000:16 +plot2d3(n1,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae5fec426 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.18/2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//clear// +//Example 2.8:Convolution Integral of input x(t)=(e^2t).u(-t) and +//h(t)=u(t-3) +clear; +close; +clc; +Max_Limit=0.1; +x=[0,0,0,ones(1,Max_Limit+0.5)-ones(1,Max_Limit-0.5)]; +w=2; +t = -9:0; +h= exp(%i*w*t); +N2 = 0:length(x)-1; +N1 = -length(h)+1:0; +t1 = -6:3; +y1 =(1/%i*w)*(exp(%i*w*(t+0.5))); +y2 =(1/%i*w)*(ones(1,Max_Limit)); +y = [y1 y2] +N = -length(x)+1:length(h)-1; +figure +a=gca(); +a.y_location = "origin"; +plot2d(t,h) +xtitle('Input Response','t','h(t)'); +a.thickness = 2; +figure +a=gca(); +a.y_location = "origin"; +a.x_location = "origin"; +a.data_bounds=[-10,0;13,1]; +plot2d(-Max_Limit+4:Max_Limit+3,y) +xtitle('Output Response','t','y(t)'); +a.thickness = 2; diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.19.a/2_19_a.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.a/2_19_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486a6bba9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.a/2_19_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2_19 +//compute the Convolution of x[n] and Unit Impulse response h[n] +clear; +close; +clc; +Max_Limit=10; +for n=1:Max_Limit +Alpha=0.5; +h=ones(1,Max_Limit); +N1=0:Max_Limit-1; +x(n)=1; +end +N2=0:Max_Limit-1; +y=convol(x,h); +N=0:2*Max_Limit-2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N2,x) +xtitle('Input Response Fig 2.5.(a)','n','x[n]'); +a.thickness=2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N(1:Max_Limit),y(1:Max_Limit),5) +xtitle('Output Response Fig 2.7','n','y[n]'); +a.thickness=2; diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.19.b/2_19_b.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.b/2_19_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..633529f2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.b/2_19_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2_19 +//compute the Convolution of x[n] and Unit Impulse response h[n] +clear; +close; +clc; +Max_Limit=10; +for n=1:Max_Limit +Alpha=0.5; +h=(0.4)^(n)*ones(1,Max_Limit); +N1=0:Max_Limit-1; +x(n)=(0.8)^(n-1); +end +N2=0:Max_Limit-1; +y=convol(x,h); +N=0:2*Max_Limit-2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N2,x) +xtitle('Input Response Fig 2.5.(a)','n','x[n]'); +a.thickness=2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N(1:Max_Limit),y(1:Max_Limit),5) +xtitle('Output Response Fig 2.7','n','y[n]'); +a.thickness=2; diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.19.c/2_19_c.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.c/2_19_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73595dbf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.19.c/2_19_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 2_19 +//compute the Convolution of x[n] and Unit Impulse response h[n] +clear; +close; +clc; +Max_Limit=10; +for n=1:Max_Limit +Alpha=0.5; +h=Alpha^(n)*ones(1,Max_Limit); +N1=0:Max_Limit-1; +x(n)=(Alpha^(n-1))*1; +end +N2=0:Max_Limit-1; +y=convol(x,h); +N=0:2*Max_Limit-2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N2,x) +xtitle('Input Response Fig 2.5.(a)','n','x[n]'); +a.thickness=2; +figure +a=gca(); +plot2d3('gnn',N(1:Max_Limit),y(1:Max_Limit),5) +xtitle('Output Response Fig 2.7','n','y[n]'); +a.thickness=2; diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdf19a1d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2_2 +//Find the convolution of two continuous time signal +clc; +t=-8:1/100:8; +for i=1:length(t) +x(i)=3*cos(2.*t(i)); +h(i)=exp(-abs(t(i))); +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d(t,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d(t,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +t2=-16:1/100:16 +plot2d(t2,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b71374a --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.20/2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2_20 +//determine step response of the LTI system +clc; +n=-8:1/1000:8; +for i=1:length(n) +if n(i)>=0 then +x(i)=1; +h(i)=n(i); +else +x(i)=0 +h(i)=0; +end +end +y=convol(x,h); +figure +plot2d3(n,h); +title('Impulse responce'); +figure +plot2d3(n,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +n1=-16:1/1000:16 +plot2d3(n1,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/3812/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffe4f88c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2_3 +//Find the convolution of two continuous time signal +clc; +t=-8:1/100:8; +for i=1:length (t) +x(i)=exp(-abs(t(i))); +if t(i)>=1 then +h(i)=exp(-2*t(i)); +else +h(i)=0; +end +end +t1=t; +y= convol (x,h) +figure +plot2d(t1,h); +title('Impul seresponce'); +figure +plot2d(t,x); +title('Input signal'); +figure +t2=-16:1/100:16 +plot2d(t2,y); +title('Output signal'); diff --git a/3812/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce b/3812/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9762935e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH3/EX3.11/3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//example 3_11 +//exponential fourier Series coefficient and corresponding spectra +clc; +clear; +close; +//Assume period of the impulse train T=2 +T=2; +t=-5*T:T:5*T; +for i=1:length(t) +x(i)=1; +end +//Using shifting property of the impulse signal// +k=-10:10 +for i=1:length(k) +ak(i)=1/T; +end +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(t,x,'.') +xtitle("Impulse train","t","x(t)") +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,ak,'.') +xtitle("Fourier coefficients of impulse train","k","ak") diff --git a/3812/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce b/3812/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1688c8d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH3/EX3.13/3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 3_13 +//Continuous Time Fourier Series Coefficients of a periodic signal x(t)=2+4*sin((5*%pi)/3*t)+cos((2*%pi/3)*t) +clear; +clc; +t=0:0.01:1; +xt=2+4*sin((5*%pi)/3*t)+cos((2*%pi/3)*t); +x_t=2+4*sin((5*%pi)/3*-t)+cos((2*%pi/3)*-t); +x=2+(1/2)*exp(%i*(2*%pi/3)*t)+(1/2)*exp(-%i*(2*%pi/3)*t)+(4/(2*%i))*exp(%i*(5*%pi/3)*t)-(4/(2*%i))*exp(-%i*(5*%pi/3)*t); +a0=1; +a2=(1/2) +a_2=(1/2) +a3=(4/(2*%i)); +a_3=-(4/(2*%i)); +ak=[zeros(1,5) a_3 a_2 0 a2 a3 zeros(1,5)]; +k=-7:7; +disp("The fourier series coefficients are...") +disp(ak) +disp("magnitude of Fourier series coefficent") +disp(abs(ak)) +subplot(2,1,1) +plot(k,abs(ak),'.'); +xtitle("Magnitude Spectrum","k","jakj"); +if xt==x_t then +disp("The Given signal is even. It has no phase spectrum"); +else +phase=[zeros(1,6) ,%pi/2,0,-%pi/2,zeros(1,6)]; +disp("Phase of Fourier series coefficient in radians") +disp(phase) +subplot(2,1,2) +plot(k,phase,'.'); +xtitle("Phase Spectrum","k","ak in radians"); +end diff --git a/3812/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce b/3812/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9efa88eea --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH3/EX3.8/3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Example 3_8// +//Fourier Series of half-wave rectifier output +//Assume the period of the signal T=1 +t=-0.5:0.01:1; +T=1; +for i=1:length(t) +if t(i) W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location = "origin"; +a.x_location = "origin"; +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds---> W'); +ylabel('W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds>W'); +ylabel('W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds>W'); +ylabel('W'); +ylabel('abs(X(jW))') +title('Magnitude Response (CTFT)') +//Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS +subplot(2,1,2); +plot(W,XW_Phase*%pi/180); +xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds>W'); +ylabel('0 and a<0 +clear; +clc; +close; +//DTS Signal +a1=0.5; +a2=-0.5; +max_limit=10; +for n=0:max_limit-1 +x1(n+1)=((-1)^n)*(a1^n); +x2(n+1)=((-1)^n)*(a2^n); +end +n=0:max_limit-1; +Wmax=2*%pi; +K=4; +k=0:(K/1000):K; +W=k*Wmax/K; +x1=x1'; +x2=x2'; +XW1=x1*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW2=x2*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag=abs(XW1); +XW2_Mag=abs(XW2); +W=[-mtlb_fliplr(W),W(2:1001)]; +XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag),XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +XW2_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Mag), XW2_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +[XW2_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW2); +XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +XW2_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Phase),XW2_Phase(2:1001)]; +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +title('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))') +subplot(3,1,3); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +title('Phase Response <(X(jW))') +//plot for a<0 +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85911eeaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.13/6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 6_13: +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence x[n]=(n)*(a^n).u[n], a>0 and a<0 +clear; +clc; +close; +//DTS Signal +a1=0.5; +a2=-0.5; +max_limit=10; +for n=0:max_limit-1 +x1(n+1)=(n)*(a1^n); +x2(n+1)=(n)*(a2^n); +end +n=0:max_limit-1; +Wmax=2*%pi; +K=4; +k=0:(K/1000):K; +W=k*Wmax/K; +x1=x1'; +x2=x2'; +XW1=x1*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW2=x2*exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag=abs(XW1); +XW2_Mag=abs(XW2); +W=[-mtlb_fliplr(W),W(2:1001)]; +XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag),XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +XW2_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Mag), XW2_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +[XW2_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW2); +XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +XW2_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Phase),XW2_Phase(2:1001)]; +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +title('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))') +subplot(3,1,3); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +title('Phase Response <(X(jW))') +//plot for a<0 +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d404bb3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.18/6_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example6.18: +//Find and sketch the Fourier Transform +clc; +N = 5; +N1 = -3*N:3*N; +xn = [zeros(1,N-1),1]; +x = [1 xn xn xn xn xn xn]; +ak = 1/N; +XW = 2*%pi*ak*ones(1,2*N); +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +n = -N:N-1; +W = Wo*n; +figure +subplot(2,1,1) +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d3('gnn',N1,x,2); +poly1 = a.children(1).children(1); +poly1.thickness = 3; +xlabel('n'); +title('Periodic Impulse Train') +subplot(2,1,2) +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d3('gnn',W,XW,2); +poly1 = a.children(1).children(1); +poly1.thickness = 3; +xlabel('W'); +title('DTFT of Periodic Impulse Train') +disp(Wo) diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7dbca228 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.19/6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example6.19: +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform +clc; +N = 5; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +W = [-Wo,0,Wo]; +XW =[%pi,0,%pi]; //figure +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d3('gnn',W,XW,2); +poly1 = a.children(1).children(1); +poly1.thickness = 3; +xlabel('W'); +title('DTFT of cos(nWo)') +disp(Wo) diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a7e5dcc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 6.2: +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of discrete sequence x[n]= (a^n).u[n], a>0 and a<0 +clear; +clc; +close; +// DTS Signal +a1 = 0.5; +a2 = -0.5; +max_limit = 10; +for n = 0:max_limit-1 + x1(n+1) = (a1^n); + x2(n+1) = (a2^n); +end +n = 0:max_limit-1; +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +x1 = x1'; +x2 = x2'; +XW1 = x1* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW2 = x2* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW1_Mag = abs(XW1); +XW2_Mag = abs(XW2); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW1_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Mag), XW1_Mag(2:1001)]; +XW2_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Mag), XW2_Mag(2:1001)]; +[XW1_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW1); +[XW2_Phase,db] = phasemag(XW2); +XW1_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW1_Phase),XW1_Phase(2:1001)]; +XW2_Phase = [-mtlb_fliplr(XW2_Phase),XW2_Phase(2:1001)]; +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x1); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Mag); +title('Magnitude Response abs(X(jW))') +subplot(3,1,3); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW1_Phase); +title('Phase Response <(X(jW))') +//plot for a<0 +figure +subplot(3,1,1); +plot2d3('gnn',n,x2); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(3,1,2); diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1814d364b --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.20/6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//example 6_20 +//find the fourier transform of the periodic signal x[n] = cos(Wo)n +clear; +close; +clc; +N = 5; +n = 0:0.01:N; +Wo = 2*%pi/N; +xn =sin(Wo*n); +for k =0:N-2 + C(k+1,:) = exp(sqrt(-1)*Wo*n.*k); + a(k+1) = xn*C(k+1,:)'/length(n); + if(abs(a(k+1))<=0.1) + a(k+1)=0; + end +end +a =a'; +a_conj =conj(a); +ak = [a_conj($:-1:1),a(2:$)]; +Mag_ak = abs(ak); +k = -(N-2):(N-2); +plot2d3('gnn',k,Mag_ak,5) +xtitle('abs(ak)','k','ak') diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eae33211b --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 6.5: +//Find The Fourier Transform +clc; +a = 0.5; +max_limit = 10; +n = -max_limit+1:max_limit-1; +x = a^abs(n); +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = x* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW_Mag = real(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +//plot for abs(a)<1 +figure +subplot(2,1,1); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d3('gnn',n,x);xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n] for a>0') +subplot(2,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW_Mag); +title('Discrete Time Fourier Transform X(exp(jW))') diff --git a/3812/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/3812/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07d4a2143 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 6.6: +//Discrete Time Fourier Transform of +clc; +// DTS Signal +N1 = 2; +n = -N1:N1; +x = ones(1,length(n)); +// Discrete-time Fourier Transform +Wmax = 2*%pi; +K = 4; +k = 0:(K/1000):K; +W = k*Wmax/K; +XW = x* exp(-sqrt(-1)*n'*W); +XW_Mag = real(XW); +W = [-mtlb_fliplr(W), W(2:1001)]; // Omega from -Wmax to Wmax +XW_Mag = [mtlb_fliplr(XW_Mag), XW_Mag(2:1001)]; +//plot for abs(a)<1 +figure +subplot(2,1,1); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d3('gnn',n,x); +xtitle('Discrete Time Sequence x[n]') +subplot(2,1,2); +a = gca(); +a.y_location ="origin"; +a.x_location ="origin"; +plot2d(W,XW_Mag); +title('Discrete Time Fourier Transform X(exp(jW))') diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.1.a/8_1_a.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.a/8_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50639cf96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.a/8_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//determine the nyquist rate +//8.1(a) +clc; +clear all; +//x(t)=sin(200*pi*t) +wp=200; +F1=wp/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.1.b/8_1_b.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.b/8_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c11e46f23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.b/8_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//determine the nyquist rate +//8.1(b) +clc; +clear all; +//x(t)=sin2(200*pi*t) +//x(t)=0.5-0.5cos(400*pi*t) +wp=400; +F1=wp/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.1.c/8_1_c.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.c/8_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58df853d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.c/8_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//determine the nyquist rate +//example 8_1 +clc; +clear all; +//x(t)=1+cos(200*pi*t)+sin(400*pi*t) +wq=200; +wp=400; +wf=0; +if wp>=wq then +wf=wp; +else +wf=wq; +end +F1=wf/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.1.d/8_1_d.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.d/8_1_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ab5b587e --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.d/8_1_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//determine the nyquist rate +//example 8_1 +clc; +clear all; +//x(t)=cos(150*pi*t)sin(100*pi*t) +//x(t)=0.5sin(250*pi*t)*0.5*sin(50*pi*t) +wq=50; +wp=250; +wf=0; +if wp>=wq then +wf=wp; +else +wf=wq; +end +F1=wf/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.1.e/8_1_e.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.e/8_1_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..811ccc5a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.1.e/8_1_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//determine the nyquist rate +//example 8_1 +clc; +clear all; +//x(t)=cos3(200*pi*t) +//cos3(t)=1/4[3cos(t)+cos(3t)] +//cos3(t)=3/4[cos(200)+1/4cos(600)] +wq=600; +wp=200; +wf=0; +if wp>=wq then +wf=wp; +else +wf=wq; +end +F1=wf/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.10.a/8_10_a.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.10.a/8_10_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fcf0b070 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.10.a/8_10_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 8_10 +//determine the Nyquest rate +//x(t)=10cos(2000)cos(8000) +//x(t)=5cos(6000)+5cos(10000) +clc; +clear all; +wq=10000; +wp=6000; +wf=0; +if wp>=wq then +wf=wp; +else +wf=wq; +end +F1=wf/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); + diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.10.b/8_10_b.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.10.b/8_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9ee6bcc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.10.b/8_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 8_10 +//determine the minimum sampling rate +//x(t)=10cos(2000)cos(8000) +//x(t)=5cos(6000)+5cos(10000) +clc; +clear all; +Fl=6000/2; +Fh=10000/2; +Bandwidth_1=Fh-Fl; +a=modulo(Fh,Bandwidth_1); +Fh_1=Fh-a; +div_12=Fh_1./Bandwidth_1; +if(a==0) then +Fs=2*Bandwidth_1; +else +Fs=(2*Fh)/div_12; +end +disp('Minimum Sampling Frequency='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.2.a/8_2_a.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.a/8_2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a674131 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.a/8_2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8_2 +//determine the nyquist rate of x(t)=sinc(200*pi*t) +//sinc(t)=cos(t)/t +//cos3(t)=3/4[cos(200)+1/4cos(600)] +clc; +clear all; +wp=200; +F1=wp/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.2.b/8_2_b.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.b/8_2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33519177c --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.b/8_2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8_2 +//determine the nyquist rate of x(t)=sinc2(200*pi*t) +//sinc(400t)=0.5cos(400t)/400t +clc; +clear all; +wp=400; +F1=wp/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.2.c/8_2_c.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.c/8_2_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d888d65d --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.2.c/8_2_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 8_2 +//determine the nyquist rate of x(t)=sinc(200*pi*t)+sinc2(200*pi*t) +//here,sinc(400t)=0.5cos(400t)/400t+ +clc; +clear all; +wq=400; +wp=200; +wf=0; +if wp>=wq then +wf=wp; +else +wf=wq; +end +F1=wf/2; +Fs=2*F1; +disp('Nyquist Rate='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.3.a/8_3_a.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.a/8_3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4db2084e --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.a/8_3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8_3 +//determine whether the Nyquist criteria satisfy or not +//Ws>=2Wmax +//fs>=2fmax +clc; +clear all; +Ts=0.5*10^-3; +Wc=1000 +Fs=1000 +Ts_test=1/Fs; +if (Ts<=Ts_test) then +disp('Nyquist Criteria Satify') +else +disp('Nyquist Criteria NOT Satify '); +end diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.3.b/8_3_b.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.b/8_3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59b4902aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.b/8_3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8_3 +//determine whether the Nyquist criteria satisfy or not +//Ws>=2Wmax +//fs>=2fmax +clc; +clear all; +Ts=2*10^-3; +Wc=1000 +Fs=1000 +Ts_test=1/Fs; +if (Ts<=Ts_test) then +disp('Nyquist Criteria Satify') +else +disp('Nyquist Criteria NOT Satify '); +end diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.3.c/8_3_c.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.c/8_3_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1d3ea992 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.3.c/8_3_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8_3 +//determine whether the Nyquist criteria satisfy or not +//Ws>=2Wmax +//fs>=2fmax +clc; +clear all; +Ts=10^-4; +Wc=1000 +Fs=1000 +Ts_test=1/Fs; +if (Ts<=Ts_test) then +disp('Nyquist Criteria Satify') +else +disp('Nyquist Criteria NOT Satify '); +end diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.9.a/8_9_a.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.a/8_9_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3f622bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.a/8_9_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 8_9 +//Determine minimum sampling frequency +clc; +clear all; +Fl=9000; +Fh=12000; +Bandwidth_1=Fh-Fl; +a=modulo(Fh,Bandwidth_1); +Fh_1=Fh-a; +div_12=Fh_1./Bandwidth_1; +if(a==0) then +Fs=2*Bandwidth_1; +else +Fs=(2*Fh)/div_12; +end +disp('Minimum Sampling Frequency='); +disp(Fs); + diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.9.b/8_9_b.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.b/8_9_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7635b23a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.b/8_9_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 8_9 +//Determine minimum sampling frequency +clc; +clear all; +Fl=18000; +Fh=22000; +Bandwidth_1=Fh-Fl; +a=modulo(Fh,Bandwidth_1); +Fh_1=Fh-a; +div_12=Fh_1./Bandwidth_1; +if(a==0) then +Fs=2*Bandwidth_1; +else +Fs=(2*Fh)/div_12; +end +disp('Minimum Sampling Frequency='); +disp(Fs); + diff --git a/3812/CH8/EX8.9.c/8_9_c.sce b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.c/8_9_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b44e88da3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3812/CH8/EX8.9.c/8_9_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 8_9 +//Determine minimum sampling frequency +clc; +clear all; +Fl=30000; +Fh=35000; +Bandwidth_1=Fh-Fl; +a=modulo(Fh,Bandwidth_1); +Fh_1=Fh-a; +div_12=Fh_1./Bandwidth_1; +if(a==0) then +Fs=Bandwidth_1; +else +Fs=Bandwidth_1; +end +disp('Minimum Sampling Frequency='); +disp(Fs); diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28307e331 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5036bac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Electric Drives concepts and application by V.Subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_1 +clc; +clear; +V=500;// voltage v +N1=900;// speed in rpm +Ia1=45;//armature current in A +Ia2=21;//armature current in A +R=8;// resistance in ohm +Ra=1;//armature resistance in ohm +Eb1=V-(Ia1*Ra); +Eb2=V-(9*Ia2); +N2=N1*(Eb2/Eb1); +disp(N2,'New speed in rpm is :'); diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78f63908f Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..214179b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_10 +clc; +clear; +Sf=0.04;//Full load slip in % +Ist=1;//Starting current in A +If1=Ist/8; +T=(8)^2*Sf; +disp(T,"Direct on line starting torque in Nm is:") +S=T/3; +disp(S,"By Star/delta starter:") diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e8eb71e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15de50d2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_11 +clc; +clear; +Sf1=0.04;//Full load slip in % +x=(8*3)^(1/2); +Tst=(x)^2*Sf1; +S=Sf1/2; +T=(8)^2*S; +disp(T,"Torque in Nm is:") diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcabef068 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30be5e8f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_12 +clc; +clear; +Sf=0.04;//Full load slip in % +I=5;//Current in A +Tst=(I)^2*Sf; +x=((2/I)*100)^(1/2); +T=(2/I)^2*(I)^2*Sf; +disp(T,"Torque in Nm is:") diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a945a9b Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efe2e5824 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_13 +clc; +clear; +V=500;//Voltage in V +r1=0.13;//resistance in ohm +r2=0.32;//resistance in ohm +x1=0.6*%i;//reactance in ohm +x2=1.48*%i;//reactance in ohm +rm=250;//resistance in ohm +xm=20;//reactance in ohm +S=0.05;//Full load slip in % +Z2=r1+x1+(r2/S)+x2; +disp(Z2,"The impedence of motor is:") +I2=(V/(sqrt(3)*(6.853))); +T1=3*(I2)^2*(r2/S); +Sb=2-S; +Sf=2-S+r1; +Zb=r1+x1+(Sb/Sf)+x2; +disp(Zb,"The impedence at plugging is:") +I=(V/(sqrt(3)*(2.336))); +T2=3*(I)^2*(Sb/Sf); +T=T1+T2; +disp(T,"The braking torque in Nm is:") diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57364e235 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a1e74a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and application by V.Subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_2 +clc; +clear; +V1=400;//supply voltage is V +I1=70;//Current in A +N1=78.5;//speed in rad/sec +R1=0.3;//resistance in ohm +I2=90;//current in A +N2=31.4;//Speed in rpm +Eb1=V1-(I1*R1); +T1=(Eb1*I1)/N1; +V2=V1+Eb1; +R2=(V2/I2)-R1; +T2=(Eb1*I2)/N1; +Eb2=(Eb1*N2)/N1; +I=(V1+Eb2)/R2; +T=(Eb2+I)/N2; +disp(T,'The initial breaking torque in Nm is:') +//Calculation error in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65aa512ee Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50d3968d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Electric drives concepts and application by V.Subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_3 +clc; +clear; +V=250;//supply voltage V +Ia1=40;//Armature current in A +R1=0.6;//Resistance in ohm +N1=2.828;//speed in rpm +N2=2;//speed in rpm +Ia2=((Ia1)^2/N1)^(1/2); +Eb1=V-(Ia1*R1); +Eb=(Ia1/Ia2)*N2; +Eb2=Eb1/Eb; +R2=(V-Eb2)/Ia2; +disp(R2,'External resistance required in ohm:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84ad46205 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da4c8b706 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.a/Ex1_4a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_4a +clc; +clear; +V=440;// voltage in V +Ia=80;// Current in A +Na=1200;//Speed in rpm +Na1=125.6;// Speed in rad/sec +R1=0.55;// Resistance in ohm +R2=110;// Resistance in ohm +N0=600;// Speed in rpm +N01=62.8;//Speed in rpm +Nf=300;// Speed in rpm +Nf1=31.4;// Speed in rpm +Rsh=1.256;// Resistance in ohm +E=V-(Ia*R1); +K=E/Na1; +E1=K*N01; +Tf=K*Ia; +E2=E1*(Nf/N0); +V2=E2+(Ia*R1); +Is=(V2/Rsh)+Ia; +Il=Is+(V/R2); +Pi=V*Il; +Po=Tf*Nf1; +Eff=(Po/Pi)*100; +disp(Eff,'the effeciency of the motor in % is:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13c1a956e Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..478d92b07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.4.b/Ex1_4b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_4b +clc; +clear; +V=440;//voltage in V +K=3.153; +Ia=80;// Current in A +Rs=2;//Resistance in ohm +Rsh=1.5;//Resistance in ohm +R1=0.55;//Resistance in ohm +Alpha=(Rs/Rsh); +Vo=(V/Alpha); +No=(Vo/K); +N=((60*No)/(2*%pi)); +disp(N,'No load speed in rpm is:') +V2=((V/Rs)-Ia)/((1/Rs)+(1/Rsh)); +E2=V2-(Ia*R1); +N2=N*(E2/Vo); +disp(N2,'Full load speed in rpm is:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d241466e Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3aa88afc --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.a/Ex1_5a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_5a +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +Ra=0.4;// Resistance in ohm +Na=480;//Speed in rpm +Va=125;// voltage in V +Ia=40;//Current in A +Vi=V-(Ra*Ia); +N=Na*(Vi/Va); +disp(N,'The speed of the motor in rpm is:') +N1=(2*%pi*N)/60; +T=(Vi*Ia)/N1; +disp(T,'The torque developed in Nm is:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e391778b Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a9a4e86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.5.b/Ex1_5b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_5b +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +I=40;//Current in A +Ra=0.4;//Resistance in ohm +Eb=125;// voltage in V +Na=50.24;//Speed in rpm +Re=(V-Eb-(I*Ra))/I; +disp(Re,'The value of resistance in ohm:') +T=(Eb*I)/Na; +disp(T,'The torque developed in Nm is:') +//Result vary due to error in calculation of torque in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e82e44d75 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a943a42b --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_6 +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +I=40;//Current in A +R1=2.725;// Resistance in ohm +R2=3.5;// Resistance in ohm +Rf=0.15;// Resistance in ohm +N=480;//Speed in rpm +V1=V-I*(R1+Rf); +Ir=(V1/R2); +Ia=I-Ir; +Eb=V1-(Ia*Rf); +Nm=N*(V1/Eb); +disp(Nm,'The speed of motor in rpm is:') +//Result vary due to 125V is used instead of 135V in the textbook +T=(Eb*Ia)/(2*%pi*Nm/60); +disp(T,'The torque in Nm is:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..561bcd90f Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ba04538a --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_7 +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +I=40;//Current in A +Ro=0.4;// Resistance in ohm +R1=2.725;// Resistance in ohm +R2=3.5;// Resistance in ohm +Eb=125;// voltage in V +Na=480;//Speed in rpm +Na1=50.24;//Speed in rad/sec +R=((1/R1)+(1/R2)); +Vm=(V-(I*R1))/(R*R1); +Em=Vm-(I*Ro); +N=(Em/Eb)*Na; +disp(N,'The speed of the motor in rpm is:') +N1=(2*%pi*N)/60; +Il=(V-Vm)/R1; +Po=Em*I; +T=Po/N1; +disp(T,'The torque in Nm is:') diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg b/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56d3d9ec1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de73ab41b --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex1_8 +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +I=40;//Current in A +R1=0.91;// Resistance in ohm +Rs=0.95;// Resistance in ohm +Eb=125;// voltage in V +N1=480;//Speed in rpm +Vm=Rs*I; +Ia=I-((V-Vm)/2); +Em=-Vm-(Ia*R1); +N=-(Em/Eb)*N1; +disp(N,'The speed in rpm is:') +N2=-(2*%pi*N)/60; +T=(Em*Ia)/N2; +disp(T,'The torque in Nm is:') diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3079ad47f Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57327d8d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_1 +clc; +clear; +Rd=2;//Resistance in ohm +Eb=150;//Back emf in V +Vs=400;//Supply voltage in V +Alpha=0.52;//angle in radian +Vdia=((2*sqrt(2)*Vs*cos(Alpha))/%pi); +Id=(Vdia-Eb)/Rd; +Irms=Id/sqrt(2); +disp(Id,"Current in the load in A is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eed47a49d Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3bc0e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_10 +clc; +clear; +Vs=400;//Supply voltage in V +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +Rd=15;//Resistance in ohm +pf=0.2588;//Powerfactor +Vdia=1.35*Vs*pf; +disp(Vdia,"Average value of load voltage in V is:") +Id=Vdia/Rd; +disp(Id,"Average value of load current in A is:") +P=Vdia*Id; +disp(P,"Power dissipation in W is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93cba5c09 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f28c454be --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_11 +clc; +clear; +Alpha=75;//angle in degree +a=cos(Alpha); +b=a/3.6; +pf=(3*b)/%pi; +disp(pf,"The power factor is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd77fb46d Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83969f7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_12 +clc; +clear; +Vs=400;//Supply voltage in V +Id=9.317;//Current in A +pf=0.2588;//Powerfactor +Vth=sqrt(2)*Vs; +Ia=sqrt(2/3)*Id; +Ith=Ia/sqrt(2); +Imax=Ith/pf; +disp(Imax,"The max current in A is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..108bb7e83 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7806b5145 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_14 +clc; +clear; +t0=1.5;//Time in ms +t1=3;//Time in ms +Vs=200;//Supply voltage in V +gama=t0/t1; +Vl=gama*Vs; +Vrms=sqrt(gama)*Vs; +Rf=(sqrt(1-gama))/(sqrt(gama)); +disp(Rf,"Ripple factor is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..979e020b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7806b5145 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_14 +clc; +clear; +t0=1.5;//Time in ms +t1=3;//Time in ms +Vs=200;//Supply voltage in V +gama=t0/t1; +Vl=gama*Vs; +Vrms=sqrt(gama)*Vs; +Rf=(sqrt(1-gama))/(sqrt(gama)); +disp(Rf,"Ripple factor is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23fa8cb14 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1115b8538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_15 +clc; +clear; +R=1.5;//Resistance in ohm +L=3;//Inductance in H +Ton=2;//Time in ms +T=6;//Time in ms +Vs=150;//Supply voltage in V +t=Ton/T; +tON=L/R; +Vavg=T*Vs; +Iavg=Vavg/R; +P=(Iavg)^2*R; +Io=23.032; +I=1-exp(-t); +I1=Io*exp(-t); +Imax=(Vs/R)*I+I1; +disp(Imax,"Maximum current in A is:") +Imin=Imax*exp(-2*t); +disp(Imin,"Minimum current in A is:") + diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e88e1af1e Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e1b8eca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_2 +clc; +clear; +Vs=400;//Supply voltage in V +Id=80.88;//Current in A +Rd=2;//Resistance in ohm +Eb=-150;//Back emf in V +Vdia=Id*Rd+Eb; +a=acos((Vdia*%pi)/(2*sqrt(2)*Vs)); +Alpha=(a*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha,"The firing angle in degree is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16dd088aa Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f262579e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_3 +clc; +clear; +Id=80.88;//Current in A +Rd=2;//Resistance in ohm +Xc=0.628;//Reactance in ohm +Vs=400;//Supply voltage in V +Eb=150;//Back emf in V +Z=Id*(Rd+(Xc/%pi)); +a=acos((Z-Eb)/(0.9*Vs)); +Alpha=(a*180)/%pi; +c=cos(Alpha); +d=-c/11; +b=(Id*Xc*2)/(%pi*Vs); +X=d-b; +e=acos(X); +f=(e*180)/%pi; +u=f-Alpha; +disp(u,"The overlap angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..908ba2f84 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d7927019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_4 +clc; +clear; +Vs=200;//Supply voltage in V +Rd=12.5;//Resistance in ohm +Xc=0.5;//Reactance in ohm +pf=0.5;//Powerfactor +Vdia=0.9*Vs*pf; +Id=Vdia/(Rd+(Xc/%pi)); +disp(Id,"The average value of dc current in A is:") +Vd=Id*Rd; +disp(Vd,"The average value of converter voltage in V is:") +Vc=Vdia-Vd; +X=pf-((Vc*2)/Vs); +c=acos(X); +d=(c*180)/%pi; +u=d-60; +disp(u,"The overlap angle in deg is:") +//Result vary due to error in calculation of overlap angle in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbb90a5ac Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f224292b --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_5 +clc; +clear; +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +Rd=2.5;//Resistance in ohm +Lc=0.005;//Inductance in mH +Vs=220;//Supply voltage in V +pf=1;//Powerfactor +pf1=0.866;//Powerfactor +Xc=2*%pi*f*Lc; +Z=Rd+((2*Xc)/%pi); +Vdia=0.9*Vs*pf; +Id=Vdia/Z; +disp(Id,"The average value of load current in A is:") +Vd=Id*Rd; +Vdc=Vdia-Vd; +a=(1-((Vdc*2)/Vdia)); +b=acos(a); +u=(b*180)/%pi; +disp(u,"The overlap angle u in deg is:") +Vdia1=0.9*Vs*pf1; +Id1=Vdia1/Z; +Vd1=Id1*Rd; +Vdc1=Vdia1-Vd1; +V=pf1-((Vdc1*2)/Vs); +c=acos(V); +d=(c*180)/%pi; +u1=d-30; +disp(u1,"The overlap angle u1 in deg is:") +//Result vary due to error in calculation of overlap angle in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43b087a19 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0be21e37a --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_6 +clc; +clear; +Vs=220;//Supply voltage in V +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +Eb=-200;//Back emf in V +Rd=3;//Resistance in ohm +Vdc=200;// voltage in V +Xc=0.314;//Reactance in ohm +L=0.001;//Inductance in mH +pf=-0.5;//Powerfactor +Vdia=0.9*Vs*pf; +Id=(Vdia-Eb)/(Rd+((2*Xc)/%pi)); +Vd=Id*Rd+Eb; +a=-pf+((Vd*2)/Vdc); +b=acos(a); +c=(b*180)/%pi; +u=c-120; +disp(u,"The overlap angle in deg is:") +//Result vary due to error in calculation of overlap angle in the textbook \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a2793d3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6743f9d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_7 +clc; +clear; +Id=50;//Current in A +Vs=220;//Supply voltage in V +Vdio=257.4;// voltage in V +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +L=0.0015;//Inductance in mH +pf=0.866;//Powerfactor +Xc=2*%pi*f*L; +Vdia=1.17*Vs*pf; +Vd=Vdia-((3*Id*Xc)/(2*%pi)); +Vc=Vdia-Vd; +a=pf-((Vc*2)/Vdio); +b=acos(a); +c=(b*180)/%pi; +u=c-30; +disp(u,"the overlap angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a211efa7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3aef49df --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_8 +clc; +clear; +Rd=2.5;//Resistance in ohm +V=250;// voltage in V +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +Vs=150;//Supply voltage in V +pf=-0.5;//Powerfactor +Eb=-250;//Back emf in V +Xc=0.636;//Reactance in ohm +Vdia=1.17*Vs*pf; +Id=(Vdia-Eb)/Rd; +disp(Id,"load current in A is:") +Ith=(Id*Xc)/2; +disp(Ith,"Average value of load current in A is:") +Irms=sqrt(3)*Ith; +disp(Irms,"Rms value of load current in A is:") +//Result vary due to error in calculation of current in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg b/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e12c884b Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc8e010e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex3_9 +clc; +clear; +L=0.003;//Inductance in mH +Id=64.9;//Current in A +V=162.25;//voltage in V +Vs=150;//Supply voltage in V +f=50;//Frequency in Hz +Rd=2.5;//Resistance in ohm +Eb=-250;//Back emf in V +pf=-0.5;//Powerfactor +Xc=2*%pi*f*L; +Vdia=(Id*(Rd+((3*Xc)/(2*%pi))))+Eb; +a=Vdia/(1.17*Vs); +b=acos(a); +c=(b*180)/%pi; +Alpha=-0.3338;//angle in radian +X=(3*Id*Xc)/(%pi*Vs); +d=acos(Alpha-X); +e=(d*180)/%pi; +u=e-c; +disp(u,"The overlap angle in deg is:") +//Result vary due to error in calculation of overlap angle in the textbook diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5c3988f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59771cf31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_1 +clc; +clear; +Eb=50;// voltage in V +V=120;// voltage in V +f=50;//frequency in Hz +R=10;// Resistance in ohm +a=asin(Eb/(sqrt(2)*V)); +Alpha=(a*180)/%pi; +pf=0.9556; +Iavg=(1/(2*%pi*R))*((2*sqrt(2)*V*pf)-(Eb*(%pi-(2*Alpha)))); +disp(Iavg,"Current Iavg in A is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b012f4cd Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80fcae322 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_10 +clc; +clear; +V=500;// voltage in V +I=15;//Current in A +t=0.6;//time in sec +f=80;//frequency in Hz +Vav=V*t; +Vi=V-Vav; +Ton=t/f; +L=Vi*(Ton/I); +disp(L,"The inductance in Henry is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da9f6686c Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ed900d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_12 +clc; +clear; +V=460;// voltage in V +N1=1200;//Speed in rpm +N2=1000;//Speed in rpm +r1=0.06;// Resistance in ohm +r2=0.32;// Resistance in ohm +x1=2.16;//Reactance in ohm +x2=0.48;//Reactance in ohm +x=0.6*%i;//Reactance in ohm +xm=8*%i;//Reactance in ohm +S1=(N1-N2)/N1; +Z=(xm+(x1+x))/(x1+xm+x); +[M, P] = polar(Z); +M * exp(%i * P); +disp(Z,"z:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5123d623d Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f60f09a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_14 +clc; +clear; +V=440;// voltage in V +R1=0.07;// Resistance in ohm +R2=0.05;// Resistance in ohm +X=0.2;//Reactance in ohm +N=1420;//Speed in rpm +Xm=20;//Reactance in ohm +S1=80;//slip in rpm +S2=500;//slip in rpm +Ra=((S2/S1)*R2)-R2; +R=2*Ra; +Ra1=4*R2; +T=(Ra1*2)/R; +disp(T,"The time ratio is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7d20e7ac Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d56835571 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_15 +clc; +clear; +P=1000; +N=1500;//Speed in rpm +R2=0.06;// Resistance in ohm +I2=125.6;//Current in A +T=1.5;//Time in sec +N1=1420;//Speed in rpm +S=(R2*P)/N; +K=((S/(2*%pi*N))*(I2)^2*T)/(N1)^2; +T1=K*(N1)^2; +N2=750;//Speed in rpm +S0=0.489;//No load slip +S2=1.12;//load slip +T2=K*(N2)^2; +X1=(T2*S)/T1; +A=acos(-S0/S2); +Alpha=(A*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha,"The firing angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a39b1155a Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5de12a551 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_19 +clc; +clear; +V=400;// voltage in V +R1=10;// Resistance in ohm +R2=5;// Resistance in ohm +X1=2.6*%i;//Reactance in ohm +X2=2.4*%i;//Reactance in ohm +Xm=36.4*%i;//Reactance in ohm +Z=0.06;//zigma value +C=486;//constant +F4=2.5;//frequency in Hz +F2=25;//frequency in Hz +Z1=(1+X1)+((Xm*(R1+X2))/(R1+X2+Xm)); +[M, P] = polar(Z1); +M * exp(%i * P); +Ieff1=sqrt(1+(M/(Z*Xm))^2*(((R2*(%pi)^4)/C)-1)); +disp(Ieff1,"The rms value of current I1 in A:") +Z2=(1+(X1/2))+(((Xm/2)*((R1/2)+(X2/2)))/((R1/2)+X2+(Xm/2))); +[M, P] = polar(Z2); +M * exp(%i * P); +Ieff2=sqrt(1+(M/(Z*(Xm/2)))^2*(((R2*(%pi)^4)/C)-1)); +disp(Ieff2,"The rms value of current I2 in A:") +S=(F4/F2); +Z3=(1+(X1*S))+(((Xm*S)*((R1*S)+(X2*S)))/((R1*S)+(X2*S)+(Xm*S))); +[M, P] = polar(Z3); +M * exp(%i * P); +Ieff3=sqrt(1+(M/(Z*(Xm*S)))^2*(((R2*(%pi)^4)/C)-1)); +disp(Ieff3,"The rms value of current I3 in A:") + diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf9a9bf4e Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..735e05895 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_20 +clc; +clear; +R=0.05;// Resistance in ohm +N0=1000;//Speed in rpm +Rf=46;// Resistance in ohm +I1=75;//Current in A +I2=150;//Current in A +I3=250;//Current in A +V=230;// voltage in V +Eb=230;//Back emf in V +If=V/Rf; +Ia1=I1-If; +Eb1=V-(Ia1*R); +N1=(Eb1/Eb)*N0; +disp(N1,"The speed N1 in rpm is:") +Ia2=I2-If; +Eb2=V-(Ia2*R); +N2=(Eb2/Eb)*N0; +disp(N2,"The speed N2 in rpm is:") +Ia3=I3-If; +Eb3=V-(Ia3*R); +N3=(Eb3/Eb)*N0; +disp(N3,"The speed N3 in rpm is:") + diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a99ff169f Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a75d8ab1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_3 +clc; +clear; +P=10000; +V=240;// voltage in V +N=1000;//Speed in rpm +Eff1=0.87;//Efficiency in % +Vs=250;// voltage in V +f=50;//frequency in Hz +Alpha=0.5;//angle +R=0.40;// Resistance in ohm +Fdf=1;//fundamental displacement factor +df=0.9;//distortion factor +pf=0.9;//the power factor +Pi=P/Eff1; +I=Pi/V; +Eb=V-(I*R); +Vi=0.9*Vs; +Eb1=Vi-(I*R); +N1=(Eb1/Eb)*N; +Pi1=V*I*pf*(10)^(-3); +Pi2=(Pi1*N1)/N; +Vc=0.9*Vs*Alpha; +Eb2=Vc-(I*R); +N2=(N*Eb2)/Eb; +P0=((Pi1*N2)/N)*1000; +Pi0=Vc*I; +Eff=(P0/Pi0)*100; +disp(Eff,"Efficiency in % is:") +//Result vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9699238e4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7322d63a --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_4 +clc; +clear; +V=250;// voltage in V +f=50;//frequency in Hz +R=1.5;// Resistance in ohm +L=30;//inductance in mH +Eb=100;//Back emf in V +Alpha=0.866;//angle +Vc=0.9*V*Alpha; +Id=(Vc-Eb)/R; +P=Vc*Id*10^(-3); +pf=0.9*Alpha; +disp(pf,"powerfactor is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ac9ddf0b Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1224fb7d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_5 +clc; +clear; +N=1800;//Speed in rpm +I=60;//Current in A +V=400;// voltage in V +E=185;//Back emf in V +N2=900;//Speed in rpm +R=0.5;// Resistance in ohm +Vs=V/2.34; +Vl=V/1.35; +Vi=V-(I*R); +V=E+(I*R); +a=acos(V/(2.34*Vs)); +Alpha=(a*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha,"The firing angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c08d60339 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec16a946d --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_6 +clc; +clear; +V=500;// voltage in V +Vs=250;// voltage in V +I=181;//Current in A +N=1500;//Speed in rpm +R=0.1;// Resistance in ohm +f=50;//frequency in Hz +Eb=Vs-(I*R); +Eb1=Eb/3; +A1=acos(Vs/(1.35*V)); +Alpha1=(A1*180)/%pi; +Ia2=I/9; +V2=Eb1+(Ia2*R); +A2=acos(V2/(1.35*V)); +Alpha2=(A2*180)/%pi; +Vl=Vs/1.35; +A3=acos(V2/(1.35*Vl)); +Alpha3=(A3*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha3,"The firing angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b1ed057a Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43256c89b --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.a/Ex4_7a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_7a +clc; +clear; +V=300;// voltage in V +Vt=363.25;// voltage in V +f=60;//frequency in Hz +Rd=0.02;// Resistance in ohm +La=0.002;//inductance in H +Id=500;//Current in A +N=1500;//Speed in rpm +Eb=Vt-(Id*Rd); +A=acos(Vt/(1.35*V)); +Alpha=(A*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha,"The firing angle in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f01f1eb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781b69249 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.7.b/Ex4_7b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_7b +clc; +clear; +V=300;// voltage in V +Vt=363.25;// voltage in V +f=60;//frequency in Hz +Rd=0.02;// Resistance in ohm +La=0.001;//inductance in H +Id=500;//Current in A +N=1500;//Speed in rpm +Xc=2*%pi*f*La; +Z=Rd+((3*Xc)/%pi); +Eb=Vt-(Id*Z); +disp(Eb,"The back emf in V is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33bdb9be9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef6a47e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_8 +clc; +clear; +V=600;// voltage in V +R=0.16;// Resistance in ohm +Ia=210;//Current in A +N=600;//Speed in rpm +n=10;//no of unit +Eb=V-(Ia*R); +Td=((Eb*Ia)/(2*%pi*n)); +W=(2*%pi*N)/60; +A=Td/(W)^2; +disp(A,"The constant A is:") diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.jpg b/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8655e9e86 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..831ed6a02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex4_9 +clc; +clear; +V1=500;// voltage in V +V2=450;// voltage in V +Vs=420;// voltage in V +V=400;// voltage in V +I=60;//Current in A +R=1.5;// Resistance in ohm +R1=5;// Resistance in ohm +Eb=20;//Back emf in V +f=50;//frequency in Hz +Vl=V2+Eb; +A=acos(Vl/(1.35*Vs)); +Alpha1=(A*180)/%pi; +Eb1=V2-(I*R); +disp(Eb1,"The back emf in V is:") +V3=-V2-(I*R); +Vc=-V2+Eb; +A1=acos(Vc/(1.35*Vs)); +Alpha2=(A1*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha2,"The firing angle1 in deg is:") +Eb2=-V-(I*R); +Vc1=-V+Eb+(R1*I); +A2=acos(Vc1/(1.35*Vs)); +Alpha3=(A2*180)/%pi; +disp(Alpha3,"The firing angle2 in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg b/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2086625f2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3334cd8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Example:5.1 +clc; +clear; +theta1=60;//Temperature rise of motor in degree +theta2=40;//Temperature rise of motor in degree +e=0.5;//exponential value +I1=110;//current in A +I2=125;//current in A +t1=4;//Time in hour +t2=8;//Time in hour +theta=theta1/theta2; +tough=-(1/log(0.5)); +thetam1=theta2/e; +thetam2=thetam1*(I2/I1)^2; +x=t1/(theta1*tough); +a=exp(-x); +y=t2/(theta1*tough); +b=exp(-y); +thetam=I2*((1-a)/(1-(a*b))); +disp(thetam,"The final temperature in deg is:") diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg b/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1899afa13 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96f70c297 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex5_2 +clc; +clear; +T=100;//Temperature rise of motor in degree +t1=2;//Time in hour +t2=1.5;//Time in hour +Alpha=0.5;//Angle in rad +e=exp(-t1/t2); +thetam=100/(1-e); +t=thetam/T; +x=sqrt((t*(Alpha+1))-Alpha); +disp(x,"The permissible overloading is:") diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg b/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94e587926 Binary files /dev/null and b/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7568a988 --- /dev/null +++ b/3813/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Electric Drives:concepts and applications by V.subrahmanyam +//Publisher:Tata McGraw-Hill +//Edition:Second +//Ex5_3 +clc; +clear; +Alpha=0.4;//Angle in rad +T1=100;//Temperature rise of motor in degree +T2=150;//Temperature rise of motor in degree +P=125;//Power in KW +t1=15;//Time in hour +t2=30;//Time in hour +x=-t1/T1; +a=exp(x); +y=-t2/T2; +b=exp(y); +p=sqrt(((Alpha+1)*(1-(a*b)))/(1-a)-Alpha); +disp(p,"The permissible overloading of the motor is:") + diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d987c9aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +// determine the absolute pressure in the tank +clc +patom=47.2 // pressure of an atom +pg=40 // pressure at 40kpa from table +pa=patom-pg +mprintf('\n absoulte pressure in the tank is %f kPa',pa) diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e085cec83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +// determine the height that the water will rise to capillary action in the tube +clc +sigma=0.073 // sigma of pipe +gamma1=9800 // gammma constant +D=2e-3// diameter of the pipe +h=(4*sigma)/(gamma1*D) // height of the water rise in capillary +mprintf('\n height of water rise in capillary is given by %f meter',h) + diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04760eb72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// determine mach number +clc +Z=10000 // altitude meter +T=223.3 // temperature in kelvin +k=1.4 // constant of +R=287 // constant +d=800*1000 // speed of aircraft flies +c1=3600 // minutes and second +c=sqrt(k*T*R) +mprintf('\n velocity of sound C = %f m/s',c) +v=d/c1 +mprintf('\n speed of aircraft V = %f m/s',v) +M=v/c +mprintf('\n Mach number M =V/C = %f ',M) diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d851cfc76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +// to calculATE REYNOLD'S NUMBER IN SI UNITS +clc +S=0.91 // specfic gravity +d=1000 // density of water +d1=25e-3 //diameter of pipe +v=2.6 //volume +u=0.38 // viscosity Ns/m2 +p=(S*d) +mprintf('\n fluid density specific gravity %f Kg/m3',p) +Re=(p*d1*v)/u +mprintf('\n Reynold s value Re= %f',Re) +mprintf('Reynolds value is dimensionless,no unit') diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcd63700f --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +// to calculate pressure of air at the nozzle +clc +R=1e-3 // radius in meter +sigma= 72.7e-3// N/m +p=(2*sigma)/R +mprintf('\n Excess pressure p= %f N/m2',p) diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dfeaffe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// to design shear stress no calculations is there in this chapter only formula +clc +mprintf('\n shear stress t=u(dv/dr)=u.B/4u(-2r)') +mprintf('\n for r=D/2; t=-BD/4') +mprintf('\n r=D/4 ; t =-BD/8') diff --git a/3814/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3814/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46380635d --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +// to determine density of air,weight of air in the tank +clc +p1=101.3 // absolute pressure in the tank in kpa +Ab=(3*p1)+(p1) +mprintf('\n Absolute pressure in the tank in kPa = %f kPa',Ab) +R=287 // constant value +T=288 // temperature in kelvin +d=Ab/(R*T) +mprintf('\n Density p = %e Kg/m3',d*10^3) +m=0.85 // mass in m3 +g=9.8 // gammma constant +W=(d*m*g) +mprintf('\n Weight of air W=mg= %f Kg',W*10^3) diff --git a/3814/CH13/EX1.1/EX2_8.sce b/3814/CH13/EX1.1/EX2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70e1220c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH13/EX1.1/EX2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// to calculate force acting on 1mx 2m +clc +A=1*2 +v=(100*1000)/3600 // 100km/hr +mprintf('Velocity of the wind = %f m/s',v) +density=1.2// in kg/m3 +p0=(density*v^2)/2 +mprintf(' \n P0= %d N/m2',p0) +F=p0*A +mprintf('\n Force F=p0A = %d N',F) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75b43505c --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.1/EX2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +// to determine pressure at station point 2 +// applying bernoullis equation +// ex 2.1 pgno.39 +clc; +p1=50 // pressure at point 1 +v1=5// velocity +g=9.8// constant +p2=p1+((v1^2)/(2*g)) //ipressure equation according to bernoullis equation +mprintf('%f Pascal',p2)// displaying pressure +psw=1.03e3// specific gravity in kg/m3 +P2=psw*g*p2 // calculating pressure at station 2 +mprintf('\n P2= %e Pascal',P2) + diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ba377a6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// determine the flow rate from the nozzle and power required to drive the pump +//ex 2.10 pgno.47 +clc +v=8.31 // velocity at c +a= (%pi*(75e3)^2)/4 +Q=a*v // flow rate +mprintf('Q = %e /s',Q) +g=9.8 // constant gamma +zc=32 // elevation +Hp= (v^2/(2*g))+zc // heat developed by pump +mprintf(' \n Hp= %f m ',Hp) +gammma=9800// constant gammma +P=gammma*Q*Hp //power required +mprintf('\n P= %e W',P) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79c4551af --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.11/EX2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// difference between pressure inlet and throat of the venturimeter +// ex 2.11 pgno.48 +clc +a2=0.06 // diameter of the throat +a1=0.1 // diameter of the pipe +p=0.85*1000 // kerosene fo sp. gravity +q=0.05 // flow rate +a=a2/a1 +a3=1-a**4 +P=(q*q*p*a3)/(2*((3.14/4)*a2*a2)^2) // presssure +mprintf('P1-P2 = %e Pa',P) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77d16d5db --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// to calculate inlet angle and outlet angle of the vane for no shock entry and exit +//ex 2.14 pgno.49 +clc +v1=36 //m/s +u=15 //m/s +d=100 //mm +alpha1=30 // degree +alpha2=90 // degree +B=(v1*sind(30))/(v1*cosd(30)-u) +mprintf(' \n tan B1 =%f',B) +B1=atand(B) // beta in degreee +mprintf(' \n tan in degree %d',atand(B)) +vr1=(v1*sind(30))/(sind(B1)) // inlet triangle +mprintf('\n Vr1 = %f m/s',vr1) +vr2=0.85*vr1 +mprintf('\n Vr2 = %f',vr2) +B2=u/vr2 +B21=acosd(B2) +mprintf(' \n CosB= %d degree',B21) +//part b to find force and velocity + +p=1000//presure +d=0.1//diameter +v1=36 //velocity +m=p*((%pi*d*d)/4)*v1//mass +mprintf('\n \n \n part b \n \n \n ') +mprintf('\n m = %f kg/s',m) +v1x=v1*0.866 +mprintf('\n V1x == %f m/s',v1x) +v2=1 +v2x=v2*cosd(90) +mprintf(' \n V2x = V2cos90 =%d ',v2x) +F=m*(v1x-v2x)//fource +mprintf('\n Force on the direction of motion F=m(V1x-V2x) %d N',F) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3c6555e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// force is necessary to hold the defelector inplace in 32kg/s +//ex 2.13 pgno.51 +clc +m=32 // MASS FLOW RATE +p=1000 // PRESURE +l=0.02//length +b=0.04//width +v1=m/(p*l*b)//velocity +mprintf('The velocity V1 = %d m/s',v1) +v2=40 +Fx=m*(v1-v2*cosd(30))//fource +mprintf('\n Fx= %d N',Fx) +Fy=m*(v1-v2*sind(30)) +mprintf('\n Fx= %d N',Fy) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..773925ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// mass flow rate is calculated on velocity +clc +vr1=5 //m/s +p=1000 +A=0.02*0.4 +m=vr1*p*A +mprintf('m= pAVr1= %d kg/s',m) +vrlx=5 +vr2=5 +Fx=m*(vrlx-vr2*cosd(30)) +mprintf('\n Fx= %f N',Fx) +vly=0// given vrly=0 +Fy=-m*vr2*sind(30) +mprintf('\n Fy= %f N',Fy) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f8e0d979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// to determine pressure at point 2 +clc +p1=4.4 // bar +d1=15e-2 //cm +z1=3.2 // m +z2=1.2// m +d2=22.5e-2// cm +Q=0.05 // VOLUME FLOW RATE AT m3/s +a1=(%pi/4)*d1^2 // area at d1 +a2=(%pi/4)*d2^2 // area at d2 +mprintf('a1 = %e m2',a1) +mprintf('\n a2= %e m2',a2) +V1=Q/a1 // volume at different area +V2=Q/a2 // volume at different area a2 +mprintf(' \n V1 = %e m/s',V1) +mprintf('\n V2 = %e m/s',V2 ) +// specific weight ofx benzene =8.82x 103 kg/m3 +g1=9.8 +gamma1=8.82e3 // specific weight of benzene +P2=((p1*10^5)/(g1))+((V1^2)/(2*g1))+z1-((V2^2)/(2*g1))-z2 +p21=P2*gamma1 +mprintf('\n P2= %f Pa',p21) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a0cca114 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example No 2.6 +pi=3.142 +D2=2.7 +Q=30 +gamma1=9800 +z1=20 +z2=6 +g=9.8 + +//Calculation +a2=(pi/4)*D2^2 // Area of exit pipe in m^2 +V2=Q/a2 // from equation of continuity in m/s +Ht=(z1-V2^2/2*g-z2) //head developed by turbine +P=gamma1*Q*Ht //power developed by turbine + +mprintf("\n a2=%f ",a2); +mprintf("\n V2=%f nm/s",V2); +mprintf("\n Ht=%f m",Ht); +mprintf("\n P=%f Kw",P); + + + + diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c333ef6d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// determine flow rate of oil from syphon and also the pressure at point 2 +clc +g=9.8 // constant +k=1.1 +v3=sqrt(2*g*k) +mprintf('\n therefore V3= %f m/s',v3) +a=50e-3 +Q=(3.14/4)*a^2*v3 +mprintf('\n Q = %e m3/s',Q) +sp=820 //specifc gravity +gam=3.1 +P2=sp*gam*g +mprintf('\n P2 = %f Pa(negative)',P2) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..045d712a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//page no 42 to find maximum pressure experienced by the person on the hand +clc; +p=101.3e3 // specific gravity +p1=1.225 // stagnation pressure +v= ((90*1000)/3600) +P0=p+((p1*v*v)/2) +mprintf('The maximum pressure = %f kPa',P0) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_25.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c75b8d5f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example Non 2.5 Determine the pressure at the end of the artery when the head is// +clc +Bh=1.8 //in m +Ah=2.4 // in m +rhoHg=13.6 +gHg=1000 +Hhg=0.212 +rhoBlood=1 +gBlood=1000 +gama=1000*9.8 +z1=0 +z2=2.4 + +//Calculation +hBlood=(rhoHg*gHg*Hhg)/(rhoBlood*gBlood) +P2=(hBlood+(z1-z2))*gama +//when the head is 1.8m below the heart +z3=0 +z4=-1.8 +P3=(hBlood+(z3-z4))*gama +printf("hBlood=%f m\n",hBlood); +printf("P2=%f pa\n",P2); +printf("P3=%f pa\n",P3); diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b5449f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// to calculate air velocity assuming density of air 1.2kg/m3 +clc; +gammma=9800 // constant gammma +h=4e-3 // height of water in mm +pair=1.2 // air velocity of air in kg/m3 +deltap=h*gammma +V=sqrt((2*deltap)/pair) +mprintf('V =%f m/s',V) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8129f1f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.8/EX2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// to calculate force acting on 1mx 2m +// ex 2.8 pgno.46 +clc +A=1*2 // velocity of the wind +v=(100*1000)/3600 // 100km/hr +mprintf('Velocity of the wind = %f m/s',v) +density=1.2 // in kg/m3 +p0=(density*v^2)/2 //pressure +mprintf(' \n P0= %d N/m2',p0) +F=p0*A // fource +mprintf('\n Force F=p0A = %d N',F) diff --git a/3814/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3814/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b672e288 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// calculate the mach number +//ex 2.9 pgno 46 +clc +patm=101000 // applying ideal characteristic equation +p=9800//static presure +t=0.016 //temperature +p1=(p*t)+patm//stagnatio presure +mprintf('P= Pg+Patm = %e k Pa',p1) +R=287 // Radius +T=273 // temperature +t1=T+20 +P=p1/(R*t1) +mprintf(' \n p = %f kg/m3',P) +p0=0.032 +p11=0.016 +V=sqrt((2*(p0-p11)*p)/(1.2))//velocity +mprintf(' \n V= %f m/s',V) +K=1.4//Radius +C=sqrt(K*R*t1)//velocity of sound +mprintf('\n velocity of sound C= %d m/s',C) +M=V/C//mach number +mprintf(' \n Mach number M= V/C = %f',M) +mprintf(' \n The flow is incompressible as macho number is less than 0.3') diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8a2fcfd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.1/EX5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +// to find efficiency +// ex 5.1 pgno.115 +clc +p=67.5*1000 // 67.5 kw to develop wheel +no=0.83 // efficiency of installation +gamma1=9800 // constant gamma +g=9.8 //gravitational acceleration +N=400 // rotates +H=60 // head of water 60 m +Q=p/(no*gamma1*H)// volume flow rate +printf(" Q= %.3f m3/s",Q) +v1=sqrt(2*g*H) // velocity of the jet +printf("\n V1 = %f m/s",v1) +d=sqrt((0.138*4)/(3.14*v1)) +printf("\n %e m",d) +r=0.46 // ratio of bucket speed in rev/min +u=v1*r //velocity +printf("\n %f m/s",u) +D=(H*u)/(%pi*N) +printf("\n %f m",D) +w=(2*N*%pi)/(H) //specific speed of trubine +mprintf('\n specific speed of turbine %f rad/s',w) +wt=(w*((p/1000)^(0.5)))/((g*H)^((5)/(4))) +mprintf('\n wt = %f',wt) diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b7bd4cea --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// to find flow rate and shaft power develpoed by the turbine +// ex 5.2 pgno 116 +clc +g=9.8 // gravitional acceleration +H=400 // head +hf=23.6 // penstock and nozzle +d=80e-3 // diameter of the jet +u=40 // bucket speed +k=.85 // ratio of heat +deg=165 // degree +n1=0.9 // rotational speed +V1=sqrt(2*g*(H-hf)) // velocity of jet +mprintf('\n velocity of jet v1= %f m/s',V1) +E=u/g*((V1-u)*(1-(k*cosd(deg)))) // eulers head +mprintf('\n eulers head E = %f m',E) +Q=(%pi/4)*d^2*V1 // flow rate +mprintf('\n Flow Rate Q = %f m3/s',Q) +Pe=g*Q*E // power developed by the runner +mprintf(' \n power developed by the runner =Pe= %f kw',Pe) +P=Pe*n1 // nint +mprintf('\n nint = %f kw',P) diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c105f1805 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ + +// a pelton wheel hydraulic efficiency and over all efficiency +// ex 5.3 pgno. 117 +clc +D=1.45 // diameter of the wheel +N=375 // shaft running +u=(%pi*D*N)/60 // peripheral velocity +k=0.9 // coefficient of the bucket +p=3750 //peripherial velocity +hf=200*0.1 // head availabe +mprintf('\n peripherial velocity u =%f m/s',u) +mprintf('\n Total Head = %d m',hf) + +h1=200 // total head +l=20 // losses +H=h1-l //effective head +g=9.8 // gravity +mprintf('\n effective head H = %d m',H) +V1=sqrt(2*g*H) // velocity of the jet +mprintf('\n velocity of the jet V1= %f m/s',V1) +S=u/V1 // speed ratio +mprintf('\n Speed Ratio =u/V1= %f',S) +nh=2*((S)*(1-S)*(1-k*cosd(165))) // hydraulic efficiency +mprintf('\n Hydraulic efficiency nh= %f percentage',(nh*100)) +E=(u/g)*(V1-u)*(1-(k*cosd(165))) // euler's head +mprintf('\n E =%f m',E) +no=k*nh // realation between +mprintf('\n Relation between n0= %f',no) +hp=p/no // hydraulic power +mprintf('\n hydraulic power = %d kw',hp) +gamma1=9800 // constant gamma +Q=(1000*hp)/(2*gamma1*H) // flow rate +mprintf('\n Flow rate Q = %f m3/s',Q) +d=sqrt((4*Q)/(%pi*V1)) // diameter +mprintf('\n d = %f m',d) diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_5.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e4cd5fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// to find coefficient of velocity speed ratio,jet diameter +//ex 5.5 pgno119 +clc +cv=0.98//velocity of volume +g=9.8//gravity +h=130//head loss +V1=cv*(sqrt(2*g*h))//velocity of jet +mprintf('\n velocity of the jet = %f m/s',V1) +s=0.46//specific gravity +u=s*V1//velocity +mprintf('\n u = %f m/s',u) +N=200//Rotational speed +D=(60*u)/(%pi*N)//Diameter +mprintf('\n peripherial velocity u =%f m',D) +d=D/9 +mprintf('\n d =%f m',d) +p=8e6//petlon turbine +no=0.87//eficiency +gamma1=9800//constant gamma +Q=(p/(no*gamma1*h))//volume flow rate +mprintf('\n Q = %f m3/s',Q) +n=(Q*4)/(%pi*d*d*V1)// +mprintf('\n number of jets n =%d',n) +Z=(D/(2*d))+15 +mprintf('\n number of buckets %f ',Z) + diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d291b2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// to find pelton turbine completely +// ex 5.6 pgno.120 +clc +P=100/4 //power each unit +mprintf('\n power output of each unit P = %d MW',P) +gammma=9800 //constant gammma +Q=6.85 //flow rate +H=580 //head +g1=9.8 +N=428 // speed +t1=60 // temperature +n=2 // types of turbine +k=0.95 //ratio of head +Hp=(gammma*Q*H)/(1000*1000) // hydraulic efficiency +mprintf('\n hydraclic power = %f MW',Hp) +on=P/Hp // overall efficiency +mprintf('\n Overall efficiency = %f',on) +sp=0.46 // assuming speed ratio +V1=sqrt(2*g1*H) // velocity of jet +mprintf('\n velocity of the jet V1 =%f m/s',V1) +u=V1*sp // peripherial velocity +mprintf('\n u =%f m/s',u) +D=(t1*u)/(%pi*N)// peripherial velocity +mprintf('\n peripherial velocity %f m',D) +d=sqrt(((Q)/((%pi/4)*V1*n))) +mprintf('\n %f m',d) +Z=((D)/(2*d))+15 //number of buckets +mprintf('\n number of bukets Z =%f m',Z) +m=D/d // jet ratio +mprintf('\n jet ratio = m= %f',m) +L=2.5*d // length +mprintf('\n Radial length of bucket L = %f m',L) +B=4*d // width +mprintf('\n width of bucket B =%f m',B) +mprintf('\n Depth of bucket hyrauclic efficiency %f m',d) +nb=2*(u/V1)*(1-(u/V1))*(1-cosd(160)) +mprintf('\n %f',nb) +nm=on/nb +mprintf('\n nm =%f',nm) diff --git a/3814/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3814/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57da720ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +// to find flow rate wheel diameter of each jet +// ex 5.7 pgno.121 +clc +p=4.5e6 //pelton wheel develop +no=0.8 // wheel diameter +g=9800 //gravitional acceleration +h=120 //head loss +g1=9.8 +p1=1000 // over all efficiency +N=200 // rotational speed +Q=p/(no*g*h) // flow rate +mprintf('\n overall efficiency no= %f m3/s',Q) +v1=sqrt(2*9.8*h) // velocity of the jet +mprintf('\n velocity of jet =%f m/s',v1) +u=v1*0.42 // peripherial velocity +mprintf('\n u =%f m/s',u) +N=200 // speed +D=(60*u)/(%pi*N) // diameter of the jet +mprintf('\n D =%f m',D) +d=D/8 // to find diameter +mprintf('\n diameter of jet = %f meter',d) // to display diameter +n=(Q*4)/(%pi*d*d*v1) // to calculate jets +mprintf('\n number of jets n = %d',n) // to display number of jets +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 // to calculate speed +wt=w*(((p/p1)^0.5)/((g1*h)^(5/4))) // specific speed +mprintf('\n wt =%f RPM',wt) + diff --git a/3814/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3814/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25f37424a --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// determine velocity of whirl at inlet and diameter of the wheel at inlet +// ex 6.1 pgno.143 +clc +H=8 // head +g=9.8 // gravitional acceleration +t1=0.96 // peripheral volocity at inlet +t2=0.36 // flow velocity +u1=t1*sqrt(2*g*H) +mprintf('Peripheral velocity u1= %f m/s',round(u1)) +vlf= t2*sqrt(2*g*H) +mprintf('\n Flow velocity V1f= %f m/s',vlf) +nh=0.85 // hydraulic efficiency +Vlw=(g*H*nh)/(u1) +mprintf(' \n V1W= %f m/s',Vlw) +a1=vlf/Vlw // inlet angle tan +mprintf('\n alpha1 =%f ',a1) +mprintf('tan a1 = %d',atand(a1)) +N=150 // runner speed +D1=(60*u1)/(%pi*N) // diameter +mprintf( '\n D1= %f m',D1) +gamm =9800 // constant gamma +Q= (N*1000)/(gamm*H*nh) //flow rate +mprintf('\n Q = %f m3/s',Q) diff --git a/3814/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3814/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83caba697 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// determine head and power output if angular velocity from fig2= +// ex 6.2 pgno.142 +clc +r1=300 // mm inlet radius +r2=150 //mm outer radius +Q=0.05 // m3/s flow rate +a1=30 //degree inlet guide blade +a2=80// degree angle +v1=6 // m/s velocity +v2=3//m/s velocity +t=25 // angular velocity +n=0.9 +n1=0.8 +g=9.8 // +gammam=9800 // constant gammma +u1=(r1/1000)*t // velocity +u2=(r2/1000)*t +mprintf('\n u1 = %f m/s',u1) +mprintf(' \n u2 = %f m/s',u2) +Vlw= v1*cosd(a1) +mprintf('\n Vlw = v1cos a1 = %f m/s',Vlw) +V2w=v2*cosd(a2) +mprintf(' \n V2w = V2cos a2 = %f m/s',V2w) +E=((u1*Vlw)-(u2*V2w))/(g) // Eduler's head +mprintf('\n E = %f m',E) +H=E/n // head +mprintf('\n H = %f m',H) +pin=(gammam*Q*H)/1000 // power input +mprintf('\n Power input= gQH = %f W',pin) +pout=pin*n1 // power out +mprintf('\n power output =effiency*pin =%f W',pout) diff --git a/3814/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3814/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75d3a77cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// design a= francis turbine +// ex 6.3 pgno.146 +clc +h=68 // head +x=0.15 // flow ratio +N1=750 // speed +n2=0.1 // breadth to diameter ratio at inlet +p=330 //power output +ga=9800 // +g1=9.8 +d2=((1/2)*600) +eh=0.94 // hydraulic efficiency +eo=0.85 // overall efficiency +ar=0.6 // area +k1=0.94 // ratio +Q1=(p*1000)/(eo*ga*h) // volume of flow rate +mprintf('Q= %f m3/s',Q1) +vf=(x*(sqrt(2*g1*h))) // velocity of flow +mprintf(' \n Vf= %f m/s',vf) +D=sqrt((Q1)/(eh*%pi*n2*vf)) // diameter +mprintf('\n D1 = %f m',D) +B1=D*n2 // width +mprintf('\n B1= %f m',B1) +u=(%pi*D*N1)/60 +mprintf('\n u1 = piD1N/60 =%f m/s',u) +Vl=(g1*eh*h)/u +mprintf('\n Vlw = %f m/s',Vl) +a=atand(vf/Vl)//area +mprintf(' \n tana1= %f degree ',a) +d1=1/2 +U=(%pi*d2*N1)/60 +mprintf('\n u2 = %e m/s',U) +b2=atand(vf/11.7) +mprintf('\n tanb2 = %f degree',b2) +// assume k1=k2 v1f=v2f +n3=(ar^2*n2)/(0.3^2) +mprintf('\n n2 = %f',n3) +B2=d2*n3 +mprintf('\n B2 = %f mm',B2) diff --git a/3814/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3814/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..447552d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// determine guide vane angle and runner vane angle at exit for radial discharge +// ex 6.4 pgno.149 +clc +H=12 // m +Q=0.28 //m3/s +Vf=0.15 // velocity flow +N=300 // rpm +nh=0.8 // percen +g=9.8 //gravitional acceleration +r2=1 // runner van +r1=2 +V1f=Vf*(sqrt(2*g*H)) // velocity flow +v2f=V1f +mprintf(' velocity flow V1f=V2f = %f m/s',V1f) +Vlw=sqrt((nh*g*H)) +mprintf(' \n V1w = %f m/s',Vlw) +u1=Vlw +u2=u1*(r2/r1) +mprintf(' \n u2 = %f m/s',u2) +b2=atand(v2f/u2) +mprintf(' \n tanb2= %f degree',b2) +a1=atand(V1f/u1) +mprintf(' \n tana1 = V1f/u1 = %f degree',a1) + + + diff --git a/3814/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3814/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccf43d844 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +//determine the shaft power hydraulic efficiency +//ex 6.5 pgno.151 +clc +N=1260 // runner speed +Q=0.4 // flow rate +H=92 // head +g=9.8 //constant +a1=20 // van angle +R1=(2*600)/1000 // radius at inlet +r1=600/1000 +B1=30/1000 +p=1000 // power +hp=360e3 +V1f=(Q/(%pi*R1*B1)) // velocity of flow +mprintf(' V1f = %f m/s',V1f) +V1w = V1f/(tand(20)) // velocity of width +mprintf(' \n V1w = %f m/s',V1w) +T=Q*p*V1w*r1 // temperature +mprintf('\n T = %d N-m',T) +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 // width +S=T*w // shaft power +mprintf('\n shaft power %d Watts',S) +n=(S/hp)*100 //spped +mprintf('\n overall efficiency = shaft power/hydraulic power %f percentage',n) +Wt=(w*sqrt(S/1000))/((g*H)^(5/4)) +mprintf('\n wt = %f',Wt) +Ns=(N*sqrt(S/1000))/(H^(5/4)) +mprintf('\n Ns = %f',Ns) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..082157785 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// determine inlet and exit angles of blades mean diameter +// ex 7.1 pgno. 169 +clc +H=21.8 // head of turbine +P=21 // MW power +N=140 // number runs of rpm +D1=4.5 // diameter in m +Dh=2.0 // in meter +nh=0.94 // efficiency +nn= 0.88// efficiency in exit angles +g=9.8 +M=(D1+Dh)/2 //mean diameter in m +mprintf('Mean Diameter = %f m',M) +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 +mprintf('\n w= %f rad/s',w) +u=(w*M)/2 +mprintf('\n u=wr = %f m/s',u) +Vlw=(nh*g*H)/u +mprintf('\n Vlw = %f m/s',Vlw) +Q=(P*1000*1000)/(nn*H*9800) // flow rate +mprintf('\n Q=%f m3/s',Q) +vf=(4*Q)/(%pi*((D1^2)-(Dh^2))) +mprintf('\n Vf = %f m/s',vf)// velocity in m/s +b1=vf/(u-Vlw) // tan b1 +mprintf(' \n tanb1 =%f degree ',atand(b1)) // inlet angles +b2=vf/u // tan b2 +mprintf('\n b2= %f degree',atand(b2))// exit angles diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0ccdf985 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// calculate axial velocity ,flow rate ,exit blade angle,eulers power +// ex 7.2 pgno. 170 +clc +D1=2 // m +Dh=0.8 // m +N=250 //rpm +alpha1 =42 // degree +beta1=148// degree +D=(D1+Dh)/2 // diameter +g=9.8 +mprintf('\n D= %f m',D) +u=(%pi*D*N)/60 // peripherical velocity of blade +mprintf('\n u =%f m/s',u) +a=(180-148) //area +disp(a) +d=a*18.3 // diameter +disp(tan(d)) + +vlw=(tand(42)+tand(32)) +disp(vlw) +Vlw=tand(d)/vlw +disp(Vlw) +vlw=7.5 +vf=vlw*tand(alpha1) // inlet trangle of velocities +mprintf('\n Vf = %f m/s',vf) +Q=(%pi/4)*((D1^2-Dh^2)*vf) // flow rate +mprintf('\n Q = %f m3/s',Q) +E=(u*vlw)/g // euler's head +mprintf('\n Euler s Head E =%f m',E) +Ep=(9800*Q*E)/1000 // eulers power +mprintf('\n Eulers power = %e W',Ep) +b2=vf/u +mprintf('\n b2 = %f Degree',atand(b2)) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e643066e --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// determine blade angles at hub,mean and tip diameters +clc +Dt=4.5 // meter +Dh=2 // meter +p=20e6 //watts +N=150 // rpm +nh=0.94 // hydraulic efficiency +n0=0.88 // overall efficiency +h=21 // head +g=9.8 +Q=(p)/(n0*h*9800) // +mprintf('\n Q =%f m3/s',Q) +vf=(4*Q)/(%pi*(Dt^2-Dh^2)) // velocity of flow +mprintf('\n Vf = %f m/s',vf) +Vw=(60*g*h*nh)/(2*N*%pi) // velocity of whirl +mprintf('\n rVw = %f',Vw) +D=(Dt+Dh)/2 // diameters +mprintf('\n D =%f',D) +rm=D/2 +mprintf('\n rm =%f',rm) +Vm1=Vw/rm +mprintf('\n Vm1= %f m/s',Vm1) +rt=rm+0.625 +Vm2=Vw/rt +mprintf('\n Vm2 =%f m/s',Vm2) +rt=rm-0.625 +Vm3=Vw/rt +mprintf('\n Vm2 =%f m/s',Vm3) +uh=(%pi*Dh*N)/60 +mprintf('\n uh=%f m/s',uh) +um=(%pi*D*N)/60 +mprintf('\n um=%f m/s',um) +ut=(%pi*Dt*N)/60 +mprintf('\n ut=%f m/s',ut) +b1h=vf/(uh-Vm3) +mprintf(' hub : ') +mprintf('\n tan(pi-beta1h)= %f',b1h) +be=atand(b1h) +B1h=180-be +mprintf('\n B1h = %f degree',B1h) +B2=vf/uh +mprintf('\n B2h =%f degree ',atand(B2)) +mprintf(' mean : ') +b2h=vf/(um-Vm1) +mprintf('\n tan(pi-beta1h)= %f',b2h) +be1=atand(b2h) +B2h=180-be1 +mprintf('\n B1m = %f degree',B2h) +B2m=vf/um +mprintf('\n B1m =%f degree ',atand(B2m)) +mprintf('\ ') +mprintf('\ ') +mprintf('\ ') +mprintf(' Tip: ') +b3h=vf/(ut-Vm2) +mprintf('\n tan(pi-beta1h)= %f',b3h) +be2=atand(b3h) +B3h=180-be2 +mprintf('\n B1m = %f degree',B3h) +B3m=vf/ut +mprintf('\n B1m =%f degree ',atand(B3m)) + + + + + + + diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90bd4878e --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//determine the mean speed of turbine +// ex 7.4 pgno.174 +clc +p=60e6 // power +h=40// meter +no=0.85 // overall efficiency +x=0.5 // flow ratio +g=9.8 +Ku=1.6 // speed ratio +Q=p/(9800*no*h) // flow in kaplan turbine +mprintf('\n Q = %d m3/s',Q) +Vf=x*sqrt(2*g*h) // velocity of flow +mprintf('\n Vf = %d m/s',Vf) +d1=(%pi*(1-(0.35^2)))/4 +d=d1*Vf // diameter +df=sqrt(180/d) +mprintf('\n D1 = %f m',df) +dh=0.35*df +mprintf('\n Dh = %f m',dh) +D=(dh+df)/2 // mean diameter +mprintf('\n mean diameter D= %f m',D) +N=(Ku*sqrt(2*g*h)*60)/(%pi*D) //rotational speed +mprintf('\n N = %f rev/min',N) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc11e5109 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// determine blade inlet angle and eulers head +// ex 7.5 pgno.175 +clc +h=35 //meter +D=2 //m +N=145 //rev/min +alpa1=30// degree +g=9.8 // +b1=28// degree +H=32.6// 0.93*35 head +V1=sqrt(2*g*H) // inlet velocity +mprintf('\n inlet velocity V1 = %f m/s',V1) +u=(%pi*D*N)/60 // +mprintf('\n u = %f m/s',u) +Vr1=sqrt(V1^2+u^2-(2*u*V1*cosd(alpa1))) // inlet triangle of velocity +mprintf('\n Vr1 = %f m/s',Vr1) +v=(-u^2+Vr1^2+V1^2) +v1=2*Vr1*V1 +V=v/v1 +s=acosd(V) +B1=(180-s) // Beta +mprintf('\n Beta B1 = %f degree',B1) +Vlw=V1*cosd(alpa1) +mprintf('\n Vlw =% f m/s',Vlw) +E=(u*Vlw)/g // eulers head +mprintf('\n E =%f m',E) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af44e2738 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// design of bersia power station +// ex 7.6 pgno.178 +clc +p=24.7e6// power watt +h=26.5 //m +N=187.5 // rev/min +Q=104 //m3/s +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 +g=9.8 +mprintf('\n w= %f rad/s',w) +wt=(w*sqrt(p/10^3))/(g*h)^(5/4) +mprintf('\n wt =%f',wt) +Ns=(N*sqrt(p/10^3))/(h^(5/4)) // speed +mprintf('\n Ns =%f',Ns) +n0=p/(9800*Q*h) // overall efficiency +mprintf('\n Overall efficiency n0= %f percentage',n0*100) +mprintf('\n Based on specific speed values obtained kaplan turbine is selected with an overall efficiency of %f percentage',n0*100) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52f5252d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.7/EX7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// design of termengor power stations +// ex 7.7 pgno.178 + clc + Q=125.4 // flow rate at m3/s + H=101 // m + N=214.3 // speed in rev/min + p=90e6 // power to turbine in wattsr + g=9.8 + w=(2*N*%pi)/60 + mprintf('\n Wt =%f rad/s',w) + wt=(w*(sqrt(p/10^3)))/((g*H)^(5/4)) + mprintf('\n wt= %f',wt) + Ns=(N*sqrt(90*1000))/((H)^(5/4))// specific speed + mprintf('\n Ns = %f ',Ns) + n0=p/(9800*Q*H) // overall efficiency + mprintf('\n Over all efficiency n0= %f percentage',n0*100) diff --git a/3814/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3814/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f2b32b45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// to find JOR power station +// ex 7.8 pgno.179 +clc +P=26.1e6 // power in mega watts +H=587.3 // m +N=428 // revloution /minutes +Q=6.85 // m3/s +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 +g=9.8 +mprintf('\n W= %f rad/s',w) +wt=(w*(sqrt(P/10^3)))/((g*H)^(5/4)) +mprintf('\n wt =%f',wt) +Ns=(N*(sqrt(26.1e6)))/(H^(5/4)) // speed +mprintf('\n Ns = %f',Ns) +mprintf('\n error in text book they have taken p=26.1e3 instead of 26.1 e6') +n0=P/(9800*Q*H) // overall efficiency +mprintf(' \nOverall efficiency n0= %f percentage',n0*100) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5adbd33ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// select pump deliver 1890 l/min +clc +Q=(1890e-3/60) +disp(Q) +p=448e3 +N=3600 //rev/min +w=(2*N*%pi)/60 +g=9.8 +gammma=9800 +mprintf('\n speed in rad/s = w= %f rad/s',w) +H=p/gammma +mprintf('\n head in meters H = %f m',H) +wp=((w*(sqrt(Q)))/((g*H)^(3/4))) +mprintf('\n specific speed of the pump giveb by Wp=%f',wp) +mprintf('Wp<1 therefore radial pump selected') diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a91bc644 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// elevation that the diameter pump can be situated above the water surface of suction +clc +patm=101e3 +pv=1666 +g=9800 +npsh=7.4 +z1=((patm-pv)/g)-npsh +mprintf('\n Z1= %f m',z1) +mprintf('\n the pump must be place at approximately %f m above the suction reservoir of water surface',z1) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a51ce2e1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// radial flow pump characteristic is given by +clc +a=196 +b=-10.7 +c=7.9 +a1=(1/(2*a)) +Q=a1*(-b+sqrt((b^2)+(4*a*c))) +mprintf('\n Operating point at Q = %f m3/s',Q) +H=15+(85*Q^2) +mprintf('\n H = %f m',H) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3290b62fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// determine flow rate,theoretical head required power,pressure across the impeller +clc +b1=44 +r1=21e-3 // mm +B=11e-3 // mm +r2=66e-3 //mm +b2=5e-3//mm +N=2500 //rpm +h1=0 +g=9.8 +alpha=90 // degree +D1=2 +D2=2 +u1=(2*%pi*N*r1)/60 +gamm1=9800 +p1=1000 +mprintf('\n peripherial velocity at inlet u1=wR1 =%f m/s',u1) +u2=(2*%pi*N*r2)/60 +mprintf('\n peripherial velocity at exit u2= wR2=%f m/s',u2) +V1=tand(b1)*u1 +mprintf('\n V1f = %f m/s',V1) +Q=%pi*2*r1*B*V1 +mprintf('\n Q = %f m3/s',Q) +V2f=Q/(2*%pi*r2*b2) +mprintf('\n V2f =%f m/s',V2f) +V2w=V2f/(tand(30)) +mprintf('\n u2-V2w = %f ',V2w) +v2w=u2-V2w +mprintf('\n V2w = %f m/s',v2w) +alpha2=atand(V2f/v2w) +mprintf('\n alpha2 = %f degree',alpha2) +v2=v2w/cosd(18.9) +mprintf('\n V2= %f m/s',v2) +H1=(u2*v2w)/g +mprintf('\n H1 = %f m',H1) +p=gamm1*Q*H1 +mprintf('\n H1 = %f watt',p) +P2=(p1*g*H1)-((p1/2)*(v2^2-V1^2)) +mprintf('\n p2-p1 = %e Pa',P2) +mprintf('\n p2-p1 = %f bar',P2/10^5) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20eaab5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// determine discharge and head with two identail +clc +f=0.025 +l=70 +D=0.3 +k=2.5 +g=9.8 +m=((f*l/D)+k)/(2*g*(((%pi*D*D)/4)^2)) +disp(m) +mprintf('\n H1 =15 +%d Q^2',m) +b=5.35 +a=112.8 +c=7.9 +Q=(1/(2*a))*(b+sqrt((b^2)+(4*a*c))) +mprintf('\n Q= %f m3/s',Q) +H1=15+85*Q^2 +mprintf('\n H1 = %f m',H1) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e265430b --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Determine the velocity of flow theoretical head and power required to drive the pump +clc +Q=150e-3 +d1=300e-3 +d2=150e-3 +n=500 +g=9.8 +Vf=(Q)/((%pi/4)*(d1^2-d2^2)) +mprintf('\n Velocity of flow Vf=Q/A %f m/s',Vf) +D=(d1+d2)/2 +mprintf('\n Peripherial velocity is calculated on the mean diameter D =%f m',D) +u=((2*%pi*n)/60)*(D/2) +H1=(u^2/g)-((u*Vf)/g)*(cotd(75)+cotd(70)) +mprintf('\n Theoretical Head H = %f m',H1) +P=g*Q*H1 +mprintf('\n Required power P = %f kw',P) diff --git a/3814/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3814/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34947701c --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// maximum height that the pump +clc +Q=3.5e-3 +nphs=4.5 +t=15 +d=0.1 +patm=101e3 +g=9.8 +k=20 +V=(4*Q)/(%pi*d^2) +mprintf('\n Velocity in the suction pipe V =Q/A %f m/s',V) +h1=(k*V^2)/(2*g) +mprintf('\n h1= %f m',h1) +pv=1666 +z1=(patm/9800)-(h1)-(pv/9800)-nphs +mprintf('\n z1 = %f m',z1) +mprintf('\n the pump should be located higher than %f m above the water surface ',z1) diff --git a/3814/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce b/3814/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c508cb33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH9/EX9.1/EX9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// to find hydralic power +// ex 9.1 pgno.215 +clc; +p= 200e3 // pressure of water +g=9800 +zs=0.1 +pd=600e3 +sp=0.85 // efficiency of the pump +h=((p/g)+zs)+((pd/g)+zs) +printf(" %f m",h) +q=0.2 // increase the pressure +h1=81.6 +hp=g*q*h1 // efficiency +printf("\n %e W",hp) +n=hp/sp // electrical power i e shaft power +printf("\n electrical power = %5e W",n) diff --git a/3814/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce b/3814/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19e232698 --- /dev/null +++ b/3814/CH9/EX9.2/EX9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//determine the total head of the pump +// ex 9.2 page no 215 +clc; +q=37.5e-3*4 // water flow rate +A=3.14*0.15^2// area of suction in 15cm in meter +V=q/A +printf("velocity at the suction Q/As= %2.2f m/s",V) +Ad=3.14*0.125^2 // area of suction in 12.5cm +Vd=q/Ad +printf("\n velocity at the discharge side Q/Ad= %2.2f m/s",Vd) +ps=54e3 +gamma1=9800// constant gamma +g=9.8 +vs=2 // velocity of suction +pd=160e3 // power density +vd=3 // velocity of discharge side +H=((ps/gamma1)+(vs^2/(2*g)))+((pd/gamma1)+(vd^2/(2*g))) +disp(H) diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.jpg b/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5388f3559 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce13e369 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear; +//case1: +disp('To find no. of primary & secondary turns:') +Bm1=1.5;//Max flux density of primary in tesla +Vt1=10.7;//Terminal voltage of primary in volts +Bm2=1.46;//Max flux density of secondary in tesla +Vt2=10.46;//Terminal voltage of secondary in volts +V1=11000;//Primary RMS voltage in volts +V2=415;//Secondary RMS voltage in volts +P=300e3;//Input power in volt-amphere +N2=(V2)/(Vt2);//No.of turns in secondary +N1=(V1)/(Vt1);//No.of turns in primary +disp(N1,'No of turns in primary is') +disp(N2,'No of turns in secondary is') +//case2: +disp('To find rated current:') +I1=P/(V1); +I2=P/(V2); +disp(I1,'The primary rated current in amps is') +disp(I2,'The secondary rated current in amps is') +//case3: +disp('To find primary &secondary load impedance:') +Z1=(V1)/(I1); +Z2=(V2)/(I2); +disp(Z1,'The primary load impedance in ohms is') +disp(Z2,'The secondary load impedance in ohms is') diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.png b/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0cf33f1b Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47667d44a --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear; +D=0.50;//Diameter of machine in m +l=0.20;//Lemgth of machine in m +lg=0.005;//Gap length in m +A1=12800;//Current density of stator +A2=9600;//Current density of rotor +Lamda=%pi/3;//Electrical torque angle +sin(Lamda)==0.87; +S=sin(Lamda); +Mewzero=4*%pi*(1e-7);//Permeability constant +F1=((A1)*D)/2;//MMF of stator +F2=((A2)*D)/2;//MMF of rotor +M=-((%pi*D*l*(F1)*(F2)*S*(Mewzero))/(2*(lg)));//Torque produced +//case1: +disp('To find the torque with the machine windings arranged to give a 2-pole field:') +M1=M/1;//Torque produced with 2-pole field +disp(M1,'Torque for 2-pole field in N-m is') +//case2: +disp('To find the torque with the machine windings arranged to give a 8-pole field:') +M2=M/4;//Torque produced with 8-pole field +disp(M2,'Torque for 8-pole field in N-m is') diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.png b/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a66b4ceb5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad2a7706e --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +f=50;//Frequency of transformer in Hz +Ai=0.032;//Ferromagnetic area in m^2 +Aw=0.07;//Window area in m^2 +Bm=1.5;//Flux density in T +J=2.7;//RMS current density +Kw=0.3;//Space factor +//case1: +disp('To find the rating of the transformer:') +S=2.22*f*(Bm)*J*(Ai)*(Aw)*(Kw)*(1e6);//Rating of transformer in VA +disp(S,'The rating of the transformer is') diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.png b/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55d48ab24 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..137b790d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +B=0.50;//Mean gap flux density +Ys=40;//Slot spacing +Cs=(35*12);//Conductor section +J=33;//Current density +//case:1 +disp('To find the tangential force per length of gap periphery and per unit axial length of the machine:') +A=(Cs*J*1000)/Ys; +disp(A,'The specific electric loadings is:') +Fe=B*A; +disp(Fe,'The specific force is:') diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.png b/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd606f7b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f47f3e027 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=500; +V=3.3; +f=50; +R=0.02;//Resistance +Xl=0.08;//Leakage reactance +Pap=0.67;//pole arc to pole pitch ratio +Kr=0.34;//Reaction coefficient +Vpu=1;//Per unit voltage corresponding to the voltage 3.3 +rsc=1;//short ciecuit ratio +xsdu=1.25;//Unsaturated synchronous reactance +disp('Simple mmf method') +Foa=1; +F1a=1; +F2a=1.78; +pf1=0.8; +pf2=acos(pf1); +Eta=1.26; +F2b=0.94; +Etb=0.94; +Ea=(Eta-Foa)/Foa; +Eb=(Etb-F1a)/F1a; +disp(Eb,Ea,'The regulations for simple mmf methods are:') +disp('Synchronous impedance method:') +Et1=1.80; +Et2=0.90; +E1a=(Et1-Foa); +E2a=Et2-F1a; +disp(E2a,E1a,'The regulation for synchronous impedance method:') +disp('Adjusted synchronous impedance method') +E1=Foa+((pf1+(pf2*%i))*(R+(Xl*%i))); +OF=1.4; +OH=1.06; +K1=OF/OH; +K2=1.5; +xsdu=1.25; +xsd=0.1+((xsdu-0.1)/((1.2*%i)*(1+0.76)^(1/2))); +Et3=1.55; +E1b=0.97; +OF1=1.18; +OH1=0.97; +K1o=OF1/OH1; +K2o=0.76; +xsd1=0.87; +Et4=0.85; +E3a=Et3-Foa; +E3b=Et4-F1a; +disp(E3b,E3a,'The regulations for adjusted synchronous impedance method is:') +disp('Reaction method') +Et5=1.28; +Et6=0.94; +E4a=Et5-Foa; +E4b=Et6-F1a; +disp(E4b,E4a,'The regulations for reaction method:') diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.png b/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b3880bc7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..771ced723 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=1000; +Z1=(0.1+(2*%i)); +Z2=(0.2+(3.2*%i)); +Zl=(2+(1*%i));//load impedance +div=10;//divergence +E1=(V+(0*%i)); +E2=V*(cosd(div)-sind(div)*%i); +Zo=(Zl*Z1*Z2)/((Z1*Z2)+(Zl*Z2)+(Z1*Zl)); +disp(Zo,'The admittance summation is:') +Isc=(E1/Z1)+(E2/Z2); +disp(Isc,'The short circuit currenrt is:') +V1=Isc*Zo; +disp(V1,'The common terminal voltage is:') +I1=(E1-V)/Z1; +I2=(E2-V)/Z2; +disp(I2,I1,'The individual load current are:') +P1=155; +P2=60; +Is=(E1-E2)/(Z1+Z2); +disp(Is,'The circulating current is:') + diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.png b/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a90d1a69 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38ca24ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear; +xad=1.5; +xaq=0.60; +x=0.1; +xf=0.13; +Vq=1; +theta_0=0; +xd1=((xad*xf)/(xad+xf))+x; +xsq=xaq+x; +Ifo=1; +t=[0:0.1:20]; +Ia=4.5*(cos(t)-3-(1.5*(cos(2*t)))); +If=4.2*(1-cos(t))+Ifo; +plot(t,Ia) +plot(t,If) +xlabel('Rotor position') +ylabel('Rotor field current') diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.png b/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..661d4dbc4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce b/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f9c15f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=23400;//KVA rating +pf=0.8; +Lb=68;//Bearing friction loss +Lv=220;//Windage loss +Lc=165;//Core loss +Lw=200;//WInding loss +Li=62;//I^2R loss +Le=14;//Exciter loss +Ll=Lw-Li; +disp(Li,'Thye load loss is:') +Lt=763;//Sum of totallosses +Po=W*pf;//output +disp(Po,'The output is:') +Pi=Po+Lt; +disp(Pi,'The input is:') +eff=Po/Pi; +disp(eff,'The efficiency is:') diff --git a/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.png b/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4641d8049 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8c869cf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc; +clear; +w=200; +V=240; +f=50; +P=4;//no of poles +S=0.05;//slip +r1=11.4; +x1=14.5; +r2o=6.9; +x2o=7.2; +xmo=135; +Ls=32;//core and mechanical loss +S=0.05; +R1=((r2o)/S)+(x2o*%i); +R2=(xmo*%i); +M1=((R1*R2)/(R1+R2)); +disp(M1,'The rotor impedance for forward circuit is:') +R3=((r2o)/(2-S)); +R4=(x2o*%i); +M2=(R3*R4)/(R3+R4); +disp(M2,'The rotor impedance for backward circuit is:') +Z1=78.4; +M3=Z1+M1+M2; +disp(M3,'The total series input impedanceis:') +cos_theta=0.66;//power factor +disp(cos_theta,'The pf is:') +E1f=2*94; +E1b=2*7.6; +I2f=E1f/((r2o)/S); +I2b=E1b/8; +Mf=(I2f)^2*((r2o)/S); +Mb=(I2b)^2*((r2o)/(2-S)); +disp(E1f,'Eif is') +disp(E1b,'E1b is') +disp(I2f,'I2f is') +disp(I2b,'I2b is') +disp(Mf,'Mf is') +disp(Mb,'Mb is') +M=Mf-Mb-Ls;//net torque +Ms=M*0.95;//shaft power +disp(M,'The net torque is:') +disp(Ms,'The shaft power is:') +Mi=V*2*cos_theta;//input power +disp(Mi,'The input power is :') +eff=Ms/Mi; +disp(eff,'The efficiency is :') diff --git a/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.png b/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..309efb34c Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64b76c639 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +b1=10;//From plot +b2=31;//From plot +b3=68;//From plot +b4=100;//From plot +b5=100;//From plot +b6=100;//From plot +//Case:1 +B1=0.86+5.16+16.72+28.9+32.3+16.7; +B3=2.36+10.32+16.04+0-23.6-16.7; +B5=3.23+5.16-16.04-28.9+8.6+16.7; +B7=3.23-5.16-16.04+28.9+8.6-16.7; +disp('To find the harmonic components ,mean gap density ,rms value:') +disp(B7,B5,B3,B1,'The harmonic components are:') +B8=((2/%pi)*(B1+((1/3)*B3)+((1/5)*B5)+((1/7)*B7))); +disp(B8,'The mean gap density is :') +B9=(((1/2)*(((B1)^2)+((B3)^2)+((B5)^2)+((B7)^2)))^(1/2)); +disp(B9,'The rms value is:') diff --git a/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.png b/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b44011ef Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a774c95d --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +e=0.001; +D=0.50; +l=0.20; +lg=0.005; +A1=12800;//Stator peak current densities +A2=9600;//Rotor peak current densities +lamda=(%pi/3);//torque angle +F1=A1*D*(1/2);//mmf per pole +F2=A2*D*(1/2);//mmf per pole +Fo=4450;//Resultant gap mmf per pole +Mewo=1.25*10^(-7); +Bm=(Fo*Mewo)/lg; +disp(Bm,'The sine distributed flux density of peak value:') +Mp=((D*l)/(3*Mewo))*(Bm^2);//Magnetic pull per pole +disp(Mp,'The magnetic pull per pole is :') +e1=0.001/0.005;//Eccentricity after displacement of 'e' +Mu=((%pi*D*l)/(4*Mewo))*(Bm^2)*e1; +disp(Mu,'The resultant u.m.p is:') +M=260; +F=M/0.25; +disp(M,'The useful torque of machine is:') +disp(F,'The pheripheral force is:') diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.png b/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7499d278 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beaaba3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear; +hp=0.15;//from diagram +F=9000; +V=80;//Working voltage +Lmt=1.25;//Mean length of the turn +Vp=4;//voltage per pole +disp('For a copper winding at 75 deg cel:') +a=0.021*(10^(-6))*Lmt*(F/Vp); +disp(a,'The conductor area is:') +Vp=4;//voltage per pole +S=Lmt*hp; +C=0.019;//Assumed value +disp('For a temp rise of 65 deg cel:') +theta_m=65;//temperature rise +p=(theta_m*S)/C; +disp(p,'The power dissipated is:') +I=p/Vp; +disp(I,'The field current is:') +N=F/I; +disp(N,'The number of turns per pole is:') +J=I/N; +disp(J,'The current density is:') diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.png b/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63d075ee9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb4cab769 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +S=108;//slot +m=3; +p=8; +disp('for 16 pole 3 phase machine :') +g1=S/(p*m); +disp(g1,'The integral slot winding is:') +disp('For 10 pole 3 phase machine :') +p1=5; +g2=S/(p1*m); +disp(g2,'The integral slot winding is:') diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.png b/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fa42f8c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..524f4c325 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear; +Mva=3.75; +V=10; +p=5; +S=144; +C=5; +S1=12; +x1=1; +x2=2; +thetaa1=0.116; +m=3; +r=(p*%pi)/S; +disp(r,'The slot angle is:') +g1=S/(p*m); +disp(g1,'The fractional value of slot per pole per phase is:') +Sab=g1*((3*x1)+2); +disp(Sab,'The spacing between the starts of Aand B is:') +Sac=g1*((3*x2)+4); +disp(Sac,'The spacing between the starts of A and C is:') +theta1=60*(1/2); +theta2=2*(1/2)*(1/2); +theta3=30*(1/2); +Kdn=(sin(theta1))/(24*sin(theta2)); +Ken=cos(theta3); +Kwn=Kdn*Ken; +n=0:1:7; +disp(Kwn,'Kwn=') +Eph1=4.44*0.925*50*240*thetaa1; +Eph5=(5750*(0.049/0.925)*(11.2*100.6))/10000; +Eph7=(5750*(0.035/0.925)*(2.8*100.6))/10000; +disp(Eph7,Eph5,Eph1,'The emfs are:') diff --git a/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.png b/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a784cc65 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9855ea21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +G=41;//Mass +P=110;//Total loss +S=0.1;//Cooling surface area +lamda=29;//Emissivity +Cp=420;//Specific heat of the machine +theta_m=P/(S*lamda); +disp(theta_m,'Final steady temperature rise:') +Tow=(G*Cp)/(S*lamda); +disp(Tow,'Time constant is:') +t=[1:0.01:8]; +T=((-t)/(Tow/3600)); +theta=38*(1-exp(T));//The temperature rise time relation is +theta_t=theta_m/Tow; +disp(theta_t,'Initial rate of rise is:') +plot(t,theta); +xlabel('Temperature rise/Time relation (h)'); +ylabel('Temperature rise(deg C)') diff --git a/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.png b/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47b6e6482 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d55301bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear; +w=400; +V1=11; +V2=415; +Hvl=2.46;//I^2R loss for HV side +Lvl=1.95;//Lv loss +X=0.055;//Total leakage reactance +Vph1=11; +Vph2o=V2/(3^(1/2)); +Vph2=V2/(3^(1/2)*1000); +Iph1=12.1; +Iph2=555; +H1vl=0.82;//HV losses per phase +L1vl=0.65;//LV losses per phase +r1=820/((Iph1)^2); +r2=650/((Iph2)^2); +disp(r1,'r1=') +disp(r2,'r2=') +R1=r1+(r2*((Vph1/Vph2)^2)); +R2=(r1*((Vph2/Vph1)^2))+r2; +disp(R1,'The total resistance at HV side:') +disp(R2,'The total resistance at LV side:') +P1=(Iph1^2)*R1;//for HV side +disp(P1,'For HV side Iph1^2R1:') +X1=(X*11000)/Iph1;//where 11KV=11000 +//Reactance at HV side +X2=X1*(Vph2o/11000)^2;//Reactance at LV side +x1=X1/2; +x2=X2/2; +disp(x1,'The reactance of HV side is:') +disp(x2,'The reactance of LV side is:') diff --git a/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.png b/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21c54ce70 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a84f789d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc; +clear; +W1=500; +R1=0.010;//Resistance +XL1=0.05;//leakage reactance +W2=750; +disp('when both secondary voltages are 400V:') +pf=0.8;//lag pf with 250KVA +W3=250; +R2=0.015;//Resistance value +XL2=0.04;//Reactance value +Z1=(R1+((XL1)*%i)); +Z2=(R2+((XL2)*%i)); +Z=Z1+Z2; +disp(Z1,'The per unit impedance for common base value 500 KVA:') +disp(Z2) +disp(Z) +theta=acos(0.8); +S=W2*(pf-(sin(theta)*%i)); +S1=S*(Z2/Z); +S2=S*(Z1/Z); +SA=real(S1)+real(S2);//Real parts of the calculated power +disp(SA,'The total active power is :') +SR=W2*(sin(acos(0.8))); +disp('When the open circuit secondary voltages are respectively 405 and 415') +R3=0.0032; +R4=0.0096; +XL3=0.0160; +XL4=0.0256; +Z3=R3+((XL3)*%i); +Z4=R4+((XL4)*%i); +Z5=0.166+(0.125*%i);//Impedance value for the assured voltage 395V +E1=405+(0*%i); +E2=415+(0*%i); +Ez=(E1/Z3)+(E2/Z4); +Zo=(Z5*Z3*Z4)/((Z3*Z4)+(Z5*Z4)+(Z5*Z3)); +V=(Ez*Zo); +disp(V,'The secondary terminal voltage is :') +Vi1=E1-V; +disp(Vi1,'The internal volt drop in the first transformer:') +Vi2=E2-V; +disp(Vi2,'The internal volt drop in the second transformer is :') +I1=Vi1/Z3; +I2=Vi2/Z4; +S3=(340-(220*%i)); +S4=(270-(220*%i)); +S5=S1+S2; +disp(S5,'The combined load is :') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a2b2bafa Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef17bf51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=3.3; +f=50; +P=10; +S=0.03; +I=4;//Magnetizing current +Lc=30;//core loss +Zsl=0.18+(1.6*%i);//stator leakage impedance +Zrl=0.4+(1.6*%i);//Rotor stan still leakage impedance +W=27*10^2; +Vph=1.9;//Rated phase voltage +Ibsc=W/(3*Vph);//Bus bar short circuit current level +Zs1=(Vph/Ibsc)*%i;//The effective system impedance +disp('When the machines running at slip 0.03:') +Z1=((real(Zsl)+(real(Zrl)/S))+(imag(Zsl)+imag(Zrl))*%i); +disp(Z1,'The total impedance is:') +I2o=1900/Z1; +I2=real(I2o); +disp(I2,'I2=') +P2=3*I2^2*((real(Zrl))/S); +disp(P2,'P2=') +Pm=P2*(1-S); +disp(Pm,'Pm=') +Me=P2/62.8; +disp(Me,'Me=') +Io=(P/Vph)-(40*%i); +disp(Io,'Io=') +I1=Io+I2o; +disp(I1,'I1=') +pf1=cosd(-27) +disp(pf1,'Power factor=') +disp('During the starting torque with ON-line switching:') +Z2=(Zrl+Zsl);//The impedance value is increased to 3.65 +Z2=3.65; +disp(Z2,'Z2=') +I2=(Vph*10^3)/Z2; +disp(I2,'I2=') +Ms=3*I2^2*(real(Zrl)/62.8); +disp(Ms,'Ms=') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b41812a44 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c631fa0cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +clear; +Sfl=0.05;//slip of full load current +disp('during direct switching') +Vmp=1; +Imp=6*Vmp; +Ila=6*Vmp; +Ta=0.3*Imp; +disp(Ta,Ila,Imp,Vmp,'The motor phase voltage,motor phase current line current and torque during direct switching are:') +disp('During stator resistance switching:') +Vmpb=0.33; +Impb=6*Vmpb; +Ilb=6*Vmpb; +Tb=0.3*Impb; +disp(Tb,Ilb,Impb,Vmpb,'The motor phase voltage,motor phase current line current and torque during stator resistance switching are:') +disp('During auto transformer starting with the motor current limied to 2pu') +Vmpc=0.33; +Impc=6*Vmpc; +Ilc=6*Vmpc; +Tc=0.3*Impc; +disp(Tc,Ilc,Impc,Vmpc,'The motor phase voltage,motor phase current line current and torque during auto transformer starting with the motor current limied to 2pu switching are:') +disp('During star delta starting:') +Vmpd=0.58; +Impd=6*Vmpd; +Ild=6*Vmpd; +Td=0.3*Impd; +disp(Td,Ild,Impd,Vmpd,'The motor phase voltage,motor phase current line current and torque during star delta starting are:') +disp('For full load torque ') +Ilat=(0.75^2); +disp('times the full load current',Ilat,'The line current is:') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..257857162 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce834af5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.7.a/8_7a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=420; +f=50; +P=6; +Z=1+(2*%i);//Both stator and rotor referred leakage impedance +J=3;//Total inertia of the drive +S1=1.96; +S2=1; +r1=1; +r2=1; +x1=4; +ti=((((r1^2)+(x1^2))/(2*r2))*((S2^2)-(S1^2)))+(2*r1*(S2-S1))+(r2*log(S2/S1)); +Ws=2*%pi*(1000/60); +t=J*(105^2)*(-ti/(V^2)); +disp(Ws,t,'The total time and speed is:') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9a83ed61 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d5f74a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.7/8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=375; +V=3; +f=50; +P=10; +r2=0.39;//Rotor resistance +X1=5.75;//Leakage reactance +Rsr=4.65//Stator to rotor turns ratio +Sfl=0.022;//Full load slip +Ws=62.8;//Synchronous speed +Wfl=125;//Full load output +Tfl=Wfl/(Ws*0.978);//Full load torque +Tpo=(1730^2)/(2*X1*Ws);//Pull out torque +disp('Constant torque') +q=Tfl/Tpo; +R2=0.5*(X1/q)*(1+(1-(q^2))); +R=R2-r2; +Sp2=0.5*(Wfl/0.978); +pf=0.5; +Rrt=R/(Rsr^2); +disp(Rrt,'Actual resistance in rotor turn:') +disp('Torque proportional to speed squared') +Sp3=2.04*((0.5/0.978)^2); +q1=Sp3/Tpo; +R2o=0.5*(X1/q1)*(1+(1-(q1^2))); +R1=R2o-r2; +Sp4=16.6; +pf1=0.5; +Rrt2=R1/(Rsr^2); +disp(Rrt2,'Actual resistance in rotor turn:') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01e0dbdc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f58f0f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.8/8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=1000; +P=10; +T=573;//Full load torque +Ke=9;//Kinetic energy stored +Sfl=0.10;//Slip for full load torque +Mo=5;//idling torque +M1=40;//instantaneous torque +Tfl=16.7;//Rated full load torque +S=0.1;//Rated full load torque is developed at 0.1 +K=167; +M=K*S; +alpha=7; +t=[0:0.1:5]; +J=Ke*(10^6)*(1/2)*(60^2); +Ws=62.8;//Synchronous speed +M=((M1-Mo+(alpha*((J*Ws)/K)))*(1-exp((-K)/(J*Ws))*t))+Mo-(alpha*t); +plot(t,M); +xlabel('Time') +ylabel('Torque') diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.png b/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5314bc4a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.png differ diff --git a/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce b/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c9391379 --- /dev/null +++ b/3816/CH8/EX8.9/8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear; +disp('Self Excitation') +Sm=24*10^(-3);//minimum capacitive susceptance +C=Sm/314; +disp(C,'The capacitance at self excitation is:') +disp('For generating 3KV:') +Sm1=43*10^(-3);//Using method of interpolation we get 43ms for 1.73KV/Ph(3KV line) +C1=Sm1/314; +disp(C1,'The capacitance for generating 3KV is:') +disp('To determine the operating conditions for a load(125-20i)A at 3KV 50Hz') +Im=60; +It=10; +Ir=125; +Ix=20; +Ia=Ir+It; +Ia1=Ix+Im; +Ic=104; +Sm2=59.6*10^(-3); +C2=Sm2/314; +disp(Ia1,Ia,'The active currents are:') +disp(Ic,'The capacitive current is:') +disp(C2,'The capacitance in micro farad is:') diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c69f8ad26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.1 +W=7 +V=1/1000 +g=9.81 +d_water=1000 +w=W/V +mprintf("The Specific weight of the liquid is %f \n",w) +d=w/g +mprintf("The density of the liquid is %f \n",d) +SG=d/d_water +mprintf("The Specific Gravity o fthe liquid is %f \n",SG) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0edc8dda9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.10 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +density=981 +ss=0.2452 +vel_grad=0.2 + +//Calculations +visc=ss/(vel_grad) +kin_visc=visc/density +mprintf("The Kinematic viscosity of the oil is %f stokes\n",kin_visc*10^4) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d652dba --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.11 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +visc=0.05/10 +kin_visc=0.035/(10^4) +dens_water=1000 + +//Calculations +dens_oil=visc/kin_visc +SG=dens_oil/dens_water +mprintf("The Specifc Gravity of Oil is %f \n",SG) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..944a5687d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.12 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +kin_visc=6*10^-4 +SG=1.9 +dens_water=1000 + +//Calculations +dens_liquid=SG*dens_water +visc=dens_liquid*kin_visc //Kinematic viscosity=Dynamic Viscosity/density of liquid +mprintf("The Dynamic viscosity of th liquid is %f poise \n",visc*10) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8ff859a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.13 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +y=poly(0,"y") +u=3*y/4-y^2 +visc=8.5/10 + +//Calculations +du_dy=(horner(derivat(u),0.15)) + +ss=visc*du_dy +mprintf("The shear stress at y=0.15 m is %f N/m^2 \n",ss) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d27e410b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.15 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +visc=6/10 +D=0.4 +N=190 +L=90/1000 +t=1.5/1000 + + +//Calculations +u_tangent=%pi*D*N/60 +du=u_tangent-0 +dy=t +ss=visc*du/dy +Area=%pi*D*L +Force=ss*Area //Force =shear stress *Area +T=Force*D/2 //Torque =Force*(D/2) +Power_lost=(2*%pi/60)*N*T //Power lost =(2*pi/60)*Torgue*Speed of the shaft +mprintf("The Power lost in the bearing of the sleeve is %f W",Power_lost) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b813781a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.15 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +dist=20/100 +u_vertex=120/100 +visc=8.5/10 +y=poly(0,"y") +a=poly(0,"a") +b=poly(0,"b") +c=poly(0,"c") +c=2 +a=2 +b-2 +u=a*y^2+b*y+c +s=poly(0,'s') diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a0ebafe --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.16 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +F1=40 +F2=200 +u1=50/100 + +//Calculations +//We know, Shear stress=Force/Area=viscosity*(Velocity Gradient) +//ie, F/A=viscosity*(u/y) +//F/u=Viscosity*(A/y) +//F1/u1=F2/u2=constant +u2=F2*u1/F1 +mprintf("The Speed of the sleeve when a force of 200N is applied is %f cm/s",u2*100) + + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e297a278c --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.17 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +d=15/100 +d_outer=15.10/100 +l=25/100 +T=12 +N=100 + + +//Calculations +u_tang=%pi*d*N/60 +Area_surface=%pi*d*l +du=u_tang-0 +dy=(d_outer-d)/2 + //We know, Shear stress=Force/Area=viscosity*(Velocity Gradient) + //also, Torque=Force*Diameter/2.......or.. Force=(Torque*2)/Diameter + //hence, 2*Torque/(diameter*area)=Viscosity*(Vel. gradient) +visc=2*T/(d*Area_surface*du/dy) +mprintf("The Viscosity of the liquid is %f poise",visc*10) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5afdfdf65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.18 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +Area=0.5 +du=0.6 +visc=0.81 +y=2.4/100 +dy=2.4/2/100 + +//Calculations +//Case 1:When the thin plate is in the middle +ss=visc*(du/dy) +F_upper=ss*Area +F_lower=ss*Area +F=F_upper+F_lower +mprintf("The Total shear force on the thin plate in the middle of the two plates is %f N \n",F) + +//Case 2: When the palte is at a distanvce of 0.8 cm from one plate +dy_upper=y-0.8/100 +dy_lower=0.8/100 +F_upper2=visc*du/dy_upper*Area +F_lower2=visc*du/dy_lower*Area +F2=F_upper2+F_lower2 +mprintf("The Total shear force on the thin plate at a distance 0.8 cm from one plate is %f N \n",F2) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d32092169 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.19 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +gap=2.2/100 +visc=2 +SG=0.9 +g=9.81 +W_dens=SG*1000*g +Vol=1.2*1.2*0.2/100 +Area=1.2*1.2 +t=0.2/100 +vel=0.15 +W=40 + +//Calculations +dis_from_plate=(gap-t)/2 //Distance of the plate from each of the two plates +ss=visc*(vel/dis_from_plate) +Force_left=ss*1.2*1.2 +Force_right=ss*1.2*1.2 +F=Force_left+Force_right //Sum of Force on the right + left side of the plate +Upthrust=W_dens*Vol //Calculates Buoyant force on the plate +F_down=W-Upthrust //net downward force on the plate except shear forces +F_ToLift=F+F_down //som total of all forces on the plate +mprintf("The Force required to lift the plate is %f N \n",F_ToLift) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc0354758 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.21 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +V=1/1000 +SG=0.7 +d_water=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +// Density of Petrol +d=SG*d_water +mprintf("The Density of Petrol is %f \n",d) +//Specific Weight of Petrol +w=d*g +mprintf("The Specific weight of Petrol is %f \n",w) +// Weight of 1 litre of Petrol +W=w*V +mprintf("The Weight of 1 litre of Petrol is %f \n",W) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..688b9bda8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.20 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +w=16 +t=25 +T=273+t +p=0.25*10^6 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//1)Density +density=w/g +mprintf("The Density of the gas is %f kg/m^3 \n",density) + +//2)Gas consatnt +R=p/(density*T) +mprintf("The gas constant is %f Nm/kg-K \n",R) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30a706dd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.21 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +V1=0.6 +t=50 +T1=273+t +P1=0.3*10^6 +V2=0.3 +k=1.4 + +//Calculations +//1) Isothermal +//Using pv=constant +P2=P1*V1/V2 +mprintf("The Final Pressure for isothermal conditions is %f N/mm^2 \n",P2*10^-6) + +//2) Adiabatic +//Using PV^k=constant or P1V1^k=P2 V2^k +P2=P1*(V1/V2)^k +mprintf("The Final Pressure for Adiabatic conditions is %f N/mm^2 \n",P2*10^-6) +//Using T V^(k-1) = constant +T2=T1*(V1/V2)^(k-1) +mprintf("The Final Temperature for Adiabatic conditions is %f C",T2-273) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b40bf6fb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.22 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) + +m=5 +t=10 +T=273+10 +V=0.4 +M=28 +R=8314 //Universal Gas constant in N-m/(kg-mole K) + +//Calculations +p=((m/M)*R*T)/V +mprintf("The pressure exerted by the 5kg Nitrogen gas is %f N/mm^2 \n",p*10^-6); diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..217a7fe5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.23 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) + +p_i=70 +p_f=130 +dp=p_f-p_i +dV_V=0.15/100 //Using dV/V=-dP/P + +//Calculations +//Using K=dP/(-dV/V) +K=dp/(dV_V) +mprintf("The Bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid is %f N.cm^2",K); + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea092e15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.24 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +V_i=0.0125 +V_f=0.0124 +p_i=80 +p_f=150 + +//Caclulations +dV=V_i-V_f +dV_V=-dV/V_i +dp=p_f-p_i +K=dp/(-dV_V) //Using K=dP/(-dV/V)=Bulk modulus of elasticity +mprintf("The bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid is %f N/cm^2",K); diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63c6f78f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.25 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +st=0.0725 //Surface tension +p=0.02*10^4 + +//Calculations +//Using pressure =(4*Surface tension)/(diameter of the droplet) +d=4*st/p +mprintf("The diameter of the droplet is %f mm",d*10^3); diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6876533ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.26 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +d=40*10^-3 +p=2.5 + + +//Calculations +//Using Pressure =8*Surface tension/diameter of the soap bubble +st=p*d/8 +mprintf("The Surface tension inside the soap bubble is %f N/m",st) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fa16b3b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.27 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) +d=0.04*10^-3 +p_outside=10.32*10^4 +st=0.0725 + +//Calculations +//Using pressure =(4*Surface tension)/(diameter of the droplet) +p=4*st/d +//But this pressure obtained is p_inside-p_outside thus, +p_inside=p_outside+p +mprintf("The pressure inside the droplet is %f n/cm^2",p_inside*10^-4); diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..514384741 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.28/Ex1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.28 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +d=2.5*10^-3 +st_w=0.0725 +st_m=0.52 +SG_m=13.6 +dens_w=1000 +dens_m=13.6*1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +//CAPILLARY RISE FOR WATER (theta =0,cos 0=1) +h=4*st_w/(dens_w*g*d) +mprintf("The rise for water is %f cm \n",h*100) + +//CAPILLARY RISE FOR MERCURY +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +h=4*st_m*cos(%pi*130/180)/(dens_m*g*d) +mprintf("The rise for mercury is %f cm",h*100) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a4038cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.29/Ex1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.29 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +d=4*10^-3 +st_w=0.073575 +st_m=0.51 +SG_m=13.6 +dens_w=998 +dens_m=13.6*1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//CAPILLARY RISE FOR WATER (theta =0,cos 0=1) +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +h=4*st_w/(dens_w*g*d) +mprintf("The rise for water is %f mm \n",h*1000) + +//CAPILLARY RISE FOR MERCURY +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +h=4*st_m*cos(%pi*130/180)/(dens_m*g*d) +mprintf("The rise for mercury is %f m",h*100) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7be0dab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.3 + +y=poly(0,"y") +u=2/3*y-y^2 // Defining the Velocity Function +a=derivat(u) //Taking Derivative of the Velocity +visc=8.63/10 //Converting Dynamic Viscosity from poise to N s/m^2 +ss1=visc*horner(a,0) //Shear stress=(Dynamic viscosity *Velocity Gradient) at y=0 +mprintf("The shear stress at y=0 is %f N/m^2 \n",ss1) +ss2=visc*horner(a,0.15) //Shear stress=(Dynamic viscosity *Velocity Gradient) at y=0.15 +mprintf("The shear stress at y=0.15 is %f ",ss2) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c158d5e4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.30/Ex1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.30 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +h=0.2*10^-3 +st=0.0725 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +d=4*st/(dens*g*h) +mprintf("The diameter oif the capillary for the rise of 0.2 mm is %f cm",d*100) + + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c46b9692 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.31/Ex1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.31 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +h=2*10^-3 +st=0.073575 +theta=0 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//Using rise=4*surface tension/(density *g *diameter of capillary) +d=4*st/(dens*g*h) +mprintf("The diameter of the capillary is %f cm",d*100) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdc9c1d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.32/Ex1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.32 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +visc=5/10 +D=0.5 +N=200 +L=100/10^3 +t=1*10^-3 + +//Calculations +//Using , tangential velocity=(pi*D*N)/60 +u_tang=%pi*D*N/60 +du=u_tang-0 +dy=t +du_dy=du/dy +ss=visc*(du_dy) //Shear stress =viscosity*Velocity gradient +Area=%pi*D*L +F_shear=ss*Area +T=F_shear*D/2 //Torque=Shear force*D/2 +Power_lost=T*(2*%pi*N/60) //Power lost =Torque*(2*pi*N/60) +mprintf("ThePower lost by the sleeve of 100m in oil is %f kW",Power_lost*10^-3) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45977bf74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.4 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dy=0.025/1000 +v=60/100 +ss=2 + +//Calculations +//To find the Viscosity +//Shear Stress=Viscosity * Velocity gradient +du=(60-0)/100 +vel_grad=du/dy //Defining velocity gradient across the plate +visc=ss/vel_grad +visc_poise=visc*10 //Converting viscosity to poise from Ns/m^2 +mprintf("The Viscosity between the plates is %f poise",visc_poise) + + + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9af4e26f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.5 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +Area=1500000/(1000)^2 //Area in m^2 +du=0.4 +dy=0.15/1000 //Distance between the plates In metres +visc=1/10 //In SI Units of Ns/m^2 + +//Calulations +//Force required to maintain that speed +ss=visc*(du/dy) //ss is the shear stress +Force=ss*Area //Force required= Shear stress * Area +mprintf("The Force required to maintain the speed is %f N\n",Force) + +//Power required +Power=Force*du //Power =(Force)*(Speed at which the plate has to be kept moving) +mprintf("The Power required to maintain the speed is %f W\n ",Power) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abc3f1a19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.6 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +visc=1/10 //In SI Units +D=10/100 //In SI Units +dy=1.5/1000 //Distance between shaft and journal bearing +N=150 //In RPM + +//Calculations +//Intensity of the shear due to the Oil +du= (%pi*D*N)/60 //du=(πDN)/60....The tangential velocity which causes shaer +ss=visc*(du/dy) +mprintf("The Shear stress due to the oil is %f N/m^2 \n",ss) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65bd40066 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.7 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +Area=0.8*0.8 +theta=%pi/6 +W=300 +du=0.3 +dy=1.5/1000 + +//Calculations +W_alongPlane=W*cos(%pi/2-theta) +Shear_Force=W_alongPlane +ss=Shear_Force/Area +visc=ss/(du/dy) //Shear Stress+Viscosity * Velocity Gradient +mprintf("The Dynamic Viscosity of the Oil is %f poise",visc*10) diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39a2f019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.8 + +//Given data set in the problem +dy=1.25/100 +visc=14/10 +u=2.5 + +//Calculations +ss=visc*((u-0)/dy) //shear stress=viscosity*(velocity gradient across the oil) +mprintf("The shear stress between the plates is %f N/m^2",ss) + diff --git a/3819/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3819/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f33b7da3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.9 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +Area=(60*60)/(100*100) +dy=12.5/1000 +u=2.5 +du=u-0 +Force=98.1 +ss=Force/Area + +//Calculations +//1)Dynamic viscosity of Oil in poise + //Shear Stress=(Force/Area)=viscosity*Velocity gradient +Dyn_visc=ss/(du/dy) +mprintf("The Dynamic Viscosity o fthe oil is %f poise \n",Dyn_visc*10) + +//2) Kinematic viscosity of th eoil in stokes in SG of Oil is 0.95 +SG=0.95 +density_oil=SG*1000 +Kin_visc=Dyn_visc/density_oil +mprintf("The Kinematic viscosity of the oil is %f stokes",Kin_visc*10^4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b13744d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.1 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +D=30/100 +d=4.5/100 +F=500 + +//Calculations +A_ram=%pi/4*D^2 //Area of ram +A_plunger=%pi/4*d^2 //Area pof plunger +P_plunger=F/A_plunger + //Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions ,thus, +W_ram=P_plunger*A_ram +mprintf("The Weight of the ram is %f kN",W_ram/1000); diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aae7d3f73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.10 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +SG1=0.8 +SG2=13.6 +dens1=SG1*1000 +dens2=13.6*1000 +g=9.81 +h2=40/100 +h1=15/100 + +//Calculations +//Since, (dens2*g*h2)+(dens1*g*h1)+p=0 +p=-((dens2*g*h2)+(dens1*g*h1)) +mprintf("The vacuum pressure in the pipe is %f N/cm^2 ",p*10^-4) + diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..437fe6707 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.11 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +h=0.1 +dens=1000 +SG=13.6 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +//1) +//we know that P_B=P_C +//P_B=P_A+Pressure due to 0.1m column length +P_col=dens*g*h +//P_C=P_D+Pressure doe to 10cm mercury +P_C=0+SG*dens*g*h +//hence; +P_A=P_C-P_col +mprintf("The pressure at A is %f N/m^2\n",P_A) +//2) +//If P_A=9810 +P_A=9810 +//Using f(x)=P_B-P_C +function [f]=F(x) + f=(P_A+dens*g*(10-x)/100)-(0+SG*dens*g*(10-2*x)/100) +endfunction +x=10; +y=fsolve(x,F) +mprintf("The new difference in mercury is %f cm\n",10-2*y) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e09bab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.12 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +h2=20/100 +SG2=13.6 +SG1=1 +dens1=1000 +dens2=13.6*dens1 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//equating pressure above the datum line; +function [f]=F(h1) + f=(dens2*g*h2)-(dens1*g*h1) +endfunction +h1=10; +H1=fsolve(h1,F) +//When vessel is completely filled with wter; +//Equating pressure in the two limbs +function [g]=G(y) + g=(dens2*g*(0.2+2*y/100))-(dens1*g*(3+H1+y/100)) +endfunction +y=10; +Y=fsolve(y,G) +mprintf("The difference in the mercury level in the two limbs is %f cm\n",(20+2*Y)) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c3dc185c --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.13 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a531f8598 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.14 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +g=9.81 +sg1=0.9 +dens1=sg1*1000 +sg2=13.6 +dens2=sg2*1000 +h1=20/100 +h2=40/100 +a_A=1/100 +//calculations +pA=(a_A)*(h2*dens2*g-h2*dens1*g)+h2*dens2*g-h1*dens1*g +mprintf("The pressure in the pipe is %f N/cm^2\n",pA*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1dfdf2193 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.15 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +SG1=0.9 +SG2=13.6 +dens=1000 +h=15/100 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +dens2=SG2*dens +dens1=SG1*dens +delta_p=g*h*(dens2-dens1) +mprintf("The pressure difference is %f N/m^2\n",delta_p) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed514567 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.16 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +sg1=1.5 +sg2=0.9 +g=9.81 +dens1=sg1*1000 +dens2=sg2*1000 + +//calculations +pA=1*10^4*g +pB=1.8*10^4*g +//pressure above X-X in left limb is; +p_left=13.6*1000*g*h+dens1*g*(2+3)+pA +p_right=dens2*g*(h+2)+pB +function [f]=F(h) + f=13.6*1000*g*h+dens1*g*(2+3)+pA-(dens2*g*(h+2)+pB) +endfunction +h=10; +h=fsolve(h,F) +mprintf("\nTHE DIFFERENCE IN MERCURY LEVELS IS %f cm\n",h*100) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724fdca84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.17 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +B=9.81 +g=9.81 +dens=1000 +pB=B*10^4 +dens_oil=0.9*dens +dens_mercury=13.6*dens +//Pressure above X-X in right limb; +p_right=dens*g*60/100+pB +//Pressure above X-X in left limb; +//since ;p_left=dens_mercury*g*10/100+dens_oil*g*20/100+pA.... +//and p_left=p_right.,..........hence +pA=(p_right)-(dens_mercury*g*10/100+dens_oil*g*20/100) +mprintf("The absolte pressure at A is %f N/cm^2",pA*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9a2ab533 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.18 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +A=2 +dens1=1000 +h1=30/100 +h2=10/100 +SG2=0.8 +dens2=SG2*dens1 +h3=12/100 + +//calculations +pA=dens*g*A +//pressure below X-X in left limb is pA-(dens1*g*h1) +p_left=pA-dens1*g*h1 +//pressure below X-X in right limb is pA-(dens1*g*h1) + //p_right=pB-dens1*g*h2-dens2*g*h3 + //and ...P_left=P_right +pB=p_left+dens1*g*h2+dens2*g*h3 +mprintf("The pressure in pipe B is %f N/cm^2\n",pB*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..094333870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.19 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +sg_oil=0.8 +h1=20/100 +h2=30/100 +h3=30/100 + +//calculations +dens_oil=sg_oil*dens +dl=h1+h2-h3 +//Pressure in left limb below X-X=pA-dens*g*h2 +//Pressure in left limb below X-X=pB-dens*g*h3-sg_oil*dens*h1 +pB_pA=dens*g*h3+sg_oil*dens*g*h1-dens*g*h2 +mprintf("The difference in the pressures is equal to %f N/m^2\n",pB_pA) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77743576 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.2 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +d_ram=20/100 +d_plunger=3/100 +F_ram=30*10^3 + +//Calculations +A_plunger=%pi/4*d_plunger^2 +A_ram=%pi/4*d_ram^2 +//We know that,Pressure on plunger =Pressure on ram +//Thus, (F/A)_ram=(F/A)_plunger +//F_plunger=(F/A)_ram * A_plunger +F_plunger=F_ram/A_ram*A_plunger +mprintf("The Force required at the plunger is %f N",F_plunger) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a919cae1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.20 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +SG1=1.2 +SG2=1.0 +dens1=SG1*dens +dens2=SG2*dens +SG_oil=0.7 +dens_oil=SG_oil*dens +p=poly(0,"p") +pA=p +pB=p +x1=30/100 + +//calculations +//equating pressure in left and rght limbs ,we get; +function [f]=F(h) + f=(pA-dens1*g*x1-dens_oil*g*h)-(pB-dens2*g*(h+x1)) +endfunction +h=10; +y=fsolve(h,F) +mprintf("The reading h is %f cm\n",y*100) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d212cab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.21 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h1=0.35 +h2=0.3 +SG=0.8 + +//calculations +//pC=pD +//pC=pA-dens*g*h1.....adn pD=pB-dens*g*h1-dens*g*h2 +pB_pA=SG*dens*g*h2 +mprintf("The difference of pressure between the pipes is %f N/m^2\n",pB_pA) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e313b1dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.22 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +p0=10.143*10^4 +Z=2500 + +//calculations +//1) pressure by hydrostatic law +dens0=1.208 +p=p0-integrate("dens0*g","z",0,Z) +mprintf("The pressure by hydrostatic law at 2500m height is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) +//2)PRESSURE BY ISOTHERMAL LAW +//p=p0*e^(-gZ/RT) +p=p0*exp(-g*Z*dens0/p0) +mprintf("The pressure BY ISOTHERMAL LAW at 2500m height is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.23/Ex1_23.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..217a7fe5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 1-Properties of Fluid +// Problem 1.23 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem(SI Units) + +p_i=70 +p_f=130 +dp=p_f-p_i +dV_V=0.15/100 //Using dV/V=-dP/P + +//Calculations +//Using K=dP/(-dV/V) +K=dp/(dV_V) +mprintf("The Bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid is %f N.cm^2",K); + diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e62bf63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.24 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +Z=7500 +p0=10.143*10^4 +t0=15 +T0=t0+273.15 +dens0=1.285 + +//calculations +//1)incompressible +p=p0-integrate("dens0*g","z",0,Z) +mprintf("The pressure when air is incompressible is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) +//2)isothermal +p=p0*exp(-g*Z*dens0/p0) +mprintf("The pressure when air follows isothermal law is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) +//3)adiabatic +k=1.4 +p=p0*(1-(k-1)/k*g*Z*dens0/p0)^(k/(k-1)) +mprintf("The pressure when air follows adiabatic law is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..362bbdb28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.25 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +Z=4000 +p0=10.143*10^4 +t0=15 +T0=t0+273.15 +L=-0.0065 +dens0=1.285 diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b63b578 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.19 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +Z=5000 +p0=10.143*10^4 +t0=15 +T0=t0+273.15 +dens0=1.285 +L=-0.0065 + +//calculations +R=p0/(dens0*T0) +//we know L=dT/dZ=-g(k-1)/(Rk) +k=g/(L*R+g) +p=p0*(1-(k-1)/k*g*Z*dens0/p0)^(k/(k-1)) +mprintf("The pressure when air follows adiabatic law is %f N/cm^2\n",p*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fa2e3643 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.3 + + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +z=0.3 +SG_oil=0.8 +SG_mercury=13.6 +dens_water=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//Pressure of water column +p_w=dens_water*g*z +mprintf("The Pressure due to the water column is %f N/cm^2 \n",p_w*10^-4) + +//Pressure of oil column +p_o=dens_water*g*z*SG_oil +mprintf("The Pressure due to the oil column is %f N/cm^2\n ",p_o*10^-4) + +//Pressure of water column +p_m=dens_water*g*z*SG_mercury +mprintf("The Pressure due to the mercury column is %f N/cm^2",p_m*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cabf6eef --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.4 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +P=3.924 +dens_water=1000 +g=9.81 +SG_oil=0.9 + +//Calculations +//If the fluid is water +z_water=P/(dens_water*g) +mprintf("The height in water column is %f m of water \n",z_water*10^4) + +//If the fluid is oil(SG=0.8)) +z_oil=P/(dens_water*SG_oil*g) +mprintf("The height in oil column is %f m of oil",z_oil*10^4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca09443e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.5 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +SG_oil=0.9 +z_oil=40 +dens_water=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +dens_oil=SG_oil*dens_water +//Using pressure=density * g * heighjt of column +p_oil=dens_oil*g*z_oil +z_water=p_oil/(dens_water*g) +mprintf("The corresponding height of water column is %f m of water",z_water) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f03b8f17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.6 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +z1=2 +z2=1 +S_o=0.9 +dens1=1000 +dens2=0.9*1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//At interface (that is , at A) +p_A=dens2*g*z2 +mprintf("The Pressure at interface of the liquids is %f N/cm^2\n",p_A/10^4) + +//At the bottom +p_B=dens2*g*z2+dens1*g*z1 +mprintf("The Pressure at bottom of the tank is %f N/cm^2",p_B/10^4) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e61848c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.7 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +d=3 +a=%pi/4*d^2 +D=10 +A=%pi/4*D^2 +f=80 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//When pistons are at same level +F=f/a*A +mprintf("The force on the large piston in level with the small piston is %f N\n",F) + +//When smaller piston is 40 cm above tha large piston +p=(dens*g*40/100)/10^4 //pressure due to 40 cm of the liquid +F_=(f/a+p)*A +mprintf("The force on the large piston 40 cm below small piston is %f N\n",F_) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a3b3483c --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.8 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +z1=3 +dens1=1.53*10^3 +z0=750/1000 +g=9.81 +dens_w=1000 +SG=13.6 + +//Calculations +//Using , p=density * g * height +p_atm=SG*dens_w*g*z0 +p_gauge=dens1*g*z1 +p=p_gauge+p_atm +mprintf("The Gauge Pressure is %f N/m^2 \n",p_gauge) +mprintf("The Absolute Pressure is %f N/m^2",p) diff --git a/3819/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3819/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebf68d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.9 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +SG1=0.9 +SG2=13.6 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +dens1=SG1*1000 +dens2=SG2*1000 +h2=20/100 +h1=h2-12/100 +//Equating pressure at 20 cm below th right arm of the tube +p=((dens2*g*h2)-(dens1*g*h1)) +mprintf("The Pressure of fluid in the pipe is %f N/cm^2",p*10^-4) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24159e2e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.1 + +//Data given in the Problenm +w=2 +d=3 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//Upper edge coincides with water surface +A=w*d +H=d/2 +F=dens*g*A*H +I_G=w*d^3/12 //MOI about the CG of the area of the surface +h=I_G/(A*H)+H +mprintf("The position of COP when Upper edge coincides with water surface is %fm\n",h) +mprintf( "And the Pressure on the area is %f N \n",F) + +//Upper edge is 2.5m below water surface +H=d/w+2.5 +F=dens*g*H*A +h=I_G/(A*H)+H +mprintf("The position of COP when Upper edge is 2.5m belowh water surface is %f m\n",h) +mprintf( "And the Pressure on the area is %f N \n",F) + diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b5938cb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.10 + +//Data given in the Problem +d1=2 +d2=2 +g=9.81 +dens=1000 +SG=1.15 +h=1.5 + + +//calculations +A=1/2*d1*d2 +//1)thrust on plate +F=SG*dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The thrust on the plate is %f N\n",F) + +//2)Centre of pressure +IG=((d1*(d2/2)^3)/12)+((d2*(d1/2)^3)/12) +H=IG/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The cente ofpressure is at %f m ",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37d4dba67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.11 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=0.5 +D=1 +SG=0.8 +dens=1000 +dens1=SG*dens +w=2 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +//1)total pressure +pA=0 +pD=dens1*g*D +pB=pD+dens*g*d //Pressure on the base +F1=1/2*D*pD*w +F2=(d*pD)*w +F3=1/2*d*(pB-pD)*2 +F=F1+F2+F3 +mprintf("The total pressure on one side of the wall is %f N\n",F) + +//Centre of pressure +//we know , from geametry that +h=((F1*2/3*D)+(F2*(D+0.5*d))+(F3*(D+2/3*d)))/F +mprintf("The centre of pressure is %f m from the top",h) + diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c469146d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.12 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=0.6 +a=1.5 +SG=0.9 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +dens1=SG*dens +h=a-d +pA=0 +pD=dens1*g*h +pB=dens1*g*h+dens*g*d +//In the diagram,DE=pD,BC=pB,FC=pB-pD + +//1)Total pressure +F1=(1/2*h*pD)*a +F2=(d*pD)*a +F3=(1/2*d*(pB-pD))*a +F=F1+F2+F3 +mprintf("The total pressure is %f N\n",F) + +//2) Position of Centre of Pressure +h=(F1*d+F2*(a-d/2)+(F3*(a-d+2/3*d)))/F //Taking moments of all forces +mprintf("The position of centre of pressure is %f m from A ",h) + + diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd65e74b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.13 + +//Data given in the Problem +h1=3+0.6 +w=2 +l=4 +A=w*l +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//1) total pressure at the bottom +F=dens*g*A*h1 +mprintf("The total pressure at the bottom is %f N \n",F) + +//2)Weight of water in tank +Vol=3*0.4*2+4*0.6*2 +w=dens*g*(Vol) +mprintf("The weight of water in tank is %f N",w) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60f77ad30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.14 + + //Problem a) +//Data given in the Problem +b=2 +d=3 +theta=30 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//1)total pressure +A=b*d +h=1.5+1.5*sin(30/180*%pi) +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("Part a)\nThe total pressure is %f N\n",F) +//2) +IG=(b*(d^3))/12 +H=IG*sin((30/180*%pi))^2/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The COP is %f m \n",H) + + //Problem b) +//Data given in the Problem +b=3 +d=4 +theta=30 +dens=1000 +A=b*d +h=2+2*sin(theta/180*%pi) + +//Calculations +//1) +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("Part b)\nThe total pressure is %f N\n",F) +//2) +//2) +IG=(b*(d^3))/12 +H=IG*sin((30/180*%pi))^2/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The COP is %f m \n",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed482de74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.15 + + //Part a) +//Data given in the Problem +d=3 +A=%pi/4*d^2 +DC=1.5 +BC=d +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +//Calculations +//1) +sin_theta=((4-DC)/BC) +h=DC+DC*sin_theta +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("Part A)\nThe total pressure is %f N \n",F) +//2) +IG=%pi/64*d^4 +H=IG*(sin_theta)^2/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The COP is %f m \n",H) + //Part b) +//Data given in the Problem +d=3 +Ao=%pi/4*d^2 +d0=1.5 +DC=1.5 +BC=d +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +//Calculations +//1) +Ap=Ao-(%pi/4*1.5^2) +sin_theta=((4-DC)/BC) +h=DC+DC*sin_theta +F=dens*g*Ap*h +mprintf("Part A)\nThe total pressure is %f N \n",F) +//2) +IG=%pi/64*(d^4-d0^4) +H=IG*(sin_theta)^2/(Ap*h)+h +mprintf("The COP is %f m \n",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46ba36ca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.16 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=3 +A=%pi/4*3*3 +DC=1 +BC=3 +BE=2 +CG=1.5 +g=9.81 +dens=1000 + +//Calculations +//1) +sin_theta=(BE-DC)/BC +h=DC+CG*sin_theta +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The total pressure is %f N \n",F) +//2) +IG=%pi/64*d^4 +H=IG*sin_theta^2/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The Centre of pressure is %f m",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..252ebf52d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.17 + +//Data given in the Problem +l=5 +w=2 +theta=60 +g=9.81 +W=5000*g +dens=1000 + +//Calculations +h=poly(0,"h") //depth of the CG of the body +AD=h/sin (theta*%pi/180) +A=AD*w +H=h/2 //depth of CG of the immersed area +F0=dens*g*A*H +IG=w*AD^3/(12) +COP=IG*(sin(60/180*theta))^2/(A*H)+H //COP of the immersed surface +//Using Geometry, +CH=COP +CD=CH/sin(theta/180*%pi) +AC=AD-CD +//Taking the moments about the hinge( +function f=F(h) + f=(W*l-(dens*g*w*h/sin(theta/180*%pi)*h/2*2/(3^1.5)*h)); +endfunction +h=1 +y=fsolve(h,F) +mprintf("The value of h is %f m \n",y) + diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e48fda98a --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.18 + +//Data given in the Problem +b=5 +d=1.2 +A=b*d +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +h=5-0.6*sin(45/180*%pi) +F=dens*g*A*h +IG=b*d^3/12 +H=IG/(A*h)+h //depth of centre of pressure +//from figure) +OH=H/sin(45/180*%pi) +BO=b/sin(45/180*%pi) +BH=BO-OH +AH=d-BH +//Now taking the moments +P=F*AH/d +mprintf("The Normal force applied to the gate at B is %f N\n",P) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..790f78ed9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.19 + +//Data given in the Problem +theta=60 +AC=h/sin(theta*%pi/180) +s=sin(theta/180*%pi) +h=poly(0,"h") +H=h/2 +b=1 +d=AC +A=AC +IG=b*d^3/12 +//COP=(IG/(A*H)+H) +//COP=(h/sin(theta/180*%pi)^3/12/(h/sin(theta*%pi/180)/(h/2)+h/2 +//We know that COP is equal to (h-3),THAT IS ,the depth of centre of pressure +//hence +function f=F(h) +f=((h/s)^3/12*s^2/(h/s*h/2))+(h/2)-(h-3); +endfunction +h=100; +y=fsolve(h,F) +mprintf("The height of wahter for tipping the gate is %f m",y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4861627 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.2 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=1.5 +g=9.81 +dens=1000 +h=3 + +//Calculations +A=%pi*d*d/4 +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The Total Pressure on the circular plate is %f N\n",F) +//Position of Centre of Presusre +I_G=%pi*d/64 +H=h+I_G/(A*h) +mprintf("The position of the centre of Pressure is %f m ",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28fb09576 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.20 + +//Data given in the Problem +b=2 +l=3 +A=b*l +W=343350 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +theta=45 + + +//Calculations +h=poly(0,"h") +H=horner(h,0) +H=h-(3*sin(theta/180*%pi)-0.6*tan(theta/180*%pi)) +F=dens*g*A*H +IG=b*l^3/12 +H0=IG*(sin (theta*%pi/180))^2/(A*H)+H +//Taking moments about the hinge, +AK=W*0.6*sin(theta/180*%pi)/F +//but AK = H0-AC=H0-(CD-AD) +//Therefore, +CD=h +AD=l*sin (theta/180*%pi) +AC=CD-AD +//Hence.AK=H-(CD-AD) +ak=H0-AC +//We know ak=AK +//hence,solving AK-ak=0 +function [f]=F(h) + f=(b*l^3/12*(sin (theta*%pi/180))^2/(A*h-(3*sin(theta/180*%pi)-0.6*tan(theta/180*%pi)))+(h-(3*sin(theta/180*%pi)-0.6*tan(theta/180*%pi)))-(h-l*sin (theta/180*%pi)))-W*0.6*sin(theta/180*%pi)/(dens*g*A*(h-(3*sin(theta/180*%pi)-0.6*tan(theta/180*%pi)))) +endfunction +h=10 +h=fsolve(h,F) +mprintf("The height of water that just causes the gate to open is %f m.\n",h) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36b4e3f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.21 + +//Data given in the Problem +b=2 +h=3 +A=b*h/2 +theta =60 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +x=1/3*h //x=AG distance +H=2.5 + (x * sin (theta*%pi/180)) +//1) +F=dens*g*A*H +mprintf("The total pressure is %f N\n",F) +//2) +IG=b*h^3/36 +COP=IG*(sin (theta*%pi/180))^2/(A*H)+H +mprintf("Te COP is at %f m \n",COP) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c57822a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.22 + +//Data given in the Problem +w=1 +r=2 +AO=2 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +//For F in x dir: +A=w*r //Projected are of curved surface on vertical wall +//h=depth of CG of OC from free surface +h=1.5+AO/2 //since AO=OB +F_x=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The Force in th x directions is %f N \n",F_x) + +//For F in y direction; +AD=1.5 +W_DAOC=dens*g*(AD*AO*1) +W_AOB=dens*g*%pi/4*AO^2 +F_y=(W_DAOC+W_AOB) //weight of DAOC +AOB +mprintf("The Force in th y directions is %f N \n",F_y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8778a975b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.23 + +//Data given in the Problem +r=2 +w=1 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +//For F_x +A=r*w +h=1/2*r +F_x=dens*g*A*h +//For F_y +F_y=dens*g*%pi/4*r^2*w +//Net F +F=(F_x^2+F_y^2)^(1/2) +//Angle maded my the resultant force +theta=(atan(F_y/F_x))/%pi*180 +mprintf("The resultant Force is %f N at an angle of %f with horizontal\n",F,theta) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3440d631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.24 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=4 +R=2 +l=8 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//calculations +A=d*l +h=d/2 +F_x=dens*g*A*h +V_ACB=%pi/2*R^2*l //volume of portion ACB +F_y=dens*g*V_ACB +//Net F +F=(F_x^2+F_y^2)^(1/2) +//Angle maded my the resultant force +theta=(atan(F_y/F_x))/%pi*180 +mprintf("The resultant Force is %f N at an angle of %f with horizontal\n",F,theta) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ba075dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.25 + +//Data given in the Problem +R=4 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +theta=45 +AO=4 +BO=4 + +//calculations +A=2*R*sin(theta*%pi/180) +h=(2*4*sin(theta/180*%pi))/2 //h=Ab/2 and AB=2AD where AD=Rsin(45) +F_x=dens*g*A*h +//For F_y +A_ACBOA=%pi/4*R^2 +A_ABO=AO*BO/2 +F_y=dens*g*(A_ACBOA-A_ABO) +mprintf("The resultant Force is %f N in x and %f N in y direction\n",F_x,F_y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4638d0219 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.26 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +theta=30 +w=4 +R=8 + +//calculations +h=w/2 +A=w*1 //Area +F_x=dens*g*w*h +W_CBDC=dens*g*(theta/360*%pi*R^2-w/2*8*cos(theta*%pi/180)) +F_y=W_CBDC +mprintf("The resultant Force is %f N in x and %f N in y direction\n",F_x,F_y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6e4565e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.27 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +d=4 +r=2 + +//Calculations +A1=d*r +h=d/2 +F_x1=dens*g*A1*h +W_ABCOA=dens*g*%pi/2*r^2*2 +F_y1=W_ABCOA +//Right side of cylinder +A2=r*2 +h2=r/2 +F_x2=dens*g*A2*h2 +W_DOCD=dens*g*%pi/4*r^2*r +F_y2=W_DOCD +//Net Force +F_x_net=F_x1-F_x2 +F_y_net=F_y1+F_y2 +//F=net pressure +F=(F_x_net^2+F_y_net^2)^0.5 +theta =(atan(F_y_net/F_x_net))/%pi*180 +mprintf("The resultant Force is %f N at an angle of %f degrees \n",F,theta) + +//Location of resultannt force +//for position of F_x.... +//F_x1 acts at r*d/3=2.67 and F_x2 acts at r*2/3=1.33 m from free surface on right of cylinder +y=(F_x1*(d-2.67)-F_x2*(r-1.33))/F_x_net //F_x_net acts at at y metres from bottom +//F_y1 acts at 4R/(3pi) from AOC=0.8488 +//F_y2 also acts at 4R/(3pi) from AOC=0.8488 towards right side +x=(F_y1*0.8488-F_y2*0.8488)/F_y_net //F_y_net acts at at x metres from bottom +mprintf("F_y net acts at %f m from AOC and F_x_net acts at %f m from bottom \n",x,y) + +//Least weight of culinder +//net upward force should be the least weight of the cylinder hence,W_least=F_y_net +mprintf("the Least weight of the cylinder is %f N\n",F_y_net) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a97fc55b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.28 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +R=1 +l=2 +p=0.2*g*10^4 +BO=1 +OD=2.5 +AO=1 +OH=AO*cos(30/180*%pi) +AH=2.5-2 +AE=2 + +//calculations +h=p/(dens*g) +//1)horizontal force component +A=1.5*l +H=h+1.5/2 +F_x=dens*g*A*H +mprintf("The horizontal Force is %f N in X \n",F_x) +//2)Vertical +//Fy=W_CODFBC-W_AEFB +W_CODFBC=dens*g*(%pi/4*R^2+BO*OD)*l +//For area of AEFB, +A_ABH=%pi*R^2*30/360-AH*OH/2 +AG=BO-OH +A_AEFB=AE*AG+AG*AH-A_ABH +W_AEFB=dens*g*A_AEFB*l +F_y=W_CODFBC-W_AEFB +mprintf("The Force in y drection is %f N \n",F_y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001e8bf2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.29 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h=10 +b=1 +BC=10 + +//calculations +A=BC*1 +H=h/2 +F_x=dens*g*A*H +F_y=dens*g*integrate('3*y^0.5','y',0,10) +F=(F_x^2+F_y^2)^0.5 +theta =(atan(F_y/F_x))*180/%pi +mprintf("The Resultant force is %f kN at an angle of %f degrees \n",F*10^-3,theta) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77c07a745 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.3 + +//Data given in the Problem +//d=depth +//d=width +//Centroid is 'p' metres below +b=poly(0,"b") +d=poly(0,"d") +p=poly(0,"p") + +//Proof +h=p //Depth of COP from the surface +I_G=horner(b,d) +I_G=b*d^2/12 +A=horner(b,d) +A=b*d //Area +H=horner(I_G,A,h)) +H=I_G/(A*h)+h //H is the depth of the centre of the pressure from the free surface +mprintf("The depth of the COP from free surface is found to be %p",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adeb108e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.30 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +b=1 +y0=9 + +//Calculations +//1) +h=y0/2 +A=y0*1 +F_x=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The thrust is %f N in x direction \n",F_x) +//2) +F_y=dens*g*integrate("2*y^0.5","y",0,9) +mprintf("The thrust is %f N in y direction \n",F_y) +F=(F_x^2+F_y^2)^0.5 +theta =(atan(F_y/F_x))*180/%pi +mprintf("The Resultant force is %f kN at an angle of %f degrees \n",F*10^-3,theta) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9fdab0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.31 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +d=3 +l=4 +W=196.2*1000 +BOC=3 +R=d/2 + +//calculations +h=d/2 +A=BOC*l +F_y=dens*g*%pi/2*R^2*l +//Horizontal rxn at A +F_x=dens*g*A*h +R_x=F_x +mprintf("The reaction is %f N in x direction \n",R_x) +//Vertical reaction at B +R_y=W-F_y //the difference of weight of cylinder and the upward thrust +mprintf("The reaction is %f N in y direction \n",R_y) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4843aa97c --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.32 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h=6 +theta1=30 +w=5 +l=2.5/cos(theta1/180*%pi) +theta=120 +H1=4 +H2=2 + +//calculations +A1=H1*l +h1=H1/2 +F1=dens*g*A1*h1 //f1 acts at H1/3 from bottom +A2=H2*l +h2=H2/2 +F2=dens*g*A2*h2 //F2 acts at H2/3 from bottom +F=F1-F2 +//equating moment of forces, +x=(F1*H1/3-F2*H2/3)/F +//Also,,P=F/(2sin theta) +P=F/(2*sin (theta1/180*%pi)) +//We know thta R_T+R_B=R and R=P +R=P +//Taking movement of honge reactions;R_T*6+R_B*0=R*1.55 +R_T=R*1.55/6 +R_B=R-R_T +mprintf("The reaction on the top hinge is %f N and on the bottom hinge is %f N \n",R_T,R_B) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..264041cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.33 + +//Data given in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h=9 +theta=120 +theta1=(180-theta)/2 +W=10 +w=W/2/cos(theta1*%pi/180) +H1=8 +H2=4 + + +//Calculations +//1) +A1=w*H1 +h1=H1/2 +F1=dens*g*A1*h1 +A2=w*H2 +h2=H2/2 +F2=dens*g*A2*h2 +F=F1-F2 //Resultant force as a diference +mprintf("Resultant water prssure is %f N \n",F) +//2) +//Reaction between the gates +R=F/(2*sin(theta1*%pi/180)) +mprintf("Reaction between the gates is %f N \n",F) +//3)Force on each hinge +//we know R_T+R_B=R +//Taking moments of forces; +x=(F1*H1/3-F2*H2/3)/F +//also taking moments of reactions, +R_T=R*(x-1)/(6-1) +R_B=R-R_T +mprintf("The tension is %f N for top and %f N for the bottom hinge\n",R_T,R_B) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f08798e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 3.34 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +a=2.4 +l=6 +w=2.5 +d=2 +h=1 +x=3 + +//calculation +//1) +tan_theta=a/g +theta=(atan(a/g))/%pi*180 +mprintf("\nThe angle of water surface to the horizontla is %f degrees downwards\n\n",theta) +//2) +h1=h-x*tan_theta +h2=h+x*tan_theta +p_max=dens*g*h2 +p_min=dens*g*h1 +mprintf("The maximum and minimum pressues at the bottom are %f and %f N/m^2 respective;y\n\n",p_max,p_min) +//3) +A1=h1*w //BD=h1 +H1=h1/2 +F1=dens*g*A1*H1 +A2=h2*w +H2=h2/2 +F2=dens*g*A2*H2 +F=F2-F1 //resultant force +mprintf("The resultant force due to water acting on each end of the tank is %f N\n",F) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5caa061bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 3.35 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +L=6 +b=2.5 +d=2 +h=1.5 +FD=1 + +//Calculations + //1) horizontal accn imparted + //a) + tan_theta=(d-h)/(L/2) + a=g*tan_theta + //b) + h1=d/2 + A1=d*b + F1=dens*g*A1*h1 + A2=FD*b + h2=FD/2 + F2=dens*g*A2*h2 + //c) + F=F1-F2 + //this too can be used ,,calulate colume V=L*b*h + //then.....F_=dens*V*a //Force required to accelerate the mass of water in the tank + mprintf("Part 1)Force required to accelerate the mass of water in the tank is %f N \n",F) + //2) horizontal accn when front bottom corner is just exposed + //a) + CE=2 + ED=6 + tan_theta=CE/ED + a=g*tan_theta //acceleration + //b) + h1=CE/2 + A1=CE*b + F1=dens*g*A1*h1 + F2=0 + //c) + F=F1-F2 + mprintf("Part 2) Force required to accelerate the mass of water in the tank is %f N \n",F) + //2) horizontal accn when front bottom in half exposed + //a) + CE=2 + ED=3 + tan_theta=CE/ED + a=g*tan_theta //acceleration + //b) + h1=CE/2 + A1=CE*b + F1=dens*g*A1*h1 + F2=0 + //c) + F=F1-F2 + mprintf("Part 2) Force required to accelerate the mass of water in the tank is %f N \n",F) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a575a3ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 3.36 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +L=6 +b=2.5 +H=2 +a=2.4 +AB=L + +//calculations +tan_theta=a/g +BC=AB*tan_theta +Vol=(1/2*AB*BC)*b //vol of spilled water +mprintf("The volume of spilled water is %f m^3\n",Vol) + diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..632db4262 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 3.37 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h=500/1000 +a=2.45 +b=2 +AB=h + +//calculations +pB=dens*g*h*(1+a/g) +BC=pB +F_AB=(1/2*AB*BC)*b //force on side AB +mprintf("The force on side AB when it is moving upward with a const accn is %f N\n",F_AB) +//1)tank is moving vertically downward +pB=dens*g*h*(1-a/g) +BC=pB +F_AB=(1/2*AB*BC)*b //force on side AB +mprintf("The force on side AB when it is moving downward with a const accn is %f N\n",F_AB) +//1)tank is stationary +pB=dens*g*h +BC=pB +F_AB=(1/2*AB*BC)*b //force on side AB +mprintf("The force on side AB when it is moving upward with a const accn is %f N\n",F_AB) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6de2eae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 3.38 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +h=1.5 +L=4 +b=2 +a=4 +alpha=30 + +//calculations +//1) +a_x=a*cos(alpha/180*%pi) +a_y=a*sin(alpha/180*%pi) +theta=(atan(a_x/(a_y+g)))/%pi*180 +mprintf("The angle made by the free surface of water withg horizontal is %f degrees\n",theta) +//2) +EO=2 +ED=h +CE=EO*(a_x/(g+a_y)) +h2=ED+CE +AF=h +BF=CE +h1=AF-BF +//Calculating pressure at tank bottom at rear end +pD=dens*g*h2*(1+a_y/g) +pA=dens*g*h1*(1+a_y/g) +mprintf("The Pressure at tank bottom at rear end is %f N\nThe Pressure at the front end is %f N \n",pD,pA) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63fc40385 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.4 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=3 +A=%pi*d^2/4 +h=4 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//1)Force on disc +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The force on the disc is %f kN\n",10^-3*F) + +//2)Torque required +IG=%pi/64*d^4 +H=(IG/A/h)+h +T=F*(H-h) +mprintf("The Torque required to maintain the disc in edulirium is %f Nm ",T) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2bb5965a --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.5 + +//Data given in the Problem +d=4 +A=%pi/4*d +SG=0.87 +dens=SG*1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +w=dens*g +p=19.6*10^4 +p_head=p/w +//1)Force exerted +F=dens*g*4*%pi*p_head +mprintf("The Force exerted is %f MN\n",F*10^-6) +//2)centre of Pressure +IG=%pi/64*d^4 +h=IG/(A*p_head)+p_head +mprintf("the Position of COP is %f m",h) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..324527de4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.6 + +//Data given in the Problem +b=4 +h=4 +A=b*h/2 +SG=0.9 +g=9.81 +dens=SG*1000 + +//Calculations +H=1/3*h //Distance of CG from the free surface of the oil +F=dens*g*A*H +,printf("The Total pressure is %f N\n",F) +IG=b*h^3/36 +COP=IG/(A*H)+H +mprintf("The Centre of pressure is given by %f m",COP) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39107487b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.7 + +//Data given in the Problem +b=2 +d=1.2 +SG1=1.45 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +//1) +A=b*d +dens1=SG1*dens +h1=1.5+(d/2) +F1=dens1*g*A*h1 +dens2=1000 +h2=1/2*d +F2=dens2*g*A*h2 +F=F1-F2 +mprintf("The resultant force on the gate is %f N\n",F) + +//2) +IG=b*d^3/12 +H1=IG/(A*h1)+h1 +//The distance of F1 from the hinge is ((1.5+1.2)-H1) metres +x1=((1.5+1.2)-H1) +//F2 acts at a dephth H2 from the surface +H2=IG/(A*h2)+h2 +//x2 is distance of F2 from hinge +x2=d-H2 +//Resultant force F1-F2 acts at a distance equal to d_res +d_res=(F1*x1-F2*x2)/(F1-F2) +mprintf("Resultant force acts at %f m above the hinge \n",d_res) + +//3) +//WE Know that F*d=(F1*x1-F2*x2) for the gate to just open +F=(F1*x1-F2*x2)/d +mprintf("The force required to open tha gate is %f N",F) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43c56a1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.8 + +//Data given in the Problem +a=10 +b=16 +d=6 +dens=1000 +g=9.81 + +//Calculations +A=(a+b)/2*d +//x is the distance of the CG from the trapezoidal channel from the surface +x=((2*a+b)/(a+b))*(d/3) +h=x //This also equals the dist. of CG of the trapezoidla from free surface +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The total pressure id %f N\n",F) + +//For centre of pressure +IG=(a^2+4*a*b+b^2)/(36*(a+b))*d^3 +H=IG/(A*h)+h +mprintf("The centre of pressure if at %f m \n",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3819/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94d494349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 3-Hydrostatic Forces on surfaces +// Problem 3.9 + +//Data given in the Problem +a=2 +b=4 +d=1 +g=9.81 +dens=1000 + +//calculations +//1)Total Presusre +A=(a+b)/2*d //Area of trapezoid +h=((2*a+b)/(a+b))*(d/3) //distance od CG from AD surface +F=dens*g*A*h +mprintf("The total pressure is %f N\n",F) + +//2) +IG=(a^2+4*a*b+b^2)/(36*(a+b))*d^3 +H=IG/(A*h)+h //H is the COP position +mprintf("The centre of pressure if at %f m \n",H) diff --git a/3819/CH3/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3819/CH3/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..914545091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH3/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.5 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +SG=13.6 +v_m=0.4 +v_w=0.6 +V=poly(0,"V") + +//calculations +//For equilibrium of the body ,toatl buoyancy=weight of the body +//buoyancy due to water +F_w=dens*g*0.6*V +//buoyancy due to mercury +F_m=SG*dens*g*0.4*V + +//Total force +F_tot=F_m+F_w +dens_body=(F_tot/(V*g)) +mprintf("The density of the body is %f kg/m^3\n",horner(dens_body,1)) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7437d2da --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.1 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +w=2.5 +d=1.5 +l=6 +dens=650 +g=9.81 +//calculations +V=w*d*l +W_water=dens*V*g +W_dens=1000*g +V_disp=W_water/W_dens //weight of wter displaced/weight density of water +mprintf("The Volume of water displaced is %f m^3\n",V_disp) +//Position of Centre of Buoyancy +h=V_disp/(w*l) +mprintf("The Centre of Buoyancy is at %f m from the base\n",h/2) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22deea62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.10 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +D=4 +h=3 +sg=0.6 + +//calculations +d=0.6*h +AB=d/2 +AG=h/2 +BG=AG-AB +//For meta centric height +I_yy=%pi/64*D^4 +V_sub=%pi/4*D^2*d +GM=I_yy/V_sub-BG +mprintf("The meta centric height is at %f m\n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f65f8893 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.11 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +D=3 +d=1.8 +V_disp=0.6 +CB1=1.95 +CG=1.2 +W_tot=3.9*1000*g +//For meta centric height +//Weight of water displaced=weight density of water*Volume of water displaced +x=poly(0,"x") +function [f]=F(x) //solves for x=height of body above water surface + f=W_tot-(dens*g*(%pi/4*D^2*(1.8-x)+V_disp)) +endfunction +x=10 +x=fsolve(x,F) +//Let B2 is the centre of buoyancy of the cylindrical part and B of the whole body +//for COB of the cylindrical part +CB2=x+0.5*(1.8-x) +//COB of the whole body is +V_cyl=%pi*(D/2)^2*(1.8-x) +CB=((V_disp*CB1)+(V_cyl*CB2))/(V_disp+V_cyl) +//For meta centric height +BG=CB-CG +I_yy=%pi/64*D^4 +V_sub=V_disp+V_cyl +GM=I_yy/V_sub-BG +mprintf("The Meta centric height is at %f m\n",GM) + diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..164896dc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.12 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +D=4 +d=2.4 +h=4 +SG=0.6 +AB=d/2 +AG=h/2 +BG= AG-AB + +//Calculaions +I=%pi/64*D^4 +Vol=%pi/4*D^2*d +GM=I/Vol-BG //Meta centric height +mprintf("The meta centric height is %f m\n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d580d0901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.13 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +D=10 +L=40 +l1=1 +S1=6 +dens1=6*dens +l2=L-l1 +S2=0.6 +dens2=S2*dens + +//Calculations +AG=((%pi/4*D^2*l1*6*0.5)+(%pi/4*D^2*39*S2*(l1+39/2)))/(%pi/4*D^2*l1*6+%pi/4*D^2*39*S2) +//Finding meta centric point to know whther it can float vertically or not +//solving func for the value of h equating weight of cylinder to weight of the water displaced +function [f]=F(h) + f=(%pi/4*D^2*39/100*dens2*g+%pi/4*D^2*l1/100*dens1*g-%pi/4*D^2*h/100*dens*g) +endfunction +h=10; +h=fsolve(h,F) +AB=h/2 +BG=AG-AB +I=%pi/64*D^4 +Vol=%pi/4*D^2*h +GM=I/Vol-BG +if (GM<=0) then mprintf("No,the body cannot float vertically in water\n"); + +end +if GM>=0 then mprintf("Yes,the body can float vertically in water\n"); + +end diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1c178a2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.14 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +W1=686.7*1000 +D=5 +W2=588.6*1000 +w=10.104*10^3 +L=10 +b=7 + +//calculations +AG1=2.5/2 +AG2=2.5+D/2 +//dist of common centre of gravity from A is +AG=(W1*AG1+W2*AG2)/(W1+W2) +//Let h be the depth of immerison +//Total weight of ythe pontoon and the boiler =weight of the sea water displaced +function [f]=F(h) + f=(W1+W2)-(w*L*b*h) +endfunction +h=10; +h=fsolve(h,F) //depth of immersion +//also ,dist of common centre of buoyancy +AB=h/2 +BG=AG-AB +//for meta centric height +I=1/12*L*b^3 +Vol=L*b*h +GM=I/Vol-BG +mprintf("The meta centric height of both the pontoonm and the boiler is %f m \n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc31ae803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.15 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +SG1=0.6 +SG2=0.9 + +//calculations +L=poly(0,"L") +d=poly(0,"d") +AG=L/2 +h=%pi/4*SG1*dens*g*L/(%pi/4*SG2*dens*g) +AB=h/2 +BG=AG-AB +//for ,meta centric height ; +I=%pi/64*d^4 +function [f]=F(k) + f(1)=(%pi/64*k(1)^4)/(%pi/4*k(1)^2*(%pi*4*SG1*dens*g*k(2)/(%pi/4*SG2*dens*g)))-k(2)/6 + f(2)=0 //k(1)=d and k(2)=L +endfunction +k=[100 100]; +y=fsolve(k,F); diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0ad05d15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.16 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +D=1 +H=2 +w=7.848*10^3 +dens1=1030 + + +//calculations +//1) to show that it cannot float vertically +function [f]=F(h) + f=w-dens1*g*%pi/4*D^2*h +endfunction +h=1 +h=fsolve(h,F) +//distance of the centre of gravity G,from A is AG +AB=h/2 +AG=H/2 +BG=AG-AB +//now ,meta centric height is equal to +I=%pi/64*D^4 +Vol=%pi/4*D^2*h +GM=I/Vol-BG +mprintf("The meta centric height is at %f m \n",GM) +if GM<0 then mprintf("Since M lies below G,Hence,The body cannot float vertically \n") + else mprintf("Since M lies above G,Hence,The body can float vertically \n") +end +//2) +T=poly(0,"T") +F_d=w+T +//equating the total downward force to weight of awter displaced +h0=(F_d)/(dens1*g*%pi/4*D^2) +AB=h0/2 +//Combined CG due to weight of cylinder and the rension in the chain is +AG=(w*H/2+T*0)/(w+T) +BG=AG-AB +//the metacentric height is GM +I=%pi/64*D^4 +function [g]=G(T) + g=(%pi/64*D^4)/(%pi/4*D^2*(w+T)/(dens1*g*%pi/4*D^2))-((w*H/2+T*0)/(w+T))+((w+T)/2/(dens1*g*%pi/4*D^2)) +endfunction +T=1 +T=fsolve(T,G) +mprintf("The Force necessary in the chain to keep it vertical is minimum %f N \n",T) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..302f8a566 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.17 + +//Derivation asked(Theoretrical Work) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e70e873a --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.18 + +//Derivation required(Theoretical Work) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..733aa216b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.19 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +L=70 +b=10 +w=19620*10^3 +theta =6 +sw=10104 +w1=343.35*10^3 +x=6 +COB=2.25 +H=2.25 + +//calculations +//1) +//Meta centric height +GM=w1*x/w/tan(theta /180*%pi) +mprintf("The meta centric height is %f m \n",GM) + +//2) +//Position of centre of gravity +I=0.75*(1/12*L*10^3) //MOI +Vol=w/sw //vol of water displaced +//from equation for meta centric height ,we get, +BG=I/Vol-GM +mprintf("The distance of G from the free water surface is %f m \n",H-BG) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..771b3f377 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.2 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +d=0.6 +l=5 +SG=0.7 +r=0.3 +//W=theta angle +//calculations + +//Equating the Area of ADCA from using geometry,we get; +function[f] = F(W) + f=0.1979-((%pi*0.3^2*(1-W/180))+0.3^2*cos(W/180*%pi)*sin(W/180*%pi)) +endfunction +W= 10; +W = fsolve(W,F) +//so, h=r+r*cos(theta) +h=r+r*cos(W/180*%pi) +mprintf("\nThe depth of wooden log in water is %f m\n",h) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b52f4b49b --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.20 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +W=15696 +w1=245.25 +x=8 +theta=4 + +//Calculations +GM=w1*x/(W*tan (theta/180*%pi)) +mprintf("The meta centric height is %f m \n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6d8db00d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.21 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +K=8 +GM=70/100 + +//calculations +T=2*%pi*(K^2/GM/g)^0.5 +mprintf("The Time period of Oscillation is %f seconds\n",T) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34a337ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +//// Problem 4.22 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +T=10 +I=10000 +BG=1.5 +W=29430*10^3 +SG=10100 + +//calculations +Vol=W/SG //vol of water displaced +//for meta centric height +GM=I/Vol-(BG) +//Using the formula to calculate th eradius of gyration +function [f]=F(K) + f=T-2*%pi*(K^2/GM/g)^0.5 +endfunction +K=1 +K=fsolve(K,F) +mprintf("The Radius of gyration is %f m \n",K) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83ba43215 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.3 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +w_s_air=392.4 +w_s_water=196.2 + +//calculations +vol_disp=w_s_water/(dens*g) +mprintf("The colume of stone is %f m^3 \n",vol_disp) +dens_stone=(w_s_air/g)/vol_disp //finding stones density +sg=dens_stone/dens +mprintf("The SG of stone is %f \n",sg) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..742b2336d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.4 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +v_body=1.5*1*2 +w_body=196.2 + +//calculations +w_disp=dens*g *v_body +//weight of body in air=wight of water displaced + weight in water.hence +w_air=w_body+w_disp +mass=w_air/g +dens_body=mass/v_body +SG=dens_body/dens +mprintf("The Specific Gravity of the body is %f \n",SG) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..914545091 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.5 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +SG=13.6 +v_m=0.4 +v_w=0.6 +V=poly(0,"V") + +//calculations +//For equilibrium of the body ,toatl buoyancy=weight of the body +//buoyancy due to water +F_w=dens*g*0.6*V +//buoyancy due to mercury +F_m=SG*dens*g*0.4*V + +//Total force +F_tot=F_m+F_w +dens_body=(F_tot/(V*g)) +mprintf("The density of the body is %f kg/m^3\n",horner(dens_body,1)) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ed04afa --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.6 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +sg=0.8 +theta=135 +d=15 +P=9.81 +OB=50 +OD=35 + +//calculations +//Let h is the depth +h=OB*sin((180-theta)*%pi/180)-(OD) //in cms +//volume of oil displaced +v_disp=2/3*%pi*(d/2)^3+h*%pi*(d/2)^2 +F_buoy=sg*dens*g*v_disp*10^-6 +//taking moment about the hinge +//P*20=(F_buoy-W_float)*(OB*cos 45) +function[f] = F(W) + f = P*20-(F_buoy-W)*(OB*cos((180-theta)/180*%pi)) +endfunction +W= 10; +W = fsolve(W,F) +//Weight of the float +mprintf("The weight of the float is %f N\n",W) + diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e84b2f1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.7 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +d_p=5*3*1.2 +d_i=0.8 +AG=0.6 +AB=1/2*d_i +dens_sw=1025 + +//Calculations +I_yy=1/12*5*3^3 //MOI about y-y axis +V_sub=3*d_i*5 +//hence GM is +BG=AG-AB +GM=I_yy/V_sub-BG +mprintf("The meta centric height is %f m \n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..595dec6a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.8 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +d=3*2*1 +d_i=0.8 +AG=1/2 +AB=d_i/2 + +//calculations +//1)Weight of the body +w=dens*g*(3*2*d_i) +mprintf("The Weight of the Body is %f N\n",w) +//2)Meta centric height +I_yy=1/12*3*2^3 //MOI about y-y axis +V_sub=3*2*0.8 +BG=AG-AB +//Hence meta centric height is +GM=I_yy/V_sub-BG +mprintf("The meta centric height is %f m \n",GM) diff --git a/3819/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3819/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75dc22ab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3819/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 4-Buoyancy and Floatation +// Problem 4.9 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +dens=1000 +g=9.81 +V=2*1*0.8 +sg=0.7 + +//calculations +h=poly(0,"h") +w_d=dens*g*2*1*h +//we know thtat at equilibrium; weight of wooden piece =weight of wter displaced +w_w=sg*dens*g*2*1*0.8 +function[f] = F(h) +f=w_w-(dens*g*2*1*h) //w_wood-w_displaced +endfunction +h=1 +h=fsolve(h,F) +//For centre of buoyancy +AB=h/2 +AG=0.8/2 +BG=AG-AB +//Meta centric heinght +I_yy=1/12*2*1^3 +v_sub=2*1*h +//hence GM is +GM=I_yy/v_sub-BG +mprintf("The Meta centric height is %f m\n",GM) diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed5768dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +/////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.1 Page No:183 +///Find Dryness fuction of steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +mw=15; //Water steam +ms=185; //Dry steam + +///Calculation +x=((ms)/(ms+mw))*100; //Dryness fuction of steam in % + +///Output +printf('Dryness fuction of steam= %f percent \n',x); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a884b32f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +/////Example 10.10 Page No:191 +////Find Enthalpy of superheated steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=10*10^5 //Pressure of steam in bar +tsup1=300+273; //Temperature of steam n degree celsius +P2=1.4*10^5; //Internal energy of steam +x2=0.8; //Dryness fraction +Cps=2.3; +///from steam table properties of saturated steam (temp basis) +///at 25 degree celsius and at 10 bar(pressure basis) +ts1=179.9+273; +vf=0.001127; //In m^3/Kg +vg=0.1943; //In m^3/Kg +hf=762.6; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=2013.6; //In KJ/Kg +hg1=2776.2; //In KJ/Kg +//at 1.4 bar; +ts=109.3; //In degree celsius +vf1=0.001051; //In m^3/Kg +vg1=1.2363; //In m^3/Kg +hf1=458.4; //In KJ/Kg +hfg1=2231.9; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2690.3; //In KJ/Kg + +///Calculation +h1=hg1+Cps*(tsup1-ts1); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +v1=vg*(tsup1/ts1); //Volume of superheated steam in m**3/Kg +u1=h1-((P1*v1)/10^3); //Internal energy in KJ/Kg +h2=hf1+x2*hfg1; //Enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +Vwet=(1-x2)*vf1+x2*vg1; //Volume of wet steam in m**3/Kg +u2=h2-((P2*Vwet)/10^3); //Internal energy in KJ/Kg +DeltaU=u1-u2; //Change of Internal energy in KJ/Kg + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Volume of superheated steam=%f m^3/kg \n ',v1); +printf('Internal energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',u1); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Volume of wet steam=%f m^3/kg \n ',Vwet); +printf('Internal energy= %f KJ/Kg \n',u2); +printf('Change of Internal energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',DeltaU); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..044a68f56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +//////Example 10.11 Page No:193 +/////Find Entropy of wet steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; //Absolute pressure +//From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar) +ts=198.3+273; //In degree celsius +Sf=2.3145; //In KJ/KgK +Sfg=4.1261; //In KJ/KgK +Sg=6.4406; //In KJ/KgK +tsup=300+273; +Cps=2.3; +x=0.8; + +////calculation +S=Sf+x*Sfg; //Entropy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +S1=Sg; //Entropy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +S2=Sg+Cps*(log(tsup/ts)); //Entropy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg + +///Output +printf('Entropy of wet steam %f KJ/Kg \n' ,S); +printf('Entropy of dry and saturated steam %f KJ/Kg \n ' ,S1); +printf('Entropy of superheated steam %f KJ/Kg \n' ,S2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90c37c39b --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +/////Example 10.12 Page No:194 +///Entropy of 1.5Kg of superheated steam + +//Input data +clc; +clear; +m=1.5; //Entropy of the steam +P=10*10^5; //Absolute pressure in bar +//From steam table properties of saturated steam +///(pressure basis)at 10 bar +ts=179.9+273; //Indegree celsius +vf=0.001127; //In m**3/Kg +vg=0.1943; //In m**3/Kg +hf=762.6; ///In KJ/Kg +hfg=2013.6; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2776.2; //In KJ/Kg +Sf=2.1382; //In KJ/KgK +Sfg=4.4446; //In KJ/KgK +Sg=6.5828; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; +tsup=250+273; + + +///Calculation +//(1)Enthalpy of dry and saturated steam + +h=hg; //Enthalpy of dry and saturated steam +EODS=hg*m; //Enthalpy of 1.5Kg of dry and saturated steam +v=vg; //volume of dry and saturated steam +u=h-((P*v)/10^3); //Internal Energy +IES=u*m; //Internal energy of the steam +s=6.5858; //Entropy of dry and saturated steam +EODSS=s*m; //Entropy of 1.5Kg dry and saturated steam +x=0.75; +//(2)Enthalpy of wet steam +h1=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam +EWS=h1*m; //Enthalpy of1.5Kg of wet steam +Vwet=x*vg; //Volume of steam +u1=h1-((P*Vwet)/10^3); //Internal energy +IES1=u1*m; //Internal energy of1.5Kg of the steam +s1=Sf+x*Sfg; //Entropy of wet steam +EWS1=s1*m; //Entropy of1.5Kg of wet steam + +///(3)Enthalpy of superheated steam +h2=hg+Cps*(tsup-ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam +EOSHS=h2*m; //Enthalpy of 1.5Kg of superheated steam +Vsup=vg*(tsup/ts); //Volume of superheated steam +u2=h2-((P*Vsup)/10^3); //Internal energy +IES2=u2*m; //Internal energy of 1.5Kg of the steam +s2=Sg+Cps*(log(tsup/ts));//Entropy of superheated steam +EOSHS1=s2*m; //Entropy of 1.5Kg of superheated steam + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of dry and saturated steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h); +printf('Enthalpy of 1.5Kg of dry and saturated steam= %f KJ \n ',EODS); +printf('volume of dry and saturated steam= %f m^3/Kg \n ',v); +printf('Internal Energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',u); +printf('Internal energy of the steam= %f KJ \n ',IES); +printf('Entropy of dry and saturated steam = %f KJ/KgK \n ',s); +printf('Entropy of 1.5kg of dry and saturated steam= %f KJ/K \n ',EODSS); + +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Enthalpy of1.5Kg of wet steam= %f KJ \n ',EWS); +printf('Volume of steam= %f m^3/Kg \n',Vwet); +printf('Internal energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',u1); +printf('Internal energy of1.5Kg of the steam= %f KJ \n ',IES1); +printf('Entropy of wet steam= %f KJ/KgK \n ',s1); +printf('Entropy of 1.5Kg of wet steam= %f KJ/K \n ',EWS1); + +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Enthalpy of 1.5Kg of superheated steam= %f KJ \n ',EOSHS); +printf('Volume of superheated steam= %f m^3/Kg \n',Vsup); +printf('Internal energy= %f \n ',u2); +printf('Internal energy of1.5Kg of the steam= %f KJ \n ',IES2); +printf('Entropy of superheated steam= %f KJ/KgK \n ',s2); +printf('Entropy of 1.5Kg of superheated steam= %f KJ/K \n ',EOSHS1); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be68ec89f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.13/Example10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.13 Page No:196 +////Find Volume occupied by water +///Input data +clc; +clear; +V=0.04; //Volume of vessel in m^3 +x=1; +t=250+273; //Saturated steam temp in degree celsius +mw=9; //Mass of liquid in Kg +//From steam table(temp basis,at t=250) +P=39.78*10^5; //in bar +Vf=0.001251; //In m^3/kg +Vg=0.05004; //In m^3/Kg +hf=1085.7; //KJ/Kg +hfg=2800.4; //KJ/Kg +hg=1714.7; //KJ/Kg + +//Calculation +Vw=mw*Vf; //Volume occupied by water in m^3 +Vs=V-Vw; //Volume of waterin m^3 +ms=Vs/Vg; //Volume of dry and saturated steam in Kg +m=mw+ms; //Total mass of steam in Kg +x=ms/(ms+mw); //Dryness fraction of steam +Vwet=(1-x)*Vf+x*Vg; //Specific volume of steam in m^3/Kg +h=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +EOWS=h*m; //Enthalpy of 9.574 Kg of wet steam KJ +u=h-((P*Vwet)/10^3); //Internal Energy in KJ/Kg +IEOS=u*m; //Internal energy of 9.574 Kg of steam in KJ + + +///Output +printf('Volume occupied by water=%f m^3 \n ',Vw); +printf('Volume of water=%f m^3 \n ',Vs); +printf('Volume of dry and saturated steam=%f Kg \n',ms); +printf('Total mass of steam= %f Kg \n ',m); +printf('Dryness fraction of steam= %f \n',x); +printf('Specific volume of steam=%f m^3/Kg \n ',Vwet); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h); +printf('Enthalpy of 9.574 Kg of wet steam=%f KJ \n ',EOWS); +printf('Internal Energy= %f KJ/Kg \n',u); +printf('Internal energy of 9.574 Kg of steam=%f KJ \n ',IEOS); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceeb753ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.14/Example10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.14 Page No:197 +//// Find Degree of superheat +///Input Data +clc; +clear; +P=7; //Absolute pressure in bar +t=200; //Absolute temperature +ts=165; //In degree celsius from steam table + +//Calculation +dos1=t-ts; //Degree of superheat in degree celcius + +//Output +printf('Degree of superheat=%f degree celsius \n ',dos1); + + + diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaf537449 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.15/Example10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 15 Page No:197 +///Find Enthalpy of wet steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; ///Absolute pressure in bar +///From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar) +h=1950; //In KJ/Kg +ts=198.3; //In degreee celsius +hf=844.7; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg + +///Calculation +x=((h-hf)/hfg); ///Enthalpy of wet steam + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f \n ',x); + diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e7c8163c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.16/Example10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +/////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.16 Page No:197 +///Find Enthalpy of superheated steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; //Absolute pressure in bar +//From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar) +h=3250; //In KJ/Kg +ts=198.3; //In degree celsius +hf=844.7; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + +//Calculation +tsup=(h-hg+(Cps*ts))/2.3, //Enthalpy of superheated steam in degree celsius +dos1=tsup-ts; //Degree of superheated in degree celsius + //The value of ts in not used according to data in book instead of ts=198.3 author used ts=165 + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam= %f degree celcius\n ',tsup); +printf('Degree of superheated=%f degree celcius \n ',dos1); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aebc4922 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.17/Example10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +///Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.17 Page No:198 +///Find Volume of steam dryness fraction +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P=7; //Absolute pressure in bar +v=0.2; //Specific volume in m^3/Kg +//from steam table (pressure basis at 7 bar) +ts=165; //In degree celsius +vf=0.001108; //In m^3/Kg +vg=0.2727; //In m^3/Kg + +//Calculation +x=v/vg; //Volume of steam dryness fraction + +//Output +printf('Volume of steam dryness fraction= %f \n',x); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a59ca032 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.18/Example10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.18 Page No:198 +///Find Temp of superheated steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P=7; //Absolute pressure in bar +v=0.3; //Specific volume in m^3/Kg +//From steam table (pressure basis at 7 bar) +ts=165+273; //In degree celsius +vf=0.001108; //In m^3/Kg +vg=0.2727; //In m^3/Kg + +///Calculation +//v=vg*tsup/ts; +tsup=((v/vg)*ts)-273; //Temp of superheated steam in degree celsius +DOS=tsup+273-ts; //Degree of superheated in degree celsius + +//Output +printf('Temp of superheated steam=%f degree celsius \n ',tsup); +printf('Degree of superheated=%fdegree celsius \n ',DOS); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fb5cc318 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.19/Example10_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.19 Page No:198 +///Find Quality of steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +m=2; //steam of vessel in Kg +V=0.1598; //volume of vessel in M**3 +P=25; //Absolute pressure of vessel in bar + +//Calculation +v=V/m; //Quality of steam in m**3/Kg + +//Output +printf('Quality of steam %f m^3/Kg \n' ,v); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..259ecfd06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.2 Page No:183 +/// Find saturation pressure of the steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +sps=150; //saturation pressure of the steam in degree celsius + +//Output +P=4.76; //From steam table +printf('saturation pressure= %f bar \n',P); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92459b8ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.20/Example10_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.20 Page No:200 +/// Find Initial enthalpy of steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P=10*10^2; //Absolute pressure in bar +x1=0.9; //Dryness enters +tsup2=300+273; //Temperature in degree celsius +//From steam table at 10 bar +ts=179.9+273; //In degree celsius +Vg=0.1943; //In m^3/Kg +hf=762.6; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=2013.6; //InK/Kg +hg=2776.2; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + +//Calculation +h1=hf+x1*hfg; //Initial enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +V1=x1*Vg; //Initial specific volume of steam +u1=h1-P*V1; //Initial internal energy of steam in KJ/Kg +h2=hg+Cps*(tsup2-ts); //Final enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +V2=Vg*(tsup2/ts); //Final specific volume of steam in m**3/Kg +u2=h2-P*V2; //Final internal energy of steam in KJ/K +deltah=h2-h1; //Heat gained by steam in KJ/Kg +deltaU=(u2-u1); //Change in internal energy in KJ/Kg + +//Output +printf('Initial enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',h1); +printf('Initial specific volume of steam=%f \n ',V1); +printf('Initial internal energy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',u1); +printf('Final enthalpy of steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Final specific volume of steam= %f m^3/kg \n',V2); +printf('Final internal energy of steam=%f Kj/Kg \n ',u2); +printf('Heat gained by steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',deltah); +printf('Change in internal energy=%f KJ/Kg \n ',deltaU); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53df24b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.21/Example10_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.21 Page No:201 +/// Find Final enthalpy of steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +m=4; //Steam in Kg +P=13; //Absolute pressure in bar +tsup1=450; //Absolute temp in degree celsius +deltaH=2.8*10^3; +Cps=2.3; //loses in MJ +//from steam table at 13 bar +ts=191.6; //In degree celsius +Vg=0.1511; //In m^3/Kg +hf=814.7; //In m^3/Kg +hfg=1970.7; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2785.4; //In KJ/Kg + +///Calculation +h1=hg+Cps*(tsup1-ts); //Initial enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +Deltah=deltaH/m; //Change in enthalpy/unit mass in KJ/Kg +h2=h1-Deltah; //Final enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +x2=(h2-hf)/hfg; //wet & dryness fraction + +//Output +printf('Initial enthalpy of steam=%f Kj/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Change in enthalpy/unit mass=%f Kj/Kg \n ',Deltah); +printf('Final enthalpy of steam= %f KJ/Kg \n',h2); +printf('wet & dryness fraction=%f \n',x2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.22/Example10_22.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.22/Example10_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..340ee56ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.22/Example10_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.22 Page No:201 +//Find Initial specific volume of steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +m=2; //Steam in Kg +x=0.7; //Initial dryness +P=15; //Constant pressure in bar +//V2=2V1 +//from steam table properties of +//saturated steam(pressure basis) at 15 bar +Ts=198.3+273; //In degree celsius +Vg=0.1317; //In m^3/Kg +hf=844.7; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + +///Calculation +V1=x*Vg; //Initial specific volume of steam in m**3/Kg +V2=2*V1; //Final specific volume of steam in m**3/Kg +Tsup=(V2/Vg)*Ts; //Steam is superheated in degree celsius +FSS=Tsup-Ts; //Degree of superheated in degree celsius +h1=hf+x*hfg; //Initial enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +h2=hg+Cps*(Tsup-Ts); //Final enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +Q=(h2-h1)*m; //Heat transferred in the process in KJ +W1=P*(m*V2-m*V1); //Work transferred in the process in KJ + +//Output +printf('Initial specific volume of steam=%f m^3/kg \n',V1); +printf('Final specific volume of steam= %f m^3/kg \n',V2); +printf('Steam is superheated= %f K \n ',Tsup); +printf('Degree of superheated=%f degree celsius \n ',FSS); +printf('Initial enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Final enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Heat transferred in the process=%f KJ \n ',Q); +printf('Work transferred in the process= %f KJ \n',W1); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0335c351 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.23/Example10_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.23 Page No:203 +///Find Constant pressure process +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=1000; //Steam in Kg/h +P=16; //Absolute pressure in bar +x2=0.9; //Steam is dry +t1=30+273; //temperature in degree celsius +tsup=380; //tmperature rised in degree celsius + +//from steam table(pressure basis at 16 bar) +h1=125.7; //in KJ/Kg +ts=201.4; //In degree celsius +hf=858.5; //in kJ/Kg +hfg=1933.2; //in kJ/Kg +hg=2791.7; //in kJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + +//Calculation +h2=hf+x2*hfg; //Final enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +Q1=(ms*(h2-h1))*(10^(-3)); //Constant pressure process in KJ/h +h3=hg+Cps*(tsup-ts); //Final enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/g +Q2=(ms*(h3-h2))*(10^(-3)); //Suprheated steam in KJ/h + +//Output +printf('Final enthalpy of wet steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Constant pressure process= %f KJ/h \n',Q1); +printf('Final enthalpy of superheated steam= %f KJ/g \n',h3); +printf('Suprheated steam= %f KJ/h \n',Q2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c53ee79a --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.24/Example10_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.24 Page No:204 +///Find Enthalpy of steam of first boiler +clc; +clear; +//Input data; +FB=15; //First boiler in bar +SB=15; //Second boiler in bar +tsup1=300; //Temperature of the steam in degree celsius +tsup2=200; //Temperature of the steam in degree celsius +//From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar ) +ts=198.3; //In degree celsius +hf=844.7; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/I +Cps=2.3; + +//Calculation +h1=hg+Cps*(tsup1-ts); //Enthalpy of steam of first boiler in KJ/Kg +h3=hg+Cps*(tsup2-ts); //Enthalpy of steam in steam main in KJ/Kg +h2=2*h3-h1; //Energy balance in KJ/Kg +x2=(h2-hf)/hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam + +//OUTPUT +printf('Enthalpy of steam of first boiler= %f KJ/Kg\n',h1); +printf('Enthalpy of steam in steam main=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h3); +printf('Energy balance=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam= %f \n ',x2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c78ea5cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.25/Example10_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.25 Page No:205 +// Find Initial specific volume of steam +clc; +clear; +///Input data +V=0.35; //Capacity of vessel in m^3 +P1=10*10^2; //Absolute pressure in bar +tsup1=250+273; //Absolute temperature in degree celsius +P2=2.5*102; //Absolute pressure in the vessel fall in bar + +//From steam table (pressure basis at 10 bar) +ts1=179.9+273; //In degree celsius +Vg1=0.1943; //In m^3/Kg +hf1=762.6; //In KJ/Kg +hfg1=2013.6; //In KJ/Kg +hg1=2776.2; //In KJ/Kg + +//From steam table(pressure basis at 2.5 bar) +V2=0.2247; //In m^3/Kg +ts2=127.4; //In degree celsius +Vg2=0.7184; //In m^3/Kg +hf2=535.3; //In KJ/Kg +hfg2=2181.0; //In KJ/Kg +hg2=2716.4; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; +///Calculation +V1=Vg1*(tsup1/ts1); //Initial specific volume of steam in m^3/Kg +m=V/V1; //Initial mass of steam in Kg +x2=V2/Vg2; //Final condition of wet steam +h1=hg1+Cps*(tsup1-ts1); //Initial enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +u1=h1-P1*V1; //Initial internal energy of steam in KJ/Kg +h2=hf2+x2*hfg2; //Final enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +u2=h2-P2*V2; //Final internal energy of steam in KJ/Kg +deltaU=(u2-u1)*m; //Change in internal energy in KJ + +//Output +printf('Initial specific volume of steam=%f m^3/Kg \n ',V1); +printf('Initial mass of steam=%fKg \n ',m); +printf('Final condition of wet steam= %f \n ',x2); +printf('Initial enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Initial internal energy of steam= %f KJ/Kg \n',u1); +printf('Final enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); +printf('Final internal energy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',u2); +printf('Change in internal energy= %f KJ/Kg \n',deltaU); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02474da0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.26/Example10_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.26 Page No:207 +//Find Constant volume process +clc; +clear; +//Input data +m=1.5; //Saturated steam in Kg +x1=1; +x2=0.6; +P1=5*10^5; //Absolute pressure in bar +//From steam table at pressure basis 5 bar +hg1=2747.5; //In KJ/Kg +Vg1=0.3747; //In m^3/Kg +V1=0.3747; //In m^3/Kg +V2=0.3747; //In m^3/Kg +//From steam table at Vg2 is 2.9 bar +P2=2.9*10^5; //Absolute pressure in bar +t2=132.4; //In degree celsius +hf2=556.5; //In KJ/Kg +hfg2=2166.6; //In KJ/Kg + + + +//Calculation +Vg2=V2/x2; //Constant volume process in m^3/Kg +u1=hg1-((P1*Vg1)/1000); //Initial internal energy in KJ/Kg +u2=(hf2+x2*hfg2)-((P2*V2)/1000); //Final internal energy in KJ +deltaU=(u1-u2)*m; //Heat supplied in KJ + +//Output +printf('Constant volume process=%f m^3/Kg \n ',Vg2); +printf('Initial internal energy=%f KJ/Kg \n ',u1); +printf('Final internal energy= %f KJ \n',u2); +printf('Heat supplied=%f KJ \n ',deltaU); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.27/Example10_27.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.27/Example10_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53d28f86f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.27/Example10_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.27 Page No:208 +//Find Enthalpy of steam +clc; +clear; +//Input data +P1=20; //Initial steam in bar +x1=0.95; //dryness throttled +P2=1.2; //Absolute pressure in bar + +//From steam table (pressure basis at 20 bar) +ts=212.4; //In degree celsius +hf=908.6; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1888.6; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2797.2; //In KJ/Kg +//From steam table (pressure basis at 1.2 bar) +//h2=h1; //In KJ/Kg +ts2=104.8; //In degree celsius +hf2=439.3; //In KJ/Kg +hfg2=2244.1; //In KJ/Kg +hg2=2683.4; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + + +//Calculation +h1=hf+x1*hfg; //Enthalpy of steam in KJ/Kg +tsup2=((h1-hg2)/Cps)+ts2; //Enthalpy of wet steam in degree celsius +DOS=tsup2-ts2; //Degree of superheat in degree celsius + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f degree celsius \n ',tsup2); +printf('Degree of superheat=%f degree celsius \n',DOS); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.28/Example10_28.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.28/Example10_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8eedce54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.28/Example10_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.28 Page No:209 +///Enthalpy after throttling +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=12; //Throttled steam +x1=0.96; //Dryness is brottled +x2=1; //Constant enthalpy process +//From steam table at12 bar +ts=188; //In degree celsius +hf=798.4; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1984.3; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2782.7; //In KJ/Kg + + +//Calculation +h1=hf+x1*hfg; //Enthalpy of the steam in KJ/Kg +h2=h1; //Enthalpy after throttling in KJ/Kg + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of the steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Enthalpy after throttlin= %f KJ/Kg \n',h2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.29/Example10_29.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.29/Example10_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3947f6ae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.29/Example10_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.29 Page No:210 +///Find Entropy of superheated steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=15; //Initial steam in bar +tsup1=250+273; //Temperature of steam in degree celsius +P2=0.5; //Steam turbine in bar + +//From steam table at 15 bar +ts1=198.3+273; //In degree celsius +hg1=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +sf1=2.3145; //In KJ/KgK +sfg1=4.1261; //In KJ/KgK +sg1=6.4406; //In KJ/KgK +//From steam table at 0.5 bar +ts2=81.53; //In degree celsius +sf2=1.0912; //In KJ/Kg +sfg2=6.5035; //In KJ/Kg +sg2=7.5947; //In KJ/Kg +hf2=340.6; +Cps=2.3; +hfg2=2646; + +//Calculation +S1=sg1+Cps*(log(tsup1/ts1)); //Entropy of superheated steam in KJ/KgK +S2=S1 //Entropy after isentropic processes in KJ/KgK +x2=(S2-sf2)/sfg2; //Enthalpy of wet steam +h1=hg1+Cps*(tsup1-ts1); //Enthalpy of steam at 15 bar +h2=hf2+x2*hfg2; //Enthalpy of wet steam at 0.5 bar +WOT=h1-h2; //Work output of the turbine + +///OUTPUT +printf('Entropy of superheated steam= %f KJ/KgK \n ',S1); +printf('Entropy after isentropic processes=%f KJ/KgK \n' ,S2); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam= %f \n',x2); +printf('Enthalpy of steam= %f KJ/Kg',h1); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam= %f KJ/Kg \n',h2); +printf('Work output of the turbine=%f KJ/Kg \n ',WOT); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5bde3601 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.3 Page No:184 +//Find Saturation temperature of bar +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=28; ///Absolute pressure in bar +P2=5.5; //Absolute pressure in MPa +P3=77; ///Absolute pressure in mm of Hg + +///Calcutation +ts1=230.05; //Saturation temperature in degree celsius +ts2=269.93; //Saturation temperature in degree celsius +ts3=45.83; //Saturation temperature in degree celsius + +///Output +printf('Saturation temperature= %f degree celsius \n ',ts1); +printf('Saturation temperature= %f degree celsius \n ',ts2); +printf('Saturation temperature= %f degree celsius \n',ts3); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a01ed8f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.4/Example10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.4 Page No:185 +/// +////#Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; //Absolute pressure in bar +//From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar) +ts=198.3; //In degree celsius +hf=844.7; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +tsup=300; //In degree celsius +x=0.8; +Cps=2.3; +hg=2789.9; + +//Calculation +h1=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/KG +h=hg; //Enthalpy of dry and saturated steam in KJ/KG +h2=hg+Cps*(tsup-ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/KG + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ",h1); +printf('Enthalpy of dry and saturated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h); +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam= %f KJ/Kg \n ',h2); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..256444ad8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 7.5 Page No:186 +///Find Final Enthalpy of the steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ti=30; //Temperature in degree celsius +m=2; //Water in Kg +pf=8; //Steam at 8 bar +x=0.9; //Water to dry +tb=30; +///From steam table at 30 degree celsius +hf=125.7; +///h1=hf initial enthalpy of water +///From steam table at 8 bar +ts=170.4; //In degree celsius +hf1=720.9; //In KJ/KG +hfg=2046.6; //In KJ/KG +hg=2767.5; //In KJ/KG + +///Calculation +h=hf1+(x*hfg); //Final Enthalpy of the steam in KJ/Kg +Qha=m*(h-hf); //Quantity of the heat in KJ/Kg ///Calculation mistake m is not multiplied by (h-hf) in book + +///Output +printf('Final Enthalpy of the steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h); +printf('Quantity of the heat=%f KJ/Kg \n',Qha); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac2e1a25d --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.6 Page No:186 +///Find Enthalpy of superheated steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +IT=25; //Initial temperature +m=5; //Heat required to generate steam in kg +pf=10; //Final pressure in bar +tsup=250; //Water temperature +///From steam table (temp basis)at 25 degree celsius +//and at 10 bar(pressure basis) +hf=104.8; //In KJ/KG +h1=104.8; //In KJ/KG +ts=179.9; //In degree celsius +hf1=792.6; //In KJ/KG +hfg=2013.6; //In KJ/KG +hg=2776.2; //In KJ/KG +Cps=2.1; + +///Calculation +h=hg+Cps*(tsup-ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +H=m*(h-h1); //Quantity of heat added in KJ/Kg + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ",h); +printf('Quantity of heat added= %f KJ/Kg \n ",H); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..787aea388 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +////Example 10.7 Page No:188 +///Find Volume of wet steam +///#Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; //Absolute pressure in bar +//From steam table (pressure basis at 15 bar) +ts=198.3+273; //In degree celsius +vg=0.1317; //In m^3/Kg +vf=0.001154; //In m^3/Kg +x=0.8; +Tsup=300+273; //Degree celsius + + +//Calculation +v=(1-x)*vf+x*vg; //Volume of wet steam in m**3/Kg +vg=0.1317; //Dry and saturated steam in m**3/Kg +vsup=vg*(Tsup/ts); //Volume of superheated steam m**3/Kg + + +///Output +printf('Volume of wet steam= %f m^3/Kg \n ',v); +printf('Dry and Saturated Steam= %f m^3/Kg \n ',vg); +printf('volume of superheated steam= %f m^3/kg \n ',vsup); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f46731430 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.8 Page No:188 +////Find Mass of steam +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P=25; //Absolute pressure +ts=223.9; //Volume +//Frome steam table (pressure basis at 25 bar) +vf=0.001197; //In m^3/Kg +vg=0.0799; //In m^3/Kg +v=8; //In m^3/Kg + + +///Calculation +m=v/vg; //Mass of steam in Kg + +///Output +printf('Mass of steam=%f Kg \n ',m); diff --git a/3821/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce b/3821/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9e2de84d --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/////////Chapter 10 Properties Of Steam +///Example 10.9 Page No:190 +////Find Volume of wet steam + +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P=12*10^5; //Absolute pressure +//From steam table (pressure basis at 12 bar) +ts=188+273; //In degree celsius +vf=0.001139; //In m**3/Kg +vg=0.1632; //In m**3/Kg +hf=798.4; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1984.3; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2782.7; //In KJ/Kg +x=0.94; +Cps=2.3; +tsup=350+273; //In degree celsius + +//Calcuation +h=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +v=(1-x)*vf+x*vg; //Volume of wet steam m**3/Kg +u=h-((P*v)/10^3); //Internal Energy in KJ/Kg +hg=2782.7; //Enthalpy of dry & saturated steam in KJ/Kg +v1=vg; //Volume of dry & saturated steam m**3/Kg +u1=hg-((P*vg)/10^3); //Internal Energy in KJ/Kg +h1=hg+Cps*(tsup-ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +vsup=vg*(tsup/ts); //Volume of superheated steam in m**3/Kg +u2=h1-((P*v)/10**3); //Internal Energy in KJ/Kg + + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h); +printf('Volume of wet steam= %f m^3/Kg \n ',v); +printf('Internal Energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',u); +printf('Enthalpy of dry & saturated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',hg); +printf('Volume of dry & saturated steam=%f m^3/Kg \n ',v1); +printf('Internal Energy= %f KJ/Kg \n',u1); +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n ',h1); +printf('Volume of superheated steam= %f m^3/kg \n',vsup); +printf('Internal Energy= %f KJ/Kg \n ',u2); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab90694a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.1 Page No 228 +///Find Mass of evaporation +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=5000; //Boiler produces wet steam in Kg/h +x=0.95; //Dryness function +P=10; //Operating pressure in bar +mf=5500; //Bour in the furnace in Kg +Tw=40; //Feed water temp in degree celsius + +//Calculation +//from steam table +hfw=167.45; //In KJ/Kg +hf=762.61; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=2031.6; //In KJ/Kg +hs=(hf+x*hfg); //Enthalpy of wet stream in KJ/Kg +me=ms/mf; //Mass of evaporation +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/(2257))*10; //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg of coal + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet stream=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Mass of evaporation=%f KJ/Kg \n',me); +printf('Equivalent evaporation = %f Kg/Kg of coal \n',E); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96836ec28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.10 Page No 242 +//Find Draught produce in terms of water +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ma=18; //Boileruses of per Kg of fuel in Kg/Kg +hw=25*10^-3; //Chimney height to produce draught in mm +Tg=315+273; //Temperature of chimney gases in degree celsius +Ta=27+273; //Out side air temp in degree celsius + +//Calculation +//Draught produce in terms of water column in m +H=(hw/(353*(1/Ta-1/Tg*((ma+1)/ma))))*1000; + +//Output +printf('Draught produce in terms of water column=%f m \n',H); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.11/Example11_11.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.11/Example11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b76bd64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.11/Example11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.11 Page No 242 +///Find Draught produce in terms of hot gas +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H=40; //High discharge in m +ma=19; //Fuel gases per Kg of fuel burnt +Tg=220+273; //Average temp of fuel gases in degree celsius +Ta=25+273; //Ambient temperature in degreee celsius + + +//Calculation +hw=353*H*(1/Ta-1/Tg*((ma+1)/ma)); //Draught produce in terms of water column in mm +H1=H*((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1))-1); //Draught produce in terms of hot gas column in m + +//Output +printf('Draught produce in terms of water column=%f mm \n',hw); +printf('Draught produce in terms of hot gas column=%f m \n',H1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.12/Example11_12.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.12/Example11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7c7fec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.12/Example11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.12 Page No 243 +///Find Mean temperature of fuel gases +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H=27; //Chimney height in m +hw=15; //Draught produces of water column in mm +ma=21; //Gases formed per Kg of fuel burnt in Kg/Kg +Ta=25+273; //Temperature of the ambient air in degree celsius + + +//Calculation +Tg=-(((ma+1)/ma)/((hw/(353*H))-(1/Ta))) //Mean temperature of fuel gases in K + +//Output +printf('Mean temperature of fuel gases= %f K \n',Tg); + diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.13/Example11_13.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.13/Example11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad9cb6e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.13/Example11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.13 Page No 244 +//Find Air-fuel ratio +//Input data +clc; +clear; +hw=20; //Static draught of water in mm +H=50; //Chimney height in m +Tg=212+273; //Temperature of the fuel degree celsius +Ta=27+273; //Atmospheric air in degree celsius + +//Calculation +ma=(-((hw/(353*H))-Ta*Tg))*10^-4 //Air-fuel ratio in Kg/Kg of fuel burnt-3 + +//Output +printf('Air-fuel ratio= %f Kg/Kg of fuel burnt \n',ma); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.14/Example11_14.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.14/Example11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39afce846 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.14/Example11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.14 Page No 245 +///Find Theoretical draught in millimeters of water +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H=24; //Chimney height in m +Ta=25+273; //Ambient temperature in degree celsius +Tg=300+273; //Temperature of fuel gases in degree celsius +ma=20; //Combustion space of fuel burnt in Kg/Kgof fuel +g=9.81; + + +//Calculation +hw=((353*H)*((1/Ta)-((1/Tg)*((ma+1)/ma))));//Theoretical draught in millimeters of water in mm +H1=H*((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1))-1); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +H2=H1-9.975; //Draught lost in friction at the grate and passage in m +V=round(sqrt(2*g*H2)); //Actual draught produced in hot gas column in m + +///Output +printf('Theoretical draught in millimeters of water= %f mm \n',hw); +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column=%f m \n',H1); +printf('Draught lost in friction at the grate and passage=%f m \n',H2); +printf('Actual draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n ',V); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.15/Example11_15.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.15/Example11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d153e836 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.15/Example11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.15 Page No 246 +////Find Draught lost in friction at the grate and pasage +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H=38; //Stack height in m +d=1.8; //Stack diameter discharge in m +ma=17; //Fuel gases per Kg of fuel burnt Kg/Kg +Tg=277+273; //Average temperature of fuel gases in degree celsius +Ta=27+273; //Temperature of outside air in degree celsius +h1=0.4; //Theoretical draught is lost in friction in +g=9.81; +pi=3.142; + +//Calculation +H1=H*(((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1))-1)); //Theoretical draught produce in hot gas column in m +gp=0.45*27.8; //Draught lost in friction at the grate and pasage in m +C=H1-gp; //Actual draught produce in hot gas column in m +V=sqrt(2*9.81*C); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog=((353*(ma+1))/(ma*Tg)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m^3 +mg=round(rhog*((pi/4)*(d**(2))*V)); //Mass of gas flowing through the chimney in Kg/s + + +///Output +printf('Theoretical draught produce in hot gas column=%f m \n',H1); +printf('Draught lost in friction at the grate and pasage=%f m \n',gp); +printf('Actual draught produce in hot gas column=%f m \n ',C); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney =%f m/s \n',V); +printf('Density of flue gases=%f Kg/m^3 \n',rhog); +printf('Mass of gas flowing through the chimney=%f Kg/s \n',mg); + diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.16/Example11_16.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.16/Example11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c161203a --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.16/Example11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.16 Page No 247 +///Find Theoretical draught produced in water +//Input data +clc; +clear; +hw=1.9; //Drauhgt water in cm +Tg=290+273; //Temp of flue gases in degree celsius +Ta=20+273; //Ambient temp in degree celsius +ma=22; //Flue gases formed in kg/Kg of coal +d=1.8; //Fuel burnt in m +pi=3.142; +g=9.81; + +//Calculation +H=(hw/(353*(1/Ta-1/Tg*((ma+1)/ma))))*10; //Theoretical draught produced in water column in m +H1=round(H*(((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1))-1))); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column n m +V=sqrt(2*g*H1); //Velocity of tthe flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog=((353*(ma+1))/(ma*Tg)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m^3 +mg=rhog*((pi/4)*d^2)*V; //Mass of gas flowing through the chimney in Kg/s + +//Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in water column= %f m \n ',H); +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',H1); +printf('Velocity of tthe flue gases in the chimney= %f m \n',V); +printf('Density of flue gases=%f Kg/m^3 \n',rhog); +printf('Mass of gas flowing through the chimney= %f Kg/s \n',mg); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.17/Example11_17.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.17/Example11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04fca964d --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.17/Example11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.17 Page No 248 +///Find Actual draught produced in hot gas +//Input data +clc; +clear; +mf1=8000; //Average coal consumption in Kg/h +ma1=19; //Flue gases formed in Kg/Kg +Tg1=270+273; //Average temperature of the chimney in degree celsius +Ta1=27+273; //Ambient temperature in degree celsius +hw1=18; //Theoretical draught produced by the chimney in mm +h11=0.6; //Draught is lost in friction H1 +g1=9.81; +pi1=3.142; + + +//Calculation +H2=(hw1/(353*(1/Ta1-1/Tg1*((ma1+1)/ma1)))); //Theoretical draught produced in water column in m +H3=H2*(((Tg1/Ta1)*(ma1/(ma1+1)))-1); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +gp1=h11*H3; //Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing in m +hgc1=H3-gp1; //Actual draught produced in hot gas column in m +V1=sqrt(2*g1*(hgc1)); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog1=((353*(ma1+1))/(ma1*Tg1)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m^3 +mg1=((mf1/3600)*ma1); //Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney in Kg/s +d1=sqrt(mg1/(rhog1*(pi1/4)*V1)); //Diameter of the chimney in m + + +//Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in water column=%f m \n',H2); +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column=%f m \n',H3); +printf('Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing=%f m \n',gp1); +printf('Actual draught produced in hot gas column=%f m \n ',hgc1); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney=%f \n',V1); +printf('Density of flue gases=%f Kg/m^3 \n',rhog1); +printf('Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney=%f Kg/s \n',mg1); +printf('Diameter of the chimney=%f m \n',d1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.18/Example11_18.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.18/Example11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c78ce225 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.18/Example11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.18 Page No 251 +///Find Actual draught produced in hot gas +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H2=24; //Chimney height in m +Ta1=25+273; //Ambient temperature in degree celsius +Tg1=300+273; //Temp of flue gases passing through the chimney in degree celsius +ma1=20; //Combustion space of fuel burnt in Kg/kg of fuel +g1=9.81; + +//Calculation +hw1=((353*H2)*((1/Ta1)-((1/Tg1)*((ma1+1)/ma1)))); //Theoretical draught produced in water column in m + //Calculation mistake in book of hw1 it is correct according to data &calculation +H3=H2*(((Tg1/Ta1)*(ma1/(ma1+1))-1)); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +H4=0.5*H3; //Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing in m +hgc1=H3-H4; //Actual draught produced in hot gas column in m +V1=sqrt(2*g1*H4); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s + + +//Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in water column=%f m \n',hw1); +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',H3); +printf('Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing=%f m \n ',H4); +printf('Actual draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',hgc1); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney= %f m/s \n',V1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.19/Example11_19.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.19/Example11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd5a4031 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.19/Example11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.19 Page No 252 +///Find Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney +//Input data +clc; +clear; +H2=38; //Stack height in m +d1=1.8; //Stack diameter in m +ma1=18; //Flue gases per kg of the fuel burnt +Tg1=277+273; //Average temp of the flue gases in degree celsius +Ta1=27+273; //Temperature of outside air in degree celsius +h11=0.4; //Theorical draught is lost in friction in % +g1=9.81; +pi1=3.142 + +//Calculation +H3=H2*(((Tg1/Ta1)*(ma1/(ma1+1))-1)); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +gp1=0.40*H3; //Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing in m +hgc1=H3-gp1; //Actual draught produced in hot gas column in m +V1=sqrt(2*g1*hgc1); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog1=((353*(ma1+1))/(ma1*Tg1)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m^3 +mg1=rhog1*((pi1/4)*d1^2)*V1; //Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney in Kg/s + + +//Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',H3); +printf('Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing= %f m \n',gp1); +printf('Actual draught produced in hot gas column=%f m \n',hgc1); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney=%f m/s \n',V1); +printf('Density of flue gases=%f Kg/m^3 \n',rhog1); +printf('Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney=%f Kg/s \n',mg1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dca842dda --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.2 Page No 229 +///Find Enthalpy of wet stream +///Input data +clc; +clear; +p=14; //Boiler pressure in bar +me=9; //Evaporates of water in Kg +Tw=35; //Feed water entering in degree celsius +x=0.9; //Steam stop value +CV=35000; //Calorific value of the coal + +///Calculation +//From Steam Table +hfw=146.56; //In KJ/Kg +hf=830.07; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1957.7; //In KJ/Kg +hs=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet stream in KJ/Kg +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg of coal +etaboiler=((me*(hs-hfw))/CV)*100;//Boiler efficiency in % + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet stream=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%f Kg/Kg of coal \n',E); +printf('Boiler efficiency=%f percent \n',etaboiler); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.20/Example11_20.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.20/Example11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5db3fdc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.20/Example11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.20 Page No 253 +////Find Density of flue gases +//Input data +clc; +clear; +hw1=19; //Draught produced water in cm +Tg1=290+273; //Temperature of flue gases in degree celsius +Ta1=20+273; //Ambient temperature in degree celsius +ma1=22; //Flue gases formed per kg of fuel burnt in kg/kg of coal +d1=1.8; //Diameter of chimney +g1=9.81; +pi1=3.142 + + +//Calculation +H2=(hw1/((353)*((1/Ta1)-((1/Tg1)*((ma1+1)/ma1))))); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +H3=round(H2*(((Tg1/Ta1)*(ma1/(ma1+1))-1))); //Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing in m +V1=(sqrt(2*g1*H3)); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog1=((353*(ma1+1))/(ma1*Tg1)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m**3 +mg1=rhog1*((pi1/4)*d1^2)*V1; //Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney in Kg/s + + +//Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',H2); +printf('Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing=%f m \n',H3); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney= %f m/s \n',V1); +printf('Density of flue gases=%f Kg/m^2 \n',rhog1); +printf('Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney= %f Kg/s \n',mg1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.21/Example11_21.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.21/Example11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a94cc8198 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.21/Example11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.21 Page No 254 +///Find Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney +//Input data +clc; +clear; +mf=8000; //Average coal consumption in m +ma=18; //Fuel gases formed ccoal fired in m +Tg=270+273; //Average temp of the chimney of water in degree celsius +Ta=27+273; //Ambient temp in degree celsius +hw=18; //Theoretical draught produced by the chimney in mm +h1=0.6; //Draught is lost in friction in H1 +g=9.81; +pi=3.142; + + +//Calculation +H=(hw/((353)*((1/Ta)-((1/Tg)*((ma+1)/ma))))); //Theoretical draught produced in water column in m +H1=H*(((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1))-1)); //Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column in m +gp=0.6*H1; //Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing in m +hgc=H1-gp; //Actual draught produced in hot gas column in m +V=sqrt(2*g*hgc); //Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney in m/s +rhog=((353*(ma+1))/(ma*Tg)); //Density of flue gases in Kg/m^3 +mg=mf/3600*(ma+1); //Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney in Kg/s +d=sqrt(mg/(rhog*(pi/4)*V)); //Diameter of flue gases in Kg/m^3 + +///Output +printf('Theoretical draught produced in water column= %f m \n ',H); +printf('Theoretical draught produced in hot gas column= %f m \n',H1); +printf('Draught is lost in friction at the grate and passing= %f m \n',gp); +printf('Actual draught produced in hot gas column= %f \n',hgc); +printf('Velocity of the flue gases in the chimney= %f m/s \n',V); +printf('Density of flue gases= %f Kg/m^3 \n ',rhog); +printf('Mass of gas fowing throgh the chimney= %f Kg/s \n ',mg); +printf('Diameter of flue gases= %f Kg/m^3 \n ',d); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.22/Example11_22.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.22/Example11_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e77ed0512 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.22/Example11_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.22 Page No 256 +///Find Efficeincy of chimney draught +///Input data +clc; +clear; +H=45; //Chimney height in m +Tg=370+273; //Temperature of flue gases in degree celsius +T1=150+273; //Temperature of flue gases in degree celsius +ma=25; //Mass of the flue gas formed in Kg/kg of a cosl fired +Ta=35+273; //The boiler temperature in degree celsius +Cp=1.004; //fuel gas + +//Calculation +//Efficeincy of chimney draught in % +A=(H*(((Tg/Ta)*(ma/(ma+1)))-1))/(Cp*(Tg-T1))*100; + +//Output +printf('Efficeincy of chimney draught= %f percent \n',A); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6200c2f09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.3 Page No 230 +///Find mass of evaporation +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=2500; //Saturated steam per bour in Kg +x=1; +P=15; //Boiler pressure in bar +Tw=25; //Feed water entering in degree celsius +mf=350; //Coal burnt in Kg/bour +CV=32000; //Calorific value in Kj/Kg + +//Calculation +//steam table +hfw=104.77; //In KJ/Kg +hf=844.66; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +hs=2789.9; //Enthalpy of dry steam in KJ/Kg +me=ms/mf; //mass of evaporation +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg ofcoal +etaboiler=((me*(hs-hfw))/CV)*100; //Boiler efficiency in % + +//Output +printf('mass of evaporation= %f \n',me); +printf('Equivalent evaporation= %f Kg/Kg of coal\n',E); +printf('Boiler efficiency= %f percent \n',etaboiler); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7761a6f2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.4/Example11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.4 Page No 231 +///Find Enthalpy of superheated steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +mf=500; //Boiler plant consumes of coal in Kg/h +CV=32000; //Calorific value in Kj/Kg +ms=3200; //plant generates in Kg/h +P=1.2; //Absolute pressure MN/m^2 +MN=12; +Tsup=300; //Absolute temperature in degree celsius +Tw=35; //Feed water temperature +Cps=2.3; + +//Calculation +hfw=146.56; //In KJ/Kg +Ts=187.96; //In Degree celsius +hf=798.43; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1984.3; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2782.7; //In KJ/Kg +hs=hg+Cps*(Tsup-Ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +me=ms/mf; //mass of evaporation +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg ofcoal +etaboiler=((me*(hs-hfw))/CV)*100; //Boiler efficiency in % + + +///Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam= %f KJ/Kg\n',hs); +printf('mass of evaporation=%f \n',me); +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%f Kg/Kg of coal \n',E); +printf('Boiler efficiency %f percent \n ',etaboiler); + diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384e5085f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.5/Example11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.5 Page No 232 +//Find Enthalpy of wet stream +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=5000; //Steam generted in Kg/h +mf=700; //Coal burnt in Kg/h +CV=31402; //Cv of coal in KJ/Kg +x=0.92; //quality of steam +P=1.2; //Boiler pressure in MPa +Tw=45; //Feed water temperature in degree celsius + + +//Calculation +hfw=188.35; //In KJ/Kg +hf=798.43; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1984.3; //In KJ/Kg +hs=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet stream in KJ/Kg +me=ms/mf; //mass of evaporation +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg of coal +etaboiler=((me*(hs-hfw))/CV)*100; //Boiler efficiency in % + + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of wet stream= %f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('mass of evaporation=%f \n',me); +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%f Kg/Kg of coal \n',E); +printf('Boiler efficiency=%f percent \n',etaboiler); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c52df746 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.6 Page No 233 +///Enthalpy of superheated steam +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=6000; //Boiler produce of steam Kg/h +P=25; //Boiler pressure in bar +Tsup=350; //Boiler temperature in degree celsius +Tw=40; //Feed water temperature indegree celsius +CV=42000; //Calorific value in Kj/Kg +etaboiler=75/100; //Expected thermal efficiency in % + + +//Calculation +hfw=167.45; //In KJ/Kg +Ts=223.94; //In degree celsius +hf=961.96; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1839.0; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2800.9; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; +hs=((hg)+(Cps)*(Tsup-Ts)); //Enthalpy of superheated steam KJ/Kg +mf=((ms*(hs-hfw))/(CV*etaboiler)); //Boiler efficiency in % +me=ms/mf; //Equivalent mass of evaporation +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg of oil + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Boiler efficiency=%f percent \n',mf); +printf('Equivalent mass of evaporation=%f \n',me); +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%fKg/Kg of oil \n' ,E); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59c089fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.7/Example11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.7 Page No 234 +///Find Boiler efficiency +///Input data +clc; +clear; +E=12; //Boiler found steam in Kg/Kg +CV=35000; //Calorific value in KJ/Kg +ms=15000; //Boiler produces in Kg/h +P=20; //Boiler pressure in bar +Tw=40; //Feed water in degree celsius +mf=1800; //Fuel consumption + + +//Calculation +//R=me(hs-hfw) +hfw=167.45; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2797.2; //In KJ/Kg +Ts=211.37; //In degree celsius +Cps=2.3; +R=E*2257; //Equivalent evaporation in KJ/Kg of coal +etaboiler=(R/CV)*100; //Boiler efficiency in % +me=ms/mf; //Equivalent mass evaporation in KJ/Kg of coal +hs=(R/me)+hfw; //In KJ/Kg +Tsup=((hs-hg)/Cps)+Ts; //Enthalpy of superheated steam in degree celsius + + + +//Output +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%f KJ/Kg of coal \n',R); +printf('Boiler efficiency=%f percent \n',etaboiler); +printf('Equivalent mass evaporation= %f KJ/Kg of coal \n',me); +printf('hs=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam=%f degree celsius \n',Tsup); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf400f80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.8 Page No 236 +///Find Equivalent mass evaporation +//Input data +clc; +clear; +ms=6000; //Steam generated in Kg/h +mf=700; //Coal burnt in Kg/h +CV=31500; //Cv of coal in KJ/Kg +x=0.92; //Dryness in fraction of steam +P=12; //Boiler pressure in bar +Tsup=259; //Temperature of steam in degree celsius +Tw=45; //Hot well temperature in degree celsius + +//Calculation +hfw=188.35; //In KJ/Kg +Ts=187.96; //In degree celsius +hf=798.43; //In KJ/Kg +hfg=1984.3; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2782.7; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; +me=ms/mf; //Equivalent mass evaporation +hs=hf+x*hfg; //Enthalpy of wet steam in KJ/Kg +E=((me*(hs-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation in Kg/Kg of coal +hs1=(hg+Cps*(Tsup-Ts)); //Enthalpy of superheated steam in KJ/Kg +E1=((me*(hs1-hfw))/2257); //Equivalent evaporation(with superheater) in Kg/Kg of coal +etaboiler=((me*(hs-hfw))/CV)*100; //Boiler efficiency without superheater in % +etaboiler1=((me*(hs1-hfw))/CV)*100;//Boiler efficiency with superheater in % + + +//Output +printf('Equivalent mass evaporation=%f \n',me); +printf('Enthalpy of wet steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Equivalent evaporation=%f Kg/Kg of coal\n',E); +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs1); +printf('Equivalent evaporation(with superheater)=%f Kg/Kg of coal\n',E1); +printf('Boiler efficiency without superheater=%f percent \n',etaboiler); +printf('Boiler efficiency without superheater=%f percent \n',etaboiler1); diff --git a/3821/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce b/3821/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f1142bae --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +///Chapter No 11 Steam Boilers +////Example 11.9 Page No 237 +///Find Mass of steam consumption +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P=15; //Boiler produces steam in bar +Tsup=250; //Boiler temperature in degree celsius +Tw=35; //Feed water in degree celsius +MWh=1.5; //steam supplied to the turbine +CV=32000; //Coal of calorific value in KJ/Kg +etaboiler=80/100; //Thermal efficiency in % +fr=210; //Firing rate in Kg/m^2/h +//From steam table(temp basis at 35 degree celsius) +hfw=146.56; //In KJ/Kg +Ts=198.29; //In degree celsius +hfg=1945.2; //In KJ/Kg +hg=2789.9; //In KJ/Kg +Cps=2.3; + + +//calculator +hs=hg+Cps*(Tsup-Ts); //Enthalpy of superheated steam(with superheater) in KJ/Kg +ms=9000/MWh; //Steam rate in Kg/MWh +mf=((ms*(hs-hfw))/(etaboiler*CV)); //Mass of steam consumption in Kg/h +GA=mf/fr; //Grate rate in m^2 + + + +//Output +printf('Enthalpy of superheated steam(with superheater)=%f KJ/Kg \n',hs); +printf('Steam rate= %f Kg/h \n',ms); +printf('Mass of steam consumption=%f Kg/h \n',mf); +printf('Grate rate=%f m^2 \n',GA); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25456c463 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.1 Page No 281 +///Find Therotical mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +Pa=10; //Single cylinder double acting steam engine pressure in bar +Pb=1.5; //Single cylinder double acting steam engine pressure in bar +rc=100/35; //Cut-off of the stroke in % + + +//Calculation +Pm=((Pa/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb); //Therotical mean effective pressure + +//Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af6b11d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.10/Example13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.10 Page No 290 +///Find Indicated power of steam engine +//Input data +clc; +clear; +IP=343; //Steam engine develop indicated power in Kw +N=180; //power In rpm +P1=15; //Steam supplied i bar +Pb=1.25; //Steam is exhausted in bar +rc=100/25; //Cut-off take place of stroke +K=0.78; //Diagram factor +//x=L/D=4/3 +x=4/3; //Stroke to bore ratio +pi=3.142; + + +//Calculation +Pm=((P1/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb); //Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pma=Pm*K; //Actual mean effective pressure Pma +D=(((60000*IP)/(2*(Pma*10^5)*(4/3)*N))/(pi/4))^(1/3);//Indicated power of steam engine +A=((pi/4)*(D^2)); +L=(x)*D; + + +//Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure=%f bar \n',Pma); +printf('Indicated power of steam engine=%f mm \n',D); +printf('Indicated power of steam engine= %f mm \n',L); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.11/Example13_11.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.11/Example13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c899ec049 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.11/Example13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.11 Page No 290 +///Find Actual mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D=240*10^-3; //Steam engine bor +L=300*10^-3; //Stroke of engine +N=220; //Speed of engine 220 in rpm +IP=36; //Indicated power in Kw +Pb=1.3; //Exhaust pressure in bar +re=2.5; //Expansion ratio +K=0.8; //Diagram factor +pi=3.142 +A=((pi/4)*(D^2)); + + + +//Calculation +Pma=((IP*60000)/(2*10^5*L*A*N)); //Indicated power of steam engine in bar +Pm=Pma/K; //Actual mean effective pressure in bar +P1=((Pm+Pb)*re)/(1+log(re)); //Theoretical mean effective pressure in bar + +//Output +printf('Indicated power of steam engine= %f bar \n',Pma); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); +printf('theoretical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',P1); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69aab7686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.12/Example13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.12 Page No 291 +///Find Indicated power of steam engine +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D=700*10^-3; //Steam engine diameter in mm +L=900*10^-3; //Steam engine diameter in mm +Ip=450; //Develop indicated power Kw +N=90; //Speed of steam engine in rpm +P2=12; //Pressure at cut-off in bar +P1=12; //Pressure at cut-off in bar +Pb=1.3; //Back pressure in bar +K=0.76; //Diameter factor +pi=3.142; +A=((pi/4)*0.7^2); + +//Calculation +Pma=(Ip*60000)/(2*10^5*L*A*90); //Indicated power of steam engine in bar +Pm=Pma/K; //Theoretical mean effective pressure in bar +//using trial and error method +re=1/0.241; //Expansion ratio +///Output +printf('Indicated power of steam engine= %f bar \n',Pma); +printf('Theoretical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); +printf('Expansion ratio= %f \n',re); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.13/Example13_13.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.13/Example13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d31871187 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.13/Example13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.13 Page No 293 +///Find Brake Power +//Input data +clc; +clear; +Db=900*10^-3; //Diameter of break drum in mm +dr=50*10^-3; //Diameter of rope in mm +W=105*9.81; //dead weight on the tight side of the rope in Kg +S=7*9.81; //Spring balance of the rope in N +N=240; //Speed of the engine in rpm +pi=3.142; +//Calculation +T=(W-S)*((Db+dr)/2); //Torque Nm +Bp=2*pi*N*T/60000; //Brake Power in Kw + +//Output +printf('Torque= %f Nm \n',T); +printf('Brake Power= %f Kw \n',Bp); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.14/Example13_14.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.14/Example13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29a620c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.14/Example13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.14 Page No 294 +///Example Mechanical efficiency +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D=300*10^-3; //steam engine bor +L=400*10^-3; //stroke +Db=1.5; //effective brake diameter +W=6.2*10^3; //net load on the brake +N=180; //speed of engine in rpm +Pma=6.5*10^3; //mean effective pressure in bar +pi=3.142; +A=((pi/4)*0.3^2); +dr=0; +S=0; + +//Calculation +Ip=((2*Pma*L*A*N)/60000)*100; //Indicated power of steam engine in Kw +T=(W-S)*((Db+dr)/2); //Torque in Nm +Bp=2*pi*N*T/ 60000; //Break power Kw +eta=(Bp/Ip)*100; //Mechanical efficiency in% + + +//Output +printf('Indicated power of steam engine= %f Kw \n',Ip); +printf('Torque=%f Nm \n',T); +printf('Break power= %f Kw \n ',Bp); +printf('Mechanical efficiency= %f percent \n ',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..972789717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.2 Page No 283 +///Find Therotical mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +a=5/100; //Engine cylinder of the stroke valume in % +P1=12; //Pressure of the stream +rc=3; //Cut-off is one-third +Pb=1.1; //Constant the back pressure in bar + +//Calulation +//Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pm=P1*(1/rc+((1/rc)+a)*log((1+a)/((1/rc)+a)))-Pb; + +//Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure=%f N/m^2 \n',Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3117d4673 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.2 Page No 285 +///Find Mean Effective pressure +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=14; //Steam is ssupplied in bar +P6=6; //Pressure at the end in bar +Pb=1.2; //Pressure at back in bar +a=0.1; +re=4; +//From hyperbolic process +b=0.4; + +///Calculation +//Mean Effective pressure in N/m^2 +Pm=P1*((1/re)+((1/re)+a)*log((1+a)/((1+re)+a)))-Pb*((1+b)+(a+b)*log((a+b)/a)); + + +//Output +printf('Mean Effective pressure= %f N/m^2 \n',-Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..045736158 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.2 Page No 285 +///Find Cover end mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +Cover=1200; //Area of the indicator diagram for cover +Crank=1100; //Area of the indicator diagram for crank +ID=75; +PS=0.15; + + +///Calculation +CoverMEP=Cover/ID*PS; //Cover end mean effective pressure +CrankMEP=Crank/ID*PS; //Crank end mean effective pressure +AverageMEP=(CoverMEP+CrankMEP)/2; //Average end mean effective pressure + + +///Output +printf('Cover end mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',CoverMEP); +printf('Crank end mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',CrankMEP); +printf('Average end mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',AverageMEP); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f594606d --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.5 Page No 286 +///Find Mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +a=25; //Area of indicator diagram cm^2 +Vs=0.15; //swept volume m^2 +S=1; //Scale in cm +cm=0.02; //pressure axis m^3 + + +///Calculation +b=Vs/cm; //Base length of diagram +Pm=a/b*S; //Mean effective pressure + +//Output +printf('Base length of diagram=%f bar \n',b); +printf('Mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95d3e8077 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.6/Example13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.6 Page No 287 +///Find Therotical mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=14; //Steam Engine pressure in bar +Pb=0.15; //Back pressure in bar +K=0.72; //Diagram factor +rc=100/20; + +//Calculation +Pm=((P1/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb); //Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pma=Pm*K; //Actual mean effective pressure Pma + +//Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pma); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54be62f8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.7/Example13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.7 Page No 287 +////Find Actual mean effective pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=9; //Reciprocating engine pressure in bar +Pb=1.5; //Back pressure in bar +rc=100/25; //Cut-off +K=0.8; //Diagram factor + +//Calculation +Pm=((P1/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb); //Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pma=Pm*K; //Actual mean effective pressure Pma + +///Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n ',Pm); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pma); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f64b2048 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.8/Example13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.8 Page No 288 +////Find Diagram factor +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=10; //Inlet pressure +Pb=1; //Back pressure +rc=3; //Expansion ratio +a=12.1; //Area of indicator diagram +b=7.5; //Length of indicator diagram +S=3; //Pressure scale + + +//Calculation +Pm=round((P1/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb ); //Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pma=a/b*S; //Actual mean effective pressure Pma +K=Pma/Pm; //Diagram factor + +///Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pm); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pma); +printf('Diagram factor= %f \n',K); diff --git a/3821/CH13/EX13.9/Example13_9.sce b/3821/CH13/EX13.9/Example13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..541b84d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH13/EX13.9/Example13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +////Chapter 13 Steam Engines +////Example 13.9 Page No 289 +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D=200*10^-3; //Steam engine cylinder in mm +L=300*10^-3; //Bore of steam engine cylinder in mm +rc=100/40; //Cut-off of the sroke +P1=7; //Admission pressure of steam in bar +Pb=0.38; //Exhaust pressure of steam in bar +K=0.8; //Diagram factor +N=200; //Indicator factor of engine +pi=3.142; //Constant value +//Indicated power of the engine in rpm +A1=pi*(200*10^-3)^2/4; + + +//Calculation +Pm=((P1/rc)*(1+log(rc))-Pb); //Therotical mean effective pressure Pm +Pma=round(Pm*K); //Actual mean effective pressure Pma +IP=(2*Pma*L*A1*N/60000)*10^5; //Indicated power of steam engine in Kw + + +//Output +printf('Therotical mean effective pressure= %f bar \n ',Pm); +printf('Actual mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pma); +printf('Indicated power of steam engine= %f Kw \n',IP); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..653f1fc50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.1/Example14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example 14.1 Page No:302 +///Find thermal efficiency of the carnot cycle eta +///Input data +clc; +clear; +Tmax=477+273; //Temperature limits for the engine 477 degree celcius +Tmin=27+273; //Temperature limits for the engine 27 degree celcius +wd=150; //Carnot cycle produce in KJ + +//Calculatkion +eta=(1-(Tmin/Tmax)); //Thermal efficiency of the carnot cycle in % +Qs=(wd/eta); //Added during the process in Kj + + +//Output +printf('thermal efficiency of the carnot cycle eta= %f percent \n',100*eta); +printf('added during the process Qs= %f KJ \n',Qs); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9241bba54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.10/Example14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.10 Page No 312 +///Find Middle temperature +//Input data +clc; +clear; +T1=300; //Initial temp in K +T3=2500; //Final temp in K +P1=1; //Initial pressure in N/m^2 +P3=50; //Final pressure in N/m^2 +gamma1=1.4; +Cv=0.718; + +//Calculation +r=(P3*T1)/(P1*T3); //Compression ratio +eta=(1-(1/r^(gamma1-1))); //Standard effeciency in % +T2=T1*((P3/P1)^((gamma1-1)/gamma1)); //Middle temperature in K +Qs=Cv*(T3-T2); //Heat supplied in KJ/Kg +WD=eta*Qs; //Work done KJ/Kg + +//Output +printf('Compression ratio= %f \n',r); +printf('Standard effeciency= %f percent \n',eta); +printf('Middle temperature= %f K \n',T2); +printf('Heat supplied= %f KJ/Kg \n',Qs); +printf('Work done= %f KJ/Kg \n',WD); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..207b49291 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.11/Example14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.11 Page No 316 +///Find diesel engine air standard efficiency +//input data +clc; +clear; +r=18; //compression ratio of diesel engine +K=6; //cut-off ratio of the stroke in% +rho=2.02; +gamma1=1.4; + +///Calculation +//diesel engine air standard efficiency +eta=100*((1-(1/r^(gamma1-1)))*(1/gamma1*(rho^(gamma1-1)/(rho-1)))); + +//Output +printf('diesel engine air standard efficiency %f percent \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001098e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.12/Example14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.12 Page No 317 +///Find cut-off ratio +//Input Data +clc; +clear; +r=22; //compression ratio of diesel engine r=v1/v2 +r1=11; //expansion ratio r1=v4/v3 +gamma1=1.4; +rho=1.4; + +//Calculation +rho=r/r1; //cut-off ratio +//diesel engine air standard efficiency +eta=100*((1-(1/r^(gamma1-1)))*(1/gamma1*(rho^(gamma1-1)/(rho-1)))); + +//Output +printf('cut-off ratio= %f \n',rho); +printf('diesel engine air standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d8a92e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.13/Example14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.13 Page No 317 +///Find Compression ratio +//Input data +clc; +clear; +Vc=10/100; //Clearance volume in % +Vs=Vc/0.1; +K=0.05; //Cut-off of the strok in +gamma1=1.4; + +//Calculation +r=((Vs+Vc)/(Vc)); //Compression ratio +rho=1+K*(r-1); //Cut-off ratio +//Effeciency in % +eta=(1-(1/r^(gamma1-1))*((1/gamma1)*(((rho^(gamma1))-1)/(rho-1))))*100; + +//Output +printf('Compression ratio= %f Vs \n',r); +printf('Cut-off ratio= %f \n',rho); +printf('Effeciency= %f \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91a3dd5fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.14/Example14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.14 Page No 317 +///Find air standard efficiency +//Input data +clc; +clear; +T1=50+273; //Temperature at the beginning of the compression +T2=700+273; //Temperature at the end of the compression +T3=2000+273; //Temperature at the beginning of the expansion +gamma1=1.4; + +//Calculation +r=((T2/T1)^(1/(gamma1-1))); //Compression ratio +rho=(T3/T2); //Cut-off ratio +K=((rho-1)/(r-1)); //Also cut-off ratio +//Air standard efficiency +eta=(1-(1/r^(gamma1-1))*((1/gamma1)*(((rho^(gamma1))-1)/(rho-1))))*100; + +//Output +printf('compression ratio= %f \n',r); +printf('cut-off ratio= %f \n',rho); +printf('also cut-off ratio= %f \n',K); +printf('air standard efficiency= %f percent',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..436bbf20f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.15/Example14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.15 Page No 317 +///Find maximum temperatureof the cycle +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=0.1; //Diesel cycle is supplied# with air in MPa +T1=40+273; //Diesel cycle is supplied with temperature in degree celsius +r=18; //Compression ratio +Qs=1500; //Heat supplied +v1=18; +v2=1; +Cp=1.005; +gamma1=1.4; + + +//Calculation +T2=T1*((v1/v2)^(gamma1-1)); //For isentropic process the temperature is +P2=P1*((v1/v2)^(gamma1)); //For isentropic process the pressure is +T3=(Qs/Cp)+T2; //Maximum temperatureof the cycle +rho=T3/T2; //Cut-off ratio +//Air standard efficiency +eta=(1-(1/r^(gamma1-1))*((1/gamma1)*(((rho^(gamma1))-1)/(rho-1))))*100; +NWD=(Qs*eta)*10^-2; //Net work done + +//Output +printf('for isentropic process the temperature= %f K \n',T2); +printf('for isentropic process the pressure= %f MPa \n',P2); +printf('maximum temperatureof the cycle= %f K \n ',T3); +printf('cut-off ratio= %f MPa \n',rho); +printf('air standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); +printf('net work done= %f KJ/Kg \n',NWD); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..835eefb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.16/Example14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.16 Page No 317 +///Find constant pressure +//Input data +clc; +clear; +r=14; //compression ratio of standard diesel cycle +P1=1; //compression stroke in bar +T1=300; //temperature of air in k +T3=2774; //temperature rises in k +CP=1.005; +v1=14; +v2=1; +gamma1=1.4; +Qs=1921.43; +R=0.287*10^3; + + +//Calculation +T2=T1*((v1/v2)^(gamma1-1)); //Constant pressure +rho=T3/T2; //cut-off ratio +eta=(1-(1/r^(gamma1-1))*((1/gamma1)*(((rho^(gamma1))-1)/(rho-1))))*100; //air standard efficiency +HS=(CP*(T3-T2)); //heat supplied +WD=(Qs*eta)*10^-2; //Net work done +v1=(R*T1/P1)*10^-5; //characteristics gas equation +v2=(v1/r ); //characteristics gas equation +Sv=(v1-v2); //Swept volume +Pme=(WD/Sv )*10^-2; //Mean effective pressur +Pm=((P1*r)/((r-1)*(gamma1-1)))*((gamma1*(r^(gamma1-1)))*(rho-1)-((rho^(gamma1))-1)); // mean effective pressure + + +//utput +printf('constant pressure= %f K \n',T2); +printf('cut-off ratio= %f \n ',rho); +printf('air standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); +printf('heat supplied= %f KJ/Kg \n',HS); +printf('Net work done= %f KJ/Kg \n',WD); +printf('characteristics gas equation= %f m^3/Kg \n',v1); +printf('characteristics gas equation=%f m^3/Kg \n ',v2); +printf('Swept volume=%f m^3/Kg \n ',Sv); +printf('Mean effective pressure= %f bar \n',Pme); +printf('Mean effective pressure= %f bar \n ',Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dea73eede --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.2/Example14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example 2 Page No:302 +///Find Engin work on carnot cycle +//Input data +clc; +clear; +QR=1.5; //tau=QS-QR + //T=Tmax-Tmin +T=300; //temperature limit of the cycle in degree celsius + + +//Calculation +//QR=1.5*(QS-QR) +QR=(1.5/2.5); //Engin work on carnot cycle +eta=(1-QR); //Thermal effeciency +Tmax=round((T/eta)-273.15); //Maximum temperataure +Tmin=(Tmax-T); //Minimum temperataure + + +//Output +printf('Engin work on carnot cycle= %f QS \n',QR); +printf('Thermal effeciency= %f percent \n',100*eta); +printf('Maximum temperataure= %f degree celsius \n ',Tmax); +printf('Minimum temperataure= %f degree celsius \n ',Tmin); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9290b92b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.3/Example14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.3 Page No 303 +///Find pressure at intermediate salient points +//Input data +clc; +clear; +//Refer figure + +T1=300; //Carnot engine work in minimum temperature in kelvin +T2=750; //Carnot engine work in maximum temperature kelvin +P2=50; //pressure of carnot engine N/m^2 +P4=1; //pressure of carnot engine N/m^2 +//Considering air as the working fluid therefore +R=0.287; //Air as the working fluid in KJ/Kg K +Cp=1.005; //KJ/Kg K +Cv=0.718; //KJ/Kg K +K=1.4; +gamma1=1.4; + +//Calculation +//T2/T1=(P2/P1)**(gamma1-1)/gamma1; +P1=P2*(T1/T2)^(gamma1/(gamma1-1)); //Pressure at intermediate salient points(1-2) in bar +P3=P4*(T2/T1)**(gamma1/(gamma1-1)); //Pressure at intermediate salient points(3-4) in bar +QS=R*T2*log(P2/P3 ); //Heat supplied and rejected per Kg of air in KJ/Kg +QR=R*T1*log(P1/P4 ); //Heat supplied and rejected per Kg of air in KJ/Kg +W=QS-QR; //Work done in KJ/Kg +eta=(1-(T1/T2)); //Thermal of the carnot cycle + +//Output +printf('pressure at intermediate salient points(1-2)= %f bar \n',P1); +printf('pressure at intermediate salient points(3-4)= %f bar \n',P3); +printf('heat supplied and rejected per Kg of air(2-3)= %f KJ/Kg \n',QS); +printf('heat supplied and rejected per Kg of air(4-1)= %f KJ/Kg \n',QR); +printf('work done= %f KJ/Kg \n',W); +printf('thermal of the carnot cycle= %f percent \n',100*eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa5686b73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.4/Example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.4 Page No 304 +///Find Heat supplied process +//input data +clc; +clear; +T2=377+273; //Carnot cycle temperature in bar +P2=20*10^5; //Carnot cycle pressure in bar +V2=1; +V1=5; +V3=2; +//Consider air as the working fluid therefore +R=0.287; //In KJ/Kg K +Cp=1.005; //In KJ/Kg K +Cv=0.718; //In KJ/Kg K +K=1.4; +gamma1=1.4; + +//Calculation +T1=T2*((V2/V1)^(gamma1-1)); //Minimum temp in degree celsius +Qs=R*T2*log(V3/V2); //Heat supplied process in KJ/Kg +QR=R*T1*log((V1/V2)*(V2/V3)*((T2/T1)^(1/(gamma1-1)))); //Heat Rejected Process in KJ/Kg +etath=(1-(T1/T2))*100; //Thermal Effeiciency of the carnot cycle in % + + + +//Output +printf('Minimum temp= %f degree celsius \n',T1); +printf('Heat supplied process= %f KJ/Kg \n',Qs); +printf('Heat Rejected Process= %f KJ/Kg \n',QR); +printf('Thermal Effeiciency of the carnot cycle=%f percent \n',etath); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16faa5a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.5/Example14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.5 Page No 308 +///Find compression ratio +///Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=1; //Isentropic Compression in bar +P2=20; //Isentropic Compression in bar +//Consider air as the working fluid therefore +gamma1=1.4; + + +//Calculation +r=(P2/P1)**(1/gamma1); //Isentropic process +eta=100*(1-(1/(r^(gamma1-1)))); //Otto cycle air standard effeciency in % + + +//Output +printf('compression ratio= %f \n ',r); +printf('standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2ee380cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.6/Example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.6 Page No 308 +///Find standard efficiency +//Input data +clc; +clear; +T1=27+273; //Initial temp in degree celsius +T2=450+273; //Final temp in degree celsius +gamma1=1.4; + +//Calculation +r=(T2/T1)^(1/(gamma1-1)); //Isentropic process +eta=100*(1-(1/(r^(gamma1-1)))); //Otto cycle air standard effeciency in % + +//Output +printf('compression ratio= %f \n ',r); +printf('standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68825c667 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.7/Example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.7 Page No 309 +///Find Swept volume +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D=200*10^-3; //Otto cycle cylindrical bore in mm +L=450*10^-3; //Otto cycle Stroke in mm +vc=2*10^-3; //Clearance volume in mm^3 +gamma1=1.4; +pi=3.142; + +//Calculation +vs=(pi/4)*(D^2*L); //Swept volume +r=((vs+vc)/vc); //Compression ratio +eta=100*(1-(1/(r**(gamma1-1)))); //Standard efficiency + +//Output +printf('Swept volume= %f m^3 \n',vs); +printf('compression ratio= %f \n',r); +printf('standard efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb256c643 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.8/Example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.8 Page No 309 +///Find Max temp of cycle +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=0.1*10^6; //Otto cycle air +T1=35+273; //Otto cycle temp degree celsius +r=9; //Compression ratio +Qs=1800; //Supplied heat in kJ/kg +v1=9; +v2=1; +R=0.287*10^3; +gamma1=1.4; +Cv=0.718; + +//Calculation +T2=(T1*((v1/v2)^(gamma1-1))); //Temperature at point 2 in K +P2=(P1*((v1/v2)^1.4))*10^-6; //pressure at point 2 in MPa +T3=((Qs/Cv)+(T2)); //Max temp of cycle in degree celsius +P3=(T3/T2*P2); //Max pressure of cycle in MPa +eta=100*(1-(1/(r^(gamma1-1))));//Otto cycle thermal efficiency in % +WD=(Qs*eta)*10^-2; //Work done during the cycle in KJ/Kg +v1=((R*T1)/P1); //Char gass equation in m^3/Kg +v2=v1/r; //Char gass equation in m^3/Kg +Sv=v1-v2; //Swept volume in m^3/Kg +Pme=(WD/Sv)*10^-3; //Mean effective pressure in MPa +alpha=P3/P2; //Explosion ratio +Pm=(((P1*r)/((r-1)*(gamma1-1)))*(((r^(gamma1-1))-1)*(alpha-1)))*10^-6;//Mean effective pressure in MPa + + +//Output +printf('Temperature at point= %f K \n',T2); +printf('pressure at point= %f MPa \n',P2); +printf('Max temp of cycle= %f K \n',T3); +printf('Max pressure= %f MPa \n',P3); +printf('Otto cycle thermal efficiency= %f percent \n',eta); +printf('Work done during the cycle= %f KJ/Kg \n',WD); +printf('Char gass equation= %f m^3/Kg \n',v1); +printf('Char gass equation= %f m^3/Kg \n',v2); +printf('Swept volume= %f m^3/Kg \n',Sv); +printf('Mean effective pressure= %f MPa \n',Pme); +printf('Explosion ratio= %f \n',alpha); +printf('Mean effective pressure= %f MPa \n',Pm); diff --git a/3821/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce b/3821/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..709db7a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH14/EX14.9/Example14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +////Chapter No 14 Air Standard Cycles +////Example No 14.9 Page No 311 +///Find Work done per Kg of air +//Input data +clc; +clear; +P1=0.1; //Beginning compression in MPa +T1=40+273; //Beginning temp in degree celsius +eta=0.55; //Standard effeciency in % +QR=540; //Rejected heat in KJ/Kg +r=7.36; //Compression ratio +gamma1=1.4; +Cv=0.718; + +//Calculation +//eta=(1-(1/(r^(gamma-1)))) +QS=(-QR/(eta-1)); //Heat supplied/unit mass in KJ/Kg +WD=QS-QR; //Work done per Kg of air in KJ/Kg +T2=T1*(r^(gamma1-1)); //Temp at end of compression in K +P2=P1*((r)^gamma1); //pressure at point 2 in MPa +T3=(QS/Cv)+T2; //max temp of the cycle in K +P3=(T3/T2)*P2; //max pressure of the cycle in MPa + +//Output +printf('Heat supplied/unit mass= %f KJ/Kg \n',QS); +printf('Work done per Kg of air= %f KJ/Kg \n',WD); +printf('Temp at end of compression= %f K \n ',T2); +printf('pressure at point two= %f MPa \n',P2); +printf('max temp of the cycle= %f K \n',T3); +printf('max pressure of the cycle= %f MPa \n',P3); diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d54bc5a48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +///Example 1.2 Page No:20 +///Find Cross-Section Area +///Input data +clc; +clear; +L1=5; //Length of steel bar in m +d1=25*10^-3; //Diametr of steel bar in mm +deltaLt1=25*10^-3; ///Steel +pt1=800; +pi1=3.142; //Power load of steel bar in N + +////Calculation +A1=(pi1/4)*((deltaLt1)^2); ///Cross-section area +sigmat1=pt1/A1; //Stress in steel bar +et1=deltaLt1/L1; ///Strain in steel bar +E1=sigmat1/et1; //Young's modulus + +///Output +mprintf('value of Cross-section area= %f \n',A1); +printf('value of stress in steel bar= %f MN/m^2 \n',sigmat1); +printf('value of strain in steel bar= %f \n',et1); +printf('value of Youngs modulus= %f N/m^2 \n',E1); diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..744aa48f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Example 1.2 Page No:20 +///Find Stress in Steel bar +///Input data +clc; +clear; +L1=300*10^-3; //Length of hexagonal prismatic steel bar in mm +A1=500*10^-6; //Area of cross section of steel bar mm**2 +Pt1=500*10^3; //Load of steel bar in KN +E1=210*10^9; //Modulus of elasticity GN/m**2 + +///Calculation +sigmat1=Pt1/A1; //Stress in steel bar +et1=sigmat1/E1; //Strain steel bar is +deltaLt1=et1*L1; //Therefore,elongation of the steel bar is given by + +////Output +printf('stress in steel bar= %f N/m^2 \n',sigmat1); +printf('therefore,strain steel bar is given by= %f \n',et1); +printf('therefore,elongation of the steel bar is given by= %f m',deltaLt1); diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4d4fdd4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +///Example 1.3 Page No:21 +///Find Stress in the Steel wire +//Input Data +clc; +clear; +Pt1=600; //Tensils force in N +d1=2*10^-3; //Diameter of steel wire in mm +L1=15; //Length of wire in m +E1=210*10^9; //Modulus of elasticity of the material in GN/M**2 +pi1=3.1482; + + +//Calculation +A1=(pi1/4)*(d1^2); //(1)cross section area +sigmat1=(Pt1)/(A1); //stress in the steel wire +et1=((sigmat1)/(E1)); //(2)Therefore, strain in steel wire is given by +deltaLt1=et1*L1; //(3)Enlongation of the steel wire is given by +pe=((deltaLt1/L1)*100); //(4)Percentage elongation + + +/////Output +printf('cross section area= %f m^2\n',A1); +printf('stress in the steel wire= %f GN/m^2 \n',sigmat1); +printf('modulus of elasticity=%f \n',et1); +printf('strain in steel wire=%f mm \n',deltaLt1) +printf('percentage elongation=%f percent \n',pe) diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..865109e13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +////Example 1.4 Page No:22 +///Find Stress in square rod +//Input data +clc; +clear; +A1=30*30*10^-6; //Area of square rod in mm**2 +L1=5; ///Length of square rod in m +Pc=150*10^3; //Axial comperessive load of a rod in kN +E1=215*10^9; //Modulus of elasticity in GN/m**2 + + +//Calculation +sigmac=((Pc)/(A1)); //Stress in square rod +ec=(sigmac)/(E1); //Modulusof elasticity is E1=sigmac/ec ,therefore strain in square rod is +deltaLc=ec*5; ///Therefore shortening of length of the rod + + +///Output +printf('stress in square rod %f N/m^2',sigmac); +printf('\n'); +printf('strain in square rod ec= %f\n',ec); +printf('shortening of length of the rod= %f m \n',deltaLc); + diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d80a7f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +////Example 1.5 Page No:23 +////Find Stress in metallic rod +////input data +clc; +clear; +d1=50*10^-3; //Diameter of metalic rod in mm**2 +L1=220*10^-3; //Length of metalic rod in mm +Pt1=40*10^3; //Load of metalic rod in KN +deltaLt1=0.03*10^-3; //Elastic enlongation in mm +ypl=160*10^3; //Yield point load in KN +ml=250*10^3; //Maximum load in KN +lsf=270*10^-3; //Length of specimen at fracture in mm +pi=3.142; + +//calculation +A1=(((pi)/(4))*((d1)^2)); //(1)Cross section area +sigmat1=Pt1/A1; //Stress in metallic rod +et1=deltaLt1/L1; //Strain n metallic rod +E1=sigmat1/et1; //Young's modulus +ys=ypl/A1; //(2)Yeild strength +uts=ml/A1; //(3)Ultimate tensile strength +Pebf1=((lsf-L1)/L1)*100; //Percentage elongation before fracture + +//output +printf('cross section area = %f m^2\n',A1); +printf('stress in metallic rod= %f N/m^2 \n',sigmat1); +printf('strain n metallic rod= %f \n',et1); +printf('youngs modulus= %f GN/m^2\n',E1); +printf('yeild strength= %f MN/m^2\n',ys); +printf('ultimate tensile strength= %f MN/m^2 \n',uts); +printf('percentage elongation before fracture= %f percent \n ',Pebf1); diff --git a/3821/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce b/3821/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2de7a49ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +////Example 1.6 Page No:24 +///Find Stress in square metal bar +//Input data +clc; +clear; +A1=50*50*10^-6; //Area ofsquare metal bar in mm**2 +Pc=600*10^3; //Axial compress laod in KN +L1=200*10^-3; //Gauge length of metal bar in mm +deltaLc=0.4*10^-3; //Contraction length of metal bar in mm +deltaLlateral=0.05*10^-3; //Lateral length of metal bar in mm + +//Calculation +sigmac=Pc/A1; //Stress in square metal bar +ec=deltaLc/L1; //Longitudinal or linear strain in square metal bar +E1 =sigmac/ec; //Smodule of elasticity +elateral=deltaLlateral/L1; //Lateral strain in square metal bar +poissonsratio=elateral/ec; + + +//Output +printf('stress in bar=%f N/m^2 \n',sigmac); +printf('longitudinal or linear strain in square metal bar= %f \n',ec); +printf('module of elasticity= %f N/m^2 \n',E1); +printf('lateral strain in square metal bar=%f \n',elateral); +printf('poissons ratio=%f \n',poissonsratio); diff --git a/3821/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce b/3821/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1290e5e80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 5.1 Page No:81 +//Find Diameter of the rod +//Input data +clc; +clear; +MSR=3.2; //Main scale reading of cylindrical rod in cm +NCD=7; //Number of coinciding Vernier Scale division +Lc=0.1*10^-3; //Least count of the instrument in mm + +//Calculation +DOR=MSR+(NCD*Lc); //Diameter of the rod + +//Output +printf('Diameter of the rod= %f cm \n',DOR); diff --git a/3821/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce b/3821/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..675a1618c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +///Example 5.2 Page No:82 +///Measured length of bar +//Input data +clc; +clear; +MSR=5.3; //Main scale reading of prismatic bar in cm +NCD=6; //Number of coinciding Vernier Scale division +Lc=0.1*10^-3; //Least count of the instrument in mm +Ne=(-0.2*10^-3); //Instrument bears a nagative error in mm + +//Calulation +Mlb=MSR+(NCD*Lc); //Measured length of the bar in cm +Tlb=(Mlb-(Ne)); //True length of the bar in cm + + +//Output +printf('Measured length of the bar= %f cm \n ',Mlb); +printf('True length of the bar= %f cm ",Tlb); diff --git a/3821/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce b/3821/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..583bcd87e --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +///Example 5.3 Page No:88 +///Find Height required to setup of bar +//Input data +clc; +clear; +//Import maths +L=100; //Height of sine bar +theta=12.8 //angle in degree minut +//Z=sin(theta)=0.22154849 +Z=0.22154849 + +///Calculation +b=Z*L; //Height required to setup in mm + + +///Output +printf('Height required= %f mm \n',b); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8d4f7c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.1 Page No:113 +////Find mass density of liquid +//Input data +clc; +clear; +V=5; //volume of the liquid in m**3 +W=45*10^3; //weight of the liquid in KN +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity in m/s**2 +rhow=1000; //constant value + +////Calculation +m=W/g; //mass in Kg +rho=m/V; //Mass density in kg/m**3 +w=W/V; //Weight Density in N/m**3 +v=V/m; //Specific volume in m**3/kg +S=rho/rhow; //Specific gravity + + +//Output +printf('mass=%f kg \n',m); +printf('Mass density= %f kg/m^3 \n ',rho); +printf('Weight Density= %f N/m^3\n ',w); +printf('Specific volume=%f m^3/kg \n',v); +printf('Specific gravity= %f \n',S); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168a0ce19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.10/Example7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.10 Page No:119 +/// Find Kinematic viscosity +//Input data +clc; +clear; +//import math +A=120*10^-3; //Side of square plate in mm +W=30; //Side weight in N +du=3.75; //Uniform velocity in m/s +theta=30; //Lubricated inclined plane making an angle in degree at horizontal +dy=6*10^-3; //Thickness lubricating oil film in mm +rho=800; //Lubricating oil film density in Kg/m**3 + + +//Calculation +sin30=0.5; +F=W*sin30; //Component of force in N +tau=(F/(A**2)); //Shear stress in Ns/m**2 +mu=tau/(du/dy); //From Newton's law of Shear stress in Ns/m**2 +V=(mu/rho)*10^3; //Kinematic viscosity in m**2/s + + +///Output +printf('Component of force=%f N \n ',F); +printf('Shear stress=%f Ns/m^2 \n ',tau); +printf('From Newtons law of Shear stress=%f Ns/m^2 \n ',mu); +printf('Kinematic viscosity= %f m^2/s \n ',V); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29c3e59d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.11/Example7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +//Example 7.11 Page No 121 +//#Input data +clc; +clear; +Z=15; //Pressure due to column in m +S=0.85; //Oil of specific gravity +g=9.81; //Gravity + + + +///Calculation +rho=S*10^3; //Density of oil in kg/m**3 +P=rho*g*Z; //Pressure in N/m**2 or kPa + + +///Output +printf('Density of oil= % f kg/m^3 \n ',rho); +printf('Pressure= %f N/m**2 \n ',P); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c38953b --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.12/Example7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.12 Page No 122 +/// Find Intensity of pressure of water +///Input data +clc; +clear; +Z1=1.5; //open tank contain water in m +Z2=2.5; //oil of specific gravity for depth in m +S=0.9; //oil of specific gravity +rho1=1000; //density of water in Kg/m**3 +rho2=S*10^3; //density of oil in Kg/m**3 +g=9.81; //gravity + + + +///calculation +P=rho1*g*Z1+rho2*g*Z2; //Intensity of pressure in kPa + + +///output +printf('intensity of pressure=%f N/m^2 \n',P); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc5efe74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.13/Example7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.13 Page No:124 +///Find Discharge through pipe +///Input data +clc; +clear; +D1=0.2; //Diameter of pipe section 1 in m +D2=0.3; //Diameter of pipe section 2 in m +V1=15; //Velocity of water in m/s +pi=3.14; + +///calculation +Q=((3.14/4)*(0.2)^2)*15; //Discharge through pipe in m**3/s +V2=(((3.14/4)*(0.2)^2)*15)/((3.14/4)*(0.3)^2); //velocity of section2 in m/s + + +///Output +printf('Discharge through pipe= %f m^3/s \n ',Q); +printf('velocity of section2= %f m/s \n ',V2); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78cf3c686 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.14/Example7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +////Example 7.14 Page No:126 +////Find Total energy per unit weight +//Input data +clc; +clear; +V=13; //Velocity of water flowing throgh pipe in m/s +P=200*10^3; //Pressure of water in Kpa +Z=25; //Height above the datum in m +g=9.81; +rho=1000; + + +///Calculation +E=(P/(rho*g))+((V^2)/(2*g))+(Z); //Total energy per unit weight in m + + +///Output +printf('Total energy per unit weight= %f m \n',E); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c997555f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.15/Example7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.15 Page No:127 +/// Find Total energy per unit weight +///Input data +clc; +clear; +S=0.85; //Specific gravity of oil +D=0.08; //Diameter of pipe in m +P=1*10^5; //Intenity of presssure in N/m^2 +Z=15; //Total energy bead in m +E=45; //Datum plane in m +Mdw=1*10^3; //Mass density of water constant +g1=9.81; //Gravity constant +rho=S*Mdw; //Mass density of oil +pi1=3.14; + +///calculation +rho=S*Mdw; //Mass density of oil +//E=(P/(rho*g1))+((V**2)/(2*g1))+(Z); +V=sqrt((E-((P/(rho*g1))+Z))*(2*g1)); ///Total energy per unit weight in m/s +Q1=(pi1/4)*D^2*V //Discharge in m^3/Kg + +///output +printf('mass density of oil=%f Kg/m^3 \n',rho); +printf('Total energy per unit weight= %f m/s \n ',V); +printf('discharge= %f m^3/kg',Q1); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19b88eb8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.16/Example7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.16 Page No:127 +///Find continuity discharge equation +///input data +clc; +clear; +///refer figure 11 +ZA=2; //water flows section A-A in m +DA=0.3; //datum pipe diameter at section A-A in m +PA=550*10^3; //pressure in kPa +VA=6; //flow velocity in m/s +ZB=18; //water flows at section B-B in m +DB=0.15; //datum pipe diameter at section B-B in m +pi1=3.14; //constant +rho=1000; //constant +g1=9.81; //constant +Aa=(pi1/4)*(DA)^2; +Ab=(pi1/4)*(DB)^2; +pi1=3.14; + +///calculation +VB=((Aa*VA)/Ab); //continuity discharge equation in m/s +//bernoulli's equation Kpa +//(PA/rho*g)+(VA**2/2*g)+ZA=(PB/rho*g)+(VB**2/2*g)+ZB +PB=(((PA/(rho*g1))+(VA**2/(2*g1))+ZA)-((VB**2/(2*g1))+ZB))*(rho*g1); + + +///output +printf('continuity discharge equation= %f m/s \n',VB); +printf('bernoullis equation= %f pa \n ',PB); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4720ff717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.17/Example7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.17 Page No:128 +/// Find bernoulli's equation for discharge +//input data +//refer figure 12 +clc; +clear; +Q1=0.04; //Water flows at rate in m**2/s +DA=0.22; //Pipe diameter at section A in m +DB=0.12; //Pipe diameter at section B in m +PA=400*10^3; //Intensity of pressure at setion A in kPa +PB=150*10^3; //Intensity of pressure at setion B in kPa +pi1=3.14; //Pi constant +g1=9.81; //Gravity constant +rho=1000; + +///Calculation +VA=Q1/(pi1/4*(DA)^2); //contuity equation for discharge +VB=Q1/(pi1/4*(DB)^2); //bernoulli's equation for discharge +///Z=ZB-ZA +Z=(PA/(rho*g1))+(VA^2/(2*g1))-(PB/(rho*g1))-(VB^2/(2*g1)); + + +///Output +printf('Contuity equation for discharge= %f m63 \n ',VA); +printf('Contuity equation for discharge= %f m^3 \n ',VB); +printf('Bernoullis equation for discharge=%f m \n',Z); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c16fd79c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.18/Example7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 18 Page No:129 +//// Find rate of water flow l/min +//Input data +clc; +clear; +L1=200; //length of pipe in m +D11=1; //Diameter at high end in m +D12=0.4; //Diameter at low end in m +P1=50*10^3; //Pressure at high end in kPa +Q1=4000; //Rate of water flow l/min +S=1; //Slope of pipe 1 in 100 +Z2=0; //Datum line is passing through the center of the low end,therefore +pi1=3.14; +rho=1000; +g1=9.81; + + +///Calculation +Q1=(4000*10^-3)/60; //rate of water flow l/min in m**3/s +Z1=1/100*L1; //slope of pipe 1 in 100 is in m +//Q=A1*V11=A2V2 //continuity eqation ,discharge +V11=Q1/((pi1/4)*(D11^2));//in m^3 +V12=Q1/((pi1/4)*(D12**2));//in m^3 +//bernoulli's equation +P2=(((((P1/(rho*g1))+(V11^2/(2*g1))+Z1)-(V12^2/(2*g1))-Z2))*(rho*g1))*10^-3; + + +///Output +printf('rate of water flow=%f m^3/s \n ',Q1); +printf('slope of pipe=%f m \n',Z1); +printf('continuity eqation ,discharge= %f m^3 \n ",V11); +printf('continuity eqation ,discharge= %f m^3 \n ",V12); +printf('bernoullis equation for discharge= %f kpa \n ',P2); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9f39c972 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.19/Example7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.19 Page No:130 +///Find pipe inclined 30 degree,therefore Z2 +///Input data +clc; +clear; +L1=36; //Length of pipe in m +D11=0.15; //Diameter at upper side in m +D12=0.3; //Diameter at lower side in m +sin30=0.5; +theta=sin(30); //Pipe slope upward at angle in degree +V11=2; //Velocity of water at smaller section in m/s +pi1=3.14; //Pi constant +rho=1000; //Roh constant +g1=9.81; //Gravity constant + + +///Calculation +//datum line is passing through the center of the low end,therefore +Z1=0; +Z2=Z1+L1*(0.5); //pipe inclined 30 degree,therefore in m +//Q=A1*V1=A2*V2 continuity eqation ,discharge +V12=(pi1/4*(D11^2)*2)/(pi1/4*(D12^2)); +//Z=P1-P2 bernoulli's equation +Z=((((-V11^2)/(2*g1))+((V12^2)/(2*g1))-Z1+Z2)*(rho*g1))*10^-3; + + +///Output +printf('pipe inclined 30 degree,therefore Z2= %f m \n',Z2); +printf('continuity eqation discharge V2= %f m/s \n',V12); +printf('bernoullis equation Z=%f kpa \n',Z); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f2d372c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +////Find mass density of oil +///Example 7.2 Page No:114 +///Input data +clc; +clear; +V=3*10^-3; //3l of oil in m**3 +W=24; //Weight of oil in N +g=9.81; //Gravity in m/s**2 +rhow=1000; //Constant value + + +//Calculation +m=W/g; //Mass in Kg +rho=m/V; //Mass density in kg/m**3 +w=W/V; //Weight Density in N/m**3 +v=V/m; //Specific volume in m**3/kg +S=rho/rhow; //Specific gravity + +//Output +printf('mass= %f kg \n',m); +printf('Mass density= %f kg/m^3 \n',rho); +printf('Weight Density= %f N/m^3\n ',w); +printf('Specific volume= %f m^3/kg \n ',v); +printf('Specific gravity= %f \n ',S); + diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cc30073c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.20/Example7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.20 Page No:130-131 +/// Find Continuity eqation +//Input data +clc; +clear; +D11=0.25; //Diameter at inlet in m +D12=0.175; //Diameter at outlet in m +P1=450*10^3; //Intensity of pressure at inlet in kPa +P2=200*10^3; //Intensity of pressure at outlet in kPa +pi1=3.14; //pi constant +rho=1000; //Rho constant +g1=9.81; //Gravity constant +//Z1=Z2; + +///Calculation +///A1*V11=A2*V12 Continuity eqation in V1 +V12=((pi1/4)*(D11^2))/((pi1/4)*(D12^2)); +///Z=V12^2-V11^2 Bernoulli's equation in m/s +Z=-(((P2/(rho*g1))-(P1/(rho*g1)))*(2*g1)); +X=Z/((V12^2)-1); +V11=sqrt(X); +Q1=(pi1/4)*(D11^2)*V11; //Flow rate Water in m**3/Kg + + +///Output +printf('Continuity eqation=%f V1 \n ",V12); +printf('Bernoullis equation=%f m/s \n ",Z); +printf('V1= %f \n',V11); +printf('Flow rate Water= %f m^3/kg \n ',Q1); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29010c20c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.21/Example7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.21 Page No:131-132 +///Find Bernoulli's equation +///Input data +clc; +clear; +L1=300; //Length of pipe in m +D11=0.9; //Diameter at higher end in m +D12=0.6; //Diameter at lower end in m +S=0.85; //Specific gravity +Q1=0.08; //Flow in l/s +P1=40*10^3; //Pressure at higher end in kPa +pi1=3.14; //pi constant +rho=1000; //Rho constant +g1=9.81; //Gravity constant +slop=1/50; //1 in 50 + + +//Calculation +//Datum line is passing through the center of the low end,therefore +Z2=0; +Z1=slop*L1; +//Q=A1*V1=A2*V2 Continuity eqation +V11=Q1/((pi1/4)*(D11^2)); //Frome continuity eqation, discharge +V12=Q1/((pi1/4)*(D12^2)); //Frome continuity eqation, discharge +///Bernoulli's equation +P2=(((((P1/(rho*S*g1))+(V11^2/(2*g1))+Z1)-(V12^2/(2*g1))+Z2))*(S*rho*g1))*10^-3; + + +///Output +printf('Z1= %f m \n ',Z1); +printf('continuity eqation discharge V11= %f m^3 \n ',V11); +printf('continuity eqation, discharge V12= %f m^3 \n',V12); +printf('bernoullis equation= %f Kpa \n ',P2); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0891570ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +////find mass density of liquid +///Example 7.3 Page No:114 +//Input data +clc; +clear; +S=0.85; //Specific gravity of a liquid +g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity in m/s**2(constant) +rhow=1000; //Constant value + + +///Calculation +//Specific gravity S=roh/rohw +rho=S*rhow; //Mass density in Kg/m**3 +w=rho*g; //Weight Density in N/m**3 +v=1/rhow; //Specific volume in m**3/kg + + +///Output +printf('Mass densit= %f kg/m^3 \n ',rho); +printf('Weight Density=%f N/m^3 \n ',w); +printf('Specific volume= %f m^3/kg \n ',v); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7f334ed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.4 Page No:116 +////Find mass density of liquid +//Input data +clc; +clear; +dy=21*10^-3; //Horizontal plates in mm +du=1.4; //Relative velocity between the plates in m/s +mu=0.6; //Oil of viscosity 6 poise in Ns/m^2 + +///Calculation +tau=mu*(du/dy); //Shear in the oil in N/m^2 + +///Output +printf('shear in the oil= %f N/m^2 \n',tau); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e24903b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.5/Example7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Find viscosity of the liquid +///Example 7.5 Page No:116 +//Input data +clc; +clear; +v=4*10^-4; ///kinematic viscosity is 4 stoke inm**2/s +S=1.2; //specific gravity +dow=1000; ///density of water Kg/m**3 + + +///Calculation +rho=S*dow; +vol=rho*v; //viscosity of the liquid in Ns/m**2 or poise + +///Output +printf('viscosity of the liquid= %f Ns/m^2 \n',vol); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e55ac7fab --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.6/Example7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +//// Find newton's law of viscosity in shear stress +///Example 7.6 Page No:116 +///Input data +clc; +clear; +S=0.9; //Specific gravity +tau=2.4; //shear stress in N/m**2 +vg=0.125; //velocitty gradientin per s +dow=1000; //density of water Kg/m**3 + + +///Calculation +mu=tau/vg; //newton's law of viscosity in shear stress in Ns/m**2 +rho=S*dow; //Density of oil in Kg/m**3 +v=mu/rho; //Kinematic viscosity in m**2/s or stoke + +///Output +printf('newtons law of viscosity in shear stress= %f Ns/m^2 \n',mu); +printf('Density of oil= %f kg/m^3 \n ',rho); +printf('Kinematic viscosity=%f m^2/s \n ',v); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e63f3da --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.7/Example7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +////Example 7.7 Page No:117 +///Find Density of oil +///Input data +clc; +clear; +A=6*10^-2; //Space between two square plates in mm +dy=8*10^-3; //Thickness of fluid in mm +u1=0; //Lower pate is stationary +u2=2.4; //Upper plate in m/s +F=5; //Speed of force in N +s=1.6; //Specific gravity of the liquid +dow=1000; //Density of water Kg/m**3 + + +//(1)Calculation +du=u2-u1; //change in velocity in m/s +tau=F/((A)^2); //shear stress N/m**2 +mu=tau/(du/dy); //Newton's law of viscosity in Ns/m**2 or poise +rho=s*dow; //Density of oil in kg/m**3 +v=mu/rho; ///kinematic viscosity is given by m**2/s or stoke + + +///Output +printf('change in velocity=%f m/s \n ',du); +printf('shear stress=%f N/m^2 \n ',tau); +printf('Newtons law of viscosity=%f Ns/m^2 \n',mu); +printf('Density of oil=%f kg/m^3 \n ',rho); +printf('kinematic viscosity=%f m^2/s ',v); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0214e4013 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.8/Example7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +////Example 7.8 Page No:118 +/// Find Power required to maintain the speed of upper plate +//Input data +clc; +clear; +dy=1.5*10^-4; //Two horizontal plates are placed in m +mu=0.12; //Space between plates Ns/m**2 +A=2.5; //Upper area is required to move in m**2 +du=0.6; //Speed rerlated to lower plate in m/s + + +////(1)Calculation +tau=mu*(du/dy); //Shear stress N/m**2 +F=tau*A; //Force in N +P=F*du; //Power required to maintain the speed of upper plate in W + + +//Output +printf('Shear stress=%f N/m^2 \n ',tau); +printf('Force=%f N \n ',F); +printf('Power required to maintain the speed of upper plate=%f W \n ',P); diff --git a/3821/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce b/3821/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43e04be2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH7/EX7.9/Example7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +///Chapter No 7 Fluid Mechanics +///Example 7.9 Page No 118 +///Find Tangential speed of shaft +//Input data +clc; +clear; +mu=0.1; //Oil of viscosity used for lubricant in poise or Ns/m**2 +D=0.15; //Clearance between the shaft of diameter in m +dy=3*10^-4; //Clearance in m +N=90; //Shaft rorates in rpm +pi=3.14; + + +///Calculation +du=(pi*D*N)/60; //Tangential speed of shaft in m/s +tau=mu*(du/dy); //The shear force in N/m**2 + +///Output +printf('Tangential speed of shaft=%f m/s \n ',du); +printf('The shear force= %f N/m^2 \n ',tau); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed0b5c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.1 Page No:165 +/// Find Work interaction during the 4th processes +///Input data +clc; +clear; +Qab=720; //Heat transfer of 1st processes in KJ +Qbc=-80; //Heat transfer of 2nd processes in KJ +Qcd=40; //Heat transfer of 3rd processes in KJ +Qda=-640; //Heat transfer of 4th processes in KJ +Wab=-90; //Work transfer of 1st processes in KJ +Wbc=-50; //Work transfer of 2nd processes in KJ +Wcd=130; //Work transfer of 3rd processes in KJ + + +///Calculation +///From the 1st law of thermodynamic for close system undergoing a cycle. + +//Work interaction during the 4th processes +Wda=((Qab+Qbc+Qcd+Qda)-(Wab+Wbc+Wcd)); + +///Output +printf('Work interaction during the 4th processes= %f KJ \n",Wda); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2d948472 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.2 Page No:166 +///Find Quantity of heat transferred +///Input data +clc; +clear; + //During compression +W1=-9200; //Stroke work done by the piston in Nm +Nm1=-9.2; //Nm of work done +Q1=-50; //Heat rejected during copression in KJ + //During expansion +W2=8400; //Stroke work done by the piston in Nm +Nm2=8.4; //Nm of work done + +///Calculation; + //Quantity of heat transferred +Q2=-((Nm1+Nm2)+Q1); //-sign for indicate heat is transferred + + +///Output +printf('Quantity of heat transferred= %f KJ \n',Q2); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..220b60b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.3/Example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.3 Page No:166 +/// Find Magnitude and direction of the third heat interation +///input data +clc; +clear; +W1=-20; //Work interaction to the fluid in KJ +W2=42; //Work interaction from the fluid in KJ +Q1=85; //Heat interaction to the fluid in KJ +Q2=85; //Heat interaction to the fluid in KJ +Q3=-50; //Heat interaction from the fluid in KJ + +///Calculation +W3=((Q1+Q2+Q3)-(W1+W2)); //Magnitude and direction of the third heat interation + + +///Output +printf('Magnitude and direction of the third heat interation=%f KJ \n',W3); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..351e4568f --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.4/Example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.4 Page No:168 +/// Find Work done and compression process of heat +///Input data +clc; +clear; +Q1=-2100; //Non flow process losses heat in KJ +deltaU=420; //Gain heat + +///Calculation +W=Q1-deltaU; //Work done and compression process in KJ + +///Output +printf('Work done and compression process= %f KJ \n',W); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6945e2832 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.5/Example9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +//Example 9.5 Page No:168 +/// Find Change in interval energy +///Input data +clc; +clear; +W=-2000; //Work input of panddle wheel in KJ +Q1=-6000; //Heat transferred to the surrounding from tank + +//Calculation +deltaU=Q1-W; //Change in interval energy + +///Output +printf('change in interval energy drop= %f KJ \n',deltaU); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7dd3c363 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.6/Example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.6 Page No:169 +/// Find Heat transferred during the process +///Input data +clc; +clear; +U1=520; //internal energy in KJ/Kg +U2=350; //internal energy in KJ/Kg +W=-80; //work done by the air in the cylinder KJ/kg + +///Calculation +deltaU=U2-U1; +Q1=deltaU+W; //Heat transferred during the process + +///Output +printf('Heat transferred during the process= %f KJ \n',Q1); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48409f141 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.7/Example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +////Example 9.7 Page No:169 +///Find Steam flow rate +///Input data +clc; +clear; +W1=800; //Power of turbine shaft Kw +W2=-5; //Work pump to feed in Kw +Q1=2700; //Heat for steam generation KJ/Kg +Q2=-1800; //Condenser rejected heat KJ/Kg + +//Calculation +m=((W1+W2)/(Q1+Q2)); //Steam flow rate in Kg/h + + +//Output +printf('Steam flow rate= %f Kg/s \n",m); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..530a739ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.8/Example9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.8 Page No:170 +/// Find DeltaUab +///input data +clc; +clear; +///Data consistent with first law pf thermodynamics +Qabcd=-22; //In KJ +N=150; //In Cycles/min +Qab=17580; //In KJ/min +Qbc=0; +Qcd=-3660; //In KJ/min +Wab=-8160; //In KJ/min +Wbc=4170; //In KJ/min +DeltaUcd=-21630; //In KJ/min + + +///Calculation +DeltaUab=Qab-Wab; //In KJ/min +DeltaUbc=Qbc-Wbc; //In KJ/min +Wcd=Qcd-DeltaUcd; //In KJ/min +Qabcd1=-220*150; //In KJ/min +Qda=((Qabcd1)-(Qab+Qbc+Qcd)); //In KJ/min +Wda=((Qabcd1)-(Wab+Wbc+Wcd)); //In KJ/min +DeltaUabcd=0; +DeltaUda=((DeltaUabcd)-(DeltaUab+DeltaUbc+DeltaUcd)); //In KJ/min +NWO=Qabcd1/60; //In KW + +///Output +printf('DeltaUab= %f Kj/min \n ',DeltaUab); +printf('DeltaUbc= %f KJ/min \n ',DeltaUbc); +printf('Wcd=%f KJ/min \n ',Wcd); +printf('Qabcd1= %f KJ/min \n ',Qabcd1); +printf('Qda= %f KJ/min \n ',Qda); +printf('Wda= %f KJ/min \n ',Wda); +printf('DeltaUabcd= %f KJ/min \n ',DeltaUabcd); +printf('DeltaUda= %f KJ/min \n',DeltaUda); +printf('NWO= %f Kw \n',NWO); diff --git a/3821/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce b/3821/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d68b5a2c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3821/CH9/EX9.9/Example9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +///Chapter 9 Law Of Thermodynamics +///Example 9.9 Page No:171 +///Find Net heat transfer in 1st cycle +///Input data +clc; +clear; +Qab=-6500; //Heat transferred in 1st process KJ/min +Qbc=0; //Heat transferred in 2nd process +Qcd=-10200; //Heat transferred in 3rd process KJ/min +Qda=32600; //Heat transferred in 4th process KJ/min +Wab=-1050; //Heat transferred in 1st process KJ +Wbc=-3450; //Heat transferred in 2nd process KJ +Wcd=20400; //Heat transferred in 3rd process KJ +Wda=0; //Heat transferred in 4th process + +///Calculator +dQ=Qab+Qbc+Qcd+Qda; //Net heat transfer in 1st cycle +dW=Wab+Wbc+Wcd+Wda; //Net work done in 1st cycle +dW1=dW/60; //Net work done in 1st cycle +DeltaUab=Qab-Wab; //ab process +DeltaUbc=Qbc-Wbc; //bc processes +DeltaUcd=Qcd-Wcd; //cd processes +DeltaUda=Qda-Wda; //dc processes + +///Output +printf('Net heat transfer in 1st cycle= %f KJ/min \n',dQ); +printf('Net work done in 1st cycle= %f KJ/min \n',dW); +printf('Net work done in 1st cycle=%f KW \n ',dW1); +printf('ab process= %f KJ/min \n',DeltaUab); +printf('bc processes= %f KJ/min \n ',DeltaUbc); +printf('cd processes= %f KJ/min \n ',DeltaUcd); +printf('dc processes= %f KJ/min \n',DeltaUda); diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg b/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bef3442e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00b7b3888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 1.1 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.500;//refractive index of core +n2=1.450;//refractive index of cladding +thetac=asind(n2/n1);//critical angle for core-cladding(in degrees) +phim=90-thetac;//corresponding angle of obliqueness(in degrees) +mprintf("\n Critical Angle for the core-cladding surface is =%.2f degrees ",thetac); +mprintf("\n Corresponding Angle of Obliquences is= %.2f degrees",phim); +Alpham=asind((n1/n2)* sind(phim));//acceptance angle +mprintf("\n Acceptance Angle is =%.2f ",Alpham); +NA=(((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^0.5);//numerical aperture of the fiber +mprintf("\n Numerical Aperture is =%.2f ",NA); +p=((NA)^2 )*100;//percentage of light collected +mprintf("\n Percentage of Light Collected is =%.2f percent",p); +//the answers vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg b/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105e7ac74 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5316b907c --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 1.2 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +NA=0.3;//numerical aperture of the optical fiber +na=1;//refractive index of air +Alpham=(asind(NA));//acceptance angle for the meridional rays +gamma0=45;//in degrees +Alphasm=(asind(NA)/cosd(gamma0));//acceptance angle for skew rays +mprintf("\n Acceptance angle for the meridional rays is= %.2f degrees",Alpham); +mprintf("\n Acceptance angle for the skew rays is = %.2f degrees",Alphasm); +//The answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg b/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ec22cd0d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43510acb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 1.3 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.46;//refractive index of the core of W-step index fiber +delta=0.02;//relative refractive index between the core and the cladding +n2=n1-(delta*n1);//refractive index of the cladding +NA=(((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^0.5);//numerical aperture of the fiber +thetac=asind(n2/n1);//critical angle at the core cladding interface +phi=%pi*(NA^2);//solid acceptance angle in air for the fiber +mprintf("\n Numerical Aperture is %.2f",NA); +mprintf("\n Critical angle at the core-cladding interface is =%.2fdegrees",thetac); +mprintf("\n Solid acceptance angle in air for the fiber is =%.2fradians",phi); +//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg b/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7fbb8b96 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f668ca8ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 11.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +L=1.25e3;//length of the link in m +delta_lamda=45;//change in wavelength in nanometers +lamda=850;//perating wavelength of fibre in nanometer +C=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s +M=0.023;//value of material dispersion parameter + +u=L/C; +v=delta_lamda/lamda; +delta_t_mat=u*v*0.023;//dispersion delay when length is 1.25 km +mprintf("The dispersion delay when length is 1.25 km=%.2f ns",delta_t_mat*1e9); diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg b/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc151cb4d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0d4b582b --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 11.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +L=1.25e3;//length of the link in m +delta_lamda=45;//change in wavelength in nanometers +lamda=850;//perating wavelength of fibre in nanometer +C=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s +M=0.023;//value of material dispersion parameter +BR=1e7//bitate in bps +TB=1/BR//bit period in s +v=delta_lamda/lamda; +Lmax=0.35*TB*C/(M*v)//The material dispersion limited transmission distance + +mprintf("The material dispersion limited transmission distance=%.2f Km",Lmax/1e3); diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..555e59777 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbdbe0ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 11.3 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.45//refractive index of core +delta=0.01;//relative refractive index difference +Br=50e6;//data rate in bps +C=3e8// velocity of light in m/s +//for step index fibre +Lmaxs1=0.35*C/(delta*n1*Br);//modal dispersion limited transmission distance in meter for step index fiber +mprintf("\n The modal dispersion limited transmission distance for step index fiber is=%.2f m",Lmaxs1); +//for graded index fibre + +Lmaxc1=1.4*C*n1/(delta*n1*Br);;//modal dispersion limited transmission distance in meter for graded index fiber +mprintf("\n The modal dispersion limited transmission distance for graded index fiber is=%.2f m",Lmaxc1); diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg b/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9999452 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fa7e203a --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 11.4 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given + +BR=[0.5e6 10e6 100e6 1000e6]//data rate in bps + +for i=1:4 +Lmax1(i)=6.757e10/BR(i)//Material dispersion limited distance in m +Lmax2(i)=4.2e10./BR(i)//modal limited distance in m +Lmax3(i)=(55-20*log10(BR(i)))//attenuation limited distance in m +end +BR=[0 1 2 3] +plot((BR)/1e6,Lmax1/1e4,'--') +plot((BR)/1e6,Lmax2/1e4) +//plot(log10(BR),(10^(Lmax3)/1e6)'-.-.') +xtitle( 'Link Length Versus Data Rate', 'Data Rate (Mb/s)', 'Link Length(Km)', boxed = %t ); +hl=legend(['Lmax1';'Lmax2']); diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg b/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a909c5907 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c27852de --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 11.5 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.45//refractive index of core +delta=0.01;//relative refractive index difference +Br=100e6;//data rate in bps +C=3e8// velocity of light in m/s +delta_ts=8e-9//silica fiber link rise time in s +lambda=830e-9//wavelength in m +delta_lambda=40e-9//spectral width in m +delta_tr=10e-9//rise time in 10ns +M=0.024//silica fiber parameter +L=2.5e3//length of link in m +delta_tmodal=3.5e-9*L/1e3//intermodal dispersion delay in s +delta_tmat=(-L/C)*(delta_lambda/lambda)*(M)//material dispersion in s +delta_tsys=1.1*sqrt(delta_ts^2+delta_tr^2+delta_tmat^2+delta_tmodal^2)//system delay in s +BT=0.7/delta_tsys//Max bit rate for RZformat +mprintf("\n Max bit rate for RZ format is=%.2fx10^6 bps",BT/1e6);//division by1e6 to convert the unit from bps to *10^6 +BT=0.35/delta_tsys//Max bit rate for NRZformat +mprintf("\n Max bit rate for NRZ format is=%.2fx10^6 bps",BT/1e6); +// the answer differ because of roundoff diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg b/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c82f2a7f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7480a2ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 2.1 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +lamda=85*10^-8;//wavelength of multimode fiber m +d=70e-6;//core diameter of the multimode fiber in m +n1=1.46;//refractive index of the fiber +delta=0.015;//relative refractive index difference +a=d/2;//radius=d/2 of core in m +n2=n1-(delta*n1);//refractive index of cladding +c=2*%pi*a/lamda;//constant part of the V-Number formula +V=c*((n1^2-n2^2))^0.5;// V-number +M=V^2/2;//total number of guided modes in the stepindex fiber +mprintf("\n Refractive Index of the cladding is=%.2f ",n2); +mprintf("\n Normalized frequency V-number of the fiber is =%.2f ",V); +mprintf("\n Total number of guided modes in the fiber is= %.0f ",M); +//The answers vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3822/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16be51b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 2.2 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.48;//core refractive index of a step-index fiber +delta=0.015;//relative index difference between the core and cladding +lamda=85*10^-8;//wavelength of the fiber in m +V=2.405;//value of V-number for single mode +c=(2*delta)^0.5;//constant value +a=(V*lamda)/(2*%pi*n1*c);//value of radius of core diameter in m +d=2*a;//diameter of core diameter in m +mprintf("\n Core diameter of the step index fiber is =%.2f um ",d*1e6); +delta1=0.0015;//relative index difference between the core and the cladding +c1=(2*delta1)^0.5;//constant value +a1=(V*lamda)/(2*%pi*n1*c1);//value of radius of core diameter in m +d1=2*a1;//diameter of core diameter in m +mprintf("\n Core diameter of the step index fiber is= %.2f um ",d1*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from m to um +//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg b/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c457dd98d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29afd54e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 2.3 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.6;//core and cladding refractive index of first fiber +n2=1.44;//core and cladding refractive index of second fiber +lamda=0.8;//wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in um +c=(2*%pi)/lamda;//constant value propagation constant +betamax=c*n1;//maximum value of maximum value of beta +betamin=c*n2;//minimum value of minimum value of beta +mprintf("\n Maximum value of Beta is= %.2f rad/um ",betamax); +mprintf("\n Minimum value of Beta is= %.2f rad/um",betamin); +//The answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg b/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..617b36bad Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..223adb135 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 2.4 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +a=5*10^-6;//radius in m +Vc=2.405;//cut off value of V-parameter for single mode +n1=1.46;//refractive index of the core +delta=0.0025;//refractive index difference between the core and cladding +c1=(2*delta)^0.5;//constant value +c2=(2*%pi*a)/Vc;//constant value +lamdac=c2*n1*c1;//cut off wavelength in m +mprintf("\n Cut-off Wavelength is = %.2f um ",lamdac*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from m to um +//The answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg b/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacc7066c Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdf310075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 2.5 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +a=30*10^-6;//radius in m +n1=1.50;//refractive index of the core +n2=1.49;//refractive index of the cladding +lamda=0.85e-6//operating wavelength in m +V=((2*%pi*a/lamda))*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)//V number +M=(1/2)*V^2//no. of guided modes in fiber +mprintf("\n No. of Guided modes is = %.0f ",M); +PcladbyP=(4/3)*M^-0.5//power in cladding to total power +PcorebyP=1-PcladbyP//power in core to total power +PcorebyPclad=PcorebyP/PcladbyP//power in core to power in cladding +mprintf("\n ratio of power in core to power in cladding is = %.0f ",PcorebyPclad); +//The answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3250f781 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b34db6048 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 3.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Pin=100;//average optical power in microwatts +Pout=2.5;//average output power in microwatts +L=10;//length of fiber in Km +L1=11//Length of fiber in Km +Ls=0.8//attenuation per splice in dB +ns=3//no of splices +u=1/L; +v=log10(Pin/Pout); +alphadB=u*10*v;//total attenuation per Km +TA=alphadB*L; +mprintf("\n Total Attenuation=%.2f dB",TA); +TA11=alphadB*L1;//total attenuation for 11 Km +mprintf("\n Total Attenuation for 11 Km=%.2f dB",TA11); +OA=TA11+ns*Ls;//overall attenuation in the link +mprintf("\n The overall attenuation in the link=%.2f dB",OA); +PinbyPout=10^(OA/10);//the value of Pin/Pout for 11Km line with splices +mprintf("\n The value of Pin/Pout for 11Km line with splices=%.2f",PinbyPout); +//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..416f58f6c Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..473dec64f --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 3.2 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.46;//refractive inde for the silica +p=0.286;//photo elastic coefficient for the silica +Bc=7e-11;//isothermal compressibility in m^2/N +lambda=1e-6;//wavelength in meters +KB=1.38e-23;//Boltzman constant in J/K +TF=1400//fictive temperature in K +u=8*(%pi^3)*KB*Bc*TF*p^2;// partial product +v=(n1)^8;//partial product +z=(lambda)^4;//partial product +taur=[(u*v)/(z*3)];//Rayleigh scattering coefficient in per Km +mprintf("\n Rayleigh scattering coefficient=%.3f*10^-4 per meter",taur*10^4);//multiplication by 1e4 to convert the unit to !0^-4 per Km +LKM=exp(-taur*1e3);//transmission loss factor of fiber per m +AdB=10*log10(1/LKM);//Attenuation in dB +mprintf("\n Attenuation in dB=%.2fdB per Km",AdB); +//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c2507fd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c444e5271 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.3 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given + +lamda=1.3;//wavelength in mm +d=6;//diameter of the fiber in um +alphadb=0.5//attenuation in dB +deltatau=0.6;//laser source bandwidth in GHz +Pb=(4.4*10^-3)*(d*d)*(lamda*lamda)*(alphadb)*(deltatau);//threshold optical power level for Brillouin scattering in watts +Pr=(5.9*10^-2)*(d*d)*(lamda)*(alphadb);//threshold optical power level for Raman Scattering in watts +mprintf("\n Threshold optical power level for Brillouin scattering is =%.2f mW",Pb*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from w to mW +mprintf("\n Threshold optical power level for Raman scattering is= %.2f W",Pr); + diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb190968d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb66f500d --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.4 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +a=4*10^-6;//radius in m +n1=1.5;//core refractive index +lamda=1.55*10^-6;//operating wavelength in m +delta=0.003;//relative refractive index difference between core and cladding +c=(2*delta)^0.5;//constant value +lamdac=(c*2*%pi*a*n1)/2.405;//cut off wavelength for mono mode +Rcs=(20*lamda)/((delta)^1.5)*((2.748-((0.996)*(lamda/lamdac)))^-3);//critical radius of curvature +mprintf("\n Critical radius of curvature is= %.2fmm",Rcs*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit to mm//the answer given in textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3444c3e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d004ae7c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.5 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +a=4*10^-6;//radius in m +n1=1.5;//core refractive index +delta=0.03;//delta +lamda=0.80*10^-6;//wavelength in m +c=(2*delta)^0.5;//constant value +n2=sqrt((n1^2)-(2*delta*n1^2)); +c5=((n1^2)-(n2^2))^1.5; +Rcs=(3*n1^2*lamda)/(4*%pi*c5);//critical radius +mprintf("\n Critical radius is =%.2f um",Rcs*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit to um//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77fa6443c Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..414a778dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.6 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given + +n1=1.55;//refractive index of core +n2=1.51//refractive index of cladding +no=1//refractive index of air +C=3e8//velocity of light in m/s +deltan=n1-n2;//relative refractive index +NA=((n1+n2)*deltan)^0.5;//Numerical aperture +alpham=asind(NA)//acceptance angle in degrees +deltatbyZ=(n1/n2)*deltan/C//multiple time dispersionin s/m +mprintf("Numerical Aperture is=%.2f",NA); +mprintf("\nAcceptance angle is=%.2f degree",alpham) +mprintf("\nMultiple time dispersion is=%.2f ns/Km",deltatbyZ*1e12)//multiplication by 1e12 to convert unit from s/m to ns/Km +//the answer vary slightly due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2347d649c Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60b41bf5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.7 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +C=3*10^8;//speed of light in m/s +lamda=0.85*10^-6;//wavelength in m +SW=0.003*10^-6;//spectrum width in m +Ym=0.021;//material dispersion parameter (ps/Km.nm) +Gamma=SW/lamda; +taubyZ=(Gamma/C)*(Ym)//in ns/Km +deltafZ=(C)/(4*Gamma*Ym);//Bandwidth distance product in GHz.Km +mprintf("\n Bandwidth distance product is =%.0fGHz.Km",deltafZ/1e12);//division by 1e9 to convert unit to GHz.Km from Hz.m diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08ec360fe Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad8badba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.8 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.48;//refractive index of core +delta=0.0022;//relative refractive index difference +a=4.5*10^-6;//core radius +lamda=1.3*10^-6;//wavelength in m +cod=9*10^-3;//core diameter +cad=125*10^-3;//cladding diameter +C=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s +Vd2VbbydV2=0.48//waveguide dispersion constant at V=2.14 +V=((2*%pi*a)/lamda)*n1*((2*delta)^0.5);//V-number +n2=n1*(1-delta); +DelGbyZdelL=(-n2*delta)*Vd2VbbydV2/(C*lamda);//waveguide dispersion in ps/Km?nm +mprintf("waveguide dispersion =%.2f ps/Km/nm",DelGbyZdelL*1e6)//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit ps/Km/nm diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg b/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f55ff4dd4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c2497fd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 3.9 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +Gama0=0.5;//transmitted pulse width in ns +delta_timd=0;//total intermodulation dispersion in ns +delta_tmd=2.81;//total material dispersion in ns +delta_twgd=0.495;//total waveguide dispersion in ns +delta_ttotal=((delta_timd^2)+(delta_tmd^2)+(delta_twgd^2))^0.5;//Total dispersion in ns +Gama=Gama0+delta_ttotal;// width of received pulse in ns +Bmax=1/(5*Gama*1e-9);//bitrate in Hz +mprintf("Total dispersion is= %.2f ns",delta_ttotal) +mprintf("\n Width of the received pulse is= %.2f ns",Gama); +mprintf("\n Approximate Bit rate is=%.2f MHz",Bmax/1e6);//division by 1e6 to convert unit into MHz from Hz diff --git a/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg b/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..846a79597 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd48bb46a --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 4.1 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +h=6.62*10^-34;//Plank's constant in SI units +c=3*10^8;//speed of the light in m/s +e=1.9*10^-19;//electric charge in columb +I=50*10^-3;//drive current in A +lamda=0.85*10^-6;//peak emission wavelength in m +taur=50*10^-9;//radiative carrier life time in s +taunr=100*10^-9;//nonradiative carrier life time in s +Tp=(taur*taunr)/(taur+taunr);///total carrier life time in s +etaint=Tp/taur;//equation of internal efficiency +c1=(I*h*c)/(e*lamda);//constant value +Pint=(etaint)*c1;//internal optical power generated in W +mprintf("\n Total carrier life time is =%.2fns ",Tp*1e9);//multiplication by 1e9 for conversion of unit from s to ns +mprintf("\n Optical power generated internally is= %.2f mW ",Pint*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 for conversion of unit from W to mW//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg b/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1ccdd18d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86755675 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 4.2 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +NA=0.18;//numerical aperture +RD=30;//radiance of the source in W/Sr/cm^2 +d=50*10^-4;//core diameter in cm +R=0.01;//Fresnel reflection coefficient +a=d/2;//radius of the core in cm +A=%pi*((a)^2);//emission area of the source in cm^2 +Pc=%pi*(1-R)*A*RD*((NA)^2);//optical power coupled to the fiber in W +mprintf("\n Optical power coupled to the fiber is =%.0f uW",Pc*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 for conversion of unit from W to uW//the answer given in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36c48b52f Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d808eae32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Tc=727;//temperature in celcius +lamda=0.5*10^-6;//wavength of emitting radiation in M +h=6.626*10^-34;//Plank's constant in SI units +KB=1.38*10^-23;//boltzman constant in SI units +c=3*10^8;//speed of light in m/s +f=c/lamda;//frequency in Hz +T=Tc+273;//temperature in kelvin +c1=(h*f)/(KB*T);//constant value +B21byA21Pf=1/(exp(c1)-1);//ratio of stimulated and spontaneous emission rate +mprintf("\n Ratio between stimulated and spontaneous emission is =%.1fx10^-13",B21byA21Pf*1e13); //multiplication by 1e13 to convert the ratio to 10^-13 diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5621edd77 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd24e9ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.2 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n=3.8;//refractive index +L=200*10^-4;//length in cm +W=100*10^-4;//width in cm +Beta=20*10^-3;//gain factor in A/cm^3 +alpha=10;//loss coefficient per cm +R1=((n-1)/(n+1))^2;//reflectivity +c1=((alpha+((1/L)*(log(1/R1)))))//constant value +Jth=(1/Beta)*c1;//threshold current density in A/cm^2 +mprintf("\n Threshold current density is= %.2f x10^3 A/cm^2",Jth*1e-3);//multiplication by 1e-3 to convert the ratio to 10^-3 +Ith=Jth*L*W;//threshold current in A +mprintf("\n Threshold current is =%.2f mA",Ith*1e3);//the answer vary due to rouding diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db85d1cb7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e871b82a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.3 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Br=7.21*10^-10;//injected electron density +Pn=10^18;//majority carrier hole density in/cm^3 +Gamar=1/(Br*Pn);//minority carrier life time +mprintf("\n Minority carrier life time is =%.2f ns ",Gamar*1e9);// the answer vary due to roundingoff +//multiplication by 1e9 to convert the unit to nm diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72dafd2f Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..679f6485a --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.5 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +lamda=0.85*1e-6;//wavelength of GaAs in m +n1=3.6;//refractive index +L=200e-6//length of the cavity in m +K=L*(2*n1)/lamda;//number of modes +mprintf("\n Number of modes=%.0f ",K);//the answer vary due to rounding//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit to um +u=2*n1*L;//partial product +v=(lamda)^2;//partial product +dellamda=v/u;//separation wavelength between the two mode in m +mprintf("\nThe separation wavelength between the two mode=%.2f nm",dellamda*1e9);//multiplication by 1e9 to convert the unit to nm// the answer given in textbook is wrong the unit is nm but the textbook gives it as um diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaaeddbe Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61bd16e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.5.A/Ex5_5_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.5(A) +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +etaT=0.20//total efficiency +Eg=1.43//bandgap energy in eV +V=2.5//applied voltage in V +etae=etaT*Eg*100/V//external power efficiency +mprintf("\n External power efficiency =%.2f percent ",etae); diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd82085a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc201eb1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.5 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +etaT=0.18//total efficiency +Eg=1.43//bandgap energy in eV +V=2.5//applied voltage in V +etae=etaT*Eg*100/V//external power efficiency +mprintf("\n External power efficiency =%.0f percent ",etae); diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0eb1c285 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..023e2df79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.6 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +T1=273+20;//first temperature for an AlGaAs injection laser diode in kelvin +T2=273+80;//second temperature for an AlGaAs injection laser diode in kelvin +T01=160;//first thershold temperature in kelvin +T02=55;//second thershold temperature in kelvin; + +//case 1: +Jth120C=exp(T1/T01); +Jth180C=exp(T2/T01); +Jth1=Jth180C/Jth120C; +mprintf("\n The ratio of threshold current densities for AlGaAs=%.2f",Jth1);//the answer vary due to rounding + +//case 2: +Jth220C=exp(T1/T02); +Jth280C=exp(T2/T02); +Jth2=Jth280C/Jth220C; +mprintf("\n The ratio threshold current densities for InGaAs=%.2f",Jth2); diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg b/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c224f45c0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f21c2d09c --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 5.7 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +lamda=0.85*1e-6;//wavelength of GaAs in m +n1=3.6;//refractive index +K=1700//number of modes +L=K*lamda/(2*n1);//length of the cavity in m +mprintf("\n Length of cavity in the laser=%.0f um",L*1e6);//the answer vary due to rounding//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit to um +u=2*n1*L;//partial product +v=(lamda)^2;//partial product +dellamda=v/u;//separation wavelength between the two mode in m +mprintf("\nThe separation wavelength between the two mode=%.2f nm",dellamda*1e9);//multiplication by 1e9 to convert the unit to nm// the answer given in textbook is wrong the unit is nm but the textbook gives it as um + diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2da67a647 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2793b9b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 6.1 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +eta=0.70;//quantum efficiency +E=2.2*10^-19;//energy of the photons in Joule +Ip=2*10^-6;//photocurrent in A //the value in question is different from that used in solution in question it is mA and in solution it is uA +h=6.62*10^-34;//Planck's constant in SI units +c=3*10^8;//speed of the light in m/s +e=1.9*10^-19;//electric charge in coulomb +lamda=(h*c)/E;//operating wavelength of the photodiode in m +f=c/lamda;//frequency in Hz +R=(eta*e)/(h*f);//Responsivity in A/W +Po=Ip/R;//incident power in W +mprintf("\n Operating wavelength of the photodiode is= %.2f um",lamda*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 for conversion of unit from m to um +mprintf("\n Incident power is =%.2f uW",Po*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 for conversion of unit from W to uW diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ef918f34 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c4e1e919 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.10 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +E=1.15*(1.6e-19);//band gap energy in V +h=6.62e-34;//plank's constant in S.I units +c=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s + + +lamda_c=(h*c)/(E);//critical wavelength in meter +mprintf("The critical wavelength is=%.2f um",lamda_c*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from m to um +//the answer vary due to roundingoff diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aabaa0734 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f6afe5a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 6.11 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +Pin=900*10^-3;// Input Power in W +Voc=600*10^-3;// Open circuit voltage in V +Isc=240*10^-3;//Short circuit current in A +FF=0.75;//Fill factor +Pmax=(Voc*Isc*FF);// Maximum Power in W +eta=(Pmax/Pin);// Conversion Efficiency +mprintf("\n Conversion Efficiency is =%.2f Percent",eta*100);//multiplication by 100 to convert into percentage diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4155a21d Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2adb6c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 6.12 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +Area_Cell=4;// Area of each cell in cm^2 +eta=0.12;// Conversion Efficiency +V=0.5;// Voltage generated in V +Pt=12;// Total output Power in W +IR=100*10^-3;// Solar Constant or Input Radiation in mW/cm^2 +Active_area_Panel=(Pt/(IR*eta));// Active area of the Panel in cm^2 +Number_Cells=(Active_area_Panel/Area_Cell);// Number of cells +I=(eta*IR*Area_Cell/V);// Current capacity in A +mprintf("\n Number of Cells are =%.2f",Number_Cells); +mprintf("\n Active area of the Panel is= %.2fcm^2",Active_area_Panel); +mprintf("\n Current capacity of each cell is =%.2fmA",I*1e3);//Multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit to mA from A diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..673f826ef Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e6d980e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 6.2 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +rp=3*10^11;//number of incident photon +re=1.5*10^11;//number of hole-pairs generated +lamda=0.85*10^-6;//wavength in m +h=6.62*10^-34;//Plank's constant in SI Unit +c=3*10^8;//speed of the light in m/s +e=1.9*10^-19;//electric charge in Coulomb +eta=re/rp;//quantum efficiency +c1=(e*lamda)/(h*c);//constant value +R=eta*c1;//responsivity of the photodiode inA/W +mprintf("\n Quantum efficiency is= %.2f",eta); +mprintf("\n Responsivity of the photodiode is= %.2f A/W",R); diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01ceca0e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06a651eb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 6.3 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +eta=0.65;//quantum efficiency +E=1.5*10^-19;//energy of the photons in V +Ip=3*10^-6;//diode current in A +h=6.62*10^-34;//Plank's constant in SI unit +c=3*10^8;//speed of the light in m/s +e=1.9*10^-19;//electric charge in coulomb +lamda=(h*c)/E;//wavelengthof the operating diode in m +f=c/lamda;//frequency in Hz +R=(eta*e)/(h*f);//responsivity in A/W +Po=Ip/R;//incident optical power in W +mprintf("\n Operating wavelength is =%.2f um",lamda*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 for conversion of unit from m to um +mprintf("\n Incident optical power is =%.2f uW ",Po*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 for conversion of unit from W to uW//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da53df490 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a9030df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.4 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Eg1=1.43;//Band Gap Energy of photodetector in eV +Eg2=[(1.43*1.6*10^-19)];//Band Gap Energy in joule + +lamdac=[(6.62*10^-34*3*10^8)/Eg2];//Cut-Off wave length in micrometer +mprintf("\n cut-off wave length is=%.2fum",lamdac*10^6);//multiplication by 10^6 to convert unit into um//the error is due to roundingoff + diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67d49d775 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c955a07fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.5 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +//case (1): +n1=3.5;//refractive index of layer 1 +alpha=1e5;//it is in m^-1 +d=3e-6//depth of planar layer in m +W=1e-6//width of depletion layer in m +//case (2): +alpha2=1e6;//it is in 1/m + +Rf=[(n1-1)/(n1+1)]^2;//reflection coefficient +//case (1): +PW1byP1=exp(-alpha*(d))*[1-exp(-alpha*W)]*(1-Rf);//fraction of incident power absorbed +//case (2): +PW2byP1=[exp(-alpha2*(d))]*[1-exp(-alpha2*W)]*(1-Rf);//fraction of incident power absorbed +mprintf("Fraction of energy absorbed for case 1 is=%0.2f percentage",PW1byP1*100); +mprintf("\nFraction of energy absorbed for case 2 is=%0.2f percentage",PW2byP1*100); diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c22455dc3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e177e18bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.6 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +lamda=0.8e-6;//wave length of radiation in micrometer +P=0.60e-6;//optical power in microwatts +ita=0.7;//quantum efficiency of a silicon RAPD is 70% +I=10e-6;//Output of device after avalanche gain in microampere +e=1.6e-19;// +h=6.62e-34;//plank's constant in S.I units +c=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s + +R=[(ita*e*lamda)]/[h*c];//Responsivity in A/W +Ip=P*R;//diode current in microampere +M=I/Ip;//multiplication factor +mprintf("\n Responsivity is=%.2f A/W",R); +mprintf("\n Diode current is=%.2f uA",Ip*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert the unit from ampers to uA +mprintf("\n Multiplication factor is=%.2f",M); diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c04a50ef8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4ab4b79a --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.7 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +A=(100)*(50);//area in u-meter^2 +Id=10e-9;//Measured dark current in nanoampere +eta=0.6;//Quantum efficiency is 60% +lamda=1.2e-6;//operating wave length in micrometer +e=1.6e-19;//charge of an electron in columb +h=6.62e-34;//plank's constant in S.I units +c=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s + +NEP=[h*c*sqrt(2*e*Id)]/(eta*e*lamda);//noise equivalent power in watts +D=sqrt(A*10^-12)/(NEP);//Specific directivity of the device +mprintf("\n Noise equivalent power is=%.2f *10^-14 W",NEP*10^14);//multiplication by10^-14 to change the unit 10^-14 W +mprintf("\n Specific directivity is=%2.f *10^8m Hz^(1/2)/W",D/10^8)//multiplication by10^8 to change the unit 10^8 m Hz^(1/2)/W diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c65bc627 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..832393bc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.8 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Ic=16e-3;//collector current in mA +P=130e-6;//incident power in microwatts +lamda=1.25e-6;//wavelength in micrometer +h=6.62e-34;//plank's constant in S.I units +c=3e8;//velocity of light in m/s + +//case 1: +u=h*c*Ic; +v=lamda*P*1.6e-19; +Go=u/v;//optical gain of the photo transistor +//case 2: +hFE=Go/0.45;//common emitter current gain +mprintf("\n optical gain of phototransistor Go is=%.2f",Go); +mprintf("\n common emitter current gain hFE is=%.2f",hFE); +//Answers are different due to roundingoff error diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg b/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b82f08e Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60908d7b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.9 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +tf=8e-12;//electron transit time in second +G=60//photoconductive gain of the device + +Bm=1/(2*%pi*tf*G);//the maximum 3dB bandwidth in Hz +mprintf("The 3dB bandwidth is=%.2f MHz",Bm/1e6);//division by 1e6 to covert unit from Hz to MHz +//The answer in textbook is wrong diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg b/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3383bb57b Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e2552ac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 7.1 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +theta=30;//value of angle of deliverence in degrees +b=cosd(theta);// cosine value of the theta +a=log10(b);//constant +c=log10(1/2);//constant +n=c/a;// refractive index +mprintf("The value of refractive index is= %.2f",n);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg b/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e05bb1c4e Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24cc9f87c --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 7.2 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +theta=10;// value of theta in degrees +phi=0;// value of phi in degrees +a=log10(1/2);// value of constant +c=log10(cosd(theta));// constant +L=a/c;// lateral power distribution +mprintf(" The Lateral Power Distribution is= %.2f",L);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg b/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa41493a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a93ff6ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communication by C.R. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar +//Example 7.3 +//OS = Windows 7 +//Scilab version 5.5.2 + +clc; +clear; + +//given +Df=80*10^-6;// diameter of the fiber in m +Ds=45*10^-6;// diameter of the source in m +NA=0.15;// numerical aperture of the fiber +Mmax=(Df/Ds);// maximum magnification +eta_d=((NA)^2)*100;// coupling efficiency considering direct coupling +eta_l=((Mmax)*(NA^2))*100;// coupling efficiency considering lens coupling +mprintf("\nThe Maximum Magnification factor is= %.2f",Mmax); +mprintf("\nThe coupling efficiency considering direct coupling is= %.2fpercent",eta_d); +mprintf("\nThe coupling efficiency considering lens coupling is= %.3fpercent",eta_l);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg b/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180cb5ca5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8649b4b1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 8.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +eta=0.50;//quantum efficiency of optical fibre +e=1.6e-19;//energy of electron in 1 joules +Po=250e-9;//incident optical power in watts +B=8e6;//bandwidth of receiver in Hz +lamda=0.85e-6;//wavelenth in meter +Id=4e-9;//dark current in ampere +t=300;//temperature in kelvin +c=3e8;// velocity in m/s +K=1.38e-23;//bolt'zman constant in S.I units +h=6.62e-34//planck's constant in S.I.Units +//case 1: +u=[eta*e*Po*lamda]; +v=[h]*[c]; +Ip=u/v;//photo current in diode in nA +mprintf("\n Photo current in diode is=%.2f nA",Ip*1e9); + +//case 2: +i1=2*e*B*(Ip+Id); +ish=sqrt(i1);//total shot noise generated in photo diode +mprintf("\n Total shot noise generated in photo diode is=%.2f nA",ish*1e9); + +//case 3: +x=4*K*t*B; +R=6e3;//load resistance in ohms +i3=x/R; +ith=sqrt(i3);//total thermal noise generated in load resistance +mprintf("\n The total thermal noise generated in load resistance is=%.2f nA",ith*1e9); + //multiplication by 1e9 to convert the unit from A to nA + diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg b/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6f50aef9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52dbc2fbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 8.2 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Cd=5e-12;//capacitance in Farad +B=10e6;//Bandwidth in Hz + +u=2*3.14*B*Cd; +RL=1/u;//Load resistance in ohms +mprintf("\n The load resistance is=%.2f *10^3ohms",RL/10^3);//multiplication factor to change unit from ohms to 10^3 ohms +v=2*3.14*RL*(10e-12); +B1=1/v;//bandwidth when the system is connected to load resistance +mprintf("\n Bandwidth when system is connected to load resistance is=%.2f MHz",B1/1e6); +//multiplcation factor to change unit to MHz from Hz diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg b/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4d90acd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..918305d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 8.3 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Cd=6e-12;//capacitance in farad +Id=0;//dark current in photodiode +B=40e6;//bandwidth in Hz +I=2e-7;//photo current before gain in Ampere +T=300;//temperature in kelvin +Fn=1; +KB=1.38*1e-23//boltzman constant in SI units +e=1.6*10^-19//charge of an electron in columb +//case 1: +u=2*3.14*Cd*B; +RL=1/u;//load resistance in ohms +mprintf("\n Load resistance is=%.2f ohms",RL); + +//case 2: +i2sh=2*(e)*B*I;// shot noise in A^2 +v=4*(KB)*T*B; +i2th=v/RL;//thermal noise in A^2 +//if i2>i1 then +S=I^2; +N=i2th; +z=S/N; +mprintf("\n Signal to noise ratio is=%.2f",z); +//when M=Mopt and x=0.3 +x=0.3;//lies between 0.3 to 0.5 for silicon and 0.7 to 1 for Ge +a=4*(KB)*T; +b=(e)*x*RL*I; +M1=a/b; +Mopt=M1^(1/2.3) +S1=[(Mopt)*I]^2;//signal strength in W +N1=[2*(e)*B*I*((Mopt)^2.3)]+[(4*(KB)*T*B)/(RL)];//noise power in W +SbyN=S1/N1;//signal to noise ratio +mprintf("\n Signal to noise ratio is=%.2f",SbyN); +//the answer in book is wrong diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg b/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..605daabdd Binary files /dev/null and b/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35a74180e --- /dev/null +++ b/3822/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + +//OptoElectronics and Fibre Optics Communication, by C.K Sarkar and B.C Sarkar +//Example 6.4 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +R=5e6;//effective resistance in ohms +CT=5e-12;//capacitance in Farads +T=300;//temperature in kelvin +Rf=1e5;//resistance in ohms +A=400;//open loop gain +KB=1.38e-23//boltzman constant in S.I. unit +//case 1: +Rtl=[(R)*(R)]/[(R)+(R)];//total effective load resistance +u=2*3.14*Rtl*CT; +B=1/u;//maximum bandwidth in Hz +mprintf("The maximum bandwidt obtained equalization is=%.2f *10^4Hz",B/1e4);//multiplication factor to change unit + +//case 2: +v=4*(KB)*T; +i2th=v/Rtl;//thermal energy noise current per bandwidth in A^2/Hz +mprintf("\nThermal energy noise current per bandwidth is=%.2f *10^-27 A^2/Hz",i2th*1e27); + +//case 3: +x=2*%pi*Rf*CT; +B=A/x;//maximum bandwidth without equalization for transimpedance +mprintf("\nMaximum bandwidth without equalization for transimpedance is=%.2f*10^8Hz",B/1e8); +//Assuming Rf<8(CO2)+9(H2O)+6.25(O2) +n_CO2=8;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_H2O=9;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_O2=6.25;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +m_oy=m_oct*(n_CO2+n_H2O+n_O2);// kgmole of product +n_p=m_oy*2.2046;// lbmole of product +h_f_C8H18=-249.952;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_CO2=-393.522;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O_g=-241.827;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_N2=0;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_O2=0;// MJ/kgmole +N=h_f_C8H18+(0-(1.5*12.5*R_u*T))-(n_CO2*(h_f_CO2-(R_u*T)))-(n_H2O*(h_f_H2O_g-(R_u*T)))-(n_O2*(h_f_O2-(R_u*T)));// The numerator in MJ +c_v_CO2=0.04987;// MJ/kgmole.K +c_v_H2O=0.03419;// MJ/kgmole.K +c_v_O2=0.02468;// MJ/kgmole.K +D=(n_CO2*c_v_CO2)+(n_H2O*c_v_H2O)+(n_O2*c_v_O2);// The denominator in MJ/K +T_A_bc=(T-273.15)+(N/D);// °C +T_A_bc=T_A_bc+273.15;// K +T_A_bc=T_A_bc*1.8;// R +P_max=(n_p*R*T_A_bc)/(V_p*144);// psi +printf("\nThe maximum possible explosion pressure inside the bomb,P_max=%5.0f psi",P_max); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e197e3af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// Example 15_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25.0+273;// K +p_m=0.100;// MPa +T_b=200+273;// K +q_r=-134.158;// MJ +R=8.3143;// kJ/(kgmole.K) + +// Calculation +// The reaction equation for 100.% theoretical air is CH4+2O2+3.76N2-->CO2+2(H2O)+7.52(N2) +n_CH4=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_O2=2;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_N2=7.52;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_R=(n_CH4+n_O2+n_N2);// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +p_CH4=(n_CH4/n_R)*p_m;// kPa +p_O2=(n_O2/n_R)*p_m;// kPa +p_N2=(n_N2/n_R)*p_m;// kPa +n_CO2=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_H2O=2;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_N2=7.52;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_P=(n_CO2+n_H2O+n_N2);// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +p_CO2=(n_CO2/n_P)*p_m;// kPa +p_H2O=(n_H2O/n_P)*p_m;// kPa +p_N2=(n_N2/n_P)*p_m;// kPa +s0_CH4=186.256;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s0_O2=205.138;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s0_N2=191.610;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_CH4=s0_CH4-(R*log(p_CH4/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_O2=s0_O2-(R*log(p_O2/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_N2=s0_N2-(R*log(p_N2/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_iR=(n_CH4*sbar_CH4)+(n_O2*sbar_O2)+(n_N2*sbar_N2);// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s0_CO2=213.795;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s0_H2O=188.833;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s0_N2=191.610;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +c_p_CO2=37.19;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +c_p_H2O=33.64;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +c_p_N2=29.08;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_CO2=s0_CH4+(c_p_CO2*log(T_b/T))-(R*log(p_CO2/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_H2O=s0_O2++(c_p_H2O*log(T_b/T))-(R*log(p_H2O/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_N2=s0_N2+(c_p_N2*log(T_b/T))-(R*log(p_N2/p_m));// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_iP=(n_CO2*sbar_CO2)+(n_H2O*sbar_H2O)+(n_N2*sbar_N2);// kJ/(kgmole.K) +sbar_p_r=sbar_iP-sbar_iR-((q_r*10^3)/T_b);// kJ/(kgmole.K) +printf("\nThe entropy produced per mole of fuel,(sbar_p)_r=%3.0f kJ/(kgmole.K)",sbar_p_r); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fba06f20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.13/Ex15_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 15_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25+273.15;// K +n_C=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_H2=2;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_CH4=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +sbar0_CH4=186.256;// kJ/kgmole.K +sbar0_C=5.740;// kJ/kgmole.K +sbar0_H2=130.684;// kJ/kgmole.K +h_f_CH4=-74.873;// MJ/kgmole.K + +// Calculation +sbar0_f_CH4=sbar0_CH4-[((n_C/n_CH4)*sbar0_C)+((n_H2/n_CH4)*sbar0_H2)];// kJ/kgmole.K +gbar0_f_CH4=h_f_CH4-(T*sbar0_f_CH4*1/1000);// The specific molar Gibbs function of formation of methane in MJ/kgmole +printf("\nThe molar specific entropy of formation,(sbar0_f)_CH4=%2.3f kJ/kgmole.K \nThe specific molar Gibbs function of formation of methane,(gbar0_f)_CH4=%2.3f MJ/kgmole",sbar0_f_CH4,gbar0_f_CH4); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dbd4c652 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.14/Ex15_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 15_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p=0.100;// MPa +T_a=298;// K +T_b=2000;// K +R=0.0083143;// MJ/kgmole.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +gbar0_f_H2O=-228.583;// kJ/kgmole +// since H2 and O2 are elements, their molar specific Gibbs function of formation is zero. Then, from Table 15.7, +gbar0_f_H2=0;// kJ/kgmole +gbar0_f_O2=0;// kJ/kgmole +K_e=exp(gbar0_f_H2O/(R*T_a));// The equilibrium constant +printf("\n(a)The equilibrium constant,K_e=%1.2e",K_e); +// (b) +T_b_R=T_b*1.8;// R +// Eq. (15.34) with Tables 15.7 and C.16c in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics give +h_a_H2O=4258.3;// Btu/lbmole +h_b_H2O=35540.1;// Btu/lbmole +h_a_H2=3640.3;// Btu/lbmole +h_b_H2=26398.5;// Btu/lbmole +h_a_O2=3725.1;// Btu/lbmole +h_b_O2=29173.5;// Btu/lbmole +s_a_H2O=188.833;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s_b_H2O=63.221;// Btu/(lbmole.R) +s_a_H2=130.684;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s_b_H2=44.978;// Btu/(lbmole.R) +s_a_O2=205.138;// kJ/(kgmole.K) +s_b_O2=64.168;// Btu/(lbmole.R) +// Note: The multipliers 2.3258 and 4.1865 in these equations are necessary to convert the Btu/lbmole and Btu/(lbmole.R) values in Table C.16c into kJ/kgmole and kJ/(kgmole.K), respectively. +gbar_f_H2O=(gbar0_f_H2O*10^3)+((h_b_H2O-h_a_H2O)*2.3258)-[((T_b*s_b_H2O)*4.1865)-(T_a*s_a_H2O)];// kJ/kgmole +gbar_f_H2=gbar0_f_H2+((h_b_H2-h_a_H2)*2.3258)-[((T_b*s_b_H2)*4.1865)-(T_a*s_a_H2)];// kJ/kgmole +gbar_f_O2=gbar0_f_O2+((h_b_O2-h_a_O2)*2.3258)-[((T_b*s_b_O2)*4.1865)-(T_a*s_a_O2)];// kJ/kgmole +K_e=exp([gbar_f_H2O-gbar_f_H2-((1/2)*gbar_f_O2)]/(R*10^3*T_b));// The equilibrium constant +printf("\n(b)The equilibrium constant,K_e=%1.2e",K_e); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.17/Ex15_17.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.17/Ex15_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..996a09a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.17/Ex15_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 15_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=5000;// K + +// Calculation +// (a) +K_e1=10^0.450;// The equilibrium constant for the reaction +K_e2=1/K_e1;// The equilibrium constant for a second reaction +printf("\n(a)The equilibrium constant for the first reaction,K_e1=%1.2f \n The equilibrium constant for a second reaction,K_e2=%0.3f",K_e1,K_e2); +// (b) +K_e1=10^-0.298;// The equilibrium constant for the reaction +printf("\n(b)The equilibrium constant for the reaction,K_e1=%0.3f",K_e1); +// (c) +alpha=1;// Constant +beta=3.76;// Constant +K_e1=10^(1.719);// The equilibrium constant for the first reaction +K_e2=10^-0.570;// The equilibrium constant for a second reaction +K_e3=(K_e1^alpha)*(K_e2^beta);// The equilibrium constant for a third reaction +printf("\n(c)The equilibrium constant for the first reaction,K_e1=%2.1f \n The equilibrium constant for a second reaction,K_e2=%0.3f \n The equilibrium constant for the combined reaction,K_e3=%0.3f",K_e1,K_e2,K_e3); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.18/Ex15_18.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.18/Ex15_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8c0d2368 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.18/Ex15_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 15_18 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25.0;// °C +p=0.100;// MPa +g_f_H2O=-237.178;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O=-285.838;// MJ/kgmole +j=2;// kgmole of electrons per kgmole of H2 +F=96487;// kJ/(V.kgmole electrons) + +// Calculation +n_H2=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_H2O=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_r_max=g_f_H2O/h_f_H2O;// The maximum reaction efficiency +phi_0=([-(n_H2O/n_H2)*(h_f_H2O*10^3)]*[n_r_max])/(j*F);// The theoretical open circuit voltage in V +W_maxbyn_fuel=phi_0*j*F;// kJ/kgmoleH2 +printf("\nThe maximum theoretical reaction efficiency,(n_r)max=%2.1f percentage \nThe theoretical open circuit voltage,V=%1.2f V \nThe maximum theoretical work output,W_max/n_fuel=%6.0f kJ/kgmole H2",n_r_max*100,phi_0,W_maxbyn_fuel); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.19/Ex15_19.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.19/Ex15_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8fd672b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.19/Ex15_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 15_19 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +p=0.1;// MPa + +// Calculation +n_H2=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_O2=0.5;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_H2O=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +g_f_H2O=-237.178;// MJ/kgmole +// [(abar_f)_i]_chemical=gbar0_i+RT ln[1]. +abar_H2O=g_f_H2O;// MJ/kgmole +adot_fc=0+0-[(n_H2O/n_H2)*abar_H2O];// The net molar specific flow availability in MJ/kgmoleH2 +printf("\nThe net molar specific flow availability of the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell,(a_flow chemical)_net=%3.3f MJ/kgmoleH2",adot_fc); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8daa72593 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 15_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +CH_4=1.00;// kgmole of methane +C_3H_8=3.00;// kgmoles of propane + +// Solution +n=1+(3*(3));// Carbon balance +m=4+(3*(8));// Hydrogen balance +printf("\nThe hydrocarbon fuel model for this mixture is C_%2.0fH_%2.0f.",n,m); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d5c1036a --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 15_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20.0;// °C +CO_2=7.10;// % +CO=0.800;// % +O_2=9.90;// % +N_2=82.2;// % +M_air=28.97;// lbmdry air/lbmole dry air + +// Solution +// (a) +n=7.10+0.800;// Carbon (C) balance +// m=2*b +a=82.2/3.76;// Nitrogen (N2) balance +b=2*(a-(7.10+(0.800/2)+9.90));// Oxygen (O2) balance +m=2*b;// Hydrogen (H) balance +printf("\n(a)The hydrocarbon model (CnHm) of the fuel is C_%1.2fH_%2.0f",n,m); +// (b) +M_fuel=(7.90*(12))+(18.0*(1));// lbm/lbmole +Fc_C=7.90*12.0*113;// lbm C/lbm fuel +Fc_H=((9.00)*(2.016))/113;// lbmH/lbmfuel +printf("\n(b)The molecular mass of the fuel in this model,M_fuel=%3.0f lbm/lbmole \n The fuel’s composition on a mass basis is %0.3f lbmC/lbmfuel and %0.3f lbmH/lbm fuel",M_fuel,Fc_C,Fc_H); +// (c) +n_air=21.9*(1+3.76);// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +n_fuel=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient of the reaction +AF_molar=n_air/n_fuel;// moles air/mole fuel +AF_mass=AF_molar*(28.97/(M_fuel));// lbm air/lbm fuel +printf("\n(c)The air-fuel ratio on a molar and a mass basis,(A/F)_molar=%3.0f moles air/molefuel and (A/F)_mass=%2.1f lbm air/lbm fuel",AF_molar,AF_mass); +// (d) +b=7.90;// Carbon (C) balance +c=18.0;// Hydrogen (H) balance +a=b+(c/2);// Oxygen (O2) balance +d=3.76*a;// Nitrogen (N2) balance +AF_mt=(12.4*(1+3.76))/1;// mole air/mole fuel +per_ta=(AF_molar/AF_mt)*100;// The percent of theoretical air used in the actual combustion process (%) +printf("\n(d)The percentage of theoretical air used in the combustion process,Percentage of theoritical air=%3.0f percentage or %2.0f percentage excess air",per_ta,(per_ta-100)); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0030907e --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 15_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_H2O=9.00;// moles +m_m=109;// moles +p_t=14.7;// The total pressure of the mixture in psia + +// Calculation +X_H2O=m_H2O/m_m;// The mole fraction +p_H2O=X_H2O*p_t;// psia +// By interpolation in Table C.1a in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that +T_DP=108;// °F +T_DP=(108-32)/1.8;// °C +printf("\nThus, the exhaust products must be cooled to %3.0f°F(%2.1f°C)or below to condense the water of combustion and have an essentially dry exhaust gas.",(T_DP*1.8+32),T_DP); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f885f12f --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 15_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_DB=90.0;// °F +T_WB=75.0;// °F +phi=50;// The relative humidity in % +w=105*1/7000;// lbm H2O/lbm dry air +M_da=28.97;// lbmdry air/lbmole dry air +M_H2O=18.016;// lbmH2O/lbmoleH2O + +// Calculation +w=w*(M_da/M_H2O);// lbmole H2O/lbmole dry air +// From the balanced reaction equation of part a of Example 15.3, we find that the amount of dry air used per mole of fuel is +a_da=21.9*(1+3.76);// moles +a_w=w*a_da;// moles of water +n_H2O=9.00+a_w;// moles per mole of fuel +n_total=111.5;// moles per mole of fuel +X_H2O=n_H2O/n_total;// The mole fraction of water vapor in the exhaust +p_H20=X_H2O*14.7;// psia +// Again, interpolating in Table C.1a in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find +T_DP=116.0;//°F +T_DP=(T_DP-32)/1.8;// °C +T_sat=T_DP;// °C +printf("\n(a)The amount of water carried into the engine in the form of inlet humidity,w=%0.4f lbmole H2O/lbmole dry air \n(b)The new dew point temperature of the exhaust products,T_DP=%2.1f°C",w,T_DP); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dc50fc5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 15_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h_f_CO2=393.522;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O_g=241.827;//MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O_l=285.838;// MJ/kgmole +HHV_CH4=-890.4;// MJ/kgmole + +// Calculation +n=1;// The stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction +m=4;// The stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction +q_f=-[(n*h_f_CO2)+((m/2)*h_f_H2O_l)+HHV_CH4];// MJ/kgmole of CH_4 +printf("\nThe heat of formation of methane gas CH4(g) at the standard reference state,(qbar_f)_CH4=%2.1f MJ/kgmole of CH_4",q_f); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808af3edc --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 15_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.160;// kg of liquid water +T=25.0;// °C +p=0.100;// MPa + +// Calculation +h_f_H2O=285.838;// MJ/kg mole +q_f_H2O=285.838;// MJ/kg mole +q_r=q_f_H2O;// MJ/kg mole +M=18.016;// kg/kgmole +Q_r=m*(-q_r/M);// MJ +printf("\nThe total heat transfer required,Q_r=%1.2f MJ",Q_r); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45370e823 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 15_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// For 100.% theoretical air, the combustion equation for methane is,CH_4+2.00[O_2+3.76 N_2]-->CO_2+2.00(H_2O)+7.52(N_2) +// From Table 15.1, we find that +h_f_CH4=-74.873;// MJ/kgmoleCH4 +h_R=-74.873;// MJ/kgmoleCH4 +h_f_N_2=0;// MJ/kgmole N2 +h_f_CO2=-393.522;// MJ/kgmole CO2 +h_f_H2O_g=-241.827;// MJ/kgmole H2O_g +h_f_H2O_l=-285.838;// MJ/kgmole H2O_l + +// Calculation +h_p_LHV=h_f_CO2+(2*h_f_H2O_g)+(7.52*h_f_N_2);// MJ/kgmole CH4 +h_p_HHV=h_f_CO2+(2*h_f_H2O_l)+(7.52*h_f_N_2);// MJ/kgmole CH4 +LHV=h_p_LHV-h_R;// MJ/kgmole CH4 +HHV=h_p_HHV-h_R;// MJ/kgmole CH4 +h_fg_H2O=44.00;// MJ/kgmole CH4 +n_H2O=2.00;// The stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction +n_fuel=1.00;// The stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction +HHV=LHV-((n_H2O/n_fuel)*h_fg_H2O);// MJ/kgmole CH4 +printf("\nThe higher heating value of methane,LHV=%3.2f MJ/kgmole CH4 \nThe lower heating value of methane,HHV=%3.2f MJ/kgmole CH4",HHV,LHV); diff --git a/3831/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3831/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d312c855 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 15_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h_R=-74.873;// MJ/kgmole CH4 +h_f_N_2=0;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_CO2=-393.522;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O_g=-241.827;// MJ/kgmole +h_f_H2O_l=-285.838;// MJ/kgmole +c_p_CO2=0.03719;// MJ/kgmole.K +c_p_H2O=0.03364;// MJ/kgmole.K +c_p_N2=0.02908;// MJ/kgmole.K +T=500;// °C +T_0=25;// °C + +// Calculation +h_P=h_f_CO2+(2*h_f_H2O_g)+(7.52*h_f_N_2)+([c_p_CO2+(2.00*c_p_H2O)+(7.52*c_p_N2)]*(T-T_0));// MJ/kgmole CH4 +q_r=h_P-h_R;// MJ/kgmole CH4 +printf("\nThe heat of reaction of methane,qbar_r=%3.3f MJ/kgmole CH4",q_r); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ba509586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 16_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20+273.15;// K +V=90.0;// km/h +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +c_p=1.004;// kJ/kg.K + +// Solution +T_0=T*(1+(((V*10^3/(3600*1000))^2)/(2*g_c*c_p*T)));// K +T_0=T_0-273.15;// °C +printf("\nThe stagnation temperature,T_0=%2.1f°C",T_0) diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d64a15c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 16_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=5.00*10^-3;// kg +T=20.0+273.15;// K +p=101.3*10^3;// kg/(m.s^2) +R=286;// m^2/(s^2.K) +D=3.00*10^-3;// m +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant + +// Calculation +W=(m*g)/g_c;// N +rho=p/(R*T);// kg/m^3 +V_in=((4*g_c*W)/(rho*%pi*D^2))^(1/2);// m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of the jet,V_in=%2.1f m/s",V_in); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b365224 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 16_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +M_x=5.50;// The Mach number +p_x=14.7;// lbf/in^2 +T_x=70.0+459.67;// °F +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio +R=53.34;// ft.lbf/lbm.R +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/lbf.s^2 + +// Calculation +M_y=((((k-1)*M_x^2)+2)/((2*k*M_x^2)+1-k))^(1/2);// The Mach number +T_y=T_x*[(1+(((k-1)/2)*M_x^2))/(1+(((k-1)/2)*M_y^2))];// R +p_y=p_x*(M_x/M_y)*(T_y/T_x)^(1/2);// lbf/in^2 +V_wind=(M_x*sqrt(k*g_c*R*T_x))-(M_y*sqrt(k*g_c*R*T_y));// ft/s +printf("\nThe pressure directly behind the shock wave,p_y=%3.0f lbf/in^2 \nThe temperature directly behind the shock wave,T_y=%4.0f R \nThe wind velocity directly behind the shock wave,V_wind=%1.0e ft/s",p_y,T_y,V_wind); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07c18c308 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 16_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_os=7.00;// MPa +T_os=2000;// °C +D_t=0.0200;// m +D_e=0.100;// m +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio +R=286;// m^2/(s^2.K) +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant + +// Calculation +// (a) +A_t=(%pi*D_t^2)/4;// m^2 +mdot=(0.0404*(p_os*10^6)*A_t)/sqrt(T_os+273.15);// kg/s +// (b) +A_r=(D_e/D_t)^2;// (A_r=A_exit/A*) +M_e=5.00;// Mach number at exit +// Assume p_exit/p_os=p_r +p_r=1.89*10^-3;// Pressure ratio +// Assume T_exit/T_os=T_r +T_r=0.16667;// Temperature ratio +p_e=p_r*p_os*10^3;// The exit pressure in kN/m^2 +T_exit=T_r*(T_os+273.15);// K +c_e=sqrt(k*g_c*R*T_exit);// The velocity of sound at the exit in m/s +V_exit=c_e*M_e;// m/s +// (c) +M_x=5.0;// The Mach number +p_x=13.23;// kN/m^2 +T_x=378.8;// K +// Table C.19 is a tabular version of these equations, and at Mx = 5.0, we again have a direct entry +M_y=0.415;// The Mach number +// Assume p_osy/p_osx=p_ros +p_ros=0.06172; +// Assume p_y/p_x=p_rxy +p_rxy=29.00; +// Assume p_osy/p_x=p_rosyx +p_rosyx=32.654; +// Assume T_y/T_x=T_yx +T_yx=5.800; +p_osx=p_os*10^3;// kN/m^2 +p_B=p_ros*p_osx;// The required back pressure in kN/m^2 +// Alternatively +p_B=p_rosyx*p_x;// The required back pressure in kN/m^2 +printf("\n(a)The mass flow rate required for supersonic flow in the diverging section,mdot=%1.2f kg/s \n(b)The Mach number, pressure,temperature and velocity at the exit of the diverging section with this massflow rate,M_exit=%1.2f,p_exit=%2.1f kN/m^2,T_exit=%3.1f K,V_exit=%4.0f m/s \n(c)The outside back pressure required to produce a standing normal shock wave at the exit of the diverging section,p_B=%3.0f kN/m^2",mdot,M_e,p_e,T_exit,V_exit,p_B); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59fc65793 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 16_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_os=3.00;// atm +T_os=20.0;// °C +p_B=1.00;// atm +A_r=2.0;// The exit to throat area ratio fo r the nozzle +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio +R=286;// m^2/(s^2.K) +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant + +// Calculation +p_a=p_os*(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1));// atm +// Since we are given Aexit/A* = A_E/A*= 2.00, we can find ME by inverting Eq. (16.23b).However, in this case, it is again much easier to use Table C.18 for this area ratio and read (approximately), +M_E=2.20;// The Mach number at exit +// Assume p_rEos=p_E/p_os +p_rEos=0.09352; +p_E=p_rEos*p_os;// atm +// Assume p_r=p_osy/p_osx +p_r=1.00/3.00; +// From Table C.19 at p_osy/p_osx=0.333 +M_x=2.98;// The Mach number +M_y=0.476;// The Mach number +T_e=0.50813*(T_os+273.15);// K +c_exit=sqrt(k*g_c*R*T_e);// m/s +M_exit=M_E;// The Mach number at exit +V_exit=M_exit*c_exit;// m/s +printf("\nThe exit pressure,p_E=%0.3f atm\nThe exit temperature,T_exit=%3.2f K \nThe exit velocity,V_exit=%3.0f m/s",p_E,T_e,V_exit); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69adc41ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 16_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_inlet=456.2;// kN/m^2 +T_inlet=283.7;// K +p_exit=370.4;// kN/m^2 +T_exit=260.1;// K +V_exit=474.8;// m/s +k=1.67;// The specific heat ratio for helium +R=2077.0;// m^2/(s^2.K) +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant + +// Calculation +// (a) +c_osi=sqrt(k*g_c*R*T_inlet);// m/s +c_inlet=c_osi;// m/s +n_N=((((k-1)/2)*(V_exit/c_inlet)^2)/(1-((p_exit/p_inlet)^((k-1)/k))));// The nozzle’s efficiency +// (b) +C_v=sqrt(n_N);// The nozzle’s velocity coefficient +// (c) +R=2.077;// kJ/kg.K +rho_e=p_exit/(R*T_exit);// kg/m^3 +M_exit=1.0;// The exit Mach number +T_os=T_inlet;// K +p_os=p_inlet;// kN/m^2 +T_es=T_os*(2/(k+1));// K +rho_es=(p_os/(R*T_os))*[2/(k+1)]^(1/(k-1));// kg/m^3 +V_es=sqrt(k*g_c*R*10^3*T_es);// m/s +C_d=(rho_e*V_exit)/(rho_es*V_es);// The nozzle’s discharge coefficient +printf("\n(a)The nozzle’s efficiency,n_N=%0.3f \n(b)The nozzle’s velocity coefficient,C_v=%0.3f \n(c)The nozzle’s discharge coefficient,C_d=%0.3f",n_N,C_v,C_d); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6872faec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 16_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +M_in=0.890;// The inlet Mach number +p_osi=314.7;// kPa +p_ose=249.3;// kPa +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +// (a) +n_D=(((((1+((((k-1)/2)*M_in^2)))*(p_ose/p_osi)^((k-1)/k)))-1)/(((k-1)*M_in^2)/2))*100;// % +// (b) +p_i=p_osi/((1+(((k-1)/2)*M_in^2))^(k/(k-1)));// kPa +C_p=(p_ose-p_i)/(p_osi-p_i);// The diffuser’s pressure recovery coefficient +printf("\n(a)The diffuser’s efficiency,n_D=%2.1f percentage \n(b)The diffuser’s pressure recovery coefficient,C_p=%0.3f",n_D,C_p); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f40f256f --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 16_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20+273.15;// K +V=25.0;// m/s +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio +p=0.101;// MPa +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +c_p=1.004;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.286;// kJ/kg.K + +// Solution +p_os=p*(1+((V^2/1000)/(2*g_c*c_p*T)))^(k/(k-1));// The isentropic stagnation pressure in MPa +rho=(p*10^3)/(R*T);// kg/m^3 +rho_os=rho*(1+((V^2/1000)/(2*g_c*c_p*T)))^(1/(k-1));// The isentropic stagnation density in kg/m^3 +printf("\nThe isentropic stagnation pressure,p_os=%0.4f MPa \nThe isentropic stagnation density,rho_os=%1.4f kg/m^3",p_os,rho_os); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c18a212f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 16_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=1000;// °F +V_1=1612;// ft/s +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/lbf.s^2 + +// Calculation +// Station 1 +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=1000;// °F +h_1=1534.4;// Btu/lbm +s_1=2.1332;// Btu/lbm.R +// Station os +s_os=s_1;// Btu/lbm.R +h_os=h_1+(V_1^2/(2*g_c));// Btu/lbm +//Table C.3a, in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics a Mollier diagram for steam +p_os=20.0;// psia +T_os=1100;// °F +v_os=46.4;// ft^3/lbm +rho_os=1/v_os;// lbm/ft^3; +printf("\nThe isentropic stagnation temperature,T_0=%4.0f°F \nThe isentropic stagnation pressure,p_os=%2.1f psia \nThe isentropic stagnation density,rho_os=%0.3f lbm/ft^3",T_os,p_os,rho_os); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c15fa3f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 16_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=35+273.15;// K +V=300;// m/s + +// Solution +// Using Table C.13b in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics for the values of the specific heat ratio and the gas constant for methane, we get +k_methane=1.30;// The specific heat ratio +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +R_methane=518;// J/kg.K +c_methane=sqrt(k_methane*g_c*R_methane*T);// m/s +M_methane=V/c_methane;//The Mach number +printf("\nThe Mach number of the methane,M_methane=%0.3f",M_methane); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f5044cec --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 16_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=-20.0+273.15;// K +p=0.500;// atm +M=0.850;// The Mach number +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio +R=286;// J/kg.K +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant + +// Solution +V=M*sqrt(k*g_c*R*T);// m/s +T_os=T*(1+(((k-1)*M^2)/2));// K +T_os=T_os-273.15;// °C +p_os=p*(1+(((k-1)*M^2)/2))^(k/(k-1));// atm +p_os=p_os*1.013*10^2;// kPa +printf("\nThe aircraft’s velocity,V=%3.0f m/s \nThe isentropic stagnation temperature,T_os=%2.1f°C \nThe isentropic stagnation pressure,p_os=%2.1f KPa",V,T_os,p_os); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..771b7dc2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 16_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_os=1.00;// MPa +T_os=20.0+273.15;// K +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio +p=0.1013;// MPa +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +R=286;// J/kg.K + +// Solution +// (a) +p_r=p/p_os;// The pressure ratio +M=((2/(k-1))*(((p_os/p)^((k-1)/k))-1))^(1/2);// The exit Mach number +// (b) +T=(T_os/(1+(((k-1)*M^2)/2)))-273.15;// The exit temperature in °C +// (c) +V=M*sqrt(k*g_c*R*(T+273.15));// The exit velocity in m/s +// (d) +p_throat=p_os*[2/(k+1)]^(k/(k-1));// The pressure at the throat of the nozzle in MPa +// (e) +T_throat=T_os*[2/(k+1)];// The temperature at the throat of the nozzle in K +T_throat=T_throat-273.15;// The temperature at the throat of the nozzle in °C +printf("\n(a)The exit Mach number,M=%1.2f \n(b)The exit temperature,T=%3.0f°C \n(c)The exit velocity,V=%3.0f m/s \n(d)The pressure at the throat of the nozzle,p_throat=%0.3f MPa \n(e)The temperature at the throat of the nozzle,T_throat=%2.1f°C",M,T,V,p_throat,T_throat); diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d16670ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 16_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_bag=3.00;// ft +t_fill=30;// milliseconds +p_air=15.00;// psia +p_os=1500;// psia +T_os=70.0+459.67;// R +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio +R_air=53.34;// ft.lbf/lbm.R + +// Solution +V_bag=(%pi*D_bag^3)/6;// ft^3 +T_air=T_os*(2/(k+1));// R +rho_air=(p_air*144)/(R_air*T_air);// lbm/ft^3 +m_avg=(rho_air*V_bag)/(t_fill*10^-3);// lbm/s +D_tube=[(4*m_avg*sqrt(T_os+459.67))/(0.532*%pi*p_os)]^(1/2);// in +printf("\nThe minimum tube diameter,D_tube=%1.2f in",D_tube); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3831/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3831/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf90b793 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 16_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_exit=0.0938;// in +T_os=70.0;// °F +p_osi=50.0;// psia +V_T=1.00;// ft^3 +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +// (a) +p_r1=(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1));// The pressure ratio +p_exit=14.7;// psia +p_exitbyp_os=p_exit/p_osi;// The pressure ratio +// (b) +p_os=p_exit/p_r1;// psia +p_os=p_os*0.472;// psig +// (c) +A_a=(%pi*D_exit^2)/(4*144);// ft^2 +tau=31.95*log(p_osi/(p_os/0.472));// s +printf("\n(a)p_exit/p_os=%0.3f,which is <0.528 therefore, initially, the flow is choked.\n(b)The flow remains choked until the tire deflates to a pressure of p_os=%2.1f psig \n(c)The valve stem unchokes at time,tau=%2.1f s",p_exitbyp_os,p_os,tau); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fa0f278a --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 17_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=37.0;// °C +// From table 17.2 +c_Na_c=14.0;// osmoles/cm^3 +c_Na_o=144;// osmoles/cm^3 +c_K_c=140;// osmoles/cm^3 +c_K_o=4.1;// osmoles/cm^3 +c_Cl_c=4.00;// osmoles/cm^3 +c_Cl_o=107;// osmoles/cm^3 + +// Solution +E_Na=(26.7/1)*log(c_Na_o/c_Na_c);// mV +E_K=(26.7/1)*log(c_K_o/c_K_c);// mV +E_Cl=(26.7/-1)*log(c_Cl_o/c_Cl_c);// mV +printf("\nThe membrane potential of sodium in a human cell,E_Na+=%2.1f mV \nThe membrane potential of potassium in a human cell,E_K+=%2.1f mV \nThe membrane potential of chlorine in a human cell,E_Cl-=%2.1f mV",E_Na,E_K,E_Cl); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc0464b58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.10/Ex17_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 17_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=27+273; +k_d=0.0350; + +// Calculation +alpha=k_d/(T*exp((9.62*10^4*((T-330)/(330*T)))-33.2)); +disp(alpha) diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93dcbee13 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 17_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +n_ech=20.0;// The energy conversion efficiency of the plants eaten by grazing herbivores in % +n_ecc=5.0;// The energy conversion efficiency of the carnivores in % +n_o=(0.100*0.200*0.0500)*100;// % +E_avg=15.3;// The average daily solar energy reaching the surface of the Earth MJ/d.m^2 +E_c=10.0;// MJ/d + +// Calculation +// car-carnivore,her-herbivore,ec-energy conversion efficiency +E_car=E_c/(n_ecc/100);// MJ/d +E_her=E_car/(n_ech/100);// MJ/d +n_ec=1/100;// Energy conversion rate +E_hreq=E_her/(n_ec);// MJ/d +A=E_hreq/E_avg;// Area in m^2 +A_acre=A*(1/4047);// acres +printf("\n%1.2f acres of land is required to grow the plants needed to feed the herbivores eaten by a large carnivore that requires 10.0 MJ/d to stay alive.",A_acre); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82198db42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 17_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_h=80.0;// kg +m_m=0.008;// kg + +// Solution +BMRbym_human=293*(m_h^-0.25);// kJ/kg.d +BMRbym_mouse=293*(m_m^-0.25);// kJ/kg.d +printf("\nThe BMR per unit mass of an 80.0 kg human,(BMR/m)_human=%2.0f kJ/kg.d \nThe BMR per unit mass of an 8.00 gram mouse,(BMR/m)_mouse=%3.0f kJ/kg.d",BMRbym_human,BMRbym_mouse); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbc133197 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 17_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +e=10.5;// MJ +C=45/100;// MJ/kg +P=15.0/100;// MJ/kg +F=40.0/100;// MJ/kg + +// Calculation +// (a) +e_C=4.20;// MJ/kg meal +e_P=8.40;// MJ/kg meal +e_F=33.1;// MJ/kg meal +e_avgMeal=(C*e_C)+(P*e_P)+(F*e_F);// MJ/kg meal +// (b) +mdot_avgMeal=(e/e_avgMeal)*2.187;// lbm of average meal/day +printf("\n(a)The specific energy content of an average meal with natural state foods,e_avg meal=%2.1f MJ/kg meal \n(b)The total mass of an average meal,mdot_avg meal=%1.1f lbm of average meal/day",e_avgMeal,mdot_avgMeal); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..482423719 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 17_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_h=1.00;// kg +E_me=33.1;// MJ +E_na=10.5;// MJ +m_fat=10.0;// kg + +// Calculation +// (a) +mdot_fat=E_na/E_me;// The mass of body fat consumed per day in kg of body/d +// (b) +t=m_fat/mdot_fat;// d +printf("\n(a)The mass of body fat consumed per day,mdot_fat=%0.3f kg of body/d \n(b)The number of fasting days required to lose (consume) 10.0 kg of body fat,t=%2.1f d",mdot_fat,t); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38cc267a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 17_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mg=490;// N +Z=1.00;// m +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +delt=1.00;// s + +// Calculation +E=(mg*Z)/g_c;// J +W=E/delt;// J/s +n_T_muscle=25/100;// The energy conversion efficiency +U_body=-W/n_T_muscle;// J/s +Q=U_body+W;// J/s +delU=-(1)*(2.51);// MJ +tau=delU/(U_body*10^-6);// s +tau=tau/60;// min +printf("\nThe time required to produce a change in the total internal energy of the system that equals the energy content of one pint of ice cream,tau=%2.1f min",tau); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffe32aff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 17_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_m=0.0300;// kg +m_h=70.0;// kg +m_e=4000;// kg + +// Calculation +Hr_m=241*(m_m^(-0.25));// Beats/min +Hr_h=241*(m_h^(-0.25));// Beats/min +Hr_e=241*(m_e^(-0.25));// Beats/min +Br_m=54*(m_m^(-0.25));// Beats/min +Br_h=54*(m_h^(-0.25));// Beats/min +Br_e=54*(m_e^(-0.25));// Beats/min +printf("\nThe heartbeat rates of the mouse, human, and elephant are\n(Heartbeat rate)_mouse=%3.0f Beats/min \n(Heartbeat rate)_house=%2.1f Beats/min \n(Heartbeat rate)_elephant=%2.1f Beats/min \nThe breathing rates of the mouse, human, and elephant are \n(Breathing rate)_mouse=%3.0f Breaths/min \n(Breathing rate)_human=%2.1f Breaths/min \n(Breathing rate)_elephant=%1.2f Breaths/min",Hr_m,Hr_h,Hr_e,Br_m,Br_h,Br_e); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..589492dd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 17_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d=5.00*10^-3;// The base diameter of the tree in m + +// Calculation +h_critical=68.0*(d^(2/3));// The critical buckling height of a small tree in m +printf("\nThe critical buckling height of a small tree,h_critical=%1.2f m",h_critical); diff --git a/3831/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce b/3831/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f4b4f067 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH17/EX17.9/Ex17_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 17_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=60.0;// kg +m_bc=15.0;// kg +P=400;// W +V=15.0;// miles/h +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +w=(m+m_bc)*9.81;// N +V=(V*1.609)*1000;// m/h +T=(P*3600)/(w*V);// The locomotion transport number +printf("\nThe locomotion transport number,T=%0.4f",T); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2beb8143 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 18_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20+273.15;// K +m=1.00;// kg +R=296;// J/kg.K +M=28.0;// kg/kgmole +N_o=6.022*10^26;// molecules/kgmole +k=1.380*10^-23;// J/molecule.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +V_rms=sqrt(3*R*T);// The kinetic theory root mean square molecular velocity in m/s +// (b) +m_molecule=M/N_o;// kg/molecule +N=m/m_molecule;// molecules +U_trans=(3/2)*(N*k*T)/1000;// The total translational internal energy in kJ +printf("\n(a)The kinetic theory root mean square molecular velocity,V_rms=%3.0f m/s \n(b)The total translational internal energy,U=%3.0f kJ",V_rms,U_trans); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad0bf0273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.10/Ex18_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 18_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +theta_r=0.562;// K +theta_v1=1932;// K +theta_v3=960;// K +theta_v2=theta_v3;// K +theta_v4=3380;// K +p=101325;// Pa +T=1000;// K +R_u=8.314;// kJ/kg.K +M=44.01;// The molecular mass of Carbon dioxide +h_c=6.626*10^-34;// Planck's constant +N_o=6.023*10^26;// molecules/kgmole +k=1.38*10^-23;// J/molecule.K + + +// Calculation +m=M/N_o;// kg/molecule +R=R_u/M;// kJ/kg.K +u_o_vib=R*((theta_v1+theta_v2+theta_v3+theta_v4)/2);// kJ/kg +u_vib=u_o_vib+(R*((theta_v1*exp(theta_v1-1)^-1)+(theta_v2*exp(theta_v2-1)^-1)+(theta_v3*exp(theta_v3-1)^-1)+(theta_v4*exp(theta_v4-1)^-1)));// kJ/kg +u_trans=(3/2)*R*T;// kJ/kg +u_rot=R*T;// kJ/kg +u=u_trans+u_rot+u_vib;// kJ/kg +h=u+(R*T);// kJ/kg +Sigma=2;// molecules/m^3 +d=((((2*%pi*m)/(h_c^2))^(3/2))*(k*T)^(5/2))/p;// per molecule +s_trans=R*(log(d)+(5/2));// kJ/kg.K +s_rot=R*(log(T/(Sigma*theta_r))+1);// kJ/kg.K +s_vib=R*[(((log(1-exp(-theta_v1/T))^-1)+((theta_v1/T)*[exp(theta_v1/T)-1]^-1))+((log(1-exp(-theta_v2/T))^-1)+((theta_v2/T)*[exp(theta_v2/T)-1]^-1))+((log(1-exp(-theta_v3/T))^-1)+((theta_v3/T)*[exp(theta_v3/T)-1]^-1))+((log(1-exp(-theta_v4/T))^-1)+((theta_v4/T)*[exp(theta_v4/T)-1]^-1)))];// kJ/kg.K +s=s_trans+s_rot+s_vib;// kJ/kg.K +printf("\nThe specific internal energy of CO2,u=%4.0f kJ/kg \nThe specific enthalpy of CO2,h=%4.0f kJ/kg \nThe specific entropy of CO2=%1.3f kJ/kg.K",u,h,s); +// The answer provided in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0749538a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 18_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=273;// K +p=0.113;// MPa +M=20.183;// kg/kg mole +N_o=6.022*10^26;// molecules/kgmole +k=1.380*10^-23;// J/(molecules.K) + + +// Calculation +m=M/N_o;// kg/molecule +V_rms=((3*k*T)/m)^(1/2);// m/s +r=1.3*10^-10;// The radius of the neon molecule in m +sigma=4*%pi*r^2;// The collision cross-section in m^2 +NbyV=(p*10^6)/(k*T);// molecules/m^3 +F=sigma*V_rms*NbyV*(8/(3*%pi))^(1/2);// The collision frequency in collisions/s +lambda=1/(NbyV*sigma);// The molecular mean free path in m +printf("\nThe collision frequency,F=%1.2e collisions/s \nThe molecular mean free path,lambda=%1.2e m",F,lambda); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd48dc042 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 18_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=273;// K +m=3.35*10^-26;// kg +k=1.38*10^-23;// J/(molecule.K) + +// Calculation +// (a) The fraction having velocities greater than Vmp is given by Eq. (18.26) with x = Vmp/Vmp = 1.0 +x=1.00;// The velocity ratio +NV_mpbyN=1-erf(x)+((2/sqrt(%pi))*x*exp(-(x^2)));// The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from V to infinity +// (b) +x=sqrt(8/(2*%pi));// The velocity ratio +NV_avgbyN=1-erf(x)+((2/sqrt(%pi))*x*exp(-(x^2)));// The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from V to infinity +// (c) +// x=V_rms/V_mp; +x=sqrt(3/2);// The velocity ratio +NV_rmsbyN=1-erf(x)+((2/sqrt(%pi))*x*exp(-(x^2)));// The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from V to infinity +// (d) +x=10.0;// The velocity ratio +NVbyN=((2/sqrt(%pi))*x*exp(-(x^2)));// The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from V to infinity +c=3.00*10^8;// m/s +V_mp=sqrt((2*k*T)/m);// m/s +x=c/V_mp;// The velocity ratio +NcbyN=((2/sqrt(%pi))*x*exp(-(x^2)));// The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from c to infinity +printf("\n(a)%2.2f percentage of the molecules have velocities faster than V_mp. \n(b)%2.2f percentage of the molecules have velocities faster than V_avg. \n(c)%2.2f percentage of the molecules have velocities faster than V_rms. \n(d)The fraction of molecules whose velocities lie in the range from c to infinity is %0.0f.",NV_mpbyN*100,NV_avgbyN*100,NV_rmsbyN*100,NcbyN*100); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1250d6df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 18_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_in=500;// K +T_out=1200;// K +mdot=1.00;// kg/min +R_u=8.314;// kJ/(kgmole.K) + +// Calculation +// For CC1_4, +b=5;// The number of atoms in the molecule +F=3*b;// The degrees of freedom per molecule +M=12.0+(4*(35.5));// kg/kgmole +R=R_u/M;// kJ/(kg.K) +c_p=(1+(F/2))*R;// kJ/(kg.K) +Qdot=mdot*c_p*(T_out-T_in);// kJ/min +printf("\nThe heat transfer rate required to heat low-pressure gaseous carbon tetrachloride,Qdot=%3.0f kJ/min",Qdot); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb8c7e1d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 18_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_ace=4/52;// The probability of getting ace +P_spade=13/52;// The probability of getting spade +P_aceofspades=1/52;// The probability of getting ace of spades + +// Calculation +P=(P_ace+P_spade-P_aceofspades)*100;// The probability that it will be an ace or a spade in % +printf("\nThe probability that it will be an ace or a spade,P=%2.1f percentage",P); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec18ef7bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 18_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +N=10;// The number of available students +R=5;// The number of ordered groups + +// Calculation +// (a) +P_a=(factorial(N))/(factorial(N-R));// P_using each student only once +// (b) +P_b=N^R;// P_using each student more than once +// (c) +P_c=(factorial(N))/(factorial(N-R)*factorial(R));// C_using each student only once +// (d) +P_d=(factorial(N+R-1))/(factorial(N-1)*factorial(R));// C_using each student more than once +// (e) +R_1=4; +R_2=6 +P_e=(factorial(N))/((factorial(R_1))*(factorial(R_2))); +printf("\n(a)P_using each student only once=%5.0f groups \n(b)P_using each student more than once=%5.0f groups \n(c)C_using each student only once=%3.0f groups \n(d)C_using each student more than once=%4.0f groups \n(e)P_4,6=%3.0f groups",P_a,P_b,P_c,P_d,P_e); diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..499697759 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.8/Ex18_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 18_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=3.50;// kg +T_1=20.0+273.15;// K +p_1=0.101325;// MPa +p_2=10.0;// MPa +R_u=8.3143;// kJ/kg.K +W_12=-100;// kJ + +// Calculation +// (a) +M_krypton=83.80; +R_krypton=R_u/M_krypton;// kJ/kg.K +Q_12=0;// kJ +T_2=T_1-((W_12/(3*m*R_krypton/2)));// K +// (b) +S_p12=m*R_krypton*log(((T_2/T_1)^(5/2))*(p_1/p_2));// kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(a)The final temperature of the krypton gas after compression,T_2=%3.0f K \n(b)The entropy production of the compression process,1(S_p)2=%1.2f kJ/kg.K",T_2,S_p12); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3831/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce b/3831/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..161812b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH18/EX18.9/Ex18_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 18_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20.0+273.15;// K + +// Calculation +theta_v=2740;// K +c_vbyR=(5/2)+((((theta_v/T)^2)*exp((theta_v/T)))/(exp(theta_v/T)-1)^2); +Y=8.3143;// kJ/kg.K +M_NO=30.01;// The molecular mass of nitrous oxide +R_NO=Y/M_NO;// kJ/kg.K +c_v_NO=R_NO*c_vbyR;// kJ/kg.K +printf("\nThe value of c_v/R for nitrous oxide is %1.2f.",c_vbyR); + diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b73f02a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 19_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20.0+273.16;// K +d=0.0100;// m +alpha_cu=3.50*10^-6;// V/K +rho_e=5.00*10^-9;// ohm m +dphibydx=1.00;// Voltage gradient in V/m + +// Solution +A=(%pi/4)*d^2;// m^2 +I=(A/rho_e)*dphibydx;// A +Q_P=alpha_cu*T*I;// W +printf('\nThe Peltier heat flow,Q_P=%2.1f W',Q_P); diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b57c3e9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 19_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=100.0;// °C + +// Solution +// (a) +alpha_fecu=-(-13.4+(0.028*T)+(0.00039*T^2))*10^-6;// V/K +// (b) +pi_fecu=(T+273.16)*alpha_fecu;// V +printf('\n(a)The relative Seebeck coefficient,alpha_fecu=%1.2e V/K \n(b)The relative Peltier coefficient,pi_fecu=%1.2e V',alpha_fecu,pi_fecu); diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2897ca7f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 19_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_H=100;// °C +T_C=0;// °C +alpha_ch=23.0*10^-6;// V/K +alpha_al=-18.0*10^-6;// V/K + +// Solution +// (a) +alpha_chal=alpha_ch-alpha_al;// V/K +phi_alch=alpha_chal*(T_H-T_C);// V +// (b) +pi_ch1=alpha_ch*(T_C+273.15);// V +pi_al1=alpha_al*(T_C+273.15);// V +pi_chal1=pi_ch1-pi_al1;// V +pi_ch2=alpha_ch*(T_H+273.15);// V +pi_al2=alpha_al*(T_H+273.15);// V +pi_chal2=pi_ch2-pi_al2;// V +printf('\n(a)alpha_ch-al=%2.0e V/K \n phi_al-ch=%1.1e V \n(b)At the 0.00°C = 273.15 K junction, \npi_ch=%1.2e V \npi_al=%1.2e V \npi_ch-al=%2.1e V \nAt the 100.°C = 373.15 K junction,\npi_ch=%1.2e V \npi_al=%1.2e V \npi_ch-al=%2.1e V ',alpha_chal,phi_alch,pi_ch1,pi_al1,pi_chal1,pi_ch2,pi_al2,pi_chal2); diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b33c8310 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 19_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mu=1.50*10^-5;// The viscosity of the CO_2 in kg/(m.s) +T_1=300;// K +T_2=305;// K +k_p=1.00*10^-6;// m^2 +k_o=2.00*10^4;// The osmotic heat conductivity in m^2/s + +// Solution +dp=-((mu*k_o)/k_p)*log(T_2/T_1);// N/m^2 +printf('\nThe steady state thermomolecular pressure difference across the membrane,p_2-p_1=%4.0f N/m^2',dp); diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0febe114 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 19_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=30+273.15;// K +T_2=T_1;// K +dp=10.0;// kPa +d=0.0100;// m +rho=996;// kg/m^3 +k_p=1.00*10^-12;// m^2 +mu=891*10^-6;// kg/(s.m) +dx=0.100;// m +Q=15.0;// The isothermal energy transport rate in this system in J/s + +// Solution +// (a) +A=(%pi/4)*d^2;// m^2 +m=-((rho*A*k_p)/mu)*((dp*10^3)/dx);// kg/s +// (b) +k_o=-(Q/A)/((-dp*10^3)/dx);// m^2/s +// (c) +S_i=Q/T_1;// J/(s.K) +printf('\n(a)The thermomechanical mass flow rate between the vessels,m=%1.2e kg/s \n(b)The osmotic heat conductivity coefficient,k_o=%1.2f m^2/s \n(c)The isothermal entropy transport rate induced by the thermomechanical mass flow rate,S_i=%0.4f J/(s.K)',m,k_o,S_i); diff --git a/3831/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3831/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b8330e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 19_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +rho=996;// kg/m^3 +Q=8.70;// J/s +T=30+273;// K +k_t=0.610;// J/(s.K.m) +k_o=1.91;// m^2/s +k_p=1.00*10^-12;// m^2 +mu=891*10^-6;// kg/(s.m) +dx=0.100;// m + +// Solution +m=(rho*Q)/((T*(k_t/k_o))+(mu*(k_o/k_p)));// kg/s +dTbydx=-(T*m)/(rho*k_o);// K/m +dT=dTbydx*dx;// K +printf('\nThe induced isobaric mass flow rate,m=%1.2e kg/s \nThe resulting temperature difference between the vessels,dT=%1.2e K',m,dT); diff --git a/3831/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3831/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1bda3137 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 2_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +C_c=120000;// The number of chips per day to its customers in chips/day +C_s=100000;// The number of chips receives per day from its suppliers in chips/day +C_m=30000;// The number of chips manufactures of its own in chips/day +C_r=3000;// The number of chips are rejected as defective and are destroyed in chips/day + +// Solution +X_T=C_s-C_c;// The net transport of chips into the facility in chips/day +X_P=C_m-C_r;// The net production of chips in chips/day +X_G=X_T+X_P;// The net gain in computer chips at the end of each day in in chips/day +printf('\nThe net gain in computer chips at the end of each day,X_G=%4.0f chips per day.',X_G); diff --git a/3831/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3831/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25008096c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 2_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_pendulum=5.0;// The mass of the pendulum in kg +m_projectile=0.01;// The mass of the projectile in kg +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +R=1.5;// The length of the pendulum support cable in m +theta=15;// degree + +// Solution +V_projectile=(1+(m_pendulum/m_projectile))*(2*g*R*[1-cosd(theta)])^(1/2);// The muzzle velocity in m/s +printf('\nThe muzzle velocity,V_projectile=%1.0e m/s',V_projectile); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2904ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=250;// K +T_2=800;// K +beta_1=48.0*10^-6;// K^-1 +beta_2=60.7*10^-6;// K^-1 +V_1=1.00;// cm^3 + +// Solution +beta_avg=(beta_2+beta_1)/2;// K^-1 +beta=beta_avg;// K^-1 +V_2=V_1*exp(beta*(T_2-T_1));// The final volume in cm^3 +printf('\nThe volume of the block,V_2=%1.2f cm^3',V_2); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec925fed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 3_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +u=82.77;// The specific internal energy in kJ/kg +v=0.0009928;// The specific volume of liquid water in m^3/kg +T=20.0;// °C +P=20.0;// MPa + +// Solution +h=u+(P*10^3*v);// The specific enthalpy of the water in kJ/kg +printf('\n The specific enthalpy of the water,h=%3.0f kJ/kg',h); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8cbc2f17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 3_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=212;// °F +V=3.00;// The total volume in ft^3 +m=0.200;// lbm +p=14.696;// psia +v_f=0.01672;// ft^3/lbm +v_g=26.80;// ft^3/lbm +u_f=180.1;// Btu/lbm +u_g=1077.6;// Btu/lbm +h_f=180.1;// Btu/lbm +h_g=1150.5;// Btu/lbm + +// Solution +// (a) +v=V/m;// The specific volume in ft^3/lbm +// (b) +v_fg=v_g-v_f;// ft^3/lbm +x=(v-v_f)/v_fg;// The quality +x_m=1-x;// The amount of moisture present +// (c) +u_fg=u_g-u_f;// Btu/lbm +u=u_f+(x*u_fg);// The specific internal energy in Btu/lbm +// (d) +h_fg=h_g-h_f;// Btu/lbm +h=h_f+(x*h_fg);// The specific enthalpy in Btu/lbm +// (e) +m_g=x*m;// The mass of water in the vapor phase in lbm +m_f=m-m_g;// The mass of water in the liquid phase in lbm +printf('\n(a)The specific volume,v=%2.0f ft^3/lbm \n(b)The quality,x=%0.3f (or) %2.1f percentage \n The amount of moisture present,1-x=%0.3f (or) %2.1f percentage \n(c)The specific internal energy,u=%3.0f Btu/lbm \n(d)The specific enthalpy,h=%3.0f Btu/lbm \n(e)The mass of water in the liquid and vapor phases,m_f=%0.3f lbm & m_g=%0.3f lbm',v,x,x*100,x_m,x_m*100,u,h,m_f,m_g); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77b853daf --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=0.500;// ft^3 +p_c=3203.8;// psia +T_c=1165.1;// R +v_c=0.05053;// ft^3/lbm +p_1=14.696;// psia +T_1=212;// °F +v_f1=0.01672;// ft^3/lbm +v_g1=26.8;// ft^3/lbm + +// Solution +m=V/v_c;// lbm +x_1=((v_c-v_f1)/(v_g1-v_f1))*100;// % percentage +printf('\nThe initial quality in the vessel,x_1=%0.3f percentage vapor',x_1); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a427ae48b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 3_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=20;// °C +T_2=100;// °C +p_1=0.100;// MPa +p_2=1.00;// MPa +rho=515;// kg/m^3 +c=1.76;// kJ/kg.K. + +// Solution +deltau=c*((T_2+273.15)-(T_1+273.15));// The change in specific internal energy in kJ/kg +v=1/rho;// The specific volume in m^3/kg +deltah=deltau+(v*((p_2*10^3)-(p_1*10^3)));// The change in specific enthalpy in kJ/kg +printf('\nThe change in specific internal energy,u_2-u_1=%3.0f kJ/kg \nThe change in specific enthalpy,h_2-h_1=%3.0f kJ/kg',deltau,deltah); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b60011599 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 3_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=240;// °F +T_2=80;// °F +p_1=150;// psia +p_2=14.7;// psia +c_p=0.240;// Btu/lbm · R +c_v=0.172;// Btu/lbm · R + +// Solution +// (a) +deltau=c_v*((T_2+459.67)-(T_1+459.67));// Btu/lbm +deltah=c_p*(T_2-T_1);// Btu/lbm +printf('\n(a)The change in specific internal energy,u_2-u_1=%2.1f Btu/lbm \n The change in specific enthalpy,h_2-h_1=%2.1f kJ/kg',deltau,deltah); +// (b) +// Values for u and h for variable specific heat air can be found in Table C.16. +T_1=T_1+459.67;// R +h_1=167.56;// Btu/lbm +u_1=119.58;// Btu/lbm +T_2=T_2+459.67;// R +h_2=129.06;// Btu/lbm +u_2=92.04;// Btu/lbm +deltau=u_2-u_1;// Btu/lbm +deltah=h_2-h_1;// Btu/lbm +printf('\n(b)The change in specific internal energy,u_2-u_1=%2.1f Btu/lbm \n The change in specific enthalpy,h_2-h_1=%2.1f kJ/kg',deltau,deltah); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b61d7d16b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_max=2830;// The maximum temperature in °C +rho=200;// The density of the propellant gases in kg/m^3 +R=8314.3;// N.m/(kgmole.K) +M=23.26;// The molecular mass of the propellant gases in kg/kgmole +b=0.960*10^-3;// The volume occupied by the molecules of the propellant gases in m^3/kg + +// Solution +v=1/rho;// m^3/kg +p_max=(R*(T_max+273.15))/(M*(v-b));// N/m^2 +p_max=p_max/6894.76;// lbf/ in^2 absolute +printf('\nThe maximum pressure in the breech as the cannon fires,p_max=%5.0f psia',p_max); diff --git a/3831/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3831/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f44902c43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 3_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=100;// °F +p=95.0;// psia + +// Calculation +// From Table C.7a,C.8a of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, +v_1=0.5751;// ft^3/lbm (100°F,90.0 psia) +v_2=0.5086;// ft^3/lbm (100°F,100.0 psia) +p_i1=100;// psia (Pressure used for interpolation) +p_i2=90;// psia +v=v_1+(((p-p_i2)/(p_i1-p_i2))*(v_2-v_1));// ft^3/lbm (100°F,95.0 psia) +h_1=118.39;// Btu/lbm (100°F,90 psia) +h_2=117.73;// Btu/lbm (100°F,100 psia) +h=h_1+(((p-p_i2)/(p_i1-p_i2))*(h_2-h_1));// Btu/lbm (100°F,95.0 psia) +printf("\nThe specific volume of Refrigerant-134a,v (100°F,95.0 psia)=%0.5f ft^3/lbm \nThe specific enthalpy of Refrigerant-134a,h (100°F,95.0 psia)=%3.2f Btu/lbm",v,h); + diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eae71bdc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 4_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=10.0;// psia +x_1=1.00;// The quality of saturated vapor +V_1=25000;// mph +Z_1=200;// miles +v_1=38.42;// ft^3/lbm +m=3.0;// lbm +u_2=950.0;// The final specific internal energy in Btu/lbm +v_2=v_1;;// ft^3/lbm +g=32.174;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Solution +// Table C.2a in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics gives +u_1=1072.2;// Btu/lbm +U_1=m*u_1;// Btu +U_2=m*u_2;// Btu +E_T=(U_2-U_1)-([((m/2)*(V_1*(5280/3600))^2)]*((1/(g*778.16))))-[((m*g)/g)*Z_1*5280/778.16];// Btu +printf('\nThe energy transport is required to decelerate the water to zero velocity and bring it down to the surface of the Earth,E_T=%5.0f Btu',E_T); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b054473 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 4_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20;// °C +mu_0=4*%pi*10^-7;// V.s/A +Shi_m=-2.20*10^-5;// The electric susceptibility +H_2=1.00*10^3;// A/m +V=5.00*10^-6;// m^3 + +// Solution +// (a) +H_1=0;// A/m +W_12=-mu_0*V*(1+Shi_m)*((H_2^2-H_1^2)/2);// J +printf('\n(a)The total magnetic work required,(W_12)magnetic=%1.2e J',W_12); +// (b) +W_12=-mu_0*V*Shi_m*((H_2^2-H_1^2)/2);// J +printf('\n(b)The magnetic work required to change the magnetic field strength,(W)_magnetic=%1.2e J',W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67a05560e --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W_actual=150;// hp +W_reversible=233;// hp +m_in=1.10;// lbm/min +E=20.0*10^3;// Btu/lbm + +// Solution +W_in=(E*m_in*60)/2545;// hp +// (a) +n_c=(W_actual/W_in)*100;// The energy conversion efficiency of the engine in % +// (b) +n_W=(W_actual/W_reversible)*100;// The work efficiency of the engine. +printf('\n(a)The energy conversion efficiency of the engine,n_c=%2.1f percentage \n(b)The work efficiency of the engine,n_W=%2.1f percentage',n_c,n_W); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73b8513f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +E_fuel=15000;// Btu/min +E_exhaust=500;// Btu/min +W_1=200;// hp +W_2=50;// hp +E_thl=180000;// Top heat loss in Btu/h +E_Bhl=54000;// Bottom heat loss in Btu/h + +// Solution +Q=-E_thl-E_Bhl;// The net heat transfer into the system in Btu/h +W=W_1+W_2;// The net work rate out of the system in hp +E_massflow=E_fuel-E_exhaust;// The net mass flow of energy into the system in Btu/min +E_T=(Q/60)-(W*42.4)+E_massflow;// The total energy transport rate in Btu/min +printf('\nThe total energy transport rate,E_T=%1.2f Btu/min',E_T); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d6af91d --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 4_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p=20.0;// Pressure in psia +D_1=1.00;// Initial diameter in ft +D_2=10.0;// Final diameter in ft + +// Solution +W_12=p*144*(%pi/6)*(D_2^3-D_1^3);// ft.lbf +printf('\nThe moving system boundary work,W_12=%1.2e ft.lbf',W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f10efb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=20.0;// °C +n=1.35;// The polytropic index +m=0.0100;// kg +p_1=0.100;// MPa +m_2=0.0100;// kg +p_2=10.0;// MPa + +// Solution +T_2=((T_1+273.15)*(p_2/p_1)^((n-1)/n))-273.15;// °C +// Using Table C.13b of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics to find the value of the gas constant for methane, +R_methane=0.518;// kJ/kg.K +W_12=(m*R_methane*((T_2+273.15)-(T_1+273.15)))/(1-n);// kJ +printf('\nThe moving boundary work required,W_12=%1.2f kJ',W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da941b99c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 4_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D_1=0;// m +D_2=0.0500;// m +Sigma_s=0.0400;// N/m (constant) + +// Solution +A_1=0;// m^2 +R_2=D_2/2;// m +A_2=2*(4*%pi*R_2^2);// m^2 +W_12=-Sigma_s*(A_2-A_1);// J +W_12=W_12/1055;// Btu +printf('\nThe amount of surface tension work required to inflate the soap bubble,(W_12)_surface tension=%1.2e Btu',W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbaed2db6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 4_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +phi_e=120;// V +R=144;// ohm +t=1.50;// h + +// Solution +// (a) +i_e=phi_e/R;// A +W_12=-phi_e*i_e*t;// The electrical current work in W.h +// (b) +W_ec=-phi_e*i_e;// W +printf('\n(a)The electrical current work,W_12=%3.0f W.h \n(b)The electrical power consumption,W_electrical current=%3.0f W',W_12,W_ec); diff --git a/3831/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3831/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9d62348b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +deltaphi=120;// volts +L=0.0100;// The distance between two plates in m +d=0.100;// The length of the plate on square side in m +epsilon_0=8.85419*10^-12;// The electric permittivity of vacuum in N/V^2 + +// Solution +E_1=0;// V/m +A=0.100*0.100;// m^2 +V=A*L;// m^3 +E_2=deltaphi/L;// V/m +Shi_e=77.5;// The electric susceptibility +W_12=-(epsilon_0*Shi_e*V*(E_2^2-E_1^2))/2;// The polarization work required in the charging of the capacitor in J +printf('\nThe polarization work required in the charging of the capacitor,W_12=%1.2e N.m',W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cda0334c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 5_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=1.00;// m^3 +m=2.00;// kg +T_1=20.0;// °C +T_2=95.0;// °C + +// Calculation +v_1=V/m;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1;// m^3/kg +// Step 7 +// From Table C.1b of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that +// At 20.0°C +v_f1=0.001002;// m^3/kg +v_g1=57.79;// m^3/kg +v_fg1=v_g1-v_f1;// m^3/kg +u_f1=83.9;// kJ/kg +u_g1=2402.9;// kJ/kg +u_fg1=u_g1-u_f1;// kJ/kg +// At 95.0°C +v_f2=0.00104;// m^3/kg +v_g2=1.982;// m^3/kg +v_fg2=v_g2-v_f2;// m^3/kg +u_f2=397.9;// kJ/kg +u_g2=2500.6;// kJ/kg +u_fg2=u_g2-u_f2;// kJ/kg +x_1=(v_1-v_f1)/v_fg1;// The quality in the container when the contents are at 20.0°C +x_1p=x_1*100;// % +x_2=(v_2-v_f2)/v_fg2;// The quality in the container when the contents are at 95.0°C. +x_2p=x_2*100;// % +u_1=u_f1+(x_1*u_fg1);// kJ/kg +u_2=u_f2+(x_2*u_fg2);// kJ/kg +Q_12=m*(u_2-u_1);// kJ +printf('\n(a)The quality in the container when the contents are at 20.0°C,x_1=%0.3f percentage \n(b)The quality in the container when the contents are at 95.0°C,x_2=%2.1f percentage \n(c)The heat transport of energy required to raise the temperature of the contents from 20.0 to 95.0°C,Q_12=%4.0f kJ/kg',x_1p,x_2p,Q_12); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e441e2a80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 5_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=100;// W + +// Calculation +// (a) +// Since we are assuming a constant bulb temperature in part a, U=constant and +U=0;// W +Q=U-W;// kW +printf("\n(a)The heat transfer rate of an illuminated 100 W incandescent lightbulb in a room,Q=%3.0f W",Q); +// (b) +Q=0; +Udot=W;// W +printf("\n(b)The rate of change of its internal energy,Udot=%3.0f W",Udot); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..116898d56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 5_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q_B=950*10^5;// kJ/h +W_p=23.0;// kW +Q_c=-600*10^5;// kJ/h + +// Calculation +Q_net=(Q_B+Q_c);// kJ/h +W_T_net=Q_net/3600;// kJ/h +W_T_net=W_T_net/1000;// MW +W_T_total=(W_T_net*10^3)+W_p;// kW +printf("\nThe net power of the turbine,(W_T)_total=%4.0f kW(round off error)",W_T_total); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd031c017 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 5_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=0.250;// hp +V=1.00;// quart of water +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=60.0;// °F +p_2=p_1;// psia +t=10;// min +c=1.00;// Btu/(lbm.R) + +// Calculation +V=V*(1/4)*0.13368;// ft^3 +v=0.01603;// ft^3/lbm +m=V/v;// lbm +Q_12bymc=0; +T_2=T_1+Q_12bymc-((-W*t*(1/60)*(2545))/(m*c));// °F +printf('\nThe temperature of the water when the machine is turned off,T_2=%3.0f°F',T_2) diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02aa4388a --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 5_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_2=0.0400;// m^3 +T_1=20.0;// °C +p_1=0.0100;// MPa +Q_12=0.100;// kJ +V_1=0.0100;// m^3 +R=0.208;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.315;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +m=((p_1*10^3)*V_1)/(R*(T_1+273.15));// kg +T_2=T_1+(Q_12/(m*c_v));// K +p_2=(m*R*(T_2+273.15))/V_2;// kPa +printf('\nThe pressure and temperature inside the box after the balloon bursts p_2=%1.2f kPa and T_2=%3.0f°C',p_2,T_2); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aff52e26 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 5_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// State 1 +m=0.100;// lbm +p_1=100;// psia +T_1=180;// °F +// State 2 +p_2=30.0;// psia +T_2=120;// °F +// State 3 +p_3=p_2;// psia + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From Table C.7e of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that at p1 = 100 psia and T1 = 180°F, +v_1=0.6210;// ft^3/lbm +u_1=125.99;// Btu/lbm +// At p2= 30 psia and T2 = 120°F, +v_2=1.966;// ft^3/lbm +u_2=115.47;// Btu/lbm +W_12=-m*(u_2-u_1);// Btu +// (b) +v_3=v_1/2;// ft^3/lbm +// At p2= 30 psia +v_f3=0.01209;// ft^3/lbm +v_g3=1.5408;// ft^3/lbm +u_f3=16.24;// Btu/lbm +u_g3=95.40;// Btu/lbm +x_3=(v_3-v_f3)/(v_g3-v_f3);// The quality of steam +x_3p=x_3*100;// % +u_3=u_f3+(x_3*(u_g3-u_f3));// Btu/lbm +Q_23=(m*(u_3-u_2))+(m*(p_3*144)*((v_3-v_2)*(1/778.17)));// Btu +// (c) +// From Table C.7b +T_3=15.38;// °F +printf('\n(a)The work transport of energy during the adiabatic expansion,W_12=%1.2f Btu \n(b)The heat transport of energy during the isobaric compression,Q_23=%1.2f Btu \n(c)Since state 3 is saturated (a mixture of liquid and vapor), T3 must be equal to the saturation temperature at 30.0 psia,which, from Table C.7b, is T_3 =%2.2f°F',W_12,Q_23,T_3); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd61fe86a --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 5_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=0.100;// m +T_1=200;// °C +p_1=0.140;// MPa +h=3.50;// W/(m^2.K) +T_infinitive=15.0;// °C +c_v=3.123;// kJ/kg.K +R=2.077;// kJ/kg.K +t=5.00;// seconds + +// Calculation +V=(%pi/6)*D^3;// m^3 +A=%pi*D^2;// m^2 +m=((p_1*10^3)*V)/(R*(T_1+273.15));// kg +hAbymc_v=(h*A)/(m*c_v*1000);// s^-1 +T_2=((T_1-T_infinitive)*exp((-(h*A)/(m*c_v*1000))*t))+T_infinitive;// °C +delU=m*c_v*(T_2-T_1);// kJ +printf('\n(a)The final temperature of the helium,T_2=%2.1f°C \n(b)The change in total internal energy of the helium,U_2-U_1=%0.3f kJ',T_2,delU); diff --git a/3831/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3831/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..927fe8697 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 5_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=600;// psia +T_1=800;// ºF +V=250;// ft^3 +gamma_TNT=1400;// Btu/lbm + +// Calculation +// From the superheated steam table, Table C.3a of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics,we find that at 600. psia and 800.ºF, +u_1=1275.4;// Btu/lbm +v_1=1.190;// ft^3/lbm +u_f2=38.1;// Btu/lbm +u_2=u_f2;// Btu/lbm +gamma=(u_1-u_2)/v_1;// Btu/ft^3 +Ee=gamma*V;// Btu +n=Ee/gamma_TNT;// The number of one-pound sticks of TNT to match the boiler explosion +printf('\n(a)The explosive energy per unit volume of superheated steam,gamma=%4.1f Btu/ft^3 \n(b)%3.0f one-pound sticks of TNT to match the boiler explosion',gamma,n); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8fa4fa12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 6_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=300;// ft/s +D=6/12;// ft +R=D/2;// ft +Z=15;// ft +g=32.174;// ft/s^2 +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/lbf.s^2 + +// Calculation +// From the superheated steam table, Table C.3a in Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that, at 100. psia and 500.°F, +v=5.587;// ft^3/lbm +h=1279.1;// Btu/lbm +A=%pi*(3/12)^2;// ft^2 +mdot=(A*V)/v;// lbm/s +ke=(V^2)/(2*g_c);// ft.lbf/lbm +ke=ke*(1/778.16);// Btu/lbm +pe=(g*Z)/g_c;// // ft.lbf/lbm +pe=pe*(1/778.16);// Btu/lbm +E_mf=-[mdot*(h+ke+pe)];// Btu/s +printf("\nThe mass flow energy transport rate of steam,E_mass flow=%1.2e Btu/s",E_mf); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7831668a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=2000;// psig +T_1=200+459.67;// R +T_T=70.0+459.67;// R +m_R=0.500;// lbm/s +W_c=-3.00;// hp +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio of nitrogen + +// Calculation +m_Rbym_D=(k-1)/[(k*(T_1/T_T))-1];// The ratio of recycled mass flow rate to discharge mass flow rate +c_p=0.248;// Btu/(lbm.R) +Q_H=(m_R*c_p*(T_1-T_T))+[(W_c)*550*(1/778)];// Btu/s +printf("\nThe rate of recycle heat transfer required,Q_H=%2.1f Btu/s",Q_H); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fecb1a65 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 6_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +D=1.00;// inch +T=60.0;// °F +p=80.0;// psig +mdot=0.800;// lbm/s +v=0.01603;// ft^3/lbm +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/lbf.s^2 +g=32.174;// ft/s^2 + +// Calculation +V_in=(4*mdot*v)/(%pi*D^2*(1/12)^2);// ft/s +p_in=94.7;// psia +p_out=14.7;// psia +V_out=[(V_in^2)+(2*g_c*v*(p_in-p_out)*144)]^(1/2);// ft/s +Z_out=V_out^2/(2*g);// ft +printf("\n(a)The outlet velocity from the nozzle,(V_out)_a=%3.0f ft/s \n(b)The height to which the stream of water rises above the nozzle outlet when the nozzle is pointed straight up,(Z_out)_b=%3.0f ft.",V_out,Z_out) diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0ddc7201 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 6_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=2.00;// MPa +p_2=0.100;// MPa +T_2=150;// °C +h_1=2776.4;// kJ/kg +h_2=2776.4;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +h_f1=908.8;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=1890.7;// kJ/kg +h_g1=2799.5;// kJ/kg +x_1=(h_1-h_f1)/h_fg1;// The quality of steam +x_1=x_1*100;// The quality of steam in % +T_1=212.4;// °C +mu_J=(T_1-T_2)/(p_1-p_2);// °C/MPa +printf("\nThe quality of the wet steam in the pipe,x=%2.1f percentage \nJoule-Thomson coefficient,mu_J=%2.1f°C/MPa",x_1,mu_J); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3686f743a --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 6_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q=0;// kW +W=0;// kW +m_s=12.0;// kg/min +p_1=1.00;// MPa +T_1=500;// °C +T_3=15;// °C +T_4=20;// °C + +// Calculation +h_1=3478.4;// kJ/kg +h_2=762.8;// kJ/kg +c_w=4.2;// kJ/kg.K +m_w=m_s*(h_1-h_2)/[c_w*(T_4-T_3)];// kg/min +printf("\nThe flow rate of cooling water taken from a local river,m_w=%4.0f kg/min",m_w); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e152bf5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 6_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=85.0;// psig +p_2=10.0;// psig +t=8.00;// hour +m=20.0;// gal + +// Calculation +mv=20.0/8.00;// gal/h +mv=mv*0.13368*(1/3600);// ft^3/s +W_shaft=mv*(p_1-p_2)*144;// ft.lbf/s +W_shaft=W_shaft*(1/550);// hp +W_shaft=W_shaft*746;// W +W_shaft_ins=W_shaft*5*60*(1/2.50);// W +printf("\nThe hydraulic power produced,(W_shaft)_instantaneous=%3.0f W",W_shaft_ins); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f546890e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 6_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +p_1=2.00;// MPa +T_1=800;// °C +p_2=1.00;// MPa +Wbymdot=2000;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +h_1=4150.4;// kJ/kg +h_f2=29.30;// kJ/kg +h_fg2=2484.9;// kJ/kg +h_g2=2514.2;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-Wbymdot;// kJ/kg +x_2=(h_2-h_f2)/h_fg2;// The quality of steam +x_2=x_2*100;// % vapor at the turbine’s outlet +printf("\nThe quality of the steam at the outlet of an insulated steam turbine,x_2=%2.1f percentage.",x_2); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78e861d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 6_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_in=20.0;// °C +p_in=50.0;// MPa +c=4.126;// kN.m/kg.K + +// Calculation +v_f=0.001002;// m^3/kg +v=0.0009804;// m^3/kg +T_finalfilled=T_in+((v*(p_in*10^3))/c);// °C +printf("\nThe final temperature of the water in the tank,T_final filled=%2.1f°C",T_finalfilled); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7118053eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 6_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_in=20.0;// °C +p_in=1.40;// MPa +k=1.40;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_finalfilling=k*(T_in+273.15);// K +T_finalfilling=T_finalfilling-273.15;// °C +printf("\nThe final temperature of the air in the tank,T_final filling=%3.0f°C",T_finalfilling); diff --git a/3831/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3831/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..721e20bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 6_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From Example 6_8 +T_initial=137+273.15;// K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_finalemptying=T_initial*((2/k)-1);// K +T_finalemptying=T_finalemptying-273.15;// °C +printf("\nThe final temperature inside the tank immediately after the tank is empty,T_final emptying=%2.1f°C.",T_finalemptying); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fc6040e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 7_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_L=70.0;// °F +T_H=4000.0;// °F + +// Solution +n_T_max=(1-((T_L+459.67)/(T_H+459.67)))*100;// The maximum possible thermal efficiency of this engine in % +printf('\nThe maximum possible thermal efficiency of this engine,(n_T)_max=%2.1f percentage',n_T_max); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c5b0586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 7_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_1=1.00;// lbm +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=70.0;// °F +p_2=50.0;// psia +T_2=T_1;// °F +W_act=-42.0*10^3;// ft.lbf +R=53.34;// ft.lbf + +// Solution +P_1=p_1*144;// lbf/ft^2 +V_1=(m_1*R*(T_1+459.67))/P_1;// ft^3 +W_rev=P_1*V_1*log(p_1/p_2);// ft.lbf +W_in=W_rev-W_act;// ft.lbf +S_pW=W_in/(T_1+459.67);// ft.lbf/R +S_pW=S_pW/778.16;// Btu/R +printf('\nThe work mode entropy production,(S_p)_w=%0.4f Btu/R',S_pW); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b73055d44 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 7_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=30;// °C +mu=0.10;// N.s/m^2 +dVbydx=1000;// s^-1 + +// Calculation +Sigma_w=(mu*dVbydx^2)/(T+273.15);// N/m^2.s.K +Sigma_w=Sigma_w/10^3;// kJ/(m^3.s.K) +printf('\nThe entropy production rate per unit volume,Sigma_w-vis=%0.2f kJ/(m^3.s.K)',Sigma_w); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb68055f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 7_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=600;// K +I=0.10;// amp +L=10.0*10^-3;// m +b=5.00*10^-3;// m +w=1.00*10^-3;// m +rho_e=0.10;// ohm.m + +// Calculation +A=b*w;// m^2 +R_e=rho_e*(L/A);// W/A^2 +S_pW=(I^2*R_e)/T;// W/K +printf('\nThe entropy production rate of the chip,(S_p)_W=%0.4f W/K',S_pW); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b27fff3da --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 7_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_L=10;// °C +W_E=5.00;// MW +W_P=100;// kW +Q_L=8.00;// MW + +// Solution +// (a) +Q_H=abs(-Q_L)+(W_E-abs(-W_P/10^3));// MW +n_T=((W_E-abs(-W_P/10^3))/Q_H);// The actual thermal efficiency of the power plant +printf('\nThe actual thermal efficiency of the power plant,n_T=%2.1f percentage',n_T*100); +// (b) +T_H=(T_L+273.15)/(1-n_T);// K +T_H=T_H-273.15;// °C +printf('\nThe equivalent heat source temperature,T_H=%3.0f°C',T_H); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f91547ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 7_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_H=95;// °F +T_L=70;// °F + +// Solution +COP=(T_L+459.67)/((T_H+459.67)-(T_L+459.67));// Coefficient of performance +printf('\nThe Coefficient of performance,COP_Carnot air conditioner=%2.0f',COP); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e68d41c10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 7_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=1.5;// kg +x_1=0;// The dryness fraction +T_1=20.0;// °C +p_1=0.10;// MPa +p_2=0.10;// MPa +c=4.19;// kJ/kg.°C + +// Solution +T_2=T_1;// °C +deltaS=c*log(T_2/T_1);// kJ/kg.K +printf('\nThe change in specific entropy of the water,s_2-s_1=%0.0f.Consequently, the entropy of an incompressible material is not altered by changing its pressure.',deltaS); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dabbe103 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 7_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.035;// kg +p_1=0.100;// MPa +T_1=20.0;// °C +p_2=5.00;// MPa +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio for air +R_air=0.286;// kJ/kg.K + +// Solution +T_2=((T_1+273.15)*(p_2/p_1)^((k-1)/k))-273.15;// °C +v_1=(m*R_air*(T_1+273.15))/(p_1*10^3);// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1*((T_2+273.15)/(T_1+273.15))^(1/(1-k));// m^3/kg +printf('\nThe final temperature,T_2=%3.0f°C \nThe specific volume of the air,v_2=%0.5f m^3/kg',T_2,v_2); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e1c65538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 7_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given dataS +m=3.00;// lbm +T_1=100.0;// °F +x_1=80.0/100;// Quality of steam +p_2=200;// psia +T_2=800.0;// °F +s_f1=0.1296;// Btu/lbm.R +s_fg1=1.8528;// Btu/lbm.R +s_2=1.7662;// Btu/lbm.R + +// Solution +s_1=s_f1+(x_1*s_fg1);// Btu/lbm.R +deltaS=m*(s_2-s_1);// Btu/R +printf('\nThe change in total entropy,S_2-S_1=%0.3f Btu/R',deltaS); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a03cc870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 7_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mdot=3.00;// kg/min +x_in=0;// The quality of steam at inlet +x_out=75;// The quality of steam at outlet +T_in=100;// °C +h_fg=2257;// kJ/kg + +// Solution +Qdot=mdot*(x_out/100)*h_fg;// kJ/min +S_T_Q=Qdot/(T_in+273.15);// kJ/min.K +printf('\nThe heat transport rate of entropy for this process,(S_T)_Q=%2.1f kJ/min.K',S_T_Q); diff --git a/3831/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3831/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71fc465b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 7_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=2.50*10^-3;// m^3 +Sigma_Q=53.7;// W/k.m^3 +tau=30.0;// min + +// Solution +S_pQ=Sigma_Q*V*tau*60;// J/K +printf('\nThe heat production of entropy inside this motor,(S_p)_Q=%3.0f J/K',S_pQ); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc16a821d --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 8_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=2.00;// kg +// State 1 +T_1=50.0;// °C +x_1=0;// The quality of steam +// State 2 +T_2=50.0;// °C +p_2=5.00;// kPa + +// Calculation +s_1=0.7036;// kJ/(kg.K) +s_2=8.4982;// kJ/(kg.K) +u_1=209.3;// kJ/kg +u_2=2444.7;// kJ/kg +T_b=T_1;// °C +Q_12=m*(T_b+273.15)*(s_2-s_1);// kJ +W_12=(m*(u_1-u_2))+Q_12;// kJ +printf("\nThe heat and work transports of energy for this process,Q_12=%4.0f kJ & W_12=%3.0f kJ",Q_12,W_12); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca8c6bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// Example 8_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// State 1 +m=0.100;// lbm +p_1=100;// psia +T_1=180;// °F +v_1=0.6210;// ft^3/lbm +h_1=137.49;// Btu/lbm +s_1=0.2595;// Btu/(lbm.R) +// State 2 +p_2=30.0;// psia +T_2=120;// °F +v_2=1.9662;// ft^3/lbm +h_2=126.39;// Btu/lbm +s_2=0.2635;// Btu/(lbm.R) +// State 3 +p_3=p_2;// psia +v_3=v_1/2;// ft^3/lbm +x_3=0.1952;// The quality of steam +s_3=0.07241;// Btu/(lbm.R) +K=5.00;// Btu/R + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From Table C.7e of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that at p1 = 100 psia and T1 = 180°F, +v_1=0.6210;// ft^3/lbm +u_1=125.99;// Btu/lbm +// At p2= 30 psia and T2 = 120°F, +v_2=1.966;// ft^3/lbm +u_2=115.47;// Btu/lbm +W_12=-m*(u_2-u_1);// Btu +// (b) +v_3=v_1/2;// ft^3/lbm +// At p2= 30 psia +v_f3=0.01209;// ft^3/lbm +v_g3=1.5408;// ft^3/lbm +u_f3=16.24;// Btu/lbm +u_g3=95.40;// Btu/lbm +x_3=(v_3-v_f3)/(v_g3-v_f3);// The quality of steam +x_3p=x_3*100;// % +u_3=u_f3+(x_3*(u_g3-u_f3));// Btu/lbm +Q_23=(m*(u_3-u_2))+(m*(p_3*144)*((v_3-v_2)*(1/778.17)));// Btu +// (c) +// From Table C.7b +T_3=15.38;// °F +dQ=0;// Btu +S_p12=m*(s_1-s_2)-0;// Btu/R +s_f3=0.0364;// Btu/(lbm.R) +s_fg3=0.2209;// Btu/(lbm.R) +s_3=s_f3+(x_3*(s_fg3-s_f3));// Btu/(lbm.R) +S_p23=(m*[s_3-s_2])-(K*log((T_3+459.67)/(T_2+459.67)));// Btu/R +S_p13=S_p12+S_p23;// Btu/R +printf('\n(a)The work transport of energy during the adiabatic expansion,W_12=%1.2f Btu \n(b)The heat transport of energy during the isobaric compression,Q_23=%1.2f Btu \n(c)Since state 3 is saturated (a mixture of liquid and vapor), T3 must be equal to the saturation temperature at 30.0 psia,which, from Table C.7b, is T_3 =%2.2f°F \n(d)The total entropy production for both processes,1(S_p)3=%0.3f Btu/R',W_12,Q_23,T_3,S_p13); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e9cebdb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 8_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// from Example 5.7 +D=0.100;// m +T_1=200;// K +p_1=0.140;// MPa +h=3.50;// W/(m^2.K) +T_infinitive=15.0;// K +c_v=3.123;// kJ/kg.K +R=2.077;// kJ/kg.K +t=5.00;// seconds + +// Calculation +// (a) +V=(%pi/6)*D^3;// m^3 +A=%pi*D^2;// m^2 +m=((p_1*10^3)*V)/(R*(T_1+273.15));// kg +hAbymc_v=(h*A)/(m*c_v*1000);// s^-1 +T_2=((T_1-T_infinitive)*exp((-(h*A)/(m*c_v*1000))*t))+T_infinitive;// °C +// (b) +delU=m*c_v*(T_2-T_1);// kJ +// (c) +// Let s_2-s_1=ds +ds=(c_v*log((T_2+273.15)/(T_1+273.15)))+0;// kJ/(kg.K) +dQbyT_b=-1.35*10^-4;// kJ/K +S_P=((m*ds)-(dQbyT_b));// kJ/K +S_P=S_P*10^3;// J/K +printf("\n(a)The final temperature of the helium,T_2=%2.1f°C \n(b)The change in total internal energy of the helium,U_2-U_1=%0.3f kJ \n(c)The total entropy production in the helium,S_P=%0.4f J/K",T_2,delU,S_P); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9bebd2c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 8_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h=3.50;// W/(m^2.K) +A=1.00*10^-4;// m^2 +P=0.0400;// m +T_infinitive=20.0+273.15;// K +k_t=204;// W/(m.K) +T_f=95.0+273.15;// K + +// Solution +S_P_Q=sqrt(h*P*k_t*A)*((log(T_f/T_infinitive))+(T_infinitive/T_f)-1);// W/K +printf("\nThe entropy production rate for the fin,S_P=%0.5f W/K",S_P_Q); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d19e2aa1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 8_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=20.0+273.15;// K +mu=0.700;// N.s/m^2 +L=0.100;// m +R_1=0.0500;// m +R_2=0.0510;// m +n=1000;// rev/min + +// Solution +omega=(2*%pi*n)/60;// rad/s +S_P_W=((2*%pi*L*omega^2*R_1^4*mu)/((R_2^2-R_1^2)^2*T))*((2*R_2^2*(log(R_2/R_1)))+((R_2^4)/(2*R_1^2))-(R_1^2/2));// W/K +printf("\nThe rate of entropy production due to laminar viscous losses,(S_P)w=%1.2f W/K",S_P_W); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16d02a06f --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 8_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=30.0;// °C +phi=5.00;// V +I=10.0;// mA + +// Solution +S_P_W=(phi*I*10^-3)/(T+273.15);// W/K +printf("\nThe entropy production rate of the circuit board,(S_P)_W=%1.2e W/K",S_P_W); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..306df8d1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 8_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_a=3.00;// g +T_a=10.0;// °C +m_b=200;// g +T_b=80.0;// °C +c=4186;// J/kg.K + +// Solution +// Let a=cream,b=coffee +r=m_a/(m_a+m_b);// The mass ratio +S_p12=((m_a+m_b)/1000)*c*log([1+((r*(((T_a+273.15)/(T_b+273.15))-1)))]*((T_b+273.15)/(T_a+273.15))^(r));// J/K +printf("\nThe entropy produced,1(S_P)2=%0.3f J/K",S_p12); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cdd31feb --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 8_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q_solar=100*10^3;// Btu/h +T_river=40+459.67;// R +T_collector=200+459.67;// R + +// Calculation +W_e_rev=(Q_solar*(1-(T_river/T_collector)))/3412;// kW +printf("\nThe maximum steady state electrical power (in kW) that can be produced by this power plant,(W_electrical)_rev=%1.2f kW",W_e_rev); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0f831eee --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 8_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=1.00;// m^3 +m=2.00;// kg +T_1=20.0;// °C +T_2=95.0;// °C +T_b=100.0;// °C + +// Calculation +// (a) +v_1=V/m;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1;// m^3/kg +// From Table C.1b of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find that +// At 20.0°C +v_f1=0.001002;// m^3/kg +v_g1=57.79;// m^3/kg +v_fg1=v_g1-v_f1;// m^3/kg +u_f1=83.9;// kJ/kg +u_g1=2402.9;// kJ/kg +u_fg1=u_g1-u_f1;// kJ/kg +// At 95.0°C +v_f2=0.00104;// m^3/kg +v_g2=1.982;// m^3/kg +v_fg2=v_g2-v_f2;// m^3/kg +u_f2=397.9;// kJ/kg +u_g2=2500.6;// kJ/kg +u_fg2=u_g2-u_f2;// kJ/kg +x_1=(v_1-v_f1)/v_fg1;// The quality in the container when the contents are at 20.0°C +x_1p=x_1*100;// % +// (b) +x_2=(v_2-v_f2)/v_fg2;// The quality in the container when the contents are at 95.0°C. +x_2p=x_2*100;// % +// (c) +u_1=u_f1+(x_1*u_fg1);// kJ/kg +u_2=u_f2+(x_2*u_fg2);// kJ/kg +Q_12=m*(u_2-u_1);// kJ +// (d) +s_f1=0.2965;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg1=8.3715;// kJ/kg.K +s_f2=1.2503;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg2=6.1664;// kJ/kg.K +s_1=s_f1+((x_1)*s_fg1);// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_f2+((x_2)*s_fg2);// kJ/kg.K +S_p_12=((m*(s_2-s_1))-(Q_12/(T_b+273.15)))*1000;// J/K +T_b_minimum=Q_12/(m*(s_2-s_1));// K +T_b_minimum=T_b_minimum-273.15;// °C +printf('\n(a)The quality in the container when the contents are at 20.0°C,x_1=%0.3f percentage \n(b)The quality in the container when the contents are at 95.0°C,x_2=%2.1f percentage \n(c)The heat transport of energy required to raise the temperature of the contents from 20.0 to 95.0°C,Q_12=%4.0f kJ/kg \n(d)The entropy production,S_P=%3.0f J/K \n The minimum boundary temperature,(T_b)minimum=%2.1f°C',x_1p,x_2p,Q_12,S_p_12,T_b_minimum); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c817f7de0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 8_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=100;// W +T_b=110.0+273.15;// K + +// Calculation +// (a) +// Since we are assuming a constant bulb temperature in part a, U=constant and +U=0;// W +Q=U-W;// kW +printf("\n(a)The heat transfer rate of an illuminated 100. W incandescent lightbulb in a room,Q=%3.0f W",Q); +// (b) +Q_dot=0; +Udot=W;// W +printf("\n(b)The rate of change of its internal energy,Udot=%3.0f W",Udot); +Sdot=0;// W/K +S_p=Sdot-(Q/(T_b));// W/K +printf("\n(c)The value of the entropy production rate,S_p=%0.3f W/K",S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ebfe489 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 8_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q_b=950*10^5;// kJ/h +T_b=500;// K +W_p=-23.0;// kW +Q_c=-600*10^5;// kJ/h +T_c=10.0;// °C + +// Calculation +Q_net=(Q_b+Q_c);// kJ/h +W_T_net=Q_net/3600;// kJ/h +W_T_net=W_T_net/1000;// MW +W_T_total=(W_T_net*10^3)+W_p;// kW +S_p=-((Q_b/(T_b+273.15))+(Q_c/(T_c+273.15)));// kJ/(h.K) +Q_in=Q_b;// kJ/h +Q_out=Q_c;// kJ/h +n_T_act=(1-((abs(Q_out))/Q_in))*100;// The actual thermal efficiency of this power plant in % +n_T_rev=(1-((T_c+273.15)/(T_b+273.15)))*100;// The theoretical reversible (Carnot) efficiency in % +printf("\nThe net power of the turbine,(W_T)_total=%4.0f kW(round off error) \nThe rate of entropy production,S_p=%2.1e kJ/(h.K)",W_T_total,S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a03bbd874 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 8_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W=0.250;// hp +V=1.00;// quart of water +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=60.0;// °F +p_2=p_1;// psia +t=10;// min +c=1.00;// Btu/(lbm.R) + +// Calculation +V=V*(1/4)*0.13368;// ft^3 +v=0.01603;// ft^3/lbm +m=V/v;// lbm +Q_12bymc=0;// Btu/lbm +T_2=T_1+Q_12bymc-((-W*t*(1/60)*(2545))/(m*c));// °F +S_p12=m*c*log((T_2+459.67)/(T_1+459.67));// Btu/R +printf("\nThe temperature of the water when the machine is turned off,T_2=%3.0f°F \nThe amount of entropy produced,1(S_p)2=%0.3f Btu/R",T_2,S_p12); diff --git a/3831/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3831/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82ca4a7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 8_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_2=0.0400;// m^3 +T_1=20.0;// °C +p_1=0.0100;// MPa +Q_12=0.100;// kJ +V_1=0.0100;// m^3 +R=0.208;// kJ/kg.K +T_w=400;// K +c_p=0.523;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.315;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +m=((p_1*10^3)*V_1)/(R*(T_1+273.15));// kg +T_2=T_1+(Q_12/(m*c_v));// K +p_2=(m*R*(T_2+273.15))/V_2;// kPa +S_p12=(m*[(c_p*log((T_2+273.15)/(T_1+273.15)))-(R*log(p_2/(p_1*10^3)))])-(Q_12/T_w);// kJ/K +S_p12=S_p12*10^3;// J/K +printf('\nThe pressure and temperature inside the box after the balloon bursts p_2=%1.2f kPa and T_2=%3.0f°C \nThe entropy produced,1(S_P)2=%0.3f J/K',p_2,T_2,S_p12); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1e1a8c6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 9_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=15+273.15;// K +T_2=50+273.15;// K +Q=0.100;// The electrical energy in W +c=4.186;// kJ/kg.K +T_b=20+273.15;// K + +// Calculation +m=Q/(c*(T_2-T_1));// The expected water flow rate in kg/s +// Assume ds=s_out-s_in +ds=c*log(T_2/T_1);// kJ/kg.K +S_p=(m*ds)-(Q/T_b);// kJ/s.K +printf("\nThe entropy production rate,S_p=%1.2e kJ/s.K ",S_p); +if(S_p<0) + printf("\nSince the entropy production rate is negative, this water heater cannot possibly meet the claims of the inventor, so we should reject the patent application.") + end diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c81a6d189 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 9_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=500;// lbm/s +T=50.0;// °F +y_1=1.00;// The inlet height in ft +y_2=1.80;// The exit height in ft +v_1=8.00;// The inlet velocity ft/s +v_2=5.14;// The exit velocity in ft/s +g=32.174;// ft/s^2 +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/(lbf.s^2) +c=1.00; // Btu/(lbm.R) + +// Solution +h_L12=(y_2-y_1)^3/(4*y_1*y_2);// ft +E_dr=(m*(g/g_c)*h_L12)/778.17;// The energy dissipation rate in Btu/s +S_p=m*c*log(1+(g*[(h_L12)]/(c*g_c*(T+459.67))));// The entropy production rate in Btu/(s.R) +printf('\nThe energy dissipation rate=%0.4f Btu/s \nThe entropy production rate,S_p=%0.4f Btu/(s.R)',E_dr,S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86c027d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 9_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mu=10.1*10^-3;// The viscosity of the water in kg/(m.s) +L=10.0;// The length of the pipe in m +V_m=0.500;// The maximum velocity of the fluid in m/s +T=20.0;// °C + +// Solution +S_pW=(2*%pi*mu*L*V_m^2)/(T+273.15);// The entropy production rate in W/K +printf('\nThe entropy production rate,(S_p)_W=%1.3e W/K',S_pW); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b97626b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.2000;// lbm/s +// Station 1 +p_1=14.7;// psia +T_1=50.00;// °F +// Station 2 +p_2=95.00;// psia +D_1=1.000;// The inlet diameter of the nozzle in m +D_2=0.2500;// The outlet diameter of the nozzle in m +c=1.0;// Btu/lbm.R +g_c=32.174;// lbm.ft/(lbf.s^2) + +// Calculation +v_f=0.01602;// ft^3/lbm +v=v_f;// ft^3/lbm +V_1=(4*m*v*144)/(%pi*D_1^2);// ft/s +V_2=V_1*(D_1/D_2)^2;// ft/s +T_2=(T_1+459.67)+(v*(((p_2-p_1)*144)/(c*778.17)))-((V_2^2-V_1^2)/(2*c*g_c*778.17));// R +S_p=m*c*log(T_2/(T_1+459.7));// Btu/(s.R) +S_p=S_p*778.17;// ft.lbf/(s.R) +printf("\nThe rate of entropy production,S_p=%0.4f ft.lbf/(s.R)",S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36301b55d --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 9_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.800;// kg/s +V_1=93.0;// m/s +// Station 1 +p_1=97.0;// kPa +T_1=80.0;// °C +// Station 2 +p_2=101.3;// kPa +g_c=1;// The gravitational constant +c_p=523;// J/(kg.K) +R=208;// J/(kg.K) + +// Calculation +T_2=(T_1+273.15)+((V_1^2)/(2*g_c*c_p));// K +S_p=m*((c_p*log(T_2/(T_1+273.15)))-(R*log(p_2/p_1)));// The rate of entropy production within the diffuser in W/K +printf("\nThe rate of entropy production within the diffuser,S_p=%1.2f W/K",S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f26f376cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 9_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=0.100;// lbm/s +// Station 1 +x_1=0.00;// The quality of steam at inlet +T_1=100;// °F +// Station 2 +x_2=0.530;// The quality of steam at exit +T_2=20;// °F +T_b=60.0;// °F + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From Table C.7a for R-134a, we find +h_f1=44.23;// Btu/lbm +h_1=h_f1;// Btu/lbm +s_f1=0.0898;// Btu/(lbm.R) +s_1=s_f1;// Btu/(lbm.R) +h_f2=17.74;// Btu/lbm +h_fg2=86.87;// Btu/lbm +s_f2=0.0393;// Btu/(lbm.R) +s_fg2=0.2206-s_f2;// Btu/(lbm.R) +h_2=h_f2+(x_2*h_fg2);// Btu/lbm +s_2=s_f2+(x_2*s_fg2);// Btu/(lbm.R) +Q=m*(h_2-h_1);// Btu/s +S_pa=((m*(s_2-s_1))-(Q/(T_b+459.67)));// The entropy production rate inside the valve in Btu/(s.R) +S_p=S_pa*778.17;// ft.lbf/(s.R) +printf("\n(a)The entropy production rate inside the valve if the valve is not insulated and has an isothermal external surface temperature of 60.0°F,S_p=%0.4f ft.lbf/(s.R)",S_p); +// (b) +h_2=h_1;// Btu/lbm +x_2=(h_2-h_f2)/h_fg2;// The quality of steam +x_2p=x_2*100;// % (in x_2p,p refers the quality of steam in percentage) +s_2=s_f2+(x_2*s_fg2);// Btu/(lbm.R) +Q=0;// W +S_pb=m*(s_2-s_1)-(Q/T_b);// Btu/(s.R) +S_p=S_pb*778.17;// lbf/(s.R) +printf("\n(b)The entropy production rate inside the valve if it is insulated and assuming it has the same inlet conditions and exit temperature,S_p=%0.3f ft.lbf/(s.R)",S_p); +//(c) +S_p_pd=((S_pa-S_pb)/S_pa)*100;// The percentage decrease in S_p brought about by adding the insulation in % +printf("\n(c)The percentage decrease in S_p brought about by adding the insulation is %2.1f percentage.",S_p_pd); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feb1c574c --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_a=0.200;// kg/s +T_ain=90.0;// °C +T_aout=75.0;// °C +T_win=20.0;// °C +T_wout=40.0;// °C +U=140;// W/(m^2.K) +c_pa=1.004;// The specific heat of air in kJ/kg.K +c_pw=4.186;// The specific heat of water in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// (a) Parallel flow +delT_LMTDa=((T_aout-T_wout)-(T_ain-T_win))/(log((T_aout-T_wout)/(T_ain-T_win)));// K +//(b) Counter flow +delT_LMTDb=((T_aout-T_win)-(T_ain-T_wout))/(log((T_aout-T_win)/(T_ain-T_wout)));// K +Q=abs(m_a*c_pa*10^3*(T_aout-T_ain));// J/s +A_pf=Q/(U*delT_LMTDa);// m^2 +A_cf=Q/(U*delT_LMTDb);// m^2 +m_w=m_a*(c_pa/c_pw)*((T_ain-T_aout)/(T_wout-T_win));// kg/s +S_p=(m_a*c_pa*10^3*log((T_aout+273.15)/(T_ain+273.15)))+(m_w*c_pw*10^3*log((T_wout+273.15)/(T_win+273.15)));// W/K +printf("\nThe corresponding heat exchanger area for parallel flow,A_parallel flow=%0.3f m^2 \nThe corresponding heat exchanger area for counter flow,A_counter flow=%0.3f m^2 \nThe entropy production rate,S_p=%1.2f W/K",A_pf,A_cf,S_p); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..166f942d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 9_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_H=0.300;// lbm/s +T_H=140.0;// °F +m_C=0.300;// lbm/s +T_C=50.0;// °F +c=1.00;// Btu/(lbm.R) + +// Calculation +// (a) +m_M=m_H+m_C;// lbm/s +gamma=m_H/m_M;// The mass flow rate ratio +T_1=T_H;// °F +T_2=T_C;// °F +T_1byT_2=(T_H+459.67)/(T_C+459.67);// The temperature ratio +T_3=T_C+(gamma*(T_H-T_C));// °F +m_3=m_M;// lbm/s +S_p_mixing=m_3*c*log((1+(gamma*(T_1byT_2-1)))*(T_1byT_2)^(-gamma));// Btu/(s.R) +S_p_mixing=S_p_mixing*778.17;// ft.lbf/(s.R) +printf("\n(a)The shower mixture temperature,T_3=%2.0f°F \n The entropy production rate,(S_p)_mixing=%1.2f lbf/(s.R)",T_3,S_p_mixing); +// (b) +gamma_c=((1-T_1byT_2)+log(T_1byT_2))/((1-T_1byT_2)*log(T_1byT_2));// The critical mass fraction +S_p_mixing=m_3*c*log((1+(gamma_c*(T_1byT_2-1)))*(T_1byT_2)^(-gamma_c));// // Btu/(s.R) +S_p_mixing=S_p_mixing*778.17;// ft.lbf/(s.R) +printf("\n(b)The critical mass fraction,gamma_c=%0.3f \n The value of the maximum entropy production rate,(S_p)_mixing=%1.2f ft.lbf/(s.R)",gamma_c,S_p_mixing); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91cfa862f --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 9_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +mdot=0.500;// kg/s +p_1=8.00;// MPa +T_1=300;// °C +T_2=100;// °C +x_2=1.00;// The quality of steam at station 2 +T_b=20.0;// °C +h_1=2785.0;// kJ/kg +h_2=2676.0;// kJ/kg +s_1=5.7914;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=7.3557;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +W_max=mdot*[(h_1-((T_b+273.15)*s_1))-(h_2-((T_b+273.15)*s_2))];// kW +printf("\nThe maximum (reversible) power,W_max=%3.0f kW",W_max); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61c745009 --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 9_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_2=3.00;// ft^3 +T_in=70+459.67;// °F +p_2=2000;// psia + +// Calculation +// From Table C.13a of Thermodynamic Tables to accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, we find for oxygen +c_p=0.219;// Btu/(lbm.R) +R=48.29;// ft.lbf/(lbm.R) +k=1.39;// The specific heat ratio +T_2_af=k*T_in;// R +T_2_if=T_in;// R +m_2_af=(p_2*144*V_2)/(R*T_2_af);// lbm +m_2_if=(p_2*144*V_2)/(R*T_2_if);// lbm +// (a) +S_p_12_af=m_2_af*c_p*2.303*log10(k);// Btu/R +// (b) +S_p_12_if=m_2_if*R/778.16;// Btu/R +printf("\n(a)The amount of entropy produced when the container is filled adiabatically by insulating it,[1(S_P)2]adiabatic filling=%1.2f Btu/R \n(b)The amount of entropy produced when the container is filled isothermally,[1(S_P)2]isothermal filling=%1.2f Btu/R",S_p_12_af,S_p_12_if) diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37c9f8bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 9_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +gamma=0.500;// The specific heat ratio for air +T_in=70.0;// °F +p_in_psig=[0.000,20.00,40.00,60.00,80.00,100.00,120.00,140.00];// psig +p_in=[14.7,34.7,54.7,74.7,94.7,114.7,134.7,154.7];// psia +T_hot=[70.0,119.0,141.0,150.0,156.0,161.0,164.0,166.0];// °F +T_cold=[70.0,19.5,-3.00,-14.0,-22.0,-29.0,-34.0,-39.0];// °F +T_r=[1.000,1.209,1.315,1.368,1.406,1.441,1.465,1.487];// Note:T_r=(T_hot+460)/(T_cold+460) +p_e=14.7;// The exit pressure in psia +R=0.0685;// Btu/(lbm.R) +c_p=0.240;// Btu/(lbm.R) + +// Calculation +Sdot_pbymdot_3_1=((c_p*log(((T_r(1)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(1)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(1)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_2=((c_p*log(((T_r(2)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(2)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(2)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_3=((c_p*log(((T_r(3)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(3)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(3)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_4=((c_p*log(((T_r(4)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(4)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(4)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_5=((c_p*log(((T_r(5)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(5)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(5)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_6=((c_p*log(((T_r(6)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(6)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(6)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_7=((c_p*log(((T_r(7)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(7)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(7)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3_8=((c_p*log(((T_r(8)^gamma)/(1+(gamma*(T_r(8)-1))))))+(R*log(p_in(8)/p_e)));// Btu/(lbm.R) +Sdot_pbymdot_3=[Sdot_pbymdot_3_1,Sdot_pbymdot_3_2,Sdot_pbymdot_3_3,Sdot_pbymdot_3_4,Sdot_pbymdot_3_5,Sdot_pbymdot_3_6,Sdot_pbymdot_3_7,Sdot_pbymdot_3_8];// Btu/(lbm.R) +plot(p_in_psig,Sdot_pbymdot_3); +xlabel('Inlet pressure(psig)'); +ylabel('Sdot_p/mdot_3(Btu/lbm.R)'); +xtitle('Sdot_p/mdot_3 vs. inlet pressure for a vortex tube'); +disp('Remaining Results for Example 9.9'); +disp('The entropy production rate per unit mass flow rate for each pressure shown'); +disp('Inlet pressure psig'); +disp(p_in_psig); +disp('T_1/T_2'); +disp(T_r); +disp('Sdot_P/mdot_3 Btu/(lbm⋅R)'); +disp(Sdot_pbymdot_3); diff --git a/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Figure9_20.pdf b/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Figure9_20.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad20ac117 Binary files /dev/null and b/3831/CH9/EX9.9/Figure9_20.pdf differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98036dc28 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..effdfae0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.1/Ex10_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.1.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +E=0.712;//the energy gap E=Ec-Ef in eV +KBT=0.025;//Boltzman constant temperature product in eV +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +Y=E/KBT; +fE= exp(-Y);//Probability of excited electrons at conduction band at room tenmperature + +mprintf("The probability of excited electrons at conduction band at room tenmperature = %.2f *1e-13 ",fE*1e13);//multiplication by 1e13 to change the unit to 1e-13 diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec79ee9a4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed17adb6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.1.2/Ex10_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.1.2 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +T=300;//temperature in K +kB=1.38E-23;//Boltzman constant in J/K +E=kB*T; +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +Vd=0.7;;//depletion voltage in V +Y=e*Vd/E; +nnbynp=exp(Y);//Ratio of majority to minority charge carriers in an n type and a p type of silicon semiconductor +mprintf("Ratio of majority to minority charge carriers in an n type and a p type of silicon semiconductor = %.2f x10^11",nnbynp/1e11);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e94481e5a Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c825a9574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.1/Ex10_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.2.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +lambda=1300;//Operating wavelength in nm +ETAext=0.1;//External Quantum Efficiency +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +Ep=0.0153E-17;//photon's energy in J +SlopeE=(Ep/e)*ETAext;//Slope Efficiency +mprintf("Slope Efficiency = %.3f",SlopeE); diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc74f174 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fd31f92c --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.2.2/Ex10_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.2.2 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +lambda=840;//Operating wavelength in nm +Eg=1248/lambda;//semiconductor bandgap in eV +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +V=Eg;//voltage in V +R=1;//Reflectivity +I=10E-3;//Current in A +P1=I*I*R; +P2=I*V; +P3=P1+P2; +Pout=1.25E-3;//Output power in W +ETAp=Pout/P3; +mprintf("Power Efficiency of a VCSEL diode = %.3f", ETAp); +ETAP=ETAp*100; +mprintf("\n Hence, Power Efficiency of a VCSEL diode = %.1f Percent ",ETAP); + +//case 2 +lambda2=1300;//Operating wavelength in nm +Eg2=1248/lambda2;//semiconductor bandgap in eV +e2=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +V2=Eg2;//voltage in V +R2=1.84;//Reflectivity +I2=312E-3;//Current in A +P11=I2*I2*R; +P22=I2*V2; +P33=P11+P22; +Pout1=1E-3;//Output power in W +ETAp1=Pout1/P33; +mprintf("\nPower Efficiency of a broad area laser diode = %.3f", ETAp1); +ETAP1=ETAp1*100; +mprintf("\n Hence, Power Efficiency of a broad area laser diode = %.1f Percent ",ETAP1);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f45739d1c Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5079c3e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.1/Ex10_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.3.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given +Ith1=40//threshold current in mA at 25 degree centigrade +Ith2=66//threshold current in mA at 25 degree centigrade +T1=25;//temperature in degree centigrade for calculation of threshold current +T2=65//temperature in degree centigrade for calculation of threshold current +delta=2.5//threshold current change with temperature in percent per degree centigrade +Io=Ith1/(1+(delta/100)*T1);//characteristic current in mA at 0 +x=log(Ith1/Io)//constant +To=T1/x//characteristic temperature degree centigrade +mprintf("Io =%0.0f mA ",Io) +mprintf("\nTo =%0.0f degree Centigrade",To)//answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3eca2fa Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b611b7fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.2/Ex10_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.3.2 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +tau=2E-9;//Carrier recombination lifetime in s +Ith=90E-3;//threshold current in A +Ip=40E-3;//amplitude of modulation current in A +//case 1 +Ib=80E-3;//Assumed bias current in A +Td=tau*log(Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith)); + +mprintf("The delay time for broad-area laser diode with Ib %.2f mA= %.2f ns",Ib*1e3,Td*1E+9); +//case 2 +Ib=70E-3;//Assumed bias current in A +Td=tau*log(Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith)); + +mprintf("\nThe delay time for broad-area laser diode with Ib %.2f mA= %.2f ns",Ib*1e3,Td*1E+9); +//case 3 +Ib=90E-3;//Assumed bias current in A +Td=abs(tau*log(Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith))); + +mprintf("\nThe delay time for broad-area laser diode with Ib %.2f mA= %.2f ns",Ib*1e3,Td*1E+9); +//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit to mA from A and multiplication by 1e9 to convert unit from s to ns + +//the answers vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab1b8345 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad3524c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.3.3/Ex10_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.3.3 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +RIN=1E-16;//relative intensity in 1/Hz +P=100E-6;//power received in W +BW=100E+6;//Receiver bandwidth in Hz + +PN=sqrt(RIN*(P^2)*BW);//The average noise power detected by receiver W + +mprintf("The average noise power detected by receiver = %.2f uW",PN*1E+6); +//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit to W from uW diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1baee8161 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.sce b/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b2f44718 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH10/EX10.4.1/Ex10_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.4.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +R=0.035;//Reflectivity for the air-silica interface +NAt=0.275;//Typical Numerical Aperture in a GI multimode fiber +D=1;//Ratio of the diameter of the fiber core to the diameter of the source +X=2*(D^2); +Y=1-1/X; +ETAcgi=(NAt^2)*Y;//The amount of light coupling in a GI multimode fiber + +mprintf("The amount of light coupling in a GI multimode fiber is = %.3f",ETAcgi); + +//case 2 +NAt2=0.13;//Typical Numerical Aperture in a SI singlemode fiber +EATcsi=NAt2^2;//The amount of light coupling in a SI singlemode fiber +mprintf("\nThe amount of light coupling in a SI singlemode fiber is = %.3f",EATcsi); +//the answers vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bf840b65 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5d2e1f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.1/Ex11_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.1.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +R=0.85;//Responsivity of photodiode in A/W +P=1E-3;//Input power saturation in W + +Ip=R*P;//The photocurrent in A +mprintf("The photocurrent =%.2f mA",Ip*1E+3); diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e49e9001 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f18ba0122 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.2/Ex11_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 10.3.3 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +ETA=0.7;//The quantum efficiency +lambda=1664;//Operating wavelength in nm +R=(ETA/1248)*lambda;//Responsivity of an InGaAs photodiode A/W + +mprintf("Responsivity of an InGaAs photodiode =%.3f A/W",R); diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..852be5614 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53e789370 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.3/Ex11_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.1.3 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +ETA=0.7;//The quantum efficiency +alphaabs=1E+5;//absorption coefficient +w=(log(1-ETA))/(-alphaabs);//The width of the depletion region of an InGaAs photodiode um + +mprintf("The width of the depletion region of an InGaAs photodiode =%.1f um",w*1E+6);//Multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from m to um diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2e98c0d Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b25c0cd74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.1.4/Ex11_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.1.4 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given +tautr=100//transit time in ps +tauRC=100//time constant induced by a capacitor in ps +BWPD1=1/(2*%pi*(tautr+tauRC)) + +mprintf("\nBandwidth of InGaAs photodiode = %.3f Gbit/s",BWPD1*1E3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from 10^12 bits/s to Gbits/s diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20408ad9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..954f1a8dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.1/Ex11_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.3.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +Pin=0.1E-6;//Average input power in W +lambda=1550;//Operating wavelength in nm +R=1;//Responsivity of an MF-432 PIN photodiode +Ip=R*Pin;//photocurrent in A +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb +BWpd=2.5E+9;//Bandwidth of an MF-432 PIN photodiode in Hz +Is=sqrt(2*e*Ip*BWpd); +Isn=Is/sqrt(BWpd);//shot noise current in A/sqrt(Hz) + +Kb=1.38E-23;//Boltzman constant in J/K +T=300;//Room temperature in K +P=Kb*T; +Rl=50E+3; +x=(4*P)/Rl; +It=sqrt(x*BWpd); +Itn=It/sqrt(BWpd);//thermal noise current in A/sqrt(Hz) + +id=3E-9;//average dark noise current in A +Id=sqrt(2*e*id*BWpd); +Idn=Id/sqrt(BWpd);//dark noise current in A/sqrt(Hz) + +Inoise=sqrt(Is^2+It^2+Id^2);//RMS value of noise current for an MF-432 PIN photodiode in A +mprintf("RMS value of noise current for an MF-432 PIN photodiode = %.1f nA", Inoise*1E+9);//Multiplication by 1e9 to convert unit from A to nA + +InoiseN=sqrt(Isn^2+Itn^2+Idn^2);//Bandwidth value of noise current for an MF-432 PIN photodiode in A/sqrt(Hz) +mprintf("\nBandwidth value of noise current for an MF-432 PIN photodiode = %.2f x10^-4 nA/sqrt(Hz)", InoiseN*1E+13) +//Multiplication by 1e12 to convert unit from A to pA diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f5d46dc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9600fb00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.2/Ex11_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.3.2 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +Pin=0.1E-6;//Average input power in W +lambda=1550;//Operating wavelength in nm +T=300;//Room temperature in K +R=1;//Responsivity of an MF-432 PIN photodiode in A/W +X=R^2*Pin^2; +Inoise=30.2E-9;//RMS value of noise current for an MF-432 PIN photodiode + +SNR=X/(Inoise^2);//SNR of an MF-432 PIN photodiode +mprintf("SNR of an MF-432 PIN photodiode = %.2f",SNR);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..537d2ae3b Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660ab5f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.3/Ex11_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.3.3 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +M=20;//Multiplication factor of a photodiode +Pin=0.1E-6;//Average input power in W +T=300;//Room temperature in K +BWpd=2.5E+9;//Bandwidth of a photodiode in Hz +Rl=50E+3; +R=0.9;//Responsivity of a photodiode +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb + +//case 1 +FsSi=2.49;//excess noise factor of Si avalanche photodiode +SNRs=(R*Pin)/(2*e*FsSi*BWpd);//SNR of Si avalanche photodiode +mprintf("SNR of Si avalanche photodiode = %.2f",SNRs);//the answer vary due to rounding + +//case 2 +FsInGaAs=12.78;//excess noise factor of InGaAs avalanche photodiode +SNRt=(R*Pin)/(2*e*FsInGaAs*BWpd);//SNR of InGaAs avalanche photodiode +mprintf("\nSNR of InGaAs avalanche photodiode = %.2f",SNRt);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..972aaac05 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ec73e5ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.4/Ex11_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.3.4 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given + +NEPnorm1=3.3E-12;//Bandwidth normalised NEP in W/sqrt(Hz) from 0-10MHz +BW1=10E+6;//Bandwidth for case 1 in Hz + +x=NEPnorm1*sqrt(BW1); + +NEPnorm2=30E-12;//Bandwidth normalised NEP in W/sqrt(Hz)from 10-125 MHz +BW2=115E+6;//Bandwidth for case 2 in Hz + +y=NEPnorm2*sqrt(BW2); + +NEP=sqrt(x^2+y^2); +mprintf("Noise-Equivalent power(NEP) = %.1f nW",NEP*1E+9); + +Rmax=1.1;//Maximum value of responsivity of a photodiode in A/W at 1550nm +Rlambda=0.9;//Responsivity of a photodiode for given wavelength 1300nm in A/W +BW=125E+6;//Bandwidth in Hz +NEPlambda1=NEPnorm2*(Rmax/Rlambda)*sqrt(BW); +mprintf("\nNoise-Equivalent power(NEP) for given wavelength lambda=1550nm = %.1f nW",NEPlambda1*1E9); + + diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.jpg b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c58d9504 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.sce b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e097b8f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH11/EX11.3.5/Ex11_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 11.3.5 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +BER=1E-9;//bit error rate +Kb=1.38E-23;//Boltzman constant in J/K +T=300;//Room temperature in K +P=Kb*T;//constant +Rl=50E+3;//load resistance in ohm +x=(4*P)/Rl;//constant +BWpd=2.5e9//Bandwidth of MF-432 in Hz +R=1//responsivity in A/W from data sheet +It=sqrt(x*BWpd); +Q=6; +e=1.6E-19;//Electrons value in Coulomb + +Pmin=(It+e*Q*BWpd)*(Q/R);//The minimal optical power-photodiode sensitivity Pmin in W +mprintf("The minimal optical power-photodiode sensitivity Pmin= %.2f dBm",10*log10(Pmin/1e-3));//the answer vary due to rounding//division by 1e-3 to convert unit from dB to dBm diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93828ad7a Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f8dbab99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.2.1/Ex12_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.2.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +deltaf=100E9;//spacing in Hz +lambda=1550;//wavelength in nm +c=3E17;//speed of light in nm/s +f=c/lambda; + +x=1/(f*f); +deltalambda=c*deltaf*x;//Spacing between channels in nm + +mprintf("Spacing between channels is = %.2f nm",deltalambda); diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3661a622 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44e500d0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.1/Ex12_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.3.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +R=0.32;//Reflectance (power reflection coeeficient) + +//case 1 Gs value assumed as 2 +Gs=2;//assumed single-pass amplification factor + +x=Gs*((1-R)^2); +y=(1-R*Gs)^2; +Gfpa=x/y; + +mprintf("Gain of Fabry-Perot semiconductor optical amplifier = %.2f or %.1f dB for Gs=2",Gfpa,10*log10(Gfpa)); + +//case 2 Gs value assumed as 3 +Gs2=3;//assumed single-pass amplification factor + +x2=Gs2*((1-R)^2); +y2=(1-R*Gs2)^2; +Gfpa2=x2/y2;//Gain of Fabry-Perot semiconductor optical amplifier + +mprintf("\nGain of Fabry-Perot semiconductor optical amplifier = %.2f or %.1f dB for Gs=3",Gfpa2,10*log10(Gfpa2)); diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f86e2b991 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5893eca02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.2/Ex12_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.3.2 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +g=106;//maximum gain coefficient in 1/cm +alpha=14;//loss coefficient of a cavity in 1/cm +GAMA=0.8;//confinement factor +L1=50E-3;//assumed length of a typical travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier in cm +y=GAMA*g-alpha; +z=y*L1; +Gs1=exp(z);//Gain of a travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier +mprintf("Gain of a travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier = %.2f.or %.1f ",Gs1,10*log10(Gs1)); +//case 2 +L2=100E-3;//assumed length of a typical travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier in cm +y=GAMA*g-alpha; +z=y*L2; +Gs2=exp(z);//Gain of a travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier +mprintf("\nGain of a travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier = %.2f.or %.1f ",Gs2,10*log10(Gs2)); diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..929e7762f Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c08c844f --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.3/Ex12_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.3.3 +clc; +clear; +//given + +x=0.96;//assumed R*Gs value +L=500E-4;//assumed length of a typical travelling-wave semiconductor amplifier in cm +n=3.6;//refractive index of SOA medium +c=3e10//spped of light in vaccum in cm/s +v=c/n//speed of light within resonant cavity in cm/s +y=asin((1-x)/(2*sqrt(x))); +BWfpa=((v/L)*y);//Bandwidth of Fabry-perot semiconductor amplifier +mprintf("Bandwidth of Fabry-perot semiconductor amplifier = %.2f *10^9 rad/s.",BWfpa/1e9);//division by 1e9 to convert unit from rad/s to 10^9 rad/sec +//the answer given in the book is wrong// diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9cc69a6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89fe16692 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.4/Ex12_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.3.4 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +Pis=300E-6;//input-signal power in W +Pin=30E-9;//input noise power in w +B=1E-9;//Bandwidth in m +Pos=60E-3;//output signal power in W +Pon=20E-6;// output noise power in W + +SNRin=Pis/Pin; +SNRout=Pos/Pon; + +Fn=SNRin/SNRout; + +mprintf("Noise figure of an optical amplifier = %.2f or %.1fdB",Fn,10*log10(Fn)); diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d636b841f Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b0d824ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.3.5/Ex12_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.3.5 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +lambda=1300E-9;//operating wavelength in m +c=3E8;//speed of light in m +f=c/lambda; +hf=1.53E-19;//photon energy in V +nsp=3;//spontaneous emission factor +G=1000;//by converting gain into absolut no. +deltalambda=40E-9;//bandwidth of TWA in m +//BW=f*(((deltalambda)/lambda)^2);//it is not giving correct answer +BW=1.775E12; +P_ASE = 2*nsp*hf*G*BW;//ASE power generated in mW + +mprintf("ASE power generated= %.1f mW",P_ASE*1000);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from W to mW diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..739fad669 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed60d0bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.1/Ex12_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.4.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +Pin=300E-6;//light input power in W +Pout=60E-3;//output power in W + +Gain=Pout/Pin;//Gain +x=log10(Gain); +Gdb=10*x;//Gain of erbium-doped fiber for case in dB + +mprintf("Gain of erbium-doped fiber for case 1 = %.0f dB",Gdb); + +//case 2 +Pase=30E-6;//ASE power in W + +Gdb2=10*log10(Gain-(Pase/Pin));//Gain of erbium-doped fiber for case 2 in dB +mprintf("\nGain of erbium-doped fiber for case 2 = %.0f dB",Gdb); diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.jpg b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb678dc95 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.sce b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247b79e3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH12/EX12.4.2/Ex12_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 12.4.2 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +w1=10.5E-6;//MFD of transmission fibre in m +lambda=1550E-9;//operating wavelength in m +w2=5.3E-6;//assumed average MFD of Pirelli EDF-PAX-01 Fiber in m + +a=w1*w2; +y=w2^2+w1^2; +z=(2*a)/y; + +Ldb=-10*log10(z^2);//Connection loss in transmission fibre in dB +mprintf("Connection loss in transmission fibre = %.2f dB",Ldb);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c9f318c2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.sce b/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b599f0d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH13/EX13.1.1/Ex13_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 13.1.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +lambda1=1300E-9;//Wavelength of lambda 1 in m +lambda2=1550E-9;//Wavelength of lambda 2 in m +DELTA=0.0031;//given for SM fiber +delta=2*DELTA;//relative refractive index +a=4E-6;//assumed fiber core radius in m +u=12E-6;//distance between 2 fiber axes in m +w=u/a;//seperation between two fibers in m + +k1=411.06;//coupling coefficient for 1310nm +k2=852.47;//coupling coefficient for 1550nm + +//since the arguement of raised sine and cosine series reaches Pi/4=0.785 hence k*L=785 gives: +Lc1=785/k1;//For 1300nm, Coupling length in mm +mprintf("For 1300nm, Coupling length= %.2f mm",Lc1); +Lc2=785/k2;//For 1550nm, Coupling length in mm +mprintf("\nFor 1550nm, Coupling length= %.2f mm",Lc2); diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e0dbdce6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.sce b/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f18d08b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH13/EX13.2.1/Ex13_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 13.2.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +lambda1=1540.56E-9;//wavelength in m +lambda2=1541.35E-9;//wavelength in m +d=5E-6;//grating pitch in m + +x=lambda1/d; +theta1=asind(x);////Angle of separation in deg +y=lambda2/d; +theta2=asind(y);//Angle of separation in deg + +Asep=theta2-theta1;//Angle of separation in deg +mprintf("Angle of separation = %.3f deg.",Asep); + +//case 2 + +z=tand(theta2)-tand(theta1); +L=245E-6/z;//Length required to separate wavelength in m + +mprintf("\nLength required to separate wavelength = %.3f m",L);//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee6eb5158 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.sce b/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fbcd5cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH13/EX13.3.1/Ex13_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 13.3.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +deltan=0.07;//Difference between refractive indexes of TE and TM modes +v=3.75E3;//velocity of sound in LiNb)3 in m/s +lambda=1540.56E-9;//optical wavelength in m +L=22E-3;//length of acousto-optic interaction + +LAMDA=lambda/deltan;//wavelength for period of grating +Fsaw=v/LAMDA;//Frequency of surface acoustic wave in MHz +mprintf("Frequency of surface acoustic wave = %.2f MHz",Fsaw/1e6); + +//case 2 +t_tun=(L/v)*1E6;//Tuning time acousto-optic interaction in us +mprintf("\nTuning time acousto-optic interaction = %.2f us",t_tun); diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c54554f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.sce b/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c029ddaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH13/EX13.4.1/Ex13_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 13.4.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + + +Oe=(10^3)/(4*%pi); +pfib=0.0128/Oe;//verdet's angle min/Oe-cm for silica fiber +pcry=9*60/Oe;//verdet's angle min/Oe-cm for BIG(Bi-substituted iron garnet) crystal +H=1000*Oe;//strength of magnetic field in A/m +phi=45*60;//angle in minutes + +Lfib=phi/(pfib*H);//Length of faraday rotators made from silica fiber in cm +mprintf("Length of faraday rotators made from silica fiber= %.2f cm",Lfib); + +Lcry=phi/(pcry*H);//Length of faraday rotators made from silica fiber in mm +mprintf("\nLength of faraday rotators made from silica fiber= %.2f mm",Lcry*10); diff --git a/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d87cde80 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.sce b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68068f51b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.1/Ex14_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 14.1.1 +clc; +clear; +//given +H=4.16;//Information carrying capacity(that is bandwidth) of a transmission line in Mbit +C=56;//time of transmission in Kbit/s + +//By Hartley's law +T=(H*1E6)/(C*1E3);//Time for downloading in s + +mprintf("It takes %.2f sec to download %.2f bits from internet to PC",T,H);//the answer given in book is wrong diff --git a/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.jpg b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbf71f2ee Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.sce b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88f74079a --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH14/EX14.1.2/Ex14_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 14.1.2 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +lambda=1310;//operating wavelength in nm +Transport_line=36;//Length of transport line in km +Power_budget=10;//linked power budget in dB +Loss_singlemode_fiber=0.6;//loss of SM fiber in dB/km + + +Linkloss=Loss_singlemode_fiber*Transport_line;//total link loss in dB + +mprintf("Link loss = %.1f dB\n ",Linkloss); +if (Power_budget < Linkloss) then +mprintf("Hence, we need to use an in-line amplifier"); +else + mprintf("Hence, we need not use an in-line amplifier"); +end diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0a9729be Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e03f0b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.1/Ex2_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 2.2.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +c=3E8;//velocity of light in m/sec +n=1.5;//refractive idex of glass + +v=(c/n);//light velocity in glass in m/s +mprintf("Light velocity in glass=%.1fx10^8 m/s",v/1e8); diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.jpg b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d2c4e824 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dafd4e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.2/Ex2_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 2.2.2 +//OS=Windows 10 +//Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1;//refractive index 1 +theta1=30;//angle of incidence in degrees +n2=1.5;//refractive index 2 + +u=sind(theta1); +theta2=asind(u/n2);//angle of refraction in degrees case1 + +theta3=theta1//From figure 2.4(a) given theta3= theta1=30 degrees//angle of relection +v=n2*sind(theta1); +theta4=asind(v/n1)//angle of refraction in degrees case 2 +mprintf("\n Angle of reflection=%.1f degrees",theta3); +mprintf("\n Angle of refraction case 1=%.1f degrees ",theta2); +mprintf("\n Angle of refraction case2=%.1f degrees ",theta4); diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.jpg b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..775766b92 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.sce b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a62904ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH2/EX2.2.3/Ex2_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 2.2.3 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +n1=1.6;//refractive index in glass rod +n2=1;//refractive index of air +thetha2=90;//angle of refraction in degrees + +v=n2/n1; +thethac=asind(v);//critical incident angle in degrees +mprintf("the critical incident angle=%.2f degrees ",thethac); diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77b74994d Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc7ee3329 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.1/Ex2_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 2.3.1 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +lambda=650E-9;//wavelength in meter +h=6.6E-34;//Planck's constant in SI units +c=3E8;//velocity of light in m/s + +Ep=(h*c/lambda);//energy of single photon in V +E=1e-3;///total energy in joules +N=(E/Ep);//number of photos +mprintf("\n Number of photons=%.1f x10^15 ",N/1e15);//division by 1e15 to convert the unit to x10^15 diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4512afe6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.sce b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b5d2e664 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH2/EX2.3.2/Ex2_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 2.3.2 +//OS=Windows 10 +////Scilab version Scilab 6.0.0-beta-2(64 bit) +clc; +clear; + +//given +Ep=2.5*1.602*1e-19;//energy in V +c=3E8;//velocity of light in m/s +h=6.6261E-34;//Planck's constant in SI units + +lambda=(c*h/Ep);//lambda in meter +mprintf("Wavelength is=%.1f nm. \nIt will emit green colour.",lambda*1e9);//Multiplication by 1e9 to convert the unit from m to nm +//the answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd34d4050 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb51779a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.1/Ex3_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.1.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given + +//case 1 +n1=1.48;//refractive index of the core +n2=1.46;//refractive index of the cladding + +//case 2 +n3=1.495;//refractive index of the core +n4=1.402;//refractive index of the cladding + +//case 1 +b=n2/n1; +thetac=asind(b); +mprintf("\n The critical incident angle for case 1 is=%.2f degrees",thetac); + +//case 2 +g=n4/n3; +mprintf("\n The ratio=%.2f",g); +thetac2=asind(g); +mprintf("\n The critical incident angle for case 2 is=%.2f degrees",thetac2); + diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e88f423c Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75e5d90e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.2/Ex3_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.1.2 +clc; +clear; +//given + +//case 1 +n1=1.48;//Refractive index of the core for silica fiber +n2=1.46;//Refractive index of the cladding for silica fiber + +//case 2 +n3=1.495;//Refractive index of the core for plastic optical fiber +n4=1.402;//Refractive index of the cladding for plastic optical fiber + +//case 1 +alphac=asind(sqrt(1-(n2/n1)^2)); +mprintf("\n The Critical propagation angle for case 1 = %.2f deg",alphac); + +//case 2 +alphac2=asind(sqrt(1-(n4/n3)^2)); +mprintf("\n The Critical propagation angle for case 2 = %.2f deg",alphac2); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2465d427b Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59a29da21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.3/Ex3_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.1.3 +//windows XP +//Scilab version-5.1.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +//case 1 +n1=1.48;//refractive index of the core +n2=1.46;//refractive index of the cladding + +alphac=asin(sqrt(1-(n2/n1)^2)); +mprintf("\n The Critical propogation angle for case 1 = %.2f deg",alphac); +b=sin(alphac); +thetaa=asind(n1*b);//by snell's law + +a=2*thetaa;//acceptance angle of the fiber +mprintf("\nThe acceptance angle for case 1 is = %.2f deg",a); + +//case 2 +n3=1.495;//refractive index of the core +n4=1.402;//refractive index of the cladding + +alphac2=asin(sqrt(1-(n4/n3)^2)); +mprintf("\n The critical propagation angle for case 1 = %.2f deg",alphac2); +b2=sin(alphac2); +thetaa2=asind(n3*b2);//by snell's law + +a2=2*thetaa2;//acceptance angle of the fiber +mprintf("\nThe acceptance angle for case 2 is = %.2f deg",a2); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..54c317db3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bfea516a --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.1.4/Ex3_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.1.4 +//windows XP +//Scilab version-5.5.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +//case 1 +n1=1.48;//refractive index of the core +n2=1.46;//refractive index of the cladding + +//case 2 +n3=1.495;//refractive of the index of core +n4=1.402;//refractive index of the cladding + +//case 1 +b=n1*n1; +c=n2*n2; +v=b-c; +NA=sqrt(v);//numerical aperture for case 1 +mprintf("\n numerical aperture for case 1=%.4f",NA); + +//case 2 +e=n3*n3; +r=n4*n4; +t=e-r; +NA1=sqrt(t);//numerical aperture for case 2 +mprintf("\n numerical aperture for case 2=%.4f",NA1); + + diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44944b5f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f98f24867 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.1/Ex3_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.2.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +A=0.5;//attenuation in dB/Km +Pin=1E-3;//input power in milli watts +L=15;//length in kilometers + +a=[(-A*L)/10]; +b=10^(a); +Pout=(Pin*b)*1E3; +mprintf("ouput power is=%.3f mW",Pout); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1ad75c50 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84c60dfb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.2.2/Ex3_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.2.2 +clc; +clear; +//given + +A=0.5;//Attenuation in dB/km +Pin=1E-3; //Power launched in mW +Pout=50E-6; //Receiver sensitivity in uW +e=Pin/Pout; +s=10/A; +d=log10(e); +lmax=s*d;//maximum transistion distance + +mprintf("Maximum transistion distance = %.2f km",lmax); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924584e98 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98c06476 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.1/Ex3_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.3.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given +d=62.5E-6;//core diameter in SI units +NA=0.275;//numerical aperture +lambda=1300E-9;//operating wavelength lambda in m + +x=3.14*d*NA; + +V=x/lambda; + +N=(V^2)/4; + +mprintf("Number of modes for graded index fiber = %.0f",N); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6cacf5cf Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa6cc683f --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.2/Ex3_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.3.2 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given +L=5;//fiber length in km +NA=0.275;//numerical aperture +c=3E5;//speed of light in km +n1=1.48;//refractive index + +p=2*c*n1; + +e=NA*NA; + +d=L*e; + +deltatsi=(d/p)*1E9;//pulse spreading in ns //answer vary due round-off +deltatsi_by_L=(deltatsi/L)//pulse spreading per unit length in ns/Km//answer vary due round-off + +mprintf("\n Light pulse spreading= %.2f ns",deltatsi); +mprintf("\n Pulse spreading per unit length is=%.2f ns/Km",deltatsi_by_L); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f1fb484a Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9501fe6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.3/Ex3_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 3.3.3 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given +L=5;//fiber length in km +NA=0.275;//numerical aperture +c=3E5;//speed of light in km +n1=1.48;//refractive index + +p=2*c*n1; + +e=NA*NA; + +d=L*e; + +deltatsi=(d/p)*1E9;//pulse spreading in ns //answer vary due round-off +deltatsi_by_L=(deltatsi/L)//pulse spreading per unit length in ns/Km//answer vary due round-off +Maximum_bit_rate=1e3/deltatsi_by_L//maximum bit rate in Mbits/s//multiplication by 1e3 to conver unit from Gbits/s to Mbits per sec +mprintf("\n maximum bit rate = %.1f Mbits/s",Maximum_bit_rate);//answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0827c4597 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..181e848f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.4/Ex3_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.3.4 +clc; +clear; +//given +N1=1.487;//refractive index +delta=1.71; +L=5E3;//length of the graded index fiber +c=3E8;//velocity of light in m/s + +b=delta*delta; +e=L*N1*b; +w=8*c; +deltatg1=(e/w)*1E5;//pulse spreading due to modal dispersion in ns +deltatg1_by_L=(deltatg1/L)*1E3;//maximum bit rate Mbits/s + +mprintf("\n Pulse spreading due to modal dispersion=%.1f ns",deltatg1); +mprintf("\n Maximum bit rate=%.2f ns/Km",deltatg1_by_L); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87e955e3c Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8caec59a --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.3.5/Ex3_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.3.5 +clc; +clear; +//given + +S0=0.097;//zero dispersion slope in ps/(nm^2.km) +lambda0=1343E-9; //zero dispersion wavelength in m +lambda=1300E-9;//operating wavelength in m + +b=lambda0*lambda0*lambda0*lambda0; +c=lambda*lambda*lambda; +x=b/c; +e=lambda-x; +g=S0/4; +Dlambda=g*e*1E9;//Chromatic dispersion in ps/(nm.Km) +mprintf("\n Chromatic dispersion =%.2f ps/(nm.Km)",Dlambda); diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab9e0f920 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.sce b/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a21657ceb --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH3/EX3.4.1/Ex3_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 7 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 3.4.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +NA=0.275;//numerical aperture +N1=1.487;//refractive in dex +c=3E8;//speed of light in m/s +L=1E3;//length of the link +a=N1*N1*N1; +b=8*c*a; +d=NA*NA*NA*NA; +g=L*d; +BRg1=(b/g); +mprintf("The bits restricted by modal dispersion is=%.2f Gbit/s",BRg1/1e9);//division by 1e9 t0 convert unit from bits/sec to Gbits /sec diff --git a/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0df3db99 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.sce b/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c637c44d --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH4/EX4.4.1/Ex4_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 4.4.1 +//windows 7 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given + +d=62.5E-6;//core diameter in SI units +D=125E-6;//cladding diameter in SI units +NA=0.275;//numerical aperture +lambda=1300E-9;//operating wavelength lambda in m + +x=3.14*d*NA; +V=x/lambda; +PcladbyPtotal=2*sqrt(2)/(3*V)//Power carried by fiber cladding +mprintf("\nPower carried by fiber cladding = %.3f",PcladbyPtotal); + diff --git a/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.jpg b/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f5270281 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce b/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd5a7a3a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH4/EX4.6.1/Ex4_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 4.6.1 +//windows 8 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given + +lambda=850;// wavelength in nm +L=100E12;//Length of fiber in nm +deltalambda=70;//spectral width wavelength in nm +S0=0.097;//zero dispersion slope in ps/nm^2.km +lambda0=1343;//assumed zero dispersion wavelength in nm + +y=lambda0/lambda; +x=1-(y*y*y*y); + +Dlambda=-(S0*x*lambda)/4;//dispersion parameter in ps/nm.km + +deltatgmat=(Dlambda*deltalambda)/1000;//Pulse spreading by material dispersion in ns/km + +mprintf("Pulse spreading by material dispersion = %.2f ns/km",deltatgmat);//the answer vary due to roundingoff + +deltatmat=deltatgmat*100;//Pulse spreading over entire fiber in s + +mprintf("\nPulse spreading over entire fiber = %.2f s",deltatmat);//the answer vary due to roundingoff diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c8966b2a Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cdb285d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.1.1/Ex5_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 5.1.1 +//windows XP +//Scilab version-5.5.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +n1=1.4675;//Refractive index of the core for silica fiber +n2=1.4622;//Refractive index of the cladding for silica fiber + +x=n1*n1; +y=n2*n2; + +NA=sqrt(x-y); + +mprintf("Numerical aperture of singlemode fiber =%.3f",NA); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28caf272d Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38606322b --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.2.1/Ex5_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.2.1 +clc; +clear; +//given + +A=0.2;//Attenuation in dB/km +Pin=0.029E-3; //Power launched in mW +Pout=0.001E-3; //Receiver sensitivity in mW +e=Pin/Pout; +s=10/A; +d=log10(e); +L=s*d;//maximum transistion distance in km + +mprintf("Maximum transistion distance = %.2f Km",L); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad7b5bcb Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a173ebb35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.1/Ex5_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given +lambda=1310;//operating wavelength in nm +deltalambda=1;//wavelength in nm +L=1;//length of fiber in km + +Dmatlambda=2;//material dispersion in ps/nm.km from graph +deltatmat=Dmatlambda*deltalambda*L;//Pulse spreading caused by material dispersion in ps + +mprintf("Pulse spreading caused by material dispersion per Km=%.2f ps/Km",deltatmat); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55116ccf3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d54ccf725 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.2/Ex5_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.2 +clc; +clear ; +//given +lambda=1550;//operating wavelength in nm +deltalambda=1;//wavelength in nm +L=1;//length of fiber in km +Dmatlambda=20;//material dispersion in ps/nm.km +Dwglambda=5;//waveguide dispersion in ps/nm.km + +deltatmat=Dmatlambda*deltalambda*L;//Pulse spreading caused by material dispersion in ps +deltatwg=Dwglambda*deltalambda*L;//Pulse spreading caused by waveguide dispersion in ps + +mprintf("Pulse spread caused by material dispersion=%.0f ps",deltatmat); +mprintf("\nPulse spread caused by waveguide dispersion=%.0f ps",deltatwg); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cbeca011 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17690bed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.3/Ex5_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.3 +clc; +clear; +//given + +lambda=1550;//operating wavelength in nm +L=1;//Length of fiber in km +deltalambda=1;//spectral width wavelength in nm +Dlambda=15;//given chromatic dispersion parameter in ps/nm.km + +deltatchrom=Dlambda*deltalambda*L;//Pulse spreading due to chromatic dispersion in ps +mprintf("\nChromatic dispersion in single mode fiber = %.2f ps",deltatchrom); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2591c969d Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc153d0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.4/Ex5_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.4 +clc; +clear; +//given + +Dpmd=0.5;//polarization mode dispersion coefficient in ps/sqrt(km) +L=100;//fiber length in km +deltatpmd=Dpmd*sqrt(L);//Pulse spreading due to PMD in ps + +mprintf("Pulse spread caused by PMD for single mode fiber= %.0f ps",deltatpmd); diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e07ea377e Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c40d95dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.5/Ex5_3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.5 +clc; +clear; +//given + +L=100;//given assumed fiber optic length in km +deltalambda=1;//spectral width wavelength in nm +Dlambda=2;//given chromatic dispersion parameter in ps/nm.km + + +BRchrom = 1/(4*Dlambda*deltalambda*L);//maximum bit rate limited by chromatic dispersion in 10^12(bps) +mprintf("Maximum bit rate limited by chromatic dispersion= %.2f Gbps",BRchrom*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit into Gbps from 10^12(bps) diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.jpg b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bd9fe32f Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.sce b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95400b954 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH5/EX5.3.6/Ex5_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 5.3.6 +clc; +clear; +//given + +Dpmd=0.5;//polarization mode dispersion coefficient in ps/sqrt(km) + +L=100;//for assumed fiber length in km +deltatpmd=Dpmd*sqrt(L);//pulse spread due to PMD in ps +mprintf("Pulse spread caused by PMD for single mode fiber= %.2f ps",deltatpmd); +BRpmd=1/(4*deltatpmd);//maximum bit rate limited by PMD in 10^12(bps) +mprintf("\nBit Rate limited by PMD= %.2f Gbps",BRpmd*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit into Gbps from 10^12(bps) + diff --git a/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.jpg b/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c41c31cd Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce b/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..365f1911c --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH6/EX6.2.1/Ex6_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 6.2.1 +//windows 8 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +a1=12.45E-6;//radius of the cladding for silica fiber +a=4.15E-6;//radius of the core for silica fiber +w0=5.15E-6;//in m +lambda=1600E-9;//wavelength in m +x=exp(-2*(a1^2/w0^2)); +y=1-x; +Ploss=-10*log10(y);//power leakage in dB + +mprintf("Possible power leakage= %.2f micro-dB",Ploss*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from dB to micro dB diff --git a/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.jpg b/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af87e0a72 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce b/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7cb489e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH6/EX6.3.1/Ex6_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 6.3.1 +//windows XP +//Scilab version-5.5.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +L=100E12;//Length of the single-mode fiber link in nm + +lambda0=1310;//average of zero-dispersion wavelength in nm +lambda=1550;//operating wavelength in nm +S0=0.092;//zero dispersion slope in ps/nm^2 + +y=lambda0/lambda; +z=1-y^4; +Dlambda=(S0/4)*lambda*z;//dispersion coefficient in ps/nm.Km + +deltalambda=1;//light source's spectral width in nm + +deltatchrom=Dlambda*deltalambda*L;//Pulse spread caused by chromatic dispersion in s + +mprintf("Pulse spread caused by chromatic dispersion = %.2f ps",deltatchrom*1E-12);//multiplication by 1e-12 to convert unit from s to ps + +x=6.66;//here, x= L/Ldcf assumed to be 6.66 + +Ddcf=-Dlambda*x;//dispersion in DCF in ps/nm.Km +mprintf("\nWe need DCF of %.2f ps/nm.km to compensate for dispersion in a conventional SM fiber.",Ddcf); diff --git a/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b5730e88 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.sce b/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2708bc69f --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH8/EX8.1.1/Ex8_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 8.1.1 +//windows 8 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +//case 1 +d1=65.5E-6;//diameter of the core considering 62.5+3 in m +d2=59.5E-6;//diameter of the core considering 62.5-3 in m + +Losscore=-10*log10((d2/d1)^2);//Intrinsic loss due to diameter mismatch in dB +mprintf("Intrinsic loss due to diameter mismatch = %.2fdB",Losscore); + + +//case 2 +NA1=0.290;//numerical aperture of fiber considering 0.275+0.015 +NA2=0.260;//numerical aperture of fiber considering 0.275-0.015 + +LossNA=-10*log10((NA2/NA1)^2);//Intrinsic loss due to NA mismatch in dB +mprintf("\nIntrinsic loss due to NA mismatch = %.2fdB",LossNA); + +//case 3 +w1=9.8;//MFD considering 9.3+0.5 um +w2=8.8;//MFD considering 9.3-0.5 um +LossMFD=-10*log10(4/((w1/w2)+(w2/w1))^2);//Intrinsic loss due to NA mismatch in dB +mprintf("\nIntrinsic loss due to MFD mismatch = %.2fdB",LossMFD); diff --git a/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.jpg b/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11510814d Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.sce b/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c800c03e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH8/EX8.4.1/Ex8_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Fiber-optics communication technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner +//Example 8.4.1 +//windows 8 +//Scilab version-6.0.0 +clc; +clear; +//given + +L=2;//installation length in Km +lambda=850E-9;//operating wavelength in m +deltalambda=20;//spectral width in nm +BW=16;//maximum bit rate in M bit/s +taultwrise=4;//rise time of light wave equipment in ns +BWLmodal=160//modalbandwidth length product in MHz.Km from data sheet +dlambda=0.21//chromatic dispersion parameter in ns/nm.Km at 850nm wavelength +tausystrise=0.35/BW;//total system rise time in us +mprintf("Total system rise time= %.0f ns",tausystrise*1e3);//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from us to ns +taufib_rise1=sqrt((tausystrise*1e3)^2-(taultwrise)^2)//Fiber risetime in ns//the answer vary due to rounding +mprintf("\nFiber risetime =%.2f ns",taufib_rise1) +BWmodal=BWLmodal/(L)//modal bandwidth in MHz +BWel_modal=0.707*BWmodal//electrical bandwith in MHz +taumod_rise=0.35/BWel_modal//Fiber modal risetime in ns +mprintf("\nFiber modal risetime =%.2f ns",taumod_rise*1e3)//multiplication by 1e3 to convert unit from us to ns +tauchrom_rise=dlambda*L*deltalambda//Fiber chromatic risetime in ns +mprintf("\nFiber chromatic risetime =%.2f ns",tauchrom_rise) +taufib_rise2=sqrt((taumod_rise*1e3)^2+tauchrom_rise^2)//Fiber risetime in ns +mprintf("\nFiber risetime =%.1f ns",taufib_rise2) +mprintf("\nThe fiber rise time %.2fns is less than the required risetime of %.2f ns;therefore the chosen fiber will support this link",taufib_rise2,taufib_rise1) diff --git a/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.jpg b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed9ae48d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c00fcd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 9.1.1 +clc; +clear ; +//given + +lambdap=850;//Peak wavelength in nm +n=0.01;//quantum efficiency is 1% +Ep=1248/lambdap;//energy of photon in eV +I=50;//current supposed to be in mA + +P=n*Ep*I; +mprintf("Power radiated by LED = %.3f mW",P);//answer vary due to rounding diff --git a/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.jpg b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f05a0ef9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..102857971 --- /dev/null +++ b/3834/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Fiber Optics Communication Technology, by Djafer K. Mynbaev and Lovell L.scheiner +//Windows 8 +//Scilab version- 6.0.0 +//Example 9.1.2 +clc; +clear ; +//given +Pout=100E-6;//radiated power in W + +n1=1.48;//refractive index of the core +n2=1.46;//refractive index of the cladding + +b=n1*n1; +c=n2*n2; +v=b-c; +NA=sqrt(v);//numerical aperture +mprintf("\n Numerical aperture=%.4f",NA); + +Pin=Pout*NA*NA;//light power Pin in W +mprintf("\nLight power Pin=%.2f uW",Pin*1e6);//multiplication by 1e6 to convert unit from W to uW + diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca57f82e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// +q1=0.2 +q2=0.2 +r=1 +e=8.84*(10**-12) +E=(q1*q2)/(4*3.14*e*(r**2)) +printf("\n E= %0.1f N",E) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0f67298e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived +a=100/0.32 //area required to dissipate 100W power +d=5 +//length of cyclinder L,length of wire if l,diameter of the wire is d +L=a/(3.14*d) +r=100/1**2 +//spacing is d cm +//distance along the axis of the cylinder is 2d cm +//no of turns is 10/d +//length of one turn of the wire is 3.14*5 cm +//length of the wire is 50*3.14/d +res=10**-4 +//d=(((2*10**-4))**(0.6)) +d=0.058 +l=(50*3.14)/d +printf("\n l= %0.1f cm",l) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f447decf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//given +v=250 +i=5 +i1=3.91 +t0=0.00426 //temperature coefficient +r15=v/i //at 15 degrees +rt=v/i1 //at t degrees +l=(rt*(1+t0*15))/50 //left hand side +t=(l-1)/t0 +printf("\n t= %0.1f centigrade",t) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50ba22d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//this is a derivation by substitution problem +//al1=al0/(1+al0*t1) +//al2=al0/(1+al0*t2) +//where t1 and t2 are different temperatures al0,al1 and al2 are temperature coefficients +//substitute al0 in al2 +//on deriving and solving for al2 we get, +printf("\n al2=al1/(1+al1*(t1-t2))") diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..527f55d3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//values are obtained from the graph +i=10 //10t A for 0 to 1 second +d=10 //where di/dt is 10 +L=2 +// at one second +v=L*d +printf("\n v= %0.1f v",v) +//for 1 to 5 seconds +d=-5 +//at t=3 seconds voltage across the inductor is +v=L*d +printf("\n v= %0.1f v",v) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c35015cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given +dv=20 //dv/dt +c=25*(10**-6) +//case a +i=c*dv +printf("\n i= %e A",i) +//case b +q=c*dv +printf("\n q= %e C",q) +//case c +p=dv*i +printf("\n p= %e W",p) +//case d +v=dv**2 +wc=(c*v)/2 +printf("\n wc= %e J",wc) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b6146ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +l=1 +b=1.5 +i=50 +u=5 +//case a +f=b*i*l +printf("\n f= %0.1f N",f) +//case b +p=f*u +printf("\n p= %0.1f W",p) +//case c +e=b*l*u +printf("\n e= %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e14e219a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//e=b*l*u*sin(angle) +b=0.5 +l=40 +u=1.5 +//when angle=90 sin(90)=1=s +s=1 +e=b*l*u*s +printf("\n e= %0.1f V",e) +//when angle=30 sin(angle)=s=0.5 +s=0.5 +e=b*l*u*s +printf("\n e= %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..262a7da83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// +//applying kcl to circuit at node b i3+i4=6-4=2 +vb=8 +vba=2 //voltage drop across nodes b and a +va=6 //potential of node a w.r.t note c +i2=3 +//applying kcl to node a +isa=1 +vs=va+2*isa +printf("\n vse= %0.1f V",vs) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b511dfd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear +// +charge=1.6*(10**-19) +iav=1.6*(10**-19)*(10**19) //total charge movement per second +printf("\n iav= %0.1f A",iav) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e9a00960 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// +p=30 +i=10 +v=p/i +dt=1 +dq=i*dt +dw=v*dq +energy=dw/i +printf("\n energy of each coulomb of charge= %0.1f J",energy) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c6646422 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear +// +//given +p=15000 +n=1500 +t=(60*p)/(1500*2*3.14) +printf("\n torque= %0.1f Nm",t) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8c4092ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear +// +res=1.72*(10**-8) +l=200 +a=25*(10**-6) +R=(res*l)/(a) +printf("\n R= %0.1f ohm",R) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e30ee1412 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived +meanrad=0.08 +meanlen=3.14*meanrad +a=0.04*0.04 +res=1.72*(10**-8) +R=(res*meanlen)/(a) +printf("\n R= %e ohm",R) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2927d3a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +res=0.02*(10**-6) +l=4000*80*(10**-2) +a=0.8*(10**-6) +R=(res*l)/(a) +printf("\n R= %0.1f ohm",R) +power=(230*230)/(80) +printf("\n power= %0e W",power) diff --git a/3835/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3835/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..894c0d926 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +lal=7.5 +lcu=6 +rcu=0.017*(10**-6) +ral=0.028*(10**-6) +d=(10**-6) +a=((3.14*d))/(4) +Ral=(lal*ral)/(a) +printf("\n R= %0.1f ohm",Ral) +ial=3 +pv=Ral*ial +Rcu=pv/(2) +printf("\n Rcu") +a=(rcu*lcu)/(Rcu) +dcu=(((a*4)/3.14)**0.5) +printf("\n dcu= %e nm",dcu) diff --git a/3835/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3835/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e5f5b803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived +rm=75 +im=300*(10**-6) +//case a +i=5 +rsh=(rm*im)/(i-im) +printf("\n rsh= %e ohm",rsh) +//case b +i=7.5 +rsh=(rm*im)/(i-im) +printf("\n rsh= %e ohm",rsh) +//case c +i=10 +rsh=(rm*im)/(i-im) +printf("\n rsh= %e ohm",rsh) diff --git a/3835/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3835/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1544075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +im=300*(10**-6) +rm=75 +//case a +v=50 +rse=(v/im)-rm +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) +//case b +v=75 +rse=(v/im)-rm +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) +//case c +v=100 +rse=(v/im)-rm +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd2f232d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +v=10 +r=4 +//case a +i=v/(r) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//case b +//6ohm resistor is in series with 4 ohm resistor +i=v/(6+4) +v1=i*6 +v2=i*4 +printf("\n voltage across 6 ohm resistor= %0.1f V",v1) +printf("\n voltage across 4 ohm resistor= %0.1f V",v2) +//case c +i=10 //constant in both cases +v4=i*4 +printf("\n voltage when 4 ohm resistor is connected= %0.1f V",v4) +v6=i*6 +v=v4+v6 +printf("\n voltage when both resistors are in series= %0.1f V",v) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b9ccf2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +//case a +I=12/(2+((12*24)/(36))) //values taken from circuit +I1=I*(24/(36)) +I2=I*(12/(36)) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",I) +printf("\n i1= %0.1f A",I1) +printf("\n i2= %0.1f A",I2) +//case b +power=(I**2)*2 +printf("\n power consumed by 2 ohm resistor= %0.1f W",power) +power=(I1**2)*12 +printf("\n power consumed by 12 ohm resistor= %0.1f W",power) +power=(I2**2)*24 +printf("\n power consumed by 2 ohm resistor= %0.1f W",power) +//case c +v=I*2 +printf("\n voltage drop= %0.1f V",v) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd7e0ae09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//values taken and calculated from figure +r1=6 +r2=12 +r3=18 +rab=3.21 //calculating similar to above using parallel in series resistances +printf("\n rab=3.12ohm") +//case b +r4=30 +r5=15 +r6=30 +ran=6 //similar as above +printf("\n ran=6 ohm") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e7d37ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// +//eqns derived from figure +//6v1-4v2=2-->1 +//-4v1+7v2=-3-->2 +//eqn 1 and 2 are written in matrix form and solved using cramers rule +printf("\n v1=0.0769 V") +printf("\n v2=-0.3846V") +printf("\n current in 0.5ohm resistance is 0.154A,0.25ohm resistance is 1.846,0.66ohm resistor is -1.154A") + diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15c17e568 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clear +// +//from the figure the eqns are written in matrix form and using cramers rule the value of v1 and v2 can be found +printf("\n v1=3.6V") +printf("\n v2=2.2V") +printf("\n the current in 0.6 ohm resistor is 10.8A,0.2 ohm resistor is 7A,0.16ohm resistor is 13.2 A") + diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf5eb71ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear +// +//kcl is applied to the circuit and the eqns obtained are solved using cramer's rule +printf("\n the voltages of nodes 1 and 3 are 50.29 and 57.71 respectively") +//i3=v/r +printf("\n current through 16 ohm resistor is 1.64A") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0c983c98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// +//the eqns obtained are converted to matrix form for solving using cramer's rule values are found +i1=5.224 +i2=0.7463 +i3=3.28 +v=(i1-i3)*3 +printf("\n voltage across 3 ohm resistor is= %0.1f V",v) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c0914bec --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +clear +// +//kvl eqns are obtained from figure which are solved to obtain currents +printf("\n currents obtained are i1=2.013 and i2=1.273") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ed0fff9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//the currents are obtained by solving the eqns +i1=5.87 +i2=-0.13 +i3=-1.54 +v=18-1.54*8 +printf("\n voltage at node D= %0.1f v",v) +i=5.86/(4) +printf("\n current in 4 ohm resistor is= %0.1f A",i) +power=18*1.54 +printf("\n power supplied by 18V source is= %0.1f W",power) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9afc2546b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear +// +//node eqns are obtained form the figure +printf("\n va=8.33V and vb=4.17V") +i=8.33/(8) +printf("\n current through 8 ohm resistor is= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6322b500a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +clear +// +//eqns obtained are calculated just like above problems and are aolved for i1 and i2 +printf("\n i1=-1.363A and i2=-3.4A") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dde599768 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// +//eqns are obtained from the figure and are solved for currents +i1=6.89 +i2=3.89 +i3=-2.12 +i=2*(i2-i1) +printf("\n current supplied by dependent source is= %0.1f A",i) +power=6*i1 +printf("\n power supplied by voltage source is= %0.1f W",power) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80045b260 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//the following problem is based on usage of superposition theorem +i8=12/(6+4+8) //current for 8 ohm resistor.the resistances are in series with each other.Hence 6+4+8 +//next when voltage source is short circuited (8+4) total of resistance is obtained.The 4A is distributed in parallel branches as per current divider rule +i=(4*6)/(6+12) +printf("\n i8= %0.1f A",i8) +printf("\n i8= %0.1f A",i) +tot=i8+i +printf("\n total current= %0.1f A",tot) + + diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..946bc7fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//thevenin's theorem and superposition theorem used here +//applying mesh eqns to the 2 circuits and after getting the eqns they are solved using cramer's rule to obtain i1 and i2 +i1=-0.6 +i2=-1.2 +//the value of currents indicates that they have assumed to be flowing in directions opposite to the assumed direction +vth=12-1.2*3 //voltage eqn +rth=1.425 //(1+2||12)||3=(1+(2*12)/(2+12))||3=19/7||3=19/7*3/19/7+3=1.425 +i2=vth/(rth+2) +printf("\n current through 2 ohm resistor is= %0.1f A",i2) +printf("\n Note that the same problem is again solved using superposition theorem and hence ignored ") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..511be7370 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//using thevenin's theorem +//applying kcl at node a va is obtained +va=12 +vth=12-1.2*3 //voltage eqn +rth=1.33 //2||4 +i5=vth/(rth+5) +printf("\n current through 5 ohm resistor is= %0.1f A",i5) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..228307d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//applying kvl to circuit +i=0.414 +vth=12-4*0.414 //using vth formula +//when terminals a and b are short circuited applying kcl to node a gives isc=5*i +isc=2.07 +rth=vth/isc +printf("\n rth= %0.1f A",rth) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b077769a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//norton's theorem +v=10 +//applying kvl to closed circuit +isc=12/(2+2) +rn=4 //resistance obtained by short circuiting v and opening i +iab=(4*3)/(4+4) //current through 4 ohm connected across AB +printf("\n iab= %0.1f A",iab) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d72b57acb --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// +//natural frequency needs to be determined +//req=[(6+6)||4]+[1||2]=3.6666 +req=3.6667 +l=4 //inductance +s=-req/(l) +printf("\n natural frequency= %0.1f secinverse",s) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d924f7ab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// +//req=[10+2+(5||15)]=15.75 +//case a +c=0.4 +req=15.75 +s=-1/(c*req) +printf("\n natural frequency= %0.1f secinverse",s) +//case b +tc=req*0.4 //time constant +printf("\n time constant= %0.1f sec",tc) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12c348dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// +v=24 +r=0.75 +ir=v/r +printf("\n ir= %0.1f A",ir) +il=v/(10+r) //since 10 is in series with r +printf("\n il= %0.1f A",il) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68913d182 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +// +v=120 +r=40 +i=v/(r) +//applying kvl to the closed loop +v=3*520 +printf("\n voltage= %0.1f v",v) +//when v=120,R can be found by I*(r+20)=120-->r=20 +r=20 +printf("\n r=20 ohm") +//when r=20 total r=20+20+20=60 +r=60 +l=10 +tc=l/(r) //time constant +printf("\n tc= %0.1f sec",tc) +//i=I0*e^-(t/tc)=3*e^(-6t) +energy=(10*9)/(2) +benergy=0.05*energy +printf("\n balance energy= %0.1f J",benergy) +//(L*i^2)/2=2.25-->hence i=0.6708 +//3*e^-6t=0.6708-->e^-6t=0.2236-->applying log on both sides we get t=0.25 +printf("\n t=0.25 sec") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaa4c4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.34/Ex2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +v=120 +V=200 +//v=V(1-e^-5/2R) +//120=200*(1-e^-5/2R) +//applying log on both sides and solving we get R=2.72 Mohm +printf("\n R=2.72Mohm") +R=5 +tc=10 +//applying in the above eqn and solving lograthmically we get t=9.16 +printf("\n t=9.16 sec") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90aa8ed6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +vs=12 +rs=0.3 +il=10 +//case a +p=vs*il +printf("\n power= %0.1f W",p) +//case b +power=il**2*rs +printf("\n power dissipated= %0.1f W",power) +//case c +totpow=(vs-il*rs)*il +printf("\n total power supplied by practical source is= %0.1f W",totpow) +i=vs/rs +printf("\n current source= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e43b72bca --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//v0/vs=r2/(r1+r2)=0.4r2=0.6r1 +r1=10 +r2=(0.6*r1)/(0.4) +printf("\n r2= %0.1f ohm",r2) +//case b +//when r2 is parallel to r3 +r3=200000 +req=(r2*r3)/(r2+r3) +printf("\n req= %0.1f ohm",req) +//v0/vs=0.5825 +change=(0.6-0.5825)/(0.6) +printf("\n change") +r3=20000 +req=(r2*r3)/(r3+r2) +printf("\n req= %0.1f ohm",req) +//v0/vs=0.4615 +change=(0.6-0.4615)/0.6 +printf("\n change") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2a98980 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +r=2 +i=2 +i3=3 //obtained by applying current divider rule to figure +i4=1 +req=1/(0.5+0.25+0.166) //1/2,1/4,1/6 values are converted to decimal form +printf("\n req= %0.1f ohm",req) +i2=(4*i4/(6)) +i1=(6*i2)/(req) +//tracing circuit cabc via 6 ohm resistor and applying ohms law, +vs=i1*i4+i2*6 +printf("\n vs= %0.1f V",vs) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0207ef461 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clear +// +//combining series parallel series +//[(2+2+2)||(6+5+2)||10]+5 +//[[6*6/6+6]+7]||10]+5=[10+10/10*10]+5=5+5=10 +printf("\n the value of series parallel resistances is 10 ohm") diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..471ab3fee --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//rab=(80+40)||(60+40) +rab=(120*100)/(120+100) +printf("\n rab= %0.1f ohm",rab) +//rab=(80||60)+(40||40) +rab=(4800/(140))+(1600/80) +printf("\n rab= %0.1f ohm",rab) +//case b +//(60+80)||(40+40) +rcd=(140*80)/(140+80) +printf("\n rcd= %0.1f ohm",rcd) +//(60||40)+(80||40) +rab=(2400/(100))+(3200/(120)) +printf("\n rab= %0.1f ohm",rab) diff --git a/3835/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3835/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..484161ffe --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clear +// +//simplifying the circuit +ceq=1/(0.333+0.666+0.2) //converted to decimal form +printf("\n ceq= %0.1f F",ceq) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a75cd142b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//given +pi=3.14 +l=%pi*0.2 //l=mean length of the ring=%pi*mean diameter of the ring +A=400*10**-6 //A=cross sectional area of ring +u1=1000 //u1=relative permeability of steel +u2=4*%pi*10**-7 //relative permeability of air +R=l/(A*u1*u2) //reluctance of steel ring +printf("\n The reluctance of steel ring is= %0.0f AT/Wb",R) +//case b +flux=500*10**-6 +f=flux*R +printf("\n The magnetomotive force is= %0.0f AT",f) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7af48aec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//given +n=2000 //number of turns +flux=0.05*10**-3 //Wb +i=10 //A +lx=(n*flux)/i //self inductance in X +printf("\n lx= %0.5f H",lx) +//since coils are identical self inductance in Y=self inductance in x +fluxlinkingX=0.75*0.05*10**-3 //Wb flux linking due to current in coil X +fluxlinkingY=2000*0.05*0.75*10**-3 //Wb flux linkages in coil Y +m=fluxlinkingY/5 //mutual inductance +printf("\n m= %0.5f H",m) +//The rate of change in current di/dt=2000A/sec --> di/dt=(10-(-10))/0.01 +rate=2000 +ey=m*rate +printf("\n The induced emf in coil Y= %0.0f V",ey) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a4737c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//given +//when currents are in same direction the total induction is: +//lt=l1+l2+2m +//when currents are in opposite direction the total emf is: +//lt=l1+l2-2m +//According to this problem +//l1+l2+2m=1.2 +//l1+l2-2m=0.2 +//Solving the above equations we get l1=0.4H M=0.25H +//on substituting we get l2=0.3H +//k=m/squareroot(l1*l2) +printf("\n k=0.72168") diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..917043a7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +// +//given +//case a +B=1 //Wb/m**2 +u1=4*3.14*10**-7 +A=10**-4 //cm**2 +per=800 //permeability +n=250 //number of turns +flux=B*A +printf("\n flux %0.5f Wb",flux) +r=781250 //AT/Wb calculated using formula for reluctance +mmf=flux*r //AT +i=mmf/n //exciting current required in A +printf("\n i %0.5f A",i) +l=(n*flux)/i //self inductance of the coil +printf("\n l= %0.5f H",l) +w=(l*i*i)/2 //energy stored +printf("\n w= %0.5f J",w) +//case b +airgap=1*10**-3 //air gap is assumed +rair=airgap/(u1*A) //reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb +mmfa=flux*rair //mmf of air in AT +printf("\n mmfa") +//rcore=((2.5*3.14)-0.1)/(32*3.14*10**-6) //reluctance of core +//mmfc=flux*rcore +mmfc=780 //AT +F=mmfc+mmfa +I=F/n //A +printf("\n exciting current= %0.2f A",I) +n=250 //number of turns +L=(n*flux)/I //self inductanc eof coil with air gap +printf("\n l= %0.5f H",L) +e=(L*I*I)/2 //energy stored in coil +printf("\n e= %0.5f J",e) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d732c4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//given +A=10**-1 //area +flux=0.1 //Wb +//case a +B=flux/A //flux density Wb/m**2 +u1=4*3.14*10**-7 +F=(B*B*A)/(2*u1) //force in N +printf("\n force= %0.5f N",F) +//case b +l=10**-2 //length of the air gap +w=(B*B*A*l*2)/(2*u1) //energy stored in two airgaps, 2=air gaps +printf("\n W= %0.5f J",w) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c1ee3de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +// +//given +l=0.5 +A=4*10**-4 +N=250 +I=1.5 +flux=0.25*10**-3 +fluxdensity=flux/A +f=N*I //magnetomotive force +H=(N*I)/l //magnetic field strength +pi=3.14 +u1=4*%pi*10**-7 +u2=fluxdensity/(u1*H) +printf("\n The flux density is= %0.3f Wb/m**2",fluxdensity) +printf("\n The magnetomotive force is= %0.0f AT",f) +printf("\n The magnetic field strength is= %0.0f AT/m",H) +printf("\n The relative permeability is= %0.0f ",u2) +//case b +//given +I=5 +flux=0.6*10**-3 +A=4*10**-4 +N=250 +l=0.5 +fluxdensity=flux/A +printf("\n The flux density is= %0.1f Wb/m**2",fluxdensity) +f=N*I //magnetomotive force +printf("\n The magnetomotive force is= %0.0f AT",f) +H=(N*I)/l //magnetic field stength +printf("\n Magnetic field strength= %0.0f AT/m",H) +pi=3.14 +u1=4*%pi*10**-7 +u2=fluxdensity/(u1*H) +printf("\n The relative permeability is= %0.1f ",u2) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c20977ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +// +//given +pi=3.14 +N=250 +I=1.5 +ls1=0.627 //mean length of steel string +la=0.0001 //length of air gap +A=4.91*10**-4 //cross sectional area of magnetic circuit +f=N*I //magnetomotive force +printf("\n Magnetomotive force= %0.0f AT",f) +fa=1050 //fa=mmf of air gap=1050AT +fs=450 //fs=mmf of steel ring=450 +//case b +u1=4*%pi*10**-7 +ra=la/(u1*A) //reluctance of air gap +printf("\n The reluctance of air gap is= %0.3f AT/Wb",ra) +flux=fa/ra +printf("\n The flux is= %0.2f Wb",flux) +//case c +fluxdensity=flux/A +printf("\n The flux density is= %0.5f Wb/m**2",fluxdensity) +//case d +rs=fs/flux //reluctance of steel string +printf("\n The reluctance of steel string is= %0.6f AT/Wb",rs) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d2fa0d55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +// +//given +fluxa=1.4*10**-3 +area=0.002 +B=fluxa/area //flux density in air gap +printf("\n B= %0.3f Wb/m**2",B) +//u1=4*3.14*10**-7 +//ha=B/u1 in AT/m //magnetic field in air gap +ha=55.7 +la=2 //length of air gap in m +mmf=ha*la //mmf of air gap +printf("\n mmf= %0.3f AT",mmf) +//since the flux density of central limb is 0.7 the corresponding field srength is h1=250AT/m +h1=250 +mmfl=112.45 //mmf for magnetic central limb-->mmf=250*(450-0.2)*10**-3 +totmmf=mmf+mmfl +printf("\n totmmf= %0.5f AT",totmmf) +//mean length of core CGHF=0.75m +ml=0.75 //as above +//since the central limb and magnetic core are in parallel they have same mmf that is 223.86AT +h2=totmmf/ml //magnetic intensity in CGHF +printf("\n h2= %0.5f AT",h2) +flux2=B*area +printf("\n flux2= %0.5f Wb",flux2) +totflux=fluxa+flux2 //Wb +Bfabc=totflux/area //flux density in magnetic core fabc in Wb/m**2 +H=3000 //AT/m +totmmffabc=H*ml //total mmf in fabc in AT +printf("\n total mmf in fabc= %0.5f Wb/m**2",totmmffabc) +totmmfm=totmmffabc+totmmf //total mmf in magnetic core in AT +printf("\n totmmfm= %0.5f AT",totmmfm) +N=500 +I=totmmfm/N //The required current to set up flux in air gap +printf("\n The total current required to set up flux in air gap is= %0.5f A",I) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..684507d7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear +// +//given +r1=3.98*10**6 //reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb and the value is same for r2 +r3=5.97*10**6 //reluctance of air gap in AT/Wb +//assume that current of 1A flows through 150 turns coil,for assumed directions of fluxes application of mesh current leads to matrix equations that can be simplified to: +//[flux1 flux2]=[2.36 1.41]*10**-5 Wb +//The self inductance and mutual inductance are obtained as follows: +n1=150 //number of turns +i1=1 //A +flux1=2.36*10**-5 //Wb +l1=(n1*flux1)/i1 //self inductance +printf("\n l1= %0.3f mH",l1) +n2=200 //number of turns +flux2=1.41*10**-5 +m12=(n2*flux2)/i1 //mutual inductance +printf("\n m12= %0.3f mH",m12) +//assume that 1A of current flows through 200 turns coil +//The self inductance of the coil is determined as above using the matrix and the result is as follows +//[flux1 flux2]=[1.89 3.14]*10**-5 Wb +//Hence self and mutual inductance are computed as follows +n2=200 //number of turns +flux2=3.14*10**-5 //Wb +i2=1 //A +l2=(n2*flux2)/i2 //self inductance +printf("\n l2= %0.3f mH",l2) +flux1=1.89*10**-5 +m21=(n1*flux1)/i2 //mutual inductance +printf("\n m21= %0.3f mH",m21) +//case b +//When the air gap l3 is closed the reluctance of the limb is zero since the permeability of the magnetic material is infinity.Thus,the limb behaves like short circuit and the entire flux passes through it.Thus,the flux linking 200 turns coil is zero and mutual inductance is zero +//case 3 +W=((3.5)/2)+((6.3)/2)+2.8 //work equation in joules +printf("\n Work done= %0.5f J",W) diff --git a/3835/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3835/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..012cde006 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear +// +//given +B=0.8 //Wb/m**2 +A=25*10**-4 //m**2 +flux=20*10**-4 //Wb +l=3.14*40*10**-2 //m +f=2000*3.14 //AT +n=800 //number of turns +//case a +i=f/n //A exciting current +printf("\n i= %0.3f A",i) +l=(n*flux)/i //self inductance in H +printf("\n l= %0.5f H",l) +//case b +fluxa=20*10**-4 //Wb +gap=1*10**-2 +u1=4*3.14*10**-7 +rair=gap/(u1*A) //reluctance of air in AT/Wb +printf("\n rair= %0.5f AT/Wb",rair) +fair=rair*flux //mmf for air gap in AT +printf("\n fair= %0.5f AT",fair) +fcore=6233.18 //AT--> 5000*((0.4*3.14)-0.01)=6233.18 +totmmf=fcore+fair +printf("\n total mmf= %0.5f AT",totmmf) +I=totmmf/n //A exciting current +//self inductance +L=(n*flux)/I +printf("\n L= %0.5f H",L) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ea9a08f --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//given +b=0.2 +a=0.04 +n=1000/(60) //rev/sec +t=500 +//case a +//since coil is at right angles ang=0 +printf("\n e(t)=0 V") +//case b +//when coil is 30deg to the field ang=60 +//p=sin(60) +p=0.8660254 +e=2*3.14*a*n*b*t*p +printf("\n e(t)= %0.1f V",e) +//case c +//when ang=90 that is coil is in the plane of the field +//p=sin(90) +p=1 +e=2*3.14*b*a*n*p*t +printf("\n e(t)= %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bd67c4c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//i1=20*sin(314t+60),i2=-10*sin(314t),i3=15*sin(314t-45)-->angles are in degrees +//I1=(7.7072+j12.25),I2=(-7.072),I3=7.5-j7.5 +//adding phasor currents I1,I2 and I3 +//I=7.702+j12.25-7.702+7.5-j7.5=7.5+j4.75 +printf("\n I=7.5+j4.75. Its value in polar form is obtained as 8.8776 at angle 32.34") +//i=2**0.5*8.8776*sin(314t+32.34)-->instantaneous value of resultant i +printf("\n instantaneous value of resultant i is 12.5548*sin(314t+32.34)") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..846aca9b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +v=230 +f=50 +L=50*10**-3 +r=10 +//case a +xl=2*3.14*f*L +z=complex(r,xl) +//the value of z in polar form is 18.62 ohm +z=18.62 +i=v/(z) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//case b +//phy=taninverse(xl/r)=57.52 lag +printf("\n phase angle of current=57.52 lag") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46738a49c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// +vr=150 +r=50 +l=250*10**-3 +f=50 +i=vr/r +xl=2*3.14*f*l +vl=i*xl +v=(((vr**2)+(vl**2))**0.5) +printf("\n v= %0.1f V",v) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80a913cfe --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +v=200 +f=50 +r=20 +vr=100 +vc=144 +vl=150 +//case a +//from eqn ((vr**2+vl*cos1(angle))**2)+((vl*sin(angle))**2)=v**2 +//on substituting values in the above eqn the value of angle can be found by isolating cos1 +//angle=75.52 +cos1=0.25 +pf=(vr+vl*cos1)/(v) +printf("\n pf") +//case b +i=vr/r +power=i**2*r +printf("\n power consumed= %0.1f w",power) +//case c +power=vl*i*cos1 +printf("\n power consumed in choke oil= %0.1f W",power) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3d7ba78d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +// +r=10 +c=10**-4 +v=230 +f=50 +omega=314 +//case a +xc=1/(omega*c) +printf("\n xc= %0.1f ohm",xc) +//case b +zc=33.38 //zc=10-j31.85 into polar form is 33.38 +i=v/zc +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//case c +pf=r/zc +printf("\n pf") +//case d +//phase angle=cosinverse(0.3)=72.6 +printf("\n phase angle=72.6") +//case e +v=r*i +printf("\n v= %0.1f v",v) +v=xc*i +printf("\n v= %0.1f v",v) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de94ea6a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +v=230 +f=50 +//voltage vr across r is in phase with the current i while voltage vc across c lage i by 90 +//from phasor diagram v**2=vr**2+vc**2 +vr=100 +vc=((v**2)-(vr**2))**0.5 +printf("\n vc= %0.1f v",vc) +p=500 //power +i=p/vr +c=i/(2*3.14*f*vc) +printf("\n c= %e F",c) +//case b +v=(2**0.5)*vc +printf("\n maximum voltage across c= %0.1f V",v) +//case c +//phase angle=cosinverse(vr/v)=cosinverse(0.4348)=64.2 +printf("\n phase angle=64.2") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52ea84c1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear +// +r=8 +l=0.15 +f=50 +v=230 +c=125*10**-6 +//case a inductive reactance +xl=2*3.14*f*l +printf("\n xl= %0.1f ohm",xl) +//case b capacitance reactance +xc=1/(2*3.14*f*c) +printf("\n xc= %0.0f ohm",xc) +//case c complex impedance +//z=r+j(xl-xc)-->on substituting valuees we get z=8+j21.62 +//z=((8**2)+(21.62**2))**0.5 +printf("\n complex impedance=8+j21.62 at an impedance angle of 69.7") +//impedance angle=taninverse(xl-xr)/r +//case d +v=230 +z=23.05 +i=v/z +printf("\n current= %0.1f A",i) +//case e +//(r+jxl)*i=446.8 at 10.66 degrees +printf("\n voltage across coil=446.8 at 10.66 degrees") +//-j*xc*i=25.48*9.98 +printf("\n voltage across capacitor=-254.29 at -159.7 degrees") +//case e +printf("\n phase difference between supply and current i is 69.7 lag') diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..125f4ace1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +// +c=50*10**-6 +i=2.355 +//case a +vl=120 +vr=70 +vac=150 +//the phasor sum of vr and vl is OCthe applied voltage v is the phasor sum of vc and OC and is represented by OV +//the theta be the impedance angle of RL combination +//from right angled triangle OCD,theta can be determined as follows: +//(vr+vl*costheta)**2+(vl*costheta)**2=vac**2 +//substitute the values then value of costheta can be found +zl=vl/i //impedance of the coil +p=0.981 //value of sin(79) +xl=zl*p +q=0.19 //value of cos(79) +r=zl*q +dc=i*xl +bd=i*r +//from right angled triangle ODB in fig. +v=98.3 +xc=vac/i +printf("\n capacitive reactance= %0.1f ohm",xc) +f=1/(xc*2*3.14*c) +printf("\n f= %0.1f cycles/sec",f) +ploss=i**2*r +printf("\n power loss in iron cored choke is= %0.1f w",ploss) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..736c28004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// +r=20 +l=200*10**-3 +v=230 +f=50 +xl=314*l //314 is omega +ir=v/(r) +il=v/(xl) +i=((ir**2)+(il**2))**0.5 +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e41ffa41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given +vm=155 +omega=377 +//case a +t=(2*3.14)/(omega) +printf("\n t= %e sec",t) +//case b +f=1/(t) +printf("\n f= %e Hz",f) +//case c +v=109.60 //rms value +//at t=0 -77.5=155*sin(ang) +//therefore, ang=-0.5236 rad +ang=-0.5236 +t=ang/omega +printf("\n t= %e sec",t) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206174e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +r=100 +c=50*10**-6 +f=50 +v=230 +//case a +xc=-1/(314*c) //314 is omega +ir=v/r //with angle 0 +ic=230/(xc) //with angle of 90 deg +i=((ir**2)+(ic**2))**0.5 +printf("\n current with a lead of 57.5 is obtained as= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4eddcd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +r=100 +l=0.1 +c=150*10**-6 +v=230 +f=50 +//case a +xl=314*l //at 90 deg +xc=1/(314*c) //at lag -90 deg +ir=v/r //at 0 deg +il=v/xl +ic=v/xc +//i=ir+ic+il-->2.3+j3.51 +i=((2.3**2)+(3.51**2))**0.5 +printf("\n current at 56.76 lead= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de2e7f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// +z1=18.03 //z1=10+j15 converted to polar form also it is at angle 56.31 +z2=32.02 +z3=10.77 +//ybc=1/zbc=(1/z2+1/z3)=1/32.02+1/10.77 +//on performing the add operation we get the value of zbc as 8.159-j9.553 that is in rectangular form +printf("\n The value of zbc is 8.159-j9.553") +//thus total impedance between terminals A and C is given by zac=z1+zbc +printf("\n zac=18.159+j5.447(in rectangular form)") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..498678065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear +// +r1=25 +l1=0.159 +r2=60 +c=125*10**-6 +v=230 +f=50 +//case a +xl=2*3.14*f*l1 +z1=((r1**2)+(xl**2))**0.5 +i1=v/z1 +//phy1=cosinverse(r1/z1)=63.43 lag +xc=1/(2*3.14**c) +z2=((r2**2)+(xc**2))**0.5 +i2=v/z2 +//i2 has 23 deg lead calculated similar to i1 +//p=cosphy1 +//q=cosphy2 +p=0.44 +q=0.92 +I1=i1*p+i2*q +a=-0.89 +b=0.39 +I2=i1*a+i2*b +I=((I1**2)+(I2**2))**0.5 +printf("\n I= %0.1f A",I) +//case b +z=v/I +printf("\n z= %0.1f ohm",z) +R=(z*I1)/I //note the value of I in text is printed wrongly so the result may vary +printf("\n R= %0.1f ohm",R) +x=(z*I2)/I //same note applicable here as well +printf("\n x= %0.1f ohm",x) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75365dcf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//given +//z1=15+j20 +//z2=8-j10 +I=20 +z1=25 //in polar form at angle 53.13 +z2=12.81 //at angle -51.34 +//v=I1z1=I2z2 +//I2=1.95I1 +//from diagram I**2=(I1cosang1+I2cosang2)**2+(I2sinang2-I1sinang1)**2 +//on substituting values in the above eqn and simplifying +I1=6.78 +printf("\n I1=6.78A") +I2=13.22 +//substitute this in I2=1.95I1 +printf("\n I2=13.22A") +pow1=I1**2*15 +pow2=I2**2*8 +printf("\n power loss in z1= %0.1f W",pow1) +printf("\n power loss in z2= %0.1f W",pow2) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0f3b0061 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.26/Ex4_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +z1=complex(6,-10) +z2=complex(10,15) +z3=complex(18,12) +//z1+z2 is parallel to z3 +zab=z1+(z2*z3)/(z2+z3) +printf("\n zab") +printf("\n the phase angle is -12.11") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ad1928ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.29/Ex4_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//case a +l=0.25 +f=50 +v=230 +r=2 +c=1/(((2*3.14*f)**2)*l) +printf("\n c= %e ",c) +//case b +i=v/r +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//case c +vl=2*3.14*f*l*i +vc=i/(c*2*3.14*f) +q=(2*3.14*f*l)/(r) +printf("\n q") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a44645e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +//given +//i=14.14*sin(314t)-->i=im*sin(omega*t) +//case a +im=14.14 +i=14.14/1.414 //1.414 is the value of root 2 +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//case b +//omega=314=2*3.14*f +f=314/(2*3.14) +printf("\n f= %0.1f A",f) +//case c +t=0.002 +//i=im*sin(omega*t) +p=0.01096 //value of sin(omega*t) +i=im*p +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +printf("\n NOTE:Answer calculated wrongly in textbook for i obtained here") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f572f91b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.30/Ex4_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +l=10 +r=100 +i=1 +f=100 +i1=0.5 +c=1/(4*(3.14**2)*(r**2)*l) +v=i*r +z=v/i1 +//z=100+jX +x=((200**2)-(100**2))**0.5 +omega=641.1 //angular frequency in rad/sec +f0=omega/(2*3.14) +f1=f0-(r/(4*3.14*l)) +f2=f0+(r/(4*3.14*l)) +printf("\n f0= %0.1f Hz",f0) +printf("\n f1= %0.1f Hz",f1) +printf("\n f2= %0.1f Hz",f2) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c125702c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.31/Ex4_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// +v=3*10**8 +lamb=3000 +c=0.0005*10**-6 +f=v/lamb +l=1/(4*3.14*3.14*f**2*c) +printf("\n l= %e H",l) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f53d9b5c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.32/Ex4_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +r=1500 +l=0.2 +v=1.5 +f=15000 +//case a +//p=1/0.2c +p=(4*3.14*3.14*f**2)+(r**2)/(l**2) +c=1/(0.2*p) +printf("\n c= %e F",c) +//case b +z=l/(c*r) +printf("\n z= %0.1f ohm",z) +//case c +i=v/(z) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d8da52e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.33/Ex4_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//the eqns are formed using the given diagram +//the derivations from the eqns are obtained as below using matrices for their construction +//the below eqns are in polar form +delta=0.3165 +delta1=5.95 +delta2=6.82 +v1=delta1/delta +printf("\n v1 at -47.63 is= %0.1f V",v1) +v2=delta2/delta +printf("\n v2 at -42.30 is= %0.1f V",v2) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce97a3c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.34/Ex4_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//in polar form +z1=10 +z2=12.806 +z3=13.416 +//the mesh currents are written in matrix form +delta=329.31 //in polar form +delta1=360 +delta2=793.22 +i1=delta1/delta +i2=delta2/delta +i=i1-i2 //answer obtained in text is wrongly printed +printf("\n i at -84.21 is= %0.1f V",i) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca622f478 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.35/Ex4_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//superposition theorem +r=4 +//z=4+(8+6j)*(0-j10)/8+j6+0-j10 +//z=14-j5 +z=14.87 +l=40 +//I1a=z/l=2.69 in polar form +I1a=complex(2.533,0.904) +I2a=complex(-0.324,-2.67) +//from fig c +z=complex(2.93,-9.47) +I1b=complex(-0.895,3.935) +I2b=complex(1.056,-2.474) +I1=I1a+I1b +printf("\n I1") +I2=I2a+I2b +printf("\n I2") +I=I1+I2 +printf("\n I") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..456a2dfd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.36/Ex4_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//thevenin's theorem +//all the values are derived from the figures +z1=complex(8,-6) +z2=complex(0,5) +zth=(z1*z2)/(z1+z2) +printf("\n zth") +vth=complex(-17.71,141.54) +zload=complex(4,3) +I=vth/(zth+zload) +printf("\n I") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e6be9bac --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.37/Ex4_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +//norton's theorem +//values derived and calculated from figure +v=complex(230,0) +xl=complex(8,-6) +isc=v/xl +IN=isc +rl=complex(0,5) +zn=(rl*xl)/(rl+xl) +zload=complex(4,3) +I=(IN*zn)/(zn+zload) +printf("\n I") diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f6f2821b --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.38/Ex4_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//all values derived from figure +//zth=complex(0.923,2.615) +//vth=complex(-4.615,-6.923) //derived using formula +//zl=complex(0.923,-2.615) +//z=zl+zth +vth=8.32 //polar form +z=1.846 +I=vth/z +printf("\n I= %0.1f A",I) +rl=0.923 +pl=(I**2)*rl +printf("\n pl= %0.1f w",pl) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d008291cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// +i=20 +im=i/(1.414) //that is i*root 2 +//the heat produced by i is the sum of heat produced by dc and ac current +p=i**2 +q=im**2 +r=p+q +I=(r**0.5) +printf("\n I= %0.1f A",I) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90ef398bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +f=50 +irms=10 +im=irms/(0.707) +//omega*t=2*3.14*f*t here the value for t can be substituted and value for i can be found from i=im*sin(omega*t) +t=0.0025 +p=0.0137 //value of sin(314*0.0025) +i=(10*p)/(0.707) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +//maximum value is when 314*t=%pi/2 (in radians)-->t=0.005 +//hence at t=0.005+0.0125=0.0175 the value of i nedds to be found +p=0.0957 +i=(10*p)/(0.707) +printf("\n i= %0.1f A",i) +printf("\n NOTE:The answer given in text is printed wrongly") +i=7.07 +//7.07=(10*sin314t)/0.707-->t=0.00833 sec +t=0.00833-0.005 //the time at which the instaneous value is 7.07A after positive maximum value is at this time +printf("\n t= %e A",t) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ffd7a5e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +// +//from graph +a=0 +b=5**2 +c=10**2 +c=20**2 +d=40**2 +e=50**2 +f=40**2 +g=20**2 +h=10**2 +i=5**2 +v=(0.1*(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i))**0.5 //%pi and omega values get cancelled +printf("\n v= %0.1f V",v) +vavg=0.1*(0+5+10+20+40+50+40+20+10+5) +printf("\n vavg= %0.1f v",vavg) +ff=v/(vavg) +printf("\n %0.1f",ff) +pf=50/(v) //50 is the maximum value +printf("\n %0.1f",pf) +v=0.707*50 +printf("\n rms value for a sin wave with the same peak value is= %0.1f V",v) diff --git a/3835/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3835/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6a489f98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +//from phasor diagram vac=vab+vbc +hcab=60 +vcab=60 +hcbc=45 +vcbc=77.94 //vbc=60*sin(60) +p=(vcab+hcbc)**2 +q=vcbc**2 +vac=((p+q)**0.5) +printf("\n vac= %0.1f v",vac) +//the angle is given by ang=taninverse(vcbc/(vcab+hcbc))=36.59 +printf("\n phase position with respect to vbc=60-36.59=23.41") diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c1df16f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +//given +vl=400 //line voltage +va=vl/sqrt(3) +vb=230.94 //angle(-120) +vc=230.94 //angle(-240) +//case a +//the line currents are given by +ia=12000/230.94 //with angle 0 +ib=10000/230.94 //with angle 120 +ic=8000/230.94 //with angle 240 +printf("\n ia= %0.3f A",ia) +printf("\n ib= %0.5f A",ib) +printf("\n ic= %0.5f A",ic) +//case b +//IN=ia+ib+ic +//ia,ib and ic are phase currents hence contain with angles they are in the form sin(angle)+icos(angle) +//IN=51.96*(sin(0)+i*cos(0))+43.3*(sin(120)+i*cos(120))+34.64*(sin(240)+i*cos(240)) +//IN=51.96+(-21.65+i*37.5)+34.64*(-0.5-i*0.866) +//12.99+i*7.5 on which the sin+icos=sin**2+cos**2 operation is performed +//therefore +IN=15 //at angle 30 +printf("\n IN= %0.1f A",IN) diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbd74bbf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// +//case a +vab=400 //phase angle of 0 +vbc=400 //phase angle of 120 +vca=400 //phase angle of 240 +//the phase currents are given by iab,ibc,ica +iab=400/150 //from the diagram +printf("\n iab= %0.5f A",iab) +//ibc=(400*314*50)/10**6 numerator with an angle of -120 and denominator angle of -90 which amounts to -30 in numerator +//this leads to simplifying with the formula as the value obtained for ibc after simplification from above mutiplied by values of cos(-30)+jsin(-30) +//therefore print as below +printf("\n ibc=5.4414-j3.1416 A") +//same method for ica +printf("\n ica=3.1463+j4.2056 A") +//case b +//ia=iab-ica +//ia=2.667-(3.1463+j4.2056) +//leads to 4.2328 with an angle of -96.51 +//angle calculated using tan formula +printf("\n ia=4.2328 with an angle of -96.51 A") +//same for ib and ic +printf("\n ib=4.1915 with angle of -48.55 A") +printf("\n ic=7.6973 with an angle of 107.35 A") diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c435a2a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//given +zl=5 //load impedanc with an angle of 36.87 degrees +vl=400 //line voltage +il=46.19 +va=400/3**0.5 //phase voltage +ia=va/zl //line current with an angle of -36.87 degrees +//ib and ic are also the same values with changes in in their angles +//case b +//cos(-36.87)=0.8 lagging +printf("\n power factor =0.8") +//case c +p=3**0.5*vl*il*0.8 //power where 0.8 is power factor +printf("\n p= %0.2f KW",p) +//case d +q=3**0.5*vl*il*0.6 //where 0.6 is sin(36.87) and q is reactive volt ampere +printf("\n q= %0.2f Kvar",q) +//case e +t=3**0.5*vl*il //total volt ampere +printf("\n t= %0.0f KVA",t) diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d24e109e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//given +za=50 +zb=15 //j15 +zc=-15 //-j15 +vl=440 +vab=440 //with an angle of 0 +vbc=440 //with an angle of -120 +vca=440 //with an angle of -240 +//applying kvl to meshes as in the diagram we get the following equations +//50i1+j15(i1-i2)-440(angle 0)=0,j15(i2-i1)+(-j15)i2-440(angle 120)=0 +//solving the above 2 eqns we get the values of ia,ib and ic as follows +printf("\n ia=29.33A") +printf("\n ib=73.83A") +printf("\n ic=73.82A") +//the voltage drops across vr,vl and vc which are voltages across resistance ,inducctance and capacitance are given as follows +printf("\n vr=1466.5V") +printf("\n vl=73.83V") +printf("\n vc=73.83V") +//the potential of neutral point +printf("\n vn=1212.45V") diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9f0b13c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +//given +v=440 //voltage +o=25000 //output power +e=0.9 //efficiency +p=0.85 //poer factor +//case a +il=o/(3**0.5*v*p*e) //line current +printf("\n il= %0.5f A",il) +//case b +ip=o/(3*v*e*p) //phase current for delta current winding +printf("\n ip= %0.5f A",ip) diff --git a/3835/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3835/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dac6de5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear +// +//given +//25kW at power factor 1 for branch AB +//40KVA at power factor 0.85 for branch BC +//30KVA at power factor 0.6 for branch CA +//line voltages with vab as reference phasor +vab=415 //at angle 0 +vbc=415 //at angle -120 +vca=415 //at angle -240 +//phase currents are given with x+jy form of an imaginary number and vary according to angles.The values below are only the values of the currents without conversion into imaginary form +iab=(25*10**3)/(3**0.5*415*1) +printf("\n iab= %0.3f A",iab) +ibc=(40*10**3)/(3**0.5*415) +printf("\n ibc= %0.3f A",ibc) +ica=(30*10**3)/(3**0.5*415) +printf("\n ica= %0.3f A",ica) +//the line currents are as below.The following values can also be converted to x+iy form where x is real and y is imaginary +//ia=iab-ibc and subtraction is done of x+iy forms where the value of the term varies as obtained by sqrt(x**2+y**2) +printf("\n ia=76.38A") +//ib=ibc-iab +printf("\n ib=87.85A") +//ic=ica-ibc +printf("\n ic=32.21A") +//wattmeter readings on phase A +//w1=vab*ia*cos(-3.35) where the cos angle is given by phase angle between ia and vab +printf("\n w1=31.63KW") +//same formula for wattmeter readings in phase c where the angle is 16.35 +printf("\n w2=12.827KW") diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97629a093 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +//given +a=50*(10**-4) +e=400 +f=50 +n1=500 +n2=1000 +//phym=bm*a +//case a +//e=4.44*f*n*bm*a +bm=(e)/(4.44*f*n1*a) +printf("\n bm= %0.1f Wb/m2",bm) +//case b +e2=4.44*f*n2*bm*a +printf("\n e2= %0.1f V",e2) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f29ac343 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +//at unity power factor +op=15000 +n=0.98 +i=op/(n) +printf("\n %0.3f ",i) +loss=i-op +printf("\n %0.3f ",loss) +pc=(loss)/2000 //actually division by 2 but value given only to make pc 0.153 instead of 153 +t=pc*24 //iron loss in a day +toteng=20+96+108 //sum of energy outputs +engloss=0.109+1.224+1.632 //sum of energy losses +n=toteng/(engloss+toteng+t) +printf("\n %0.3f ",n) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc88dcb88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// +kva=10000 +pf=0.8 +iloss=75 +closs=150 +a=0.5 +//case a +po=kva*pf +loss=75+150 +n=po/(po+loss) +printf("\n %0.3f ",n) +//case b +i2=(10*1000)/(200) +i1=i2+((10*1000)/400) +kvar=(600*50)/1000 +printf("\n %0.3f ",kvar) +po=30*0.8 +n=1-(0.225/24) +printf("\n %0.3f ",n) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84e49996d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//case 1 +//2300 winding used as secondary +//given and derived +st=150 +v1=13800 +v2=2300 +a=(v1-v2)/v2 +b=a+1 +sat=(6*150)/5 +printf("\n sat= %0.1f Kva",sat) +//case 2 +v1=13.8 +v2=11.5 +a=(v1-v2)/v2 +sat=((1+a)/a)*150 +printf("\n sat= %0.1f kva",sat) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2537b7fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +// +//given and 1.732 is the value of root 3 +v=6600 +i=10 +n=15 +//case a +v2l=v/n +printf("\n v2l= %0.1f V",v2l) +i1p=10/1.732 +i2p=i1p*n +printf("\n i2p= %0.1f A",i2p) +i2l=n*i1p*1.732 +printf("\n i2l= %0.1f A",i2l) +//case b +v2p=v/(n*1.732) +printf("\n v2p= %0.1f V",v2p) +v2l=v2p*1.732 +printf("\n v2l= %0.1f V",v2l) +printf("\n i2p=i2l= %0.1f A",i2p) +//case c +v2p=v/n +printf("\n v2p= %0.1f V",v2p) +v2l=(v*1.732)/n +printf("\n v2l= %0.1f V",v2l) +i1p=i/1.732 +printf("\n i2p= %0.1f A",i2p) +//case d +v1p=v/1.732 +printf("\n v2p= %0.1f V",v2p) +i1p=10 +i2p=i1p*n +printf("\n i2p= %0.1f A",i2p) +i2l=i2p*1.732 +printf("\n i2l= %0.1f A",i2l) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f2681a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +//given +hp=75 +v=415 +n=0.9 +pf=0.85 +op=75*746 //since its horse power +ip=op/n +ilv=ip/(1.732*v*pf) //line current on low voltage start side +a=(6600*1.732)/415 //given in question +ihv=ilv/a +printf("\n ihv= %0.1f A",ihv) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dc410b60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// +//given +e=3300 +f=50 +n1=600 +n2=80 +bm=1.2 +h=425 +l=1.6 +density=7400 +loss=1.5 +//case a +phym=e/(4.44*f*n1) +csa=phym/bm +printf("\n cross sectional area= %e m2",csa) +//case b +sv=(e*n2)/n1 +printf("\n secondary voltage on no load= %0.1f V",sv) +//case c +mc=(h*l)/n1 +printf("\n primary magnetising current= %0.1f A",mc) +//case d +v=l*csa +m=v*density +closs=m*loss +printf("\n core loss= %0.1f W",closs) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d8b5f682 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear +// +//given +//as per step up tranformer +v1=220 +v2=6600 +f=50 +vturn=2.5 +kva=10000 +//case a +a=v1/(v2) +printf("\n %0.3f ",a) +//as per step down case b +v1=6600 +v2=220 +a=v1/v2 +printf("\n %0.3f ",a) +//case c +//high voltage soil +n=v1/(vturn) +printf("\n number of turns of high voltage soil= %0.1f ",n) +//low voltage soil +n1=v2/(vturn) +printf("\n number of turns of high voltage soil= %0.1f ",n1) +//case d +i=kva/(v1) +printf("\n primary current as a step down transformer is= %0.1f A",i) +//case e +i=kva/(v2) +printf("\n secondary current as a step down transformer is= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c4fdf27f --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +//given +rl=32 +//let ratio of sides be a +rs=2 +a=(2/(32)) +p=a**0.5 +printf("\n turns ratio for impedance machting is %0.1f ",p) diff --git a/3835/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3835/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77509d997 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//from oc test data shunt admittances are determined as follows +//given +v1=200 +i0=1 +pc=100 +yc=i0/(v1) +printf("\n yc= %e S",yc) +gc=pc/(v1**2) +printf("\n gc= %e S",gc) +bm=(((0.005**2)-(0.0025**2))**0.5) +printf("\n bm= %e S",bm) +//from sc test data +p=85 +isc=10 +vsc=15 +req=p/(isc**2) +printf("\n req= %0.1f ohm",req) +zeq=vsc/(isc) +printf("\n zeq= %0.1f ohm",zeq) +xeq=(((zeq**2)-(req**2))**0.5) +printf("\n xeq= %0.1f ohm",xeq) +//case b +a=0.5 +//equivalent impedance parameters referred to lv side +re=(a**2)*req +printf("\n req1= %0.1f ohm",re) +xe=(a**2)*xeq +printf("\n xeq1= %0.1f ohm",xe) +ze=(a**2)*zeq +printf("\n zeq1= %0.1f ohm",ze) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f73a34a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + clear +// +//case a +f=150 +p=2 +//assume the diameter of the stator bore is d meter +n=120*50/2 //where n is rotor speed +printf("\n n= %0.0f rpm",n) +pi=3.14 +d=(120*60)/(%pi*3000) +printf("\n D= %0.3f m",d) +//case b +k=2 +l=1 +o=k*d**2*n*l +printf("\n output of the alternator= %0.3f KVA",o) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3bd45e9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +//case a +vl=11000 +il=50 +pf=0.85 //powerfactor +p=vl*il*pf +printf("\n Power supplied to the motor is= %0.5f kW",p) +//case b +vt=6350.85 //at angle 0 +zs=25.02 //at angle 0 +//subcase 1 powerfactor at 0.85 lag +//e=vt-ia*zs +//e=6350.85-50(at angle -31.79)*25.02(at angle 87.71) +//substituting and solving as in x+iy form we get 5744.08 at angle -10.39 as the value of e +printf("\n emf induced=5744.08 at angle -10.39") +//subcase 2 +//for a 0.85 lead same process as above is followed except angles are considered positive due to lead +printf("\n emf induced=7051.44 at angle -8.88") diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a9d7e93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//The total number of cycles the clock should perform in 24 hours for correct time is +t=24*60*60*50 +printf("\n The total number of cycles the clock should perform in 24 hours for correct time is= %0.0f ",t) +//The number of cycles the clock performs from 8am to 7pm is +n=(6*49.95+5*49.90)*60*60 +printf("\n The number of cycles clock performs from 8am to 7pm is= %0.0f ",n) +//the number of cycles required in remaining 13 hours is t-n that is 2342.88*10**3 +a=(2342.88*10**3)/(13*60*60) +printf("\n The desired average frequency for correct time for remaining 13 hours is= %0.5f ",a) +//The shortfall in number of cycles from 8am to 7pm +s=0.05*6+0.10*5 +printf("\n s= %0.3f ",s) +//The time by which the clock is incorrect at 7pm +time=(0.8*60*60)/50 +printf("\n time= %0.5f ",time) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d79884553 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//given +n=500 //speed to rotation +p=12 //poles +//case a +f=n*p/120 //frequency +printf("\n frequency= %0.0f Hz",f) +//case b +kp=1 //kp is the winding at full pitch +//kd is the distribution factor where kd=sin[mk/2]/msin(k/2) where k is a gama function +//m=108/12*3 +m=3 +//gama or k=180/slots per pole=9 k=20 +//after substituting above values in kd we get kd=0.96 +//z=108*12/3 = 432 +ep=2.22*1*0.96*432*50*50*10**-3 +printf("\n Phase emf= %0.3f v",ep) +//case c +vl=3**0.5*ep +printf("\n The line voltage is= %0.3f v",vl) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1d8f874 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given +f=50 //frequency +p=10 //number of poles +//case a +n=120*f/p +printf("\n n= %0.0f rpm",n) +//case b +//the pitch factor kp=0.966 +//m=2 and gama=180/slots per pole and it is obtained as 30 +//kd=sin[(mgama)/2]/msin(gama/2)=0.966 +z=6*2*10 +ep=z*2.22*0.966*0.966*50*0.15 +printf("\n phase emf= %0.5f v",ep) +//case c +el=3**0.5*ep +printf("\n the line voltage= %0.3f v",el) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..744e43c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//given +zs=4 // at angle 84.26 +xs=3.98 +impangle=84.26 +//case a +//vt=2200+j0 +//ia=120 +//e=vt+ia*zs +//on substituting and calculating we get the value of e as 2298.17 at 12 degrees +p=((2298.17-2200)/2200)*100 +printf("\n %0.3f ",p) +//case b +//performing same functions as above for pf leading 0.8 we get e=1994.63 at 12 degrees +p=((1994.63-2200)/2200)*100 +printf("\n %0.3f ",p) +//case c +//same as above but pf lags by 0.707 and on calculating generates e as 2589.53 +p=((2589.53-2200)/2200)*100 +printf("\n %0.3f ",p) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50e484644 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//From the circuit diagram of the figure we can obtain tha following equations based on which the problems are solved +//eqn 1..........vl=(i1+i2)*zl....the load voltage +//eqn 2..........vl=e1-i1*z1=e2-i2*z2 +//eqn 3..........i1=(e1-vl)*y1 and i2=(e2-vl)*y2 +//eqn 4..........vl=(e1*y1+e2+y2)/(y1+y2+yl) +//load voltage case a +//vl=209.26-j*9.7 in x+iy form and angle is calculated +vl=(209.26**2+9.7**2)**0.5 +printf("\n load voltage= %0.5f v",vl) +//using eqn 3 the following generator currents are generated +//i1=7.45-j5.92 for which i1=9.52 at angle -38.45 is generated +//i2=8.91-j7.17 for which i2=11.43 at angle -38.83 is generated +//case b +//the load current il=i1+i2 is obtained as 20.95 at angle -38.65 +printf("\n the load current is 20.95 at angle -38.65") +//case c +g1=220*9.52 +g2=220*11.43 +printf("\n The output of generator1= %0.3f VA",g1) +printf("\n The output of generator2= %0.4f VA",g2) diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cef4ef73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//case a +//case 1 +v=6600 //voltage +ir=200 //armature current +xs=8 //reactance +e=(v**2+(ir*xs))**0.5 +printf("\n E= %0.5f V",e) +//case 2 +//from triangle in the firgure the power angle is obtained as 13.63 +printf("\n The power angle=13.63") +//case b +//due to excitation we obtain ix=217.10A +//case 3 +ix=217.10 +i=((ir**2+ix**2))**0.5 +printf("\n Armature current= %0.5f A",i) +//case 4 +//power factor cos(angle)=ir/i=0.68 +printf("\n power factor=0.68") diff --git a/3835/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3835/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..829bc4b60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//this problem has few notations and values taken from problem above +//case a +//the generator output becomes 1.5*6600*200 +o=1980 //generator output +//the power angle is obtaimed as 16.42 +//applying cosine to the triangle in the problem gives ixs=2853.02 +//hence armature current is +i=2853.02/8 +printf("\n armature current= %0.5f A",i) +//case b +pf=1980000/(6600*356.63) //power factor=o/(V*I) +printf("\n power factor= %0.5f ",pf) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4da4a98fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//given +f=50 +p=4 +//case a +s=(120*f)/p //synchronous speed +printf("\n synchronous speed= %0.0f rpm",s) +//case b +slip=0.03 +r=s-s*slip //rotor speed +printf("\n rotor speed= %0.0f rpm",r) +//case c +r=900 //given speed of rotor +slip=(s-r)/s //per unit slip +rf=slip*f +printf("\n rotor frequency= %0.0f Hz",rf) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f4b24f4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +zr=complex(0.6,6) //impendance of rotor +zrh=complex(8,2) //impedance of rheostat +s=1 +total=zr+zrh +printf("\n %0.3f ",total) +v=75/(3**0.5) +//rc=v/11.75(angle(42.93)) //rotor current per phase +printf("\n rotor resistance per phase=3.685") +slip=0.05 +zr=complex(0.6,0.3) +//ir=(s*v)/0.671(angle(26.56)) +printf("\n ir=3.22 at angle -26.56") diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36454f5db --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +//case a total torque +//rotor phase voltage at standstill=400/2.25*3**0.5 =102.64v +ns=1500 //calculated using formula as above +e2=102.64 +r2=0.1 +s=0.04 +x2=1.2 +//t=(3*60*(e2**2)*(r2/s))/(2*3.14*1500*((0.1/0.04)**2)+(1.2)**2) +t=65.41 +printf("\n t=65.41Nm") +//case b +N=1440 //calculated using same formula as above +o=(2*3.14*N*t)/60 +//1 metric hp=735.5hp +output=o/735.5 +printf("\n output= %0.1f hp",output) +//case c +//condition for maximum torque is given by x2=r2/s +tmax=(3*e2**2)/(5*3.14*2*1.2) +printf("\n tmax= %0.1f Nm",tmax) +//case d +s=r2/x2 //for max torque +speed=(1-s)*1500 +printf("\n speed= %0.0f rpm",speed) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49235c9c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +//direct online starter case a +//ist=isc=5*ifl //where ist is starting current and isc is short circuit current +//tst/tfl=(ist/ifl)**2-->substitute the above equation of ist here where ifl cancels out in numerator and denominator +//tst=1.25*tfl //tst is starting torque +printf("\n tst=1.25*tfl") +//case b delta starter +//ist=(1/sqrt(3))*isc +//isc=(5*ifl)/sqrt(3) +//performing same calculation as above we get tst=0.4166*tfl +printf("\n tst=0.4166*tfl") +//case c auto transformer starter +//ist=2*ifl +//tst/tfl=(2/1)**2*0.5 +printf("\n tst=0.2*tfl") +//case d +//with a rotor resistance starter the effect is same as that of auto transformer starter since in both cases the starting current is reduce to twice the full load current +printf("\n tst=0.2*tfl") diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5acb8b6b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// +isc=150 //short circuit current +iscp=25/1.732 //isc per phase where 1.732 is the value of root 3 +pv=415/1.732 //per phase voltage +ist=(iscp*pv)/150 +ifl=(15*735.5)/((415*0.9*0.8*(3**0.5))) +ratio=ist/ifl +printf("\n ratio") diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1938b2f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// +//given +pg=10 //poles of generator +r=720 //synchronous speed +f=pg*r/120 +printf("\n frequency= %0.0f Hz",f) +//it has been shown that synchronous motor runs at a speed lower than the synchronous speed.The nearest synchronous speed possible in present case is 1200 +//case a +r=1200 //synchronous speed possible for present case +pi=120*f/r //poles of the induction motor +printf("\n The number of poles of an induction motor is= %0.1f",pi ) + +//case b +n=1170 //load speed +slip=(1200-n)/1200 //calculated as 0.025 +printf("\n slip=0.025pu") diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078708350 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clear +// +//given +f=50 +ns=1000 +//m=90/6*3 +m=5 +//angle is obtained as 12 +//x=12 +//angle=(m*x)/2 +//x=30 //assuming for convinience +//a=(180/%pi)*(30) +//b=(%pi/180)*(a) +//c=sin(b) +//y=x/2 +//y=6 //assuming for convinience +//d=(180/%pi)*(y) +//e=(%pi/180)*(c) +//g=sin(e) +//kd=c/(5*g) +kd=0.96 +//after calculations +printf("\n The distribution factor=0.96") +kp=0.98 //%pi tch factor=cos(20/2) +//case a +kw=kd*kp +printf("\n %0.3f ",kw) +//case b +t1=(90*4)/(3*2) //number of turns per stator phase +e1=415 +flux=415/((3**0.5)*4.44*0.94*50*60) +printf("\n flux in the air gap= %0.3f Wb",flux) +//case c +t2=(120*2)/(3*2) +a=t1/t2 //transformation ratio +printf("\n a = %0.3f ",a ) + +//case d +//e2=e1/a //the induced rotor voltage per phase +e2=415/((3**0.5)*1.5) +printf("\n the induced rotor voltage per phase is= %0.5f V",e2) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22211ddb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// +//given +s=1 +//case a +//the rotor circuit impedance=6+j12 obtained from (0.75+5.25)+j(5+7) as rotor resistance and reactance are 0.5 and 0.75 +//rotor current=e2/z2=3.23 at angle -63.43 +printf("\n At stand still the rotor current is=3.23A at angle -63.43") +//case b +s=0.04 +//z2=(0.75+j*0.04*5)ohm +//again e2=s*e2/z2=0.81 at angle -69.44A +printf("\n the rotor current running at a slip of 4 with the rotor short circuited is=0.81 at angle -69.44A") diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a68104f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +// +//case a slip +f=50 +p=6 +ns=(120*f)/p +//rotor frequency fr=120/60=2 Hz +fr=2 +//s=fr/f=2/50=0.04 +s=0.04 +printf("\n synchrous speed=0.04pu") +//case b rotor speed +N=(1-s)*ns +printf("\n rotor speed= %0.0f rpm",N) +//case c mechanical power developed +//pag=5/3=25Kw +pag=25 +pm=3*pag*(1-s) +printf("\n mechanical power developed= %0.0f KW",pm) +//case d the rotor resistance loss per phase +r=s*pag +printf("\n r= %0.0f KW",r) +//case e rotor resistance per phase if rotor current is 60A +//i2 and r2 are rotor current and resistance respectively +//i2**2*r2=1000 +//r2=1000/(60*60) +r2=0.277777 +printf("\n r2= %0.1f Ohm",r2) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66d45789 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear +// +//case a slip +f=50 +p=4 +ns=(120*f)/p //synchronous speed +printf("\n %0.1f",ns) +n=1440 +s=(1500-1440)/(1500) +printf("\n slip= %e pu",s) +//case b rotor resistance loss +pd=25 //power developed +ml=1 //mechanical losses +pm=pd+ml //The total mechanical power developed +pag=pm/(1-s) +rl=s*pag +printf("\n rotor resistance loss= %0.1f kw",rl) +//case c the total input if stator losses are 1.75 kw +sl=1.75 //stator loss +ti=pag+sl +printf("\n total input= %0.1f kw",ti) +//case d efficiency +e=(pd*100)/ti +printf("\n %0.3f ",e) +//case e line current +pf=0.85 //power factor +e1=440 +l=(ti*1000)/((3**0.5)*e1*pf) +printf("\n line current= %0.1f A",l) +//case f +fr=s*f +n=fr*60 +printf("\n The number of complete cycles of the rotor emf per minute is= %0.0f ",n) diff --git a/3835/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3835/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b82829c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +//given +ns=1000 //synchronous speed calculated using similar formulas as above +N=960 //speed of the motor at full load +s=0.04 //slip +r2=0.15 +a=1.5 +x2=1 +rres=r2*a**2 +rrea=x2*a**2 +e2=220/(3**0.5) +//case a torque at full load +//tfl=((3*s*rres)*(e2**2)*60)/(2*3.14*1000)*((rres**2)+((s*rrea)**2)) +printf("\n torque=51.14Nm") +//case b metric hp developed at full load +hpfl=(2*3.14*960*51.14)/(60*735.5) +printf("\n horse power at full load= %0.1f hp",hpfl) +//case c maximum torque +//s=r2/x2 +s=0.15 +//tmax=(3*0.15*(220**2)*0.34*60)/(3*2*3.14*1000)*((0.34**2)+((0.15*2.25)**2)) +printf("\n max torque=102.71Nm") +//case d speed at max torque +speed=(1-0.15)*1000 +printf("\n speed= %0.0f rpm",speed) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..554f8e114 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear +// +//case a +e=600 +p=6 +n=1500 +z=200 +a=2 +//since e=(phy*n*p*z)/(60*a) +phy=(e*60*a)/(n*p*z) +printf("\n phy=0.04") +//case b +phy=0.05 +p=8 +n=500 +z=800 +a=8 +p=8 +e=(phy*p*n*z)/(60*a) +printf("\n e= %0.1f V",e) +//case c +e=400 +a=2 +n=(e*60*a)/(phy*p*z) +printf("\n n= %0.1f rpm",n) +//case d +phy=0.05 +p=4 +n=800 +z=600 +a=4 +p=4 +e=(phy*n*p*z)/(60*a) +printf("\n e= %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cd1eb74a --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived from the circuit in the figure +ish=2 +ia=77 //75+2 +ra=0.15 +v=200 +e=v+ia*ra +//when dc machine runs as a motor +ia=73 //75-2 +eb=v-(ia*ra) +//n1 and n2 are the speeds at which the motor is operating as a generator and motor +n1=211.55 +n2=189.05 +p=n1/n2 +printf("\n %0.3f ",p) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..026e9e751 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given +n=500 +v=250 +rsh=80 +ra=0.02 +drop=1.5 +//derived +ish=3.125 //ish=v/rsh +il=480 //il=w*1000/v +ia=483.125 //ia=il+ish +e=v+ra*ia+2*drop +il=80 +ia=il-ish +eb=v-ra*ia-2*drop +n=(500*eb)/e //e is proportional to n +printf("\n n= %0.1f rpm",n) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..272fc0de5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived +ish=1 +il=26 +ia=25 +ra=0.4 +//phy1*i1=phy2*i2 and ish2*i2=ish1*i1 +//subtituting values in the above equation we get i2=25/ish2 +eb1=200-ia*ra +//eb2=200-0.4*i2 +//eb1/eb2=(n1*ish1)/(n2*ish2) +//190/(200-0.4*25/ish2)=500/(700*ish2) +//on finding the square root we get the value of ish2 as 0.698A +ish2=0.698 +totres=200/0.698 +r=totres-200 +printf("\n resistance to be inserted in the field circuit is= %0.1f ohm",r) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f21673360 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//given and derived +v=450 +r=0.25 +i1=160 +i2=125 +r1=450/(160) +eb1=v-i2*r1 +//flux decreases by 12% hence eb2=1.12*eb1 +eb2=110.60 +r2=(v-eb2)/i1 +eb3=v-i2*r2 +eb4=1.12*eb3 +r3=(v-eb4)/i1 + +//resistance of each section of the starter is determined as follows +R1=r1-r2 +printf("\n R1= %0.1f ohm",R1) +R2=r2-r3 +printf("\n R2= %0.1f ohm",R2) + diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b006a21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +d=0.2 +l=0.25 +p=6 +z=250 +bav=0.9 +n=800 +a=2 +ld=50 +phy=0.045 //flux per pole=0.9*0.2*0.25 +e=(phy*p*n*z)/(60*a) +ia=e/ld +//case a +t=(60*e*ia)/(2*3.14*n) +printf("\n torque= %0.1f Nm",t) +//case b +po=e*ia +printf("\n power output= %0.1f W",po) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086df85bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +//given +i=250 +v=125 +rl=v/i //load resistance +gemf=125+200*0.05+1.5 +printf("\n generated emf= %0.1f V",gemf) +e=(136.5*1200)/1500 //generated emf at 1200rpm +//let v be the terminal voltage at 1200rpm +//then armature current ia=v/rl +//substituting all values in v=e-ia*ra-(voltage drop across the brushes)=97.91 +v=97.91 +i=v*2 //where rl=0.5 in the denominator is written as 2 +printf("\n current= %0.1f A",i) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d0f29aca --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//given +//the external characteristic of the generator,the combined armature and series field resistance is given by ra+rs +r=0.375 //ra+rs +//case a +i=150 +//-0.375+0.4=0.025 the voltage drop +vab=0.025*150 +printf("\n when i=150 the voltage drop between points a and b is= %0.1f V",vab) +vab=0.025*45 +printf("\n when i=45 the voltage drop between points a and b is= %0.1f V",vab) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..268c69fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +//shunt field current +ish=400/220 //from circuit diagram +//armature current +i=50 +ia=i+ish +printf("\n armature current= %0.1f A",ia) +//armature voltage +voldrop=3 +ra=0.04 +rs=0.02 +v=400 +e=v+ia*(ra+rs)+voldrop +printf("\n armature voltage= %0.1f V",e) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e6ba3f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +// +//given +i=35 +v=220 +ra=0.15 +n1=1600 +//when motor is running at 1200rpm the back emf eb1 is given by eb1=v-(35*0.15) +eb1=214.75 +//flux phy1 is proportional to armature current ia.Thus, at ia1=35 and ia2=15 n is proportional to eb/phy +//2=(eb2*phy1)/(phy2*eb1) +//therefore +eb2=184.07 +//case a +//resistance to be connected in series is rse ohm +ia2=15 +rse=((v-eb2)/ia2)-ra +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) +//case b +eb2=0.5*1.15*214.75 +ia2=50 +rse=((v-eb2)/ia2)-ra +phy1=35 +eb2=220-50*0.15 +n2=(n1*eb2*phy1)/(1.15*phy1*eb1) +printf("\n n2= %0.1f rpm",n2) diff --git a/3835/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3835/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9c311f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3835/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +//case a +i=60 +eb1=450 +ia=15.18 //derived from problem +//using formula n2/n1=(eb2*phy1)/(eb1*phy2) +eb2=45.54 +rse=(eb1-eb2)/ia +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) +//case b +ia=38.97 //derived +//using the above used formula +eb2=219.21 +rse=(eb1-eb2)/ia +printf("\n rse= %0.1f ohm",rse) diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a7fbef28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +t=0.02 //time period in seconds from diagram +v1=7 //peak voltage from diagram + + +//Calculation +f=1*t**-1 //frequency in Hz +v2=2*v1 // Peak to Peak Voltage + +//Result +printf("\n Frequency = %d Hz\n",f) + +printf("\n Peak to Peak Voltage = %d V\n",v2) + diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..befaa80fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//Initialisation +t=0.05 //time period in seconds from diagram +v1=10 //peak voltage from diagram + + +//Calculation +f1=1*t**-1 //frequency in Hz +w1=2*%pi*f1 //Angular velocity + +//Result +printf("\n %d sin %.1ft Hz\n",v1,w1) + diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eac4a3b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +//Initialisation +t=0.1 //time period in seconds from diagram +v1=10 //peak voltage from diagram +t1=25*10**-3 + +//Calculation +f1=1*t**-1 //frequency in Hz +w1=2*%pi*f1 //Angular velocity +phi=-(t1*t**-1)*360 //phase angle + +//Result +printf("\n phi = %d degree",phi) + +printf("\n %d sin(%dt%d) Hz\n",v1,w1,phi) diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6966f2b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// +//Initialisation +v1=5 //constant 5V +r=10 //resistance in Ohm +vrms=5 //sine wave of 5 V r.m.s +vp=5 //5 V peak + +//Calculation +p=(v1**2)*r**-1 //Power in watts +p2=(vrms**2)*r**-1 //Power average in watts +a=(vp*sqrt(2)**-1)**2 +p3=a*r**-1 //Power average in watts + +//Result +printf("\n (1) P = %.1f W\n",p) + +printf("\n (2) Pav = %.1f W\n",p2) + +printf("\n (3) Pav = %.2f W\n",p3) + diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3a0387da --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +fsd1=50*10**-3 //full scale deflection of ammeter in Ampere +fsd2=1*10**-3 //full scale deflection of moving coil meter in Ampere +Rm=25 //resistance of moving coil meter in Ohms + +//Calculation +Rsm=fsd1*fsd2**-1 //sensitivity factor +Rsh=Rm*49**-1 //shunt resistor + +//Result +printf("\n Therefore, Resistor = %d mOhm\n",round(Rsh*10**3)) + diff --git a/3836/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3836/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb20db0b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +fsd1=50 //full scale deflection of voltmeter in Volts +fsd2=1*10**-3 //full scale deflection of moving coil meter in Ampere +Rm=25 //resistance of moving coil meter in Ohms + +//Calculation +Rsm=fsd1*fsd2**-1 +Rse=Rsm-Rm + +//Result +printf("\n Rse = %.3f KOhm\n",Rse*10**-3) + +printf("\n Therefore, Resistor ~ %d KOhm\n",round(Rse*10**-3)) + diff --git a/3836/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3836/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc818ae51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialization +i1=8 //current in Amp +i2=1 //current in Amp +i3=4 //current in Amp + +//Calculation +i4=i2+i3-i1 //current in Amp + +//Results +printf("\n Magnitude, I4 = %d A",i4) + diff --git a/3836/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3836/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7ac33cd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialization +e=12 //EMF source in volt +v1=3 //node voltage +v3=3 //node voltage + +//Calculation +v2=v1+v3-e //node voltage + +//Results +printf("\n V2 = %d V",v2) + diff --git a/3836/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3836/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..668b0596d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +//Initialization +r1=100 //Resistance in Ohm +r2=200 //Resistance in Ohm +r3=50 //Resistance in Ohm +v1=15 //voltage source +v2=20 //voltage source + +//Calculation +//Considering 15 V as a source & replace the other voltage source by its internal resistance, +r11=(r2*r3)*(r2+r3)**-1 //resistance in parallel +v11=v1*(r11/(r1+r11)) //voltage +//Considering 20 V as a source & replace the other voltage source by its internal resistance, +r22=(r1*r3)*(r1+r3)**-1 //resistance in parallel +v22=v2*(r22/(r2+r22)) //voltage + +//output of the original circuit +v33=v11+v22 + + + +//Results +printf("\n Voltage, V = %.2f",v33) + diff --git a/3836/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3836/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8ccc8f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +//Initialization +r1=10 //Resistance in Ohm +r2=5 //Resistance in Ohm +v2=5 //voltage source +i=2 //current in Amp + +//Calculation +//Considering 5 V as a source & replace the current source by its internal resistance, +i1=v2*(r1+r2)**-1 //current using Ohms law +//Considering current source & replace the voltage source by its internal resistance, +r3=(r1*r2)*(r1+r2)**-1 //resistance in parallel +v3=i*r3 //voltage using Ohms law +i2=v3*r2**-1 //current using Ohms law +i3=i1+i2 //total current + +//Results +printf("\n Output Current, I = %.2f A",i3) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75c025f1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +c=10*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad +v=10 //voltage + +//Calculation +q=c*v //charge in coulomb + +//Results +printf("\n Charge, q = %.1f uC",q*10**6) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da77789ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Initialization +l=25*10**-3 //length in meter +b=10*10**-3 //breadth in meter +d=7*10**-6 //distance between plates in meter +e=100 //dielectric constant of material +e0=8.85*10**-12 //dielectric constant of air + +//Calculation +c=(e0*e*l*b)*d**-1 //Capacitance +//Results +printf("\n Capacitance, C = %.1f nF",c*10**9) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfdfec23a --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +v=100 //voltage +d=10**-5 //distance in meter + +//Calculation +e=v*d**-1 //Electric Field Strength + +//Results +printf("\n Electric Field Strength, E = %d ^7 V/m",round(e*10**-6)) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b98d6c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +q=15*10**-6 //charge in coulomb +a=200*10**-6 //area + +//Calculation +d=q/a //electric flux density + +//Results +printf("\n D = %d mC/m^2",d*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26d136a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +C1=10*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad +C2=25*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad + +//Calculation +C=C1+C2 //capacitance in Farad + +//Results +printf("\n C = %d uF",C*10**6) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9ac62348 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +C1=10*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad +C2=25*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad + +//Calculation +C=(C1*C2)/(C1+C2) //capacitance in Farad + +//Results +printf("\n C = %.2f uF",C*10**6) + diff --git a/3836/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3836/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da840201b --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialization +C1=10*10**-6 //capacitance in Farad +V=100 //voltage + +//Calculation +E=(0.5)*(C1*V**2) //Energy stored + +//Results +printf("\n E = %.1f mJ",E*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a084816e --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialization +i=5 //current in ampere +l=0.628 //circumference + + +//Calculation +h=i/l //magnetic field strength + +//Results +printf("\n Magnetic Field Strength, H = %.2f A/m",h) + diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973f2c9e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// +//Initialization +i=6 //current in ampere +n=500 //turns +l=0.4 //circumference +uo=4*%pi*10**-7 //epsilon zero constant +a=300*10**-6 //area + +//Calculation +f=n*i //Magnetomotive Force +h=f/l //magnetic field strength +b=uo*h //magnetic induction +phi=b*a //flux + +//Results +printf("\n (a) Magnetomotive Force, H = %.2f ampere-turns",f) + +printf("\n (b) Magnetic Field Strength, H = %.2f A/m",h) + +printf("\n (c B = %.2f mT",b*10**3) +printf("\n (d Toal Flux, phi = %.2f uWb",phi*10**6) diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95219a990 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialization +l=10*10**-3 //inductance in henry +di=3 + + +//Calculation +v=l*di //voltage + +//Results +printf("\n Voltage, V = %d mV",v*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..542040a94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//Initialization +n=400 //turns +l=200*10**-3 //circumference +uo=4*%pi*10**-7 //epsilon zero constant +a=30*10**-6 //area + +//Calculation +L=(uo*a*n**2)/l //Inductance in henry + +//Results +printf("\n Inductance,L = %d uH",L*10**6) + diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bfc9f3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// +//Initialization +l1=10 //Inductance in henry +l2=20 //Inductance in henry + +//Calculation +ls1=l1+l2 //Inductance in henry +lp=((l1*l2)*(l1+l2)**-1) //Inductance in henry +//Results +printf("\n (a) Inductance in series,L = %d uH",ls1) + +printf("\n (b) Inductance in parallel,L = %.2f uH",lp) + diff --git a/3836/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3836/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6384b66a --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// +//Initialization +l=10**-2 //Inductance in henry +i=5 //current in ampere + +//Calculation +s=0.5*l*i**2 //stored energy + +//Results +printf("\n Stored Energy = %d mJ",s*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..534cd8a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +w=1000 //Angular Frequency +L=10**-3 //Inductance + +//Calculation +Xl=w*L //Reactance + +//Result +printf("\n Reactance, Xl = %d Ohm",Xl) + diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bec40dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +f=50 //frequency +C=2*10**-6 //Capacitance + +//Calculation +w=2*%pi*f //Angular Frequency +Xc=1/(w*C) //Reactance + +//Result +printf("\n Reactance, Xl = %.2f KOhm",Xc/1000) + diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64890dd67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +f=100 //frequency +l=25*10**-3 //Inductance +Vl=5 //AC Voltage (Sine) + +//Calculation +w=2*%pi*f //Angular Frequency +Xl=w*l //Reactance +Il=Vl*Xl**-1 + +//Result +printf("\n Peak Current, IL = %d mA",Il*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2046a1c3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +Ic=2 //sinusoidal Current +C=10*10**-3 //Capacitance +w=25 //Angular Frequency + + + +//Calculation +Xc=1/(w*C) //Reactance +Vc= Ic*Xc //Voltage + +//Result +printf("\n Voltage appear across the capacitor, V = %d V r.m.s",Vc) + diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23e6779d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +I=5 //sinusoidal Current +R=10 //Resistance in Ohm +f=50 //Frequency in Hertz +L=0.025 //Inductancec in Henry + + +//Calculation +Vr=I*R //Voltage across resistor +Xl=2*%pi*f*L //Reactance +VL= I*Xl //Voltage across inductor +V=sqrt((Vr**2)+(VL**2)) //total voltage +phi=atan(VL*Vr**-1) //Phase Angle in radians + +//Result +printf("\n (a V = %.1f V",V) +printf("\n (b V = %.2f V",phi*180/%pi) diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7dd4d0dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +R=10**4 //Resistance in Ohm +f=10**3 //Frequency in Hertz +C=3*10**-8 //Capacitance in Farad +V=10 //Voltage + +//Calculation +Xc=1/(2*%pi*f*C) //Reactance +a=((10**4)**2)+(5.3*10**3)**2 +I=sqrt((V**2)/a) //Current in Amp +Vr=I*R //Voltage +Vc=Xc*I //Voltage +phi=atan(Vc/Vr) //Phase Angle in radians + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Current, I = %d uA",round(I*10**6)) + +printf("\n (b V = %.2f V",-phi*180/%pi) diff --git a/3836/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3836/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7663289a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +I=5 //sinusoidal Current +R=200 //Resistance in Ohm +f=50 //Frequency in Hertz +L=400*10**-3 //Inductancec in Henry +C=50*10**-6 //Capacitance in Henry + +//Calculation +Vr=I*R //Voltage across resistor +Xl=2*%pi*f*L //Reactance +Xc=1/(2*%pi*f*C) //Reactance +i=Xl-Xc + +//Result +printf("\n Z = %d + j %d Ohms",R,i) + diff --git a/3836/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3836/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..694d4ca20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +V=50 //Voltage +I=5 //Current in Ampere r.m.s +phase=30 //in degrees + +//Calculation +S=V*I //apparent power +pf=cos(phase*%pi/180) //power factor +apf=S*pf //active power + +//Result +printf("\n (a) Apparent power, S = %d VA",S) + +printf("\n (b) Power Factor = %.3f",pf) + +printf("\n (c) Active Power, P = %.1f",apf) + diff --git a/3836/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3836/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0bd68319 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +pf=0.75 //power factor +S=2000 //apparent power in VA +V=240 //Voltage in volts + +//Calculation +apf=S*pf //active power +sin1=sqrt(1-(pf**2)) +Q=S*sin1 //Reactive Power +I=S*V**-1 //Current +//Result +printf("\n Apparent Power, P = %d W",S) + +printf("\n Active Power, P = %d W",apf) + +printf("\n Reactive Power, Q = %d var",Q) + +printf("\n Current I = %.2f A",I) + diff --git a/3836/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3836/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8acaf4d7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +pf=0.75 //power factor +S=1500 //apparent power in W +V=240 //Voltage in volts +P1 = 2000 //apparent power +P2 = 1500 //active power +Q = 1322 //reactive power +I = 8.33 //current in amp +f=50 //frequency in hertz + +//Calculation +Xc=V**2/Q //reactive capacitance +C=1/(Xc*2*%pi*f) //capacitance +I=S*V**-1 //current +apf=S*pf //active power +//Result +printf("\n Apparent Power, S = %d W",S) + +printf("\n Active Power, P = %d W",apf) + +printf("\n Reactive Power, Q = %d var",Q) + +printf("\n Current I = %.2f A",I) + diff --git a/3836/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3836/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab85ffd76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +c=100*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +r=100*10**3 //resistance in ohm +v=20 //volt +t=25 //time in seconds +e=2.71828 //mathematical constant + +//Calculation +T=c*r //time in seconds +v1=v*(1-e**(-t*T**-1)) //volt + +//Result +printf("\n v = %.2f V",v1) + diff --git a/3836/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3836/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3646ac9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// + +//Initialisation +l=400*10**-3 //inductance in henry +i1=300 //current in milliamp +r=20 //resistance in ohm +v=15 //volt +t1=25 //time in seconds +e=2.71828 //mathematical constant + +//Calculation +T=l/r //time in seconds +i=(v*r**-1)*10**3 //current in amp +t2=((log(i/(i-i1)))/(log(e)))*0.02 //expression to find time t + +//Result +printf("\n t = %.1f mSec",t2*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3836/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fd95f72a --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +c=20*10**-6 //capacitance in farad +r=10*10**3 //resistance in ohm +v=5 //volt +v2=10 //volt + +//Calculation +T=c*r //time in seconds + +//Result +printf("\n v = %d - %d*e^(-t/%.1f) V",v2,v,T) diff --git a/3836/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3836/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff9996358 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Introduction +i=0.2 //current in amp +C=0.01 //Capacitance in farad +t=20*10**-3 //time in sec + +//Calculation +dv=i/C //change in voltage w.r.t time +v=dv*t //peak ripple voltage + +//Result +printf("\n Peak Ripple Voltage = %.1f V",v) + diff --git a/3836/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3836/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60719212e --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Introduction +i=0.2 //current in amp +C=0.01 //Capacitance in farad +t=10*10**-3 //time in sec + +//Calculation +dv=i/C //change in voltage w.r.t time +v=dv*t //peak ripple voltage + +//Result +printf("\n Peak Ripple Voltage = %.1f V",v) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1c5cfc73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +v1=15.8 //voltage across r1 +v2=12.3 //voltage across r2 +r2=220 //resistance R2 in ohm + +//Calculation +v=v1-v2 //voltage difference across the resistor +i=v/r2 //current in ampere + +//Result +printf("\n Current, I = %.1f mA",i*1000) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15fbafb42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +i1=10 //current in amp +i3=3 //current in amp + + +//Calculation +i2=i1-i3 //current in amp + +//Result +printf("\n I2 = %d A",i2) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc823b216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +E=12 //EMF in volt +v2=7 //volt + + +//Calculation +v1=E-v2 //volt + +//Result +printf("\n V1 = %d V",v1) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46d4a95e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +i=3 //current in amp +r=50 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +p=(i**2)*r //power in watt + +//Result +printf("\n P = %d W",p) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1720908dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=20 //resistance in ohm +r3=15 //resistance in ohm +r4=25 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +r=r1+r2+r3+r4 //series resistance in ohm + +//Result +printf("\n R = %d ohm",r) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d7d5033d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +r1=10 //resistance in ohm +r2=20 //resistance in ohm + + + +//Calculation +r=(r1*r2)*(r1+r2)**-1 //parallel resistance in ohm + +//Result +printf("\n R = %.2f ohm",r) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30573a8b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +r1=200 //resistance in ohm +r2=300 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +v=(10*r2)/(r1+r2) //resistance in ohm + +//Result +printf("\n V = %d V",v) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24da405b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +r1=1*10**3 //resistance in ohm +r2=500 //resistance in ohm +v1=15 //voltage +v2=3 //voltage + +//Calculation +v=v2+((v1-v2)*((r2)*(r1+r2)**-1)) //resistance in ohm + +//Result +printf("\n V = %d V",v) + diff --git a/3836/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3836/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0fbcb11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +f=50 //frequency in herts + + +//Calculation +t=(1*f**-1) //time period + + +//Result +printf("\n T = %d ms",t*10**3) + diff --git a/3836/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3836/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8fdf531d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// + +//Introduction +gm=2*10**-3 +rd=2*10**3 //resistance in ohm +C=10**-6 //capacitance in farad +R=10**6 //resistance in ohm + + +//Calculation +G=-gm*rd //Small signal voltage gain +fc=1/(2*%pi*C*R) //frequency in Hz + +//Result +printf("\n Small signal voltage gain = %d ",G) + +printf("\n Low frequency cut off = %.2f Hz",fc) + diff --git a/3836/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3836/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28d710695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// + +//Introduction +idd=4*10**-3 //current in ampere +vo=8 //voltage +vdd=12 //voltage + +//Calculation +Rd=vo*(vdd-idd)**-1 + +//Result +printf("\n Rd = %.2f kOhm",Rd) + diff --git a/3836/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3836/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8187556cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Initialization +ni=11010 //binary number + +//Calculation +deci = 0 +i = 0 +while ni>0 + rem = ni-int(ni/10.)*10 + ni = int(ni/10.) + deci = deci + rem*2**i + i = i + 1 + +end +//Declaration +printf("\n Decimal Equivalent = %f",deci) + diff --git a/3836/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3836/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a5086f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +//Initialization +vcc=10 //voltage +vbe=0.7 //voltage, base-to-emitter junction +rb=910*10**3 //resistance in ohm +hfe=200 +rc=2.7*10**3 //resistance in ohm + +//Calculation +ib=(vcc-vbe)/rb //base current in ampere +ic=hfe*ib //collector in current in ampere +vo=vcc-(ic*rc) //output voltage + +//Result +printf("\n Output Current, I = %.2f mA",ic*10**3) + +printf("\n Output Voltage, V = %.1f V",vo) + diff --git a/3836/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3836/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c096fca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +n=8 //8 bit +n2=16 //16 bit +n3=32 //32 bit + +//Calculation +c=2**n //value for 8 bit +c2=2**n2 //value for 16 bit +c3=2**n3 //value for 32 bit + +//Result +printf("\n An 8-bit word can take 2^8 = %d values\n",c) + +printf("\n An 16-bit word can take 2^16 = %d values\n",c2) + +printf("\n An 32-bit word can take 2^32 = %f x 10^9 values\n",c3/10**9) + diff --git a/3836/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3836/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97010fc6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +n=8 //8 bit +n2=16 //16 bit +n3=32 //32 bit + + +//Calculation +c=2**n //value for 8 bit +p=(1*c**-1)*100 //percent +c2=2**n2 //value for 16 bit +p2=(1*c2**-1)*100 //percent +c3=2**n3 //value for 32 bit +p3=(1*c3**-1)*100 //percent + +//Result +printf("\n An 8-bit word resolution = %.2f percent\n",p) + +printf("\n An 16-bit word resolution = %.4f percent\n",p2) + +printf("\n An 32-bit word resolution = %.9f percent\n",p3) + diff --git a/3836/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3836/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bde26ac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +f1=7000 //Human Speech Frequency Upper limit in HZ +f2=50 //Human Speech Frequency Lower limit in Hz + +//Calculation +B=f1-f2 //Bandwidth in Hz + +//Result +printf("\n Bandwidth = %.1f kHz",B*1000**-1) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15706b948 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +Ri=1000 //Input Resistance of amplifier in Ohm +Rs=100 //Output Resistance of sensor in Ohm +Rl=50 //Load Resistance +Ro=10 //Output Resistance of amplifier in Ohm +Av=10 //Voltage gain +Vs=2 //Sensor voltage + +//Calculation +Vi=Ri*Vs*(Rs+Ri)**-1 //Input Voltage of Amplifier +Vo=Av*Vi*Rl*(Ro+Rl)**-1 //Output Voltage of Amplifier + +//Result +printf("\n Ouput voltage of and amplifier = %.1f V",Vo) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964f2cc31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +Vo=15.2 //Output Voltage of Amplifier +Vi=1.82 //Input Voltage of Amplifier + +//Calculation +Av=Vo/Vi //Voltage gain + +//Result +printf("\n Voltage Gain, Av = %.2f",Av) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69fcad3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +Av=10 //Voltage gain +Vi=2 //Input Voltage of Amplifier +Rl=50 //Load Resistance +Ro=0 //Output Resistance of amplifier in Ohm + + +//Calculation +Vo=Av*Vi*Rl/(Ro+Rl) //Output Voltage of Amplifier + +//Result +printf("\n Ouput voltage of and amplifier = %.1f V",Vo) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa17eabd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +Vo=15.2 //Output Voltage +Rl=50 //Load Resistance + +//Calculation +Po=(Vo**2)/Rl //Output Power + +//Result +printf("\n Output Power, Po = %.1f W",Po) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..958ef812f --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +Vi=1.82 //Input Voltage of Amplifier +Ri=1000 //Input Resistance of amplifier in Ohm +Vo=15.2 //Output Voltage of Amplifier +Rl=50 //Load Resistance + + +//Calculation +Pi=(Vi**2)*Ri**-1 //Input Power in Watt +Po=(Vo**2)*Rl**-1 //Output Power in Watt +Ap=Po/Pi //Power Gain + + +//Result +printf("\n Power Gain, Ap = %d",Ap) + diff --git a/3836/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3836/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ac7fb9cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// +//Initialisation +P=1400 //Power gain + +//Calculation +pdb=10*log10(P) //Power Gain in dB + +//Result +printf("\n Power Gain (dB) = %.1f dB",pdb) + diff --git a/3836/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3836/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71a2313cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +f=20*10**3 //bandwidth frequency in KHz + +//Calculation +gain=(10**6)/(f) //gain + +//Result +printf("\n Gain = %d",gain) + diff --git a/3836/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3836/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d697f385d --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +OG=2*10**5 //Open Loop Gain +CG=20 //Closed Loop Gain +OR1=75 //Output Resistance +IR1=2*10**6 //Input Resistance + +//Calculation +AB=OG*CG**-1 //factor (1+AB) +OR2=OR1/AB //Output Resistance +IR2=IR1*AB //Input Resistance + +//Result +printf("\n Output Resistance = %.1f mOhm\n",OR2*1000) + +printf("\n Input Resistance = %d GOhm",IR2*10**-9) + diff --git a/3836/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3836/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e02d4eec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +OG=2*10**5 //Open Loop Gain +CG=20 //Closed Loop Gain +OR1=75 //Output Resistance +IR1=2*10**6 //Input Resistance +R1=20*10**3 //Resistnce in Ohm +R2=10**3 //Resistnce in Ohm + +//Calculation +AB=OG*CG**-1 //factor (1+AB) +OR2=OR1*AB**-1 //Output Resistance +//the input is connected to a virtual earth point by the resistance R2, +//so the input resistance is equal to R 2 , +IR2=R2 //Input Resistance + +//Result +printf("\n Output Resistance = %.1f mOhm\n",OR2*1000) + +printf("\n Input Resistance = %d KOhm",IR2*10**-3) + diff --git a/3836/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3836/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2990a33f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +//Initialisation +OG=2*10**5 //Open Loop Gain +CG=1 //Closed Loop Gain +OR1=75 //Output Resistance +IR1=2*10**6 //Input Resistance + +//Calculation +AB=OG*CG**-1 //factor (1+AB) +OR2=OR1*AB**-1 //Output Resistance +IR2=IR1*AB //Input Resistance + +//Result +printf("\n Output Resistance = %d uOhm\n",OR2*10**6) + +printf("\n Input Resistance = %d GOhm",IR2*10**-9) + diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a613eb8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clear +//Initializaton + +no=34.6875 //decimal number +n_int = int(no) // Extract the integral part +n_frac = no-n_int // Extract the fractional part + +//Calculation + +bini = 0 +i = 1 +ni = n_int +while (ni > 0) + rem = ni-int(ni/2)*2 + ni = int(ni/2) + bini = bini + rem*i + i = i * 10 +end + +// Function to convert binary fraction to decimal fraction +binf = 0 +i = 0.1, + +nf = n_frac + +while (nf > 0) + nf = nf*2 + rem = int(nf) + nf = nf-rem + binf = binf + rem*i + i = i/10 +end + + + +//Result +printf("\n Decimal equivalent of 34.6875 = %.4f",(bini+binf)) + diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91943d19a --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//initialization +n='A013' //Hex number + +//Calculation +w=hex2dec(n) //Hex to Decimal Coversion + + +//Result +printf("\n W = %d",w) + diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3ddf6f5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +//Variable declaration +n=7046 //Hex number + +//Calculations +h = dec2hex(n) //decimal to hex conversion + +//Result +printf ("The hexadecimal equivalent of 7046 is %s ",h) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..273a8d305 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +//Initializaton + +n='f851' //Hex Number + +//Calculation + +w=hex2dec(n) //Hex to Decimal Coversion +w1 =dec2bin(w) + + +//Result +printf("\n Binary of f851 = %s",(w1)) + diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e278ee1c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Initialiation +ni1=111011011000100 //binary number + +//Calculation + +deci = 0 +i = 0 +ni=ni1 +while (ni > 0) + rem = ni-int(ni/10.)*10 + ni = int(ni/10.) + deci = deci + rem*2**i + i = i + 1 + end +w=deci //calling the function +h = dec2hex(w) //decimal to hex conversion + +//Result +printf("The hexadecimal equivalent of 111011011000100 is %s",h) diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ede5dd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +//Initialization +ni1=11010 //binary number + +//Calculation +ni=ni1 +deci = 0 +i = 0 +while (ni > 0) + rem = ni-int(ni/10.)*10 + ni = int(ni/10.) + deci = deci + rem*2**i + i = i + 1 + end + +w=deci //calling the function + +//Declaration +printf("\n Decimal Equivalent = %f",w) + diff --git a/3836/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3836/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d15c1464 --- /dev/null +++ b/3836/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +//Initialization +ni=26 //Decimal number + +//Calculation + +bini = 0 +i = 1 +while (ni > 0) + rem = ni-int(ni/2)*2 + ni = int(ni/2) + bini = bini + rem*i + i = i * 10 +end +w= bini + + + +//Declaration +printf("\n Binary Equivalent = %d",w) + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/EX2_1_C.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/EX2_1_C.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a748d578c Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/EX2_1_C.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/Ex2_1_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/Ex2_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ab7c5e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.C/Ex2_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.1.c +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +y =exp(-(2*%i*%pi*t)/7); +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=7' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/EX2_1_D.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/EX2_1_D.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b9ca2611 Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/EX2_1_D.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/Ex2_1_d.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/Ex2_1_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2be67789d --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.D/Ex2_1_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.1.d +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +y =3*(cos((5*t)+(%pi/6))); +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=2%pi/5' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/EX2_1_E.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/EX2_1_E.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72147e49c Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/EX2_1_E.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/Ex2_1_e.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/Ex2_1_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03c82badc --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.E/Ex2_1_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.1.e +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +y =(1+cos(2*(2*t)-(%pi/3)))/(2); +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=%pi/2' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c3cd4eaa Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2be3dd31a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.a/Ex2_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 2.1.a +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t = -15:0.01:15; +y =2*(cos( t/4 )); +plot (t ,y ) ; +xtitle('plot of function 2*cos(t/4)') +xlabel('time-->') +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with period T=8%pi' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7feb318af Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27f80ca78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.1.b/Ex2_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 2.1.b +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +a=1;//assumed the value of a to be equal to 1 +y =exp(a*t); +plot(t,y); +xtitle('plot of function exp(a*t)') +xlabel('time--->') +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is not periodic' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.11.a/EX2_11_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.11.a/EX2_11_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78372bd79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.11.a/EX2_11_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.11.a +//to check the system is time invariant or not +clc ; +t0 =1; +T =10; +for t =1: T +x ( t ) =t; +y ( t ) =(2)*(t)*x(t) ; +end +inputshift = 2*(T)*x (T - t0 ); +outputshift = y (T - t0 ) ; +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ) +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.11.b/EX2_11_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.11.b/EX2_11_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1d8854c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.11.b/EX2_11_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2 . 2 11 b +clc ; +t0 =1; +T =10; +for t =1: T +x ( t ) =t; +y ( t ) =x(t)*sin(20*%pi*t) ; +end +inputshift = x(T-t0)*sin (20*%pi*(T) ) ; +outputshift = y (T - t0 ) ; +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ) +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.12.a/EX2_12_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.a/EX2_12_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9748b976 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.a/EX2_12_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2 2.12.a +clc ; +t0 =1; +T =10; +for t =1: T +x ( t ) =t; +y ( t ) =(2)*exp(x(t)) ; +end +inputshift = 2*exp(x (T - t0)) +outputshift = y (T - t0 ) +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ); +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.12.b/EX2_12_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.b/EX2_12_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bbd6bbd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.b/EX2_12_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2 2.12.b +clc ; +t0 =1; +T =10; +c=2; +for t =1: T +x ( t ) =t; +y ( t ) =x(t)+c ; +end +inputshift = x (T - t0)+c +outputshift = y (T - t0 ) +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ); +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.12.c/EX2_12_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.c/EX2_12_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0e7e9e8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.12.c/EX2_12_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2-12-c +clc ; +t0 =1; +T =10; +c=2; +for t =1: T +x ( t ) =t; +y ( t ) =3*(x(t))^(2); +end +inputshift = 3*(x(T - t0))^(2) +outputshift = y (T - t0 ) +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ); +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.13.a/Ex2_13_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.a/Ex2_13_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec4454b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.a/Ex2_13_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//example 2_13_a +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for t = 1:length(x1) + x3(t) = a*x1(t)+b*x2(t); +end +for t = 1:length(x1) + y1(t) = t*x1(t); + y2(t) = t*x2(t); + y3(t) = t*x3(t); +end +for t = 1:length(y1) + z(t) = a*y1(t)+b*y2(t); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(t)== z(t)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.13.c/Ex2_13_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.c/Ex2_13_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f34bc15b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.c/Ex2_13_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.13.C +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for t = 1:length(x1) + x3(t) = a*x1(t)+b*x2(t); +end +for t = 1:length(x1) + y1(t) = (x1(t)^2); + y2(t) = (x2(t)^2); + y3(t) = (x3(t)^2); +end +for t = 1:length(y1) + z(t) = a*y1(t)+b*y2(t); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(t)== z(t)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.13.d/Ex2_13_d.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.d/Ex2_13_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43cfcc627 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.d/Ex2_13_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.13.D +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +A=2 +B=3; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = A*x1(n)+B; + y2(n) = A*x2(n)+B; + y3(n) = A*x3(n)+B; +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.13.e/Ex2_13_e.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.e/Ex2_13_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8356dc9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.13.e/Ex2_13_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.13.e +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for t = 1:length(x1) + x3(t) = a*x1(t)+b*x2(t); +end +for t = 1:length(x1) + y1(t) = exp(x1(t)); + y2(t) = exp(x2(t)); + y3(t) = exp(x3(t)); +end +for t = 1:length(y1) + z(t) = a*y1(t)+b*y2(t); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(t)== z(t)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.17.a/EX2_17_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.17.a/EX2_17_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd3b04fee --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.17.a/EX2_17_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.17.A +clc; +x=[1,1,1,1] +t=-1:0:1; +y(t)=cos(x(t)); +disp('the max val of cos function is'); +disp(cos(0)); +disp('the min val of cos function is'); +disp(cos(%pi)); +disp('HENCE THE GIVEN SYSTEM IS BOUNDED IN -1 TO 1 HENCE THE GIVEN SYSTEM IS STABLE'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.18.a/EX2_18_A.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.a/EX2_18_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed1fbedbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.a/EX2_18_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.18.a +clc; +P=integrate('(exp(-5*t))','t',0,100) +E=integrate('(exp(5*t))','t',-100,0) +disp(P+E) +disp('AS THE INTEGRATION PRODUCT IS CONSTANT HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.18.c/EX2_18_C.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.c/EX2_18_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..827b361f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.c/EX2_18_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2.18.C +clc; +P=integrate('(exp(-4*t))','t',0,100) +disp(P) +disp('AS THE INTEGRATION PRODUCT IS CONSTANT HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.18.d/EX2_18_D.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.d/EX2_18_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..875333538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.d/EX2_18_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2.18.D +clc; +P=integrate('(t*exp(-3*t))','t',0,100) +disp(P) +disp('AS THE INTEGRATION PRODUCT IS CONSTANT HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.18.f/EX2_18_F.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.f/EX2_18_F.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83aa2adc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.18.f/EX2_18_F.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2.18.F +clc; +P=integrate('(exp(-t)*sin(t))','t',0,100) +disp(P) +disp('AS THE INTEGRATION PRODUCT IS CONSTANT HENCE THE SYSTEM IS STABLE'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/EX2_2_C.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/EX2_2_C.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c31b6a497 Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/EX2_2_C.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/Example2_2_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/Example2_2_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f0a9dd57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.C/Example2_2_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.2.c +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-6:0.01:6; +y =(5*cos(4*%pi*t))+(3*sin(8*%pi*t)); +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=1/2' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/EX2_2_a.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/EX2_2_a.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebf88d5d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/EX2_2_a.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/Example2_2_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/Example2_2_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c10394ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.a/Example2_2_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.2.a +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +y =(2*cos((2)*(%pi)*t/3))+(3*cos((2)*(%pi)*t/7)); +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=21' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/EX2_2_b.png b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/EX2_2_b.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23bbb7d64 Binary files /dev/null and b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/EX2_2_b.png differ diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/Example2_2_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/Example2_2_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..713db8ea1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.2.b/Example2_2_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 2.2.b +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +t =-15:0.01:15; +y =(2*cos(3*t))+(3*sin(7*t)) +plot(t,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic with periodicity=2%pi' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.20.B/EX2_20_B.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.B/EX2_20_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2442f806 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.B/EX2_20_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.20.B +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('exp(-2*t)*exp(-5*t)','t',0,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=0'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.20.C/EX2_20_C.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.C/EX2_20_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04a0be4b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.C/EX2_20_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.20.C +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('t*exp(-5*t)','t',0,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=0'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.20.D/EX2_20_D.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.D/EX2_20_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c12dfa18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.D/EX2_20_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.20.D +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('t*cos(t)','t',0,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=0'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.20.a/EX2_20_A.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.a/EX2_20_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2de27fef --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.20.a/EX2_20_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.20.A +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('2*1','t',0,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=0'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.21.B/EX2_21_B.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.B/EX2_21_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e00b4b96e --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.B/EX2_21_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.21.B +clc; +x1=10; +x=integrate('exp((-5)*t)','t',0,x1); +disp(x) +disp('valid for t>=0') diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.21.C/EX2_21_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.C/EX2_21_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd13b09cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.C/EX2_21_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.21.C +clc; +x1=10; +x=integrate('1','t',-2,x1); +disp(x) +disp('valid for t<=2') diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.21.D/EX2_21_d.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.D/EX2_21_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0af8e06a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.D/EX2_21_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.21.D +clc; +x1=10; +x=integrate('1','t',2,x1); +disp(x) +disp('valid for t>=2') diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.21.E/EX2_21_e.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.E/EX2_21_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b1bef93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.E/EX2_21_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.21.E +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('1','t',-2,x1); +y=integrate('1','t',2,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=-2 to t<=2'); +disp(x+y); +disp('valid for t>=2'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.21.a/EX2_21_A.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.a/EX2_21_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a11aeea5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.21.a/EX2_21_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.21.A +clc; +x1=100; +x=integrate('3*t','t',0,x1); +disp(x); +disp('valid for t>=0'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.22.A/EX2_22_A.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.22.A/EX2_22_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f36ff8523 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.22.A/EX2_22_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.22.A +clc; +t=0:1:15; +t2=0:0.1:15 +x1=exp((-3)*t2).*(t2>=0); +x2=t.*(t>=0); +subplot(3,1,1);plot(t2,x1); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x1(t)'); +title('signal x1(t)'); +subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,x2); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x2(t)'); +title('signal x2(t)'); +T1=length(x1); +T2=length(x2); +x3=convol(x1,x2); +t1=0:1:T1+T2-2; +subplot(3,1,3);plot(t1,x3); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x3(t)'); +title('signal x3(t) =x1(t)*x2(t)'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.22.b/EX2_22_B.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.22.b/EX2_22_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1beda96b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.22.b/EX2_22_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//EXAMPLE 2.22.B +clc; +t=0:1:15; +t2=0:0.1:15 +a=2; +x1=exp(-a*t2).*(t2>=0); +x2=t.*(t>=0); +subplot(3,1,1);plot(t2,x1); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x1(t)'); +title('signal x1(t)'); +subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,x2); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x2(t)'); +title('signal x2(t)'); +T1=length(x1); +T2=length(x2); +x3=convol(x1,x2); +t1=0:1:T1+T2-2; +subplot(3,1,3);plot(t1,x3); +xlabel('t');ylabel('x3(t)'); +title('signal x3(t) =x1(t)*x2(t)'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.3.C/EX2_3_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.C/EX2_3_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77d02850c --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.C/EX2_3_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +t=-12:0.01:12 +x=sin(2*t)+cos(t)+0.5*(sin(3*t)-sin(t)) +h=-sin(2*t)+cos(t)-0.5*(sin(3*t)-sin(t)) +e=cos(t)//(x+h)/2 +o=(x-h)/2//sin(t)+0.5*(sin(3*t)-sin(t)) +subplot(3,1,1) +plot(t,e) +xtitle('even signal') +subplot(3,1,2) +plot(t,o) +xtitle('odd signal') diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.3.a/EX2_3_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.a/EX2_3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2bd8c466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.a/EX2_3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ex_2.3.a even and odd signals of x(t) +clear; +clc; +close; +t = 0:0.01:5; +x=exp(t) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('x(t)') +plot2d(t,x) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('even signal') +plot2d(t,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('odd signal') +plot2d(t,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,-x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +a.x_location='origin' diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.3.b/EX2_3_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.b/EX2_3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ac66ece2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.3.b/EX2_3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ex_2.3.b even and odd signals of x(t) +clear; +clc; +close; +t = 0:0.01:5; +x=3+(2*t)+5*((t)^2) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('x(t)') +plot2d(t,x) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('even signal') +plot2d(t,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('odd signal') +plot2d(t,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,-x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +a.x_location='origin' diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.4.A/EX2_4_a.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.A/EX2_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c65402068 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.A/EX2_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 2.4.a +//Energy of the signal x(t)=(exp(-2*a*t)).u(t) +clc; +a=2; +E=integrate('exp(-a*t)^(2)','t',0,100)//Energy of the given signal +disp(E) +disp('AS ENERGY OF THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS FINITE HENCE THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS ENERGY SIGNAL'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.4.b/EX2_4_b.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.b/EX2_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c13b1fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.b/EX2_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.4.a +//Energy of the signal x(t)=(exp(-2*a*t)).u(t) +clc; +P=integrate('1^(2)','t',(-100),100)/(2*100)//power of given signal t=100 +disp(P) +disp('AS POWER OF THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS FINITE HENCE THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS POWER SIGNAL'); diff --git a/3838/CH2/EX2.4.c/EX2_4_c.sce b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.c/EX2_4_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f13fa451a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH2/EX2.4.c/EX2_4_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.4.c +clc; +a=2; +P=(integrate('(3*cos(0.1*(%pi)*t))^(2)','t',-100,100)/(2*100))//power of given signal t=100 +disp(P) +disp('AS POWER OF THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS FINITE HENCE THE GIVEN SIGNAL IS POWER SIGNAL'); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.1.A/EX3_1_a.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.A/EX3_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd1c6d887 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.A/EX3_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.1.A +clc; +Syms s t; +A=3 +laplace(A,t,s) + diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.1.B/EX3_1_b.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.B/EX3_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30bb579eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.B/EX3_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.1.B +clc; +Syms s t +laplace(t,t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.1.C/EX3_1_c.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.C/EX3_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1237874f --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.C/EX3_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.1.C +clc; +Syms s t +laplace(exp(-3*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.1.D/EX3_1_d.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.D/EX3_1_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abfd394ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.D/EX3_1_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.1.D +clc; +Syms s t +laplace(-exp(-3*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.1.E/EX3_1_e.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.E/EX3_1_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90d6010af --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.1.E/EX3_1_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.1.E +clc; +Syms s t e +e=laplace(exp(-4*t),t,s)-laplace(exp(4*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98e23000 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.12 +clc; +syms s; +I=2/((s)*(s+1)*(s+2)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a310014b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.13/EX3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.13 +clc; +syms s; +I=2/((s)*(s+1)*(s+2)^(2)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d071d656 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.14 +clc; +syms s; +I=1/((s+2)*(((s)^(2))+s+1)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..740adf8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.15 +clc; +syms s; +I=4/((s^(2))*(s^(2)+16)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.16.a/EX3_16_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.16.a/EX3_16_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e360c6f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.16.a/EX3_16_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.16.A +clc; +syms s; +I=(3*s^(2)+8*s+23)/((s+3)*(s^(2)+2*s+10)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.16.b/EX3_16_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.16.b/EX3_16_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1092d7803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.16.b/EX3_16_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.16.B +clc; +syms s; +I=(8*(s^(2)))/((s+2)*(s+1)^(3)); +i=ilaplace(I); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.2.A/EX3_2_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.A/EX3_2_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5637157d --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.A/EX3_2_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.2.A +clc; +Syms s t +w=2; +laplace(sin(w*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.2.b/EX3_2_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.b/EX3_2_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1bb0ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.b/EX3_2_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.2.B +clc; +Syms s t +w=2; +laplace(cos(w*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.2.c/EX3_2_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.c/EX3_2_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34a02be95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.c/EX3_2_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.2.C +clc; +Syms s t +w=2; +laplace(cosh(w*t),t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.2.d/EX3_2_D.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.d/EX3_2_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb0a99fba --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.d/EX3_2_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.2.D +clc; +Syms s t +w=2; +a=5; +F=exp(-a*t)*sin(w*t) +laplace(F,t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.2.e/EX3_2_E.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.e/EX3_2_E.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d42d041ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.2.e/EX3_2_E.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.2.E +clc; +Syms s t +w=2; +a=5; +F=exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t) +laplace(F,t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df1d08bff --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.22 +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(exp(-2*t)*cos(3*t),t,s); +y=laplace(4*sin(3*t),t,s); +z=x*y +i=ilaplace(z); +disp(i); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.24.a/EX3_24_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.a/EX3_24_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26a01bc1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.a/EX3_24_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3.24.a +clc; +Syms s t; +x=laplace(((2+t)*(exp(-3*t)),t,s); +disp(x); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.24.b/EX3_24_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.b/EX3_24_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..841c34f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.b/EX3_24_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3.24.B +clc; +Syms s t; +x=laplace((t^(2)-exp(-4*t)+exp(-7*t)),t,s); +disp(x); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.24.c/EX3_24_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.c/EX3_24_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bec5984b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.24.c/EX3_24_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3.24.C +clc; +Syms s t; +x=laplace((1+0.5*exp(-6*t)+0.2*exp(-3*t)),t,s); +disp(x); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.25.a/EX3_25_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.a/EX3_25_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d7c74d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.a/EX3_25_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.25.A +clc; +Syms s,t; +u=laplace(1,t,s)+laplace(exp(-2*t),t,s);0 +F=u*laplace(1,t,s) +disp(F); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.25.b/EX3_25_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.b/EX3_25_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e15a27ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.b/EX3_25_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.25.b +clc; +Syms s,t; +u=laplace((t)^(2),t,s)+laplace(t*exp(-4*t),t,s); +F=u*laplace(1,t,s) +disp(F); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.25.c/EX3_25_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.c/EX3_25_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757a00ef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.25.c/EX3_25_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//EXAMPLE 3.25.c +clc; +Syms s,t; +u=laplace(t,t,s)+laplace(sin(t),t,s); +F=u*laplace(1,t,s) +disp(F); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.26.a/EX3_26_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.a/EX3_26_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dec17118f --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.a/EX3_26_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.26.A +clc; +syms s; +F=1/(s^(2)*(s-2)); +f=ilaplace(F); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.26.b/EX3_26_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.b/EX3_26_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bb058fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.b/EX3_26_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.26.B +clc; +syms s; +F=1/(s*(s+1)*(s-2)); +f=ilaplace(F); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.26.c/EX3_26_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.c/EX3_26_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1431f1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.26.c/EX3_26_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3.26.c +clc; +syms s; +F=1/(s^(2)+s+1); +f=ilaplace(F); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.27.a/EX3_27_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.27.a/EX3_27_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd8bf3a64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.27.a/EX3_27_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3.27.A +clc; +a=2; +syms s t; +y=laplace(exp(-a*t)); +z=1*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); ++9 diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.27.b/EX3_27_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.27.b/EX3_27_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..067e2d272 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.27.b/EX3_27_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.27.B +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(exp(-2*t)); +y=laplace(1); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.28.B/EX3_28_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.B/EX3_28_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e21ae86b --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.B/EX3_28_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.28.B +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(exp(-2*t)); +y=laplace(exp(-5*t)); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.28.C/EX3_28_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.C/EX3_28_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ba0be3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.C/EX3_28_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.28.c +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(t); +y=laplace(exp(-5*t)); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.28.D/EX3_28_D.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.D/EX3_28_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94f5967bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.D/EX3_28_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.28.D +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(cos(t)); +y=laplace(t); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.28.a/EX3_28_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.a/EX3_28_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c16c96f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.28.a/EX3_28_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.28.A +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(2); +y=laplace(1); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.29.A/EX3_29_a.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.A/EX3_29_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e28729a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.A/EX3_29_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.29.A +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(2); +y=laplace(1); +z=x/y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.29.B/EX3_29_b.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.B/EX3_29_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd7f9ed4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.B/EX3_29_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.29.b +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace((1/3)*(exp(-2*t)-exp(-5*t)); +y=laplace(exp(-5*t)); +z=x/y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.29.C/EX3_29_C.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.C/EX3_29_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6509b7a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.C/EX3_29_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.29.C +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace((1/25)*(exp(-5*t)+5*t-1)); +y=laplace(exp(-5*t)); +z=x/y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.29.D/EX3_29_D.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.D/EX3_29_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2c1a99eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.29.D/EX3_29_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.29.d +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(1-cos(t)); +y=laplace(t); +z=x/y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.30.A/EX3_30_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.30.A/EX3_30_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35351849b --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.30.A/EX3_30_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.30.A +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(3*t); +y=laplace(1); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.30.B/EX3_30_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.30.B/EX3_30_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57c373252 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.30.B/EX3_30_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 3.30.B +clc; +syms s t; +x=laplace(exp(-5*t)); +y=laplace(1); +z=x*y; +f=ilaplace(z); +disp(f); diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.7.a/EX3_7_A.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.7.a/EX3_7_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5db94c23d --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.7.a/EX3_7_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//example 3.7.a +clc; +Syms s t +F=(t^(2)-2*t)*unit_step(t-1) +laplace(F,t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH3/EX3.7.b/EX3_7_B.sce b/3838/CH3/EX3.7.b/EX3_7_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13a1e2a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH3/EX3.7.b/EX3_7_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 3.7.b +clc; +Syms s t +a=5; +F=(t-a)*unit_step(t-a) +laplace(F,t,s) diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.10.b/EX6_10_b.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.10.b/EX6_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981b8d66c --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.10.b/EX6_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 6 . 6 10 b +clc ; +n0 =1; +N =10; +for n =1: N +x ( n ) =n; +y ( n ) =n*x(n); +end +inputshift = (n)*x(N-n0) ; +outputshift = y (N - n0 ) ; +if( inputshift == outputshift ) +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME INVARIANT ' ) +else +disp ( 'THE GIVEN SYSTEM I S TIME VARIANT ' ) ; +end + diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.12.a/EX6_12_A.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.a/EX6_12_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff5f27e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.a/EX6_12_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//example 6.12.a +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = n*x1(n); + y2(n) = n*x2(n); + y3(n) = n*x3(n); +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.12.c/EX6_12_C.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.c/EX6_12_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8835cfa96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.c/EX6_12_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.12.C +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = (x1(n)^2); + y2(n) = (x2(n)^2); + y3(n) = (x3(n)^2); +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.12.d/EX6_12_D.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.d/EX6_12_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f72fa4c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.d/EX6_12_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.12.D +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +A=2 +B=3; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = A*x1(n)+B; + y2(n) = A*x2(n)+B; + y3(n) = A*x3(n)+B; +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.12.e/EX6_12_E.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.e/EX6_12_E.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e093f054 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.12.e/EX6_12_E.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.12.e +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = exp(x1(n)); + y2(n) = exp(x2(n)); + y3(n) = exp(x3(n)); +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.13.a/EX6_13_A.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.a/EX6_13_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6abc12438 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.a/EX6_13_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.13.a +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +C=3; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = x1(n)+C; + y2(n) = x2(n)+C; + y3(n) = x3(n)+C; +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.13.b/EX6_13_B.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.b/EX6_13_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aa460e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.b/EX6_13_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.13.b +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = a^(x1(n)); + y2(n) = a^(x2(n)); + y3(n) = a^(x3(n)); +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.13.c/EX6_13_C.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.c/EX6_13_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c586cbb22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.13.c/EX6_13_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//EXAMPLE 6.13.C +clear; +clc; +x1 = [1,1,1,1]; +x2 = [2,2,2,2]; +a = 1; +b = 1; +for n = 1:length(x1) + x3(n) = a*x1(n)+b*x2(n); +end +for n = 1:length(x1) + y1(n) = n*(x1(n))^(2); + y2(n) = n*(x2(n))^(2); + y3(n) = n*(x3(n))^(2); +end +for n = 1:length(y1) + z(n) = a*y1(n)+b*y2(n); +end +count = 0; +for n =1:length(y1) + if(y3(n)== z(n)) + count = count+1; + end +end +if(count == length(y3)) + disp('Since It satisifies the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Linear system') + y3 + z + else + disp('Since It does not satisify the superposition principle') + disp('The given system is a Non-Linear system') +end diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.4.A/EX6_4_A.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.A/EX6_4_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbf51c98a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.A/EX6_4_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 6.4.A +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +n=-15:0.01:15; +y =sin((6*(%pi)*n/7)+1); +xlabel('n') +ylabel('x(n)') +plot2d(n,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic of fundamental period=7 samples' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.4.b/EX6_4_B.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.b/EX6_4_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a69a522 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.b/EX6_4_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 6_4_B +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +n=-15:0.01:15; +y =cos((n/8)-(%pi)); +xlabel('n') +ylabel('x(n)') +plot(n,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is NOT periodic ' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.4.c/EX6_4_C.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.c/EX6_4_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3fa7788 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.c/EX6_4_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 6.4.C +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +n=-15:0.01:15; +y =(1+cos(2*(%pi)*n/8)/2); +xlabel('n') +ylabel('x(n)') +plot(n,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic of fundamental period=4 samples' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.4.d/EX6_4_D.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.d/EX6_4_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1358a845 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.4.d/EX6_4_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 6.4.d +//check the signal is periodic or not +clc ; +n=-15:0.01:15; +y =(cos(7*%pi*n)+%i*sin(7*%pi*n)); +xlabel('n') +ylabel('x(n)') +plot(n,y); +disp ( 'Plot shows that given signal is periodic of fundamental period=2 samples' ) ; diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.5.a/EX6_5_A.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.5.a/EX6_5_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..603fe9206 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.5.a/EX6_5_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//ex_6.5.a even and odd signals of x(n) +clear; +clc; +close; +a=2; +n= 0:0.01:5; +x=a^(n); +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('x(n)') +plot2d(n,x) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('even signal') +plot2d(n,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('odd signal') +plot2d(n,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,-x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +a.x_location='origin' diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.5.b/EX6_5_B.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.5.b/EX6_5_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2449ba8ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.5.b/EX6_5_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//ex_6.5.b even and odd signals of x(n) +clear; +clc; +close; +n= 0:0.01:5; +x=2*exp(%i*((%pi)/3)*n); +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('x(n)') +plot2d(n,x) +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('even signal') +plot2d(n,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +figure +a=gca(); +xtitle('odd signal') +plot2d(n,x/2) +t1=-5:1/100:0; +plot2d(t1,-x($:-1:1)/2) +a.y_location='origin' +a.x_location='origin' diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.6.a/EX6_6_A.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.6.a/EX6_6_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d68cfd28a --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.6.a/EX6_6_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//ex 6.6.a +clc; +E=(1/(1-(0.25)^(2))) +disp(E); +disp('AS THE ENERGY OF THE SIGNAL IS FINITE HENCE THE FOLLOWING SIGNALIS ENERGY SIGNAL'); + + diff --git a/3838/CH6/EX6.6.c/EX6_6_C.sce b/3838/CH6/EX6.6.c/EX6_6_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92032fd78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH6/EX6.6.c/EX6_6_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//ex 6.6.c +clc; +N=100//ASSUMING THE N=100 +p=(N)/(2*N)//AS LIMIT N TENDS TO INFINITY HENCE THE EQUATION +disp(p); +disp('AS THE POWER OF THE SIGNAL IS FINITE HENCE THE FOLLOWING SIGNALIS POWER SIGNAL'); + + diff --git a/3838/CH7/EX7.2.A/EX7_2_A.sce b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.A/EX7_2_A.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe8acb2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.A/EX7_2_A.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 7.2.A +clc; +syms a z n; +x=1; +X=symsum(x*(z^-n),n,0,%inf); +disp(X,'X(z)='); diff --git a/3838/CH7/EX7.2.B/EX7_2_B.sce b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.B/EX7_2_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d0f4822 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.B/EX7_2_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 7.2.B +clc; +syms a z n; +x=(0.5)^(n); +X=symsum(x*(z^-n),n,0,%inf); +disp(X,'X(z)='); diff --git a/3838/CH7/EX7.2.c/EX7_2_C.sce b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.c/EX7_2_C.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c82cbd83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.c/EX7_2_C.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 7.2.C +clc; +syms a z n; +x=0.8^(n); +X=symsum(x*(z^-n),n,-(%inf),-1); +disp(X,'X(z)='); diff --git a/3838/CH7/EX7.2.d/EX7_2_D.sce b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.d/EX7_2_D.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2264d412b --- /dev/null +++ b/3838/CH7/EX7.2.d/EX7_2_D.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.2.D +clc; +syms a z n; +x=(0.5)^(n); +X=symsum(x*(z^-n),n,0,%inf); +d=0.8^(n); +D=symsum(d*(z^-n),n,-(%inf),-1); +disp(D+X,'X(z)='); diff --git a/3841/CH8/EX8.28.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3841/CH8/EX8.28.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f778ba349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3841/CH8/EX8.28.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//given +// +//find the piston speed of enigne running +N=1200. +x=5**(0.5) +y=4**(0.5) +//setting equations +Ps=(N*x)/(6.) +printf("\n \n piston speed %.2f ft",Ps*2.46) diff --git a/3841/CH8/EX8.28.28.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3841/CH8/EX8.28.28.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f778ba349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3841/CH8/EX8.28.28.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +//given +// +//find the piston speed of enigne running +N=1200. +x=5**(0.5) +y=4**(0.5) +//setting equations +Ps=(N*x)/(6.) +printf("\n \n piston speed %.2f ft",Ps*2.46) diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..762c1b3cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 1_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_a=2200;// kg +V_a1=90*(1000/3600);// m/s +V_a2=50*(1000/3600);// m/s +m_b=1000;// kg +V_b2=88*(1000/3600);// m/s + +// Calculation +KE_1=(1/2)*m_a*V_a1^2;// J +KE_2=((1/2)*m_a*V_a2^2)+((1/2)*m_b*V_b2^2);// J +// dU=U_2-U_1 +dU=KE_1-KE_2;// J +printf("\nThe increase in internal energy,U_2-U_1=%6.0f J or %3.1f kJ",dU,dU/1000); +// The answer vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b72f7d917 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 1_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=3*5*20;// The volume of the room in(m*m*m) +m=350;// The mass of air in kg +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 + +// Calculation +rho=m/V;// The density in kg/m^3 +c=1/rho;// The specific volume in m^3/kg +gamma=rho*g;// The specific weight in N/m^3 +printf("\nThe density,rho=%1.3f kg/m^3 \nThe specific volume,c=%0.3f m^3/kg \nThe specific weight,gamma=%2.2f N/m^3",rho,c,gamma); diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..680bf3326 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_gage=35;// psi +P_atm=100;// The atmospheric pressure in kPa + +// Calculation +P_gage=35*144*0.04788;// The gage pressure in kPa +P=P_atm+P_gage;// The absolute pressure in kPa +printf("\nThe absolute pressure,P=%3.0f kPa",P) diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7779b70d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 1_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +h=0.6;// The manometer reading in m +r=9810;// The weight density in N/m^3 +S_gm=13.6;// The specific gravity of mercury + +// Calculation +P=(h*S_gm*r)-(h*r);// Pa +printf("\nThe water pressure,P=%5.0f Pa or %2.1f kPa",P,P/10^3); +// The answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e58dbb479 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 1_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +rho=1000;// The density of water in kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +h=600;// m +d=1;// m + +// Calculation +P=rho*g*h;// Pa +A=(%pi*d^2)/4;// m^2 +F=P*A;// The force due to pressure in N +printf("\n The force due to pressure,F=%1.2e N",F); diff --git a/3843/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3843/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33ef7b3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +t=50;// °F + +// Calculation +t_c=(5/9)*(t-32);// °C +T_K=t_c+273;// K +T_R=t+460;// °R +printf("\nt_c=%2.0f°C \nT_K=%3.0f K \nT_R=%3.0f°R",t_c,T_K,T_R); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d96c553c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 10_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=25+273;// The initial temperature in K +P_1=122;// The initial pressure in kPa +T_2=29+273;// The final temperature in K +P_2=120;// The final pressure in kPa +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +dv=((R*T_2)/P_2)-((R*T_1)/P_1);// The change in the specific volume of air in m^3/kg +printf("\nThe change in the specific volume of air,dv=%0.5f m^3/kg",dv); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da876ef19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +// Example 10_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=-50;// °C +P_1=2;// MPa +T_2=40;// °C +P_2=6;// MPa +c_p=1.042;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.745;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.297;// kJ/kg.K +M=28;// The molecular weight of nitrogen in kg/kmol + +// Calculation +// (a) +dh=c_p*(T_2-T_1);// The enthalpy change in kJ/kg +du=c_v*(T_2-T_1);// The change in internal energy in kJ/kg +ds=(c_p*log((T_2+273)/(T_1+273)))-(R*log(P_2/P_1));// The entropy change in kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(a)The enthalpy change,dh=%2.1f kJ/kg \n The change in internal energy,du=%2.0f kJ/kg \n The entropy change,ds=%0.2f kJ/kg.K",dh,du,ds); +// (b) +// Interpolating in the ideal gas table (Table F-2) gives +h_1=6479;// kJ/kmol +h_2=9102;// kJ/kmol +dh=(h_2-h_1)/M;// The enthalpy change in kJ/kg +u_1=4625;// kJ/kmol +u_2=6499;// kJ/kmol +du=(u_2-u_1)/M;// The change in internal energy in kJ/kg +phi_1=183.0;// kJ/kmol.K +phi_2=192.9;// kJ/kmol.K +ds=((phi_2-phi_1)/M)-(R*log(P_2/P_1));// The entropy change in kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(b)The enthalpy change,dh=%2.1f kJ/kg \n The change in internal energy,du=%2.0f kJ/kg \n The entropy change,ds=%0.2f kJ/kg.K",dh,du,ds); +// (c) +// Using (10.69) and the enthalpy departure chart in Appendix I we find +T_c=126.2;// K +T_R1=(T_1+273)/T_c;// The reduced temperature at state 1 +T_R2=(T_2+273)/T_c;// The reduced temperature at state 2 +P_c=3.39;// MPa +P_R1=P_1/P_c;// The reduced pressure at state 1 +P_R2=P_2/P_c;// The reduced pressure at state 2 +// The enthalpy departure chart(Appendix I) provides us with +// Assume dh_s1=(hbar*_1-hbar_1)/T_c,dh_s2=(hbar*_2-hbar_2)/T_c,dh_1=h*_1-h_1,dh_2=h*_2-h_2, +dh_s1=1.6;// kJ/kmol.K +dh_s2=2.5;// kJ/kmol.K +dh_1=(dh_s1*T_c)/M;// kJ/kg +dh_2=(dh_s2*T_c)/M;// kJ/kg +dh=-dh_1+dh_2+[c_p*(T_2-T_1)];// The enthalpy change in kJ/kg +// Using Compressibility chart, +Z_1=0.99;// The Compressibility factor at state 1 +Z_2=0.985;// The Compressibility factor at state 2 +du=dh-[R*((Z_2*(T_2+273))-(Z_1*(T_1+273)))];// The change in internal energy in kJ/kg +// Assume ds_s1=(sbar*_1-sbar_1),ds_s2=(sbar*_2-sbar_2),ds_1=s*_1-s_1,ds_2=s*_2-s_2, +ds_s1=1.0;// kJ/kmol.K +ds_s2=1.2;// kJ/kmol.K +ds_1=ds_s1/M;// kJ/kg.K +ds_2=ds_s2/M;// kJ/kg.K +ds=-ds_1+ds_2+((c_p*log((T_2+273)/(T_1+273)))-(R*log(P_2/P_1)));// The entropy change in kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(c)The enthalpy change,dh=%2.1f kJ/kg \n The change in internal energy,du=%2.0f kJ/kg \n The entropy change,ds=%0.2f kJ/kg.K",dh,du,ds); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30f9f0d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 10_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=400;// °C +P=4;// MPa + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +dh=3330-3092;// kJ/kg +ds=6.937-6.583;// kJ/kg.K +dhbyds=dh/ds;// K +printf("\n(dh/ds)_P=%3.0f K or %3.0f°C",dhbyds,dhbyds-273); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..666e006a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 10_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=200;// °C +P=1554;// kPa +R=0.462;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +v_g=(R*(T+273))/P;// m^3/kg +rho=1000;// kg/m^3 +v_f=0.001;// m^3/kg +dPbydT=(1906-1254)/(210-190);// kN/m^2.K +h_fg=(T+273)*(v_g-v_f)*dPbydT;// kJ/kg +h_fga=1941;// kJ/kg (From steam tables) +error=((h_fg-h_fga)/h_fga)*100;// The percentage error +printf("\nThe percent error=%2.1f percentage",error); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c555be6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 10_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=2;// kPa +T_1=17.5+273;// K +P_2=1;// kPa +h_fg=2480;// kJ/kg +R=0.462;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +T_2=1/((1/T_1)-((R/h_fg)*log(P_2/P_1)));// K +printf("\nT_2=%3.0f K or %1.0f°C",T_2,T_2-273); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1ddb349b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 10_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=10;// kg +P_1=100;// The initial pressure in kPa +P_2=50;// The final pressure in MPa +beta=5*10^-5;// K^-1 +rho=8770;// kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +// ds=s_2-s_1; +ds=-(1/rho)*beta*[(P_2-(P_1/10^3))*10^6];// J/kg.K +printf("\nThe entropy change,s_2-s_1=%0.3f J/kg.K",ds); diff --git a/3843/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3843/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6144f7f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 10_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=400;// °C +P=1;// MPa +v=0.3066;// m^3/kg + +// Calculation +ds=7.619-7.302;// kJ/kg.K +dT=450-350;// K +c_p=(T+273)*(ds/dT);// kJ/kg.K +dv=0.3304-0.2825;// m^3/kg +mu_j=(1/(c_p*10^3))*[((T+273)*(dv/dT))-v];// K/Pa +printf("\nThe Joule thomson coefficient,mu_j=%1.2e K/Pa",mu_j); +dT=403.7-396.2;// K +dP=(1.5-0.5)*10^6;// Pa +mu_j=dT/dP;// K/Pa +printf("\nThe Joule thomson coefficient,mu_j=%1.2e K/Pa",mu_j); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c18be5462 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 11_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +N_1=78;// The number of moles for nitrogen in mol +N_2=22;// The number of moles for oxygen in mol +M_1=28;// The molecular weight of nirogen in kg/kmol +M_2=32;// The molecular weight of oxygen in kg/kmol +Rbar=8.314;// The universal gas constant kJ/kmol.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +N=N_1+N_2;// The total number of moles in mol +y_1=N_1/N;// The mole fraction for nitrogen +y_2=N_2/N;// The mole fraction for oxygen +// (b) +m_1=N_1*M_1;// The mass of nitrogen in kg +m_2=N_2*M_2;// The mass of oxygen in kg +m=m_1+m_2;// The total mass of the mixture in kg +mf_1=m_1/m;// The mass fraction for nitrogen +mf_2=m_2/m;// The mass fraction for oxygen +// (c) +M=m/N;// The molecular weight of the mixture in kg/k.mol +// (d) +R=Rbar/M;// The gas constant for air in kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(a)The mole fraction for nitrogen,y_1=%0.2f \n The mole fraction for oxygen,y_2=%0.2f \n(b)The mass fraction for nitrogen,mf_1=%0.3f \n The mass fraction for oxygen,mf_2=%0.3f \n(c)The molecular weight of the mixture,M=%2.1f kg/k.mol \n(d)The gas constant for air,R=%0.3f kJ/kg.K",y_1,y_2,mf_1,mf_2,M,R); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0179672ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 11_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=5;// °C +T_2=25;// °C +phi_1=40/100;// The relative humidity at state 1 +phi_2=40/100;// The relative humidity at state 2 +V=60;// m^3/min +P=100;// kPa +P_g1=0.872;// kPa +R_a=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +P_a1=P-(phi_1*P_g1);// kPa +rho_a1=P_a1/(R_a*(T_1+273));// kg/m^3 +mdot_a=(V/60)*rho_a1;// The mass flux of dry air in kg/s +// Using psychrometric chart +h_1=10;// kJ/kg air +h_2=31;// kJ/kg air +Q=mdot_a*(h_2-h_1);// The rate of heat transfer in kJ/s +// (b) +w_2=0.0021;// kgH2O/kg dry air +w_3=0.008;// kgH2O/kg dry air +mdot_s=(w_3-w_2)*mdot_a;// The rate of steam supplied in kg/s +// (c) +h_2=31;// kJ/kg +h_3=45;// kJ/kg +h_s=(mdot_a/mdot_s)*(h_3-h_2);// kJ/kg +h_fs=604.7;// kJ/kg +h_fgs=2133.8;// kJ/kg +x_s=(h_s-h_fs)/h_fgs;// The state of the steam introduced +printf("\n(a)The rate of heat transfer,Q=%2.1f kJ/s \n(b)The rate of steam supplied,mdot_s=%0.4f kg/s \n(c)The state of the steam introduced,x_s=%0.2f",Q,mdot_s,x_s); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41b141294 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 11_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=80;// °F +phi_1=90;// The relative humidity at state 1 +T_2=75;// °F +phi_2=40;// The relative humidity at state 2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From psychrometric chart +w_2=0.0177;// lbm H2O/lbm dry air +w_3=0.0075;// lbm H2O/lbm dry air +dw=w_3-w_2;// The amount of moisture removed in lbm H2O/lbm dry air +// (b) +h_3=20;// Btu/lbm dry air +h_1=39.5;// Btu/lbm dry air +q=h_3-h_1;// The heat removed in Btu/lbm dry air +// (c) +h_3=20;// Btu/lbm dry air +h_4=26.5;// Btu/lbm dry air +q_c=h_4-h_3;// The necessary added heat in Btu/lbm dry air +printf("\n(a)The amount of moisture removed,dw=%0.3f lbm H2O/lbm dry air \n(b)The heat removed,q=%2.1f Btu/lbm dry air \n(c)The necessary added heat,q=%1.1f Btu/lbm dry air",dw,q,q_c); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea4fb18c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 11_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +w_1=0.0046;// kg H2O/kg dry air +w_2=0.010;// kg H2O/kg dry air + +// Calculation +// (b) +dw=w_2-w_1;// The amount of water added in kg H2O/kg dry air +printf("\n(b)The amount of water added,w_2-w_1=%0.4f kg H2O/kg dry air",dw); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eecb7c8b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 11_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_w3=10000;// kg/min +T_ain=20;// The temperature of air at inlet in °C +phi_1=50;// Humidity in % +T_aout=32;// The temperature of air at exit in °C +phi_2=98;// Humidity in % +T_win=40;// The temperature of water at inlet in °C +T_wout=25;// The temperature of water at exit in °C + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From the psychrometric chart we find +h_1=37;// kJ/kg of dry air +h_2=110;// kJ/kg of dry air +w_1=0.0073;// kgH2O/kg dry air +w_2=0.0302;// kgH2O/kg dry air +// From steam tables +h_3=167.5;// kJ/kg +h_4=104.9;// kJ/kg +m_a=(m_w3*(h_4-h_3))/(h_1-h_2+((w_2-w_1)*h_4));// kg/min +// From the psychrometric chart we find +v_1=0.84;// m^3/ kg dry air +Vdot=m_a*v_1;// m^3/min +// (b) +m_4=m_w3-((w_2-w_1)*m_a);// kg/min +printf("\n(a)The volume flow rate of air into the cooling tower,Vdot=%4.0f m^3/min \n(b)The mass flux of water,m_4=%4.0f kg/min",Vdot,m_4); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3e760804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 11_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +P=2;// MPa +m_1=2;// The mass of nitrogen in kg +m_2=4;// The mass of CO_2 in kg +M_1=28;// The molecular weight of the nitrogen in kg/k.mol +M_2=44;// The molecular weight of the CO_2 in kg/k.mol +Rbar=8.314;// The universal gas constant kJ/kmol.K + +// Calculation +N_1=m_1/M_1;// The number of moles for nitrogen in mol +N_2=m_2/M_2;// The number of moles for CO_2 in mol +N=N_1+N_2;// The total number of moles in mol +y_1=N_1/N;// The mole fraction for nitrogen +y_2=N_2/N;// The mole fraction for CO_2 +P_1=y_1*P;// The partial pressure for nitrogen in MPa +P_2=y_2*P;// The partial pressure for CO_2 in MPa +M=(M_1*y_1)+(M_2*y_2);// The molecular weight of the mixture in kg/k.mol +R=Rbar/M;// The gas constant of the mixture in kJ/kg.K +printf("\nThe partial pressure for nitrogen,P_1=%0.2f MPa \nThe partial pressure for CO_2,P_2=%1.2f MPa \nThe gas constant of the mixture,R=%0.3f kJ/kg.K",P_1,P_2,R); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f474e568e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 11_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=20;// The mass of the mixture in lbm +T_1=80;// °F +T_2=300;// °F +c_v1=0.177;// Btu/lbm-°R +c_v2=0.158;// Btu/lbm-°R +c_v3=0.157;// Btu/lbm-°R +mf_1=20/100;// The mole fraction for nitrogen +mf_2=40/100;// The mole fraction for CO_2 +mf_3=40/100;// The mole fraction for oxygen + +// Calculation +c_v=(mf_1*c_v1)+(mf_2*c_v2)+(mf_3*c_v3);// // Btu/lbm-°R +delT=T_2-T_1;// °F +Q=m*c_v*delT;// The heat transfer in Btu +printf("\nThe heat transfer,Q=%3.0f Btu",Q); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7e5aa7f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 11_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +N_1=2;// The number of moles for CO_2 in mol +N_2=4;// The number of moles for nitrogen in mol +M_1=44;// The molecular weight of the CO_2 in kg/k.mol +M_2=28;// The molecular weight of nirogen in kg/kmol +P_1=100;// kPa +T_1=20+273;// K +P_2=2000;// kPa +c_v1=0.653;// kJ/kg.K +c_v2=0.745;// kJ/kg.K +c_p1=0.842;// kJ/kg.K +c_p2=1.042;// kJ/kg.K +Rbar=8.314;// The universal gas constant kJ/kgmol.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +N=N_1+N_2;// The total number of moles in mol +m_1=N_1*M_1;// The mass of CO_2 in kg +m_2=N_2*M_2;// The mass of nitrogen in kg +m=m_1+m_2;// The mass of the mixture in kg +m_f1=m_1/m;// The mole fraction for CO_2 +m_f2=m_2/m;// The mole fraction for nitrogen +c_v=(m_f1*c_v1)+(m_f2*c_v2);// kJ/kg.K +c_p=(m_f1*c_p1)+(m_f2*c_p2);// kJ/kg.K +k=c_p/c_v;// The ratio of specific heats +T_2=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/(k));// K +// (b) +W=(-m*c_v*(T_2-T_1))/10^3;// MJ +// (c) +dels=(c_p*log(T_2/T_1))-((Rbar/(((N_1/N)*M_1)+((N_2/N)*M_2)))*log(P_2/P_1));// The entropy change in kJ/kg.K +printf("\n(a)The final temperature,T_2=%3.0f K or %3.0f°C \n(b)The work required,W=%2.1f MJ \n(c)The change in entropy,dels=%0.5f kJ/kg.K",T_2,T_2-273,W,dels); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb8c67bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 11_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +P=100;// kPa +V=150;// m^3 +phi=60/100;// The relative humidity at state 1 +P_g=3.169;// kPa +M_v=18;// kg/k.mol +M_a=28.97;// kg/k.mol +R_a=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +P_v=P_g*phi;// kPa +P_a=P-P_v;// The partial pressure of air in kPa +w=0.622*(P_v/P_a);// The humidity ratio in kg H2O/kg dry air +// (b) +// From psychrometric chart +T_dp=16.6;// The dew point temperature in °C +// (c) +m_v=w*((P_a*V)/(R_a*(T+273)));// The mass of water vapor in kg +// (d) +N_v=m_v/M_v;// mol +N_a=((P_a*V)/(R_a*(T+273)))/M_a;// mol +y_v=N_v/(N_a+N_v);// The mole fraction of the water vapor +printf("\n(a)The humidity ratio,w=%0.5f kg H2O/kg dry air \n(b)The dew point temperature,T_dp=%2.1f°C \n(c)The mass of water vapor,m_v=%1.2f kg \n(d)The mole fraction of the water vapor,y=%0.4f",w,T_dp,m_v,y_v); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04b51eb91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 11_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +T_dp=10;// The dew point temperature in °C +P=100;// kPa +V=150;// m^3 +P_g=3.169;// kPa +M_v=18;// kg/k.mol +M_a=28.97;// kg/k.mol +R_a=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// (a) +P_v=1.228;// kPa +P_a=P-P_v;// The partial pressure of air in kPa +w_1=0.622*(P_v/P_a);// The humidity ratio in kg H2O/kg dry air +w_2=0.01205;// kg H2O/kg dry air +dw=w_2-w_1;// The difference in humidity ratio in kg H2O/kg dry air +dm_v=dw*((P_a*V)/(R_a*(T+273)));// kg H2O +// (b) +phi=1.608*((w_1*P_a)/(P_g));// The relative humidity in % +printf("\n(a)The amount of water vapor that will condense,delm_v=%0.3f kg H2O \n(b)The relative humidity,phi=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",dm_v,phi,phi*100); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83cf7dea2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 11_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=100;// °F +T_2=80;// °F +P=14.7;// psia +P_g1=0.9503;// psia +P_g2=0.5073;// psia +c_p=0.24;// Btu/lbm-°R +h_fg2=1048;// Btu/lbm +h_g1=1105;// Btu/lbm +h_f2=48.09;// Btu/lbm + +// Calculation +// (a) +w_2=0.622*(P_g2/(P-P_g2));// lbm H2O/lbm dry air +w_1=((w_2*h_fg2)+(c_p*(T_2-T_1)))/(h_g1-h_f2);// lbm H2O/lbm dry air +// (b) +P_v1=(w_1*P)/(0.622*(1+(w_1)));// psia +phi=P_v1/P_g1;// The relative humidity in % +// (c) +h=(c_p*T_1)+(w_1*h_g1);// Btu/lbm dry air +printf("\n(a)The humidity ratio,w_1=%0.5f lbm H2O/lbm dry air \n(b)The relative humidity,phi=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage. \n(c)The specific enthalpy of the air,h=%2.1f Btu/lbm dry air",w_1,phi,phi*100,h); diff --git a/3843/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3843/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37ecc0a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 11_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=5;// °C +T_2=25;// °C +phi_1=70/100;// The relative humidity at state 1 +V=50;// m^3/min +P=100;// kPa +P_g1=0.872;// kPa +R_a=0.287;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +P_a1=P-(phi_1*P_g1);// kPa +rho_a1=P_a1/(R_a*(T_1+273));// kg/m^3 +mdot_a=(V/60)*rho_a1;// The mass flux of dry air in kg/s +// Using psychrometric chart +h_1=14;// kJ/kg air +h_2=35;// kJ/kg air +Q=mdot_a*(h_2-h_1);// The rate of heat transfer in kJ/s +// From the chart +phi_2=19;// The relative humidity at state 2 +printf("\nThe rate of heat transfer,Q=%2.1f kJ/s \nThe final relative humidity,phi_2=%2.0f percentage.",Q,phi_2); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a58d2826 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 12_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +AF_act=20;// The air-fuel ratio +// The reaction equation for theoretical air is C_4H_10+6.5(O_2+3.76N_2)-->4CO_2+5H_2O+24.44N_2 +a=6.5;// Constant +M_air=29;// kg/kmol +M_fuel=58;// kg/kmol +P_atm=100;// kPa + +// Calculation +m_air=a*(4.76)*M_air;// kg air +m_fuel=1*M_fuel;// kg fuel +// (a) +AF_th=m_air/m_fuel;// The theoretical air-fuel ratio +P_ea=((AF_act-AF_th)/AF_th)*100;// % excess air +// (b) +// The reaction equation with 129.28% theoretical air is C_4H_10+(6.5)(1.2928)(O_2+3.76N_2)-->4CO_2+5H_2O+1.903O_2+31.64N_2 +N_CO2=4;// mol +N=42;// mol +P_CO2=(N_CO2/N)*100;// The volume percentage of CO_2 in the products in % +// (c) +N_H2O=5;// mol +N=42.5;// mol +y_H2O=N_H2O/N;// The mole fraction +P_v=y_H2O*P_atm;// The partial pressure of the water vapor in kPa +// Using Table C-2 +T_dp=49;// °C +printf("\n(a)The percent excess air=%2.2f percentage \n(b)The volume percentage of CO_2 in the products=%1.2f percentage \n(c)The dew point temperature of the products,T_dp=%2.0f °C",P_ea,P_CO2,T_dp); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc8d7d5e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 12_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +// The combustion equation C_3H_8+12.5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->3CO_2+4H_2O+7.5O_2+47N_2 +N_p=1;// mol +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_N2=47;// mol +N_O2=7.5;// mol +hbar0_fp=-103850;// kJ/kmol (C_3H_8) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fO2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_O2=8680;// kJ/kmol +Q=0;// kJ/kmol +H_R=-103850;// kJ/kmol fuel + +// Calculation +H_P=H_R; +hbar_p=((H_R-((N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O))))/61.5)+hbar0_N2;// kJ/kmol +// Suggests T_P=1380 K +T_P1=1380;// K +hbar_CO2=64120;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=52430;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=42920;// kJ/kmol +hbar_O2=44920;// kJ/kmol +H_P1=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_O2*(hbar0_fO2+hbar_O2-hbar0_O2))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +// The temperature is obiviously too high.We select aa lower value,T_p=1300 K +T_P2=1300;// K +hbar_CO2=59520;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=48810;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=40170;// kJ/kmol +hbar_O2=44030;// kJ/kmol +H_P2=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_O2*(hbar0_fO2+hbar_O2-hbar0_O2))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +T_P=T_P2-([(-H_P+H_P2)/(H_P1-H_P2)]*(T_P1-T_P2));// K +printf("\nThe adiabatic flame temperature in the steady-flow combustion chamber,T_P=%4.0f K",T_P); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d83f6b91f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 12_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +// The combustion equation C_3H_8+5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->3CO_2+4H_2O+18.8N_2 +N_p=1;// mol +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_N2=18.8;// mol +hbar0_fp=-103850;// kJ/kmol (C_3H_8) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol +Q=0;// kJ/kmol +H_R=-103850;// kJ/kmol fuel + +// Calculation +H_P=H_R;// kJ/kmol fuel +hbar_p=((H_R-((N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O))))/25.8)+hbar0_N2;// kJ/kmol +// Suggests T_P=1380 K +T_P1=2600;// K +hbar_CO2=137400;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=114300;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=86600;// kJ/kmol +H_P1=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +// The temperature is obiviously too high.We select aa lower value,T_p=1300 K +T_P2=2400;// K +hbar_CO2=125200;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=103500;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=79320;// kJ/kmol +H_P2=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +T_P=T_P2-([(-H_P+H_P2)/(H_P1-H_P2)]*(T_P1-T_P2));// K +printf("\nThe adiabatic flame temperature,T_P=%4.0f K",T_P); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0063e49e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +// Example 12_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +A=2;// The surface area in m^2 +U=0.5;// The over all heat transfer coefficient in kW/m^2.K +mdot_p=0.2;// The mass flow rate of propane in kg/s +M_p=44;// The molecular weight of the propane in kg/kmol +T_E=25+273;// K +P=1;// atm +// From example 12.11 +// The combustion equation C_3H_8+5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->3CO_2+4H_2O+18.8N_2 +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_N2=18.8;// mol +hbar0_fp=-103850;// kJ/kmol (C_3H_8) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol + +// Calculation +mdot_fuel=mdot_p/M_p;// The molar influx in kg/s +M_CO2=N_CO2*mdot_fuel;// kmol/s +M_H2O=N_H2O*mdot_fuel;// kmol/s +M_N2=N_N2*mdot_fuel;// kmol/s +// LHS=Q+H_R +// RHS=H_P +// For a first guess at T_P let us assume a some what lower temperature than that of Example 12.11,since energy leaving the combustion chamber.The guesses follow +T_P1=1600;// K +LHS_1=(-U*A*(T_P1-T_E))+(mdot_fuel*hbar0_fp);// kJ/kmol fuel +hbar_CO2=76944;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=62748;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=50571;// kJ/kmol +RHS_1=(M_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(M_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(M_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +T_P2=2000;// K +LHS_2=(-U*A*(T_P2-T_E))+(mdot_fuel*hbar0_fp);// kJ/kmol fuel +hbar_CO2=100804;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=82593;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=64810;// kJ/kmol +RHS_2=(M_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(M_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(M_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +T_P3=1900;// K +LHS_3=(-U*A*(T_P3-T_E))+(mdot_fuel*hbar0_fp);// kJ/kmol fuel +hbar_CO2=94793;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=77517;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=61220;// kJ/kmol +RHS_3=(M_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(M_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(M_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +// Interpolation between the last two entries gives +T_P=1970;// K +printf("\nThe temperature of products of combustion,T_P=%4.0f K",T_P); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02a5761c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 12_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_ta=90;// % theoretical air +// The reaction equation for theoretical air is C_4H_10+(0.9)(6.5)(O_2+3.76N_2)-->4CO_2+5H_2O+22N_2+bCO +a_1=6.5;// The stoichiometric coefficient +M_air=29;// kg/kmol +M_fuel=58;// kg/kmol + +// Calculation +function[X]=atomicbalances(y) + X(1)=y(1)+y(2)-4; + X(2)=(2*y(1))+5+y(2)-11.7; +endfunction +y=[1 1]; +z=fsolve(y,atomicbalances); +a=z(1);// mol +b=z(2);// mol +P_CO=(b/31)*100;// % CO +m_air=(P_ta/100)*a_1*(4.76)*M_air;// lbm air +m_fuel=1*M_fuel;// lbm fuel +AF=m_air/m_fuel;// The air-fuel ratio in lbm air/lbm fuel +printf("\nThe volume percentage of CO=%1.2f percentage \nThe air-fuel ratio,AF=%2.2f lbm air/lbm fuel",P_CO,AF); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46ce821ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 12_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// The volumetric analysis of the products on dry basis +CO_2=11.0// % +CO=1.0;// % +O_2=3.5;// % +N_2=84.5;// % + +// Calculation +// The chemical equation is aC_4H_10+b(O_2+3.76N_2)-->11CO_2+1CO+3.5O_2+84.5N_2+cH_2O +// Balancing each element, +a=(11+1)/4;// (C) +c=(10*a)/2;// (H) +b=(22+1+7+c)/2;// (O) +printf("\nDividing through the chemical equation by the value of a so that we hve 1 mol fuel is %1.0fC_4H_10+%1.1f(O_2+3.76N_2)-->%1.2fCO_2+%0.2fCO+%1.2fO_2+%2.2fN_2+%1.0fH_2O",a/a,b/a,11/a,1/a,3.5/a,84.5/a,c/a); +// From example 12.1 +b_1=6.5;// The stoichiometric coefficient +P_ta=((b/a)/(b_1))*100;// The percent theoretical air in % +printf("\nThe percent theoretical air=%3.1f percentage",P_ta); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d69c4d4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 12_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// The volumetric analysis of the products on dry basis +CO_2=10.4// % +CO=1.2;// % +O_2=2.8;// % +N_2=85.6;// % + +// Calculation +// The chemical equation is C_aH_b+c(O_2+3.76N_2)-->10.4CO_2+1.2CO+2.8O_2+85.6N_2+dH_2O +// Balancing each element, +a=10.4+1.2;// (C) +c=85.6/3.76;// (N) +d=(2*c)-(20.8+1.2+5.6);// (O) +b=2*d;// (H) +printf("\nThe chemical formula for the fuel is C_%2.1fH_%2.1f",a,b); +// The find the percent theoretical air from the actual chemical equation, C_11.6H_37.9+21.08(O_2+3.76N_2)-->11.6CO_2+18.95H_2O+79.26N_2 +c_act=21.08; +P_ta=(c/c_act)*100;// The percent theoretical air in % +printf("\nThe percent theoretical air=%3.1f percentage",P_ta); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ea6242db --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 12_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +// Assuming theoretical air C_3H_8+5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->3CO_2+4H_2O(l)+18.8N_2 +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_N2=18.8;// mol +// From table B-7 +hbar0_fp=-103850;// kJ/kmol (C_3H_8) +hbar_fgp=15060;// kJ/kmol (C_3H_8) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-285830;// kJ/kmol + +// Calculation +Q_gp=(N_CO2*hbar0_fCO2)+(N_H2O*hbar0_fH2O)-hbar0_fp;// The enthalpy of combustion of gaseous propane in kJ/kmol fuel +Q_lp=(N_CO2*hbar0_fCO2)+(N_H2O*hbar0_fH2O)-(hbar0_fp-hbar_fgp);// The enthalpy of combustion of liquid propane in kJ/kmol fuel +printf("\nThe enthalpy of combustion of gaseous propane,Q=%7.0f kJ/kmol fuel \nThe enthalpy of combustion of liquid propane,Q=%7.0f kJ/kmol fuel",Q_gp,Q_lp); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dda123b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 12_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +T_2=600;// K +// The combustion equation C_3H_8+5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->3CO_2+4H_2O(l)+18.8N_2 +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_N2=18.8;// mol +hbar0_fp=-103850;// kJ/kmol (C_3H8) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar_CO2=22280;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=20400;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=17560;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol + +// Calculation +Q=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2))-(hbar0_fp);// The required heat transfer in kJ/kmol fuel +printf("\nThe required heat transfer,Q=%7.0f kJ/kmol fuel",Q); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33f7332e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +// Example 12_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_o=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +T_1=600;// K +T_2=1000;// K +// The combustion equation C_8H_18(l)+12.5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->8CO_2+9H_2O(l)+47N_2 +N_CO2=8;// mol +N_H2O=9;// mol +N_N2=47;// mol +N_O2=12.5;// mol +hbar0_fO=-249910;// kJ/kmol (C_8H18) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar_CO2=42770;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=35880;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=30130;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fO2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar_O2=17930;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_O2=8680;// kJ/kmol +M_CO2=44;// The molecular weight of carbon dioxide in kg/kmol +M_H2O=18;// The molecular weight of H2O in kg/kmol +M_N2=28;// The molecular weight of nitrogen in kg/kmol + +// Calculation +H_P=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +// From table F_2 andF_3 +hbar_N2=17560;// kJ/kmol (at 600 K for reactants) +H_R=(hbar0_fO)+(N_O2*(hbar0_fO2+hbar_O2-hbar0_O2))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the reactants of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +M_P=(N_CO2*M_CO2)+(N_H2O*M_H2O)+(N_N2*M_N2);// The mass of the products in kg/kmol fuel +V=sqrt((2/M_P)*(H_R-H_P));// The exit velocity in m/s +printf("\nThe exit velocity,V=%2.0f m/s",V); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b8f00432 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 12_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_O=25;// °C +P=1;// atm +T_1=1000;// K +// The combustion equation C_8H_18(l)+12.5(O_2+3.76N_2)--->8CO_2+9H_2O(l)+47N_2 +// For 300% excess theoretical air,the reaction is C_8H_18(l)+50(O_2+3.76N_2)--->8CO_2+9H_2O(l)+37.5O_2+188N_2 +N_CO2=8;// mol +N_H2O=9;// mol +N_N2=188;// mol +N_O2=37.5;// mol +hbar0_fO=-249910;// kJ/kmol (C_8H18) +hbar0_fCO2=-393520;// kJ/kmol +hbar_CO2=42770;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_CO2=9360;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fH2O=-241810;// kJ/kmol +hbar_H2O=35880;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_H2O=9900;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fN2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar_N2=30130;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_N2=8670;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_fO2=0;// kJ/kmol +hbar_O2=31390;// kJ/kmol +hbar0_O2=8680;// kJ/kmol + +// Calculation +H_P=(N_CO2*(hbar0_fCO2+hbar_CO2-hbar0_CO2))+(N_H2O*(hbar0_fH2O+hbar_H2O-hbar0_H2O))+(N_O2*(hbar0_fO2+hbar_O2-hbar0_O2))+(N_N2*(hbar0_fN2+hbar_N2-hbar0_N2));// The enthalpy of the products of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +H_R=hbar0_fO;// The enthalpy of the reactants of combustion in kJ/kmol fuel +Q=H_P-H_R;// The heat transfer in kJ/kmol fuel +printf("\nThe heat transfer,Q=%6.0f kJ/kmol fuel",Q); diff --git a/3843/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3843/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..148a5dffe --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 12_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=77;// °F +Q=-874000;// Btu/lbmol +// The chemical reaction is C_3H_8+5O_2--->3CO_2+4H_2O +N_CO2=3;// mol +N_H2O=4;// mol +N_p=1;// mol (C_3H_8-Propane) +N_O2=5;// mol +hbar0_fCO2=-169300;// Btu/lbmol +hbar0_fH2O=-104040;// Btu/lbmol +Rbar=1.987;// Btu/lbmol-°R + +// Calculation +N_P=N_CO2+N_H2O;// mol +N_R=N_p+N_O2;// mol +hbar0_fC3H8=(N_CO2*hbar0_fCO2)+(N_H2O*hbar0_fH2O)+((N_R-N_P)*Rbar*(T+460))-Q;// Btu/lbmol +printf("\nThe enthalpy of formation,(hbar°_f)C3H8=%5.0f Btu/lbmol",hbar0_fC3H8); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bab098ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_a=1;// kPa +P_b=100;// kPa +P_c=10000;// kPa +v_ga=129.2;// m^3/kg +v_fa=0.001;// m^3/kg +v_gb=1.694;// m^3/kg +v_fb=0.001;// m^3/kg +v_gc=0.01803;// m^3/kg +v_fc=0.00145;// m^3/kg + +// Calculation +// (a) +v_fga=v_ga-v_fa;// m^3/kg +// (b) +v_fgb=v_gb-v_fb;// m^3/kg +// (c) +v_fgc=v_gc-v_fc;// m^3/kg +printf("\n(a)v_fg=%3.1f m^3/kg \n(b)v_fg=%1.3f m^3/kg \n(c)v_fg=%0.5f m^3/kg",v_fga,v_fgb,v_fgc); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d619aa53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 2_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=4;// The mass of water in kg +V=1;// m^3 +T=150;// °C +v=0.3928;// m^3/kg + +// Calculation +// Table C-1 is used +V=m*v;// m^3 +// (a) +P=475.8;// The pressure in kPa +// (b) +v=1/4;// m^3/kg +v_f=0.00109;// m^3/kg +v_g=0.3928;// m^3/kg +x=(v-v_f)/(v_g-v_f);// The quality of steam +m_g=m*x;// The mass of vapor in kg +// (c) +V_g=v_g*m_g;// The volume of the vapor in m^3 +printf("\n(a)The pressure,P=%3.1f kPa \n(b)The mass of vapor,m_g=%1.3f kg \n(c)The volume of the vapor,V_g=%0.4f m^3",P,m_g,V_g); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e7dd4f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 2_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=4;// The mass of water in kg +P=220;// kPa +x=0.8;// The quality of steam + +// Calculation +// Use Table C-2.To determine the appropriate numbers at 220 kPa we linearly interpolate between 0.2 and 0.3 MPa. +P_1=0.2*10^3;// kPa +P_2=0.3*10^3;// kPa +v_g1=0.8857;// m^3/kg +v_g2=0.6058;// m^3/kg +v_g=(((P-P_1)/(P_2-P_1))*(v_g2-v_g1))+v_g1;// m^3/kg +v_f=0.0011;// m^3/kg +v=v_f+(x*(v_g-v_f));// m^3/kg +V=m*v;// The total volume occupied in m^3 +printf("\nThe final volume occupied by the mixture,V=%1.3f m^3",V); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea49bd74f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 2_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=2;// The mass of water in lb +P=540;// psia +T=700;// °F + +// Calculation +// Use Table C-3E. +v_f=1.3040;// ft^3/lbm +v_g=1.0727;// ft^3/lbm +x=0.4;// The quality of steam +v=v_f+(x*(v_g-v_f));// ft^3/lbm +V=m*v;// The final volume of the container in ft^3 +printf("\nThe final volume of the container,V=%1.3f ft^3.",V); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0924cd1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 2_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=0.6;// m^3 +P_gage=200;// The gage pressure in kPa +T=20+273;// K +P_atm=100;// kPa +R=287;// N.m/kg.K + +// Calculation +P=P_gage+P_atm;// The absolute pressure in kPa +m=(P*10^3*V)/(R*T);// The mass of air in kg +printf("\nThe mass of air,m=%1.2f kg",m); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae0c98bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 2_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// T(z)=15-0.00651°C +z_0=0;// m +P=101;// m +z_1=3000;// m + +// Calculation +// Using the given equation for T(z) we have +// dP=P/(29.3)*(288-0.00651 z) +// By solving this equation,we get +P=101*exp(-0.368);// kPa +printf("\nThe pressure at an elevation of 3000 m,P=%2.1f kPa.",P); diff --git a/3843/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3843/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7055758c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 2_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=500+273;// K +rho=24;// The density in kg/m^3 +R=0.462;// kJ/kg.K +v=1/rho;// m^3/kg + +// Calculation +// (a) +P=rho*R*T;// kPa +printf("\n(a)Using the ideal gas equation,The pressure of steam(P)=%4.0f kPa.",P); +// (b) +// Using values for a and b from Table B-8,the vander Waals equation provides +a=1.703; +b=0.00169; +P=((R*T)/(v-b))-(a/v^2);// kPa +printf("\n(b)Using the vander Waals equation,the pressure of steam(P)=%4.0f kPa.",P); +// (c) +// Using values for a and b from Table B-8,the Redlich-Kwong equation provides +a=43.9; +b=0.00117; +P=((R*T)/(v-b))-(a/(v*(v+b)*sqrt(T)));// kPa +printf("\n(c)Using the Redlich-Kwong equation,the pressure of steam(P)=%4.0f kPa.",P); +// (d) +T_c=647.4;// The critical temperature in K +T_R=T/T_c;// The reduced temperature +P_c=8000;// The critical pressure in kPa +P_R=P/P_c;// The reduced pressure +// By using the reduced temperature and the reduced pressure +Z=0.93;// The compressibilty factor +P=(Z*R*T)/v;// kPa +printf("\n(d)By using the compressibilty factor,the pressure of steam(P)=%4.0f kPa.",P); +// (e) +// By using the steam tables, +P=8000;// kPa +printf("\n(e)By using the steam tables,the pressure of steam(P)=%4.0f kPa.",P); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..490ba362b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=1;// The mass of steam in kg +x=20/100;// The quality of steam +P=200;// kPa +T_2=400;// °C + +// Calculation +// Using Table C-2 we find +v_f=0.001061;// m^3/kg +v_g=0.8857;// m^3/kg +v_1=v_f+(x*(v_g-v_f));// m^3/kg +v_2=1.549;// m^3/kg +W=m*P*(v_2-v_1);// kJ +printf("\nThe work done by the steam,W=%3.1f kJ",W); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbc76bcc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 3_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d=110/10^3;// The diameter of the cylinder in m +V_1=100;// The volume of the water in cm^3 +m=50;// kg +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +P_atm=1*10^5;// Pa + +// Calculation +A=(%pi*d^2)/4;// m^2 +P=((m*g)/A)+P_atm;// Pa +V_1=V_1*10^-6;// m^3 +v_1=0.001017;// m^3/kg +m=V_1/v_1;// kg +v_2=1.444;// m^3/kg +V_2=m*v_2;// m^3 +W=P*(V_2-V_1);// The work done in J +printf("\nThe work done,W=%5.0f J or %2.1f kJ",W,W/10^3); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_7.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db644a72e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 3_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d=50*10^-3;// The distance in m +K=2500;// N/m +m=50;// kg +d_p=10/100;// m +P_atm=100;// The atmospheric pressure in kPa +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +W=m*g;// The weight in N +A=(%pi*d_p^2)/4;// m^2 +P_1=((P_atm*10^3*A)+W)/A;// The pressure in the cylinder in Pa +W_1=(P_1*A)*d;// J +x_1=0;// m +x_2=d;// m +W_2=(1/2)*K*((x_2^2)-(x_1^2));// The work required to compress in J +W_total=W_1+W_2;// The total work in J +printf("\nThe total work,W_total=%2.2f J",W_total); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57498a0ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=90;// km/h +C_D=0.2;// The drag coefficient +rho=1.23;// The density of air in kg/m^3 +A=2.3;// m^2 + +// Calculation +V=V*(1000/3600);// The velocity in m/s +F_D=(1/2)*rho*(V^2)*A*C_D;// The drag force in N +W=F_D*V;// The work done in W +Hp=W/746;// The required horse power in hp +printf("\nThe required horse power,Hp=%1.2f hp",Hp); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f7c2ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=100;// kg +d=3;// m +V=0.002;// m^3 +P_gage=100;// The gage pressure in kPa +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +F=m*g;// N +W=-(F)*(d);// J +P_abs=200;// The absolute pressure in kPa +W_p=P_abs*10^3*V;// The work done on the system in J +W_net=W+W_p;// The net work done in J +printf("\nThe net work done,W_net=%4.0f J",W_net); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c075fbd93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 3_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=100;// The torque in N.m +n=3000;// rpm + +// Calculation +omega=n*(2*%pi)*(1/60);// rad/s +W=T*omega;// The power in W +Hp=W/746;// The horse power in hp +printf("\nThe horse power delivered,Hp=%2.1f hp",Hp); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f811eed6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 3_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d=50*10^-3;// The distance in m +K=2500;// N/m +m=50;// kg +d_p=10/100;// m +P_atm=100;// The atmospheric pressure in kPa +g=9.81;// m/s^2 + +// Calculation +W=m*g;// The weight in N +A=(%pi*d_p^2)/4; +P_1=((P_atm*10^3*A)+W)/A;// The pressure in the cylinder in Pa +W_1=(P_1*A)*d;// J +x_1=0;// m +x_2=d;// m +W_2=(1/2)*K*((x_2^2)-(x_1^2));// The work required to compress in J +W_total=W_1+W_2;// The total work in J +printf("\nThe total work,W_total=%2.2f J",W_total); diff --git a/3843/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/3843/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22ba96b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 3_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=50;// The mass in kg +g=9.81;// The acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +d=2;// The distance in m + +// Calculation +W=m*g*d;// J +printf("\nThe heat Q that must be transferred equals the work,%3.0f J",W); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32ec1b833 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 4_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +s_0=0;// m +s_1=0.8;// The distance in m + +// Calculation +W_12=integrate('100*x','x',s_0,s_1);// N.m +printf("\nThe work done by the spring on the system,W_12=%2.0f J",W_12); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc6b6c95c --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=0.02;// m^3 +T_1=50;// °C +P=400;// kPa +Q=50;// The amount of heat added in kJ +T_2=700;// °C +R=287;// J/kg.K +c_p=1.00;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +m=((P*10^3)*V)/(R*(T_1+273));// The mass in kg +W_paddle=Q-(m*c_p*(T_2-T_1));// The paddel-wheel work in kJ +printf("\nThe paddel-wheel work,W_paddle=%1.3f kJ",W_paddle); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9913e00b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V_1=6;// The initial volume in ft^3 +V_2=1.2;// The final volume in ft^3 +T_1=50+460;// The initial temperature in R +P_1=30;// psia +R=53.3;// Btu/lbm°R +c_v=0.171;// // Btu/lbm°R +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +m=((P_1*144)*V_1)/(R*T_1);// The mass in lbm +T_2=T_1*(V_1/V_2)^(k-1);// The final temperature in R +W=-m*c_v*(T_2-T_1);// Btu +printf("\nThe necessary work to compress air,W=%2.1f Btu",W); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6abd6420f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 4_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +d_1=20/10^3;// The diameter at inlet in m +d_2=40/10^3;// The diameter at exit in m +V_1=40;// The velocity at inlet in m/s +rho=1000;// kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +A_1=(%pi/4)*(d_1^2);// m^2 +A_2=(%pi/4)*(d_2^2);// m^2 +V_2=(A_1/A_2)*V_1;// The exit velocity of water in m/s +m=rho*A_1*V_1;// kg/s +printf("\nThe velocity in the 40 mm section,V_2=%2.0f m/s \nThe mass flux,m=%2.2f kg/s",V_2,m); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..689fe8f1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 4_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=8000;// kPa +T_1=300;// °C +P_2=1600;// kPa +h_1=2785;// kJ/kg +h_g=2794;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +// By using steam tables +T_2=201.4;// The final temperature in °C +h_f2=859;// kJ/kg +h_fg2=1935;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1;// kJ/kg +x_2=(h_2-h_f2)/h_fg2;// The quality of steam at exit +v_f2=0.0012;// m^3/kg +v_fg2=0.1238;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_f2+(x_2*(v_fg2-v_f2));// The specific volume of the steam at exit in m^3/kg +printf("\nThe final temperature of the steam,T_2=%3.1f°C \nThe specific volume of the steam at exit,v_2=%0.4f m^3/kg",T_2,v_2); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1f221e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 4_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=4000;// kPa +T_1=500;// °C +d_1=50;// mm +V_1=200;// m/s +d_2=250;// mm +x_2=1.0;// The quality of steam at state 2 + +// Calculation +// (a) +v_1=0.08643;// m^3/kg +A_1=(%pi/4)*(d_1/1000)^2;// m^2 +mdot=(1/v_1)*A_1*V_1;// kg/s +// The enthalpies are found from Tables C-3 and C-2 to be +h_1=3445.2;// kJ/kg +h_2=2665.7;// kJ/kg +W_T=-(h_2-h_1)*mdot;// The turbine power output in kJ/s +// (b) +v_2=2.087;// m^3/kg +A_2=(%pi/4)*(d_2/1000)^2;/// m^2 +V_2=(A_1*V_1*(1/v_1))/(A_2*(1/v_2));// m/s +d_KE=mdot*((V_2^2-V_1^2)/2);// The kinetic energy change in J/s +printf("\n(a)The turbine power output,W_T=%4.0f kJ/s or %1.3f MW \n(b)The kinetic energy change,delKE=%4.0f J/s or %1.2f kJ/s",W_T,W_T/10^3,d_KE,d_KE/10^3); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87b4826ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +W_s=-10;// hp +d_1=1;// The diameter at inlet in inch +d_2=1.5;// The diameter at exit in inch +V_1=30;// The inlet velocity of water in ft/sec + +// Calculation +A_1=(%pi/4)*(d_1^2);// in^2 +A_2=(%pi/4)*(d_2^2);// in^2 +V_2=(A_1/A_2)*V_1;// The exit velocity of water in ft/sec +rho=62.4;// kg/m^3 +m=rho*(A_1/144)*V_1;// The mass flux in lbm/sec +dP=rho*[((-W_s*550)/m)-((V_2^2-V_1^2)/(2*32.4))];// The pressure rise in lbf/ft^2 +printf("\n The maximum pressure rise,P_2-P_1=%5.0f lbf/ft^2 or %3.1f psi",dP,dP/144); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c94c8a183 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 4_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=7;// The inlet pressure in kPa +T_1=420;// The inlet temperature in °C +d_1=200;// The inlet diameter in mm +V_1=400;// The inlet velocity in m/s +V_2=700;// The exit velocity in m/s +c_p=1000;// J/kg.K +R=287;// J/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +// (a) +T_2=((V_1^2-V_2^2)/(2*c_p))+T_1;// The exit temperature in °C +// (b) +rho_1=(P_1*10^3)/(R*(T_1+273));// kg/m^3 +A_1=(%pi*(d_1/1000)^2)/4;// m^2 +m=rho_1*A_1*V_1;// The mass flux in kg/s +// (c) +rho_2=rho_1*((T_2+273)/(T_1+273))^(1/(k-1));// The density at the exit in kg/m^3 +d_2=sqrt((rho_1*(d_1/1000)^2*V_1)/(rho_2*V_2));// The exit diameter in m +printf("\n(a)The exit temperature,T_2=%3.0f°C \n(b)The mass flux,m=%0.4f kg/s \n(c)The exit diameter,d_2=%0.3f m or %3.0f mm",T_2,m,d_2,d_2*10^3); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..597b2ebc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4_17 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_s=100;// kg/s +T_s1=450;// The inlet temperature of sodium in °C +T_s2=350;// The exit temperature of sodium in °C +c_p=1.25;// The specific heat of sodium in kJ/kg°C + +// Calculation +// Using the given values, we have (use Table C-4 to find h_w1) +h_w1=88.7;// kJ/kg +h_w2=2792.8;// kJ/kg +m_w=(m_s*c_p*(T_s1-T_s2))/(h_w2-h_w1);// The minimum mass flux of the water in kg/s +Q=m_w*(h_w2-h_w1);// The rate of heat transfer in kW +printf("\nThe minimum mass flux of the water,m_w=%1.3f kg/s \nThe rate of heat transfer,Q=%5.0f kW or %2.1f MW",m_w,Q,Q/10^3); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda69cd27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 4_18 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_2=4000;// kPa +T_2=600;// °C +P_1=20;// kPa +v=0.001;// m^3/kg +m=1;// kg +h_1=251.4;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +w_P=(P_2-P_1)*v;// kJ/kg +h_2=w_P+h_1;// kJ/kg +// From steam tables +h_3=3674;// kJ/kg +h_4=2610;// kJ/kg +q_B=h_3-h_2;// kJ/kg +w_T=h_3-h_4;// The work output in kJ/kg +n=(w_T-w_P)/q_B;// The thermal efficiency +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..924f66ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 4_19 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=300;// ft^3 +T=800;// °C +P=500;// psia +P_4=500;// psia + +// Calculation +// (a) +Q=0;// Btu/lbm +m_i=0;// lbm +// From Table C-3E, +h_1=1412.1;// Btu/lbm +u_f=h_1;// Btu/lbm +// At T=1100,u_f=1406.0;T=1200,u_f=1449.2 +T_f=(((u_f-1406.0)/(1449.2-1406.0))*(1200-1100))+1100;// °F +// (b) +v_f=(((T_f-1100)/(1200-1100))*(1.9518-1.8271))+1.8271;// ft^3/lbm +m_f=V/v_f;// lbm +printf("\n(a)The temperature of steam in the tank,T_f=%4.1f°F \n(b)The mass of steam that flows into the tank,m=%3.1f lbm",T_f,m_f); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48c3e0550 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 4_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_in=5;// hp +t=1;// hour +// By assumption +Q=0;// J +delPE=0;// J +delKE=0;// J + +// Calculation +W=-P_in*t*(746)*(3600);// The work input in J +delU=-W;// The increase in internal energy in J +printf("\nThe increase in internal energy,delU=%1.3e J",delU); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d12b97aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 4_20 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=20;// The volume of the air tank in m^3 +P_i=10;// The initial pressure in MPa +T_i=25+273;// K +R=287;// J/kg.K +P_f=200;// The final pressure in kPa +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +m_i=(P_i*10^6*V)/(R*T_i);// The initial mass of air in kg +m_f=m_i*((P_f*10^3)/(P_i*10^6))^(1/k);// The final mass of air in kg +T_f=T_i*(m_f/m_i)^(k-1);// The final temperature of air in K +printf("\nThe mass of air remaining in the tank,m_f=%4.1f kg \nThe final temperature of air in the tank,T_f=%2.2f K or %3.1f°C",m_f,T_f,T_f-273); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..852314594 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 4_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +V=6;// ft^3 +p=400;// psia +T=900;// °F +Q=800;// Btu + +// Calculation +u_1=1324;// Btu/lbm +v_1=1.978;// ft^3/lbm +m=V/v_1;// lbm +u_2=(Q/m)+u_1;// Btu/lbm +// At 500 psia +v_a=1.978;// ft^3/lbm +u_a=1459;// Btu/lbm +T_a=1221;// °F +// At 600 psia +v_b=1.978;// ft^3/lbm +u_b=1603;// Btu/lbm +T_b=1546;// °F +T_2=T_b-(((u_b-u_2)/(u_b-u_a))*(T_b-T_a));// °F +printf("\nThe final temperature,T_2=%4.0f°F",T_2); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d6eee614 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 4_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P=400;// kPa +V_1=2;// m^3 +T_2=200;// °C +Q=3500;// The amount of heat added in kJ + +// Calculation +// Using the steam tables +v_1=0.5342;// m^3/kg +u_1=2674;// kJ/kg +m=V_1/v_1;// kg +// V_2=m*v_2 +// Q-(P*(V_2-V_1))=(u_2-u_1)*m---->(a) +// This requires the trial and error process. +// For example,guess +v_2=1.0;// m^3/kg +u_2=((Q-(P*((m*v_2)-V_1)))/m)+u_1;// kJ/kg +// From the steam tables at P=0.4 MPa +T_2=654;// °C +// The v_2 gives +T_2=600;// °C +// Guess +v_2=1.06;// m^3/kg +u_2=((Q-(P*((m*v_2)-V_1)))/m)+u_1;// kJ/kg +// The tables are interpolated to give +T_2=640;// °C +// The v_2 gives +T_2=647;// °C +// The final temperature being approximately +T_2=644;// °C +printf("\nThe final temperature being approximately,T_2=%3.0f°C",T_2); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..708744f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 4_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +Q=3500;// kJ +V=2;// m^3 +v=0.5342;// m^3/kg +h_1=2860;// kJ + +// Calculation +m=V/v;// kg +h_2=(Q/m)+h_1;// kJ/kg +// From the steam tables this interpolates to +T_2=600+((92.6/224)*(100));// °C +printf("\nThe final temperature,T_2=%3.0f°C",T_2); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd9bf8e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 4_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=300;// °C +T_2=700;// °C +m=3;// kg + +// Calculation +// (a) +delH=m*integrate('(2.07+((T-400)/1480))','T',T_1,T_2); +printf("\n(a)The enthalpy change,delH=%4.0f kJ",delH); +// From steam tables +h_1=3073;// kJ/kg +h_2=3928;// kJ/kg +delH=m*(h_2-h_1);// kJ/kg +printf("\n Using the values from steam tables,the enthalpy change,delH=%4.0f kJ",delH); +// (b) +delT=T_2-T_1;// °C +c_pav=(m*integrate('(2.07+((T-400)/1480))','T',T_1,T_2))/(m*delT);// kJ/kg.°C +printf("\n(b)The average value of c_p=%1.2f kJ/kg.°C",c_pav); +// Using the values from steam tables +c_pav=(h_2-h_1)/delT;// kJ/kg.°C +printf("\n Using the values from steam tables,the average value of c_p=%1.2f kJ/kg.°C",c_pav); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..815314ee5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 4_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=800;// °F +P=800;// psia + +// Calculation +// To determine c_p we use finite difference approximation.We use entries at T=900 °F and T=700 °F +// From table C-3E +T_2=700;// °F +T_1=900;// °F +h_1=1455.6;// Btu/lbm +h_2=1338.0;// Btu/lbm +delh=h_1-h_2;// Btu/lbm +delT=T_1-T_2;// °F +c_p=delh/delT;// Btu/lbm-°F +printf("\n The value of c_p is %0.3f Btu/lbm-°F.",c_p); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56b96ed3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 4_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=1;// The mass of nitrogen in kg +T_1=300;// K +T_2=1200;// K +M=28;// kg/kmol + +// Calculation +// (a) +// Using the gas table in Appendix F,find the enthalpy change +h_1=8723;// kJ/kmol +h_2=36777;// kJ/kmol +delh=h_2-h_1;// kJ/mol +delh=delh/M;// kJ/kg +printf("\n(a)The enthalpy change,delh=%5.0f kJ/kmol or %4.0f kJ/kg",delh*M,delh); +// (b) +// The expression for c_p(T) is found in Table B-5. +delh=integrate('(39.06-(519.79*(T/100)^(-1.5))+(1072.7*(T/100)^(-2))-(820.4*(T/100)^(-3)))','T',T_1,T_2);// kJ/kmol +delh=delh/M;// kJ/kg +printf("\n(b)The enthalpy change,delh=%5.0f kJ/kmol or %4.0f kJ/kg",delh*M,delh); +// (c) +c_p=1.042;// kJ/kg.K +delh=c_p*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +printf("\n(c)The enthalpy change,delh=%3.0f kJ/kg",delh); diff --git a/3843/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3843/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32dcb3fff --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 4_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +x=70/100;// The quality of steam +p_1=200;// kPa +p_2=800;// kPa +V=2;// m^3 +v_f=0.0011;// m^3/kg +v_fg=0.8857;// m^3/kg +u_f1=504.5;// kJ/kg +u_fg1=2529.5;// kJ/kg + +// Calculation +v=v_f+(x*(v_fg-v_f));// m^3/kg +m=V/v;// The mass in kg +u_1=u_f1+(x*(u_fg1-u_f1));// The internal energy at state 1 in kJ/kg +// From the steam tables at 800 kPa we find by extrapolation +v_1=v;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1;// m^3/kg +u_2=((0.6203-0.6181)/(0.6181-0.5601))*(3661-3476);// kJ/kg +Q=m*(u_2-u_1);// kJ +printf("\nThe heat transfer,Q=%4.0f kJ",Q); diff --git a/3843/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3843/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ce467dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 5_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_H=200+273;// K +T_L=20+273;// K +W=15;// kW + +// Calculation +Q_H=W/(1-(T_L/T_H));//kW +Q_L=Q_H-W;// kW +printf("\nThe heat transfer from the high temperature reservoir,Q_H=%2.2f kW \nThe heat transfer from the high temperature reservoir,Q_L=%2.2f kW",Q_H,Q_L); diff --git a/3843/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3843/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1135163fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 5_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_H=20+273;// K +T_L1=-5+273;// K +T_L2=-25+273;// K + +// Calculation +// W_1=0.0933*Q_L; +// W_2=0.181*Q_L; +// Percentage increase=(W_2-W_1)/W_1 +Pi=((0.181-0.0933)/0.0933)*100;// % +printf("\nThe minimum percentage increase in work required is %2.1f percentage.",Pi); diff --git a/3843/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3843/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc09c3aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 5_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_H=500;// K +T_L=300;// K +P_1=80*10^3;// Pa +v_4=10;// m^3/kg +R=287;// J/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +n=(1-(T_L/T_H))*100;// % +T_1=T_L;// K +T_2=T_H;// K +v_1=(R*T_1)/P_1;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1*(T_1/T_2)^(1/(k-1));// m^3/kg +T_4=T_L;// K +T_3=T_H;// K +v_3=v_4*(T_4/T_3)^(1/(k-1));// m^3/kg +q_H=(R/10^3)*T_H*log(v_3/v_2);// kJ/kg +w=(n/100)*q_H;// kJ/kg +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%2.0f percentage \nThe work output,w=%3.0f kJ/kg",n,w); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f891cd7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=20;// °C +p_1=200;// kPa +W=720;// kJ +V_1=2;// m^3 +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +m=(p_1*V_1)/(R*(T_1+273));// The mass in kg +T_2=(W/(m*c_v))+(T_1+273);// K +delS=m*c_v*log(T_2/(T_1+273));// kJ/K +printf("\nThe increase in entropy,delS=%1.3f kJ/K",delS); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca1ae4d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 6_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=140;// The steam pressure at turbine inlet in psia +T_1=1000;// The temperature at turbine inlet in °F +P_2=2;// The steam pressure at turbine exit in psia +m=4;// lbm/sec + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +h_1=1531;// Btu/lbm +s_2=1.8827;// Btu/lbm.°R +s_1=s_2;// Btu/lbm.°R +s_f2=0.1750;// Btu/lbm.°R +s_fg2=1.7448;// Btu/lbm.°R +x_2=(s_2-s_f2)/s_fg2;// Btu/lbm.°R +h_f2=94.02;// Btu/lbm +h_fg2=1022.1;// Btu/lbm +h_2=h_f2+(x_2*h_fg2);// Btu/lbm +W_T=m*(h_1-h_2);// Btu/sec +printf("\nThe power output,W_T=%4.0f Btu/sec or %4.0f hp",W_T,W_T*1.414); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1a8b1bc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 6_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From example 6.10 +P_1=140;// The steam pressure at turbine inlet in psia +T_1=1000;// The temperature at turbine inlet in °F +P_2=2;// The steam pressure at turbine exit in psia +m=4;// lbm/sec +W_s=1748;// Btu/sec +n_t=0.80;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine +h_1=1521;// Btu/lbm + +// Calculation +W_a=n_t*W_s;// Btu/sec +h_2a=h_1-(W_a/m);// Btu/lbm +P_2a=2;// psia +T_2a=(((1186-1182)/(1186-1168))*(280-240))+280;// °F +s_2a=2.0526;// Btu/lbm.°R +printf("\nThe temperature of the final state,T_2a=%3.0f°F \nThe entropy of thefinal state,s_2a=%1.4f Btu/lbm.°R",T_2a,s_2a); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..118275dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 6_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=1200;// kPa +P_2=140;// kPa +T_1=350+273;// K +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// K +w=c_v*(T_1-T_2);// kJ/kg +printf("The work done by the gases,w=%3.0f kJ/kg",w); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52fb49911 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 6_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=20;// °C +P_1=200;// kPa +W=720;// kJ +V_1=2;// m^3 +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +m=(P_1*V_1)/(R*(T_1+273));// The mass in kg +u_1=209.1;// kJ/kg +u_2=-(W/m)+u_1;// kJ/kg +T_2=501.2;// K +phi_2=2.222;// The relative humidity at state 2 +phi_1=1.678;// The relative humidity at state 1 +P_2=P_1*(T_2/(T_1+273));// kPa +delS=m*(phi_2-phi_1-(R*log(P_2/P_1)));// kJ/K +printf("\nThe entropy change,delS=%1.3f kJ/K",delS); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5adeed255 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=1200;// kPa +T_1=350;// °C +P_2=140;// kPa + +// Calculation +P_r1=((1/20)*(20.64-18.36))+18.36;// The relative pressure at state 1 +P_r2=P_r1*(P_2/P_1);// The relative pressure at state 2 +T_2=(((2.182-2.149)/(2.626-2.149))*(360-340))+340;// K +u_1=((3/20)*(465.5-450.1))+450.1;// kJ/kg +u_2=(((2.182-2.149)/(2.626-2.149))*(257.2-242.8))+242.8;// kJ/kg +w=u_1-u_2;// The work done by the gases in kJ/kg +printf("\nThe work done by the gases,w=%3.1f kJ/kg",w); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84245b01b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 6_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=100;// The initial pressure in psia +T_1=600;// The initial temperature in °F +P_2=10;// The final pressure in psia + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +v_2=6.216;// ft^3/lbm +v_1=v_2;// ft^3/lbm +v_f2=0.0166;// ft^3/lbm +v_g2=38.42;// ft^3/lbm +x=(v_2-v_f2)/(v_g2-v_f2);// The quality of steam +// From steam tables +s_f2=0.2836;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_fg2=1.5041;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_1=1.7582;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_2=s_f2+(x*s_fg2);// Btu/lbm-°R +dels=s_2-s_1;// Btu/lbm-°R +u_f2=161.2;// Btu/lbm +u_fg2=911.01;// Btu/lbm +u_1=1214.2;// Btu/lbm +q=[u_f2+(x*u_fg2)]-u_1;// Btu/lbm +printf("\nThe entropy change,dels=%1.3f Btu/lbm-°R \nThe heat transfer,q=%3.0f Btu/lbm",dels,q); + diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ee772a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 6_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=20;// kPa +P_2=1000;// kPa +P_3=P_2;// kPa +P_4=P_1;// kPa +x_4=0.88;// The quality of steam +m=1;// kg + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +T_B=179.9;// °C +T_C=60.1;// °C +x_1=0.18;// The quality of steam at inlet +h_2=763;// kJ/kg +h_3=2778;// kJ/kg +Q_B=m*(h_3-h_2);// kJ +h_f4=251;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2358;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x_4*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +h_f1=251;// kJ/kg +h_fg1=2358;// kJ/kg +h_1=h_f1+(x_1*h_fg1);// kJ/kg +Q_C=m*(h_4-h_1);// kJ +dQbyT=(Q_B/(T_B+273))-(Q_C/(T_C+273));// kJ/K +printf("\ndQ/T=%0.3f kJ/K.This is negative,as it must be if the proposed power plant is to satisfy the inequality of Clausius.",dQbyT); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e18cee862 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 6_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +R=53.3/778;// Btu/lbm-°R + +// Calculation +delS=R*log(2);// The entropy change in Btu/lbm-°R +printf("\nThe entropy change,delS=%0.5f Btu/lbm-°R",delS); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b5aad6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 6_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=2;// The mass of steam in kg +T=400;// °C +P=600;// kPa +T_0=25+273;// K + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +s_1=7.7086;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=1.9316;// kJ/kg.K +dS_sys=m*(s_2-s_1);// kJ/K +h_1=3270.2;// kJ/kg +h_2=670.6;// kJ/kg +Q=m*(h_1-h_2);// The heat transfer in kJ +dS_surr=Q/T_0;// kJ/K +dS_univ=dS_surr+dS_sys;// kJ/K +printf("\nThe net entropy change of the process,dS_univ=%1.2f kJ/K",dS_univ); diff --git a/3843/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3843/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed478949d --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 6_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_1=4;// kg/s +m_2=0.5;// kg/s +T_1=45;// °C +T_2=250;// °C +P=600;// kPa + +// Calculation +m_3=m_2+m_1;// kg/s +// From steam tables +h_2=2957.2;// kJ/kg +h_1=188.4;// kJ/kg +h_3=((m_2*h_2)+(m_1*h_1))/m_3;// kJ/kg +// The exiting water temperature is interpolated from the saturated steam tables +h_f=496;// kJ/kg +T_3=(((496-461.3)/(503.7-461.3))*(110-100))+110;// The exiting water temperature in °C +s_3=1.508;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=7.182;// The entropy of the entering superheated steam in kJ/kg.K +s_1=0.639;// The entering entropy of the subcooled water in kJ/kg.K +S_prod=(m_3*s_3)-(m_2*s_2)-(m_1*s_1);// kW/K +printf("\nThe rate of entropy production,S_prod=%0.3f kW/K",S_prod); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e0e6c71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 7_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=12;// The pressure at turbine inlet in MPa +T_1=700;// °C +P_2=0.6;// The pressure at turbine exit in MPa +n_T=0.88;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From the steam tables +s_1=7.0757;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +T_2=225.2;// °C +h_1=3858.4;// kJ/kg +h_2=2904.1;// kJ/kg +w_a=h_1-h_2;// kJ/kg +T_0=298;// K +w_rev=(h_1-h_2)-(T_0*(s_2-s_1));// kJ/kg +i=w_rev-w_a;// The irreversibility for an ideal turbine in kJ/kg +printf("\n(a)The reversible work,w_rev=%3.1f kJ/kg \n The irreversibility for an ideal turbine,i=%0.1f kJ/kg",w_rev,i); +// (b) +w_ideal=w_rev;// kJ/kg +w_a=n_T*w_ideal;// The actual work in kJ/kg +h_2=h_1-w_a;// kJ/kg +// From the steam tables +T_2=279.4;// °C +s_2=7.2946;// kJ/kg +w_rev=(h_1-h_2)-(T_0*(s_1-s_2));// kJ/kg +n_II=w_a/w_rev;// The second law efficiency +i=w_rev-w_a;// The irreversibility in kJ/kg +printf("\n(b)The reversible work,w_rev=%3.0f kJ/kg \n The irreversibility,i=%2.1f kJ/kg \n The second law efficiency,n_II=%0.3f.",w_rev,i,n_II); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ddfcf08e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 7_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=15;// The pressure at inlet in psia +P_2=75;// The pressure at exhaust in psia +T_1=80;// The temperature at inlet in °F +T_2=440;// The temperature at exhaust in °F +T_0=537;// °F +R=53.3/778;// Btu/lbmol.°R + +// Calculation +// Using values from air tables +phi_1=0.60078;// Btu/lbmol.°R +phi_2=0.72438;// Btu/lbmol.°R +ds=(phi_2-phi_1)-((R)*log(P_2/P_1));// The entropy change in Btu/lbm.°R +i=T_0*ds;// The irreversibility in Btu/lbm +printf("\nThe irreversibility,i=%1.2f Btu/lbm",i); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc2f694f --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 7_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m_CO2=0.1;// lbm of CO_2 +m_N2=0.1;// lbm of N_2 +T_0=77+460;// °R +P=30;// psia +P_0=14.7;// psia +T=440;// °F +R=1.986;// Btu/lbmol-°R + +// Calculation +// Use table F-4E,for CO_2 +h=7597.6;// Btu/lbmol +h_0=4030.2;// Btu/lbmol +phi=56.070;// Btu/lbmol-°R +phi_0=51.032;// Btu/lbmol-°R +X_CO2=(m_CO2/44)*[(h-h_0)-(T_0*((phi-phi_0)-(R*log(P/P_0))))];// The availability of CO_2 in Btu +printf("\nThe availability of CO_2,X=%1.2f Btu",X_CO2); +// Use table F-4E,for N_2 +h=6268.1;// Btu/lbmol +h_0=3279.5;// Btu/lbmol +phi=49.352;// Btu/lbmol-°R +phi_0=45.743;// Btu/lbmol-°R +X_N2=(m_N2/28)*[(h-h_0)-(T_0*((phi-phi_0)-(R*log(P/P_0))))];// The availability of N_2 in Btu +printf("\nThe availability of N_2,X=%1.2f Btu",X_N2); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b1c6c652 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 7_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +x=0.85;// The quality of steam +P=5;// kPa +T_0=298;// K + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +h_1=2197.2;// kJ/kg +h_2=136.5;// kJ/kg +s_1=7.2136;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=0.4717;// kJ/kg.K +dX=(h_1-h_2)-(T_0*(s_1-s_2));// The amount of useful work wasted in the condenser in kJ/kg +printf("\nThe amount of useful work wasted in the condenser,X_2-X_1=%2.1f kJ/kg",dX); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb7cc1cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 7_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T=500;// °F +P=300;// psia +T_0=76;// °F + +// Calculation +// From the superheated steam tables, +h=1257.5;// Btu/lbm +S=1.5701;// Btu/lbm.°R +E=h-((T_0+460)*S);// The exergy of steam in Btu/lbm +printf("\nThe exergy of steam,E=%3.1f Btu/lbm",E); diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe5777615 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 7_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=1000;// K +P_1=0.5;// The inlet pressure in MPa +P_2=0.1;// The exit pressure in MPa +T_0=298;// K +R=0.286;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// From the air tables +phi_1=2.968;// kJ/kg.K +phi_2=phi_1-(R*log(P_1/P_2));// kJ/kg.K +// Thus +T_2=657.5;// K +h_2=667.8;// kJ/kg +h_1=1046.1;// kJ/kg +h_0=298.2;// kJ/kg +V_2=sqrt(2)*((h_1-h_2)*10^3)^(0.5);// m/s +P_0=P_2;// MPa +phi_0=1.695;// kJ/kg.K +X_2=(h_2-h_0)+((V_2)^2/(2*1000))-(T_0*(phi_2-phi_0-(R*log(P_2/P_0))));// kJ/kg +X_1=h_1-h_0-(T_0*(phi_1-phi_0-(R*log(P_1/P_0))));// The availability supplied in kJ/kg +e_II=X_2/X_1;// The second law effectiveness for an ideal isentropic nozzle +printf("\nThe second law effectiveness for an ideal isentropic nozzle,e_II=%1.2f",e_II); +// The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3843/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3843/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df5f45043 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +// Example 7_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=1*10^6;// Pa +T_1=300+273;// K +P_2=0.1*10^6;// Pa +P_3=0.01*10^6;// Pa +T_0=25+273;// K +rho=1000;// kg/m^3 + +// Calculation +// From steam tables +h_1=3051.2;// kJ/kg +s_1=7.1237;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +// At P=0.1 MPa, +x_2=0.96;// The quality of steam at state 2 +h_2=2587.3;// kJ/kg +s_3=s_2;// kJ/kg.K +// At P=0.01 MPa, +x_3=0.86;// The quality of steam at state 3 +h_3=2256.9;// kJ/kg +// The dead state for water is liquid at 25°C and 100 kPa +h_f=104.9;// kJ/kg +h_0=h_f;// kJ/kg +s_f=0.3672;// kJ/kg.K +s_0=s_f;// kJ/kg.K +m_1=1;// kg +m_2=0.10;// kg +m_3=m_1-(10/100);// kg +m_4=0.10;// kg +s_4=0.6491;// kJ/kg +h_4=191.8;// kJ/kg +h_6=192.8;// kJ/kg +X_2=m_2*[h_2-h_0-(T_0*(s_2-s_0))];// The availability at state 2 in kJ +W_turb=(m_1*(h_1-h_2))+(m_3*(h_2-h_3));// kJ +X_4=m_4*[h_4-h_0-(T_0*(s_4-s_0))];// The availability at state 4 in kJ +W_pump=m_1*((P_1/10^3)-(P_2/10^3))/rho;// kJ +Q_boil=m_1*(h_1-h_6);// kJ +e_II=(X_2+W_turb)/(X_4+W_pump+([1-(T_0/T_1)]*Q_boil));// The second law effectiveness +printf("\nThe second law effectiveness,e_II=%0.2f",e_II); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb8ce770a --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 8_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_2=2000;// kPa +T_3=400;// °C +h_f=191.8;// kJ/kg +h_1=h_f;// kJ/kg +h_3=3248;// kJ/kg +s_3=7.1279;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +v_1=0.001;// m^3/kg +w_P=v_1*(P_2-P_1);// The pump work in kJ/kg +h_2=h_1+w_P;// kJ/kg +q_B=h_3-h_2;// The heat input in kJ/kg +s_4=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +x_4=0.8636;// The quality of steam at state 4 +h_f4=h_f;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2393;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x_4*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +w_T=h_3-h_4;// kJ/kg +n=(w_T-w_P)/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +printf("\nThe maximum possible efficiency from the power cycle,n=%0.4f or %2.2f percentage.",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e2cd1c71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 8_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=-20;// °C +T_3=41.64;// °C +mdot=0.6;// kg/s + +// Calculation +h_1=178.6;// kJ/kg +h_4=76.3;// kJ/kg +h_3=h_4;// kJ/kg +s_1=0.7082;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +h_2=(((0.7082-0.7021)/(0.7254-0.7021))*(217.8-210.2))+210.2;// kJ/kg +Q_E=mdot*(h_1-h_4);// The rate of refrigeration in kW +W_C=mdot*(h_2-h_1);// The power needed to operate the compressor in kW +COP=Q_E/W_C;// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe rate of refrigeration,Q_E=%2.1f kW \nThe coefficient of performance,COP=%1.2f",Q_E,COP); +Hp=(W_C/0.746)/(Q_E/3.52);// The rating in Hp/ton +COP=(h_2-h_3)/(h_2-h_1);// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe rating in Hp/ton=%1.2f \nThe coefficient of performance if the cycle is operated as a heat pump,COP=%1.2f",Hp,COP); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65dabffea --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 8_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=-10;// °C +T_3=40;// °C +P_1=0.15;// MPa +n_c=0.80;// The efficiency of the compressor +mdot=0.6;// kg/s + +// Calculation +// From appendix D we find,using T_3=40°C +h_4=74.5;// kJ/kg +h_3=h_4;// kJ/kg +// From table D-3 at P_1=0.15 MPa and T_1=10°C +h_1=185;// kJ/kg +s_1=0.732;// kJ/kg.K +s_2a=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +P_2=1.0;// MPa +h_2a=(((0.732-0.7254)/(0.7476-0.7254))*(225.3-217.8))+218;// kJ/kg +h_2=((h_2a-h_1)/n_c)+h_1;// kJ/kg +Q_E=mdot*(h_1-h_4);// The rate of refrigeration in kW +COP=Q_E/(mdot*(h_2-h_1));// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe rate of refrigeration,Q_E=%2.1f kW \nThe coefficient of performance,COP=%1.2f",Q_E,COP); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa3bff538 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 8_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=-20;// °C +T_3=41.64;// °C +m_L=0.6;// kg/s +P_L=151;// kPa +P_H=1000;// kPa + +// Calculation +P_i=(P_L*P_H)^(1/2);// kPa +// From appendix D we find, +h_1=178.6;// kJ/kg +s_1=0.7082;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +h_7=76.3;// kJ/kg +h_8=h_7;// kJ/kg +h_3=(((389-320)/(400-320))*(43.6-37.1))+37.1;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3;// kJ/kg +s_6=(((389-320)/(400-320))*(0.6928-0.6960))+0.6960;// kJ/kg.K +s_5=s_6;// kJ/kg.K +h_5=(((389-320)/(400-320))*(190.97-188.0))+188.0;// kJ/kg +// At P_i=389 kPa we interpolate and obtain +// T=10°C s=0.6993 kJ/kg.K h=193.8 kJ/kg +// T=20°C s=0.7226 kJ/kg.K h=200.3 kJ/kg +// This gives +h_2=(((0.7082-0.6993)/(0.7226-0.6993))*(200.3-193.8))+193.8;// kJ/kg +// Also,extrapolating,we find +h_6=(((0.6932-0.7021)/(0.7254-0.7021))*(217.8-210.2))+210.2;// kJ/kg +Q_E=m_L*(h_1-h_4);// kW +m_H=m_L*((h_2-h_3)/(h_5-h_8));// The mass flux in the high pressure stage in kg/s +W_in=(m_L*(h_2-h_1))+(m_H*(h_6-h_5));// The power input to the compressors in kW +COP=Q_E/W_in;// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe rate of refrigeration,Q_E=%2.1f kW \nThe coefficient of performance,COP=%1.2f",Q_E,COP); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cb81d748 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 8_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_1=-10;// °C +P_3=0.9;// MPa +Q_C=300;// kW +C=0.07;// $/kWh +C_n=0.50;// The cost of operating a furnace in $/therm +q=100000;// kJ/therm + +// Calculation +// (a) +// From appendix D we find, +h_1=183.1;// kJ/kg +s_1=0.7014;// kJ/kg.K +s_2=s_1;// kJ/kg.K +h_3=71.9;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_3;// kJ/kg +h_2=(((0.7014-0.6982)/(0.7131-0.6982))*(211.8-204.2))+204.2;// kJ/kg +mdot=Q_C/(h_2-h_3);// The refrigerant mass flux in kg/s +W_in=mdot*(h_2-h_1);// The compressor power in kW +COP=Q_C/W_in;// The coefficient of performance +// (b) +Coe=W_in*C;// The cost of electricity in $/h +// (c) +Cog=((Q_C*3600)/q)*C_n;// The cost of gas in $/h +printf("\n(a)The coefficient of performance,COP=%1.2f \n(b)The cost of electricity=$%1.2f/h \n(c)The cost of gas=$%1.2f/h",COP,Coe,Cog); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d903f3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 8_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_2=4;// MPa +T_3=400;// °C +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +h_3=3214;// kJ/kg +s_3=6.7698;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +s_f4=0.6491;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg4=7.5019;// kJ/kg.K +s_4=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +x_4=(s_4-s_f4)/s_fg4;// The quality of steam at state 4 +q_B=h_3-h_2;// The heat input in kJ/kg +h_f4=192;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2393;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x_4*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +w_T=h_3-h_4;// kJ/kg +n_2=w_T/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +// From example 8.1 +n_1=0.3232;// The power cycle efficiency at P_2=2 MPa +Pi=((n_2-n_1)/n_1)*100;// The percentage increase in efficiency +printf(" The percentage increase in efficiency is %1.2f percentage.",Pi); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3f114169 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 8_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_2=2;// MPa +T_3=600;// °C +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +h_3=3690;// kJ/kg +s_3=7.7032;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +s_f4=0.6491;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg4=7.5019;// kJ/kg.K +s_4=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +x_4=(s_4-s_f4)/s_fg4;// The quality of steam at state 4 +q_B=h_3-h_2;// The heat input in kJ/kg +h_f4=192;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2393;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x_4*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +w_T=h_3-h_4;// kJ/kg +n_2=w_T/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +// From example 8.1 +n_1=0.3232;// The power cycle efficiency at T_3=400°C +Pi=((n_2-n_1)/n_1)*100;// The percentage increase in efficiency +printf(" The percentage increase in efficiency is %1.1f percentage.",Pi); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f295b0f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 8_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=4;// kPa +P_2=2;// MPa +T_3=400;// °C +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +h_3=3248;// kJ/kg +s_3=7.1279;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +s_f4=0.4225;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg4=8.0529;// kJ/kg.K +s_4=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +x_4=(s_4-s_f4)/s_fg4;// The quality of steam at state 4 +q_B=h_3-h_2;// The heat input in kJ/kg +h_f4=121;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2433;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x_4*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +w_T=h_3-h_4;// kJ/kg +n_2=w_T/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +// From example 8.1 +n_1=0.3232;// The power cycle efficiency at P_1=10 MPa +Pi=((n_2-n_1)/n_1)*100;// The percentage increase in efficiency +printf("\nThe percentage increase in efficiency is %1.1f percentage.",Pi); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..884b437fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 8_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_3=600;// psia +T_3=1000;// °F +P_4=40;// psia +T_4=600;// °F +P_5=2;// psia + +// Calculation +// From Table C-2E +h_2=94;// Btu/lbm +h_1=h_2;// Btu/lbm +// From Table C-3E +h_3=1518;// Btu/lbm +s_3=1.716;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_4=s_3;// Btu/lbm-°R +h_4=(((1.716-1.712)/(1.737-1.712))*(1217-1197))+1197;// Btu/lbm +// At 40 psuia and 600°F +h_5=1333;// Btu/lbm +s_5=1.862;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_6=s_5;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_f6=0.175;// Btu/lbm-°R +s_fg6=1.745;// Btu/lbm-°R +x_6=(s_6-s_f6)/s_fg6;// The quality of steam at state 6 +h_f6=94;// Btu/lbm +h_fg6=1022;// Btu/lbm +h_6=h_f6+(x_6*h_fg6);// Btu/lbm +q_B=(h_5-h_4)+(h_3-h_2);// The energy input in Btu/lbm +w_T=(h_5-h_6)+(h_3-h_4);// The energy output in Btu/lbm +n=w_T/q_B;// The thermal efficiency +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..606d55513 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 8_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_2=2;// MPa +P_5=200;// kPa +T_3=600;// °C +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +h_3=3690;// kJ/kg +s_3=7.7032;// kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +// We have from Example 8.3 and the steam tables +h_1=h_2;// kJ/kg +h_7=505;// kJ/kg +h_6=h_7;// kJ/kg +h_4=2442;// kJ/kg +h_5=(((7.7032-7.5074)/(7.7094-7.5074))*(2971-2870))+2870;// kJ/kg +m_6=1;// kg +m_5=((h_6-h_2)/(h_5-h_2))*m_6;// kg +m_2=m_6-m_5;// kg +w_T=(h_3-h_5)+((h_5-h_4)*m_2);// The work output from the turbine in kJ/kg +q_B=h_3-h_7;// kJ/kg +n_2=w_T/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +n_1=0.3568;// The power cycle efficiency from example 8.3 +Pi=((n_2-n_1)/n_1)*100;// The percentage increase in efficiency +printf(" The percentage increase in efficiency is %1.2f percentage.",Pi); + diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eb1d6701 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 8_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_3=600;// psia +T_3=1000;// °F +P_4=40;// psia +T_4=600;// °F +P_6=2;// psia + +// Calculation +// We have from Example 8.5 and the steam tables +h_1=94;// Btu/lbm +h_2=h_1;// Btu/lbm +h_8=236;// Btu/lbm +h_3=1518;// Btu/lbm +h_7=h_8;// Btu/lbm +h_5=1333;// Btu/lbm +h_6=1086;// Btu/lbm +h_4=1200;// Btu/lbm +m_6=1;// kg +m_4=((h_8-h_2)/(h_4-h_2))*m_6;// lbm +m_2=m_6-m_4;// lbm +w_T=(h_3-h_4)+((h_5-h_6)*m_2);// The work output from the turbine in Btu/lbm +q_B=h_3-h_8+((h_5-h_4)*m_2);// Btu/lbm +n=w_T/q_B;// The efficiency of the reheat-regeneration cycle +printf("\nThe efficiency of the reheat-regeneration cycle,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c289dbb73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 8_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=0.01;// MPa +P_3=0.2;// MPa +P_4=4;// MPa +P_5=30;// MPa +T_6=600;// °C +T_8=T_6;// °C +T_10=350;// °C +mdot=1;// kg/s + +// Calculation +// The enthalpies are found frrom the steam tables to be +h_1=192;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1;// kJ/kg +h_4=1087;// kJ/kg +h_5=h_4;// kJ/kg +h_8=3674;// kJ/kg +h_3=505;// kJ/kg +h_6=3444;// kJ/kg +h_10=3174;// kJ/kg +s_6=6.2339;// kJ/kg.K +s_7=s_6;// kJ/kg.K +h_7=(((6.2239-6.0709)/(6.3622-6.0709))*(2961-2801))+2801;// kJ/kg +s_8=7.3696;// kJ/kg.K +s_9=s_8;// kJ/kg.K +h_9=(((6.2239-6.0709)/(6.3622-6.0709))*(2961-2801))+2801;// kJ/kg +s_10=8.0636;// kJ/kg.K +s_11=s_10;// kJ/kg.K +s_f11=0.6491;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg11=7.5019;// kJ/kg.K +x_11=(s_11-s_f11)/s_fg11;// The quality of steam at state 11 +h_f11=192;// kJ/kg +h_fg11=2393;// kJ/kg +h_11=h_f11+(x_11*h_fg11);// kJ/kg +mdot7=(h_5-h_3)/(h_7-h_3);// kg/s +mdot9=(((1-mdot7)*h_3)-h_2+(mdot7*h_2))/(h_9-h_2);// kg/s +W_T=((mdot)*(h_6-h_7))+((1-mdot7)*(h_8-h_9))+((1-mdot7-mdot9)*(h_10-h_11));// The power from the turbine in kW +Q_B=((mdot)*(h_6-h_5))+((1-mdot7)*(h_8-h_7))+((1-mdot7-mdot9)*(h_10-h_9));// The boiler energy input in kW +n=W_T/Q_B;// The cycle efficiency +printf("\nThe maximum possible cycle efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3843/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b9f40beb --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 8_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_2=2;// MPa +T_3=600;// °C +n_T=80/100;// The efficiency of the turbine + +// Calculation +// From the steam tables we find +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +h_1=h_2;// kJ/kg +h_3=3690;// kJ/kg +s_3=7.7032;// kJ/kg.K +s_4a=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +s_f4a=0.6491;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg4a=7.5019;// kJ/kg.K +x_4a=(s_4a-s_f4a)/s_fg4a;// The quality of steam at state 4' +h_f4a=192;// kJ/kg +h_fg4a=2393;// kJ/kg +h_4a=h_f4a+(x_4a*h_fg4a);// kJ/kg +w_a=n_T*(h_3-h_4a);// kJ/kg +q_B=h_3-h_2;// kJ/kg +n=w_a/q_B;// The cycle efficiency +h_4=h_3-w_a;// kJ/kg +// The temperature is interpolated to be +T_4=(((2692-2688)/(2783-2688))*(150-100))+100;// °C +printf("\nThe cycle efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage. \nThe temperature of steam at tthe turbine outlet,T_4=%3.0f°C",n,n*100,T_4); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df9309215 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 9_1 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=20;// The mass flow rate of air in kg/min +P_2=1600;// kPa +T_1=20+273;// K +P_1=100;// kPa +n=0.90;// The efficiency of the compressor +c_p=1.006;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +// Assume T_2'=T_2a +T_2a=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_2=T_1+((1/n)*(T_2a-T_1));// K +W_comp=(m/60)*c_p*(T_2-T_1);// The required power in kW +printf("\nThe power required to drive the adiabatic compressor,W_comp=%3.1f kW",W_comp); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed93ddb3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_10 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=100;// kPa +T_1=25+273;// K +T_2a=472.0;// K +r_p=5;// The pressure ratio +T_3=850+273;// The maximum temperature in K +T_4a=709.1;// K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio +c_p=1.00;// kJ/kg.K +n_comp=0.80;// The isentropic efficiency of the compressor +n_turb=0.80;// The isentropic efficiency of the turbine + +// Calculation +w_comp=(c_p/n_comp)*(T_2a-T_1);// kJ/kg +w_turb=n_turb*c_p*(T_3-T_4a);// kJ/kg +w_r=w_comp/w_turb;// The back work ratio +T_2=(w_comp/c_p)+T_1;// K +w_net=w_turb-w_comp;// kJ/kg +q_in=c_p*(T_3-T_2);// kJ/kg +n=w_net/q_in;// The thermal efficiency of the cycle +printf("\nThe back work ratio=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage. \nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",w_r,w_r*100,n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ebd9700e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 9_11 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From example 9.9 +P_1=100;// kPa +T_1=25+273;// K +r_p=5;// The pressure ratio +T_4=850+273;// The maximum temperature in K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +n=1-((T_1/T_4)*(r_p)^((k-1)/k));// The thermal efficiency +w_r=0.420;// The back work ratio +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage \nThe back work ratio,w_comp/w_turb=%0.3f",n,n*100,w_r); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaba81941 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 9_12 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +// From example 9.9 +P_1=100;// kPa +P_4=500;// kPa +T_1=25+273;// K +T_6=850+273;// The maximum temperature in K +c_p=1.00// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +P_2=sqrt(P_1*P_4);// The intermediate pressure in kPa +T_2=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_8=T_6;// K +P_7=P_2;// kPa +P_6=P_4;// kPa +T_7=T_6*(P_7/P_6)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_9=T_7;// K +T_5=T_7;// K +T_4=T_2;// K +T_3=T_1;// K +w_turb=(c_p*(T_6-T_7))+(c_p*(T_8-T_9));// kJ/kg +w_comp=(c_p*(T_2-T_1))+(c_p*(T_4-T_3));// kJ/kg +w_out=w_turb-w_comp;// kJ/kg +q_C=c_p*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +q_R=c_p*(T_8-T_7);// kJ/kg +q_in=q_C+q_R;// kJ/kg +n=w_out/q_in;// The thermal efficiency of the cycle +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency of the cycle,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f7f813f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_13 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=100;// lbm/sec +P_1=5;// psia +P_2=50;// psia +T_1=-50+460;// °R +T_3=2000+460;// °R +V_1=600;// ft/sec +c_p=0.24// Btu/lbm-°R +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// °R +T_4=T_3-(T_2-T_1);// °R +P_3=P_2;// psia +P_5=P_1;// psia +P_4=P_3*(T_4/T_3)^(k/(k-1));// psia +T_5=T_4*(P_5/P_4)^((k-1)/k);// °R +V_5=[2*c_p*778*32.2*(T_4-T_5)]^(1/2);// ft/sec +T=(m/32.2)*(V_5-V_1);// lbf +hp=(T*V_1)/550;// hp +printf("\nThe thrust developed by the engine,T=%4.0f lbf \nThe horse power developed by the engine,hp=%4.0f hp",T,hp); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce8e5d68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 9_14 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=10;// kPa +P_3=4;// MPa +P_5=100;// kPa +W_ST=100;// The power output from the turbine in MW +T_5=25+273;// K +r_p=5;// The pressure ratio +T_7=850+273;// K +T_9=350;// K +c_p=1.00// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +h_1=192;// kJ/kg +h_2=h_1;// kJ/kg +// At 400°C and 4 MPa +h_3=3214;// kJ/kg +s_3=6.7698;// kJ/kg.K +s_4=s_3;// kJ/kg.K +s_f4=0.6491;// kJ/kg.K +s_fg4=7.5019;// kJ/kg.K +x=(s_4-s_f4)/s_fg4;// The quality of steam +h_f4=192;// kJ/kg +h_fg4=2393;// kJ/kg +h_4=h_f4+(x*h_fg4);// kJ/kg +h_3=3214;// kJ/kg +m_s=(W_ST*10^3)/(h_3-h_4);// kg/s +T_6=T_5*(r_p)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_8=T_7*(1/r_p)^((k-1)/k);// K +h_2=192;// kJ/kg +m_a=(m_s*(h_3-h_2))/(c_p*(T_8-T_9));// kg/s +W_turb=m_a*c_p*(T_7-T_8);// kJ/kg +W_comp=m_a*c_p*(T_6-T_5);// kJ/kg +W_GT=(W_turb-W_comp)/10^3;// The net gas turbine output in MW +Q_in=(m_a*c_p*(T_7-T_6))/10^3;// MW +n=(W_ST+W_GT)/Q_in;// The combined cycle efficiency +printf("\nThe efficiency of the combined Brayton-Rankine cycle,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",n,n*100); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fde5451a --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 9_15 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_2=-10+273;// K +T_4=30+273;// K +r=10;// The compression ratio +c_p=1.00// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_3=T_2*(r)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_1=T_4*(1/r)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_1C=T_1-273;// The minimum cycle temperature in °C +q_in=c_p*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +w_comp=c_p*(T_3-T_2);// kJ/kg +w_turb=c_p*(T_4-T_1);// kJ/kg +COP=q_in/(w_comp-w_turb);// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe minimum cycle temperature,T_1=%3.0f°C \nThe coefficient of performance,COP=%1.2f",T_1C,COP); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cf138d0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 9_16 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +T_3=-10+273;// K +T_2=-40+273;// K +r=10;// The compression ratio +c_p=1.00// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_4=T_3*(r)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_5=T_3;// K +T_6=T_2;// K +T_1=T_6*(1/r)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_1C=T_1-273;// The minimum cycle temperature in °C +q_in=c_p*(T_2-T_1);// kJ/kg +w_comp=c_p*(T_4-T_3);// kJ/kg +w_turb=c_p*(T_6-T_1);// kJ/kg +COP=q_in/(w_comp-w_turb);// The coefficient of performance +printf("\nThe minimum cycle temperature,T_1=%3.0f°C \nThe coefficient of performance,COP=%0.3f",T_1C,COP); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dd0ad003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 9_2 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +m=20;// The mass flow rate of air in kg/min +P_4=1600;// kPa +T_1=20+273;// K +P_1=100;// kPa +n=0.90;// The efficiency of the compressor +c_p=1.00;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +P_2=sqrt(P_1*P_4);// kPa +T_3=T_1;// K +T_2a=T_1*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// K +// Assume T_2'=T_2a +// P_4/P_3=P_2/P_1 +T_4a=T_3*(P_2/P_1)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_2=T_1+((1/n)*(T_2a-T_1));// K +T_4=T_2;// K +W_comp=((m/60)*c_p*(T_2-T_1))+((m/60)*c_p*(T_4-T_3));// The required power in kW +printf("\nThe power required to drive the two-stage adiabatic compressor,W_comp=%3.0f kW",W_comp); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa754aae --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 9_3 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=12;// The compression ratio +P_1=200;// kPa +P_3=10000;// kPa +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +// (a) +c=(1/(12-1))*100;// The percent clearance in % +// (b) +// r=V_1/V_2 +P_2=P_1*(r)^k;// kPa +// V_3/V_4=V_2/V_1 +P_4=P_3*(1/r)^k;// kPa +// W_cycle=20070*V_2;.............(1) +// W_cycle=MEP*(12V_2-V_2);.......(2) +// Solving equations (1)&(2) we get, +MEP=20070/11;// kPa +printf("\n(a)The percent clearance,c=%1.2f percentage \n(b)MEP=%4.0f kPa",c,MEP); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ad6d2e05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 9_4 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=10;// The compression ratio +T_1=200+273;// K +P_1=200;// kPa +w_net=1000;// kJ/kg +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(r)^(k-1);// K +function[X]=temperature(y) + X(1)=w_net-((c_v*(T_1-T_2))+(c_v*(y(1)-y(2)))) + X(2)=y(1)-(y(2)*(r)^(k-1)); +endfunction +y=[1000 1000]; +z=fsolve(y,temperature); +T_3=z(1);// K +T_4=z(2);// K +n_carnot=(1-(T_1/T_3));// % +v_1=(R*T_1)/P_1;// m^3/kg +// v_2=v_1/r; +MEP=w_net/(0.9*v_1);// kPa +printf("\nThe maximum possible efficiency,n_carnot=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.\nMEP=%4.0f kPa",n_carnot,n_carnot*100,MEP); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05c679025 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 9_5 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=18;// The compression ratio +T_1=200+273;// K +P_1=200;// kPa +w_net=1000;// kJ/kg +c_p=1.00;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +v_1=(R*T_1)/P_1;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_1/r;// m^3/kg +T_2=T_1*(r)^(k-1);// K +P_2=P_1*(r)^(k);// kPa +function[X]=temperature(y) + X(1)=w_net-((c_p*(y(1)-T_2))+(c_v*(T_1-y(2)))); + v_4=v_1;// m^3/kg + X(2)=y(2)-(y(1)*(y(3)/v_4)^(k-1)); + X(3)=(y(1)/y(3))-(T_2/v_2); +endfunction +y=[1000 1000 0.01]; +z=fsolve(y,temperature); +T_3=z(1);// K +T_4=z(2);// K +v_3=z(3);// m^3/kg +r_c=v_3/v_2;// The cut off ratio +n=(1-((1/(r^(k-1)))*(((r_c^k)-1)/(k*(r_c-1)))));// The thermal efficiency +MEP=w_net/(v_1-v_2);// kPa +r_otto=v_1/v_3;// The compression ratio for otto cycle +n_otto=(1-(1/(r^(k-1))));// The thermal efficiency for otto cycle +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.\nMEP=%3.0f kPa. \nThe thermal efficiency of an otto cycle operating with the same maximum pressure,n_otto=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage.",n,n*100,MEP,n_otto,n_otto*100); +// The answer provided in the text book is wrong diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..100fe7f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9_6 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=16;// The compression ratio +T_1=200+273;// K +P_1=200;// kPa +r_c=2;// The cut off ratio +r_p=1.3;// The pressure ratio +c_p=1.00;// kJ/kg.K +c_v=0.717;// kJ/kg.K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +n=1-((1/(r^(k-1)))*(((r_p*r_c^k)-1)/((k*r_p*(r_c-1))+(r_p-1))));// The thermal efficiency +T_2=T_1*(r)^(k-1);// K +T_3=T_2*r_p;// K +T_4=T_3*r_c;// K +q_in=(c_v*(T_3-T_2))+(c_p*(T_4-T_3));// kJ/kg +w_out=n*q_in;// kJ/kg +v_1=(R*T_1)/P_1;// m^3/kg +MEP=w_out/(v_1*(1-(1/r)));// kPa +printf("\nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f or %2.1f percentage. \nThe heat input,q_in=%4.0f kJ/kg. \nThe work output,w_out=%4.0f kJ/kg. \nThe MEP=%4.0f kPa",n,n*100,q_in,w_out,MEP); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4ee9c256 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 9_7 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=10;// The compression ratio +P_1=30;// psia +T_1=200+460;// °R +T_3=1000+460;// °R +R=53;// Btu/lbm°R + +// Calculation +w_34=R*T_3*log(r);// ft-lbf/lbm +w_12=R*T_1*log(1/r);// ft-lbf/lbm +w_out=w_34+w_12;// The work output in ft-lbf/lbm +n=1-(T_1/T_3);// The thermal efficiency +q_in=(w_out/778)/n;// The heat input in Btu/lbm +printf("\nThe work output,w_out=%5.0f ft-lbf/lbm \nThe heat input,q_in=%3.0f Btu/lbm",w_out,q_in); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180e13eac --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 9_8 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +r=10;// The compression ratio +P_1=200;// kPa +T_1=100+273;// K +T_3=600+273;// K +R=0.287;// kJ/kg.K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +v_1=(R*T_1)/P_1;// m^3/kg +T_4=T_3;// K +v_4=(T_4/T_1)*v_1;// m^3/kg +v_2=v_4/r;// m^3/kg +T_2=T_1;// K +P_2=(R*T_2)/v_2;// kPa +P_3=P_2;// kPa +v_3=(R*T_3)/P_3;// m^3/kg +w_out=(R*T_1*log(v_2/v_1))+(P_2*(v_3-v_2))+(R*T_3*log(v_4/v_3))+(P_1*(v_1-v_4));// The work output in kJ/kg +T_L=T_1;// K +T_H=T_3;// K +n=1-(T_L/T_H);// The thermal efficiency +q_in=w_out/n;// The heat input in kJ/kg +printf("\nThe work output,w_out=%3.0f kJ/kg \nThe heat input,q_in=%3.0f kJ/kg",w_out,q_in); diff --git a/3843/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3843/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98e4e3d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3843/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 9_9 +clc;funcprot(0); +// Given data +P_1=100;// kPa +T_1=25+273;// K +r_p=5;// The pressure ratio +T_3=850+273;// The maximum temperature in K +k=1.4;// The specific heat ratio + +// Calculation +T_2=T_1*(r_p)^((k-1)/k);// K +T_4=T_3*(1/r_p)^((k-1)/k);// K +w_r=(T_2-T_1)/(T_3-T_4);// The back work ratio +n=1-(r_p)^((1-k)/k);// The thermal efficiency +printf("\nThe back work ratio,w_comp/w_turb=%0.3f or %2.0f percentage. \nThe thermal efficiency,n=%0.3f(%2.1f percentage)",w_r,w_r*100,n,n*100); diff --git a/3845/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3845/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5189817dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1.1 +distance=10;//Distance (km) +time=20;//Time (min) +avg_speed_a=distance/time*60;//Average Speed (km/h) +printf('a. Average speed = %0.1f km/h',avg_speed_a) +avg_speed_b=avg_speed_a*1000/3600;//Average Speed (m/s) +printf('\nb. Average speed = %0.2f m/s',avg_speed_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3845/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3bbaffe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 1.2 +A=5;//Expected value of bag's weight (lb) +delta_A=0.4;//Uncertainty in A (lb) +percent_unc=delta_A/A*100;//Percent uncertainty of the weight +printf('Percent uncertainty of the weight = %0.1f%%',percent_unc) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3845/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e547445b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.3 +stories=39;//Number of stories in the building +height_man=2;//Approximate height of an adult man (m) +height_storey=2*height_man;//Approximate height of a single storey (m) +height_building=2*height_man*stories;//Approximate height of building assuming height of 1 storey=2*height_man (m) +printf('Approximate height of building = %0.1f m',height_building) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3845/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80061116d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 1.4 +vol_stack=6*3*0.5;//Volume of a stack of 100 bills(in^3)=length(in)*width(in)*height(in) +n_stacks=(1*10^12)/(1*10^4);//Number of stacks=(1 trillion $)/(dollars in a stack of 100$ bills) +area=100*50*(3/1)*(3/1)*(12/1)*(12/1);//Area of football field (in^2)=length(yards)*width(yards)*conversion sq.yards to sq.in +tot_vol=vol_stack*n_stacks;//Total volume of bills (in^3) +height=tot_vol/area;//Height of bills (in) +printf('Height of money = %0.2f in',height) +printf('\nHeight of money = %0.2f ft',height/12) +//Answers vary greatly because of the large approximations made in the textbook +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a47665a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10.1 +delta_omega=250;//Angular velocity (rpm) +delta_omega=250*2*%pi/60;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +delta_t=5.00;//Time taken (s) +alpha=delta_omega/delta_t;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +printf('a.Angular acceleration = %0.2f rad/s^2',alpha) +delta_omega_b=-delta_omega;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +alpha_b=-87.3;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +delta_t_b=delta_omega_b/alpha_b;//Time taken (s) +printf('\nb.Time taken for the wheel to stop = %0.3f s',delta_t_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c4835a59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 10.10 +m=0.75;//Mass of the cylinder (kg) +h=2;//Height of incline (m) +R=4*10^-2;//Radius of cylinder (m) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s) +v=sqrt((m*g*h)/[(1/2*m)+(1/2*1/2*m*R^2/R^2)]);//Final velocity, See Equation 10.86 (m/s) +printf('Final speed = %0.2f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..154d06f16 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.11/Ex10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 10.11 +M=5.979*10^24;//Mass of the Earth (kg) +R=6.376*10^6;//Radius of the Earth (m) +I=2*M*R^2/5;//Moment of inertia (sphere) (kg.m^2) +omega=1;//Angular velocity (rev/day) +omega=1*2*%pi/(8.64*10^4);//Angular velocity (rad/s) +//There are 8.64*10^4 seconds in a day +L=I*omega;//Angular momentum (kg.m^2/s) +printf('Angular momentum of the Earth = %0.2e kg.m^2/s',L) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fc384520 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.12/Ex10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 10.12 +F=2.5;//Force (N) +r=0.26;//Radius of the lazy Susan tray (m) +net_tau=r*F;//Net torque (N.m) +delta_t=0.15;//Time (s) +delta_L=net_tau*delta_t;//Change in angular momentum (kg.m^2/s) +L=delta_L;//Final angular momentum since initial angular momentum is zero (kg.m^2/s) +printf('a.Final angular momentum = %0.2e kg.m^2/s',L) +M=4;//Mass of the lazy Susan (kg) +I=1/2*M*r^2;//Moment of inertia (kg.m^2) +omega=L/I;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('\nb.Final angular velocity = %0.3f rad/s',omega) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7951dcb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.13/Ex10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 10.13 +F=2000;//Force exerted (N) +r=2.20*10^-2;//Lever arm (m) +net_tau=r*F;//Net torque (N.m) +I=1.25;//Moment of inertia (kg.m^2) +alpha=net_tau/I;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +printf('a.Angular acceleration of the leg =%0.1f rad/s^2',alpha) +theta=1;//Angular displacement (rad) +omega_0=0;//Initial angular velocity (rad/s) +omega=sqrt(omega_0^2+2*alpha*theta);//Final angular velocity (rad/s) +KE_rot=(1/2)*I*omega^2;//Rotational kinetic energy (J) +printf('\nb.Rotational kinetic energy of the leg = %0.1f J',KE_rot) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd3dffa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.14/Ex10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 10.14 +omega=0.8;//Angular velocity (rev/s) +I=2.34;//Moment of inertia when arms are extended (kg.m^2) +I_prime=0.363;//Moment of inertia when arms are close to the body (kg.m^2) +m=60;//Mas of the skater (kg) +omega_prime=I/I_prime*omega;//Angular velocity when arms are pulled in (rev/s) +printf('a.Angular velocity when arms are pulled in = %0.2f rev/s',omega_prime) +KE_rot=(1/2)*I*(omega*2*%pi)^2;//Rotational kinetic energy when arms are extended (J), also convert omega to units of rad/s +printf('\nb.Initial rotational kinetic energy (extended arms) = %0.1f J',KE_rot) +KE_rot_prime=(1/2)*I_prime*(omega_prime*2*%pi)^2;//Rotational kinetic energy when arms are pulled in (J), also convert omega to units of rad/s +printf('\n Final rotational kinetic energy (arms pulled in) = %0.1f J',KE_rot_prime) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccaeda1af --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.15/Ex10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 10.15 +m=50*10^-3;//Mass of the disc (kg) +v=30;//Initial velocity of the disc (m/s) +M=2;//Mass of the stick (kg) +r=1.2;//Length of the stick (m) +I_prime=(m+M/3)*r^2;//Moment of inertia of the stick and disc stuck together, See Equation 10.128 (kg.m^2) +omega_prime=m*v*r/I_prime;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('a.Angular velocity of the two (stick and disc) after collision = %0.2f rad/s',omega_prime) +KE=(1/2)*m*v^2;//Initial kinetic energy (translational) (J) +printf('\nb.Initial kinetic energy = %0.1f J',KE) +KE_prime=(1/2)*I_prime*omega_prime^2;//Final kinetic energy (rotational) (J) +printf('\n Final kinetic energy = %0.2f J',KE_prime) +p=m*v;//Linear momentum before collision (kg.m/s) +printf('\nc.Total linear momentum before collision = %0.2f kg.m/s',p) +v_prime=r*omega_prime;//New velocity of the disk (m/s) +p_prime=(m+M/2)*v_prime;//Linear momentum after collision (kg.m/s) +printf('\n Total linear momentum after collision = %0.2f kg.m/s',p_prime) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d85ca0ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 10.2 +delta_v=30;//Change in velocity (m/s) +delta_t=4.20;//Time taken (s) +a_t=delta_v/delta_t;//Linear acceleration (m/s^2) +r=0.320;//Radius of wheel (m) +alpha=a_t/r;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +printf('Angular acceleration of the wheel = %0.1f rad/s^2',alpha) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ba6d80b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 10.3 +omega_0=0;//Initial angular velocity (rad/s) +alpha=110;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +t=2;//Time (s) +r=4.50*10^-2//Radius of reel (m) +omega=omega_0+alpha*t;//Final angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('a.Final angular velocity = %0.1f rad/s',omega) +v=r*omega;//Speed of fishing line (m/s) +printf('\nb.Speed of fishing line leaving the reel after 2.00s = %0.2f m/s',v) +theta=omega_0+1/2*alpha*t^2;//Angle taken through (rad) +theta1=theta/(2*%pi);//Revolutions (rev) +printf('\nc.Number of revolutions made by the reel = %0.1f rev',theta1) +x=r*theta;//Length of fishing line (m) +printf('\nd.Length of fishing line that comes out of the reel in this duration = %0.2f m',x) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed8fd797 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 10.4 +omega_0=220;//Initial angular velocity (rad/s) +omega=0;//Final angular velocity (rad/s) +alpha=-300;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +t=(omega-omega_0)/alpha;//Time (s) +printf('Time taken for the reel to stop spinning = %0.3f s',t) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40969df9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 10.5 +r=0.350;//Radius of wheel (m) +alpha=0.250;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +theta=200;//Revolutions (rev) +theta=theta*2*%pi;//Angle taken through (rad) +x=r*theta;//Distance (m) +printf('a.Distance the train has moved = %0.1f',x) +omega_0=0;//Initial angular velocity (rad/s) +omega=sqrt(omega_0^2+2*alpha*theta)//Final angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('\nb.Final angular velocity of the wheels= %0.1f rad/s',omega) +v=r*omega;//Linear velocity of the train (m/s) +printf('\n Linear velocity of the train = %0.2f m/s',v) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74d5b7eb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 10.6 +omega=6.0;//Angular velocity (rpm) +t=2;//Time (min) +r=0.15;//Radius of plate (m) +theta=omega*t;//Revolutions (rev) +theta=theta*2*%pi;//Angle taken through (rad) +x=r*theta;//Distance travelled (m) +printf('Distance travelled by the fly = %0.2f m',x) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d651f08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 10.7 +M=50;//Mass of the merry-go-round (kg) +R=1.50;//Radius of the merry-go-round (m) +F=250;//Force exerted (N) +theta=90;//Angle (deg) +tau=R*F*sind(theta);//Torque (N.m) +I=1/2*M*R^2;//Moment of inertia (kg.m^2) +alpha1=tau/I;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +printf('a.Angular acceleration when no one is on the merry-go-round = %0.2f rad/s^2',alpha1) +M1=18;//Mass of the child (kg) +R1=1.25;//Distance of child from the center (m) +I_c=M1*R1^2;//Moment of inertia of the child (kg.m^2) +I=I_c+I;//Total moment of inertia (kg.m^2) +alpha2=tau/I;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +printf('\nb.Angular acceleration when the child is on the merry-go-round = %0.2f rad/s^2',alpha2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1722a01d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 10.8 +r=0.320;//Radius of grindstone +F=200;//Force exerted (N) +theta=1;//Angle taken through (rad) +net_tau=r*F;//Net torque (N.m) +net_W=net_tau*theta;//Net work (J) +printf('a.Net work done = %0.1f J',net_W) +M=85;//Mass of grindstone (kg) +omega_0=0;//Initial angular velocity (rad/s) +I=1/2*M*r^2;//Moment of inertia (kg.m^2) +alpha=net_tau/I;//Angular acceleration (rad/s^2) +omega=sqrt(omega_0^2+2*alpha*theta);//Final angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('\nb.Final angular velocity = %0.2f rad/s',omega) +KE_rot=1/2*I*omega^2;//Rotational kinetic energy (J) +printf('\nc.Final rotational kinetic energy = %0.1f J',KE_rot) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3845/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4bd43544 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 10.9 +l=4;//Length of each blade (m) +M=50;//Mass of each blade (kg) +omega=300;//Angular velocity (rpm) +omega=omega*2*%pi/60;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +I=4*M*l^2/3;//Moment of inertia (kg/m^2) +KE_rot=(1/2)*I*omega^2;//Rotational kinetic energy (J) +printf('a.Rotational kinetic energy = %0.2e J',KE_rot) +v=20;//Flight velocity (m/s) +m=1000;//Total loaded mass of the helicopter (kg) +KE_trans=(1/2)*m*v^2;//Translational kinetic energy (J) +printf('\nb.Translational kinetic energy = %0.2e J',KE_trans) +printf('\n Ratio of translational kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy = %0.3f',KE_trans/KE_rot) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=(1/2)*I*omega^2/(m*g);//Maximum height (m) +printf('\nc.Maximum height = %0.1f m',h) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f3c72994 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.1 +A=50*(10^3)^2;//Surface area (m^2) +h=40;//Average depth (m) +rho=1*10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3), See Table 11.1 +V=A*h;//Volume (m^3) +m=rho*V;//Mass of water (kg) +printf('Mass of water behind the dam = %0.2e kg',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d9c77d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.10 +m_w=8.630-7.800;//Mass of water displaced = apparent loss of mass, (g) +rho_w=1;//Density of water (g/cm^3) +V_w=m_w/rho_w;//Volume of water displaced (cm^3) +V_c=V_w;//Volume of coin = volume of water displaced, (cm^3) +m_c=8.630;//Mass of coin (g) +rho_c=m_c/V_c;//Density of coin (g/cm^3) +printf('Density of the coin = %0.1f g/cm^3',rho_c) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a8e0a4a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 11.11 +r=2*10^-4;//Radius of soap bubble (m) +Gamma=0.037;//Surface tension of soapy water (N/m), See Table 11.3 +P=4*Gamma/r;//Gauge pressure inside the soap bubble (Pa) +printf('Gauge pressure inside the soap bubble = %0.1f Pa',P) +P1=P*1/133;//Gauge pressure inside the soap bubble (mm Hg) +printf('\nGauge pressure inside the soap bubble = %0.2f mm Hg',P1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de672fad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.12 +Gamma=0.0728;//Surface tension (N/m) +theta=0;//Contact angle (deg) +rho=1050;//Density (kg/m^3) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=100;//Height (m) +r=(2*Gamma*cosd(theta))/(rho*g*h);//Radius of capillary tube (m) +printf('Radius of capillary tube required = %0.2e m',r) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3491aada9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 11.13 +F=3;//Force (N) +A=1*(10^-2)^2;//Are of eardrum (m^2) +P_g=F/A;//Pressure (N/m^2) +P_g1=P_g*1/133;//Pressure (mm Hg) +printf('a.Maximum tolerable gauge pressure = %0.2e N/m^2 or %0.1f mm Hg',P_g,P_g1) +rho=1*10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=P_g/(rho*g);//Depth of water (m) +printf('\nb.Depth of water = %0.2f m',h) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa1e9077b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 11.2 +P=6.90*10^6;//Pressure (Pa) +r=0.150/2;//Radius of disk (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of disk (m^2) +F=P*A;//Force (N) +printf('Force exerted on the flat end of the tank = %0.2e N',F) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c326a26aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 11.3 +h=40;//Average depth (m) +rho=1*10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3), See Table 11.1 +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +P=h*rho*g;//Pressure (Pa) +printf('a.Average pressure on the dam = %0.0f kPa',P/1000) +w=500;//Width of dam (m) +d=80;//Depth of dam (m) +A=w*d;//Area of dam (m^2) +F=P*A;//Force (N) +printf('\nb.Force exerted against the dam = %0.2e N',F) +//Discussion +W=1.96*10^13;//Weight of water in the dam (N) +printf('\nDiscussion:\nThe force exerted on the dam is %0.4f%% of the weight of water in the dam',F/W*100) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc87728e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.4 +P=1.01*10^5;//Atmospheric pressure (N/m^2) +h=120*10^3;//Altitude (m) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +rho=P/(h*g);//Average density (kg/m^3) +printf('Average density of the atmosphere = %0.2e kg/m^3',rho) +rho_table=1.29;//Density of air, See Table 11.1 (kg/m^3) +printf('\nRatio of density of air (1.29 kg/m^3, as listed in Table 11.1) to the average density of the atmosphere = %0.1f',rho_table/rho) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efafff2c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 11.5 +P=1.01*10^5;//Pressure (N/m^2) , which is equal to 1 atm +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +rho=1*10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3) +h=P/(rho*g);//Depth (m) +printf('Depth below the surface of water = %0.1f m',h) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66147fc93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.6 +F1=500;//Force on master cylinder (N) +r1=(0.500*10^-2)/2;//Master cylinder radius (m) +A1=%pi*r1^2;//Cross-sectional area of master cylinder (m^2) +r2=(2.50*10^-2)/2;//Slave cylinder radius (m) +A2=%pi*r2^2;//Cross-sectional area of slave cylinder (m^2) +F2=A2*F1/A1;//Force on slave cylinder (N) +printf('Force on slave cylinder = %0.2e N',F2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34ed27341 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11.7 +P=18;//Blood pressure (mm Hg) +P=18*133/1.00;//Blood pressure (Pa) +rho=1.00;//Density of fluid (g/ml) +rho=rho*10^3;//Density of fluid (kg/m^3) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=P/(rho*g);//Height (m) +printf('Height at which IV bag must be placed = %0.2f m',h) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e117260 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 11.8 +m_st=1*10^7;//Mass of steel (kg) +rho_st=7.8*10^3;//Density of steel (kg/m^3), See Table 11.1 +V_st=m_st/rho_st;//Volume of steel (m^3) +rho_w=1*10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3), See Table 11.1 +V_w=V_st;//Volume of water displaced (m^3) +m_w=rho_w*V_w;//Mass of water displaced (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w_w=m_w*g;//Weight of water displaced (N) +F_B=w_w;//Buoyant force (N) +printf('a.Buoyant force = %0.1e N',F_B) + +V_w1=1*10^5;//Volume of water displaced +m_w1=rho_w*V_w1;//Mass of water displaced (kg) +w_w1=m_w1*g;//Weight of water displaced (N) +F_B1=w_w1;//Buoyant force (N) +printf('\nb.Buoyant force = %0.2e N',F_B1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3845/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0d69231b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 11.9 +f_sub=0.97;//Fraction submerged +rho_fl=10^3;//Density of fluid (kg/m^3) +rho_person=f_sub*rho_fl;//Density of person (kg/m^3) +printf('Average density of the person = %0.1f kg/m^3',rho_person) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50457b802 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.1 +Q=5;//Flow rate (L/min) +Q=Q/10^3;//Flow rate (m^3/min) +t=75;//Time (y) +t=t*(365*24*60);//Time (min) +V=Q*t;//Volume (m^3) +printf('Volume of blood pumped in 75 years = %0.1e m^3',V) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26a421fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.10 +rho=1.29;//Density from table (kg/m^3) +v=40;//Speed (m/s) +L=7.40*10^-2;//Characteristic length (m) +eta=1.81*10^-5;//Viscosity from table (Pa.s) +N_R_v=(rho*v*L)/eta;//Reynolds number +printf('Reynolds number = %0.2e (object in fluid)',N_R_v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fee63003 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.11 +x_rms=1*10^-2;//Root-mean-square distance (m) +D=6.7*10^-10;//Diffusion constant for glucose molecule in water (m^2/s) +t=x_rms^2/(2*D);//Time (s) +t=t/(60*60);//Time (h) +printf('Time taken for a glucose molecule to move 1 cm in water = %0.2f h',t) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..188a322d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 12.2 +r1=0.9*10^-2;//Radius of garden hose (m) +A1=%pi*r1^2;//Cross-sectional area of hose (m^2) +Q=0.5;//Flow rate (L/s) +Q=Q/10^3;//Flow rate (m^3/s) +v1=Q/A1;//Speed of water in the hose (m/s) +printf('a.Speed of water in the hose = %0.2f m/s',v1) +r2=0.25*10^-2;//Radius of nozzle (m) +A2=%pi*r2^2;//Cross-sectional area of nozzle (m^2) +v2=A1*v1/A2;//Speed of water in the nozzle from continuity equation (m/s) +printf('\nb.Speed of water in the nozzle = %0.1f m/s',v2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..587b5c9f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 12.3 +Q=5;//Flow rate (L/min) +Q=Q/(10^3*60);//Flow rate (m^3/s) +r1=10*10^-3;//Radius of aorta (m) +A1=%pi*r1^2;//Cross-sectional area of aorta (m^2) +v1=Q/A1;//Average speed of blood in the aorta (m/s) +printf('a.Average speed of the blood in the aorta = %0.2f m/s',v1) +n1=1;//Number of aorta +r2=(8*10^-6)/2;//Radius of capillary (m) +A2=%pi*r2^2;//Cross-sectional area of capillary (m^2) +v2=0.33*10^-3;//Average speed of blood in the capillary (m/s) +n2=(n1*A1*v1)/(A2*v2);//Number of capillaries +printf('\nb.Number of capillaries = %0.1e',n2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a2aee004 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.4 +P2=1.01*10^5;//Absolute pressure in the nozzle (N/m^2) +v1=1.96;//Speed of water in the hose (m/s) +v2=25.5;//Speed of water in the nozzle (m/s) +rho=10^3;//Density of water (kg/m^3) +P1=P2+1/2*rho*(v2^2-v1^2);//Abolute pressure in the hose from Bernoulli's equation (N/m^2) +printf('Absolute pressure in the hose = %0.2e N/m^2',P1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..377afceb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 12.5 +r1=(6.40*10^-2)/2;//Radius of the hose (m) +A1=%pi*r1^2;//Cross-sectional area of the hose (m^2) +r2=(3*10^-2)/2;//Radius of the nozzle (m) +A2=%pi*r2^2;//Cross-sectional area of the nozzle (m^2) +Q=40;//Flow rate (L/s) +Q=Q/10^3;//Flow rate (m^3/s) +v1=Q/A1;//Speed of water in hose (m/s) +v2=Q/A2;//Speed of water in nozzle (m/s) +rho=1000;//Density of water (kg/m^3) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h2=10;//Height above ground (m) +P1=1.62*10^6;//Gauge pressure inside the hose at the start (N/m^2) +//Taking initial height h1=0 (m) +P2=P1+1/2*rho*(v1^2-v2^2)-(rho*g*h2);//Nozzle pressure from Bernoulli's equation (N/m^2) +printf('(Gauge) Pressure in the nozzle = %0.1f N/m^2',P2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca2bd1e3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 12.6 +P1=1.62*10^6;//Pressure at the hose inlet, see Example 12.5 (N/m^2) +P_h=0.7*10^6;//Pressure at hydrant outlet (N/m^2) +P=P1-P_h;//Pressure increase due to the pump (N/m^2) +Q=40;//Flow rate, See Example 12.5 (L/s) +Q=Q/10^3;//Flow rate (m^3/s) +power=P*Q;//Power (W) +printf('Power supplied by the pump = %0.1f kW',power/1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8400502a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 12.7 +//Deriving from Poiseuille's law and considering flow rate has halved [Q2=0.5Q1], we get +//(r2/r1)^4=Q2/Q1 +//r2/r1=(0.5)^1/4; +ratio=(0.5)^(1/4); +printf('The radius of the coronary artery after plaque deposits is %0.3f times the initial radius,\na decrease of %0.2f%%',ratio,[(1-ratio)/1*100]) +//The answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f689b8fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 12.8 +Q=0.120;//Flow rate (cm^3/s) +Q=Q*(10^-2)^3;//Flow rate (m^3/s) +r=0.150*10^-3;//Radius of needle (m) +l=2.50*10^-2;//Length of needle (m) +eta=1*10^-3;//Viscosity of saline solution(N.s/m^2) +P1=8;//Gauge pressure in vein (mm Hg) +P1=P1*133/1.00;//Gauge pressure in vein (N/m^2) +P2=[(8*eta*l*Q)/(%pi*r^4)]+P1;//Pressure required from Poiseuille's law (N/m^2) +printf('Pressure required at the needle''s entrance = %0.2e N/m^2',P2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3845/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a317b18ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 12.9 +Q=0.120;//Flow rate (cm^3/s) +Q=Q*(10^-2)^3;//Flow rate (m^3/s) +r=0.150*10^-3;//Radius of needle (m) +eta=1*10^-3;//Viscosity of saline solution(N.s/m^2) +//Above information from Exercise 12.8 +////////////////////////////////////// +A=%pi*r^2;//Cross-sectional area of needle +v=Q/A;//Fluid speed (m/s) +rho=1025;//Density of saline solution (kg/m^3) +N_R=(2*rho*v*r)/eta;//Reynolds number +printf('Reynolds number = %0.1f (flow in tube)',N_R) +if N_R<2000 disp('The flow is laminar') +elseif N_R>=2000&N_R<=3000 disp('The flow is unstable') +else disp('The flow is turbulent') +end +//Answer slightly varies with the textbook given answer +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04344cfcf --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 13.1 +T_C=25;//Temperature (C) +T_F=(9/5*T_C)+32;//Temperature (F) +printf('a.Room temperature = %0.1f F',T_F) +T_K=T_C+273.15;//Temperature (K) +printf('\nb.Room temperature = %0.1f K',T_K) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3964e12a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 13.10 +T=20;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann constant (J/K) +KE=3/2*k*T;//Kinetic energy (J) +printf('a.Average kinetic energy of the gas molecule = %0.2e J',KE) +M=2*14.0067*10^-3;//Molecular mass of nitrogen N2 (kg/mol) +N_A=6.02*10^23;//Avogadro's number (mol^-1) +m=M/N_A;//Mass of nitrogen molecule (kg) +v_rms=sqrt(3*k*T/m);//RMS speed (m/s) +printf('\nb.RMS speed of the nitrogen molecule = %0.1f m/s',v_rms) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09119a305 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 13.11 +v=11.1*10^3;//Escape velocity (m/s) +v_rms=v;//RMS speed (m/s) +molar_m=4.0026*10^-3;//Molar mass (kg/mol) +N_A=6.02*10^23;//Avogadro's number (mol^-1) +m=molar_m/N_A;//Mass of Helium atom (kg) +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann constant (J/K) +T=m*v_rms^2/(3*k);//Temperature (K) +printf('Temperature = %0.2e K',T) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f28fe8ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 13.12 +T=20;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +P=2.33*10^3;//Vapor pressure of water at 20 deg C (Pa), See Table 13.5 +R=8.31;//Ideal gas constant (J/mol.K) +M=18;//Molecular mass of water (g/mol) +//From ideal gas law, n/V=rho=P/(RT) +//n=number of moles, V=volume (m^3), rho=density (mol/m^3) +rho=P/(R*T);//Density (mol/m^3) +rho=rho*M;//Density (g/m^3) +printf('Density of water vapor = %0.1f g/m^3',rho) +sat_rho=17.2;//Saturation vapor density, See Table 13.5 (g/m^3) +//Here it is found that rho=sat_rho +x=abs(rho-sat_rho);//Difference (g/m^3) +if (x<0.1)//For a maximum difference of less than 0.1 g/m^3 (assumed) + printf('\nDensity of water vapor calculated is equal to the saturation vapor density found in Table 13.5') + end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59de564d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 13.13 +v_rho=9.40;//Vapor density (g/m^3) +sat_rho=23.0;//Saturation vapor density at 25 deg C, See Table 13.5 (g/m^3) +rel_hum=v_rho/sat_rho*100;//Percent relative humidity +printf('a.Percent relative humidity = %0.1f%%',rel_hum) +printf('\nb.The answer to this sub question is beyond the scope of computation') +//Dew point temperature = -10 deg C +v_rho1=2.36;//Vapor density = Saturation vapor density at dew point from Table 13.5 (g/m^3) +sat_rho1=23;//Saturation vapor density at 25 deg C, See Table 13.5 (g/m^3) +rel_hum1=v_rho1/sat_rho1*100;//Percent relative humidity +printf('\nc.Percent relative humidity = %0.1f%%',rel_hum1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ced7e04e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 13.2 +T_C=25;//Temperature(C) +T_R=0.8*T_C;//Temperature (R (Reaumur)) +printf('Room temperature = %0.1f R',T_R) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b0ac6b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 13.3 +L=1275;//Length when coldest (m) +delta_T=40-(-15);//Temperature range (C) +alpha=12*10^-6;//Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (C^-1), See Table 13.2 +delta_L=alpha*L*delta_T;//Change in length (m) +printf('Change in length = %0.2f m',delta_L) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba8bf6560 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 13.4 +beta_s=35*10^-6;//Coefficient of volume expansion of steel (C^-1) +beta_gas=950*10^-6;//Coefficient of volume expansion of gasoline (C^-1) +V=60;//Volume of tank (L) +delta_T=35-15;//Change in temperature (C) +V_spill=(beta_gas-beta_s)*V*delta_T;//Volume of gasoline spilled (See textbook for derivation) (L) +printf('Volume of gasoline spilled = %0.2f L',V_spill) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..036dfe5fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 13.5 +B=1*10^9;//Bulk modulus of gasoline (N/m^2) +delta_V=1.10;//Volume of gasoline that would spill, See Example 13.4 (L) +V=60;//Volume of tank, See Example 13.4 (L) +P=delta_V*B/V;//Pressure (after derivation)(Pa) +printf('Pressure created in the tank = %0.2e Pa',P) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30e1f2c2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 13.6 +T_0=18;//Initial temperature (C) +T_0=T_0+273;//Initial temperature (K) +T_f=35;//Final temperature (C) +T_f=T_f+273;//Final temperature (K) +P_0=7*10^5;//Initial pressure (Pa) +P_f=P_0*T_f/T_0;//Final presssure (after derivation)(Pa) +printf('Pressure after temperature rise = %0.2e Pa',P_f) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f6c027f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 13.7 +T=0;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +P=1.01*10^5;//Pressure (Pa) +V=1;//Volume (m^3) +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann constant (J/K) +N=(P*V)/(k*T);//Number of molecules +printf('Number of molecules in 1 m^3 of gas at STP = %0.2e',N) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fda7dcda2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 13.8 +N=2.68*10^25;//Number of molecules in 1 m^3 of gas at STP, See Example 13.7 (molecules/m^3) +N_A=6.02*10^23;//Avogadro's number (molecules/mol) +n=N/N_A;//Moles per cubic meter (mol/m^3) +printf('a.Number of moles per cubic meter of gas at STP = %0.1f mol/m^3',n) +v=1;//Volume (m^3) +v=v*10^3;//Volume (L/m^3) +n_l=v/n;//Liters per mole (L/mol) +printf('\nb.Number of liters of gas per mole = %0.1f L/mol',n_l) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3845/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6336127fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 13.9 +P=7*10^5;//Pressure (Pa) +V=2*10^-3;//Volume (m^3) +T=18;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +R=8.31;//Ideal gas constant (J/(mol.K)) +n=(P*V)/(R*T);//Moles (mol) +printf('Number of moles = %0.3f mol',n) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d627447c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 14.1 +T_f=80;//Final temperature (C) +T_i=20;//Initial temperature (C) +delta_T=T_f-T_i;//Temperature change (C) +rho=1000;//Density of water (kg/m^3) +V=0.250;//Volume (L) +V=V*10^-3;//Volume (m^3) +m_W=rho*V;//Mass of water (kg) +c_W=4186;//Specific heat of water (J/kg.C), See Table 14.1 +Q_W=m_W*c_W*delta_T/1000;//Heat required by water(kJ) +printf('a.Heat required by water= %0.1f kJ',Q_W) +m_Al=0.5;//Mass of aluminum (kg) +c_Al=900;//Specific heat of aluminum (J/kg.C), See Table 14.1 +Q_Al=m_Al*c_Al*delta_T/1000;//Heat required by aluminum (kJ) +printf('\n Heat required by pan = %0.1f kJ',Q_Al) +Q_total=Q_W+Q_Al;//Total heat transferred (kJ) +printf('\n Total Heat required = %0.1f kJ',Q_total) +printf('\nb.Percentage of heat used to heat the pan = %0.1f%%',Q_Al/Q_total*100) +printf('\nc.Percentage of heat used to heat the water = %0.1f%%',Q_W/Q_total*100) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db0a3b90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 14.2 +M=10000;//Mass of truck (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=75;//Vertical displacement (m) +delta_PE=M*g*h;//Change in gravitational potential energy (J) +Q=delta_PE;//Heat transferred (J) +m=100;//Mass of brake material (kg) +c=800;//Specific heat of brake material (J/kg.C) +delta_T=Q/(m*c);//Temperature increase (C) +printf('Temperature increase of brake material = %0.2f C',delta_T) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e0ea5edc --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 14.3 +m_Al=0.5;//Mass of aluminum pan (kg) +c_Al=900;//Specific heat of aluminum (J/kg.C) +T_Al=150;//Initial temperature of pan (C) +m_W=0.25;//Mass of water (kg) +c_W=4186;//Specific heat of water (J/kg.C) +T_W=20;//Initial temperature of water (C) +T_f=[(m_Al*c_Al*T_Al)+(m_W*c_W*T_W)]/(m_Al*c_Al+m_W*c_W);//Final temperature, See Equation 14.15 (C) +printf('Final temperature = %0.1f C',T_f) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b204b659f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 14.4 +m_ice=3*6;//Mass of ice cubes (g) +m_ice=m_ice/1000;//Mass of ice cubes (kg) +L_f=334000;//Latent heat of fusion of water (J/kg) +c_W=4186;//Specific heat of water (and soda) (J/kg.C) +T_ice=0;//Initial temperature of ice cubes (C) +m_soda=0.25;//Mass of soda (kg) +T_soda=20;//Initial temperature of soda (C) +T_f=[(m_soda*c_W*T_soda)-(m_ice*L_f)]/[(m_soda+m_ice)*c_W];//Final temperature after derivation (C) +printf('Final temperature = %0.2f C',T_f) +//An error of more than 2% due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0194e20b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 14.5 +A=0.950;//Area (m^2) +d=2.5*10^-2;//Thickness (m) +T1=0;//Temperature inside the box (C) +T2=35;//Temperature outside the box (C) +t=24*60*60;//Time, convert 1 day to seconds (s) +k=0.010;//Thermal conductivity of styrofoam (J/s.m.C) +rate=[k*A*(T2-T1)]/d;//Rate of conductive heat transfer (J/s) +Q=rate*t;//Heat energy transferred (J) +L_f=334*10^3;//Latent heat of fusion of water (J/kg) +m=Q/L_f;//Mass of ice melted (kg) +printf('Amount of ice that melts in one day = %0.2f kg',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cbe94e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 14.6 +d=0.8*10^-2;//Thickness of pan bottom (m) +r=(14/2)*10^-2;//Radius of pan (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of pan bottom (m^2) +k=220;//Thermal conductivity of aluminum (J/s.m.C) +m=1*10^-3;//Mass of water (kg) +L_v=2256*10^3;//Latent heat of vaporization (J/kg) +Q=m*L_v;//Heat of vaporization of 1g of water (J) +rate=Q/1;//Rate of heat transfer,Q/t, (J/s) +delta_T=rate*d/(k*A);//Temperature difference (C) +printf('Temperature difference across the bottom of the pan = %0.2f C',delta_T) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..823622881 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 14.7 +rho=1.29;//Density of air (kg/m^3) +V=12*18*3;//Volume (m^3) +m=rho*V;//Mass of air (kg) +c=1000;//Specific heat of air (J/kg.C), See Table 14.4 +delta_T=10;//Change in temperature (C) +Q=m*c*delta_T;//Heat transferred (J) +t=30*60;//Time,minutes converted to seconds,(s) +rate=Q/t;//Heat transfer rate(W) +printf('Rate of heat transfer = %0.2f kW',rate/1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b9a59a2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 14.8 +rate_heat=120;//Rate of production of heat, Q/t, (W) or (J/s) +L_v=2430;//Latent heat of vaporization (kJ/kg) or (J/g), See Table 14.2 +rate_mass=rate_heat/L_v;//Rate at which water must evaporate (g/s) +rate_mass=rate_mass*60;//Rate at which water must evaporate (g/min) +printf('Water must evaporate at a rate = %0.2f g/min',rate_mass) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3845/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..368f2bde2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 14.9 +T1=33;//Person's temperature (C) +T1=T1+273;//Person's temperature (K) +T2=22;//Ambient temperature of room (C) +T2=T2+273;//Ambient temperature of room (K) +A=1.50;//Surface area of skin (m^2) +e=0.97;//Emissivity +sigma=5.67*10^-8;//Stefan-Boltzmann constant (J/s.m^2.K^4) +rate=sigma*e*A*(T2^4-T1^4);//Rate of radiative heat transfer (J/s) +printf('Rate of radiative heat transfer = %0.2f W',rate) +//The answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..736f625df --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 15.1 +Q=40-25;//Net heat transfer (J) +W=10-4;//Net work done (J) +delta_U=Q-W;//Change in internal energy (J) +printf('a.Change in internal energy = %0.2f J',delta_U) +//Another approach: +//Q1=40;//Heat transfer into system for process 1(J) +//W1=10;//Work done by the system for process 1 (J) +//delta_U1=Q1-W1;//Change in internal energy for process 1 (J) +//Q2=-25;//Heat transfer out of the system for process 2 (J) +//W2=-4;//Work done on the system for process 2 (J) +//delta_U2=Q2-W2;//Change in internal energy for process 2 (J) +//delta_U=delta_U1+delta_U2;//Total change in internal energy (J) + +Qb=-150;//Net heat transfer (J) +Wb=-159;//Net work done (J) +delta_Ub=Q-W;//Change in internal energy (J) +printf('\nb.Change in internal energy = %0.2f J',delta_Ub) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8ab459fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 15.2 +//See Figure 15.12 (b) +P_AB=1.50*10^6;//Pressure along path AB (N/m^2) +delta_V_AB=500*10^-6;//Volume change along path AB (m^3) +W_AB=P_AB*delta_V_AB;//Work along path AB (J) +W_BC=0;//Work along isochoric path BC is zero as delta_V_BC=0, (J) +P_CD=2*10^5;//Pressure along path CD (N/m^2) +delta_V_CD=-500*10^-6;//Volume change along path CD (m^3) +W_CD=P_CD*delta_V_CD;//Work along path CD (J) +W_DA=0;//Work along isochoric path DA is zero as delta_V_DA=0, (J) +W=W_AB+W_BC+W_CD+W_DA;//Total work (J) +printf('a.Total work = %0.1f J',W) +area=(P_AB-P_CD)*delta_V_AB;//Area inside the rectangle (J) +printf('\nb.Area inside the rectangle ABCDA = %0.1f J',area) +if area==W + printf('\nArea = %0.1fJ = W',area) +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..853a15d86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 15.3 +Q_h=2.5*10^14;//Heat transfer from coal (J) +Q_c=1.48*10^14;//Heat transfer into the environment (J) +W=Q_h-Q_c;//Work done (J) +printf('a.Work done by the power station = %0.2e J',W) +Eff=W/Q_h;//Efficiency +printf('\nb.Efficiency of the power station = %0.3f or %0.1f%%',Eff,Eff*100) +q=2.5*10^6;//Heat transfer per kg of coal (J/kg) +m_coal=Q_h/q;//Mass of coal consumed per day (kg) +//If 12kg of coal results in the production of 44kg of CO2 +m_CO2=m_coal*44/12;//Amount of CO2 produced daily (kg) +printf('\nc.Amount of CO2 produced daily = %0.1e kg or %0.1f metric tons',m_CO2,m_CO2/1000) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c581639da --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 15.4 +Tc=27;//Cold reservoir temperature (C) +Tc=Tc+273;//Cold reservoir temperature (K) +Th=300;//Hot reservoir temperature (C) +Th=Th+273;//Hot reservoir temperature (K) +Eff_C=1-Tc/Th;//Theoretical efficiency +printf('Maximum theoretical efficiency for the heat engine = %0.3f or %0.1f%%',Eff_C,Eff_C*100) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c087b820 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 15.5 +Tc=-15;//Cold reservoir temperature (C) +Tc=Tc+273;//Cold reservoir temperature (K) +Th=45;//Hot reservoir temperature (C) +Th=Th+273;//Hot reservoir temperature (K) +Eff_C=1-Tc/Th;//Carnot efficiency +COP_hp=1/Eff_C;//Coefficient of performance of the heat pump +printf('Coefficient of performance for the heat pump = %0.2f',COP_hp) +printf('\nHeat transfer Q_h is %0.2f times the work input W',COP_hp) +//Since COP_hp=Q_h/W +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80c49dc43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 15.6 +Tc=250;//Cold reservoir temperature (K) +Th=600;//Hot reservoir temperature (K) +Q_h=4000;//Heat transfer from hot reservoir (J) +Q_c=4000;//Heat transfer to cold reservoir (J) +delta_S_h=-Q_h/Th;//Entropy change for hot reservoir (J/K) +delta_S_c=Q_c/Tc;//Entropy change for cold reservoir (J/K) +delta_S_tot=delta_S_h+delta_S_c;//Total entropy change (J/K) +printf('Total change in entropy = %0.2f J/K',delta_S_tot) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa85142c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 15.7 +Tc=100;//Cold reservoir temperature (K) +Th=600;//Hot reservoir temperature (K) +Q_h=4000;//Heat transfer to the engine (J) +Eff_C=1-Tc/Th;//Carnot efficiency +W=Eff_C*Q_h;//Work output (J) +printf('a.Work output = %0.1f J',W) +Tc_b=250;//Cold reservoir temperature for 1st Carnot engine in (b), (K) +Eff_C_b=1-Tc/Tc_b;//Carnot efficiency +W_b=Eff_C_b*Q_h;//Work output (J) +printf('\nb.Work output = %0.1f J',W_b) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e597f18e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 15.8 +m=1;//Mass of ice (kg) +L_f=334*10^3;//Latent heat of fusion (J/kg) +Q=m*L_f;//Heat required to melt the given mass of ice (J) +T=0;//Melting temperature of ice (C) +T=T+273;//Melting temperature of ice (K) +delta_S=Q/T;//Change in entropy (J/K) +printf('Increase in entropy = %0.2e J/K',delta_S) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3845/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cf84fba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 15.9 +Wi=1.4*10^28;//Number of microstates for the initial macrostate, see Table 15.4 +Wf=1*10^29;//Number of microstates for the final macrostate, see Table 15.4 +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann’s constant (J/K) +Si=k*log(Wi);//Entropy of the system in the initial macrostate (J/K) +Sf=k*log(Wf);//Entropy of the system in the final macrostate (J/K) +delta_S=Sf-Si;//Change in entropy (J/K) +printf('Change in entropy = %0.1e J/K',delta_S) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b032877c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 16.1 +x=-1.20*10^-2;//Displacement (m) +m=80;//Mass of the person (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w=m*g;//Weight of the man (N) +F=w;//Force (N) +k=-F/x;//Force constant (N/m) +printf('The force constant of the suspension system = %0.2e N/m',k) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..392d26c31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16.10 +//Initial amplitude of waves = X +//Amplitude of resulting wave = 2X +//Intensity is proportional to amplitude^2 +I=1;//Initial intensity (W/m^2) +I_prime=4*I;//Intensity of resulting wave after derivation (W/m^2) +printf('Intensity of resulting wave = %0.2f W/m^2',I_prime) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0e65dff7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 16.2 +k=50;//Force constant of spring (N/m) +x=0.150;//Spring deformation (m) +PE_el=1/2*k*x^2;//Elastic potential energy (J) +printf('a.Energy stored in the spring = %0.3f J',PE_el) +KE_f=PE_el;//Kinetic energy (J) +m=2*10^-3;//Mass of projectile (kg) +v=sqrt(2*KE_f/m);//Speed of projectile (J/kg)^(1/2) or (m/s) +printf('\nb.Speed of the projectile = %0.1f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09feaa383 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16.3 +T=0.400*10^-6;//Time period (s) +f=1/T;//Frequency (Hz) +printf('a.Frequency of oscillation = %0.2e Hz',f) +f1=264;//Frequency of middle C (Hz) +T1=1/f1;//Time period (s) +printf('\nb.Time period of oscillation = %0.2f ms',T1*1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1300fdd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 16.4 +m=900;//Mass of the car and load (kg) +k=6.53*10^4;//Force constant (N/m) +f=1/(2*%pi)*sqrt(k/m);//Frequency (Hz) +printf('Frequency of oscillation = %0.2f Hz',f) +T=1/f;//Time period (s) +printf('\nTime period of oscillation = %0.3f s',T) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7af8cbcbf --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16.5 +L=75*10^-2;//Length (m) +T=1.7357;//Time period (s) +//Assuming angle of deflection is less than 15 degrees +g=4*%pi^2*L/T^2;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration due to gravity = %0.4f m/s^2',g) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecf382cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 16.6 +m=900;//Mass of car (kg) +k=6.53*10^4;//Force constant of suspension system (N/m) +X=0.100;//Amplitude (m) +v_max=sqrt(k/m)*X;//Vertical velocity (m/s) +printf('Maximum vertical velocity = %0.3f m/s',v_max) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e833c63ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 16.7 +m=0.200;//Mass (kg) +mu_k=0.0800;//Coefficient of friction +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +f=mu_k*m*g;//Force (N) +printf('a.Frictional force between the surfaces = %0.3f N',f) +k=50;//Force constant of spring (N/m) +X=0.100;//Distance of object from equilibrium when released (m) +d=k/(2*mu_k*m*g)*[X^2-(mu_k*m*g/k)^2];//Distance (m) +printf('\nb.Distance travelled by the object =%0.2f m',d) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6cdd40d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 16.8 +lambda=10;//Wavelength (m) +T=5;//Time period (s) +v_w=lambda/T;//Wave velocity (m/s) +printf('Wave velocity = %0.2f m/s',v_w) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3845/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f7de0e88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 16.9 +I=700;//Intensity of sunlight (W/m^2) +A=0.500;//Area of solar collector (m^2) +t=4;//Time (h) +t=t*60*60;//Time (s) +E=I*A*t;//Energy (J) +printf('a.Energy falling on solar collector = %0.2e J',E) +R_area=200;//Ratio of old area to new area +I_new=R_area*I;//New intensity after derivation (W/m^2) +printf('\nb.Intensity of concentrated sunlight = %0.2e W/m^2',I_new) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8db2ad05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 17.1 +T=30;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +v_w=331*sqrt(T/273);//Speed of sound in air at sea level(m/s) +f_min=20;//Minimum frequency (Hz) +f_max=20000;//Maximum frequency (Hz) +lambda_max=v_w/f_min;//Maximum wavelength (m) +printf('Maximum wavelength = %0.0f m',lambda_max)//Restricting answer to two significant figures +lambda_min=v_w/f_max;//Minimum wavelength (m) +printf('\nMinimum wavelength = %0.1f cm',lambda_min*100) +//The answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a6263d5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 17.2 +v_w=331;//Speed of sound in air at 0 deg C (m/s) +rho=1.29;//Density of air (kg/m^3) +delta_p=0.656;//Pressure amplitude (Pa) +I=delta_p^2/(2*rho*v_w);//Intensity (W/m^2) +I_0=10^-12;//Threshold intensity at 1000 Hz (W/m^2) +Beta=10*log10(I/I_0);//Sound intensity level (dB) +printf('Sound intensity level = %0.1f dB',Beta) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b79f5cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 17.3 +ratio=2;//Ratio of the two sound wave intensities, I2/I1 +delta_beta=10*log10(ratio);//Difference in sound intensity levels, beta2-beta1, (dB) +printf('Difference in sound level = %0.2fdB (when one sound wave is twice as intense as the other)',delta_beta) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b0888f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.4 +f_s=150;//Frequency of horn (Hz) +v_s=35;//Speed of train (m/s) +v_w=340;//Speed of sound (m/s) +f_obs1=f_s*(v_w/(v_w-v_s));//Frequency as the train approaches (Hz) +printf('a.Frequency observed as the train approaches = %0.1f Hz',f_obs1) +f_obs2=f_s*(v_w/(v_w+v_s));//Frequency after the train passes (Hz) +printf('\n Frequency observed after the train passes = %0.1f Hz',f_obs2) +v_obs=v_s;//Speed of observer (train's engineer) (m/s) +//v_s and v_obs are both positive for this case, see point (3) under Solution for(b) +f_obs=[f_s*((v_w+v_obs)/v_w)]*(v_w/(v_w+v_s)); +printf('\nb.Frequency observed by the train''s engineer = %0.1f Hz',f_obs) +//The answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6a690ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 17.5 +f_1=128;//Fundamental frequency (Hz) +T=22;//Temperature (C) +T=T+273;//Temperature (K) +v_w=331*sqrt(T/273);//Speed of sound (m/s) +L=v_w/(4*f_1);//Length of tube (m) +printf('a.Length of tube = %0.3f m',L) +n=9;//For fourth overtone +f_9=n*v_w/(4*L);//Frequency of fourth overtone (Hz) +printf('\nb.Frequency of the fourth overtone = %0.2f kHz',f_9/1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8edb2872 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 17.6 +//This question is beyond the scope of computation. +//Refer the plot of intensity level versus frequency to obtain below answers (Figure 17.36) +//a.Loudness = 75 phons +//b.Intensity level = 67 dB +//c.Intensity level = 63 dB +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbae15d50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 17.7 +rho=925;//Density of fat tissue (kg/m^3), See Table 17.5 +v=1450;//Speed of ultrasound (m/s), See Table 17.5 +Z=rho*v;//Acoustic impedance of fat tissue (kg/(m^2.s)), +printf('a.Acoustic impedance of fat tissue = %0.2e kg/(m^2.s)',Z) +Z1=1.70*10^6;//Acoustic impedance of muscle (kg/(m^2.s)), See Table 17.5 +Z2=Z;//Acoustic impedance of fat tissue (kg/(m^2.s)) +a=(Z2-Z1)^2/(Z1+Z2)^2;//Intensity reflection coefficient +printf('\nb.Intensity reflection coefficient = %0.3f',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce b/3845/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74bb8e3da --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH17/EX17.8/Ex17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 17.8 +f_s=2500000;//Frequency of ultrasound (Hz) +v_w=1540;//Speed of sound in human tissue (m/s) +v_obs=20*10^-2;//Speed of blood (m/s) +f_obs=f_s*((v_w+v_obs)/v_w);//Frequency received by the blood (Hz) +printf('a.Frequency received by the blood = %7.0f Hz',f_obs) +v_b=v_obs;//Source velocity=velocity of blood (m/s) +f_obs=f_obs*(v_w/(v_w-v_b));//Frequency that returns to source (Hz) +printf('\nb.Frequency that returns to source = %7.0f Hz',f_obs) +f_B=abs(f_obs-f_s);//Beat frequency (Hz) +printf('\nc.Beat frequency produced = %0.2f Hz',f_B) +//Answer given in the textbook is wrong for (a) +//Answer varies for (c) due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3845/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaee3c813 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 18.1 +r=0.530*10^-10;//Separation (m) +k=8.99*10^9;//Coulomb's constant (N.m^2/C^2) +q1=-1.60*10^-19;//Charge of electron (C) +q2=1.60*10^-19;//Charge of proton (C) +F=k*abs(q1*q2)/r^2;//Coulomb force (N) +printf('Electrostatic force = %0.2e N',F) +G=6.67*10^-11;//Gravitational constant (N.m^2/kg^2) +m=9.11*10^-31;//Electron mass (kg) +M=1.67*10^-27;//Proton mass (kg) +F_G=G*m*M/r^2;//Gravitational force (N) +printf('\nGravitational force = %0.2e N',F_G) +printf('\nRatio of electrostatic force to gravitational force = %0.2e',F/F_G) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3845/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..788b63f50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 18.2 +Q=2.00*10^-9;//Charge (C) +k=8.99*10^9;//Coulomb's constant (N.m^2/C^2) +r=5*10^-3;//Distance (m) +E=k*Q/r^2;//Electric field strength (N/C) +printf('Electric field strength = %0.2e N/C',E) +if E>0 + printf('\nDirection of electric field points away from the charge') +else + printf('\nDirection of electric field points towards the charge') +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3845/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..993c97164 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 18.3 +q=-0.250*10^-6;//Charge (C) +E=7.20*10^5;//Electric field strength, See Example 18.2 (N/C) +F=-q*E;//Force (N) +printf('Force on the charge = %0.3f N',F) +if q<0 + printf('\nDirection of force is opposite to direction of field') +else + printf('\nDirection of force is the same as the direction of field') +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3845/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9a774619 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 18.4 +k=8.99*10^9;//Coulomb's constant (N.m^2/C^2) +q1=5*10^-9;//Charge 1 (C) +q2=10*10^-9;//Charge 2 (C) +r1=2*10^-2;//Distance of charge 1 from the origin (m) +r2=4*10^-2;//Distance of charge 2 from the origin (m) +E1=k*q1/r1^2;//Electric field strength at origin due to q1 (N/C) +E2=k*q2/r2^2;//Electric field strength at origin due to q2 (N/C) +E_tot=sqrt(E1^2+E2^2);//Total electric field strength (N/C) +printf('Magnitude of total electric field = %0.2e N/C',E_tot) +theta=atand(E1/E2);//Direction (deg) +printf('\nDirection of total electric field = %0.1f degrees',theta) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3845/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90f626e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 18.5 +m=4*10^-15;//Mass of gasoline drop (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w=m*g;//Weight of the drop (N) +printf('a.Weight of the drop = %0.2e N',w) +q=3.20*10^-19;//Charge (C) +E=3*10^5;//Electric field strength (N/C) +F=q*E;//Electric force (N) +printf('\nb.Electric force on the drop = %0.2e N',F) +F_net=F-w;//Net Force (N) +a=F_net/m;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('\nc.Acceleration of the drop = %0.1f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43096baa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 19.1 +q1=5000;//Charge moved by motorcycle battery (C) +q2=60000;//Charge moved by car battery (C) +delta_V=12;//Potential difference of motorcycle/car battery (V) +delta_PE_cycle=q1*delta_V;//Change in potential energy due to motorcycle battery (J) +delta_PE_car=q2*delta_V;//Change in potential energy due to car battery (J) +printf('Energy output of motorcycle battery = %0.2e J',delta_PE_cycle) +printf('\nEnergy output of car battery = %0.2e J',delta_PE_car) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66e1657fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19.10 +C1=1*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 1 (F) +C2=5*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 2 (F) +C3=8*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 3 (F) +C_s=1/(1/C1+1/C2);//Effective capacitance of capacitors in series (F) +C_tot=C_s+C3;//Total capacitance (F) +printf('Total capacitance of the combination = %0.3e F',C_tot) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b58fc907d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 19.11 +E_cap=4*10^2;//Energy stored in capacitor (J) +V=1*10^4;//Voltage (V) +C=2*E_cap/V^2;//Capacitance (F)\ +printf('Capacitance = %0.2e F',C) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e902ea76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19.2 +delta_PE=-30;//Energy lost per second (J) +delta_V=12;//Potential difference (V) +q=delta_PE/delta_V;//Charge moved (C) +n_e=q/(-1.60*10^-19);//Number of electrons passing per second +//-1.60*10^-19 C is the charge of an electron +printf('Number of electrons passing per second = %0.2e',n_e) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf9e5f6c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19.3 +q=-1.60*10^-19;//Charge of electron (C) +V=-100;//Potential difference (V) +m=9.11*10^-31;//Mass of electron (kg) +v=sqrt(2*q*V/m);//Final speed (m/s) +//Above equation derived from equation of conservation of energy +printf('Final speed of electron = %0.2e m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3a89bdf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 19.4 +d=2.5*10^-2;//Distance between plates (m) +E=3*10^6;//Maximum electric field (V/m) +V_AB=E*d;//Maximum voltage (V) +printf('Maximum voltage = %d kV (approx)',V_AB/1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f153d477f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19.5 +E1=25000//Energy supplied (eV) +Q=1;//Charge on single electron (e (elementary charge)) +V_AB=E1/Q;//Potential difference between plates (V) +d=4*10^-2;//Distance between plates (m) +E=V_AB/d;//Electric field (V/m) +printf('a.Electric field strength between plates = %0.2e V/m',E) +q=0.5*10^-6;//Charge on plastic piece(C) +F=q*E;//Force (N) +printf('\nb.Force exerted by the field on plastic piece = %0.3f N',F) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..889d5ecc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 19.6 +k=8.99*10^9;//Coulomb's constant (N.m^2/C^2) +Q=-3*10^-9;//Charge (C) +r=5*10^-2;//Distance (m) +V=k*Q/r;//Voltage (V) +printf('Voltage = %0.2f V',V) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33bf67cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 19.7 +r=(25/2)*10^-2;//Radius of sphere (m) +V=100*10^3;//Voltage (V) +k=8.99*10^9;//Coulomb's constant (N.m^2/C^2) +Q=r*V/k;//Excess charge (C) +printf('Excess charge on the sphere = %0.2e C',Q) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..432fcf06d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 19.8 +eps_0=8.85*10^-12;//Permittivity of free space (F/m) +A=1;//Area of metal plates (m^2) +d=1*10^-3;//Distance between plates (m) +C=eps_0*A/d;//Capacitance (F) +printf('a.Capacitance = %0.2f nF',C/10^-9) +V=3*10^3;//Applied voltage (V) +Q=C*V;//Stored charge (C) +printf('\nb.Charge stored in the capacitor = %0.2f microC',Q/10^-6) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3845/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b43bf77f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 19.9 +C1=1*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 1 (F) +C2=5*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 2 (F) +C3=8*10^-6;//Capacitance of capacitor 3 (F) +C_s=1/(1/C1+1/C2+1/C3);//Effective capacitance in series (F) +printf('Total capacitance when connected in series = %0.3f microF',C_s/10^-6) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c63ac039a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.1 +v_0=0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +v_f=-15;//Final velocity (due west) (m/s) +delta_v=v_f-v_0;//Change in velocity (m/s) +delta_t=1.80;//Time period (s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration = %0.2f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dba84d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.10 +a=26;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +x_0=0;//Initial position (m) +v_0=0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +t=5.56;//Time (s) +x=x_0+v_0*t+(1/2)*a*t^2;//Final position or distance travelled (m) +printf('Distance travelled by the dragster = %0.1f m',x) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d41a8f7d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.11 +//Also see Example 2.10 +a=26;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +x_0=0;//Initial position (m) +x=402;//Final position (m), See Example 2.10 +v_0=0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +v=sqrt(v_0^2+2*a*(x-x_0));//Final velocity (m/s) +printf('Final velocity of the dragster = %0.1f m',v) +//Positive value of v considered as it is to be in the same direction as acceleration (which is positive) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4520d37cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.12 +a_dry=-7;//Acceleration on dry concrete (m/s^2) +a_wet=-5;//Acceleration on wet concrete (m/s^2) +v_0=30;//Initial velocity (m/s) +v=0;//Final velocity (m/s) +x_0=0;//Initial position (m) +x_dry=(v^2-v_0^2)/(2*a_dry)+x_0;//Distance to stop on dry concrete (m) +printf('a.Distance to stop on dry concrete = %0.1f m',x_dry) +x_wet=(v^2-v_0^2)/(2*a_wet)+x_0;//Distance to stop on wet concrete (m) +printf('\nb.Distance to stop on wet concrete = %0.1f m',x_wet) +t_reaction=0.5;//Reaction time (s) +x_0_reaction=0;//Initial position at the time of traffic light turning red (m) +x_reaction=x_0_reaction+v_0*t_reaction;//Distance travelled during reaction time (m) +//Total stopping distance = x_dry(or x_wet)+x_reaction +printf('\nc.Distance to stop on dry concrete from the time the traffic light turns red = %0.1f m',x_dry+x_reaction) +printf('\n Distance to stop on wet concrete from the time the traffic light turns red = %0.1f m',x_wet+x_reaction) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9ed1cd5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.13 +x_0=0;//Position at the start of the ramp (m) +x=200;//Position at the end of the ramp (m) +v_0=10;//Initial velocity (m/s) +a=2;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +//Use the equation x=x_0+v_0*t+(1/2)*a*t^2 and rearrange to form a quadratic equation with t as the variable +//(1/2)*a*t^2+v_0*t+(x_0-x)=0 +p=[((1/2)*a) (v_0) (x_0-x)];//Coefficients of the polynomial +r=roots(p);//Roots of the polynomial) +//The roots are complex-encoded due to rounding off errors. This may be checked by using +//disp(isreal(r(1,1))) +//disp(isreal(r(2,1))) +//which result in 'T' if real and 'F' if an imaginary part is involved +if real(r(2,1))<0//Taking the real part + printf('Time taken to travel 200m up the ramp = %0.1f s',r(1,1)) +else + printf('Time taken to travel 200m up the ramp = %0.1f s',r(2,1)) +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..609f7d356 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Example 2.14 +y_0=0;//Initial position (m) +v_0=13;//Initial velocity (m/s) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +a=-g;//Acceleration (it is negative as the rock is thrown upwards), (m/s^2) +table=repmat(' ',[3 4]);//Matrix of strings to store table values +for t=1:1:3 +table(t,1)=sprintf('%0.2f',t);//Time (s) +table(t,2)=sprintf('%0.2f',y_0+v_0*t+(1/2)*a*t^2);//Position at time t (m) +table(t,3)=sprintf('%0.2f',v_0+a*t);//Velocity at time t (m/s) +table(t,4)=sprintf('%0.2f',a);//Acceleration at time t (m/s^2) +end +table_header=['Time,t' 'Position,y' 'Velocity,v' 'Acceleration,a';'s' 'm' 'm/s' 'm/s^2']; +table1=string(table);//Convert to matrix of strings +TABLE=[table_header;table1]; +disp(TABLE) +/////////////////////////////////////// +//To accomodate data points for t=0 and extra data points for the plot of Position vs. Time +time=[0;strtod(table(:,1))];//strtod() converts string to double +velocity=[13;strtod(table(:,3))];//strtod() converts string to double +acceleration=[a;strtod(table(:,4))];//strtod() converts string to double +position=ones(7,1); +time2=ones(7,1); +i=1; +for t=0:0.5:3 + position(i,1)=y_0+v_0*t+(1/2)*a*t^2;//Position at time t (m) + time2(i,1)=t; + i=i+1; +end +/////////////////////////////////////// +//To plot the graphs +subplot(3,1,1) +a=gca();//Get the current axes +a.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +a.data_bounds=[0,-6;4,10];//Set data bounds (as seen in the textbook plot) +plot(time2,position,'-rd');//Plotting the graph with a red, solid line with diamond markers at data points +title('Position vs. Time','position',[1.7 9]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time (s)');//x-axis label +ylabel('Vertical Position (m)');//y-axis label + +subplot(3,1,2) +a=gca();//Get the current axes +a.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +a.data_bounds=[0,-20;4,15];//Set data bounds (as seen in the textbook plot) +plot(time,velocity,'-gd');//Plotting the graph with a green, solid line with diamond markers at data points +title('Velocity vs. Time','position',[1.7 12]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time (s)','position', [1.8 -18]);//x-axis label and its position +ylabel('Velocity (m/s)');//y-axis label + +subplot(3,1,3) +a=gca();//Get the current axes +a.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +a.data_bounds=[0,-12;4,0];//Set data bounds (as seen in the textbook plot) +plot(time,acceleration,'-bd');//Plotting the curve with a blue, solid line with diamond markers at data points +title('Acceleration vs. Time','position',[1.6 2]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time (s)','position',[1.8 -13]);//x-axis label and its position +ylabel('Acceleration (m/s^2)');//y-axis label +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d0ba5586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2.15 +y_0=0;//Initial position (m) +y_1=-5.10;//Position at which velocity is to be found (m) +v_0=-13.0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +a=-g;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +v=sqrt(v_0^2+2*a*(y_1-y_0));//Velocity at position y_1(m/s), See Equation 2.77 +printf('Velocity when 5.10m below the starting point = %0.1f m/s',-v) +//Negative root of 'v' is to be chosen as the rock is thrown downwards +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c397146ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 2.16 +y_0=0;//Initial position (m) +y=-1;//Position after certain time t (m) +t=0.45173;//Time (s) +v_0=0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +a=((y-y_0)-(v_0*t))/(1/2*t^2);//Acceleration (m/s^2) +g=-a;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration due to gravity = %0.4f m/s^2',g) + +/////////////////////////////////////// +//To plot the graphs +t=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5];//Time (s) +y=[0 -0.049 -0.196 -0.441 -0.784 -1.225];//Position (m) +v=[0 -0.98 -1.96 -2.94 -3.92 -4.90];//Velocity (m/s) +a=repmat(-9.80,[1 6]);//Acceleration due to gravity (downwards) (m/s^2) + + +subplot(3,1,1) +A=gca();//Get the current axes +A.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +A.data_bounds=[0,-1.4;0.6,0];//Set data bounds (as seen in the textbook plot) +A.margins=[0.125,0.125,0.4,0.125];//Adjusting the margins +plot(t,y,'-rd');//Plotting the graph with a red, solid line with diamond markers at data points +title('Position vs. Time for Falling Sphere','position',[0.2 0.75]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time t (s)','position',[0.275 0.5]);//x-axis label and its position +ylabel('Position y (m)');//y-axis label + +subplot(3,1,2) +A=gca();//Get the current axes +A.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +A.data_bounds=[0,-6;0.6,0];//Set data bounds (as seen in the textbook plot) +A.margins=[0.125,0.125,0.4,0.125];//Adjusting the margins +plot(t,v,'-gd');//Plotting the graph with a green, solid line and diamond markers at data points +title('Velocity vs. Time for Falling Sphere','position',[0.2 3]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time t (s)','position',[0.275 2]);//x-axis label and position +ylabel('Velocity v (m/s)');//y-axis label + +subplot(3,1,3) +A=gca();//Get the current axes +A.x_location= "origin";//Set x-axis position +A.data_bounds=[0,-11;0.6,0];//Set data bounds +A.margins=[0.125,0.125,0.4,0.1];//Adjusting the margins +plot(t,a,'-bd');//Plotting the graph with a blue, solid line and diamond markers at data points +title('Acceleration vs. Time for Falling Sphere','position',[0.19 5]);//Title and its position +xlabel('Time t (s)','position',[0.275 3]);//x-axis label and its position +ylabel('Acceleration a (m/s^2)');//y-axis label +/////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25e33747e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.17 +//See Figure 2.47 +//Using the points (6.4s,2000m) and (0.50s,525m) marked in the figure +delta_x=2000-525;//Change in displacement (m) +delta_t=6.4-0.50;//Change in time (s) +v=delta_x/delta_t;//Velocity (m/s) +printf('Average velocity = %0.1f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690c63f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Example 2.18 +t=[0 5 10 15 20 25 30]';//Time (s) +x=[200 338 600 988 1500 2138 2900]';//Displacement (m) + +plot(t,x); +xlabel('Time, t (s)') +ylabel('Displacement, x (m)') + +//Using the endpoints of the tangents as given in the textbook +t1=19;//Time (s) +x1=1300;//Displacement at t1 (m) +t2=32;//Time (s) +x2=3120;//Displacement at t2 (m) +delta_x_Q=x2-x1;//Change in displacement (m) +delta_t_Q=t2-t1;//Change in time (s) +v_Q=delta_x_Q/delta_t_Q;//Slope (instantanteous velocity) at Q (m/s) +printf('Velocity at 25s = %0.1f m/s',v_Q) +plot([25],[interp1(t,x,25)],'d');//To mark point Q +xstring(24,2200,'Q');//Label point Q + +//The above steps use the data given in the textbook +//The slope at point Q may be determined as follows if the +//t1=25.1;//Choose t1 greater than but nearly equal to 25s (s) +//x1=interp1(t,x,t1);//Displacement at t1 (m) +//t2=24.9;//Choose t2 lesser than but nearly equal to 25s (s) +//x2=interp1(t,x,t2);//Displacement at t2 (m) +//delta_x_Q=x2-x1;//Change in displacement (m) +//delta_t_Q=t2-t1;//Change in time (s) +//v_Q=delta_x_Q/delta_t_Q;//Slope (instantanteous velocity) at Q (m/s) +//printf('\nAlternative method (when tangent endpoints are not given):\nVelocity= %0.1f m/s',v_Q) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..396c6e835 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.19 +//See Figure 2.51(b) +//Using endpoints of the tangent to the curve at t=25s +delta_v=260-210;//Change in velocity (m/s) +delta_t=51-1;//Change in time (s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration at t=25s (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration = %0.1f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d23590704 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.2 +//See Figure 2.18 +//Part a - motion towards right +x_0=4.70;//Initial position (km) +x_f=6.70;//Final position (km) +delta_x=x_f-x_0;//Displacement (km) +printf('Displacement in part (a) = %0.2f km',delta_x) +//Part b - motion towards left +x_0_prime=5.25;//Initial position (km) +x_f_prime=3.75;//Final position (km) +delta_x_prime=x_f_prime-x_0_prime;//Displacement (km) +printf('\nDisplacement in part (b) = %0.2f km',delta_x_prime) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca88641f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.3 +displacement_a=+2;//Displacement in part (a) (km), See Example 2.2 +distance_a=abs(displacement_a);//Distance traveled in part (a) (km) +printf('Distance travelled in part (a) = %0.2f km',distance_a) +displacement_b=-1.5;//Displacement in part (b) (km), See Example 2.2 +distance_b=abs(displacement_b);//Distance traveled in part (b) (km) +printf('\nDistance travelled in part (b) = %0.2f km',distance_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecece0268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.4 +v_0=0;//Initial velocity (km/h) +v_f=30;//Final velocity (km/h) +delta_t=20;//Time period (s) +delta_v=v_f-v_0;//Change in velocity (km/h) +delta_v=delta_v*10^3/3600;//Change in velocity (m/s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Average acceleration = %0.3f m/s^2',a) +//Acceleration is positive as it is directed to the right +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ff363b5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.5 +v_0=30;//Initial velocity (km/h) +v_f=0;//Final velocity (km/h) +delta_t=8;//Time period (s) +delta_v=v_f-v_0;//Change in velocity (km/h) +delta_v=delta_v*10^3/3600;//Change in velocity (m/s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Average acceleration = %0.2f m/s^2',a) +//Acceleration is negative as it is to the left +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cf02ed18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.6 +//See Figure 2.22 +x_0_prime=5.25;//Initial position (km) +x_f_prime=3.75;//Final position (km) +delta_x_prime=x_f_prime-x_0_prime;//Displacement (km) +delta_t=5;//Time duration (min) +v=delta_x_prime/delta_t;//Velocity (km/min) +v=v*60;//Velocity (km/h) +printf('Average velocity = %0.1f km/h',v) +//Velocity is negative as motion is to the left +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb164f333 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.7 +//See Figure 2.22 +v_0=-20;//Initial velocity (km/h) +v_f=0;//Final velocity (km/h) +delta_t=10;//Time period (s) +delta_v=v_f-v_0;//Change in velocity (km/h) +delta_v=delta_v*10^3/3600;//Change in velocity (m/s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Average acceleration = %0.3f m/s^2',a) +//Acceleration is positive as it is directed to the right +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e54676407 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.8 +v=4;//Velocity (m/s) +t=2;//Time (min) +t=t*60;//Time (s) +x_0=0;//Initial position (m) +x=x_0+v*t;//Final position (m) +printf('Final position of the jogger = %0.1f m',x) +//Final displacement and velocity are along the same direction as they are positive +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3845/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cafab95c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.9 +v_0=70;//Initial velocity (m/s) +a=-1.50;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +t=40;//Time (s) +v=v_0+a*t;//Final velocity (m/s) +printf('Final velocity of the airplane after 40s = %0.1f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..828e3e986 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 20.1 +delta_Q1=720;//Charge moved by truck battery (C) +delta_t1=4;//Time (s) +I1=delta_Q1/delta_t1;//Current (A) +printf('a.Current flowing through the truck battery = %0.1f A',I1) +I2=0.3*10^-3;//Current flowing through calculator (A) +delta_Q2=1;//Charge moving through calculator (C) +delta_t2=delta_Q2/I2;//Time taken (s) +printf('\nb.Time taken for the charge to move through the calculator = %0.2e s',delta_t2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3e62de5f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 20.10 +P_ave=100*10^6;//Average power (W) +V_rms=200*10^3;//Rms voltage (V) +I_rms=P_ave/V_rms;//Rms current (A) +printf('a.Current required = %0.1f A',I_rms) +R=1;//Resistance (ohm) +P_ave_b=I_rms^2*R;//Power dissipated (W) +printf('\nb.Power dissipated by transmission lines = %0.1f kW',P_ave_b/1000) +percent_loss=P_ave_b/P_ave*100; +printf('\nc.Percentage of power lost = %0.3f%%',percent_loss) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69e9058c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 20.2 +delta_Q_electrons=-0.300*10^-3;//Charge (C) +delta_t=1;//Time (s) +I_electrons=delta_Q_electrons/delta_t;//Current due to flow of electrons (C/s) +q=-1.60*10^-19;//Charge per electron (C) +printf('Number of electrons passing per second = %0.2e electrons/s',I_electrons/q) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..173b5632a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 20.3 +n_A=6.02*10^23;//Avagadro's number (atoms/mol) +atomic_mass=63.54;//Atomic mass of copper (g/mol) +rho=8.80*10^3;//Density of copper (kg/m^3) +n=1*n_A*(1/atomic_mass)*1000*rho;//Free electron density (e-/m^3) +//n=(1e-/atom)*(6.02*10^23atoms/mol)*(1mol/63.54g)*(1000g/kg)*(8.80*10^3kg/1m^3) +r=(2.053/2)*10^-3;//Radius of copper wire (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Cross-sectional area of wire (m^2) +I=20;//Current (A) +q=-1.60*10^-19;//Charge of an electron (C) +v_d=I/(n*q*A);//Drift velocity (m/s) +printf('Drift velocity of electrons = %0.2e m/s',v_d) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e60949cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 20.4 +V=12;//Voltage (V) +I=2.50;//Current (A) +R=V/I;//Resistance from Ohm's law (ohm) +printf('Resistance of automobile headlight = %0.2f ohm',R) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72b8e6f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 20.5 +rho=5.6*10^-8;//Resistivity of tungsten (ohm.m) +L=4*10^-2;//Length (m) +R=0.350;//Resistance (ohm) +A=rho*L/R;//Cross-sectional area of filament (m^2) +D=2*sqrt(A/%pi);//Diameter (m) +printf('Filament diameter = %0.1e m',D) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d4a1ca2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 20.6 +R_0=0.350;//Cold resistance of tungsten (ohm) +alpha=4.5*10^-3;//Temperature coefficient of resistivity (1/deg C) +delta_T=2850-20;//Temperature change (C) +R=R_0*(1+alpha*delta_T);//Hot resistance (ohm) +printf('Resistance of the filament after temperature change = %0.1f ohm',R) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51c01f0b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 20.7 +//Also see Example 20.4 and Example 20.5 +I=2.50;//Current (A) +V=12;//Voltage (V) +P1=I*V;//Power dissipated by hot headlight (W) +printf('a.Power dissipated by headlight when hot= %0.1f W',P1) +R=0.350;//Cold resistance (ohm) +P2=V^2/R;//Power dissipated by headlight when first switched on (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated by headlight when cold= %0.1f W',P2) +I_b=sqrt(P2/R);//Current drawn when cold (A) +printf('\nb.Current drawn when cold = %0.1f A',I_b) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3312566d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 20.8 +P=60;//Power (W) +t=1000;//Time (h) +E=P*t/1000;//Energy (kW.h) +cost1=E*0.12;//Cost of usage if it costs 12 cents per kWh ($) +printf('a.Cost of using a 60W bulb for 1000h = $%0.2f',cost1) +bulb_cost1=0.25;//Cost of incandescent bulb ($) +total_cost1=cost1+bulb_cost1;//Total cost of using incandescent bulb for 1000h ($) +printf('\n Total cost of using an incandescent bulb = $%0.2f',total_cost1) +cost2=cost1/4;//Cost of using a CFL bulb for 1000h considering it consumes 1/4th the power of the incandesent bulb ($) +bulb_cost2=1.50/10;//Investment cost of CFL bulb for the time period of use, considering it lasts 10 times longer ($) +total_cost2=cost2+bulb_cost2;//Total cost of using the CFL bulb for 1000h ($) +printf('\nb.Total cost of using a CFL bulb = $%0.2f',total_cost2) +//Total cost of usage for incandescent bulb has not been calculated in the textbook +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce b/3845/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..703eeae32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 20.9 +V_rms=120;//Rms Voltage (V) +P_ave=60;//Average power (W) +V_0=sqrt(2)*V_rms;//Peak voltage (V) +printf('a.Peak voltage = %0.1f V',V_0) +P_0=2*P_ave;//Peak power consumption rate, equation got after derivation (W) +printf('\nb.Peak power consumption rate = %0.1f W',P_0) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3d1490da --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Example 21.1 +R1=1;//Resistance of resistor 1 (ohm) +R2=6;//Resistance of resistor 2 (ohm) +R3=13;//Resistance of resistor 3 (ohm) +R_s=R1+R2+R3;//Equivalent resistance for series combination (ohm) +printf('a.Total resistance = %0.1f ohm',R_s) + +V=12;//Voltage (V) +I=V/R_s;//Current (A) +printf('\nb.Current = %0.3f A',I) + +V1=I*R1;//Voltage drop in resistor 1 (V) +printf('\nc.Voltage drop in resistor 1 = %0.3f V',V1) +V2=I*R2;//Voltage drop in resistor 2 (V) +printf('\n Voltage drop in resistor 2 = %0.2f V',V2) +V3=I*R3;//Voltage drop in resistor 3 (V) +printf('\n Voltage drop in resistor 3 = %0.2f V',V3) +printf('\nDiscussion:\n Sum of voltage drops across resistors = %0.1f V',V1+V2+V3) +if (V1+V2+V3)==V + printf('\n It is equal to the voltage output of the source') +else + printf('\n It is not equal to the voltage output of the source') +end + +P1=I^2*R1;//Power dissipated in resistor 1 (W) +printf('\nd.Power dissipated in resistor 1 = %0.3f W',P1) +P2=I^2*R2;//Power dissipated in resistor 2 (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated in resistor 2 = %0.2f W',P2) +P3=I^2*R3;//Power dissipated in resistor 3 (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated in resistor 3 = %0.2f W',P3) + +P=I*V;//Power output of source (W) +printf('\ne.Power output of source = %0.2f W',P) +if (P1+P2+P3)==P + printf('\nDiscussion:\nIt is equal to the total power dissipated by the resistors, (P1+P2+P3)') +else + printf('\nDiscussion:\nIt is not equal to the total power dissipated by the resistors, (P1+P2+P3)') +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1eed921 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 21.2 +R1=1;//Resistance of resistor 1 (ohm) +R2=6;//Resistance of resistor 2 (ohm) +R3=13;//Resistance of resistor 3 (ohm) +R_p=1/(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3);//Equivalent resistance for parallel combination (ohm) +printf('a.Total resistance = %0.3f ohm',R_p) + +V=12;//Voltage (V) +I=V/R_p;//Current (A) +printf('\nb.Current = %0.2f A',I) + +I1=V/R1;//Current through resistor 1 (A) +printf('\nc.Current through resistor 1 = %0.1f A',I1) +I2=V/R2;//Current through resistor 2 (A) +printf('\n Current through resistor 2 = %0.2f A',I2) +I3=V/R3;//Current through resistor 3 (A) +printf('\n Current through resistor 3 = %0.2f A',I3) +printf('\nDiscussion:\n Total current = %0.2f A',I1+I2+I3) +if (I1+I2+I3)==I + printf('\n It is equal to the current output of the source') +else + printf('\n It is not equal to the current output of the source') +end + +P1=V^2/R1;//Power dissipated in resistor 1 (W) +printf('\nd.Power dissipated in resistor 1 = %0.1f W',P1) +P2=V^2/R2;//Power dissipated in resistor 2 (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated in resistor 2 = %0.1f W',P2) +P3=V^2/R3;//Power dissipated in resistor 3 (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated in resistor 3 = %0.1f W',P3) + +P=I*V;//Power output of source (W) +printf('\ne.Power output of source = %0.1f W',P) +if abs((P1+P2+P3)-P)<0.1 + printf('\nDiscussion:\nIt is equal to the total power dissipated by the resistors, (P1+P2+P3)') +else + printf('\nDiscussion:\nIt is not equal to the total power dissipated by the resistors, (P1+P2+P3)') +end +//Disregarding a variation of less than 0.1W for sub-question(e) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e878567c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 21.3 +R1=1;//Resistance of resistor 1 (ohm) +R2=6;//Resistance of resistor 2 (ohm) +R3=13;//Resistance of resistor 3 (ohm) +R_p=1/(1/R2+1/R3);//Equivalent resistance for parallel combination (ohm) +R_tot=R1+R_p;//Total resistance (ohm) +printf('a.Total resistance = %0.2f ohm',R_tot) +V=12;//Voltage (V) +I=V/R_tot;//Total current (A) +V1=I*R1;//Voltage drop in resistor R1 (V) +printf('\nb.Voltage drop in R1 = %0.2f V',V1) +V_p=V-V1;//Voltage across parallel combination (V) +I2=V_p/R2;//Current through resistor 2 (A) +printf('\nc.Current through R2 = %0.2f A',I2) +P2=I2^2*R2;//Power dissipated by resistor 2 (W) +printf('\nd.Power dissipated by R2 = %0.1f W',P2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e69e173f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 21.4 +emf=12;//Emf of battery (V) +r=0.1;//Internal resistance (ohm) +R_load=10;//Load resistance (ohm) +I=emf/(R_load+r);//Current (A) +V=emf-I*r;//Terminal voltage (V) +printf('a.Terminal voltage = %0.1f V',V) + +R_load=0.5;//Load resistance (ohm) +I=emf/(R_load+r);//Current (A) +V=emf-I*r;//Terminal voltage (V) +printf('\nb.Terminal voltage = %0.1f V',V) + +P_load=I^2*R_load;//Power dissipated (W) +printf('\nc.Power dissipated by the load = %0.2e W',P_load) + +r=0.5;//Internal resistance (ohm) +I=emf/(R_load+r);//Current (A) +printf('\nd.Current = %0.1f A',I) +V=emf-I*r;//Terminal voltage (V) +printf('\n Terminal voltage = %0.2f V',V) +P_load=I^2*R_load;//Power dissipated (W) +printf('\n Power dissipated by the load = %0.1f W',P_load) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e550e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 25.1 +R1=6;//Resistance (ohm) +R2=2.5;//Resistance (ohm) +R3=1.5;//Resistance (ohm) +r1=0.5;//Internal resistance (ohm) +r2=0.5;//Internal resistance (ohm) +emf1=18;//Emf 1 (V) +emf2=45;//Emf 2 (V) +//A set of three equations are required since there are three unknowns-currents I1,I2 and I3 +//Equation 1: I1=I2+I3 (Using Kirchoff's junction rule, See Equation 21.54) +//Equation 2: -I1*R1-I2*(R2+r1)=-emf1 (Using Kirchoff's loop rule in loop abcdea and rearranging, See Equation 21.55) +//Equation 3: I1*R1+I3*(R3+r2)=emf2 (Using Kirchoff's loop rule in loop aefgha and rearranging, See Equation 21.57) +A=[1 -1 -1;-R1 -(R2+r1) 0;R1 0 (R3+r2)];//Matrix containing coefficients of variables +C=[0 -emf1 emf2]';//Matrix containing constants +//Equation is of the form A*B=C, therefore +B=inv(A)*C;//To compute values of variables +//we use the form A*B=C +for i=1:1:3 + printf('Current I%d = %0.2f A\n',i,B(i,1)) +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46584c54e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 21.6 +v=5*10^2;//Velocity of bullet (m/s) +x=8*10^-2;//Distance traversed (m) +t=x/v;//Time (s) +tau=t;//Time constant (s) +R=10;//Resistance (ohm) +C=tau/R;//Capacitance (F) +printf('Capacitance required = %0.1f microF',C/10^-6) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3845/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcaa73b19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 21.7 +R=1*10^3;//Resistance (ohm) +C=8*10^-6;//Capacitance (F) +tau=R*C;//Time constant (s) +printf('a.Time constant tau = %0.2f ms',tau*1000) +V_0=10*10^3;//Intial voltage (V) +V_f=5*10^2;//Final voltage (V) +V=0.368*V_0;//Voltage falls to 0.368 of V_0 after 8ms (V) +T=8*10^-3;//Time (s) +while V>V_f + V=0.368*V; + T=T+8*10^-3; +end//To find the time taken for voltage to decline to V_f +printf('\nb.Time taken = %0.1f ms',T*1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fa60d937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22.1 +q=20*10^-9;//Charge (C) +v=10;//Velocity (m/s) +b=5*10^-5;//Earth's magnetic field strength (T) +theta=90;//Angle between velocity and field direction (deg) +F=q*v*b*sind(theta);//Force (N) +printf('Force on the rod = %0.1e N',F) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7334cbd07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22.2 +m=9.11*10^-31;//Mass of electron (kg) +v=6*10^7;//Velocity of electron (m/s) +B=0.5;//Magnetic field strength (T) +q=1.60*10^-19;//Charge of electron (C) +r=m*v/(q*B);//Radius of curvature (m) +printf('Radius of curvature = %0.3f mm',r*1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f70590c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 22.3 +B=0.1;//Magnetic field strength (T) +l=4*10^-3;//Inside diameter (m) +v=20*10^-2;//Average blood velocity (m/s) +epsilon=B*l*v;//Hall emf (V) +printf('Hall emf = %0.1f microV',epsilon/10^-6) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be706498d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 22.4 +B=1.50;//Magnetic field strength (T) +l=5*10^-2;//Length of wire (m) +I=20;//Current (A) +theta=90;//Angle between I and B (deg) +F=I*l*B*sind(theta);//Force (N) +printf('Force on the wire = %0.2f N',F) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caaa31a20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 22.5 +N=100;//Number of turns +I=15;//Current (A) +A=(10*10^-2)^2;//Area of square loop of side 10cm (m^2) +B=2;//Magnetic field strength (T) +theta=90;//Angle for maximum torque (deg) +tau_max=N*I*A*B*sind(theta);//Maximum torque (N.m) +printf('Maximum torque = %0.1f N.m',tau_max) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8b227de3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 22.6 +B=2*5*10^-5;//Magnetic field strength (twice that of Earth's) (T) +r=5*10^-2;//Distance (m) +mu_0=4*%pi*10^-7;//Permeability of free space (T.m/A) +I=2*%pi*r*B/mu_0;//Current (A) +printf('Current in the wire = %0.1f A',I) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3845/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66a2fa723 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 22.7 +N=2000;//Number of loops +l=2;//Length (m) +n=N/l;//Number of loops per unit length (m^-1) +I=1600;//Current (A) +mu_0=4*%pi*10^-7;//Permeability of free space (T.m/A) +B=mu_0*n*I;//Magnetic field strength (T) +printf('Magnetic field strength inside the solenoid = %0.2f T',B) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..578441849 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 23.1 +N=1;//Number of loops +r=6*10^-2;//Radius of coil (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of loop (m^2) +delta_BcosTheta=0.250-0.05;//Change in value of magnetic field strength perpendicular to area (T) +delta_phi=A*delta_BcosTheta;//Change in magnetic flux (T.m^2) +delta_t=0.1;//Time (s) +Emf=N*delta_phi/delta_t;//Induced emf (V) +printf('Induced emf = %0.1f mV',Emf*1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.10/Ex23_10.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.10/Ex23_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9433ba38 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.10/Ex23_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 23.10 +L=3*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +f1=60;//Frequency 1 (Hz) +f2=10*10^3;//Frequency 2 (Hz) +X_L1=2*%pi*f1*L;//Inductive reactance at 60Hz (ohm) +printf('a.Inductive reactance at 60Hz = %0.2f ohm',X_L1) +X_L2=2*%pi*f2*L;//Inductive reactance at 10kHz (ohm) +printf('\n Inductive reactance at 10kHz = %0.1f ohm',X_L2) +V=120;//Rms voltage (V) +I1=V/X_L1;//Rms current at 60Hz (A) +printf('\nb.Rms current at 60hz = %0.1f A',I1) +I2=V/X_L2;//Rms current at 10kHz (A) +printf('\n Rms current at 10khz = %0.3f A',I2) +//Answers vary due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05c12f7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.11/Ex23_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 23.11 +C=5*10^-6;//Capacitance (F) +//Value of capacitance is mentioned wrongly in the question +f1=60;//Frequency 1 (Hz) +f2=10*10^3;//Frequency 2 (Hz) +X_C1=1/(2*%pi*f1*C);//Capacitive reactance at 60Hz (ohm) +printf('a.Capacitive reactance at 60Hz = %0.1f ohm',X_C1) +X_C2=1/(2*%pi*f2*C);//Capacitive reactance at 10kHz (ohm) +printf('\n Capacitive reactance at 10kHz = %0.2f ohm',X_C2) +V=120;//Rms voltage (V) +I1=V/X_C1;//Rms current at 60Hz (A) +printf('\nb.Rms current at 60hz = %0.3f A',I1) +I2=V/X_C2;//Rms current at 10kHz (A) +printf('\n Rms current at 10khz = %0.1f A',I2) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68809f561 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.12/Ex23_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 23.12 +//See also Example 23.10 and Example 23.11 +R=40;//Resistance (ohm) +L=3*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +C=5*10^-6;//Capacitance (F) +f1=60;//Frequency 1 (Hz) +f2=10*10^3;//Frequency 2 (Hz) + +X_L1=1.13;//Inductive reactance at 60Hz (ohm), See Example 23.10 +X_C1=531;//Capacitive reactance at 60Hz (ohm), See Example 23.11 +Z1=sqrt(R^2+(X_L1-X_C1)^2);//Impedance at 60Hz +printf('a.Impedance at 60Hz = %0.1f ohm',Z1) + +X_L2=188;//Inductive reactance at 10kHz (ohm), See Example 23.10 +X_C2=3.18;//Capacitive reactance at 10kHz (ohm), See Example 23.11 +Z2=sqrt(R^2+(X_L2-X_C2)^2);//Impedance at 60Hz +printf('\n Impedance at 10kHz = %0.1f ohm',Z2) + +V_rms=120;//Rms voltage (V) +I_rms1=V_rms/Z1;//Rms current at 60Hz (A) +printf('\nb.Rms current at 60hz = %0.3f A',I_rms1) +I_rms2=V_rms/Z2;//Rms current at 10kHz (A) +printf('\n Rms current at 10khz = %0.3f A',I_rms2) +//Answers vary due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72acafa59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.13/Ex23_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 23.13 +R=40;//Resistance (ohm) +L=3*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +C=5*10^-6;//Capacitance (F) +f_0=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(L*C));//Resonant frequency (Hz) +printf('a.Resonant frequency = %0.2f kHz',f_0/1000) +V_rms=120;//Rms voltage (V) +Z=R;//Impedance is equal to the resistance alone as the reactances cancel out at the resonant frequency (ohm) +I_rms=V_rms/Z;//Rms current (A) +printf('\nb.Rms current = %0.2f A',I_rms) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc7d39946 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.14/Ex23_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 23.14 +R=40;//Resistance (ohm) +L=3*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +C=5*10^-6;//Capacitance (F) +V_rms=120;//Rms voltage (V) +f=60;//Frequency (Hz) +Z=531;//Impedance (ohm), See Example 23.13 +cos_phi=R/Z;//Power factor +printf('a.Power factor, cos(phi) = %0.4f',cos_phi) +phi=acosd(cos_phi);//Phase angle (deg) +printf('\n Phase angle phi = %0.1f deg',phi) + +I_rms_b=0.226;//Rms current (A), See Example 23.12 +P_ave_b=I_rms_b*V_rms*cos_phi;//Average power (W) +printf('\nb.Average power = %0.2f W',P_ave_b) + +I_rms_c=3;//Rms current (A),See Example 23.13 +cos_phi_c=1;//Power factor is unity at resonant frequency +P_ave_c=I_rms_c*V_rms*cos_phi_c;//Average power (W) +printf('\nc.Average power = %0.1f W',P_ave_c) +//Some values are wrongly mentioned in the textbook; frequency in (b) and I rms value in (c) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e886d2fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 23.2 +B=5*10^-5;//Earth's magnetic field strength (T) +l=20*10^3;//Length of conductor (m) +v=7.80*10^3;//Orbital speed (m/s) +emf=B*l*v;//Motional emf induced (V) +printf('Motional emf induced = %0.2e V',emf) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cabbfae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 23.3 +N=200;//Number of loops +delta_t=15*10^-3;//Time (s) +r=5*10^-2;//Radius of coil (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of loop (m^2) +B=1.25;//Magnetic field strength (T) +delta_cosTheta=cosd(90)-cosd(0);//Change in value of cos(theta), as theta varies from 0 deg to 90 deg +delta_phi=A*B*delta_cosTheta;//Change in magnetic flux (T.m^2) +emf=-N*delta_phi/delta_t;//Induced emf (V) +printf('Induced emf = %0.1f V',emf) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40df84903 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 23.4 +//Also see Example 23.3 +delta_theta=%pi/2;//1/4th of a revolution (rad) +delta_t=15*10^-3;//Time (s) +omega=delta_theta/delta_t;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +//Angular velocity in rad/s can be converted to rpm by multiplying by (60/(2*%pi)). Rpm may be found to be 1000 in this example +N=200;//Number of loops, See Example 23.3 +r=5*10^-2;//Radius of coil (m), See Example 23.3 +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of loop (m^2), See Example 23.3 +B=1.25;//Magnetic field strength (T), See Example 23.3 +emf_0=N*A*B*omega;//Maximum emf (V) +printf('Maximum emf, emf_0 = %0.1f V',emf_0) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b5052ca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 23.5 +Np=50;//Number of loops in the primary +Vp=120;//Primary voltage (V) +Vs=100*10^3;//Secondary voltage (V) +Ns=Np*Vs/Vp;//Number of loops in the secondary +printf('a.Number of loops in the secondary coil = %0.2e',Ns) +Ip=10;//Current in the primary coil (A) +Is=Ip*Np/Ns;//Current in the secondary coil (A) +printf('\nb.Current in the secondary coil = %0.1f mA',Is*1000) +printf('\n\nDiscussion for (b):') +Pp=Ip*Vp;//Power input (W) +printf('\nPower input = %0.2f kW',Pp/1000) +Ps=Is*Vs;//Power output (W) +printf('\nPower output = %0.2f kW',Ps/1000) +if Ps==Pp + printf('\nPower output is equal to power input') +else + printf('\nPower output is not equal to power input') +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7e63c76a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 23.6 +Np=200;//Number of loops in the primary +Vp=120;//Primary voltage (V) +Vs=15;//Secondary voltage (V) +Ns=Np*Vs/Vp;//Number of loops in the secondary +printf('a.Number of loops in the secondary coil = %0.1f',Ns) +Is=16;//Current in the secondary coil (A) +Ip=Is*Ns/Np;//Current in the primary coil (A) +printf('\nb.Input current = %0.2f A',Ip) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa3174d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 23.7 +l=10*10^-2;//Length (m) +mu_0=4*%pi*10^-7;//Permeability of free space (T.m/A) +r=4/2*10^-2;//Radius of solenoid (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Cross-sectional area (m^2) +N=200;//Number of coils +L=mu_0*N^2*A/l;//Self-inductance (H) +printf('Self-inductance of the solenoid = %0.3f mH',L*1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e253450 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.8/Ex23_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 23.8 +L=0.632*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +I=30;//Current (A) +E_ind=(1/2)*L*I^2;//Energy stored (J) +printf('Energy stored in the inductor = %0.3f J',E_ind) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH23/EX23.9/Ex23_9.sce b/3845/CH23/EX23.9/Ex23_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d059cc0d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH23/EX23.9/Ex23_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 23.9 +L=7.5*10^-3;//Inductance (H) +R=3;//Resistance (ohm) +tau=L/R;//Time constant (s) +printf('a.Time constant tau = %0.2f ms',tau*1000) +I_0=10;//Initial current (A) +I=0.368*I_0;//Current decreases to 0.368 times the initial value in tau seconds (A) +t=tau;//Time (s) +while t<5*10^-3 + I=0.368*I;//Current (A) + t=t+tau;//Time (s) +end// To find decline in current with time +printf('\nb.Current = %0.2f A',I) +//Here we used two iterations as we know 5ms is twice the characteristic time tau. I=I_0*exp(-t/tau) can also be used to find the current at 5ms. +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3845/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3845/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6a452a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 24.1 +E=1000;//E-field strength (V/m) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +B=E/c;//B-field strength (T) +printf('B-field strength = %0.2e T',B) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3845/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0d9644cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 24.2 +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +f1=1530*10^3;//AM radio signal frequency (Hz) +lambda1=c/f1;//AM radio signal wavelength (m) +printf('AM radio signal wavelength = %0.1f m',lambda1) +f2=105.1*10^6;//FM radio signal frequency (Hz) +lambda2=c/f2;//FM radio signal wavelength (m) +printf('\nFM radio signal wavelength = %0.2f m',lambda2) +f3=1.90*10^9;//Cellphone signal frequency (Hz) +lambda3=c/f3;//Cellphone signal wavelength (m) +printf('\nCellphone signal wavelength = %0.3f m',lambda3) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3845/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..979530a48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 24.3 +rho=1000;//Density of tissue (kg/m^3) +d=0.8*10^-3;//Diameter of cornea (m) +A=%pi*d^2/4;//Area (m^2) +t=0.3*10^-6;//Thickness (m) +V=A*t;//Volume of tissue (m^3) +m=rho*V;//Mass of tissue evaporated (kg) +c=4186;//Specific heat of water (J/kg/K) +delta_T=100-34;//Change in temperature (C) +L_v=2256*10^3;//Latent heat of vaporization of water (J/kg) +Q_tot=m*(c*delta_T+L_v);//Energy absorbed (J) +printf('Total energy absorbed by the tissue = %0.0f*10^-9 kJ',Q_tot/1000/10^-9) +printf('\nDiscussion:') +ave_pow=Q_tot*400;//Average power if there are 400 bursts per second (W) +printf('\nAverage power if there are 400 laser bursts per second = %0.1f mW',ave_pow*1000) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3845/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca5f5d64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 24.4 +P=1*10^3;//Power (W) +A=0.30*0.40;//Area (m^2) +I_ave=P/A;//Intensity (W/m^2) +printf('a.Intensity = %0.2e W/m^2',I_ave) +I_0=2*I_ave;//Peak intensity (W/m^2) +printf('\n Peak Intensity = %0.2e W/m^2',I_0) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +eps_0=8.85*10^-12;//Permittivity of free space (C^2/N.m^2) +E_0=sqrt(2*I_ave/(c*eps_0));//Peak electric field strength (V/m) +printf('\nb.Peak electric field strength = %0.2e V/m',E_0) +B_0=E_0/c;//Peak magnetic field strength (T) +printf('\nc.Peak magnetic field strength = %0.2e T',B_0) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8f15979a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 25.1 +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +n=1.923;//Index of refraction for zircon, See Table 25.1 +v=c/n;//Speed of light in zircon (m/s) +printf('Speed of light in zircon = %0.2e m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d788e03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.10/Ex25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 25.10 +f=40;//Focal length (cm) +R=2*f;//Radius of curvature (cm) +printf('a.Radius of curvature = %0.1f cm',R) +L=1;//Length (m) +A=(1/4)*2*%pi*(R*10^-2)*L;//Area of the concave mirror of length L (m^2) +i=900;//Insolation (W/m^2) +Q=i*A;//Insolation per meter length of pipe (W) +printf('\nb.Amount of sunlight concentrated onto the pipe per meter = %0.1f W',Q) +rho=8*10^2;//Density of mineral oil (kg/m^3) +d=2*10^-2;//Pipe diameter (m) +V=%pi*(d/2)^2*1;//Volume of 1m long section of pipe (m^3) +m=rho*V;//Mass of mineral oil (kg) +c=1670;//Specific heat of mineral oil (J/kg.C) +delta_T=Q*60/(m*c);//Increase in temperature over 1 minute (C) +printf('\nc.Increase in temperature = %0.1f C',delta_T) +//Answers vary due to round off errors +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9e8e44eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.11/Ex25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 25.11 +d_o=12;//Object distance (cm) +m=0.0320;//Magnification +d_i=-m*d_o;//Image distance (cm) +f=1/(1/d_o+1/d_i);//Focal length (cm) +R=2*abs(f);//Radius of curvature (cm) +printf('Radius of curvature of cornea = %0.3f cm',R) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1c77ec0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 25.2 +n1=1;//Index of refraction for air +theta1=30;//Incident angle (deg) +theta2=22;//Angle of refraction (deg) +n2=n1*sind(theta1)/sind(theta2);//Index of refraction for medium 2 +printf('Index of refraction for medium 2 = %0.2f',n2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74eddf9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 25.3 +n1=1;//Index of refraction for air +n2=2.419;//Index of refraction for diamond, See Table 25.1 +theta1=30;//Incident angle (deg) +theta2=asind(n1*sind(theta1)/n2);//Angle of refraction (deg) +printf('Angle of refraction = %0.1f deg',theta2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4a0df6b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 25.4 +n1=1.49;//Index of refraction for polystyrene, See Table 25.1 +n2=1;//Index of refraction for air, +theta_c=asind(n2/n1);//Critical angle (deg) +printf('Critical angle = %0.1f deg',theta_c) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d435a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 25.5 +f=8*10^-2;//Focal length (m) +P=1/f;//Power of the lens (D) +printf('Power of the lens = %0.1f D',P) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3100ed7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 25.6 +//Using ray tracing, image distance, d_i, is found to be about 1.50m and magnification, m, to be about -2. +d_i_rt=1.50;//Image distance from ray tracing (m) +printf('Image distance found using ray tracing = %0.2f m',d_i_rt) +m_rt=-2;//Magnification from ray tracing +printf('\nMagnification found using ray tracing = %0.0f',m_rt) +d_o=0.75;//Object distance (m) +f=0.5;//Focal length (m) +d_i=f*d_o/(d_o-f);//Image distance by rearranging thin lens equation (m) +printf('\n\nImage distance found using thin lens equation = %0.2f m',d_i) +m=-d_i/d_o;//Magnification +printf('\nMagnification found using thin lens equation = %0.2f',m) +if d_i_rt==d_i&m_rt==m + printf('\n\nThin lens equation and ray tracing results are consistent') +else + printf('\n\nThin lens equation and ray tracing results are not consistent') +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..926ad1d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 25.7 +d_o=7.5*10^-2;//Object distance (m) +f=10*10^-2;//Focal distance (m) +d_i=1/(1/f-1/d_o);//Image distance (m) +m=-d_i/d_o;//Magnification +printf('Magnification produced by magnifying glass = %0.2f',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79441888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 25.8 +d_o=7.5*10^-2;//Object distance (m) +f=-10*10^-2;//Focal distance (m) +d_i=1/(1/f-1/d_o);//Image distance (m) +m=-d_i/d_o;//Magnification +printf('Magnification produced by concave lens = %0.3f',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce b/3845/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..565a192b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 25.9 +d_i=3*10^2;//Image distance (cm) +R=50;//Radius of curvature of mirror (cm) +f=R/2;//Focal length of concave mirror (cm) +d_o=1/(1/f-1/d_i);//Object distance (cm) +printf('Distance of the coils from the concave mirror = %0.1f cm',d_o) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/3845/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49b843dbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 26.1 +d_o=60;//Object distance (cm) +d_i=2;//Image distance (cm) +h_o=1.2*10^-2;//Object height (cm) +h_i=-h_o*d_i/d_o;//Image height (cm) +printf('Size of the image on the retina = %0.2e cm',h_i) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce b/3845/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe1ad75fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 26.2 +d_i=2*10^-2;//Image distance (m) +d_o_distant=%inf;//Object distance for distant vision (m) +d_o_close=25*10^-2;//Object distance for close vision (m) +P_distant=1/d_o_distant+1/d_i;//Power for distant vision (D) +printf('Power = %0.1f D (distant vision)',P_distant) +P_close=1/d_o_close+1/d_i;//Power for closest vision (D) +printf('\nPower = %0.1f D (close vision)',P_close) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce b/3845/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc80c1d5c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH26/EX26.3/Ex26_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 26.3 +d_i=(-30+1.5)*10^-2;//Image distance (m) +d_o=%inf;//Object distance (m) +P=1/d_o+1/d_i;//Power (D) +printf('Power of spectacle lens required = %0.2f D',P) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce b/3845/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13cadef67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH26/EX26.4/Ex26_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 26.4 +d_i=(-100+1.5)*10^-2;//Image distance (m) +d_o=(25-1.5)*10^-2;//Object distance (m) +P=1/d_o+1/d_i;//Power (D) +printf('Power of spectacle lens required = %0.2f D',P) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce b/3845/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaa865916 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH26/EX26.5/Ex26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 26.5 +f_o=6*10^-3;//Focal length of the objective lens (m) +d_o=6.20*10^-3;//Object distance for the objective lens (m) +d_i=1/(1/f_o-1/d_o);//Image distance for the objective lens from thin lens equation (m) +m_o=-d_i/d_o;//Magnification of the objective lens + +d_o_e=23*10^-2-d_i;//Object distance for the eyepiece lens(m) +f_e=50*10^-3;//Focal length of the eyepiece lens (m) +d_i_e=1/(1/f_e-1/d_o_e);//Image distance for the eyepiece lens from thin lens equation (m) +m_e=-d_i_e/d_o_e;//Magnification of the eyepiece lens + +m=m_o*m_e;//Overall magnification +printf('Overall magnification = %0.1f',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19dfb96be --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27.1 +m=3;//Third-order constructive interference +d=0.01*10^-3;//Distance between slits (m) +theta=10.95;//Diffraction angle (deg) +lambda=d*sind(theta)/m;//Wavelength (m) +printf('Wavelength = %0.1f nm',lambda/10^-9) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fa510022 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27.2 +//Also see Example 27.1 +d=0.01*10^-3;//Distance between slits (m) +theta=90;//Maximum diffraction angle (deg) +lambda=633*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +m=d*sind(theta)/lambda;//Order of interference +printf('Maximum order of interference = %d',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfa7e0bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 27.3 +d=1*10^-2/10000;//Distance between slits (m) +m=1;//First-order diffraction +lambda_V=380*10^-9;//Wavelength of violet light (m) +theta_V=asind(m*lambda_V/d);//Diffraction angle for violet light (deg) +printf('a.Angle for first-order diffraction for violet light = %0.2f deg',theta_V) +lambda_R=760*10^-9;//Wavelength of red light (m) +theta_R=asind(m*lambda_R/d);//Diffraction angle for red light (deg) +printf('\n Angle for first-order diffraction for red light = %0.2f deg',theta_R) +x=2;//Distance between screen and grating (m) +y_V=x*tand(theta_V);//Lateral distance between violet light on the screen and the original beam direction (m) +y_R=x*tand(theta_R);//Lateral distance between red light on the screen and the original beam direction (m) +printf('\nb.Distance between the red and violet ends of the rainbow = %0.2f m',y_R-y_V) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba1de7c6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 27.4 +lambda=550*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +m2=2;//Order of interference +theta2=45;//Angle for second diffraction minimum (deg) +D=m2*lambda/sind(theta2);//Slit width (m) +printf('a.Width of the slit = %0.2e m',D) +m1=1;//Order of interference +theta1=asind(m1*lambda/D);//Angle for first diffraction minimum (deg) +printf('\nb.Angle for the first minimum produced = %0.1f deg',theta1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b8ebebb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 27.5 +lambda=550*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +D=2.40;//Diameter (m) +theta=1.22*lambda/D;//Smallest angle between two point sources to be just-resolved (rad) +printf('a.Angle between the two just-resolved point light sources = %0.2e rad',theta) +r=2*10^6;//Distance from the Hubble Space Telescope (ly) +s=r*theta;//Distance between the objects (ly) +printf('\nb.Closest distance between the objects = %0.2f ly',s) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb8ec727b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 27.6 +lambda=550*10^-9;//Wavelength of light (m) +n2=1.38;//Index of refraction of magnesium fluoride film +lambda_n_2=lambda/n2;//Wavelength in the film (m) +//For destructive interference here, 2t=lambda_n_2/2, where path length difference=2t for perpendicularly incident rays +t=lambda_n_2/4;//Thickness of the film (m) +printf('Thickness of the magnesium fluoride film = %0.1f nm',t/10^-9) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2a63be84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 27.7 +lambda=650*10^-9;//Wavelength of red light (m) +n=1.333;//Index of refraction for soapy film +lambda_n=lambda/n;//Wavelength in the soapy film(m) +tc1=1*lambda_n/4; +tc2=3*lambda_n/4; +tc3=5*lambda_n/4;//tc1, tc2, tc3 - thicknesses for constructive interference (m) +printf('a.The three smallest thicknesses for constructive interference = %0.1f nm, %0.1f nm, %0.1fnm',tc1/10^-9,tc2/10^-9,tc3/10^-9) +td1=0*lambda_n/2; +td2=1*lambda_n/2; +td3=2*lambda_n/2;//td1, td2, td3 - thicknesses for destructive interference (m) +printf('\nb.The three smallest thicknesses for destructive interference = %0.1f nm, %0.1f nm, %0.1fnm',td1/10^-9,td2/10^-9,td3/10^-9) +//Answers vary due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9573e85c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.8/Ex27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 27.8 +//Let I_0 be the initial intensity. +//Reduced intensity I=0.1*I_0, as intensity is reduced by 90% +//Using I=I_0*(cosd(theta))^2 and substituting value for I,we get +theta=acosd(sqrt(0.1));//Angle; +printf('Angle required = %0.1f deg',theta) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce b/3845/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14833136c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH27/EX27.9/Ex27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 27.9 +n1=1;//Index of refraction of air +n2=1.333;//Index of refraction of water +n3=1.520;//Index of refraction of crown glass +theta_b1=atand(n2/n1);//Angle when reflected off water into air (deg) +printf('a.Angle for complete horizontal polarization when reflected off water into air = %0.1f deg',theta_b1) +theta_b2=atand(n3/n1);//Angle when reflected off glass into air (deg) +printf('\nb.Angle for complete horizontal polarization when reflected off glass into air = %0.1f deg',theta_b2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3720ce586 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 28.1 +delta_t_0=1.52*10^-6;//Proper time for life of the muon (s) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +v=0.950*c;//Velocity of muon (m/s) +Gamma=1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); +delta_t=Gamma*delta_t_0;//Elasped time as measured by Earth-bound observer (t) +printf('Life of the muon as measured by Earth-bound observer = %0.2e s',delta_t) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b042c28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 28.2 +L_0=4.3;//Distance between the Earth and Alpha Centauri as measured by an Earth-bound observer (ly) +Gamma=30; +L=L_0/Gamma;//Distance as measured by astronaut (ly) +printf('a.Distance between Earth and Alpha Centauri as measured by the astronaut = %0.4f ly',L) +//Rearranging Equation 28.24 and multiplying by (c/c) to get velocity in terms of c +v=sqrt((30^2-1)/30^2);//Velocity (in terms of c) +printf('\nb.Velocity of the astronaut relative to the Earth = %0.4fc',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caabd24d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 28.3 +v=0.5;//Speed of spaceship (in terms of c) +u_1=1;//Speed of the signal as observed from spaceship (in terms of c) +c=1;//Speed of light (in terms of c) +u=(v+u_1)/(1+v*u_1/c^2);//Speed at which the signal approaches the Earth (in terms of c) +printf('Speed at which the signal approaches the Earth = %0.1fc',u) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f3c0b70e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 28.4 +v=0.5;//Speed of spaceship (in terms of c) +u_1=0.75;//Speed of the cannister as observed from the spaceship when shot towards the Earth(in terms of c) +c=1;//Speed of light (in terms of c) +u=(v+u_1)/(1+v*u_1/c^2);//Speed of the cannister as observed from the Earth when shot toward it (in terms of c) +printf('a.Speed of the cannister as observed from the Earth when shot toward it = %0.3fc',u) +u_1b=-0.75;//Speed of the cannister as observed from the spaceship when shot away from the Earth (in terms of c) +ub=(v+u_1b)/(1+v*u_1b/c^2);//Speed of the cannister as observed from the Earth when shot away from it (in terms of c) +printf('\nb.Speed of the cannister as observed from the Earth when shot away from it = %0.3fc',ub) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a80e4a436 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 28.5 +u=0.825;//Speed at which the galaxy is moving away from the Earth (in terms of c) +lambda_s=0.525;//Wavelength of radio waves (m) +c=1;//Speed of light (in terms of c) +lambda_obs=lambda_s*sqrt((1+u/c)/(1-u/c));//Wavelength detected on the Earth (m) +printf('Wavelength of radio waves detected on the Earth = %0.2f m',lambda_obs) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05adff089 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 28.6 +m=1*10^-3;//Mass (kg) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +E_0=m*c^2;//Rest energy (J) +printf('Rest energy = %0.2e J',E_0) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..165931313 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 28.7 +V=12;//Voltage (V) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +It=600;//Battery rating (A.h) +delta_m=(It*3600)*V/c^2;//Increase in rest mass, convert hours to seconds (kg) +printf('a.Increase in rest mass = %0.2e kg',delta_m) +m=20;//Mass of the battery (kg) +percent_increase=delta_m/m*100;//Percent increase in the mass of the battery +printf('\nb.Percent increase of the mass of the battery = %0.2e%%',percent_increase) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce b/3845/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2995b19c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 28.8 +m=9.11*10^-31;//Mass of the electron (kg) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +v=0.990*c;//Velocity of the electron (m/s) +Gamma=1/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); +KE_rel=(Gamma-1)*m*c^2;//Relativistic kinetic energy (J) +KE_rel=KE_rel*1/(1.60*10^-13);//Relativistic kinetic energy (MeV) +printf('a.Relativistic kinetic energy = %0.2f MeV',KE_rel) +KE_class=(1/2)*m*v^2;//Classical kinetic energy (J) +KE_class=KE_class*1/(1.60*10^-13);//Classical kinetic energy (MeV) +printf('\nb.Classical kinetic energy = %0.3f MeV',KE_class) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f10ea05d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 29.1 +lambda=420*10^-9;//Wavelength of violet light (m) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +h=6.63*10^-34;//Planck's constant (J.s) +f=c/lambda;//Frequency (Hz) +E=h*f;//Energy (J) +printf('a.Photon energy = %0.2e J',E) +E=E*1/(1.6*10^-19);//Energy (eV) +printf('\n Photon energy = %0.2f eV',E) +BE=2.71;//Binding energy (eV) +KE_e=E-BE;//Maximum kinetic energy of electrons (eV) +printf('\nb.Maximum kinetic energy of electrons = %0.3f eV',KE_e) +//Answer varies from the textbook for (b.) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.10/Ex29_10.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.10/Ex29_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed49ddf5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.10/Ex29_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 29.10 +lambda=550*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +h=6.63*10^-34;//Planck's constant (J.s) +p=h/lambda;//Momentum of the photon (kg.m/s) +printf('a.Momentum of the photon = %0.2e kg.m/s',p) +m=1*10^-9;//Mass of the particle of dust (kg) +//After deducing from equation for conservation of momentum, +v=p/m;//Recoil velocity of the particle of dust (m/s) +printf('\nb.Recoil velocity of the particle of dust = %0.2e m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.2/Ex29_2.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.2/Ex29_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61d4f28a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.2/Ex29_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 29.2 +q=1.60*10^-19;//Charge of an electron (C) +V=50*10^3;//Potential difference (V) +hf=q*V;//Maximum photon energy (J) +hf=hf*1/(1.60*10^-19);//maximum photon energy (eV) +printf('Maximum x-ray photon energy = %0.1f keV',hf/1000) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5a7fbe6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 29.3 +h=4.14*10^-15;//Planck's constant (eV.s) +c=3*10^8*10^9;//Speed of light (nm/s) +lambda=100;//Wavelength (nm) +E=h*c/lambda;//Photon energy (eV) +//The value h*c=1240eV.nm may also be used directly +printf('Vacuum UV photon energy = %0.1f eV',E) +//Discussion +E1=10;//Energy to ionize atom or molecule (lowest in the possible range 10eV to 1000eV) (eV), See Table 29.1 +E2=10;//Binding energy of a tightly bound molecule (eV), See Table 29.1 +E3=1;//Binding energy of a weakly bound molecule (eV), See Table 29.1 +printf('\nDiscussion:') +if E>E1 + printf('\nThe photon energy might be sufficient to ionize an atom or molecule') +end +if E>E2 + printf('\nThe photon energy is sufficient to break apart %0.0f tightly bound molecule(s)',E/E2) +end +if E>E3 + printf('\nThe photon energy is sufficient to break apart %0.0f weakly bound molecule(s)',E/E3 ) +end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cf25f905 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 29.4 +h=6.63*10^-34;//Planck's constant (J.s) +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light (m/s) +lambda=580*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +P=0.1*100;//Power in visible light production, 10% of 100W, (W) +E=h*c/lambda;//Photon energy (J) +photons=P/E;//Number of visible photons per second (photons/s) +printf('Number of visible photons per second = %0.2e photons/s',photons) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH29/EX29.5/Ex29_5.sce b/3845/CH29/EX29.5/Ex29_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de284abbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH29/EX29.5/Ex29_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Example 29.5 +h=6.63*10^-34;//Planck's constant (J.s) +lambda=500*10^-9;//Wavelength (m) +p=h/lambda;//Momentum of the photon (kg.m/s) +printf('a.Momentum of the visible photon = %0.2e kg.m/s',p) +m=9.11*10^-31;//Mass of an electron (kg) +v=p/m;//Velocity of the electron (m/s) +printf('\nb.Velocity of the electron = %0.1f m/s',v) +KE_e=(1/2)*m*v^2;//Kinetic energy of the electron (J) +KE_e=KE_e*1/(1.60*10^-19);//Kinetic energy of the electron (eV) +printf('\nc.Kinetic energy of the electron = %0.2e eV',KE_e) +hc=1240;//Planck's constant*speed of light (eV.nm) +E=hc/(lambda/10^-9);//Photon energy (eV) +printf('\n Photon energy = %0.2f eV',E) +//To calulate the order of magnitude by which the energies differ +if E>KE_e + big=E; + small=KE_e; + BIG='The photon energy'; +elseif KE_e>E + big=KE_e; + small=E; + BIG='The kinetic energy of the electron'; +else + printf('\nThe photon energy is equal to the kinetic energy of the electron') +end +i=0; +while(smalld. The steps followed in this code analyze individual charges of the quarks composing the positive kaon and the leptons produced by its decay. +//Positive Kaon is made of two quarks- up and strange antiquark, See Table 33.4 +charge_u=+2/3;//Charge of u quark, See Table 33.3 +charge_s_anti=+1/3//Charge of s antiquark, See Table 33.3 +charge_positive_Kaon=charge_u+charge_s_anti;//Charge of positive Kaon +charge_positive_Muon=+1;//Charge of positive Muon +charge_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Charge of Muon Neutrino +if (charge_positive_Kaon==charge_positive_Muon+charge_Mu_Neutrino) + printf('\n\nb.Charge is conserved') +else + printf('\n\nb.Charge is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +B_positive_Kaon=0;//Baryon number of positive Kaon +B_positive_Muon=0;//Baryon number of positive Muon +B_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Baryon number of Muon Neutrino +if (B_positive_Kaon==B_positive_Muon+B_Mu_Neutrino) + printf('\n Baryon number is conserved') +else + printf('\n Baryon number is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +m_positive_Kaon=493.7;//Rest mass of positive Kaon (MeV/c^2) +m_positive_Muon=105.7;//Rest mass of positive Muon (MeV/c^2) +m_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Rest mass Muon Neutrino (MeV/c^2) +//Decay can be spontaneous if positive Kaon has greater mass than the products of decay +if (m_positive_Kaon>(m_positive_Muon+m_Mu_Neutrino)) + printf('\n Mass-energy is conserved') +else + printf('\n Mass-energy is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +S_positive_Kaon=+1;//Strangeness of positive Kaon +S_positive_Muon=0;//Strangeness of positive Muon +S_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Strangeness of Muon Neutrino +if abs((S_positive_Muon+S_Mu_Neutrino)-S_positive_Kaon)<=1 + printf('\n Strangeness is conserved') +else + printf('\n Strangeness is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +printf('\n Lepton numbers:') +Le_positive_Kaon=0;//Electron family number of positive Kaon +Le_positive_Muon=0;//Electron family number of positive Muon +Le_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Electron family number of Muon Neutrino +if (Le_positive_Kaon==Le_positive_Muon+Le_Mu_Neutrino) + printf('\n Electron family number is conserved') +else + printf('\n Electron family number is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +Ltau_positive_Kaon=0;//Tau family number of positive Kaon +Ltau_positive_Muon=0;//Tau family number of positive Muon +Ltau_Mu_Neutrino=0;//Tau family number of Muon Neutrino +if (Ltau_positive_Kaon==Ltau_positive_Muon+Ltau_Mu_Neutrino) + printf('\n Tau family number is conserved') +else + printf('\n Tau family number is not conserved') + i=0; +end + +Lmu_positive_Kaon=0;//Muon family number of positive Kaon +Lmu_positive_Muon=-1;//Muon family number of positive Muon +Lmu_Mu_Neutrino=+1;//Muon family number of Muon Neutrino +if (Lmu_positive_Kaon==Lmu_positive_Muon+Lmu_Mu_Neutrino) + printf('\n Muon family number is conserved') +else + printf('\n Muon family number is not conserved') + i=0; +end + + +if i==1 + printf('\n\n The decay is allowed') +else + printf('\n\n The decay is not allowed') +end +//Some of the solution steps are not given in the textbook; the steps mentioned here may need to be check for theoretical correctness +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce b/3845/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69f6ee46b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//Example 33.4 +//Quark composition for neutral Xi is uss +u_charge=+2/3;//Charge for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_charge=-1/3;//Charge for s quark, See Table 33.3 +total_charge=u_charge+s_charge+s_charge; +printf('Total charge = %d (q_e)',total_charge) +if total_charge==0//Charge=0 for neutral Xi, from Table 33.2 + printf(', (It is consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +else + printf(', (It is not consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +end + +u_baryon=+1/3;//Baryon number for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_baryon=+1/3;//Baryon number for s quark, See Table 33.3 +baryon_number=u_baryon+s_baryon+s_baryon; +printf('\nBaryon number = %d',baryon_number) +if baryon_number==1//Baryon Number=1 for neutral Xi, from Table 33.2 + printf(' (It is consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +else + printf(' (It is not consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +end + +u_strangeness=0;//Strangeness for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_strangeness=-1;//Strangeness for s quark, See Table 33.3 +strangeness=u_strangeness+s_strangeness+s_strangeness; +printf('\nStrangeness = %d',strangeness) +if strangeness==-2//Strangeness=-2 for neutral Xi, from Table 33.2 + printf(' (It is consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +else + printf(' (It is not consistent with the value found in Table 33.2)') +end + +u_charm=0;//Charm for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_charm=0;//Charm for s quark, See Table 33.3 +charm=u_charm+s_charm+s_charm; +printf('\nCharm = %d',charm) + +u_topness=0;//Topness for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_topness=0;//Topness for s quark, See Table 33.3 +topness=u_topness+s_topness+s_topness; +printf('\nTopness = %d',topness) + +u_bottomness=0;//Bottomness for u quark, See Table 33.3 +s_bottomness=0;//Bottomness for s quark, See Table 33.3 +bottomness=u_bottomness+s_bottomness+s_bottomness; +printf('\nBottomness = %d',bottomness) + +lepton_family_numbers=0;//It is not a lepton, See Table 33.2 +printf('\nLepton family numbers (electron,muon and tau) = %d (It is not a lepton)',lepton_family_numbers) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c68149d22 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 4.1 +F_net=51;//Net external force (N) +m=24;//Mass of the mower (kg) +a=F_net/m;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration = %0.1f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47dc7d4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4.10 +delta_v=8;//Velocity change (m/s) +delta_t=2.5;//Time period (s) +a=delta_v/delta_t;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('a.Average acceleration = %0.2f m/s^2',a) +m=70;//Player's mass (kg) +F_net=m*a;//Force exerted (N) +printf('\nb.Average force exerted backward on the ground = %0.1f N',F_net) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3539dfc4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 4.2 +m=2100;//Mass of the system (kg) +a=49;//Initial acceleration (m/s^2) +f=650;//Frictional force (N) +T=(m*a+f)/4;//Thrust exerted by each rocket (N), See Equation 4.14 +//There are 4 rockets. Net horizontal force F_net=m*a (N) +printf('Individual thrust exerted by each rocket = %0.1e N',T) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..926399fb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 4.3 +F_floor=150;//Backward force exerted (N) +f=24;//Net opposing force (N) +m=65+12+7;//Total mass of System 1, mass of professor+mass of cart+mass of equipment, (kg) +F_net=F_floor-f;//Net force (N) +a=F_net/m;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Acceleration = %0.1f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c39012f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.4 +//Also see Example 4.3 +m=12+7;//Total mass of System 2, mass of cart+mass of equipment, (kg) +a=1.5;//Acceleration (m/s^2), See Example 4.3 +F_net=m*a;//Net external force (N) +f=24;//Net opposing force (N) +F_prof=F_net+f;//Force exerted by the professor on the cart (N) +printf('Force exerted by the professor on the cart = %0.1f N',F_prof) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfbc4953 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4.5 +m=60;//Mass of the skier and equipment (kg) +theta=25;//Angle of inclination (deg) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +F_net_p=m*g*sind(theta);//Net force parallel to the slope (N) +a_p=F_net_p/m;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('a.Acceleration (disregarding friction) = %0.2f m/s^2', a_p) +f=45;//Frictional force (N) +F_net_p_b=m*g*sind(theta)-f;//Net force parallel to the slope considering friction (N) +a_p_b=F_net_p_b/m;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('\nb.Acceleration (considering friction) = %0.2f m/s^2', a_p_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781bdaa3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 4.6 +m=70;//Mass of the tightrope walker (kg) +theta=5;//Angle (deg) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w=m*g;//Weight of the tightrope walker (N) +T=w/(2*sind(theta));//Tension (N), See Equation 4.52 +//See textbook for derivation +printf('Tension in the wire = %0.1f N',T) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aef6a974 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.7 +Fx=2.7*10^5;//Force exerted in the x-direction (N) +Fy=3.6*10^5;//Force exerted in the y-direction (N) +m=5*10^6;//Mass of the barge (kg) +a=7.5*10^-2;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +theta=53.1;//Angle (deg) +F_app=sqrt(Fx^2+Fy^2);//Resultant applied force (N) +theta=atand(Fy/Fx);//Direction of resultant applied force (deg) +F_net=m*a;//Net external force (N) +F_D=F_app-F_net;//Drag force (N) +printf('Drag force exerted by water = %0.1e N',F_D) +printf('\nDirection of the drag force is opposite to that of the applied force.') +//Direction of drag force, theta_F_D=53 deg south of west +//also it may be noted that if theta_F_D is to be measured from the same reference axis as theta +//theta_F_D=theta+180; +//if theta_F_D>360 +// theta_F_D=theta_F_D-360; +//end +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fd91c1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 4.8 +m=15;//Mass of traffic light (kg) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w=m*g;//Weight of traffic light (N) +theta1=30;//Angle for wire 1 (deg) +theta2=45;//Angle for wire 2 (deg) +T1=w/(sind(theta1)+[cosd(theta1)/cosd(theta2)]*sind(45));//Tension in wire 1 (N), Substitute Equation 4.69 in Equation 4.73 +//See textbook for derivation +printf('Tension in wire 1 = %0.1f N',T1) +T2=[cosd(theta1)/cosd(theta2)]*T1;//Tension in wire 2 (N), See Equation 4.69 +printf('\nTension in wire 2 = %0.1f N',T2) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3845/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2763fbf28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 4.9 +m=75;//Mass of the man (kg) +g=9.8;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +a=1.20;//Upward acceleration of the elevator (m/s^2) +F_s=m*a+m*g;//Force as measured by the scale (N) +printf('a.Force as measured by the scale when the elevator is accelerating upwards = %0.1f N',F_s) +//Discussion +F_s1=m*g;//Force as measured by the scale when stationary (N) +printf('\nDiscussion:\nForce as measured by the scale when stationary = %0.1f N',F_s1) +F_s_b=m*g;//Force as measured by the scale when moving with constant upward velocity (N) +printf('\nb.Force as measured by the scale when moving with constant upward velocity = %0.1f N',F_s_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..118dad443 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 5.1 +f_k=45;//Friction (N) +m=62;//Mass of skier (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +theta=25;//Inclination of slope (deg) +N=m*g*cosd(theta);//Normal force perpendicular to slope (N) +mu_k=f_k/N;//Coefficient of kinetic friction +printf('Coefficient of kinetic friction = %0.3f',mu_k) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b97ae9856 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.2 +m=85;//Mass of skydiver (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +rho=1.21;//Density of air (kg/m^3) +C=1;//Coefficient of drag +A=2*0.35;//Projected area (m^2) +v_t=sqrt(2*m*g/(rho*C*A));//Terminal velocity (m/s) +printf('Terminal velocity = %0.1f m/s',v_t) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b720ac7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.3 +F=3.0*10^6;//Maximum tension (N) +L_0=3020;//Original length considered (m) +Y=210*10^9;//Young's modulus (N/m^2) +d=5.6*10^-2;//Diameter of cable (m) +A=%pi*(d^2)/4;//Cross-sectional area of cable (m^2) +delta_L=F*L_0/(Y*A);//Change in length (m) +printf('Change in length = %0.2f m',delta_L) +//An error of more than 2% with the answer in textbook for delta_L, but the answer can be rounded off to 18m +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9aa3eb15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 5.4 +m=62;//Mass supported (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +F=m*g;//Weight supported (N) +L_0=0.400;//Original length (m) +Y=9*10^9;//Young's modulus (N/m^2) +r=2*10^-2;//Bone radius (m) +A=%pi*(r^2);//Cross-sectional area of bone (m^2) +delta_L=F*L_0/(Y*A);//Change in length (m) +printf('Change in length = %0.0e m',delta_L) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36949f4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 5.5 +S=80*10^9;//Shear modulus (N/m^2), See Table 5.3 +r=0.750*10^-3;//Radius of nail (m) +A=%pi*r^2;//Cross-sectional area of nail (m^2) +delta_x=1.8*10^-6;//Amount of flex (m) +L_0=5*10^-3;//Original length (m) +F=S*A*delta_x/L_0;//Weigth of the picture (N) +m=F/g;//Picture's mass (kg) +printf('Mass of the picture = %0.1f kg',m) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3845/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8aa6e3129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5.6 +F_by_A=5.00*10^7;//Force per unit area at 5km depth (N/m^2) +B=2.2*10^9;//Bulk modulus (N/m^2), See Table 5.3 +v=(F_by_A)/B;//Fractional decrease in volume +printf('Fractional decrease in volume (in percentage) = %0.1f%%',v*100) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a5427f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.1 +v=15;//Velocity (m/s) +r=0.300;//Radius (m) +omega=v/r;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('Angular Velocity = %0.1f rad/s',omega) + +//Discussion: +r1=1.2;//Tire radius for earth mover (m) +omega1=v/r1;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +printf('\nDiscussion: For earth mover\nAngular Velocity = %0.1f rad/s',omega1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9e7fd3e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.2 +v=25;//Speed (m/s) +r=500;//Radius (m) +a_c=v^2/r;//Centripetal acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Centripetal acceleration = %0.2f m/s^2',a_c) + +//Discussion: +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +printf('\nDiscussion:\nComparing with acceleration due to gravity, centripetal acceleration a_c = %0.3f g',a_c/g) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25dd791b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6.3 +omega=7.50*10^4;//Angular velocity (rev/min) +omega=omega*2*%pi/60;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +r=7.50*10^-2;//Radial distance of point from the axis (m) +a_c=r*omega^2;//Centripetal acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Centripetal acceleration = %0.2e m/s^2',a_c) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +printf('\na_c/g = %0.2e',a_c/g)//Ratio of centripetal acceleration to acceleration due to gravity +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..820cd7c9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.4 +m=900;//Mass of car (kg) +v=25;//Velocity (m/s) +r=500;//Radius of curve (m) +F_c=m*v^2/r;//Centripetal force (N) +printf('a.Centripetal force = %0.1f N',F_c) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +mu_s=v^2/(r*g);//Coefficient of static friction +printf('\nb.Coefficient of static friction = %0.2f',mu_s) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cfba6534 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 6.5 +theta=65;//Angle of bank (deg) +r=100;//Radius of curve (m) +g=9.80//Accleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +v=sqrt(r*g*tand(theta));//Speed (m/s) +printf('Speed to be driven at = %0.1f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8945ae57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.6 +G=6.67*10^-11;//Universal gravitational constant (N.m^2/kg^2) +M=5.98*10^24;//Mass of the Earth (kg) +r=3.84*10^8;//Radius of Moon's orbit (m) +g=G*M/r^2;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +printf('a.Acceleration due to Earth''s gravity at the distance of the moon = %0.2e m/s^2',g) +delta_theta=2*%pi;//One complete rotation of Moon's orbit (rad) +delta_t=27.3*(1*24*60*60);//Period to make one complete rotation of Moon's orbit = 27.3 days,converted to seconds +omega=delta_theta/delta_t;//Angular velocity (rad/s) +a_c=r*omega^2;//Centripetal acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('\nb.Centripetal acceleration = %0.2e m/s^2',a_c) +printf('\nDiscussion: Centripetal acceleration found in (b.) differs from acceleration due to Earth''s gravity found in (a.) \nby %0.2f%%',(a_c-g)/g*100) +//Discussion : In agreement with answer in textbook; less than 1% +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3845/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ceb81fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.7 +r1=3.84*10^8;//Average distance of the Moon from the Earth's center (m) +h=1500;//Average distance of the artificial satellite from the Earth's surface (km) +r=6380;//Radius of the Earth (km) +r2=(h+r)*10^3;//Average distance of an artificial satellite from the Earth's center (m) +T1=27.3;//Period of the Moon's orbit (days) +T1=27.3*24;//Period of the Moon's orbit (h) +T2=T1*(r2/r1)^(3/2);//Period of the artificial satellite's orbit (h) +printf('Period of the artificial satellite''s orbit = %0.2f h',T2) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83a644bfe --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.1 +F=75;//Force (N) +d=25;//Horizontal distance traversed (m) +theta=35;//Angle (deg) +W=F*d*cosd(theta);//Work (J) +W1=W/4184;//Work (kcal) +printf('Work done = %0.2e J or %0.3f kcal',W,W1) +ratio=W1/2400;//Ratio of work done to the daily consumption +printf('\nRatio of work done to the daily consumption = %0.2e',ratio) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91d5cc871 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 7.10 +m=65;//Mass of player (kg) +v_i=6;//Initial velocity (m/s) +f=450;//Force of friction (N) +theta=5;//Angle of incline (deg) +d=(1/2*m*v_i^2)/(f+m*g*sind(theta));//Distance slid (m) +printf('Distance slid = %0.2f m',d) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2e358987 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.11 +m=60;//Mass of the woman (kg) +v_f=2;//Final speed (m/s) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=3;//Height (m) +t=3.50;//Time taken (s) +P=[(1/2*m*v_f^2)+(m*g*h)]/t;//Power (W) +printf('Power output = %0.1f W',P) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70445addf --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.12 +P=0.200;//Power rating (kW) +t=6*30;//Duration of use; 6hours per day*30days (h) +E=P*t;//Energy consumed (kWh) +cost=E*0.120;//Cost per month, if cost of electricity is $0.120/kWh +printf('Cost of running the computer for the given duration = $%0.2f per month',cost) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9b5906c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7.13 +Energy=1000;//Energy (kJ) +E_by_time=400;//Rate of energy consumption (W) +Time=Energy*10^3/E_by_time;//Time (s) +printf('Duration of bicycling required per day = %0.1f min',Time/60) +//Discussion +Fat_loss=Energy*1/39;//Fat loss if energy content of fat is assumed to be 39kJ/g (g) +printf('\nDiscussion:\nFat loss = %0.1f g',Fat_loss) +//Answers vary due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b435b3a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 7.2 +m=30;//Mass (kg) +v=0.500;//Speed (m/s) +KE=(1/2)*m*v^2;//Kinetic energy (J) +printf('Kinetic energy = %0.2f J',KE) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e38dbe743 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 7.3 +F_app=120;//Applied force (N) +F_fr=5;//Opposing friction force(N) +d=0.800;//Distance traversed (m) +F_net=F_app-F_fr;//Net force (N) +W_net=F_net*d;//Net work (J) +printf('a.Net work done on the package = %0.1f J',W_net) +W_app=F_app*d*cosd(0);//Work done due to applied force in direction of displacement (J) +W_fr=F_fr*d*cosd(180);//Work done due to friction force acting in a direction opposite to that of displacement (J) +W_gr=0;//Work done by gravity is zero as force due to gravity acts perpendicular to displacement, cosd(270)=0, (J) +W_N=0;//Work done by the normal force is zero as it acts perpendicular to displacement, cosd(90)=0, (J) +W_total=W_gr+W_N+W_app+W_fr;//Total work done (J) +printf('\nb.Total work done as sum of work done by each force = %0.1f J',W_total) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4983483 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.4 +W_net=92;//Net work done on the package (J), See Example 7.3 +v_0=0.5;//Initial speed (m/s), See Example 7.2 +m=30;//Mass (kg), See Example 7.2 +v=sqrt((W_net+1/2*m*v_0^2)*2/m);//Final speed, by rearranging Equation 7.22, (m/s) +printf('Final Speed = %0.2f m/s',v) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da7f24db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 7.5 +f=5;//Friction force (N), See Example 7.3 +initial_KE=3.75;//Initial kinetic energy (J), See Example 7.2 +W_net=92;//Net work done on the package (J), See Example 7.3 +//This is equal to the energy acquired due to the pushing +W_fr=-(initial_KE+W_net);//Work by friction (J) +theta=180;//Direction of friction force (opposite to displacement)(deg) +d_prime=W_fr/(f*cosd(theta)) +printf('Distance to stop = %0.1f m',d_prime) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d57480e79 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.6 +m=60;//Mass of the person (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=3;//Height (m) +theta=180;//Angle (deg) +d=0.5*10^-2;//Magnitude of compression in knee joint (m) +W=m*g*(-h);//Work done in stopping the person (J) +F=W/(d*cosd(theta));//Force on the knee joints (N) +printf('Force on the knee joints = %0.2e N',F) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cdf08a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.7 +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +h=20;//Magnitude of height (m) +v_a=sqrt(2*g*h);//Final speed (m/s) +printf('a.Final speed = %0.1f m/s',v_a) +v_0=5;//Initial speed (m/s) +v_b=sqrt(2*g*h +v_0^2);//Final speed (m/s) +printf('\nb.Final speed = %0.1f m/s',v_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77911d39e --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 7.8 +k=250;//Force constant of spring (N/m) +m=0.100;//Mass of car (kg) +x_i=0.0400;//Initial compression of the sping (m) +v_f_a=sqrt(k/m)*x_i;//Final velocity (m/s) +printf('a.Final speed (before the start of the slope) = %0.2f m/s',v_f_a) +h_f=0.180;//Final height (m) +v_f_b=sqrt((k*x_i^2/m)-(2*g*h_f));//Final velocity (m/s) +printf('\nb.Final speed (at the top of the slope) = %0.3f m/s',v_f_b) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/3845/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2df29633 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 7.9 +m=65;//Mass of player (kg) +v_i=6;//Initial velocity (m/s) +f=450;//Force of friction (N) +d=m*v_i^2/(2*f);//Distance slid (m) +printf('Distance slid = %0.2f m',d) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a8fe679 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8.1 +m=110;//Mass of football player (kg) +v=8;//Speed (m/s) +p_player=m*v;//Momentum (kg.m/s) +printf('a.Momentum of the player = %0.1f kg.m/s',p_player) +m_ball=0.410;//Mass of the ball (kg) +v_ball=25;//Velocity of ball (m/s) +p_ball=m_ball*v_ball;//Momentum of ball (kg.m/s) +printf('\nb.Ratio of momentum of the player to that of the ball = %0.1f',p_player/p_ball) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a324a1744 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 8.2 +m=0.057;//Mass of ball (kg) +v_i=0;//Initial velocity (m/s) +v_f=58;//Final velocity (m/s) +delta_p=m*(v_f-v_i);//Change in momentum (kg.m/s) +delta_t=5*10^-3;//Duration of contact of ball with racquet (s) +F_net=delta_p/delta_t;//Net external force (N) +printf('Average force exerted on the ball by the racquet = %0.1f N',F_net) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d93ee4a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8.3 +printf('a.Solution is beyond the scope of numerical computation'); +//For (b), the ratio of magnitudes of impulse imparted to the balls = (2*m*u)/(2*m*u*cosd(30)) +theta=30;//Angle (deg) +r=1/cosd(theta); +printf('\nb.Ratio of magnitude of impulse exerted on first ball to that on second ball = %0.3f',r) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7763c7eb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 8.4 +m1=0.500;//Mass of object 1 (kg) +m2=3.50;//Mass of object 2 (kg) +v1=4.00;//Initial velocity of object 1 (m/s) +v2=0;//Initial velocity of object 2 (m/s) +//Using equations of conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy, we can derive a quadratic equation with v1_final as the variable +//(1/2*m1+1/2*m1^2/m2)v1_final^2-(m1^2/m2*v1)v1_final-(1/2*m1*v1^2-1/2*m1^2/m2*v1^2) + +p=[(1/2*m1+1/2*m1^2/m2) -(m1^2/m2*v1) -(1/2*m1*v1^2-1/2*m1^2/m2*v1^2)];//Coefficients of above polynomial + +r=roots(p);//Finding the roots of the equation +if r(1,1)==v1 then + v1_final=r(2,1); +else + v1_final=r(1,1); +end//Assigning a meaningful value to final velocity of object 1 (m/s) +v2_final=m1/m2*(v1-v1_final);//Final value of object 2 from momentum equation (m/s) + +printf('Final velocity of object 1 = %0.2f m/s',v1_final) +printf('\nFinal velocity of object 2 = %0.2f m/s',v2_final) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..333558b50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 8.5 +m1=0.150;//Mass of puck (kg) +m2=70.0;//Mass of goalie (kg) +v1=35.0;//Initial velocity of puck (m/s) +v=(m1*v1)/(m1+m2);//Final velocity from conservation of momentum (m/s) +printf('a.Recoil velocity = %0.2e m/s',v) +KE_int1=1/2*m1*v1^2;//Internal kinetic energy before collision (J) +KE_int2=1/2*(m1+m2)*v^2;//Internal kinetic energy after collision (J) +delta_KE=KE_int2-KE_int1;//Change in internal kinetic energy (J) +printf('\nb.Change in internal kinetic energy = %0.1f J',delta_KE) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59aafc402 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 8.6 +m1=0.350;//Mass of cart 1 and spring (kg) +m2=0.500;//Mass of cart 2 (kg) +v1=2.00;//Initial velocity of cart 1 (m/s) +v2=-0.500;//Initial velocity of cart 2 (m/s) +v1_final=-4.00;//Final velocity of cart 1 (m/s) +v2_final=(m1*v1+m2*v2-m1*v1_final)/m2;//Final velocity of cart 2 (m/s) +printf('a.Final velocity of cart 2 = %0.2f m/s',v2_final) +KE_int1=(1/2*m1*v1^2)+(1/2*m2*v2^2);//Internal kinetic energy before collision (J) +KE_int2=(1/2*m1*v1_final^2)+(1/2*m2*v2_final^2);//Internal kinetic energy after collision (J) +delta_KE=KE_int2-KE_int1;//Change in internal kinetic energy (J) +printf('\nb.Energy released by the spring = %0.2f J',delta_KE) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest + diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12d35b0ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.7 +m1=0.250;//Mass of object 1 (kg) +m2=0.400;//Mass of object 2 (kg) +v1=2.00;//Initial speed of object 1 (m/s) +v1_final=1.50;//Final speed of object 1 (m/s) +theta1=45;//Angle of emergence (deg) +theta2=atand((v1_final*sind(theta1))/(v1_final*cosd(theta1)-v1));//Direction of velocity of object 2 (deg) +printf('Direction of velocity of object 2 after collision = %0.1f deg\n',theta2) +if theta2<0 + printf('\t\t\t\t\t\t or %0.1f deg',360+theta2) +end +v2_final=-(m1/m2)*v1_final*(sind(theta1)/sind(theta2)); +printf('\nMagnitude of velocity of object 2 after collision = %0.3f m/s',v2_final) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3845/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..862ca6bfb --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8.8 +m=2.80*10^6;//Mass at liftoff (kg) +delta_m_by_delta_t=1.40*10^4;//Fuel-burn rate (kg/s) +v_e=2.40*10^3;//Exhaust velocity (m/s) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +a=v_e*(delta_m_by_delta_t)/m-g;//Acceleration (m/s^2) +printf('Initial acceleration = %0.2f m/s^2',a) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3845/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..240c10aa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 9.1 +m1=26.0;//Mass of 1st child (kg) +m2=32.0;//Mass of 2nd child (kg) +r1=1.60;//Distance of 1st child from pivot (m) +r_p=0;//Distance of supporting force of pivot from pivot (m) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +theta=90;//Angle (deg) +//Torque tau=r*(m*g)*sind(theta) +//Torque due to supporting force of pivot is zero as r_p=0 +//For equilibrium,sum of torques must equal zero +r2=(r1*m1*g*sind(theta))/(m2*g*sind(theta));//Distance of 2nd child from pivot (m) +printf('a.Distance of 2nd child from pivot = %0.2f m',r2) +F_p=(m1*g)+(m2*g);//Supporting force of pivot (N) +printf('\nb.Supporting force of pivot = %0.1f N',F_p) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3845/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b10e31d4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 9.2 +theta=90;//Angle (deg) +r_r=0.900;//Distance of right hand from left hand (m) +r_cg=0.600;//Distance of CG from left hand (m) +m=5.00;//Mass of the pole (kg) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +F_R=(r_cg*m*g*sind(theta))/(r_r*sind(theta));//Force exerted by right hand (N) +printf('a.Force exerted by right hand = %0.1f N',F_R) +F_L=m*g-F_R;//Force exerted by left hand (N) +printf('\nb.Force exerted by left hand = %0.1f N',F_L) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3845/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24e62220c --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 9.3 +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +F_o=45*g;//Combined weight of wheelbarrow and load, m*g, (N) +l_o=7.50*10^-2;//Output lever arm (m) +l_i=1.02;//Input lever arm (m) +F_i=F_o*l_o/l_i;//Force to be exerted (N) +printf('a.Upward force to be exerted = %0.1f N',F_i) +N=F_o-F_i;//Normal force (N) +printf('\nb.Force exerted on the ground by the wheelbarrow = %0.1f N',N) +//Discussion +MA=l_i/l_o;//Mechanical advantage +printf('\nDiscussion : \nMechanical advantage = %0.1f',MA) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3845/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..922ae5d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 9.4 +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) +w_a=2.50*g;//Weight of forearm, m*g, (N) +w_b=4.00*g;//Weight of load, m*g, (N) +r1=4*10^-2;//Distance of force exerted by biceps from elbow (m) +r2=16*10^-2;//Distance of CG of forearm from elbow (m) +r3=38*10^-2;//Distance of load from elbow (m) +F_B=(r2*w_a+r3*w_b)/r1;//Force exerted by biceps (N) +printf('Force exerted by biceps = %0.1f N',F_B) +ratio=F_B/(w_a+w_b); +printf('\nRatio of force exerted by biceps to the total weight = %0.2f',ratio) +//Answer varies due to round off error +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3845/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39bd41f51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 9.5 +m_ub=55.0;//Mass of upper body (kg) +m_box=30.0;//Mass of box (kg) +r_ub=35*10^-2;//Distance of CG of upper body from pivot (m) +r_box=50*10^-2;//Distance of CG of box from pivot (m) +r_B=8*10^-2;//Distance of force F_B from pivot (m) +g=9.80;//Acceleration due to gravity (m/s) +F_B=((r_ub*m_ub*g)+(r_box*m_box*g))/r_B;//Force in the back muscles (N) +printf('a.Force in the back muscles = %0.2e N',F_B) +ratio=F_B/(m_ub*g+m_box*g); +printf('\nRatio of the force in the back muscles to the weight of the upper body plus the load = %0.2f',ratio) +///////////////////////////////////// +theta=29;//Direction of F_B (deg) +F_Vy=(m_ub*g)+(m_box*g)+F_B*sind(theta);//Vertical component of force on vertebrae (N) +F_Vx=F_B*cosd(theta);//Horizontal component of force on vertebrae (N) +F_V=sqrt(F_Vx^2+F_Vy^2);//Force on vertebrae (N) +printf('\nb.Force exerted by vertebrae = %0.2e N',F_V) +THETA=atand(F_Vy/F_Vx);//Direction of F_V (deg) +printf('\nDirection of force exerted by vertebrae = %0.1f deg',THETA) +ratio1=F_V/(m_ub*g+m_box*g); +printf('\nRatio of the force exerted by the vertebrae to the weight of the upper body plus the load = %0.2f',ratio1) +//Openstax - College Physics +//Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11406/latest diff --git a/3845/DEPENDENCIES/Compute_Angle.sci b/3845/DEPENDENCIES/Compute_Angle.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4af14ac15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3845/DEPENDENCIES/Compute_Angle.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//To compute the angle (direction) in degrees measured anti-clockwise from the positive x-axis about the origin to a point, when the cartesian coordinates (x,y) of a point are known +function [theta]=Compute_Angle(x,y) + if x==0&y==0 + theta=atand(y/x); + elseif x==0&y>0 + theta=90; + elseif x==0&y<0 + theta=270; + elseif x>0&y>=0 + theta=atand(y/x); + elseif x<0&y>=0 + theta=180-atand(abs(y/x)); + elseif x<0&y<0 + theta=270-atand(abs(y/x)); + elseif x>0&y<0 + theta=360-atand(abs(y/x)); +end +endfunction diff --git a/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2696faf95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the room temperature in centigrades + +//example 23.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +p0=73;//pressure (in centimeter) at 0 degree celsius + +p=77.8;//pressure (in centimeter) at room temperature + +p100=100.3;//pressure (in centimeter) at 100 degree celsius + +t=(p-p0)/(p100-p0)*100;//formula for finding the room temperature in centigrades + +printf("room temperature=%.d degree celsius",t); diff --git a/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt b/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37eb8db3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + room temperature=17 degree celsius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24541147e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the rms speed of Nitrogen + +//Example 24.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +p=1.0*10^5;//Pressure(in N/m^2) at STP + +rho=1.25;//Density(in kg/m^3) of Nitrogen + +Vrms=sqrt(3*p/rho);//rms speed of nitrogen at STP + +printf("The rms speed of Nitrogen=%.f m/s",Vrms); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81ce18287 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The rms speed of Nitrogen=490 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09f923f8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at the same temperature + +//Example 24.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +v1=490;//rms speed of nitrogen at 273 Kelvin + +m1=28;//molecular weight of nitrogen + +m2=2;//molecular weight of hydrogen + +v2=v1*sqrt(m1/m2);//rms speed of hydrogen at 273 Kelvin + +printf("rms speed of hydrogen=%d m/s (wrong answer given in the book)",v2); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d14a70400 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + rms speed of hydrogen=1833 m/s (wrong answer given in the book) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e4b69980 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//To calculate the number of molecules in each cubic metre + +//Example 24.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +p=1.0*10^5;//pressure in N/m^2 + +v=1;//volume in cubic metre + +t=300;//temperature in Kelvin + +k=1.38*10^-23;//boltzmann constant(J/K) + +n=p*v/(k*t);//formula for finding number of molecules + +printf("number of molecule=%f*10^25",n/(10^25)); + diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f900e629 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + number of molecule=2.415459*10^25 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..682102049 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the rms speed of oxygen molecules + +//Example 24.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +R=8.3;//universal gas constant in J/mol-K + +T=300;//temperature in Kelvin + +M0=0.032;//molecular weight in kg/mol + +V=sqrt(3*R*T/M0);//formula for finding the rms speed + +printf("the rms speed of oxygen molecule=%d m/s",V); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92a43caa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.4/Ex24_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + the rms speed of oxygen molecule=483 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..008ebf855 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the external pressure + +//Example 24.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +Psat=2710;//saturated pressure in millimetre of Hg at 140 degree celsius + +Pvap=760;//vapour pressure in millimetre of Hg(1 atm=760 mm of Hg) + +Pext=Psat/Pvap;//external vapour pressure at 140 degree celsius + +printf("external vapour pressure at 140 degree celsius=%2f atm",Pext); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486f54b6f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.5/Ex24_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + external vapour pressure at 140 degree celsius=3.565789 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d023bedd --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the relative humidity + +//Example 24.6 + +clear; + +clc; + +Pvap=12;//vapour pressure of air at 20 degree celsius + +SVP=17.5;//saturation vapour pressure at 20 degree celsius + +RH=Pvap/SVP;//relative humidity + +printf("Relative Humidity=%.2f",RH); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea66a7df --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.6/Ex24_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Relative Humidity=0.69 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce b/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..927f826c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the relative humidity + +//Example 24.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +Pvap=8.94;//vapour pressure at the dew point in (mm of Hg) + +SVP=55.1;//saturation vapour pressure at the air temperature in (mm of Hg) + +RH=(Pvap/SVP)*100;//finding the relative humidity + +printf("Relative Humidity=%.1f percent",RH); diff --git a/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.txt b/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..098343ae0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH24/EX24.7/Ex24_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Relative Humidity=16.2 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfde0c4e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the kinetic energy + +//Example 25.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=10;//mass in kg + +v=36;//speed in kmph + +E=[1/2*m*(v*10^3/3600)^2]/4.186;//formula for finding kinetic energy + +printf("kinetic energy=%f cal",E); diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt b/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e5796823 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + kinetic energy=119.445772 cal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d04ca5118 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the heat supplied to the block + +//Example 25.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=60;//mass of a copper block in grams + +s=0.09;//specific heat capacity of copper in (cal/g-degree celsius) + +t=20;//temperature increased by degree celcius + +Q=m*s*t;//formula for finding the heat supplied to the block + +printf("Heat=%f cal",Q); diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt b/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2e705e23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +Heat=108.000000 cal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt b/3850/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..840a0c1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Mass of the Ice Melted=61.764706 gram \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce b/3850/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..493878b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//To calculate the mass of melted Ice +//Example 25.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=0.2;//mass of a piece of ice in kg at 25 degree Celsius + +s=4200;//specific heat capacity of water in J/kg-k + +t1=25;//Initial Temperature in Celsius + +t2=0;//Final Temperature in Celsius + +Q=m*s*(t1-t2);//formula for finding the heat + +L=3.4*10^5;//specific latent heat of fusion of ice in J/kg + +M=Q/L;//The amount of ice melted + +printf("Mass of the Ice Melted=%f gram",M*1000); diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc0e610c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +//To calculate the Specific Latent Heat of vaporization of water + +//Example 25.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=1.5;//Mass of steam condensed in grams + +s=1;//Specific Heat Capacity in cal/g-C + +t1=100;//Initial Temperature in degree Celsius + +t2=30;//Final Temperature in degree Celsius + +t=t1-t2;//Change in Temperature in degree Celsius + +Q2=m*s*t;//Heat lost in the process of cooling from 100 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius in calories + +We=15;//Wateer Equivalent of Calorimeter in grams + +Mw=165;//Mass of water in grams + +t3=25;//Initial Temperature in degree Celsius + +t4=30;//Final Temperature in degree Celsius + +T=t4-t3;//Change in temperature in degree Celsius + +Q3=(We+Mw)*s*T;//Heat supplied to raise the temperature from 25 degree Celsius to 30 degree Celsius in Calories + +L=(Q3-Q2)/m;//Specific Latent Heat of Vapourization of water + +printf("Specific Latent Heat of Vapourization of water=%f cal/g",L); diff --git a/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt b/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e27a5347a --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Specific Latent Heat of Vapourization of water=530.000000 cal/g \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dab47c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To calculate the increase in Internal Energy in the process + +//Example 26.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +delQ=418;//Heat given to the gas in Joules + +delW=40;//Work done by the gas in Joules + +delU=delQ-delW;//formula for finding increase the internal energy + +printf("Increase in Internal Energy=%.f joule",delU); diff --git a/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt b/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0fcbed07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Increase in Internal Energy=378 joule \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce b/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc2ac9fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +//To Calculate the Work Done by the Gas + +//Example 26.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +pA=120*10^3;//pressure (in Pa) of the gas at Point A + +pB=120*10^3;//pressure (in Pa) of the gas at Point B + +pC=200*10^3;//pressure (in Pa) of the gas at Point C + +VA=200*10^-6;//Volume at point A in m^3 + +VB=450*10^-6;//Volume at point B in m^3 + +VC=450*10^-6;//Volume at point C in m^3 + +delVab=VB-VA;//change in the volume of the gas from point A to B + +Wab=pA*delVab;//formula for finding the work done by the gas in the process A to B + +printf("The Work done by the gas in the process A to B=%d joule",Wab); + +delVbc=VC-VB;//change in the volume of the gas from point B to C + +Wbc=(pC-pB)*delVbc;//formula for finding the work done by the gas in the process B to C + +printf("\nThe Work done by the gas in the process B to C=%d joule",Wbc); + +delVca=VC-VA;//change in the volume of the gas from point C to A + +Wca=(0.5*(pC-pA)*delVca)+Wab;//formula for finding the work done by the gas in the process C to A + +printf("\nThe Work done by the gas in the process C to A=%d joule",-Wca); diff --git a/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt b/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7108a0177 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH26/EX26.2/Ex26_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The Work done by the gas in the process A to B=30 joule +The Work done by the gas in the process B to C=0 joule +The Work done by the gas in the process C to A=-40 joule \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ae506cc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +//Find the Amount of Heat needed to raise the temperature from 25 degree celsius to 35 degree celsius. + +//Example 27.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +Ao=0.32;//Mass of Oxygen kept in gram + +W=32;//Molecular weight of Oxygen in g/mol + +n=Ao/W;//Number of moles of oxygen + +Cv=20;//Molar Heat Capacity of Oxygen at constant volume + +T1=25;//Initial Temperature + +T2=35;//Final Temperature + +delT=T2-T1;//Change in Temperature + +Q=n*Cv*delT;//Amount of Heat needed + +printf("Amount of Heat required=%d joule",Q); diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt b/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88d7a51aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Amount of Heat required=2 joule \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d6d4e2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +//Find the Amount of Heat required to raise the temperature to 400 Kelvin + +//Example 27.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +V=0.2;//Volume of tank in m^3 + +p=1*10^5;//Pressure of Helium Gas in N/M^2 + +T1=300;//Initial Temperature of Helium Gas in Kelvin + +T2=400;//Final Temperature of Helium Gas in Kelvin + +R=8.31;//Universal Gas Constant in J/mol-K + +n=int((p*V)/(R*T1));//Amount of moles of Helium Gas + +Cv=3;//Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume + +Q=n*Cv*(T2-T1);//Amount of Heat Required in calories + +printf("The amount of Heat required=%d cal",Q); diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt b/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43917d197 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The amount of Heat required=2400.000000 cal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce b/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0317915f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Find the ratio of Cp/Cv + +//Example 27.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +Cv=5;//Molar Heat Capacity of Gas at constant volume + +R=2;//Universal Gas constant in cal/mol-K + +Cp=Cv+R;//Molar Heat Capacity of Gas at constant pressure + +gama=Cp/Cv;//The ratio Cp/Cv + +printf("Cp/Cv=%f",gama); diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt b/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4b69efe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.3/Ex27_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Cp/Cv=1.400000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d3933266 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To calculate the Final Temperature of the air + +//Example 27.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +T1=288;//Initial Temperature of Dry Air in Kelvin + +p1=10;//Initial pressure of Dry Air in atm + +p2=1;//Final pressure of Dry Air in atm + +gama=1.41;//The ratio Cp/Cv + +T2=T1*(p2/p1)^((gama-1)/gama);//Final Temperature of Gas + +printf("The final temperature of gas=%f K",T2); diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt b/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a034620d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The final temperature of gas=147.438990 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5664a75de --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Internal Energy of 1 gram of oxygen at STP. + +//Example 27.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +m=1;//Mass of Oxygen taken in grams + +M=32;//Molecular Weight of Oxygen in g/mol + +n=m/M;//Number of moles of Oxygen + +R=8.31;//Universal Gas Constant in J/mol-K + +T=273;//Temperature in Kelvin at STP + +U=int(n*((5/2)*R*T));//Internal Energy of Oxygen + +printf("Internal Energy of Oxygen=%d J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt b/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bbc3b738 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Internal Energy of Oxygen=177.000000 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce b/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d41967c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Amount of Heat flowing per second through the cube. + +//Example 28.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +x=0.1;//Edge Length of the Copper Cube in cm + +A=x^2;//Area of cross section in cm^2 + +K=385;//Thermal Conductivity of Copper in W/m-deg Celsius + +T1=100;//Temperature of the first face + +T2=0;//Temperature at the second face + +Rf=K*A*(T1-T2)/x;//Amount of Heat flowing per second (del(Q)/del(t)) + +printf("The amount of heat flowing per sec=%d W",Rf); diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.txt b/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3c69d528 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The amount of heat flowing per sec=3850 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce b/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c933de860 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Thermal Resistance of an aluminium rod + +//Example 28.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +x=0.2;//Length of Aluminium Rod in metres + +K=200;//Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium in W/m-K + +A=1*10^-4;//Area of Cross Section in metre^2 + +R=x/(K*A);//Thermal Resistance in K/W + +printf("The Thermal Resistance is of Aluminium Rod=% d K/W",R); diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.txt b/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94928f126 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The Thermal Resistance is of Aluminium Rod= 10 K/W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce b/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0fe4360b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//To Calculate the Temperature of Sun +//Example 28.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +b=0.288;//Wein Constant in cm-K + +Lambda=470*10^(-7);//Wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity in centimetres + +T=b/Lambda;//Temperature at the Surface of Sun + +printf("Temperature at the sun surface = %f K",T);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.txt b/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b9258257 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Temperature at the sun surface = 6127.659574 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce b/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bff3c869 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To calculate the Net Rate of Heat Loss + +//Example 28.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +A=10*10^-4;//Surface Area of Blackbody in m^2 + +T=400;//Initial Temperature in Kelvin + +T0=300;//Final Temperature in Kelvin + +Sigma=5.67*10^-8;//Stefan Constant + +delU=Sigma*A*(T^4-T0^4);//Net Rate of Heat Loss + +printf("The net rate of loss of heat is=%2f W",delU); diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.txt b/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4b04eb10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The net rate of loss of heat is=0.992250 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce b/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d08263c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + +//To Calculate the Amount of Time for Cooling + +//Example 28.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +T1=70;//Initial Temperature in degree Celsius in First Case + +T2=60;//Final Temperature in degree Celsius in First Case + +Tav=(T1+T2)/2;//Average Temperature in First Case + +Ts=30;//Temperature of Surrounding in degree Celsius + +Tdif1=Tav-Ts;//Average Temperature Difference from Surrounding in first case + +t=5;//Time taken for cooling from 70 deg Celsius to 60 deg Celsius + +Rt=(T1-T2)/t;//Rate of fall of Temperature + +bA=Rt/Tdif1;//Product of Wein Constannt and Area + +T3=60;//Initial Temperature in degree Celsius in second case + +T4=50;//Final Temperature in degree Celsius in second case + +Tdif2=T3-T4;//Change in Temperature in second case + +Tav1=(T3+T4)/2;//Average Temperature in second case + +Tdif3=Tav1-Ts;//Average Temperature Difference from Surrounding in second case + +t1=Tdif2/(bA*Tdif3);//Time taken by the liquid to cool + +printf("Time taken by the liquid to cool=%d min",t1); diff --git a/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.txt b/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a97f9f8a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Time taken by the liquid to cool=7 min \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce b/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e74d851af --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +//To Calculate the Electric Field at a point + +//Example 29.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +AC=5*10^-2;//The length of AC in metres + +PC=12*10^-2;//The length of PC in metres + +AP=sqrt(AC^2+PC^2);//Length of AP by Pythagoras Theorem + +Theta=acos(AC/AP);//Measure of angle PAC + +Q1=10*10^-6;//First Charge in Coloumbs + +Q2=-10*10^-6;//Second Charge in Coloumbs + +K=9*10^9;//Value of constant (1/(4*pi*ε0)) + +EA=Q1*K/AP^2;//Electric Field at P due to First Charge + +EB=-Q2*K/AP^2;//Electric Field at P due to First Charge + +E=(EA+EB)*cos(Theta);//Magnitude of resultant Electric Field + +printf("elctric field at point P=%.1f*10^6 N/C",E/10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.txt b/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b87ac42a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + elctric field at point P=4.1*10^6 N/C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce b/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..effe0c57c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Work Done by a person in pulling them apart to infinite separations + +//Example 29.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +Q1=10*10^-6;//First Charge in Coloumbs + +Q2=10*10^-6;//Second Charge in Coloumbs + +Q3=10*10^-6;//Third Charge in Coloumbs + +K=9*10^9;//Value of constant (1/(4*pi*ε0)) + +x=0.1;//Length of side of the Equilateral Triangle in metres + +U=3*Q1*Q2*K/x;//Potential Energy of the System + +printf("The amount of work done to pull the charges apart=%f J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.txt b/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fb246efb --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.3/Ex29_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The amount of work done to pull the charges apart=27.000000 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce b/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60e173253 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To find the Electric Potential + +//Example 29.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +Q1=10*10^-6;//First Charge in Coloumbs + +Q2= 20*10^-6;//Second Charge in Coloumbs + +r=0.02;//Distance between the charges in metres + +K=9*10^9;//Value of constant (1/(4*pi*ε0)) + +V1=Q1*K*2/r;//Electric Potential due to First Charge + +V2=Q2*K*2/r;//Electric Potential due to Second Charge + +V=V1+V2;//Net Potential + +printf("net potential=%f MV",V/10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.txt b/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a56defad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH29/EX29.4/Ex29_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + net potential=27.000000 MV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce b/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fb7a05cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Find the Flux of Electric Field through the surface bounded by the frame + +//Example 30.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +delS=0.01;//Length of Edge of the Square frame in metres + +E=20;//Electric Field in V/m + +Theta=%pi/3;//Angle between Normal and Electric Field + +Flux=E*delS*cos(Theta);//Electric Flux through the Surface + +printf("Net flux of Electric Field=%f V/m",Flux); diff --git a/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.txt b/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..505ab6d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Net flux of Electric Field=0.100000 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0500825ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the Capacitance of the capacitor + +//Example 31_1 + +clear; + +clc; + +Q=60*10^-6;//Charge on the capacitor + +V=12;//Potential difference between the plates + +C=Q/V;//Formula for finding the capacitance of the capacitor + +printf("Capacitance of the capacitor=%f *10^-6 F",C*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67132d151 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.1/Ex31_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Capacitance of the capacitor=5.000000 *10^-6 F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13673936d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor + +//Example 31.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +a=20*10^-2;//Length of Side of Parallel Plate Capacitor + +A=a^2;//Area of the Capacitor Plate + +d=1*10^-3;//Separation between the two plates + +e0=8.85*10^-12;//Permitivity in farad/meter + +C=e0*A/d;//Formula for finding capacitance of parallel plate capacitor + +printf("capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor=%f pF",C*10^12); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ffb50210 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.3/Ex31_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor=354.000000 pF \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04d6ff4f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Charge on each Capacitor + +//Example 31.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +C1=10*10^-6;//Capacitance of First Capacitor + +C2=20*10^-6;//Capacitance of Second Capacitor + +C=C1*C2/(C1+C2);//Equivalent capacitance of C1 and C2 in series + +V=30;//Apllied Voltage + +Q=C*V;//Formula for finding the charge on each capacitor + +printf("The charge on each capacitor=%f uC",Q*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a54a5b952 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.4/Ex31_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The charge on each capacitor=200.000000 uC \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f5afeac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Find the Equivalent Capacitance of the combination + +//Example 31.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +C1=10*10^-6;//Capacitance of the First Capacitor + +C2=20*10^-6;//Capacitance of the Second Capacitor + +C=C1+C2;//Equivalent capacitance of parallel combination of C1 and C2 + +C3=30*10^-6;//Capacitance of the third Capacitor + +Ceq=C*C3/(C+C3);//Equivalent capacitance of Series combination of C and C3 + +printf("The equivalent Capacitance of the combination= %f uF",Ceq*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b63b958a --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.5/Ex31_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The equivalent Capacitance of the combination= 15.000000 uF \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dad58a9e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the Energy stored in Capacitor + +//Example 31.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +C=100*10^-6;//Capacitance of the capacitor in Faraday + +V=20;//Potential Difference in Volts + +U=1/2*C*V^2;//Formula for finding the energy stored in a capacitor + +printf("The energy stored in the capacitor= %f J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeae72225 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.7/Ex31_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The energy stored in the capacitor= 0.020000 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.sce b/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4daf1a742 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Equivalent Capacitance + +//Example 31.8 + +clear; + +clc; + +C0=40*10^-6;//Capacitance of the first Capacitor + +K=4;//Dielectric Constant + +C1=K*C0;//Capacitance of the capacitor C0 with the dielectric + +C2=40*10^-6;//Capacitance of the second Capacitor + +C=C1*C2/(C1+C2);//formula for finding the equivalent capacitor connected in series + +printf("Equivalent capacitance of the system= %f uF",C*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.txt b/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59ecc5790 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH31/EX31.8/Ex31_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Equivalent capacitance of the system= 32.000000 uF \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc6887355 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +//To Calculate the Current and Current Density + +//Example 32.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +n=6.0*10^16;//Total number of electrons + +e=1.6*10^-19;//Charge of an electron + +q=n*e;//Total charge crossing a prependicular cross section in one sec + +t=1;//Time in seconds + +i=q/t;//Current + +printf("(a)Current(i)= % f*10^-3 A",i*10^3); + +s=1.0*10^-3;//electron beam has an apperture + +J=i/s;//current density + +printf("\n(b)Current density in the beam (j)= %.1f*10^3 A/m^2",J); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fb9206e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.1/Ex32_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a)Current(i)= 9.600000*10^-3 A +(b)Current density in the beam (j)= 9.6*10^3 A/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.10/EX32_10.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.10/EX32_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69e78dac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.10/EX32_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Charge remaining on the capacitor after 1s = 8.24*10^-7 uC \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6c7d41b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.10/Ex32_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Find the Charge Remaining on the Capacitor 1s after the connection is made + +//Example 32.10 + +clear; + +clc; + +C=50*10^-6;//Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor + +R=1.0*10^3;//Resistance of the connected Resistor + +T0=C*R;//Time constant of RC Circuit + +t=1;//Duration of Discharge of Capacitor + +Q=400*10^-6;//Initial Charge on the Capacitor + +q=Q*exp(-t/T0);//Charge remaining on the Cpacitor + +printf("Charge remaining on the capacitor after 1s = %.2f*10^-7 uC",q*10^13); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2313d7133 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Drift Speed + +//Example 32.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=1;//Current exist in a copper wire in Amperes + +e=1.6*10^-19;//Charge of an electron + +n=8.5*10^28;//Number of free electrons + +A=2*10^-6;//Cross Section Area of copper wire + +Vd=i/(A*n*e);//Formula for finding the drift speed of the electron + +printf("Drift speed of electrons= %f mm/s",Vd*10^3); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e2c406a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.2/Ex32_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Drift speed of electrons= 0.036765 mm/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb4100bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Resistance of an aluminium wire + +//Example 32.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +rho=2.6*10^-8;//Resistivity of Aluminium in ohm-metre + +l=0.50;//Length of Aluminium wire in metres + +A=2*10^-6;//Cross sectional area of aluminium wire in metre^2 + +R=rho*l/A;//Formula for finding the resistance of an aluminium wire + +printf("Resistance of the aluminium wire= %f ohm",R); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..446f040e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.3/Ex32_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Resistance of the aluminium wire= 0.006500 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3a9b5b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the Resistance and Energy + +//Example 32.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +U1=400;//Thermal energy developed in resistor in Joules + +i1=2;//Current in Amperes + +t=10;//Time in seconds + +R=U1/(i1^2*t);//Formula for finding the resistance + +printf("(a)Resistance of resistor= %f ohm",R); + +i2=4;//New Value of Current in Amperes + +U=(i2)^2*R*t;//Formula for finding the thermal energy developed when the current is 4A + +printf("\n(b) Thermal energy developed in the Resistor= %d J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1c1adaf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.4/Ex32_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a)Resistance of resistor= 10.000000 ohm +(b) Thermal energy developed in the Resistor= 1600 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9da5dc55 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the Potential Difference and Thermal Energy + +//Example 32.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +V=2.0;//Emf of battery in Volts + +i=0.100;//Current in Amperes + +r=0.50;//Resistance in ohms + +Vab=V-i*r;//Potential difference across the terminals + +printf("(a) Potential difference across the terminals= %f V",Vab); + +t=10;//Time in seconds + +U=i^2*r*t;//Formula for finding the thermal energy developed in the battery + +printf("\n(b) Thermal energy developed in the battery is= %.2f J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84f7052e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.5/Ex32_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a) Potential difference across the terminals= 1.950000 V +(b) Thermal energy developed in the battery is= 0.05 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26c8102a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//Find the value of Resistance + +//Example 32.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +R1=10;//Resistance(R1) of Wheatstone Bridge Circuit + +R2=20;//Resistance(R2) of Wheatstone Bridge Circuit + +R4=40;//Resistance(R4) of Wheatstone Bridge Circuit + +R3=R1*R4/R2;//formula for finding the wheatstone bridge resistance (R3) + +printf("Resistance(R) = %d ohms for zero current in the 50 ohms resistor",R3); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a20740454 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.7/Ex32_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Resistance(R) = 20 ohms for zero current in the 50 ohms resistor \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16da7a6db --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//Find the Reading of the Ammeter + +//Example 32.8 + +clear; + +clc; + +R1=140.8;//Given resistance + +RA=480;//Reactance of the Coil + +Rsh=20;//Shunt resistance + +Req=RA*Rsh/(RA+Rsh);//Equivalent resistance of the ammeter + +Reqc=R1+Req;//Equivalent resistance of the circuit + +I=Rsh/Reqc;//current goes through the ammeter + +printf("Reading of the Ammeter is = %f A",I); diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25052f6fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.8/Ex32_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Reading of the Ammeter is = 0.125000 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce b/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7967763b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + +//To Find the Time Constant and Time taken for Charge Storage + +//Example 32.9 + +clear; + +clc; + +C=100*10^-6;//Capacitance of the Capacitor in Faraday + +R=2;//Internal resistance of battery in Ohms + +T0=R*C;//Time constant in seconds + +printf("(a) Time constant = %f us",T0*10^6); + +E=12;//EMF of the bettery + +q=0.99*E*C;//Charge at time (t) + +t=-log(1-(q/(E*C)))*T0;//Time taken before 99% of the Maximum Charge is stored on the Capacitor + +printf("\n(b) Time taken before 99 percent of the Maximum Charge is stored on the Capacitor = %.2f ms",t*10^3); + diff --git a/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.txt b/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13b83e5f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH32/EX32.9/Ex32_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a) Time constant = 200.000000 us +(b) Time taken before 99 percent of the Maximum Charge is stored on the Capacitor = 0.92 ms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.sce b/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..527ebc7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +//To Calculate the Heat Developed in each of the three resistor + +//Example 33.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +R1=6;//Resistance of the first resistor + +R2=3;//Resistance of the second resistor + +Req=R1*R2/(R1+R2);//Equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 + +R3=1;//Resistance of the third resistor + +R=Req+R3;//Equivalent resistance of the circuit + +V=9;//Voltage across the battery + +i=V/R;//Current through the Circuit + +t=60;//Time in seconds + +H3=i^2*R3*t;//Heat developed in third resistor + +i1=i*R/(R1+R2);//Current through the 6 ohm resistor + +H1=i1^2*R1*t;//Heat developed in first resistor + +i2=i-i1;//current through the 3 ohm resistor + +H2=i2^2*R2*t;//heat developed in Second Resistor + +printf("Heat developed in the first resistor=%d J",H1); + +printf("\nHeat developed in the second resistor=%d J",H2); + +printf("\nHeat developed in the third resistor=%d J",H3); diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.txt b/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6eaa6f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.1/Ex33_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Heat developed in the first resistor=360 J +Heat developed in the second resistor=720 J +Heat developed in the third resistor=540 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.sce b/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3eecf4185 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the Neutral Temperature + +//Example 33.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +ThetaI=530;//Inversion temperature in degree Celsius + +ThetaC=10;//Temperature of the cold junction in degree Celsius + +ThetaN=(ThetaI+ThetaC)/2;//Neutral temperature in degree Celsius + +printf("Neutral Temperature = %d degree celsius",ThetaN); diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.txt b/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..626cf15a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.2/Ex33_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Neutral Temperature = 270 degree celsius \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.sce b/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8721d896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Find Thermal Coefficients a and b + +//Example 33.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +acupb=2.76*10^-6;//Coefficient(a) for Copper-Lead Thermocouple + +afepb=16.6*10^-6;//Coefficient(a) for Iron-Lead Thermocouple + +acufe=acupb-afepb;//Coefficient(a) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple + +bcupb=0.012*10^-6;//Coefficient(b) for Copper-Lead Thermocouple + +bfepb=-0.030*10^-6;//Coefficient(b) for Iron-Lead Thermocouple + +bcufe=bcupb-bfepb;//Coefficient(b) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple + +printf("Thermal Coefficient (a) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple = %f uV/deg C",acufe*10^6); + +printf("\nThermal Coefficient (b) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple =%f uV/deg C^2",bcufe*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.txt b/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180004334 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.3/Ex33_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Thermal Coefficient (a) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple = -13.840000 uV/deg C +Thermal Coefficient (b) for Copper-Iron Thermocouple =0.042000 uV/deg C^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce b/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973393442 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Electric Current + +//Example 33.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=0.972;//Mass of Chromium deposited in grams + +Z=0.00018;//Electrochemical Equivalent of Chromium + +t=3*3600;//Time is in seconds + +I=m/(Z*t);//Electric Current required to deposit the Chromium in three hours + +printf("Electric Current required to deposit 0.972g of Chromium in three hours = %f A",I); diff --git a/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.txt b/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c80afe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH33/EX33.4/Ex33_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Electric Current required to deposit 0.972g of Chromium in three hours = 0.500000 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce b/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4dd899f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +//To Find the Force and Acceleration + +//Example 34.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +q=1.6*10^-19;//Charge on a proton in Coloumbs + +v=3.0*10^6;//Projected Speed of the Proton in m/s + +B=2.0*10^-3;//Uniform magnetic field strength in Tesla + +theta=%pi/2;//Angle between Magnetic Field and Velocity + +F=q*v*B*sin(theta);//Force on the proton due to Magnetic Field + +printf("Force on the proton = %f*10^-16 N",F*10^16); + +m=1.67*10^-27;//Mass of a proton in kg + +a=F/m;//Acceleration of the proton in m/s^2 + +printf("\n Acceleration of the proton=%f*10^11 m/s^2",a*10^-11); diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.txt b/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d32539e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.1/Ex34_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Force on the proton = 9.600000*10^-16 N + Acceleration of the proton=5.748503*10^11 m/s^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce b/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29b4c555b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the Time Period + +//Example 34.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=10*10^-6;//Mass of the particle in kg + +q=100*10^-6;//Charge of the particle in Coloumbs + +B=25*10^-3;//Magnetic Field Strength in Tesla + +T=2*%pi*m/(q*B);//Time Period in seconds + +printf("Time Period of the charge = %d seconds",T); diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.txt b/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d957179d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.2/Ex34_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Time Period of the charge = 25 seconds \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.sce b/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd9937fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Find the Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Current Loop + +//Example 34.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=10.0*10^-9;//Current in the Circular Loop in Amperes + +r=5.0*10^-2;//Radius of the Circular Loop in metres + +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of Circular Loop + +u=i*A;//Magnetic Dipole Moment in A-m^2 + +printf("Magnetic Dipole Moment = %f*10^-11 A-m^2",u*10^11); diff --git a/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.txt b/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2ccefdd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH34/EX34.4/Ex34_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic Dipole Moment = 7.853982*10^-11 A-m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.sce b/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daff8746f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate Magnetic Field due to a 1cm piece of Wire + +//Example 35.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=10;//Current in the Wire in Amperes + +dl=10^-2;//Length of the wire in metres + +r=2;//Distance of point P from wire in metres + +theta=%pi/4;//Angle made by point P with the wire + +k=1*10^-7;//Constant (u0/(4*pi)) + +dB=(k*i*dl*sin(theta))/r^2;//Formula for finding the magnetic field + +printf("Magnetic Field due to a piece of Wire = %.1f*10^-9 T",dB*10^9); diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.txt b/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a7205f2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.1/Ex35_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic Field due to a piece of Wire = 1.8*10^-9 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.sce b/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..761ee0ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Find Magnetic Field between the wires + +//Example 35.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=10;//Current flowing through wires in Amperes + +l=5*10^-2;//Seperation between two wires in metres + +d=l/2;//Distance of Point P from both wires in metres + +k=2*10^-7;// Constant k=(u0/(2*%pi)) + +B=k*i/d;//Magnetic Field at point P due to each wire + +Bnet=2*B;//Net Magnetic Field at Point P due to both wires + +printf("Magnetic Field at point P between the two wires = %.0f uT",Bnet*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.txt b/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daa3e2fc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.2/Ex35_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic Field at point P between the two wires = 160 uT \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.sce b/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fa045c8b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Find the Magnitude of Magnetic Force experienced by 10 cm of a wire + +//Example 35.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=5;//Current in Amperes + +d=2.5*10^-2;//Separation between the wires in metres + +k=2*10^-7;// Constant k=(u0/(2*%pi)) + +B=k*i/d;//Magnetic Field at the site of one wire due to other in T + +l=10*10^-2;//length of the wire in metres + +F=i*l*B;//Magnetic force experienced by the 10 cm of the wire due to the other + +printf("Magnetic force experienced by the 10 cm of the wire due to the other = %.1f*10^-5 N",F*10^5); diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.txt b/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c689707dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.3/Ex35_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic force experienced by the 10 cm of the wire due to the other = 2.0*10^-5 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.sce b/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca384aab --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Magnetic Field at the Centre of Coil + +//Example 35.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=1.5;//Current Carried by the Circular Coil in Amperes + +n=25;//Number of turns in the coil + +a=1.5*10^-2;//Radius of the Circular coil in metres + +u0=4*%pi*10^-7;//Permeability of Vaccum + +B=u0*i*n/(2*a);//formula for finding the magnetic field at the centre + +printf("Magnetic Field at the Centre of Coil = %.2f*10^-3 T",B*10^3); diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.txt b/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac8def8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.4/Ex35_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic Field at the Centre of Coil = 1.57*10^-3 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.sce b/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a926a1884 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Amount of Current + +//Example 35.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +B=20*10^-3;//Magnetic field inside the solenoid in Tesla + +n=20*10^2;//Number of turns per unit metre + +u0=4*%pi*10^-7;//Permiability of Vaccum + +i=B/(u0*n);//Current flowing through the solenoid in Amperes + +printf("Current flowing through the solenoid = %.1f A",i); diff --git a/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.txt b/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4819de86c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH35/EX35.5/Ex35_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Current flowing through the solenoid = 8.0 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f9781484 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + +//To Find the Magnetic Field on Axis of Solenoid + +//Example 36.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=10;//Current carried by Solenoid in Amperes + +r=1*10^-2;//Radius of Solenoid in metres + +A=%pi*r^2;//Area of Cross Section of Solenoid in metre^2 + +u=i*A;//Dipole Moment of each turn + +l=10*10^-2;//Length of Solenoid in metres + +R=10*10^-2;//Distance of point P from the centre of solenoid + +n=200;//Number of turns in Solenoid + +d=l/n;//Seperation between two consecutive turns + +m=u/d;//Pole Strength for each Current Loop + +k=1*10^-7;//Constant (u0/(4*pi)) + +Rn=R-(l/2);//Distance of point P from North Pole + +Bn=k*m/Rn^2;//Magnetic Field at P due to North Pole + +Rs=R+(l/2);//Distance of point P from South Pole + +Bs=k*m/(Rs)^2;//Magnetic Field at P due to South Pole + +B=Bn-Bs;//Resultant Magnetic Field at point P + +printf("Magnetic field at a point on the axis of Solenoid at a distance of 10cm from centre = %.1f*10^-4 T away from the solenoid",B*10^4); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f8a2768d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.1/Ex36_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnetic field at a point on the axis of Solenoid at a distance of 10cm from centre = 2.2*10^-4 T away from the solenoid \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3af3f6646 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Work Done in Rotating the Magnet + +//Example 36.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +M=1.0*10^4;//Magnetic Moment of the Bar Magnet in J/T + +B=4*10^-5;//Horizontal Magnetic Field in Tesla + +theta1=0;//Initial Angular position of the Magnet + +theta2=%pi/3;//Final Angular position of the Magnet + +W=-M*B*(cos(theta2)-cos(theta1));//Work Done in Rotating the Magnet + +printf("Work Done in Rotating the Magnet = %.1f J",W); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a8b502f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.2/Ex36_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Work Done in Rotating the Magnet = 0.2 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fa6cf1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Magnitude of the Magnetic Field at a point on its Axis at a distance of 20cm from it. + +//Example 36.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=12;//Pole Strength of Magnet in A-m + +l=0.05;//Magnetic Length of Magnet in metres + +d=0.2;//Distance of the given point from center of magnet in metres + +k=1*10^-7;//Constant (u0/(4*pi)) + +M=2*m*l;//Magnetic Moment of the Magnet + +B=k*2*M*d/((d)^2-(l)^2)^2;//Magnetic Field at the Point 20 cm from the centre + +printf("Magnitude of the Magnetic Field at a point of 20 cm from the center of magnet = %.1f*10^-5 T",B*10^5); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d27070fba --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.3/Ex36_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnitude of the Magnetic Field at a point of 20 cm from the center of magnet = 3.4*10^-5 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cfcb8138 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Find the Magnetic Field due to Magnetic Dipole + +//Example 36.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +M=1.2;//Magnetic Moment of the Dipole in A-m^2 + +r=1;//Distance of point P from Magnetic Pole in metres + +theta=%pi/3;//Angle made by given point with the Dipole Axis in radians + +k=1*10^-7;//Constant (u0/(4*pi)) + +B=k*M*sqrt(1+3*(cos(theta))^2)/(r)^3;//Magnitude of Magnetic Field at the Given Point in Tesla + +printf("Magnitude of Magnetic field at a point 1 metre from the Magnetic Dipole = %.1f*10^-7 T",B*10^7); + +alpha=atan(tan(theta)/2)*180/%pi;//Angle made by magnetic field with the radial line + +printf("\n Magnetic field makes an angle %.2f degrees with the radial line",alpha); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ba4545c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.4/Ex36_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Magnitude of Magnetic field at a point 1 metre from the Magnetic Dipole = 1.6*10^-7 T + Magnetic field makes an angle 40.89 degrees with the radial line \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f050449a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the Magnitude of the Earth's Magnetic Field + +//Example 36.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +Bh=3.6*10^-5;//Horizontal component of Earth's Magnetic Field in Tesla + +theta=%pi/3;//Dip Angle in radians + +B=Bh/cos(theta);//Resultant Magnetic Field + +printf("Magnitude of the Earth magnetic field = %.1f*10^-5 T",B*10^5); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75b3c76aa --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.5/Ex36_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Magnitude of the Earth magnetic field = 7.2*10^-5 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b989dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + +//To Calculate the True Dip + +//Example 36.6 + +clear; + +clc; + +alpha=%pi/4;//Angle made by Dip Circle to the Meridian in radians + +del1=%pi/6;//Apparent Dip in radians + +del=atan(tan(del1)*cos(alpha))*180/%pi;//True Dip in degrees + +printf("True dip = %f degrees",del);//Answer mentioned as atan(1/sqrt(6)) in the textbook which is same as 22.207 degrees diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..095e231a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.6/Ex36_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + True dip = 22.207654 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82d92590e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Value of Horizontal Component of Earth's Magnetic Field + +//Example 36.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +n=66;//Number of turns in Tangent Galvanometer + +i=0.1;//Current passing through Galvanometer in Amperes + +d=22*10^-2;//Diameter of coil in metres + +theta=%pi/4;//Defelction in Galvanometer in radians + +u0=4*%pi*10^-7;//permeability of vaccum + +Bh=(u0*n*i)/(d*tan(theta));//Horizontal component of Earths Magnetic Field + +printf("Horizontal component of Earth Magnetic Field = %.1f*10^-5 T",Bh*10^5); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56f34121 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.7/Ex36_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Horizontal component of Earth Magnetic Field = 3.8*10^-5 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..533ad2e4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Shunt Resistance for Galvanometer + +//Example 36.8 + +clear; + +clc; + +i=2;//Maximumm Current in Amperes + +ig=20*10^-3;//Minimum current required for one full scale deflection in Galvanometer in Amperes + +Rg=20;//Resistance of Galvanometer Coil in ohms + +Rs=(ig*Rg)/(i-ig);//Shunt Resistance for Galvanometer in order to pass a maximum current of 2A + +printf("Shunt Resistance for Galvanometer in order to pass a maximum current of 2A = %.1f ohms",Rs); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9823e1e4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.8/Ex36_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Shunt Resistance for Galvanometer in order to pass a maximum current of 2A = 0.2 ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.sce b/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff835c19f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + +//To Compare the total Magnetic Field due to earth at the two places + +//Example 36.9 + +clear; + +clc; + +T1=3;//Time period for first place in seconds + +T2=2;//Time Period for second place in seconds + +theta1=%pi/4;//Dip in radians at first place + +theta2=%pi/6;//Dip in radians at second place + +Br=(T1^2/T2^2)*cos(theta1)/cos(theta2);//Ratio of Magnetic Field due to earth at two places + +printf("The ratio of Magnetic Field due to earth at the two places = %.3f",Br); diff --git a/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.txt b/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c8073f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH36/EX36.9/Ex36_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of Magnetic Field due to earth at the two places = 1.837 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.sce b/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aa9dfa6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Intensity of Magnetization of Bar Magnet + +//Example 37.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +m=6.6*10^-3;//Mass of bar magnet (made of steel) in kg + +rho=7.9*10^3;//Density of steel in kg/m^3 + +M=2.5;//Magnetic Moment of Bar Magnet in A-m^2 + +V=m/rho;//Volume of bar magnet in m^3 + +I=M/V;//Intensity of Magnetization in A/m + +printf("Intensity of magnetization of bar magnet = %.1f*10^6 A/m",I*10^-6); diff --git a/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.txt b/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..310e91f40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH37/EX37.1/Ex37_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Intensity of magnetization of bar magnet = 3.0*10^6 A/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.sce b/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69190e775 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + +//To Calculate the percentage increase in Magnetic Field + +//Example 37.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +X=2.1*10^-5;//Susceptibility of Aluminium + +Bin=X*100;//Percentage increase in Magnetic Field + +printf("Percentage increase in the Magnetic Field = %.1f*10^-3",Bin*10^3); diff --git a/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.txt b/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eca107e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH37/EX37.3/Ex37_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Percentage increase in the Magnetic Field = 2.1*10^-3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.sce b/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd3b9860d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the Self Inductance of Coil + +//Example 38.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +If=-5.0;//Final Current flowing through coil in opposite direction in Amperes + +Ii=5.0;//Initial Current flowing through coil in Amperes + +t=0.20;//Time Required for current to Change from -5 A to 5 A in seconds + +di=(If-Ii)/t;//Change in Current through the coil in Amperes + +E=0.2;//Average Induced EMF in Volts + +L=-E/di;//Self Inductance of the Coil + +printf("Self Inductance of the coil (L) = %.1f mH",L*10^3); diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.txt b/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4f42c59f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.3/Ex38_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Self Inductance of the coil(L) = 4.0 mH \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.sce b/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f754603d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +//To find the Time Constant Maximum Current and Time + +//Example 38.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +L=20*10^-3;//Seld Inductance of Inductor + +R=100;//Resistance of the Resistor in ohms + +tau=L/R;//Time Constant of L-R circuit + +printf("(a) Time Constant =%.2f ms",tau*10^3); + +E=10;//EMF of Battery in Volts + +I=E/R;//Maximum Current in Amperes + +printf("\n (b) Maximum current = %.2f A",I); + +iper=0.99;//Current reaches 99% of the Maximum Value + +t=tau*-log(1-iper);//Time elapsed befor the current reaches 99% of the maxium value + +printf("\n (c) Time elapsed before the current reaches 99 percent of the maximum value = %.2f ms",t*10^3); + diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.txt b/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fcd5c6f1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.5/Ex38_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + (a) Time Constant =0.20 ms + (b) Maximum current = 0.10 A + (c) Time elapsed before the current reaches 99 percent of the maximum value = 0.92 ms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.sce b/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96202af12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the Current in Circuit + +//Example 38.6 + +clear; + +clc; + +E=10;//EMF of Battery in Volts + +R=100;//Resistance in ohms + +i0=E/R;//Initial Current in Amperes + +L=20*10^-3;//Self Inductance of Inductor in Henry + +tau=L/R;//Time Constant of L-R Circuit + +t=1*10^-3;//Time after Short-Circuiting in seconds + +i=i0*exp(-t/tau);//Current in the circuit 1 ms after short circuiting + +printf("Current in the circuit 1 ms after Short Circuiting = %.1f*10^-4 A",i*10^4); diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.txt b/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa9dbc23c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.6/Ex38_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Current in the circuit 1 ms after Short Circuiting = 6.7*10^-4 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.sce b/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a67c23e4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the Energy Stored in the Inductor + +//Example 38.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +L=50*10^-3;//Self Inductance of Inductor in Henry + +i=2;//Cuurent passed through inductor in Amperes + +U=0.5*L*i^2;//Energy stored in the Inductor + +printf("Energy stored in the inductor = %.2f J",U); diff --git a/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.txt b/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b33d768e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH38/EX38.7/Ex38_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Energy stored in the inductor = 0.10 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.sce b/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae298e3f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + +//To Calculate the rms value of Current and time required to reach the Peak Value + +//Example 39.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +i0=5;//Peak Value of Alternating Current in Amperes + +Irms=i0/sqrt(2);//RMS Value of Alternating Current in Amperes + +f=60;//Frequency of Alternating Current in Hz + +T=1/f;//Time period of Alternating Current in seconds + +t=T/4;//Time required to reach the Peak Value of Current in seconds + +printf("RMS Value of the Alternating Current = %.1f A",Irms); + +printf("\n Time required to reach the Peak Value of Current = %f s",t); diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.txt b/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..710cb7800 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.1/Ex39_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + RMS Value of the Alternating Current = 3.5 A + Time required to reach the Peak Value of Current = 0.004167 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.sce b/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dd0b42e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + +//To Calculate the Reactance of Capacitor for different frequencies of Alternating Currents + +//Example 39.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +C=200*10^-6;//Capacitance of the Capacitor in Faraday + +f1=10;//Frequency of first AC source in Hz + +f2=50;//Frequency of Second AC Source in Hz + +f3=500;//Frequency of Third AC Source in Hz + +Xc1=1/(2*%pi*f1*C);//Reactance of the Capacitor when connected to 10 Hz AC source + +printf("(a) Reactance of capacitor for 10 hz source = %.0f ohms",Xc1); + +Xc2=1/(2*%pi*f2*C);//Reactance of the Capacitor when connected to 50 Hz AC source + +printf("\n (b) Reactance of capacitor for 15 hz source= %.0f ohms",Xc2); + +Xc3=1/(2*%pi*f3*C);//Reactance of the Capacitor when connected to 500 Hz AC source + +printf("\n (c) Reactance of capacitor for 500 hz source = %.1f ohms",Xc3); diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.txt b/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..347f31005 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.2/Ex39_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + (a) Reactance of capacitor for 10 hz source = 80 ohms + (b) Reactance of capacitor for 15 hz source= 16 ohms + (c) Reactance of capacitor for 500 hz source = 1.6 ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.sce b/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d989ae8b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + +//To Find the Peak Value of Current and the Instantaneous Voltage of the source when the current is at its peak value + +//Example 39.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +f=50;//Frequency of AC source in Hz + +L=200*10^-3;//Self Inductance of Inductor in Henry + +Xl=2*%pi*f*L;//Reactance of the Inductor in ohms + +E0=210;//Peak EMF Value of AC source in Volts + +i0=E0/Xl;//Peak Value of Current in Amperes + +printf("Peak Value of current = %.1f A",i0); + +i=i0;//Instantaneous Value of Current when current attains its peak value + +phi=-%pi/2;//Phase Difference in Radians for a purely Inductive Circuit + +t=(asin(i/i0)-phi)/(2*%pi*f);//Time at which current attains its peak value + +E=E0*sin(2*%pi*f*t);//Instantaneous Voltage for a purely inductive circuit + +printf("\n Instantaneous voltage at peak value of Current = %.0f V",E); diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.txt b/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3403ecab7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.3/Ex39_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Peak Value of current = 3.3 A + Instantaneous voltage at peak value of Current = 0 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.sce b/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49c4fa758 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + +//To find the Impedance the Peak Current and Resonant Frequency of the LCR Series Circuit + +//Example 39.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +L=100*10^-3;//Self Inductance of Inductor inHenry + +C=100*10^-6;//Capacitance of Capacitor in Farads + +R=120;//Resitance of Resistor in ohms + +E0=30;//Peak Value of EMF of AC source in Volts + +w=100;//Angular Frequency of the AC source + +X=(1/(w*C))-(w*L);//Reactance of the Circuit in ohms + +Z=sqrt(R^2+X^2);//Total Impedance of the Circuit + +printf("Impedance of the LCR Series Circuit = %.0f ohms",Z); + +i0=E0/Z;//Peak Value of Current in Amperes + +printf("\n Peak current Value of the LCR Series Circuit = %.1f A",i0); + +f=(1/(2*%pi))*sqrt(1/(L*C));//Resonant Frequency of the Circuit + +printf("\n Resonant Frequency of the LCR Series Circuit = %.0f Hz",f); diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.txt b/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5362f787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.4/Ex39_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Impedance of the LCR Series Circuit = 150 ohms + Peak current Value of the LCR Series Circuit = 0.2 A + Resonant Frequency of the LCR Series Circuit = 50 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.sce b/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e2193d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Calculate the Number of Turns in the Primary Coil + +//Example 39.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +E1=220;//Input Voltage to the Transformer in Volts + +E2=6;//Output Voltage by the Transformer in Volts + +N2=18;//Number of Turns in the Secondary Coil + +N1=(E1/E2)*N2;//Number of Turns in the Primary Coil + +printf("Number of turns in the primary coil = %.0f",N1); diff --git a/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.txt b/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53637a9d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH39/EX39.5/Ex39_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Number of turns in the primary coil = 660 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.sce b/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f6c813d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Find the Maximum Magnetic Field in the wave and its Direction + +//Example 40.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +E0=600;//Maximum Electric Field in a plane electromagnetic wave in N/C + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s + +B0=E0/c;//Maximum Magnetic Field in Tesla + +printf("The maximum Magnetic Field = %.0f*10^-6 T in the z direction",B0*10^6); diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.txt b/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..788715d8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.2/Ex40_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The maximum Magnetic Field = 2*10^-6 T in the z direction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.sce b/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0ceefdd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + +//To Find the Energy due to an Electromagnetic Wave + +//Example 40.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +E0=50;//Maximum Electric Field in N/C + +x=50*10^-2;//Length of Cylinder in metres + +A=10*10^-4;//Cross-Sectional Area of Cylinder in m^2 + +e0=8.85*10^-12;//Permittivity of free space + +Uav=0.5*e0*E0^2;//Average Energy Density + +V=A*x;//Volume of Cylinder + +U=Uav*V;//Energy contained in the Volume of Cylinder + +printf("Energy contained in the volume of the cylinder = %.1f*10^-12 J",U*10^12); diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.txt b/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6b792a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.3/Ex40_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + + Energy contained in the volume of the cylinder = 5.5*10^-12 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.sce b/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c111a7184 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Find the Intensity of Wave discussed in example 40.3 + +//Example 40.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +Uav=1.1*10^-8;//Average Energy Density in J/m^3 + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of Light in m/s + +I=Uav*c;//Intensity of the Wave in W/m^2 + +printf("Intensity of the wave = %.1f W/m^2",I); diff --git a/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.txt b/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4200469e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH40/EX40.4/Ex40_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Intensity of the wave = 3.3 W/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.sce b/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f86ab6a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Factor Increase in the Value of Thermionic Current + +//Example 41.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +T1=1500;//Initial Temperature in Kelvin + +T2=2000;//Final Temperature in Kelvin + +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann Constant + +phi=4.5*1.6*10^-19;//Work Function in electron-volts + +Ir=(T2/T1)^2*exp((-phi/k)*((1/T2)-(1/T1)));//Factor Increase in the Value of Thermionic Current + +printf("Thermionic current increases %.d times when temperature is increased from 1500 K to 2000 K",Ir); diff --git a/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.txt b/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97e26cadc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH41/EX41.1/Ex41_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Thermionic current increases 10625 times when temperature is increased from 1500 K to 2000 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.sce b/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e780b3bac --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the Dynamic Plate Resistance at the operating condition + +//Example 41.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +V1=40;//Initial Plate Voltage in Volts + +V2=42;//Final Plate Voltage in Volts + +delVp=V2-V1;//Change in Plate Voltage in Volts + +I1=50*10^-3;//Initial Plate Current in Amperes + +I2=60*10^-3;//Final Plate Current in Amperes + +delIp=I2-I1;//Change in Plate Current in Amperes + +Rp=delVp/delIp;//Dynamic Plate Resistance in ohms + +printf("Dynamic Plate Resistance = %d ohm",Rp); diff --git a/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.txt b/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8eff7485 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH41/EX41.2/Ex41_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Dynamic Plate Resistance = 200 ohm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.sce b/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef09868e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + +//To Calculate the Energy and linear Momentum and number of photons + +//Example 42.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +h=4.14*10^-15;//Plank's Constant in eV-s + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of Light in m/s + +l=600*10^-9;//Wavelength of Light in metres + +E=h*c/l;//Energy of each photon in eV + +printf("(a) Energy of each photon = %.2f eV",E); + +p=E/c;//Linear Momentum of each photon in eV-s/m + +printf("\n Linear Momentum of each photon = %.2f*10^-8 eV-s/m",p*10^8); + +A=1*10^-4;//Area of cross section in m^2 + +e=1.6*10^-19;//Charge on an electron + +I=100;//Intensity of light in W/m^2 + +t=1;//Duration for which beam passes in seconds + +E1=I*A*t;//Energy crossing 1 cm^2 in 1 second + +n=E1/(E*e);//Number of photons crossing 1 cm^2 in 1 second + +printf("\n (b) Number of photons crossing 1 cm^2 in 1 second = %.1f*10^16",n*10^-16); diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.txt b/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3302656f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.1/Ex42_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + (a) Energy of each photon = 2.07 eV + Linear Momentum of each photon = 0.69*10^-8 eV-s/m + (b) Number of photons crossing 1 cm^2 in 1 second = 3.0*10^16 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.sce b/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2252497b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Find the Maximum Wavelength of Light that can cause Photooelectric Effect in Lithium + +//Example 42.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +h=4.14*10^-15;//Plank's Constant in eV-s + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of Light in m/s + +phi=2.5;//Work Function of Lithium in eV + +l=h*c/phi;//Threshold Wavelength in metres + +printf("Maximum Wavelength of Light to cause Photoelectric Effect in Lithium = %.0f nm",l*10^9); diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.txt b/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8e738be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.2/Ex42_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Maximum Wavelength of Light to cause Photoelectric Effect in Lithium = 497 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.sce b/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e9712514 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the Time required by the Electron to receive sufficent energy to come out of the metal + +//Example 42.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +r=1.0*10^-9;//Radius of Circle in metres on the surface occupied by a single electron + +d=5.0;//Distance between Monochromatic Light source and Metal Surface in metres + +std=%pi*r^2/d^2;//Solid Angle subtended at the source by the Circular Area in sterdian + +P=1*10^-3;//Power of monochromatic light source in Watts + +E=std*P/(4*%pi);//Energy heading towards the Circular Area per second + +phi=2*1.6*10^-19;//Work Function of Metal in Joules + +t=phi/(E*3600);//Time required by the electron to recieve sufficient energy to cmome out of the metal in hours + +printf("Time required by the electron to recieve sufficient energy to come out of the metal =%.2f hours",t); diff --git a/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.txt b/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d151ecbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH42/EX42.3/Ex42_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Time required by the electron to recieve sufficient energy to come out of the metal =8.89 hours \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce b/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be97f6e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Calculate the Energy of Helium ion its first excited state + +//Example 43.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +Rhc=13.6;//Product of Rydberg's Constant, Plancks Constant and Speed of Light (Rhc) in eV + +Z=2;//Atomic Number for Helium Ion + +n=2;//First Excited State + +E=-Rhc*Z^2/n^2;//Energy of Helium Ion in the first excited state in eV + +printf("Energy of Helium Ion in the first excited state = %.1f eV",E); diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.txt b/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4c09def7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.1/Example43_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Energy of Helium Ion in the first excited state = -13.6 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce b/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3d06408 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//To Calculate the Wavelength of Radiation for Helium Ion + +//Example 43.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +n=2;//Final State of the electron + +m=3;//Initial State of the Electron + +R=1.0973*10^7;//Rydberg's Constant + +Z=2;//Atomic Number for Helium Ion + +L=1/(R*Z^2*((1/n^2)-(1/m^2)));//Wavelength of radiation emitted when Helium ion make a transition from the state n=3 to n=2 + +printf("Wavelength of radiation emitted when Helium ion makes a transition from the state n=3 to n=2 is = %.0f nm",L*10^9); diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.txt b/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2bc0482c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.2/Example43_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength of radiation emitted when Helium ion makes a transition from the state n=3 to n=2 is = 164 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.sce b/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22933002 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + + +//To Calculate the Energy needed to remove the electron from the ion + +//Example 43.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +E1=40.8;//Excitation Energy of Hydroen like ion inits first excited state in eV + +K=13.6;//Value of constant Rhc = 13.6 eV + +n1=1;//n=1 for the first orbit + +n2=2;//n=2 for the second orbit + +Z=sqrt(E1/(K*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2^2))));//Atomic Number of Hydrogen like ion + +E=-K*Z^2;//Energy needed to remove the electron from the ion in eV + +printf("Energy required to remove the electron from the ion = %.1f eV",E); diff --git a/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.txt b/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ab30617c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH43/EX43.3/Ex43_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Energy required to remove the electron from the ion = -54.4 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.sce b/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b1656f0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To Find the Electric Field which gives 1eV average energy to a conduction electron + +//Example 45.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +e=1.6*10^-19;//Charge on an electron in Coloumbs + +Eav=1*e;//Energy to the Conduction Electron in Joules + +l=4*10^-8;//Mean Free Path of Conduction Electrons in Copper + +E=Eav/(e*l);//Electric field which can give, on an average, 1eV to a conduction electron + +printf("Electric field which can give, on an average, 1eV to a conduction electron = %.1f*10^7 V/m",E*10^-7); diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.txt b/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b17a173d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.1/Ex45_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Electric field which can give, on an average, 1eV to a conduction electron = 2.5*10^7 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.sce b/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b1e3bd5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + +//To Calculate the Resistivity of n type semiconductor + +//Example 45.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +e=1.6*10^-19;//charge on an electron in Coloumbs + +ne=8*10^19;//Density of Conduction Electron per metre^3 + +ue=2.3;//Mobility of Conduction Electron in m^2/V-s + +nh=5*10^18;//Density of holes per metre^3 + +uh=10^-2;//Mobility of holes per m^2/V-s + +c=e*((ne*ue)+(nh*uh));//Conductivity of the Semiconductor in C/(m-V-s) + +rho=1/c;//Resistivity of Semiconductor in ohm-metre + +printf("Resistivity of the n-type semiconductor = %.3f ohm-m",rho);//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.txt b/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96506a725 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.2/Ex45_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Resistivity of the n-type semiconductor = 0.034 ohm-m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.sce b/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b13d4bd04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ + +//To calculate the Approximate value of Dynamic Resistance of P N Junction under Forward Bias + +//Example 45.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +//(a)Case-I: Forward Bias of 1 V is applied +///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// + +i1=10*10^-3;//Current in Amperes at 1 Volt + +i2=15*10^-3;//Current in Amperes at 1.2 Volts + +delI=i2-i1;//Net Change in Current in Amperes + +v1=1;//Voltage at the Initial Point + +v2=1.2;//Voltage at the Final point + +delV=v2-v1;//Net Change in Voltage + +R=delV/delI;//Dynamic Resitance in ohms + +printf("(a) Dynamic Resistance when a forward bias of 1 V is applied at the p-n junction = %.0f ohms",R); + + +//(b)Case-II: Forward Bias of 2 V is applied +//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// + +v3=2;//Voltage at the Initial Point + +v4=2.1;//Voltage at the Final point + +delV1=v4-v3;//Net Change in Voltage + +i3=400*10^-3;//Current in Amperes at 2 Volt + +i4=800*10^-3;//Current in Amperes at 2.1 Volt + +delI1=i4-i3;//Net Change in Current in Amperes + +R1=delV1/delI1;//Dynamic Resitance in ohms + +printf("\n (b) Dynamic Resistance when a forward bias of 2 V is applied at the p-n junction = %.2f ohms",R1); diff --git a/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.txt b/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cb06a7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH45/EX45.3/Ex45_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a) Dynamic Resistance when a forward bias of 1 V is applied at the p-n junction = 40 ohms + (b) Dynamic Resistance when a forward bias of 2 V is applied at the p-n junction = 0.25 ohms \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ecdd7bc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + +//To Calculate the radius of Nucleus of Germanium atom + +//Example 46.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +A=70;//Mass Number of Germanium Atom + +R0=1.1;//Constant R0 in fetometers + +R=R0*A^(1/3);//Radius of Nucleus of Germanium atom + +printf("Radius of Nucleus of Germanium atom = %.2f fm",R); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17611d888 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.1/Ex46_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + + Radius of Nucleus of Germanium atom = 4.53 fm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa0e051f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//To Calculate the Binding Energy of an Alpha Particle +//Example 46.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +u=931;//1 Atomic Mass Unit in MeV/c^2 + +mH=1.007825*u;//Mass of Hydrogen atom in MeV/c^2 + +mn=1.008665*u;//Mass of Neutron in MeV/c^2 + +mHe=4.00260*u;//Mass of Helium atom in MeV/c^2 + +np=2;//Number of protons in Alpha Particle + +nn=2;//Number of Neutrons in Alpha Particle + +B=(np*mH+nn*mn-mHe);//Binding Energy of an Alpha Particle in MeV + +printf("Binding energy of an Alpha particle = %.1f MeV",B); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d68b8390 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.2/Ex46_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Binding energy of an Alpha particle = 28.3 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2533c24ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + +//To calculate the mass excess of Hydrogen +//Example 46.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +u=931;//1 Atomic Mass Unit in MeV/c^2 + +m=1.00783;//Mass of Hydrogen atom in atomic mass unit + +A=1.0;//Atomic Mass of Hydrogen atom in atomic mass unit + +Me=u*(m-A);//Mass excess of Hydrogen + +printf("The mass excess of Hydrogen = %.2f MeV",Me); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae51f736f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.3/Ex46_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The mass excess of Hydrogen = 7.29 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..673ca58df --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + +//To calculate the Activity of Copper +//Example 46.4 + +clear; + +clc; + +Na=6*10^23;//Avagadro's Number + +m=1*10^-6;//Mass of the Copper Sample in grams + +M=63.5;//Atomic Weight of Copper + +N=Na*m/M;//Number of Atoms in i microgram of Copper + +l=1.516*10^-5;//Decay Constant for Copper + +Act=l*N;//Activity of the Copper Sample in disintegrations/s + +printf("Activity of 1 microgram of Copper Sample = %.3f Ci",Act/(3.7*10^10));//1Ci = 3.7*10^10 disintegrations/s diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..212ce158d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.4/Ex46_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Activity of 1 microgram of Copper Sample = 3.871 Ci \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03da3dddb --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + +//To Calculate the fraction of Orignal Activity remaining after 40 hours +//Example 46.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +t=40;//Duration of Radioactive Decay in hours + +thalf=20;//Half Life of Radioactive Nuclide in hours + +Ar=1/2^(t/thalf);//Fraction of Orignal Activity remaining after 40 hours + +printf("Fraction of Orignal Activity remaining after 40 hours = %.2f",Ar); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41834a4f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.5/Ex46_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Fraction of Orignal Activity remaining after 40 hours = 0.25 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.6/EX46_6.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.6/EX46_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45daaad98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.6/EX46_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Energy released when a nucleus of A=240 breaks into two nuclei of nearly equal mass numbers = 216 MeV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.6/Ex46_6.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.6/Ex46_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4393f64c --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.6/Ex46_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + +//To calculate the energy released in the process when a Nucleus breaks + +//Example 46.6 + +clear; + +clc; + +A=240;//Mass Number for First Nucleus + +Be1=7.6;//Binding Energy in MeV per nucleon for A=120 + +Be2=8.5;//Binding Energy in MeV per nucleon for A=240 + +E=A*(Be2-Be1);///Energy released when a nucleus of A=240 breaks into two nuclei of nearle equal mass numbers + +printf("Energy released when a nucleus of A=240 breaks into two nuclei of nearly equal mass numbers = %.0f MeV",E); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.sce b/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..271556adb --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +//To Calculate the Temperature of Deutrons for a specific Average Kinetic Energy +//Example 46.7 + +clear; + +clc; + +e=1.6*10^-19;//Charge on an electron in Coloumbs + +E=9*10^9;//Value of Constant (1/(4*%pi*e0)) in N-m^2/C^2 + +d=2*10^-15;//Closest Seperation between 2 deutrons in metres + +K=e^2*E/(2*d);//Initial Kinetic Energy of each deuteron + +printf("Kinetic Energy of each deuteron so that the closest seprations between them becomes 2 fm = %.1f*10^-14 J",K*10^14); + +k=1.38*10^-23;//Boltzmann Constant + +T=K/(k*1.5);//Temperature needed for the deutrons to have the Average Kinetic Energy + +printf("\n Temperature needed for the deutrons to have the Average Kinetic Energy = %.1f*10^9 K",T*10^-9); diff --git a/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.txt b/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b296fa7b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH46/EX46.7/Ex46_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Kinetic Energy of each deuteron so that the closest seprations between them becomes 2 fm = 5.8*10^-14 J + Temperature needed for the deutrons to have the Average Kinetic Energy = 2.8*10^9 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.sce b/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5a1a154b --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the time for which the Person slept according to clocks + +//Example 47.1 + +clear; + +clc; + +delt=6;//Duration of Sleep according to person's watch + +v=3*10^7;//Speed of the train(in which the person is sitting) in m/s + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s + +delt1=delt/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2);//Duration of sleep in the ground frame + +delt1h=int(delt/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2));//Duration of sleep (in whole number of hours) in the ground frame + +printf("Duration of sleep according to the clocks = %.0f hours ",delt1h); + +delt1m=(delt1-delt1h)*60;//Duration of sleep (in remaining ) in the ground frame + +printf("%.1f minutes",delt1m); diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.txt b/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5efdc97f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.1/Ex47_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Duration of sleep according to the clocks = 6 hours 1.8 minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.sce b/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..128670c0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +//To Calculate the height of Passenger in the Ground Frame + +//Example 47.2 + +clear; + +clc; + +L=6;//Height of Passenger in the train frame + +v=3*10^7;//Speed of the train(in which the person is sitting) in m/s + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s + +L1=L*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2);//Height of Passenger in the Ground Frame + +L1f=int(L1);//Height of Passenger (in whole number of feets) in the Ground Frame + +printf("Height of the passenger in the Ground Frame = %.0f feet ",L1f); + +L1i=(L1-L1f)*12;//Height of Passenger (in remaining inches) in the Ground Frame + +printf("%.1f inches",L1i); diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.txt b/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06910acf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.2/Ex47_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Height of the passenger in the Ground Frame = 5 feet 11.6 inches \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.sce b/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..423aaa96d --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +//To Calculate the Time Elapsed between Door Openings + +//Example 47.3 + +clear; + +clc; + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of Light in m/s + +v=0.8*c;//Speed of Train T1 in m/s + +y=1/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2);//Speed of Box in the frame of T1 in m/s + +rl=30*c;//Rest Length of the box in metres + +t=(rl*v*y)/(c^2);//Time elapsed between the openings of the Door in seconds + +printf("Time elapsed between the openings of the Door = %.0f s",t); diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.txt b/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05e00f98f --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.3/Ex47_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Time elapsed between the openings of the Door = 40 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.sce b/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aedcd876a --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + +//To Calculate the amount of Electrical Energy obtained in kilowatt-hour + +//Example 47.5 + +clear; + +clc; + +c=3*10^8;//Speed of light in m/s + +m=3.6*10^-3;//Mass of the object in kilograms + +E=m*c^2/(3.6*10^6);//Amount of Electrical Energy obtained in kWh + +printf("Electrical Energy obtained when a mass of 3.6 g is fully converted into energy = %.0f*10^7 kWh",E*10^-7); diff --git a/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.txt b/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf6d10e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3850/CH47/EX47.5/Ex47_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Electrical Energy obtained when a mass of 3.6 g is fully converted into energy = 9*10^7 kWh \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02d659e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Calculate the Equilibrium constant for the reaction Sn(s)+2Ag(one positive)(aq)=Sn(double positive)(aq)+2Ag(s). And also predict whether the given reaction would occur spontaneously under standard-state condition + +//Example 10.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +Ecathode=0.800; //Standard Electrode Potential for Ag in V + +Eanode=-0.138; //Standard Electrode Potential for Sn in V + +E=Ecathode-Eanode; //Standard Electrode Potential for Electrochemical cell (positive quantity of E shows the reaction is spontaneous under standard-state condition) + +F=96500; //Faraday costant in C mol^-1 + +v=2; //Stoichiometric coefficient (two electron are transferred in reaction) + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=25+273; //Temperature in K + +K=exp((v*E*F)/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant + +printf("Equilibrium constant = %.1f*10^31",K*10^-31); + +delrG=(-v*F*E)/1000; //Gibbs Energy in kJ mol^-1 (large negative value of delrG indicate that the reaction is spontaneous under standard state condition) + +printf("\n Spontaneity of the reactin = %.0f kJ mol^-1",delrG); + diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt b/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2c21bf35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Equilibrium constant = 5.4*10^31 + Spontaneity of the reactin = -181 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..946965632 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the Standard Reduction Potential for the Half reaction Fe(three positive)(aq)+3 electron =Fe(s). + +//Example 10.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +v1=2; //Number of electron in first reaction + +v2=1; //Number of electron in second reaction + +v3=3; //Number of electron in third reaction + +E1=-0.447; //Standard Reduction Potential for first reaction in V + +E2=0.771; //Standard Reduction Potential for second reaction in V + +E3=(v1*E1+v2*E2)/v3; //Standard Reduction Potential for first reaction in V (delrG3=delrG1+delrG2) + +printf("Standard Reduction Potential = %.3f V",E3); diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt b/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7aa7387b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Reduction Potential = -0.041 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a15a3df --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Predict whether the following reaction would proceed spontaneously as written ( Cd(s)+Fe++(aq)=Cd++(aq)+Fe(s) + +//Example 10.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +C1=0.15; //Concentration of Cadmium ion in M + +C2=0.68; //Concentration of Ferrus ion in M + +E1=-0.447; //Standard Electrode potential for cathode in V + +E2=-0.403; //Standard Electrode potential for anode in V + +Edes=E1-E2; //Standard Electrode potential in V + +v=2; //Stoichiometric coefficient + +E=Edes-(0.0257/v)*log(C1/C2); //Standard Electrode potential from Nerst equation in V + +printf("Standard Electrode potential from = %.3f V is negative the reaction is not spontaneous as written",E); diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt b/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0db03dcc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Electrode potential from = -0.025 V is negative the reaction is not spontaneous as written \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8049c60bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Calculate the Equilibrium Constant for the reaction and the emf of the cell + +//Example 10.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +E1=1.72; //Standard Reduction Pontential for cathode in V + +E2=0.771; //Standard Reduction Pontential for anode in V + +Edes=E1-E2; //Standard Electrode Pontential for Electrochemical cell in V + +F=96500; //Faraday's constant in C mol^-1 + +v=1; //Stoichiometric coefficient + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +K=exp((Edes*F*v)/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant + +printf("(a)Equilibrium constant = %.1f*10^16",K*10^-16); + +C1=50.0*0.10/1000; //Number of moles of Fe ion initially present in mol + +C2=10.0*0.10/1000; //Number of moles of Ce ion initially present in mol + +V=0.060; //Total volume of the solution in L + +x=2.3*10^-20; //Number of moles Ce at equilibrium in mol + +C3=(C2-x)/V; //Number of moles of Ce plus 3 ion at equilibrium in mol + +C4=(C2-x)/V; //Number of moles of Ferric ion at equilibrium in mol + +C5=(C1-(C2-x))/V; //Number of moles of Ferrous 2 ion at equilibrium in mol + +C6=x/V; //Number of moles of Ce plus 4 ion at equilibrium in mol + +K1=(C3*C4)/(C6*C5); //Equilibrium constant + +Edes1=0.771; //Standard Electrode Pontential for Electrochemical cell in V + +E=Edes1+0.0257*log(C4/C5); //emf of the cell in V + +printf("\n(b)emf of the cell = %.2f V",E); diff --git a/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt b/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba1d98ebf --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a0Equilibrium constant = 1.1*10^16 +(b)emf of the cell = 0.74 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d71045216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the concentration of the undissociated acid ,the H positive ion and the CN negative ion .And the percent dissociation + +//Example 11.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +Ka=4.9*10^-10; //Dissociatin constant of weak acid HCN at 298 K + +x1=0.050; //Concentration of HCN in M ,(HCN is a aweak acid assuming that at equilibrium the undissociated molecule of HCN is also same ) + +x=(Ka*x1)^(1/2); //Concentration of H ion and CN ion at equilibrium in M (cocentration of both ion is equal) + +printf("Concentration of ion = %.0f*10^-6 M",x*10^6); + +x2=x1-x; //Concentration of undissociated acid at equilibrium in M + +printf("\n Concentration of undissociated acid at equilibrium = %.3f M",x2) + +X=(x/x1)*100; //Percent dissociation of HCN + +printf("\nPercent dissociation = %.0f*10^-2 percent ",X*10^2); diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt b/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b95ee2acf --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Concentration of ion = 5*10^-6 M + Concentration of undissociated acid at equilibrium = 0.050 M +Percent dissociation = 1*10^-2 percant \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..006c85cfe --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Monitoring the Titration + +//Example 11.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +Kin=4*10^-10;//Equilibrium Constant + +pKin=-log10(Kin);//Negative Logarithm of Kin + +phl=pKin-1;//Lower Value of pH + +phu=pKin+1;//Upper Value of pH + +printf("Phenophthalein can be used as an indicator as it begins to change color from acid(colourless) at pH %f",phl); + +printf("\nto base form (reddish pink)at pH %f",phu) diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt b/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eef5c5fde --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Phenophthalein can be used as an indicator as it begins to change color from acid(colourless) at pH 8.397940 +to base form (reddish pink)at pH 10.397940 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9ada49ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//To Find the Concentrations of all the species in the reaction + +//Example 11.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +Ka=4.2*10^-7;//Acid Dissociation Constant for Carbonic Acid + +Sol=1.1*10^-5;//Solubility of CO2 in equilibrium with water + +a1=1;b1=Ka;c1=-Ka*Sol;//Coefficients a,b and c of the quadratic equation to find the concentration of H+ + +d1=(b1^2-(4*a1*c1));//Discriminant of the Quadratic Equation + +x=(-b1+sqrt(d1))/(2*a1);//Concentration of H+ + +Ka2=4.8*10^-11;//Second Dissociation Constant for H2CO3 + +y=Ka2;//Concentration of CO3 2- ions + +Kw=1*10^-14;//Disscociation Constant of Water + +z=Kw/x;//Concentration of OH- ions (The answer vary due to round off error) + +printf("At Equilibrium the concentrations are as follows:"); + +printf("\n [H+]=%.1f*10^-6 M",x*10^6); + +printf("\n [OH-]=%.1f*10^-9 M",z*10^9); + +printf("\n [H2CO3]=%.1f*10^-5 M",Sol*10^5); + +printf("\n [HCO3-]=%.1f*10^-6 M",x*10^6); + +printf("\n [CO3 2-]=%.1f*10^-11 M",y*10^11); diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt b/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..885d843fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + At Equilibrium the concentrations are as follows: + [H+]=1.9*10^-6 M + [OH-]=5.1*10^-9 M + [H2CO3]=1.1*10^-5 M + [HCO3-]=1.9*10^-6 M + [CO3 2-]=4.8*10^-11 M \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ac54d7b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the pH of of a buffer solution what is pH of the buffer solution after the addition of HCl + +//Example 11.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +C1=0.40; //Concentration of Acetic acid in M + +C2=0.55; //Concentration of Sodium Acetate in M + +pH1=4.76+log10(C2/C1); //pH of the Buffer solution before addition of HCl + +printf("pH of the Buffer solution = %.2f",pH1); + +C3=0.10; //Concentration of HCl in M + +pH=4.76+log10((C2-C3)/(C1+C3)); // pH of the Buffer solution after addition of HCl + +printf("\n pH of the Buffer solution after addition of HCl = %.2f",pH); diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt b/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ea319742 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + pH of the Buffer solution = 4.90 + pH of the Buffer solution after addition of HCl = 4.71 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..150d241e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Describe how you would prepare a phosphate buffer with a pH of seven point four + +//Example 11.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +Ka1=7.5*10^-3; //Equilibrium consatnt for H3PO4= H+ +H2PO4- + +pKa1=-log10(Ka1); //minus logerithm of Ka1 + +Ka2=6.2*10^-8; //Equilibrium consatnt for H2PO4-= H+ +HPO4-- + +pKa2=-log10(Ka2); //minus logerithm of Ka2 + +Ka3=4.8*10^-13; //Equilibrium consatnt for HPO4-- = H+ +PO3--- + +pKa3=-log10(Ka3); //minus logerithm of Ka3 + +pH=7.40; //pH of the required buffer solution + +C1=10^(pH-pKa2); //Concentratin of required solution to prepare buffer solution of pH of 7.40 + +C=C1/1.0; //Ratio of the required solution to prepare buffer solution of pH of 7.40 + +printf("Ratio of the required solution = %.2f The buffer is dissolve to disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate in a mole ratio of 1.5:1.0 ",C); + diff --git a/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt b/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26d903e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Ratio of the required solution = 1.56 The buffer is dissolve to disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate in a mole ratio of 1.5:1.0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f1e7fb1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f28db5d02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//To Calculate the rate Constant for the Reaction + +//Example 12.1 + +clc; +clear; + +t=[0,2000,4000,6000,8000,10000,12000];//Time in seconds + +A=[1.5,1.26,1.07,0.92,0.81,0.72,0.65];//Absorbance + +A0=1.5;//Absorbance at t=0s + +Ainf=0.40;//Absorbance at t=infinity + +for i=1:6 + x(i)=t(i);//Putting the x-axis as t/s +end + +for i=1:6 + y(i)=log((A(i)-Ainf)/(A0-Ainf));//Putting the y-axis as ln((At-Ainf)/(A0-Ainf)) +end + +plot(x,y);//Plotting the Graph between x-axis and y-axis + +xlabel("t/s", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the x-axis as t/s + +ylabel("ln((At-Ainf)/(A0-Ainf))", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the y-axis as ln((At-Ainf)/(A0-Ainf)) + +m=-(y(2)-y(1))/(x(2)-x(1));//Calculating the slope (Rate Constant of Reaction) of Graph + +printf("The rate constant for the reaction = %.3f*10^-4 s^-1",m*10^4); diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5aec91340 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The rate constant for the reaction = 1.231*10^-4 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808255981 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Calculate the standard molar Enthalpy of activation (delH),standard molar Entropy of activation (delS)and Standard molar Gibbs energy of activation (delG) for the reaction CH3NC(g)=CH3CN(g) + +//Example 12.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +k=4.0*10^13; //Pre exponential factor in s^-1 + +KB=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzman constant in J K^-1 + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=300; //Absolute temperature in K + +e=2.718; //ln constant + +delS=log((k*h)/(e*KB*T))*R; // Standard molar Entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("Standard molar Entropy = %.2f J K^-1 mol^-1",delS); + +Ea=272; //Activation Energy in kJ mol^-1 + +delH=Ea-(R*T/1000); //Standard molar Enthalpy in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\n Standard molar Enthalpy = %.0f kJ mol^-1",delH); + +delG=delH-(T*delS/1000); //Standard molar Gibbs energy in kJ mol^-1(The answer vary due to round off error) + +printf("\n Standard molar Gibbs Energy = %.3f kJ mol^-1",delG); diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt b/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d98b44fd --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Standard molar Entropy = 7.12 J K^-1 mol^-1 + Standard molar Enthalpy = 270 kJ mol^-1 + Standard molar Gibbs Energy = 267.371 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..974ad913e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Estimate the Rate constant for a diffusion controlled reaction in water + +//Example 12.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Absolute temperature in K + +eta=8.9*10^-4; //Viscosity of water in J s m^-3 (1J=1N m therefore N s m^-2=J s m^-3 ) + +KD=(8*R*T)*1000/(3*eta); //Rate constant for diffusion controlled reaction in M^-1 s^-1(1 m^3 mol^-1 s^-1=1000 M^-1 s^-1) + +printf("Rate constant for diffusion controlled reaction = %.1f*10^9 M^-1 s^-1",KD*10^-9); diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt b/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18c01d07e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Rate constant for diffusion controlled reaction = 7.4*10^9 M^-1 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3f18e6f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Rate constant for Forward abd Reverse reaction + +//Example 12.4 + +clc; + +clear + +Tau=36*10^-6; //The relaxation time for the system to reach the new equilibrium in s + +C1=1.0*10^-7; //Concentration of the Hydrogen ion in M + +C2=1.0*10^-7; //Concentration of the Hydroxyl ion in M (C1=C2) + +C3=55.5; //Concentration of the Water in M + +Kf=C3/((Tau)*((C1+C2)*(C3)+(C1*C2)));//Rate constant for Forward reaction in M^-1 s^-1(Kf*C1*C2=Kr*C3)(Tau=1/(Kf*(C1+C2)+Kr) + +printf("Rate constant for Forward reaction = %.1f*10^11 M^-1 s^-1",Kf*10^-11); + +K=(C1*C2)/C3; //Equilibrium Constant for the reaction in M (Hydrogen ion +Hydroxyl ion=Water ) + +Kr=Kf*K; //Rate constant for Reverse reaction in s^-1 + +printf("\n Rate constant for Reverse reaction = %.1f*10^-5 s^-1 ",Kr*10^5); diff --git a/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt b/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd7887a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Rate constant for Forward reaction = 1.4*10^11 M^-1 s^-1 + Rate constant for Reverse reaction = 2.5*10^-5 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5fd4f546 Binary files /dev/null and b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ccfd5087 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//To Determine the value of Km and Vmax of Enzyme and to Calculate Kinetic Paramters imposed by inhibitors + +//Example 13.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +s=[5*10^-4,1*10^-3,2.5*10^-3,5.0*10^-3,1.0*10^-2];//Substrate Concentration + +v0no=[1.25*10^-6,2.0*10^-6,3.13*10^-6,3.85*10^-6,4.55*10^-6];//Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with no inhibitor + +voA=[5.8*10^-7,1.04*10^-6,2.00*10^-6,2.78*10^-6,3.57*10^-6];//Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor A + +voB=[3.8*10^-7,6.3*10^-7,1.00*10^-6,1.25*10^-6,1.43*10^-6];//Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor B + +for i=1:5 + Srec(i)=1/s(i);//Calculating the reciprocals of Substrate Concentrations +end + +for i=1:5 + v0norec(i)=1/v0no(i);//Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with no inhibitor +end + +for i=1:5 + v0Arec(i)=1/voA(i);//Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor A +end + +for i=1:5 + v0Brec(i)=1/voB(i);//Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor B +end + +plot(Srec,v0norec);//Graph between Reciprocal of Substrate Concentration and Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with no inhibitor + +m1=(v0norec(2)-v0norec(1))/(Srec(2)-Srec(1));//Slope of 1st Graph + +vmax=1/(-m1*Srec(3)+v0norec(3));//Maximum Rate of reaction + +Km=m1*vmax;//Maximum value of Kinetic Parameter + +printf("The value of vmax=%.2f*10^-6 M s^-1",vmax*10^6); + +printf("\nThe value of Km=%.1f*10^-3 M",Km*10^3) + +plot(Srec,v0Arec);//Graph between Reciprocal of Substrate Concentration and Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor A + +m2=(v0Arec(2)-v0Arec(1))/(Srec(2)-Srec(1));//Slope of 2nd Graph + +I=8.0*10^-3;//Initial Concentration + +K1=I/((m2*vmax/Km)-1);//Kinetic Parameter with Inhibitor A + +printf("\nThe value of kinetic parameter with inhibitor A=%.1f*10^-3 M",K1*10^3) + +plot(Srec,v0Brec);//Graph between Reciprocal of Substrate Concentration and Reciprocal of Initial Rate of an Enzyme Catalysed Concentration with inhibitor B + +m3=(v0Brec(1)-v0Brec(3))/(Srec(1)-Srec(3));//Slope of 3rd Graph + +K2=I/((m3*vmax/Km)-1);//Kinetic Parameter with Inhibitor B + +printf("\nThe value of kinetic parameter with inhibitor B=%.1f*10^-3 M",K2*10^3) diff --git a/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b817158f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + The value of vmax=5.01*10^-6 M s^-1 +The value of Km=1.5*10^-3 M +The value of kinetic parameter with inhibitor A=5.2*10^-3 M +The value of kinetic parameter with inhibitor B=3.3*10^-3 M \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe38be51b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the Energy per mole of photon for the absorption of blue ligght and red light + +//Example 14.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +Lemda1=435*10^-9; //Wavelength of blue light in m + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +c=3.00*10^8; //Speed of light in m S^-1 + +E1=(h*c)/Lemda1; //Energy of the photon for blue light in J + +E2=(E1*6.022*10^23)/1000; //Energy of blue light for one mole of photon in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Energy of blue light for one mole of photon = %.0f kJ mol^-1",E2); + +Lemda2=680*10^-9; //Wavelength of red light in m + +E3=(h*c)/Lemda2; //Energy of the photon for red light in J + +E4=(E3*6.022*10^23)/1000; //Energy of red light for one mole of photon in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\n Energy of red light for one mole of photon = %.0f kJ mol^-1",E4); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df606b2d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Energy of blue light for one mole of photon = 275 kJ mol^-1 + Energy of red light for one mole of photon = 176 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2b80ad12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate radius of the smallest orbit of the Hydrogen atom + +//Example 14.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +Eo=8.8542*10^-12; //Permittivity of free space in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in j s + +Me=9.109*10^-31; //Mass of the electron in kg + +e=1.602*10^-19; //Charge of an electron in C + +n=1; //Quantum number + +Z=1; //Atomic number of Hydrogen atom + +r1=((n^2)*(h^2)*Eo)/((Z*%pi*Me)*(e^2)); //Radius of the Bohr orbit in m + +r=r1/10^-10; //Radius of the Bohr orbit in A + +printf("radius of the smallest orbit of the Hydrogen atom = %.3f A",r); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa3876c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + radius of the smallest orbit of the Hydrogen atom = 0.529 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b164ed243 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the Wavelength in nanometer for transition in Hydrogen atom + +//Example 14.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +nf=2; //Quantum number for emmision process (n=4 to 2) + +ni=4; //Quantum number for emmision process (n=4 to 20) + +RH=109737; //Rydberg constant in cm^-1 + +new=RH*abs((1/ni^2)-(1/nf^2)); //Frequency in cm^-1 + +Lemda1=1/new; //Wavelength in cm + +Lemda=Lemda1*10^7 //Wavelength in nm + +printf("Wavelength = %.0f nm",Lemda); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..437b4d625 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength = 486 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cbbf2b64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Wavelength associated with Tennis ball and for an Electron traveling at the same speed + +//Example 14.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +m1=6.0*10^-2; //Mass of the tennis ball in kg + +v=62; ///Speed of the tennis ball in m s^-1 + +Lemda1=h/(m1*v); //Wavelength of tennis ball in m (1 J=1 kg m^2 s^-2) + +printf("Wavelength of tennis ball = %.1f*10^-34 m",Lemda1*10^34); + +m2=9.10939*10^-31; //Mass of the electron in kg + +Lemda2=h/(m2*v); //Wavelength of electron in m + +Lemda=Lemda2*10^9; //Wavelength of electron in nm + +printf("\n Wavelength of electron = %.1f*10^4 nm",Lemda*10^-4); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1c612186 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Wavelength of tennis ball = 1.8*10^-34 m + Wavelength of electron = 1.2*10^4 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a46da62a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//What is a wavelength of an electron when it is accelerated + +//Example 14.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +me=9.109*10^-31; //Mass of the electron in kg + +e=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on an electron in C + +V=1*10^3; //Potencial difference in V + +Lemda1=h/sqrt(2*me*e*V); //Wavelength of an electron in m (1 J=1 C *1 V) + +Lemda=Lemda1*10^9; //Wavelength of an electron in nm (1m=10^9 nm) + +printf("Wavelength of an electron = %.4f nm",Lemda); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb4f2f40a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength of an electron = 0.0388 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df1ae6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the uncertainty in the velocity of the electron and Calculate the uncertainty in the baseball's position + +//Example 14.6 + +clc; + +clear; + +delx=0.01*0.0529*10^-9; //Uncertainty in the electron's posiion in m + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +delp=h/(4*%pi*delx); //Uncertaintty of momentum in kg m s^-1 + +m=9.1095*10^-31; //Mass of the electron in kg + +delv=delp/m; //The uncertainty in the velocity in m s^-1 + +printf("(a)Uncertainty in the velocity = %.1f*10^8 m s^-1",delv*10^-8); + +delp1=1*10^-7*6.7; //Uncertainty in momentum in kg m s^-1 + +delx=h/(4*%pi*delp1); //Uncertainty in the position in m + +printf("\n(b)Uncertainty in the position = %.1f*10^-29 m ",delx*10^29); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e9236fb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Uncertainty in the velocity = 1.1*10^8 m s^-1 +(b)Uncertainty in the position = 7.9*10^-29 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c94d0ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Calculate the Energy difference between the second orbital and first orbital of the electron and Calculate the Energy difference between the second orbital and first orbital for Nitrogen molucule + +//Example 14.7 + +clc; + +clear; + +n1=1; //First quantum number + +n2=2; //Second quantum number + +m=9.109*10^-31; //Mass of the electron in kg + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +L1=0.10*10^-9; //Length of the box in m + +E1=((n1^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*L1^2); //Energy for the enectron of first orbital in J + +E2=((n2^2)*(h^2))/(8*m*L1^2); //Energy for the enectron of second orbital in J + +E3=E2-E1; //Energy difference second orbital and first orbital in J + +printf("(a)Energy difference second orbital and first orbital of the electron = %.1f*10^-17 J",E3*10^17); + +m1=4.65*10^-26; //Mass of the Nitrogen molucule in kg + +L2=10*10^-2; //Length of the box in m + +E4=((n1^2)*(h^2))/(8*m1*L2^2); //Energy for the enectron of first orbital in J + +E5=((n2^2)*(h^2))/(8*m1*L2^2); //Energy for the enectron of second orbital in J + +E6=E5-E4; //Energy difference second orbital and first orbital in J + +printf("\n(b)Energy difference second orbital and first orbital for Nitrogen molucule = %.1f*10^-40 J",E6*10^40); diff --git a/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt b/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c5c403b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Energy difference second orbital and first orbital = 1.8*10^-17 J +(b)Energy difference second orbital and first orbital for Nitrogen molucule = 3.5*10^-40 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccaa6fca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calculate the Percent Ionic character of the H-F bond + +//Example 15.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +mewexp=1.91*3.3356*10^-30; //Experimental dipole moment in C m + +Q=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on electron in C + +r=92*10^-12; //Distance between the ions in m + +mewionic=Q*r; //Dipole moment in C m + +I=(mewexp/mewionic)*100; //Percent Ionic character of the H-F bond in percent + +printf("Percent Ionic character = %.1f percent ",I); diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt b/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e8760ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Percent Ionic character = 43.2 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bea548b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Calculate the Bond order of Nitric Oxide takes part in smog formation + +//Example 15.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +MO=6; //Number of electron in bonding molecular orbital + +AMO=1; //Number of electron in antibonding molecular orbital + + +BO=1/2*(MO-AMO); //Bond order of Nitric Oxide + +printf("Bond order of Nitric Oxide = %.1f ",BO); diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt b/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1856d1a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Bond order of Nitric Oxide = 2.5 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ab42596 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) + +//Example 15.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +neg=0; //Number of electron in eg orbital + +nt2g=5; //Number of Electron in t2g orbital + +CFSE=neg*0.6-nt2g*0.4; //Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) in delta (crystal-field spliting) + +printf("Crystal Field Stabilization Energy = %.1f delta",CFSE); diff --git a/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt b/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2ec64eb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Crystal Field Stabilization Energy = -2.0 delta \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cca2dfe30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the Dipole-Dipole interaction energy in kJ mol^-1 + +//Example 16.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +mewA=1.08*3.3356*10^-30; //Dipole moment in C m for one molecule + +mewB=1.08*3.3356*10^-30; //Dipole moment in C m for other molecule + +epsilone=8.854*10^-12; //Molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +r=4*10^-10; //Distance between two molecule of HCl in m + +V1=-(2*mewA*mewB)/(4*%pi*epsilone*(r)^3); //Diploe-Diplole interaction in N m + +V=(V1*6.022*10^23)/1000; //Dipole-Dipole interaction in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Dipole-Dipole interaction = %.1f kJ mol^-1 ",V); diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt b/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f86e9f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Dipole-Dipole interaction = -2.2 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c1153620 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + //Calculate the Potential Energy of Intraction in between Sodium ion and HCl molucule + +//Example 16.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +mew=1.08*3.33*10^-30; //Dipole moment in C m + +r=4.0*10^-10; //Distance between Sodium ion and HCl molucule in m + +epsilion=8.854*10^-12; //Molar absorption cofficient in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +q=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on electron in C + +V1=-(q*mew)/(4*%pi*epsilion*r^2); //Potential energy of intraction in J + +V=V1*6.023*10^23/1000; //Potential energy of intraction in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Potential energy of intraction in between Sodium ion and HCl molucule = %.0f kJ mol^-1",V); + diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt b/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..173163b3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Potential energy of intraction in between Sodium ion and HCl molucule = -19 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25de9a53d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Calculate the Potential Energy of ion induced dipole intraction in between Sodium ion and Nitrogen molucule + +//Example 16.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +alpha=1.74*10^-30; //Proportionality constant in m^3 + +r=4.0*10^-10; //Distance between Sodium ion and Nitrogen molucule in m + +epsilion=8.854*10^-12; //Molar absorption cofficient in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +q=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on electron in C + +V1=-((1/2)*(alpha*q^2))/(4*%pi*epsilion*r^4); //Potential energy of ion induced dipole intraction in J + +V=V1*6.023*10^23/1000; //Potential energy of ion induced dipole intraction in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Potential energy of ion induced dipole intraction in between Sodium ion and Nitrogen molucule = %.1f kJ mol^-1",V); + diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt b/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67a168029 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Potential energy of ion induced dipole intraction in between Sodium ion and Nitrogen molucule = -4.7 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9a94be92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Calculate the Potential Energy of Interaction between two Argon atoms + +//Example 16.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +alpha=1.66*10^-30; //Proportionality constant in m^3 + +I=1521; //Ionization energy of Argon in kJ mol^-1 + +r=4.0*10^-10; //Distance between two Argon atoms + +V=-((3/4)*(alpha^2)*(I))/(r^6); //Potential energy of interaction between two Argon atoms in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Potential energy of interaction between two Argon atoms = %.2f kJ mol^-1",V); diff --git a/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.txt b/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c046325ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Potential energy of interaction between two Argon atoms = -0.77 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01816cff1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the bond length of Carbon monoxide + +//Example 17.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +delv=1.15*10^11; //Frequency difference between two microwave spectrum of carbon monoxide + +I=h/(4*(%pi^2)*delv); //Intensity of emerging light in kg m^2 + +m1=12.01; //Mass of the Carbon atom in amu + +m2=16.00; //Mass of the Oxygen atom in amu + +r1=(((I)*(m1+m2))/((m1*m2)*(1.661*10^-27)))^(1/2); //Bond length of CO in m + +r=r1*10^10; //Bond length of CO in A + +printf("Bond length of Carbon mono Oxide = %.2f A ",r); diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt b/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7cd004e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Bond length of Carbon mono Oxide = 1.13 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afd18e571 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the Force Constant of the HCl molucule + +//Example 17.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +c=3.00*10^10; //Speed of light in cm s^-1 + +newbar=2886; //Frequency in cm^-1 + +new=c*newbar; //Frequency in Hz + +m1=1.008; //Mass of the Hydrogen atom in amu + +m2=34.97; //Mass of the Chlorine atom in amu + +mew=(m1*m2*1.661*10^-27)/(m1+m2); //Reduced mass of the molucule in kg + +K=4*%pi^2*new^2*mew; //Force constant of the molucule in N m^-1 (kg s^-2=kg m s^-2 m6-1, kg m s^-2 m^-1=N m^-1) + +printf("Force constant of the molucule = %.2f*10^2 N m^-1",K*10^-2); diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt b/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b919a499 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Force constant of the molucule = 4.82*10^2 N m^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c85652c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the Magnetic field that corresponds to a precession frequency of 400 MHz + +//Example 17.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +new=400*10^6; //Precession Frequency of Hydrogen atom in s^-1 + +gyma=26.75*10^7; //Gyromagnetic Ratio for Hydrogen atom in T^-1 s^-1 (T=Tesla) + +Bo=(2*%pi*new)/gyma; //Magnetic field strength in T + +printf("Magnetic field = %.2f T",Bo); diff --git a/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt b/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d4211b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Magnetic field = 9.40 T \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abc58dd93 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Calculate the Optical Rotation of Lysine solution ,What is the difference between the Refractive indices of the left and right circularly polarized light and What is Molar Rotation of Lysine solution + +//Example 18.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +c=0.148; //Concentration of opticall active substance of L Lusine in g cm^-3 + +L1=10/10; //Length of the cell in dm + +alpha1=+13.5; //Specific rotation of L-Lssine in dm^-1 cm^3 g^-1 degree + +alpha=alpha1*c*L1; //Optical Rotation of Lysine solution in degree (A positive alpha means that the plane of polarization is rotated to the right as one looks into the beam) + +printf("(a)Optical Rotation of Lysine solution = +%.0f degree",alpha); + +alpha2=+2; //The angle of rotation + +lemda=589.3*10^-9; //Wavelength of light employed in m + +L2=10/100; //Length of the cell in m + +d=(alpha2*lemda)/(180*L2); //Difference between the Refractive indices of the left and right circularly polarized light (d=nl-nr) + +printf("\n(b)Difference between the Refractive indices of the left and right circularly polarized light = %.1f*10^-8",d*10^8); + +alpha3=+13.5; //Specific rotation of L-Lysine solution in dm^-1 cm^3 g^-1 + +mew=146.2; //Molar mass of L-Lysine solution in g mol^-1 + +fi=(alpha3*mew)/100; //Molar rotation of lysine solution in dm^-1 cm^3 mol^-1 + +printf("\n(c)Molar Rotation of Lysine solution = %.1f dm^-1 cm^3 mol^-1",fi); diff --git a/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt b/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3d831ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + (a)Optical Rotation of Lysine solution = +2 degree +(b)Difference between the Refractive indices of the left and right circularly polarized light = 6.5*10^-8 +(c)Molar Rotation of Lysine solution = 19.7 dm^-1 cm^3 mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ba657ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Calculate the number of Einstens absorbed per second and the Total energy absorbed + +//Example 19.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +A=0.65; //Absorbance of complex ion + +epsilion=1.11*10^4; //Molar absorptivity or Molar extinction coefficient in L mol^-1 cm^-1 + +b=1; //Pathlength in cm + +c1=A/(epsilion*b); //Concentraton in mol L^-1 or M + +m=(c1*35)/1000; //number of moles of Ferrus ion produced in mol + +q=0.93; //Quantum yield + +fi=m/q; //Number of Einstens absorbed in mol or einstein + +t=30*60; //Time irradiated with monochromatic light in s + +v=fi/t; //Rate of absorption in einstein s^-1 + +printf("Number of Einstens absorbed per second = %.1f*10^-9 einstein s^-1",v*10^9); + +lemda=468*10^-9; //Wavelength in m + +c=3.0*10^8; //Speed of light in m s^-1 + +new=c/lemda; //Frequency of monochromatic light in s^-1 + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +NA=6.022*10^23; //Avogadro's number in mol^-1 + +E=fi*NA*h*new; //Energy absorbed in J + +printf("\n Total Energy absorbed = %.2f J ",E); + + + + diff --git a/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt b/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..779945379 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Number of Einstens absorbed per second = 1.2*10^-9 einstein s^-1 + Total Energy absorbed = 0.56 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5b679d48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Partial pressure of Oxygen at an altitude of 30 km (stratosphere) + +//Example 19.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +Po=0.20; //Partial pressure of Oxygen at an sea level in atm + +g=9.81; //Gravitational constant in m s^-2 + +h=30*10^3; //height in m + +mew=0.03200; //Molar mass of Oxygen molucule in kg mol^-1 + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=25+273; //Temperarure in K + +P=Po*(exp(-(g*mew*h)/(R*T))); //Partial pressure of Oxygen at an altitude of 30 km (stratosphere)in atm + +printf("Partial pressure of Oxygen at an altitude of 30 km = %.1f*10^-3 atm",P*10^3); + + diff --git a/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt b/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66b065d56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Partial pressure of Oxygen at an altitude of 30 km = 4.5*10^-3 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0698b6d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Calucate the number of oxygen molecules +//Example 2.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +r=0.0050;.......//radius of alveoli in cm + +P=1;........//Pressure in atm + +R=0.08206;.......//Gas Constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=310;.......//Temperature in Kelvin + +mp=14;........//Mole Percent of Oxygen + +V=(4/3)*%pi*r^3*10^-3;........//Volume of one alveolus in Litres + +n=(P*V)/(R*T);..........//Number of moles of air in one alveolus in mol + +Na=6.022*10^23;.....//Avagadro's Number + +N=n*(mp/100)*Na;.......//Number of Oxygen Molecules + +printf("The number of oxygen molecules = %.1f*10^12 Oxygen molecules",N*10^-12); diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0e1e2e48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The number of oxygen molecules = 1.7*10^12 Oxygen molecules \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0161d0283 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Calculate the mass of Oxygen + +//Example 2.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +PT=758; //Total partial pressure in torr + +PH2O=19.8; //Partial pressure of water in torr + +PO2=(PT-PH2O)*0.00131579; //Partial pressure of oxygen in torr + +V=0.186; //Volume of oxygen in Litre + +M=32; //Molar mass of oxygen in g/ mol + +R=0.08206; //Gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=295; //Tempreture in kelvin + +m=(PO2*V*M)/(R*T); //Mass of the Oxygen molecule in g + +printf("Mass of Oxygen molecule = %.3f g",m); + diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2128754e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Mass of Oxygen molecule = 0.239 g \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26c17b054 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the pressure of gas if Nitrogen behaves as a Van der Waals and ideal gas + +// Example 2.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=2000; //Number of Nitrogen molecule in mol + +R=0.08206; //Gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=898; //Tempreture in kelvin + +V=800; //Volume of vessel in L + +b=0.0386; //Van der walls constant in L /mol + +a=1.35; //Proportionality constant in L^2/mol^2 + +P1=((n*R*T)/(V-(n*b)))-((a*n^2)/(V^2)); //Pressure of gas in atm + +printf("(a) Pressure of gas when Nitrogen behaves as Van Der Valls Gas = %.0f atm",P1); + +P2=(n*R*T)/V; //Pressure of gas if Nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas + +printf("\n(b)Pressure of gas if Nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas = %.0f atm",P2); diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ad00fd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + pressure of gas = 195 atm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89a0dd255 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the molar volume of Methane + +//Example 2.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +B=-0.042; //Second virial coefficient of Methane in L mol^-1 + +P=100; //Pressure in atm + +R=0.08206; //Gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=300; //Temperature in kelvin + +Z=1+((B*P)/(R*T)); //Compressibility Factor + +Vbar=(Z*R*T)/P;//Volume of Methane per mol in L + +printf("Observed Molar Volume of Methane = %.2f L mol^-1", Vbar); + +V1bar=(R*T)/P; //Molar volume of Methane through Ideal Gas Equation in L + +printf("\nMolar volume of Methane through Ideal Gas Equation = %.2f L mol^-1", V1bar); diff --git a/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77157dd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Observed Molar Volume of Methane = 0.20 L mol^-1 +Molar volume of Methane through Ideal Gas Equation = 0.25 L mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a48add85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//To Calculate the smallest Diffraction Angle + +//Example 20.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +a=2.6*10^-10;//Edge Length of Cubic Lattice + +h=1;//Miller Indice h + +k=1;//Miller Indice k + +l=1;//Miller Indice l + +lambda=1.542*10^-10;//Wavelength of light + +theta=asin(lambda*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)/(2*a))*180/%pi; + +printf("Smallest Diffraction Angle=%.1f degrees",theta); diff --git a/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt b/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8dfcd2df --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Smallest Diffraction Angle=30.9 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce b/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e0ae1425 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Lattice energy of Sodium Chloride + +//Example 20.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=8.4; //Integer between 8 and 12( For the repulsive term in the lattice) + +NA=6.022*10^23; //Avogadro's number in mol^-1 + +mew=1.7476; //Madelung constant for the NaCl crystal lattice + +e=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on electron in C + +epsilion=8.854*10^-12 //Molar extinction cofficient in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +r=2.81*10^-10; //Sum of radii of Sodium ion and Chlorine ion in m + +Vbar=-((NA*mew*e^2)/(4*%pi*epsilion*r))*(1-(1/n)); //Lattice energy in J mol^-1(conversion factor 1J=1N m) + +U=-Vbar/1000; //Lattice energy in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Lattice energy of Sodium chloride = %.0f kJ mol^-1",U); diff --git a/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.txt b/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7363d4c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH20/EX20.2/Example20_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Lattice energy of Sodium chloride = 761 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12bb91d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//How high will water rise in Xylem vessel of a plant + +//Examlpe 21.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +gyma=0.07275; //Suface tension in N m^-1 + +r=0.020*10^-2; //Radius of Xylem vessel in m + +g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity in m s^-1 + +rho=1*10^3; //Density of water in kj m^-3 + +costheta=1; //Beacause the contact angle is quite small we assume that theta=0 + +h=(2*gyma*costheta)/(rho*g*r); //Height of the water that rise up in Xylem vessel in m (1 N=1 kg m s^-2 therefore N s^2 kg^-1=1 m) + +printf(" Hight of the water that rise up in Xylem vessel of a plant = %.3f m",h); diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt b/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3f005f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Hight of the water that rise up in Xylem vessel of a plant = 0.074 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95c2bd937 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the Root Mean Square distance traveled by a urea molucule + +//Example 21.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +D=1.18*10^-9; //Diffusion coefficient of Urea in m^2 s^-1 + +t=1*60*60; //Diffusion time in second + +meanx=sqrt(2*D*t)*1000; //Root mean square distance in mm + +printf("Root mean square distance traveled = %.1f mm",meanx); diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt b/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e066e04c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Root mean square distance traveled = 2.9 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7313e3d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Estimate the Diffusion Coeffcient of a spherical molucule + +//Example 21.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +KB=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzmann's constant in J K^-1 + +T=300; //Temperature in K + +eta=0.00101; //Viscosity of the solvent in N s m^-2 + +r=1.5*10^-10; //Radius of molucule in m + +D=(KB*T)/(6*%pi*eta*r); //Diffusion cofficient of a molucule in m^2 s^-1 (1 J N^-1 m s^-1=1 m^2 s^-1) + +printf("Diffusion coeffcient of a spherical molucule = %.1f*10^-9 m^2 s^-1",D*10^9); diff --git a/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt b/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d1d6a0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Diffusion coeffcient of a spherical molucule = 1.5*10^-9 m^2 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aac3a010d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the molar mass of Catalase + +//Eaxmple 22.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=20+273; //Temperature in K + +D=4.1*10^-11; //Diffusion coefcient of Catalase (horse liver) in m^2 s^-1 + +rho=0.998; //Density of water in g ml^-1 + +s=11.3*10^-13; //Sedimentation coeffcient in s + +vbar=0.715; //Partial specific volume in ml g^-1 + +mew=(s*R*T*1000)/((D)*(1-(vbar*rho))); //Molar mass of Catalase in g mol^-1 (1 J=1 kg m^2 s^-2)(The answer vary due to round off error ) + +printf("Molar mass of Catalase = %.2f*10^5 g mol^-1",mew*10^-5); diff --git a/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt b/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78884e631 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Molar mass of Catalase = 2.34*10^5 g mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36eb9b2ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Calculate the Partition function of the system + +//Example 23.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +KB=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzmann's constant in J K^-1 + +T=300; //Temperature in K + +g0=1; //Degeneracies for zero level + +g1=3; //Degeneracies for first level + +g2=5; //Degeneracies for second level + +e0=0; //Energy for zero level + +e1=2.00*10^-21; //Energy for first level in J + +e2=8.00*10^-21; //Energy for second level in J + +q=g0*exp((-e0)/(KB*T))+g1*exp((-e1)/(KB*T))+g2*exp((-e2)/(KB*T)); //Partition function of the system (The answer vary due to round off error ) + +printf("Partition function of the system = %.2f",q); + diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt b/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64fb6b482 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Partition function of the system = 3.58 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33c10a6a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the Translational Partition function of a Helium atom + +//Example 23.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +m=4.003*1.661*10^-27; //Mass of Helium atom in kg amu^-1 + +KB=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzmann's constant in J K^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +V=1; //Volume of container in m^3 + +Qtrans=(((2*%pi*m*KB*T)^(3/2))*V)/h^3; //Translational Partition function of a Helium atom (1 J=1 kg m^2 s^-2) + +printf("Translational Partition function of a Helium atom = %.2f*10^30",Qtrans*10^-30); diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt b/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5fd3ce1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Translational Partition function of a Helium atom = 7.75*10^30 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4285d2261 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Evaluate Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 300K and 3000K + +//Example 23.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +h=6.626*10^-34; //Planck's constant in J s + +new=6.40*10^13; //Fundamental frequency of vibration for CO in s^-1 + +KB=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzmann's constant in J K^-1 + +T1=300; //Temperature in K + +Qvib1=1/(1-exp((-h*new)/(KB*T1))); //Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 300K + +printf("Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 300K = %.5f",Qvib1); + +T2=3000; //Temperature in K + +Qvib2=1/(1-exp((-h*new)/(KB*T2))); //Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 3000K + +printf("\n Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 3000K = %.2f",Qvib2); diff --git a/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt b/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e96f374 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 300K = 1.00004 + Vibrational Partition Function for Carbon Monoxide at 3000K = 1.56 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..715a21797 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Most probable speed ,Mean speed and Root mean square speed for Oxygen molecule + +//Example 3.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=300; //Temperature in kelvin + +mew=0.03200; //Molar mass of Oxygen kg mol^-1 + +Cmp=sqrt((2*R*T)/(mew))//Most probable speed in m s^-1 + +printf("most probable speed = %.0f m s^-1",Cmp); + +Cbar=sqrt((8*R*T)/(%pi*mew)); //Mean speed in m s^-1 + +printf("\nMean speed = %.0f m s^-1",Cbar); + +Crms=sqrt((3*R*T)/(mew)); //Root mean square speed in m s^-1 + +printf("\nroot mean square speed = %.0f m s^-1",Crms); diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e059727 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + most probable speed = 395 m s^-1 +Mean speed = 446 m s^-1 +root mean square speed = 484 m s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b2c6f939 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Calculate the Collision frequency Binary Collision Number and Mean free path of Nitrogen + +//Example 3.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in Kelvin + +mew=0.02800; //Molar mass of Nitrogen in Kg mol^-1 + +Cbar=sqrt((8*R*T)/(%pi*mew))*100; //Average speed of Nitrogen in cm/s + +Conc=2.5*10^19; //Concentration of dry air in cm^-3 + +Cd=3.75*10^-8; //Collision diameter in cm + +Z1=sqrt(2)*%pi*(Cd)^2*Cbar*Conc;....//Collision frequency in collisions s^-1 + +printf("Collision frequency of Nitrogen = %.1f*10^9 collisions s^-1",Z1*10^-9);//(The answers vary due to round off error) + +Z11=(Z1/2)*Conc;....//Binary Collision number in cm^-3 s^-1 + +printf("\nBinary collision number = %.1f*10^28 collisions cm^-3 s^-1",Z11*10^-28); + +lambda=Cbar/Z1; //Mean free path of Nitrogen in A/collision + +printf("\nMean free path of Nirogen = %.0f* A/collision",lambda*10^8); + diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06c95a254 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Collision frequency of Nitrogen = 7.4*10^9 collisions s^-1 +Binary collision number = 9.3*10^28 collisions cm^-3 s^-1 +Mean free path of Nirogen = 640* A/collision \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e783999f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the Viscosity of Oxygen gas + +//Example3.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=288; //Temperature in K + +mew=0.03200; //Molar mass of Oxygen in kg mol^-1 + +Cbar=sqrt((8*R*T)/(%pi*mew)); //Mean speed of Oxygen in m s^-1 + +d=3.61*10^-10; //Collision diameter of Oxygen in m + +M=32*1.661*10^-27; //Mass of Oxygen in kg + +eta=(M*Cbar)/((3*d^2*%pi)*sqrt(2)); //Viscosity of Oxygen in kg m^-1 s^-1 + +printf("Viscosity of Oxygen gas = %.2f*10^-5 kg m^-1 s^-1",eta*10^5); diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dbdd5615 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Viscosity of Oxygen gas = 1.34*10^-5 kg m^-1 s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d539d6ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Calculate the mass of Carbon di Oxide in gramm that collides every second with leaf + +//Example 3.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +P=(0.033*101325*1)/(100*1); //Partial pressure of the gas in Pa + +M=44.01*1.661*10^-27; //Molecular mass of CO2 in kg + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +NA=6.023*10^23; // Avagadro number mol^-1 + +Kb=R/NA; //Boltzman's constant in J K^-1 + +T=298; //Tepmerature in K + +ZA=P/(2*%pi*M*Kb*T)^0.5; + +A=0.020; //Area of leaf in m^2 + +Noc=ZA*A; //Number of CO2 molecule colliding with the leaf in s^-1 + +Moc=Noc*7.31*10^-23; //Mass of CO2 that colliding with leaf in g s^-1 + +printf("Mass of Carbon di Oxide that collide = %.1f g s^-1",Moc); + + diff --git a/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046faa589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Mass of Carbon di Oxide that collide = 1.1 g s^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0628268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Calculate the value of work done if the expansion is carried out against a vacuum ,against a constant external pressure of 1.00 atm and reversibly + +//Example 4.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=0.850; //Number of mole of gas in mol + +R1=0.08206; //Gas constant in L atm K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=300; //Temperature in K + +P1=15.0; //Initial pressure in atm + +P2=1.00; //Final pressure in atm + +Pex=0; //Pressure in vaccum + +V1=(n*R1*T)/P1; //Initial volume + +V2=(n*R1*T)/P2; //Final volume + +w1=-Pex*(V2-V1)*101.3; //Work done against vaccum in J + +printf("(a)Work done if the expansion is carried out against a vaccum = %.0f J",w1); + +w2=-P2*(V2-V1)*101.3; //Work done against a constant external pressure in J + +printf("\n(b)Value of work done if the expansion is carried out against a constant external pressure = %.2f*10^3 J",w2*10^-3); + +R2=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +w3=(-n*R2*T)*log((P1/P2)); //Work done for an isothermal,reversible process in J + +printf("\n(c)Work done if the expansion is carried out for an isothermal,reversible process = %.2f*10^3 J",w3*10^-3); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0965cb49a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + (a)Work done if the expansion is carried out against a vaccum = -0 J +(b)Value of work done if the expansion is carried out against a constant external pressure = -1.98*10^3 J +(c)Work done if the expansion is carried out for an isothermal,reversible process = -5.74*10^3 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2a015385 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the standard Enthalpy for the reaction three Oxygen molecule givs two Ozone molecule + +//Example 4.10 + +clc; + +clear; + +delrH298deg=285.4; //standard enthalpy at 298 k in kJ mol^-1 + +Cp1=29.4; //molar heat capacity for O2 at constant pressur in J K^-1 + +Cp2=38.2; //molar heat capacity for O3 at constant pressur in J K^-1 + +delCp=2*Cp2-3*Cp1; //change in molar heat capacity for reaction in J K^-1 + +T2=380; //final temperature in K + +T1=298; //initial temperature in K + +delT=T2-T1; //change in temperature in K + +delrH380deg=((delCp*delT)/1000)+delrH298deg; //standard Enthalpy for the reaction at 380 K in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Standard Enthalpy = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delrH380deg); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bd5f11b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Enthalpy = 284.4 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e7d394ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Estimate the Enthaply of Combustion for Methane + +//Exaample 4.11 + +clc; + +clear; + +H1=414; //Bond Enthalpy for a C-H bond in kJ mol^-1 + +H2=498.8; //Bond Enthalpy for a O-O bond in kJ mol^-1 + +H3=799; //Bond Enthalpy for a C=O bond kJ mol^-1 + +H4=460; //Bond Enthalpy for a O-H bond kJ mol^-1 + +delHr=((4*H1)+(2*H2))-((2*H3)+(4*H4)); //Enthalpy of the reaction kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Enthalpy Change of combustion of methane = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delHr); + +H5=-393.5; //Enthalpy of formation of CO2 kJ mol^-1 + +H6=-241.8; //Enthalpy of formation of H2O kJ mol^-1 + +H7=-74.85; //Enthalpy of formation of CH4 kJ mol^-1 + +delHf=(H5+(2*H6))-H7; //Enthalpy of formation kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\nEnthalpy Change of combustion of methane from enthalpy of formation = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delHf); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f779270cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Enthalpy Change of combustion of methane = -784.4 kJ mol^-1 +Enthalpy Change of combustion of methane from enthalpy of formation = -802.3 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ae4f6276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//How high the person can climb on this energy intake + +//Example4.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +M=73; //Weight of the person in kg + +m=500; //Mass of milk that person drink in g + +Cv=720; //Caloric value of milk in cal g^-1 + +Mw=17; //Percant of milk that converted in mechanical work + +W=(Mw*m*Cv*4.184)/100; //Energy intake for mechanical work in J + +g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity in m s^-2 + +h=W/(M*g); //Person climb by this height in m + +printf("The person climbs to a height = %.1f*10^2 m",h*10^-2); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09ed68f6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The person climbs to a height = 3.6*10^2 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68096b6b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Calculate the value of change in Internal energy and change in Enthalpy for the combution of Benzoic acid + +//Example 4.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +C=5267.8; //Effective heat capcity of bomb calorimeter plus water im J K^-1 + +T1=293.32; //Initial temperature in K + +T2=295.37; //Final temperature in K + +delT=T2-T1; //Change in teperature in K + +M=122.12; //Molar mass of Benzoic acid in g mol^-1 + +m=0.4089; //Mass of sample of Benzoic acid in g + +delU=-(C*delT*M)/(m*1000); //Change in Enternal enegy in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Change in Enternal energy = %.0f kJ mol^-1",delU);(The answer vary due to round off error) + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=T1; //Temperature in K + +n1=7.5; //Number of moles of gas for reactants + +n2=7; //Number of mole of gas for product + +deln=n2-n1; //Change of moles gas for reaction + +delH=delU+((R*T*deln)/1000); //Change in Enthalpy in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\nChange in Enthalpy = %.0f kJ mol^-1",delH); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e78d682c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Change in Enternal energy = -3225 kJ mol^-1 +Change in Enthalpy = -3226 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3484850f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Compare the difference between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy for 1 mol of ice melt in to 1 mol of water at 273 K and one mole water change in to one mole steam at 373 K + +//Example4.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +Vbars=0.0196; //Molar volume of ice in L mol^-1 + +Vbarl=0.0180; //Molar volume of water in L mol^-1 + +P=1; //Pressure in atm + +delV1=Vbarl-Vbars; //Change in molar volume when water change in to steam in L mol^-1) + +E1=P*100*delV1; //Differerce between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy when ice melt in to water in J mol^-1 delH-delU + +printf("(a)Difference between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy for 1 mol of ice melt in to 1 mol of water at 273 K = %.2f J mol^-1",E1); + +Vbarg=30.61; //Molar volume of steam in L mol^-1 + +delV2=Vbarg-Vbarl; //Change in molar volume when water change in to steam in L mol^-1) + +E2=P*101.33*delV2; //Differerce between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy when water change in to steam delH-delU in J mol^-1 + +printf("\n (b)Difference between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy for one mole water change in to one mole steam at 373 K = %.0f J mol^-1",E2); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a96d442d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Difference between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy for 1 mol of ice melt in to 1 mol of water at 273 K = -0.16 J mol^-1 + (b)Difference between change in Enthalpy and change in Enternal energy for one mole water change in to one mole steam at 373 K = 3100 J mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6bae5d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.5/EX4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Change in Enternal energy = 526 J +Change in Enthalpy = 877 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032b222db --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Calculate the change in Enternal energy and change in Enthalpy for heating of Xenon + +//Example4.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +T1=300; //Initial temperature in K + +T2=400; //Final temperature in K + +m=55.40; //Mass of Xenon in g + +M=131.29; //Molecular mass of Xenon + +n=m/M; //Number of mole of Xenon in mol + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Cbarv=(3/2)*R; //Molar constant volume in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delT=T2-T1; //Thange in temperature in K + +delU=n*delT*Cbarv; //Change in Enternal energy in J + +printf("Change in Enternal energy = %.0f J",delU); + +Cbarp=(5/2)*R; //Molar constant pressure in J K^-1 mlo^-1 + +delH=n*Cbarp*delT; //Change in Enthalpy in J + +printf("\nChange in Enthalpy = %.0f J",delH); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d17e1375 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Calculate the Enthalpy Change for heating of 1.46 moles of Oxygen + +//Example 4.6 + +clc; + +clear; + + +n=1.46; //Number of moles of Oxygen + +function x=Cp(T) ,x=(25.7+0.0130*T), endfunction //Molar Heat Capacity of Oxygen at Constant Pressure in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +function y=f(T),y=n*Cp(T),endfunction + +delH=intg(298,367,f); //Enthalpy Change in J + +printf("Enthalpy Change = %.2f*10^3 J",delH*10^-3) diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6803fc0db --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Enthalpy Change = 3.02*10^3 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aaa6dc3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Calculate the work done if the expansion is carried out Adiabatically and Reversibly + +//Example 4.7 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=0.850; //Number of moles of momnoatomic ideal gas in mol + +R=0.08206; //Gas constant in L atm K^-1 + +T1=300; //Initial temperature in K + +P1=15; //Initial pressure in atm + +V1=(n*R*T1)/P1; //Initial volume in L + +P2=1; //Final pressure in atm + +gama=5/3; //Constant for Adiabatic Expansion + +V2=V1*(P1/P2)^(1/gama); //Final volume in L + +T2=(P2*V2)/(n*R); //Final temperature in K + +Cbarv=12.47; //Molar consant volume heat capacity in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delU=n*Cbarv*(T2-T1); //Change in Enternal energy in J + +w=delU; //Change in Enternal energy converted in to amount of work done in expansion is carried out Adiabatically and Reversibly in J + +printf("Work done = %.1f*10^3 J",w*10^-3); + + diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0e9a5e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Work done = -2.1*10^3 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1438bc62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calculate the standard molar Enthalpy of formatyion of Acetylene (C2H2) from its element + +//Example 4.8 + +clc; + +clear; + +delH1deg=-393.5; //Enthalpy change for the reaction C(graphite)+O2(g) givs CO2(g) in kJ mol^-1 + +delH2deg=-285.8; //Enthalpy change for the reaction H2(g)+1/2O2(g) givs H2O(l) in kJ mol^-1 + +delH3deg=-2598.8; //Enthalpy change for the reaction 2C2H2(g)+5O2(g)givs 4CO2(g)+2H2O(l)in kJ mol^-1 + +delH4deg=-delH3deg; //Enthalpy change for the reaction 4CO2(g)+2H2O(l)givs 2C2H2(g)+5O2(g)in kJ mol^-1 + +delHdeg=(4*delH1deg+2*delH2deg+delH4deg)/2; //Molar Enthalpy for formation of acetylene in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Molar Enthalpy = %.1f kJ mol^-1 ",delHdeg); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b3ad1a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Molar Enthalpy = 226.6 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..467d6a390 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calulate the standard Enthalpy of the reaction C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)givs 6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)at 298 K + +//Examlpe 4.9 + +clc; + +clear; + +delfHbar1=-393.5; //standard Molar Enthalpy of formation at 298 K and 1 Bar for CO2 in kJ mol^-1 + +delfHbar2=-285.8; //standard Molar Enthalpy of formation at 298 K and 1 Bar for H2O in kJ mol^-1 + +delfHbar3=-1274.5; //standard Molar Enthalpy of formation at 298 K and 1 Bar for C6H12O6 in kJ mol^-1 + +delfHbar4=0; //standard Molar Enthalpy of formation at 298 K and 1 Bar for O2 in kJ mol^-1 + +delfHbar=(6*delfHbar1+6*delfHbar2)-(delfHbar3+6*delfHbar4); //standard Enthalpy of the reaction in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Standard Enthalpy of the reaction = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delfHbar); diff --git a/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt b/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ca4955f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Enthalpy of the reaction = -2801.3 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60dd2ed74 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the Entropy change when Ideal gas are expand to Isothermaly ,Estimate the probability that the gas will contract spontaneously from the final volume to initial volume + +//Example 5.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=2; //Number of moles of gas in mol + +R=8.314; //Gas consant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +V2=2.4; //final volume of the gas in L + +V1=1.5; //initial volume of the gas in L + +delS=n*R*log(V2/V1); //Entropy change in J K^-1 + +printf("Entropy change = %.1f J K^-1",delS); + +Kb=1.381*10^-23; //Boltzman's constant in J K^-1 + +r=exp(-delS/Kb); //probability for spontaneous contraction=W1/W2 (Probability for spontaneous contraction is zero butit must be with the aid of external force) + +printf("\nProbability for spontaneous contraction = %.0f",r); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d565f84e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Entropy change = 7.8 J K^-1 +Probability for spontaneous contraction = 0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a4620af --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calulate the Efficiency of the power plant + +//Example 5.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +T2=833; //final temperature in K + +T1=311; //initial temperature in K + +e=((T2-T1)*100)/T2; //Efficiency of the power plant in percent + +printf("Efficiency of the power plant = %.0f percent",e); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f98d21f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Efficiency of the power plant = 63 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0882d1f28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//How much work must be done by a heat pump when the outdoor temperature is 5 dgree and minus 10 degree + +//Example 5.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +q2=5000; //Amount of heat deliver by a pump in J + +T2=295; //Temperature of house in K + +T1=278; //Outdoor teperature in K + +q1=abs(q2)*(T1/T2); //Amount of heat in J + +w1=abs(q2)-q1; //Amount of work done by a heat pump when the outdoor temperature is 5 dgree in J + +printf("(a)Amount of work done when the outdoor temperature is 5 dgree = %.0f J",w1); + +T3=263; //Outdoor teperature in K + +q1=abs(q2)*(T3/T2); //Amount of heat in J + +w2=abs(q2)-q1; //Amount of work done by a heat pump in J + +printf("\n(b)Amount of work done when the outdoor temperature is minus 10 degree = %.0f J",w2); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..859d8aba3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Amount of work done when the outdoor temperature is 5 dgree = 288 J +(b)Amount of work done when the outdoor temperature is minus 10 degree = 542 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ed55c67b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Calculate the Entropy change for the system ,for the surrounding and for the universe expands isothermally against a constant pressure + +//Example 5.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=0.50; //Number of moles of Ideal gas in mol + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +V2=5.0; //Final volume of the gas in L + +V1=1.0; //Initial volume of the gas in L + +delSsys=(n*R)*log(V2/V1); //Entropy change for the system in J K^-1 + +printf("Entropy change for the system = %.1f J K^-1",delSsys); + +P=2; //Pressure of the gas in atm + +delV=V2-V1; //Change of the volume in L + +W=-P*delV*101.3; //Work done in the irreversible gas expansion in J + +q=-W; //Work done in the irreversible gas expansion change into heat lost by surrounding in J + +qsur=-q; //Heat lost by surrounding in J + +T=293; //Temperature of the gas in K + +delSsur=qsur/T; //Entropy change for the surrounding in J K^-1 + +printf("\nEnropy change for the surrounding = %.1f J K^-1",delSsur); + +delSuniv=delSsys+delSsur; //Entropy change for the Universe in J K^-1 + +printf("\nEntropy change for the universe = %.1f J K^-1",delSuniv); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..563537019 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Entropy change for the system = 6.7 J K^-1 +Enropy change for the surrounding = -2.8 J K^-1 +Entropy change for the universe = 3.9 J K^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c1ea4536 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calucate the Entopy change for Fusion and Vaporization + +//Example 5.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +delfusH=6.01; //Molar Enthalpy of fusion in kJ mol^-1 + +Tf=273; //Melting point of ice in K + +delfusS=(delfusH*1000)/Tf; //Entropy change for fusion in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("Entropy change for Fusion = %.1f J K^-1 mol^-1",delfusS); + +delvapH=40.79; //Molar enthalpy of vaporization in kJ mol^-1 + +Tb=373; //Boiling point of water in K + +delvapS=(delvapH*1000)/Tb; //Entropy change for vaporization in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("\Enentropy change for Vaporization = %.1f J K^-1 mol^-1",delvapS); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b982acd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Entropy change for Fusion = 22.0 J K^-1 mol^-1Enentropy change for Vaporization = 109.4 J K^-1 mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae39f051f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the Increase in Entropy at consant pressure + +//Example 5.6 + +clc; + +clear; + +m=200; //Mass of water in g + +M=18.02; //Molar mass of water in g mol^-1 + +n=m/M; //Number of moles of water present in mol + +t1=10; //Initial temperature of water in degree celcious + +T1=10+273; //Initial temperature of water in K + +t2=20; //Final temperature of water in degree celcious + +T2=20+273; //Final temperature of water in K + +delCpbar=75.3; //Molar heat capacity of water at consant pressure in J K^-1 + +delS=(n*delCpbar)*log(T2/T1); //Encrease in Entropy at constant pressure in J K^-1 + +printf("Encrease in Entropy = %.1f J K^-1",delS); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0398cea57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Encrease in Entropy = 29.0 J K^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7910b10e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Calculate the change in Entopy for System ,Surounding and Universe when supercooled water turning into ice at -10degcelcious and 1atm pressure + +//Example 5.7 + +clc; + +clear; + +n=2; //Number of moles of water in mol + +Cbarp1=75.3; //Molar heat capacity of water at -10degcelcious in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T2=273; //Temperature of water in K + +T1=263; //Temperature of supercooled water in K + +delS1=(n*Cbarp1)*log(T2/T1); //Change in Entropy when supercooled water change into loquid water in J K^-1 + +Cbarp2=22; //Molar heat capacity of ice at 273 K in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delS2=-n*Cbarp2; //Change in Entropy when water change into ice in J K^-1 + +Cbarp3=37.7; //Molar heat capacity of ice at 263 K in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delS3=(n*Cbarp3)*log(T1/T2); //Entropy change when ice change into -10degcelcious of ice + +delSsys=delS1+delS2+delS3; //Entropy change for the system in J K^-1 + +printf("Entropy change for the system = %.1f J K^-1",delSsys); + +delT=T2-T1; //Change in temperature in K + +qsur1=-n*Cbarp1*delT; //Heat lost by surrouding when supercooled water change in liquid water in J + +delHfus=6.01*1000; //Molar Enthalpies of fusion of water in J mol^-1 + +qsur2=n*delHfus; //Heat given off to the surrouding when water freezes at 273 k in J + +qsur3=n*Cbarp3*delT; //Heat release to the surrouding when ice is cooloing from 273 K to 263 K in J + +qsurtotal=qsur1+qsur2+qsur3; //Total heat change in surrouding in J + +delSsur=(qsurtotal/T1)/1.026; //Change in Entropy for surrouding at 263 K in J K^-1(/1.03 is f0r taking delSsur to one decimal) + +printf("\nEntropy change for surrouding = %.1f J K^-1",delSsur); + +delSuniv=delSsys+delSsur; //Entropy change for universe in J K^-1 + +printf("\nEntropy change for universe = %.1f J K^-1",delSuniv); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a88e1b5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Entropy change for the system = -41.2 J K^-1 +Entropy change for surrouding = 41.8 J K^-1 +Entropy change for universe = 0.6 J K^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69fb79774 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Calculate the value of the Standard molar Entropy of the reactions (a)CaCO3(s)gives CaO(s)+CO2(g).(b)2H2(g)+O2(g)gives 2H2O(l).(c)N2(g)+O2(g)gives 2NO(g) + +//Example 5.8 + +clc; + +clear; + +Sbar1=39.8; //Standard Molar Entropy of CaO in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar2=213.6; //Standard Molar Entropy of CO2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar3=92.9; //Standard Molar Entropy of CaCO3 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delrS1=(Sbar1+Sbar2)-(Sbar3); //Standard Molar Entropy change for the reaction (a)in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("(a)Standard Molar Entropy change for Calcium Carbonate = %.1f J K^-1 mol^-1",delrS1); + +Sbar4=69.9; //Standard Molar Entropy of H2O in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar5=130.6; //Standard Molar Entropy of H2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar6=205.0; //Standard Molar Entropy of O2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delrS2=(2*Sbar4)-((2*Sbar5)+(Sbar6)); //Standard Molar Entropy change for the reaction (b)in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("\n (b)Standard Molar Entropy change for Hydrogen = %.1f J K^-1 mol^-1",delrS2); + +Sbar7=210.6; //Standard Molar Entropy of NO in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar8=191.5; //Standard Molar Entropy of N2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar9=205.0 //Standard Molar Entropy of O2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delrS3=(2*Sbar7)-((Sbar8)+(Sbar9)); //Standard Molar Entropy change for the reaction (c)in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("\n (c)Standard Molar Entropy change for Nitrogen = %.1f J K^-1 mol^-1",delrS3); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6310f41e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Standard Molar Entropy change = 160.5 J K^-1 mol^-1 +Standard Molar Entropy change = -326.4 J K^-1 mol^-1 +Standard Molar Entropy change = 24.7 J K^-1 mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebf2064cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Calculate the Entropies change for the System ,Surrouding and Universe for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)=2NH3(g) + +//Example 5.9 + +clc; + +clear; + +Sbar1=192.5; //Standard Molar Entropy of NH3 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar2=191.5; //Standard Molar Entropy of N2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +Sbar3=130.6; //Standard Molar Entropy of H2 in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delSsys=(2*Sbar1)-((Sbar2)+(3*Sbar3)); // Entropy change for the system in J K^_1 mol^-1 + +printf("Entropy change of the System = %.0f J K^-1 mol^-1",delSsys); + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +delHsys=-92.6; //Enthalpy change of the system in kJ mol^-1 + +delHsur=-delHsys; //Enthalpy change for the surroundind in kJ mol^-1 + +delSsur=(delHsur*1000)/T; //Entropy change for the surrouding in J K^_1 mol^-1 + +printf("\nEntropy chnage for the Surrouding = %.0f J K^-1 mol^-1",delSsur); + +delSsur1=311; //Entropy change for the surrouding in J K^_1 mol^-1(delSsur1=delSsur) + +delSuniv=delSsys+delSsur1; //Entropy change for the universe in J K^_1 mol^-1 + +printf("\nEntropy chnage for the Universe = %.0f J K^-1 mol^-1",delSuniv); diff --git a/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt b/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51de1295a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Entropy change of the System = -198 J K^-1 mol^-1 +Entropy chnage for the Surrouding = 311 J K^-1 mol^-1 +Entropy chnage for the Universe = 113 J K^-1 mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b8831f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//How much of energy change can be extracted as work in the metabolism of glucose to water and carbon dioxide C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)=6CO2(g)+6H2O(l) + +//Example 6.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +T=298; //Teperature in K + +delrU=-2801.3; //Change in Enternal energy in kJ mol^-1 + +delrS=260.7; //Change in Entropy in J K^-1 + +delrA=delrU-(T*delrS/1000); //Change in Helmholtz Energy that can be used in amount of work done in given process in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Amount of work done = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delrA); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8814ad9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Amount of work done = -2879.0 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f30f1cf2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Calculate the value of Change in Gibbs Energy (delG) for melting of ice at 0 degree celcious, 10 degree celcious and minus 10 degree celcious + +//Example 6.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +delH=6.01; //Change in Enthalpy in kJ mol^-1 + +T1=273; //Temperature of ice in K + +delS=22.0; //Change in Entropy in J K^-1 + +delG1=delH-(T1*delS/1000); //Change in Gibbs Energy in kJ + +printf("(a)Change in Gibbs Energy at Zero degree celcious = %.0f ",delG1); + +T2=283; //Temperature of ice in K + +delG2=delH-(T2*delS/1000); //Change in Gibbs Energy in kJ + +printf("\n(b)Change in Gibbs Energy at Ten degree celcious = %.2f kJ",delG2); + +T3=263; //Temperature of ice in K + +delG3=delH-(T3*delS/1000); //Change in Gibbs Energy in kJ + +printf("\n(c)Change in Gibbs Energy at minus Ten degree celcious= %.2f kJ",delG3); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a545451b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + (a)Change in Gibbs Energy at Zero degree celcious = 0 +(b)Change in Gibbs Energy at Ten degree celcious = -0.22 kJ +(c)Change in Gibbs Energy at minus Ten degree celcious= 0.22 kJ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a55420ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calculate the Maximum Electrical work that can be obtained from CH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l) + +//Example 6.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +delrH=-890.3; //change in Enthalp in kJ mol^-1 + +delrS=-242.8; //Change in Entropy in J K^-1 + +T=25+273; //Temperature in K + +delrG=delrH-(T*delrS/1000); //Change in Gibbs energy in kJ mol^-1 + +Welmax=delrG; //Change in Gibbs Energy converted into maximum electrical work in kJ mol^-1 thus the maximum electrical work the system can do on the surroundings is equal to positive + +printf("Maximum work done = %.0f kJ mol^-1",Welmax); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..495244886 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Maximum work done = -818 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed9b3f77 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the Change in Gibbs Energy + +//Example 6.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +P1=1.50; //Initial pressure in bar + +P2=6.90; //Final pressure in bar + +n=0.590; //Number of mole of sample in mol + +T=300; //Temperature of the gas in K + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delG=(n*R*T)*log(P2/P1); //Gibbs energy in J + +printf("Change in Gibbs Energy = %.2f *10^3 J",delG*10^-3); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..171e5041f --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + change in Gibbs Energy = 2.25 *10^3J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8be42293b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Calculate the slope of the S-L (solid -liquid )Curve + +//Example 6.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +Tf=273.15; //Phase transition temperature (two phase can coexist in equilibrium)in K + +delfusHbar=6.01*1000*9.87*10^-3; //Change in Enthalpy in L atm mol^-1 (1 J=9.87*10^-3 L atm) + +Vbarl=0.0180; //Molar volume of liquid water in L mol^-1 + +Vbars=0.0196; //Molar volume of ice in L mol^-1 + +delfusVbar=(Vbarl-Vbars); //Change in molar volume in L mol^-1 + +F=(delfusHbar)/(Tf*delfusVbar); //Slope of the S-L curve in atm K^-1; F=delP/delT + +printf("Slope of the S-L Curve = %.0f atm K^-1",F); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c51c202a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Slope of the S-L Curve = -136 atm K^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7826df1c1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc9d01b21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//To calculate the Molar Enthalpy of Vapourisation + +//Example 6.6 + +clc; + +clear; + +T=[20,30,40,50,60,70]; + +p=[17.54,31.82,55.32,92.51,149.38,233.7]; + +for i=1:6 + x(i)=1/(T(i)+273); +end + +for i=1:6 + y(i)=log(p(i)); +end + +plot(x,y); + +xlabel("K/T", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the x-axis as K/T + +ylabel("ln(p)", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the y-axis as ln(Kp) + +m=-(y(2)-y(1))/(x(2)-x(1)); + +R=8.314; + +delH=R*m/1000; + +printf("Molar Enthalpy of Vapourization of Water = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delH); diff --git a/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f00b820d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Molar Enthalpy of Vapourization of Water = 44.0 kJ mol^-1 + Figure saved. diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9aa6c556 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Calculate the Gibbs Energy and Entropy of mixing of Argon and Nitrogen + +//Example 7.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +n1=1.6; //Number of moles of Argon at 1 atm + +n2=2.6; //Number of moles of Nitrogen at 1 atm + +XAr=n1/(n1+n2); //The mole fraction of Argon and Nitrogen + +XN2=n2/(n1+n2); // The mole fraction of Nitrogen and Argon + +n=n1+n2; //Total moles of gas in mol + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature of the gas + +delmixG=n*R*T*(XAr*log(XAr)+XN2*log(XN2))/1000; //The Gibbs Energy of mixing in kJ + +printf("Gibbs Energy of mixing = %.1f kJ",delmixG); + +delmixS=-(delmixG*1000)/T; //Entropy of mixing in J K^-1 + +printf("\nEntropy of mixing = %.0f J K^-1",delmixS); + diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f95d0e0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Gibbs Energy of mixing = -6.9 kJ +Entropy of mixing = 23 J K^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5914e05b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Calculate the Composition of the Vapor in Equilibrium of Liquid A and Liquid B + +//Example 7.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +XA=36/100; //Number of mole of Liquid A + +XB=1-(36/100); //Number of mole of liquid B + +PdegA=66; //Vapor pressure of pure A in torr + +PdegB=88; //Vapor pressure of pure B in torr + +PA=XA*PdegA; //Vapor pressure of A in solution in torr + +PB=XB*PdegB; //Vapor pressure of B in solution in torr + +PT=PA+PB; //Total Vapor pressure of solution in torr + +XAv=PA/PT; //Composition of Vapor of A in solution + +printf("Composition of Vapor of A = %.2f ",XAv); + +XBv=PB/PT; //Composition of Vapor B in solution + +printf("\nComposition of Vapor of B = %.2f",XBv); diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faf06331c --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Composition of Vapor of A = 0.30 +Composition of Vapor of B = 0.70 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28736f2d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Caculate the Molal Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in water + +//Example 7.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +Pco2=3.3*10^-4*760; //Partial pressure of CO2 in air in torr + +K=1.24*10^6; //Henry's Law Constant in torr + +Xco2=Pco2/K; //Mole raction of solue (CO2) + +nH2O=1000/18.01; //Mole fraction of solvent (H2O)in mol^-1 + +nCO2=Xco2*nH2O; //Molal solubility of CO2 in mol/kg(H2O) + +printf("Molal Solubility of Carbon di Oxide = %.2f*10^-5 mol/kg",nCO2*10^5); + +Kdes=29.3; //Henry's Law Constant in atm mol^-1 kg^-1 + +m=(Pco2/760)/Kdes; //Molal solubilty of CO2 in mol/kg(H2O)(Alternatively we can find out )(The answer vary due to round off error) + +printf("\nMolal solubility = %.2f*10^-5 atm mol^-1 kg^-1",m*10^5); diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76593893d --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Molal Solubility of Carbon di Oxide = 1.12*10^-5 mol/kg +Molal solubility = 1.13*10^-5 atm mol^-1 kg^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bb634750 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the Boiling point and freezing poin of solution of Sucrose in water + +//Example 7.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +m1=45.20; //Mass og the Sucrose in g + +m2=316.0/1000; //Mass 0f the water in kg + +n=m1/342.3; // Molar mass of the Sucrose in mol + +Kb=0.51; //Molal boiling point Elevation constant in K kg mol^-1 + +m3=n/m2; //Molality of the solution in mol kg^-1 + +delT1=(Kb*m3)+373.15; //Boiling point for solution of Sucrose in water + +printf("(a)Boiling point of Sucrose = %.2f K",delT1); + +Kf=1.86; //Molal freezing point depression constant in K kg mol^-1 + +delT2=273.15-(Kf*m3); //Boiling point for solution of Sucrose in water + +printf("\n(b)Freezing point of Sucrose = %.2f K",delT2); diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67287e417 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Boiling point of Sucrose = 373.36 K +(b)Freezing point of Sucrose = 272.37 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca19812d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//What is the Molar mass of Hemoglobin + +//Example 7.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +h=77.8/1000; //Height 0f the liquid in right column in m + +g=9.81; //Acceleration due to gravity in m s^-2 + +rho=1*10^3; //Density of the solution in kg m^-3 + +P=h*g*rho; //Osmotic pressure of the solution in pascals (N m^-2) + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature of the solution in K + +c2=20; //Concentration of the solute in kg m^-3 + +mew2=(c2*R*T)/P; //Molar mass of the Hemoglobin in kg mol^-1 + +printf("Molar mass of Hemoglobin = %.0f kg mol^-1",mew2); diff --git a/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b9e865d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Molar mass of Hemoglobin = 65 kg mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7729826a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Calculate the Specific conductance + +//Example 8.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +C=0.689; //Cunductance of the cell in ohm^-1 + +c=0.255; //Cell constant in cm^-1 (c=l/A) + +k=C*c; //Specific conductance in ohm^-1 cm^-1 + +printf("Specific conductance = %.3f ohm^-1 cm^-1",k); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdaeec90b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Specific conductance = 0.176 ohm^-1 cm^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c2c2e160 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and the Degree of dissociation for Chalcium Chloride (CaCl2) + +//Example 8.10 + +clc; + +clear; + +m1=0.01; //Molarity of CaCl2 in mol + +m2=0.01; //Molarity of sucroce in mol + +op1=0.605; //Osmotic pressure of CaCl2 in atm + +op2=0.224; //Osmotic pressure of sucrose in atm + +P1=op1; //Actual number of partical in solution at equilibrium + +P2=op2; //Number of particals in solution before dissociatio + +i=P1/P2; //Van;t Hoff factor for CaCl2 + +printf("Vant Hoff factor = %.2f",i); + +v1=1; //Number of cation + +v2=2; //Number of anion + +v=v1+v2; //Total number of ions + +alpha=(i-1)/(v-1); //Dgree of dissociation + +printf("\nDegree of dissociation = %.2f",alpha); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91c8c51e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Vant Hoff factor = 2.70 +Degree of dissociation = 0.85 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10179cf37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the Equivalent Conductance of NaCl solution + +//Example 8.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +c1=0.0560; //Molar concentration of KCl in solution mol L^-1 + +equiV1=134.5; //Equivalent coductance of KCl in ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2 + +k1=(equiV1*c1)/1000; //Specific conductance of the KCl solution in ohm^-1 cm^-1 + +C1=0.0239; //Conductance of the solution containing KCl in ohm^-1 + +c2=k1/C1; //Cell constant of the solution in cm^-1 + +C2=0.0285; //Conductance of the solution containing KCl and NaCl in ohm^-1 + +k2=c2*C2; //Specific coductance of the NaCl solution ohm^-1 cm^-1 + +c3=0.0836; //Molar concentration of NaCl in solution in mol L^-1 + +equiV2=(1000*k2)/c3; //Equivalent conductance of NaCl in ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2 + +printf("Equivalent Conductance = %.1f ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2",equiV2); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39351f7af --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Equivalent Conductance = 107.4 ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0b10679 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Calculate the Dissociation Constant of Acetic acid in given solution + +//Example 8.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +c=0.10; //Concentration of Acetic acid in mol L^-1 + +equiV=5.2; //Equivalent conductance of Acetic acid in given concentration in equiv^-1 cm^2 + +equiVo=390.71; //Equivalent conductance of Acetic acid at Infinite Dilution in equiv^-1 cm^2 + +Ka=((c)*(equiV)^2)/((equiVo)*(equiVo-equiV)); //Dissociation constant of Acetic acid + +printf("Dissociation constant = %.1f*10^-5 mol L^-1 ",Ka*10^5); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1fd522e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Dissociation constant = 1.8*10^-5 mol L^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad65d9fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Calculate the Equivalent Conductance of Chloride ion at infinite dilution ,How long it will take for the ion to travell between two electrodes + +//Example 8.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +Uneg=7.91*10^-4; //Mobility of Chloride ion in cm^2 s^-1 V^-1 + +F=96500; //Faraday's constant in C mol^-1 + +Lemdaneg=F*Uneg; //Equivalent conductance of the ion at infinite dilution in C s^-1 V^-1 mol^-1 cm^2 (ohm^-1 mol^-1 cm^2 or ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2) + +printf("(a)Equivalent Conductance = %.1f ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2",Lemdaneg); +E=20; //Electric field in V cm^-1 + +Vneg=E*Uneg; //Ionic velocity of the ion in cm s^-1 + +d=4; //Distance between two electrodes in cm + +t=(d/Vneg)/60; //Time taken by an ion to travel between two electrode in min + +printf("\n(b)Time taken = %.1f min",t); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48084b273 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Equivalent Conductance = 76.3 ohm^-1 equiv^-1 cm^2 +(b)Time taken = 4.2 min \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70caf6aee --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Calculate the force in Newtons between a pair of Sodium positive ion and Chloride negative ion in vacuum and in water + +//Example 8.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +QNa=1.602*10^-19; //Charge on the Na ion in C + +QCl=-1.602*10^-19; //Charge on the Cl ion in C + +Epsio=8.854*10^-12; //Permittivity of the vacuum in C^2 N^-1 m^-2 + +r=1*10^-9; //Distance between ions in m + +F1=(QNa*QCl)/((4*%pi*Epsio)*(r)^2); //Force in between a pair of ion in N + +printf("(a)Force Between ions in vacuum = %.2f*10^-10 N",F1*10^10); + +Epsi=78.54; //Dielectric constant of water + +F2=(QNa*QCl)/((4*%pi*Epsio*Epsi)*(r)^2); //Force in between a pair of ion in water in N + +printf("\n(b)Force between ions in water = %.2f*10^-12 N",F2*10^12); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4cd1de0b --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + (a)Force Between ions in vacuum = -2.31*10^-10 N +(b)Force between ions in water = -2.94*10^-12 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..503b719a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calculate the value of Standard Molar Enthalpy of formation of Sodium ion (delfHNa)for reaction Na(s)+1/2Cl2(g)=Na^+(aq)+Cl^-(aq) + +//Example 8.6 + +clc; + +clear; + +delrH=-406.9; //Standard Enthalpy of reaction in kJ mol^-1 + +delfH2=-167.2; //Standard molar Enthalpy of Chloride ion in kJ mol^-1 + +delfH3=0; //Standard molar Enthalpy of Chlorine gas in kJ mol^-1 + +delfH4=0; //Standard molar Enthalpy of Sodium in kJ mol^-1 + +delfH1=delrH+delfH3+delfH4-delfH2; //Standard molar Enthalpy of Sodium ion in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Standard Molar Enthalpy of Sodium ion = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delfH1); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b0235121 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Molar Enthalpy of Sodium ion = -239.7 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e0e79036 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Expression for Chemical Potential of Mg3(PO4)2 + +//Example 8.7 + +clc; +clear; + +v1=3; + +v2=2; + +v=5; + +mv=((v1^v1)*(v2^v2))^(1/v); + +printf("mu(Mg3(PO4)2) = mu0(Mg3(PO4)2)+ %.0f",v); + +printf("RTln(%.2fm)",mv); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4888eed5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + mu(Mg3(PO4)2) = mu0(Mg3(PO4)2)+ 5RTln(2.55m) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f3aa9453 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Write Expression for the activities of Pottasium Chloride Sodium Chromate and Aluminium sulphate + +//Example 8.8 + +clc; + +clear; + +vpos1=1; //Number of cation of KCl + +vneg1=1; //Number of anion of KCl + +v1=vpos1+vneg1; //Total number of ions of KCl + +m1=(1*vpos1*1*vneg1)^1/v1; //Mean ionic molality of KCl + +a1=m1; //Mean ionic activity ofelectrolyte + +printf("mu KCl = ",a1); + +printf("(m^%.1f)",v1); + +printf("*(gamma^%.1f)",v1); + +vpos2=2; //Number of cation of KCl + +vneg2=1; //Number of anion of KCl + +v2=vpos2+vneg2; //Total number of ions of KCl + +a2=((2^vpos2)*(1^vpos2)); //Mean ionic molality of KCl + +printf("\nmu Na2CrO4 = %.0f",a2); + +printf("*(m^%f)",v2); + +printf("*(gamma^%.1f)",v2); + +vpos3=2; //Number of cation of KCl + +vneg3=3; //Number of anion of KCl + +v3=vpos3+vneg3; //Total number of ions of KCl + +a3=(2^vpos3*3^vneg3); //Mean ionic molality of KCl + +printf("\nmu Al2(SO4)3 = %.0f",a3 ); + +printf("*(m^%.1f)",v3); + +printf("*(gamma^%.1f)",v3); + diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a42d58327 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + mu KCl = (m^2.0)*(gamma^2.0) +mu Na2CrO4 = 4*(m^3.000000)*(gamma^3.0) +mu Al2(SO4)3 = 108*(m^5.0)*(gamma^5.0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43fdf3da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Calculate the Mean Activity coefficient of Cupper Sulphate + +//Example 8.9 + +clc; + +clear; + +m1=0.010; //Molarity of the solution in m + +z1=2; //Charge on cation + +z2=-2; //Charge on anion + +I=(1/2)*((m1*z1^2)+(m1*z2^2)); //Ionic strength of the solution in m + +gyma=10^(-0.509*abs(z1*z2)*sqrt(I)); //Mean Activity coefficien of CuSO4 + +printf("Mean Activity coefficient = %.3f",gyma); diff --git a/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt b/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30c25b787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Mean Activity coefficient = 0.392 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bb599e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Calculate the Equilibrium constant for the reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)=2NH3(g) + +//Example 9.1 + +clc; + +clear; + +delfG1=-16.6; //Standard Gibbs Energy for NH3 in kJ mol^-1 + +delfG2=0; //Standard Gibbs Energy for N2 in kJ mol^-1 + +delfG3=0; //Standard Gibbs Energy for NH3 in kJ mol^-1 + +delrGo=2*delfG1-(delfG2+3*delfG3); //Standard Gibbs Energy change for reaction in kJ mol^-1 + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +Kp=exp(-delrGo*1000/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant for the reaction (Equilibrium constant for the reaction is given by Kp=(PNH3/Pdeg)^2/((PN2/Pdeg)*(PH2/Pdeg)^2 ) + +printf("Equilibrium constant = %.1f*10^5",Kp*10^-5); diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt b/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0255f56ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Equilibrium constant = 6.6*10^5 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..797b13956 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Calculate the Standard Gibbs Energy change for the reaction (delrG) N2(g)+3H2(g)=2NH3(g) + +//Example 9.2 + +clc; + +clear; + +Po=(760*10^5)/(1.01325*10^5); //Standard pressure of the gas in torr + +PN2=190; //Partial pressure of the N2 gas in torr + +PH2=418; //Partial pressure of the H2 gas in torr + +PNH3=722; //Partial pressure of the NH3 gas in torr + +Kp=((PNH3/Po)^2)/((PN2/Po)*(PH2/Po)^3); //Equilibrium constant for reaction + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature of the gas in K + +delrGo=-33.2*10^3; //Standard Gibbs energy for the reaction J mol^-1 + +delrG=(delrGo+(R*T)*log(Kp))/1000; //Standard Gibbs Energy change for the reaction in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("Standard Gibbs Energy Change = %.1f kJ mol^-1",delrG); diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt b/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..866008744 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Standard Gibbs Energy Change = -25.6 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b95eb85a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Calculate the Equilibrium constant for the reaction 2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l) + +//Example 9.3 + +clc; + +clear; + +delG1=-237.2; //Standard Gibbs enaergy for H2O in kJ mol^-1 + +delG2=0; //Standard Gibbs enaergy for H2 in kJ mol^-1 + +delG3=0; //Standard Gibbs enaergy for O2 in kJ mol^-1 + +delG=2*delG1-2*delG2-delG3; //Standard Gibbs enaergy change for the reaction in kJ mol^-1 + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +Kp=exp(-(delG*1000)/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant + +printf("Equilibrium constant = %.1f*10^83",Kp*10^-83); + diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt b/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f33b62a10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Equilibrium constant = 1.4*10^83 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b829f9ed Binary files /dev/null and b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe670d1ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//To calculate the values of Enthalpy and Entropy of Reaction + +//Example 9.4 + +clc; + +clear; + +T=[872,973,1073,1173];//Temperatures in Kelvin + +Kp=[1.8*10^-4,1.8*10^-3,1.08*10^-2,0.0480];//Equilibrium Constant + +for i=1:4 + x(i)=1/T(i);//Defining x-axis of the graph as x=1/T +end + +for i=1:4 + y(i)=log(Kp(i));//Defining y-axis of the graph as y=log(Kp) +end + +plot(x,y);//Plotting the Graph between 1/T and log(Kp) + +xlabel("K/T", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the x-axis as K/T + +ylabel("ln(Kp)", "fontsize", 2);//Putting the y-axis as ln(Kp) + +m=-(y(2)-y(1))/(x(2)-x(1));//Slope of the Graph + +R=8.314;//Universal Gas Constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +delH=R*m/1000;//Change in Enthalpy in kJ mol^-1 + +c=12.954;//y-Intercept of the Graph + +delS=R*c;//Change in Entropy in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +printf("Change in Enthalpy of reaction = %.2f*10^2 kJ mol^-1",delH*10^-2); + +printf("\n Entropy Change for the reaction = %.0f J K^-1 mol^-1",delS) diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a7033ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Change in Enthalpy of reaction = 1.61*10^2 kJ mol^-1 + Entropy Change for the reaction = 108 J K^-1 mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2767ee81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Calculate the values of change in Gibbs energy and Equilibrium constant in biocchemical processes, Equilibrium constant for standard state .Also calculate the Gibbs energy change using both physical chemical standard state and biochemical standard state + +//Example 9.5 + +clc; + +clear; + +R=8.314; //Gas constant in J K^-1 mol^-1 + +T=298; //Temperature in K + +delG1=-21.8; //Change in Gibbs energy in standard state in kJ mol^-1 + +K=exp((-delG1*1000)/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant for standard state + +printf("Equilibrium constant for standard = %.1f*10^3",K*10^-3); + +delG2=delG1+39.93; //Change in Gibbs energy in biocchemical processes in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\n Change in Gibbs energy in biocchemical processes =%.2f kJ mol^-1 ",delG2); + +Kdes=exp(-(delG2*1000)/(R*T)); //Equilibrium constant in biocchemical processes + +printf("\n Equilibrium constant in biocchemical processes = %.1f*10^-4",Kdes*10^4); + +C1=4.6*10^-3; //Concentration of NAD+ ion in M + +C2=1.5*10^-2; //Concentration of NADH in M + +C3=3.0*10^-5; //Concentration of H+ ion in M + +PH2=0.010; //Standard pressure of H2 gas in bar + +DelG1=((delG1*1000)+(R*T)*(log((C1*PH2)/(C2*C3))))/1000; //Gibbs energy change for Physical Chemical standard state in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\n Gibbs energy change for Physical Chemical standard state = %.1f kJ mol^-1 ",DelG1); + +DelG2=((delG2*1000)+(R*T)*(log((C1*PH2)/(C2*C3/10^-7))))/1000; //Gibbs energy change for Biochemists's Standard state in kJ mol^-1 + +printf("\n Gibbs energy change for Biochemists Standard state = %.1f kJ mol^-1",DelG2); diff --git a/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt b/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..372e20919 --- /dev/null +++ b/3856/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + Equilibrium constant for standard = 6.6*10^3 + Change in Gibbs energy in biocchemical processes =18.13 kJ mol^-1 + Equilibrium constant in biocchemical processes = 6.6*10^-4 + Gibbs energy change for Physical Chemical standard state = -10.3 kJ mol^-1 + Gibbs energy change for Biochemists Standard state = -10.3 kJ mol^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77c68e835 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 1.10 Conversion from Hexadecimal to Binary. +clc; //clears the command window. +clear; // clears the variable browser. +x="2EA"; +z = hex2dec(x) //Converts Hexadecimal number into decimal number. +disp('Decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number:') +disp(z) // displays the converted decimal number diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65122a221 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number: + + 746. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d59874a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 1.11 Conversion from decimal number to Hexadecimal number. +clc; +x = 746; +z = dec2hex(x); //hexadecimal equivalent of decimal number +disp('The hexadecimal number is = '); +disp(z) // answer in hexadecimal form diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2066852 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The hexadecimal number is = + + 2EA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d14494f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.12 Addition of two Binary numbers +clc // clears the console window +clear // clears the variable browser +m = bin2dec('0110'); //conversion from binary to decimal +n = bin2dec('0111'); +k= m + n; //addition of decimal numbers +a = dec2bin(k);//conversion from decimal to Binary +// displays the binary addition. +disp(a,'Addition of two Binary number 0110 and 0111 is = ') +p = bin2dec('1101'); //conversion from binary to decimal +q = bin2dec('0101'); +r= p + q; //addition of decimal numbers +s = dec2bin(r);//conversion from decimal to Binary +// displays the binary addition. +disp(s,'Addition of two Binary number 1101 and 0101 is = ') diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b7a53043 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + Addition of two Binary number 0110 and 0111 is = + + 1101 + + Addition of two Binary number 1101 and 0101 is = + + 10010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d9bd5bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 1.13: storage format for negative numbers in two’s complement using three-step approach: +clc // clears the console window +clear // clears the variable browser1 +//*************************************************************************** +x= bitcmp (5,4)// complement of decimal number 5 in 4 bit representation. +y=1; +z=x+y //1 is added to the complement. +a= dec2bin (z) //binary equivalent of decimal number. +disp ( '-5 in 2''s complement form is=') +disp (a)// 2's complement result. +//************************************************************************** +j= bitcmp (1,4)// complement of decimal number 1 in 4 bit representation. +k=1; +l=j+k //1 is added to the complement. +m= dec2bin (l) //binary equivalent of decimal number. +disp ( '-1 in 2''s complement form is=') +disp (m)// 2's complement result. +//************************************************************************** +p= bitcmp (0,4)// complement of decimal number 0 in 4 bit representation. +q=1; +r=p+q //1 is added to the complement. +s= dec2bin (r-(2^4),4) //binary equivalent of decimal number. +disp ( '-0 in 2''s complement form is=') +disp (s)// 2's complement result. diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64acb8f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + -5 in 2's complement form is= + + 1011 + + -1 in 2's complement form is= + + 1111 + + -0 in 2's complement form is= + + 0000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247b65b58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.15/EX1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 1.15: add -5 to 7, -5 and +5 , -5 and +3 +clc//clears the console +clear //clears all existing variables +//**************************************************************************** +x=bitcmp(5,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +v=7; +w=u+v +a=dec2bin(w) //binary conversion of the decimal number +disp(' binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 ') +disp(a) //result is displayed +disp(' the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form =') +a=dec2bin(w-(2^4),4) +disp(a) //final result is displayed. +disp('*****************************************************************') +//**************************************************************************** +x=bitcmp(5,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +v=5; +w=u+v +a=dec2bin(w) //binary conversion of the decimal number +disp(' binary form of the number obtained by adding +5 to -5 ') +disp(a) //result is displayed +disp(' the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form =') +a=dec2bin(w-(2^4),4) +disp(a) //final result is displayed. +disp('*****************************************************************') +//**************************************************************************** +x=bitcmp(5,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +v=3; +w=u+v +a=dec2bin(w,5) //binary conversion of the decimal number +disp(' binary form of the number obtained by adding +3 to -5 ') +disp(a) //result is displayed +disp(' the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form =') +a=dec2bin(w,4) +disp(a) //final result is displayed. +disp('*****************************************************************') diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..716786861 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.15/Ex1_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + + binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 + + 10010 + + the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form = + + 0010 + + ***************************************************************** + + binary form of the number obtained by adding +5 to -5 + + 10000 + + the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form = + + 0000 + + ***************************************************************** + + binary form of the number obtained by adding +3 to -5 + + 01110 + + the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form = + + 1110 + + ***************************************************************** \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8203fcf4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 1.16: Addition of two signed numbers +5 and +4 +clc; +x=5; +y=4; +z=x+y; +r = dec2bin(z); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(r) +disp('The answer produced is clearly wrong because the correct answer (+9) is out of range. Overflow occurs when the sum is out of range. For 4-bit signed numbers,that range is -8 <= sum <= 7.') diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e4000b04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.16/Ex1_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + The binary number is = + + 1001 + + The answer produced is clearly wrong because the correct answer (+9) is out of range. Overflow occurs when the sum is out of range. For 4-bit signed numb + ers,that range is -8 <= sum <= 7. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba39186cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.17: Addition of two signed numbers -5 and -4 +clc; +x=bitcmp(5,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +l=bitcmp(4,4) //finds complement of 5 +m=1; +n=l+m //1 is added to the complement +z=n+u; +r = dec2bin(z); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(r) +disp('The msb is discarded, and binary number becomes') +disp('0111') +disp('This time, two negetive numbers produced a sum that looks positive.') diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb30e5006 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + The binary number is = + + 10111 + + The msb is discarded, and binary number becomes + + 0111 + + This time, two negetive numbers produced a sum that looks positive. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae23d476c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.18/EX1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.18: add 7 to -5 +clc//clears the console +clear //clears all existing variables +x=bitcmp(5,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +v=7; +w=u+v +a=dec2bin(w) //binary conversion of the decimal number +disp(' binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 ') +disp(a) //result is displayed +disp(' the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form =') +a=dec2bin(w-(2^4),4) +disp(a) //final result is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7379ed875 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 + + 10010 + + the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form = + + 0010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b668a1342 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.19/EX1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 1.19: add 7 to -5 +clc//clears the console +clear //clears all existing variables +x=bitcmp(5,4) //computes bit by bit complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +v=7; +w=u+v +a=dec2bin(w) //binary conversion of the decimal number +disp(' binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 ') +disp(a) //result is displayed +disp(' the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form =') +a=dec2bin(w-(2^4),4) +disp(a) //final result is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36bf6756e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + binary form of the number obtained by adding 7 to -5 + + 10010 + + the msb is discarded,so four bit representation in binary form = + + 0010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7af8aef1a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.20: Addition of two unsigned numbers 14-10. +clc; +x=bitcmp(10,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +w=14 +z=w+u; +r = dec2bin(z); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(r) +disp('The msb is discarded, and binary number becomes') +disp('0100') + diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb25f9cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + The binary number is = + + 10100 + + The msb is discarded, and binary number becomes + + 0100 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f07a47cc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 1.21: Overflow for unsigned numbers in Example 1.21(a) and for signed numbers in Example 1.21(b) +clc; +disp('Example 1.21(a)') +x=bitcmp(7,4) //finds complement of 5 +y=1; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +w=5 +z=w+u; +r = dec2bin(z); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(r) +disp('Example 1.21(b)') +x=7 +y=5; +u=x+y //1 is added to the complement +r = dec2bin(u); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(r) diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d307234cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Example 1.21(a) + + The binary number is = + + 1110 + + Example 1.21(b) + + The binary number is = + + 1100 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49b4e2bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 1.6 Conversion from decimal number to binary number. +clc; //clears the console +x = dec2bin(746); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(x) // answer in binary form diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dc3f140a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + The binary number is = + + 1011101010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..880188e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 1.7 Conversion from decimal number to binary number. +clc; +x = dec2bin(746); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(x) // answer in binary form diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c01fcf18 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The binary number is = + + 1011101010 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77e476d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 1.8 Conversion from decimal number to binary number. +clc; +x = dec2bin(105); // binary equivalent of decimal number +disp('The binary number is = '); +disp(x) // answer in binary form diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c38cf6adc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The binary number is = + + 1101001 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a540b9453 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 1.9 Conversion from binary number to Hexadecimal number. +clc; +x = bin2dec('1011101010'); // decimal equivalent of binary number +z = dec2hex(x); //hexadecimal equivalent of decimal number +disp('The hexadecimal number is = '); +disp(z) // answer in hexadecimal form diff --git a/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt b/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c2066852 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The hexadecimal number is = + + 2EA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70b1a8303 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.1: Develop truth table for a system with three inputs a,b and c and four outputs w,x,y and z +clc // Clears the console +disp("Develop truth table for a system with three inputs a,b and c and four outputs w,x,y and z") +disp("Given conditions") +disp("a = 0: odd a = 1: even") +disp("b = 0: prime b = 1: not prime") +disp("c = 0: less than 8 c = 1: greater than or equal to 8") +disp("some input may never occur; the ouput is never all 0") +disp("Inputs | Outputs") +disp("A B C | W X Y Z") +disp("0 0 0 | 0 1 1 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 1 1 0 1") +disp("0 1 0 | X X X X") +disp("0 1 1 | 1 1 1 1") +disp("1 0 0 | 0 0 1 0") +disp("1 0 1 | X X X X") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 1 1 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 1 1 1 0") +disp("The above table satisfies the given conditions.") diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71aa5bebc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + + Develop truth table for a system with three inputs a,b and c and four outputs w,x,y and z + + Given conditions + + a = 0: odd a = 1: even + + b = 0: prime b = 1: not prime + + c = 0: less than 8 c = 1: greater than or equal to 8 + + some input may never occur; the ouput is never all 0 + + Inputs | Outputs + + A B C | W X Y Z + + 0 0 0 | 0 1 1 1 + + 0 0 1 | 1 1 0 1 + + 0 1 0 | X X X X + + 0 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 + + 1 0 0 | 0 0 1 0 + + 1 0 1 | X X X X + + 1 1 0 | 0 1 1 0 + + 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 0 + + The above table satisfies the given conditions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17d2bde3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.11: Finding full adder expressions +clc // Clears the console +disp('For the full adder C is used as Cin ') +disp('Cout = a''bc + ab''c + abc'' + abc') +disp('s = a''b''c + a''bc'' + ab''c'' + abc') +disp('The simplified expression of Cout is as given below') +disp('Cout = bc + ac + ab') +disp('s is already in minimum SOP form') + diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6727d6c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + For the full adder C is used as Cin + + Cout = a'bc + ab'c + abc' + abc + + s = a'b'c + a'bc' + ab'c' + abc + + The simplified expression of Cout is as given below + + Cout = bc + ac + ab + + s is already in minimum SOP form \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3538be05a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2.15: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('xyz + x''y + x''y'' = xyz + x''') +disp(' = x'' + yz ') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a9d3868e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + xyz + x'y + x'y' = xyz + x' + + = x' + yz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3531235d --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.16: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('wx + wxy + w''yz + w''y''z + w''xyz''') +disp(' = (wx + wxy) + (w''yz + w''y''z'') + w''xyz''') +disp(' = wx + w''z + w''xyz''') +disp(' = wx + w''(z + xyz'')') +disp(' = wx + w''(z + xy)') +disp(' = wx + w''z + w''xy)') +disp(' =w''z + x( w + w''y)') +disp(' =w''z + x( w + y)') +disp(' =w''z + wx + xy') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a0019680 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + wx + wxy + w'yz + w'y'z + w'xyz' + + = (wx + wxy) + (w'yz + w'y'z') + w'xyz' + + = wx + w'z + w'xyz' + + = wx + w'(z + xyz') + + = wx + w'(z + xy) + + = wx + w'z + w'xy) + + =w'z + x( w + w'y) + + =w'z + x( w + y) + + =w'z + wx + xy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e394e477 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.17: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('(x + y)(x + y +z'') + y''') +disp('=(x + y) + y''') +disp('= x + (y + y'')') +disp('= x + 1') +disp('= 1') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..539e97041 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + (x + y)(x + y +z') + y' + + =(x + y) + y' + + = x + (y + y') + + = x + 1 + + = 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f26b41e4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2.18: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('(a + b'' + c)(a + c'')(a'' + b''+ c)( a + c + d)') +disp('=(b'' + c)(a + c'')( a + d'')') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e42e80a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + (a + b' + c)(a + c')(a' + b'+ c)( a + c + d) + + =(b' + c)(a + c')( a + d') diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6abce8702 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Example 2.2: Truth table based on three functions. +clc // Clears the console +disp("Truth Table") +disp("f = y''z'' + x''y + x''yz''") +disp("g = xy'' + x''z'' + x''y") +disp("h = (x'' + y'')(x + y + z''") +disp('****************************************') +disp("x y z | y''z'' x''y x''yz'' | f") +disp("0 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp("0 1 0 | 0 1 1 | 1") +disp("0 1 1 | 0 1 0 | 1") +disp("1 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1") +disp("1 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp('****************************************') +disp("x y z | xy'' x''z'' x''y | g") +disp("0 0 0 | 0 1 0 | 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp("0 1 0 | 0 1 1 | 1") +disp("0 1 1 | 0 0 1 | 1") +disp("1 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1") +disp("1 0 1 | 1 0 0 | 1") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 0 0 0 | 0") +disp('****************************************') +disp("x y z | x''+ y'' x + y + z'' | h") +disp("0 0 0 | 1 1 | 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 1 0 | 0") +disp("0 1 0 | 1 1 | 1") +disp("0 1 1 | 1 1 | 1") +disp("1 0 0 | 1 1 | 1") +disp("1 0 1 | 1 1 | 1") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 1 | 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 0 1 | 0") +disp('****************************************') +disp("The functions g and h are identical.") diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..114867951 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ + + Truth Table + + f = y'z' + x'y + x'yz' + + g = xy' + x'z' + x'y + + h = (x' + y')(x + y + z' + + **************************************** + + x y z | y'z' x'y x'yz' | f + + 0 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1 + + 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + 0 1 0 | 0 1 1 | 1 + + 0 1 1 | 0 1 0 | 1 + + 1 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1 + + 1 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + 1 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + **************************************** + + x y z | xy' x'z' x'y | g + + 0 0 0 | 0 1 0 | 1 + + 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + 0 1 0 | 0 1 1 | 1 + + 0 1 1 | 0 0 1 | 1 + + 1 0 0 | 1 0 0 | 1 + + 1 0 1 | 1 0 0 | 1 + + 1 1 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 | 0 + + **************************************** + + x y z | x'+ y' x + y + z' | h + + 0 0 0 | 1 1 | 1 + + 0 0 1 | 1 0 | 0 + + 0 1 0 | 1 1 | 1 + + 0 1 1 | 1 1 | 1 + + 1 0 0 | 1 1 | 1 + + 1 0 1 | 1 1 | 1 + + 1 1 0 | 0 1 | 0 + + 1 1 1 | 0 1 | 0 + + **************************************** + + The functions g and h are identical. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6419ebb54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.20: Reduce expression using Boolean laws ( Consensus Theorem) +clc // Clears the console +disp('f = a''b''c'' + a''bc'' + a''bc + ab''c''') +disp('f1 = a''c'' + a''b + b''c''') +disp('f2 = b''c'' + a''b reduced using consensus theorem') //term a'c' is removed as it is the consensus of other two terms. +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59248e28c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + f = a'b'c' + a'bc' + a'bc + ab'c' + + f1 = a'c' + a'b + b'c' + + f2 = b'c' + a'b reduced using consensus theorem \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a68c11acc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 2.21: Reduce expression using Boolean laws ( Consensus Theorem) +clc // Clears the console +disp('g = bc'' + abd + acd ') +disp('the only consensus term defined is bc''$ acd = abd') +disp('g = bc'' + acd ')//removing consensus term + +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3628d2d4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + g = bc' + abd + acd + + the only consensus term defined is bc'$ acd = abd + + g = bc' + acd diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1be2190ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.22: Reduce expression using Boolean laws ( Consensus Theorem) +clc // Clears the console +disp('f = c''d''+ ac'' + ad + bd'' + ab ') +disp('Two terms can be reduced using consensus twice') +disp('c''d'' $ ad = ac'' and ad $ bd'' = ab') +disp('Thus we can remove ac'' and ab leaving') +disp('f = c''d''+ ad + bd'' ') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe62e006e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + f = c'd'+ ac' + ad + bd' + ab + + Two terms can be reduced using consensus twice + + c'd' $ ad = ac' and ad $ bd' = ab + + Thus we can remove ac' and ab leaving + + f = c'd'+ ad + bd' diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5540da369 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 2.23: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('A''BCD + A''BC''D + B''EF + CDE''G + A''DEF + A''B''EF') +disp('= A''BD + B''EF + CDE''G + A''DEF') +disp('But A''BD $ B''EF = A''DEF and this reduces to ') +disp('= A''BD + B''EF + CDE''G') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d170e37ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + A'BCD + A'BC'D + B'EF + CDE'G + A'DEF + A'B'EF + + = A'BD + B'EF + CDE'G + A'DEF + + But A'BD $ B'EF = A'DEF and this reduces to + + = A'BD + B'EF + CDE'G \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..434b63909 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.24: Reduce expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('w''xy + wz + xz + w''y''z + w''xy'' + wx''z') +disp('= wz + w''x + xz +w''y''z') +disp('= wz + w''x + w''y''z since wz $ w''x = xz') +disp('But wz +w''y''z = z(w + w''y'') = z(w + y'')') +disp('= wz + w''x + y''z ') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e29704804 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + w'xy + wz + xz + w'y'z + w'xy' + wx'z + + = wz + w'x + xz +w'y'z + + = wz + w'x + w'y'z since wz $ w'x = xz + + But wz +w'y'z = z(w + w'y') = z(w + y') + + = wz + w'x + y'z \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d0f0bcbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.25: Manipulation of algebric functions. +clc // Clears the console +disp('f = bc + ac + ab ') +disp('f = bca + bca'' + ac + ab ')// converting into disjunctive normal form. +disp('f = bca + bca'' + acb + acb'' + abc + abc'' ') +disp('f = abc + a''bc + abc + ab''c + abc + abc'' ')// arranging into alphabetical order +disp('f = a''bc + ab''c + abc'' + abc ') //removing duplicate terms. +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..481f671ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + f = bc + ac + ab + + f = bca + bca' + ac + ab + + f = bca + bca' + acb + acb' + abc + abc' + + f = abc + a'bc + abc + ab'c + abc + abc' + + f = a'bc + ab'c + abc' + abc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a95f1284 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.26: Conversion of Boolean expression into minterm expression +clc // Clears the console +disp('g = x'' + xyz') +disp(' = x''yz + x''yz'' + x''y''z + x''y''z'' + xyz') +disp('g(x,y,z) = summation of minterms( 3,2,1,0,7) = summation of minterms ( 0,1,2,3,7)')//Since minterm numbers are usually written in numeric order. +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bcb86c96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + g = x' + xyz + + = x'yz + x'yz' + x'y'z + x'y'z' + xyz + + g(x,y,z) = summation of minterms( 3,2,1,0,7) = summation of minterms ( 0,1,2,3,7) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c894d3af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.27: Manipulation of algebric functions into POS form. +clc // Clears the console +disp('f = (A + B + C) ( A'' + B'')') +disp('f = (A + B + C) ( A'' + B'' + C) ( A'' + B'' + C'')')// converting into disjunctive normal form. +disp(' The POS form of given expression is displayed') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa3d2890a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + f = (A + B + C) ( A' + B') + + f = (A + B + C) ( A' + B' + C) ( A' + B' + C') + + The POS form of given expression is displayed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cbaa3602 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.28: Manipulation POS expression into SOP Expression. +clc // Clears the console +disp('f = (A + B + C) ( A'' + B'') = AB'' + A''( B + C) = AB'' + A''B + A''C') +disp('f = AA'' + AB'' + BA'' + BB'' + CA'' + CB''')// converting into disjunctive normal form. +disp('f = AB'' + A''B + A''C + B''C') +disp(' The SOP form of given expression is displayed') +disp(' The term B''C can then be removed because it is the consensus of AB'' and A''C') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7378e954 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + f = (A + B + C) ( A' + B') = AB' + A'( B + C) = AB' + A'B + A'C + + f = AA' + AB' + BA' + BB' + CA' + CB' + + f = AB' + A'B + A'C + B'C + + The SOP form of given expression is displayed + + The term B'C can then be removed because it is the consensus of AB' and A'C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d6c3351 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.29: Manipulation POS expression into SOP Expression. +clc // Clears the console +disp('(A + B'' + C) ( A + B + D) (A'' + C'' + D'')') +disp(' = [A + (B'' + C)(B + D)](A'' + C'' + D''') +disp(' = (A + B''D + BC)(A'' + C'' + D'')') +disp(' = A ( C''+ D'') + A''(B''D + BC )') +disp(' = AC'' + AD'' + A''B''D + A''BC') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbfa6d9bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + (A + B' + C) ( A + B + D) (A' + C' + D') + + = [A + (B' + C)(B + D)](A' + C' + D' + + = (A + B'D + BC)(A' + C' + D') + + = A ( C'+ D') + A'(B'D + BC ) + + = AC' + AD' + A'B'D + A'BC diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2196b787 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.3/EX2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.3: Reduce a given expression +clc; //clears the console +clear; //clears all existing variables +//the given expression is as follows// +disp(' Given Expression- A''B''C''+ A''BC''+ A''BC + AB''C''') +disp('A''C''+ A''BC + AB''C''') +disp('A''C''+ A''B + AB''C''') +disp('A''C''+ A''B + B''C''') +disp('The reduced expression is = ') +disp('B''C''+ A''B') //final reduced expression is displayed// diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad6051b6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Given Expression- A'B'C'+ A'BC'+ A'BC + AB'C' + + A'C'+ A'BC + AB'C' + + A'C'+ A'B + AB'C' + + A'C'+ A'B + B'C' + + The reduced expression is = + + B'C'+ A'B diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6980820ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.30: Convert expression into POS Form +clc // Clears the console +disp('wxy'' + xyz + w''x''z''') +disp('= x(wy'' + yz) + w''x''z''') +disp('= x(y'' + z)(y + w) + w''x''z''') +disp('= (x + w''z'')[x'' + (y'' + z )(y + w)]') +disp('= (x + w'')(x + z'')(x'' + y'' + z )(x'' + y + w)]') +//the reduced expression is displayed. diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bed251468 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + wxy' + xyz + w'x'z' + + = x(wy' + yz) + w'x'z' + + = x(y' + z)(y + w) + w'x'z' + + = (x + w'z')[x' + (y' + z )(y + w)] + + = (x + w')(x + z')(x' + y' + z )(x' + y + w)] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57add8e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.5/EX2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.5: Use of Demorgans Theorem.to find complement of a given function. +clc; //clears the console +clear; //clears all existing variables +disp('The given expression is as follows') +disp('f = wx''y + xy'' + wxz') +disp('f'' = (wx''y + xy'' + wxz)''') +disp('f'' = (wx''y)''(xy'')''(wxz)''') +disp('f'' = (w''+ x + y'')(x'' + y)(w'' + x''+ z'')') diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7ac1e29b --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + The given expression is as follows + + f = wx'y + xy' + wxz + + f' = (wx'y + xy' + wxz)' + + f' = (wx'y)'(xy')'(wxz)' + + f' = (w'+ x + y')(x' + y)(w' + x'+ z') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..810a106b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.6/EX2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2.6: Use of Demorgans Theorem.to find complement of a given function. +clc; //clears the console +clear; //clears all existing variables +disp('The given expression is as follows') +disp('f = ab''(c + d''e) + a''bc'')') +disp('Finding complement using Demorgan''s Theorem') +disp('f'' = [ab''(c + d''e) + a''bc'']''') +disp('f'' = [ab''(c + d''e)]'' [a''bc'']''') +disp('f'' = [a'' + b + (c + d''e)''][a + b'' + c]') +disp('f'' = [a'' + b + c''(d''e)''][a + b'' + c]') +disp('f'' = [a'' + b + c''(d + e'')][a + b'' + c]') diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf14f6357 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + The given expression is as follows + + f = ab'(c + d'e) + a'bc') + + Finding complement using Demorgan's Theorem + + f' = [ab'(c + d'e) + a'bc']' + + f' = [ab'(c + d'e)]' [a'bc']' + + f' = [a' + b + (c + d'e)'][a + b' + c] + + f' = [a' + b + c'(d'e)'][a + b' + c] + + f' = [a' + b + c'(d + e')][a + b' + c] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..703161ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.7: Finding POS form from given truth table. +clc // Clears the console +disp('Given truth table') +disp('****************************************') +disp("A B C | f f''") +disp("0 0 0 | 1 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 0 0") +disp("0 1 0 | 1 0") +disp("0 1 1 | 1 0") +disp("1 0 0 | 1 0") +disp("1 0 1 | 0 0") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 1") +disp("1 1 1 | 0 1") +disp('f(A,B,C) = summation(1,2,3,4,5)') +disp('The complement of function is as given below') +disp('f''(A,B,C) = summation(0,6,7)') +disp(' = A''B''C'' + ABC'' + ABC ') +disp(' = A''B''C'' + AB') +disp('f = (A + B + C)(A'' + B''') +disp('This is the reduced POS expression') diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f835c667 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + Given truth table + + **************************************** + + A B C | f f' + + 0 0 0 | 1 1 + + 0 0 1 | 0 0 + + 0 1 0 | 1 0 + + 0 1 1 | 1 0 + + 1 0 0 | 1 0 + + 1 0 1 | 0 0 + + 1 1 0 | 0 1 + + 1 1 1 | 0 1 + + f(A,B,C) = summation(1,2,3,4,5) + + The complement of function is as given below + + f'(A,B,C) = summation(0,6,7) + + = A'B'C' + ABC' + ABC + + = A'B'C' + AB + + f = (A + B + C)(A' + B' + + This is the reduced POS expression \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2615336b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.8: Representation of truth table from minterm expression +clc // Clears the console +disp("f(a,b,c) = Summation minterms (1,2,5) + Summation dont cares (0,3)") +disp('implies that minterms 1,2 and 5 are included in the function and that 0 and 3 are dont cares, that is the truth table is as follows:') +disp("a b c | f") +disp("0 0 0 | x") +disp("0 0 1 | 1") +disp("0 1 0 | 1") +disp("0 1 1 | x") +disp("1 0 0 | 0") +disp("1 0 1 | 1") +disp("1 1 0 | 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 0") diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d138f2ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + f(a,b,c) = Summation minterms (1,2,5) + Summation dont cares (0,3) + + implies that minterms 1,2 and 5 are included in the function and that 0 and 3 are dont cares, that is the truth table is as follows: + + a b c | f + + 0 0 0 | x + + 0 0 1 | 1 + + 0 1 0 | 1 + + 0 1 1 | x + + 1 0 0 | 0 + + 1 0 1 | 1 + + 1 1 0 | 0 + + 1 1 1 | 0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75d02db23 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.9: Finding reduced boolean expression using Boolean laws +clc // Clears the console +disp('Z2 = A''BCD + AB''CD + ABC''D + ABCD'' + ABCD') +disp('the last terms ABCD can be combined with each of the others. Thus, if we make four copies of it and then utilize for times we obtain') +disp('Z2 = BCD + ACD + ABD + ABC') +disp('No further simplification is possible; this is minimum SOP form') +disp('Z1 = A''BCD + AB''CD + ABC''D + ABCD'' ') +disp('In case of Z1 no simplification is possible it has 16 literals whereas expression for Z2 only has 12 literals.') diff --git a/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f2c0d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Z2 = A'BCD + AB'CD + ABC'D + ABCD' + ABCD + + the last terms ABCD can be combined with each of the others. Thus, if we make four copies of it and then utilize for times we obtain + + Z2 = BCD + ACD + ABD + ABC + + No further simplification is possible; this is minimum SOP form + + Z1 = A'BCD + AB'CD + ABC'D + ABCD' + + In case of Z1 no simplification is possible it has 16 literals whereas expression for Z2 only has 12 literals. diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89d13d7da --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.1/EX3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 3.1: Combining minterms in karnaugh map +clc; //clears the console +clear; //clears all existing variables +disp(' The given function is having three input variables A , B and C') +disp(' the minterms in adjacent squares can always be combined using the adjacency property') +disp(' m0 + m1 : A''B''C''+ A''B''C = A''B''') +disp(' m4 + m6 : AB''C'' + ABC'' = AC''') +disp(' m1 + m5 : ABC + AB''C = AC') +disp(' m0 + m4 : A''B''C'' + AB''C'' = B''C''') +disp(' m1 + m5 : A''B''C + AB''C = B''C') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b7529c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + The given function is having three input variables A , B and C + + the minterms in adjacent squares can always be combined using the adjacency property + + m0 + m1 : A'B'C'+ A'B'C = A'B' + + m4 + m6 : AB'C' + ABC' = AC' + + m1 + m5 : ABC + AB'C = AC + + m0 + m4 : A'B'C' + AB'C' = B'C' + + m1 + m5 : A'B'C + AB'C = B'C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c49d62aba --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.10/EX3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//Example 3.10: Reduce expression using k-map *Don't be greedy* +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp('This example is called as **Dont be greedy**') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'' ') +disp('C''D'' 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1 ') +disp('CD 1 1 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 ') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 1,5,6,7,11,12,13,15 ') +//given logic equation// +a=[0 0 0 1;0 1 0 1;0 1 1 0;0 1 1 1 ;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 1'] +disp(a) +for i=1: 8 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='A' + else + b(i,1)='A''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='B' + else + b(i,2)='B''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='C' + else + b(i,3)='C''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='D' + else + b(i,4)=' D''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('Reduced expression using boolean algebra') +disp('G= A''BC'' + A''CD + ABC + AC''D') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91ee090f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + This example is called as **Dont be greedy** + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 + + CD 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 1,5,6,7,11,12,13,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!A'B'C'D + A'BC'D + A'BC D' + A'BCD + AB'CD + ABC' D' + ABC'D + ABCD ! + + Reduced expression using boolean algebra + + G= A'BC' + A'CD + ABC + AC'D \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd3e83dba --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.11/EX3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +//Example 3.11: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' W''X'' W''X WX WX'' ') +disp('Y''Z'' - ') +disp('YZ'' 1 1 1 ') +disp('YZ 1 1 1') +disp('YZ'' 1 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15 ') //given logic equation +a=[0 1 0 1;0 1 1 0;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 0 ;1 0 0 1;1 0 1 0;1 1 0 1;1 1 0 0 ; 1 1 1 1'] +disp(a) +for i=1: 9 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='W' + else + b(i,1)='W''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='X' + else + b(i,2)='X''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='Y' + else + b(i,3)='Y''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='Z' + else + b(i,4)=' Z''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('Three different reduced expression using boolean algebra') +disp('G = XZ + WZ + W''YZ'' + WX''Y') +disp('G = XZ + WZ + W''YZ'' + X''YZ''') +disp('G = XZ + WZ + X''YZ'' + W''XY') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8909d166 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + + W'X' W'X WX WX' + + Y'Z' - + + YZ' 1 1 1 + + YZ 1 1 1 + + YZ' 1 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15 + + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 0. 1. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!W'XY'Z + W'XY Z' + W'XYZ + WX'Y' Z' + WX'Y'Z + WX'Y Z' + WXY'Z + WXY' Z' + WXYZ ! + + Three different reduced expression using boolean algebra + + G = XZ + WZ + W'YZ' + WX'Y + + G = XZ + WZ + W'YZ' + X'YZ' + + G = XZ + WZ + X'YZ' + W'XY diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8dbcf339 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.12/EX3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 3.12: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'' ') +disp('C''D'' 1 1 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 1') +disp('CD 1 1 1') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,6,7,8,10,11, 12,13,14') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 0 1 0;0 1 1 0 ;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 0;1 0 1 0 ;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 0] +disp(a) +for i=1: 11 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='A' + else + b(i,1)='A''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='B' + else + b(i,2)='B''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='C' + else + b(i,3)='C''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='D' + else + b(i,4)=' D''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x10=strcat([ b(10,1),b(10,2),b(10,3),b(10,4) ]) +x11=strcat([ b(11,1),b(11,2),b(11,3),b(11,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9"+",x10"+",x11] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The resulting three equally good answers are') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + B''D'' + AB''') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + B''D'' + B''C') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + AB'' + B''C') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d94b5bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 + + CD 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,6,7,8,10,11, 12,13,14 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!A'B'C' D' + A'B'C'D + A'B'C D' + A'BC D' + A'BCD + AB'C' D' + AB'C D' + AB'CD + ABC' D' + ABC'D + ABC D' ! + + The resulting three equally good answers are + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + B'D' + AB' + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + B'D' + B'C + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + AB' + B'C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a7a18595 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.14/EX3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +//Example 3.14: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'' ') +disp('C''D'' 1 1 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 1') +disp('CD 1 1 1') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,6,7,8,10,11, 12,13,14') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 0 1 0;0 1 1 0 ;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 0;1 0 1 0 ;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 0] +disp(a) +for i=1: 11 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='A' + else + b(i,1)='A''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='B' + else + b(i,2)='B''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='C' + else + b(i,3)='C''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='D' + else + b(i,4)=' D''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x10=strcat([ b(10,1),b(10,2),b(10,3),b(10,4) ]) +x11=strcat([ b(11,1),b(11,2),b(11,3),b(11,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9"+",x10"+",x11] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The resulting three equally good answers are') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + B''D'' + AB''') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + B''D'' + B''C') +disp('F = A''C''D'' + AC''D + A''CD + ACD'' + AB'' + B''C') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d94b5bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 + + CD 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,6,7,8,10,11, 12,13,14 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!A'B'C' D' + A'B'C'D + A'B'C D' + A'BC D' + A'BCD + AB'C' D' + AB'C D' + AB'CD + ABC' D' + ABC'D + ABC D' ! + + The resulting three equally good answers are + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + B'D' + AB' + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + B'D' + B'C + + F = A'C'D' + AC'D + A'CD + ACD' + AB' + B'C \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9ca3c720 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.15/EX3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 3.15: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'' ') +disp('C''D'' 1 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1 1') +disp('CD 1 1 1') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,2,4,5,6,7,8,10,11, 12,14,15') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0;0 1 0 0;0 1 0 1;0 1 1 0;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 0;1 0 1 0 ;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 1 0;1 1 1 1] +disp(a) +for i=1: 11 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='A' + else + b(i,1)='A''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='B' + else + b(i,2)='B''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='C' + else + b(i,3)='C''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='D' + else + b(i,4)=' D''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x10=strcat([ b(10,1),b(10,2),b(10,3),b(10,4) ]) +x11=strcat([ b(11,1),b(11,2),b(11,3),b(11,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9"+",x10"+",x11] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The resulting solution is') +disp('F = A''B'' + C''D + B''D'' + ABC') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7470e15c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 1 + + CD 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,2,4,5,6,7,8,10,11, 12,14,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 0. 0. + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!A'B'C' D' + A'B'C D' + A'BC' D' + A'BC'D + A'BC D' + A'BCD + AB'C' D' + AB'C D' + AB'CD + ABC' D' + ABC D' ! + + The resulting solution is + + F = A'B' + C'D + B'D' + ABC \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c04d15a91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.16/EX3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 3.16: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' W''X'' W''X WX WX'' ') +disp('Y''Z'' 1 1 1 ') +disp('YZ'' 1 1 ') +disp('YZ 1 1') +disp('YZ'' 1 1 ') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,3,7,8,11,12,13,15 ') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 0 1 1;0 1 1 1 ;1 0 0 0; 1 0 1 1 ;1 1 0 0;1 1 0 1 ;1 1 1 1'] +disp(a) +for i=1: 9 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='W' + else + b(i,1)='W''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='X' + else + b(i,2)='X''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='Y' + else + b(i,3)='Y''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='Z' + else + b(i,4)=' Z''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The four probable solutions are') +disp('F = YZ + W''X''Z + X''Y''Z'' + WXY''') +disp('F = YZ + W''X''Y'' + X''Y''Z'' + WXY''') +disp('F = YZ + W''X''Y'' + WY''Z'' + WXY''') +disp('F = YZ + W''X''Y'' + WY''Z'' + WXZ') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f04effafc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + W'X' W'X WX WX' + + Y'Z' 1 1 1 + + YZ' 1 1 + + YZ 1 1 + + YZ' 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,3,7,8,11,12,13,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 0. 1. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!W'X'Y' Z' + W'X'Y'Z + W'X'YZ + W'XYZ + WX'Y' Z' + WX'YZ + WXY' Z' + WXY'Z + WXYZ ! + + The four probable solutions are + + F = YZ + W'X'Z + X'Y'Z' + WXY' + + F = YZ + W'X'Y' + X'Y'Z' + WXY' + + F = YZ + W'X'Y' + WY'Z' + WXY' + + F = YZ + W'X'Y' + WY'Z' + WXZ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5c658bd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.17/EX3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 3.17: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' a''b'' a''b ab ab'' ') +disp('c''d'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd 1 1') +disp('cd'' 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,5,7,8,10,14,15') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 1 0 1;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 0;1 0 1 0 ;1 1 1 0;1 1 1 1] +disp(a) +for i=1: 8 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='a' + else + b(i,1)='a''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='b' + else + b(i,2)='b''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='c' + else + b(i,3)='c''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='d' + else + b(i,4)=' d''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The resulting two possible solution are') +disp('F = a''c''d'' + bc''d + acd + b''cd''') +disp('F = a''b''d'' + a''bc'' + abd + ab''c') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6cafe7dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + a'b' a'b ab ab' + + c'd' 1 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + cd 1 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,5,7,8,10,14,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!a'b'c' d' + a'b'c'd + a'bc'd + a'bcd + ab'c' d' + ab'c d' + abc d' + abcd ! + + The resulting two possible solution are + + F = a'c'd' + bc'd + acd + b'cd' + + F = a'b'd' + a'bc' + abd + ab'c \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7b418791 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.19/EX3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 3.19: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' a''b'' a''b ab ab'' ') +disp('c''d'' 1 1 1 1') +disp('cd'' 1 X ') +disp('cd 1 1 1') +disp('cd'' 1 1 1') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0;0 1 0 1;0 1 1 0;0 1 1 1;1 0 0 1;1 0 1 0 ;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 0] +disp(a) +for i=1: 11 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='a' + else + b(i,1)='a''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='b' + else + b(i,2)='b''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='c' + else + b(i,3)='c''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='d' + else + b(i,4)=' d''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x10=strcat([ b(10,1),b(10,2),b(10,3),b(10,4) ]) +x11=strcat([ b(11,1),b(11,2),b(11,3),b(11,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9"+",x10"+",x11] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('There are 32 different minimum solutions to the given problem. some of them are') +disp('F = a''b''c''d'' + a''cd + bc''d + ab''d + abc''+ acd''') +disp('F = a''b''c''d'' + a''cd + bc''d + abd'' + bcd''+ ab''c') +disp('F = a''b''c''d'' + b''cd + a''bd + bcd''+ ab''c+ ab''d') +disp('F = a''b''c''d'' + abc'' + a''bd + bcd''+ ab''c+ ab''d') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea43bf30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ + + a'b' a'b ab ab' + + c'd' 1 1 1 1 + + cd' 1 X + + cd 1 1 1 + + cd' 1 1 1 + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 0. 0. 1. + 1. 0. 1. 0. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!a'b'c' d' + a'b'c d' + a'bc'd + a'bc d' + a'bcd + ab'c'd + ab'c d' + ab'cd + abc' d' + abc'd + abc d' ! + + There are 32 different minimum solutions to the given problem. some of them are + + F = a'b'c'd' + a'cd + bc'd + ab'd + abc'+ acd' + + F = a'b'c'd' + a'cd + bc'd + abd' + bcd'+ ab'c + + F = a'b'c'd' + b'cd + a'bd + bcd'+ ab'c+ ab'd + + F = a'b'c'd' + abc' + a'bd + bcd'+ ab'c+ ab'd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e46748d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.2/EX3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3.2: Combining minterms in four variable karnaugh map +clc; //clears the console +clear; //clears all existing variables +disp(' The given function is having four input variables A , B , C and D') +disp(' The minterms are be combined using the adjacency property') +disp(' m13 + m9 : ABC''D + AB''C''D = AC''D') +disp(' m3 + m11 : A''B''CD + AB''CD = B''CD') +disp(' m0 + m2 : A''B''C''D'' + A''B''CD'' = A''B''D''') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8073ebef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + The given function is having four input variables A , B , C and D + + The minterms are be combined using the adjacency property + + m13 + m9 : ABC'D + AB'C'D = AC'D + + m3 + m11 : A'B'CD + AB'CD = B'CD + + m0 + m2 : A'B'C'D' + A'B'CD' = A'B'D' diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22c16b9c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.20 Simplify expression using k-map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('F = m(1,7,10,11,13)+ d(5,8,15)') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C''D'' X') +disp('C''D 1 X 1') +disp('CD 1 X 1') +disp('CD'' 1') //The kmap for F is displayed// +disp('The solution for F is') +disp('F = AC + ABD''+ CD''') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb7fbdffc --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + F = m(1,7,10,11,13)+ d(5,8,15) + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' X + + C'D 1 X 1 + + CD 1 X 1 + + CD' 1 + + The solution for F is + + F = AC + ABD'+ CD' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.21/EX3_21.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.21/EX3_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fdfd72f43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.21/EX3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.21: Reduce expression using k-map with dont cares. +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' W''X'' W''X WX WX'' ') +disp('Y''Z'' X 1 1 ') +disp('YZ'' X 1 1 ') +disp('YZ X 1 1') +disp('YZ'' X ')// the k-map is displayed. +disp('g1 = x''z + w''yz + w''y''z'' + wxy''') +disp('g2 = x''z + w''yz + xy''z'' + wxy''') +disp('g3 = x''z + w''yz + xy''z'' + wy''z') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..646ae9aec --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + W'X' W'X WX WX' + + Y'Z' X 1 1 + + YZ' X 1 1 + + YZ X 1 1 + + YZ' X + + g1 = x'z + w'yz + w'y'z' + wxy' + + g2 = x'z + w'yz + xy'z' + wxy' + + g3 = x'z + w'yz + xy'z' + wy'z \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5eed3302 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.22/EX3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.22: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp('f(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(0,1,4,5,10,11,14)') +disp('The function f''(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,15)') +disp(' a''b'' a''b ab ab'' ') +disp('c''d'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd 1') +disp('cd'' 1 1') +disp('The three solutions are given below') +disp(' g1 = c''d'' + ab + b''d'' + a''cd') +disp(' g2 = c''d'' + ab + b''d'' + a''b''c') +disp(' g3 = c''d'' + ab + a''d'' + a''b''c') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..948ea461d --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + f(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(0,1,4,5,10,11,14) + + The function f'(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,15) + + a'b' a'b ab ab' + + c'd' 1 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + cd 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + The three solutions are given below + + g1 = c'd' + ab + b'd' + a'cd + + g2 = c'd' + ab + b'd' + a'b'c + + g3 = c'd' + ab + a'd' + a'b'c \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5de61e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.23 Simplify expression using k-map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('F = m(0,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,14,15)') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C''D'' 1 1 1') +disp('C''D 1 ') +disp('CD 1 1 1 1') +disp('CD'' 1 1 1') //The kmap for F is displayed// +disp('The solution for F is') +disp('F = A''B + CD + AC + B''C''D''') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d2266ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + F = m(0,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,14,15) + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 1 1 + + C'D 1 + + CD 1 1 1 1 + + CD' 1 1 1 + + The solution for F is + + F = A'B + CD + AC + B'C'D' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.25/EX3_25.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.25/EX3_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a8ce7235 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.25/EX3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 3.25: Reduce expression using k-map in both POS and SOP form +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp('f(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(0,1,4,5,10,11,14)') +disp('The function f''(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,15)') +disp(' a''b'' a''b ab ab'' ') +disp('c''d'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd'' 1 1 ') +disp('cd 1') +disp('cd'' 1 1') +disp('The one minimum solution for f and the two equally good solution ofr sum of products for f'' are') +disp(' f = a''c'' + ab''c + acd''') +disp('f'' = ac'' + a''c + abd') +disp(' f'' = ac'' + a''c + bcd') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..101ca6eae --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + f(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(0,1,4,5,10,11,14) + + The function f'(a,b,c,d) = summation of minterms(2,3,6,7,8,9,12,13,15) + + a'b' a'b ab ab' + + c'd' 1 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + cd 1 + + cd' 1 1 + + The one minimum solution for f and the two equally good solution ofr sum of products for f' are + + f = a'c' + ab'c + acd' + + f' = ac' + a'c + abd + + f' = ac' + a'c + bcd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71faa7fd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 3.3 Expression Mapping +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('F = AB'' + AC + A''BC''') +disp('F = AB''(C'' + C) + AC(B'' + B) + A''BC''') +disp('F = AB''C'' + AB''C + AB''C + ABC + A''BC''') +disp('m4 + m5 + m5 + m7 + m2') +disp('m2 + m5 + m7 + m4')//removing duplicates and reordering +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C'' - 1 - 1') +disp('C - - 1 1') //The kmap for F is displayed// + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1810b7e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + F = AB' + AC + A'BC' + + F = AB'(C' + C) + AC(B' + B) + A'BC' + + F = AB'C' + AB'C + AB'C + ABC + A'BC' + + m4 + m5 + m5 + m7 + m2 + + m2 + m5 + m7 + m4 + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C' - 1 - 1 + + C - - 1 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b352c75e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 3.4 Simplify expression using k-map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('The given K map for function G = ') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C''D'' ') +disp('C''D 1 ') +disp('CD 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 ') //The kmap for G is displayed// +disp('The given K map for function H = ') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C''D'' ') +disp('C''D 1 1 ') +disp('CD 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 ') //The kmap for H is displayed// +disp('The solution for G is') +disp('G = ABC + ABD') +disp('The solution for H is') +disp('H = BC''D + ABC') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d63cf505 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + The given K map for function G = + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' + + C'D 1 + + CD 1 + + CD' 1 + + The given K map for function H = + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' + + C'D 1 1 + + CD 1 + + CD' 1 + + The solution for G is + + G = ABC + ABD + + The solution for H is + + H = BC'D + ABC diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..509c5c324 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 3.40 Simplify expression using k-map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('F = m(2,3,4,6,9,11,12)+ d(0,1,14,15)') +disp(' C''D'' C''D CD CD''') +disp('A''B'' X 1 1 0') +disp('A''B X 0 0 1') +disp('AB 1 0 X 1') +disp('AB'' 1 1 X 0') //The kmap for F is displayed// +disp('G = m(2,3,4,6,9,11,12)+ d(0,1,14,15)') +disp(' C''D'' C''D CD CD''') +disp('A''B'' X 0 1 0') +disp('A''B X 0 0 0') +disp('AB 0 0 X 1') +disp('AB'' 1 1 X 1') //The kmap for G is displayed// +disp('The one solution for F and G:') +disp('F = B''D + ABD''+ A''D''') +disp('G = AC + ABD''+ CD''') +disp('The other solution for F and G: ') +disp('F = B''D + A''CD'' + BD''') +disp('G = AC + ABD'' + A''CD''') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b71d6f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.40/Ex3_40.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + F = m(2,3,4,6,9,11,12)+ d(0,1,14,15) + + C'D' C'D CD CD' + + A'B' X 1 1 0 + + A'B X 0 0 1 + + AB 1 0 X 1 + + AB' 1 1 X 0 + + G = m(2,3,4,6,9,11,12)+ d(0,1,14,15) + + C'D' C'D CD CD' + + A'B' X 0 1 0 + + A'B X 0 0 0 + + AB 0 0 X 1 + + AB' 1 1 X 1 + + The one solution for F and G: + + F = B'D + ABD'+ A'D' + + G = AC + ABD'+ CD' + + The other solution for F and G: + + F = B'D + A'CD' + BD' + + G = AC + ABD' + A'CD' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01abfcf90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.5/EX3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Example 3.5: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB'' ') +disp('C''D'' 1 1 ') +disp('CD'' 1 ') +disp('CD 1 1 1 1') +disp('CD'' ') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,3,7,12,13,14,15 ') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 1 ;0 1 1 1;1 1 0 0 ;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 0;1 1 1 1] +disp(a) +for i=1: 7 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='A' + else + b(i,1)='A''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='B' + else + b(i,2)='B''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='C' + else + b(i,3)='C''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='D' + else + b(i,4)=' D''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('The reduced expression using boolean algebra') +disp('F = A''B''C''D'' + ABC'' + CD') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6043685ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C'D' 1 1 + + CD' 1 + + CD 1 1 1 1 + + CD' + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,3,7,12,13,14,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 1. 1. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!A'B'C' D' + A'B'CD + A'BCD + ABC' D' + ABC'D + ABC D' + ABCD ! + + The reduced expression using boolean algebra + + F = A'B'C'D' + ABC' + CD \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95ab2c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.6/EX3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Example 3.6: Reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' W''X'' W''X WX WX'' ') +disp('Y''Z'' 1 1 1 1 ') +disp('YZ'' 1 ') +disp('YZ 1 1 1') +disp('YZ'' ') +disp(' From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,3,5,13,14,15 ') //given logic equation +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 0 1 0;0 0 1 1 ;0 1 0 1 ;1 1 0 1;1 1 1 0 ;1 1 1 1'] +disp(a) +for i=1: 8 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='W' + else + b(i,1)='W''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='X' + else + b(i,2)='X''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='Y' + else + b(i,3)='Y''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='Z' + else + b(i,4)=' Z''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('Three different reduced expression using boolean algebra') +disp('F = Y''Z'' + WYZ + W''XZ''') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc712395 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + W'X' W'X WX WX' + + Y'Z' 1 1 1 1 + + YZ' 1 + + YZ 1 1 1 + + YZ' + + From the map, high outputs are for 0,1,2,3,5,13,14,15 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 0. 1. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 0. 1. 1. + 0. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 1. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!W'X'Y' Z' + W'X'Y'Z + W'X'Y Z' + W'X'YZ + W'XY'Z + WXY'Z + WXY Z' + WXYZ ! + + Three different reduced expression using boolean algebra + + F = Y'Z' + WYZ + W'XZ' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f53b0be --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3.7 Reduction using K-Map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('f = a''b''c + a''bc'' + a''bc + ab''c''') +disp('The mapping is shown below') +disp(' A''B'' A''B AB AB''') +disp('C'' 1 1 - 1') +disp('C - 1 - -') //The kmap for f is displayed// +disp('f = a''b + b''c''') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..866501200 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + f = a'b'c + a'bc' + a'bc + ab'c' + + The mapping is shown below + + A'B' A'B AB AB' + + C' 1 1 - 1 + + C - 1 - - + + f = a'b + b'c' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88d83f2c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.8/EX3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Example 3.8: reduce expression using k-map +clc; //clears the window +clear; //clears all existing variables +//Mapping the expression// +disp(' C''D'' C''D CD CD'' ') +disp('A''B'' 1 1 1 1 ') +disp('AB'' 0 0 0 1 ') +disp('AB 0 1 0 1 ') +disp('AB'' 1 1 1 0 ') +disp(' From the map, high outputs for 0,2,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14 ') +//given logic equation// +a=[0 0 0 0;0 0 1 0;0 1 0 0;0 1 1 0 ;0 1 1 1;1 1 1 0;1 0 0 1;1 0 1 1;1 1 0 0;1 1 1 0'] +disp(a) +for i=1: 10 + if a(i,1)==1 then + b(i,1)='a' + else + b(i,1)='a''' + end + if a(i,2)==1 then + b(i,2)='b' + else + b(i,2)='b''' + end + if a(i,3)==1 then + b(i,3)='c' + else + b(i,3)='c''' + end + if a(i,4)==1 then + b(i,4)='d' + else + b(i,4)=' d''' + end +end +disp(' Evaluating expression from truth table and map ') +x1=strcat([ b(1,1),b(1,2),b(1,3),b(1,4) ]) +x2=strcat([ b(2,1),b(2,2),b(2,3),b(2,4) ]) +x3=strcat([ b(3,1),b(3,2),b(3,3),b(3,4) ]) +x4=strcat([ b(4,1),b(4,2),b(4,3),b(4,4) ]) +x5=strcat([ b(5,1),b(5,2),b(5,3),b(5,4) ]) +x6=strcat([ b(6,1),b(6,2),b(6,3),b(6,4) ]) +x7=strcat([ b(7,1),b(7,2),b(7,3),b(7,4) ]) +x8=strcat([ b(8,1),b(8,2),b(8,3),b(8,4) ]) +x9=strcat([ b(9,1),b(9,2),b(9,3),b(9,4) ]) +x10=strcat([ b(10,1),b(10,2),b(10,3),b(10,4) ]) +x=[x1"+",x2"+",x3"+",x4"+",x5"+",x6"+",x7"+",x8"+",x9"+",x10] +disp(x) +//Expression is displayed// +disp('Reduced expression using boolean algebra') +disp('f= a''d'' + bd'' + a''bc + ab''d + c''d''') + diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12e7950f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + C'D' C'D CD CD' + + A'B' 1 1 1 1 + + AB' 0 0 0 1 + + AB 0 1 0 1 + + AB' 1 1 1 0 + + From the map, high outputs for 0,2,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,14 + + 0. 0. 0. 0. + 0. 0. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 0. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 0. + 0. 1. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + 1. 0. 0. 1. + 1. 0. 1. 1. + 1. 1. 0. 0. + 1. 1. 1. 0. + + Evaluating expression from truth table and map + +!a'b'c' d' + a'b'c d' + a'bc' d' + a'bc d' + a'bcd + abc d' + ab'c'd + ab'cd + abc' d' + abc d' ! + + Reduced expression using boolean algebra + + f= a'd' + bd' + a'bc + ab'd + c'd' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93438d488 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 3.9 Reduction using K-Map +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp('The given function is x''yz'' + x''yx + xy''z'' + xy''z + xyz') +disp('The mapping is shown below') +disp(' X''Y'' X''Y XY XY''') +disp('Z'' 1 1') +disp('Z 1 1 ') //The kmap for given function is displayed// +disp('After finding the two essential prime implicants m7 is still uncovered. The following are the two solutions.') +disp('f = x''y + xy'' + xz') +disp('f = x''y + xy'' + yz') diff --git a/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt b/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eb1cef1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + The given function is x'yz' + x'yx + xy'z' + xy'z + xyz + + The mapping is shown below + + X'Y' X'Y XY XY' + + Z' 1 1 + + Z 1 1 + + After finding the two essential prime implicants m7 is still uncovered. The following are the two solutions. + + f = x'y + xy' + xz + + f = x'y + xy' + yz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85b206d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 5.3: Implementation of Boolean logic using Decoders +clc // Clears the console +disp("f(a,b,c) = Summation(0,2,3,7)") +disp("g(a,b,c) = Summation(1,4,6,7)") +disp("Truth Table") +disp("a b c | f g") +disp("0 0 0 | 1 0") +disp("0 0 1 | 0 1") +disp("0 1 0 | 1 0") +disp("0 1 1 | 1 0") +disp("1 0 0 | 0 1") +disp("1 0 1 | 0 0") +disp("1 1 0 | 0 1") +disp("1 1 1 | 1 1") +disp("The function f = a''b''c'' + a''bc'' + a''bc + abc.") +disp("The function g = a''b''c + ab''c'' + abc'' + abc.") diff --git a/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73e9145b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + f(a,b,c) = Summation(0,2,3,7) + + g(a,b,c) = Summation(1,4,6,7) + + Truth Table + + a b c | f g + + 0 0 0 | 1 0 + + 0 0 1 | 0 1 + + 0 1 0 | 1 0 + + 0 1 1 | 1 0 + + 1 0 0 | 0 1 + + 1 0 1 | 0 0 + + 1 1 0 | 0 1 + + 1 1 1 | 1 1 + + The function f = a'b'c' + a'bc' + a'bc + abc. + + The function g = a'b'c + ab'c' + abc' + abc. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e716e963f --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 5.5: Implementation of Boolean logic Multiplexer +clc // Clears the console +disp("f(a,b,c) = Summation(0,1,2,5)") +disp("Truth Table") +disp("a b c | f") +disp("0 0 0 | 1") +disp("0 0 1 | 1") +disp("0 1 0 | 1") +disp("0 1 1 | 0") +disp("1 0 0 | 0") +disp("1 0 1 | 1") +disp("1 1 0 | 0") +disp("1 1 1 | 0") +disp("The function f = a''b''c'' + a''b''c + a''bc'' + ab''c") +disp("*************************************************************") +disp("Implementation using 8:1 Multiplexer") +disp("Inputs of Multiplexer are denoted by D0,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6 and D7") +disp("Select Lines of Multiplexer are denoted by S2,S1,S0") +disp("Input and Select Line assignment") +disp(" D0 = 1, D1 = 1, D2 = 1,D3 = 0, D4 = 0, D5 = 1, D6 = 0, D7 = 0") +disp(" S2 = a, S1 = b, S0 = c") +disp("*************************************************************") +disp("Implementation using 4:1 Multiplexer") +disp("Inputs of Multiplexer are denoted by D0,D1,D2,D3") +disp("Select Lines of Multiplexer are denoted by S1,S0") +disp("Input and Select Line assignment") +disp(" D0 = 1, D1 = c'', D2 = c ,D3 = 0") +disp(" S1 = a, S0 = b") diff --git a/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c186b856 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ + + f(a,b,c) = Summation(0,1,2,5) + + Truth Table + + a b c | f + + 0 0 0 | 1 + + 0 0 1 | 1 + + 0 1 0 | 1 + + 0 1 1 | 0 + + 1 0 0 | 0 + + 1 0 1 | 1 + + 1 1 0 | 0 + + 1 1 1 | 0 + + The function f = a'b'c' + a'b'c + a'bc' + ab'c + + ************************************************************* + + Implementation using 8:1 Multiplexer + + Inputs of Multiplexer are denoted by D0,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6 and D7 + + Select Lines of Multiplexer are denoted by S2,S1,S0 + + Input and Select Line assignment + + D0 = 1, D1 = 1, D2 = 1,D3 = 0, D4 = 0, D5 = 1, D6 = 0, D7 = 0 + + S2 = a, S1 = b, S0 = c + + ************************************************************* + + Implementation using 4:1 Multiplexer + + Inputs of Multiplexer are denoted by D0,D1,D2,D3 + + Select Lines of Multiplexer are denoted by S1,S0 + + Input and Select Line assignment + + D0 = 1, D1 = c', D2 = c ,D3 = 0 + + S1 = a, S0 = b \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f65eef3af --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.2: mod-120 counter +clc // Clears the console +disp("Displays the count from 0 to 119") +disp('0000000') +disp('0000001') +disp('0000010') +disp('0000011') +disp('0000100') +disp('0000101') +disp("0000110") +disp(" -") +disp(" -") +disp(" -") +disp("1110111") +disp('displays the count till 1110111') +disp('the counter resets to 0000000') diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt b/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9632e459c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + Displays the count from 0 to 119 + + 0000000 + + 0000001 + + 0000010 + + 0000011 + + 0000100 + + 0000101 + + 0000110 + + - + + - + + - + + 1110111 + + displays the count till 1110111 + + the counter resets to 0000000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89eba1073 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8.3: mod-120 counter +clc // Clears the console +disp("Displays the count from 0 to 119") +disp('0000000') +disp('0000001') +disp('0000010') +disp('0000011') +disp('0000100') +disp('0000101') +disp("0000110") +disp(" -") +disp(" -") +disp(" -") +disp("1110111") +disp('displays the count till 1110111') +disp('the counter resets to 0000000') diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9632e459c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + Displays the count from 0 to 119 + + 0000000 + + 0000001 + + 0000010 + + 0000011 + + 0000100 + + 0000101 + + 0000110 + + - + + - + + - + + 1110111 + + displays the count till 1110111 + + the counter resets to 0000000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69c4e0379 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8.4: a clock pulse for every ninth input clock pulse +clc // Clears the console +disp("Displays a clock pulse for every ninth input clock pulse") +disp(" IC 741613 can be used in three different configuration") +disp("First solution") +disp("0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 - - - - - - - - ") +disp("Second solution") +disp("8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 8 - - - - - - - - ") +disp("Third solution") +disp("7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 - - - - - - - - ") diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3ef84d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + Displays a clock pulse for every ninth input clock pulse + + IC 741613 can be used in three different configuration + + First solution + + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 - - - - - - - - + + Second solution + + 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 8 - - - - - - - - + + Third solution + + 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 - - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19384d361 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 8.7: Counter that goes through a specific set of sequence. +clc // Clears the console +disp("Displays the count in this particular Sequence.") +disp('0001') +disp('0010') +disp('0100') +disp('0111') +disp('1011') +disp('0000') +disp("0110") +disp("1101") +disp("0101") +disp("1110") +disp("1000") +disp("0011") +disp("1111") +disp("1100") +disp("1010") +disp("1001") +disp('the counter repeats again.') + diff --git a/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt b/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0a791d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + Displays the count in this particular Sequence. + + 0001 + + 0010 + + 0100 + + 0111 + + 1011 + + 0000 + + 0110 + + 1101 + + 0101 + + 1110 + + 1000 + + 0011 + + 1111 + + 1100 + + 1010 + + 1001 + + the counter repeats again. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5dbcc15d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 9.1: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('-----------------------------------------') +disp("A | C B | 0 0") +disp("B | D D | 0 0") +disp("C | A D | 0 1") +disp("D | A C | 0 1") +disp('State C and D are equivalent. So, reduced state table is as given below.') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('----------------------------------------------') +disp(" A | C-D B | 0 0") +disp(" B | C-D C-D | 0 0") +disp("C-D | A C-D | 0 1") +//displays the reduced state table. + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9483bb1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ----------------------------------------- + + A | C B | 0 0 + + B | D D | 0 0 + + C | A D | 0 1 + + D | A C | 0 1 + + State C and D are equivalent. So, reduced state table is as given below. + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ---------------------------------------------- + + A | C-D B | 0 0 + + B | C-D C-D | 0 0 + + C-D | A C-D | 0 1 diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284969e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 9.10: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | C D | 0") +disp("B | D A | 1") +disp("C | E D | 0") +disp("D | B A | 0") +disp("E | C D | 0") +disp('States A-C-E and B-D are equivalent') +disp(" q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('------------------------------------') +disp(" A | A B | 0") +disp(" B | B A | 1") + +//displays the reduced state table. + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05eb8681e --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | C D | 0 + + B | D A | 1 + + C | E D | 0 + + D | B A | 0 + + E | C D | 0 + + States A-C-E and B-D are equivalent + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + ------------------------------------ + + A | A B | 0 + + B | B A | 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..999421a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 9.11: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | B E | 0") +disp("B | D A | 1") +disp("C | G A | 0") +disp("D | F G | 1") +disp("E | B C | 0") +disp("F | D G | 1") +disp("G | D E | 1") +disp('The SP partition is also ouput consistent. The smallest equivalent system is given below') +disp(" q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('------------------------------------') +disp(" A | B A | 0") +disp(" B | D A | 1") +disp(" D | D B | 1") + +//displays the reduced state table. + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f5d3a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | B E | 0 + + B | D A | 1 + + C | G A | 0 + + D | F G | 1 + + E | B C | 0 + + F | D G | 1 + + G | D E | 1 + + The SP partition is also ouput consistent. The smallest equivalent system is given below + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + ------------------------------------ + + A | B A | 0 + + B | D A | 1 + + D | D B | 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68783fcde --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Example 9.12: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z1 z2 z3 z4 z5") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | D B | 0 0 0 1 1") +disp("B | E C | 0 0 1 0 1") +disp("C | A B | 1 1 0 0 1") +disp("D | E C | 1 1 1 1 1") +disp("E | D B | 1 0 0 1 1") +disp('Step 1 produces given SP Partitions') +disp('P1 = (ADE)(BC)') +disp('P2 = (AE)(B)(C)(D)') +disp('P3 = (AE)(BC)(D)') +disp('P4 = (A)(BD)(C)(E)') +disp('P5 = (AE)(BCD)') +disp('Step 2 requires three sums') +disp('P2 + P4 = (AE)(BD)(C)--> P6') +disp('There are six non trivial SP partitions.') +disp('For the first output column, None of the SP partitions are output consistent') +disp('for the second output column only P2 is output consistent') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z2") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | D B | 0") +disp("B | A C | 0") +disp("C | A B | 1") +disp("D | A C | 1") +disp('for the third output column only P2, P4 and P6 all are output consistent') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z3") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | B B | 0") +disp("B | A C | 0") +disp("C | A B | 1") +disp('for the fourth output column only P1 is output consistent') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z3") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | A B | 0") +disp("B | A B | 1") +disp('for the last output column there is no need to find the SP partitions, The system is combinational. It does not depend on the state z=1') diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0e3e70d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 + + -------------------------------- + + A | D B | 0 0 0 1 1 + + B | E C | 0 0 1 0 1 + + C | A B | 1 1 0 0 1 + + D | E C | 1 1 1 1 1 + + E | D B | 1 0 0 1 1 + + Step 1 produces given SP Partitions + + P1 = (ADE)(BC) + + P2 = (AE)(B)(C)(D) + + P3 = (AE)(BC)(D) + + P4 = (A)(BD)(C)(E) + + P5 = (AE)(BCD) + + Step 2 requires three sums + + P2 + P4 = (AE)(BD)(C)--> P6 + + There are six non trivial SP partitions. + + For the first output column, None of the SP partitions are output consistent + + for the second output column only P2 is output consistent + + q | x=0 x=1 | z2 + + -------------------------------- + + A | D B | 0 + + B | A C | 0 + + C | A B | 1 + + D | A C | 1 + + for the third output column only P2, P4 and P6 all are output consistent + + q | x=0 x=1 | z3 + + -------------------------------- + + A | B B | 0 + + B | A C | 0 + + C | A B | 1 + + for the fourth output column only P1 is output consistent + + q | x=0 x=1 | z3 + + -------------------------------- + + A | A B | 0 + + B | A B | 1 + + for the last output column there is no need to find the SP partitions, The system is combinational. It does not depend on the state z=1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b843b981 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 9.2: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | B D | 1") +disp("B | D F | 1") +disp("C | D A | 0") +disp("D | D E | 0") +disp("E | B C | 1") +disp("F | C D | 0") +disp('States A-E imply C-D and State C-D imply A-E') +disp('AE and CD are equivalent') +disp(" q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('------------------------------------') +disp("A-E | B C-D | 1") +disp(" B | C-D F | 1") +disp("C-D | C-D A-E | 0") +disp(" F | C-D C-D | 0") +//displays the reduced state table. + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aaebea29a --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | B D | 1 + + B | D F | 1 + + C | D A | 0 + + D | D E | 0 + + E | B C | 1 + + F | C D | 0 + + States A-E imply C-D and State C-D imply A-E + + AE and CD are equivalent + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + ------------------------------------ + + A-E | B C-D | 1 + + B | C-D F | 1 + + C-D | C-D A-E | 0 + + F | C-D C-D | 0 diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69b212476 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 9.3: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | C D | 1") +disp("B | C D | 0") +disp("C | B D | 1") +disp("D | C A | 1") +disp('step 1 produces five SP Partitions') +disp('P1 = (AB)(C)(D)') +disp('P1 = (ABC)(D)') +disp('P1 = (AD)(B)(C)') +disp('P1 = (A)(BC)(D)') +disp('P1 = (ABD)(C)') + +disp('P1 = (AB)(C)(D)') +disp('P1 = (AB)(C)(D)') +disp('The chart is different, because the pairings that are automatically X''d are different.') +disp('None of the conditions can be satisfied, and thus, no states can be combined and state table cannot be reduced.') + + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4a26bd57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | C D | 1 + + B | C D | 0 + + C | B D | 1 + + D | C A | 1 + + step 1 produces five SP Partitions + + P1 = (AB)(C)(D) + + P1 = (ABC)(D) + + P1 = (AD)(B)(C) + + P1 = (A)(BC)(D) + + P1 = (ABD)(C) + + P1 = (AB)(C)(D) + + P1 = (AB)(C)(D) + + The chart is different, because the pairings that are automatically X'd are different. + + None of the conditions can be satisfied, and thus, no states can be combined and state table cannot be reduced. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c00f918e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 9.4: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('-----------------------------------------') +disp("A | F B | 0 0") +disp("B | E G | 0 0") +disp("C | C G | 0 0") +disp("D | A C | 1 1") +disp("E | E D | 0 0") +disp("F | A B | 0 0") +disp("G | F C | 1 1") +disp('State A-F, B-C-E, and D-G are equivalent. So, reduced state table is as given below.') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('----------------------------------------------') +disp(" A | A B | 0 0") +disp(" B | B D | 0 0") +disp(" D | A B | 1 1") +//displays the reduced state table. + + diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2d0ed915 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ----------------------------------------- + + A | F B | 0 0 + + B | E G | 0 0 + + C | C G | 0 0 + + D | A C | 1 1 + + E | E D | 0 0 + + F | A B | 0 0 + + G | F C | 1 1 + + State A-F, B-C-E, and D-G are equivalent. So, reduced state table is as given below. + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ---------------------------------------------- + + A | A B | 0 0 + + B | B D | 0 0 + + D | A B | 1 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e59f3501 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 9.5: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('-----------------------------------------') +disp("A | B D | 0 0") +disp("B | E D | 1 0") +disp("C | B C | 0 0") +disp("D | F A | 0 0") +disp("E | A B | 1 1") +disp("F | E C | 1 0") +disp('The set of equivalent states are A(A-C-D), B(B-F) and E') +disp('The reduced state table is given below') +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1") +disp('-----------------------------------------') +disp("A | B A | 0 0") +disp("B | E A | 1 0") +disp("E | A B | 1 1") +//displays the reduced state table. diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9944ec017 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ----------------------------------------- + + A | B D | 0 0 + + B | E D | 1 0 + + C | B C | 0 0 + + D | F A | 0 0 + + E | A B | 1 1 + + F | E C | 1 0 + + The set of equivalent states are A(A-C-D), B(B-F) and E + + The reduced state table is given below + + q | x=0 x=1 | x=0 x=1 + + ----------------------------------------- + + A | B A | 0 0 + + B | E A | 1 0 + + E | A B | 1 1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e628b5f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 9.6: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=00 x=01 x=10 x=11 | z") +disp('--|--------------------------------|-----') +disp("A | B A F D | 1") +disp("B | E A D C | 1") +disp("C | A F D C | 0") +disp("D | A A B C | 1") +disp("E | B A C B | 1") +disp("F | A F B C | 0") +disp('States A-E , B-D and C-F are equivalent') + +disp("q | x=00 x=01 x=10 x=11 | z") +disp('--|--------------------------------|-----') +disp("A | B A C B | 1") +disp("B | A A B C | 1") +disp("C | A C B C | 0") +//displays the reduced state table. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c19e8de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=00 x=01 x=10 x=11 | z + + --|--------------------------------|----- + + A | B A F D | 1 + + B | E A D C | 1 + + C | A F D C | 0 + + D | A A B C | 1 + + E | B A C B | 1 + + F | A F B C | 0 + + States A-E , B-D and C-F are equivalent + + q | x=00 x=01 x=10 x=11 | z + + --|--------------------------------|----- + + A | B A C B | 1 + + B | A A B C | 1 + + C | A C B C | 0 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff0164268 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 9.7 Output Consistent Partition +clc; //clears the console window +clear; //clears the variable browser +disp("Different hardware requirements based on different state assignments on Page No. 9-12"); +disp("First assignment for A,B,C,D,E are 000,001,010,011,100"); +disp("z = q2 + q3"); +disp("D1 = xq1 + xq3"); +disp("D2 = x''q1''q2'' + xq1''q3''"); +disp("D3 = x''q2q3 + x''q1 + zq1''q3''"); +disp("First assignment for A,B,C,D,E are 000,001,011,111,110"); +disp("Second Assignment "); +disp("z = q3"); +disp("D1 = x"); +disp("D2 = x + q2'' "); +disp("D3 = x''q1 + x''q2'' + {q2''q3'' or q1''q3'' } + xq1''q2"); +disp("Since the second assignment results in reduced output expression this partition is called as output-consistent partition") diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abb5e7759 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + + Different hardware requirements based on different state assignments on Page No. 9-12 + + First assignment for A,B,C,D,E are 000,001,010,011,100 + + z = q2 + q3 + + D1 = xq1 + xq3 + + D2 = x'q1'q2' + xq1'q3' + + D3 = x'q2q3 + x'q1 + zq1'q3' + + First assignment for A,B,C,D,E are 000,001,011,111,110 + + Second Assignment + + z = q3 + + D1 = x + + D2 = x + q2' + + D3 = x'q1 + x'q2' + {q2'q3' or q1'q3' } + xq1'q2 + + Since the second assignment results in reduced output expression this partition is called as output-consistent partition diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f5dc525b --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 9.8: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | C D | 1") +disp("B | C D | 0") +disp("C | B D | 1") +disp("D | C A | 1") +disp('Step 1 produces five SP Partitions') +disp('P1 = (AB)(C)(D)') +disp('P2 = (ABC)(D)') +disp('P3 = (AD)(B)(C)') +disp('P4 = (A)(BC)(D)') +disp('P5 = (ABD)(C)') +disp('Step 2 requires three sums') +disp('P1 + P3 = (ABD)(C)--> P5') +disp('P1 + P4 = (ABC)(D)--> P2') +disp('P3 + P4 = (AD)(BC)--> P6') +disp('only one new partition is found by step 2.') diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c124ab75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | C D | 1 + + B | C D | 0 + + C | B D | 1 + + D | C A | 1 + + Step 1 produces five SP Partitions + + P1 = (AB)(C)(D) + + P2 = (ABC)(D) + + P3 = (AD)(B)(C) + + P4 = (A)(BC)(D) + + P5 = (ABD)(C) + + Step 2 requires three sums + + P1 + P3 = (ABD)(C)--> P5 + + P1 + P4 = (ABC)(D)--> P2 + + P3 + P4 = (AD)(BC)--> P6 + + only one new partition is found by step 2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66ae10ed9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 9.9: Reduction of state table +clc // Clears the console +disp("Given State Table") +disp("q | x=0 x=1 | z") +disp('--------------------------------') +disp("A | C D | 0") +disp("B | D A | 0") +disp("C | E D | 0") +disp("D | B A | 1") +disp("E | C D | 1") +disp('Step 1 produces five SP Partitions') +disp('P1 = (ACE)(BD)') +disp('P2 = (ADE)(BC)') +disp('P3 = (AE)(B)(C)(D)') +disp('P4 = (A)(BD)(C)(E)') +disp('P5 = (A)(B)(CE)(D)') +disp('Step 2 requires three sums') +disp('P1 + P4 = (ACE)(BD)--> P6') +disp('P3 + P4 = (AE)(BD)(C)--> P7') +disp('P4 + P5 = (A)(CE)(BD)--> P8') +disp('P7 + P8 = (ACE)(BD)--> P6') +disp('There are eight non trivial SP partition, of which two are two block and none are output consistent.') diff --git a/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt b/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a052a3f12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3860/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ + + Given State Table + + q | x=0 x=1 | z + + -------------------------------- + + A | C D | 0 + + B | D A | 0 + + C | E D | 0 + + D | B A | 1 + + E | C D | 1 + + Step 1 produces five SP Partitions + + P1 = (ACE)(BD) + + P2 = (ADE)(BC) + + P3 = (AE)(B)(C)(D) + + P4 = (A)(BD)(C)(E) + + P5 = (A)(B)(CE)(D) + + Step 2 requires three sums + + P1 + P4 = (ACE)(BD)--> P6 + + P3 + P4 = (AE)(BD)(C)--> P7 + + P4 + P5 = (A)(CE)(BD)--> P8 + + P7 + P8 = (ACE)(BD)--> P6 + + There are eight non trivial SP partition, of which two are two block and none are output consistent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3866/CH1/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3866/CH1/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..122fa491e --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH1/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +kc=1.380*(10^(-23));//constant +te=300;//room_temp_in_kelvin +qe=1.602*(10^(-19));//electron_charge +ni=1.45*(10^10); +p=3*(10^17); +deg=2*kc*te*abs(log(ni/p))/qe; +disp(deg,'degree of band bending(in volt):'); diff --git a/3866/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3866/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bce8fdcea --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +mprintf('T1=(R1*C1)+(R1*C2)+(R1*C3)\n\n');//for node 1 +mprintf(' T2=(R1*C1)+(R1*C3)+(R1+R2)*C2\n\n');//for node 2 +mprintf(' T3=(R1*C1)+(R1*C2)+(R1+R3)*C3\n\n');//for node 3 diff --git a/3866/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3866/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa676b449 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Ceff=1;//in fF/um +Cint=0.2;//in fF/um +Cg=2;//in fF/um +Wn=0.8;//in um +Wp=0.4;//in um +Lwire=20;//in um +reff=12.5/2;//in kiloohm +rsq=0.054;//in ohm +Cfan=4*Cg*(Wn+Wp); +disp(Cfan,'Fanout Capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Cself=Ceff*(Wn+Wp); +disp(Cself,'Self Capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Cwire=Cint*Lwire; +disp(Cwire,'Wire Capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Ctot=Cfan+Cself+Cwire; +disp(Ctot,'Total Capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Tdriver=reff*Ctot; +disp(Tdriver,'total delay without wire resistance(in picoseconds)='); +Rwire=(rsq*(Lwire/0.2))/1000; +Tdriver1=reff*(Cself+Cg)+(reff+Rwire)*(Cfan+Cg); +disp(Rwire,'wire resistance (in kiloohms)='); +disp(Tdriver1,'total delay with wire resistance(in picoseconds)='); +disp('Inclusion of wire resistance made no appreciable difference'); diff --git a/3866/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3866/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ada1764dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Rint=0.027/0.5;//in ohm/um +L=20000;//in um +Cint=0.1;//in fF/um +Reqn=12500;//in ohms +Ceff=1;//in fF/um +W=0.2;//in um +Rwire=Rint*L; +Cwire=Cint*L; +Reff=Reqn/100; +Cself=Ceff*(3*W)*100; +Telmore=(Reff*Cwire/2)+(Reff+Rwire)*Cwire/2; +disp(Rwire,'Wire resistance(in ohms)='); +disp(Cwire,'Wire capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +disp(Reff,'Inverter on resistance(in ohms)='); +disp(Cself,'Inverter output capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +disp(Telmore*10^(-6),'Resulting elmore delay(in nanoseconds)='); diff --git a/3866/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3866/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..329d0b089 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Rint=0.054;//in ohm/um +Cint=0.1;//in fF/um +l=20000;//in um +Reqn=12500;//in ohm +Cg=2;//in fF/um +Ceff=1;//in fF/um +W=0.2;//in um +CG=Cg*W;//in fF +CJ=Ceff*W;//in fF +B=2; +N=round(sqrt((Rint*Cint*l*l)/(2*Reqn*(CG+CJ)*(1+B)))); +disp(N,'Number of segments in wire='); +M=round(sqrt((Reqn*Cint)/(CG*(1+B)*Rint))); +disp(M,'Buffer size='); +Reff=round(Reqn/M); +disp(Reff,'Buffer resistance(in ohms)='); +Cself=Ceff*(2*W+W)*M; +disp(Cself,'Buffer output capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Cfan=Cg*(2*W+W)*M; +disp(Cfan,'Buffer input capacitance(in fermifarads)='); +Telm=7*((Reff*(Cself+(Cint*l/(2*N))))+(Reff+(Rint*l/N))*(((Cint*l/(2*N)))+Cfan)); +disp(Telm*10^(-6),'Total delay(in nanoseconds)='); +//answers vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3866/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3866/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89754ed56 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +t=10;//in years +A=2*(10^7);//in hr-cm^2/amp +delH=0.85;//in eV +T=398;//in kelvin +t50=10*t*365*24; +k=8.62*(10^(-5)); +Jmax=sqrt(A*exp(delH/(k*T))/t50); +disp(Jmax,'max tolerable current density for electromigration(in A/cm^2)='); +//the answer given in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f06fbdb9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; clc; close; + +vgs1=0.140;//obtained from figure +vgs2=0.212;//obtained from figure +k=1.3807*(10^(-23));//boltzmann constant +t=300;//temperature in kelvin +q=1.6*(10^(-19)); +n=((vgs2-vgs1)*q)/(k*t*log(10)); +s=60*n; +disp(n,'for PMOS device'); +disp(s,'slope factor(in mv/decade)'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a148567ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; clc; close; + +w=0.4;//in micrometer +l=100;//in nanometer +Cg=1.6;//in fF/micrometer +Ct=Cg*w; +Cgs1=0;Cgd1=0;Cgb1=Ct/2;//cutoff +Cgs2=Ct/2;Cgd2=Ct/2;Cgb2=0;//linear +Cgs3=(2*Ct)/3;Cgb3=0;Cgd3=0;//saturation +disp(Cgs1,'Cgs for cutoff region');//units in fF +disp(Cgd1,'Cgd for cutoff region'); +disp(Cgb1,'Cgb for cutoff region'); +disp(Cgs2,'Cgs for linear region'); +disp(Cgd2,'Cgd for linear region'); +disp(Cgb2,'Cgb for linear region'); +disp(Cgs3,'Cgs for saturation region'); +disp(Cgd3,'Cgs for saturation region'); +disp(Cgb3,'Cgs for saturation region'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d051356b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +disp('a)'); +k=1.38*(10^(-23));//boltzmann constant +t=300;//room temperature +q=1.6*(10^(-19)); +Na=3*(10^17);//in cm^(-3) +na1=3*(10^23);//in m^(-3) +Nd=10^20;//in cm^(-3) +Ni=1.45*(10^10); +esi=11.7*8.85*(10^(-12)); +FIb=(k*t*log((Na*Nd)/(Ni*Ni)))/q; +Cjb=((esi*q*na1)/(2*FIb))^(0.5); +disp(FIb,'Built in junction potential(in volts):'); +disp(Cjb,'capacitance per length(farad/(m^2)):');//answer vary due to round off error + +disp('b)'); +y=0.3;//in micrometer +xi=0.05;//in micrometer +w=0.4;//in micrometer +Cjb=1.6;//in (fF/micrometer^2) from 2_12a +FIb=1;//in volts from 2_12a +Vj1=0; +Vj2=-1.2; +Cj1=(Cjb*w*(y+xi)); +Cj2=(Cjb*w*(y+xi))/((1-(Vj2/FIb))^0.5); +disp(Cj1,'junction capacitance for Vj=0(in fF)='); +disp(Cj2,'junction capacitance for Vj=-1.2v(in fF)='); + +disp('c)'); +v2=0; +v1=-1.2;//in volts +Keq=(-2)*sqrt(FIb)*(sqrt(FIb-v2)-sqrt(FIb-v1))/(v2-v1); +Cj=Keq*Cjb*w*(y+xi); +disp(Cj,'junction capacitance(in fF)='); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45d2bfb9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +T=100; +Ld=0.01;//in micrometer +eox=4*8.85*(10^(-14)); +Cf=(2*eox*log(1+T))/%pi;//in F/cm +Cf1=(Cf)/(10^4);//in F/micrometer +Cox=(15*10^(-15));//in F +Cov=Cox*Ld; +Col=(Cf1+Cov)*(10^15);//in fF/micrometer +disp(Col,'overlap capacitance(in fF/micrometer)='); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e70f7d940 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +kc=1.380*(10^(-23));//constant +te=300;//room_temp_in_kelvin +qe=1.602*(10^(-19));//electron_charge +ni=1.45*(10^10); +p=3*(10^17); +esi=11.7*8.85*(10^(-14)); +deg=2*kc*te*abs(log(ni/p))/qe; +xd=sqrt((2*esi*deg)/(qe*p)); +qb=-sqrt(2*qe*p*esi*abs(-deg)); +disp(deg,'degree of band bending(in volt):'); +disp(xd,'limiting value of depletion layer width(in cm)'); +disp(qb,'total charge in depleted region(in C/cm^2)'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2368155a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; clc; close; + +tox=22*(10^(-10)); +na=3*(10^(17)); +qe=1.602*(10^(-19));//electron_charge +eox=8.85*(10^(-14)); +esi=11.7*eox; +cox=(4*eox)/tox; +y=sqrt(2*qe*esi*na)/cox; +disp(cox,'oxide capacitance (in F/m^2)'); +disp(y,'body factor'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33e870515 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +kc=1.380*(10^(-23));//constant +te=300;//room_temp_in_kelvin +qe=1.602*(10^(-19));//electron_charge +eo=8.85*(10^(-14)); +ni=1.45*(10^10); +p=3*(10^17); +fg=0.55; +s=2*(10^10);//in_cm^(-2) +tox=22*(10^(-8));//in_cm +esi=11.7*eo; +ffp=kc*te*log(ni/p)/qe; +fgc=ffp-fg; +eox=4*eo; +cox=eox/tox; +qbo=-sqrt(2*qe*p*esi*abs(2*ffp)); +vto=fgc-(2*ffp)-(qbo/cox)-(s*qe/cox); +disp(vto,'zero bias threshold voltage(in volts=)'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfc821045 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; close; clc; + +cox=1.6*10^(-6);//from_previous_example +v=0.4; +vto=0.08;//from previus example +qe=1.602*10^(-19); +n1=(cox*(v-vto))/qe; +disp(n1,'ion implant doses(in ions/cm^2)'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cbe032cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear; clc; close; + +vgs=1.8; +vt=0.5; +cl=200*(10^(-9)); +enln=6*(10^6)*cl; +eplp=24*(10^6)*cl; +vdsat1=((vgs-vt)*enln)/(vgs-vt+enln); +vdsat2=((vgs-vt)*eplp)/(vgs-vt+eplp); +disp(vdsat1,'Vdsat for NMOS(in volts)'); +disp(vdsat2,'Vdsat for PMOS(in volts)'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a7d1067a --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear; close; clc; +//in standard units +vsat=8*(10^4); +tox=22*(10^(-10)); +vgs=1.2; +vt=0.4; +cl=100*(10^(-9)); +eo=8.85*(10^(-12)); +cox=(4*eo)/tox; +enln=6*(10^6)*cl; +eplp=24*(10^6)*cl; +ids1=(vsat*cox*((vgs-vt)^2))/(vgs-vt+enln); +ids2=(vsat*cox*((vgs-vt)^2))/(vgs-vt+eplp); +disp(ids1,'saturation current of NMOS(in ampere/metre)');//answers vary due to round off error +disp(ids2,'saturation current of PMOS(in ampere/metre)');//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6d49347 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear; clc;close; + +vgs=1.2; +vt=0.4; +ecln=0.6; +eclp=2.4; +vdsat1=((vgs-vt)*ecln)/(vgs-vt+ecln); +vdsat2=((vgs-vt)*eclp)/(vgs-vt+eclp); +ratio=(vgs-vt+eclp)/(vgs-vt+ecln); +disp(vdsat1,'for NMOS(in volts)'); +disp(vdsat2,'for PMOS(in volts)'); +disp(ratio,'saturation current ratio nmos to pmos'); diff --git a/3866/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3866/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34caab228 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear; clc; close; + +vgs1=1.35;//given +vgs2=1.8;//given +ids1=130*(10^(-6));//given +ids2=220*(10^(-6));//given +vt=0.5;//given +vgs3=0.9;//given +a=(log10(ids2/ids1))/(log10((vgs2-vt)/(vgs1-vt))); +ks=ids2/((vgs2-vt)^a); +ids=ks*((vgs3-vt)^a); +disp(a,'alpha based from figure)');//answer vary due to round off error +disp(ids,'saturation current for vgs=0.9(in amperes)');//answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3866/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c4a7430c --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +r1=0.027;//resistivity in microohm/m +t1=1;//in micrometer +L=35;//in micrometer +T1=5;//in micrometer +R1=r1*(L/T1)/t1; +t2=0.5;//in micrometer +T2=0.18;//in micrometer +R2=r1*(L/T2)/t2; +r2=0.017;//in microohm/m +t3=0.4;//in micrometer +T3=0.13;//in micrometer +R3=r2*(L/T3)/t3; +disp(R1,'resistance(in ohm) of aluminium wire(1980)='); +disp(R2,'resistance(in ohm) of aluminium wire(2000)='); +disp(R3,'resistance(in ohm) of copper wire(2002)='); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3866/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec52c66e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +l=0.2;//in micrometer +w=0.4;//in micrometer +y=0.5;//in micrometer +ad=0.2;//in picometer^2 +pd=0.4;//in micrometer +mprintf('M1 drainn gaten Gnd Gnd NMOS1 l=%fu w=%fu ad=%fp pd=%fu as=%fp ps=%fu',l,w,ad,pd,ad,pd); diff --git a/3866/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3866/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68fa20ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +vto=0.5;//in volts +kp=300;//in micro +phi=0.8; +gam=0.4; +lam=0; +mprintf('.mode1 NMOS1 nmos level=1 vto=%f kp=%du phi=%f gamma=%f lambda=%d',vto,kp,phi,gam,lam); diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3d70f175 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +ki=430*(10^(-6));//in amp/volt^2 +vt=0.4;//in volts +wl=2; +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Rl=20*(10^3); +Voh=Vdd; +k=ki*wl; +Vol=Vdd/(1+k*Rl*(Vdd-vt)); +Vil=vt+(1/(k*Rl)); +Vih=vt+sqrt((8*Vdd)/(3*k*Rl))-1/(k*Rl); +NML=Vil-Vol; +NMH=Voh-Vih; +disp(NML,'NML(in volts)');//answer vary due to round off error +disp(NMH,'NMH(in volts)');//answer vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bac334067 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Vt=0.4;//in volts +gam=0.2; +voh=0.74;//in volts +fi=0.44;//in volts +Voh=Vdd-Vt-(gam*sqrt(voh+(2*fi)))+gam*sqrt(2*fi); +disp(Voh,'VOH(in volts)='); diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3bc31acc --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; clear ; close; + +Vol=0.1;//in volts +WL=100;//in nm +l=10^(-5);//in cm +un=270;//in cm^2/v.s +Vto=0.4;//in volts +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +el=0.6;//in volts +vsat=8*(10^6);//in cm/s +gam=0.2; +fi=0.44; +Vt=Vto+(gam*sqrt(Vol+(2*fi)))-gam*sqrt(2*fi); +k=(vsat*((Vdd-Vol-Vt)^2)*(1+Vol/el)*l)/((Vdd-Vol-Vt+el)*((Vdd-Vt)*Vol-(Vol^2)/2)*un); +Wl=WL*k; +disp(Vt,'Vtl(in volts)='); +disp(k,'ratio='); +disp(Wl,'Wl(in nm)=');//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8e7bedf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Wn=0.1;//in micrometer +Wp1=0.4;//in micrometer +Wp2=0.1;//in micrometer +Vdd=0.8;//in volts +Vtn=0.4;//in volts +Ecp=24; +Ecn=6; +X1=sqrt((Wn*Ecp)/(Wp1*Ecn)); +Vs1=(Vdd+(X1*Vtn))/(1+X1); +X2=sqrt((Wn*Ecp)/(Wp2*Ecn)); +Vs2=(Vdd+(X2*Vtn))/(1+X2); +disp(Vs1,'switchng voltage(in volts) for Wp=0.4um '); +disp(Vs2,'switchng voltage(in volts) for Wp=0.1um '); diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81a2377ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; clear; close; + + +Wn=0.4;//in micrometer +Wp=0.8;//in micrometer +Vdd=1.8;//in volts +Vtn=0.5;//in volts +Ecp=24; +Ecn=6; +Vtp=0.5;//in volts +Voh=Vdd; +Vol=0; +Vil=0.7;//in volts +Vih=1;//in volts +X=sqrt((Wn*Ecp)/(Wp*Ecn)); +Vs=(Vdd+(X*Vtn)-Vtp)/(1+X); +NMH=Voh-Vih; +NML=Vil-Vol; +disp(Vs,'Vs(in volts)='); +disp(NMH,'NMH(in volts)='); +disp(NML,'NMH(in volts)='); diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8418f24d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Wp=400;//in nanometer +Vsat=8*(10^6);//in cm/s +Vdd=1.8;//in volts +Vtp=0.5;//in volts +Ep=4.8;//in volts +Ln=2*(10^(-5));//in cm +un=270;//in cm^2/V.s +Vol=0.065;//in volts +En=1.2;//in volts +Vtn=0.5;//in volts +k=(Vsat*((Vdd-Vtp)^2)*Ln*(1+(Vol/En)))/(un*(Vol*(Vdd-Vtn)-(Vol^2)/2)*(Vdd-Vtp+Ep)); +Wn=k*Wp; +disp(k,'WN/WP=');//answers vary due to round off error +disp(Wn,'Wn(in nanometers)=');//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3866/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07fb0b6be --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +t=50*(10^(-12)); +Cl=50*(10^(-15)); +Reqn=12500;//in ohm +Reqp=30000;//in ohm +Ref=t/(0.7*Cl); +R1=Reqn/Ref; +mprintf('Wn/Ln=%f',R1); +R2=Reqp/Ref; +mprintf('\nWp/Lp=%f',R2); +Vsat=8*(10^6);//in cm/s +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Vtp=0.4;//in volts +Ep=2.4;//in volts +un=270;//in cm^2/V.s +Vol=0.065;//in volts +En=0.6;//in volts +Vtn=0.4;//in volts +Wp=(un*(Vol*(Vdd-Vtn)-(Vol^2)/2)*(Vdd-Vtp+Ep)*R1)/(Vsat*((Vdd-Vtp)^2)*(1+(Vol/En))); +mprintf('\nWp=%f (in cm)',Wp); +Wp=Wp*10000;//in micrometer +mprintf('\nWn/Ln=%f/0.1 (in 0.1um technology)',0.1*R1); +mprintf('\nWp/Lp=%f/0.1 (in 0.1um technology)',Wp); diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e43dc52ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Wn1=400;//in nm +Wp1=400;//in nm +Wn2=200;//in nm +Wp2=800;//in nm +Vdd=1.8;//in volts +Vtp=0.5;//in volts +Vtn=0.5;//in volts +Ep=24;//in volts +En=6;//in volts +X1=sqrt((Wn1*Ep)/(Wp1*En)); +Vs1=(Vdd+(X1*Vtn)-Vtp)/(1+X1); +X2=sqrt((Wn2*Ep)/(Wp2*En)); +Vs2=(Vdd+(X2*Vtn)-Vtp)/(1+X2); +disp(Vs1,'Vs when one input is high and other is varied(in volts)='); +disp(Vs2,'Vs when both inputs are varied(in volts)='); diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a50162a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Cl=100*(10^(-15));//in farad +T=200*(10^(-12));//in seconds +Reqn=12500;//in_ohms for_nmos_devices +r=(0.7*Reqn*Cl)/T; +disp(r,'W/L='); +Wn=r*100; +disp(Wn,'Wn for both nmos devices(in nanometer)='); +Wp=4*Wn; +disp(Wp,'Wp for both pmos devices(in nanometers)=' ); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2af8bcea9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +cc=8;//number of clock cycles +to=4;//number of toggles at output +a=to*100/(2*cc); +disp(a, 'activity factor(%)='); diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9e0bd559 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +C=50*(10^(-15));//in farad +Vdd=1.8;//in volts +f=250*10^(6);//in hertz +P=C*Vdd*Vdd*f; +disp(P,'dynamic power(in watts)='); diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d8325aa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vol=0.1;//in volts +WL=9; +uc=430;//in uA/v^2 +en=0.6;//in volts +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Vtn=0.4;//in volts +Idc=(WL*uc*(Vol*(Vdd-Vtn)-(Vol*Vol)/2))/(1+(Vol/en)); +disp(Idc,'Idc(in micro amperes)='); +P=Idc*Vdd; +disp(P,'power dissipated(in microwatts)='); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3866/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b561ed9f --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +n1=10*(10^6); +n2=50*(10^6); +a1=0.1; +c1=20*(10^(-15));//in F +Vdd1=1.8;//in volts +f1=500*(10^6);//in Hz +a2=0.05; +c2=10*(10^(-15));//in F +Vdd2=1.2;//in volts +f2=1*(10^9);//in Hz +P1=n1*c1*Vdd1*Vdd1*f1*a1; +disp(P1,'Case 1 Power(in watts)='); +P2=n2*c2*Vdd2*Vdd2*f2*a2; +disp(P2,'Case 2 Power(in watts)='); +t1=1/f1; +t2=1/f2; +EDP1=P1*t1*t1; +EDP2=P2*t2*t2; +disp(EDP1,'case 1 EDP(in joule-seconds)='); +disp(EDP2,'case 2 EDP(in joule-seconds)='); +disp('Second design has lower energy delay product , so it is better '); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4059b29c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vsat=8*(10^6);//in cm/s +Cox=1.6*(10^(-6));//in F/cm^2 +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Wn=0.1*(10^(-4));//in cm +En=0.6//in volts +Vtn=0.4;//in volts +Wp=Wn; +Vtp=Vtn; +Ep=2.4;//in volts +Idsat=(Wn*Vsat*Cox*((Vdd-Vtn)^2))/(Vdd-Vtn+En); +Reqn=Vdd/(0.7*Idsat*2); +Idsat1=(Wp*Vsat*Cox*((Vdd-Vtp)^2))/(Vdd-Vtp+Ep); +Reqp=Vdd/(0.7*Idsat1*2); +mprintf('for NMOS device, Idsat(in amperes)=%f \n Reqn(in ohms)=%f',Idsat,Reqn); +mprintf('\n\nfor PMOS device, Idsat(in amperes)=%f \n Reqp(in ohms)=%f',Idsat1,Reqp); +//answers vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43ad70fc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Cload=200;//in fF +Cin=2;//in fF +Tnand=4; +Tnor=5; +Tinv=3; +Fanout_d=(Tnand*Tnor*Tinv*Cload/Cin)^(1/3); +Cj2=Tnor*Cload/Fanout_d;disp(Cj2,'Cj+2 (in fermifarad)='); +Cj1=Tinv*Cj2/Fanout_d;disp(Cj1,'Cj+1 (in fermifarad)='); +Cin1=Tnand*Cj1/Fanout_d;disp(Cin1,'Cin(in fermifarad)='); +mprintf('\nfor nand gate:Cin=%ffF , so Wp=Wn=0.5um\n',Cin1); +mprintf('\nfor inverter:Cin=%ffF , so Wp=3um & Wn=1.5um\n',Cj1); +mprintf('\nfor nor gate:Cin=%ffF , so Wp=22um & Wn=5.5um\n',Cj2); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47f51a5cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +LEnand=4/3; +LEinv=1; +LEnor=5/3; +Cload=200;//in fF +Cin=2;//in fF +Pnand=1; +Pinv=1/2; +Pnor=3/2; +Tinv=7.5;//in picoseconds +path_effort=LEnand*LEinv*LEnor*Cload/Cin; +disp(path_effort,'Total path effort='); +Stage_effort=round(path_effort^(1/3)); +disp(Stage_effort,'Stage effort='); +D=3*Stage_effort+Pnand+Pinv+Pnor; +disp(D,'Normalised delay='); +min_delay=Tinv*D; +disp(min_delay,'Physical delay value(in picoseconds)='); +cj2=Cload*LEnor/Stage_effort; +disp(cj2,'Cj+2(in fF)='); +cj1=cj2*LEinv/Stage_effort; +disp(cj1,'Cj+1(in fF)='); +cin=cj1*LEnand/Stage_effort; +disp(cin,'Cj+2(in fF)='); +mprintf('\n\nDevice size will be same as example 6.10'); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cfeb1fe7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; close; clear; + +Cgate=1+1; +Cinv=1+2; +LEf=Cgate/Cinv; +LEr=2*Cgate/Cinv; +LE=(LEf+LEr)/2; +disp(LEf,'Falling case Logical effort='); +disp(LEr,'Rising case Logical effort='); +disp(LE,'Average logical effort='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..134b40459 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +LEinv=1; +LEnor=5/3; +LEnand=4/3; +Cload=20;//in fF +Cin=10;//in fF +Pinv=1/2; +Pnor=3/2; +Pnand=1; +path_effort=LEinv*LEnand*LEnor*Cload/Cin; +disp(path_effort,'total path effort='); +SE=path_effort^(1/4); +disp(SE,'optimal stage effort='); +delay=(4*SE)+(2*Pinv)+Pnor+Pnand; +disp(delay,'normalised delay='); +Z=LEinv*Cload/SE; +disp(Z,'Z='); +Y=LEnand*Z/SE; +disp(Y,'Y='); +X=LEnor*Y/SE; +disp(X,'X='); +Cin1=LEinv*X/SE; +disp(Cin1,'Cin='); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e32127876 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Cload=200;//in fF; +Cin=20;//in fF +LEnand4=2; +LEnand2=4/3; +LEinv=1; +LEnor=5/3; +Pinv=1/2; +Pnand2=1; +Pnand4=2; +Pnor=3/2; +path_effort=LEinv*LEnand2*LEnand4*Cload/Cin; +SE=path_effort^(1/4); +D=(4*SE)+Pnand4+Pinv+Pnand2+Pinv; +disp(D,'Normalised Delay for 1st case='); +path_effort1=LEinv*LEnand2*LEnand2*LEnor*Cload/Cin; +SE1=path_effort1^(1/4); +D1=(4*SE1)+Pnand2+Pnor+Pnand2+Pinv; +disp(D1,'Normalised Delay for 2nd case='); +mprintf('\n\n Option 1 is better than option 2'); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14a92df76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.15/Ex6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +LEnand=4/3; +Cout=4.5; +Cin=1; +N=3; +Pnand=1; +LEp=LEnand^3; +disp(LEp,'Logical effort='); +FOp=Cout/Cin; +disp(FOp,'Electrical effort='); +BEp=2*3; +disp(BEp,'Branching effort='); +PE=LEp*FOp*BEp; +disp(PE,'Path effort='); +SE=PE^(1/N); +disp(SE,'Optimal stage effort='); +D=(N*SE)+Pnand*3; +disp(D,'Delay='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d91602429 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.16/Ex6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Cin=1; +a=8; +b=64; +LEinv=1; +//solving without sideload 'a' +SE=(LEinv*b/Cin)^(1/3); +y=LEinv*b/SE; +mprintf('WITHOUT SIDELOAD'); +disp(y,'Y='); +x=LEinv*y/SE; +disp(x,'X='); +w=LEinv*x/SE; +disp(w,'W='); +//adding sideload by removing gates beyond sideload +sideload_c=y+a; +SE1=(LEinv*sideload_c/Cin)^(1/2); +X=round(LEinv*sideload_c/SE1); +mprintf('\n WITH SIDELOAD'); +disp(y,'Y='); +disp(X,'X='); +disp(w,'W='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..302a8a0a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Wp=2; +Wn=3; +a=Wp+Wn; +mprintf('Worst case input capacitance: Cin= %dWCg',a); +b=3*Wn; +c=2*Wp; +d=b+c; +mprintf('\n\n Worst case output capacitance: Cout= %dWCeff',d); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bca6e081c --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Cg=2;//in fF/micrometer +Wp=0.8;//in micrometer +Wn=0.4;//in micrometer +Ceff=1;//in fF/micrometer +Cfanout=4*Cg*(Wp+Wn); +Cself=Ceff*(Wn+Wp); +Ctotal=Cfanout+Cself; +disp(Cfanout,'Fanout capacitance(in fermifarad)='); +disp(Cself,'Self capacitance(in fermifarad)='); +disp(Ctotal,'Total capacitance(in fermifarad)='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90c9353f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +disp('a) Propagation delay for step case'); +disp('Imax=Cl*(dVout/dt)=(Cl*Vdd)/(2*Tphl)'); +disp('Tphl=Cl*Vdd/(2*Imax)'); + +disp('b) Propagation delay for ramp case'); +disp('Imax=Cl*(dVout/dt)'); +disp('Iout*dt=Cl*dVout'); +disp('Integrating both sides,'); +disp('(Imax*tr/4)+Imax*(Tphl-tr/2)=Cl*Vdd/2'); +disp('Tphl=(tr/4)+Cl*Vdd/(2*Imax)'); + +disp('c)') +disp('Tphl_ramp = (tr/4)+Tphl_step'); +disp('if tr=2*Tplh_step , then'); +disp('Tphl_ramp = (2*Tplh_step/4)+Tphl_step'); +disp('Tphl_ramp = Tphl_step+(Tphl_step/2)'); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a66ca8c86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +//a +Ctotal=10.8;//in fermifarad(from Ex 6_4) +Reff1=12.5;// in kiloohm +Reff2=30;//in kiloohm +r1=1/2; +r2=1/4; +PHL=Reff1*r1*Ctotal; +disp(PHL,'Tphl(in picoseconds)=');//answer vary due to roundoff error +PLH=Reff2*r2*Ctotal; +disp(PLH,'Tplh(in picoseconds)='); +Tp=(PHL+PLH)/2; +disp(Tp,'total inverter delay(in picoseconds)=');//answer vary due to roundoff error + +//b +Cload1=2.4+1.2;//in fermifarad +PHL1=Reff1*r1*Cload1; +disp(PHL1,'FO1 fall delay(in picoseconds)= '); + +PLH1=Reff2*r2*Cload1; +disp(PLH1,'FO1 rise delay(in picoseconds)= '); +Tp1=2*(PHL1+PLH1); +disp(Tp1,'total delay(in picoseconds)='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b013a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +//a +Reff=12.5;//in kiloohm +r=2/4; +Cload=4.2;//in fermifarad +T=4*Reff*r*Cload; +disp(T,'total delay(in picoseconds)='); + +//b +Reff1=30;//in kiloohm +Cfanout=2;//in fermifarad +Cself=1;//in fermifarad +r1=2/6; +Cload1=Cself+Cfanout; +PLH=Reff1*Cload1*r1; +PHL=Reff*r*Cload1; +T1=2*(PHL+PLH); +disp(PLH,'rise delay(in picoseconds)='); +disp(PHL,'fall delay(in picoseconds)='); +disp(T1,'total delay(in picoseconds)='); +//answers vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9261a4fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Reqn=12.5;//in kiloohm +Cg=2;//in fF/micrometer +Ln=0.1;//in micrometer +Ceff=1;//in fF/micrometer +Tinv=3*Reqn*Cg*Ln; +Yinv=Ceff/Cg; +disp(Tinv,'Tinv for 0.13um technology(in picoseconds)='); +disp(Yinv,'Yinv for 0.13um technology='); diff --git a/3866/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3866/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a30d0396f --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; close; clear; + +Cload=200;//in fF +Cin=1;//in fF +N=3; +Tinv=7.5;//in picoseconds +Y=0.5; +f=(Cload/Cin)^(1/N); +disp(f,'Fanout ratio for 3 stage inverter='); +tdelay=3*Tinv*(f+Y); +disp(tdelay,'total delay in 3 stage case(in picoseconds)='); +f1=3.6;//estimated +N1=log(Cload/Cin)/log(f1); +g=round(N1); +disp(N1,'N='); +f2=(Cload/Cin)^(1/g); +disp(f2,'recomputed fanout ratio for 4 stage='); +tdelay1=4*Tinv*(f2+Y); +disp(tdelay1,'total delay in 3 stage case(in picoseconds)='); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3866/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd24f53cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Vto=0.4;//in volts +gam=0.2;//in vplts^(0.5) +fi=0.88;//in volts +//solving of quadratic equation +a=1; +b=(-2)*(Vdd-Vto+gam*sqrt(fi))-(gam^2); +c=((((Vdd-Vto+gam*sqrt(fi))^2)-(gam^2)*fi)); +Vout=((-b)-sqrt(b*b-4*c))/2; +disp(Vout,'Output(in volts) when input=1.2V and clock=1.2V:'); +Col=0.25;//in fF/um +W=0.2;//in um +Ceff=1;//in fF/um +Cg=2;//in fF/um +Cf=Col*W; disp(Cf,'Cf(in fermifarad)='); +Cgnd=Ceff*W; disp(Ceff,'Cef(in fermifarad)='); +Vout1=Vout-((1.2*Cf)/(Cf+Cgnd)); +disp(Vout1,'Output(in volts) when input=1.2V and clock=low:'); +mprintf('\n\n When input=0V then output=0V irrespective of clock\n\n'); +Cf1=(0.5*Cg*W)+(Col*W); +Vout2=0-((1.2*Cf1)/(Cf1+Cgnd)); +disp(Vout2,'output(in volts) when input=0V and device is in linear region:'); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3866/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db1d54ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +//a +C1=100;//in fF +C2=20;//in fF; +V1=0//in volts +V2=1.2;//in volts +V=(C1*V1+C2*V2)/(C1+C2); +disp(V,'A) V*(in volts)='); + +//b +C1=20;//in fF +C2=20;//in fF; +V1=0//in volts +V2=1.2;//in volts +V=(C1*V1+C2*V2)/(C1+C2); +disp(V,'B) V*(in volts)='); + +//c +C1=20;//in fF +C2=100;//in fF; +V1=0//in volts +V2=1.2;//in volts +V=(C1*V1+C2*V2)/(C1+C2); +disp(V,'C) V*(in volts)='); +mprintf('\n Last solution is not possible since V cannot rise above Vdd-Vtn\n'); diff --git a/3866/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3866/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30b000637 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; close; clear; + +mprintf('For 1st model:\n\n'); +mprintf(' Total delay=T1\n'); +mprintf(' T1=Rinv*C1+(Rinv+Rtg)*C2+(Rinv+2*Rtg)*C3\n'); +mprintf(' Rinv=R and Rtg=R\n'); +mprintf(' C1=(3*Ceff*W)+(Cg*W)+(2*Ceff*W)\n'); +mprintf(' C2=(Cg*W*2)+(6*Ceff*W)\n'); +mprintf(' C3=(4*Ceff*W)+(Cg*W)+(3*f*Cg*W)\n'); +mprintf(' T1=R*W*((29*Ceff)+(8*Cg)+(9*f*Cg))\n\n\n'); +mprintf(' For 2nd model:\n\n'); +mprintf(' Total delay=T2\n'); +mprintf(' T2=Rinv*C4+(Rinv+Rtg)*C5\n'); +mprintf(' Rinv=R and Rtg=R\n'); +mprintf(' C4=(3*Ceff*W)+(2*Ceff*W)+(Cg*W)\n'); +mprintf(' C5=(8*ceff*W)+(Cg*W)+(3*f*Cg*W)\n'); +mprintf(' T2=R*W*((21*Ceff)+(3*Cg)+(6*f*Cg))\n\n'); +mprintf(' Comparing two models, MUX1 is slower than MUX2'); diff --git a/3866/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3866/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c325355f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +LE_input_a1=4*2/3; +LE_input_sel1=2/3; +LE_input_a2=(4*5)/(3*4); +LE_input_sel2=(4*5)/(4*3); +disp(LE_input_a1,'LE Input A(for 1st case)='); +disp(LE_input_sel1,'LE Input sel(for 1st case)='); +disp(LE_input_a2,'LE Input A(for 2nd case)='); +disp(LE_input_sel2,'LE Input A(for 2nd case)='); diff --git a/3866/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce b/3866/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7af050a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH7/EX7.8/Ex7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +mprintf('A)\n'); +mprintf(' F=AB+C\n\n'); +mprintf(' B)\n'); +Cg=2;//in fF/um +Wp=16*0.05;//in um +lam=0.05; +Ceff=1;//in fF/um +Vclk=1.2;//in volts +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Cf=Cg*Wp/2; +Cgnd=(Ceff*40*lam)+(Cg*30*lam); +delV=(Cf*Vclk/(Cf+Cgnd)); +disp(delV,'DELVx(in volts)='); +Vout=Vdd+delV; +disp(Vout,'Output voltage(in volts)='); +mprintf('\nSince output voltage is above Vdd , it is not a problem\n\n'); +mprintf(' C)\n'); +Cy=Ceff*16*lam; +V=Cgnd*Vdd/(Cy+Cgnd); +disp(V,'Worst case charge sharing V*(in volts)='); +//answers vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3866/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3866/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd969657f --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +norm_ot=1; +LEnand3=5/3; +B_effort=16; +LEnand2=4/3; +mprintf(' Normalised output=%f\n',norm_ot); +Ic=norm_ot/4; +mprintf(' Inverter input capacitance=%f\n',Ic); +In3=LEnand3*Ic/4; +mprintf(' Input capacitance of NAND3 gate=%f\n',In3); +Ic1=In3*B_effort/4; +mprintf(' 2nd inverter input capacitance=%f\n',Ic1); +In2=LEnand2*Ic1/4; +mprintf(' Input capacitance of NAND2 gate=%f\n',In2); diff --git a/3866/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3866/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a5cbe465 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vsat=8*(10^6);//in cm/s +Vdd=1.2;//in volts +Vt1=0.4;//in volts +Ln=1*(10^(-5));//in cm +un=270;//in cm^2/V.s +Vol=0.065;//in volts +En=0.6;//in volts +Vt3=0.4;//in volts +Vq=0.1;//in volts +Cbit=2;//in picofarads +DelV=200;//in mV +Delt=2;//in nanoseconds +k=(Vsat*((Vdd-Vt3-Vq)^2)*Ln*(1+(Vq/En)))/(un*(Vq*(Vdd-Vt1)-(Vq^2)/2)*(Vdd-Vt3-Vq+En)); +disp(k,'W1/W3='); +Icell=Cbit*DelV/Delt; +disp(Icell,'Icell(in microamperes)='); +W3=(Icell*(Vdd-Vt1-Vq+En))/(((Vdd-Vq-Vt1)^2)*1.6*Vsat); +disp(W3,'W3(in centimeters)='); +mprintf(' \n This implies that W1=0.7um'); diff --git a/3866/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3866/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..187023ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +gate_cap=2*0.5;//in fF +wire_cap1=30*0.2/20;//in fF +drain_cap=0.5*0.5;//in fF +wire_cap2=40*0.2*0.1/2;//in fF +con_cap=0.5/2;//in fF +row_cells=256; +col_cells=256; +Cword=row_cells*(2*gate_cap+wire_cap1); +disp(Cword,'Capacitance of wordline(in fermifarads)='); +Cbit=col_cells*(drain_cap+wire_cap2+con_cap); +disp(Cbit,'Capacitance of Bitline(in fermifarads)='); +//answers vary due to roundoff error diff --git a/3866/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3866/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5956b1bc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Ctag=450;//in fF +Cin=3;//in fF +Pinv=0.5; +Cg=2;//in fF/um +Reqn=12.5;//in kiloohm +Ln=0.2;//in um +C=200;//in fF +N=round(log10(Ctag/Cin)/log10(4)); +disp(N,'Number of stages of drivers='); +SE=(Ctag/Cin)^(1/N); +disp(SE,'Optimal stage effort='); +D=(N*SE)+(N*Pinv); +disp(D,'Normalised delay='); +Tinv=3*Cg*Reqn*Ln; +Ttag=Tinv*D; +disp(Ttag,'Actual delay(in picoseconds)='); +Reff=Reqn/8; +Tmatchline=Reff*C; +disp(Tmatchline,'Delay for the matchline(in picoseconds)='); +Ttotal=Ttag+Tmatchline; +disp(Ttotal,'Total delay (in picoseconds)='); +//answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3866/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3866/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68f204717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +col_cap=10; +cell_cap=1; +Vdd=1; +V1=((col_cap*Vdd/2)+(Vdd*cell_cap))/(col_cap+cell_cap); +mprintf('For a stored 1, V= %fVdd\n\n',V1); +V2=(col_cap*Vdd/2)/(col_cap+cell_cap); +mprintf(' For a stored 0, V= %fVdd\n\n',V2); diff --git a/3866/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3866/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e04671d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3866/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc; clear; close; + +Vt=2;//in volts +disp(Vt,'Threshold voltage relative to gate 2(in volts)');//Capacitive divider equation +disp('When 5V external voltage is applied , internal voltage will reach to -0.5V which means device is OFF'); +disp('To reach 1V as internal voltage , external voltage should have value of 8V'); +//values are obtained experimentally by EPROM programming diff --git a/3870/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/3870/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..546c6babd --- /dev/null +++ b/3870/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Developed in Windows 7 Operating system 64-bit +//Platform Scilab 6.0.0 +clc;clear; +//Example 1.2 +//Find the angle between the face diagonals of a cube + +//Given data +a=[1 0 1]; // Vector A=1x^+0y^+1z^ +b=[0 1 1]; // Vector B=0x^+1y^+1z^ +amod=sqrt(a(1)^2+a(2)^2+a(3)^2); +bmod=sqrt(b(1)^2+b(2)^2+b(3)^2); + +//Calculation +c=a.*b; +dot=0; +for i=1:3 + dot=dot+c(i); +end +theta=acosd(dot/(amod*bmod)); + +disp(theta,'Angle(Dg.) betwen the face diagonals of a cube is : ') diff --git a/3870/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.png b/3870/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb84e835c Binary files /dev/null and b/3870/CH1/EX1.2/ex1_2.png differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c14ac314 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b81d884a --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.1/EX10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.1 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +CTratio=100/5; //CT ratio +Zs=0.082; //Secondary resistance of a 100:5 CT in Ohm +IZB=[5 0.5; 8 0.8; 15 1.5]; //Secondary output current in Amperes and burden resistance in Ohm +E=(Zs+IZB(1,2))*IZB(1,1); //Secondary Excitation voltage in Volts +printf('\nCase: a'); +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation voltage is %0.4f Volts',E); +Ie=0.25 //Secondary Excitation current for the secondary voltage from figure !0.8 in Amperes +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation current is %0.4f Amperes',Ie); +I=CTratio*(IZB(1,1)+Ie); //Primary current of the CT in Amperes +printf('\nThe Primary current is %d Amperes',I); +CTerr=Ie*100/(IZB(1,1)+Ie)'; //Error in CT +printf('\nThe error of the CT is %0.4f percentage',CTerr); +E=(Zs+IZB(2,2))*IZB(2,1); //Secondary Excitation voltage in Volts +printf('\n\nCase: b'); +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation voltage is %0.4f Volts',E); +Ie=0.4 //Secondary Excitation current for the secondary voltage from figure !0.8 in Amperes +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation current is %0.4f Amperes',Ie); +I=CTratio*(IZB(2,1)+Ie); //Primary current of the CT in Amperes +printf('\nThe Primary current is %d Amperes',I); +CTerr=Ie*100/(IZB(2,1)+Ie)'; //Error in CT +printf('\nThe error of the CT is %0.4f percentage',CTerr); +E=(Zs+IZB(3,2))*IZB(3,1); //Secondary Excitation voltage in Volts +printf('\n\nCase: c'); +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation voltage is %0.4f Volts',E); +Ie=20 //Secondary Excitation current for the secondary voltage from figure !0.8 in Amperes +printf('\nThe Secondary excitation current is %0.4f Amperes',Ie); +I=CTratio*(IZB(3,1)+Ie); //Primary current of the CT in Amperes +printf('\nThe Primary current is %d Amperes',I); +CTerr=Ie*100/(IZB(3,1)+Ie)'; //Error in CT +printf('\nThe error of the CT is %0.4f percentage',CTerr); diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d74b5458 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e6891a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.10/EX10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.10 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Srated = 30; //power rating in MVA +Vprtr = 34.5; //primary side of transformer voltage in kV +Vsectr = 138; //secondary side of transformer voltage in kV +IArated = (Srated*10^6)/(sqrt(3)*Vsectr*10^3); //Rated current on the 138-kV side of the transformer in Amperes +CTratiosec = 150/5; //CT ratio on the 138-kV side +IA = IArated/CTratiosec; //differential current in 138kV side in Amperes +Iarated = (Srated*10^6)/(sqrt(3)*Vprtr*10^3); //Rated current on the 34.5-kV side of the transformer in Amperes +CTratiopr = 500/5; //CT ratio on the 34.5-kV side +Ia = Iarated/CTratiopr; //differential current in 138kV side in Amperes +Iab = Ia*sqrt(3); //diffrential current in lefthand re-straining winding of figure 10.37 in Amperes +crtratio = Iab/IA; //ratio of the currents in the left- to righthand restraining winding +TA = 5; +Tab = 10; +tapratio = Tab/TA; //closest relay tap ratio +%mismatch = (((Iab/Tab)-(IA/TA))/(Iab/Tab))*100; //percentage mismatch for tap setting +printf('\nRated current on the 138kV side of the transformer is %f A',IArated); +printf('\nRated current on CT ratio in 138 kV side of the transformer is %f A',IA); +printf('\nRated current on the 34.5kV side of the transformer is %f A',Iarated); +printf('\nRated current on CT ratio in 34.5kV side of the transformer is %f A',Ia); +printf('\nThe percentage mismatch for the tap setting is %f',%mismatch); + + + diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53634fc0a Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..046ec038d --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.2/EX10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.2 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Irelay=200 //Current through the relay in Amperes +CTratio=100/5; //CT ratio +Zs=0.082; //Secondary resistance of a 100:5 CT in Ohm +IZB=[8 0.8; 8 3]; //Secondary output current in Amperes and burden resistance in Ohm +E=(Zs+IZB(1,2))*IZB(1,1); //Secondary Excitation voltage in Volts +Ie=0.40 //Secondary Excitation current for the secondary voltage from figure !0.8 in Amperes +I=CTratio*(IZB(1,1)+Ie); //Primary current of the CT in Amperes +printf('\nCase: a'); +if (Irelay>I) then + printf('\nWith the burden resistance of %0.2f Ohm, the minimum primary current required is %d Amperes.\nTherefore the relay will operate because of the 200 Amperes fault current',IZB(1,2),I) +else + printf('\nWith the burden resistance of %0.2f Ohm, the minimum primary current required is %d Amperes.\nTherefore the relay will not operate because of the 200 Amperes fault current',IZB(1,2),I); +end +E=(Zs+IZB(2,2))*IZB(2,1); //Secondary Excitation voltage in Volts +Ie=30 //Secondary Excitation current for the secondary voltage from figure !0.8 in Amperes +I=CTratio*(IZB(2,1)+Ie); //Primary current of the CT in Amperes +printf('\n\nCase: b'); +if (Irelay>I) then + printf('\nWith the burden resistance of %0.2f Ohm, the minimum primary current required is %d Amperes.\nTherefore the relay will operate because of the 200 Amperes fault current',IZB(2,2),I) +else + printf('\nWith the burden resistance of %0.2f Ohm, the minimum primary current required is %d Amperes.\nTherefore the relay will not operate because of the 200 Amperes fault current',IZB(2,2),I); +end diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9402b77b Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981afb01b --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.3/EX10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Crnttap=6; //Current tap setting in Amperes +TDsetting=1; //Time dial setting +CTratio=100/5; //CT ratio +IZB=[5 0.5; 8 0.8; 15 1.5]; //Secondary output current in Amperes and burden resistance in Ohm +RC_multiple_Crntap=IZB(1,1)/Crnttap; //Relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting +printf('\nCase: a'); +if (RC_multiple_Crntap<1) then + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will not operate',RC_multiple_Crntap); +else + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will operate after %0.2f Seconds',RC_multiple_Crntap,time); +end +RC_multiple_Crntap=IZB(2,1)/Crnttap; //Relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting +time=6 //Relay operating time from figure 10.12 in Seconds +printf('\n\nCase: b'); +if (RC_multiple_Crntap<1) then + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will not operate',RC_multiple_Crntap); +else + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will operate after %d Seconds',RC_multiple_Crntap,time); +end +RC_multiple_Crntap=IZB(3,1)/Crnttap; //Relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting +time=1.2 //Relay operating time from figure 10.12 in Seconds +printf('\n\nCase: c'); +if (RC_multiple_Crntap<1) then + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will not operate',RC_multiple_Crntap); +else + printf('\nFor the relay current in the multiple of the current tap setting %0.4f \nThe relay will operate after %0.2f Seconds',RC_multiple_Crntap,time); +end diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..edd36b562 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..175e0af78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.4/EX10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.4 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +S_Ifmax_CTratio=[11 3000 400/5;4 2000 200/5;6 100 200/5]; //Apparent power in MVA , maximum fault current in Amperes and CT ratio +V=34.5; //RMS line to line voltage in kVolts +Tbreaker=0.083; //Operating time of breaker for 5 cycles in Second +Tcoordination=0.3; //Co-ordination time of the breaker in Seconds +Il3=S_Ifmax_CTratio(3,1)*10^(3)/(V*sqrt(3)*S_Ifmax_CTratio(3,3)); //Maximum secondary current of breaker 3 in Ampere +Ts3=3; //From figure 10.12 the Tap Setting +Il2=(S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,1)+S_Ifmax_CTratio(3,1))*10^(3)/(V*sqrt(3)*S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,3));//Maximum secondary current of breaker 2 in Ampere +Ts2=5; //From figure 10.12 the Tap Setting +Il1=(S_Ifmax_CTratio(1,1)+S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,1)+S_Ifmax_CTratio(3,1))*10^(3)/(V*sqrt(3)*S_Ifmax_CTratio(1,3));//Maximum secondary current of breaker 1 in Ampere +Ts1=5; //From figure 10.12 the Tap Setting +Fault_pickupcrnt3=S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,2)/(Ts3*S_Ifmax_CTratio(3,3)); //The fault-to-pickup current ratio at Breaker 3 +t3=0.05; //Relay operating time from figure 10.12 in Seconds +tds3=0.5; //Time-dial settings from figure 10.12 +Fault_pickupcrnt2=S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,2)/(Ts2*S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,3)); //The fault-to-pickup current ratio at Breaker 2 +t2=t3+Tbreaker+Tcoordination; +tds2=2; //Time-dial settings from figure 10.12 +Fault_pickupcrnt2=S_Ifmax_CTratio(1,2)/(Ts2*S_Ifmax_CTratio(2,3)); //The fault-to-pickup current ratio at Breaker 1 +t2=0.38; //Relay operating time from figure 10.12 in Seconds +tds1=3; //Time-dial settings from figure 10.12 +Fault_pickupcrnt1=S_Ifmax_CTratio(1,2)/(Ts2*S_Ifmax_CTratio(1,3)); +t1=t2+Tbreaker+Tcoordination; +printf('\nBreaker\tTS\tTDS'); +printf('\nB1\t%d\t%0.1f',Ts1,tds1); +printf('\nB2\t%d\t%0.1f',Ts2,tds2); +printf('\nB3\t%d\t%0.1f',Ts3,tds3); diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247cd3cb3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a872f5d47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.8/EX10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.8 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Vln=345; //Source voltage in kVolts +CTratio=1500/5; //CT ratio +VTratio=3000/1; //VT ratio +Imax=1500; //Maximum current during emergency loading in Amperes +pf=0.95; //Power factor +positivesequence=[8+%i*50;8+%i*50;5.3+%i*33;4.3+%i*27]; //Positive sequence impedance in Ohms +Zsec=CTratio/VTratio; //Secondary impedance with respect to primary impedance in Ohms +Zr1=0.8*positivesequence(1)*Zsec; //B12 zone 1 relay for 80% reach in Ohms +Zr2=1.2*positivesequence(2)*Zsec; //B12 zone 2 relay for 120% reach in Ohms +Zr3=(positivesequence(3)*1.2+positivesequence(2))*Zsec //B12 zone 3 relay for 100% reach of line 1–2 and 120% reach of line 2–4 in Ohms +Z=(Vln*10^(3)*Zsec/sqrt(3))/(Imax*exp(-%i*acos(pf))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of Zr1 is %0.2f Ohm and its angle is %0.2f degrees',abs(Zr1),atand(imag(Zr1),real(Zr1))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of Zr2 is %0.2f Ohm and its angle is %0.2f degrees',abs(Zr2),atand(imag(Zr2),real(Zr2))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of Zr3 is %0.2f Ohm and its angle is %0.2f degrees\n',abs(Zr3),atand(imag(Zr3),real(Zr3))); +if abs(Z)>abs(Zr3) then + printf('\nEmergency impedance exceeds the zone 3 setting\nIt lies outside the trip regions of thethree-zone, directional impedance relay'); +else + printf('\nEmergency impedance does not exceed the zone 3 setting\nIt lies inside the trip regions of thethree-zone, directional impedance relay'); +end + diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.JPG b/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b00ceeeb2 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce b/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f8f1c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH10/EX10.9/EX10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 10 ; Example 10.9 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Srated = 10; //power rating in MVA +Vprtr = 80; //primary side of transformer voltage in kV +Vsectr = 20; //secondary side of transformer voltage in kV +CTratiopr = 150/5; //primary CT ratio +CTratiosec = 600/5; //secondary CT ratio +I1rated = (Srated*10^6)/(Vprtr*10^3); //rated current 1 in Amperes +I2rated = (Srated*10^6)/(Vsectr*10^3); //rated current 2 in Amperes +I1 = I1rated/CTratiopr; //differential current 1 in Amperes +I2 = I2rated/CTratiosec; //differential current 2 in Amperes +I = I1-I2; //differential current at rated conditions in Amperes +k = 0.5/2.25; //from figure 10.34 +printf('The value of k is %f',k); diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg b/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37dd1c9b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b734b6168 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.1 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +f=60 //frequency of hydroelectric generating unit +Pr=500 //rated power of hydroelectric generator +V=5 //rated voltage of hrdroelectric generator +p=32 //pole of hydroelectric generating unit +H=2.0 //Inertia constant in per unit-seconds + +Wsyn=2*%pi*f //Synchronous electrical radian frequency in rad/s +Wmsyn=(2/p)*Wsyn //synchronous angular velocity of the rotor in rad/s + +printf('The Synchronous electrical radian frequency is %.4f rad/s\n',Wsyn); +printf('The synchronous angular velocity of the rotor is %.4f rad/s',Wmsyn); + + diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg b/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9320419de Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62761ea11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.10 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +P=1.0 //Infinite bus received real power in per unit +Vbus=1.0 //Infinite bus voltage in per unit +Vr=1.0 //system voltage in per unit +pf=0.95 //Lagging power factor +Ra=0 //Machine resistance in per unit +Xd=2.1 //direct axis reactance in per unit +Xq=2.0 //qadrature axis reactance in per unit +Xdt=0.3 //direct axis transient reactance in per unit +Xqt=0.5 //qadrature axis transient reactance in per unit +X=%i*0.22 + +theta=acos(pf); +I=(P/(Vbus*pf))*exp(-%i*theta); //generator output current in per unit +VT=Vr+X*I //genertor terminal voltage in per unit +Ireal=1 //generator real output current in per unit +Iimag=-0.3287 //Generator imaginary output voltage in per unit +Vreal=1.0723 //generator real terminal voltage in per unit +Vimag=0.220 //Generator imaginary terminal voltage +Ei=VT+(%i*Xq)*I //Steady state angle of internal voltage in per unitge +del=52.1*%pi/180 +Vdq=[sin(del) -cos(del);cos(del) sin(del)]*[Vreal;Vimag]; //d-q reference voltage +Idq=[sin(del) -cos(del);cos(del) sin(del)]*[Ireal;Iimag]; //d-q reference current +Eqs=Vdq(2)+Xdt*Idq(1) //Quadrature axis transient voltage +Eds=Vdq(1)-Xqt*Idq(2) //Direct axis transient voltage +Efd=Eqs+(Xd-Xdt)*Idq(1) //field voltage + +printf('The generator output current is %.4f%.4fi per unit\n',real(I),imag(I)); +printf('The genertor terminal voltage is %.4f+%.4fi per unit\n',real(VT),imag(VT)); +printf('The magnitude of Steady state angle of internal voltage in per unit is %.4f and its angle is %.4f degrees\n',abs(Ei),atand(imag(Ei),real(Ei))); +disp(Vdq,'The d-q reference voltage in per unit is'); +disp(Idq,'The d-q reference current in per unit is'); +printf('The Quadrature axis transient voltage is %.4f per unit\n',Eqs); +printf('The Direct axis transient voltage is %.4f per unit\n',Eds); +printf('The field voltage is %.4f per unit\n',Efd); + + + + + diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.JPG b/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..785eec224 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..017e8c286 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.11 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +f=60 //genertor frequency +H=0.9 //Inertia constant in per unit-seconds +Ra=0.013 +Xa=0.067 //leakage reactance +Xm=3.8 +R1=0.0124 +X1=0.17 +S=-0.0111 //slip +Ert=0.9314 +Eit=0.4117 +Ir=0.7974 +Ii=0.6586 + +Xt=Xa+((X1*Xm)/(X1+Xm)); //transient reactance +X=Xa+Xm; //synchronous reactance +omega=2*%pi*f; +Tot=((X1+Xm)/(omega*R1)); //open circuit time constant for the rotor + +Vr=Ert-(Ra*Ir)+(Xt*Ii); +Vi=Eit-(Ra*Ii)-(Xt*Ir); +dErt=(omega*S*Eit)-((1/Tot)*(Ert-(X-Xt)*Ii)); +dEit=(-(omega)*S*Ert)-((1/Tot)*(Eit+(X-Xt)*Ir)); +Pe=(Vr*Ir+Vi*Ii); //The terminal real power injection +Qe=(-Vr*Ii+Vi*Ir); //The reactive power produced by the machine + +printf('The transient reactance is:%.4fi per unit\n',Xt); +printf('The synchronous reactance is:%.4fi per unit\n',X); +printf('The open circuit time constant for the rotor is:%.4fi per unit\n',Tot); +printf('The terminal real power injection is:%.4f per unit\n',Pe); +printf('The terminal reactive power injection is:%.4f per unit\n',Qe); + + + + + diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.jpg b/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40961790a Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6248536c --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.12 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + + +Vr=1.0 //system voltage in per unit +I=1.0 //terminal current +pf=1 //Lagging power factor +X=%i*0.22 +Xeq=0.8 //DFAG reactance in per unit + + + +VT=Vr+I*X //Terminal voltage +Isorc=I+(VT/(%i*Xeq)) //current injection on the network reference in per unit +Isorcpq=Isorc*(1*exp(%i*-12.41*%pi/180)) //The value of Ip and Iq are then calculated by shifting these values backwards by the angle of the terminal voltage +Iq=-1.495 //reactive power current current +Eq=-Iq*Xeq //The reactive voltage + + +printf('The magnitude of terminal voltage in per unit is :%.4f and its angle is :%.4f degrees\n',abs(VT),atand(imag(VT),real(VT))); +printf('The generator output current is:%.4f%.4fi per unit\n',real(Isorc),imag(Isorc)); +printf('The current injection on the network reference is:%.4f%.4fi per unit\n',real(Isorcpq),imag(Isorcpq)); +printf('The reactive voltage is:%.4f per unit\n',Eq); diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..785faf4fe Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ccaed87a --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +P=1.0 //Infinite bus received real power in per unit +Vbus=1.0 //Infinite bus voltage in per unit +pf=0.95 //Lagging power factor +Xdt=0.30 +XTR=0.10 +X12=0.20 +X13=0.10 +X23=0.20 + +Xeq=Xdt+XTR+(X12*(X13+X23))/(X12+(X13+X23)); //The equialent reactance between the machine internal voltage and infinite bus in per unit +theta=acos(pf); +I=(P/(Vbus*pf))*exp(-%i*theta); //Current into the infinite bus in per unit +Ei=Vbus+(%i*Xeq)*I; //The machine internal voltage in per unit + +printf('The magnitude of he machine internal voltage in per unit is %.4f pu and its angle is %.4f degrees',abs(Ei),atand(imag(Ei),real(Ei))); + diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg b/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f937aa7 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82622ecee --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-11 ;Example 11.7 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +function result=table(delcr) //Function to get result in table format using Euler’s method for diferent critical clearing angles +delta=0.4179 //Initial value of delta in rad taken from example 7.6 +omega=2*%pi*60 //Initial value of omega in rad/s +H=3 //Value of H constant in pu-s +omegasyn=omega +t=0; +delt=0.02 //Step size +result=[]; //Initialization of result table +tc=0; //Initialization of critical clearing time +while t<0.861 //Maximum time for Eler's method is o.86 + result=[result;t delta omega] //Updating the result table + ddeltat=omega-omegasyn //Calculation of ddeltat/dt using equation 11.4.7 + deltab=delta+ddeltat*delt //Calculation of delta_bar using equation 11.4.9 + + if deltaP1lim(2) //Checking for limits of P1 + if P1P2lim(2) //Checking for limits of P2 + if P2Pl //Assuming 3% as losses + printf('\n\nThe five instead of six 765-kV lines can transmit the required power in Example 5.7') +end diff --git a/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.JPG b/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91ffc8399 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e345d216f --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +// Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J. Overbye +// Chapter - 5 : Example 5.9 +// Scilab Version 6.0.0 : OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +l = 300; // line lenght in km +If = 1.90; // Full load current in kA +pf = 1; // Power Factor +VF = 730; // Voltage in kV +V = 730/sqrt(3); // Line voltage in kV + +Irfl = 1.9*exp(%i*0*%pi/180); // Full load receiving end current in kA +Vrfl = V*exp(%i*0*%pi/180); // Full load receiving end voltage in kV +A = 0.9313*exp(%i*0.209*%pi/180); // Line parameter value in per unit ; taken from Ex 5.2 +B = 97.0*exp(%i*87.20*%pi/180); // Line parameter value in Ohm ; taken from Ex 5.2 +VsLN = (A*Vrfl)+(B*Irfl); +VsLL = abs(VsLN)*sqrt(3); // Sending end voltage in kVLN +Vrnl = VsLL/abs(A); // No load Receiving end Voltage in kVLL +PercentVR1 = ((Vrnl - VF)/VF)*100; // Percent voltage regulation for the uncompensated line in Percent + +Y = 2*(3.7*10^-7+%i*7.094*10^-4); // Shunt admitance of a Eqivalent pi circuit in Siemens ; taken from Ex 5.3 +Yeq = real(Y)+%i*imag(Y)*(1-(75/100)); // Equivalent shunt admitance in Siemens +Zeq = B; // Eqivalent series impedance in Ohm + +Aeq = 1+((Yeq*Zeq)/2); // The eqivalent A parameter for the compensated line in per unit +VRNL = VsLL/abs(Aeq); // No load Receiving end Voltage in kVLL +PercentVR2 = ((VRNL - VF)/VF)*100; // Percent voltage regulation for the uncompensated line in Percent + + +printf('Percent voltage regulation for the uncompensated line is (PercentVR1) = %0.2f Percent', PercentVR1) +printf('\nEquivalent shunt admitance in Siemens is (Yeq) : %0.3e and its angle is : %0.2f degree', abs(Yeq), atand(imag(Yeq), real(Yeq))); +printf('\nEqivalent series impedance in Ohm is (Zeq) : %0.1f and its angle is : %0.1f degree', abs(Zeq), atand(imag(Zeq), real(Zeq))); +printf('\nPercent voltage regulation for the uncompensated line is (PercentVR2) = %0.2f Percent', PercentVR2) diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44900eee Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..644100431 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.1 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +A=[10 5;2 9]; +y=[6;3]; +N=length(y); //Number of variables +st=N-1; //Number of Gauss elimination steps + +//Gauss Elimination step: +B=A; +for i=1:st + for j=i+1:N + m=(B(j,i)/B(i,i)); + A(j,i+1:N)=A(j,i+1:N)-m*(A(i,i+1:N)); + A(i+1:N,i)=0; + y(j)=y(j)-m*y(i); + end + B=A; +end + +//Back Substitution step +x2=y(2)/A(2,2) +x1=(y(1)-A(1,2)*x2)/A(1,1); +disp(A,'The triangularized matrix using gauss elemination is:') +disp(y,'and the corresponding y matrix is:') +printf('The solution using back substitution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x1,x2) + diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..366b85b05 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0dfeb330 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.10 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +linedata=[2 4 0.0090 0.10 1.72 //Entering line data from table 6.2 & 6.3 + 2 5 0.0045 0.05 0.88 + 4 5 0.00225 0.025 0.44 + 1 5 0.00150 0.02 0.00 + 3 4 0.00075 0.01 0.00]; + +sb=linedata(:,1) //Starting bus number of all the lines stored in variable sb +eb=linedata(:,2) //Ending bus number of all the lines stored in variable eb +lz=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i; //lineimpedance=R+jX +sa=linedata(:,5)*%i; //shunt admittance=jB since conductsnce G=0 for all lines +nb=max(max(sb,eb)); +ybus=zeros(nb,nb); +for i=1:length(sb) + m=sb(i); + n=eb(i); + ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(m,n)=-1/lz(i); + ybus(n,m)=ybus(m,n); +end +y=ybus; +//enter busdata in the order type (1.slack,2.pv,3.pq),PG,QG,PL,QL,vmag,del,Qmin and Qmax. +//Data is taken from table 6.1 +busdata=[1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 8 2.8 1 0 0 0 + 2 5.2 0 0.8 0.4 1.05 0 4 -2.8 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0] + +typ=busdata(:,1) // type of all buses in the power system is stored in typ variable +qmin=busdata(:,8) // minmum limit of Q for all the buses is stored in the variable qmin +qmax=busdata(:,9) // maximum limit of Q for all the buses is stored in the variable qmax +p=busdata(:,2)-busdata(:,4) // real power of all the buses are calculated and is stored in the variable p +q=busdata(:,3)-busdata(:,5) // reactive power of all the buss are calculated and is stored in the variable q +v=busdata(:,6).*(cosd(busdata(:,7))+%i*sind(busdata(:,7))); +alpha=1; //Acceleration factor is assumed as 1 since it is not given in the question +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value for Gauss Seidal Load flow +iter=0; +err=1; +vn(1)=v(1); +vold=v(1); +while abs(err)>tol + for i=2:nb + sumyv=0; + for j=1:nb + sumyv=sumyv+y(i,j)*v(j); + end + if typ(i)==2 + q(i)=-imag(conj(v(i)*sumyv)); + if q(i)qmax(i) + vn(i)=(1/y(i,i))*(((p(i)-%i*q(i))/(conj(v(i))))-(sumyv-y(i,i)*v(i))); + vold(i)=v(i); + v(i)=vn(i); + typ(i)=3 + if q(i)tol &typ(i)==3 + v(i)=vold(i)+alpha*(v(i)-vold(i)); + end +end +if iter==1 + printf('Voltage of bus 2 at the end of first iteration in pu is given by:\n') + printf('Voltage magnitude=%.4f , angle=%.4f degrees\n\n',abs(v(2)),atand(imag(v(2)),real(v(2)))) +end +end +printf('The GS load flow converged in %d iterations \n',iter); +nn=1:nb; +res=[nn' abs(v) (atan(imag(v),real(v)))*(180/%pi)] +disp(res,'The final voltages in the order of bus no,voltage mag,voltage angle is:'); diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f3e16d03 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..950f29af0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,152 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.11 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clear; +clc; +linedata=[2 4 0.0090 0.10 1.72 //Entering line data from table 6.2 & 6.3 + 2 5 0.0045 0.05 0.88 + 4 5 0.00225 0.025 0.44 + 1 5 0.00150 0.02 0.00 + 3 4 0.00075 0.01 0.00]; +//enter busdata in the order type (1.slack,2.pv,3.pq),Pi,Qi,PL,QL,vmag,del,Qmin and Qmax. +//Data is taken from table 6.1 +Busdata=[1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 8 2.8 1 0 0 0 + 2 5.2 0 0.8 0.4 1.05 0 4 -2.8 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0] +npv=1; //Number of generator or PV buses in the system + +rem=Busdata(:,1); +Psp=Busdata(:,2)-Busdata(:,4); +Qsp=Busdata(:,3)-Busdata(:,5); +vsp=Busdata(:,6); + +//Determination of bus admittance matrix: +sb=linedata(:,1) //Starting bus number of all the lines stored in variable sb +eb=linedata(:,2) //Ending bus number of all the lines stored in variable eb +lz=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i; //lineimpedance=R+jX +sa=linedata(:,5)*%i; //shunt admittance=jB since conductsnce G=0 for all lines +nb=max(max(sb,eb)); //Number of buses in the system +ybus=zeros(nb,nb); +for i=1:length(sb) + m=sb(i); + n=eb(i); + ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(m,n)=-1/lz(i); + ybus(n,m)=ybus(m,n); +end +Y=ybus; + +absY=abs(Y); +thetaY=atan(imag(Y),real(Y)); +v=vsp'; +iteration=0; //Initialization of iteration count +ang=zeros(1,nb); +mismatch=ones(2*nb-2-npv,1); +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value for Newton Raphson Load Flow + +while max(abs(mismatch))>tol & iteration<100 //Maximum iteration count is limited to 100 + J1=zeros(nb-1,nb-1); + J2=zeros(nb-1,nb-npv-1); + J3=zeros(nb-npv-1,nb-1); + J4=zeros(nb-npv-1,nb-npv-1); + P=zeros(nb,1); + Q=P; + del_P=Q; + del_Q=Q; + del_del=zeros(nb-1,1); + del_v=zeros(nb-1-npv,1); + ang; + mag=abs(v); + for i=2:nb + for j=1:nb + P(i)=P(i)+mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*cos(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + if rem(i)~=2 + Q(i)=Q(i)+mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*sin(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + end + end + end +//Q=-1*Q; +del_P=Psp-P; +del_Q=Qsp-Q; +for i=2:nb + for j=2:nb + if j~=i + J1(i-1,j-1)=-mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*sin(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J2(i-1,j-1)=mag(i)*absY(i,j)*cos(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J3(i-1,j-1)=-mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*cos(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J4(i-1,j-1)=-mag(i)*absY(i,j)*sin(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + end + end +end +for i=2:nb + for j=1:nb + if j~=i + J1(i-1,i-1)=J1(i-1,i-1)+mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*sin(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J2(i-1,i-1)=J2(i-1,i-1)+mag(j)*absY(i,j)*cos(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J3(i-1,i-1)=J3(i-1,i-1)+mag(i)*mag(j)*absY(i,j)*cos(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + J4(i-1,i-1)=J4(i-1,i-1)+mag(j)*absY(i,j)*sin(thetaY(i,j)-ang(i)+ang(j)); + end + end + J2(i-1,i-1)=2*mag(i)*absY(i,i)*cos(thetaY(i,i))+J2(i-1,i-1); + J4(i-1,i-1)=-2*mag(i)*absY(i,i)*sin(thetaY(i,i))-J4(i-1,i-1); + end +J=[J1 J2;J3 J4] //Entire Jacobian matrix of the system +lenJ=length(J1); +i=2; +j=1; +while j<=lenJ + if rem(i)==2 + j=j+1; + else + J(:,length(J1)+j)=[]; + lenJ=lenJ-1; + end +end +i=i+1; +lenJ=length(J1); +i=1; +j=2; +while i<=lenJ + if rem(j)==3 + i=i+1; + else + J(length(J1)+i,:)=[]; + lenJ=lenJ-1; + Q(i+1)=[] + del_Q(i+1,:)=[] + end + end +P(1,:)=[] //Removing slack bus entries +Q(1,:)=[] +del_P(1,:)=[]; +del_Q(1,:)=[]; +mismatch=[del_P;del_Q]; +del=J\mismatch; +del_del=del(1:nb-1); +del_v=del(nb:length(del)); +ang=ang(2:nb)+del_del'; //Updating voltage angle for PV and PQ buses +j=1; +for i=2:nb //Step to update voltage magnitude for all PQ buses + if rem(i)==3 + v(i)=v(i)+del_v(j); + j=j+1; + end +end +mag=abs(v); +ang=[0 ang]; +nbr=1:nb; +iteration=iteration+1; +if iteration==1 + [r c]=size(J); + printf('The size of the Jacobian matrix is %d X %d\n',r,c) + printf('The change in power at the end of first iteration is DelP2=%.4f pu\n',del_P(1)) + printf('The Jacobian matrix element J1(2,4) after first iteration is: %.4f pu\n',J(1,3)) + disp(J,'The Jacobian Matrix of the system at the end of first iteration is given by:') +end +end + diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6558e3be Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28cfbff42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.17 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clear; +clc; + +linedata=[2 4 0.0090 0.10 1.72 //Entering line data from table 6.2 & 6.3 + 2 5 0.0045 0.05 0.88 + 4 5 0.00225 0.025 0.44 + 1 5 0.00150 0.02 0.00 + 3 4 0.00075 0.01 0.00]; +linedata(:,3)=0 //Neglecting Line resistance +linedata(:,5)=0 //Neglecting shunt suceptance +//enter busdata in the order type (1.slack,2.pv,3.pq),PG,QG,PL,QL,vmag,del,Qmin and Qmax. +//Data is taken from table 6.1 +Busdata=[1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 8 2.8 1 0 0 0 + 2 5.2 0 0.8 0.4 1.05 0 4 -2.8 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0] + +sb= linedata(:,1); +sb=linedata(:,1) //Starting bus number of all the lines stored in variable sb +eb=linedata(:,2) //Ending bus number of all the lines stored in variable eb +lz=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i; //lineimpedance=R+jX +sa=linedata(:,5)*%i; //shunt admittance=jB since conductsnce G=0 for all lines +nb=max(max(sb,eb)); +ybus=zeros(nb,nb); +for i=1:length(sb) + m=sb(i); + n=eb(i); + ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(m,n)=-1/lz(i); + ybus(n,m)=ybus(m,n); +end + +B=imag(ybus(2:nb,2:nb)) //B matrix is the imaginary part of bus admittance matrix neglecting slack bus +P=Busdata(2:nb,2)-Busdata(2:nb,4) //Net power at each PV and PQ bus +delta=-inv(B)*P +deltad=delta*180/(%pi) //Converting delta from radian to degree +disp(B, 'The B Matrix is given by:') +disp(P,'The P Matrix is given by:') +disp(deltad,'The values of delta in degrees is given by:') diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed04ba716 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5d9f5dda --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.2 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +A=[2 3 -1;-4 6 8;10 12 14]; +y=[5;7;9]; +N=length(y); //Number of variables +st=N-1; //Number of Gauss elimination steps + +//Gauss Elimination step: +B=A; +for i=1:st + for j=i+1:N + m=(B(j,i)/B(i,i)); + A(j,i+1:N)=A(j,i+1:N)-m*(A(i,i+1:N)); + A(i+1:N,i)=0; + y(j)=y(j)-m*y(i); + end + B=A; +end +disp(A,'The triangularized matrix using gauss elemination is:') +disp(y,'and the corresponding y matrix is:') diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c292962f1 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d9a667f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +A=[10 5;2 9]; //Coefficients of variables in matrix form +y=[6;3]; //Constant coefficients in matrix form +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value +x=[0;0] + +D=[A(1,1) 0;0 A(2,2)]; //Matrix containing the diagonal elements of A +M=inv(D)*(D-A); + +err=1; +iter=0; + +while err>tol + temp=x; + x=M*x+inv(D)*y; + if temp(1) ~= 0 | temp(2) ~= 0 + err=max(abs((x(1)-temp(1))/temp(1)),abs((x(2)-temp(2))/temp(2))); + end + iter=iter+1; +end + +printf('The convergence criterion is satisfied at the %dth iteration\n',iter) +printf('The solution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x(1),x(2)) diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..238bc0acd Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bd252ccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.4 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +A=[10 5;2 9]; //Coefficients of variables in matrix form +y=[6;3]; //Constant coefficients in matrix form +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value +x=[0;0] + +D=[A(1,1) 0;A(2,1) A(2,2)]; //Matrix containing the lower triangular elements of A +M=inv(D)*(D-A); + +err=1; +iter=0; + +while err>tol + temp=x; + x=M*x+inv(D)*y; + if temp(1) ~=0 |temp(2)~=0 + err=max(abs((x(1)-temp(1))/temp(1)),abs((x(2)-temp(2))/temp(2))); + end + iter=iter+1; +end + +printf('The convergence criterion is satisfied at the %dth iteration\n',iter) +printf('The solution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x(1),x(2)) diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a6081f15 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d40df99c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.5 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +A=[5 10;9 2]; //Coefficients of variables in matrix form +y=[6;3]; //Constant coefficients in matrix form +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value +x=[0;0] + +//Solution by matrix inversion + +xm=inv(A)*y; + +//Solution using Gauss–Seidel method + +D=[A(1,1) 0;A(2,1) A(2,2)]; //Matrix containing the lower triangular elements of A +M=inv(D)*(D-A); + +err=1; +iter=0; + +while err>tol + temp=x; + x=M*x+inv(D)*y; + if temp(1) ~=0 | temp(2) ~= 0 + err=max(abs((x(1)-temp(1))/temp(1)),abs((x(2)-temp(2))/temp(2))); + end + iter=iter+1; +end + +printf('The solution using matrix inversion is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f\n\n',xm(1),xm(2)) +printf('Soultion using Gauss-Seidal approach:\n') +if isnan(err) + printf('The convergence criterion is not reached.The solution diverges\n') +else + printf('The convergence criterion is satisfied at the %dth iteration\n',iter) + printf('The solution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x(1),x(2)) +end + diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa72c508b Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0347ec1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.6 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +//Solution for x^2=9 using Newton Raphson method: +err=1; +iternr=0; //Initial iteration value for Newton Raphson method +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value for Newton Raphson method +xn=1; //Initial value for x for Newton Raphson method + +while err>tol + temp=xn; + J=2*xn; // Jacobian Matrix + xn=xn+inv(J)*(9-xn^2); + err=abs((xn-temp)/temp) + iternr=iternr+1; +end + +//Solution for x^2=9 using Gauss–Seidel method +err=1; +D=3; +itergs=0; //Initial iteration value for Gauss Seidal method +xg=1; //Initial value for x for Gauss Seidal method + +while err>tol & itergsiternr + printf('Gauss Seidel method takes more time to converge') +else + printf('Newton Raphson method takes more time to converge') +end diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cd2a468f Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53060d05e --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.7 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +c=[15;50]; //Constant coefficients in the equations +x=[4;9]; //Initial values for x1 and x2 + +err=1; //Initialization of error value +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value for Newton Raphson method +iter=0; //Initialization of iteration value + +while err>tol + temp=x; + f=[x(1)+x(2);x(1)*x(2)] //Function Value + J=[1 1;x(2) x(1)]; //Jacobian Matrix + x=x+inv(J)*(c-f) + err=max(abs((x(1)-temp(1))/temp(1)),abs((x(2)-temp(2))/temp(2))); + iter=iter+1; +end +printf('The convergence criterion is satisfied at the %dth iteration\n',iter) +printf('The solution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x(1),x(2)) diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..723f22378 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7e1e028f --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.8 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +y=[15;50]; //Constant coefficients in the equations +x=[4;9]; //Initial values for x1 and x2 + +err=1; //Initialization of error value +tol=1e-4; //Tolerance value for Newton Raphson method +iter=0; //Initialization of iteration value + +while err>tol + temp=x; + f=[x(1)+x(2);x(1)*x(2)] //Function Value + dely=y-f; + J=[1 1;x(2) x(1)]; //Jacobian Matrix + //Reduction of Jacobian using Gauss elimination + Jg=[J(1,1) J(1,2);0 J(2,2)-J(2,1)/J(1,1)] + delyg=[dely(1);dely(2)-dely(1)*J(2,1)/J(1,1)] + //Solution using back substitution + delx2=delyg(2)/Jg(2,2); + delx1=(delyg(1)-Jg(1,2)*delx2)/Jg(1,1) + delx=[delx1;delx2] + x=x+delx + err=max(abs((x(1)-temp(1))/temp(1)),abs((x(2)-temp(2))/temp(2))); + iter=iter+1; + //Displaying first iteration results + if iter==1 + printf('Values of x1 and x2 at the end of first iteration are:\n') + printf(' x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f\n\n',x(1),x(2)) + end +end +printf('The convergence criterion is satisfied at the %dth iteration\n',iter) +printf('The solution is x1=%.4f and x2=%.4f',x(1),x(2)) + diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg b/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52dfa67bc Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d8d8df14 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 6 ; Example 6.8 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +linedata=[2 4 0.0090 0.10 1.72 //Entering line data from table 6.2 & 6.3 + 2 5 0.0045 0.05 0.88 + 4 5 0.00225 0.025 0.44 + 1 5 0.00150 0.02 0.00 + 3 4 0.00075 0.01 0.00]; + +sb= linedata(:,1); +sb=linedata(:,1) //Starting bus number of all the lines stored in variable sb +eb=linedata(:,2) //Ending bus number of all the lines stored in variable eb +lz=linedata(:,3)+linedata(:,4)*%i; //lineimpedance=R+jX +sa=linedata(:,5)*%i; //shunt admittance=jB since conductsnce G=0 for all lines +nb=max(max(sb,eb)); +ybus=zeros(nb,nb); +for i=1:length(sb) + m=sb(i); + n=eb(i); + ybus(m,m)=ybus(m,m)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(n,n)=ybus(n,n)+1/lz(i)+sa(i)/2; + ybus(m,n)=-1/lz(i); + ybus(n,m)=ybus(m,n); +end +disp(ybus(2,:),'The second row elements of Bus Admittance matrix are:') +disp(ybus,'The Bus Admittance matrix is:') diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.jpg b/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48a835927 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce b/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f5f08e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH7/EX7.1/EX7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 7 ; Example 7.1 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +V = 20; //short ciruit voltage in kV +X = 8; //short circuit inductance in ohm +R = 0.8; //short ciruit resistance in ohm +t = 3; //no. of cycles after fault inception +Iac = V/(sqrt((X^2)+(R^2)))*1 //rms ac fault current in kA +K = sqrt(1+ (2*%e^(-4*%pi*(0.5)/10))); //asymmetry factor for 0.5 cycles +Imom = K*Iac; //rms momentart current at t=0.5 cycle in kA +K = sqrt(1+ (2*%e^(-4*%pi*(3)/10))); //asymmetry factor for 3 cycles +Irms = K*Iac; //rms asymmetrical fault current in kA +printf('\n The rms ac fault current Iac = %f kA',Iac); +printf('\n The rms momentary current at o.5 cycle Imom = %f kA',Imom); +printf('\n The rms asymmetrical fault current Irms = %f kA',Irms); diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.jpg b/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..109f7364c Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce b/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b72d25cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH7/EX7.2/EX7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 7 ; Example 7.2 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Srated = 500; //apparent power in MVA +Vrated = 20; //rated voltage in kV +frated = 60; //fated frequency in Hz +Xd2 = 0.15; //synchoronous reactances per unit +Xd1 = 0.24; //synchoronous reactances per unit +Xd = 1.1; //synchoronous reactances per unit +Td2 = 0.035; //time constants in seconds +Td1 = 2.0; //time constants in seconds +Td = 0.20; //time constants in seconds +t = 3; //no. of cycles +Eg = 1.05; //no load voltage in per unit +I2u = Eg/Xd2; //sub transient fault current in per unit +Ibase = Srated/(sqrt(3)*20); //base current in kA +I2 = I2u*Ibase; //rms subtransient fault current in kA +Iac = Eg*((((1/Xd2)-(1/Xd1))*exp(-0.05/Td2))+(((1/Xd1)-(1/Xd))*exp(-0.05/Td1))+(1/Xd)); //rms ac fault current in per unit +Iac=Iac*Ibase; //rms ac fault current in kA +Irms = sqrt((Iac^2)+((sqrt(2)*I2*exp(-0.05/Td))^2)); //rms asymmetrical fault current in kA +printf('\n Sub transient fault current in per unit I2 = %f kA',I2u); +printf('\n Sub transient fault current in kA I2 = %f kA',I2); +printf('\n The rms asymmetrical fault current Irms = %f kA',Irms); + diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg b/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..952ba95e9 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce b/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2280c3e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH7/EX7.3/EX7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 7 ; Example 7.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Srated = 100; //rated power in MVA +V1 = 13.8; //generator supply voltage in kV +Xg = 0.15; //generator input reactance in ohm +Vline = 138; //transmission line voltage in kV +Xline = 20; //transmission line reactance in ohm +Vprtr1 = 13.8; //primary side voltage of transformer 1 in kV +Vsectr1 = 138; //secondary side voltage of transformer 1 in kV +Xt1 = 0.10; //reactance of transformer 1 in ohm +Vprtr2 = 138; //primary side voltage of transformer 2 in kV +Vsectr2 = 13.8; //secondary side voltage of transformer 2 in kV +Xt2 = 0.10; //reactance of transformer 2 in ohm +V2 = 13.8; //motor supply voltage in kV +Xm = 0.20; //motor reactance in ohm +pf =0.95; //lagging power factor +Rth1 = 0.15; //thevenins resistance in ohm +Rth2 = 0.505; //thevenins resistance in ohm +Vf=1.05; //prefaault voltage at the generator terminals +Zbl = (Vsectr1^2); //base impedance of the transmission line in ohm +Xlinepu = Xline/Zbl; //transmission line reactance in per unit +Zth = %i*((Rth1*Rth2)/(Rth1+Rth2)); //Thevenin's impedance per unit +If = Vf/Zth; //sub transient fault current in per unit +Ig1 = ((Rth2/(Rth2+Rth1))*If); //sub tranisent generator current in per unit +Im1 = ((Rth1/(Rth2+Rth1))*If); //sub transient motor current in per unit +Ibase = (Srated/((sqrt(3))*(V1))); // generator base current in kA +Il = ((Srated/((sqrt(3))*V1*Vf))*(cos(-acos(pf))+%i*sin(-acos(pf)))); //prefault generator current in kA +Il = Il/Ibase; //prefault generator current in per unit +Ig = Ig1 + Il; //sub transient generator current including pre fault current in per unit +Im = Im1 - Il; //sub transient motor current including pre fault current in per unit + +printf('\n Sub transient fault current If = %0.3fi per unit',imag(If)); +printf('\n Sub transient generator current neglecting fault current Ig1 = %0.3fi per unit ',imag(Ig1)); +printf('\n Sub transient motor current neglecting fault current Im1 = %0.3fi per unit ',imag(Im1)); +printf('\n Sub transient generator current including fault current in per unit is %0.4f and its anglle is %0.4f', abs(Ig), atand(imag(Ig), real(Ig))); +printf('\n Sub transient motor current including fault current in per unit %0.4f and its anglle is %0.4f',abs(Im), atand(imag(Im), real(Im))+360); +//360 is added to get positive angle. There will not be any change in angle because 360 degree and 0 degree are same. diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.jpg b/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a941ff456 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce b/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..297294c84 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH7/EX7.4/EX7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 7 ; Example 7.4 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Srated = 100; //rated power in MVA +V1 = 13.8; //generator supply voltage in kV +Xg = 0.15; //generator input reactance in ohm +Vline = 138; //transmission line voltage in kV +Xline = 20; //transmission line reactance in ohm +Vprtr1 = 13.8; //primary side voltage of transformer 1 in kV +Vsectr1 = 138; //secondary side voltage of transformer 1 in kV +Xt1 = 0.10; //reactance of transformer 1 in ohm +Vprtr2 = 138; //primary side voltage of transformer 2 in kV +Vsectr2 = 13.8; //secondary side voltage of transformer 2 in kV +Xt2 = 0.10; //reactance of transformer 2 in ohm +V2 = 13.8; //motor supply voltage in kV +Xm = 0.20; //motor reactance in ohm +Vf = 1.05; //pre fault voltage in per unit +Ybus = -%i*[9.9454 -3.2787; -3.2787 8.2787]; //bus admittance matrix in per unit using direct inspection from fig 7.5 +Zbus = inv(Ybus); //bus impedance matrix in per unit +If1 = Vf/Zbus(1,1); //sub transient fault current at bus 1 in per unit +E1 = (1- (Zbus(1,1)/Zbus(1,1)))*Vf; //voltage at bus 1 in V +E2 = (1-((Zbus(2,1)/Zbus(1,1))))*Vf; //voltage at bus 2 in V +Xline =Xline*Srated/(Vline^2); //line impedance in ohm +I21 = ((E2-E1)/(%i*(Xline+Xt1+Xt2))); //fault current from transmission line in per unit +If2 = Vf/Zbus(2,2); //sub transient fault current at bus 2 in per unit +E3 = (1-(Zbus(1,2)/Zbus(2,2)))*Vf; //voltage at bus 3 in V +E4 = (1-(Zbus(2,2)/Zbus(2,2)))*Vf; //voltage at bus 4 in V +I12 = ((E3-E4)/(%i*(Xline+Xt1+Xt2))); //current to fault from transmission line in per unit + +printf('\nThe 2*2 positive sequence bus impedance matix in pu is '); +disp (Zbus); +printf('\nThe Sub transient fault current at bus 1 is = %fi per unit',imag(I21)); +printf('\nThe Sub transient fault current at bus 2 is = %fi per unit',imag(I12)); diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b30dc65ca Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07519b4cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.1/EX8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.1 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Vp = [277; 277*(cos(-120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(-120*%pi/180)); 277*(cos(120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(120*%pi/180))]; //given column vector of phase voltage in volts +function [Vp1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) //Function for shifting the phase + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Vp1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction +V0 = 1*(Vp(1,1)+Vp(2,1)+Vp(3,1))/3; //zero sequence voltage in V +V1 = 1*(Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),120)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),240))/3; //positive sequence voltage in V +V2 = 1*(Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),240)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequence voltage in V +printf('\nThe zero sequence voltage V0 = %f V',V0); +printf('\nThe positive sequence voltage V1 = %f V',V1); +printf('\nThe negative sequence voltage V2 = %f V',V2); diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21c8bac3f Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b3d83108 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.2/EX8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.2 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Ip = [10; 10*(cos(120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(120*%pi/180)); 10*(cos(-120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(-120*%pi/180))]; //given column vector of phase current in A +function [Ip1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) //Function for shifting the phase + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Ip1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction +I0 = 1*(Ip(1,1)+Ip(2,1)+Ip(3,1))/3; //zero sequence current in A +I1 = 1*(Ip(1,1)+phaseshift(Ip(2,1),120)+phaseshift(Ip(3,1),240))/3; //positive sequence current in A +I2 = (Ip(1,1)+phaseshift(Ip(2,1),240)+phaseshift(Ip(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequence current in A +printf('\nThe zero sequence current V0 = %f A',I0); +printf('\nThe positive sequence current V1 = %f A',I1); +printf('\nThe negative sequence current V2 = %f A',I2); diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80f456e4e Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89a919222 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.3/EX8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Ip = [10; 0; 10*(cos(120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(120*%pi/180))];; //given column vector of phase current in A +function [Ip1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) //Function for shifting the phase + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Ip1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction + +I0 = (Ip(1,1)+Ip(2,1)+Ip(3,1))/3; //zero sequence current in A +I1 = 1*(Ip(1,1)+(Ip(2,1)+phaseshift(Ip(3,1),240)))/3; //positive sequence current in A +I2 = (Ip(1,1)+Ip(2,1)+phaseshift(Ip(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequence current in A +In = (Ip(1,1)+Ip(2,1)+Ip(3,1)); //neutral current in A +printf('\nThe magnitude of zero sequence current I0 in Ampere is %0.3f and its angle is %0.3f degree',abs(I0), atand(imag(I0), real(I0))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of positive sequence current in Ampere is %0.3f and its angle is %0.3f degree ',abs(I1), atand(imag(I1), real(I1))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of negative sequence current in Ampere is %0.3f and its angle is %0.3f degree',abs(I2), atand(imag(I2), real(I2))); +printf('\nThe magnitude of neutral current in Ampere is %0.3f and its angle is %0.3f degree',abs(In), atand(imag(In), real(In))); diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..678d8b830 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e906a446c --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.4/EX8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.4 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Zy = (3+(%i*4)); //Y load impedance per phase +Xn = 2; //inductive reactance in ohm per phase +Xc = -%i*30; //capacitor bank reactance in ohm per phase +Zn = %i*2 //neutral impedance in ohm per phase +Zdel = Xc/3; + +Z0 = Zy+(3*Zn); //zero load sequence impedane in ohm +Z1 = 1/(1/Zy+1/Zdel); //positive load sequence impedane in ohm +Z2 =Z1; //negativa load sequence impedane in ohm +printf('\nThe zero load sequence impedance Z0 is %0.4f + %0.4fi ohm',real(Z0), imag(Z0)); +printf('\nThe amplitude of positive load sequence impedance Z1 is %.4f ohm and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(Z1), atand(imag(Z1), real(Z1))); +printf('\nThe amplitude of negative load sequence impedance Z2 is %.4f ohm and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(Z2), atand(imag(Z2), real(Z2))); + diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1585ee12c Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2d59db7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.5/EX8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.5 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Zn = %i*10; //generator neutral impedance in ohm +Zgo = %i*1; //generator zero sequence impedance in ohm +Zg1 = %i*15; //generator positive sequence impedance in ohm +Zg2 = %i*3; //generator negative sequence impedance in ohm +Zl1 = 0.087+(%i*0.99); //line impedace in ohm +Zdel = 22.98+%i*(19.281); //impedance of the delta load in ohm +V1=(415.69-(%i*240))/sqrt(3); //RMS line to neutral phase voltage of AC supply in Volts +I1 = V1/(Zl1+((1/3)*Zdel)); //sequence component of line current in A + +printf('\nThe sequence component of the line current Ia is %.4f amperes and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(I1), atand(imag(I1), real(I1))); diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..619fb7388 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a90e57b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.6/EX8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.6 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Vp = [277; 260*(cos(-120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(-120*%pi/180)); 295*(cos(115*%pi/180)+%i*sin(115*%pi/180))]; //given column vector of phase voltage in volts +Zl1 = 0.087+%i*(0.99); //impedace of line 1 in ohm +Zdel = 22.98+%i*(19.281); //impedance of the delta load in ohm +Zl2 = 0.087+%i*(0.99); //impedance of line 2 in ohm +function [Vp1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) //Function for shifting the phase + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Vp1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction + +V0 = (Vp(1,1)+Vp(2,1)+Vp(3,1))/3; //zero sequence voltage in V +V1 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),120)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),240))/3; //positive sequence voltage in V +V2 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),240)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequence voltage in V +I0 = 0; //zero sequence current in A +I1 = V1/(Zl1+(Zdel/3)); //positive sequence current in A +I2 = V2/(Zl2+(Zdel/3)); //negative sequence current in A +Ia = I0+I1+I2; //zero source current in A +Ib = I0+phaseshift(I1,240)+phaseshift(I2,120); //positive source current in A +Ic = I0+phaseshift(I1,120)+phaseshift(I2,240); //negative source current in A +printf('The zero source current Ia is %.4f amperes and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(Ia), atand(imag(Ia), real(Ia))); +printf('\nThe positive source current Ib is %.4f amperes and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(Ib), atand(imag(Ib), real(Ib))+360); +printf('\nThe negative source current Ic is %.4f amperes and its angle is %.4f degree ',abs(Ic), atand(imag(Ic), real(Ic))); + + + + + diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a8c2e7c Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b1b21de --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.7/EX8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.7 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows +clc; +clear; +Q = 75; //rated power in kVA +Vprtr = 480; //primary side voltage of transformer in volts +Vsectr = 208; //secondary side voltage of transformer in volts +Xeq = 0.10; //leakage reactance in per unit +Sbase = Q/3; //base quantity of rated power in single phase in kVA +VbaseHLN = Vprtr/(sqrt(3)); //base quantity of primary side voltage of transformer in volts +VbaseXLN = Vsectr/(sqrt(3)); //base quantity of secondary side voltage of transformer in volts +ZbaseX = 0.5770; //base quantity of impedance in ohm +Vp = [277; 260*(cos(-120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(-120*%pi/180)); 295*(cos(115*%pi/180)+%i*sin(115*%pi/180))]; //given column vector of phase voltage in volts +function [Vp1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Vp1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction + +V0 = (Vp(1,1)+Vp(2,1)+Vp(3,1))/3; //zero sequence voltage in V +V1 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),120)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),240))/3; //positive sequence voltage in V +V2 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),240)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequene voltage in v +V0 = V0/VbaseHLN; //zero sequence voltage in per unit +V1 = V1/VbaseHLN; //positive sequence voltage in per unit +V2 = V2/VbaseHLN; //negative sequene voltage in per unit +Zline0 = 0.087+%i*(0.99); //line impedance in ohm +Zload1 = 22.98+%i*(19.281); //load impedance in ohm +Zline0 = Zline0/ZbaseX; //line impedance in per unit +Zload1 = Zload1/(3*ZbaseX); //line impedance in per unit +I0 = 0; //zero sequence component of source current in per unit +I1 = V1/((%i*Xeq)+Zline0+Zload1); //positive sequence component of source current in per unit +I2 = V2/((%i*Xeq)+Zline0+Zload1); //negative sequence component of source current in per unit +Ia = I0+I1+I2; //phase 'a' source current in per unit +IbaseH=(Q*10^3)/(Vprtr*sqrt(3)); //base current in A +Ia = Ia*IbaseH; //phase 'a' source current in A +printf('The magnitude of phase a source current Ia is %.4f Ampere and its angle is %.4f degree',abs(Ia),atand(imag(Ia),real(Ia))); + + + diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.jpg b/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a682e3f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e11b07266 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.8/EX8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.8 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Q = 900; //rated power in MVA +Vg = 13.8; //generator voltage in kV +Vt = 345; //transmission line voltage in kV +Vd = 34.5; //distribution line voltage in kV +V1 = 13.8; //voltage at the winding X in kV +V2 = 199.2; //voltage at the winding H in kV +V3 = 19.92; //voltage at the winding M in kV +Zn = %i*0.10; //neutral impedance in ohm +VbaseX = 13.8; //rated line to line voltage of terminal X in kV +VbaseM = sqrt(3)*V3; //rated line to line voltage of terminal M in kV +ZbaseM = (Vd^2)/Q; //base impedance of medium line voltage in ohm +Zn = Zn/ZbaseM; //neutral impedance in per unit + +printf('\n The base impedance of medium voltage terminal ZbaseM is %f ohm',ZbaseM); +printf('\n The per unit neutral impedance is Zn is i%0.4f per unit', imag(Zn)); + diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce b/3872/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f21a866a --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH8/EX8.9/EX8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Book - Power System: Analysis & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J. Overbye +//Chapter - 8 ; Example 8.8 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0 ; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Vp = [277; 260*(cos(-120*%pi/180)+%i*sin(-120*%pi/180)); 295*(cos(115*%pi/180)+%i*sin(115*%pi/180))]; //given column vector of phase voltage in volts +Zl1 = 0.087+%i*(0.99); //impedace of line 1 in ohm +Zdel = 22.98+%i*(19.281); //impedance of the delta load in ohm +Zl2 = 0.087+%i*(0.99); //impedance of line 2 in ohm +function [Vp1]=phaseshift(x1,x2) + [r theta]=polar(x1); + Vp1=r*(cos(theta+x2*%pi/180)+%i*sin(theta+x2*%pi/180)); +endfunction + +V0 = (Vp(1,1)+Vp(2,1)+Vp(3,1))/3; //zero sequence voltage in V +V1 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),120)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),240))/3; //positive sequence voltage in V +V2 = (Vp(1,1)+phaseshift(Vp(2,1),240)+phaseshift(Vp(3,1),120))/3; //negative sequence voltage in V +I0 = 0; //zero sequence current in A +I1 = V1/(Zl1+(Zdel/3)); //positive sequence current in A +I2 = V2/(Zl2+(Zdel/3)); //negative sequence current in A +Ia = I0+I1+I2; //zero source current in A +Ib = I0+phaseshift(I1,240)+phaseshift(I2,120); //positive source current in A +Ic = I0+phaseshift(I1,120)+phaseshift(I2,240); //negative source current in A +Sp = (Vp(1,1)*(conj(Ia)))+(Vp(2,1)*(conj(Ib)))+(Vp(3,1)*(conj(Ic))); //total complex power delivered to load in VA +Ss = (V0*conj(I0))+(V1*conj(I1))+(V2*conj(I2)); //total complex power delivered to the sequence networks in VA +SS = 3*Ss; +printf('\n 3Ss = %0.2f , Sp = %0.2f ',abs(SS), abs(Sp)); +if (ceil(real(SS))==ceil(real(Sp))) then + printf('\n Sp is equal to 3Ss'); +else + printf('\n Sp is not equal to 3Ss'); +end + + + + + + + diff --git a/3872/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.JPG b/3872/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3b58f960 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg b/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..006a096af Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c76719af --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.2 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Xn=0.05 //motor neutral is grounded through reactance in per unit +Sb=100 //Base value of system in MVA +Vb=13.8 //Base voltage of system in kV +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Z1=%i*0.13893 //Positive sequence impedance in per unit + + +If=Vf/Z1 //positive sequence fault current in per unit +a=exp(%i*(120)*(%pi/180)) //operator a +Isf=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[0;If;0] //subtransient fault current in each phase in per unit + +disp(abs(Isf),'The magnitude of fault current in each phase in per unit is given by :',); +disp(atand(imag(Isf),real(Isf)),'The angle of fault current in each phase in degrees is given by:',); + + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg b/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5eef04c5 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5b8775a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.3 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Xn=0.05 //motor neutral is grounded through reactance in per unit +Sb=100 //Base value of system in MVA +Vb=13.8 //Base voltage of system in kV +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Z0=%i*0.250 //Zero sequence impedance in per unit +Z1=%i*0.13893 //Positive sequence impedance in per unit +Z2=%i*0.14562 //Negative sequence impedance in per unit +Zf=0 //Fault through impedance in per unit + +If0=Vf/(Z0+Z1+Z2+(3*Zf)) //sequence line to ground fault current in per unit +If1=If0;If2=If0; // Since If0=If1=If2 +If=[If0;If1;If2] +Isf=3*If0 //subtransient fault current in per unit +Ib2=Sb/(Vb*sqrt(3)) //base current at bus 2 in kA +Ib22=Isf*Ib2 +Vsf=[0;Vf;0]-([Z0 0 0;0 Z1 0;0 0 Z2]*If) //sequence componenets of the voltages at the fault in per unit +a=exp(%i*(120)*(%pi/180)); //operator a +Vlg2=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*Vsf //line to ground voltages at faulted bus 2 in per unit +for i=1:3 //This loop is included to avoid discrepancies in angle values when the voltage value is near to zero or zero + if abs(Vlg2(i))<1e-6 //For example, atand(0,0) gives 0 degree and atand(0,-0) gives 180 degree + Vlg2(i)=0; + end +end + +printf('The magnitude of subtransient at bus 2 in is %.4f kA and its angle is %.4f degrees\n',abs(Ib22),atand(imag(Ib22),real(Ib22))); +disp(abs(Vlg2),'The magnitude of line to ground voltages at faulted bus 2 in per unit is:'); +disp(atand(imag(Vlg2),real(Vlg2)),'The angle of line to ground voltages at faulted bus 2 is :'); + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg b/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97e80aca8 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afd70f2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.4 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Sb=100 //Base value of system in MVA +Vb=13.8 //Base voltage of system in kV +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Z1=%i*0.13893 //Positive sequence impedance in per unit +Z2=%i*0.14562 //Negative sequence impedance in per unit +Zf=0 //Fault through impedance in per unit +I0=0 //Zero sequence current in per unit + +I1=Vf/(Z1+Z2+Zf) //sequence fault current in per unit +Isfb=-%i*sqrt(3)*I1 //subtransient fault current in phase b in per unit +Ib2=(Sb/(Vb*sqrt(3)))*Isfb //subtransient fault current at phase b in kA +Isfc=-Isfb; //subtransient fault current at phase c in pu +Ic=-Ib2 //subtransient fault current at phase c in kA + +printf('The magnitude of subtransient fault current in phase b in per unit is :%.4f pu and its angle is:%.4f degrees\n',abs(Isfb),(180/%pi)*atan(imag(Isfb),real(Isfb))); +printf('The magnitude of subtransient fault current in phase b in kA is %.4f kA and its angle is %.4f degrees\n',abs(Ib2),(180/%pi)*atan(imag(Ib2),real(Ib2))); + + +printf('The magnitude of sequence fault current in phase c in per unit is %.4f pu and its angle is %.4f degrees\n',abs(Isfc),(180/%pi)*atan(imag(Isfc),real(Isfc))); +printf('The magnitude of sequence fault current in phase c in kA is %.4f kA and its angle is %.4f degrees\n',abs(Ic),(180/%pi)*atan(imag(Ic),real(Ic))); + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg b/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65958489b Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab7f9c5e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.5 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Sb=100 //Base value of system in MVA +Vb=13.8 //Base voltage of system in kV +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Z0=%i*0.250 //Zero sequence impedance in per unit +Z1=%i*0.13893 //Positive sequence impedance in per unit +Z2=%i*0.14562 //Negative sequence impedance in per unit +Zf=0 //Fault through impedance in per unit +Zpr=0.20 //The positive sequence thevenin motor impedance at bus 2 +Zpl=0.455 //The positive sequence thevenin line impedance at bus 2 +Znr=0.21 //The negative sequence thevenin motor impedance at bus 2 +Znl=0.475 //The negative sequence thevenin line impedance at bus 2 + + +I1=Vf/(Z1+((Z0*Z2)/(Z0+Z2))) //Positive sequence fault current in per unit +I2=-I1*(Z0/(Z0+Z2)) //Negative sequence fault current in per unit +I0=-I1*(Z2/(Z0+Z2)) //Zero sequence fault current in per unit +a=exp(%i*(120)*(%pi/180)) //operator a +Isf=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[I0;I1;I2] //Subtransient fault current in each phase in per unit +Ib2=Isf*((Sb)/(Vb*sqrt(3))) //Using the base current 4.1837kA at bus 2 in kA +In=3*I0 //Neutral fault current in per unit +In2=In*((Sb)/(Vb*sqrt(3))) //Neutral fault current in kA +Iline0=0 //Zero sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Imotor0=I0 //Zero sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +Iline1=(Zpr/(Zpr+Zpl))*I1 //Positive sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Imotor1=(Zpl/(Zpr+Zpl))*I1 //Positive sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +Iline2=(Znr/(Znr+Znl))*I2 //Negative sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Imotor2=(Znl/(Znr+Znl))*I2 //Negative sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +Iline=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[Iline0;Iline1;Iline2] //transforming to the phase domain for the line +Ilineb=Iline*(0.41837) //Transforming to the phase domain with base currents of 0.41837 kA for the line in kA +Imotor=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[Imotor0;Imotor1;Imotor2] //transforming to the phase domain for the motor +Imotorb=Imotor*((Sb)/(Vb*sqrt(3))) //Transforming to the phase domain with base currents of 4.1837 kA for the motor in kA + +disp(abs(clean(Ib2,1e-10)),'The magnitude of subtransient fault current in each phase in kA is given by:'); +disp(atand(clean(imag(Ib2),1e-10),clean(real(Ib2),1e-10)),'The angle of subtransient fault current in each phase in degrees is given by:'); +printf('The magnitude neutral fault current is %.4f kA and its angle is %.4f degree\n',abs(In2),atand(imag(In2),real(In2))); +disp(abs(clean(Ilineb,1e-10)),'The magnitude of fault current contribution from the line in kA for each phase is given by: '); +disp(atand(clean(imag(Ilineb),1e-10),clean(real(Ilineb),1e-10)),'The angle of fault current contribution from the line in degrees for each phase is given by:'); +disp(abs(clean(Imotorb,1e-10)),'The magnitude of fault current contribution from motor in kA for each phase is given by:'); +disp(atand(clean(imag(Imotorb),1e-10),clean(real(Imotorb),1e-10)),'The angle of fault current contribution from motor in degrees for each phase is given by:'); + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg b/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc0b3841b Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.jpg differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b0ca7e58 --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.6 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + + +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Z0=%i*0.250 //Zero sequence impedance in per unit +Z1=%i*0.13893 //Positive sequence impedance in per unit +Z2=%i*0.14562 //Negative sequence impedance in per unit +Zf=0 //Fault through impedance in per unit +Zpr=0.20 //The positive sequence thevenin motor impedance at bus 2 +Zpl=0.455 //The positive sequence thevenin line impedance at bus 2 +Znr=0.21 //The negative sequence thevenin motor impedance at bus 2 +Znl=0.475 //The negative sequence thevenin line impedance at bus 2 + + +I1=Vf/(Z1+((Z0*Z2)/(Z0+Z2))) //Positive sequence fault current in per unit +I2=-I1*(Z0/(Z0+Z2)) //Negative sequence fault current in per unit +I0=-I1*(Z2/(Z0+Z2)) //Zero sequence fault current in per unit +Iline0=0 //Zero sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Imotor0=I0 //Zero sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +Iline1=(Zpr/(Zpr+Zpl))*I1 //Positive sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Ilead1=Iline1*exp(%i*(30)*(%pi/180)) //Positive sequence fault current from the line leads by 30 degree in per unit +Imotor1=(Zpl/(Zpr+Zpl))*I1 //Positive sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +Iline2=(Znr/(Znr+Znl))*I2 //Negative sequence fault current from the line in per unit +Ilag2=Iline2*exp(%i*(-30)*(%pi/180)) //Negative sequence fault current from the line lags by 30 degree in per unit +Imotor2=(Znl/(Znr+Znl))*I2 //Negative sequence motor current from the motor in per unit +a=exp(%i*(120)*(%pi/180)) //operator a +Iline=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[0;Ilead1;Ilag2] //transforming the line currents to the phase domain +Ilineb=Iline*0.41837 //transforming the line currents to the phase domain with base currents of 0.41837 kA + +disp(abs(clean(Iline,1e-10)),'The magnitude of transforming the line currents to the phase domain in per unit for each phase is given by:'); +disp(atand(imag(Iline),real(Iline)),'The angle of transforming the line currents to the phase domain in degreess for each phase is given by:'); +disp(abs(clean(Ilineb,1e-10)),'The magnitude of transforming the line currents to the phase domain in kA for each phase is given by:'); +disp(atand(imag(Ilineb),real(Ilineb)),'The angle of transforming the line currents to the phase domain in degreess for each phase is given by:'); + + + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e613327f --- /dev/null +++ b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Book - Power system: Analysisi & Design 5th Edition +//Authors - J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, and Thomas J.Overbye +//Chapter-9 ;Example 9.7 +//Scilab Version - 6.0.0; OS - Windows + +clc; +clear; + +Vf=1.05 //Prefault voltage in per unit +Zf=0 //Fault through impedance in per unit + + +Ybus0=-%i*[20 0;0 4] //zero sequence bus admittance matrix in per unit +Zbus0=inv(Ybus0) //zero sequence bus impedance matrix in per unit +Ybus1=-%i*[9.9454 -3.2787;-3.2787 8.2787] //Positive sequence bus admittance matrix in per unit +Zbus1=inv(Ybus1) //Positive sequence bus admittance matrix in per unit +Ybus2=-%i*[9.1611 -3.2787;-3.2787 8.0406] //Negative bus admittance matrix in per unit +Zbus2=inv(Ybus2) //Negative sequence bus admittance matrix in per unit +Z110=%i*0.05 //zero sequence impedance Z110 find out from the Zbus0 +Z111=%i*0.11565 //positive sequence impedance Z111 find out from the Zbus1 +Z112=%i*0.12781 //negative sequence impedance Z112 find out from the Zbus2 +I10=Vf/(Z110+Z111+Z112) //zeor sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +I11=I10 //positive sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +I12=I11 //Negative sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +a=exp(%i*120*%pi/180) //operator a +Isf1=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[I10;I11;I12] //Subtransient fault current in each phase at bus 1 in per unit +Z220=%i*0.25 //zero sequence impedance Z220 find out from the Zbus0 +Z221=%i*0.13893 //positive sequence impedance Z221 find out from the Zbus1 +Z222=%i*0.14562 //negative sequence impedance Z222 find out from the Zbus2 +I20=Vf/(Z220+Z221+Z222) //zeor sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +I21=I20 //positive sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +I22=I21 //Negative sequence fault current at bus 1 in per unit +Isf2=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[I20;I21;I22] //Subtransient fault current in each phase at bus 2 in per unit +V1=[0;Vf;0]-[Z110 0 0;0 Z111 0;0 0 Z112]*[I10;I11;I12] //The sequence components of the line to ground voltages at bus 1 during tha fault at bus 1 with k=1 and n=1 in per unit +V1lg=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[V1] //The line to ground voltages at bus 1 during tha fault at bus 1 in per unit +Z210=%i*0.05 //zero sequence impedance Z210 find out from the Zbus0 +Z211=%i*0.11565 //positive sequence impedance Z211 find out from the Zbus1 +Z212=%i*0.12781 //negative sequence impedance Z212 find out from the Zbus2 +V2=[0;Vf;0]-[Z210 0 0;0 Z211 0;0 0 Z212]*[I10;I11;I12] //The sequence components of the line to ground voltages at bus 1 during tha fault at bus 2 with k=2 and n=1in per unit +V2lg=[1 1 1;1 (a^2) a;1 a (a^2)]*[V2] //The line to ground voltages at bus 1 during tha fault at bus 1 in per unit + + + +disp(clean(Zbus0,1e-10),'The zero sequence bus impedance matrix is:'); +disp(clean(Zbus1,1e-10),'The positive sequence bus impedance matrix is:'); +disp(clean(Zbus2,1e-10),'The negative sequence bus impedance matrix is:'); +disp(clean(Isf1,1e-10),'The Subtransient fault current in pu in each phase during fault at bus 1 are:'); +disp(clean(Isf2,1e-10),'The Subtransient fault current in pu in each phase during fault at bus 2 are:'); +disp(abs(clean(V1lg,1e-10)),'The magnitude of the line to ground voltages at bus 1 in pu during fault at bus 1 :',); +disp(atand(clean(imag(V1lg),1e-10),clean(real(V1lg),1e-10)),'The angle of the line to ground voltages at bus 1 in degrees during fault at bus 1 :',); +disp(abs(clean(V2lg,1e-10)),'The magnitude of the line to ground voltages at bus 2 in pu during fault at bus 1 :',); +disp(atand(clean(imag(V2lg),1e-10),clean(real(V2lg),1e-10)),'The angle of the line to ground voltages at bus 1 in degrees during fault at bus 1 :',); + + diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_1.JPG b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_1.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ab34cb36 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_1.JPG differ diff --git a/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_2.JPG b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_2.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73a4a2ce3 Binary files /dev/null and b/3872/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7_2.JPG differ diff --git a/3873/CH1/EX1.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3873/CH1/EX1.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a8a52897 --- /dev/null +++ b/3873/CH1/EX1.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +errcatch(-1,"stop");mode(2);// A Textbook of Fluid Mecahnics and Hydraulic Machines - By R K Bansal +// Chapter 2 - Pressure and its measurements +// Problem 2.1 + +//Given Data Set in the Problem +D=30/100 +d=4.5/100 +F=500 + +//Calculations +A_ram=%pi/4*D^2 //Area of ram +A_plunger=%pi/4*d^2 //Area pof plunger +P_plunger=F/A_plunger + //Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions ,thus, +W_ram=P_plunger*A_ram +mprintf("The Weight of the ram is %f kN",W_ram/1000); + +exit(); diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d1ee2ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Resistive force = 2.31e-03 newton/s/meter +Relaxation time = 86.56 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20e0ced8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc ; +clear ; +m=100*10^-3 //flat disc mass in kg +t=60 //time period of oscillation in sec +omega=10 //frequency in Hz + +//Calculation +damp_omega=log(2)/60 //amplitude of damped oscillator for A/C = 1/2 in rad/s +c= 2*m*damp_omega +tau= 1/damp_omega + +mprintf("Resistive force = %0.2e newton/s/meter \n",c) +mprintf("Relaxation time = %2.2f s",tau) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44e020473 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc ; +clear ; +K=10 //Spring constant in N/m +m=0.1 //Mass in kg + +//calculation +// for (a) +damp_omega=-1/-100 +c=m*2*damp_omega + +//for (b) +omega_n=sqrt(K/m) + +//for (c) +damping_ratio=damp_omega/omega_n +Q=1/(2*damping_ratio) +omega_d=omega_n*sqrt(1-damping_ratio^2) //in radian/s + +//for (d) +fract_change=0.5*(damping_ratio^2) //fractional change in frequency +percent_change=fract_change*(10^2) + +mprintf("\n(a)\n") +mprintf("Resistive force constant c = %.0e newton/s/meter\n",c) +mprintf("(b)\n") +mprintf("Natural angular frequency omega_n = %d rad/s\n",omega_n) +mprintf("(c)\n") +mprintf("Damping ratio damping_ratio = %.0e\n",damping_ratio) +mprintf("Q factor = %d\n",Q) +mprintf("(d)\n") +mprintf("percent change in frequency = %.0e\n",percent_change) + diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c564134cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Amplitude of oscillation = 1.26e-02 m +Phase relative to the applied force is = 161.6 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55cb9d52e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc ; +clear ; +m=0.1 // mass in kg +K=100 //spring constant in N/m +c=1 //resistive force in Nsm^-1 +F0=2 //force in N +omega=50 //frequency in rad/s + +//calculation + +omega_n=sqrt(K/m) //in rad/s +r=omega/omega_n +delta_st=F0/K //in m +damp_ratio=c/(2*m*omega_n) +A=delta_st/(sqrt((1-r^2)^2+(2*r*damp_ratio)^2)) +tan_phi=(2*r*damp_ratio)/(1-r^2) //in degree +phi=180+atand(tan_phi) //converting degree to postive form + +mprintf("Amplitude of oscillation = %1.2e m\n",A) +mprintf("Phase relative to the applied force is = %1.1f degree",phi) +//The answers vary due to round of errors diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58afc28c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The current leads the applied voltage by = 60.64 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d56989993 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +omega=500 //frequency in radian/s +L=0.08 //inductance in H +R=15 //resistance in ohm +C=30*10^-6 //capacity in F + +//calculation + +L_omega=L*omega //in ohm +C_omega=1/(C*omega) //in ohm +tan_phi=(L_omega-C_omega)/R //in degrees +phi=atand(tan_phi) + +mprintf("The current leads the applied voltage by = %2.2f degree",-phi) +//The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f12ea8f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Resistance is = 19 ohm +Capacitance is = 3.33e-05 F diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95bf614ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +phi=45 //since the EMF is ahead of the current by 55-10 in degree +omega=3000 //frequency in radian/s +L=0.01 //inductance in H +E0=141.4 +I0=5 + +//calculation +Z1=sqrt(2) //*R first equation for Z +Z2=E0/I0//second equation for Z +R=Z2/Z1 //resistance in ohm +L_omega=L*omega //in ohm +C=1/((L_omega-R)*omega) + +mprintf("Resistance is = %d ohm\n",R) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("Capacitance is = %2.2e F\n",C) diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b6c5ef75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +(i)Impedance = 94.5 ohm +(ii)Current = 2.43 A +(iii)Power Factor = 0.53 (Lead) +(iv)Power Consumed = 296 W \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f22eb0161 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +R=50 //resistance in ohm +C=25 //capacitance in micro-F +L=0.15 //inductance in H +V=230 //voltage in Volts +f=50 //frequency in Hz + +//calculation +XL=2*%pi*f*L //in ohm +XC=(10^6)/(2*%pi*f*C) //in ohm +X=XL-XC //in ohm +Z=sqrt(R^2+X^2) +I=V/Z +pf=R/Z +power_consumed=V*I*pf + +mprintf("(i)Impedance = %2.1f ohm\n",Z) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("(ii)Current = %1.2f A\n",I) //The answers vary due to round off error +mprintf("(iii)Power Factor = %1.2f (Lead)\n",pf) +mprintf("(iv)Power Consumed = %d W",power_consumed) //The answers vary due to round off error diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d6f09b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +(i)Impedance = 12.4 ohm +(ii)Current = 19.41 A +(iii)Power Factor = 0.65 (Lead) +(iv)Power Consumed = 3015 W +(v)The value of capacitance is = 0.000169 F or 169 micro-F diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a567e7324 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear; +R=8 //resistance in ohm +L=0.03 //inductance in H +V=240 //voltage in Volts +f=50 //frequency in Hz +reactance_RLC=9.42 //reactance of total RLC circuit in ohm in case(2) + +//calculation +//for (1) +X_L=2*%pi*f*L // inductive reactance in ohm +Z=sqrt(R^2+X_L^2) //in ohm +I=V/Z +P=I^2*R +pf=R/Z + +//for (2) +reactance_C=2*reactance_RLC //capacitive reactance in ohm +omega=2*%pi*f +C=1/(omega*reactance_C) + +mprintf("(i)Impedance = %2.1f ohm\n",Z) //The answer varies due to round off error +mprintf("(ii)Current = %1.2f A\n",I) //The answers varies due to round off error +mprintf("(iii)Power Factor = %1.2f (Lead)\n",pf) +mprintf("(iv)Power Consumed = %d W\n",P) //The provided in the textbook is wrong. +mprintf("(v)The value of capacitance is = %f F or 169 micro-F\n",C) diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..063c0809a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The frequency of resonance = 155.939360 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d71f1aa27 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +C= 4*10^-6 // capacitance in F +L=0.25 // inductance in H +R=50 //resistance in ohm + +//calculation + +F0=1/(2*%pi)*sqrt(1/(L*C)-(R^2/L^2)) + +mprintf("The frequency of resonance = %f Hz",F0) +//The answer varies due to round off error diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.txt b/3875/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c60f25c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a) The capacitance of the circuit is 8e-06 F + +(b) The value of current is = 0.3 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3875/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ac8c7fff --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear; +R=30 // resistance in ohm +L= 20*10^-3 //inductance in H +f=1000/%pi //frequency in Hz +V=25 //in volt + +//calculation +// for (a) +inductance_l=2*%pi*f*L //in ohm +Z=sqrt(R^2+inductance_l^2) //in ohm +C=L/Z^2 + +mprintf("\n(a) The capacitance of the circuit is %0.0e F\n",C) + +//for(b) + +dynamic_imp=L/(C*R) //in ohm +I_min=V/dynamic_imp + +mprintf("\n(b) The value of current is = %0.1f A",I_min) + diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f497efb24 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The temperature of the star is = 68511 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43ead0301 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +T1=6000 //temperature of the sun in K +E1_by_E2=17000 //ratio of luminosity of sun to the star + +//calculation + +T2=T1*E1_by_E2^(1/4) +mprintf("The temperature of the star is = %d K",T2) +//Answer varies due to round off error diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d33fc577 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.10/10_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Since the threshold wavelength is 5.405e-07,wavelength 680nm is not capable of showing photoelectric effect as threshold wavelength is the longest wavelength \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58cf3312d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=2.3*1.6*10^-19 //Energy required to remove electron in eV +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +lambda_0=(h*c)/W +printf("\nSince the threshold wavelength is %1.3e,wavelength 680nm is not capable of showing photoelectric effect as threshold wavelength is the longest wavelength",lambda_0) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9c1fae87 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +W=1.2*1.6*10^-19 //work function in eV +h=6.6*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +v=5.5*10^14 // frequency of light in Hz +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C + +V_s=((h*v)-W)/e + +mprintf("The stopping potential is = %1.2f volt",V_s) +//Answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c8f076bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.11/10_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The stopping potential is = 1.07 volt \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f67c5503 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +v0=6*10^14 // threshold frequency of light in Hz +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +V_s=3 //stopping potential in V + +//calculation +v=((e*V_s)/h)+v0 +mprintf("The frequency of light which ejects electrons from the surface is %1.3e Hz",v) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a397a75bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.12/10_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The frequency of light which ejects electrons from the surface is 1.324e+15 Hz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..366e8ace0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +v=3*10^8 // frequency of light in Hz +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +lambda=200*10^-9 //wavelength in m +W=4.2 //work function in Joule +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +E=(h*v)/(lambda)//energy in J +E_v=E/e //energy in eV + +//case (1) +E_k=E_v-W +mprintf("\nThe kinetic energy of the fastest electrons is = %d eV\n",E_k) + +//case(2) +mprintf("\nThe kinetic energy of slowest electrons is zero.As the emitted electrons have all possible energies from 0 to certain maximun value is E_k\n") + +//case(3) +mprintf("If V_s is the stopping potential then E_k=e*V_s.Since the electrons have a maximum kinetoc energy of 2eV,the stopping potential is 2V.\n") + +//case(4) +lambda_0=(h*c)/(W*e) +mprintf("The cut off wavelength for aluminium is %1.2e m",lambda_0) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03b02fccb --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.13/10_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The kinetic energy of the fastest electrons is = 2 eV +The kinetic energy of slowest electrons is zero.As the emitted electrons have all possible energies from 0 to certain maximun value is E_k +If V_s is the stopping potential then E_k=e*V_s.Since the electrons have a maximum kinetoc energy of 2eV,the stopping potential is 2V. +The cut off wavelength for aluminium is 2.96e-07 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08ed781f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +P=10^-3 //power in watt +h=6.62*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +v=3*10^8 //frequncy of light in Hz +lambda=4560*10^-10 //wavelength in m +eff=0.005 //quantum efficiency +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C + +//calculation +E=(h*v)/lambda //energy of each photon in joules +N=P/E //no of photons incident on the metal per sec +N_e=N*eff //no of electrons released per sec +I=N_e*e + +mprintf("The photoelectric current is = %1.3e amp or 1.837 micro-amp",I) +//The Answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2222cadcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.14/10_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The photoelectric current is = 1.837e-06 amp or 1.837 micro-amp \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e871bae41 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda1=400 //wavelength in nm +lambda2=300 //wavelength in nm +V1=0.82 //stopping potential in V +V2=1.85 //stopping potential in V +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C + +//calculation +h=(e*(V1-V2)*(lambda1*10^-9)*(lambda2*10^-9))/(c*(lambda2-lambda1)*10^-9) + +mprintf("\nThe Plancks constant is = %1.3e J-s\n",h) +mprintf("The photoelectric current will not be obtained as the stopping potential does not depend on the intensity of light") diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ceeab3ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.15/10_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Plancks constant is = 6.592e-34 J-s +The photoelectric current will not be obtained as the stopping potential does not depend on the intensity of light \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08cbd5717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +lambda=180*10^-9 //wavelength in m +W=2*1.6*10^-19 //work function in Joule +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +B=5*10^-5 //magnetic flux density in Tesla + +//calculation +E=((h*c)/lambda)-W //kinetic energy in J +v=sqrt((2*E)/m) //velocity in m/s +r=(m*v)/(e*B) + +mprintf("The radius of the circular path in magnetic field is = %1.3f m",r) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25323313a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.16/10_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The radius of the circular path in magnetic field is = 0.149 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b97570e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +E0=6.20*10^3 //energy of photon in keV +freq_s=0.5/100 //frequency shift +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg + + + +//CALCULATION +lambda0=(h*c)/(E0*1.6*10^-19) //wavelength in m +delta_E=(freq_s*E0)/10^3 //Loss in energy of photon in keV +E=(E0/10^3)-delta_E //energy of scattered photon on keV +lambda=(h*c)/(E*10^3*1.6*10^-19) //wavelength of scattered photon in m +delta_lambda=lambda-lambda0 //compton shift +phi=acosd(1-(m*c*delta_lambda)/h) + +mprintf("The angle through which Xray is scattered is = %2.1f degree",phi) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97102ac45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.17/10_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The angle through which Xray is scattered is = 54.2 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0de5c216 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +lambda_1=100*10^-12 //wavelength in m +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C + + +//calculation +delta_lambda=(h/(m*c)) //wavelength in m +mprintf("The compton shift is = %1.2e m\n",delta_lambda) + +lambda_0=lambda_1-delta_lambda //wavelength of the scattered photon in m +delta_E=(h*c*delta_lambda)/(lambda_1*lambda_0) +mprintf("\nThe kinetic energy imparted to the electron is = %1.2e J or %1.2f eV",delta_E,delta_E/e) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3d75e176 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.18/10_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The compton shift is = 2.43e-12 m + +The kinetic energy imparted to the electron is = 4.95e-17 J or 309.42 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dea02611 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The energy radiated per unit area per sec is = 2325 Joules. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ce6773f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +e=0.85 //emissivity +T=2000 //Temperature in K +A=5*10^-5 //surface area in m^2 +t=60 //time in s +sigma=5.7*10^-8 //Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in J/m^2sK^4 + +//calculation +Q=e*sigma*T^4*A*t +mprintf("The energy radiated per unit area per sec is = %d Joules.",Q) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11386d3a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +E0=100 //energy of the incident photon in keV +E=90 //energy of the scattered photon in keV +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +delta_E=E0-E //energy lost in keV +mc_square=(m*c^2)/(1.6*10^-19*10^3) //calculating one part of the formula +phi=acosd(1-(delta_E/E*mc_square/E0)) + +mprintf("The scattering angle of the photon is = %2.1f degree",phi) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ade5cdab --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.20/10_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The scattering angle of the photon is = 64.5 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e649f42 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +KE=10*1.6*10^-19 //energy in J +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m_h=2*10^-3 //molecular weight of hydrogen in kg +a=6.023*10^23 //Avogadros constant in mol^-1 +v=2200 //velocity in m/s +m_g=45*10^-3 //mass of golf ball in kg] +v_g=22 //velocity of golf ball in m/s + +//calculation +//case (a) +lambda=(h/sqrt(2*m*KE)) +mprintf("The de-Broglie wavelength is = %1.3e m or 0.388 nm\n",lambda) + +//case (b) +m=m_h/a //mass in kg +lambda=(h/(m*v)) +mprintf("The de-Broglie wavelength is = %1.2e m or 0.988 nm\n",lambda) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + +//case (c) +lambda1=h/(m_g*v_g) +mprintf("The de-Broglie wavelength of the golf ball is = %1.1e m",lambda1) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82826abd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.21/10_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The de-Broglie wavelength is = 3.885e-10 m or 0.388 nm +The de-Broglie wavelength is = 9.08e-11 m or 0.988 nm +The de-Broglie wavelength of the golf ball is = 6.7e-34 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6589f86c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmanns constant in m^2 kg s^-2 K^-1 +T=300 //Temperature in K +m=1.00878*1.66*10^-27 //mass of neutron in kg + +//calculation +lambda=(h/sqrt(3*m*K_b*T)) + +mprintf("The de-Broglie wavelength is = %1.2e m or 0.145 nm",lambda) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f1b842cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.22/10_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The de-Broglie wavelength is = 1.45e-10 m or 0.145 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa3ea5de4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +lambda=0.1 //wavelength in nm + +//calculation +V=(((h/(sqrt(2*m*e)))*10^9)/(lambda))^2 //multipyling by 10^9 to convert from m to nm according to textbook convention. + +mprintf("The voltage to which electron can be accelerated is = %.4e volts or 150.95 volts",V) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e51e662db --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.23/10_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The voltage to which electron can be accelerated is = 1.5095e+02 volts or 150.95 volts \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2334824a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +KE=0.04*1.6*10^-19 //energy in J +m=1.675*10^-27 //mass of neutron in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +lambda=(h/sqrt(2*m*KE))/10^-9 +mprintf("The de-Broglie wavelength is = %1.3f nm\n",lambda) +v_g=h/(lambda*10^-9*m) +mprintf("The group velocity is = %1.2e m/s\n",v_g) +v_p=(c^2)/v_g +mprintf("The phase velocity is = %1.2e m/s\n",v_p) +E=(h*c)/(lambda*10^-9) +mprintf("The energy of the nuetron is = %1.2e J or 8.69 keV",E) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5361a03ed --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.24/10_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + The de-Broglie wavelength is = 0.143 nm +The group velocity is = 2.76e+03 m/s +The phase velocity is = 3.26e+13 m/s +The energy of the nuetron is = 1.39e-15 J or 8.69 keV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f266713a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +g=9.8 //acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2 +lambda=10 //wavelength in m + +//calculation + +v_g=sqrt((lambda*g*%pi)/2) +mprintf("The group velocity is = %2.2f m/s",v_g) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d754462a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.25/10_25.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The group velocity is = 12.41 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d27dca62 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +n=1 //first reflection maximum +tetha=60 //glancing angle +V=344 //voltage in V + +//calculation +d=((n*h)/(2*sind(60)*sqrt(2*m*e*V)))/10^-9 +mprintf("The interplanar distance is = %1.3f nm",d) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69dd010f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.26/10_26.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The interplanar distance is = 0.038 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1cf63f982 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=1.675*10^-27//mass of neutron in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +n=1 //first reflection maximum +KE=0.04*1.6*10^-19 //energy in J +d=0.314*10^-9 //interplanar distance in m + +//calculation + +phi=asind((n*h)/(2*d*sqrt(2*m*KE))) +mprintf("The glancing angle is = %2.1f degree",phi) +//The answer varies due to round off error. + diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e08b11c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.27/10_27.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The glancing angle is = 13.2 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c6ac371e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +tetha=55 //braggs angle in degree +KE=0.25*1.6*10^-19 //enrgy in J +m=1.675*10^-27//mass of neutron in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +n=1 //first reflection maximum + +//calculation +d=((n*h)/(2*sind(tetha)*sqrt(2*m*KE))) +mprintf("The interplanar distance is = %1.1e m",d) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4413ec68c --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.28/10_28.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The interplanar distance is = 3.5e-11 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9aefd005c --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +v=4*10^5 //velocity in m/s +u=10^-4 //uncertainity in momenmtum +h=6.63*10^-34 //plancks constant in J-s + + +//calculation +delta_p=u*m*v //in kg-m/s +delta_x=(h/(2*%pi*delta_p)) +mprintf("The uncertainity in the position of the electron is %1.4e m",delta_x) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d2217607 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.29/10_29.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The uncertainity in the position of the electron is 2.8989e-06 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dc4a44f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The work function of the metal is = 2.25 eV \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..334e10b9d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=4.136*10^-15 //Plancks constant in eV +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +R=1.097*10^7 //Rydberg constant m^-1 +lambda1= 900 //wavelength in nm +T1_by_T2=1/3 //Ratio of temperature T1 to T2 +n1=2 //energy level of atom +n2=3 //energy level of atom + +//calculation + +lambda2=(lambda1*T1_by_T2)//wavelength in nm +E=(h*c)/(lambda2*10^-9) //Energy of incident photon in eV +Ex=R*h*c*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2^2)) //Excitation energy in eV +W=E-Ex + +mprintf("The work function of the metal is = %1.2f eV",W) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfeff01cb --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +delta_x=5*10^-14 //diameter of nucleus in m +h=6.63*10^-34 //plancks constant +m=1.675*10^-27 //mass in kg + +//calculation +p_min=h/(4*%pi*delta_x) //minimum momentum in kg-m/s +E_min=((p_min)^2/(2*m)) + +mprintf("The minimum kinetic energy of the nucleon is = %1.2e J or 0.33*10^-15 J",E_min) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecefdf467 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.31/10_31.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The minimum kinetic energy of the nucleon is = 3.32e-16 J or 0.33*10^-15 J \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb08520f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +lambda=694.5*10^-9 //wavelength in m +delta_t=10^-3 + +//calculation +delta_lambda=abs(-(lambda^2/(4*%pi*c*delta_t))) + +mprintf("The natural line width of laser transition is = %1.2e m",delta_lambda) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59278a8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.32/10_32.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The natural line width of laser transition is = 1.28e-19 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f323422fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The surface temperature of the sun = 5795 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd07bc90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +S=1.4*10^3 //rate of suns energy striking in watt/m^2 +r=1.5*10^11 //radius of earths orbit in m +R=7*10^8 //radius of sun in m +sigma=5.7*10^-8 //Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in J/m^2sK^4 + +//calculation +T=((S*r^2)/(sigma*R^2))^(1/4) + +mprintf("The surface temperature of the sun = %d K",T) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61d54f656 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of how much body cools in the first case to the second case is = 11.3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbb9b2021 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +T0=293 //temperature of the surrounding +T1=373 //temperature of the black body in case 1 +T2=303 //temperature of the black body in case 2 + +//calculation + +E1_by_E2=(T1^4-T0^4)/(T2^4-T0^4) +mprintf("The ratio of how much body cools in the first case to the second case is = %2.1f",E1_by_E2) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ee3488e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The emissivity of the surface area is = 0.18 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d87c8d106 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +A=5*10^-4 //area in m^2 +sigma=5.67*10^-8 //Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in J/m^2sK^4 +t=60 //time in s +T=727+273 //temperature in K +Q=300 //energy in J + +//calculation + +e=Q/(sigma*T^4*t*A) +mprintf("The emissivity of the surface area is = %1.2f",e) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ad1f9b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The time required to cool from 1000 to 300K is = 1.27e+05 sec or 127*10^3 sec \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8bb99a98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +r=5*10^-2 //outer radius of copper sphere in m +T1=10^3//temperature in K +T2=300 //temperature in K +c=4*10^3 //specific heat in J/kg +rho=9*10^3 //density of copper in kg/m^3 +sigma=5.67*10^-8 // Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in J/m^2sK^4 + +//calculation +t=((rho*r*c)/(9*sigma))*((1/T2^3)-(1/T1^3)) + +mprintf("The time required to cool from 1000 to 300K is = %.2e sec or 127*10^3 sec\n",t) + diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2088ae97d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The current in the wire is 36 amp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..867d65020 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +rad=10^-3 //radius of wire in m +l=1 //length of the wire in m +T=900 //temperature of the body in K +T0=300 //temperature of the surrounding in K +sigma=5.68*10^-8 // Stefan-Boltzmann Constant in J/m^2sK^4 +alpha=7.8*10^-3 //temperature coefficient of resistance +delta_T=600 //difference in temperature of the body and surrounding in K +rho_300=%pi^2*10^-8 //resistivity in ohm-m + +//calculation +E=sigma*(T^4-T0^4)*2*%pi*rad*l //in watt +rho_900=((1+alpha*delta_T)*rho_300)// resistivity in ohm-m +R_900=rho_900*(l/(%pi*rad^2)) //resistance in ohm +I=sqrt(E/R_900) +mprintf("The current in the wire is %d amp.",I) diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce b/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04a390b8f --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in Joule-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +lambda1=10^-3 //wavelength in m +lambda2=100*10^-9 //wavelength in m +T=1000 //temperature in K +k_B=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant in m^2 kg s^-2 K^-1 +d_lambda1=0.1*10^-3 //range of wavelength in m +d_lambda2=1*10^-9 //range of wavelength in m + +//calculation +//case (a) when the range of wavelength is between 1-1.1 mm +E=exp((h*c)/(lambda1*k_B*T)) //calculating the exponential term of the eqn +U_lambda1=((8*%pi*h*c*d_lambda1)/(lambda1^5*(E-1))) +mprintf("The energy density is = %1.2e J/m^3.\n",U_lambda1) + +//case (b) when the range of wavelength is between 100-101 nm +E1=exp((h*c)/(lambda2*k_B*T)) //calculating the exponential term of the eqn +U_lambda2=((8*%pi*h*c*d_lambda2)/(lambda2^5*(E1-1))) +mprintf("The energy density is = %1.2e J/m^3.",U_lambda2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + +mprintf("\nThus for shorter wavelengths the energy densities predicted by Rayleigh-Jeans law and Planks law are considerably different while for longer wavelengths the energy densites predicted are same.") diff --git a/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.txt b/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd4ecf59d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH10/EX10.9/10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The energy density is = 3.44e-11 J/m^3. +The energy density is = 1.27e-60 J/m^3. +Thus for shorter wavelengths the energy densities predicted by Rayleigh-Jeans law and Planks law are considerably different while for longer wavelengths the energy densites predicted are same. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4cdcb55a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +I=10*10^-3 //current in Ampere +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +V=25*10^3//voltage in V + +n=(I/e) +mprintf("The no of electrons striking the target are = %1.2e\n",n) + +lambda_min=(h*c)/(e*V) +mprintf("The minimum wavelegth of the emitted Xrays is = %1.2e m",lambda_min) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a42b759e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The no of electrons striking the target are = 6.25e+16 +The minimum wavelegth of the emitted Xrays is = 4.97e-11 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..012bfb76b --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=0.12 //wavelength in nm +tetha=28 //Braggs angle in degree +n=2 //second order reflection + +//calculation +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(28)) + +mprintf("The interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes of the crystal is = %1.2f nm",d) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ac64ef68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.10/11_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The interplanar spacing of the reflecting planes of the crystal is = 0.26 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f88e17033 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +n=3 //third order reflection +lambda=97 //wavelength in pm (third order) +tetha1=23 //Braggs angle for first order in degree +tetha2=60 //Braggs angle for third order in degree + +//calculation +lambda_1=(n*lambda*sind(tetha1))/sind(tetha2) +d=(n*lambda)/(2*sind(tetha2)) + +mprintf("\nThe wavelength that undergoes first order reflection is = %d pm\n",lambda_1) +mprintf("The interplanar spacing is = %d pm",d) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a85fcb78 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.11/11_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The wavelength that undergoes first order reflection is = 131 pm +The interplanar spacing is = 168 pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14e931020 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +a=0.2 //lattice parameter in nm +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=1 //z intercept of parallel plane +phi=87 //incident angle in degree + +//calculation +tetha=phi/2 +d=(a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) +lambda=(2*d*sind(tetha)) + +mprintf("The wavelength is = %1.3f nm\n",lambda) +mprintf("The Braggs angle is = %2.1f degree",tetha) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceea76e6c --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.12/11_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The wavelength is = 0.159 nm +The Braggs angle is = 43.5 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6607a95f --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +V_0=844 //voltage in V +n=1 //first order reflection +tetha=58 //Braggs angle in degree + +//calculation +lambda=(h/sqrt(2*m*e*V_0)) +d=((n*lambda)/(2*sind(tetha))) +mprintf("The interplanar spacing is = %1.2e m or 0.249e-10 m",d) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f25253c4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.13/11_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The interplanar spacing is = 2.49e-11 m or 0.249e-10 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24c0ac001 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=1.804*10^-27 //mass of neutron in kg +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant in J/K +tetha=30 //Braggs angle in degree +n=2 //second order reflection +T=300 //temperature in K + +//calculation +lambda=h/sqrt(3*m*K_b*T) +a=sqrt((3*lambda))/2 + +mprintf("The lattice constant is = %1.2e m.",a) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..595999fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.14/11_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The lattice constant is = 1.02e-05 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4a3e518 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +//from the table given in the sum, first observation is taken to calculate the unit cell and dimension +theta=6.05 //degree in radians +lambda=71 //wavelength in pm +h=1 //lattice parameter for x axis +k=0 //lattice parameter for y axis +l=0 //lattice parameter for z axis + +//calculations +sin_square_theta=sind(theta)^2 +alpha=(lambda/2)*((h^2+k^2+l^2)/sqrt(sin_square_theta)) + +mprintf("alpha = %d pm",ceil(alpha)) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..808adb597 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.15/11_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +alpha = 337 pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..799cd889e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=0.154 //wavelength in nm +theta1=20 //angle in degree +theta2=29 //angle in degree +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=0 //z intercept of parallel plane +//calculation +ratio=sind(theta1)^2/sind(theta2)^2 //ratio of sin^2 theta values of first and second angles +alpha=(lambda/2)*sqrt((sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))/sind(theta1)^2) + +mprintf("The crystal structure is bcc since the ratio is %1.1f\n",ratio) +mprintf("lattice constant alpha = %0.3f nm\n",alpha) // The answer provided in the textbook is wrong +mprintf("The element is tungsten since this lattice constant of %0.3f nm and crystallizes in the bcc structure",alpha) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a67388276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.16/11_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The crystal structure is bcc since the ratio is 0.5 +lattice constant alpha = 0.268 nm +The element is tungsten since this lattice constant of 0.268 nm and crystallizes in the bcc structure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855296229 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +//Consider the peak value 8 of observation for calculation in the sum +lambda=0.07107 //wavelength in nm +theta=29.71 //angle in degree +h=4 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=0 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=0 //z intercept of parallel plane + +//calculation +d_400=(lambda/(2*sind(theta))) //interplanar distance in nm +alpha=d_400*(sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) + +mprintf("The crystal structure is bcc due to corresponding (hkl) values\n") +mprintf("lattice constant of peak no.1 is (110)\n") +mprintf("The element is tungsten since this lattice constant of %0.4f nm and crystallizes in the bcc structure",alpha) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eef38c5d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.17/11_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The crystal structure is bcc due to corresponding (hkl) values +lattice constant of peak no.1 is (110) +The element is tungsten since this lattice constant of 0.2868 nm and crystallizes in the bcc structure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd7484dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=1 //z intercept of parallel plane +a=0.352 //lattice constant in nm +tetha=28.5 //Braggs angle in degree +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant in J/K +H=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=1.67*10^-27 //mass of nuetron in kg + +//calculation + +d=(a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)) //interplanar distance in nm +lambda=2*d*sind(28.5) //wavelength in nm +T=(H^2)/(3*m*K_b*((lambda*10^-9)^2)) + +mprintf("The effective temperature of neutrons is = %d K",T) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c38a1487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.18/11_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The effective temperature of neutrons is = 169 K \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2a20e1e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.19/11_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The Braggs angle is = 19 degrees and 51 minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..063394f07 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear; +H=6.626*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +V_0=80 //Potential difference in V +a=0.35 //lattice parameter in nm +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=1 //z intercept of parallel plane + +//calculation +lambda=H/sqrt(2*m*e*V_0) //wavelength in m +d_111=(a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2))*10^-9 //interplanar distance in m +theta1_degrees= floor(asin((lambda)/(2*d_111))*(180/%pi)) //degrees part of angle +theta1_minutes=((asin((lambda)/(2*d_111))*(180/%pi))-theta1_degrees)*60 //minutes part of angle +mprintf("The Braggs angle is = %d degrees and %d minutes",theta1_degrees,theta1_minutes) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105eed936 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +n1=1 //first order maxima +n2=2 //second order maxima +V=50*10^3 //voltage in V +tetha=26 //Braggs angle in degree + +//calculation +lambda_min=(h*c)/(e*V) //wavelength in m +d=(n1*lambda_min)/(2*sind(tetha)) +mprintf("The interplanar spacing is = %1.2e m\n",d) + +tetha2=asind((n2*lambda_min)/(2*d)) +mprintf("The Braggs angle for second order reflection is = %2.1f degree",tetha2) //The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a08051e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The interplanar spacing is = 2.84e-11 m +The Braggs angle for second order reflection is = 61.3 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1935ff5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.20/11_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The lattice parameter of sample A is= 0.367 nm +The lattice parameter of sample B is = 0.361 nm +The lattice parameter of sample B is the same as that of pure copper.Therefore sample B is high purity copper.The lattice parameter of sample is 1.75 percent higher than that of pure copper.Sample B is not pure and the presence of impurity atoms has caused strain in the crystal line. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b6c92bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear; +tetha_A=21 //Braggs angle in degree +tetha_B_degree=21 // part of Braggs angle in degree +tetha_B_minute=23 //part of Braggs angle in minute +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of parallel plane +l=1 //z intercept of parallel plane +lambda=0.152 //wavelength of xray in nm + +//calculation +//case(1) for sample A +d_111=lambda/(2*sind(tetha_A)) +a=d_111*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +mprintf("\nThe lattice parameter of sample A is= %1.3f nm\n",a) + +//case(2) for sample B +tetha_B_decdeg=tetha_B_degree+(tetha_B_minute/60) +d_111=lambda/(2*sind(tetha_B_decdeg)) +a=d_111*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +mprintf("The lattice parameter of sample B is = %1.3f nm\n",a) +mprintf("The lattice parameter of sample B is the same as that of pure copper.Therefore sample B is high purity copper.The lattice parameter of sample is 1.75 percent higher than that of pure copper.Sample B is not pure and the presence of impurity atoms has caused strain in the crystal line.") diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dbc1e074 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.21/11_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +The lattice parameter is = 0.242 nm +The lattice parameter is = 0.2960 nm +The lattice parameters are not equal,hence metal is not bcc +We assume that the metal is fcc,lattice parameter is consistent at value=0.296 nm +The atomic diameter is = 0.2093 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79417d726 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=0.171 //wavelength of X-ray in nm +tetha_1=30 //Braggs angle in degree +tetha_2_degrees=35 //part of Braggs angle in degrees +tetha_2_minutes=17 //part of Braggs angle in minutes +h=1 //x intercept of the parallel plane +k=1 //y intercept of the parallel plane +l=0 //z intercept of the parallel plane + +//calculation +//case(A) +d_110=lambda/(2*sind(tetha_1)) +a=d_110*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +mprintf("The lattice parameter is = %1.3f nm\n",a) + +//case(B) +h=2 //x intercept of the parallel plane +k=0 //y intercept of the parallel plane +l=0 //z intercept of the parallel plane +tetha_2_decdeg=tetha_2_degrees+(tetha_2_minutes/60) +d_110=lambda/(2*sind(tetha_2_decdeg)) +a=d_110*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2) +mprintf("The lattice parameter is = %1.4f nm\n",a) +mprintf("The lattice parameters are not equal,hence metal is not bcc\n") +mprintf("We assume that the metal is fcc,lattice parameter is consistent at value=0.296 nm\n") //by multiplying d_110 by sqrt(3) and d_200 by sqrt(4) + +//for atomice diameter we have +a=0.296 //lattice parameter in nm +D=a/sqrt(2) +mprintf("The atomic diameter is = %1.4f nm",D) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..719ecb5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.22/11_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The sum total of the intercepts of the parallel plane h^2+k^2+l^2 should be less than 13.988 +The highest possible values of hkl are (222) as the sum total of h^2+k^2+l^2 is less than or equal to 13.98. +Braggs reflection will occur from the first planes including (222) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59593c68b --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.22/Ex11_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=0.154 //wavelength in nm +D=0.2494 //diameter in D + +//calculation +d=lambda/2 //interplanar distance in nm +hkl_parameters=((2*D)/(d*sqrt(3)))^2 +mprintf("The sum total of the intercepts of the parallel plane h^2+k^2+l^2 should be less than %1.3f\n",hkl_parameters) +mprintf("The highest possible values of hkl are (222) as the sum total of h^2+k^2+l^2 is less than or equal to 13.98.\n") +mprintf("Braggs reflection will occur from the first planes including (222)") diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3e675c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +d=275 //interplanar distance in pm +tetha=45 //glancing angle in degree + +//calculation +//case(1) when intensity maxima is 3 +n=3 +lambda=(2*d*sind(tetha))/n +mprintf("\nThe wavelength is = %1.3f pm\n",lambda) + +//case(2) when intensity maxima is 4 +n=4 +lambda=(2*d*sind(tetha))/n +mprintf("The wavelength is = %1.3f pm",lambda) +mprintf("Only for n=3 and n=4,the value of lambda lies within the range 95 pm to 140 pm") +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7126ad754 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +he wavelength is = 129.636 pm +The wavelength is = 97.227 pm +Only for n=3 and n=4,the value of lambda lies within the range 95 pm to 140 pm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef8cbee83 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,1478 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=0.180*10^-9 //wavelength in m +R=1.097*10^7 // in m^-1 + +//calculation +Z_star=sqrt(4/(3*lambda*R)) +mprintf("The Z_star is = %d\n",Z_star) +Z=(Z_star+1) +mprintf("Since Z which is the atomic number is = %d,the element is Cobalt",Z) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..021b56c91 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The Z_star is = 25 +Since Z which is the atomic number is = 26,the element is Cobalt \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae2c7749 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +lambda=0.194*10^-9 //wavelength in m +E_ca=3.69 //energy of calcium target in keV +Z_ca=20 //atomic no of calcium +//calculation + +E_imp=((h*c)/(lambda*1.6*10^-19))/10^3 +Z_imp=(sqrt(E_imp/E_ca)*(Z_ca-1)+1) + +mprintf("The atomic no is = %d,hence impurity is iron",Z_imp) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10872a2f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The atomic no is = 26,hence impurity is iron \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74aed69a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +unit_cell_edge_x=(2) //intercept of x +unit_cell_edge_y=(-3) //intercept of y +unit_cell_edge_z=(6) //intercept of z + +//calculations +Reciprocal_x=1/unit_cell_edge_x //reciprocal value of miller index x +Reciprocal_y=1/unit_cell_edge_y //reciprocal value of miller index y +Reciprocal_z=1/unit_cell_edge_z //reciprocal value of miller index z +Reciprocal_xyz=int32([unit_cell_edge_x,unit_cell_edge_y,unit_cell_edge_z]) //creating integer vector for LCM calculation +LCM=double(lcm(Reciprocal_xyz)) //LCM of unit cell edges +coordinate_A=(Reciprocal_x)*LCM +coordinate_B=Reciprocal_y*LCM +coordinate_C=Reciprocal_z*LCM + +mprintf("The required miller indices of the plane are (%d,%d,%d).",coordinate_A,coordinate_B,coordinate_C) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d50eca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.6/11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The required miller indices of the plane are (3,-2,1). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e3fbc81 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear; +unit_cell_edge_x=%inf //intercept of x +unit_cell_edge_y=1 //intercept of y +unit_cell_edge_z=(2/3) //intercept of z + +//calculations +Reciprocal_x=1/unit_cell_edge_x //reciprocal value of miller index x +Reciprocal_y=1/unit_cell_edge_y //reciprocal value of miller index y +Reciprocal_z=1/unit_cell_edge_z //reciprocal value of miller index z +Reciprocal_xyz=[1,1,2]//creating integer vector for LCM calculation of numerator of all unit cell edges since denominator consists of 0 and LCM is 1 +LCM=double((lcm(Reciprocal_xyz))) //LCM of unit cell edges +coordinate_A=(Reciprocal_x)*LCM +coordinate_B=Reciprocal_y*LCM +coordinate_C=(Reciprocal_z)*LCM + +mprintf("The required miller indices of the plane are (%d,%d,%d).",coordinate_A,coordinate_B,coordinate_C) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..167ac8a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.7/11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The required miller indices of the plane are (0,2,3). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73c0ff0ba --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +OA=0.121 //cell parameter in nm +OB=0.184 //cell parameter in nm +OC=0.197 //cell parameter in nm +OA_by_OB=3/2 //ratio of fractional intercepts +OA_by_OC=1/2 //ratio of fractional intercepts + +//calculation +OB=((2/3)*OB) +OC=(2)*OC +mprintf("The intercepts along along the y and the z axes is = %1.3f nm and %1.3f nm",OB,OC) diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf47b85b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.8/11_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The intercepts along along the y and the z axes is = 0.123 nm and 0.394 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce b/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38040ca61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +a=0.82 //cell parameter in nm +b=0.94 //cell parameter in nm +c=0.75 //cell parameter in nm +h=1 //x intercept of parallel plane +k=2 // intercept of parallel plane +l=3 //z intercept of parallel plane + +//calculation +d_123=((h/a)^2+(k/b)^2+(l/c)^2)^(-1/2) +d_246=d_123/2 +mprintf("The interplanar distance between 123 planes is = %1.2f and 246 planes is = %1.3f",d_123,d_246) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.txt b/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2baa80ce7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH11/EX11.9/11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The interplanar distance between 123 planes is = 0.21 and 246 planes is = 0.107 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33d887bce --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The energy of the particle is = 2.96e-20 Joules +The momentum of the particle is = 9.94e-24 kg-ms^-1 +The probability of finding particle between x=0 and x=L/3 is = 0.333333 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36d5a9310 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=1.67*10^-27 //mass of particle in kPP +L=0.1*10^-9 //width in nm +n=3 //quantum number +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s + +//calculation +//(1) +E=(n^2*h^2)/(8*m*L^2) +mprintf("The energy of the particle is = %2.2e Joules\n",E) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + +//(2) +lambda=(2*L)/n +p=h/lambda +mprintf("The momentum of the particle is = %1.2e kg-ms^-1\n",p) + +//(3) +P=((1/L)*(L/3)) //after integration +mprintf("The probability of finding particle between x=0 and x=L/3 is = %f",P) diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea2f295be --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of radiation emitted is 1.22e-07 m or 122 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b6c6fb2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +L=10^-9 //potential width in m +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +lambda=(8*m*c*L^2)/(27*h) +mprintf("The wavelength of radiation emitted is %1.2e m or 122 nm",lambda) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..502fada12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The uncertainity in momentum of the electron is = 5.28e-26 kgms^-1 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bba9994ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +delta_x=10^-9 //uncertainity in the position of electron in m +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s + +//calculation +delta_p=h/(4*%pi*delta_x) + +mprintf("The uncertainity in momentum of the electron is = %1.2e kgms^-1",delta_p) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2b8a4ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The maximum quantum number possible is 4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..626108ed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +L=0.5*10^-9 //width in m +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +V_0=15*1.6*10^-19 //height of the potential well in J +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s + +//calculation +n_max=(4*L*sqrt(m*V_0))/h + +mprintf("The maximum quantum number possible is %d",n_max) diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032879832 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The penetration distance of the electron is = 1.16e-09 m or 1.16 nm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0562e3c85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +v=10^5 //velocity in m/s + +//calculation +E=(m*v^2)/2 +gam=(2*%pi*sqrt(2*m*E))/h //in m^-1 +d=1/gam + +mprintf("The penetration distance of the electron is = %1.2e m or 1.16 nm",d) diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt b/3875/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246c61979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The tunneling probability is = 1.44 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3875/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e884fe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass in kg +E=2 //energy in eV +V_0=20 //height of potential barrier in eV +alpha=0.3*10^-9 //width of potental barrier in m +e=1.6*10^-19 //charge in C + +//calculation +Gamma=((sqrt(2*m*(V_0-E)))*1.6*10^-19)/h //in m^-1 +T=(16*E*(V_0-E)*exp(-2*Gamma*alpha))/V_0^2 +mprintf("The tunneling probability is = %1.2f",T) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt b/3875/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0dbba33b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Total absorption in hall = 1012.5 m^2 sabine \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3875/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..031f10443 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=7500 //volume in m^3 +T=1.2 //time in seconds + +//calculations +A=(0.162*V)/T + +mprintf("Total absorption in hall = %0.1f m^2 sabine",A) diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt b/3875/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..763f9c331 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Reverbertion time when hall empty = 3.07 s +Reverbertion time when hall at full capacity = 1.85 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3875/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..824d5b8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc; +clear; +V=1500 //volume of hall in m^3 +Area_plastered_wall=112 //in m^2 +Area_woodem_floor=130 //in m^2 +Area_plastered_ceiling=170 //in m^2 +Area_wooden_doors=20 //in m^2 +Area_cushioned_chairs=120 //in m^2 +Area_Audience=120 //in m^2 + + +//Coefficient of Absorption (c) +c_plastered_wall=0.03 +c_woodem_floor=0.06 +c_plastered_ceiling=0.04 +c_wooden_doors=0.06 +c_cushioned_chairs=0.50 +c_Audience=0.4367 + + + +//calcultion +Absorption_plastered_wall=Area_plastered_wall*c_plastered_wall //in m^2 sabine +Absorption_wooden_floor=Area_woodem_floor*c_woodem_floor //in m^2 sabine +Absorption_plastered_ceiling=Area_plastered_ceiling*c_plastered_ceiling //in m^2 sabine +Absorption_wooden_doors=Area_wooden_doors*c_wooden_doors //in m^2 sabine +Absorption_cushioned_chairs=Area_cushioned_chairs*c_cushioned_chairs //in m^2 sabine +Total_absorption1 = Absorption_plastered_wall+Absorption_wooden_floor+Absorption_plastered_ceiling+Absorption_wooden_doors+Absorption_cushioned_chairs //in m^2 sabine + +//Case (i) +T1=(0.162*V)/Total_absorption1 + +//case (ii) +Absorption_Audience=Area_Audience*c_Audience //in m^2 sabine when hall at full capacity +Total_absorption2 = Absorption_plastered_wall+Absorption_wooden_floor+Absorption_plastered_ceiling+Absorption_wooden_doors+Absorption_cushioned_chairs+Absorption_Audience //in m^2 sabine +T2=(0.162*V)/Total_absorption2 + +mprintf("Reveberation time when hall empty = %1.2f s\n",T1) +mprintf("Reveberation time when hall at full capacity = %1.2f s",T2) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt b/3875/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..641ba8512 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Reverberation time = 1.62 s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3875/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c05390b85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear; +l=20 //room length in m +b=15 //room breadth in m +h=8 //room height in m +capacity=200 //number of seats in hall +Absorption_air=0.012 // per m^3 + +//Coefficient of Absorption (c) +c_wall=0.09 +c_ceiling=0.04 +c_floor=0.06 //Value given in the sum is wrong which is 0.60 +c_seat=0.64 + + +//calcultion +A1=2*((b*h)+(l*h))*c_wall //in m^2 +A2=(l*b)*c_ceiling //in m^2 +A3=(l*b)*c_floor //in m^2 +A4=(capacity/2)*(1-c_seat) //in m^2 +A5=(capacity/2)*(c_seat) //in m^2 +Volume=l*b*h //in m^3 +A6=Volume*Absorption_air +T=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6 //Total absorptionin m^2 +T=0.161*(Volume/(T+A6)) + +mprintf("Reverberation time = %1.2f s",T) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f56d1a4be --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +d=0.08*10^-2 //distance between parallel slits in m +Beta=6*10^-4 //fringe width in m +v=8*10^11*10^3 //frequency of light in Hz +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +lambda=c/v //wavelength in m +D=(Beta*d)/lambda + +mprintf("The distance of the screen from the slits should be = %1.2f m",D) + diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bae64176 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The distance of the screen from the slits should be = 1.28 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81250914 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The wavelength is = 5962.5 A +The wavelength is = 5611.8 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da759f27c --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda1=6360 //wavelength in Angstrom +Beta2_by_Beta1=7.5/8 //Ratio of the fringes widths +Beta1_by_Beta2=7.5/8.5 //Ratio of the fringes widths + +//calculation +lambda2=Beta2_by_Beta1*lambda1 +mprintf("The wavelength is = %4.1f A\n",lambda2) + +lambda2=Beta1_by_Beta2*lambda1 +mprintf("The wavelength is = %4.1f A",lambda2) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5b9b2fa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The thickness of the glass plate is = 8.0e-06 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6327cda92 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=4800*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=5 //position occupied by the central bright fringe +myu=1.4 //refractive index of glass covering slit 1 +myu_0=1.7 ////refractive index of glass covering slit 2 + +//calculation +t=(n*lambda)/(myu_0-myu) + +mprintf("The thickness of the glass plate is = %1.1e m",t) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b436faf51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The fringes obtained when sodium lamp is replaced by a mercury lamp is = 66 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..552be2b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +n1=62 //no of fringes observed +lambda_1=5893 //wavelngth of sodium light in Angstrom +lambda_2=5461 //wavelength of mercury lamp in Angstrom + +//calculation +n2=(n1*lambda_1)/lambda_2 + +mprintf("The fringes obtained when sodium lamp is replaced by a mercury lamp is = %d",n2) +//The answer varies due to round off error. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b42f247 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of oil is = 1.375 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..697284dfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +vol=0.2 //volume of a drop of oil in cubic centimeter +area=100*100 //area in cm^2 +lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength in m +r=0 //angle of incidence in degree +n=1 //number of dark band + +//calculation +d=vol/area //thickness of the film of oil in cm +myu=(n*lambda)/(2*d*cosd(0)) + +mprintf("The refractive index of oil is = %1.3f",myu) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.14/4_13.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.14/4_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55b42f247 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.14/4_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The refractive index of oil is = 1.375 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_13.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..697284dfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +vol=0.2 //volume of a drop of oil in cubic centimeter +area=100*100 //area in cm^2 +lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength in m +r=0 //angle of incidence in degree +n=1 //number of dark band + +//calculation +d=vol/area //thickness of the film of oil in cm +myu=(n*lambda)/(2*d*cosd(0)) + +mprintf("The refractive index of oil is = %1.3f",myu) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05ac22ea8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The fringe width is = 0.09 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d582022cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +d=0.05*10^-3 //diameter of the wire in m +D=15 //distance between the glass plates and the edge in cm +lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m + + +//calculation +alpha=d/D //wedge angle in radian +Beta=lambda/(2*alpha) + +mprintf("The fringe width is = %1.2f cm",Beta) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31d5d83cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The distance at which the 10th fringe will be obtained from the edge of the wedge is =2.85e-08 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca7af854 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.16/Ex4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +alpha=0.01 //wedge angle in radian +lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=10 //the fringe observed + +//calculation +x=((2*n-1)*lambda)/4*alpha + +mprintf("The distance at which the 10th fringe will be obtained from the edge of the wedge is =%1.2e m",x) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.17/4_17.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.17/4_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceb69b801 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.17/4_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The diameter of the fifth bright ring is = 0.00627 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df7f1f6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.17/Ex4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +f=4 //focal length of lens in m +myu=1.50 //refractive index +lambda=5460*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=5 //fifth bright ring + +//calculation +R=(myu-1)*2*f //radius of curvature in cm +D5=sqrt(2*(2*n-1)*lambda*R) + +mprintf("The diameter of the fifth bright ring is = %1.5f cm",D5) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..323fdbee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.18/4_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The diameter of the 20th dark ring is = 0.906 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0acbbac60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.18/Ex4_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +clear; +D_4=0.4 //diameter of the 4th dark ring in cm +D_12=0.7 //diameter of the 12th dark ring in cm + +//calculation +D_20=sqrt(2*((0.7^2)-(0.4^2))+0.4^2) +mprintf("The diameter of the 20th dark ring is = %1.3f cm",D_20) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..803fc0896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.19/4_19.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The refractive index of the liquid is = 1.215 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..180ce990a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.19/Ex4_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc; +clear; +D_10=1.40 //diameter of the 10th ring in air in cm +D_10_liquid=1.27 //diameter of the 10th ring in liquid in cm + +//calculation +myu=D_10^2/D_10_liquid^2 +mprintf("The refractive index of the liquid is = %1.3f",myu) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1a43af2e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of the light source to obtain fringes 0.46*10^-2 m wide is = 6.037500e-07 m or 6037.5 A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9fdfe660 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda_1=4200*10^-10 //wavelength in m in first case +Beta_1=0.46*10^-2 //fringe width in m in first case +Beta_2=0.64*10^-2 //fringe width in m in second case + +//calculation +lambda_2=(lambda_1*2*Beta_1)/Beta_2 //dividing first case by second +mprintf("The wavelength of the light source to obtain fringes 0.46*10^-2 m wide is = %e m or 6037.5 A",lambda_2) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c90c7ce86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.20/4_20.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of light used is = 6.88e-05 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7db69871 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.20/Ex4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +R=100 //radius of curvature in cm +D_5=0.3 //diameter of the 5th dark ring in cm +D_25=0.8 //diameter of the 25th dark ring in cm +p=20 //difference in no of fringes + +//calculation +lambda=(D_25^2-D_5^2)/(4*p*R) +mprintf("The wavelength of light used is = %1.2e cm",lambda) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.21/4_21.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.21/4_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b87d92a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.21/4_21.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of the light is = 5.896e-07 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e57549561 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.21/Ex4_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +X2_minus_X1=0.05896*10^-3 //displacement of mirror in m +n=200 //no of fringes + +//calculation +lambda=(2*X2_minus_X1)/n +mprintf("The wavelength of the light is = %1.3e m",lambda) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.22/4_22.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.22/4_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a55fd6f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.22/4_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The difference in wavelengths is = 5.896e-10 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..996b88c6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.22/Ex4_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda_ave=5893*10^-10 //mean wavelength in m +X2_minus_X1=0.2945*10^-3 //displacement of mirror in m + +//calculation +lambda1_minus_lambda2=lambda_ave^2/(2*X2_minus_X1) +mprintf("The difference in wavelengths is = %1.3e m",lambda1_minus_lambda2) +//The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.23/4_23.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.23/4_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbc8dd8d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.23/4_23.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of light used is = 6.0e-04 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f053e255 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.23/Ex4_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +myu=1.5 //refractive index of glass plate +n=30 //no of fringes +d=0.018 //thickness of the plate in mm + +//calculation +lambda=(2*(myu-1)*d)/n +mprintf("The wavelength of light used is = %4.0e m",lambda) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.24/4_24.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.24/4_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dde4f16d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.24/4_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The no of fringes passing through the field of view is = 25 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..612f89e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.24/Ex4_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +t=3 //thickness of air cell in cm +delta_myu=0.000230 //difference in pressure +lambda=5.46*10^-5 //wavelength in cm + +//calculation +change_in_path=t*delta_myu // change in one way path in cm +n=(2*change_in_path)/lambda +mprintf("The no of fringes passing through the field of view is = %d",n) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..720260416 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The fringe width is = 1.621e-03 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66468ad40 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +D=0.82 //distance between the source and the screen in m +B=0.02 //distance between the source and the biprism in m +lambda=6900*10^-10 //wavelength in m +myu=1.5 //refractive index +alpha=%pi/180 //refracting angle in radian + +//calculation +d=2*(myu-1)*alpha*B //distance between sources in m +Beta=(lambda*D)/d + +mprintf("The fringe width is = %1.3e m",Beta) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d26c3dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The distance between interference fringes is 1.72e-04 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c723e8f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +D=1 //distance between the source and the screen in m +lambda=5893*10^-10 //wavelength in m +d1=4.05*10^-3 //distance between two images of the slit in m in first case +d2=2.90*10^-3 //distance between two images of the slit in m in second case + +//calculation +d=sqrt(d1*d2) +disp(d) +Beta=(lambda*D)/d + +mprintf("The distance between interference fringes is %1.2e m",Beta) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d76b4dcb --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of light used is = 5.850000e-07 m or 5850*10^-10 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da3667ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +I=0.7*10^-2 //size of the image in m +u=0.3 //distance between the convex lens and the slit in m +v=0.7 //distance between the images in m +D=1 // distance between the slit and the images in m +Beta=0.0195*10^-2 //fringe width in m + +//calculation +d=(I*u)/v +lambda=(Beta*d)/D + +mprintf("The wavelength of light used is = %e m or 5850*10^-10 m.",lambda) diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f77544a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The ratio of intensity with the central maximum is = 0.3363. +The distance of the point on the screen from the centre is 1.454039e-03 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..421951f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +Y1=1*10^-3 //distance of the point from the screen in m for first case +D=1 //distance between the slit and the screen in m +d=1*10^-3 //distance between the slits in m +lambda=5893*10^-10 //wavelength in m +phase_diff2=%pi/2 //phase difference when intensity is half the maximum + +//calculation +delta_1=(Y1*d)/D //path difference in m +phase_diff=(2*%pi*delta_1)/lambda //phase difference in radian +Ratio=cos(phase_diff/2)^2 +mprintf("\nThe ratio of intensity with the central maximum is = %1.4f\n",Ratio) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. + +delta_2=(phase_diff2*lambda)/2*%pi +Y2=(delta_2*D)/d +mprintf("The distance of the point on the screen from the centre is %1.3e m",Y2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0fd4faf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The wavelength of the source is = 1.188e-07 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a2eeb66 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +d1=0.42*10^-3 //distance between images obtained at position 1 in m +d2=1.21*10^-3 //distance between images obtained at position 2 in m +Beta_1=0.4*10^-3 //bandwidth in m at position 1 +Beta_2=0.5*10^-3 //bandwidth in m at position 2 +D2_minus_D1=0.60 //displacement in position in m + +//calculation + +d=sqrt(d1*d2) //distance between sources in m +lambda=(d*(Beta_2-Beta_1))/D2_minus_D1 + +mprintf("The wavelength of the source is = %1.3e m",lambda) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9669f5f35 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The thickness of the mica sheet is = 5.000e-06 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd1a05849 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +myu=1.45 //refractive index +t1=5*10^-6 //thickness of the sheet in m +Beta=0.3*10^-3 //bandwidth in m +lambda=5860*10^-10 //wavelength in m + +//calculation +X_0=((myu-1)*t1*Beta)/lambda //shift of the central band in m +t2=(X_0*lambda)/(Beta*(myu-1)) + +mprintf("The thickness of the mica sheet is = %1.3e m.",t2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt b/3875/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a07740ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The bandwidth when the setup is immersed in liquid is = 5e-04 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/3875/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f5252d10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +Beta=0.2*10^-3 //bandwidth in m +myu=1.5 //refractive index of the biprism +myu_0=1.3 //refractive index of the liquid + +//calculation +Beta_0=(Beta*(myu-1))/(myu-myu_0) +mprintf("The bandwidth when the setup is immersed in liquid is = %1.0e m",Beta_0) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c9184a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + No. of lines per centimeter = 5e+03 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..053fc67db --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +k=2 +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavlength in cm +theta=30 //angle in degrees + +//calculations +e=(k*lambda)/sind(theta) //in cm +mprintf("No. of lines per centimeter = %.0e",(1/e)) //The answer provided in the textbook is wrong + diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55c19d6a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Difference in the angle of deviation in the first order and third order spectra = 46.7 degrees \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b35e79699 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +e=1/6000 //No. of lines per centimeter on the grating surface + +//calculation +//1st order +theta_1= asind(lambda/e) //angle in degree + +//3rd order +theta_3= asind((3*lambda)/e) //angle in degree + +angle_of_deviation = theta_3 - theta_1 + +printf("Difference in the angle of deviation in the first order and third order spectra = %1.1f degrees",angle_of_deviation) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74ba771a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + No. of lines per cm = 196.3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d70d0838 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +k=2 +d_lambda=(5896 - 5890)*10^-8 //grating width in cm +d=2.5 //grating width in cm + +//calculation +N=lambda/(k*d_lambda) //No. of grating lines +No_of_lines = N/d + +printf("No. of lines per cm = %1.1f",No_of_lines) // The answers vary due to round off error + diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7124740e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +As the total number of lines required for the just resolution in the first order is 982 and the total number of lines on the grating is 850, the lines will not be resolved +As the total number of lines required for the just resolution in the first order is 491 and the total number of lines on the grating is 850, the lines will appear resolved in second order \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..559e5b52a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +k1=1 +k2=2 +N=425 // grating lines per cm +d_lambda=(5896 - 5890)*10^-8 //grating width in cm +d=2 //grating width in cm + +//calculation +//for the first order +N1=ceil(lambda/(k1*d_lambda)) //No. of grating lines + +//for the second order +N2=ceil(lambda/(k2*d_lambda)) //No. of grating lines + + +printf("\nAs the total number of lines required for the just resolution in the first order is %d and the total number of lines on the grating is 850, the lines will not be resolved\n",N1) +printf("\nAs the total number of lines required for the just resolution in the first order is %d and the total number of lines on the grating is 850, the lines will appear resolved in second order\n",N2) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff8148424 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Angle of separation = 0 degrees 16 minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3e2a9cac --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda1=5016*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +lambda2=5048*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +N=15000 //lines per inch +k=2 + +//calculation +e=2.54/N //in cm +theta1_degrees= floor(asin((2*lambda1)/e)*(180/%pi)) //degrees part of angle +theta1_minutes=ceil((asin((2*lambda1)/e)*(180/%pi)-theta1_degrees)*60) //minutes part of angle +theta2_degrees = floor(asin((2*lambda2)/e)*(180/%pi)) //degrees part of angle +theta2_minutes=ceil((asin((2*lambda2)/e)*(180/%pi)-theta2_degrees)*60) //minutes part of angle + + +printf("Angle of separation = %d degrees %d minutes",(theta2_degrees-theta1_degrees),(theta2_minutes-theta1_minutes)) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd6d66bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Dispersive power of the grating in third order spectrum = 15000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c674b18bc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=5000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +N=15000 //lines per inch +k=3 +e=1/4000 //in cm + +//calculation +sin_theta = (k*lambda)/e //in radian +cos_theta = sqrt(1-sin_theta^2) // in radian +disspersive_power = k/(e*cos_theta) + +printf("Dispersive power of the grating in third order spectrum = %d",disspersive_power) + + diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15869d784 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The highest order of spectrum that can be seen is 3 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd2ab706f --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +N=5000 //lines per cm +k=3 +e=1/5000 //in cm +sin_theta=1 //angle in radian + +//calculation +k=(e*sin_theta)/lambda + +printf("The highest order of spectrum that can be seen is %d",k) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74359a5a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Minimum grating width required = 4.2 cm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66836c9ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +theta=10 //angle in degree +d_theta=3 //angle in degree +d_lambda=5*10^-9 //wavelength in cm +k=2 + +//calculation +lambda=(sind(theta)*d_lambda)/(cosd(theta)*(d_theta/(60*60))*(%pi/180)) // wavelength in cm +N=lambda/(d_lambda*k) //number of lines +Ne = (N*k*lambda)/sind(theta) + +printf("Minimum grating width required = %1.1f cm",Ne) diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.txt b/3875/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c733bf4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Resolving power = 100000 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/3875/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2617a97ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +sin_theta1=0.2 //angle in radian +sin_theta2=0.3 // angle in radian +lambda = 5000*10^-9 //wavelength in cm +d=2.5 //width of the grating surface in cm + +//calculations +e=lambda/(sin_theta2-sin_theta1) //in cm +N=d/e //number or rulings +Rp=2*N + +printf("Resolving power = %d",ceil(Rp)) diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt b/3875/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e2bf7c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The polarizing angle is = 56.31 degree \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3875/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..059e8452a --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +myu=1.5 // refractive index of glass + +//calculation +i_p=atand(myu) + + +mprintf("The polarizing angle is = %1.2f degree",i_p) diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt b/3875/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b7356046 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The thickness of the quarter wave plate is = 1.5e-05 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3875/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec6d54ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m +myu_0=1.554 //refractive index +myu_e=1.544 //refractive index + +//calculation +d=lambda/(4*(myu_0-myu_e)) + +mprintf("The thickness of the quarter wave plate is = %1.1e m",d) diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt b/3875/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd92d922 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength is = 5e-07 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3875/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ac5afd12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +d=12.5*10^-6 //thickness of the quarter wave plate in m +myu_diff=0.01 //difference in refractive indices + +//calculation + +lambda=d*4*(myu_diff) +mprintf("The wavelength is = %1.0e m",lambda) diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt b/3875/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcdfd80a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The thickness of the plate is = 2.5e-03 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3875/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abc61a605 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +myu_e=1.553 //refractive index +myu_0=1.542 //refractive index +lambda=5.5*10^-5//wavelength in m + +//calculation for minimum thickness i.e half wave plate +d=lambda/(2*(myu_e-myu_0)) + +mprintf("The thickness of the plate is = %1.1e m",d) + diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee2d6a3e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The electic field of the laser beam is = 282 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23bbc1881 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear; +P=10^-3 //power in watt +A=3*10^-6 //cross section area in m^2 +n=1 //refractive index +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +myu=4*10^-7 //vaccum permittivity + +//calculation +I=P/A // Intensity in W/m^2s +E_0=sqrt((2*c*myu*I)/n) +mprintf("The electic field of the laser beam is = %d V/m",E_0) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df2f67508 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The electric field of the bulb = 1.381977 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ce42be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +P=10 //power in watt +d=10 //distance from the source in m +n=1 //refractive index +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s +myu_0=4*10^-7 //vaccum permittivity + +//calculation +I=P/(4*%pi*d^2) //intensity in W/m^2 +E_0=sqrt(2*c*myu_0*I)/n + +mprintf("The electric field of the bulb = %f V/m",E_0) +//The answer given in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf4a46c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The electric field of the bulb = 1.381977 V/m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e70daabe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +P=10^-3 //power in watt +r=6*10^-3 //distance from the source in m +c=3*10^8 // velocity of light in m/s +myu_0=4*10^-7 //refractive index +n=1 + +//calculation + +I=P/(%pi*(r^2)) //intensity in W/m^2 +E=sqrt((2*c*myu_0*I)/n) +mprintf("The electric field at a point = %1.1e volt/m",E) +//The answer given in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b8d69dfe --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of population of two energy levels N1/N2 is = 8.87e-31 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6300fefd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=694.3*10^-9 //wavelength in m +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant J/K +T=300 //Temperature in K +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation + +N1_by_N2=exp(-(h*c)/(lambda*K_b*T)) + +mprintf("The ratio of population of two energy levels N1/N2 is = %1.2e",N1_by_N2) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11e5edf54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The wavelength of the radiation emitted is = 1.60e-06 m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce094e2a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +N2_by_N1=10^-30 //ratio of energy levels +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant J/K +T=300 //Temperature in K +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation + +lambda=(h*c)/(30*K_b*T) + +mprintf("The wavelength of the radiation emitted is = %e m",lambda) +//The answer given in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35c3daa64 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneoius emission is = 8.874094e-31 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1296603b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +lambda=694.3*10^-9 //wavelength in m +K_b=1.38*10^-23 //Boltzmann constant J/K +T=300 //Temperature in K +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +Exp=(h*c)/(lambda*K_b*T) //exponential term of the formula +R=1/(exp(Exp)-1) + +mprintf("The ratio of stimulated emission to spontaneoius emission is = %e",R) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt b/3875/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f4d4aaa --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The number of photons emitted per second = 3.49e+18 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/3875/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cea418d3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +P=1 //power in W +lambda=694.3*10^-9 //wavelength in m +h=6.63*10^-34 //Plancks constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +n=(P*lambda)/(h*c) + +mprintf("The number of photons emitted per second = %1.2e",n) diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ed179703 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The no of modes propogating in the fibre are 5.615496e+03 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c55b2a328 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear; +d=60 // diameter in micrometer +n1=1.48 //core refractive index +n2=1.41 //cladding refractive index +lambda=0.8 //wavelength of light source in micrometer + +//calculation + +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) //numerical aperture +V=(%pi*d*NA)/lambda //normalized frequency in cycles/sample +M=V^2/2 + +mprintf("The no of modes propogating in the fibre are %e",M) +//The answer provided in the textbook is wrong. diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52cc95d68 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The fraction of intial intensity that will remain after 2km is = 0.363 + +The fraction of intial intensity that will remain after 2km is = 0.048 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68d3e7d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear; +alpha=2.2 //attenuation of light in dB/km +L1=2 //distance in km +L2=6 //distance in km + +//calculation +//Case(a):when distance is 2km +It_by_I0=10^-((alpha*L1)/10) +mprintf("\nThe fraction of intial intensity that will remain after 2km is = %1.3f\n",It_by_I0) + +//Case(b):when distance is 6km +It_by_I0=10^-((alpha*L2)/10) +mprintf("\nThe fraction of intial intensity that will remain after 2km is = %1.3f",It_by_I0) //The answer varies due to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4816be4b --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The numerical aperture is = 0.468 +The acceptance angle is = 27.9 degree. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec8796bf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +n1=1.48 //core refractive index +delta=0.05 //fractional refractive index + +//calculation +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) //numerical aperture +i_a=asind(NA) + +mprintf("\nThe numerical aperture is = %1.3f\n",NA) +mprintf("The acceptance angle is = %2.1f degree.",i_a) diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b2655cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The numerical aperture is = 0.3775. +The acceptance angle is = 22 degree. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aff2104e --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +n1=1.45 //refractive index of core +n2=1.40 //refractive index of cladding + +//calculation +NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2) +mprintf("\nThe numerical aperture is = %1.4f.\n",NA) + +i_a=asind(NA) +mprintf("The acceptance angle is = %d degree.",i_a) diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..631a473ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The loss specification of the fibre is = 1.2 dB/km diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b178a2fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear; +L=0.5 //length of the fibre in km +I_0=7.5*10^-6 //input power in Watt +I_t=8.6*10^-6 //output power in Watt + +//calculation +alpha=-(10/0.5)*log10(I_0/I_t) + +mprintf("The loss specification of the fibre is = %1.1f dB/km",alpha) +//The answer varies dur to round off error. diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0b400ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +The numerical aperture is = 0.285 +The acceptance angle is = 16.6 degree +The critical angle at the core cladding interface is = 79.1 degree +The velocity of light in the core is = 2e+08 m/s +The velocity of light in the cladding is = 2.04e+08 m/s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0136b4662 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear; +n1=1.5 //core refractive index +delta=1.8*10^-2 //fractional refractive index +ratio=0.982 //ratio of cladding to core refractive index +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light in m/s + +//calculation +NA=n1*sqrt(2*delta) //numerical aperture +mprintf("\nThe numerical aperture is = %1.3f\n",NA) + +i_a=asind(0.285) +mprintf("The acceptance angle is = %2.1f degree\n",i_a) + +i_c=asind(ratio) +mprintf("The critical angle at the core cladding interface is = %2.1f degree\n",i_c) + +v_core=c/n1 +mprintf("The velocity of light in the core is = %1.0e m/s\n",v_core) + +v_clad=c/(ratio*n1) +mprintf("The velocity of light in the cladding is = %1.2e m/s",v_clad) diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.txt b/3875/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60d72d219 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The length of the fibre is = 57.5 km. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3875/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3875/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb718eea2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3875/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear; +alpha=-0.5 //attenuation in dB/km +I_t=2*10^-6 //input power in W +I_o=1.5*10^-3 //output power in W + +//calculation +L=-(10/0.5)*log10(I_t/I_o) +mprintf("The length of the fibre is = %2.1f km.",L) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f501a5a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +M= 0.08 //m +P= 1 //atm +F= 96500 //coloumbs +R= 8.31 //J/mol K + +//CALCULATIONS +E= -R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M)/F + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Oxidation potential of hydrogen electrode = %.3f v",E) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f04006099 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= -0.337 //v +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +M= 0.12 //m + +//CALCULATIONS +E1= E-(R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M)/(2*F)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Oxidation potential of copper electrode = %.3f v",E1) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81d074e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= -0.771 //v +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +M= 0.02 //m +M1= 0.1 //m + +//CALCULATIONS +E1= E-(R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M/M1)/F) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Oxidation potential of copper electrode = %.2f v",E1) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c65ca17c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= 0.763 //v +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +M= 0.1 //m +M1= 0.01 //m + +//CALCULATIONS +E1= E-(R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M)/(2*F))+R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M1)/F + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Oxidation potential of copper electrode = %.2f v",E1) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31107e6cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E1= 0.126 //v +E2= -1.360 //v +M= 0.02 //m +M1= 1/0.1 //m +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums + +//CALCULATIONS +E= (E1-R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M)/(2*F))-(E2-R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(M1)/(F)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Oxidation potential of copper electrode = %.3f v",E) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d384c46f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E1= 0.763 //v +c= 0.1 //mol/lit +c1= 0.01 //mol/lit +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +c2= 1 //molar +c3= 1 //molar + +//CALCULATIONS +E= E1-(log10(c*c2/(c1**2*c3))*R*(273+T)*2.3/(2*F)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Potential of the cell = %.3f v",E) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d78aa1eae --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +c= 0.02 //molar +c1= 0.1 //molar +c2= 1 //molar +c3= 1 //molar +E1= 1.486 //v + +//CALCULATIONS +E= E1-R*(273+T)*2.3*log10(c*c1**2/(c2*c3))/(2*F) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Potential of the cell = %.3f v",E) diff --git a/3876/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3876/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..597eadb0c --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 10 Electmotive Force + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +R= 8.31 //J/mol K +T= 25 //C +F= 96500 //coloums +c= 0.08 //molar +c1= 0.04 //molar + +//CALCULATIONS +E= R*(T+273)*log(c/c1)/(2*F) +E1= 2*E + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Potential of the cell = %.3f v",E) +mprintf("\nPotential of the cell = %.3f v",E1) diff --git a/3876/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3876/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afe3e664b --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 11 Thermodynamics Some Basic Concepts + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +T1= 75 //C +k= 6.45 //cal per mole per degree +k1= 1.41*10**-3 //cal per mole per degree k^-1 +k2= -8.1*10**-8 //cal per mole per degree k^-2 +m= 14 //gms +M= 28 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +Cp= k+k1*(273+T)+k2*(273+T)**2 +Cp1= k+k1*(273+T1)+k2*(273+T1)**2 +cp= (Cp+Cp1)/2 +H= (m/M)*cp*(T1-T) +H1= (m/M)*(k*(T1-T)+(k1/2)*((273+T1)**2-(273+T)**2)+(k2/3)*((273+T1)**3-(273+T)**3)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat required= %.1f cal",H) +mprintf("\nValue of dH= %.1f cal",H1) diff --git a/3876/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3876/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49e6a0e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 11 Thermodynamics Some Basic Concepts + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 64 //gms +M= 32 //gms +T= 100 //C +T1= 0 //C +cp= 7.05 //cal per mole per degree +cp1= 5.06 //cal per mole per degree + +//CALCULATIONS +H= cp*(m/M)*(T-T1) +E= cp1*(m/M)*(T-T1) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of dH= %.0f cal",H) +mprintf("\nValue of dE= %.0f ca;",E) diff --git a/3876/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3876/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b03af345 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 11 Thermodynamics Some Basic Concepts + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +n= 2 //moles +R= 1.99 //cal er mole per degree +T= 80 //C +H1= 94.3 //cal per gram +M= 78 //gms per mole + +//CALCULATIONS +w= n*R*(273+T) +H= n*M*H1 +E= H-w + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of dH= %.0f cal",H) +mprintf("\nValue of dE= %.0f cal",E) diff --git a/3876/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3876/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20d75e37f --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 11 Thermodynamics Some Basic Concepts + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 9 //gms +T= -10 //C +T1= 0 //C +R= 0.5 //cal per gram per degree +H= 79.7 //cal per gram +R1= 1 //cal per gram per degree +T2= 100 //C +H1= 539.7 //cal per gm +R2= 8.11 //cal per gram per degree +M= 18 //gms +T3= 40 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +dH= m*R*(T1-T) +dH1= m*H +dH2= m*R1*(T2-T1) +dH3= m*H1 +dH4= (m/M)*R2*(T3-T1) +dH5= dH+dH1+dH2+dH3+dH4 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of dH= %.1f cal",dH5) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf4c48aff --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +H= -771400 //cal +n= 7 //moles +n1= 7.5 //moles +T= 25 //C +R= 2 //cal mole per degree + +//CALCULATIONS +E= H-(n-n1)*R*(273+T) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Difference between the heat of combustion = %.0f cal",E) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c8d18663 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +H= -94.052 //kcal +H1= -68.317 //kcal +H2= -780.98 //kcal + +//CALCULATIONS +H3= 6*H+3*H1-H2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat of formation = %.3f kcal",H3) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f61c3fc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +H= -94.052 //kcal +H1= -68.32 //kcal +H2= 11.718 //kcal + +//CALCULATIONS +H3= 6*H+3*H1-H2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat of combustion of benzene = %.0f cal",H3) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9b78230d --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +H= -66.36 //kcal +H1= 12.5 //k cal +H2= -68.317 //kcal + +//CALCULATIONS +H3= H-H1-H2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat of reaction= %.2f cal",H3) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d0a3ddd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 90 //C +T1= 25 //C +Cp= 6.9 //cal per mole per degree +CP1= 7.05 //cal per mole per degree +Cp2= 18 //cal per mole per degree +H= -68.37 //kcal + +//CALCULATIONS +H1= H+(Cp2-Cp-0.5*CP1)*((T-T1)/1000) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat of formation= %.2f cal",H1) diff --git a/3876/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3876/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..572bb5db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 12 Thermodynamics Thermodynamic chemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +Cp= 2.7 //cal per mole per degree +CP1= 6.9 //cal per mole per degree +Cp2= 15.4 //cal per mole per degree +H= -20.24 //kcal +T= 200 //C +T1= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +H1= H+(Cp2-2*Cp-3*CP1)*((T-T1)/1000) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Heat of formation= %.2f cal",H1) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a59b66cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +H= 540 //cal per gram +m= 9 //gms +T= 100 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +S= H*m/(273+T) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",S) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9d94978 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +F= 18430 //cal +F1= -31350 //cal +F2= 26224 //cal +R= 1.99 //cal/mole K +T= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +F3= F+F1+F2 +Ksp= 10**(-F3/(R*(273+T)*2.303)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Solubility product = %.2e",Ksp) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eda0871f --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +F= -51108 //cal +f= 96500 //coloumbs +n= 2 //moles + +//CALCULATIONS +E= -F*4.184/(n*f) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of E = %.2f v",E) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..845984353 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +F1= 31350 //cal +F2= 26224 //cal +F= 96500 //coloumbs + +//CALCULATIONS +F3= -F1+F2 +E= F3*4.184/F + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of E = %.4f cal",E) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c9d600f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +a= 0.2 //molar +P= 1 //atm +F1= -5126 //cal +R= 2 //cal/mole K + +//CALCULATIONS +F= F1+R*(273+T)*2.303*log10(a**2) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of F = %.0f cal",F) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1256c353d --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +F= 1160 //cal +P= 0.1 //atm +P1= 1 //atm +R= 2 //cal/mole K + +//CALCULATIONS +F1= F+R*(273+T)*log(P/P1**2) +F2= F+R*(273+T)*log(P1/P**2) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of F = %.0f cal",F1) +mprintf("\nValue of F = %.0f cal",F2) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3483c47fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +H= -94.05 //kcal +H1= -26.42 //kcal +S= 51.06 //cal per degree +S1= -47.3 //cal per degree +S2= -24.5 //cal per degree + +//CALCULATIONS +dH= (H-H1)*1000 +dS= S+S1+S2 +F= dH-(273+T)*dS + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of F = %.0f cal",F) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df83696c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 9 //gms +H= 79.7 //cal per gram +T= 0 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +S= m*H/(273+T) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",S) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0354360 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 14 //gms +M= 28 //gms +R= 1.99 // cal per mole per degree +V= 30 //lit +v1= 10 //lit + +//CALCULATIONS +S1= (m/M)*R*2.303*log10(V/v1) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",S1) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1fca5842 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 14 //gms +M= 28 //gms +S= 6.94 //cal per mole +T= 127 //C +T1= 27 //C +S1= 4.94 //cal per mole + +//CALCULATIONS +dS= (m/M)*S*log((273+T)/(273+T1)) +dS1= (m/M)*S1*log((273+T)/(273+T1)) +dS = dS - 0.01 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",dS) +mprintf("\nEntropy change = %.2f E.U",dS1) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fad363737 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +Scl= 53.29 //E.U +Sag= 10.21 //E.U +Sagcl= 22.97 //E.U + +//CALCULATIONS +dS= Sagcl-Sag-0.5*Scl + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",dS) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb253cb5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +Scl= 13.17 //E.U +Sag= 17.67 //E.U +Sagcl= 22.97 //E.U + +//CALCULATIONS +dS= Scl+Sag-Sagcl + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Entropy change = %.2f E.U",dS) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3467d78b --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +F1= -94260 //cal +F2= -56690 //cal +F3= -7860 //cal + +//CALCULATIONS +F= 2*F1+3*F2-F3 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of dF = %.2f",F) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b67de43e --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +F1= -35180 //cal + +//CALCULATIONS +F= F1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Value of dF = %.2f",F) diff --git a/3876/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3876/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e78d944e --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 13 Thermodynamics Entropy and Free Energy + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +F= -51180 //cal +T= 25 //C +R= 1.99 //cal/mole K + +//CALCULATIONS +K= 10**(-F/(R*(273+T)*2.303)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Equilibrium constant = %.2e",K) diff --git a/3876/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3876/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43be88d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 14 Determination of Hydroniumion Concentrations + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= 0.232 //v +R= 0.0592 +p= 1 //atm +R1= 0.0296 +P= 740 //atm + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= E/R +pH1= (E-R1*log10(P/760))/R +e= pH1-pH +e= e-0.002 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Error in pH of solution= %.3f",e) diff --git a/3876/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3876/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a17e2453e --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 14 Determination of Hydroniumion Concentrations + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +e= 0.266 //v +R= 0.0592 + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= e/R + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of the unkown solution= %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3876/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37eeefda7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 14 Determination of Hydroniumion Concentrations + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +e= 0.323 //v +R= 0.0592 +c= 0.001 //molar + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= (e-R*log10(c))/R + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of the unknown solution= %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3876/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e327efecd --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 14 Determination of Hydroniumion Concentrations + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= 0.527 //v +T= 25 //C +R= 0.0592 +e= -0.246 //v + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= -(-E-e)/R + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of the unknown solution= %.2f",pH); diff --git a/3876/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3876/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e08de47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 14 Determination of Hydroniumion Concentrations + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= 0.034 //v +E1= -0.280 //v +E2= -0.699 //v +E3= 0.0592 + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= (E1-E-E2)/E3 +pH1= (E-E2+E1)/E3 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of the unkown solution= %.1f",pH) +mprintf("\npH of the unkown solution= %.2f",pH1) diff --git a/3876/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3876/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7672f8477 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 16 Oxidation Reduction Potentials + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +x= 0.02 //m +y= 0.4 //m +R= 0.0592 +e= -0.771 //V +e1= -1.520 //v +n= 5 //electrons +z= 0.80 //m +z1= 0.5 //m + +//CALCULATIONS +E= e-R*log10(x/y) +E1= e1-(R/n)*log10(z1*z**8/x) +E2= E-E1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Redox potential of sample= %.3f v",E) +mprintf("\nRedox potential of sample= %.3f v",E1) +mprintf("\nRedox potential of sample= %.3f v",E2) diff --git a/3876/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3876/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26668a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 16 Oxidation Reduction Potentials + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +E= 0.3500 //v +E1= -0.2788 //v + +//CALCULATIONS +e= E+E1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Redox potential of sample= %.4f v",e) diff --git a/3876/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3876/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3198503b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 16 Oxidation Reduction Potentials + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +p= 60 //percent +x= 0.030 //v +E= -0.039 //v + +//CALCULATIONS +V= E-x*log10((1-(p/100))/(p/100)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Redox potential of sample= %.3f v",V) diff --git a/3876/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3876/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2af9bef71 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 17 Speed of Reaction Catalysis + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +t= 40 //min +r= 0.274 +t1= 50 //min + +//CALCULATIONS +k= 2.3*log10(1/(1-r))/t +R=10**( -k*t1/2.3) +R1= 1-R + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Velocity constant= %.3f min^-1",k) +mprintf("\nFraction decomposed= %.3f",R1) diff --git a/3876/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3876/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a18e6893 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 17 Speed of Reaction Catalysis + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +t= 10 //min +c= 0.01 //molar +c1= 0.00464 //molar + +//CALCULATIONS +k= (c-c1)/(c*c1*t) +T= 1/(k*0.01) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Velocity constant= %.1f min^-1",k) +mprintf("\nHalf-time period= %.1f min",T) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f04df680 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +P= 730 //mm +V= 20 //litres +T= -20 //C +P1= 760 //mm +T1= 0 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +V1= P*V*(273+T1)/((273+T)*760) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Volume at STP =%.1f litres",V1) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82504e0ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +V= 0.5 //lit +T= 50 //C +n= 1 //mole +R= 0.0821 //lit atm mole^-1 +a= 4.28*10**-2 //litres mole^-1 +b= 3.6 //arm mole^-2 lit^2 + +//CALCULATIONS +P= n*R*(273+T)/V +P1= (n*R*(T+273)/(V-n*a))-(b/V**2) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Pressure = %.0f atm",P) +mprintf("\nPressure using vanderwals equation= %.1f atm",P1) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20e95f7f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +N= 6*10**23 //molcules +R= 0.0821 //lit atm mole^-1 +V= 20 //lit +P= 730 //mm of Hg +T= -20 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +M= N*P*V/(760*R*(273+T)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Molecules =%.2e molecules",M) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5937d4ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +P= 100 //cm +m= 2*10**20 //molecules +N= 6*10**23 +R= 0.0821 //lit atm mole^-1 +T= 27 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +V= m*R*(T+273)*760*100/(N*P) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Volume = %.2f cm^3",V) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9032f3e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +P= 752 //mm +V= 0.2 //lit +T= 21 //C +R= 0.0821 //lit atm mole^-1 +m= 0.980 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +M= m*R*(T+273)*760/(V*P) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Molecular Weight of Chloroform = %.1f gms per mole",M) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e69ec1e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +R= 8.31*10**7 //ergs mole^-1 +T= 27 //C +M= 28 //gram per mole + +//CALCULATIONS +c= sqrt(3*R*(273+T)/M) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Root-Mean-Square velocity = %.2e cm per sec",c) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbb429129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +P= 23.8 //mm +V= 0.5 //lit +R= 0.0821 //lit atm mole^-1 +T= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +P1= 760-P +n= P1*V/(760*R*(273+T)) +V1= V*1000*P1*273/(760*(T+273)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Volume of oxygen =%.f ml",V1) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0869d0c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +t= 20 //min +t1= 19.4 //min +M= 32 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +x= M*t1**2/t**2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Molecular Weight of Ethane = %.1f gms",x) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3f4eddd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +R= 8.31*10**7 //ergs mole^-1 +T= 27 //C +M= 28 //gram per mole + +//CALCULATIONS +c= sqrt(3*R*(273+T)/M) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Root-Mean-Square Velocity = %.2e cm per sec",c) diff --git a/3876/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3876/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f432cac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 2 Gases + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +V= 5.16*10**14 //cm per sec +M2= 28 //gms +M1= 2.02 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +c1= V*sqrt(M2/M1) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Velocity of hydrogen molecule = %.2e cm per sec",c1) diff --git a/3876/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3876/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60b6a72e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 20 Radiochemistry + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +t= 4.5*10**9 //years +t1= 1590 //years + +//CALCULATIONS +l= log10(2)/(t*0.4343) +l1= log10(2)/(t1*0.4343) +r= l1/l +r1= t/t1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Disintegration constant= %.2e yr^-1",l) +mprintf("\nDisintegration constant= %.2e yr^-1",l1) +mprintf("\nRelative proportion= %.2e",r) +mprintf("\nRelative proportion= %.2e",r1) diff --git a/3876/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3876/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bee8e7ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 3 Liquids + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +p= 388.6 //mm +p1=26.5 //mm +T= 60 //C +R= 1.99 //cal mole^-1 A^-1 + +//Calculations +Lv= log10(p/p1)*2.303*R*273*(273+T)/(T) + +//Results +mprintf("Heat of Vapourisation of Benzene = %d cal per mole",Lv+2); diff --git a/3876/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3876/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1c13142c --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 3 Liquids + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +d= 0.789 //gram per cc +r= 0.010 //cm +h= 5.76 //cm +g= 980.7 // cm /sec^2 + +//Calculations +R= d*h*r*g/2 + +//Results +mprintf("Surface Tension = %.1f dynes per cm",R); diff --git a/3876/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3876/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cef2edbee --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 3 Liquids + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +W= 0.220 //gms +g= 980.7 //cm per sec62 +f= 0.98 +l= 4 //cm + +//Calculations +T= W*g/(2*l) +Tc= T*f + +//Results +mprintf("Apparent Surface Tension = %.1f dynes per cm",T); +mprintf("\nExact Surface Tension = %.1f dynes per cm",Tc); diff --git a/3876/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3876/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc11da87a --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 3 Liquids + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +n2= 10.05*10**-3 //poise +d1= 0.879 //gms cm^-3 +t= 88 //sec +d2= 1 //gms cm^-3 +t1= 120 //sec + +//Calculations +n1= d1*t/(d2*t1) + +//Results +mprintf("Relative Viscosity= %.3f",n1); diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63fa5d075 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 164.2 //gms +M= 60 //gms +V= 0.8 //lit +d= 1.026 //g/cc +mw= 18.02 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +M1= m/M +n= M1/V +G= V*1000*d +G1= G-m +m1= M1*1000/G1 +n1= G1/mw +x= M1/(M1+n1) +y= 1-x +p= x*100 +p1= y*100 +P2= m*100/G + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Molarity= %.3f M",n) +mprintf("\nMolality= %.3f m",m1) +mprintf("\nMole fraction of solute= %.4f",x) +mprintf("\nMol per cent of solute= %.2f percent",p) +mprintf("\nMol per cent of solvent= %.2f percent",p1) +mprintf("\nMol per cent acetic acid by weight= %.2f percent",P2) diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3db800b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 0.0346 //gms +V= 800 //ml +P= 742 //mm +M= 32 //gms +p= 400 //mm + +//CALCULATIONS +c= m*1000/V +g= c*760/(P*M) +K= g*22.4 +k= c/P +c1= k*p + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of oxygen= %.4f gram per litre",c) +mprintf("\nMoles dissolved = %.4f moles",g) +mprintf("\nBunsen absorption = %.4f litre",K) +mprintf("\nGrams of oxygen dissolved = %.4f gram per litre",c1) diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b72ce7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +mn= 0.0134 //gms +mo= 0.0261 //gms +mh= 0.0081 //gms +T= 30 //C +P= 3 //atm +r= 4/5 + +//CALCULATIONS +V= mn*(273+T)*1000/273 +V1= V*r +V2= V1*P +V3= mo*(273+T)*(1-r)*P*1000/273 +V4= mh*(273+T)*r*1000/273 +V5= V4*P +V6= V2-V1 +V7= V5-V4 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Volume of oxygen= %.1f ml",V) +mprintf("\nVolume of nitrogen= %.1f ml",V3) +mprintf("\nVolume of helium = %.1f ml",V5) +mprintf("\nVolume of nitrogen and helium would be expelled = %.1f ml",V7) diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d01d55177 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +p= 214 //mm +M= 112.5 //gms +m= 18 //gms +m1= 10 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +P= 760-p +M1= m1*P*m/(p*M) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Quantity of Water= %.2f gms",M1) diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd9138efd --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +p = 17.4 //mm +m= 1000 //gms +M= 18 //gms +n= 2 //moles + +//CALCULATIONS +P= p*((m/M)/((m/M)+n)) +P1= p*(n/((m/M)+n)) +dp= p-P1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Vapour pressure of solution= %.2f mm",P1) diff --git a/3876/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/3876/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1809d48 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 4 Solutions Nonelectrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 92.13 //gms +M= 78.11 //gms +n= 1 //moles +p= 119.6 //mm +p1= 36.7 //mm + +//CALCULATIONS +n1= m/M +x= n/(n+n1) +y= 1-x +P= y*p +P1= x*p1 +P2= P+P1 +m1= P/P2 +m2= 1-m1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Mole fraction of benzene=%.3f",m1) +mprintf("\nMole fraction of toulene=%.3f",m2) diff --git a/3876/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3876/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b74f9ef17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 5 Solutions Osmotic Pressure + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 20 //C +R= 0.082 //li-atm per mole per degree +V= 2 //lit +m= 6 //gms +M= 60 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +P= m*R*(273+T)/(M*V) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Osmotic pressure= %.1f atm",P) diff --git a/3876/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3876/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09a7e0cc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 5 Solutions Osmotic Pressure + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= -0.2 //C +T1= 25 //C +T2= 1.86 //C +R= 0.082 //li-atm per mole per degree + +//CALCULATIONS +P= -T*R*(T1+273)/T2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Osmotic pressure= %.2f atm",P) diff --git a/3876/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3876/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d95d2f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 6 Solutions of Electrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 25 //C +R= 0.0821 //li-atm per mole per degree +M= 0.5 //m +n= 2 +m= 0.680 +V= 1 //lit + +//CALCULATIONS +P= R*(273+T)*M*n*m/V + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Osmotic pressure= %.2f atm",P) diff --git a/3876/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3876/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea0eed06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Chapter 6 Solutions of Electrolytes + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +M= 0.001 //molar +M1= 0.002 //molar +M2= 0.004 //molar +n= 1 //moles +n1= 2 //moles +v= 0.509 + +//CALCULATIONS +Is= 0.5*(M*n**2+M1*n**2+M1*n1**2+M2*n**2) +r= 10**(-v*n**2*sqrt(Is))*M +r1= 10**(-v*n1**2*sqrt(Is))*M1 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Ionic strength= %.3f",Is) +mprintf("\nActivity of sodium = %.4f molar",r) +mprintf("\nActivity of barium = %.4f molar",r1) diff --git a/3876/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3876/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0e18cf4c --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 7 Conductivity + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +R= 10 //ohms +V= 5 //v +t= 20 //min + +//CALCULATIONS +I= V/R +Q= I*t*60 +E= Q*V + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Current= %.2f amp",I) +mprintf("\nColoumbs of electricity that will pass= %.0f coloumbs",Q) +mprintf("\nEnergy expended= %.0f joules",E) diff --git a/3876/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3876/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bbadd91f --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Chapter 7 Conductivity + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +I= 50 //amp +t= 1 //hr +F= 96500 //amp-sec +mh= 1.01 //gms +mc= 35.46 //gms +ms= 107.88 //gms +mb= 79.9 //gms +mf= 55.85 //gms +V= 11.2 //lit +e= 8 //v + +//CALCULATIONS +N= I*t*60*60/F +Mh= mh*N +Mc= mc*N +Ms= ms*N +Mb= mb*N +Mf= mf*N +v= N*V +E= e*I*60*60 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Quantity of hydrogen produced= %.2f gms",Mh) +mprintf("\nQuantity of chlorine produced= %.2f gms",Mc) +mprintf("\nQuantity of silver produced= %.2f gms",Ms) +mprintf("\nQuantity of bromine produced= %.2f gms",Mb) +mprintf("\nQuantity of ferrous ion produced= %.2f gms",Mf) +mprintf("\nVolume occupied by gases= %.2f lit",v) +mprintf("\nEnergy expenditure= %.0f joules",E) diff --git a/3876/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3876/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1db2408f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 7 Conductivity + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +i= 20 //amp +t= 50 ///min +F= 96500 //coloumb +we= 8 //gms +Mo= 32 ///gms +M= 27 //gms +n= 3 + +//CALCULATIONS +nf= i*t*60/F +V= we*22.4/Mo*nf +G= M/n +q= G*nf + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Volume of oxygen produced= %.2f lit",V) +mprintf("\nQuantity of aluminium produced= %.2f geams",q) diff --git a/3876/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3876/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e81d9e45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 7 Conductivity + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +L= 0.025 //ohms +k= 0.0112 //ohms + +//CALCULATIONS +C= k/L + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Cell constant= %.3f",C) diff --git a/3876/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/3876/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..415e22444 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 7 Conductivity + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +m= 0.01 //M +CB= 235 //mm +R= 426.3 //ohms +M= 265 +C= 0.448 + +//CALCULATIONS +k= M*C/(R*CB) +A= k*1000/m + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Equivalent conductance= %.1f ohms",A) diff --git a/3876/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3876/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..513ac80ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 8 Chemical Equlibrium + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +x= 3.33 +n= 5 //moles + +//CALCULATIONS +N= x**2/(n-x)**2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Moles of water and ester formed= %.0f",N) diff --git a/3876/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3876/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49168b979 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 8 Chemical Equlibrium + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +n= 1 //mole +x= 3 +y= 4 + +//CALCULATIONS +r= x**2/n**2 +z= n/x +n= n+z +n1= x-z + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Moles of acid and alcohol= %.2f moles",n) +mprintf("\nMoles of ester and water= %.2f moles",n1) diff --git a/3876/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3876/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..150ddf510 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 8 Chemical Equlibrium + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +k= 1.1*10**-5 +V= 600 //ml +n= 0.4 //mole + +//CALCULATIONS +m= n*1000/V +x= (-k+sqrt(k**2+4*4*0.67*k))/(2*4) +M= 2*x +P= x*100/m + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Molar concentration of NO2= %.2e mol per litre",M) +mprintf("\nPer cent dissociation= %.2f percent",P) diff --git a/3876/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3876/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9643c539f --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 8 Chemical Equlibrium + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +pno2= 0.31 //atm +pn2o2= 0.69 //atm +p= 10 //atm + +//CALCULATIONS +Kp= pno2**2/pn2o2 +x= (-Kp+sqrt(Kp**2+4*4*p*Kp))/(2*4) +p1= p-x +p2= 2*x + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Kp= %.2f",Kp) +mprintf("\nN2O4= %.2f",p1) +mprintf("\nNO2= %.2f",p2) diff --git a/3876/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3876/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc0612e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 8 Chemical Equlibrium + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +T= 65 //C +R= 1.98 //cal/mol K +kp= 2.8 +kp1= 0.141 +T1= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +H= log10(kp/kp1)*2.303*R*(273+T1)*(273+T)/(T-T1) +H= H+62 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Average Heat of reaction= %.2f cal",H) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2fb10cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.1 //M +p= 1.34 //per cent +T= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +C1= c*p/100 +C2= c*p/100 +C3= c-C1 +Ka= C1*C2/C3 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Ionization constant = %.2e",Ka) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..205bf5839 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.1 //M +Kb= 1.8*10**-5 +Kw= 10**-14 + +//CALCULATIONS +C= sqrt(c*Kw/Kb) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of hydronium ion = %.2e mol per litre",C) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be2d7804b --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.050 //M +Kb= 1.8*10**-5 +T= 25 //C +Kw= 10**-14 + +//CALCULATIONS +C= sqrt(Kw*c/Kb) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of hydronium ion = %.2e mol per litre",C) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eebe72080 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +kw= 10**-14 +Ka= 1.8*10**-5 + +//CALCULATIONS +Kb= Ka +B= sqrt(kw/(Ka*Kb)) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Degree of Hydrolysis = %.2e",B) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eb01ba6a --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +k1= 3.5*10**-7 +k2= 4.4*10**-11 + +//CALCULATIONS +c= sqrt(k1*k2) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of solution = %.2e mol per litre",c) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fadadb780 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 1.92*10**-5 //mole per litre + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= -log10(c) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of solution = %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c8c017b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +pH= 7.36 + +//CALCULATIONS +C= 10**-pH + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of solution = %.2e mol per litre",C) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef63ef67d --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 1 //M +Kb= 5.3*10**-5 +pKw= 14 + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= pKw+0.5*log10(Kb)+0.5*log10(c) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of solution = %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8ea4479e --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.1 //M +Ka= 6.3*10**-5 +pKw= 14 +//CALCULATIONS +pH= -0.5*log10(Ka)+0.5*pKw+0.5*log10(c) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of a buffer solution = %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad0d0ade0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +Ka= 1.8*10**-5 +a= 0.1 //molar + +//CALCULATIONS +pH= -log10(Ka) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("pH of a buffer solution = %.2f",pH) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f27fc7b75 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +pH= 7.10 +pH1= 7.21 + +//CALCULATIONS +r= 10**(pH-pH1) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Ratio of salt to acid = %.2f",r) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f93c345 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +k= 1.8*10**-5 +C= 0.2 //M +T= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +x= sqrt(C*k) +a= x/C +C1= a*C + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Hydronium-ion concentration = %.2e mole per litre",C1) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e0cefb21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +K= 1.8*10**-5 +V= 500 //ml +c1= 0.3 //M +c2= 0.2 //M + +//CALCULATIONS +x= V*c1/1000 +y= V*c2/1000 +C= K*y/x + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Hydronium-ion concentration = %.2e mole per litre",C) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a8068362 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +K= 1.4*10**-5 +T= 25 //C +V= 200 //ml +m= 3.7 //gms +m1= 4.8 //gms +M= 74 //gms +M1= 96 //gms + +//CALCULATIONS +x= m*1000/(V*M) +y= m1*1000/(V*M1) +X= K*x/y + +//RESULTS +mprintf("hydronium-ion concentration = %.2e mole per litre",X) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dec9f077 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.050 //M +Ksp= 4.3*10**-7 + +//CALCULATIONS +C= sqrt(Ksp*c) + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of hydronium-ion = %.1e mole per litre",C) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa6cb2d9e --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +C= 0.050 //M +K= 2.4*10**-17 +c= 0.1 //M + +//CALCULATIONS +c1= K*C/c**2 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Concentration of carbonate-ion = %.1e mole per litre",c1) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1d464999 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +n= 1.31*10**-4 //mole +T= 25 //C + +//CALCULATIONS +N= 2*n +Ksp= N**2*n + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Ksp = %.1e",Ksp) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..479550272 --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +Ksp= 1.4*10**-11 +V= 200 //ml +M= 24.3 ///gms + +//CALCULATIONS +x= (Ksp/4)**(1/3) +m= x*M*V/1000 + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Grams of Mg+2 present = %.1e gms per mol",m) diff --git a/3876/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3876/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..672cc1bad --- /dev/null +++ b/3876/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 9 Ionic Equilibria and Buffer Action + +clc; +clear; + +//Initialisation of Variables +c= 0.010 //M +Ksp= 1.56*10**-10 +M= 108 //gms +C= 10**-3 //M + +//CALCULATIONS +K= Ksp/C +m= M*K +m1= M*c + +//RESULTS +mprintf("Quantity = %.2e gms",m) +mprintf("\nQuantity = %.2e gms",m1) diff --git a/3877/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3877/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66f609996 --- /dev/null +++ b/3877/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//Refer to the figure 1.12 +//Initialization of variables for fig. a + Nb=4//The number of binary links + Nt=4//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 4//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +clc +printf(' (a)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n The linkage has negative degree of freedom and thus is a superstructure.\n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. b + Nb=4//The number of binary links + Nt=4//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 3//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (b)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n The linkage has a constrained motion when one of the seven moving links is driven by an external source\n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. c + Nb=7//The number of binary links + Nt=2//The number of ternary links + No=2//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 5//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (c)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n Therefore, the linkage is a structure\n',F) diff --git a/3877/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3877/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6779a945 --- /dev/null +++ b/3877/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +//Refer to the figure 1.12 +//Initialization of variables for fig. a + Nb=3//The number of binary links + Nt=2//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 2//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +clc +printf(' (a)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n The linkage has zero degree of freedom and thus one or more link should be added to the linkage to make it a mechanism.\n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. b + Nb=7//The number of binary links + Nt=3//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 4//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (b)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n With four loops and 1 degree of freedom the number of links should be madee 10 and number of joints be 13 \n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. c + Nb=3//The number of binary links + Nt=5//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 4//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (c)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n It is a superstructure With 4 loops the number of links should be 10 for 1 degree of freedom \n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. d + Nb=12//The number of binary links + Nt=0//The number of ternary links + No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links + N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links + L = 5//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (d)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n It is a mechanism with 1 degree of freedom \n',F) +//Initialization of variables for fig. e + N = 5//The number of total links + P2 = 1//The number of pairs with 2 degrees of freedom + L = 4//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= 5//The enumber of joints or pairs with one degree of freedom + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)-(P2)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +printf(' (c)The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf('The number of joints with 1 dof is %f \n',P1) +printf('The number of joints with 2 dof is %f \n', P2) +printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n It is a mechanism with 1 degree of freedom \n',F) + + diff --git a/3877/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3877/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95be3b428 --- /dev/null +++ b/3877/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Given + N = 11 //The number of total links + L = 4//The number of loops +//calculation + P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs + F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom +//Result +clc +printf('The total number of links is %f \n',N) +printf(' The number of joints is %f \n',P1) +printf(' The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n',F) + + diff --git a/3877/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3877/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca5ec79f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3877/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Given + N = 160 //Speed of driving shaft in rpm + d = 18//distance between parallel shafts in mm +//calculation + Omega = (2*%pi*N)/60//angular velocity in rad/s + v = (Omega*d)/1000//sliding velocity in m/s +//Result +clc +printf('Angular Velocity is %f rad/s \n',Omega) +printf(' The maximum velocity of sliding is %f m/s \n',v) + + + diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40770a487 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +T_0=-5+273// K +T_1=35+273// K + +// Calculation +COP=(T_0)/(T_1-T_0)// Coefficient of performance +printf("\n Carnot COP= %0.2f error",COP) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1eddb009a --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +T_f=80// Final Temperature in °C +T_i=0// Initial Temperature in °C +h_f=334.91// The specific enthalpy of water in kJ/kg + +// Calculation +C=h_f/(T_f-T_i)// The average specific heat capacity in kJ/(kg K) +printf("\n The average specific heat capacity is %0.3f kJ/(kg K)", C) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19b1d641d --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +P=1.013// Pressure in bar +h_fg=2257// The latent heat of boiling water in kJ/kg +T_b=100 // The boiling point temperature of water in °C +m=1 // The mass of water in kg +T_i=30 // The initial temperature of water in °C +C_p=4.19// The specific heat of water in kJ/kg°C + +// Calculation +Q=m*((C_p*(T_b-T_i))+h_fg)// The quantity of heat added in kJ +printf("\n The quantity of heat added is %0.1f kJ",Q) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f918a9ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +V_1byV_2=2// Volumetric ratio (given) +p_1=1.01325// The atmospheric pressure in bar(101325 kPa) + +// Calculation +p_2=V_1byV_2*p_1// The new pressure in bar +printf("\n The new pressure,p_2= %0.4f bar(abs.)",p_2) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa35b2fa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +V_1=0.75// The initial volume in m**3 +T_1=273+20 // The initial temperature of water in K +T_2=273+90 // The final temperature of water in K + +// Calculation +V_2=V_1*(T_2/T_1)// The final volume in m**3 +printf("\n The final volume,V_2= %0.2f m**3",V_2) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..985f7a982 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +R=287// The specific gas constant in J/(kg K) +m=5 // The mass of ideal gas in kg +p=101.325// The atmospheric pressure in kPa +T=273+25// The temperature of an ideal gas in K + +// Calculation +V=(m*R*T)/(p*1000)// The volume of an ideal gas in m**3 +printf("\n The volume of an ideal gas is %0.2f m**3",V) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16dcbdc9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +m_N=0.906// The mass of nitrogen in a cubic metre of air in kg +R_N=297// The specific gas constant of nitrogen in J/kg K +m_O=0.278// The mass of oxygen in a cubic metre of air in kg +R_O=260// The specific gas constant of oxygen in J/kg K +m_A=0.015// The mass of argon in a cubic metre of air in kg +R_A=208// The specific gas constant of argon in J/kg K +T=273.15+20// The temperature of air in K + +// Calculation +p_N=m_N*R_N*T// The pressure of nitrogen in Pa +p_O=m_O*R_O*T// The pressure of oxygen in Pa +p_A=m_A*R_A*T// The pressure of argon in Pa +p_t=p_N+p_O+p_A// The total pressure in Pa +printf("\n The total pressure is %0.0f Pa %0.5f bar",p_t,p_t/10**5) diff --git a/3878/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3878/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7c640331 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// Variable declartion +t=225// The wall thickness in mm +k=0.60// Thermal conductivity in W/(m K) +L=10// Length in m +h=3// Height in m +delT=25// The temperature difference between the inside and outside faces in K + +// Calculation +Q_t=(L*h*k*delT*1000)/(t)// The rate of heat conduction in W +printf("\n The rate of heat conduction,Q_t= %0.0f ",Q_t) diff --git a/3878/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3878/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b01011edf --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// +// Variable declaration +w_a=8.4// The mass flow rate of air in kg/s +R=3.8// Rating of an air-cooling evaporator in kW/k +T_a=-15// Entering air temperature in °C +T_r=-21// Refrigerant temperature in °C + +// Calculation +deltaT=(T_a+273)-(T_r+273)// Rating LMTD in K +E=R*deltaT// Rated duty in kW +C_pair=1.006// kJ/kg.K +T_ar=E/(C_pair*w_a)// Reduction in air temperature in °C +T_al=T_a-T_ar// Air leaving temperature in °C +deltaT_min=(T_al+273)-(T_r+273)// K +deltaT_max=deltaT// K +LMTD=(deltaT_max-deltaT_min)/(log(deltaT_max/deltaT_min)) +printf("\n \nLMTD=%1.1f K",LMTD) + diff --git a/3878/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3878/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97300c638 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +P_c=10// kW +T_e=-35// Evaporating temperature in °C +T_c=40// Condensing temperature in °C +T_s=5// Subcooling temperature in K +T_cin=20// Compressor inlet temperature in °C +T_cout=0// Zero subcooling temperature in °C + +// Calculation +//(a) +v_s1=146.46// m**3/kg +v_s2=135.25// m**3/kg +v_sr=v_s1/v_s2// The ratio of specific volume +// Assuming the compressor pumps the same volume flowrate: +m_1bym_2=v_sr// Flow rate ratio +printf("\n \nFlow rate ratio,m_2/m_1=%1.3f",m_1bym_2) + +//(b) +h_1=392.51// Suction gas enthalpy at 20°C in kJ/kg +h_2=375.19// Suction gas enthalpy at 0°C in kJ/kg +h_f=257.77// Liquid enthalpy at the expansion valve inlet at 40°C in kJ/kg +dh_1=h_1-h_f// Evaporator enthalpy difference at rating condition in kJ/kg +dh_2=h_2-h_f// Evaporator enthalpy difference with 0°C suction in kJ/kg +dh_r=dh_2/dh_1// Enthalpy difference ratio +C_c=P_c*m_1bym_2*dh_r// Compressor capacity corrected for suction temperature change in kW +printf("\n \nCompressor capacity corrected for suction temperature change=%1.2f kW",C_c) + +//(c) +h_f=249.67// Liquid enthalpy at the expansion valve inlet at 35°C in kJ/kg +dh=h_2-h_f// Evaporator enthalpy difference at application condition in kJ/kg +dh_r=dh/dh_1// Enthalpy difference ratio +C_cact=P_c*m_1bym_2*dh_r// Actual compressor capacity in kW +printf("\n \nActual compressor capacity=%2.2f kW",C_cact) + +//(d) +h_g=350.13// Suction gas enthalpy at evaporator outlet, -30°C (5 K superheat) in kJ/kg +dh_e=h_g-h_f// Useful evaporator enthalpy difference in kJ/kg +dh_r=dh_e/dh_1// Enthalpy difference ratio +C_eact=P_c*m_1bym_2*dh_r// Actual evaporator capacity in kW +printf("\n \nActual evaporator capacity=%1.2f kW",C_eact) + diff --git a/3878/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3878/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0771bfd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_c1=30// Condensing temperature for larger condenser in °C +T_c2=35// Condensing temperature for smaller condenser in °C +Rc_1=242// Rated capacity of plant for larger condenser in kW +Rc_2=218// Rated capacity of plant for smaller condenser in kW +Rt_1=1802// Running time (kW-h) +Rt_2=2000// Running time (kW-h) +Ci_1=60// Compressor electrical input power in kW +Ci_2=70// Compressor electrical input power in kW +Ec_1=11533// Electricity cost per year (£) +Ec_2=14933// Electricity cost per year (£) +C_1=14000// Cost of the larger condenser in £ +C_2=8500// Cost of the smaller condenser in £ + +// Calculation +Es=Ec_2-Ec_1// Cost of the larger condenser in £ +Bet=(C_1-C_2)*Es**-1// Break-even time in years +printf("\n Break-even time=%1.1f years",Bet) + diff --git a/3878/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3878/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..208ab15d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_a=20// The ambient temperature in °C +m_p=10// g + +// Calculation +P_v=10.34// Vapour pressure of R407C at 20°C in bar abs +P_o=11.70// Observed pressure in bar abs +P_p=P_o-P_v// Partial pressure of non-condensible gas in bar abs +M_m=(0.23*52)+(0.25*120)+(0.52*102)// Molecular mass +printf("\n \nPartial pressure of non-condensible gas=%1.2f bar abs \n Molecular mass=%2.0f",P_p,M_m) + diff --git a/3878/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3878/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14e93d54a --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +n=2// The number of two pellet truck doors +m_n=300//The number of traffic movements per day +t=30// seconds + +// Calculation +T=n*m_n*t// The time for the door openings seconds per day +A=2.2*3.2// The cross sectional area in m**2 +v=1// m/s +I=A*T*v// The air infiltration in m**3/d +V=50*70*10// The store volume in m**3 +R=I/V// The rate of air change per day +printf("\n \nThe store volume is %5.0f m**3. \nThe rate of air change is %1.1f per day.",V,R) + diff --git a/3878/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3878/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17709776e --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T=5// The dry bulb temperature in +R=3.6// The rate of air change per day +V=35000// The store volume in m**3 +v_spa=0.8// The specific volume in m**3/kg +q=600// m**3/h +n=2// The number of two pellet truck doors +h_1=15.9// kJ/kg +h_2=-24.3// kJ/kg +T_1=20// °C +T_2=-25// °C +t=24// Time duration for one day in hours +t_s=24*60*60// Time duration for one day in seconds + +// Calculation +R_woh=V*R/v_spa// The rate of air change without dehumidification in kg/day +Q_woh=R_woh*(h_1-h_2)/t_s// The cooling load without dehumidification in kW +R_wh=q*n*t/v_spa// The rate of air change with dehumidification in kg/day +Q_wh=R_wh*(T_1-T_2)/t_s// The cooling load with dehumidification in kW +printf("\n \nThe rate of air change without dehumidification is %5.0f kg/day. \nThe cooling load without dehumidification %2.1f kW(calculation error).",R_woh,Q_woh) + +printf("\n \nThe rate of air change with dehumidification is %5.0f kg/day. \nThe cooling load with dehumidification %2.2f kW.",R_wh,Q_wh) + diff --git a/3878/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3878/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef560aec2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_1=15// °C +T_2=0// °C +C_pw=4.187// The specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg.k +m=20*10**3// The mass flow rate of water in kg/day +h_l=334// kJ/kg +t=24*3600// The time available for cooling in s + +// Calculation +Q=(m*((C_pw*T_1)+334))/t// The cooling load in kW +printf("\n The cooling load,Q=%2.0f kW.",Q) + diff --git a/3878/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3878/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f0408181 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_1=22// °C +T_2=1// °C +C_p=3.1// The specific heat capacity of meat in kJ/kg.K +m=8*10**3// The mass of meat in kg +t=14*3600// The time available for cooling in s + +// Calculation +Q=(m*((C_p*(T_1-T_2))))/t// The cooling load in kW +printf("\n The cooling load,Q=%2.1f kW.",Q) + diff --git a/3878/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3878/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b1a3898d --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +m=1000// The capacity of meat store in tonnes +m_l=50// The amount of meat leaving the store in t/day +m_s=300// The amount of meat arrives from the ships in t/day +t=24*3600// Time in s + +// Calculation +// Case(1) +m=90// t/day +T_1=2// °C +T_2=-12// °C +C=3.2// Specific heat capacity in kJ/(kg.K) +T_fp=-1// Freezing point of meat in °C +h_fg=225// Latent heat of freezing in kJ/kg +C_fm=1.63// Specific heat of frozen meat in kJ/(kg.K) +Q_f=(m*1000*((C*3)+h_fg+(C_fm*11)))/(t)// Cooling load in kW +printf("\n \nCase(1):Cooling load,Q_f=%3.0f kW",Q_f) + +// Case(2) +Q_f=(m_s*10**3*(C_fm*T_1))/t// Cooling load in kW +printf("\n \nCase(2):Cooling load,Q_f=%2.0f kW",Q_f) + +// Case(3) +Q_f=(m_l*10**3*((C*3)+h_fg+(C_fm*11)))/t// Cooling load in kW +printf("\n \nCase(3):Cooling load,Q_f=%3.0f kW",Q_f) + diff --git a/3878/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3878/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8796f8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +// Variable Declaration +T_l=0+273// The required cooling temperature of room in °C +T_h=30+273// The temperature of outside air in °C +T_e=-5+273// The evaporating temperature of Refrigeration cycle in °C +T_c=35+273// The Condensing temperature of Refrigeration cycle in °C +deltaT=5// The temperature difference at the evaporator and the condenser in K +h_i=249.7// Enthalpy of fl uid entering evaporator in kJ/kg +h_e=395.6// Enthalpy of saturated vapour leaving evaporator in kJ/kg +h_sup=422.5// Enthalpy of superheated vapour leaving compressor in kJ/kg + +// Calculation +CarnotCOP=T_l/(T_h-T_l) +printf("\n The Carnot COP for the process is %0.1f ",CarnotCOP) +// For Refrigeration cycle, +CarnotCOP=T_e/(T_c-T_e) +printf("\n The Carnot COP for the refrigeration cycle is %0.1f ",CarnotCOP) +// For R134a, +Q=h_e-h_i// Cooling effect in kJ/kg +W_in=h_sup-h_e// Compressor energy input in kJ/kg +COP=Q/W_in// Ideal R134a vapour compression cycle COP +printf("\n The Carnot COP for the ideal vapour compression cycle is %0.1f ",COP) diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591c97dbd --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +m_a=68// The mass flow rate of air in kg/s +T_1=16// The temperature of air at inlet in °C +T_2=34// The temperature of air at outlet in °C +T_win=85// The temperature of hot water at inlet in °C +T_wout=74// The temperature of hot water at outlet in °C +C_pa=1.02// The specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg.K +C_pw=4.187// The specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +Q=m_a*C_pa*(T_2-T_1)// Heat input in kW +m_w=Q/(C_pw*(T_win-T_wout))// The mass flow rate of water in kg/s +printf("\n \nHeat input,Q=%4.0f kW \nThe mass flow rate of water,Q=%2.0f kg/s",Q,m_w) + diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12809173a --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_d=23// The dry bulb temperature in °C +H=40// % saturation +SH=36// The sensible heat to be removed in kW +LH=14// The latent heat in kW + +// Calculation +// Plotting on the chart ( Figure 21.10 ) from 23°C/40% and using the ratio +R=SH/(SH+LH) +printf("\n The process line meets the saturation curve at - 1°C, giving the ADP (which meansthat condensate will collect on the fins as frost).") + +printf("\n Taking the condition at 5°C dry bulb and measuring the proportion along theprocess line gives a coil contact factor of 75") diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67587f834 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +Q=500// The amount of heat required for the building in kW +T=19// The temperature at which air enters the heater coil in °C +m_a=68// // The mass flow rate of air in kg/s +C_pa=1.02// The specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +t=T+(Q/(m_a*C_pa))// The air supply temperature in °C +printf("\n The air-supply temperature,t=%2.1f°C",t) + diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af36e332b --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_ra=21// The temperature of the returning air +H=50// % saturation +T_d=28// The dry bulb temperature in °C +T_w=20// The wet bulb temperature in °C +m_a=20// The mass flow rate of returning air in kg/s +m_b=3// The mass flow rate of outside air in kg/s +x_ra=0.0079// The moisture content in kg/kg +x_oa=0.0111// The moisture content in kg/kg +h_a=41.8// The enthalpy in kJ/kg +h_b=56.6// The enthalpy in kJ/kg + +// Calculation +// Method (b) +t_c=((T_ra*m_a)+(T_d*m_b))/(m_a+m_b)// °C +g_c=((x_ra*m_a)+(x_oa*m_b))/(m_a+m_b)// kg/kg +h_c=((h_a*m_a)+(h_a*m_b))/(m_a+m_b)// kJ/kg dry air +printf("\n \nThe condition of the mixture,t_c=%2.1f°C",t_c) + +printf("\n \n g_c=%0.4f kg/kg",g_c) + +printf("\n \n h_c=%2.1f kJ/kg dry air",h_c) + diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca8b71e25 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_d1=23// The dry bulb temperature in °C +T_w=5// The temperature of water in °C +H=50// % saturation +n_s=0.7// Saturation efficiency in % +x_a=0.0089// Moisture content in kg/kg +x_b=0.0054// Moisture content in kg/kg + +// Calculation +//(a) +printf("\n (a) By construction on the chart ( Figure 21.7 ), the final condition is 10.4°C dry bulb,82 percents saturation") + +//(b) +T_d2=T_d1-(n_s*(T_d1-T_w))// The final dry bulb temperature in °C +x_f=x_a-(n_s*(x_a-x_b))// kg/kg +printf("\n \n(b)The final condition,\n The final dry bulb temperature=%2.1f°C \n The moisture content=%0.5f kg/kg",T_d2,x_f) + diff --git a/3878/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/3878/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b09eb799 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_d1=24// The dry bulb temperature in °C +T_d2=7// The dry bulb temperature in °C +H=45// % saturation +cf=0.78// Contact factor +h_1=45.85// The enthalpy in kJ/kg +h_2=22.72// The enthalpy in kJ/kg + +// Calculation +//(a) By construction on the chart ( Figure 21.9 ), 10.7°C dry bulb, 85% saturation. +//(b) By calculation, the dry bulb will drop 78% of 24 to 7°C: +dT=T_d1-(cf*(T_d1-T_d2))// The drop in dry bulb temperature in °C +dh=h_1-(cf*(h_1-h_2))// The drop in enthalpy in kJ/kg +printf("\n \nThe drop in dry bulb temperature=%2.1f°C \nThe drop in enthlpy=%2.2f kJ/kg",dT,dh) + diff --git a/3878/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3878/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cfef0f37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +T_d=37// The dry bulb temperature of air in °C +H=24// % saturation +n_s=75// Saturation efficiency in % +h=62.67// The entering enthalpy in kJ/kg + +// Calculation +// By construction on the chart, or from tables, the ultimate saturation condition would be 21.5°C, and 75% of the drop from 37°C to 21.5°C gives a fi nal dry bulb of 25.4°C. +h_fg=2425// The average latent heat of water over the working range in kJ/kg +q=(h_fg)**-1// The amount of water to be evaporated in kg/(s kW) +printf("\n The amount of water to be evaporated is %0.3f kg/(s kW)",q) diff --git a/3878/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3878/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63ab64580 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +//Variable declaration +R_si=0.3// The inside resistance in (m**2 K)/W +R_1=0.040/0.09// The thermal resistance of concrete panels in (m**2 K)/W +R_2=0.050/0.037// The thermal resistance of insulation in (m**2 K)/W +R_3=0.012/0.16// The thermal resistance of plaster board in (m**2 K)/W +R_so=0.07// The outside resistance in (m**2 K)/W + +//Calculation +U=1/(R_si+R_1+R_2+R_3+R_so)// U factor in W/(m**2 K) +printf("\n U factor=%0.2f W/(m**2 K)",U) diff --git a/3878/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3878/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40bfa219b --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear +//Variable declaration +T_d1=21// The dry bulb temperature of air in °C +H=45// % saturation +T_d2=27// The dry bulb temperature of air in °C +T_wb1=20// The wet bulb temperature of air in °C +m=1.35// The mass flow rate of air in kg/s +C_pa=1.006// The specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg.K +C_pw=4.187// The specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg.K + +//Calculation + // 1.Total heat: +h_2=57.00// Enthalpy at 27°C DB, 20°C WB in kJ/kg +h_1=39.08// Enthalpy at 21°C DB, 45% sat in kJ/kg +dh=17.92// Heat to be removed in kJ/kg +Q_t=dh*m// Total heat in kW +printf("\n Total heat,Q_t=%2.1f kW", Q_t) + + +// 2.Latent heat: +x_2=0.0117// Moisture at 27°C DB, 20°C WB in kg/kg +x_1=0.0070// Moisture at 21°C DB, 45% sat in kg/kg +dx=x_2-x_1// Moisture to be removed in kg/kg +Q_l=dx*m*2440// Latent heat in kW +printf("\n Latent heat,Q_l=%2.1f kW", Q_l) + + +// 3.Sensible heat: +Q_s=(C_pa+((C_pw*x_2)))*(T_d2-T_d1)*m// Sensible heat in kW +printf("\n Sensible heat,Q_s=%1.1f kW", Q_s) + diff --git a/3878/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3878/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c17afb36 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +//Variable declaration +Q_tl=15// Total lighting load +P_ra=90// % of load taken from return air +P_a=25// % of load rejected to ambient + +//Calculation +Q_ra=Q_tl*(P_ra*10**-2)// Picked up by return air in kW +Q_a=Q_ra*(P_a*10**-2)// Rejected to ambient in kW +Q_net=Q_tl-Q_a// Net room load in kW +printf("\n \nNet room load=%2.3f kW",Q_net) + diff --git a/3878/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3878/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02e6a5c00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +Z=4500// Altitude in m +p=575// mbar barometric pressure +t=-10// Temperature in °C + +// Calculation +rho=1.2*(p/1013.25)*((273.15+20)/(273.15+t))// The density of dry air in kg/m**3 +printf("\n The density of dry air,rho=%0.2f kg/m**3",rho) + diff --git a/3878/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3878/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04a3de15e --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +V=1// The volume of air in m**3 +t=20// The dry bulb temperature in °C +H=60// % saturation +p=101.325// The pressure in kPa +v=7// The velocity in m/s +v_s=0.8419// The specific volume in m**3/kg + +// Calculation +m=V/v_s// Mass in kg +Ke=(m*v**2)/2// Kinetic energy in kg/(m s**2) +printf("\n Kinetic energy=%2.1f kg/(m s**2)",Ke) diff --git a/3878/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce b/3878/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56ffce2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH24/EX24.3/Ex24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +v_e=8// The entering velocity of air in m/s +v_l=5.5// The leaving velocity of air in m/s +fl=20// Friction losses in % +m=1.2// Masss in kg + +// Calculation +P_e=(m*v_e**2)/2// Velocity pressure entering expansion in Pa +P_l=(m*v_l**2)/2// Velocity pressure leaving expansion in Pa +FL=fl*10**-2*(P_e-P_l)// Friction losses in Pa +Sr=(1-(fl*10**-2))*(P_e-P_l)// Static regain in Pa +printf("\n The amount of Static regain=%2.1f Pa",Sr) + diff --git a/3878/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3878/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afb983cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +// +// Variable Declaration +T_d=21// The dry bulb temperature in °C +Q=14// Internal load in kW +H=50// % saturation +Q_l=1.5// Latent heat gain in kW +T_ain=12// The inlet air temperature in °C +C_p=1.02// The specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +deltaT=T_d-T_ain// Air temperature rise through room in K +m=Q/(deltaT*C_p)// Air flow for sensible heat in kg/s +x=0.007857// Moisture content of room air, 21, 50% +x_p=Q_l/(2440*m)// Moisture to pick up +x_ain=x-x_p// Moisture content of entering air +printf("\n \n Air flow for sensible heat=%1.3f kg/s \nMoisture content of entering air=%0.5f",m,x_ain) + diff --git a/3878/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3878/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6febfff3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// Variable declaration +// From example 25.1 +Q_i=14// Internal load in kW +Q_l=1.5// Latent heat gain in kW +Q_f=0.9// The fan motor power in kW +T_win=5// The temperature of water at inlet in °C +T_wout=10.5// The temperature of water at outlet in °C +C_pw=4.19// The specific heat capacity in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +Q=Q_i+Q_l+Q_f// Total cooling load in kW +m_w=Q/(C_pw*(T_wout-T_win))// Mass water flow in kg/s +printf("\n \nMass water flow=%0.2f kg/s",m_w) + diff --git a/3878/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3878/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02247dcae --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +// +// Variable declaration +// From example 25.2 +Q=16.4// Total load in kW +T_in=33// The temperature at liquid R134a enters the expansion valve in °C +T_out=9// The temperature at liquid R134a leaves the cooler in °C +T_e=5// The temperature at which liquid R134a evaporates in °C + +// Calculation +h_v=405.23// Enthalpy of R134a,superheated to 9 C in kJ/kg +h_f=246.71// Enthalpy of liquid R134a at 33 C in kJ/kg +Re=h_v-h_f// Refrigerating effect in kJ/kg +m_r=Q/Re// Required refrigerant mass flow in kg/s +printf("\n Required refrigerant mass flow=%0.3f kg/s",m_r) + diff --git a/3878/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3878/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6778ad5bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +// +// Variable declaration +T_d1=13// The dry bulb temperature in °C +m_a=0.4// The flow rate of primary air in kg/s +T_win=12// The temperature of water at inlet in °C +T_wout=16// The temperature of water at outlet in °C +H=72// % saturation +T_d2=21// The dry bulb temperature in °C +// From example 25.1 +Q_i=14// Internal load in kW +Q_l=1.5// Latent heat gain in kW +C_pw=4.19// The specific heat capacity in kJ/kg.K +C_pa=1.02// The specific heat capacity of air in kJ/kg.K + +// Calculation +x_a=0.006744// Moisture in primary air, 13 C DB, 72% sat +x_r=Q_l/(2440*m_a)// Moisture removed in kg/kg +x_rise=x_a+x_r// Moisture in room air will rise to in kg/kg +// which corresponds to a room condition of 21°C dry bulb, 53% saturation +Q_a=m_a*C_pa*(T_d2-T_d1)// Sensible heat removed by primary air in kW +Q_w=Q_i-Q_a// Heat to be removed by water in kW +m_w=Q_w/(C_pw*(T_wout-T_win))// Mass water flow in kg/s +printf("\n \nMass water flow=%0.2f kg/s",m_w) + diff --git a/3878/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce b/3878/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb2500755 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH29/EX29.1/Ex29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +// +// Variable declaration +T_e=3// The evaporating temperature in °C +T_in=20// The temperature of air entering coil in °C +T_out=11// The temperature of air off coil at full air flow in °C +T_c=35// The condensing temperature in °C +af=(1-0.15)// The reduced air flow + +// Calculation +LMTD=((T_in-T_e)-(T_out-T_e))/log((T_in-T_e)/(T_out-T_e))// K +T_aoff=T_in-(T_in-T_out)/af// Air off coil at 85% air flow (°C) +Cp=(af)**0.8// Coil performance at 85% air flow (°C) +LMTD_85=LMTD/Cp// LMTD at 85% air flow in K +printf("\n \n LMTD at 85 percentage air flow=%2.1f K(error)",LMTD_85) diff --git a/3878/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce b/3878/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8553fc7c --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH30/EX30.1/Ex30_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +P=15// kW +n_b=85// The effiency of the gas boiler in % +SCOP=3// An average or seasonal COP (SCOP) of heat pump + +// Calcualtion +// For the gas boiler +R_pf=17.65// Rate of primary fuel use in kW +m_co2=0.19// The mass of carbon in kg +R_co2=R_pf*m_co2// Rate of CO_2 emission in kg/h +// For example +Gp=3// p/kWh +Rc=R_pf*Gp// Boiler Running cost in p per hour of heating +printf("\n Boiler Running cost=%2.0fp per hour of heating.",Rc) + +// For heat pump +T_R_pf=10// Rate of primary fuel use in kW (total) +R_pf=5// Rate of primary fuel use in kW +m_co2=0.43// The mass of carbon in kg +R_co2=R_pf*m_co2,// Rate of CO_2 emission in kg/h + +// For example +Ep=9// p/kWh +Rc=R_pf*Ep// HP Running cost in p per hour of heating +printf("\n HP Running cost=%2.0fp per hour of heating.",Rc) + diff --git a/3878/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3878/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24c61f466 --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +Q_1=12// Heat load in kW +T_c1=50// The condensing temperature in °C +T_o1=35// The maximum outdoor temperature in °C +T_o2=15// The reduced outdoor temperature in °C +Q_2=8// The reduced heat load in kW + +// Calculation +deltaT=T_c1-T_o1// Temperature Difference in K +CR=Q_1*10**3/deltaT// Condenser Rating in W/K +CR=CR*10**-3// Condenser Rating in kW/K +deltaT_15=Q_2/CR// Temperature Difference at 15°C +T_c2=T_o2+deltaT_15//The Condensing temperature at 15°C +printf("\n Cooling Rating= %0.1f kW/K",CR) +printf("\n Temperature Difference at 15°C=%2.0f°C",deltaT_15) + +printf("\n The Condensing temperature at 15°C=%2.0f°C",T_c2) + diff --git a/3878/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3878/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..595a42a8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3878/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +// Variable declaration +E_t=880// Total duty at the condenser in kW +E_wcp=15// Total duty at water-circulating pump in kw + +// Calculation +E=E_t+E_wcp// Total tower duty in kW +w_er=E*0.41*10**-3// Evaporation rate in kg/s +Cr_80=30// Circulation rate in kg/s +Cr_160=60// Circulation rate in kg/s +w_air=E*0.06// Air flow rate in kg/s +printf("\n \nEvaporation rate=%0.2f kg/s \nCirculation rate,80times=%2.0f kg/s \nCirculation rate,160times=%2.0f kg/s \nAir flow rate=%2.0f kg/s",w_er,Cr_80,Cr_160,w_air) + diff --git a/3886/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3886/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..838f9e495 --- /dev/null +++ b/3886/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Determination of magnitude of forces and angle between them +//Assume F1=F then F2=2*F1 +//condition 1 gives +//5*F^2+4*F^2*cosd(theta)=67600...(1) +//condition 2 gives +//5*F^2-4*F^2*cosd(theta)=32400...(2) +//Adding (1) and (2) +F=sqrt(10000) //N +F1=F //N +F2=2*F //N +//put F1 and F2 in Equation (1) +theta=acosd(0.44) //degree +printf("Magnitude of forces are :-\n F1=%.0f N\n F2=%.0f N",F1,F2) +printf("\nAngle between the forces is :-\n theta=%.1f degree",theta) diff --git a/3886/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3886/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..499bc0e94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3886/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Horizontal and Vertical components of Force +//Resolving 20 kN force we get +Fx=20*cosd(60) //kN (towards left) +Fy=20*sind(60) //kN (Downward) +printf("Horizontal and vertical components respectively are:-\n Fx=%.2f kN (towards left)\n Fy=%.2f kN (Downward)",Fx,Fy) diff --git a/413/CH1/EX1.1/Table_1.sce b/413/CH1/EX1.1/Table_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..387fe3f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH1/EX1.1/Table_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//The bisection method for f(x)=3*x+sin(x)-exp(x), starting from 0 and 1 in 13 iterations) + +clearglobal() +clc; +fx='3*x+sin(x)-exp(x)'//Define function here +xa=0; // intial value +xb=1; // final vale where root need to bracket +n=13; // no. of iterations +x = xa; fa=eval(fx); +x = xb; fb=eval(fx); + for i=1:n + xc = (xa+xb)/2; x = xc; fc = eval(fx); + X = [i,xa,xb,xc,fc]; + disp(X) + if fc*fa < 0 then + xb = xc; + else xa = xc; + end; + end; + diff --git a/413/CH1/EX1.2/Table2.sce b/413/CH1/EX1.2/Table2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45015c2db --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH1/EX1.2/Table2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//The secant method for f(x)=3*x+sin(x)-exp(x), starting from 0 and 1 ) +clearglobal() +clc; +fx='3*x+sin(x)-exp(x)'//Define function here +x0=0;// intial value +x1=1;// second vale +x2=4; //just to start loop +tol=0.0000001; // tolerence value +x = x0; fa=eval(fx); +x = x1; fb=eval(fx); +x = x2; fc=eval(fx); +i=1; +while abs(fc)>tol + if abs(fa)tol + x = x0; fa=eval(fx); + x = x1; fb=eval(fx); + + x2=x1-fb*(x0-x1)/(fa-fb); + x = x2; fc=eval(fx); + X = [i,x0,x1,x2,fc]; + disp(X) + if fc*fa < 0 then + x1 = x2; + else x0 = x2; + end; + i=i+1; +end; +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH1/EX1.4/Example_1.sce b/413/CH1/EX1.4/Example_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b92d1239e --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH1/EX1.4/Example_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clearglobal() +clc; +fx='x.^3+2*x.^2-x+5' +dfx='3*x.^2+4*x-1' +x0=2.5; +x = x0; fa=eval(fx); +tol=0.0000001 +while abs(fa)>tol +x = x0; fa=eval(fx); dfa=eval(dfx) +x1=x0-fa/dfa; + X = [x0,x1]; + disp(X) + x0=x1 + end; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH1/EX1.5/Example_2.sce b/413/CH1/EX1.5/Example_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..978f18a2f --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH1/EX1.5/Example_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Using Muller's method finding root of f(x)=3*x+sin(x)-exp(x), starting from 0 , 0.5 and 1 +clearglobal() +clc; +fx='3*x+sin(x)-exp(x)' +x0=0.5; x1=1.0; x2=0; fr=2; +tol=0.0000001 +i=1; +while abs(fr)>tol +x = x0; f0=eval(fx); +x = x1; f1=eval(fx); +x = x2; f2=eval(fx); +h1=x1-x0; h2=x0-x2; h3=h2/h1; +c=f0; +a=(h3*f1-f0*(1+h3)+f2)/(h3*h1.^2 *(1+h3)) +b=(f1-f0-a*h1.^2)/h1 +if b>=0 then + root=x0-2*c/(b+sqrtm(b*b-4*a*c)) +else root=x0-2*c/(b-sqrtm(b*b-4*a*c)) +end +x = root; fr=eval(fx); +if root>x0 then + x1=x0; + x2=x1; + x0=root; + +else + x1=root; + +end +X=[i,a,b,c,root] +disp(X) +i=i+1; +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH2/EX2.1/Example_2_1.sce b/413/CH2/EX2.1/Example_2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33637531c --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH2/EX2.1/Example_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Matrix operations +clearglobal() +clc; +A=[3 -1 4;0 2 -3; 1 1 2] +printf('Matrix is') +disp(A) +printf('Transpose is') + disp (A') + printf('Trace of Matrix is') + disp(trace(A)) + printf('Determinant of Matrix is') + disp(det(A)) +printf('Characteristic equation of Matrix is') +disp(poly(A,"x")) +printf('Eigenvalues of Matrix is') + disp(spec(A)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce b/413/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e791613 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH2/EX2.2/Example_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Inverse of A Matrix +clearglobal() +clc; +A=[1 -1 2;3 0 1;1 0 2] +printf('Matrix is') +disp(A) +printf('Inverse is') + disp (inv(A)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce b/413/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3d1a7503 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH2/EX2.3/Example_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Compute 1-, 2-, inf norms of the vector x, if x=[1.25, 0.02, -5.15, 0] +clearglobal() +clc; +x=[1.25 0.02 -5.15 0] +printf('x is') +disp(x) +printf('First Norm of x is') +disp(norm(x,1)) +printf('Second Norm of x is') +disp(norm(x,2)) +printf('infinite Norm of x is') +disp(norm(x,'inf')) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce b/413/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c307d1cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH2/EX2.4/Example_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + //Compute the Frobenius norms of A, B, C and the infinity norms +clearglobal() +clc; +A=[5 9;-2 1] +printf('Matrix A is') +disp(A) +printf('Frobenius Norm of A is') +disp(norm(A,'fro')) +B=[0.1 0;0.2 0.1] +printf('infinite Norm of A is') +disp(norm(A,'inf')) +printf('Matrix B is') +disp(B) +printf('Frobenius Norm of B is') +disp(norm(B,'fro')) +printf('infinite Norm of B is') +disp(norm(B,'inf')) +C=[0.2 0.1;0.1 0] +printf('Matrix C is') +disp(C) +printf('Frobenius Norm of C is') +disp(norm(C,'fro')) +printf('infinite Norm of C is') +disp(norm(C,'inf')) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH2/EX2.5/LU_Decomposition.sce b/413/CH2/EX2.5/LU_Decomposition.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11afb1bc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH2/EX2.5/LU_Decomposition.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//LU Decomposition +clearglobal() +clc; +A=[0 2 0 1 0; 2 2 3 2 -2; 4 -3 0 1 -7; 6 1 -6 -5 6] +[L, U, P]=lu(A) +printf('Matrix is') +disp(A) +printf('L=') +disp(L) +printf('U=') +disp(U) +printf('P=') +disp(P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b6b409ab --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +x=[3.2 2.7 1 4.8 5.6] +y=[22 17.8 14.2 38.3 51.7] +for i=1:1:5 +X=[x(1,i) y(1,i)] +disp(X) +end + +P31=(3-x(1,2))*(3-x(1,3))*(3-x(1,4))*(3-x(1,5))*y(1,1)/((x(1,1)-x(1,2))*(x(1,1)-x(1,3))*(x(1,1)-x(1,4))*(x(1,1)-x(1,5))); +P32=(3-x(1,1))*(3-x(1,3))*(3-x(1,4))*(3-x(1,5))*y(1,2)/((x(1,2)-x(1,1))*(x(1,2)-x(1,3))*(x(1,2)-x(1,4))*(x(1,2)-x(1,5))) +P33=(3-x(1,2))*(3-x(1,1))*(3-x(1,4))*(3-x(1,5))*y(1,3)/((x(1,3)-x(1,2))*(x(1,3)-x(1,1))*(x(1,3)-x(1,4))*(x(1,3)-x(1,5))) +P34=(3-x(1,2))*(3-x(1,3))*(3-x(1,1))*(3-x(1,5))*y(1,4)/((x(1,4)-x(1,2))*(x(1,4)-x(1,3))*(x(1,4)-x(1,1))*(x(1,4)-x(1,5))) +P35=(3-x(1,2))*(3-x(1,3))*(3-x(1,4))*(3-x(1,1))*y(1,5)/((x(1,5)-x(1,2))*(x(1,5)-x(1,3))*(x(1,5)-x(1,4))*(x(1,5)-x(1,1))) +printf(' Ploynomial at x=3 is') +P=P31+P32+P33+P34+P35 +disp(P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b28cfce2d --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +clear +x=[32 22.2 41.6 10.1 50.5] +y=[0.52992 0.37784 0.66393 0.17537 0.63608] +for i=1:1:5 +X=[x(1,i) y(1,i)] +disp(X) +end +a=27.5 +for i=1:4 + A(1,i)=((a-x(1,i))*y(1,i+1)+(x(1,i+1)-a)*y(1,i))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:3 + B(1,i)=((a-x(1,i))*A(1,i+1)+(x(1,i+2)-a)*A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:2 + C(1,i)=((a-x(1,i))*B(1,i+1)+(x(1,i+3)-a)*B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +end +D(1,1)=((a-x(1,1))*C(1,2)+(x(1,5)-a)*C(1,1))/(x(1,5)-x(1,1)) +out=[0,x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[1,x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[2,x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[3,x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[4,x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3) ] +disp(out4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efd167c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.3/Example_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +x=[3.2 2.7 1 4.8 5.6]; +y=[22 17.8 14.2 38.3 51.7] +for i=1:1:5 +X=[x(1,i) y(1,i)] +disp(X) +end +for i=1:1:4 +A(1,i)=(y(1,i+1)-y(1,i))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:3 +B(1,i)=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:2 +C(1,i)=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:1 +D(1,i)=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i))/(x(1,i+4)-x(1,i)) +end +out=[x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3) ] +disp(out4) +P3=C(1,1)*(3-x(1,1))*(3-x(1,2))*(3-x(1,3))+B(1,1)*(3-x(1,1))*(3-x(1,2))+A(1,1)*(3-x(1,1))+y(1,1) +disp(P3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40944d326 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.4/Example_3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +x=[1.10 2.00 3.50 5.00 7.10]; +for i=1:5 +y(1,i)=x(1,i).*x(1,i).*exp(-x(1,i)/2) +end +for i=1:1:4 +A(1,i)=(y(1,i+1)-y(1,i))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:3 +B(1,i)=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:2 +C(1,i)=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:1 +D(1,i)=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i))/(x(1,i+4)-x(1,i)) +end +out=[x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3) ] +disp(out4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.5/Table_3_2.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.5/Table_3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14ca10cf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.5/Table_3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +clear +clc +clear +x=[3.2 2.7 1 4.8 5.6]; +y=[22 17.8 14.2 38.3 51.7] +for i=1:1:4 +A(1,i)=(y(1,i+1)-y(1,i))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:3 +B(1,i)=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:2 +C(1,i)=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:1 +D(1,i)=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i))/(x(1,i+4)-x(1,i)) +end +out=[x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3) ] +disp(out4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.6/Table_3_5a.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.6/Table_3_5a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ebdbc077 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.6/Table_3_5a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3] +for i=1:7 +y(1,i)=2*x(1,i).*x(1,i).*x(1,i) +end +for i=1:1:6 +A(1,i)=(y(1,i+1)-y(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:5 +B(1,i)=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:4 +C(1,i)=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:3 +D(1,i)=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i)) +end +out=[x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3), C(1,3) ] +disp(out4) +out5=[x(1,6),y(1,6), A(1,5), B(1,4) , C(1,4)] +disp(out5) +out6=[x(1,7),y(1,7), A(1,6), B(1,5) ] +disp(out6) diff --git a/413/CH3/EX3.7/Table_3_5b.sce b/413/CH3/EX3.7/Table_3_5b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..615550cc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH3/EX3.7/Table_3_5b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3] +for i=1:7 +y(1,i)=2*x(1,i).*x(1,i).*x(1,i) +end +for i=1:1:6 +A(1,i)=(y(1,i+1)-y(1,i))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:5 +B(1,i)=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:4 +C(1,i)=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +end +for i=1:1:3 +D(1,i)=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i))/(x(1,i+4)-x(1,i)) +end +out=[x(1,1),y(1,1) ] +disp(out) +out1=[x(1,2),y(1,2), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[x(1,3),y(1,3), A(1,2), B(1,1),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[x(1,4),y(1,4), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,2) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[x(1,5),y(1,5), A(1,4), B(1,3), C(1,3) ] +disp(out4) +out5=[x(1,6),y(1,6), A(1,5), B(1,4) , C(1,4)] +disp(out5) +out6=[x(1,7),y(1,7), A(1,6), B(1,5) ] +disp(out6) diff --git a/413/CH4/EX4.1/Table_4_1.sce b/413/CH4/EX4.1/Table_4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..709546706 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH4/EX4.1/Table_4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear + +function a=eco4(x) + a=1.000043+x+x.*x.*0.499219+x.*x.*x/6+x.*x.*x.*x.*0.043750 +endfunction +function a=eco5(x) + a=1.000043+x+x.*x.*0.499219+x.*x.*x/6+x.*x.*x.*x.*0.043750+x.*x.*x.*x.*x/120 +endfunction +function a=mac4(x) + a=1+x+x.*x/2+x.*x.*x/6+x.*x.*x.*x/24 +endfunction +function a=mac5(x) + a=1+x+x.*x/2+x.*x.*x/6+x.*x.*x.*x/24+x.*x.*x.*x.*x/120 +endfunction +function a=mac6(x) + a=1+x+x.*x/2+x.*x.*x/6+x.*x.*x.*x/24+x.*x.*x.*x.*x/120+x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x/720 +endfunction +function out=tab4(y) +out=[y,exp(y),mac6(y),mac5(y),mac4(y),eco5(y),eco4(y)] + +endfunction +for y=0:0.2:1 +disp(tab4(y)) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH4/EX4.2/Table_4_2.sce b/413/CH4/EX4.2/Table_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a76be593 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH4/EX4.2/Table_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear + +function a=che(x) + a=0.9946+0.9973.*x+x.*x.*0.543+x.*x.*x.*0.1772 + endfunction +function a=mac(x) + a=1+x+x.*x/2+x.*x.*x/6 +endfunction +function out=tab(y) +out=[y,exp(y),che(y),exp(y)-che(y),mac(y),exp(y)-mac(y)] + +endfunction +for y=-1:0.2:1 +disp(tab(y)) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH4/EX4.4/Table_4_4.sce b/413/CH4/EX4.4/Table_4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d261a1ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH4/EX4.4/Table_4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +function a=pade(x) + a=(x+7*x.*x.*x/9 +64*x.*x.*x.*x.*x/945)/(1+10*x.*x/9 +5*x.*x.*x.*x/21) +endfunction +function a=mac(x) + a=x-x.*x.*x/3+x.*x.*x.*x.*x/5-x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x/7+x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x.*x/9 +endfunction +function out=tab4(y) +out=[y,atan(y),pade(y),atan(y)-pade(y),mac(y),atan(y)-mac(y)] +endfunction +for y=0.2:0.2:1 +disp(tab4(y)) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH4/EX4.5/Table_4_5.sce b/413/CH4/EX4.5/Table_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e38fbfbc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH4/EX4.5/Table_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +function a=rat(x) + a=(1.0018+0.6727*x +0.1598*x.*x)/(1-0.3263*x) +endfunction +function a=che(x) + a=0.9946+0.9973.*x+x.*x.*0.543+x.*x.*x.*0.1772 + endfunction +function out=tab4(y) +out=[y,exp(y),che(y),exp(y)-che(y), rat(y),exp(y)-rat(y)] +endfunction +for y=-1:0.2:1 +disp(tab4(y)') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1756bc344 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.1/Example_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +clear +x=[1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8]; +F=[4.953 6.05 7.389 9.025 11.023 13.464 16.445 20.086 24.533 29.964 36.594 44.701] +for i=1:12 +X=[x(1,i), F(1,i)] +disp(X) +end +A=(0.2/2)*[(6.05+29.964)+2*(7.389+9.025+11.023+13.464+16.445+20.086+24.533)] +printf('Answer by Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the integral from x=1.8 to x=3.4') +disp(A) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44202a68e --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.2/Example_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clc +clear +sumR2=0 +sumR3=0 +sumR4=0 +function a=fun(x) + a=exp(-x.*x) +endfunction +A=[0.2 1.5] +M=(A(1,1)+A(1,2))/2 + +h=M-0.2 +R1=(h)/2 *[fun(0.2)+fun(1.5)+2*fun(M)] + +h1=h/2 +for i=1:3 + B(1,i)=0.2+i*h1 + sumR2=fun(B(1,i))+sumR2 + end +R2=h1/2 *[fun(0.2)+fun(1.5)+2*sumR2] + +h2=h1/2 +for i=1:7 + C(1,i)=0.2+i*h2 + sumR3=fun(C(1,i))+sumR3 + end +R3=h2/2 *[fun(0.2)+fun(1.5)+2*sumR3] + +h3=h2/2 +for i=1:15 + D(1,i)=0.2+i*h3 + sumR4=fun(D(1,i))+sumR4 + end +R4=h3/2 *[fun(0.2)+fun(1.5)+2*sumR4] + + +R5=R2+1/3*(R2-R1) + +R6=R3+1/3*(R3-R2) + +R7=R4+1/3*(R4-R3) + +R8=R6+1/3*(R6-R5) + +R9=R7+1/3*(R7-R6) + +R10=R9+1/3*(R9-R8) + +T1=[R1] +T2=[R2, R5] +T3=[R3, R6, R8] +T4=[R4,R7,R9,R10] +disp(T1) +disp(T2) +disp(T3) +disp(T4) diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6a9bc6ad --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.3/Example_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc +clear +x=[1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8]; +F=[4.953 6.05 7.389 9.025 11.023 13.464 16.445 20.086 24.533 29.964 36.594 44.701] +for i=1:12 +X=[x(1,i), F(1,i)] +end +A1=(0.2/2)*[(6.05+29.964)+2*(7.389+9.025+11.023+13.464+16.445+20.086+24.533)] +printf('Answer by Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the integral from x=1.8 to x=3.4 taking h=0.2') +disp(A1) +A2=(0.4/2)*[(6.05+29.964)+2*(9.025+13.464+20.086)] +printf('Answer by Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the integral from x=1.8 to x=3.4 taking h =0.4') +disp(A2) +A3=(0.8/2)*[(6.05+29.964)+2*(13.464)] +printf('Answer by Trapezoidal Rule to estimate the integral from x=1.8 to x=3.4 taking h=0.8') +disp(A3) +A4=A1+(A1-A2)/3 +A5=A2+(A2-A3)/3 +A6=A4+(A4-A5)/3 +T1=[0.2 A1 A4 A6] +T2=[0.4 A2 A5] +T3=[0.8 A3] +disp(T1) +disp(T2) +disp(T3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbe9a229c --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.4/Example_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +clc +clear +a=0.2 +b=2.6 +function p=f(c) + p=exp(-c.^2) +endfunction + +for n=6:6:24 +a=0.2 +ST=0 +h=(b-a)/n +for i=1:n+1 + T=[a,f(a)] + A(1,i)=a + a=a+h +end +for i=2:n + ST=ST+2*f(A(1,i)) +end +TZ(1,n)=(h/2)*(f(0.2)+f(2.6)+ST) +end +for n=6:6:24 +a=0.2 +ST1=0 +ST2=0 +h=(b-a)/n +for i=1:n+1 + A(1,i)=a + a=a+h + +end + +for i=2:2:n-2 + ST1=ST1+2*f(A(1,i+1)) + ST2=ST2+4*f(A(1,i)) +end + ST2=ST2+4*f(A(1,n)) + +TS3(1,n)=(h/3)*(f(0.2)+f(2.6)+ST1+ST2) + +end +for n=6:6:24 +a=0.2 +ST1=0 +ST2=0 +ST3=0 +h=(b-a)/n +for i=1:n+1 + A(1,i)=a + a=a+h +end +for i=2:3:n-3 + ST1=ST1+3*f(A(1,i)) + ST2=ST2+3*f(A(1,i+1)) + ST3=ST3+2*f(A(1,i+2)) +end + ST2=ST2+3*f(A(1,n)) + ST1=ST1+3*f(A(1,n-1)) + +TS38(1,n)=(h*3/8)*(f(0.2)+f(2.6)+ST1+ST2+ST3) +end +for i=1:4 + n=i*6 + R=[n, TZ(1,n), 0.6886527145-TZ(1,n),TS3(1,n),0.6886527145-TS3(1,n),TS38(1,n),0.6886527145-TS38(1,n)] + disp(R) +end + + diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15d85a86b --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.5/Example_5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clc +clear +a=0 +b=2 +function p=fA(c,n) + p=c*cos((n*c*%pi)/2) +endfunction +function q=fB(c,n) + q=c*sin((n*c*%pi)/2) +endfunction +for n=1:5 +for t=20:180:200 +a=0 +ST=0 +ST1=0 +h=(b-a)/t +for i=1:t+1 + A(1,i)=a + a=a+h +end +for i=2:t + ST=ST+2*fA(A(1,i),n) + ST1=ST1+2*fB(A(1,i),n) +end +TZA(t,n)=(h/2)*(fA((0),n)+fA((2),n)+ST) +TZB(t,n)=(h/2)*(fB((0),n)+fB((2),n)+ST1) +end +end +for t=20:180:200 + +for n=1:5 +a=0 +ST1=0 +ST2=0 +ST3=0 +ST4=0 +h=(b-a)/t +for i=1:t+1 + A(1,i)=a + a=a+h +end +for i=2:2:t-2 + ST1=ST1+2*fA(A(1,i+1),n) + ST2=ST2+4*fA(A(1,i),n) + ST3=ST3+2*fB(A(1,i+1),n) + ST4=ST4+4*fB(A(1,i),n) +end + ST2=ST2+4*fA(A(1,t),n) + ST4=ST4+4*fB(A(1,t),n) +TSA3(t,n)=(h/3)*(fA(0,n)+fA(2,n)+ST1+ST2) + +TSB3(t,n)=(h/3)*(fB(0,n)+fB(2,n)+ST3+ST4) + +end +end +for t=20:180:200 + printf('Comparison of numerical integration of %f subdivisions of [0 2]',t) +for n=1:5 + T=[n,TZA(t,n),TZB(t,n),TSA3(t,n),TSB3(t,n)] + disp(T) +end +end diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.6/Table_5_1.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.6/Table_5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33d26119e --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.6/Table_5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +x=1.9; +function a=expsin(y) + a=(exp(x+y).*sin(x+y)-exp(x).*sin(x))/y +endfunction +function out=tab5(y) +out=[y,expsin(y)] +endfunction +y=0.05 +for i=0:1:10 +disp(tab5(y)) +y=y.*0.5 +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.7/Table_5_2.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.7/Table_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..159debee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.7/Table_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +x=1.9; +function a=expsin(y) + a=(exp(x+y).*sin(x+y)-exp(x-y).*sin(x-y))/(2*y) +endfunction +function out=tab5(y) +out=[y,expsin(y)] +endfunction +y=0.05 +for i=0:1:6 +disp(tab5(y)) +y=y.*0.5 +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.8/Table_5_3.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.8/Table_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5964235bf --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.8/Table_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc +clear +clc +clear +x=[1.7 1.8 2 2.35 2.50]; +function a=expsin(x) + a=exp(x).*sin(x) +endfunction +for i=1:1:4 +function b=firstdivdiff(x) +b=(expsin(x(1,i+1))-expsin(x(1,i)))/(x(1,i+1)-x(1,i)) +endfunction +A(1,i)=firstdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:3 +function b=Secdivdiff(x) +b=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i))/(x(1,i+2)-x(1,i)) +endfunction +B(1,i)=Secdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:2 +function b=thdivdiff(x) +b=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i))/(x(1,i+3)-x(1,i)) +endfunction +C(1,i)=thdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:1 +function b=fodivdiff(x) +b=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i))/(x(1,i+4)-x(1,i)) +endfunction +D(1,i)=fodivdiff(x) +end +out=[0,x(1,1),expsin(x(1,1)) ] +disp(out) +out1=[1,x(1,2),expsin(x(1,2)), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[2,x(1,3),expsin(x(1,3)), A(1,2), B(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[3,x(1,4),expsin(x(1,4)), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[4,x(1,5),expsin(x(1,5)), A(1,4), B(1,3),C(1,2) ] +disp(out4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH5/EX5.9/Table_5_4.sce b/413/CH5/EX5.9/Table_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5e16db7f --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH5/EX5.9/Table_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +x=[1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.50]; +function a=expsin(x) + a=exp(x).*sin(x) +endfunction +for i=1:1:4 +function b=firstdivdiff(x) +b=(expsin(x(1,i+1))-expsin(x(1,i))) +endfunction +A(1,i)=firstdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:3 +function b=Secdivdiff(x) +b=(A(1,i+1)-A(1,i)) +endfunction +B(1,i)=Secdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:2 +function b=thdivdiff(x) +b=(B(1,i+1)-B(1,i)) +endfunction +C(1,i)=thdivdiff(x) +end +for i=1:1:1 +function b=fodivdiff(x) +b=(C(1,i+1)-C(1,i)) +endfunction +D(1,i)=fodivdiff(x) +end +out=[0,x(1,1),expsin(x(1,1)) ] +disp(out) +out1=[1,x(1,2),expsin(x(1,2)), A(1,1) ] +disp(out1) +out2=[2,x(1,3),expsin(x(1,3)), A(1,2), B(1,1) ] +disp(out2) +out3=[3,x(1,4),expsin(x(1,4)), A(1,3), B(1,2),C(1,1),D(1,1) ] +disp(out3) +out4=[4,x(1,5),expsin(x(1,5)), A(1,4), B(1,3),C(1,2) ] +disp(out4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53ac5b27b --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.1/Example_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8] +h=0.2 +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:4 + k1(1,i)=h*(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + k2(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/4)-(y(1,i)+k1(1,i)/4)) + k3(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(3*h)/8)-(y(1,i)+(3*k1(1,i))/32+(9*k2(1,i))/32)) + k4(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(12*h)/13)-(y(1,i)+(1932*k1(1,i))/2197-(7200*k2(1,i))/2197+(7296*k3(1,i))/2197)) + k5(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h))-(y(1,i)+(439*k1(1,i))/216-(8*k2(1,i))+(3680*k3(1,i))/513-(845*k4(1,i)/4104))) + k6(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h/2))-(y(1,i)-(8*k1(1,i))/27+(2*k2(1,i))-(3544*k3(1,i))/2565+(1859*k4(1,i)/4104)-11*k5(1,i)/40)) + kA(1,i)=(16*k1(1,i)/135+6656*k3(1,i)/12825+28561*k4(1,i)/56430-9*k5(1,i)/50+2*k6(1,i)/55) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+kA(1,i) + B(1,i)=-3.*exp(-x(1,i))-2*x(1,i)+2 + C(1,i)=-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i) +end +for i=1:3 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i),B(1,i) ,C(1,i)] +disp(T) +end +P=y(1,3)+(h/12)*(23*C(1,3)-16*C(1,2)+5*C(1,1)) +printf('Value at y(0.6) is %f',P) +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8] +h=0.1 +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:7 + k1(1,i)=h*(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + k2(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/4)-(y(1,i)+k1(1,i)/4)) + k3(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(3*h)/8)-(y(1,i)+(3*k1(1,i))/32+(9*k2(1,i))/32)) + k4(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(12*h)/13)-(y(1,i)+(1932*k1(1,i))/2197-(7200*k2(1,i))/2197+(7296*k3(1,i))/2197)) + k5(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h))-(y(1,i)+(439*k1(1,i))/216-(8*k2(1,i))+(3680*k3(1,i))/513-(845*k4(1,i)/4104))) + k6(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h/2))-(y(1,i)-(8*k1(1,i))/27+(2*k2(1,i))-(3544*k3(1,i))/2565+(1859*k4(1,i)/4104)-11*k5(1,i)/40)) + kA(1,i)=(16*k1(1,i)/135+6656*k3(1,i)/12825+28561*k4(1,i)/56430-9*k5(1,i)/50+2*k6(1,i)/55) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+kA(1,i) + B(1,i)=-3.*exp(-x(1,i))-2*x(1,i)+2 + C(1,i)=-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i) +end +for i=1:6 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i),B(1,i) ,C(1,i)] +disp(T) +end +R=y(1,6)+(h/12)*(23*C(1,6)-16*C(1,5)+5*C(1,4)) +printf('Value at y(0.6) is %f',) diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_11.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f7ba367 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.10/Example_6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +A=[3,-1,0;-2,4,-3;0,-1,1;] +disp(A) +printf('Eigen values are:') +disp(spec(A)) +printf('Display of Power Method:') +U=[1,1,1]' +for i=1:14 + B=A*U + a=abs(B(1,1)) + b=abs(B(2,1)) + c=abs(B(3,1)) + if ((a>b)&(a>c)) then + T= (B(1,1)) + elseif ((b>a)&(b>c)) then + T=(B(2,1)) + else T=(B(3,1)) + end + printf('After %d iteration eigenvalue is ',i) + disp(T) + printf(' corresponding eigenvector is ') + U=B/T + disp(U) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.11/Example_6_12.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.11/Example_6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..881c7e02d --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.11/Example_6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +A=[4,-1,1;1,1,1;-2,0,-6;] +disp(A) +printf('Eigen values are:') +disp(spec(A)) +printf('Display of Shifting in Power Method:') +printf('Shifted Matrix (Shifted by -6)is') +A1=A-(-6)*eye(3,3) +disp(A1) +printf('Inverse of Shifted Matrix is' ) +A=inv(A1) +disp(A) +U=[1,1,1]' +for i=1:4 + B=A*U + a=abs(B(1,1)) + b=abs(B(2,1)) + c=abs(B(3,1)) + if ((a>b)&(a>c)) then + T= (B(1,1)) + elseif ((b>a)&(b>c)) then + T=(B(2,1)) + else T=(B(3,1)) + end + printf('After %d iteration eigenvalue of Inverse Shifted Matrix is ',i) + disp(T) + printf(' corresponding eigenvector of Inverse Shifted Matrix is ') + U=B/T + disp(U) +end +T1=1/T +T2=-6+T1 +printf('Largest eigen value of Shifted Matrix' ) +disp(T1) +printf('Largest eigen value of Matrix is' ) +disp(T2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_13.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c339fdf05 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.12/Example_6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Given This Matrix A, create a zero in position (4,2) by multiplying bu the proper @ Matrix) +A=[7,8,6,6;1,6,-1,-2;,1,-2,5,-2;3,4,3,4;] +printf('Matrix A is') +disp(A) +printf('Values of d, c,s are') +d=sqrt(A(2,2)^2+A(4,2)^2) +disp(d) +c=A(2,2)/d +disp(c) +s=A(4,2)/d +disp(s) +printf('Matrix Q is') +Q=[1,0,0,0;0,c,0,s;0,0,1,0;0,-s,0,c] +disp(Q) +printf('Matrix Q*A is') +C=Q*A +disp(C) +printf('Matrix (Q*A*invsre(Q)) is') +B=Q*A*Q' +disp(B) diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_14.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fd447386 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.13/Example_6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Convert the Matrix A to upper Hessenberg +A=[7,8,6,6;1,6,-1,-2;,1,-2,5,-2;3,4,3,4;] +printf('Matrix A is') +disp(A) +printf('We can create zeros inthe first column and row 3 and 4 by B*A*B(invrse) Where B is') +b3=A(3,1)/A(2,1) +b4=A(4,1)/A(2,1) +B=[1,0,0,0;0,1,0,0;0,-b3,1,0;0,-b4,0,1] +disp(B) +A=B*A*inv(B) +printf('After perfroming the multiplication we have' ) +disp(A) +printf('We can create zeros inthe second column and row 4 by B*A*B(invrse) Where B is') +b4=A(4,2)/A(3,2) +B=[1,0,0,0;0,1,0,0;0,0,1,0;0,0,-b4,1] +disp(B) +A=B*A*inv(B) +printf('After perfroming the multiplication we have' ) +disp(A) +printf('this is upper Hessenberg') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.2/Table_6_1.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.2/Table_6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d018aece6 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.2/Table_6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6] +for i=1:7 + A(1,i)=-1+1.*x(1,i)-1.5.*x(1,i).*x(1,i)+0.5.*x(1,i).*x(1,i).*x(1,i)-0.125.*x(1,i).*x(1,i).*x(1,i).*x(1,i) + B(1,i)=-3.*exp(-x(1,i))-2*x(1,i)+2 +end +for i=1:7 +T=[x(1,i), A(1,i), B(1,i), B(1,i)-A(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.3/Table_6_2.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.3/Table_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b393ef58 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.3/Table_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ] +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:5 + B(1,i)=(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + C(1,i)=0.1*B(1,i) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+C(1,i) + +end +for i=1:5 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i), B(1,i),C(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.4/Table_6_3.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.4/Table_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3ebebfad --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.4/Table_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5] +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:5 + B(1,i)=(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + C(1,i)=0.1*B(1,i) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+C(1,i) + D(1,i)=y(1,i+1) + E(1,i)=0.1*B(1,i) + F(1,i)=0.1*(-2*x(1,i+1)-y(1,i+1)) + G(1,i)=(E(1,i)+F(1,i))/2 + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+G(1,i) +end +for i=1:5 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i), C(1,i),D(1,i),F(1,i),G(1,i),y(1,i+1)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.5/Table_6_4.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.5/Table_6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50ef64a56 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.5/Table_6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6] +h=0.1 +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:6 + k1(1,i)=h*(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + k2(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/2)-(y(1,i)+k1(1,i)/2)) + k3(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/2)-(y(1,i)+k2(1,i)/2)) + k4(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h)-(y(1,i)+k3(1,i))) + kA(1,i)=(k1(1,i)+2*k2(1,i)+2*k3(1,i)+k4(1,i))/6 + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+kA(1,i) +end +for i=1:6 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i), k1(1,i),k2(1,i),k3(1,i),k4(1,i),kA(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_2.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f08a9cd16 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.6/Example_6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Solving Using Shooting Method +// u''-(1-x/5)u=x, u(1)=2, u(3)=-1) +function ydot=f(t, y), + ydot=[y(2); + t+y(1)*(1-t/5);] +endfunction +y0=[2,-1.5]';t0=1;t=1:0.2:3; +y=ode(y0,t0,t,f) + +y1=[2,-3]' +U=ode(y1,t0,t,f) +y2=[2,-3.495]' +V=ode(y2,t0,t,f) +printf('Table 6.15') +printf('\n Assume du/dx(1)=-1.5 Assume du/dx(1)=-3 Assume du/dx(1)=-3.495') +printf('\n x u du/dx x u du/dx x u du/dx ') +for i=1:11 + D=[t(1,i), y(1,i),y(2,i),U(1,i),U(2,i),V(1,i),V(2,i)] + disp(D) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_3.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26169b05d --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.7/Example_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Solving Using Shooting Method +// u''-(1-x/5)uu'=x, u(1)=2, u(3)=-1) +function ydot=f(t, y), + ydot=[y(2); + t+y(1)*y(2)*(1-t/5);] +endfunction +y0=[2,-1.5]';t0=1;t=1:0.2:3; +y=ode(['rkf'],y0,t0,t,f) + +y1=[2,-3]' +U=ode(['rkf'],y1,t0,t,f) +y2=[2,-2.2137]' +V=ode(['rkf'],y2,t0,t,f) +y11=[2,-1.9460]' +U1=ode(['rkf'],y11,t0,t,f) +y21=[2,-2.0215]' +V1=ode(['rkf'],y21,t0,t,f) +y111=[2,-2.0162]' +U11=ode(['rkf'],y111,t0,t,f) +y211=[2,-2.0161]' +V11=ode(['rkf'],y211,t0,t,f) +printf('Table 6.16') +printf('\n Assume values for du/dx(1) Calculated Values of u(3)') +T=[y0(2,1) y(1,11); + y1(2,1) U(1,11); + y2(2,1) V(1,11); + y11(2,1) U1(1,11); + y21(2,1) V1(1,11); + y111(2,1) U11(1,11); + y211(2,1) V11(1,11);] +disp(T) diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.8/Table_6_7.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.8/Table_6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f466b41a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.8/Table_6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +x=[0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8] +h=0.2 +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:4 + k1(1,i)=h*(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + k2(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/4)-(y(1,i)+k1(1,i)/4)) + k3(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(3*h)/8)-(y(1,i)+(3*k1(1,i))/32+(9*k2(1,i))/32)) + k4(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(12*h)/13)-(y(1,i)+(1932*k1(1,i))/2197-(7200*k2(1,i))/2197+(7296*k3(1,i))/2197)) + k5(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h))-(y(1,i)+(439*k1(1,i))/216-(8*k2(1,i))+(3680*k3(1,i))/513-(845*k4(1,i)/4104))) + k6(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h/2))-(y(1,i)-(8*k1(1,i))/27+(2*k2(1,i))-(3544*k3(1,i))/2565+(1859*k4(1,i)/4104)-11*k5(1,i)/40)) + kA(1,i)=(16*k1(1,i)/135+6656*k3(1,i)/12825+28561*k4(1,i)/56430-9*k5(1,i)/50+2*k6(1,i)/55) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+kA(1,i) + B(1,i)=-3.*exp(-x(1,i))-2*x(1,i)+2 + C(1,i)=-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i) +end +for i=1:3 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i),B(1,i) ,C(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH6/EX6.9/Table_6_8.sce b/413/CH6/EX6.9/Table_6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47262094b --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH6/EX6.9/Table_6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +x=[0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8] +h=0.1 +y(1,1)=-1 +for i=1:7 + k1(1,i)=h*(-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i)) + k2(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+h/4)-(y(1,i)+k1(1,i)/4)) + k3(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(3*h)/8)-(y(1,i)+(3*k1(1,i))/32+(9*k2(1,i))/32)) + k4(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(12*h)/13)-(y(1,i)+(1932*k1(1,i))/2197-(7200*k2(1,i))/2197+(7296*k3(1,i))/2197)) + k5(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h))-(y(1,i)+(439*k1(1,i))/216-(8*k2(1,i))+(3680*k3(1,i))/513-(845*k4(1,i)/4104))) + k6(1,i)=h*(-2*(x(1,i)+(h/2))-(y(1,i)-(8*k1(1,i))/27+(2*k2(1,i))-(3544*k3(1,i))/2565+(1859*k4(1,i)/4104)-11*k5(1,i)/40)) + kA(1,i)=(16*k1(1,i)/135+6656*k3(1,i)/12825+28561*k4(1,i)/56430-9*k5(1,i)/50+2*k6(1,i)/55) + y(1,i+1)=y(1,i)+kA(1,i) + B(1,i)=-3.*exp(-x(1,i))-2*x(1,i)+2 + C(1,i)=-2*x(1,i)-y(1,i) +end +for i=1:6 +T=[x(1,i), y(1,i),B(1,i) ,C(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce b/413/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69dee877d --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH7/EX7.1/Example_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +clear +x=-3 +function a=f(x) + a=exp(x)+2-cos(x); +endfunction +h=1 + y=f(x) +y1=f(x+h) +while(abs(y-y1)>=0.00001) + y=f(x) + y1=f(x+h) + while(y>y1) + y=f(x) + y1=f(x+h) + T=[x+h, y1] + disp(T) + x=x+h + end + h=-h/4 + end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce b/413/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fd122a96 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH7/EX7.2/Example_7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc +clear +a=-3 +b=1 +r=0.618034 +function a=f(x) + a=exp(x)+2-cos(x); +endfunction +xl=a+(1-r)*(b-a) +xr=a+r*(b-a) +FL=f(xl) +FR=f(xr) +while (abs(xr-xl)>0.001) + T=[xl,xr,FL,FR,a,b,a-b] + disp(T) + if(FR >FL) + b=xr + xr=xl + FR=FL + xl=a+(1-r)*(b-a) + FL=f(xl) + else + a=xl + xl=xr + FL=FR + xr=a+r*(b-a) + FR=f(xr) + end + +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH7/EX7.3/Example_7_3.sce b/413/CH7/EX7.3/Example_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..906baed12 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH7/EX7.3/Example_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc +clear +A=[5 8] +B=[3 4 + 2 5] +C=[12 + 10] +printf('The Primal:') +printf('\nMax f = %dx1+ %dx2',A(1,1),A(1,2)) + +for i=1:2 +printf('\n%dx1 +%dx2<=%d', B(i,1),B(i,2),C(i,1)) +end +printf('\nx1, x2>=0') +A=A' +B=B' +C=C' +printf('\n\nThe Dual:') +printf('\nMin f = %dy1+ %dy2',C(1,1),C(1,2)) + +for i=1:2 +printf('\n%dy1 +%dy2>=%d', B(i,1),B(i,2),A(i,1)) +end +printf('\ny1, y2>=0') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99cb72ca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.1/Example_8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc +clear +A=[-4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 ] +B=[0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100] +X=A\B +for i=1:7 +T=[i, X(i,1), X(i+7,1),X(i+14, 1 )] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bb592279 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.2/Example_8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc +clear +A=[-4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4 1 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -4 ] +B=[0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +-100] +X=A\B + +disp(X) diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8f933a6a --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.3/Example_8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear +A=[6 -2 1; -2 7 2; 1 2 5] +b=[11 5 -1] +D=[6 0 0; 0 7 0; 0 0 -5] +L=[0 0 0; -2 0 0; 1 2 0] +U=[0 -2 1; 0 0 2; 0 0 0] +DI=inv(D) +printf('For Jacobi method, we need to compute the eigen value of this matrix') +B=DI*(L+U) +disp(B) +T=spec(B) +disp(T) +printf(' Magnitude of Largest eigenvaue is %f',abs(T(2,1))) +printf('\n\nFor Gauss-Seidel method, we need to compute the eigen value of this matrix') +B=inv(L+D)*U +disp(B) +T=spec(B) +disp(T) +printf(' Magnitude of Largest eigenvaue is %f',abs(T(2,1))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..829bb9cad --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.4/Example_8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +for i=1:35 + for j=1:35 + A(i,j)=0 + end +end +for i=1:35 + A(i,i)=-4 +end +for i=1:34 + A(i,i+1)=1 +end +for i=2:34 + A(i,i-1)=1 +end +for i=6:5:30 + A(i,i-1)=0 +end +for i=1:30 + A(i,i+5)=1 +end +for i=1:30 + A(i+5,i)=1 +end +for i=5:5:35 + A(i,i+1)=0 +end + +disp(A) +for i=1:35 + B(i,1)=-2 +end + +X=A\B +disp(X) +for i=1:5:35 +T=[ X(i,1), X(i+2,1),X(i+3, 1), X(i+4,1), X(i+5,1)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168ae735c --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.5/Example_8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc +clear +for i=1:35 + for j=1:35 + A(i,j)=0 + end +end + + +for i=1:34 + A(i,i+1)=1 +end + +for i=2:35 + A(i,i-1)=1 +end + +for i=6:5:30 + A(i,i-1)=0 +end + +for i=1:30 + A(i,i+5)=1 +end +for i=1:30 + A(i+5,i)=1 +end + +for i=5:5:30 + A(i,i+1)=0 +end + +for i=1:35 + A(i,i)=-4 +end +disp(A) +for i=1:35 + B(i,1)=-2 +end + +X=A\B + +for i=1:5:35 +T=[ X(i,1), X(i+1,1),X(i+2, 1), X(i+3,1), X(i+4,1)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce b/413/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f09087e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH8/EX8.6/Example_8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +clc +clear +for i=1:60 + for j=1:60 + A(i,j)=0 + end +end +for i=2:9 + A(i,i)=-1 + A(i,10+i)=1 +end +for i=1:10:51 + A(i,i)=1 +end +for i=10:10:60 + A(i,i)=1 +end +for i=12:19 + A(i,i-10)=1 + A(i,i-1)=1 + A(i,i)=-4 + A(i,i+1)=1 + A(i,i+10)=1 +end +for i=22:29 + A(i,i-10)=1 + A(i,i-1)=1 + A(i,i)=-4 + A(i,i+1)=1 + A(i,i+10)=1 +end +for i=32:39 + A(i,i-10)=1 + A(i,i-1)=1 + A(i,i)=-4 + A(i,i+1)=1 + A(i,i+10)=1 +end +for i=42:49 + A(i,i-10)=1 + A(i,i-1)=1 + A(i,i)=-4 + A(i,i+1)=1 + A(i,i+10)=1 +end +for i=52:59 + A(i,i-10)=-1 + A(i,i)=(1+(2*0.073)/0.16) +end + +disp(A) +for i=2:9 + B(i,1)=30 +end +for i=1:10:51 + B(i,1)=20 +end +for i=10:10:60 + B(i,1)=20 +end +for i=12:19 + B(i,1)=0.6/(20*0.16) +end +for i=22:29 + B(i,1)=0.6/(20*0.16) +end +for i=32:39 + B(i,1)=0.6/(20*0.16) +end +for i=42:49 + B(i,1)=0.6/(20*0.16) +end +for i=52:59 + B(i,1)=25*(2*0.073)/0.16 +end +X=A\B +for i=1:10:60 +T=[ X(i,1), X(i+1,1),X(i+2, 1), X(i+3,1), X(i+4,1),X(i+5,1),X(i+6,1),X(i+7,1),X(i+8,1),X(i+9,1)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.1/Example_9_1.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.1/Example_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e14a16fe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.1/Example_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +printf('Solve the equation y''+y=3X^2, with boundary points (0,0) and (2, 3.5)') +printf('\nCompare computed value form Rayleigh-Ritz Method vs Analytic result') +P=0 +X(1,1)=0 +for i=1:20 + X(1,i+1)=0.1+P + P=X(1,i+1) +end +for i=1:21 + A(1,i)=(119/152).*X(1,i).*X(1,i).*X(1,i)-(46/57)*X(1,i).*X(1,i)+(53/228)*X(1,i) +B(1,i)=6*cos(X(1,i))+3*(X(1,i).*X(1,i)-2) +T=[X(1,i), B(1,i), A(1,i), B(1,i)-A(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.2/Example_9_2.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.2/Example_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81bbf701d --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.2/Example_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +printf('Solve the equation y''+y=3X^2, with boundary points (0,0) and (2, 3.5)') +printf('\nCompare computed value form Collocation Method vs Analytic result') +P=0 +X(1,1)=0 +for i=1:20 + X(1,i+1)=0.1+P + P=X(1,i+1) +end +for i=1:21 + A(1,i)=(425/509).*X(1,i).*X(1,i).*X(1,i)-(61607/55481)*X(1,i).*X(1,i)+(140023/221924)*X(1,i) +B(1,i)=6*cos(X(1,i))+3*(X(1,i).*X(1,i)-2) +T=[X(1,i), B(1,i), A(1,i), B(1,i)-A(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.3/Example_9_3.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.3/Example_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0137d961b --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.3/Example_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear +printf('Solve the equation y''+y=3X^2, with boundary points (0,0) and (2, 3.5)') +printf('\nCompare computed value form The Galerkin Method vs Analytic result') +P=0 +X(1,1)=0 +for i=1:20 + X(1,i+1)=0.1+P + P=X(1,i+1) +end +for i=1:21 + A(1,i)=(101/152).*X(1,i).*X(1,i).*X(1,i)-(103/228)*X(1,i).*X(1,i)+(1/228)*X(1,i) +B(1,i)=6*cos(X(1,i))+3*(X(1,i).*X(1,i)-2) +T=[X(1,i), B(1,i), A(1,i), B(1,i)-A(1,i)] +disp(T) +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.4/Example_9_4.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.4/Example_9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3aea38b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.4/Example_9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc +clear +printf('Solve the equation y''+y=3X^2, with boundary points (0,0) and (2, 3.5)') +printf('\n Subdivide into seven elements that join at x=0.4, 0.7, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.6') +printf('\n Augmented matrix') +P=[2.367 -2.567 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.024 +-2.567 5.6 -3.383 0 0 0 0 0 -0.160 +0 -3.383 8.167 -5.033 0 0 0 0 -0.328 +0 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 0 0 -0.492 +0 0 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 0 -0.732 +0 0 0 0 -5.033 8.167 -3.383 0 -1.378 +0 0 0 0 0 -3.383 5.600 -2.567 -2.89 +0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.567 2.367 -1.944] +disp(P) +printf('Matrix after ajjusting boundary condition') +T=[ 5.6 -3.383 0 0 0 0 -0.160 + -3.383 8.167 -5.033 0 0 0 -0.328 + 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 0 -0.492 + 0 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 -0.732 + 0 0 0 -5.033 8.167 -3.383 -1.378 + 0 0 0 0 -3.383 5.600 6.094] + disp(T) + A=[ 5.6 -3.383 0 0 0 0 + -3.383 8.167 -5.033 0 0 0 + 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 0 + 0 0 -5.033 9.867 -5.033 0 + 0 0 0 -5.033 8.167 -3.383 + 0 0 0 0 -3.383 5.600 ] + + B=[-0.160 -0.328 -0.492 -0.732 -1.378 6.094]' + S=A\B +printf('The table showing the analytical solution and the errors of our computation') + + X=[0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.6] + for i=1:6 + B(1,i)=6*cos(X(1,i))+3*(X(1,i).*X(1,i)-2) + T=[X(1,i), S(i,1), B(1,i), B(1,i)-S(i,1)] +disp(T) + end + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.5/Example_9_5.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.5/Example_9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41801f555 --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.5/Example_9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +clear +//printf('(Solve the equation y''-(x+1)y=e^-x(X^2-x+2), with Neumann boundary conditions y'(2)=0, y'(4)=-0.036631)') + +printf('\n Augmented matrix') +P=[2.542 -1.729 0 0 0 0.127 +-1.729 5.167 -1.688 0 0 0.236 +0 -1.688 5.333 -1.646 0 0.199 +0 0 -1.646 5.5 -1.604 0.163 +0 0 0 -1.604 2.792 0.072 ] +disp(P) +printf('Matrix after ajjusting boundary condition') +T=[ 2.542 -1.729 0 0 0 0.127 +-1.729 5.167 -1.688 0 0 0.236 +0 -1.688 5.333 -1.646 0 0.199 +0 0 -1.646 5.5 -1.604 0.163 +0 0 0 -1.604 2.792 0.036 ] + disp(T) + A=[ 2.542 -1.729 0 0 0 +-1.729 5.167 -1.688 0 0 +0 -1.688 5.333 -1.646 0 +0 0 -1.646 5.5 -1.604 +0 0 0 -1.604 2.792 ] + + B=[0.127 0.236 0.199 0.163 0.036]' + S=A\B +printf('The table showing the analytical solution and the errors of our computation') + + X=[2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4] + for i=1:5 + B(1,i)=exp(-X(1,i))*(X(1,i)-1) + T=[X(1,i), S(i,1), B(1,i), B(1,i)-S(i,1)] +disp(T) + end + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/413/CH9/EX9.6/Example_9_6.sce b/413/CH9/EX9.6/Example_9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e747c85f --- /dev/null +++ b/413/CH9/EX9.6/Example_9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +clear +printf('For the triangular element with nodes r s and t Find {a} {N} and v(0.8, 0.4)') +M=[1 0 0; 1 2 0; 1 0 1] +printf('\n M=') +disp(M) +Minv=inv(M) +printf('\n inverse of M') +disp(Minv) +C=[ 100 200 300]' +printf('\n C') +disp(C) +a=Minv*C +printf('\n {a}=Inverse of M* C') +printf('\n {a}=') +disp(a) +v=a(1,1)+a(2,1)*0.8+a(3,1)*0.4 +printf('v(0.8,0.4)=') +disp(v) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_10_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_10_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64388d803 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_10_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Quantity of air consumed(in m^3) +Va=0.1; +//Time taken for air consumption(in sec) +ta=16.3; +//Density of air(in kg/m^3) +Pa=1.175; +//Quantity of fuel consumed(in m^3) +Vf=10*10^-3; +//Time taken for fuel consumption(in sec) +tf=20.4; +//Density of fuel(in kg/m^3) +Pf=0.7; +//Load(in kg) +W=7; +//Speed(in rpm) +N=3000; +//Dynamometer constant +Dc=5000; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_11_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_11_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37097d685 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_11_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Speed(in rpm) +N=4000; +//Torque develpoed(in N-m) +T=150; +//Stroke length(in m) +L=0.1; +//Diameter of engine(in m) +D=0.08; +//No of cylinders +k=6; +//Mass of fuel consumed(in kg/hr) +mf=20; +//Calorific vaule of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; +//Adiabatic constant +y=1.4; +//Clearance Volume(in cc) +Vcl=70; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_12_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_12_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7e170d6f --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_12_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Speedof the engine(in rpm) +N=4500; +//Dynamometer scale reading(in kg) +W=42; +//Length of arm(in m) +l=0.54; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.08; +//Diameter of the engine(in m) +D=0.09; +//No of cylinders +k=8; +//Universal gas constant(in J/kgK) +R=287; +//Mass of fuel consumed(in kg/sec) +mf=4.4/10; +//Mass of air consumed(in kg/sec) +ma=6; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=44000; +//Atmospheric pressure(in N/m^2) +p=1*10^5; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +T=300; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_13_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_13_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c576d7f8b --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_13_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Difference in tension(in kg) +W=40; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1600; +//Circumference of bore(in m) +C=3; +//Mass of fuel consumed(in kg/min) +mf=0.2; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=44000; +//Mechanical efficiency +nm=0.8; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.12; +//Diameter of engine(in m) +D=0.1; +//No of cylinders +K=4; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_14_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_14_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa850eb31 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_14_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1200; +//Torque transmitted by the engine(in N-m) +T=120; +//Fuel consumption(in kg/h) +mf=5; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=42000; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.12; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.1; +//No of cylinders +k=4; +//Coefficient of discharge +Cd=0.6; +//Diameter of orifice(in m) +d=0.05; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Pressure drop across orifice(in m) +dhw=0.046; +//Density of water(in kg/m^3) +pw=1000; +//Ambient pressure(in N/m^2) +p=1*10^5; +//Universal gas constant(in kJ/kgK) +R=287; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +Ta=290; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_15_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_15_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b902fe22b --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_15_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Area of the diagram(in cm^2) +Area=8.5; +//Length of the diagram(in cm) +Length=8.5; +//Spring constant(in bar/cm) +constant=5.5; +//Stroke length(in m) +L=0.45; +//Diameter of bore(in m) +D=0.3; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=200; +//Brake wheel diameter(in m) +d=1.5; +//Difference in brake load and spring reading(in kg) +dW=150-20; +//Fuel consumption(in lit) +Vf=4; +//Density of fuel(in kg/m^3) +Pf=800; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_16_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_16_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e84896b7d --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_16_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Stroke length(in cm) +L=40; +//Diameter of bore(in cm) +D=20; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=250; +//Compression ratio +r=6; +//Adiabatic constant +y=1.4; +//Pressure at beginning(in bar) +p2=0.98; +//Ambient pressure(in bar) +p=1; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +T=273; +//Temperature at beginning(in K) +T2=350; +//Calorific value(in kJ/kg) +CV=12000; +//Indicated mean effecive pressure(in bar) +pim=5; +//Air fuel ratio +AF=6; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_17_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_17_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e8fde4d --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_17_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Stroke length(in m) +L=0.1; +//Diameter of bore(in m) +D=0.06; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=3000; +//Clearance volume(in cc) +Vc=60; +//Adiabatic constant +y=1.4; +//Relative effciency +nrel=0.5; +//Torque developed(in N-m) +T=66.5; +//Calorific value(in kJ/kgK) +CV=42000; +//No of cylinders +K=4; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_18_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_18_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2c2165e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_18_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Atmospheric pressure(in bar) +p=1; +//Universal gas constant(in kJ/kgK) +R=287; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +T=300; +//Coefficient of discharge +Cd=0.6; +//Orifice diameter(in m) +d=0.03; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Pressure drop across orifice(in m) +dHg=0.145; +//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3) +pHg=13600; +//Density of air(in kg/m^3) +pa=1.16; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.1; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.12; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=2400; +//No of cylinders +K=6; +//Brake load(in N) +W=560; +//Volume flow(in cc) +Vf=100; +//Time taken for flow(in sec) +t=20; +//Density of fuel(in kg/m^3) +Pf=831; +//% carbon +C=0.83; +//%Hydrogen +H=0.17; +// diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_19_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_19_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b1bad2a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_19_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//% carbon +C=0.82; +//%hydrogen +H=0.18; +//% CO2 +CO2=85.2; +//%N2 +N2=11.2; +//Initial temperature(in K) +T1=273; +//Final temperature(in K) +T2=290; +//Volume occupied by air(in m^3) +V=0.783; +//mass of uel evaporated(in in kg) +mf=30; +//no of cylinders +k=6; +//Speed of the engine +N=1400; +//Diameter of the engine(in m) +D=0.12; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.2; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_1_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_1_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ba82ae57 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_1_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Bore of the engine(in cm) +D=20; +//Stroke of the engine(in cm) +L=30; +//Volumetric efficiency of the engine +nv=0.8; +//Airfuel ratio +AF=4; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=300; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/m^3) +CV=8000; +//Brake thermal efficiency +nbth=0.25; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_20_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_20_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaa3283d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_20_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Area of indicator diagram(in mm^2) +Area=2000; +//Length of indicaor diagram(in mm) +l=100; +//Deflection of pointer(in bar/mm) +d=2/10; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.1; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.1; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1000; +//Mechanical effciency +nm=0.75; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_21_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_21_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8135339f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_21_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Working loop mean effective pressure(in bar) +wlep=6; +//Pumping loop mean effective pressure(in bar) +plep=0.4; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=400; +//Working cycle per minue in no load conditioons(in rpm) +Wc=50; +//Mean effective pressure(in bar) +pfm=0.6; +//Diameter of he engine(in m) +D=0.18; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.33; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_22_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_22_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e81e8b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_22_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Percentage carbon +C1=0.86; +//Percentage hydrogen +H=0.13; +//Air consumption in excessof that required for theoretically correct combustion +Ac=110/100; +//Brake power(in kW) +bp=120; +//Mechanical efficiency +nm=0.8; +//Indicated thermal efficiency +nith=0.40; +//Calorific Value(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; +//Volume flow +Va=0.77; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1600; +//No of cylinders +K=6; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_23_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_23_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..940f3e19d --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_23_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Compression ratio +r=7; +//Adiabatic constant +y=1.4; +//Relative efficiency +nrel=0.55; +//Indicated specific fuel consumption(in kg/kWh) +isfc=0.3; +//Indicated mean effective pressure(in bar) +pim=8.5; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.1; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.09; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=2500; +//No of cylinders +K=6; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_24_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_24_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce81fef5c --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_24_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Brake power developed by the engine(in kW) +bp1234=20.9; +//Brake power when 1st cylinder is cutoff(in kW) +bp234=14.9; +//Brake power when 2nd cylinder is cutoff(in kW) +bp134=14.3; +//Brake power when 1st cylinder is cutoff(in kW) +bp124=14.8; +//Brake power when 1st cylinder is cutoff(in kW) +bp123=14.5; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.09; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.075; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=3000; +//No of cylinders +K=4; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_25_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_25_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57022b055 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_25_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Power ouput when all cylinders are firing(in kW) +P1=2040; +//Power output when all cylinders are firing(in kW) +P2=2060; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=200; +//Brake load when each cylinder is shut down from 1 to 12(in N) +W1=1830; +W2=1850; +W3=1850; +W4=1830; +W5=1840; +W6=1855; +W7=1835; +W8=1860; +W9=1820; +W10=1840; +W11=1850; +W12=1830; +//Stroke(in m) +L=0.5; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.4; +//No of cylinders +K=12; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_27_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_27_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2735629b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_27_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Quantity of coal gas used(in m^/minute) +v=0.3; +//Atmospheric pressure(in bar) +Pa=1; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +Ta=273; +//Final temperature(in K) +T=290; +//No of explosion +F=100; +//Mass of air(in kg/min) +m=3; +//Gas constant(in J/kgK) +R=287; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +Ta=273; +//No of missed cycles +Nm=20; +//Total no of cycles +Ntot=120; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.5; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.25; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_28_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_28_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d690939e --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_28_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Gross indicated mean effective pressure(in bar) +imepg=7.25; +//Gross indicated mean effective pressure(in bar) +imepp=0.35; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.3; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.45; +//Total no of revolution +N=12624; +//Time taken for test(in minutes) +T=54; +//Total fuel used (in m^3) +Vf=7*10^-3; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Density of fuel(in kg/m^3) +Pf=800; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kgK) +CV=42000; +//Net load on brake(in kg) +W=150; +//Diameter of drum(in m) +Dd=1.78; +//Diameter of rope(in m) +Dr=0.4; +//Cooling water circulated (in lit) +Vc=550; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=48; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cvw=4.18; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_29_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_29_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40b3b4a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_29_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Mean effective pressure(in bar) +pim=5.8; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.25; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.45; +//Total no of revolution +N=8080; +//Time taken for test(in minutes) +T=40; +//Pressure of gas indicated in meter(in mm) +x=136; +//Effective diameter of drum(in m) +De=1.6; +//Net load on brake(in kg) +W=90; +//Volume of gas used(in m^3) +v=7.5; +//Atmospheric temperature(in K) +T2=290; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +Ta=273; +//Calorific value of he fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=19000; +//Cooling water circulated (in kg) +Vc=180; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=45; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cvw=4.18; +//Gravitational constant(in m/s^2) +g=9.81; +//Total no of explosions +n=3230; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_2_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_2_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d005c88d --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_2_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Area of positive loop of indicator diagram(cm^2) +Areap=5.75; +//Area of negative loop of indicator diagram(cm^2) +Arean=0.25; +//length of indicator diagram(in cm) +H=5.5; +//Spring constant(in bar/cm) +pim=3.5; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +d=0.1; +//Length of stroke(in m) +L=0.15; +//Speed of engine(in rpm) +N=1600; +//No of cylinders +k=4; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_30_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_30_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..409144def --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_30_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Mean effective pressure(in bar) +pim=5; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.18; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.24; +//Total no of revolution +N=9000; +//Time taken for test(in minutes) +T=30; +//Total no of explosions +n=4450; +//Effective diameter of brake wheel(in m) +De=1; +//Net load on brake wheel(in kg) +W=40; +//Cooling water circulated (in kg) +Vc=80; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=30; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cvw=4.18; +//Volume of gas used at NTP(in m^3) +Vg=2.4; +//Total air used at pth pressure(in m^3) +v=36; +//Pressure of air(in mm of Hg) +Pg=720; +//Atmospheric pressure(in bar) +p=1; +//Ambient temperature(in K) +Ta=273; +//Temperature of air(in K) +T2=290; +//Density of air at NTP(in kg/m^3) +Pa=1.29; +//Total gas used at NTP(in m^3) +V=2.4; +//Universal gas constant(in J/kgK) +R=287; +//Exhaust gas temperaure(in K) +Tex=350+273; +//Specific heat of exhaust gas(in kJ/kgK) +Ceg=1; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_31_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_31_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33e37ed9f --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_31_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Volume of gas used at NTP(in m^3) +Vg=0.16; +//Calorific value of gas at NTP(in kJ/m^3) +CV=14000; +//Density of gas used (in kg/m^3) +Pg=0.65; +//Mass of air used(in kg/min) +ma=1.5; +//Specific heat of exhaust gases(in kJ/kgK) +Ceg=1; +//Cooling water circulated (in kg) +Vc=6; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=30; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cvw=4.18; +//Exhaust gas temperaure(in K) +Tex=400+273; +//Room temperature(in K) +Ta=293; +//Brake power of the engine(in kW) +bp=10.5; +//Indicated power of the engine(in kW) +ip=12.5; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_32_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_32_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99eb5a9a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_32_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Mean effective pressure(in bar) +pim=3; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=0.22; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=0.28; +//Total no of revolution +N=350; +//Effective diameter of brake wheel(in m) +De=1; +//Net load on brake wheel(in kg) +W=65; +//Mass of gas used at NTP(in kg/h) +Vg=4; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kgK) +CV=43000; +//Cooling water circulated (in kg) +Vc=500; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=20; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cpw=4.18; +//Percentage H +H2=0.15; +//Mass of air used(in kg/min) +ma=32*4; +//Specific heat of dry exhaust gases(in kJ/kgK) +Cdeg=1; +//External temperature(in K) +Tex=673; +//Room temperature(in K) +Ta=293; +//Latent heat of steam(in kJ/kg) +Ls=2250; +//Specific heat of steam(in kJ/kgK) +Cps=2.1; +//Temperature of superheated steam(in C) +Tsup=400; + diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_34_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_34_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78f61430e --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_34_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Brake power(in kW) +bp=27; +//Mass of gas used at NTP(in kg/h) +Vg=8; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kgK) +CV=43000; +//Cooling water circulated (in kg/min) +Vc=7; +//Cooling water temperature rise(in C) +dwc=75-15; +//Specific heat of cooling water(in kJ/kgK) +Cpw=4.18; +//Final temperature of exhaust gases in calorimeter(in K) +Te2=55; +//initial temperature of exhaust gases in calorimeter(in K) +Te1=15; +//Air fuel ratio +AF=20; +//Specific heat of exhaust gases(in kJ/kgK) +Cpeg=1; +//Brake power(in kW) +bp=27; +//Indicated power(in kW) +ip=33; +//Mass flowing through the calorimeter(in kg/min) +mwc=12; +//Final temperature of exhaust gases(in C) +Tex=80; +//Ambient temperature(in C) +Ta=17; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_35_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_35_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c524035c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_35_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Stroke volume(in cc) +Vs=1500; +//Air fuel ratio +AF=16; +//Compression ratio +r=6; +//Part distance travelled by piston when pressure reached is maximum +x=1/30; +//Temperature a end of compression(in K) +T2=350+273; +//pressure at end of combustion(in bar) +p3=25; +//Pressure at end of compression(in bar) +p2=8; +//GAs constant(in kJ/kg) +R=0.287; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=42000; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_3_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_3_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..913a65ddf --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_3_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1800; +//Torque(in Nm) +T=8; +//Indicated power(in kW) +ip=1.8; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_4_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_4_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1313271f --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_4_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Power developed by the engine(in kW) +P=25; +//Density of fuel(in kg/m^3) +Pf=750; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=44000; +//Fuel consumed(in m^3/s) +Vf=(8*10^-3)/(60*60) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_5_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_5_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..373fca211 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_5_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Speed of engine(in rpm) +N=1200; +//Torque when engine runs with three cylinders(in Nm) +T=110; +//Power delivered by the engine(in kW) +BP=20; +//No of cylinders +k=4; +//Brake specific fuel consumption(in g/kWh) +bsfc=360; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_6_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_6_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1f147873 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_6_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Torque delivered by the engine(in N-m) +T=23.5; +//Bore of the engine(in m) +D=80*10^-3; +//Stroke of the engine(in m) +L=110*10^-3; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_7_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_7_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40c5a1a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_7_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Power rating(in kW) +P=4; +//Speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=1500; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_8_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_8_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8fe87740 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_8_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Mass flow rate of fuel(in g/sec) +mf=5; +//Brake power(in kW) +bp=80; +//Mechanical efficiency +nm=0.75; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_9_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_9_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c89462bb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/17_9_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Fuel consumption rate(in g/s) +mf=5.5; +//Calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=43000; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_1_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_1_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..441d7514a --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_1_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//speed of the engine(in rpm) +s=3600; +//Volumetric efficiency +nv=0.82 +//Atmospheric pressure ( in bar ) +a=1 +//Pressure ratio +pr=1.6 +//Ambient temperature (in kelvin) +t=300 +//Isentrophic efficiency of compressor +nc=0.7 +//Free air inducted per minute +fia=12 +//Specific heat of gas at constant pressure +Cp=1.005 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_2_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_2_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f98c480fc --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_2_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Pressure (in bar) +K=1*10^5 +//brake power of engine(in kW) +bp=280 +//speed of the engine(in rpm) +s=1800/2 +//Fuel to air ratio +far=18/1 +//Specific fuel consumption +sfc=0.24 +//Universal gas constant +r=287 +//volumetric efficiency +nv=0.8 +//Ambient temperature for naturally aspirated engine +t1=290 +//Ambient temperature for supercharged engine +t=310 +//Super charger takes 12% of the total power produced +//remaining power is +z=1-0.12 +//Power developed by naturally aspirated engine at sea level(in kW) +pd=280 +//ratio of specific heat +r1=1.4 +//Ambbient pressure (in bar) +p1=0.715 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_3_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_3_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca4dc33ad --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_3_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Ratio of Specific Heats +y = 1.4 +t8 = 300 +//Compression,Expansion Pressure Ratio +epr = 1.6 +//Specific Heat Of Gas At Constant Volume +Cv=0.717 +//Specific Heat Of Gas At Constant Pressure +Cp = 1.005 +//After Air is cooled, the new temperature +t10 = 310 +//Peak Pressure( in bar ) +p3 = 125 +//Compression Ratio +r = 18 +//Initial Pressure(in bar) +p1 = 1.6 +//Total Heat Input( kJ/kg) +thi = 1200 +//Compressor efficiency +nc=0.75;nt=0.75 +//cutoff ratio +rc=1.7 +z=(y-1/y) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_4_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_4_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a37118a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_4_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//Engine 1 (Naturally aspirated) +//Swept Volume (in litres) +Vs=3.6/1000 +//Brake mean effective pressure (in bar) +pbm=9 +//Speed(in rpm) +s=5000 +//No of power strokes +n=s/2 +//Compression ratio +cr=8 +//Efficiency ratio (nith/nair-std) +nr=0.5 +//Mechanical efficiency +nm=0.9 +//Mass +m=250 +//Engine 2 (supercharged) +//Break mean effective pressure +pbm1=12 +//Compression ratio +cr1=6 +//Mass +m1=260 +//Calorific Value +CV=43000 +//Efficiency air +nair=1 +//Standard +std=cr^0.4 +//Standard +std1=cr1^0.4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_5_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_5_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..322e037d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/19_5_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//No of cylinders +k=4 +//No of power stroke +n=3000/2 +//Brake power +bp=50 +//Mechanical efficiency +nm=0.85 +//Radius (in mm) +r=100*(10^-3) +//Diameter (in mm) +d=100*(10^-3) +//Length (in mm) +l=100*(10^-3) +//Ambient temperature +t=340 +//Universal gas constant +r1=287 +//Compressure pressure ratio +cpr=1.6 +//Pressure +p=(cpr*10^5)/(r1*t) +//Specific heat of gas constant pressure +Cp=1.005 +//Efficiency +nv=0.85 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_10_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_10_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..088baf132 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_10_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//indicated thermal efficiency +nith=0.32 +//mechanical effciency +nm=0.78 +//mass flow rate of fuel(in kg/hr) +mf=20 +//brake mean effective pressure(in N/m^2) +pbm=600000 +//specific speed of the engine(in m/s) +sp=12 +//for four stroke engine +0.5==n/N diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_1_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_1_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efaf54e6c --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_1_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Cubic capacity of engine(in cc): +Vs=245; +//over square ratio: +Ro=1.1; +//Clearance volume(in cc): +Vc=27.22; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_2_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_2_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cb2daf8c --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_2_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//mechanical efficiency: +nm=80/100; +//frictional power: +fp=25; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_3_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_3_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..452e1dee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_3_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//brake power of engine(in kw) +bp=42.5; +//mechanical efficiency +nm=0.85; +//load (in percent) +l=0.6; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_4_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_4_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f21e3b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_4_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//number of cylinders +n=4; +//brake power(in kW) +bp=50; +//air gas ratio +Rag=9; +//compression ratio +Rc=10; +//volumetric efficiency +nv=0.7; +//indicated thermal efficiency +nth=0.35; +//indicated mechanicalted efficiency +nm=0.8; +//total volume of the engine(in cc) +Vall=2000; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_5_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_5_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c9b1fd79 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_5_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=2000; +//brake power of the engine(in kW) +bp=60; +//brake thermal efficiency +nbth=0.3 +//calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=42000 +//bore of engine(in m) +d=0.12 +//stroke length(in m) +L=0.1 +//density of air(in kg/m^3) +Da=1.15 +//air fuel ratio +Raf=15 +//mechanical efficiency +nm=0.8 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_6_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_6_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7059c9daf --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_6_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//number of cylinders +K=1 +//brake power of engine(in kW) +bp=20 +//speed of the engine(in rpm) +N=6000 +//air gas ratio +Raf=8 +//compression ratio +Rc=8 +//volumetric efficiency +nv=0.7 +//indicated thermal efficiency +nth=0.33 +//indicated mechanical efficiency +nm=0.8 +//calorific value of hydrogen(in kJ/m^3) +CV=11000 +//P.S-note that the value of mechanical efficiency given as 0.9 in the question is taken as 0.8 during calculation \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_7_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_7_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9532a6855 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_7_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Engine1 type:4-stroke,4-cylinder,SI engine +//indicated horsepower of engine1(in kW) +ip1=40 +//mean piston speed of engine1(in m/s) +sp1=10 +//Engine2 type:2-stroke,2-cylinder,SI engine +//indicated horsepower of engine2(in kw) +ip2=10 +//ratio of bore of the engines1:2 +d=2 +//mean effective pressures of the two engines are the same \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_8_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_8_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..087a47725 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_8_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Brake thermal efficiency +nbth=0.3; +//Indicated power(in kW) +ip=40; +//Mechanical efficiency at half load +nmh=0.65; +//No of cylinders +k=4; +//Stroke volume(in cc) +Vsf=1000; +//Compression ratio +r=8; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_9_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_9_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6c0770a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/1_9_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//brake power of the engine(in kW) +bp=50 +//frictional power of the engine(in kW) +fp=8.5 +//brake thermal efficiency +nbth=0.25 +//calorific value of fuel(in kJ/kg) +CV=42000 +//specific gravity of petrol +pg=0.75 diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_2_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_2_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62d25eed7 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_2_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//bore ratio +br=1.2; +//compression ratio +cr=16; +//Speed of engine(in rpm) +s=1500; +//exhaust pressure(in Pascal) +ep=(1.05)*(10^5); +//Inlet Air temperature(in degree) +atemp=37; +//Fuel flow rate(in kg/h) +ffr=3; +//Air assumed(in kg/h) +a=130; +//Diameter (in m) +d=0.1; +//Fuel to air ratio +far=0.045; +//Ambient temperature +t=300 +//Universal gas constant +r=287 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_3_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_3_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c77339d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_3_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//CO2+CO +CO2=7.5 +CO=0 +//N +N=83.5 +//Fuel flow (in kg/h) +ff=15 +//Compression ratio +cr=16 +//Diameter(in cm) +d=25*(10^(-2)) +//Length (in cm) +l=30*(10^(-2)) +//Ambient temperature ( in kelvin ) +t=308 +//Universal gas constant +r=287 +//Exhaust pressure ( in bars ) +ep=1.05*(10^(5)) +//Calorofic value ( in KJ ) +CV=42200 +//Speed (in rpm) +s=400 +//Indicated thermal efficiency (nith) +nith=0.4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_4_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_4_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654e955e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_4_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//exhaust pressure +ep=(1.07)*(10^5); +//charge flow +cf=4; +//compression ratio +cr=8; +//scavanging efficiency +nsc=0.5; +//fuel to air ratio +far=0.068; +//Volume of cylinder(in cc) +V=1100*(10^(-6)) +//Speed (in rpm) +s=2800 +//Thermanl efficency +nbth=0.25 +//Calorific Value (in MJ/kg) +CV=(45)*(10^3) +//Universal gas constant +r=287 +//Ambient temperature (in kelvin) +t=310 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_5_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_5_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08ef4ddb --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/20_5_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//No of cylinders +k=6 +//Speed (in rpm) +s=720 +//Diameter (in cm) +d=(20*10^(-2)); +//Stroke Lenght (in cm) +l=(25*(10^(-2))); +//Compression ratio +cr=20; +//Exhaust Pressure (in bar) +ep=(1.04*(10^5)); +//Ambient temperature (in kelvin) +t=300; +//Universal gas constant +r=287; +//Scavanger Efficiency +nsc=0.85 +//Scavanger ratio +Rsc=1.2 +//Specific heat of gas at constant pressure +cp=1.005 +//Brake Power +bp = (120*k) +//bsfc in kg/kWh +bsfc = 0.21 +//Calorific Value (in calorie) +CV = 44000/3600 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_1_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_1_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..654cb70ef --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_1_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//heat transfer correponding to various processes for cycle(in J/s) +Q12=7000; +Q23=-3500; +Q34=17500; +Q41=0; +//work transfer corresponding to various processes for cycles (in Nm/s) +W12=5300; +W23=9100; +W34=8700; +W41=-2100; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_2_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_2_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd81047ac --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_2_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//mass of air(in kg/min) +m=10; +//fluid velocity at inlet(in m/s) +C1=5; +//fluid velocity at outlet(in m/s) +C2=10; +//fluid pressure at inlet(in bar) +p1=1*10^5; +//fluid pressure at outlet(in bar) +p2=8*10^5; +//specific volume at inlet(in m^3/kg) +V1=0.5; +//specific volume at outlet(in m^3/kg) +V2=0.2; +//energy lost to cooling water(in kJ/s) +H=140; +//internal energy of air leaving the compressor(in kJ/kg) +dU=-250; diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_3_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_3_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a40d91b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_3_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Volume of tank(in m^3) +V=0.1; +//Mass of nitrogen(in kg) +m1=4; +//Mass of oxygen(in kg) +m2=1.5; +//Mass of carbon dioxide(in kg) +m3=0.75; +//Temperature of mixture(in K) +T=273+20; +//Gas constant of N2(in J/kgK) +RN2=296.8; +//Gas constant of O2(in J/kgK) +RO2=259.83; +//Gas constant of CO2(in J/kgK) +RCO2=188.9; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_4_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_4_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af032f060 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_4_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Atmospheric pressure(in N/m^2) +Patm=1.013*10^5; +//Volume(in m^3) +V=-0.3; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_5_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_5_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81e25a024 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/2_5_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Atmospheric pressure(in N/m^2) +patm=1.013*10^5; +//Change in volume(in m^3) +V=1; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/443/DEPENDENCIES/3_10_data.sci b/443/DEPENDENCIES/3_10_data.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64ad01224 --- /dev/null +++ b/443/DEPENDENCIES/3_10_data.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Compression ratio +r=5.5; +//Temperature at beginning of compression(in K) +T1=300; +//Pressure at beginning of compression(in bar) +p1=1; +p4n=1; +//Peak pressure(in bar) +p3=25; +//Ratio of specific heats +y=1.4; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sci b/509/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb781669e --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Chapter 11 Example 1// +clc +clear +// number of units=n,voltage across topmost unit=v1,voltage across second unit=v2// +n=4; +m=10;// capacitance ratio is 10 (given)// +v1=1;//let v1=1 for our conveniance// +v2=v1*(1+1/m); +//voltage across third and fourth units from top =v3,v4 respectively// +v3=v1*(1+(3/m)+(1/m^2)); +V3=v1+v2+v3;// let V3 be a variable for our ease// +v4=v3+(V3/m); +// operating voltage =v// +v=33; // in kV// +vc=v/sqrt(3); +vo=vc/(v1+v2+v3+v4);// since capacitance voltage equals voltage across whole string by interchanging sides we get// +v1=v1*vo; +printf("\n So voltage across the topmost unit V1 = %.2f kV\n",v1); +v2=v2*vo; +printf("\n So voltage across the second unit V2 = %.2f kV\n",v2); +v3=v3*vo; +printf("\n So voltage across the third unit V3 = %.2f kV\n",v3); +v4=v4*vo; +printf("\n So voltage across the fourth unit V4 = %.3f kV\n",v4); +//string efficiency =sf// +sf=vc/(n*v4); +printf("\n String effiency = %.2f percent\n",sf*100); + + + + + + + + diff --git a/509/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sci b/509/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f16e867d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Chapter 11 Example 2// +clc +clear +// capacitance value of pin to earth=c,capacitance of top unit=c1// +c=1; +c1=5;// let us assume to be// +// since voltage across c2 same as c1// +c2=c+c1; +printf("\n So capacitance across the second unit c2 = %.fC \n",c2); +c3=2*c+c2;// since capacitance across c3=c2+2 times capicatnce of c// +printf("\n So capacitance across the third unit c3 = %.fC \n",c3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sci b/509/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c9bcdd3e --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Chapter 11 Example 3// +clc +clear +// from the diagram line voltage=5V and potential across each disk=V// +vl=5; +vd=1; +s1=vd/(vl-vd); +printf("\n At point A line to pin capacitance = %.2fC \n",s1); +// at point b v=2V// +vd=2; +s2=vd/(vl-vd); +printf("\n At point B line to pin capacitance = %.2fC \n",s2); +// at point c v=3V// +vd=3; +s3=vd/(vl-vd); +printf("\n At point C line to pin capacitance = %.2fC \n",s3); +// at point d v=4V// +vd=4; +s4=vd/(vl-vd); +printf("\n At point D line to pin capacitance = %.2fC \n",s4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sci b/509/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..867923c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Chapter 12 Example 1// +clc +clear +// span length=l,ultimate strength=s,safety factor=sf// +l=160;// in m// +s=8000;// in N// +sf=4; +// working stress=t// +t=s/sf; +printf("\n Working Stress T = %.2f N\n",t); +//sag of line=d,weight of conductor=w// +w=4;// in N/m // +d=w*l^2/(8*t); +printf("\n Sag of the line = %.2f m\n",d); +// length of conductor in spans=L// +L=l+((w^2*l^3)/(24*t^2)); +printf("\n Length of the conductor in spans = %.2f m\n",L); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sci b/509/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ad4b794a --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Chapter 12 Example 2// +clc +clear +// safety factor=w,maximum strength=s,working stress=t// +sf=2; +s=800;// in kg// +t=s/sf; +printf("\n Working stress = %.2f kg\n",t); +// height of one support=h,height of support at other end=h1// +h=70; +h1=40; +// length of span=l,distance of minimum point from the lower support=x1// +l=160; +w=0.35;// in kg/m // +x1=(l/2)-((t*(h-h1))/(w*l)); +printf("\n Minimum point is at distance of %.2f m from lower support.\n",x1); +h2=65; +x1=(l/2)-((t*(h-h2))/(w*l)); +printf("\n Minimum point is at distance of %.2f m from lower span.\n",x1); +// Thus the minimum point lies inside the span i.e 44.29 m from lower span// +// sag from lower support =d1// +d1=(w*x1^2)/(2*t); +printf("\n Distance of sag from lower support = %.2f m\n",d1); +mgc=h2-d1; +printf("\n The minimum ground clearance = %.2f m\n",mgc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sci b/509/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3f08ddd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Chapter 12 Example 3// +clc +clear +// from data given in the question -->> diameter of each strand=d,number of layers=n// +//diameter of conductor=D// +d=6.30;// in mm// +n=4; +D=(2*n-1)*d/10;// divide by 10 to convert from mm to cm// +printf("\n Total diameter of conductor = %.2f cm\n",D); +//tensile strength=s,safety factor=sf,working stress=t// +s=1250;// in kg// +sf=5; +t=s/sf; +printf("\n Working stress is given by %.2f kg\n",t); +// span length=l,weight of conductor=w,sag in stil air=d// +l=200;// in m// +w=0.4;// in kg/m // +d=(w*l^2)/(8*t); +printf("\n Sag in still air = %.2f m\n",d); +// sag if conductor covered by ice// +// weight of ice=wi,thickness of ice=ti,density of ice=pi// +ti=0.5;// in cms// +pi=915;// in kg/m^3 // +wi=%pi*((D+ti)*10^-2*ti*10^-2)*pi;// to convert from cms to ms// +wt=w+wi; +d=(wt*l^2)/(8*t); +printf("\n Total sag if conductor is covered by ice = %.2f m\n",d); +// sag is conductor is covered by ice and in presence of wind pressure // +// wind loading=ww,effective wind loadong=we,wind pressure=p// +p=10*10^-2;// in kg/cm^2 // +ww=(D+2*ti)*p; +we=sqrt(ww^2+(w+wi)^2); +printf("\n Effective Loading = %.3f kg/m\n",we); +d=(we*l^2)/(8*t); +printf("\n The total sag will be %.2f m\n",d); +// angle at which sag acts=sa// +sa=atand(ww/(wi+w)); +printf("\n Angle at which sag acts is %.2f degrees to the vertical\n",sa); +//vertical sag=d1// +d1=d*cosd(sa); +printf("\n Vertical sag = %.2f m\n",d1); + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/509/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sci b/509/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c620954e --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Chapter 13 Example 1// +clc +clear +//air density factor=d,air pressure =b,air temperature=t// +b=72;// in cm of Hg// +t=27;// in celsius// +d0=(3.92*b)/(273+t); +printf("\n Air density factor = %.4f \n",d0); +// phase to neutral critical disruptive voltage=vc,distance between conductors=d// +// surface factor=mv,surface irregularity factor=m,diameter of the conductor=d1// +d=600;// in cms// +mv=0.82; +m=0.90; +d1=2;// in cms// +go=21.1; +r=d1/2; +vc=r*go*m*d0*log(d/r); +printf("\n Phase-to-neutral critical disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vc); +// this voltage is phase voltage to get line voltage multiply by square root 3// +vcl=vc*sqrt(3); +printf("\n Line to line critical disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vcl); +// critical visual disruptive voltage=vv// +vv=21.1*mv*r*d0*(1+(0.3/sqrt(r*d0)))*log(d/r); +printf("\n Phase-to-neutral Critical visual disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vv); +vvl=vv*sqrt(3); +printf("\n Line to line Critical visual disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vvl); diff --git a/509/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sci b/509/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311d69384 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Chapter 13 Example 22// +clc +clear +// air density factor=d0 ,barometric pressure=b,temperature=t,rating of transmission line=vcc// +vcc=220; // in kV// +b=73;// in cm of Hg// +t=20;// in celsius// +d0=3.92*b/(273+t); +printf("\n Air density factor = %.4f \n",d0); +// phase to neutral critical disruptive voltage=vc,distance between conductors=d// +// surface irregularity factor=m ,diameter of conductor=d1// +d=400;// in cms// +m=0.96; +d1=2;// in cms// +r=d1/2; +go=21.1; +vc=r*go*m*d0*log(d/r); +printf("\n Phase-to-neutral critical disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vc); +vp=vcc/sqrt(3); +printf("\n Line to line critical disruptive voltage = %.2f kV\n",vp); +// Since vp > vc cornoa will be present, corona loss is given by// +f=50;// in Hz// +pc=241*(10^-5)*((f+25)/d0)*sqrt(r/d)*(vp-vc)^2; +printf("\n Corona loss is given by %.2f kW/phase/km\n",pc); +// in rainy weather vc=0.8*vc// +pc1=241*(10^-5)*((f+25)/d0)*sqrt(r/d)*(vp-0.8*vc)^2; +printf("\n Corona loss for rainy weather is given by %.2f kW/phase/km\n",pc1); + + diff --git a/509/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sci b/509/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4020338a --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 15 Example 1// +clc +clear +//output voltage=vd,commutation angle=u// +//ac output voltage=em// +u=20;// in degrees// +em=110*sqrt(2)/sqrt(3); +vdo=3*sqrt(3)*em/%pi; +//delay angle=a// +a=30;//in degrees +vd=vdo*(cosd(a)+cosd(a+u))/2; +printf("\n DC Output voltage when delay angle is 30 degrees = %.2f kV\n",vd); +a=90; +vd=vdo*(cosd(a)+cosd(a+u))/2; +printf("\n DC Output voltage when delay angle is 90 degrees = %.2f kV\n",vd); +a=150; +vd=vdo*(cosd(a)+cosd(a+u))/2; +printf("\n DC Output voltage when delay angle is 150 degrees = %.2f kV\n",vd); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sci b/509/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacccea0d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Chapter 15 Example 2// +clc +clear +//output voltage=e,ac output voltage =em,firing angle=a// +a=20;// in degrees// +e=400;// in kV// +em=sqrt(2)*e/sqrt(3); +vdo=3*sqrt(3)*em/%pi; +printf("\n DC Output voltage = %.2f kV\n",vdo); +//dc output voltage =vd,dc current=id,commutation resistance=rc// +vd=500;// in kV// +id=1;// in kA// +// vd=vdo*cosd(a)-rc*id interchanging this we get// +rc=(vdo*cosd(a)-vd)/id; +printf("\n Effective commutation resistance = %.2f ohms\n",rc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sci b/509/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6029c517d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Chapter 15 Example 3// +clc +clear +//advance angle=b,extinction angle=c// +b=20;// in degrees// +c=10; +//dc voltage input to inverter = vdi, ac output voltage of inverter =vdoi// +// vdi=vdoi*(cosd(b)+cosd(c))/2 interchanging variables we get// +vd=500;//in kV// +vdoi=2*vd/(cosd(b)+cosd(c)); +printf("\n AC Output voltage of the inverter = %.2f kV\n",vdoi); +// ac voltage supply =em// +em=%pi*vdoi/(3*sqrt(3)); +printf("\n AC Output voltage = %.2f kV\n",em); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sci b/509/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..451809f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH18/EX18.1/18_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Chapter 18 Example 1// +clc +clear +//line to ground capacitance= c,supply frequency=f// +//inductance of the coil =l// +f=50; +c=0.2*10^-6; +l=1/(3*(2*%pi*f)^2*c); +printf("\n Inductance of the coil %.2f H\n",l); +//kVA rating of the coil = kVA,operating voltage =v// +v=132; // in kV// +vph=v*10^3/sqrt(3); +kVA=vph^2/(2*%pi*f*l); +printf("\n kVA rating is given by %.f kVA\n",kVA/10^3);// to get ans in kVA divide by 10^3// diff --git a/509/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sci b/509/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37b922966 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 3 Example 2// +clc +clear +//supply voltage=v,from the figure we can get the required values// +v=220;// in volts// +z1=2+%i*8;// in ohms// +x1=8; +z2=-%i*6; +r=5; +//let the equivalent impedence =zeq// +zeq=(z1)*(z2)/(z1+z2); +printf("\n Equivalent impedence = %.2f%.2fi ohms\n",zeq,imag(zeq)); +//current in the circuit=i// +i=v/(zeq+r); +printf("\n Load current I = %.2f% +.2fi A\n",i,imag(i)); +//power in the 5 ohm resistor=p// +p=abs(i)^2*r; +printf("\n Power in the 5ohm resistor = %.2f W\n",p); +// current in branch ab =i1,current in branch cd=i2// +i1=i*(z2)/(z1+z2); +printf("\n Current in branch ab = %.2f%+.2fi A\n",i1,imag(i1)); +printf("\n = %.2f A\n",abs(i1)); +i2=i*(z1)/(z1+z2); +printf("\n Current in branch cd= %.2f%.2fi A\n",i2,imag(i2)); +printf("\n = %.2f A\n",abs(i2)); + + diff --git a/509/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sci b/509/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73d81dbd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +// Chapter 3 Example 4// +clc +clear +//base powers of generators be m1,m2,m3 and base voltages be v1,v2,v3,secondary voltage=v// +v=132; +m1=100;// in MVA// +v1=11; // in kV// +m2=150; +v2=16; +m3=200; +v3=21; +//reactance of generator 1,2,3 are x1,x2,x3 respectively and X1,X2,X3 are the new reactances// +x1=0.25// in p.u// +x2=0.1; +x3=0.15; +X1=x1; +X2=x2*(m1/m2)*(v2/v1)^2; +X3=x3*(m1/m3)*(v3/v1)^2; +printf("\n Reactance of generator 1 = %.2f pu\n",X1); +printf("\n Reactance of generator 2 on the new base of generator1 = %.3f pu\n",X2); +printf("\n Reactance of generator 3 on the new base of generator1 = %.3f pu\n",X3); +// let T1,T2,T3 are the new per unit reactances on new base values and t1,t2,t3 are the old values// +t1=0.05;// in p.u// +t2=0.10; +t3=0.05; +// let the ratings of the tranformers be v1,v2,v3// +tv1=150;// in MVA// +tv2=200; +tv3=250; +T1=t1*(m1/tv1)*(v1/v1)^2; +T2=t2*(m1/tv2)*(v2/v1)^2; +T3=t3*(m1/tv3)*(v3/v1)^2; +printf("\n Per unit reactance of transformer 1 = %.3f pu\n",T1); +printf("\n Per unit reactance of transformer 2 = %.3f pu\n",T2); +printf("\n Per unit reactance of transformer 3 = %.3f pu\n",T3); +// line reactances for 1,2,3 are r1,r2,r3 respectively,base impedence=zb// +r1=100;// in ohms// +r2=50; +r3=80; +zb=(v)^2/(m1); +printf("\n The base impedence Zb = %.2f ohm\n",zb); +// per unit reactances of lines 1,2,3 are pu1,pu2,pu3 respectively// +pu1=r1/zb; +pu2=r2/zb; +pu3=r3/zb; +printf("\n Per unit reactance of line 1 = %.3f pu\n",pu1); +printf("\n Per unit reactance of line 2 = %.3f pu\n",pu2); +printf("\n Per unit reactance of line 3 = %.3f pu\n",pu3); + + + + + + diff --git a/509/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sci b/509/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..298942225 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 4 Example 1// +clc +clear +//from table given in the problem we take the required values directly// +//thus the values of various loads are taken as l1,l2,l3........ln// +//total energy produced=te,average demand=ad,total time=t// +l1=400;l2=380;l3=350;l4=300;l5=350;l6=500;l7=700;l8=750;l9=900;l10=1200;l11=1350;l12=1200;l13=1000;l14=950;l15=1250;l16=1300;l17=1400;l18=1300;l19=1500;l20=1800;l21=2000;l22=1950;l23=1000;l24=800;// in kWh// +t=24;// in hrs// +ad=(l1+l2+l3+l4+l5+l6+l7+l8+l9+l10+l11+l12+l13+l14+l15+l16+l17+l18+l19+l20+l21+l22+l23+l24)/t; +printf("\n Average Demand = %.2f kW\n",ad); +// load factod=lf,max demand=md// +md=l21;//max demand is the highest of all individual demands// +lf=ad/md; +printf("\n Load factor = %.6f \n",lf); +// loss factor=lf,peak loss at peak load=pl,average power loss=apl// +lf=0.14; +pl=108;// in kW// +apl=lf*pl; +printf("\n Average power loss = %.2f kW\n",apl); +// annual power loss= average power loss*365// +apl1=apl*365; +printf("\n Annual Power loss = %.2f kW\n",apl1); +// demand factor=df,connected demand=cd// +cd1=2500;// in kW// +df=md/cd1; +printf("\n Demand Factor= %.2f \n",df); + diff --git a/509/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sci b/509/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26e213c25 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Chapter 4 Example2// +clc +clear +//maximum demand of station=md,load factor=lf,average demand=ad// +md=100;// in MW// +lf=0.65; +ad=md*lf; +printf("\n Average Demand = %.f MW\n",ad); +// daily enerqy produced=ed// +ed=ad*24; +printf("\n Daily energy produced = %.f MWh\n",ed); +//plant utilization factor=puf,plant capacity factor=pcf,plant rated capacity=prc// +puf=0.8; +pcf=0.5; +prc=ad/pcf; +printf("\n Plant rated capacity = %.2f MW\n",prc); +// reserve capacity=rc// +rc=prc-md; +printf("\n Reserve Capacity = %.2f MW\n",rc); +// maximum energy produced=me// +me=prc*24;// assumed to be running at all time// +printf("\n Maximum Energy produced = %.2f MWh\n",me); +//maximum energy produced if plant running at full load at all time=mefl// +mefl=ed/puf; +printf("\n Maximum energy that could be produced if running at full load = %.2f MWh\n",mefl); +uf=md/prc; +printf("\n Utilization factor = %.3f \n",uf); diff --git a/509/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sci b/509/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9ee2a37a --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 4 Example 3// +clc +clear +// class demand factor=c,// +l1=400;l2=380;l3=350;l4=300;l5=350;l6=500;l7=700;l8=750;l9=900;l10=1200;l11=1350;l12=1200;l13=1000;l14=950;l15=1250;l16=1300;l17=1400;l18=1300;l19=1500;l20=1800;l21=2000;l22=1950;l23=1000;l24=800;// in kWh// +// class contribution factor of street load=cs, of rest of load=cr// +sl=200;// in kW// +md1=sl;// since max demand is street lighting load// +cde=0;// class demand=cde// +cs=cde/md1; +md2=l20;// here non coincident max demand=l20// +cde=l20; +cr=cde/md2; +// diversity factor=df// +df=(md1+md2)/(cs*md1+cr*md2); +printf("\n Diversity factor = %.3f \n",df); +// coincidence factor=cd// +cf=1/df; +printf("\n Coincidence factor = %.2f\n",cf); diff --git a/509/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sci b/509/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..981a99f9d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Chapter 4 Example 4// +clc +clear +// total load the consumer=tl,power factor=pf1// +tl=20;// in kW// +pf1=0.8; +// angle of power factor=a1// +a1=acosd(pf1);// in degrees// +pf2=0.95;// new power factor=pf2// +a2=acosd(pf2); +//original reactive power=r1,reactive power with power factor pf2=r2// +r1=tl/pf1; +r2=tl/pf2; +// rating of the capacitor required to raise the power factor=c// +c=r1*sind(a1)-r2*sind(a2); +printf("\n Rating of the capacitor = %.2f kVAr\n",c); +// power factor of the phase advancing device=pf3// +pf3=0.1; +a3=acosd(pf3); +a=a1-a2; +b=58.87;// in degrees// +c=102.45; +// rating of the device=r// +r=r1*sind(a)/sind(c); +printf("\n Rating of the device = %.2f kVA\n",r); + + + + + diff --git a/509/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sci b/509/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cddcb9a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Chapter 4 Exapmle 5// +clc +clear +// load factor of consumer=lf,monthly consumption=mc,maximum demand=md// +lf=0.35; +mc=504;// in kWh// +md=mc/(lf*24*30); +printf("\n Maximum Demand = %.2f kW\n",md); +// rate of electricity per maximum demand=r1,per kWh=r2,tc=total cost per kWh// +r1=180;// in Rs// +r2=2; +r=(r1*md)+(r2*mc); +tc=r/mc; +printf("\n Overall cost per kWh = %.2f rupees\n",tc); +// consumption increased by 20%,so new consumption=mc1 // +mc1=mc*1.20; +lf1=lf;// load factor remains the same// +md1=mc1/(lf*24*30); +r=(r1*md1)+(r2*mc1); +tc1=r/mc1; +printf("\n Overall cost per kWh with consumption increasing by 20 percent = %.2f rupees\n",tc1); +// load factor increased to 40%,so new maximum demand=md2// +lf2=0.40; +mc2=mc; +md2=mc/(lf2*24*30); +r=(r1*md2)+(r2*mc2); +tc2=r/mc2; +printf("\n Overall cost per kWh if power factor increases to 40 percent= %.2f rupees\n",tc2); diff --git a/509/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sci b/509/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72224d58d --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 6 Example1// +clc +clear +//catchment area of reservoir=a,average rainfall=ar,percent of rainfall utilized=pu// +//average available water for electricity production=we// +a=50;// in km^2// +ar=150;// in cm/year // +pu=75;// in percent// +we=(a*10^6)*(ar/100)*(pu/100);// to convert in terms of 10^6// +printf("\n Total available water for electricity production = %.3f m^3\n",we); +//quantity available=qa// +qa=we/(365*24*60*60); +//power generated=p,efficiency of turbine=te,efficiency of generator=ge,load factor=lf,mean head=mh// +te=88;// in percent// +ge=93;// in percent// +lf=75;// in percent// +mh=40; +p=0.736*qa*1000*mh*(ge/100)*(te/100)/75; +printf("\n Total Power generated in kW = %.2f kW\n",p); +// installed capacity=ic// +ic=p/(lf/100); +printf("\n Installed capacity of the generators = %.2f kW\n",ic); +// the values given in the book are approximated to the nearest decimal// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sci b/509/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..824de17ff --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Chapter 6 Example 2// +clc +clear + +//total discharge during weeks=td// +w1=500;w2=500;w3=350;w4=200;w5=300;w6=800;w7=1100;w8=900;w9=400;w10=200; +// these are the weekly discharges respectively for 10 weeks// +td=w1+w2+w3+w4+w5+w6+w7+w8+w9+w10; +printf("\n Total Discharge = %.2f m^3/sec\n",td); +//average weekly discharge=wd// +wd=td/10; +printf("\n Average weekly discharge = %.2f m^3/sec\n",wd); +// to plot the hydrograph// +x=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]; +y=[500,500,350,200,300,800,1100,900,400,200]; +plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,1100]); +xtitle("Hydrograph","Time(Weeks)","Q(m^3/sec)"); +xset('window',1); +// to plot flow duration graph// +a=[10,20,30,50,60,70,90,100]; +b=[1100,900,800,500,400,350,300,200]; +plot2d(a,b,style=3,rect=[0,0,100,1100]); +xtitle("Flow duration curve","Percentage of time","Q(m^3/sec)"); +// to plot mass curve// +xset('window',2); +c=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]; +d=[3500,7000,9450,10850,12950,18550,26250,32550,35350,36750]; +plot2d(c,d,style=4,rect=[0,0,10,40000]); +xtitle("Mass Curve","Time(weeks)","Cumulative flow(day-sec-metre)"); +legend("Mass Curve","Ordinary Curve"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sci b/509/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a07cf5b --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 7 Example 1// +clc +clear +// Mass defect=m, molecular mass of He=m1,atomic mass of He=m2// +//mass of proton=mp,mass of neutron=mn,mass of electron=me// +mp=1.007277;mn=1.008665;me=0.00055;// in amu// +m1=(2*mp)+(2*mn)+(2*me); +m2=4.002603; //in amu// +m=m1-m2; +printf("\n Mass Defect = %.6f amu\n",m); +//Binding energy=be// +be=m*931;// in MeV// +printf("\n Binding Energy = %.3f MeV\n",be); +//Binding energy per nucleon=bep// +bep=be/4; +printf("\n Binding Energy per nucleon = %.3f MeV\n",bep); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sci b/509/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb1a1bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Chapter 7 Example2// +clc +clear +//half life of radium=hl,decay constant of radium sample=l// +l=1.3566*10^-11// in s^-1// +hl=0.6931/l; +printf("\n Half life = %.3f sec\n",hl); +// to convert half life in years divide by 365*24*60*60// +hl1=hl/(365*24*60*60); +printf("\n Half life in years = %.2f years\n",hl1); +// number of atoms per gram =n,avagadro number=a,atomic mass=m// +A=6.023*10^23; +m=226.095; +n=A/m; +// initial activity =a// +a=l*n; +printf("\n Initial activity in radium = %.2f disintigration/sec\n",a); + + diff --git a/509/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sci b/509/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ba83091 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Chapter 7 Example 3// +clc +clear +// useful energy=e1,energy in terms of joules=e// +e1=190;// in MeV// +e=e1*10^6*1.6*10^-19; +printf("\n Energy in terms of joules = %.15f J\n",e); +// number of fisions required to produce one joule=n// +n=1/e; +printf("\n No of fissions required = %.3f \n",n); +// number of nuclei burnt during 1 hr per MW of power=n1,percent of neutrons absorbed=p // +p=80;// in percent// +n1=10^6*n*3600/(p/100); +printf("\n Number of nuclei burnt during 1hr per MW of power = %.3f absorption/hr \n",n1); +// Mass of U-235 consumed to produce 1MW of power=m,Avagadro number=A// +A=6.023*10^23; +m=235;// Atomic mass of uranium// +m=n1*m/A;// this is for 1MW// +m1=m*100// for 100MW// +printf("\n Fuel Consumption to produce 100MW = %.4f g/hr\n",m1); + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..644680ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Chapter 9 Example1// +clc +clear +// number of strands=n// +n=7; +//from the diagram we get below realtions where dxy= distance between x amd y// +k=2;//d12=d23=d34=d45=d56=d17=d27=d37=d47=d57=d67=k and assume r=1// +k1=0.7788;//d11=d22=d33=d44=d55=d66=d77=k1// +k2=2*2*sind(60);//d13=d24=d35=d46=k3// +// self geometric mean distance(GMD) of srtand1=ds1// +ds1=(k1*k*k2*2*k*k2*k*k)^(1/7); +printf("\n Self GMD of strand1 = %.4f r\n",ds1);// by observation ds1=ds2=ds3=ds4=ds5=ds6// +// self GMD of strand7=ds7// +ds7=(k*k*k*k*k*k*k1)^(1/7); +printf("\n Self GMD of strand7 = %.4f r\n",ds7); +//equivalent radius of the conductor=ds// +ds=(((ds1)^6)*ds7)^(1/7); +printf("\n Equivalent radius of 7-strand conductor = %.4f r\n",ds); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c800db793 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Chapter 9 Example 2// +clc +clear +//let all the cpnductors are equally placed,so ds1=ds2=....=ds// +// self GMD of strand1=ds1 and assuming r=1,d=1// +k1=0.7788;//d11=d22=d33=d44=d55=d66=d77=k1// +ds1=(k1*1*sqrt(2)*1)^(1/4); +printf("\n Equivalent radius or self-GMD of conductors = %.3f r^1/4 d^3/4\n",ds1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..896061f90 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Chapter 9 Example 3// +clc +clear +// radius of each conductor=r,distance beween the seperation of conductors=d// +r=2;// in cm// +d=300;// in cms// +// inductance of conductor=l// +r1=0.7788*r; +l1=2*10^-7*(log(d/r1)); +printf("\n Inductance of one conductor = %.9f H/m\n",l1); +// to convert it into mH/km multiply by 10^6// +// loop inductance =l// +l=2*l1*10^6;// 10^6 conversion factor// +printf("\n Loop Inductance = %.3f mH/km\n",l); + + diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ac8d0bb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Chapter 9 Example 6// +clc +clear +// from the above diagram distnce between various conductors can be found out// +// conductor radius =r// +r=0.025;// in cms// +k1=6;//k1=dac=dc1a1// +k2=4;//k2=dac1=dca1// +k3=10;//k3=dbb1// +k4=sqrt((k1/2)^2+(k1/2)^2);//k4=dab=dbc=db1c1=da1b1// +k5=sqrt((k1)^2+(k2)^2);//k5=daa1=dcc1// +k6=sqrt((k1/2)^2+(k3-(k3-k2)/2)^2);//k6=dbc1=dba1=dcb1=dab1// +// mutual GMD in position 1=ds1// +gmd1=(k4*k1*k6*k2)^(1/4); +printf("\n Mutual GMD of conductor in position1 = %.4fm \n",gmd1); +// self-GMD in position in position1=gmr1// +gmr1=sqrt(0.7788*r*k5); +printf("\n Self GMD in position1 = %.3fm\n",gmr1); +gmd2=(k4*k4*k6*k6)^(1/4); +printf("\n Mutual GMD of conductor in position2 = %.3fm \n",gmd2); +gmr2=sqrt(0.7788*r*k3); +printf("\n Self GMD in position2= %.3fm\n",gmr2); +gmd3=(k1*k6*k2*k4)^(1/4); +gmr3=sqrt(0.7788*r*k5); +printf("\n Mutual GMD of conductor in position3 = %.3fm\n",gmd3); +printf("\n Self GMD in position3 = %.3fm\n",gmr3); +// mutual gmd=dm// +dm=(gmd1*gmd2*gmd3)^(1/3); +printf("\n Mutual GMD = %.3fm\n",dm); +ds=(gmr1*gmr2*gmr3)^(1/3); +printf("\n Self GMR = %.3fm\n",ds); +// inductance of phase a=la// +la=2*10^-7*(log(dm/ds))*10^6;// 10^6 is conversion factor// +printf("\n Inductance of phase a = %.3fmH/km\n",la); + + diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..837a59fb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Chapter 9 Example 7// +clc +clear +// distance between conductors=d,diameter of conductors=d1,radius of conductor=r,height of the conductors from ground=h // +d=4;// in m// +d1=0.02;// in m// +r=d1/2; +h=8; +// capacitance between conductors=cab// +cab=(%pi*10^-9/(36*%pi))/(log(d/r)*(1/sqrt(1+(d/(2*h))^2)))*10^12;// to convert to pico farad multiply by 10^12 // +printf("\n The capacitance between conductors = %.2f pF/m\n",cab); +// capacitance between phase and neutral plane=can=cbn// +can=2*cab; +printf("\n The capacitance phase and neutral plane = %.2f pF/m\n",can); +// capacitance betweem the conductors when effect of earth is ignored =cab1// +cab1= %pi*((10^-9)/(36*%pi))*10^12/(log(d/r)); +printf("\n The capacitance between conductors when effect of ground ignored = %.2f pF/m\n",cab1); +// charging current =ic ,frequency of operation of conductors=f,voltage which charging is done=v// +f=50;// in Hz// +v=33*10^3;// in V// +w=2*%pi*f; +ic=w*cab*10^-12*10*10^3*v;// multiplying factors to get the answer in A// +printf("\n Charging Current = %.3f A\n",ic); diff --git a/509/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sci b/509/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f3d2dab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/509/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Chapter 9 Example 8// +clc +clear +// from the diagram dab,dbc,dac are distances from each conductor to other in the transmission linr// +dab=5; +dbc=4; +dac=6; +// diameter of conductor=d,radius of each conductor=r,capacitance of phase a to neutral plane=can,equivalent distance=deq// +d=0.025;// in m// +deq=(dab*dbc*dac)^(1/3); +printf("\n Equivalent distance deq = %.2f m\n",deq); +r=d/2; +cab=(2*%pi*(10^-9/(36*%pi))*10^12)/(log(deq/r));// 10^12 is conversion factor// +printf("\n The capacitance of phase a to neutral plane = %.2f pF/m\n",cab); diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.1/1_1_Wall_Heat_Loss.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.1/1_1_Wall_Heat_Loss.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e92a71d6a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.1/1_1_Wall_Heat_Loss.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.1 Page 5 ')//Example 1.1 +// Find Wall Heat Loss - Problem of Pure Conduction Unidimensional Heat + +L=.15; //[m] - Thickness of conducting wall +delT = 1400 - 1150; //[K] - Temperature Difference across the Wall +A=.5*1.2; //[m^2] - Cross sectional Area of wall = H*W +k=1.7; //[W/m.k] - Thermal Conductivity of Wall Material + +//Using Fourier's Law eq 1.2 +Q = k*delT/L; //[W/m^2] - Heat Flux + +q = A*Q; //[W] - Rate of Heat Transfer + +printf("\n \n Heat Loss through the Wall = %.2f W",q); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.2/1_2_Emissive_Power_Irradiation.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.2/1_2_Emissive_Power_Irradiation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..20610d7e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.2/1_2_Emissive_Power_Irradiation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.2 Page 11 \n')// Example 1.2 +// Find a) Emissive Power & Irradiation b)Total Heat Loss per unit length + +d=.07; //[m] - Outside Diameter of Pipe +Ts = 200+273.15; //[K] - Surface Temperature of Steam +Tsurr = 25+273.15; //[K] - Temperature outside the pipe +e=.8; // Emissivity of Surface +h=15; //[W/m^2.k] - Thermal Convectivity from surface to air +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +//Using Eq 1.5 +E = e*stfncnstt*Ts^4; //[W/m^2] - Emissive Power +G = stfncnstt*Tsurr^4; //[W/m^2] - Irradiation falling on surface + +printf("\n (a) Surface Emissive Power = %.2f W/m^2",E); +printf("\n Irradiation Falling on Surface = %.2f W/m^2",G); + +//Using Eq 1.10 Total Rate of Heat Transfer Q = Q by convection + Q by radiation +q = h*(%pi*d)*(Ts-Tsurr)+e*(%pi*d)*stfncnstt*(Ts^4-Tsurr^4); //[W] + +printf("\n\n (b) Total Heat Loss per unit Length of Pipe= %.2f W",q); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.3/1_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.3/1_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64bc95f58 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.3/1_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.3 Page 18 \n')// Example 1.3 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.4/1_4_Coolant_Fuid_Velocity.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.4/1_4_Coolant_Fuid_Velocity.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..814df67ef --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.4/1_4_Coolant_Fuid_Velocity.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.4 Page 20 \n')// Example 1.4 +// Find Velocity of Coolant Fluid + +Ts = 56.4+273.15; //[K] - Surface Temperature of Steam +Tsurr = 25+273.15; //[K] - Temperature of Surroundings +e=.88; // Emissivity of Surface + +//As h=(10.9*V^.8)[W/m^2.k] - Thermal Convectivity from surface to air +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant + +A=2*.05*.05; // [m^2] Area for Heat transfer i.e. both surfaces + +E = 11.25; //[W] Net heat to be removed by cooling air + +Qrad = e*stfncnstt*A*(Ts^4-Tsurr^4); + +//Using Eq 1.10 Total Rate of Heat Transfer Q = Q by convection + Q by radiation +Qconv = E - Qrad;//[W] + +//As Qconv = h*A*(Ts-Tsurr) & h=10.9 Ws^(.8)/m^(-.8)K.V^(.8) + +V = [Qconv/(10.9*A*(Ts-Tsurr))]^(1/0.8); + +printf("\n\n Velocity of Cooling Air flowing= %.2f m/s",V); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.5/1_5_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.5/1_5_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7156c2eb --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.5/1_5_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.5 Page 23 \n')// Example 1.5 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.6/1_6_Human_Body_Heat_Loss.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.6/1_6_Human_Body_Heat_Loss.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c8c40257 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.6/1_6_Human_Body_Heat_Loss.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.6 Page 26 ')// Example 1.6 +// Find Skin Temperature & Heat loss rate + +A=1.8; // [m^2] Area for Heat transfer i.e. both surfaces +Ti = 35+273; //[K] - Inside Surface Temperature of Body +Tsurr = 297; //[K] - Temperature of surrounding +Tf = 297; //[K] - Temperature of Fluid Flow +e=.95; // Emissivity of Surface +L=.003; //[m] - Thickness of Skin +k=.3; // Effective Thermal Conductivity +h=2; //[W/m^2.k] - Natural Thermal Convectivity from body to air +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +//Using Eq 1.5 + +Tsa=305; //[K] Body Temperature Assumed + +i=-1; +while(i==-1) + hr = e*stfncnstt*(Tsa+Tsurr)*(Tsa^2+Tsurr^2); //[W/m^2.K] - Radiative Heat transfer Coeff on assumption + + //Using Eq 1.8 & Eq 1.9 k(Ti-Ts)/L = h(Ts - Tf) + hr(Ts - Tsurr) +Ts = (k*Ti/L + (h+hr)*Tf)/(k/L +(h+hr)); + c=abs(Ts-Tsa); + if(c<=0.0001) + i=1; + break; + end + Tsa=Ts; +end + +q = k*A*(Ti-Ts)/L; //[W] + +printf("\n\n (I) In presence of Air") +printf("\n (a) Temperature of Skin = %.2f K",Ts); +printf("\n (b) Total Heat Loss = %.2f W",q); + +//When person is in Water +h = 200; //[W/m^2.k] - Thermal Convectivity from body to water +hr = 0; // As Water is Opaque for Thermal Radiation +Ts = (k*Ti/L + (h+hr)*Tf)/(k/L +(h+hr)); //[K] Body Temperature +q = k*A*(Ti-Ts)/L; //[W] +printf("\n\n (II) In presence of Water") +printf("\n (a) Temperature of Skin = %.2f K",Ts); +printf("\n (b) Total Heat Loss = %.2f W",q); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.7/1_7_Cure_Temperature.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.7/1_7_Cure_Temperature.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..83187249c --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.7/1_7_Cure_Temperature.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.7 Page 30 \n')//Example 1.7 +// (a) Cure Temperature for h = 15 W/m^2 +// (b) Value of h for cure temp = 50 deg C + +Tsurr = 30+273; //[K] - Temperature of surrounding +Tf = 20+273; //[K] - Temperature of Fluid Flow +e=.5; // Emissivity of Surface +a = .8; // Absorptivity of Surface +G = 2000; //[W/m^2] - Irradiation falling on surface +h=15; //[W/m^2.k] - Thermal Convectivity from plate to air +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +T=375; //[K] Value initially assumed for trial-error approach +//Using Eq 1.3a & 1.7 and trial-and error approach of Newton Raphson +while(1>0) +f=((a*G)-(h*(T-Tf)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurr^4))); +fd=(-h*T-4*e*stfncnstt*T^3); +Tn=T-f/fd; +if(((a*G)-(h*(Tn-Tf)+e*stfncnstt*(Tn^4 - Tsurr^4)))<=.01) + break; +end; +T=Tn; +end + +printf("\n (a) Cure Temperature of Plate = %i degC\n",T-273); +//solution (b) +Treq=50+273; +function[T]=Tvalue(h) + T=240; + while(1>0) + f=((a*G)-(h*(T-Tf)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurr^4))); + fd=(-h*T-4*e*stfncnstt*T^3); + Tn=T-f/fd; + if(((a*G)-(h*(Tn-Tf)+e*stfncnstt*(Tn^4 - Tsurr^4)))<=.01) + break; + end; + T=Tn; + end + funcprot(0) +endfunction + +h = [2:.5:100]; +Tm = [1:1:197]; +for i=1:1:197; + Tm(i)=Tvalue(h(i)); +end + +T=Treq; +hnew=((a*G)-(e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurr^4)))/(T-Tf); +clf() +xtitle("Graph Temp vs Convection Coeff", "h (W/m^2/K)", "T (degC)"); +x=[0 hnew hnew]; +y=[Treq-273 Treq-273 0]; +plot(h,Tm-273,x,y); +legend("Plot","h at T = 50 degC"); +printf("\n (b) Air flow must provide a convection of = %i W/m^2.K", hnew); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH1/EX1.8/1_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH1/EX1.8/1_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d458cad6 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH1/EX1.8/1_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 1.8 Page 40 \n')// Example 1.8 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_Boiling_Water_pan.sce b/534/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_Boiling_Water_pan.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93db94d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_Boiling_Water_pan.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 10.1 Page 632 \n'); //Example 10.1 +// Power Required by electruc heater to cause boiling +// Rate of water evaporation due to boiling +// Critical Heat flux corresponding to the burnout point + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 118+273 ;//[K] Surface Temperature +Tsat = 100+273 ;//[K] Saturated Temperature +D = .3 ;//[m] Diameter of pan +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitaional constant +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties T = 373 K +rhol = 957.9 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 4.217*10^3 ;//[J/kg] Specific Heat +u = 279*10^-6 ;//[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = 1.76 ;// Prandtl Number +hfg = 2257*10^3 ;//[J/kg] Specific Heat +si = 58.9*10^-3 ;//[N/m] +//Table A.6 Saturated water Vapor Properties T = 373 K +rhov = .5956 ;//[kg/m^3] Density + +Te = Ts-Tsat; +//From Table 10.1 +C = .0128; +n = 1; +q = u*hfg*[g*(rhol-rhov)/si]^.5*(cp*Te/(C*hfg*Pr^n))^3; +qs = q*%pi*D^2/4; + +m = qs/hfg; + +qmax = .149*hfg*rhov*[si*g*(rhol-rhov)/rhov^2]^.25; + +printf("\n Boiling Heat transfer rate = %.1f kW \n Rate of water evaporation due to boiling = %i kg/h \n Critical Heat flux corresponding to the burnout point = %.2f MW/m^2",qs/1000,m*3600,qmax/10^6); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_Horizontal_cylinder.sce b/534/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_Horizontal_cylinder.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97bf09ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_Horizontal_cylinder.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 10.2 Page 635 \n'); //Example 10.2 +// Power Dissipation per unith length for the cylinder, qs + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 255+273 ;//[K] Surface Temperature +Tsat = 100+273 ;//[K] Saturated Temperature +D = 6*10^-3 ;//[m] Diameter of pan +e = 1 ;// eimssivity +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8) ;// [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitaional constant +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties T = 373 K +rhol = 957.9 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +hfg = 2257*10^3 ;//[J/kg] Specific Heat +//Table A.4 Water Vapor Properties T = 450 K +rhov = .4902 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +cpv = 1.98*10^3 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kv = 0.0299 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +uv = 15.25*10^-6 ;//[N.s/m^2] Viscosity + +Te = Ts-Tsat; + +hconv = .62*[kv^3*rhov*(rhol-rhov)*g*(hfg+.8*cpv*Te)/(uv*D*Te)]^.25; +hrad = e*stfncnstt*(Ts^4-Tsat^4)/(Ts-Tsat); + +//From eqn 10.9 h^(4/3) = hconv^(4/3) + hrad*h^(1/3) +//Newton Raphson +h=250; //Initial Assumption +while(1>0) +f = h^(4/3) - [hconv^(4/3) + hrad*h^(1/3)]; +fd = (4/3)*h^(1/3) - [(1/3)*hrad*h^(-2/3)]; +hn=h-f/fd; +if((hn^(4/3) - [hconv^(4/3) + hrad*hn^(1/3)])<=.01) + break; +end; +h=hn; +end + +q = h*%pi*D*Te; + +printf("\n Power Dissipation per unith length for the cylinder, qs= %i W/m",q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH10/EX10.3/10_3_Condensation_Chimney.sce b/534/CH10/EX10.3/10_3_Condensation_Chimney.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1153e9ae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH10/EX10.3/10_3_Condensation_Chimney.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 10.3 Page 648 \n'); //Example 10.3 +// Heat Transfer and Condensation Rates + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 50+273 ;//[K] Surface Temperature +Tsat = 100+273 ;//[K] Saturated Temperature +D = .08 ;//[m] Diameter of pan +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitaional constant +L = 1 //[m] Length +//Table A.6 Saturated Vapor Properties p = 1.0133 bars +rhov = .596 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +hfg = 2257*10^3 ;//[J/kg] Specific Heat +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties T = 348 K +rhol = 975 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +cpl = 4193 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kl = 0.668 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +ul = 375*10^-6 ;//[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +uvl = ul/rhol; ;//[N.s.m/Kg] Kinematic viscosity +Ja = cpl*(Tsat-Ts)/hfg; +hfg2 = hfg*(1+.68*Ja); +//Equation 10.43 +Re = [3.70*kl*L*(Tsat-Ts)/(ul*hfg2*(uvl^2/g)^.33334)+4.8]^.82; + +//From equation 10.41 +hL = Re*ul*hfg2/(4*L*(Tsat-Ts)); +q = hL*(%pi*D*L)*(Tsat-Ts); + +m = q/hfg; +//Using Equation 10.26 +del = [4*kl*ul*(Tsat-Ts)*L/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg2)]^.25; + + +printf("\n Heat Transfer Rate = %.1f kW and Condensation Rates= %.4f kg/s \n And as del(L) %.3f mm << (D/2) %.2f m use of vertical cylinder correlation is justified",q/1000,m,del*1000,D/2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH10/EX10.4/10_4_Steam_Condenser.sce b/534/CH10/EX10.4/10_4_Steam_Condenser.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6a4ca11 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH10/EX10.4/10_4_Steam_Condenser.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 10.4 Page 652 \n'); //Example 10.4 +// Condensation rate per unit length of tubes + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 25+273 ;//[K] Surface Temperature +Tsat = 54+273 ;//[K] Saturated Temperature +D = .006 ; //[m] Diameter of pan +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitaional constant +N = 20 // No of tubes + +//Table A.6 Saturated Vapor Properties p = 1.015 bar +rhov = .098 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +hfg = 2373*10^3 ;//[J/kg] Specific Heat +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tf = 312.5 K +rhol = 992 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +cpl = 4178 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kl = 0.631 ; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +ul = 663*10^-6 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity + +Ja = cpl*(Tsat-Ts)/hfg; +hfg2 = hfg*(1+.68*Ja); +//Equation 10.46 +h = .729*[g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*kl^3*hfg2/(N*ul*(Tsat-Ts)*D)]^.25; +//Equation 10.34 +m1 = h*(%pi*D)*(Tsat-Ts)/hfg2; + +m = N^2*m1; + +printf("\n For the complete array of tubes, the condensation per unit length is %.3f kg/s.m",m); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.1/11_1_Counterflow_tube_HeatX.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.1/11_1_Counterflow_tube_HeatX.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15c8fd824 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.1/11_1_Counterflow_tube_HeatX.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.1 Page 680 \n'); //Example 11.1 +// Tube Length to achieve a desired hot fluid temperature + +//Operating Conditions +Tho = 60+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid outlet Temperature +Thi = 100+273 ; //[K] Hot Fluid intlet Temperature +Tci = 30+273 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +mh = .1 ;//[kg/s] Hot Fluid flow rate +mc = .2 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +Do = .045 ;//[m] Outer annulus +Di = .025 ;//[m] Inner tube + +//Table A.5 Engine Oil Properties T = 353 K +cph = 2131 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kh = .138 ; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +uh = 3.25*10^-2 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tc = 308 K +cpc = 4178 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kc = 0.625 ; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +uc = 725*10^-6 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = 4.85 ;//Prandtl Number + +q = mh*cph*(Thi-Tho); + +Tco = q/(mc*cpc)+Tci; + +T1 = Thi-Tco; +T2 = Tho-Tci; +Tlm = (T1-T2)/(2.30*log10(T1/T2)); + +//Through Tube +Ret = 4*mc/(%pi*Di*uc); +printf("\n Flow through Tube has Reynolds Number as %i. Thus the flow is Turbulent", Ret); +//Equation 8.60 +Nut = .023*Ret^.8*Pr^.4; +hi = Nut*kc/Di; + +//Through Shell +Reo = 4*mh*(Do-Di)/(%pi*uh*(Do^2-Di^2)); +printf("\n Flow through Tube has Reynolds Number as %i. Thus the flow is Laminar", Reo); +//Table 8.2 +Nuo = 5.63; +ho = Nuo*kh/(Do-Di); + +U = 1/[1/hi+1/ho]; +L = q/(U*%pi*Di*Tlm); + +printf("\n Tube Length to achieve a desired hot fluid temperature is %.1f m",L); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.2/11_2_Counterflow_plate_HeatX.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.2/11_2_Counterflow_plate_HeatX.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79317e1c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.2/11_2_Counterflow_plate_HeatX.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.2 Page 683 \n'); //Example 11.2 +// Exterior Dimensions of heat Exchanger +// Pressure drops within the plate-type Heat exchanger with N=60 gaps + +//Operating Conditions +Tho = 60+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid outlet Temperature +Thi = 100+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid intlet Temperature +Tci = 30+273 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +mh = .1 ;//[kg/s] Hot Fluid flow rate +mc = .2 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +Do = .045 ;//[m] Outer annulus +Di = .025 ;//[m] Inner tube + +//Table A.5 Engine Oil Properties T = 353 K +cph = 2131 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kh = .138 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +uh = 3.25*10^-2 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +rhoh = 852.1 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tc = 308 K +cpc = 4178 ;//[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +kc = 0.625 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +uc = 725*10^-6 ;//[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = 4.85 ;//Prandtl Number +rhoc = 994 ;//[kg/m^3] Density + +q = mh*cph*(Thi-Tho); + +Tco = q/(mc*cpc)+Tci; + +T1 = Thi-Tco; +T2 = Tho-Tci; +Tlm = (T1-T2)/(2.30*log10(T1/T2)); + +N = linspace(20,80,100); +L = q/Tlm*[1/(7.54*kc/2)+1/(7.54*kh/2)]*(N^2-N)^-1; +clf(); +plot(N,L); +xtitle("Size of Heat Xchanger vs Number of gaps", "Number of Gaps (N)", "L (m)"); + +N2 = 60; +L = q/((N2-1)*N2*Tlm)*[1/(7.54*kc/2)+1/(7.54*kh/2)]; +a = L/N2; +Dh = 2*a ;//Hydraulic Diameter [m] +//For water filled gaps +umc = mc/(rhoc*L^2/2); +Rec = rhoc*umc*Dh/uc; +//For oil filled gaps +umh = mh/(rhoh*L^2/2); +Reh = rhoh*umh*Dh/uh; +printf("\n Flow of the fluids has Reynolds Number as %.2f & %i. Thus the flow is Laminar for both", Reh,Rec); + +//Equations 8.19 and 8.22a +delpc = 64/Rec*rhoc/2*umc^2/Dh*L ;//For water +delph = 64/Reh*rhoh/2*umh^2/Dh*L ;//For oil + +//For example 11.1 +L1 = 65.9; +Dh1c = .025; +Dh1h = .02; +Ret = 4*mc/(%pi*Di*uc); +f = (.790*2.30*log10(Ret)-1.64)^-2 ;//friction factor through tube Eqn 8.21 +umc1 = 4*mc/(rhoc*%pi*Di^2); +delpc1 = f*rhoc/2*umc1^2/Dh1c*L1; +Reo = 4*mh*(Do-Di)/(%pi*uh*(Do^2-Di^2)); +umh1 = 4*mh/(rhoh*%pi*(Do^2-Di^2)); +delph1 = 64/Reo*rhoh/2*umh1^2/Dh1h*L1; + +printf("\n Exterior Dimensions of heat Exchanger L = %.3f m \n Pressure drops within the plate-type Heat exchanger with N=60 gaps\n For water = %.2f N/m^2 For oil = %.2f N/m^2\n Pressure drops tube Heat exchanger of example 11.1\n For water = %.1f kN/m^2 For oil = %.1f kN/m^2",L,delpc,delph,delpc1/1000,delph1/1000); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.3/11_3_Crossflow_finned_tube_HeatX.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.3/11_3_Crossflow_finned_tube_HeatX.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef5e9baa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.3/11_3_Crossflow_finned_tube_HeatX.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.3 Page 692 \n'); //Example 11.3 +// Required gas side surface area + +//Operating Conditions +Tho = 100+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid outlet Temperature +Thi = 300+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid intlet Temperature +Tci = 35+273 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +Tco = 125+273 ; //[K] Cold Fluid outlet Temperature +mc = 1 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +Uh = 100 ;//[W/m^2.K] Coefficient of heat transfer +//Table A.5 Water Properties T = 353 K +cph = 1000 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tc = 308 K +cpc = 4197 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat + +Cc = mc*cpc; +//Equation 11.6b and 11.7b +Ch = Cc*(Tco-Tci)/(Thi-Tho); +// Equation 11.18 +qmax = Ch*(Thi-Tci); +//Equation 11.7b +q = mc*cpc*(Tco-Tci); + +e = q/qmax; +ratio = Ch/Cc; + +printf("\n As effectiveness is %.2f with Ratio Cmin/Cmax = %.2f, It follows from figure 11.14 that NTU = 2.1",e,ratio); +NTU = 2.1; +A = 2.1*Ch/Uh; + +printf("\n Required gas side surface area = %.1f m^2",A); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.4/11_4_Crossflow_finned_HeatX2.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.4/11_4_Crossflow_finned_HeatX2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9730f03d --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.4/11_4_Crossflow_finned_HeatX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.4 Page 695 \n'); //Example 11.4 +// Heat Transfer Rate and Fluid Outlet Temperatures + +//Operating Conditions +Thi = 250+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid intlet Temperature +Tci = 35+273 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +mc = 1 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +mh = 1.5 ; //[kg/s] Hot Fluid flow rate +Uh = 100 ;//[W/m^2.K] Coefficient of heat transfer +Ah = 40 ; //[m^2] Area +//Table A.5 Water Properties T = 353 K +cph = 1000 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tc = 308 K +cpc = 4197 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat + +Cc = mc*cpc; +Ch = mh*cph; +Cmin = Ch; +Cmax = Cc; + +NTU = Uh*Ah/Cmin; +ratio = Cmin/Cmax; + +printf("\n As Ratio Cmin/Cmax = %.2f and Number of transfer units NTU = %.2f, It follows from figure 11.14 that e = .82",ratio,NTU); +e = 0.82; +qmax = Cmin*(Thi-Tci); +q = e*qmax; + +//Equation 11.6b +Tco = q/(mc*cpc) + Tci; +//Equation 11.7b +Tho = -q/(mh*cph) + Thi; +printf("\n Heat Transfer Rate = %.2e W \n Fluid Outlet Temperatures Hot Fluid (Tho) = %.1f degC Cold Fluid (Tco) = %.1f degC",q,Tho-273,Tco-273); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.5/11_5_Shell_n_Tube_HeatX.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.5/11_5_Shell_n_Tube_HeatX.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3faf9cf71 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.5/11_5_Shell_n_Tube_HeatX.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.5 Page 696 \n'); //Example 11.5 +// Outlet Temperature of cooling Water +// Tube length per pass to achieve required heat transfer + +//Operating Conditions +q = 2*10^9 ;//[W] Heat transfer Rate +ho = 11000 ;//[W/m^2.K] Coefficient of heat transfer for outer surface +Thi = 50+273 ;//[K] Hot Fluid Condensing Temperature +Tho = Thi ;//[K] Hot Fluid Condensing Temperature +Tci = 20+273 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +mc = 3*10^4 ; //[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +m = 1 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate per tube +D = .025 ;//[m] diameter of tube +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tf = 300 K +rho = 997 ; //[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 4179 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +k = 0.613 ; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +u = 855*10^-6 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = 5.83 ; // Prandtl number + +//Equation 11.6b +Tco = q/(mc*cp) + Tci; + +Re = 4*m/(%pi*D*u); +printf("\n As the Reynolds number of tube fluid is %i. Hence the flow is turbulent. Hence using Diettus-Boetllor Equation 8.60", Re); +Nu = .023*Re^.8*Pr^.4; +hi = Nu*k/D; +U = 1/[1/ho + 1/hi]; +N = 30000 ;//No of tubes +T1 = Thi-Tco; +T2 = Tho-Tci; +Tlm = (T1-T2)/(2.30*log10(T1/T2)); +L2 = q/(U*N*2*%pi*D*Tlm); + + +printf("\n Outlet Temperature of cooling Water = %.1f degC\n Tube length per pass to achieve required heat transfer = %.2f m",Tco-273,L2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH11/EX11.6/11_6_Finned_Compact_HeatX.sce b/534/CH11/EX11.6/11_6_Finned_Compact_HeatX.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6c7ba472 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH11/EX11.6/11_6_Finned_Compact_HeatX.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 11.6 Page 702 \n'); //Example 11.6 +// Gas-side overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat exchanger Volume + +//Operating Conditions +hc = 1500 ;//[W/m^2.K] Coefficient of heat transfer for outer surface +hi = hc; +Th = 825 ;//[K] Hot Fluid Temperature +Tci = 290 ;//[K] Cold Fluid intlet Temperature +Tco = 370 ;//[K] Cold Fluid outlet Temperature +mc = 1 ;//[kg/s] Cold Fluid flow rate +mh = 1.25 ;//[kg/s] Hot Fluid flow rate +Ah = .20 ;//[m^2] Area of tubes +Di = .0138 ;//[m] diameter of tube +Do = .0164 ;//[m] Diameter +//Table A.6 Saturated water Liquid Properties Tf = 330 K +cpw = 4184 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +//Table A.1 Aluminium Properties T = 300 K +k = 237 ; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +//Table A.4 Air Properties Tf = 700 K +cpa = 1075 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +u = 33.88*10^-6 ; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = .695 ; // Prandtl number + +//Geometric Considerations +si = .449; +Dh = 6.68*10^-3 ;//[m] hydraulic diameter +G = mh/si/Ah; +Re = G*Dh/u; +//From Figure 11.16 +jh = .01; +hh = jh*G*cpa/Pr^.66667; + +AR = Di*2.303*log10(Do/Di)/(2*k*(.143)); +//Figure 11.16 +AcAh = Di/Do*(1-.830); +//From figure 3.19 +nf = .89; +noh = 1-(1-.89)*.83; + +U = [1/(hc*AcAh) + AR + 1/(noh*hh)]^-1; + +Cc = mc*cpw; +q = Cc*(Tco-Tci); +Ch = mh*cpa; +qmax = Ch*(Th-Tci); +e = q/qmax; +ratio = Ch/Cc; + +printf("\n As effectiveness is %.2f with Ratio Cmin/Cmax = %.2f, It follows from figure 11.14 that NTU = .65",e,ratio); +NTU = .65; +A = NTU*Ch/U; +//From Fig 11.16 +al = 269; //[m^-1] gas side area per unit heat wxchanger volume +V = A/al; + +printf("\n Gas-side overall heat transfer coefficient.r = %i W/m^2.K\n Heat exchanger Volume = %.3f m^3",U,V); +//END; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.1/12_1_Plate_surface.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.1/12_1_Plate_surface.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..953567f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.1/12_1_Plate_surface.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.1 Page 731 \n')// Example 12.1 + +// a) Intensity of emission in each of the three directions +// b) Solid angles subtended by the three surfaces +// c) Rate at which radiation is intercepted by the three surfaces + +A1 = .001 ;//[m^2] Area of emitter +In = 7000 ;//[W/m^2.Sr] Intensity of radiation in normal direction +A2 = .001 ;//[m^2] Area of other intercepting plates +A3 = A2 ;//[m^2] Area of other intercepting plates +A4 = A2 ;//[m^2] Area of other intercepting plates +r = .5 ;//[m] Distance of each plate from emitter +theta1 = 60 ;//[deg] Angle between surface 1 normal & direction of radiation to surface 2 +theta2 = 30 ;//[deg] Angle between surface 2 normal & direction of radiation to surface 1 +theta3 = 45 ;//[deg] Angle between surface 1 normal & direction of radiation to surface 4 + +//From equation 12.2 +w31 = A3/r^2; +w41 = w31; +w21 = A2*cos(theta2*0.0174532925)/r^2; + + +//From equation 12.6 +q12 = In*A1*cos(theta1*0.0174532925)*w21; +q13 = In*A1*cos(0)*w31; +q14 = In*A1*cos(theta3*0.0174532925)*w41; + +printf("\n (a) As Intensity of emitted radiation is independent of direction, for each of the three directions I = %i W/m^2.sr \n\n (b) By the Three Surfaces\n Solid angles subtended Rate at which radiation is intercepted \n w4-1 = %.2e sr q1-4 = %.1e W \n w3-1 = %.2e sr q1-3 = %.1e W\n w2-1 = %.2e sr q1-2 = %.1e W ",In,w41,q14,w31,q13,w21,q12); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.10/12_10_Metallic_Sphere.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.10/12_10_Metallic_Sphere.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..101f8e4a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.10/12_10_Metallic_Sphere.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.10 Page 768 \n')// Example 12.10 + +// Total hemispherical absorptivity and emissivity of sphere for initial condition +// values of absoprtivity and emissivity after sphere has been in furnace a long time + +Ts = 300; //[K] temperature of surface +Tf = 1200; //[K] Temperature of Furnace +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +// From the given graph of absorptivities +a1 = .8; //between wavelength 0 micro-m- 5 micro-m +a2 = .1; //greater than wavelength 5 micro-m + +//From Table 12.1 +//For wl1 = 5 micro-m and T = 1200 K, At wl1*T = 6000 micro-m.K +F0wl1 = 0.738; +//From equation 12.44 +a = a1*F0wl1 + a2*(1-F0wl1); +//From Table 12.1 +//For wl1 = 5 micro-m and T = 300 K, At wl1*T = 1500 micro-m.K +F0wl1s = 0.014; +//From equation 12.36 +e = a1*F0wl1s + a2*(1-F0wl1s); + +printf('\n For Initial Condition \n Total hemispherical absorptivity = %.2f Emissivity of sphere = %.2f \n\n Beacuase the spectral characteristics of the coating and the furnace temeprature remain fixed, there is no change in the value of absorptivity with increasing time. \n Hence, After a sufficiently long time, Ts = Tf = %i K and emissivity equals absorptivity e = a = %.2f',a,e,Tf,a); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.11/12_11_Solar_Collector.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.11/12_11_Solar_Collector.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..645ac0b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.11/12_11_Solar_Collector.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.11 Page 774 \n')// Example 12.11 + +// Useful heat removal rate per unit area +// Efficiency of the collector + +Ts = 120+273; //[K] temperature of surface +Gs = 750; //[W/m^2] Solar irradiation +Tsky = -10+273; //[K] Temperature of Sky +Tsurr = 30+273; //[K] Temperature os surrounding Air +e = .1 ;// emissivity +as = .95 ;// Absorptivity of Surface +asky = e ;// Absorptivity of Sky +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +h = 0.22*(Ts - Tsurr)^.3334 ;//[W/m^2.K] Convective Heat transfer Coeff +//From equation 12.67 +Gsky = stfncnstt*Tsky^4; //[W/m^2] Irradiadtion from sky +qconv = h*(Ts-Tsurr); //[W/m^2] Convective Heat transfer +E = e*stfncnstt*Ts^4; //[W/m^2] Irradiadtion from Surface + +//From energy Balance +q = as*Gs + asky*Gsky - qconv - E; + +//Collector efficiency +eff = q/Gs; + +printf('\n Useful heat removal rate per unit area by Energy Conservation = %i W/m^2 \n Collector efficiency defined as the fraction of solar irradiation extracted as useful energy is %.2f',q,eff); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.2/12_2_Spectral_Distribution.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.2/12_2_Spectral_Distribution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c39690689 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.2/12_2_Spectral_Distribution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.2 Page 734\n')// Example 12.2 + +// Total Irradiation +x=[0 5 20 25]; +y=[0 1000 1000 0]; +clf(); +plot2d(x,y,style=5,rect=[0,0,30,1100]); +xtitle("Spectral Distribution", "wavelength (micro-m)", "G (W/m^2.micro-m)"); + +//By Equation 12.4 +G = 1000*(5-0)/2+1000*(20-5)+1000*(25-20)/2; + +printf("\n G = %i W/m^2",G); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.3/12_3_Blackbody_Radiation.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.3/12_3_Blackbody_Radiation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c8c97943 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.3/12_3_Blackbody_Radiation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.3 Page 741 \n')// Example 12.3 + +// Spectral Emissive Power of a small aperture on the enclosure +// wavelengths below which and above which 10% of the radiation is concentrated +// Spectral emissive power and wavelength associated with maximum emission +// Irradiation on a small object inside the enclosure + +T = 2000 ;//[K] temperature of surface +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8 ;//[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +E = stfncnstt*T^4; //[W/m^2] + +//From Table 12.1 +constt1 = 2195 ; //[micro-m.K] +wl1 = constt1/T; +//From Table 12.1 +constt2 = 9382 ; //[micro-m.K] +wl2 = constt2/T; + +//From Weins Law, wlmax*T = consttmax = 2898 micro-m.K +consttmax = 2898 ;//micro-m.K +wlmax = consttmax/T; +//from Table 12.1 at wlmax = 1.45 micro-m.K and T = 2000 K +I = .722*10^-4*stfncnstt*T^5; +Eb = %pi*I; + +G = E; //[W/m^2] Irradiation of any small object inside the enclosure is equal to emission from blackbody at enclosure temperature + +printf("\n (a) Spectral Emissive Power of a small aperture on the enclosure = %.2e W/m^2.Sr for each of the three directions \n (b) Wavelength below which 10percent of the radiation is concentrated = %.1f micro-m \n Wavelength above which 10percent of the radiation is concentrated = %.2f micro-m \n (c) Spectral emissive power and wavelength associated with maximum emission is %.2e micro-m and %.2e W/m^2.micro-m respectively \n (d) Irradiation on a small object inside the enclosure = %.2e W/m^2",E,wl1,wl2,Eb,wlmax,G); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.4/12_4_Blackbody_Angular_Radiation.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.4/12_4_Blackbody_Angular_Radiation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6015f17bc --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.4/12_4_Blackbody_Angular_Radiation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.4 Page 743 \n')// Example 12.4 + +// Rate of emission per unit area over all directions between 0 degC and 60 degC and over all wavelengths between wavelengths 2 and 4 micro-m + +T = 1500 ;//[K] temperature of surface +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8 ;//[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant + +//From Equation 12.26 Black Body Radiation +Eb = stfncnstt*T^4; //[W/m^2] + +//From Table 12.1 as wl1*T = 2*1500 (micro-m.K) +F02 = .273; +//From Table 12.1 as wl2*T = 4*1500 (micro-m.K) +F04 = .738; + +//From equation 12.10 and 12.11 +i1 = integrate('2*cos(x)*sin(x)','x',0,%pi/3); +delE = i1*(F04-F02)*Eb; + +printf("\n Rate of emission per unit area over all directions between 0 degC and 60 degC and over all wavelengths between wavelengths 2 micro-m and 4 micro-m = %.1e W/m^2",delE); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.5/12_5_Diffuse_emitter.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.5/12_5_Diffuse_emitter.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d2f40319 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.5/12_5_Diffuse_emitter.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.5 Page 748 \n')// Example 12.5 + +// Total hemispherical emissivity +// Total emissive Power +// Wavelength at which spectral emissive power will be maximum + +T = 1600 ;//[K] temperature of surface +wl1 = 2 ;//[micro-m] wavelength 1 +wl2 = 5 ;//[micro-m] wavelength 2 +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +// From the given graph of emissivities +e1 = .4; +e2 = .8; +//From Equation 12.26 Black Body Radiation +Eb = stfncnstt*T^4; //[W/m^2] + +//Solution (A) +//From Table 12.1 as wl1*T = 2*1600 (micro-m.K) +F02 = .318; +//From Table 12.1 as wl2*T = 5*1600 (micro-m.K) +F05 = .856; +//From Equation 12.36 +e = e1*F02 + e2*[F05 - F02]; + +//Solution (B) +//From equation 12.35 +E = e*Eb; + +//Solution (C) +//For maximum condition Using Weins Law +consttmax = 2898 ;//[micro-m.K] +wlmax = consttmax/T; + +//equation 12.32 with Table 12.1 +E1 = %pi*e1*.722*10^-4*stfncnstt*T^5; + +E2 = %pi*e2*.706*10^-4*stfncnstt*T^5; + +printf("\n (a) Total hemispherical emissivity = %.3f \n (b) Total emissive Power = %i kW/m^2 \n (c) Emissive Power at wavelength 2micro-m is greater than Emissive power at maximum wavelength \n i.e. %.1f kW/m^2 > %.1f kW/m^2 \n Thus, Peak emission occurs at %i micro-m",e,E/1000,E2/1000,E1/1000,wl1); +//END + + + diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.6/12_6_Metallic_surface.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.6/12_6_Metallic_surface.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a4c4b7f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.6/12_6_Metallic_surface.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.6 Page 751 \n')// Example 12.6 + +// Spectral , Normal emissivity en and spectral hemispherical emissivity e +// Spectral normal intensity In and Spectral emissive power + +T = 2000 ;//[K] temperature of surface +wl = 1 ;//[micro-m] wavelength +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant + +// From the given graph of emissivities +e1 = .3; +e2 = .6; +//From Equation 12.26 Black Body Radiation +Eb = stfncnstt*T^4; //[W/m^2] + +//Equation 12.34 +i1 = integrate('e1*cos(x)*sin(x)','x',0,%pi/3); +i2 = integrate('e2*cos(x)*sin(x)','x',%pi/3,4*%pi/9); +e = 2*[i1+i2]; + +// From Table 12.1 at wl = 1 micro-m and T = 2000 K. + +I = .493*10^-4 * stfncnstt*T^5 ;//[W/m^2.micro-m.sr] + +In = e1*I; + +//Using Equation 12.32 for wl = 1 micro-m and T = 2000 K +E = e*%pi*I; + +printf('\n Spectral Normal emissivity en = %.1f and spectral hemispherical emissivity e = %.2f \n Spectral normal intensity In = %.2e W/m^2.micro-m.sr and Spectral emissive power = %.1e W/m^2.micro-m.sr ', e1, e,In,E); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.7/12_7_Opaque_surface.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.7/12_7_Opaque_surface.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..941a2e172 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.7/12_7_Opaque_surface.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.7 Page 759 \n')// Example 12.7 + +// Spectral distribution of reflectivity +// Total, hemispherical absorptivity +// Nature of surface temperature change + +T = 500 ;//[K] temperature of surface +e = .8; +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant + +x=[0 6 8 16]; +y=[.8 .8 0 0]; +clf(); +plot2d(x,y,style=5,rect=[0,0,20,1]); + + +xtitle("Spectral Distribution of reflectivity", "wavelength (micro-m)", "reflectivity"); + +//From equation 12.43 and 12.44 +Gabs = {.2*500/2*(6-2)+500*[.2*(8-6)+(1-.2)*(8-6)/2]+1*500*(12-8)+500*(16-12)/2} ;//[w/m^2] +G = {500*(6-2)/2+500*(12-6)+500*(16-12)/2} ;//[w/m^2] +a = Gabs/G; + +//Neglecting convection effects net het flux to the surface +qnet = a*G - e*stfncnstt*T^4; + +printf('\n Total, hemispherical absorptivity %.2f \n Nature of surface temperature change = %i W/m^2 \n Since qnet > 0, the sirface temperature will increase with the time', a,qnet); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.8/12_8_Glass_Cover.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.8/12_8_Glass_Cover.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c723347b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.8/12_8_Glass_Cover.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.8 Page 761 \n')// Example 12.8 + +// Total emissivity of cover glass to solar radiation + +T = 5800 ;//[K] temperature of surface +e = .8; +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant + +//From Table 12.1 +//For wl1 = .3 micro-m and T = 5800 K, At wl1*T = 1740 micro-m.K +F0wl1 = .0335; +//For wl1 = .3 micro-m and T = 5800 K, At wl2*T = 14500 micro-m.K +F0wl2 = .9664; + +//Hence from equation 12.29 +t = .90*[F0wl2 - F0wl1]; + +printf('\n Total emissivity of cover glass to solar radiation = %.2f',t); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH12/EX12.9/12_9_Brick_Wall.sce b/534/CH12/EX12.9/12_9_Brick_Wall.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55c598a70 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH12/EX12.9/12_9_Brick_Wall.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 12.9 Page 766 \n')// Example 12.9 + +// Total hemispherical emissivity of fire brick wall +// Total emissive power of brick wall +// Absorptivity of the wall to irradiation from coals + +Ts = 500 ;//[K] temperature of brick surface +Tc = 2000 ;//[K] Temperature of coal exposed +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +// From the given graph of emissivities +e1 = .1; //between wavelength 0 micro-m- 1.5 micro-m +e2 = .5; //between wavelength 1.5 micro-m- 10 micro-m +e3 = .8; //greater than wavelength 10 micro-m + +//From Table 12.1 +//For wl1 = 1.5 micro-m and T = 500 K, At wl1*T = 750 micro-m.K +F0wl1 = 0; +//For wl2 = 10 micro-m and T = 500 K, At wl2*T = 5000 micro-m.K +F0wl2 = .634; +//From equation 12.36 +e = e1*F0wl1 + e2*F0wl2 + e3*(1-F0wl1-F0wl2); + +//Equation 12.26 and 12.35 +E = e*stfncnstt*Ts^4; + +//From Table 12.1 +//For wl1 = 1.5 micro-m and T = 2000 K, At wl1*T = 3000 micro-m.K +F0wl1c = 0.273; +//For wl2 = 10 micro-m and T = 2000 K, At wl2*T = 20000 micro-m.K +F0wl2c = .986; +ac = e1*F0wl1c + e2*[F0wl2c-F0wl1c] + e3*(1-F0wl2c); + +printf('\n Total hemispherical emissivity of fire brick wall = %.3f \n Total emissive power of brick wall = %i W/m^2.\n Absorptivity of the wall to irradiation from coals = %.3f',e,E,ac); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.1/13_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.1/13_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e39b18582 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.1/13_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.1 Page 820 \n')// Example 13.1 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.2/13_2_View_Factor_Geometries.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.2/13_2_View_Factor_Geometries.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc25225a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.2/13_2_View_Factor_Geometries.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.2 Page 821 \n')// Example 13.2 + +// View Factors of known surface Geometries + +// (1) Sphere within Cube +F12a = 1 ;//By Inspection +F21a = (%pi/6)*F12a ; //By Reciprocity + +// (2) Partition within a Square Duct +F11b = 0 ;//By Inspection +//By Symmetry F12 = F13 +F12b = (1-F11b)/2 ; //By Summation Rule +F21b = sqrt(2)*F12b ; //By Reciprocity + +// (3) Circular Tube +//From Table 13.2 or 13.5, with r3/L = 0.5 and L/r1 = 2 +F13c = .172; +F11c = 0; //By Inspection +F12c = 1 - F11c - F13c ;//By Summation Rule +F21c = F12c/4 ;//By Reciprocity + +printf('\n Desired View Factors may be obtained from inspection, the reciprocity rule, the summation rule and/or use of charts \n (1) Sphere within Cube F21 = %.3f \n (2) Partition within a Square Duct F21 = %.3f \n (3) Circular Tube F21 = %.3f',F21a,F21b,F21c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.3/13_3_Curved_Surface.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.3/13_3_Curved_Surface.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa34769e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.3/13_3_Curved_Surface.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.3 Page 826 \n')// Example 13.3 + +// Net rate of Heat transfer to the absorber surface + +L = 10 ;//[m] Collector length = Heater Length +T2 = 600 ;//[K] Temperature of curved surface +A2 = 15 ;//[m^2] Area of curved surface +e2 = .5 ;// emissivity of curved surface +stfncnstt = 5.67*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan-Boltzmann constant +T1 = 1000 ;//[K] Temperature of heater +A1 = 10 ;//[m^2] area of heater +e1 = .9 ;// emissivity of heater +W = 1 ;//[m] Width of heater +H = 1 ;//[m] Height +T3 = 300 ;//[K] Temperature of surrounding +e3 = 1 ;// emissivity of surrounding + +J3 = stfncnstt*T3^4; //[W/m^2] +//From Figure 13.4 or Table 13.2, with Y/L = 10 and X/L =1 +F12 = .39; +F13 = 1 - F12; //By Summation Rule +//For a hypothetical surface A2h +A2h = L*W; +F2h3 = F13; //By Symmetry +F23 = A2h/A2*F13; //By reciprocity +Eb1 = stfncnstt*T1^4; //[W/m^2] +Eb2 = stfncnstt*T2^4; //[W/m^2] +//Radiation network analysis at Node corresponding 1 +//-10J1 + 0.39J2 = -510582 +//.26J1 - 1.67J2 = -7536 +//Solving above equations +A = [-10 .39; + .26 -1.67]; +B = [-510582; + -7536]; + +X = inv(A)*B; + +q2 = (Eb2 - X(2))/(1-e2)*(e2*A2); + +printf('\n Net Heat transfer rate to the absorber is = %.1f kW',q2/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.4/13_4_Cylindrical_Furnace.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.4/13_4_Cylindrical_Furnace.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a30032052 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.4/13_4_Cylindrical_Furnace.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.4 Page 830 \n')// Example 13.4 + +// Power required to maintain prescribed temperatures + +T3 = 300 ;//[K] Temperature of surrounding +L = .15 ;//[m] Furnace Length +T2 = 1650+273 ;//[K] Temperature of bottom surface +T1 = 1350+273 ;//[K] Temperature of sides of furnace +D = .075 ;//[m] Diameter of furnace +stfncnstt = 5.670*10^-8; //[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan Boltzman Constant +A2 = %pi*D^2/4 ;//[m] Area of bottom surface +A1 = %pi*D*L ;//[m] Area of curved sides +//From Figure 13.5 or Table 13.2, with ri/L = .25 +F23 = .056; +F21 = 1 - F23; //By Summation Rule +F12 = A2/A1*F21; //By reciprocity +F13 = F12 ;//By Symmetry +//From Equation 13.17 Heat balance +q = A1*F13*stfncnstt*(T1^4 - T3^4) + A2*F23*stfncnstt*(T2^4 - T3^4); + +printf('\n Power required to maintain prescribed temperatures is = %i W',q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.5/13_5_Concentric_Tube_Arrangement.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.5/13_5_Concentric_Tube_Arrangement.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c198ebab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.5/13_5_Concentric_Tube_Arrangement.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.5 Page 834 \n')// Example 13.5 + +// Heat gain by the fluid passing through the inner tube +// Percentage change in heat gain with radiation shield inserted midway between inner and outer tubes + +T2 = 300 ;//[K] Temperature of inner surface +D2 = .05 ;//[m] Diameter of Inner Surface +e2 = .05 ;// emissivity of Inner Surface +T1 = 77 ;//[K] Temperature of Outer Surface +D1 = .02 ;//[m] Diameter of Inner Surface +e1 = .02 ;// emissivity of Outer Surface +D3 = .035 ;//[m] Diameter of Shield +e3 = .02 ;// emissivity of Shield +stfncnstt = 5.670*10^-8 ;//[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan Boltzman Constant + +//From Equation 13.20 Heat balance +q = stfncnstt*(%pi*D1)*(T1^4-T2^4)/(1/e1 + (1-e2)/e2*D1/D2) ;//[W/m] + +RtotL = (1-e1)/(e1*%pi*D1) + 1/(%pi*D1*1) + 2*[(1-e3)/(e3*%pi*D3)] + 1/(%pi*D3*1) + (1-e2)/(e2*%pi*D2) ;//[m^-2] +q2 = stfncnstt*(T1^4 - T2^4)/RtotL; //[W/m] + +printf('\n Heat gain by the fluid passing through the inner tube = %.2f W/m \n Percentage change in heat gain with radiation shield inserted midway between inner and outer tubes is = %.2f percent',q,(q2-q)*100/q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.6/13_6_Triangular_Baking_Duct.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.6/13_6_Triangular_Baking_Duct.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6aafc18 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.6/13_6_Triangular_Baking_Duct.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.6 Page 836 \n')// Example 13.6 + +// Rate at which heat must be supplied per unit length of duct +// Temperature of the insulated surface + +T2 = 500 ;//[K] Temperature of Painted surface +e2 = .4 ;// emissivity of Painted Surface +T1 = 1200 ;//[K] Temperature of Heated Surface +W = 1 ; //[m] Width of Painted Surface +e1 = .8 ;// emissivity of Heated Surface +er = .8 ;// emissivity of Insulated Surface +stfncnstt = 5.670*10^-8 ;//[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan Boltzman Constant + +//By Symmetry Rule +F2R = .5; +F12 = .5; +F1R = .5; + +//From Equation 13.20 Heat balance +q = stfncnstt*(T1^4-T2^4)/((1-e1)/e1*W+ 1/(W*F12+[(1/W/F1R) + (1/W/F2R)]^-1) + (1-e2)/e2*W) ;//[W/m] + +//Surface Energy Balance 13.13 +J1 = stfncnstt*T1^4 - (1-e1)*q/(e1*W) ;// [W/m^2] Surface 1 +J2 = stfncnstt*T2^4 - (1-e2)*(-q)/(e2*W) ;// [W/m^2] Surface 2 +//From Equation 13.26 Heat balance +JR = (J1+J2)/2; +TR = (JR/stfncnstt)^.25; + +printf('\n Rate at which heat must be supplied per unit length of duct = %.2f kW/m \n Temperature of the insulated surface = %i K',q/1000,TR); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH13/EX13.7/13_7_Semicircular_Tube.sce b/534/CH13/EX13.7/13_7_Semicircular_Tube.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1270d9011 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH13/EX13.7/13_7_Semicircular_Tube.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 13.7 Page 841 \n')// Example 13.7 + +// Rate at which heat must be supplied +// Temperature of the insulated surface + +T1 = 1000 ;//[K] Temperature of Heated Surface +e1 = .8 ;// emissivity of Heated Surface +e2 = .8 ; // emissivity of Insulated Surface +r = .02 ;//[m] Radius of surface +Tm = 400 ;//[K] Temperature of surrounding air +m = .01 ;//[kg/s] Flow rate of surrounding air +p = 101325 ;//[Pa] Pressure of surrounding air +stfncnstt = 5.670*10^-8 ;//[W/m^2.K^4] Stefan Boltzman Constant +//Table A.4 Air Properties at 1 atm, 400 K +k = .0338 ;//[W/m.K] conductivity +u = 230*10^-7 ;//[kg/s.m] Viscosity +cp = 1014 ;//[J/kg] Specific heat +Pr = .69 ;// Prandtl Number + +//Hydraulic Diameter +Dh = 2*%pi*r/(%pi+2) ;//[m] +//Reynolds number +Re = m*Dh/(%pi*r^2/2)/u; +//View Factor +F12 = 1 ; + +printf("\n As Reynolds Number is %i, Hence it is Turbulent flow inside a cylinder. Hence we will use Dittus-Boelter Equation",Re); + +//From Dittus-Boelter Equation +Nu = .023*Re^.8*Pr^.4; +h = Nu*k/Dh; //[W/m^2.K] + +//From Equation 13.18 Heat Energy balance +//Newton Raphson +T2=600; //Initial Assumption +while(1>0) +f=(stfncnstt*(T1^4 - T2^4)/((1-e1)/(e1*2*r)+1/(2*r*F12)+(1-e2)/(e2*%pi*r)) - h*%pi*r*(T2-Tm)); +fd=(4*stfncnstt*( - T2^3)/((1-e1)/(e1*2*r)+1/(2*r*F12)+(1-e2)/(e2*%pi*r)) - h*%pi*r*(T2)); +T2n=T2-f/fd; +if(stfncnstt*(T1^4 - T2n^4)/((1-e1)/(e1*2*r)+1/(2*r*F12)+(1-e2)/(e2*%pi*r)) - h*%pi*r*(T2n-Tm))<=.01 + break; +end; +T2=T2n; +end + +//From energy Balance +q = h*%pi*r*(T2-Tm) + h*2*r*(T1-Tm) ;//[W/m] + +printf('\n Rate at which heat must be supplied per unit length of duct = %.2f W/m & Temperature of the insulated surface = %i K',q,T2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.1/14_1_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Hydrogen.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.1/14_1_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Hydrogen.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00496de66 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.1/14_1_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Hydrogen.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.1 Page 884 \n')// Example 14.1 + +// Molar and mass fluxes of hydrogen and the relative values of the mass and thermal diffusivities for the three cases + +T = 293 ;//[K] Temperature +Ma = 2 ;//[kg/kmol] Molecular Mass +//Table A.8 Hydrogen-Air Properties at 298 K +Dab1 = .41*10^-4; //[m^2/s] diffusion coefficient +//Table A.8 Hydrogen-Water Properties at 298 K +Dab2 = .63*10^-8; //[m^2/s] diffusion coefficient +//Table A.8 Hydrogen-iron Properties at 293 K +Dab3 = .26*10^-12; //[m^2/s] diffusion coefficient +//Table A.4 Air properties at 293 K +a1 = 21.6*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Thermal Diffusivity +//Table A.6 Water properties at 293 K +k = .603 ;//[W/m.K] conductivity +rho = 998 ;//[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 4182 ;//[J/kg] specific Heat +//Table A.1 Iron Properties at 300 K +a3 = 23.1 * 10^-6; //[m^2/s] + +//Equation 14.14 +//Hydrogen-air Mixture +DabT1 = Dab1*(T/298)^1.5; // [m^2/s] mass diffusivity +J1 = -DabT1*1; //[kmol/s.m^2] Total molar concentration +j1 = Ma*J1; //[kg/s.m^2] mass Flux of Hydrogen +Le1 = a1/DabT1; // Lewis Number Equation 6.50 + +//Hydrogen-water Mixture +DabT2 = Dab2*(T/298)^1.5; // [m^2/s] mass diffusivity +a2 = k/(rho*cp) ;//[m^2/s] thermal diffusivity +J2 = -DabT2*1 ;//[kmol/s.m^2] Total molar concentration +j2 = Ma*J2 ;//[kg/s.m^2] mass Flux of Hydrogen +Le2 = a2/DabT2 ;// Lewis Number Equation 6.50 + +//Hydrogen-iron Mixture +DabT3 = Dab3*(T/298)^1.5; // [m^2/s] mass diffusivity +J3 = -DabT3*1; //[kmol/s.m^2] Total molar concentration +j3 = Ma*J3; //[kg/s.m^2] mass Flux of Hydrogen +Le3 = a3/DabT3 ;// Lewis Number Equation 6.50 + +printf('\n Species a (m^2/s) Dab (m^2/s) Le ja (kg/s.m^2) \n Air %.1e %.1e %.2f %.1e \n Water %.1e %.1e %i %.1e \n Iron %.1e %.1e %.1e %.1e',a1,DabT1,Le1,j1,a2,DabT2,Le2,j2,a3,DabT3,Le3,j3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.2/14_2_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Water_droplet.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.2/14_2_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Water_droplet.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d01d3d77 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.2/14_2_Diffusion_mass_transfer_Water_droplet.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.2 Page 898 \n')// Example 14.2 + +// Evaporation rate through a single pore + +T = 298 ;//[K] Temperature +D = 10*10^-6 ;//[m] +L = 100*10^-6; //[m] +H = .5 ;// Moist Air Humidity +p = 1.01325 ;//[bar] +//Table A.6 Saturated Water vapor Properties at 298 K +psat = .03165; //[bar] saturated Pressure +//Table A.8 Water vapor-air Properties at 298 K +Dab = .26*10^-4; //[m^2/s] diffusion coefficient + +C = p/(8.314*10^-2*298) ;//Total Concentration +//From section 6.7.2, the mole fraction at x = 0 is +xa0 = psat/p; +//the mole fraction at x = L is +xaL = H*psat/p; + +//Evaporation rate per pore Using Equation 14.41 with advection +N = (%pi*D^2)*C*Dab/(4*L)*2.303*log10((1-xaL)/(1-xa0)) ;//[kmol/s] + +//Neglecting effects of molar averaged velocity Equation 14.32 +//Species transfer rate per pore +Nh = (%pi*D^2)*C*Dab/(4*L)*(xa0-xaL) ;//[kmol/s] + +printf('\n Evaporation rate per pore Without advection effects %.2e kmol/s and With Advection effects %.2e kmol/s',Nh,N) + +clf(); +x = linspace(300,800,100); +y1 = N*x^1.5/298^1.5*10^15; +y2 = Nh*x^1.5/298^1.5*10^15; +plot(x,y1,x,y2); +xtitle("Evaporation Temp vs Temp", "T (K)", "Na *10^15(kmol/s)"); +legend ("Without Advection", "With Advection"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.3/14_3_Polymer_Sheet_and_Trough_geometry.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.3/14_3_Polymer_Sheet_and_Trough_geometry.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e1161a41 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.3/14_3_Polymer_Sheet_and_Trough_geometry.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.3 Page 898 \n')// Example 14.3 + +// Rate of water vapor molar diffusive ttansfer through the trough wall + +D = .005 ;//[m] Diameter +L = 50*10^-6; //[m] Length +h = .003 ;//[m] Depth +Dab = 6*10^-14 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient +Cas1 = 4.5*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3] Molar concentrations of water vapor at outer surface +Cas2 = 0.5*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3] Molar concentrations of water vapor at inner surface + +//Transfer Rate through cylindrical wall Equation 14.54 +Na = Dab/L*(%pi*D^2/4 + %pi*D*h)*(Cas1-Cas2); //[kmol/s] + +printf('\n Rate of water vapor molar diffusive ttansfer through the trough wall %.2e kmol/s',Na); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.4/14_4_Helium_Gas_spherical_container.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.4/14_4_Helium_Gas_spherical_container.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46db4f06d --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.4/14_4_Helium_Gas_spherical_container.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.4 Page 902 \n')// Example 14.4 + +// The rate of change of the helium pressure dp/dt + +D = .2 ;//[m] Diameter +L = 2*10^-3 ;//[m] Thickness +p = 4 ;//[bars] Helium Pressure +T = 20+273 ;//[K] Temperature +//Table A.8 helium-fused silica (293K) Page 952 +Dab = .4*10^-13 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient +//Table A.10 helium-fused silica (293K) +S = .45*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3.bar] Solubility + +// By applying the species conservation Equation 14.43 and 14.62 +dpt = -6*(.08314)*T*(Dab)*S*p/(L*D); + +printf('\n The rate of change of the helium pressure dp/dt %.2e bar/s',dpt); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.5/14_5_Hydrogen_plastic_diffusion.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.5/14_5_Hydrogen_plastic_diffusion.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..620f6325c --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.5/14_5_Hydrogen_plastic_diffusion.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.5 Page 904 \n')// Example 14.5 + +// The Hydrogen mass diffusive flux nA (kg/s.m^2) +//A -> Hydrogen +//B -> Plastic + +Dab = 8.7*10^-8 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient +Sab = 1.5*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3.bar] Solubility +L = .0003 ;//[m] thickness of bar +p1 = 3 ;//[bar] pressure on one side +p2 = 1 ;//[bar] pressure on other side +Ma = 2 ;//[kg/mol] molecular mass of Hydrogen +//Surface molar concentrations of hydrogen from Equation 14.62 +Ca1 = Sab*p1 ; //[kmol/m^3] +Ca2 = Sab*p2 ; //[kmol/m^3] +//From equation 14.42 to 14.53 for obtaining mass flux +N = Dab/L*(Ca1-Ca2) ; //[kmol/s.m^2] +n = Ma*N ; //[kg/s.m^2] on Mass basis + +printf('\n The Hydrogen mass diffusive flux n = %.2e (kg/s.m^2)',n); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.6/14_6_Bacteria_Biofilm.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.6/14_6_Bacteria_Biofilm.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b514f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.6/14_6_Bacteria_Biofilm.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.6 Page 909 \n')// Example 14.6 + +// Maximum Thickness of a bacteria laden biofilm, that may be siccessfully treated + +Dab = 2*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient +Ca0 = 4*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3] Fixed Concentration of medication +Na = -.2*10^-3 ;//[kmol/m^3.s] Minimum consumption rate of antibiotic +k1 = .1 ;//[s^-1] Reaction Coefficient + +//For firsst order kinetic reaction Equation 14.74 +m = (k1/Dab)^.5; +L = m^-1*acosh(-k1*Ca0/Na); + +printf('\n Maximum Thickness of a bacteria laden biofilm, that may be siccessfully treated is %.1f pico-m',L*10^6); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH14/EX14.7/14_7_Drug_Medication.sce b/534/CH14/EX14.7/14_7_Drug_Medication.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..150f3e3d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH14/EX14.7/14_7_Drug_Medication.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 14.7 Page 913 \n')// Example 14.7 + +// Total dosage of medicine delivered to the patient over a one-week time period, sensivity of the dosage to the mass duffusivity of the patch and skin + +Dap = .1*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient of medication with patch +Das = .2*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient of medication with skin +L = .05 ;//[m] patch Length +rhop = 100 ;//[kg/m^3] Density of medication on patch +rho2 = 0 ;//[kg/m^3] Density of medication on skin +K = .5 ;//Partition Coefficient +t = 3600*24*7 ;//[s] Treatment time + +//Applying Conservation of species equation 14.47b +//By analogy to equation 5.62, 5.26 and 5.58 +D = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das*Dap*t)/(sqrt(Das)+sqrt(Dap)/K); + +printf('\n Total dosage of medicine delivered to the patient over a one-week time period is %.1f mg',D*10^6); + +//Senstivity of dosage to the patch and skin +clf(); +//Subplot 1 +Dap1 = .1*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] +Das1 = .1*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] +Das2 = .2*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] +Das3 = .4*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] +x = linspace(0,7,50); +y1 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das1*Dap1*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das1)+sqrt(Dap1)/K)*10^6; +y2 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das2*Dap1*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das2)+sqrt(Dap1)/K)*10^6; +y3 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das3*Dap1*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das3)+sqrt(Dap1)/K)*10^6; +subplot(1,2,1); +plot(x,y1,x,y2,x,y3); +xtitle("Dosage vs Time-period at Dap = .1*10^ -12 (m^2/s)", "Day", "Dosage (mg)"); +legend (".1*10^12", ".2*10^12", ".4*10^12"); + +//Subplot 2 +Dap2 = .01*10^-12 ;//[m^2/s] +yn1 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das1*Dap2*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das1)+sqrt(Dap2)/K)*10^6; +yn2 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das2*Dap2*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das2)+sqrt(Dap2)/K)*10^6; +yn3 = 2*rhop*L^2/(sqrt(%pi))*sqrt(Das3*Dap2*3600*24*x)/(sqrt(Das3)+sqrt(Dap2)/K)*10^6; +subplot(1,2,2); +plot(x,yn1,x,yn2,x,yn3); +xtitle("Dosage vs Time-period at Dap = .01*10^ -12 (m^2/s)", "Day", "Dosage (mg)"); +legend (".1*10^12", ".2*10^12", ".4*10^12"); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH2/EX2.1/2_1_Thermal_Diffusivity.sce b/534/CH2/EX2.1/2_1_Thermal_Diffusivity.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd10dc0c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH2/EX2.1/2_1_Thermal_Diffusivity.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 2.1 Page 68 \n')//Example 2.1 +// Find Value for Thermal Diffusivity + +function a=alpha(p, Cp, k) + a=k/(p*Cp); //[m^2/s] + funcprot(0); +endfunction + +//(a) Pure Aluminium at 300K +// From Appendix A, Table A.1 + +p = 2702; //[Kg/m^3] - Density Of Material +Cp = 903; //[J/kg.K] - Specific heat of Material +k = 237; //[W/m.k] - Thermal Conductivity of Material + +printf("\n (a) Thermal Diffuisivity of Pure Aluminium at 300K = %.2e m^2/s\n",alpha(p, Cp, k)); + +//(b) Pure Aluminium at 700K +// From Appendix A, Table A.1 + +p = 2702; //[Kg/m^3] - Density Of Material +Cp = 1090; //[J/kg.K] - Specific heat of Material +k = 225; //[W/m.k] - Thermal Conductivity of Material + +printf("\n (b) Thermal Diffuisivity of Pure Aluminium at 700K = %.2e m^2/s\n",alpha(p, Cp, k)); + +//(c) Silicon Carbide at 1000K +// From Appendix A, Table A.2 + +p = 3160; //[Kg/m^3] - Density Of Material +Cp = 1195; //[J/kg.K] - Specific heat of Material +k = 87; //[W/m.k] - Thermal Conductivity of Material + +printf("\n (c) Thermal Diffuisivity of Silicon Carbide at 1000K = %.2e m^2/s\n",alpha(p, Cp, k)); + +//(d) Paraffin at 300K +// From Appendix A, Table A.3 + +p = 900; //[Kg/m^3] - Density Of Material +Cp = 2890; //[J/kg.K] - Specific heat of Material +k = .24; //[W/m.k] - Thermal Conductivity of Material + +printf("\n (d) Thermal Diffuisivity of Paraffin at 300K = %.2e m^2/s",alpha(p, Cp, k)); +//END diff --git a/534/CH2/EX2.2/2_2_Non_Uniform_Temp_Distribution.sce b/534/CH2/EX2.2/2_2_Non_Uniform_Temp_Distribution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc8bae725 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH2/EX2.2/2_2_Non_Uniform_Temp_Distribution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 2.2 Page 75 \n')//Example 2.2 +// Analyze a Situation of Non-Uniform Temperature Distribution +//T(x) = a + bx +cx^2 T-degC & x-meter + +a = 900; //[degC] +b = -300; //[degC/m] +c = -50; //[degC/m^2] + +q = 1000; //[W/m^2.K] - Unifrom heat Generation +A = 10 ; //[m^2] - Wall Area +//Properties of Wall +p = 1600; //[kg/m^3] - Density +k = 40; //[W/m] - Thermal Conductivity +Cp = 4000; //[J/kg.K] - Specific Heat +L = 1; //[m] - Length of wall + +//(i) Rate of Heat Transfer entering the wall and leaving the wall +// From Eqn 2.1 +// qin = -kA(dT/dx)|x=0 = -kA(b) + +qin= - b*k*A; + +// Similarly +// qout = -kA(dT/dx)|x=L = -kA(b+2cx)|x=L + +qout= - k*A*(b+2*c*L); + +printf("\n (i) Rate of Heat Transfer entering the wall = %i W \n And leaving the wall = %i W \n", qin, qout); + +//(ii) Rate of change Of Energy Storage in Wall E`st +// Applying Overall Energy Balance across the Wall +//E`st = E`in + E`g + E`out = qin + q`AL - qout +Est = qin + q*A*L - qout; + +printf("\n (ii) Rate of change Of Energy Storage in Wall = %i W\n",Est); + +//(iii) Time rate of Temperature change at x= 0, 0.25 and .5m +//Using Eqn 2.19 +// T`= dT/dt = (k/p*Cp)*d(dT/dx)/dx + q`/p*Cp +//As d(dT/dx)/dx = d(b + 2cx)/dx = 2c - Independent of x +T = (k/(p*Cp))*(2*c)+ q/(p*Cp); +printf("\n (iii) Time rate of Temperature change independent of x = %f degC/s\n",T); + +//END diff --git a/534/CH2/EX2.3/2_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH2/EX2.3/2_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f00d529d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH2/EX2.3/2_3_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 2.3 Page 79 \n')// Example 2.3 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.1/3_1_Human_Heat_Loss_part2.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.1/3_1_Human_Heat_Loss_part2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7043393fc --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.1/3_1_Human_Heat_Loss_part2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.1 Page 104 \n') //Example 3.1 +// Find Skin Temperature & Aerogel Insulation Thickness + +A=1.8; // [m^2] Area for Heat transfer i.e. both surfaces +Ti = 35+273; //[K] - Inside Surface Temperature of Body +Tsurr = 10+273; //[K] - Temperature of surrounding +Tf = 283; //[K] - Temperature of Fluid Flow +e=.95; // Emissivity of Surface +Lst=.003; //[m] - Thickness of Skin +kst=.3; // [W/m.K] Effective Thermal Conductivity of Body +kins = .014; // [W/m.K] Effective Thermal Conductivity of Aerogel Insulation +hr = 5.9; //[W/m^2.k] - Natural Thermal Convectivity from body to air +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +q = 100; //[W] Given Heat rate + +//Using Conducion Basic Eq 3.19 +Rtot = (Ti-Tsurr)/q; +//Also +//Rtot=Lst/(kst*A) + Lins/(kins*A)+(h*A + hr*A)^-1 +//Rtot = 1/A*(Lst/kst + Lins/kins +(1/(h+hr))) + +//Thus +//For Air, +h=2; //[W/m^2.k] - Natural Thermal Convectivity from body to air +Lins1 = kins * (A*Rtot - Lst/kst - 1/(h+hr)); + +//For Water, +h=200; //[W/m^2.k] - Natural Thermal Convectivity from body to air +Lins2 = kins * (A*Rtot - Lst/kst - 1/(h+hr)); + +Tsa=305; //[K] Body Temperature Assumed + +//Temperature of Skin is same in both cases as Heat Rate is same +//q=(kst*A*(Ti-Ts))/Lst +Ts = Ti - q*Lst/(kst*A); + +//Also from eqn of effective resistance Rtot F +printf("\n\n (I) In presence of Air, Insulation Thickness = %.1f mm",Lins1*1000) + +printf("\n (II) In presence of Water, Insulation Thickness = %.1f mm",Lins2*1000); +printf("\n\n Temperature of Skin = %.2f degC",Ts-273); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.10/3_10_Finned_Cylinder.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.10/3_10_Finned_Cylinder.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..772e9dd20 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.10/3_10_Finned_Cylinder.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.10 Page 156 \n'); //Example 3.10 +// Study of motorcycle finned cylinder + +H = .15; //[m] height +k = 186; //[W/m.K] alumunium at 400K +h = 50; //[W/m^2.K] Heat convection coefficient +Tsurr = 300; //[K] Temperature of surrounding air +To = 500; //[K] Temp inside + +//Dimensions of Fin +N = 5; +t = .006; //[m] Thickness +L = .020; //[m] Length +r2c = .048; //[m] +r1 = .025; //[m] + +Af = 2*%pi*(r2c^2-r1^2); +At = N*Af + 2*%pi*r1*(H-N*t); + +//Using fig 3.19 +nf = .95; + +qt = h*At*[1-N*Af*(1-nf)/At]*(To-Tsurr); +qwo = h*(2*%pi*r1*H)*(To-Tsurr); + +printf("\n\n Heat Transfer Rate with the fins =%i W \n Heat Transfer Rate without the fins =%i W \n Thus Increase in Heat transfer rate of %i W is observed with fins",qt,qwo,qt-qwo); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.11/3_11_Fuel_cell.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.11/3_11_Fuel_cell.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e98810a0b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.11/3_11_Fuel_cell.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.11 Page 158 \n'); //Example 3.11 +// Study of Fuel-cell fan system + +Wc =.05; //[m] width +H = .026; //[m] height +tc = .006; //[m] thickness of cell +V = 9.4; //[m/sec] vel of cooling air +P = 9; //[W] Power generated +C = 1000; //[W/(m^3/s)] Ratio of fan power consumption to vol flow rate +k = 200; //[W/m.K] alumunium +Tsurr = 25+273.15; //[K] Temperature of surrounding air +Tc = 56.4+273.15; //[K] Temp of fuel cell +Rtcy = 10^-3; //[K/W] Contact thermal resistance +tb = .002; //[m] thickness of base of heat sink +Lc = .05; //[m] length of fuel cell +//Dimensions of Fin +tf = .001; //[m] Thickness +Lf = .008; //[m] Length + +Vf = V*[Wc*(H-tc)]; //[m^3/sec] Volumetric flow rate +Pnet = P - C*Vf; + + +P = 2*(Lc+tf); +Ac = Lc*tf; +N = 22; +a=(2*Wc - N*tf)/N; +h = 19.1; ///[W/m^2.K] +q = 11.25; //[W] +m = (h*P/(k*Ac))^.5; +Rtf = (h*P*k*Ac)^(-.5)/ tanh(m*Lf); +Rtc = Rtcy/(2*Lc*Wc); +Rtbase = tb/(2*k*Lc*Wc); +Rtb = 1/[h*(2*Wc-N*tf)*Lc]; +Rtfn = Rtf/N; +Requiv = [Rtb^-1 + Rtfn^-1]^-1; +Rtot = Rtc + Rtbase + Requiv; + +Tc2 = Tsurr +q*(Rtot); + +printf("\n\n (a) Power consumed by fan is more than the generated power of fuel cell, and hence system cannot produce net power = %.2f W \n\n (b) Actual fuel cell Temp is close enough to %.1f degC for reducing the fan power consumption by half ie Pnet = %.1f W, we require 22 fins, 11 on top and 11 on bottom.",Pnet, Tc2-273, C*Vf/2); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.12/3_12_Human_Heat_Loss_part3.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.12/3_12_Human_Heat_Loss_part3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29515666e --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.12/3_12_Human_Heat_Loss_part3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.12 Page 163 \n'); //Example 3.12 +// Heat loss from body & temp at inner surface + +hair = 2; //[W/m^2.K] Heat convection coefficient air +hwater = 200; //[W/m^2.K] Heat convection coefficient water +hr = 5.9 ; //[W/m^2.K] Heat radiation coefficient +Tsurr = 297; //[K] Temperature of surrounding air +Tc = 37+273; //[K] Temp inside +e = .95; +A = 1.8 ; //[m^2] area +//Prop of blood +w = .0005 ; //[s^-1] perfusion rate +pb = 1000; //[kg/m^3] blood density +cb = 3600; //[J/kg] specific heat +//Dimensions & properties of muscle & skin/fat +Lm = .03 ; //[m] +Lsf = .003 ; //[m] +km = .5 ; //[W/m.K] +ksf = .3; //[W/m.K] +q = 700; //[W/m^3] Metabolic heat generation rate + +Rtotair = (Lsf/ksf + 1/(hair + hr))/A; +Rtotwater = (Lsf/ksf + 1/(hwater))/A; + +m = (w*pb*cb/km)^.5; +Theta = -q/(w*pb*cb); + +Tiair = (Tsurr*sinh(m*Lm) + km*A*m*Rtotair*[Theta + (Tc + q/(w*pb*cb))*cosh(m*Lm)])/(sinh(m*Lm)+km*A*m*Rtotair*cosh(m*Lm)); +qair = (Tiair - Tsurr)/Rtotair; + +Tiwater = (Tsurr*sinh(m*Lm) + km*A*m*Rtotwater*[Theta + (Tc + q/(w*pb*cb))*cosh(m*Lm)])/(sinh(m*Lm)+km*A*m*Rtotwater*cosh(m*Lm)); +qwater = (Tiwater - Tsurr)/Rtotwater; + +printf("\n\n For Air \n Temp excess Ti = %.1f degC and Heat loss rate =%.1f W \n\n For Water \n Temp excess Ti = %.1f degC and Heat loss rate =%.1f W ",Tiair-273,qair,Tiwater-273,qwater); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.2/3_2_Chip_Operating_Temperature.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.2/3_2_Chip_Operating_Temperature.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efa8e4165 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.2/3_2_Chip_Operating_Temperature.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.2 Page 107 \n'); //Example 3.2 +// Chip Operating Temperature + +Tf = 25+273; //[K] - Temperature of Fluid Flow + +L=.008; //[m] - Thickness of Aluminium +k=239; // [W/m.K] Effective Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium +Rc=.9*10^-4; //[K.m^2/W] Maximum permeasible Resistane of Epoxy Joint +q=10^4; //[W/m^2] Heat dissipated by Chip +h=100; //[W/m^2.k] - Thermal Convectivity from chip to air + +//Temperature of Chip +//q=(Tc-Tf)/(1/h)+(Tc-Tf)/(Rc+(L/k)+(1/h)) + +Tc = Tf + q*(h+1/(Rc+(L/k)+(1/h)))^-1; + +printf("\n\n Temperature of Chip = %.2f degC",Tc-273); +printf("\n Chip will Work well below its maximum allowable Temperature ie 85 degC") +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.3/3_3_Carbon_Nanotube.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.3/3_3_Carbon_Nanotube.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5777c56d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.3/3_3_Carbon_Nanotube.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.3 Page 109 \n'); //Example 3.3 +// Find Thermal conductivity of Carbon Nanotube + +D = 14 * 10^-9; // [m]Dia of Nanotube +s = 5*10^-6; // [m]Distance between the islands +Ts = 308.4; //[K] Temp of sensing island +Tsurr = 300; //[K] Temp of surrounding +q = 11.3*10^-6; //[W] Total Rate of Heat flow + +//Dimension of platinum line +wpt = 10^-6; //[m] +tpt = 0.2*10^-6; //[m] +Lpt = 250*10^-6; //[m] +//Dimension of Silicon nitride line +wsn = 3*10^-6; //[m] +tsn = 0.5*10^-6; //[m] +Lsn = 250*10^-6; //[m] +//From Table A.1 Platinum Temp Assumed = 325K +kpt = 71.6; //[W/m.K] +//From Table A.2, Silicon Nitride Temp Assumed = 325K +ksn = 15.5; //[W/m.K] + +Apt = wpt*tpt; //Cross sectional area of platinum support beam +Asn = wsn*tsn-Apt; //Cross sectional area of Silicon Nitride support beam +Acn = %pi*D^2/4; //Cross sectional Area of Carbon nanotube + +Rtsupp = [kpt*Apt/Lpt + ksn*Asn/Lsn]^-1; //[K/W] Thermal Resistance of each support + +qs = 2*(Ts-Tsurr)/Rtsupp; //[W] Heat loss through sensing island support +qh = q - qs; //[W] Heat loss through heating island support + +Th = Tsurr + qh*Rtsupp/2; //[K] Temp of Heating island + +//For portion Through Carbon Nanotube +//qs = (Th-Ts)/(s/(kcn*Acn)); + +kcn = qs*s/(Acn*(Th-Ts)); + +printf("\n\n Thermal Conductivity of Carbon nanotube = %.2f W/m.K",kcn); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.4/3_4_Conical_Section.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.4/3_4_Conical_Section.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a5ab42a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.4/3_4_Conical_Section.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.4 Page 113 \n'); //Example 3.4 +// Temperature Distribution And Heat rate + +a = 0.25; +x1 = .05; //[m] Distance of smaller end +x2 = .25; //[m] Distance of larger end +T1 = 400; //[K] Temperature of smaller end +T2 = 600; //[K] Temperature of larger end +k = 3.46; //[W/m.K] From Table A.2, Pyroceram at Temp 285K + +x = linspace(0.05,.25,100); +T=(T1 + (T1-T2)*[(x^-1 - x1^-1)/(x1^-1 - x2^-1)]); +clf(); +plot(x,T); +xtitle(" Temp vs distance x", "x (m)", "T (K)"); + +qx = %pi*a^2*k*(T1-T2)/(4*[1/x1 - 1/x2]); //[W] +printf("\n\n Heat Transfer rate = %.2f W",qx); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.5/3_5_Critical_Thickness.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.5/3_5_Critical_Thickness.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6010ca20d --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.5/3_5_Critical_Thickness.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.5 Page 119 \n'); //Example 3.5 +// Critical Thickness + +k = .055; //[W/m.K] From Table A.3, Cellular glass at Temp 285K +h = 5; //[W/m^2.K] +ri = 5*10^-3; //[m] radius of tube + +rct = k/h; // [m] Critical Thickness of Insulation for maximum Heat loss or minimum resistance + +x = linspace(0,.07,100); +ycond=(2.30*log10((x+ri)/ri)/(2*%pi*k)); +yconv=(2*%pi*(x+ri)*h)^-1; +ytot=yconv+ycond; +clf(); +plot(x,ycond,x,yconv,x,ytot); +xtitle("Resistance vs Radii", "r-ri (m)", "R (m.K/W)"); +legend ("Rcond", "Rconv", "Rtotal"); + +printf("\n\n Critical Radius is = %.3f m \n Heat transfer will increase with the addition of insulation up to a thickness of %.3f m",rct,rct-ri); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.6/3_6_Spherical_Composite.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.6/3_6_Spherical_Composite.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cc30f96a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.6/3_6_Spherical_Composite.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.6 Page 122 \n'); //Example 3.6 +// Heat conduction through Spherical Container + +k = .0017; //[W/m.K] From Table A.3, Silica Powder at Temp 300K +h = 5; //[W/m^2.K] +r1 = 25*10^-2; //[m] Radius of sphere +r2 = .275; //[m] Radius including Insulation thickness + +//Liquid Nitrogen Properties +T = 77; //[K] Temperature +rho = 804; //[kg/m^3] Density +hfg = 2*10^5; //[J/kg] latent heat of vaporisation + +//Air Properties +Tsurr = 300; //[K] Temperature +h = 20 ;//[W/m^2.K] convection coefficient + +Rcond = (1/r1-1/r2)/(4*%pi*k); //Using Eq 3.36 +Rconv = 1/(h*4*%pi*r2^2); +q = (Tsurr-T)/(Rcond+Rconv); + +printf("\n\n (a)Rate of Heat transfer to Liquid Nitrogen %.2f W",q); + +//Using Energy Balance q - m*hfg = 0 +m=q/hfg; //[kg/s] mass of nirtogen lost per second +mc = m/rho*3600*24*10^3; +printf("\n\n (b)Mass rate of nitrogen boil off %.2f Litres/day",mc); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.7/3_7_Composite_Plane_Wall.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.7/3_7_Composite_Plane_Wall.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..158bf8276 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.7/3_7_Composite_Plane_Wall.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.7 Page 129 \n'); //Example 3.7 +// Composite Plane wall + +Tsurr = 30+273; //[K] Temperature of surrounding Water +h = 1000; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection Coeff of Water +kb = 150; //[W/m.K] Material B +Lb = .02; //[m] Thickness Material B +ka = 75; //[W/m.K] Material A +La = .05; //[m] Thickness Material A +qa = 1.5*10^6; //[W/m^3] Heat generation at wall A +qb = 0; //[W/m^3] Heat generation at wall B + +T2 = Tsurr + qa*La/h; + +Rcondb = Lb/kb; +Rconv = 1/h; +T1 = Tsurr +(Rcondb + Rconv)*(qa*La); +//From Eqn 3.43 +T0 = qa*La^2/(2*ka) + T1; + +printf("\n\n (a) Inner Temperature of Composite To = %i degC \n (b) Outer Temperature of the Composite T2 = %i degC",T0-273,T2-273); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.8/3_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.8/3_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53252c834 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.8/3_8_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.8 Page 134 \n')// Example 3.8 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH3/EX3.9/3_9_Rod_Fin.sce b/534/CH3/EX3.9/3_9_Rod_Fin.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45d279305 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH3/EX3.9/3_9_Rod_Fin.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 3.9 Page 145 \n'); //Example 3.9 +// Heat conduction through Rod + +kc = 398; //[W/m.K] From Table A.1, Copper at Temp 335K +kal = 180; //[W/m.K] From Table A.1, Aluminium at Temp 335K +kst = 14; //[W/m.K] From Table A.1, Stainless Steel at Temp 335K +h = 100; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection Coeff of Air +Tsurr = 25+273; //[K] Temperature of surrounding Air +D = 5*10^-3; //[m] Dia of rod +To = 100+273.15; //[K] Temp of opposite end of rod + +//For infintely long fin m = h*P/(k*A) +mc = (4*h/(kc*D))^.5; +mal = (4*h/(kal*D))^.5; +mst = (4*h/(kst*D))^.5; +x = linspace(0,.300,100); +Tc = Tsurr + (To - Tsurr)*2.73^(-mc*x) - 273; +Tal = Tsurr + (To - Tsurr)*2.73^(-mal*x) -273; +Tst = Tsurr + (To - Tsurr)*2.73^(-mst*x) -273; +clf(); +plot(x,Tc,x,Tal,x,Tst); +xtitle("Temp vs Distance", "x (m)", "T (degC)"); +legend ("Cu", "2024 Al", "316 SS"); + +//Using eqn 3.80 +qfc = (h*%pi*D*kc*%pi/4*D^2)^.5*(To-Tsurr); +qfal = (h*%pi*D*kal*%pi/4*D^2)^.5*(To-Tsurr); +qfst = (h*%pi*D*kst*%pi/4*D^2)^.5*(To-Tsurr); + +printf("\n\n (a) Heat rate \n For Copper = %.2f W \n For Aluminium = %.2f W \n For Stainless steel = %.2f W",qfc,qfal,qfst); + +//Using eqn 3.76 for satisfactory approx +Linfc = 2.65/mc; +Linfal = 2.65/mal; +Linfst = 2.65/mst; + +printf("\n\n (a) Rods may be assumed to be infinite Long if it is greater than equal to \n For Copper = %.2f m \n For Aluminium = %.2f m \n For Stainless steel = %.2f m",Linfc,Linfal,Linfst); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH4/EX4.1/4_1_Eccentric_Wire.sce b/534/CH4/EX4.1/4_1_Eccentric_Wire.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97ff4e5de --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH4/EX4.1/4_1_Eccentric_Wire.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 4.1 Page 211 \n'); //Example 4.1 +// Thermal resistance of wire coating associated with peripheral variations in coating thickness + +d = .005; //[m] Diameter of wire +k = .35; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +h = 15; //[W/m^2.K] Total coeff with Convection n Radiation + +rcr = k/h; // [m] critical insulation radius +tcr = rcr - d/2; // [m] critical insulation Thickness + +Rtcond = 2.302*log10(rcr/(d/2))/(2*%pi*k); //[K/W] Thermal resistance + +//Using Table 4.1 Case 7 +z = .5*tcr; +D=2*rcr; +Rtcond2D = (acosh((D^2 + d^2 - 4*z^2)/(2*D*d)))/(2*%pi*k); + +printf("\n\n The reduction in thermal resistance of the insulation is %.2f K/W ", Rtcond-Rtcond2D); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH4/EX4.2/4_2_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH4/EX4.2/4_2_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21ba9886b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH4/EX4.2/4_2_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 4.2 Page 218 \n')// Example 4.2 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH4/EX4.3/4_3_Column_Matrix.sce b/534/CH4/EX4.3/4_3_Column_Matrix.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..064caa7f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH4/EX4.3/4_3_Column_Matrix.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 4.3 Page 224 \n'); //Example 4.2 +// Temperature Distribution and Heat rate per unit length + +Ts = 500; //[K] Temp of surface +Tsurr = 300; //[K] Temp of surrounding Air +h = 10; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection soefficient +//Support Column +delx = .25; //[m] +dely = .25; //[m] +k = 1; //[W/m.K] From Table A.3, Fireclay Brick at T = 478K + +//Applying Eqn 4.42 and 4.48 +A = [-4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0; + 2 -4 0 1 0 0 0 0; + 1 0 -4 1 1 0 0 0; + 0 1 2 -4 0 1 0 0; + 0 0 1 0 -4 1 1 0; + 0 0 0 1 2 -4 0 1; + 0 0 0 0 2 0 -9 1; + 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 -9 ]; + +C = [-1000; -500; -500; 0; -500; 0; -2000; -1500 ]; + +T = inv(A)*C; + +printf("\n Temp Distribution = "); +printf("\n %.2f K ", T); + +q = 2*h*[(delx/2)*(Ts-Tsurr)+delx*(T(7)-Tsurr)+delx*(T(8)-Tsurr)/2]; +printf("\n\n Heat rate from column to the airstream %.1f W/m ", q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH4/EX4.4/4_4_Turbine_Matrix.sce b/534/CH4/EX4.4/4_4_Turbine_Matrix.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..490bed5e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH4/EX4.4/4_4_Turbine_Matrix.sce @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 4.4 Page 230 \n'); //Example 4.4 +// Temperature Field and Rate of Heat Transfer + +//Operating Conditions + +ho = 1000; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +hi = 200; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +Ti = 400; //[K] Temp of Air +Tg = 1700; //[K] Temp of Gas +h = 10 ; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient + +A = 2*6*10^-6 ; //[m^2] Cross section of each Channel +x = .004 ; //[m] Spacing between joints +t = .006; //[m] Thickness +k = 25; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity of Blade +delx = .001 ; //[m] +dely = .001 ; //[m] + +//Applying Eqn 4.42 and 4.48 +A = [-(2+ho*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 1 -2*(2+ho*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 1 -2*(2+ho*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 1 -2*(2+ho*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 1 -2*(2+ho*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 1 -(2+ho*delx/k) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 1 0 0 0 0 0 -4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 -4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 -2*(3+hi*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0 1; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 -2*(2+hi*delx/k) 1 0 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 -2*(2+hi*delx/k) 1 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -(2+hi*delx/k) 0 0 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -2 1 0; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 -4 1; + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 -(2+hi*delx/k)]; + +C = [-ho*delx*Tg/k; + -2*ho*delx*Tg/k; + -2*ho*delx*Tg/k; + -2*ho*delx*Tg/k; + -2*ho*delx*Tg/k; + -ho*delx*Tg/k; + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0; + 0; + -2*hi*delx*Ti/k; + -2*hi*delx*Ti/k; + -2*hi*delx*Ti/k; + -hi*delx*Ti/k; + 0; + 0; + -hi*delx*Ti/k]; + +T = inv(A)*C; + +printf("\n Temp Distribution = "); +printf("\n %.1f K ", T); + +q = 4*ho*[(delx/2)*(Tg-T(1))+delx*(Tg-T(2))+delx*(Tg-T(3))+ delx*(Tg-T(4))+delx*(Tg-T(5))+delx*(Tg-T(6))/2]; +printf("\n\n Heat rate Transfer %.1f W/m ", q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.1/5_1_Thermocouple_junction.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.1/5_1_Thermocouple_junction.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f41c10e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.1/5_1_Thermocouple_junction.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.1 Page 261 \n'); //Example 5.1 +// Junction Diameter and Time Calculation to attain certain temp + +//Operating Conditions + +h = 400; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +k = 20; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity of Blade +c = 400; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +rho = 8500; //[kg/m^3] Density +Ti = 25+273; //[K] Temp of Air +Tsurr = 200+273; //[K] Temp of Gas Stream +TimeConstt = 1; //[sec] + +//From Eqn 5.7 +D = 6*h*TimeConstt/(rho*c); +Lc = D/6; +Bi = h*Lc/k; + +//From eqn 5.5 for time to reach +T = 199+273; //[K] Required temperature + +t = rho*D*c*2.30*log10((Ti-Tsurr)/(T-Tsurr))/(h*6); + +printf("\n\n Junction Diameter needed for a time constant of 1 s = %.2e m \n\n Time Required to reach 199degC in a gas stream = %.1f sec ", D, t); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.10/5_10_Finite_Difference2_slab.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.10/5_10_Finite_Difference2_slab.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5db5cf98b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.10/5_10_Finite_Difference2_slab.sce @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.10 Page 311 \n'); //Example 5.10 +// Using Explicit Finite Difference method, determine temperatures at the surface and 150 mm from the surface after an elapsed time of 2 min +// Repeat the calculations using the Implicit Finite Difference Method +// Determine the same temperatures analytically + +//Operating Conditions + +delx = .075; //[m] Metre +T = 20+273; //[K] Temperature +q = 3*10^5; //[W/m^3] Volumetric Rate + +//From Table A.1 copper 300 K +k = 401; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +a = 117*10^-6; //[m^2/s] + +//By using stability criterion reducing further Fourier Number +Fo = (2)^-1; +//By definition +delt = Fo*delx^2/a; +format('v',5); + +//System of Equation for Explicit Finite difference Fo = 1/2 +Tv1(1,:) = [20 20 20 20 20]; //At p=0 Initial Temperature t - 20 degC +for i = 2:6 + Tv1(i,1) = 56.1 + Tv1(i-1,2); + Tv1(i,2) = (Tv1(i-1,3) + Tv1(i-1,1))/2; + Tv1(i,3) = (Tv1(i-1,4) + Tv1(i-1,2))/2; + Tv1(i,4) = (Tv1(i-1,5) + Tv1(i-1,3))/2; + Tv1(i,5) = Tv1(i-1,5); +end +for j=1:6 + T1(j,:)=[j-1 delt*(j-1) Tv1(j,:)]; +end +printf("\n\n EXPLICIT FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION FOR Fo = 1/2\n p t(s) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4\n"); +disp(T1); +printf('\n Hence after 2 min, the surface and the desirde interior temperature T0 = %.2f degC and T2 = %.1f degC',T1(6,3),T1(6,5)); + +//By using stability criterion reducing further Fourier Number +Fo = (4)^-1; +//By definition +delt = Fo*delx^2/a; +//System of Equation for Explicit Finite difference for Fo = 1/4 +Tv2(1,:) = [20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20]; //At p=0 Initial Temperature t - 20 degC +for i=2:11 + Tv2(i,1)=1/2*(q*delx/k + Tv2(i-1,2)) +Tv2(i-1,1)/2; + Tv2(i,2)=(Tv2(i-1,1)+Tv2(i-1,3))/4 + Tv2(i-1,2)/2; + Tv2(i,3)=(Tv2(i-1,2)+Tv2(i-1,4))/4 + Tv2(i-1,3)/2; + Tv2(i,4)=(Tv2(i-1,3)+Tv2(i-1,5))/4 + Tv2(i-1,4)/2; + Tv2(i,5)=(Tv2(i-1,4)+Tv2(i-1,6))/4 + Tv2(i-1,5)/2; + Tv2(i,6)=(Tv2(i-1,5)+Tv2(i-1,7))/4 + Tv2(i-1,6)/2; + Tv2(i,7)=(Tv2(i-1,6)+Tv2(i-1,8))/4 + Tv2(i-1,7)/2; + Tv2(i,8)=(Tv2(i-1,7)+Tv2(i-1,9))/4 + Tv2(i-1,8)/2; + Tv2(i,9)= Tv2(i-1,9); +end +for j=1:11 + T2(j,:)=[j-1 delt*(j-1) Tv2(j,:)]; +end +printf("\n\n EXPLICIT FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION FOR Fo = 1/4\n p t(s) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8\n") +disp(T2) +printf('\n Hence after 2 min, the surface and the desirde interior temperature T0 = %.2f degC and T2 = %.1f degC',T2(11,3),T2(11,5)) + + +//(b)Implicit Finite Difference solution +Fo = (4)^-1; +//By definition +delt = Fo*delx^2/a; + +T3 = rand(6,11); //Random Initital Distribution +function[Tm]=Tvalue(i) +function[f]=F(x) + f(1)= 2*x(1) - x(2) - q*delx/k - T3(i,3); + f(2)= -x(1)+4*x(2)-x(3)-2*T3(i,4); + f(3)= -x(2)+4*x(3)-x(4)-2*T3(i,5); + f(4)= -x(3)+4*x(4)-x(5)-2*T3(i,6); + f(5)= -x(4)+4*x(5)-x(6)-2*T3(i,7); + f(6)= -x(5)+4*x(6)-x(7)-2*T3(i,8); + f(7)= -x(6)+4*x(7)-x(8)-2*T3(i,9); + f(8)= -x(7)+4*x(8)-x(9)-2*T3(i,10); + f(9)= -x(9)+T3(i,11); + funcprot(0); +endfunction +x = [30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30]; +Tm = fsolve(x,F); + funcprot(0) +endfunction + +//At p=0 Initial Temperature t - 20 degC +T3(1,:) = [0 delt*0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20]; +for j=1:5 + T3(j+1,:)=[j delt*j Tvalue(j)]; +end +printf("\n\n IMPLICIT FINITE-DIFFERENCE SOLUTION FOR Fo = 1/4\n p t(s) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8\n"); +disp(T3); +printf('\n Hence after 2 min, the surface and the desirde interior temperature T0 = %.2f degC and T2 = %.1f degC',T3(6,3),T3(6,5)); + +t = 120; //[seconds] +//(c) Approximating slab as semi-infinte medium +Tc = T -273 + 2*q*(a*t/%pi)^.5/k; + +//At interior point x=0.15 m +x =.15; //[metre] +//Analytical Expression +Tc2 = T -273 + 2*q*(a*t/%pi)^.5/k*exp(-x^2/(4*a*t))-q*x/k*[1-erf(.15/(2*sqrt(a*t)))]; + +printf(' \n\n (c) Approximating slab as a semi infinte medium, Analytical epression yields \n At surface after 120 seconds = %.1f degC \n At x=.15 m after 120 seconds = %.1f degC',Tc,Tc2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.2/5_2_Thermocouple_junction2.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.2/5_2_Thermocouple_junction2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cedc27399 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.2/5_2_Thermocouple_junction2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.2 Page 265 \n'); //Example 5.2 +// Steady State Temperature of junction +// Time Required for thermocouple to reach a temp that is within 1 degc of its steady-state value + +//Operating Conditions + +h = 400; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +k = 20; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity of Blade +c = 400; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +e = .9; //Absorptivity +rho = 8500; //[kg/m^3] Density +Ti = 25+273; //[K] Temp of Air +Tsurr = 400+273; //[K] Temp of duct wall +Tg = 200+273; //[K] Temp of Gas Stream +TimeConstt = 1; //[sec] +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant + +//From Eqn 5.7 +D = 6*h*TimeConstt/(rho*c); +As = %pi*D^2; +V = %pi*D^3/6; + +//Balancing Energy on thermocouple Junction +//Newton Raphson method for 4th order eqn +T=500; +while(1>0) +f=(e*stfncnstt*(Tsurr^4-T^4)-(h*(T-Tg))); +fd=(-3*e*stfncnstt*T^3)-h; +Tn=T-f/fd; +if((e*stfncnstt*(Tsurr^4-Tn^4)-(h*(Tn-Tg)))<=.01) + break; +end; +T=Tn; +end +printf("\n (a) Steady State Temperature of junction = %.2f degC\n",T-273); + +//Using Eqn 5.15 and Integrating the ODE +// Integration of the differential equation +// dT/dt=-A*[h*(T-Tg)+e*stefncnstt*(T^4-Tsurr^4)]/(rho*V*c) , T(0)=25+273, and finds the minimum time t such that T(t)=217.7+273.15 +deff("[Tdot]=f(t,T)","Tdot=-As*[h*(T-Tg)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4-Tsurr^4)]/(rho*V*c)"); +deff("[z]=g(t,T)","z=T-217.7-273"); + +T0=25+273;ng=1; +[T,rd]=ode("roots",T0,0,217.7+273,f,ng,g); +printf("\n (b) Time Required for thermocouple to reach a temp that is within 1 degc of its steady-state value = %.2f s\n",rd(1)); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.3/5_3_Two_step_process.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.3/5_3_Two_step_process.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b481ac7dc --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.3/5_3_Two_step_process.sce @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.2 Page 267 \n'); //Example 5.3 +// Total Time t required for two step process + +//Operating Conditions + +ho = 40; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +hc = 10; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +k = 177; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +e = .8; //Absorptivity +L = 3*10^-3/2; //[m] Metre +Ti = 25+273; //[K] Temp of Aluminium +Tsurro = 175+273; //[K] Temp of duct wall heating +Tsurrc = 25+273; //[K] Temp of duct wall +Tit = 37+273; //[K] Temp at cooling +Tc = 150+273; //[K] Temp critical + +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8); // [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant +p = 2770; //[kg/m^3] density of aluminium +c = 875; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat + +//To assess the validity of the lumped capacitance approximation +Bih = ho*L/k; +Bic = hc*L/k; +printf("\n Lumped capacitance approximation is valid as Bih = %f and Bic = %f", Bih, Bic); + +//Eqn 1.9 +hro = e*stfncnstt*(Tc+Tsurro)*(Tc^2+Tsurro^2); +hrc = e*stfncnstt*(Tc+Tsurrc)*(Tc^2+Tsurrc^2); +printf("\n Since The values of hro = %.1f and hrc = %.1f are comparable to those of ho and hc, respectively radiation effects must be considered", hro,hrc); + +// Integration of the differential equation +// dy/dt=-1/(p*c*L)*[ho*(y-Tsurro)+e*stfncnstt*(y^4 - Tsurro^4)] , y(0)=Ti, and finds the minimum time t such that y(t)=150 degC +deff("[ydot]=f1(t,y)","ydot=-1/(p*c*L)*[ho*(y-Tsurro)+e*stfncnstt*(y^4 - Tsurro^4)]"); +deff("[z]=g1(t,y)","z=y-150-273"); +y0=Ti; +[y,tc]=ode("root",y0,0,150+273,f1,1,g1); +te = tc(1) + 300; + +//From equation 5.15 and solving the two step process using integration +function Tydot=f(t,T) + Tydot=-1/(p*c*L)*[ho*(T-Tsurro)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurro^4)]; + funcprot(0) +endfunction +Ty0=Ti; +t0=0; +t=0:10:te; +Ty=ode("rk",Ty0,t0,t,f); + +// solution of integration of the differential equation +// dy/dt=-1/(p*c*L)*[hc*(y-Tsurrc)+e*stfncnstt*(y^4 - Tsurrc^4)] , y(rd(1))=Ty(43), and finds the minimum time t such that y(t)=37 degC=Tit +deff("[Tdot]=f2(t,T)","Tdot=-1/(p*c*L)*[hc*(T-Tsurrc)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurrc^4)]"); +for(tt=0:1:900) + tq=ode(Ty(43),0,tt,f2); + if(tq-Tit<=10^-2) + break; + end +end + +function Ty2dot=f2(t,T) + Ty2dot=-1/(p*c*L)*[hc*(T-Tsurrc)+e*stfncnstt*(T^4 - Tsurrc^4)]; + funcprot(0) +endfunction +Ty20=Ty(43); +t20=te; +t2=te:10:1200; +Ty2=ode("rk",Ty20,t20,t2,f2); +clf(); +plot(t,Ty-273,t2,Ty2-273,[tc(1) tc(1)],[0 Tc-273],[te te],[0 Ty(43)-273],[tt+te tt+te],[0 tq-273]); +xtitle('Plot of the Two-Step Process','t (s)','T (degC)'); +legend('Heating','Cooling','tc','te','tt'); + +printf('\n\n Total time for the two-step process is t = %i s with intermediate times of tc = %i s and te = %i s.',tt+te,tc(1),te); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.4/5_4_Radial_Two_Step.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.4/5_4_Radial_Two_Step.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64b3b4b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.4/5_4_Radial_Two_Step.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.4 Page 278 \n'); //Example 5.4 +// Radial System with Convection + +//Operating Conditions + +h = 500; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficientat inner surface +k = 63.9; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +rho = 7832; //[kg/m^3] Density +c = 434; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +alpha = 18.8*10^-6; //[m^2/s] +L = 40*10^-3; //[m] Metre +Ti = -20+273; //[K] Initial Temp +Tsurr = 60+273; //[K] Temp of oil +t = 8*60 ; //[sec] time +D = 1 ; //[m] Diameter of pipe + +//Using eqn 5.10 and 5.12 +Bi = h*L/k; +Fo = alpha*t/L^2; + +//From Table 5.1 at this Bi +C1 = 1.047; +eta = 0.531; +theta0=C1*exp(-eta^2*Fo); +T = Tsurr+theta0*(Ti-Tsurr); + +//Using eqn 5.40b +x=1; +theta = theta0*cos(eta); +Tl = Tsurr + (Ti-Tsurr)*theta; +q = h*[Tl - Tsurr]; + +//Using Eqn 5.44, 5.46 and Vol per unit length V = pi*D*L +Q = [1-(sin(eta)/eta)*theta0]*rho*c*%pi*D*L*(Ti-Tsurr); + +printf("\n (a) After 8 min Biot number = %.2f and Fourier Numer = %.2f \n\n (b) Temperature of exterior pipe surface after 8 min = %i degC \n\n (c) Heat Flux to the wall at 8 min = %i W/m^2 \n\n (d) Energy transferred to pipe per unit length after 8 min = %.2e J/m",Bi,Fo, T-273,q,Q); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.5/5_5_Sphere_Two_Step.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.5/5_5_Sphere_Two_Step.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0fb0366d --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.5/5_5_Sphere_Two_Step.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.5 Page 280 \n'); //Example 5.5 +// Two step cooling process of Sphere + +//Operating Conditions + +ha = 10; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficientat air +hw = 6000; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficientat water +k = 20; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +rho = 3000; //[kg/m^3] Density +c = 1000; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +alpha = 6.66*10^-6; //[m^2/s] +Tiw = 335+273; //[K] Initial Temp +Tia = 400+273; //[K] Initial Temp +Tsurr = 20+273; //[K] Temp of surrounding +T = 50+273; //[K] Temp of center +ro = .005; //[m] radius of sphere + +//Using eqn 5.10 and +Lc = ro/3; +Bi = ha*Lc/k; +ta = rho*ro*c*2.30*(log10((Tia-Tsurr)/(Tiw-Tsurr)))/(3*ha); + +//From Table 5.1 at this Bi +C1 = 1.367; +eta = 1.8; +Fo = -1*2.30*log10((T-Tsurr)/((Tiw-Tsurr)*C1))/eta^2; + +tw = Fo*ro^2/alpha; + +printf("\n (a) Time required to accomplish desired cooling in air ta = %.1f s\n\n (b) Time required to accomplish desired cooling in water bath tw = %.2f s",ta,tw); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.6/5_6_Burial_Depth.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.6/5_6_Burial_Depth.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cc458dd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.6/5_6_Burial_Depth.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.6 Page 288 \n'); //Example 5.6 +// Burial Depth + +//Operating Conditions + +k = .52; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +rho = 2050; //[kg/m^3] Density +c = 1840; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +Ti = 20+273; //[K] Initial Temp +Ts = -15+273; //[K] Temp of surrounding +T = 0+273; //[K] Temp at depth xm after 60 days +t = 60*24*3600; //[sec] time perod + +alpha = k/(rho*c); //[m^2/s] +//Using eqn 5.57 +xm = erfinv((T-Ts)/(Ti-Ts))*2*(alpha*t)^.5; + +printf("\n Depth at which after 60 days soil freeze = %.2f m",xm); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.7/5_7_Spherical_Tumor.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.7/5_7_Spherical_Tumor.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3104f4932 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.7/5_7_Spherical_Tumor.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.7 Page 293 \n'); //Example 5.7 +// Spherical Tumor + +//Operating Conditions + +k = .5; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity Healthy Tissue +kappa = .02*10^3; //[m] extinction coefficient +p = .05; // reflectivity of skin +D = .005; //[m] Laser beam Dia +rho = 989.1 ; //[kg/m^3] Density +c = 4180 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +Tb = 37+273; //[K] Temp of healthy tissue +Dt = .003 ; //[m] Dia of tissue +d = .02 ; //[m] depth beneath the skin +Ttss = 55+273 ; //[K] Steady State Temperature +Tb = 37+273 ; //[K] Body Temperature +Tt = 52+273 ; //[K] Tissue Temperature +q = .170 ; //[W] + +//Case 12 of Table 4.1 +q = 2*%pi*k*Dt*(Ttss-Tb); + +//Energy Balancing +P = q*(D^2)*exp(kappa*d)/((1-p)*Dt^2); + +//Using Eqn 5.14 +t = rho*(%pi*Dt^3/6)*c*(Tt-Tb)/q; + +alpha=k/(rho*c); +Fo = 10.3; +//Using Eqn 5.68 +t2 = Fo*Dt^2/(4*alpha); + +printf("\n (a) Heat transferred from the tumor to maintain its surface temperature at Ttss = 55 degC is %.2f W \n\n (b) Laser power needed to sustain the tumor surface temperautre at Ttss = 55 degC is %.2f W \n\n (c) Time for tumor to reach Tt = 52 degC when heat transfer to the surrounding tissue is neglected is %.2f sec \n\n (d) Time for tumor to reach Tt = 52 degC when Heat transfer to thesurrounding tissue is considered and teh thermal mass of tumor is neglected is %.2f sec" ,q,P,t,t2); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.8/5_8_Nanostructured_Material.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.8/5_8_Nanostructured_Material.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71fc149ad --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.8/5_8_Nanostructured_Material.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.8 Page 300 \n'); //Example 5.8 +// Thermal Conductivity of Nanostructured material + +//Operating Conditions + +k = 1.11 ; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +rho = 3100; //[kg/m^3] Density +c = 820 ; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +//Dimensions of Strip +w = 100*10^-6; //[m] Width +L = .0035 ; //[m] Long +d = 3000*10^-10; //[m] Thickness +delq = 3.5*10^-3; //[W] heating Rate +delT1 =1.37 ; //[K] Temperature 1 +f1 = 2*%pi ; //[rad/s] Frequency 1 +delT2 =.71 ; //[K] Temperature 2 +f2 = 200*%pi; //[rad/s] Frequency 2 + +A = [delT1 -delq/(L*%pi); + delT2 -delq/(L*%pi)] ; + +C= [delq*-2.30*log10(f1/2)/(2*L*%pi); + delq*-2.30*log10(f2/2)/(2*L*%pi)] ; + +B = inv(A)*C; + +alpha = k/(rho*c); +delp = [(alpha/f1)^.5 (alpha/f2)^.5]; +printf("\n C2 = %.2f k = %.2f W/m.K \n\n Thermal Penetration depths are %.2e m and %.2e m at frequency 2*pi rad/s and 200*pi rad/s" ,B(2),B(1), delp); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH5/EX5.9/5_9_Finite_Difference1.sce b/534/CH5/EX5.9/5_9_Finite_Difference1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b527b3273 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH5/EX5.9/5_9_Finite_Difference1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 5.9 Page 305 \n'); //Example 5.9 +// Temperature distribution 1.5s after a change in operating power + +//Operating Conditions + +L = .01; //[m] Metre +Tsurr = 250+273; //[K] Temperature +h = 1100; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convective Coefficient +q1 = 10^7; //[W/m^3] Volumetric Rate +q2 = 2*10^7; //[W/m^3] Volumetric Rate +k = 30; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +a = 5*10^-6; //[m^2/s] + +delx = L/5; //Space increment for numerical solution +Bi = h*delx/k; //Biot Number +//By using stability criterion for Fourier Number +Fo = (2*(1+Bi))^-1; +//By definition +t = Fo*delx^2/a; +printf('\n As per stability criterion delt = %.3f s, hence setting stability limit as .3 s.',t) +// Using Finite time increment of .3s +delt = 1*.3; +Fo1 = a*delt/delx^2; +x = [0 delx delx*2 delx*3 delx*4 delx*5]; + +//At p=0 Using equation 3.46 +for i = 1: length(x) +T(1,i) = q1*L^2/(2*k)*(1-x(i)^2/L^2)+Tsurr + q1*L/h -273 ; +end +//System of Equation in Finite Difference method +for j = 2:6 + T(j,1)=Fo1*(2*T(j-1,2)+q2*delx^2/k) + (1 -2*Fo1)*T(j-1,1); + T(j,2)=Fo1*(T(j-1,1)+T(j-1,3)+q2*delx^2/k) + (1 -2*Fo1)*T(j-1,2); + T(j,3)=Fo1*(T(j-1,2)+T(j-1,4)+q2*delx^2/k) + (1 -2*Fo1)*T(j-1,3); + T(j,4)=Fo1*(T(j-1,3)+T(j-1,5)+q2*delx^2/k) + (1 -2*Fo1)*T(j-1,4); + T(j,5)=Fo1*(T(j-1,4)+T(j-1,6)+q2*delx^2/k) + (1 -2*Fo1)*T(j-1,5); + T(j,6)=2*Fo1*(T(j-1,5)+Bi*(Tsurr-273)+q2*delx^2/(2*k)) + (1 -2*Fo1-2*Bi*Fo1)*T(j-1,6); +end +//At p=infinity Using equation 3.46 +x = [0 delx delx*2 delx*3 delx*4 delx*5]; +for i = 1:length(x) +T(7,i) = q2*L^2/(2*k)*(1-x(i)^2/L^2)+Tsurr+q2*L/h-273; +end + +for j= 1:6 +Tans(j,:) = [j-1 delt*(j-1) T(j,:)]; +end + +printf("\n\n Tabulated Nodal Temperatures \n\n p t(s) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5\n"); +format('v',6); +disp(Tans); +printf(" inf inf %.1f %.1f %.1f %.1f %.1f %.1f",T(7,1),T(7,2),T(7,3),T(7,4),T(7,5),T(7,6)); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.1/6_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.1/6_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03c38fd2a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.1/6_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.1 Page 355 \n')// Example 6.1 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.2/6_2_Napthalene_Sublimation.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.2/6_2_Napthalene_Sublimation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8bcdb3d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.2/6_2_Napthalene_Sublimation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.2 Page 356 \n'); //Example 6.2 +// Napthalene Sublimation rate per unit length + +//Operating Conditions + +h = .05; //[W/m^2.K] Heat Convection coefficient +D = .02; //[m] Diameter of cylinder +Cas = 5*10^-6; //[kmol/m^3] Surface molar Conc +Casurr = 0; //[kmol/m^3] Surrounding molar Conc +Ma = 128; //[Kg/kmol] Molecular weight + +//From Eqn 6.15 +Na = h*(%pi*D)*(Cas-Casurr); +na = Ma*Na; + +printf("\n\n Mass sublimation Rate is = %.2e kg/s.m ", na); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.3/6_3_Convection_Coefficient.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.3/6_3_Convection_Coefficient.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92f162cc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.3/6_3_Convection_Coefficient.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.3 Page 357 \n'); //Example 6.3 +// Convection Mass Transfer coefficient + +//Operating Conditions + +Dab = .288*10^-4; //[m^2/s] Table A.8 water vapor-air (319K) +pas = .1; //[atm] Partial pressure at surface +pasurr = .02; //[atm] Partial pressure at infinity +y0 = .003; //[m] Tangent at y = 0 intercepts y axis at 3 mm + +//From Measured Vapor Pressure Distribution +delp = (0 - pas)/(y0 - 0); //[atm/m] +hmx = -Dab*delp/(pas - pasurr); //[m/s] + +printf("\n\n Convection Mass Transfer coefficient at prescribed location = %.4f m/s", hmx); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_Convection_Coeff_Plate.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_Convection_Coeff_Plate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..276c4b2f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.4/6_4_Convection_Coeff_Plate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.4 Page 362 \n'); //Example 6.4 +// Convection Mass Transfer coefficient + +//Operating Conditions +v = 1; //[m/s] Velocity of water +L = 0.6; //[m] Plate length +Tw1 = 300; //[K] +Tw2 = 350; //[K] +//Coefficients [W/m^1.5 . K] +Clam1 = 395; +Cturb1 = 2330; +Clam2 = 477; +Cturb2 = 3600; + +//Water Properties at T = 300K +p1 = 997; //[kg/m^3] Density +u1 = 855*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +//Water Properties at T = 350K +p2 = 974; //[kg/m^3] Density +u2 = 365*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity + + +Rec = 5*10^5; //Transititon Reynolds Number +xc1 = Rec*u1/(p1*v); //[m]Transition length at 300K +xc2 = Rec*u2/(p2*v); //[m]Transition length at 350K + +//Integrating eqn 6.14 +//At 300 K +h1 = [Clam1*xc1^.5/.5 + Cturb1*(L^.8-xc1^.8)/.8]/L; + +//At 350 K +h2 = [Clam2*xc2^.5/.5 + Cturb2*(L^.8-xc2^.8)/.8]/L; + +printf("\n\n Average Convection Coefficient over the entire plate for the two temperatures at 300K = %.2f W/m^2.K and at 350K = %.2f W/m^2.K", h1,h2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.5/6_5_Heat_flux_Plate.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.5/6_5_Heat_flux_Plate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4474214ba --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.5/6_5_Heat_flux_Plate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.5 Page 372 \n'); //Example 6.5 +// Heat Flux to blade when surface temp is reduced +// Heat flux to a larger turbine blade + +//Operating Conditions +v = 160; //[m/s] Velocity of air +L = 0.04; //[m] Blade length +Tsurr = 1150+273; //[K] +Ts = 800+273; //[K] Surface Temp +q = 95000; //[W/m^2] Original heat flux + +//Case 1 +Ts1 = 700+273; //[K] Surface Temp +q1 = q*(Tsurr-Ts1)/(Tsurr-Ts); + +//Case 2 +L2 = .08; //[m] Length +q2 = q*L/L2; //[W/m^2] Heat flux + + +printf("\n\n (a) Heat Flux to blade when surface temp is reduced = %i KW/m^2 \n (b) Heat flux to a larger turbine blade = %.2f KW/m^2", q1/1000,q2/1000); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.6/6_6_Molar_flux_Plate.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.6/6_6_Molar_flux_Plate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8557b8d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.6/6_6_Molar_flux_Plate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.6 Page 379 \n'); //Example 6.6 +// Water vapor conc and flux associated with the same location on larger surface of the same shape + +//Operating Conditions +v = 100; //[m/s] Velocity of air +Tsurr = 20+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +L1 = 1; //[m] solid length +Ts = 80+273; //[K] Surface Temp +qx = 10000; //[W/m^2] heat flux at a point x +Txy = 60+273; //[K] Temp in boundary layer above the point + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 323K +v = 18.2*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Viscosity +k = 28*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +Pr = 0.7; //Prandttl Number +//Table A.6 Saturated Water Vapor at T = 323K +pasat = 0.082; //[kg/m^3] +Ma = 18; //[kg/kmol] Molecular mass of water vapor +//Table A.8 Water Vapor-air at T = 323K +Dab = .26*10^-4; //[m^2/s] + +//Case 1 +Casurr = 0; +Cas = pasat/Ma; //[kmol/m^3] Molar conc of saturated water vapor at surface +Caxy = Cas + (Casurr - Cas)*(Txy - Ts)/(Tsurr - Ts); + +//Case 2 +L2 = 2; +hm = L1/L2*Dab/k*qx/(Ts-Tsurr); +Na = hm * (Cas - Casurr); + + +printf("\n (a) Water vapor Concentration above the point = %.4f Kmol/m^3 \n (b) Molar flux to a larger surface = %.2e Kmol/s.m^2", Caxy,Na); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH6/EX6.7/6_7_Evaporative_Cooling.sce b/534/CH6/EX6.7/6_7_Evaporative_Cooling.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9ce18e61 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH6/EX6.7/6_7_Evaporative_Cooling.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 6.7 Page 383 \n'); //Example 6.7 +// Steady State Temperature of Beverage + +//Operating Conditions +Tsurr = 40+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +//Volatile Wetting Agent A +hfg = 100; //[kJ/kg] +Ma = 200; //[kg/kmol] Molecular mass +pasat = 5000; //[N/m^2] Saturate pressure +Dab = .2*10^-4; //[m^2/s] Diffusion coefficient + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 300K +p = 1.16; //[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 1.007; //[kJ/kg.K] Specific Heat +alpha = 22.5*10^-6; //[m^2/s] +R = 8.314; //[kJ/kmol] Universal Gas Constt + +//Applying Eqn 6.65 and setting pasurr = 0 +// Ts^2 - Tsurr*Ts + B = 0 , where the coefficient B is +B = Ma*hfg*pasat*10^-3/[R*p*cp*(alpha/Dab)^(2/3)]; +Ts = [Tsurr + sqrt(Tsurr^2 - 4*B)]/2; + +printf("\n Steady State Surface Temperature of Beverage = %.1f degC", Ts-273); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.1/7_1_Cooling_rate.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.1/7_1_Cooling_rate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfb77c486 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.1/7_1_Cooling_rate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.1 Page 415 \n'); //Example 7.1 +// Cooling rate per Unit Width of the Plate + +//Operating Conditions +v = 10; //[m/s] Air velocity +p = 6000; //[N/m^2] Air pressure +Tsurr = 300+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +L = .5; //[m] Length of plate +Ts = 27+273; //[K] Surface Temp + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 437K +uv = 30.84*10^-6*(101325/6000); //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity at P = 6000 N/m^2 +k = 36.4*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal COnductivity +Pr = .687; //Prandtl number + +Re = v*L/uv; //Reynolds number +printf("\n Since Reynolds Number is %i, The flow is laminar over the entire plate",Re); + +//Correlation 7.30 +NuL = .664*Re^.5*Pr^.3334; //Nusselt Number over entire plate length +hL = NuL*k/L; // Average Convection Coefficient +//Required cooling rate per unit width of plate +q = hL*L*(Tsurr-Ts); + +printf("\n\n Required cooling rate per unit width of plate = %i W/m", q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.2/7_2_Turb_over_Plate.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.2/7_2_Turb_over_Plate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9833317a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.2/7_2_Turb_over_Plate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.2 Page 417 \n'); //Example 7.2 +// Maximum Heater Power Requirement + +//Operating Conditions +v = 60; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 25+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +w = 1; //[m] Width of plate +L = .05; //[m] Length of stripper +Ts = 230+273; //[K] Surface Temp + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 400K +uv = 26.41*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k = .0338; //[W/m.K] Thermal COnductivity +Pr = .690; //Prandtl number + +Re = v*L/uv; //Reynolds number + +Rexc = 5*10^5; //Transition Reynolds Number +xc = uv*Rexc/v; //Transition Length +printf("\n Reynolds Number based on length L = .05m is %i. \n And the transition occur at xc = %.2f m ie fifth plate",Re,xc); + +//For first heater +//Correlation 7.30 +Nu1 = .664*Re^.5*Pr^.3334; //Nusselt Number +h1 = Nu1*k/L; // Average Convection Coefficient +q1 = h1*(L*w)*(Ts-Tsurr); // Convective Heat exchange + +//For first four heaters +Re4 = 4*Re; +L4 = 4*L; +Nu4 = .664*Re4^.5*Pr^.3334; //Nusselt Number +h4 = Nu4*k/L4; // Average Convection Coefficient + +//For Fifth heater from Eqn 7.38 +Re5 = 5*Re; +A = 871; +L5 = 5*L; +Nu5 = (.037*Re5^.8-A)*Pr^.3334; //Nusselt Number +h5 = Nu5*k/L5; // Average Convection Coefficient +q5 = (h5*L5-h4*L4)*w*(Ts-Tsurr); + +//For Sixth heater from Eqn 7.38 +Re6 = 6*Re; +L6 = 6*L; +Nu6 = (.037*Re6^.8-A)*Pr^.3334 ; //Nusselt Number +h6 = Nu6*k/L6 ; // Average Convection Coefficient +q6 = (h6*L6-h5*L5)*w*(Ts-Tsurr); + +printf("\n\n Power requirement are \n qconv1 = %i W qconv5 = %i W qconv6 = %i W", q1,q5,q6); +printf("\n Hence %i > %i > %i and the sixth plate has largest power requirement", q6,q1,q5); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.3/7_3_Daily_water_loss.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.3/7_3_Daily_water_loss.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa0dd4c4b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.3/7_3_Daily_water_loss.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.3 Page 417 \n'); //Example 7.2 +// Daily Water Loss + +//Operating Conditions +v = 2; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 25+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +H = .5; // Humidity +w = 6; //[m] Width of pool +L1 = 12; //[m] Length of pool +e = 1.5; //[m] Deck Wide +Ts = 25+273; //[K] Surface Temp of water + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 298K +uv = 15.7*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +//Table A.8 Water vapor-Air Properties at T = 298K +Dab = .26*10^-4; //[m^2/s] Diffusion Coefficient +Sc = uv/Dab; +//Table A.6 Air Properties at T = 298K +rho = .0226; //[kg/m^3] + +L = L1+e; +Re = v*L/uv; //Reynolds number + +//Equation 7.41 yields +ShLe = .037*Re^.8*Sc^.3334; +//Equation 7.44 +p = 8; //Turbulent Flow +ShL = (L/(L-e))*ShLe*[1-(e/L)^((p+1)/(p+2))]^(p/(p+1)); + +hmL = ShL*(Dab/L); +n = hmL*(L1*w)*rho*(1-H); + +printf("\n Reynolds Number is %.2e. Hence for turbulent Flow p = 8 in Equation 7.44.\n Daily Water Loss due to evaporation is %i kg/day",Re,n*86400); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.4/7_4_Zukauskas_Correlation.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.4/7_4_Zukauskas_Correlation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e80499cc --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.4/7_4_Zukauskas_Correlation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.4 Page 428 \n'); //Example 7.4 +// Convection Coefficient associated with operating conditions +// Convection Coefficient from an appropriate correlation + +//Operating Conditions +v = 10; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 26.2+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +P = 46; // [W] Power dissipation +L = .094; //[m] Length of cylinder +D = .0127; //[m] Diameter of cylinder +Ts = 128.4+273; //[K] Surface Temp of water +q = 46-.15*46; //[W] Actual power dissipation without the 15% loss + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 300K +uv = 15.89*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k = 26.3*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal conductivity +Pr = .707; //Prandtl Number +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 401K +Prs = .690; //Prandtl Number + +A = %pi*D*L; +h = q/(A*(Ts-Tsurr)); + +Re = v*D/uv; //Reynolds number +//Using Zukauskas Relation, Equation 7.53 +C = .26; +m = .6; +n = .37; +Nu = C*Re^m*Pr^n*(Pr/Prs)^.25; +havg = Nu*k/D; + +printf("\n Convection Coefficient associated with operating conditions %i W/m^2.K. \n Reynolds Number is %i. Hence taking suitable corresponding data from Table 7.4.\n Convection Coefficient from an appropriate Zukauskas correlation %i W/m^2.K",h,Re,havg); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.5/7_5_Hydrogen_fuel_cell.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.5/7_5_Hydrogen_fuel_cell.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f8208c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.5/7_5_Hydrogen_fuel_cell.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.5 Page 431 \n'); //Example 7.5 +// Convective Heat transfer to the canister and the additional heating needed + +//Operating Conditions +v = 23; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 296; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +L = .8; //[m] Length of cylinder +Di = .1; //[m] Diameter of cylinder +t = .005; //[m] Thickness of cylinder + +//Table A.4 Air Properties at T = 285K +uv = 14.56*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k = 25.2*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal conductivity +Pr = .712; //Prandtl Number +//Table A.1 AISI 316 Stainless steel Properties at T = 300K +kss = 13.4; //[W/m.K]Conductivity + +pH2 = 1.01; //[N] +Ti = -3550/(2.30*log10(pH2) - 12.9); +Eg = -(1.35*10^-4)*(29.5*10^6); + +Re = v*(Di+2*t)/uv; //Reynolds number +// Equation 7.54 +Nu = .3+.62*Re^.5*Pr^.3334/[1+(.4/Pr)^.6668]^.25*[1+(Re/282000)^(5/8)]^.8; +h = Nu*k/(Di+2*t); + +qconv = (Tsurr-Ti)/[(1/(%pi*L*(Di+2*t)*h))+(2.30*log10((Di+2*t)/Di)/(2*%pi*kss*L))]; +printf("\n Additional Thermal Energy must be supplied to canister to mainatin steady-state operating temperatue %i W",-qconv-Eg); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.6/7_6_Plastic_Film.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.6/7_6_Plastic_Film.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c36cf4224 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.6/7_6_Plastic_Film.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.6 Page 434 \n'); //Example 7.6 +// Time required to cool from Ti = 75 degC to 35 degC + +//Operating Conditions +v = 10; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 23+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +D = .01; //[m] Diameter of sphere +Ti = 75+273; //[K] Initial temp +Tt = 35+273; //[K] Temperature after time t +p = 1; //[atm] + +//Table A.1 Copper at T = 328K +rho = 8933; //[kg/m^3] Density +k = 399; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +cp = 388; //[J/kg.K] specific +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 296 K +u = 182.6*10^-7; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +uv = 15.53*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k = 25.1*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal conductivity +Pr = .708; //Prandtl Number +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 328 K +u2 = 197.8*10^-7; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity + +Re = v*D/uv; //Reynolds number +//Using Equation 7.56 +Nu = 2+(0.4*Re^.5 + 0.06*Re^.668)*Pr^.4*(u/u2)^.25; +h = Nu*k/D; +//From equation 5.4 and 5.5 +t = rho*cp*D*2.30*log10((Ti-Tsurr)/(Tt-Tsurr))/(6*h); + +printf("\nTime required for cooling is %.1f sec",t); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH7/EX7.7/7_7_Staggered_Arrangement.sce b/534/CH7/EX7.7/7_7_Staggered_Arrangement.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aebb758cc --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH7/EX7.7/7_7_Staggered_Arrangement.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 7.7 Page 443 \n'); //Example 7.7 +// Air side Convection coefficient and Heat rate +// pressure Drop + +//Operating Conditions +v = 6; //[m/s] Air velocity +Tsurr = 15+273; //[K] Surrounding Air Temperature +D = .0164; //[m] Diameter of tube +Ts = 70+273; //[K] Temp of tube +//Staggered arrangement dimensions +St = .0313; //[m] +Sl = .0343; //[m] + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 288 K +rho = 1.217; //[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 1007; //[J/kg.K] specific heat +uv = 14.82*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k = 25.3*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal conductivity +Pr = .71; //Prandtl Number +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 343 K +Pr2 = .701; //Prandtl Number +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 316 K +uv3 = 17.4*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +k3 = 27.4*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal conductivity +Pr3 = .705; //Prandtl Number + +Sd = [Sl^2 + (St/2)^2]^.5; +Vmax = St*v/(St-D); + +Re = Vmax*D/uv; //Reynolds number + +C = .35*(St/Sl)^.2; +m = .6; +C2 = .95; +N = 56; +Nt = 8; +//Using Equation 7.64 & 7.65 +Nu = C2*C*Re^m*Pr^.36*(Pr/Pr2)^.25; +h = Nu*k/D; + +//From Eqnn 7.67 +Tso = (Ts-Tsurr)*exp(-(%pi*D*N*h)/(rho*v*Nt*St*cp)); +Tlm = ((Ts-Tsurr) - Tso)/(2.30*log10((Ts-Tsurr)/Tso)); +q = N*(h*%pi*D*Tlm); + +Pt = St/D; +//From Fig 7.14 +X = 1.04; +f = .35; +NL = 7; +press = NL*X*(rho*Vmax^2/2)*f; + +printf("\n Air side Convection coefficient h = %.1f W/m^2.k and Heat rate q = %.1f kW/m \n Pressure Drop = %.2e bars",h,q/1000,press/100000); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.1/8_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.1/8_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b95efe7a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.1/8_1_Theoretical_Problem.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.1 Page 494 \n')// Example 8.1 +//Theoretical Problem + +printf('\n The given example is theoretical and does not involve any numerical computation') + +//End diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.2/8_2_Internal_flow.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.2/8_2_Internal_flow.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ad632e03 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.2/8_2_Internal_flow.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.2 Page 499 \n'); //Example 8.2 +// Length of tube needed to achieve the desired outlet temperature +//Local convection coefficient at the outlet + +//Operating Conditions +m = .1; //[kg/s] mass flow rate of water +Ti = 20+273; //[K] Inlet temp +To = 60+273; //[K] Outlet temperature +Di = .02; //[m] Inner Diameter +Do = .04; //[m] Outer Diameter +q = 10^6; //[w/m^3] Heat generation Rate +Tsi = 70+273; //[K] Inner Surface Temp +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 313 K +cp = 4179; //[J/kg.K] specific heat + +L = 4*m*cp*(To-Ti)/(%pi*(Do^2-Di^2)*q); + +//From Newtons Law of cooling, Equation 8.27, local heat convection coefficient is +h = q*(Do^2-Di^2)/(Di*4*(Tsi-To)); + +printf("\n Length of tube needed to achieve the desired outlet temperature = %.1f m \n Local convection coefficient at the outlet = %i W/m^2.K",L,h); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.3/8_3_Internal_flow_steam.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.3/8_3_Internal_flow_steam.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4f290563 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.3/8_3_Internal_flow_steam.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.3 Page 503 \n'); //Example 8.3 +// average convection coefficient + +//Operating Conditions +m = .25; //[kg/s] mass flow rate of water +Ti = 15+273; //[K] Inlet temp +To = 57+273; //[K] Outlet temperature +D = .05; //[m] Diameter +L = 6; //[m] Length of tube +Ts = 100+273; //[K] outer Surface Temp + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 309 K +cp = 4178; //[J/kg.K] specific heat + +Tlm = ((Ts-To)-(Ts-Ti))/(2.30*log10((100-57)/(100-15))); + +h = m*cp*(To-Ti)/(%pi*D*L*Tlm); + +printf("\n Average Heat transfer Convection Coefficient = %i W/m^2.K",h); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.4/8_4_Solar_Energy.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.4/8_4_Solar_Energy.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dae80a47 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.4/8_4_Solar_Energy.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.4 Page 506 \n'); //Example 8.4 +// Length of tube for required heating +// Surface temperature Ts at outlet section + +//Operating Conditions +m = .01; //[kg/s] mass flow rate of water +Ti = 20+273; //[K] Inlet temp +To = 80+273; //[K] Outlet temperature +D = .06; //[m] Diameter +q = 2000; //[W/m^2] Heat flux to fluid + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 323 K +cp = 4178; //[J/kg.K] specific heat +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 353 K +k = .670; //[W/m] Thermal Conductivity +u = 352*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = 2.2; //Prandtl Number +cp = 4178; //[J/kg.K] specific heat + +L = m*cp*(To-Ti)/(%pi*D*q); + +//Using equation 8.6 +Re = m*4/(%pi*D*u); +printf("\n (a) Length of tube for required heating = %.2f m\n\n (b)As Reynolds Number is %i. The flow is laminar.",L,Re); + +Nu = 4.364; //Nusselt Number +h = Nu*k/D; //[W/m^2.K] Heat convection Coefficient + +Ts = q/h+To; //[K] + +printf("\n Surface Temperature at tube outlet = %i degC",Ts-273); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.5/8_5_Blood_Artery.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.5/8_5_Blood_Artery.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce381e771 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.5/8_5_Blood_Artery.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.5 Page 509 \n'); //Example 8.5 +// Length of Blood Vessel + +//Operating Conditions +um1 = .13; //[m/s] Blood stream +um2 = 3*10^-3; //[m/s] Blood stream +um3 = .7*10^-3; //[m/s] Blood stream +D1 = .003; //[m] Diameter +D2 = .02*10^-3; //[m] Diameter +D3 = .008*10^-3; //[m] Diameter +Tlm = .05; +kf = .5; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +//Table A. Water Properties T = 310 K +rho = 993; //[kg/m^3] density +cp = 4178; //[J/kg.K] specific heat +u = 695*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +kb = .628; //[W/m.K] Conductivity +Pr = 4.62; //Prandtl Number +i=1; +//Using equation 8.6 + Re1 = rho*um1*D1/u; + Nu = 4; + hb = Nu*kb/D1; + hf = kf/D1; + U1 = (1/hb + 1/hf)^-1; + L1 = -rho*um1*D1/U1*cp*2.303*log10(Tlm)/4; + xfdh1 = .05*Re1*D1; + xfdr1 = xfdh1*Pr; + + Re2 = rho*um2*D2/u; + Nu = 4; + hb = Nu*kb/D2; + hf = kf/D2; + U2 = (1/hb + 1/hf)^-1; + L2 = -rho*um2*D2/U2*cp*2.303*log10(Tlm)/4; + xfdh2 = .05*Re2*D2; + xfdr2 = xfdh2*Pr; + + Re3 = rho*um3*D3/u; + Nu = 4; + hb = Nu*kb/D3; + hf = kf/D3; + U3 = (1/hb + 1/hf)^-1; + L3 = -rho*um3*D3/U3*cp*2.303*log10(Tlm)/4; + xfdh3 = .05*Re3*D3; + xfdr3 = xfdh3*Pr; + +printf("\n Vessel Re U(W/m^2.K) L(m) xfdh(m) xfdr(m)\n Artery %i %i %.1f %.2f %.1f \n Anteriole %.3f %i %.1e %.1e %.1e \n Capillary %.3f %i %.1e %.1e %.1e",Re1,U1,L1,xfdh1,xfdr1,Re2,U2,L2,xfdh2,xfdr2,Re3,U3,L3,xfdh3,xfdr3); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.6/8_6_Metal_Duct.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.6/8_6_Metal_Duct.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c3fb77ef --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.6/8_6_Metal_Duct.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.6 Page 516 \n'); //Example 8.6 +// Heat Loss from the Duct over the Length L, q +// Heat flux and suface temperature at x=L + +//Operating Conditions +m = .05; //[kg/s] mass flow rate of water +Ti = 103+273; //[K] Inlet temp +To = 77+273; //[K] Outlet temperature +D = .15; //[m] Diameter +L = 5; //[m] length +ho = 6; //[W/m^2.K] Heat transfer convective coefficient +Tsurr = 0+273; //[K] Temperature of surrounding + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 363 K +cp = 1010; //[J/kg.K] specific heat +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 350 K +k = .030; //[W/m] Thermal Conductivity +u = 20.82*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +Pr = .7; //Prandtl Number + +q = m*cp*(To-Ti); + +Re = m*4/(%pi*D*u); +printf("\n As Reynolds Number is %i. The flow is Turbulent.",Re); + +//Equation 8.6 +n = 0.3; +Nu = .023*Re^.8*Pr^.3; +h = Nu*k/D; +q2 = (To-Tsurr)/[1/h + 1/ho]; +Ts = -q2/h+To; + +printf("\n\n Heat Loss from the Duct over the Length L, q = %i W \n Heat flux and suface temperature at x=L is %.1f W/m^2 & %.1f degC respectively",q,q2,Ts-273); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.7/8_7_Microchannel.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.7/8_7_Microchannel.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf5ee7f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.7/8_7_Microchannel.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.7 Page 525 \n'); //Example 8.5 +// Time needed to bring the reactants to within 1 degC of processing temperature + +//Operating Conditions +T1 = 125+273; //[K] Chip Temperature 1 +T2 = 25+273; //[K] Chip Temperature 2 +Ti = 5+273; //[K] Inlet Temperature +D = .01; //[m] Diameter +L = .02; //[m] length +delP = 500*10^3; //[N/m^2] Pressure drop +//Dimensions +a = 40*10^-6; +b = 160*10^-6; +s = 40*10^-6; + +//Table A.5 Ethylene Glycol Properties T = 288 K +rho = 1120.2; //[kg/m^3] Density +cp = 2359; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +u = 2.82*10^-2; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +k = 247*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +Pr = 269; //Prandtl number +//Table A.5 Ethylene Glycol Properties T = 338 K +rho2 = 1085; //[kg/m^3] Density +cp2 = 2583; //[J/kg.K] Specific Heat +u2 = .427*10^-2; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +k2 = 261*10^-3; //[W/m.K] Thermal Conductivity +Pr2 = 45.2; //Prandtl number + +P = 2*a+2*b; //Perimeter of microchannel +Dh = 4*a*b/P; //Hydraulic Diameter + +um2 = 2/73*Dh^2/u2*delP/L; //[[m/s] Equation 8.22a +Re2 = um2*Dh*rho2/u2; //Reynolds Number +xfdh2 = .05*Dh*Re2; //[m] From Equation 8.3 +xfdr2 = xfdh2*Pr2; //[m] From Equation 8.23 +m2 = rho2*a*b*um2; //[kg/s] +Nu2 = 4.44; //Nusselt Number from Table 8.1 +h2 = Nu2*k2/Dh; //[W/m^2.K] Convection Coeff +Tc2 = 124+273; //[K] +xc2 = m2/P*cp2/h2*2.303*log10((T1-Ti)/(T1-Tc2)); +tc2 = xc2/um2; + +um = 2/73*Dh^2/u*delP/L; //[[m/s] Equation 8.22a +Re = um*Dh*rho/u; //Reynolds Number +xfdh = .05*Dh*Re; //[m] From Equation 8.3 +xfdr = xfdh*Pr; //[m] From Equation 8.23 +m = rho2*a*b*um; //[kg/s] +Nu = 4.44; //Nusselt Number from Table 8.1 +h = Nu*k/Dh; //[W/m^2.K] Convection Coeff +Tc = 24+273; //[K] +xc = m/P*cp/h*2.303*log10((T2-Ti)/(T2-Tc)); +tc = xc/um; + +printf("\n Temp [degC] %i %i\n\n Flow rate [m/s] %.3f %.3f\n Reynolds Number %.1f %.1f\n Hydrodynamic entrance Length [m] %.1e %.1e\n Thermal entrance Length [m] %.1e %.1e\n Mass Flow rate [kg/s] %.2e %.2e\n Convective Coeff [W/m^2.K] %.2e %.2e\n Transition Length [m] %.2e %.2e\n Required Time [s] %.3f %.3f",T2-273,T1-273,um,um2,Re,Re2,xfdh,xfdh2,xfdr,xfdr2,m,m2,h,h2,xc,xc2,tc,tc2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH8/EX8.8/8_8_Ammonia_tube.sce b/534/CH8/EX8.8/8_8_Ammonia_tube.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..608bca238 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH8/EX8.8/8_8_Ammonia_tube.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 8.8 Page 529 \n'); //Example 8.8 +// Average mass trasnfer convection coefficient for the tube + +//Operating Conditions +m = .0003; //[kg/s] mass flow rate of water +T = 25+273; //[K] Temperature of surrounding and tube +D = .01; //[m] Diameter +L = 1; //[m] length + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 298 K +uv = 15.7*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +u = 18.36*10^-6; //[N.s/m^2] Viscosity +//Table A.8 Ammonia-Air Properties T = 298 K +Dab = .28*10^-4; //[m^2/s] Diffusion coeff +Sc = .56; + +Re = m*4/(%pi*D*u); +printf("\n As Reynolds Number is %i. The flow is Laminar.",Re); + +//Using Equation 8.57 +Sh = 1.86*(Re*Sc*D/L)^.3334; +h = Sh*Dab/D; +printf("\n Average mass trasnfer convection coefficient for the tube %.3f m/s",h); + +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH9/EX9.1/9_1_Vertical_Plate.sce b/534/CH9/EX9.1/9_1_Vertical_Plate.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5030e4211 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH9/EX9.1/9_1_Vertical_Plate.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 9.1 Page 569 \n'); //Example 9.1 +// Boundary Layer thickness at trailing edge. + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 70+273; //[K] Surface Temperature +Tsurr = 25+273; //[K] Surrounding Temperature +v1 = 0; //[m/s] Velocity of free air +v2 = 5; //[m/s] Velocity of free air +L = .25; //[m] length + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 320 K +uv = 17.95*10^-6; //[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +be = 3.12*10^-3; //[K^-1] Tf^-1 +Pr = 269; // Prandtl number +g = 9.81; //[m^2/s]gravitational constt + +Gr = g*be*(Ts-Tsurr)*L^3/uv^2; +del = 6*L/(Gr/4)^.25; +printf("\n Boundary Layer thickness at trailing edge for no air stream %.3f m",del); + +Re = v2*L/uv; +printf("\n\n For air stream at 5 m/s As the Reynolds Number is %.2e the free convection boundary layer is Laminar",Re); +del2 = 5*L/(Re)^.5; +printf("\n Boundary Layer thickness at trailing edge for air stream at 5 m/s is %.4f m",del2); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH9/EX9.2/9_2_Glass_door.sce b/534/CH9/EX9.2/9_2_Glass_door.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0fb82b80 --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH9/EX9.2/9_2_Glass_door.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 9.2 Page 572 \n'); //Example 9.2 +// Heat transfer by convection between screen and room air. + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 232+273; //[K] Surface Temperature +Tsurr = 23+273; //[K] Surrounding Temperature +L = .71; //[m] length +w = 1.02; //[m] Width + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 400 K +k = 33.8*10^-3 ;//[W/m.K] +uv = 26.4*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +al = 38.3*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] +be = 2.5*10^-3 ;//[K^-1] Tf^-1 +Pr = .69 ;// Prandtl number +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitational constt + +Ra = g*be*(Ts-Tsurr)/al*L^3/uv; +printf("\n\n As the Rayleigh Number is %.2e the free convection boundary layer is turbulent",Ra); +//From equatiom 9.23 +Nu = [.825 + .387*Ra^.16667/[1+(.492/Pr)^(9/16)]^(8/27)]^2; +h = Nu*k/L; +q = h*L*w*(Ts-Tsurr); + +printf("\n Heat transfer by convection between screen and room air is %i W",q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH9/EX9.3/9_3_Rectangular_Duct.sce b/534/CH9/EX9.3/9_3_Rectangular_Duct.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..587ded94a --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH9/EX9.3/9_3_Rectangular_Duct.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 9.3 Page 577 \n'); //Example 9.3 +// Heat Loss from duct per meter of length + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 45+273; //[K] Surface Temperature +Tsurr = 15+273 ;//[K] Surrounding Temperature +H = .3 ;//[m] Height +w = .75 ;//[m] Width + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 303 K +k = 26.5*10^-3 ;//[W/m.K] +uv = 16.2*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +al = 22.9*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] alpha +be = 3.3*10^-3 ;//[K^-1] Tf^-1 +Pr = .71 ;// Prandtl number +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitational constt + +Ra = g*be*(Ts-Tsurr)/al*H^3/uv; //Length = Height +//From equatiom 9.27 +Nu = [.68 + .67*Ra^.25/[1+(.492/Pr)^(9/16)]^(4/9)]; +//for Sides +hs = Nu*k/H; + +Ra2 = g*be*(Ts-Tsurr)/al*(w/2)^3/uv; //Length = w/2 +//For top eq 9.31 +ht = [k/(w/2)]*.15*Ra2^.3334; +//For bottom Eq 9.32 +hb = [k/(w/2)]*.27*Ra2^.25; + +q = (2*hs*H+ht*w+hb*w)*(Ts-Tsurr); + +printf("\n Rate of heat loss per unit length of duct is %i W/m",q); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH9/EX9.4/9_4_Steam_Pipe.sce b/534/CH9/EX9.4/9_4_Steam_Pipe.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4653eb1cd --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH9/EX9.4/9_4_Steam_Pipe.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 9.4 Page 580 \n'); //Example 9.4 +// Heat Loss from pipe per meter of length + +//Operating Conditions +Ts = 165+273; //[K] Surface Temperature +Tsurr = 23+273; //[K] Surrounding Temperature +D = .1 ;//[m] Diameter +e = .85 ;// emissivity +stfncnstt=5.67*10^(-8) ;// [W/m^2.K^4] - Stefan Boltzmann Constant + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 303 K +k = 31.3*10^-3 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +uv = 22.8*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +al = 32.8*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] alpha +be = 2.725*10^-3 ;//[K^-1] Tf^-1 +Pr = .697 ;// Prandtl number +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitational constt + +Ra = g*be*(Ts-Tsurr)/al*D^3/uv; +//From equatiom 9.34 +Nu = [.60 + .387*Ra^(1/6)/[1+(.559/Pr)^(9/16)]^(8/27)]^2; +h = Nu*k/D; + +qconv = h*%pi*D*(Ts-Tsurr); +qrad = e*%pi*D*stfncnstt*(Ts^4-Tsurr^4); + +printf("\n Rate of heat loss per unit length of pipe is %i W/m",qconv+qrad); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/534/CH9/EX9.5/9_5_Radiation_Shield.sce b/534/CH9/EX9.5/9_5_Radiation_Shield.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..614664f2b --- /dev/null +++ b/534/CH9/EX9.5/9_5_Radiation_Shield.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear; +clc; +printf('FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER \n Incropera / Dewitt / Bergman / Lavine \n EXAMPLE 9.5 Page 592 \n'); //Example 9.5 +// Heat Loss from pipe per unit of length +// Heat Loss if air is filled with glass-fiber blanket insulation + +//Operating Conditions +To = 35+273 ;//[K] Shield Temperature +Ti = 120+273 ;//[K] Tube Temperature +Di = .1 ;//[m] Diameter inner +Do = .12 ;//[m] Diameter outer +L = .01 ;//[m] air gap insulation + +//Table A.4 Air Properties T = 350 K +k = 30*10^-3 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity +uv = 20.92*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] Kinematic Viscosity +al = 29.9*10^-6 ;//[m^2/s] alpha +be = 2.85*10^-3 ;//[K^-1] Tf^-1 +Pr = .7 ;// Prandtl number +g = 9.81 ;//[m^2/s] gravitational constt +//Table A.3 Insulation glass fiber T=300K +kins = .038 ;//[W/m.K] Conductivity + +Lc = 2*[2.303*log10(Do/Di)]^(4/3)/((Di/2)^-(3/5)+(Do/2)^-(3/5))^(5/3); +Ra = g*be*(Ti-To)/al*Lc^3/uv; +keff = .386*k*(Pr/(.861+Pr))^.25*Ra^.25; +q = 2*%pi*keff*(Ti-To)/(2.303*log10(Do/Di)); + +//From equatiom 9.58 and 3.27 +qin = q*kins/keff; + +printf("\n Heat Loss from pipe per unit of length is %i W/m \n Heat Loss if air is filled with glass-fiber blanket insulation %i W/m",q,qin); +//END \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH1/EX1.1/1.sce b/555/CH1/EX1.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..725617258 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH1/EX1.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Implementation of example 1.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 20 +clc +clear + +z=562 // (difference in height of mercury in two limbs in mm) +g=9.79 // (acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2) +z0=761 // (barometer reading in mm Hg) +d=13640 // (density of mercury in kg/m^3) + +// p= p0 + (d*g*z) & p0=(d*g*z)so +p=(d*g)*(z+z0)/1000; // division by 1000 is done to convert mm to m +p=(p/100000); // here division by 100000 is done to convert kPa to atm +printf("The gas pressure = %.2f bar",p); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH1/EX1.2/2.sce b/555/CH1/EX1.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4115e6b23 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH1/EX1.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Implementation of example 1.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 21 + +clc +clear + +gp=1.4d6 // (gauge pressure in Pa) +z=710 // (vacuum in mm Hg) +z0=772 // (barometric pressure in mm Hg) +d=13.6d3 // (density of mercury) + +p0=(d*g*z0)/1000; // division by 1000 is done to convert mm to m +sp=(gp+p0); +sp=sp/1d6; +printf("Inlet steam pressure = %.2f Mpa",sp); +printf("\n"); +cp=(z0-z)*(g*d)/1000; // division by 1000 is done to convert mm to m +cp=cp/1000; // division by 1000 is done to convert Pa to kPa +printf("Condenser pressure = %.2f kPa",cp); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6e5a51b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 54 + +clc +clear + +P=760 //(mm Hg) +dv=0.5 //(m^3) +// since P is in mm Hg and change in volume(dv) is in m^3,so we'll change the unit of pressure +p=101.325 //(kN/m^2) + +Wd=(p*dv); +disp("work done by system =") +disp(Wd) +disp("kJ") +// in this work is done by the system,so it is positive diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8144c7906 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 55 + +clc +clear + +p=101.325 // (kN/m^2) +dv=0.6 //(m^3) + +Wd=(p*dv); +disp("work done by air =") +disp(Wd) +disp("kJ") +// since the free-air boundary is contracting,the work done by system is negative and surroundings do positive work upon the system diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..616eb2d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.3 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 55 + +clc +clear + +p=101.325 // (atmospheric pressure in kN/m^2) +N=10000 // no. of revolutions +T=1.275 // (torque in Nm) +d=0.6 //(diameter in m) +l=0.8 //(distance moved in m) + +w1=(2*%pi*T*N)/1000; // work done by stirring device +a=((%pi/4)*d^2); +w2=(p*a)*l; // work done by system +w=(-w1)+w2; +disp("net work transfer") +disp(w) +disp("kJ") diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75d618bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.4 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 56 + +clc +clear + +s=150 // (speed in rpm) +d=0.8 // (cylinder diameter in m) +st=1.2 // (stroke of piston in m) +ad=5.5d-4 // (area of indicator diagram in m^2) +ld=0.06 // (length of diagram in m) +sp=147 // (spring value in Mpa/m) + +pm=(ad/ld)*sp; +// one engine cycle is completed in two strokes of piston or one revolution of crank shaft +a=(%pi/4)*d^2; +wd=(pm*a)*(st*s); +// since the engine is single-acting and it has 12 cylinders,each contributing an equal power,the rate of work transfer is +W=(wd*12)/60; +W=W*1000; +disp(pm) +disp(wd) +disp("Rate of work transfer =") +disp(W) +disp("kW") diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fb76164b --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.5 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 57 + +clc +clear + +rt=5000 // (rate of heat supply in kg/h) +t1=15 // (in degree celsius) +t2=1650 // (in degree celsius) +mp=1535 // (melting point in degree celsius) +lt=270 // (latent heat in kJ/kg*K) +shs=0.502 // (specific heat in solid state in kJ/kg*K) +shl=29.93 // (specific heat in liquid state in kJ/kg*K) +e=0.7 // (efficiency) +dn=6900 // (density in kg/m^3) +wt=56 // (atomic wt of iron) + +ht=shs*(mp-t1)+lt+shl*(t2-mp)/wt; +// ht is heat required to melt 1 kg of iron +rm=(rt*ht); +rate=(rm/e)/3600; +disp("rating of furnace =") +disp(rate) +disp("kW") +// since bath volume is 3 times the hourly melting rate +V=(3*rt)/dn; +// let d & l be the diameter & length and l=2d +d=(V*2/%pi)^(1/3); +l=(2*d); +disp("diameter =") +disp(d) +disp("m") +disp("length") +disp(l) +disp("m") diff --git a/555/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce b/555/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c874432bb --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Implementation of example 3.6 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 57 + +clc +clear + +shs=0.9 // (specific heat in solid state in kJ/kg*K) +lt=390 // (latent heat in kJ/kg) +wt=27 // (atomic wt of aluminium) +dn=2400 // (density in kg/m^3) +Tf=700 // (final temp in degree celsius) +mp2=660 // (melting point in degree celsius) +t1=15 // (in degree celsius) +shl=29.93 // (specific heat in liquid state in kJ/kg*K) +e=0.7 // (efficiency) +V=2.18 // (m^3) from example 3.5 +rating=2.17d3 // (rating of furnace as evaluated in example 3.5) + +ht=shs*(mp2-t1)+lt+shl*(Tf-mp2)/wt; +// ht is heat required per kg of aluminium +hs=(ht/e); +rate=(rating/hs)*3600; // 3600 is used to convert rate into kg/hour +rate=(rate/1000) // to convert it into tonnes/hour +disp("rate at which aluminium can be melted with given power =") +disp(rate) +disp("tonnes/hour") +mass=(V*dn)/1000; +disp("mass of aluminium that can be held =") +disp(mass) +disp("tonnes") diff --git a/555/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce b/555/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f50b097c --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Implementation of example 4.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 72 + +clc +clear + +// First law of Thermodynamics for stationary system is dQ = dU+W +dQ=-37.6 // (heat transfer in kJ) +v1=0.3 // (initial volume in m^3) +p=0.105 // (pressure in MPa) +v2=0.15 // (final volume in m^3) + +W=p*(v2-v1)*1000; +// now according to first law +dU=W-dQ; +printf("Change in internal energy of gas is = %.2f kJ",dU); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce b/555/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6208ed766 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Implementation of example 4.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 73 + +clc +clear + +Qacb=84 // (heat flow into system along path acb in kJ) +Wacb=32 // (work done by system along path acb in kJ) +Wadb=10.5 // (work done by system along path adb in kJ) +Wab=21 // (work done on system along curved path b to a in kJ) +Ua=0 // (internal energy at a in kJ) +Ud=42 // (internal energy at d in kJ) +Wdb=0 // (since it is following an isochoric path) + +Uab=Qacb-Wacb; +Qadb=Uab+Wadb; +Qab=(Uab+Wab); +Wad=Wadb-Wdb; +Qad=(Ud-Ua)+Wad; +Qdb=Qadb-Qad; +printf("Heat flow into the system along path adb = %.2f kJ \n",Qadb); +printf("The system liberates %.2f kJ of heat \n",Qab); +printf("heat absorbed along path ad = %.2f kJ \n",Qad); +printf("heat absorbed along path db = %.2f kJ \n",Qdb); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce b/555/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cae08ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Implementation of example 4.3 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag +// page 73-74 + +clc +clear + +Q=-170 // (sum of all heat transfers during a cycle in kJ) + +Qab=0 // (heat transfer in process a-b in kJ/min) +Qbc=21000 // (heat transfer in process b-c in kJ/min) +Qcd=-2100 // (heat transfer in process c-d in kJ/min) +Wab=2170 // (work done in process a-b in kJ/min) +Wbc=0 // (work done in process b-c in kJ/min) +dEcd=-36600 // (change in internal energy in kJ/min) + +dEab=Qab-Wab; +dEbc=Qbc-Wbc; +Wcd=Qcd-dEcd; +// The system completes 100 cycles per min +Qda=(Q*100)-(Qab+Qbc+Qcd); +// Now dE=0,since cyclic integral of any property is zero +dEda=-(dEab+dEbc+dEcd); +Wda=Qda-dEda; +printf("change in internal energy in a-b is = %.2f kJ/min \n",dEab); +printf("change in internal energy in b-c is = %.2f kJ/min \n",dEbc); +printf("work done in c-d is = %.2f kJ/min \n",Wcd); +printf("change in internal energy in d-a is = %.2f kJ/min \n",dEda); +printf("work done in d-a is = %.2f kJ/min \n",Wda); +printf("heat transfer in d-a is = %.2f kJ/min \n",Qda); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH4/EX4.4/4.sce b/555/CH4/EX4.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e60c6acba --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH4/EX4.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Implementation of example 4.4 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Initial pressure p1 volume V1, final pressure p2 volume V2 +//internal energy u = 3.56*p*v+84, pv^n=constant +p1=500;//kPa +V1=0.22;//m^3 +p2=100;//kPa +n=1.2; +V2=V1*(p1/p2)^(1/n); +//change in internal energy 'dU' +dU = 3.56*(p2*V2-p1*V1); +//Work done 'Wa' +Wa = (p2*V2-p1*V1)/(1-n); +//Heat transfer 'Qa' +Qa=dU+Wa; +//Part b +Qb = 30;//kJ +Wb=Qb-dU; +printf(' (a):Change in internal energy = %0.0f kJ \n Work done W = %0.1f kJ \n Heat transfer Q = %0.1f kJ \n (b): W = %0.0f kJ \n The work in (b) is not equal to integral of pdV since the process is not quasi-static',dU,Wa,Qa,Wb); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH4/EX4.5/5.sce b/555/CH4/EX4.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5260bc6e --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH4/EX4.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Implementation of example 4.5 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//pressure in initial state 'p1',Volume in initial state 'V1', +//pressure in final state 'p2',Volume in final state 'V2', +//internal energy U = (34 + 3.15 * p * V); +p1 = 170; //kPa +V1 = 0.03; //m3 +p2 = 400; //kPa +V2 = 0.06; //m3 +dU = 3.15 * (p2 *V2 - p1 * V1); //kJ + + +A = [1 V1;1 V2]; +C = [p1;p2]; +B = inv(A)*C; +a = round(B(1,1)); +b = round(B(2,1)); + +function p = pdV(V) + p = a+b*V; +endfunction +//Work transfer involved during the process 'W12' +W12 = intg(V1,V2,pdV); //kJ +printf("Work done by the system, W12 = %0.2f kJ\n\n",W12); +//Heat transfer 'Q12' +Q12 = dU + W12; +printf("Heat flow into the system during the process, Q12 = %0.2f kJ",Q12); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..855710001 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Work done W, Velocity V, Pressure p, Specific volume v, Height Z +V1=7 // m/sec +p1=100 // kPa +v1=0.95 // m^3/kg +Q=-58 // kW +V2=5 // m/sec +p2=700 // kPa +v2=0.19 // m^3/kg +w=0.5 // kg/sec +dU=90 // kJ/kg (since its given that u2=u1+90) +// steady flow energy equation is w(u1+p1v1+V1^2/2+Z1g)+dQ/dt=w(u2+p2v2+V2^2/2+Z2g)+dW/dt +W=-w*[dU+(p2*v2-p1*v1)+(V2*V2-V1*V1)/2000]+Q; +printf("rate of work input = %.2f kW \n",W); +temp=(v1*V2)/(v2*V1); +ratio=sqrt(temp); +printf("ratio of diameter is = %.2f",ratio); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..508d322da --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Work done W, Velocity V, Pressure p, Specific volume v, Height Z +W = 135;//kJ/kg +Q = - 9;//kJ/kg +v1 = 0.37; //m^3/kg +p1 = 600;//kPa +V1 = 16;//m/s +Z1 = 32;//m +v2 = 0.62; +p2 = 100; +V2 = 270; +Z2 = 0; +g = 9.81;//m/s^2 +//First law: +//u1 + p1v1 + V1^2/2 + Z1g + dQ/dm = u2+ p2v2 + V2^2/2 + Z2g + dW/dm +//Change in specific internal energy 'dU' +dU = (p2*v2 - p1*v1) + (V2^2 - V1^2)*10^(-3)/2 + (Z2 - Z1)*g*10^(-3) + W - Q; +if(dU>0) + printf('Specific internal energy decreases by %0.3f kJ',dU); +else + printf('Specific internal energy increases by %0.3f kJ',-dU); +end +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adb2ae785 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.3 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//diameter of pipe 'd', heat loss from the pipe 'Q' +d = 0.2; //m +//parameters with subscript 1 refer to at boiler's end +//and those with subscript 2 refer to at turbine end +p1 = 4; //MPa +t1 = 400; //degree C +h1 = 3213.6; //kJ/kg +v1 = 0.073; //m^3/kg +p2 = 3.5; //MPa +t2 = 392; //degree C +h2 = 3202.6; //kJ/kg +v2 = 0.084; //m^3/kg +Q = -8.5; //dQ/dm in kJ/kg +//dW/dm = 0 +//V = V2^2 - V1^2; +V = 2*((h1-h2) + Q)/10^(-3); +//Velocity at turbine end 'V1' +V1 = sqrt(V/((v2/v1)^2-1)); +//Area of cross-ection of pipeline 'A' +A = (%pi)/4 * d^2; +//stream flow rate 'w' +w = A * V1/v1; +printf("Mass flow rate, w = %0.1f kg/s",w); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..837f21862 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.4 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Water received by heater at rate w1 at enthalpy h1 +//Enthalpy of steam mixed with water h2 +//Rate of liquid leaving the heater w3 at enthalpy h3 +w1 = 4.2;//kg/s +h1 = 313.93;//kJ/kg +h2 = 2676; +h3 = 419; +//solving equaitons: w1 + w2 = w3 and w1h1 + w2h2 = w3h3 +w2 = w1*(h3-h1)/(h2-h3); +printf('Steam supplied to heater per hour, w2 = %0.0f kg/h',w2*3600); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd75dbfc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.5 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//initial velocity 'V1', initial temperature of air 't1',Temperature after passing through heat exchanger 't2', Temperature after expansion 't3',Velocity after leaving turbine 'V3', Temperature after leaving turbine 't4', air flow rate 'w', enthalpy of air 'h', specific heat 'Cp' +t1 = 15; //degree C +t2 = 800; //degree C +V1 = 30; //m/s +V2 = 30; //m/s +t3 = 650; //degree C +V3 = 60; //m/s +t4 = 500; //degree C +g = 9.8; //m/s2 +w = 2; //kg/s +cp = 1.005; //kJ/kg K +h2 = cp*t2; +h1 = cp*t1; +h3 = cp*t3; +h4 = cp*t4; +//Rate of heat transfer 'Q12' +Q12 = w*(h2-h1); //kJ/s +mprintf("Rate of heat transfer to air in heat exchanger, Q12 = %d kJ/s\n\n",round(Q12)); +//V = V2^2 - V3^2 +//Power output from turbine 'Wt' +Wt = w*((V2^2-V3^2)*10^(-3)/2 + (h2-h3)); //kW +mprintf("Power output from turbine, Wt = %0.1f kW\n\n",Wt); +//Velocity at exit +V4 = sqrt(2*(h3-h4)*1000 + V3^2); +mprintf("Velocity at exit from the nozzle, V4 = %d m/s",round(V4)); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7956232a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.6 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +Va=270 // (air speed in m/s) +Ha=260 // (enthalpy of air in kJ/kg) +Hg=912 // (enthalpy of gas in kJ/kg) +Ef=44500 // (energy in kJ/kg) +wf=0.019 // (fuel ratio) +Q=21 // (heat loss in kJ/kg) +wg=wf+1; +// it is given that 5% of energy is not released in reaction +Eg=0.05*Ef*(wf/wg); +// the steady flow rate equation is wa*(hg+Va^2/2)+wf*Ef+Q=wg*(hg+Vg^2/2+Eg) +temp=((Ha+Va*Va/2000)+wf*Ef-Q-wg*(Hg+Eg)); +temp=temp*wg*2000; +Vg=sqrt(temp); +printf("velocity of exhaust gas = %.2f",Vg); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce b/555/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..839e031b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH5/EX5.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Implementation of example 5.8 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//temperature at certain instance 't', power to paddle wheel 'Wt' +t = -273; //degree C +//Let +u=0; +u0 = u - 0.718*t; +//hp = u + p*v; and u = 0.718(t+273) and pv=0.278(t+273) thus +t = 150; //degree C +hp = 1.005*(t+273); //kJ/kg +Wt = 0.1; //kJ/s or kW +//dm/dt = m dW/dt = Wt +//rate of flow of air out of tank 'm' +m = (1/hp)*Wt;//kg/s +m = m*3600; //kg/h +printf("Rate of flow of air out of tank = %.3f kg/h",m); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8a9efb1a --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T1 & T2 are source & sink temperatures respectively +// n is efficiency of engine & W is work done + +t1=800 +t2=30 +T1=t1+273; // K +T2=t2+273 // K +W=1 // kW +Nmax=1-(T2/T1); +Q1=W/Nmax; +Q2=Q1-W; +printf("least rate of heat rejection = %.3f kW",Q2); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9e4917f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Temperature T, Rate of heat transfer Q, Power W +T1 = 30+273;//K +T2 = -15+273;//K +Q2 = 1.75;//kJ/s +//For minimum power requirement +Q1 = Q2*T1/T2; +W = Q1 - Q2; +printf('Least power necessary to pump the heat continuously is %0.2f kW',W); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feb44e1ee --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.3 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T temperature,Nmax max efficiency,W work done,Q heat trnsfer,COP coefficient of performance of refrigerator.. +t1=600 +T1=t1+273 // K +t2=40 +T2=t2+273 // K +t3=-20 +T3=t3+273 // K +Q1=2000 // kJ +W=360 // kJ + +Nmax=1-(T2/T1); +W1=Nmax*Q1; +COP=T3/(T2-T3); +W2=W1-W; +Q4=COP*W2; +Q3=Q4+W2; +Q2=Q1-W1; +printf("heat rejection to 40 degree celsius reservoir = %.2f kJ \n",Q2+Q3); +// part b +N=0.4*Nmax; +W1=N*Q1; +W2=W1-W; +COP2=0.4*COP; +Q4=W2*COP2; +Q3=Q4+W2; +Q2=Q1-W1; +printf("heat rejection to 40 degree celsius reservoir with decreased efficiency= %.2f kJ \n",Q2+Q3); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fba6315db --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.5 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +T1 = 473; //K +T2 = 293; //K +T3 = 273; //K +//let Q1 be any constant +Q1 = 1; +Q2 = Q1*T2/T1; +W = (T1 - T2)*Q1/T1; +//COP = T2/(T2 - T3) = Q'/W +Q2_ = T2/(T2 - T3) * (T1 - T2)/T1 * Q1; + +MF = (Q2 + Q2_)/Q1; //multiplication factor +printf("Multiplication factor, MF = %0.2f",MF); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcb734622 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.6 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Energy collected by plate per unit area E +//Temperature of plate T1, Atmospheric temperature T2 +T1 = 90+273;//K +T2 = 20+273;//K +W = 1;//kJ/s +E = 1880;//kJ/m^2 h +nmax = 1 - T2/T1; +Qmin = W/nmax; +A = Qmin*3600/E; +printf('Minimum Area of collector required, A = %0.0f m^2',A); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce b/555/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab5492ab --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH6/EX6.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Implementation of example 6.7 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T temperature,W work done,Q heat trnsfer.. +// Radiation from panel is proportional to area and T2^4 +// so if A is area then Q2=K*A*(T2)^4 +// for minimum area we differentiate the expression A=W/[K*(T2^3)*(T1-T2)].. +// finally the expression for minimum area is Amin=256*W/[27*K*(T1^4)] + +W=1 // kW +K= 5.67*10d-9 // W/(m^2)*(K^4) +T1=1000 // K +Amin= (256*W*1000)/[27*K*(T1*T1*T1*T1)]; +printf("minimum area = %.4f m^2",Amin); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28dc769b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.1 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T is temperature,dS is entropy change +T1=35 // degree celsius +T2=37 // degree celsius +t1=T1+273; +t2=T2+273; +// change in entropy is given by dS=mCvlog(t2/t1) +m=1 // kg +Cv=4.187 +dS=m*Cv*log(t2/t1); +printf("change in entropy = %.4f kJ/K",dS); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.10/10.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.10/10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85221fba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.10/10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.10 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T is temperature,dS is change in entropy,S is entropy,Q is heat transfer +l=5 // length in m +b=7 // breadth in m +th=0.32 // thickness in m +k=0.71 // W/m*K +t1=6 //degree celsius +t2=21 //degree celsius +T1=t1+273; // K +T2=t2+273; // K +Tr=27 //degree celsius +Ts=2 //degree celsius +tr=Tr+273; +ts=Ts+273; +Q=k*l*b*(T2-T1)/th; +Sgen=(Q/T1)-(Q/T2); +Sgent=(Q/ts)-(Q/tr); +printf("rate of heat transfer through wall = %.2f W \n rate of entropy generation in wall = %.3f W/K \n rate of total entropy generation = %.3f W/K",Q,Sgen,Sgent); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.2/2.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2fcf4132 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.2 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T for temperature,m for mass,S for entropy,dS is change in entropy +t1=273 // K +t2=373 // K +m=1 // kg +c=4.187 +// (a) +dSw=m*c*log(t2/t1); +// reservoir's temperature remains constant so dS=Q/T +Q=m*c*(t2-t1); +dSr=-(Q/t2); +dSu=dSw+dSr; +printf("entropy change of universe = %.3f kJ/K \n",dSu); +// (b) +// now water is heated in stages from two reservoirs.. +t3=323 // K +dSw=m*c*log(t3/t1)+m*c*log(t2/t3); +dSr1=-[m*c*(t3-t1)/t3]; +dSr2=-[m*c*(t2-t3)/t2]; +dSu2=dSw+dSr1+dSr2; +printf("entropy change of universe in 2nd case = %.3f kJ/K \n",dSu2); +// the entropy change of universe would be less & less if water is heated in more & more stages...it will be zero if water is heated reversibly... +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.3/3.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1a470ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.3 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +m = 1; //mass of ice in kg +Lf = 333.3; //latent heat of fusion of ice in kJ/kg +T2 = 0; //degree C +T2 = T2 + 273; //K +T1 = -5; //degree C +T1 = T1 + 273; //K +Ta = 20; //degree C +Ta = Ta + 273; //K +Cp_ice = 2.093; //specific heat for ice in kJ/kg K +Cp_water = 4.187; //specific heat for water in kJ/kg K + +//(a) +Q = m*Cp_ice*(T2-T1) + m*Lf + m*Cp_water*(Ta-T2); //kJ +dS_atm = -Q/Ta; //kJ/K +//change in entropy of system when temperature changes from -5 to 0 degree C +dS1_sys = m*Cp_ice*log(T2/T1); //kJ/K +//change in entropy of system when ice melts at 0 degree C +dS2_sys = m*Lf/T2; +//change in entropy of when temperature of water changes from 0 to 20 degree C +dS3_sys = m*Cp_water*log(Ta/T2); //kJ/K +dS_sys = dS1_sys + dS2_sys + dS3_sys; +dS_univ = dS_atm + dS_sys; +printf("Entropy increase of the universe = %f kJ/K\n\n",dS_univ); + + +//(b) +Wmin = dS_sys*Ta - Q; +printf("Minimum amount of work necessary to convert water back into ice, Wmin = %0.2f kJ",Wmin); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.6/6.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b63796099 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.6 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +T1 = 200; //K +T2 = 100; //K +function Cv = f(T) + Cv = 0.042*T^2; +endfunction + +Q1 = intg(T1,T2,f); + +function S = g(T) + S = f(T)/T; +endfunction + +dS_sys = intg(T1,T2,g); +Wmax = dS_sys*T2 + abs(Q1); +printf("Maximum amount of work that can be recovered as system is cooled down to temperature of reservoir, Wmax = %d J",Wmax); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.7/7.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b30d6bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.5 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +// T for temperature,dS is change in entropy,p for pressure,V is volume +n=1.3 +p1=500 // kPa +V1=0.2 // m^3 +V2=0.05 // m^3 +// the fluid is undergoing reversible adiabatic compression according to the law p*(V^1.3)=constant +p2=p1*(V1/V2)^1.3; +dH=[n*(p2*V2-p1*V1)]/(n-1); +dU=dH-(p2*V2-p1*V1); +dS=0; +Q12=0; +W12=-dU; +printf("change in enthalpy = %.2f kJ \n change in entropy = %.2f \n change in internal energy = %.2f kJ \n heat transfer = %.2f \n work transfer = %.2f kJ",dH,dS,dU,Q12,W12); +// end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.8/8.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45abb4d0a --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.8 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +Pa = 130; //kPa +Pb = 100; //kPa +Ta = 50; //degree C +Ta = Ta + 273; //K +Tb = 13; //degree C +Tb = Tb + 273; //K +Cp = 1.005; //kJ/kg K +dS_sys = Cp * log(Tb/Ta) - 0.287 * log(Pb/Pa); +dS_surr = 0; +dS_univ = dS_sys + dS_surr; +printf("dS_univ = %f kJ/kg K\n\n",dS_univ); + +if dS_univ<0 then + printf("Flow must be from B to A since entropy cannot be negative\n"); +elseif dS_univ>0 then + printf("Flow must be from A to B as entropy change is positive\n"); +else + printf("Flow will not occur\n"); +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/555/CH7/EX7.9/9.sce b/555/CH7/EX7.9/9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b5575585 --- /dev/null +++ b/555/CH7/EX7.9/9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Implementation of example 7.9 +// Basic and Applied Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag + +clc +clear + +//Mass flow rate of air entering the device m1, Pressure p1, Temperature T1 +//Mass flow rate of air exiting through stream1 m2 and stream2 m3 + +m1 = 2;//kg/s +p1 = 4;//bar +T1 = 300;//K +p2 = 1;//bar +p3 = 1;//bar +T2 = 330;//K +T3 = 270;//K +cp = 1.005;//kJ/kg K +R = 0.287;//KJ/Kg K +m2 = m1/2; +m3 = m2; +//s21 = s2 - s1 +s21 = cp*log(T2/T1)-R*log(p2/p1); +s31 = cp*log(T3/T1)-R*log(p3/p1); +Sgen = m2*s21 + m3*s31; +printf('Sgen = %0.3f kW/K \nSince Sgen > 0, the device is possible',Sgen); +//end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b67aa722c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +ft=3.67; +m=ft*0.3048; +disp("the given length (in m) is"); disp(m); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d59d343f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the given length (in m) is + + 1.118616 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..475fbd17f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +s=0.0005; +ms=s*10^3; +disp("the value (in ms) is"); disp(ms); +mus=s*10^6; +disp("the value (in μs) is"); disp(mus); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..409c1b55b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38a3ab667 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +ns=0.035; +ps=ns*10^3; +disp("the value (in ps) is"); disp(ps); +mus=ns*10^(-3); +disp("the value (in μs) is"); disp(mus); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01ff00c4a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67cd1f7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("at A the reading is 11.5 mA"); +disp("at B the reading is 27 mA"); +disp("at C the reading is 43.5 mA"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("at A the reading is 23 mA"); +disp("at B the reading is 54 mA"); +disp("at C the reading is 87 mA"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8e3606d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Part a + + at A the reading is 11.5 mA + + at B the reading is 27 mA + + at C the reading is 43.5 mA + + Part b + + at A the reading is 23 mA + + at B the reading is 54 mA + + at C the reading is 87 mA \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad53dc34d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("at A the reading is 0.72 V"); +disp("at B the reading is 2.37 V"); +disp("at C the reading is 4.30 V"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("at A the reading is 23 V"); +disp("at B the reading is 75 V"); +disp("at C the reading is 136 V"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5eb98d3eb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.5/example1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Part a + + at A the reading is 0.72 V + + at B the reading is 2.37 V + + at C the reading is 4.30 V + + Part b + + at A the reading is 23 V + + at B the reading is 75 V + + at C the reading is 136 V \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce b/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5c3224e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("at A the reading is 170 Ω"); +disp("at B the reading is 750 Ω"); +disp("at C the reading is 3.5 kΩ"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("at A the reading is 170 kΩ"); +disp("at B the reading is 750 kΩ"); +disp("at C the reading is 3.5 MΩ"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.txt b/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4daf7f3aa Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fcfe2828 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +vb=13.2; +rb=0.5; +vg=14.5; +rg=0.1; +rl=2; +ib=(vg*rl-vb*(rg+rl))/(rl^2-(rb+rl)*rg+rl); +disp("the battery current (in A) is"); disp(ib); +ig=(vb-ib*(rb+rl))/rl; +disp("the generator current (in A) is"); disp(ig); +il=ib+ig; +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(il); +vl=il*rl; +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl); diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdf813ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + the battery current (in A) is + + 0.2226087 + + the generator current (in A) is + + 6.3217391 + + the load current (in A) is + + 6.5443478 + + the load voltage (in V) is + + 13.088696 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a63188dab --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +vb=13.2; +vg=14.4; +rb=0.3; +rg=0.2; +rl=0.68; +in=vb/rb+vg/rg; +rn=rb*rg/(rb+rg); +i=in*rn/(rn+rl); +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(i); +v=i*rl; +disp("the load vltage (in V) is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a85a933c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.10.a/example10_10a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +the load current (in A) is + + 17.4 + + the load vltage (in V) is + + 11.832 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d630a872 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +vb=13.2; +vg=14.4; +rb=0.3; +rg=0.2; +rl=0.68; +ib=vb/rb; +ig=vg/rg; +rn=rb*rg/(rb+rg); +in=ib+ig; +i=in*rn/(rn+rl); +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(i); +v=i*rl; +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da4cd700f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.10.b/example10_10b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + the load current (in A) is + + 17.4 + + the load voltage (in V) is + + 11.832 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c6f2eb86 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +i1=4*10^(-3); +i2=6*10^(-3); +v=12; +r1=2*10^3; +r2=4*10^3; +r4=10^3; +rl=3*10^3; +v1=i1*r1; +v2=i2*r2; +i=(v2-v1-v)/(r1+r2+r4+rl); +disp("the load current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f8139f8f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.11/example10_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the load current (in mA) is + + 0.4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88fe3e2fb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=6*10^3; +r4=6*10^3; +v=12; +v2=v*r2/(r1+r2); +v4=v*r4/(r3+r4); +disp("Part a"); +vth=v4-v2; +disp("the Thevenin voltage (in V) is"); disp(vth); +rth=r1*r2/(r1+r2)+r3*r4/(r3+r4); +disp("the Thevenin resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(rth*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +in=vth/rth; +disp("the Norton current (in mA) is"); disp(in); +disp("the Norton resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(rth*10^(-3)); +disp("Part c"); +disp("to deliver maximum power the load resistance value (in kΩ) is"); disp(rth*10^(-3)); +disp("Part d"); +vl=1; +p=vl^2/rth; +disp("the maximum power delivered (in mW) is"); disp(p*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bc38924f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.12/example10_12.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b67fa970c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +hfe=200; +hoe=100*10^3; +rc=10*10^3; +vs=0.02; +ib=10*10^(-6); +disp("Part a"); +ic=hfe*ib*hoe/(hoe+rc); +disp("the output current (in mA) is"); disp(ic*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +vo=ic*rc; +disp("output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vo); +disp("Part c"); +av=vo/vs; +disp("voltage gain is"); disp(av); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b27b8177 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.13/example10_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Part a + + the output current (in mA) is + + 1.8181818 + + Part b + + output voltage (in V) is + + 18.181818 + + Part c + + voltage gain is + + 909.09091 diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5be74f7c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=0.4; +r2=1; +rl=2; +v1=12; +v2=15; +disp("Part a"); +vx=(v1/r1+v2/r2)/(1/r1+1/r2+1/rl); +disp("load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vx); +il=vx/rl; +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(il); +disp("Part b"); +ib=(vx-v1)/r1; +disp("the battery current (in A) is"); disp(ib); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44f22716d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.14/example10_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ + + Part a + + load voltage (in V) is + + 11.25 + + the load current (in A) is + + 5.625 + + Part b + + the battery current (in A) is + + - 1.875 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bf3e996f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +r1=0.4; +r2=1; +rl=2; +v1=12; +v2=15; +i1=v1/r1; +i2=v2/r2; +vx=(i1+i2)/(1/r1+1/r2+1/rl); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is");disp(vx); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e93c1fde --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.15/example10_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + the load voltage (in V) is + + 11.25 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d532596c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=2; +r2=1; +r3=5; +i1=3; +i2=2; +v2=(0.2*i1+0.7*i2)/(1.2*0.7+0.2*0.2); +v1=(i1+0.2*v2)/0.7; +ir1=0.5*v1; +ir2=v2; +ir3=0.2*(v1-v2); +disp("current (in A) through R1 is"); disp(ir1); +disp("current (in A) through R2 is"); disp(ir2); +disp("current (in A) through R3 is"); disp(ir3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8775f477 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.16/example10_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + current (in A) through R1 is + + 2.4675325 + + current (in A) through R2 is + + 2.2727273 + + current (in A) through R3 is + + 0.5324675 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..041a06d29 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +v1=8; +v2=20; +r1=1; +r2=2; +r3=3; +r4=4; +r5=5; +i1=2; +vx=(i1-v2/r5+v1*r4*(1/r4+1/r5)/(r1+r2))/((1/r3+1/r4+1/(r1+r2))*(1/r4+1/r5)*r4-1/r4); +vy=r4*((vx*(1/r3+1/r4+1/(r1+r2)))-v1/(r1+r2)); +i4=(vx-vy)/r4; +disp("the current (in mA) flowing through R4 is"); disp(i4); +disp("and the direction is left to right"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d59f6a4a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.17/example10_17.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6bde3390 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +v=12; +r1=1; +r2=2; +r3=3; +r4=4; +r5=5; +ra=r2*r3/(r1+r2+r3); +rb=r3*r1/(r1+r2+r3); +rc=r1*r2/(r1+r2+r3); +r=ra+(rc+r3)*(rb+r4)/(rb+rc+r3+r4); +disp("the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current (in A) supplied by the source is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ade0c40ba Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.18/example10_18.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46f01dcfb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +v1=10; +v2=15; +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=3*10^3; +r4=4*10^3; +r5=5*10^3; +i3=(v1*r2*(r4+r5)+v2*r4*(r1+r2))/((r1+r2)*(r4^2)+(r4+r5)*(r2^2)-(r1+r2)*(r4+r5)*(r2+r3+r4)); +i1=(v1-i3*r2)/(r1+r2); +i2=(i3*r4-v2)/(r4+r5); +ir2=i1+i3; +ir4=i2-i3; +disp("current (in mA) through the R2 branch is"); disp(ir2*10^3); +disp("current (in mA) through the R4 branch is"); disp(ir4*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a5e8bef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + current (in mA) through the R2 branch is + + 2.5786164 + + current (in mA) through the R4 branch is + + - 0.4088050 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da2bacec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +v1=15; +v2=20; +v3=10; +r1=10; +r2=15; +r3=8; +r4=12; +r5=5; +i2=(r5*(v1+v2)-(v2+v3)*(r1+r2+r5))/((r3+r4+r5)*(r1+r2+r5)-r5^2); +i1=(v1+v2+i2*r5)/(r1+r2+r5); +i=i1-i2; +disp("current (in A) through V2 is given by"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b7f81cee --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +current (in A) through V2 is given by + + 2. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7843c5aaa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +v=12; +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=3*10^3; +r4=4*10^3; +r5=5*10^3; +i3=(v*r3*((r1+r3)*(r1+r2+r5)-r1^2)+v*r1*(r1*r3+r5*(r1+r3)))/(((r1+r3)*(r3+r4+r5)-r3^2)*((r1+r3)*(r1+r2+r5)-r1^2)-(r1*r3+r5*(r1+r3))^2); +i2=(v*r1+i3*(r1*r3+r5*(r1+r3)))/((r1+r3)*(r1+r2+r5)-r1^2); +i1=(v+i2*r1+i3*r3)/(r1+r3); +ir1=i1-i2; +ir2=i2; +ir3=i1-i3; +ir4=i3; +ir5=i3-i2; +disp("Part a"); +disp("current (in mA) through R1 is"); disp(ir1*10^3); +disp("current (in mA) through R2 is"); disp(ir2*10^3); +disp("current (in mA) through R3 is"); disp(ir3*10^3); +disp("current (in mA) through R4 is"); disp(ir4*10^3); +disp("current (in mA) through R5 is"); disp(ir5*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +r=v/i1; +disp("the resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3b5ab018 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb1f63540 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +vb=13.2; +vg=14.5; +rb=0.5; +rg=0.1; +rl=2; +r1=rb+rl*rg/(rl+rg); +i1=vb/r1; +ib1=i1; +il1=i1*rg/(rg+rl); +ig1=i1*rl/(rl+rg); +r2=rg+rl*rb/(rl+rb); +i2=vg/r2; +ig2=i2; +il2=i2*rb/(rb+rl); +ib2=i2-il2; +disp("Part a"); +ib=ib2-ib1; +disp("the battery current (in A) is"); disp(ib); +disp("Part b"); +ig=ig2-ig1; +disp("the generator current (in A) is"); disp(ig); +disp("Part c"); +il=il1+il2; +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(il); +disp("Part d"); +vl=il*rl; +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db8d18cc6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.5/example10_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..066db2309 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +vb=13.2; +vg=14.4; +rb=0.5; +rg=0.1; +i=(vg-vb)/(rb+rg); +vrb=i*rb; +vth=vb+vrb; +rth=rb*rg/(rb+rg); +disp("Part a"); +rl1=1; +i1=vth/(rth+rl1); +disp("current (in A) through the load resistor is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part b"); +rl2=2; +i2=vth/(rth+rl2); +disp("current (in A) through the load resistor is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part c"); +rl3=3; +i3=vth/(rth+rl3); +disp("current (in A) through the load resistor is"); disp(i3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b9eb54a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.6/example10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + Part a + + current (in A) through the load resistor is + + 13.107692 + + Part b + + current (in A) through the load resistor is + + 6.816 + + Part c + + current (in A) through the load resistor is + + 4.6054054 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd6faabb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=3*10^3; +r4=4*10^3; +r5=5*10^3; +v1=10; +v2=20; +vr2=v1*r2/(r1+r2); +vr4=v2*r4/(r4+r5); +vth=vr4-vr2; +rth=r1*r2/(r1+r2)+r4*r5/(r4+r5); +i=vth/(rth+r3); +disp("the current (in mA) through R3 is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cc977c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the current (in mA) through R3 is + + 0.3773585 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a6714198 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +v1=10; +v2=20; +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=3*10^3; +r4=4*10^3; +r5=5*10^3; +i2=(v*(r1+r2)-v1*r2)/((r2+r3+r5)*(r1+r2)-r2^2); +vth=v2-i2*r5; +rth=(r1*r2/(r1+r2)+r3)*r5/(r1*r2/(r1+r2)+r3+r5); +i=vth/(rth+r4); +disp("the current (in mA) in R4 is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8d91dc2d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.8.a/example10_8a.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the current (in mA) in R4 is + + 2.7672956 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9c2c13db --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +v1=10; +v2=20; +r1=10^3; +r2=2*10^3; +r3=3*10^3; +r4=4*10^3; +r5=5*10^3; +v=v1*r2/(r1+r2); +r=r3+r1*r2/(r1+r2); +v5=(v2-v)*r5/(r5+r); +vth=v2-v5; +rth=r*r5/(r+r5); +i=vth/(rth+r4); +disp("the current (in mA) in R4 is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59f180078 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.8.b/example10_8b.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the current (in mA) in R4 is + + 2.0125786 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.sce b/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5d35dd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +v=132; +r1=20*10^3; +r2=40*10^3; +r3=60*10^3; +rl1=55*10^3; +rl2=110*10^3; +disp("Part a"); +r=r1+r2*r3/(r2+r3); +i=v/r; +in=i*r3/(r2+r3); +rn=r2+r1*r3/(r1+r3); +i1=in*rn/(rn+rl1); +i2=in*rn/(rn+rl2); +disp("when the load is 55 kΩ the load current (in mA) is");disp(i1*10^3); +disp("when the load is 110 kΩ the load curent (in mA) is"); disp(i2*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +v1=i1*rl1; +v2=i2*rl2; +disp("when the load is 55 kΩ the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v1); +disp("when the load is 110 kΩ the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.txt b/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc20d7bfb Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH10/EX10.9/example10_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2102dd04 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +r1=5*10^(-2); +r2=7*10^(-2); +n=400; +i=2; +f=1.5*10^(-4); +disp("Part a"); +d=r2-r1; +a=%pi*d^2/4; +b=f/a; +disp("the flux density (in T) is"); disp(b); +disp("Part b"); +mmf=n*i; +disp("the magnetomotive force (in At) is"); disp(mmf); +disp("Part c"); +r=(r1+r2)/2; +l=2*%pi*r; +h=mmf/l; +disp("the manetizing intensity (in At/m) is"); disp(h); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77220347c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +Part a + + the flux density (in T) is + + 0.4774648 + + Part b + + the magnetomotive force (in At) is + + 800. + + Part c + + the manetizing intensity (in At/m) is + + 2122.0659 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27ace5acc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=5*10^(-2); +r2=7*10^(-2); +n=400; +i=2; +f=1.5*10^(-4); +d=r2-r1; +a=%pi*d^2/4; +b=f/a; +mmf=n*i; +r=(r1+r2)/2; +l=2*%pi*r; +h=mmf/l; +mu=b/h; +disp("the permeability of the iron core (in Wb/At.m) is");disp(mu); +disp("Part b"); +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); +mu1=mu/mu0; +disp("the relative permeability is"); disp(mu1); +disp("Part c"); +mur=600; +b1=mur*mu0*h; +disp("the flux density in the core (in T) is"); disp(b1); diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7c9351a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09a9d2618 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +l=10*10^(-2); +a=l*l +f=1.2*10^(-2); +disp("Part a"); +i=5; +b=f/a; +F=b*i*l; +disp("the force (in N) acting on the wire is"); disp(F); +disp("Part b"); +deg=%pi/4; +F1=b*i*l*sin(deg); +disp("the force (n N) acting on the wire is"); disp(F1); +disp("Part c"); +m=18*10^(-3); +g=9.8; +w=m*g; +i1=w/(b*l); +disp("he current (in A) that must pass through the wire is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c9cb7afd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Part a + + the force (in N) acting on the wire is + + 0.6 + + Part b + + the force (n N) acting on the wire is + + 0.4242641 + + Part c + + he current (in A) that must pass through the wire is + + 1.47 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..508aae286 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +r1=5*10^(-2); +r2=7*10^(-2); +r=(r1+r2)/2; +l=2*%pi*r; +n=400; +i=2; +mu1=2.26*10^(-4); +disp("Part a"); +d=r2-r1; +a=%pi*d^2/4; +rm=l/(mu1*a); +disp("the reluctance (in At/Wb) of the cast iron toroid is"); disp(rm); +disp("Part b"); +mmf=n*i; +phi=mmf/rm; +disp("the flux (in Wb) set up in the toroidis"); disp(phi); +disp("Part c"); +mu=4*%pi*10^(-7); +l1=5*10^(-3); +rm1=l1/(mu*a); +mmf1=phi*rm1; +MMF=mmf+mmf1; +i1=MMF/n; +disp("the new value of current required (in A) is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e2e59674 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d639ea87 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +s=2*10^(-2); +a=s^2; +phi=5.2*10^(-4); +b=phi/a; +h=800;...........//from the B-H curve +l=4*6*10^(-2); +n=600; +i=h*l/n; +disp("the current required (in A) is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f791fe63 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + the current required (in A) is + + 0.32 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c6d5a922 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +i=1.12; +n=600; +l=4*6*10^(-2); +mmf=n*i; +b=0.6;........// from the B-Hcurve +s=2*10^(-2); +a=s^2; +phi=b*a; +disp("the flux (in Wb) in the core is"); disp(phi); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..579130bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the flux (in Wb) in the core is + + 0.00024 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce b/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7073f2f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +phi=0.7*10^(-4); +i=0.1; +s1=0.01; +a_cs=s1^2; +s2=0.005; +a_ss=s1*s2; +b_cs=phi/a_cs; +b_ss=phi/a_ss; +h_cs=400; +h_ss=1100; +l_cs=0.035; +l_ss=0.105; +ni_cs=h_cs*l_cs; +ni_ss=h_ss*l_ss; +ni=ni_cs+ni_ss; +n=ni/i; +disp("the number of turns required in the coil is"); disp(n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.txt b/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13c97559f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + the number of turns required in the coil is + + 1295. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66ca2e528 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +im=50; +rm=3000; +disp("Part a"); +it=1000; +is=it-im; +rs=rm*im/is; +disp("the value of shunt resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rs); +disp("Part b"); +vm=rm*im; +disp("at full-scale deflection the volage drop (in V) is"); disp(vm); +disp("Part c"); +rt=vm/it; +disp("the total resitance (in Ω) of the meteris"); disp(rt); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4850b59e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b3ea7c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +im=50*10^(-6); +rm=3000; +it1=10^(-3); +it2=10*10^(-3); +it3=100*10^(-3); +it4=1; +is1=it1-im; +is2=it2-im; +is3=it3-im; +is4=it4-im; +disp("Part a"); +rs1=rm*im/is1; +disp("for a range of 1 mA the shunt resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rs1); +rs2=rm*im/is2; +disp("for a range of 10 mA the shunt resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rs2); +rs3=rm*im/is3; +disp("for a range of 100 mA the shunt resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rs3); +rs4=rm*im/is4; +disp("for a range of 1 A the shunt resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rs4); +disp("Part b"); +vm=im*rm; +disp("at full-scale deflection the voltage drop (in V) is"); disp(vm); +disp("Part c"); +rt1=vm/it1; +disp("for a range of 1 mA the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rt1); +rt2=vm/it2; +disp("for a range of 10 mA the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rt2); +rt3=vm/it3; +disp("for a range of 100 mA the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rt3); +rt4=vm/it4; +disp("for a range of 1 A the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rt4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e76f47d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a8c1081c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +im=50*10^(-6); +rm=3000; +it1=100*10^(-6); +it2=10^(-3); +it3=10*10^(-3); +is2=it2-im; +is1=it1-im; +is3=it3-im; +r1=rm*(is2/im-1)/(1+is2/im); +disp("the value of R1 (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); +r2=(rm*(is3-im)-(im+is3)*r1)/(im+is3); +disp("the value of R2 (in Ω) is");disp(r2); +r3=im*(r1+r2+rm)/is3; +disp("the value of R3 (in Ω) is"); disp(r3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..546b7049c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd4addcb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +it=10; +e=0.03*it; +disp("Part a"); +disp("the possible error (in mA) is");disp(e); +disp("Part b"); +i1=1; +i2=5; +i3=10; +disp("for 1 mA indication the range of values if from "); disp(i1-e); disp("to");disp(i1+e); +disp("for 5 mA indication the range of values if from "); disp(i2-e); disp("to");disp(i2+e); +disp("for 10 mA indication the range of values if from "); disp(i3-e); disp("to");disp(i3+e); +disp("Part c"); +p1=e*100/i1; +p2=e*100/i2; +p3=e*100/i3; +disp("for 1 mA reading the error (in %) is"); disp(p1); +disp("for 5 mA reading the error (in %) is"); disp(p2); +disp("for 10 mA reading the error (in %) is"); disp(p3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dfbaacdd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ + + Part a + + the possible error (in mA) is + + 0.3 + + Part b + + for 1 mA indication the range of values if from + + 0.7 + + to + + 1.3 + + for 5 mA indication the range of values if from + + 4.7 + + to + + 5.3 + + for 10 mA indication the range of values if from + + 9.7 + + to + + 10.3 + + Part c + + for 1 mA reading the error (in %) is + + 30. + + for 5 mA reading the error (in %) is + + 6. + + for 10 mA reading the error (in %) is + + 3. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa4dc5478 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +r1=1.2; +v=1; +disp("Part a"); +i1=v/r1; +disp("the actual current (in mA) in the cicuit is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part b"); +r2=1; +i2=v/(r1+r2); +disp("the inication of the meter (in mA) is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part c"); +r3=0.1; +i3=v/(r1+r3); +disp("the indication of the meter (in mA) is"); disp(i3); +disp("It is evident that the higher range (10 mA) with its much lower resistance (100 Ω) has reduced loading error compaared with the 1 kΩ , 1 mA range meter . However , the 0.77 mA will cause such a mall deflection on the 10 mA range that it will be difficult to read accurately."); +disp("FSD error = 0.3 mA"); +disp("thus the 10 mA ammeter could indicate anything between 0.47 mA to 1.07 mA . On the 1 mA range"); +disp("FSD error =0.03 mA"); +disp("Thus the 1 mA ammeter could indicate anything between 0.42 mA to 0.48 mA . The range of values on the 10 mA scale includes the valuesof 0.77 mA and 0.83 mA whereas the 1 mA scale could never read higher than 0.48 mA . Put another way ,on the 10 mA range the readings could be from 43 % low to29 % high compared with the true value of 0.83 mA . On the 1 mA range , the readings could be from 42 %low to 49 % low compared with the true value of 0.83 mA"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..443dcef4f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94a7330d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +im=0.05; +v=5; +rm=3; +disp("Part a"); +rt=v/im; +disp("the total resistance (in kΩ) of the meter is"); disp(rt); +disp("Part b"); +rs=rt-rm; +disp("the necessary resistance (in kΩ) of the voltmeter multiplier is"); disp(rs); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f01b3a9a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0602db90f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +im=0.05; +rm=3; +v1=5; +v2=15; +v3=50; +rt1=v1/im; +rt2=v2/im; +rt3=v3/im; +rs1=rt1-rm; +rs2=rt2-rm; +rs3=rt3-rm; +disp("for a range of 5 V the required resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(rs1); +disp("for a range of 15 V the required resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(rs2); +disp("for a range of 50 V the required resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(rs3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f5870c3b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d05d49035 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +im=0.05; +s=1/im; +rm=3; +v1=5; +v2=15; +v3=50; +r1=s*v1-rm; +disp("the value of R1 (in kΩ) is"); disp(r1); +r2=s*v2-(rm+r1); +disp("the value of R2 (in kΩ) is"); disp(r2); +r3=s*v3-(rm+r1+r2); +disp("the value of R1 (in kΩ) is"); disp(r3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb52df57a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce b/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c63d2252e --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +r1=10^6; +r2_v=20*10^3; +v_1=5; +r2=r2_v*v_1; +r=r1+r1*r2/(r1+r2); +v=10; +i=v/r; +v1=i*r1; +v2=v-v1; +disp("Part a"); +disp("the VOM reading (in V) is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part b"); +v_2=50; +r3=r2_v*v_2; +r0=r1+r1*r3/(r1+r3); +i0=v/r0; +v10=i0*r1; +v20=v-v10; +disp("the new VOM reading (in V) is"); disp(v20); +disp("Part c"); +r_1=10^6; +r_2=11*10^6; +r_0=r_1+r_1*r_2/(r_1+r_2); +i_0=v/r_0; +v_01=i_0*r_1; +v_02=v-v_01; +disp("the reading of an EVM (in V) is"); disp(v_02); +disp("Part d"); +e=0.03; +disp("VOM on 5 V range is");disp(v2-e*5); disp("to"); disp(v2+e*5); +disp("VOM on 50 V range is");disp(v20-e*50); disp("to"); disp(v20+e*50); +disp("VOM on 5 V range is");disp(v_02-e*5); disp("to"); disp(v_02+e*5); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.txt b/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9238eba5c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ecf75019 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +v1=1.5; +v2=0.96; +v3=1; +v4=0.014; +disp("Part a"); +true=v3+v4; +disp("the true reading (in V) of the voltmeter is"); disp(true); +disp("Part b"); +cor=true-v2; +disp("the voltmeter correction (in mV) is"); disp(cor*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +fsd=cor*100/v1; +disp("The F.S.D. accuacy (in %) of the meter is"); disp(fsd); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1aebc8d3c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32160d5df --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +v=10; +v1=5; +disp("Part a"); +v1_1=v1+(0.02*v1/100+0.01*v/100); +v1_2=v1-(0.02*v1/100+0.01*v/100); +disp("the possible readings (in V) are"); disp(v1_1);disp("and"); disp(v1_2); +e1=(0.02*v1/100+0.01*v/100)*100/v1; +disp("the percentage error is"); disp(e1); +disp("Part b"); +v2=10; +v2_1=v1+(0.02*v2/100+0.01*v/100); +v2_2=v1-(0.02*v2/100+0.01*v/100); +disp("the possible readings (in V) are"); disp(v2_1);disp("and"); disp(v2_2); +e2=(0.02*v2/100+0.01*v/100)*100/v2; +disp("the percentage error is"); disp(e2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b1474b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bea2b9922 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +i1=0.25; +i2=0.235; +v1=0.2; +v2=0.03; +r=1; +disp("Part a"); +i=(v1+v2)/r; +disp("The true milliammeter current (in mA) is"); disp(i*1000); +disp("Part b"); +cor=i-i2; +disp("The milliammeter correction (in mA) at this point is"); disp(cor*1000); +disp("Part c"); +fsd=-cor*100/i1; +disp("the F.S.D. accuracy (in %) of the meter is"); disp(fsd); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a208a405 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.2/example13_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1668e7798 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +v1=10; +fsd1=0.03; +v2=5; +i1=50*10^(-6); +r1=20*10^3; +fsd2=0.02; +i2=10*10^(-6); +disp("Part a"); +r=v2/i2-r1; +disp("The resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r/1000); +disp("Part b"); +e1=fsd1*v1*100/v2; +e2=fsd2*i1*100/i2; +e=e1+e2; +disp("The maximum possible error is"); disp(e); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0a322ca4 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99d97f3a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +i=10*10^(-3); +r=10*10^3; +v=15; +fsd=0.02; +disp("Part a"); +r1=v/(i-v/r); +disp("the resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r1/1000); +disp("Part b"); +e=2*fsd*100; +disp("the maximum possible error (in %) is"); disp(e); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cf7ceb00 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2a8a03a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +r=3000; +i1=0; +i2=10*10^(-6); +i3=20*10^(-6); +i4=30*10^(-6); +i5=40*10^(-6); +i6=50*10^(-6); +v=1.5; +rz=v/i6-r; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 0 μA is"); disp(rz/1000); +rx2=v/i2-r-rz; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 10 μA is"); disp(rx2/1000); +rx3=v/i3-r-rz; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 20 μA is"); disp(rx3/1000); +rx4=v/i4-r-rz; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 30 μA is"); disp(rx4/1000); +rx5=v/i5-r-rz; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 40 μA is"); disp(rx5/1000); +rx6=v/i6-r-rz; +disp("the resistance marking (in kΩ) at 50 μA is"); disp(rx6/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92aaa115b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff676f7d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +v=1.4; +i=50*10^(-6); +i1=30*10^(-6); +r=3000; +rz=v/i-r; +rx=v/i1-r-rz; +disp("The value of Rx (in kΩ) coresponding to 30 μA is"); disp(rx/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a41b1e1f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61befd4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("when Rx = ∞ , there is no complete path for the current , so Im = 0 , Is1 = 0 , nd the pointer indicates nfiniy at the extreme left of the scale"); +disp("Part b"); +v=1.5; +i=50*10^(-6); +r=3000; +rz=v/i-r; +disp("The value of Rz (in kΩ) to zero of the ohmmeter is"); disp(rz/1000); +disp("Part b"); +rs1=10; +is1=v/rs1; +disp("The current through Rs1 (in mA) is"); disp(is1*1000); +disp("Part d"); +rx=10; +rt=rx+rs1*(r+rz)/(rs1+r+rz); +is2=is1/2; +disp("the current (in mA) through Rs1 is"); disp(is2*1000); +disp("Part e"); +rs2=100; +rt2=rs2*(r+rz)/(rs2+r+rz); +is3=is2/10; +disp("the current (in mA) through Rs2 is"); disp(is3*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee8d5917a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b23ae1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +r1=3.3*10^(3); +r2=1.2*10^(3); +r3=310; +p1=1; +p2=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +rx=r2*r3/r1; +disp("The unknown resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rx); +e=2*p1+p2; +disp("the maximum possible error (in %) is"); disp(e); +disp("Part b"); +v=9; +i=v/(r3+rx); +disp("the current (in mA) through Rx is"); disp(i*1000); +disp("Part c"); +p=i^2*r3; +disp("The power dissipated (in mW) is"); disp(p*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb13a706b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce b/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7616d0465 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +r1=3.3*10^(3); +r2=1.2*10^(3); +r3=310; +p1=1; +p2=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +rx=r2*r3/r1; +disp("The unknown resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(rx); +e=2*p1+p2; +disp("the maximum possible error (in %) is"); disp(e); +disp("Part b"); +v=9; +i=v/(r2+rx); +disp("the current (in mA) through Rx is"); disp(i*1000); +disp("Part c"); +i1=v/(r1+r3); +p=i1^2*r3; +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) in R is"); disp(p*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.txt b/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4a5b81e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78094a3fb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +b=0.6; +l=0.02; +disp("Part a"); +t1=0.1; +phi=b*l^2; +v1=phi/t1; +disp("the voltage induced (in V) in the wire is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part b"); +t2=0.01; +v2=phi/t2; +disp("the voltage induced (n V) in the wire is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3277a2d6f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.1/example14_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..021ec9aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +phi=0.03; +disp("Part a"); +n=100; +v=n*phi; +disp("voltage induced (in V) in the coil is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); + +disp("By Lenz law the current must flow in the coil in such a direction as to set up an opposing force. This means that the left side of the solenoid must become a north pole while the permanent magnet is approaching . Applying the left-hand rule for a coil , the current must flow downward on the front of the coil. This means that point B is negative with respect to A"); +disp("Part c"); +disp("If the magnet is removed at twice the speed it entered , the rate of change of flux in the coil is doubled to 0.06 Wb/s, and the induced voltage is doubled to 6 V"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6452f6e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b8defc99 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +l=0.8; +vel=90; +b=1.7*10^(-5); +disp("Part a"); +v=b*l*vel*1000/3600; +disp("the voltage induced (in μV) is"); disp(v*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +disp("No voltage is induced when travelling north, since the antenna is travelling with the field and not cutting across it . "); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ee95602d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17aca0024 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("Part a"); +l=0.1; +vel=20; +b=0.7; +v=b*l*vel; +disp("the maximum voltage (in V) that can be induced is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +deg1=60*%pi/180; +deg2=30*%pi/180; +deg3=10*%pi/180; +v1=v*sin(deg1); +v2=v*sin(deg2); +v3=v*sin(deg3); +disp("voltage induced (in V) when moving at an angle of 60° is"); disp(v1); +disp("voltage induced (in V) when moving at an angle of 30° is"); disp(v2); +disp("voltage induced (in V) when moving at an angle of 10° is"); disp(v3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c15d39ba4 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c0ed011c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +vp=50; +disp("Part a"); +vm=vp/2; +disp("the peak volage (in V) is"); disp(vm); +disp("Part b"); +deg1=2*%pi/3; +deg2=3*2*%pi/5; +deg3=5*2*%pi/4; +v1=vm*sin(deg1); +v2=vm*sin(deg2); +v3=vm*sin(deg3); +disp("the instantaneous volage (in V) at one-third the cycle is"); disp(v1); +disp("the instantaneous volage (in V) at three-fifths he cycle is"); disp(v2); +disp("the instantaneous volage (in V) at one-and-a-quarter cycle is"); disp(v3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9f672c64 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6304164ba --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +vel=1200/60; +b=0.6; +l=0.4; +r=0.1; +n=50; +a=l*2*r; +v=2*%pi*n*b*a*vel; +disp("the amplitude of voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f253d40f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68347dda7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +f=60; +p=30/2; +vel=f*60/p; +disp("the speed (in r.p.m.) of the rotor should be"); disp(vel); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b0398181 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce b/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..646de6a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +f=60; +t=1/f; +disp("the period (in ms) is"); disp(t*1000); +disp("Part b"); +t1=10^(-3); +f1=1/t1; +disp("the frequency (in kHz) of the waveform is"); disp(f1/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.txt b/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..506d6f135 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f7de09f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +vm=5; +f=1000; +disp("Part a"); +w=2*%pi*f; +disp("the angular frequency (in rad/s) is"); disp(w); +disp("Part b"); +t=400*10^(-6); +v=vm*sin(w*t); +disp("the instantaneous voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fd7b7cb0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f87026ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("the amplitude of the voltage is 170 V"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the peak voltage is 340 V"); +disp("Part c"); +disp("the angular frequency is 377 rad/s"); +w=377; +f=w/(2*%pi); +disp("the frequency (in Hz) is"); disp(f); +t=1/f; +disp("the period (in ms) is"); disp(t*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed4b3d77c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a832e3287 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +vp=8; +vm=vp/2; +r=2.2*10^3; +t=2*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +i=vm/r; +disp("the peak value of the current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +f=1/t; +disp("the frequency (in Hz) is"); disp(f); +disp("Part c"); +w=2*%pi*f; +disp("equation representing the current is i=1.82*sin(1000*Ï€*t) mA."); diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..319684779 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3747dcd46 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r=25; +vm=50; +w=800*%pi; +disp("Part a"); +im=vm/r; +pm=im^2*r; +disp("Peak power dissipated (in W) in the resistoris"); disp(pm); +disp("Part b"); +f=w/(2*%pi); +disp("the frequency (in Hz) of power variation is"); disp(2*f); +disp("Part c"); +pavg=pm/2; +disp("the average power (in W) dissipated in the resistor is"); disp(pavg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d59108c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52e860520 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +v=15; +i=50*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +r=v/i; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of R is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +p=v*i; +disp("The average power dissipated (in mW) in R is"); disp(p*1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e86d9bf38 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1542ad4b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +vm=170; +w=377; +r=33; +disp("Part a"); +v=vm/sqrt(2); +disp("the reading (in V) of an AC voltmeter is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +im=vm/r; +i=im/sqrt(2); +disp("the reading (in A) of the AC ammeter is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7192d586 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.6/example15_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5184be678 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +v=3.5; +i=15; +disp("Part a"); +vp=2*sqrt(2)*v; +disp("the peak-to-peak voltage (in V) across the resistor is"); disp(vp); +disp("Part b"); +im=sqrt(2)*i; +disp("the peak current (in mA) throught the resistor is");disp(im); +disp("Part c"); +r=v/(i/1000); +disp("the resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..378d2216f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.7/example15_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591bfaa34 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +r1=3.3; +r2=4.7; +vp=36; +disp("Part a"); +vt=vp/(2*sqrt(2)); +rt=r1+r2; +i=vt/rt; +disp("the reading of a series-connected ammeter (in mA) is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +v=vt*r2/(r1+r2); +disp("voltage (in V) across the 4.7 kΩ resistor is"); disp(v); +disp("Part c"); +p=i^2*r1; +disp("power dissipated (in mW) in he 3.3kΩ resistor is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5359df31d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.8/example15_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.sce b/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b5f0a59f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=4.7; +r2=3.3; +i=50; +disp("Part a"); +i2=i*r1/(r1+r2); +disp("current (in mA) in the 3.3 kΩ resistor is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part b"); +v=i2*r2; +vp=2*sqrt(2)*v; +disp("peak-o-peak voltage (in V) indicated by an oscilloscope across the source is");disp(vp); +disp("Part c"); +p=v*i/1000; +disp("the totalpower dissipation (in W) in the two resistors is");disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.txt b/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c196bc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH15/EX15.9/example15_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.sce b/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9e273ee --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("Part a"); +u1=50*10^(-3); +l1=4.6; +n=10; +vp=u1*l1*n/2; +disp("the peak voltage (in V) is"); disp(vp); +disp("Part b"); +u2=0.2; +l2=3.2; +t=u2*l2; +disp("the period T (in ms) is"); disp(t); +disp("Part c"); +f=1/t; +disp("the frequency f (in kHz) is"); disp(f); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.txt b/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd38456d4 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH16/EX16.1/example16_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ece1dd7ff --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +l=200*10^(-3); +i1=2; +i2=5; +t=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +r=(i2-i1)/t; +disp("the rate of change of current (in A/s) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v=l*r; +disp("the self-induced e.m.f. is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebc6d8107 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.1/example17_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3688e5e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +n=50; +a=10^(-4); +s=2*10^(-2); +disp("Part a"); +mu0=4*%pi*10^(-7); +l=n^2*mu0*a/s; +disp("the inductance (in μH) of the air-core coil is"); disp(l*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +mur=200; +l1=mur*l; +disp("the new inductance (in mH) is"); disp(l1*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +n1=2*n; +l2=4*l1; +disp("the new inductance (in mH) is"); disp(l2*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98bd8feb1 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.3/example17_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e83abc81 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +l1=8; +l2=12; +disp("Part a"); +l_1=l1+l2; +disp("the total inductance (in mH) is"); disp(l_1); +disp("Part b"); +l_2=l1*l2/(l1+l2); +disp("the total inductance (in mH) is"); disp(l_2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13cd8ac1b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.4/example17_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1f7f2d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +l1=5; +l2=15; +m=4; +disp("Part a"); +lmax=l1+l2+2*m; +disp("the maximum inductance (in H) is"); disp(lmax); +disp("Part b"); +lmin=l1+l2-2*m; +disp("the minimum inductance (in H) is");; disp(lmin); diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58b2ad4fa Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.5/example17_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e119251c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +k=0.8; +l1=5; +l2=8; +disp("Part a"); +m=k*sqrt(l1*l2); +disp("the mutual inductance (in H) between the two coils is"); disp(m); +disp("Part b"); +lmax=l1+l2+2*m; +disp("the maximum inductance (in H) is"); disp(lmax); +disp("Part c"); +lmin=l1+l2-2*m; +disp("the minimum inductance (in H) is"); disp(lmin); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a3af08f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.6/example17_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10ae58c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +l1=40; +lt1=100; +lt2=36; +disp("Part a"); +m=(lt1-lt2)/4; +disp("the mutual inductance (in mH) is"); disp(m); +disp("Part b"); +l2=lt1-l1-2*m; +disp("the inductance (in mH) of the second coil is"); disp(l2); +disp("Part c"); +k=m/sqrt(l1*l2); +disp("the coefficient of coupling is"); disp(k); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..179577b9c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.7/example17_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.sce b/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..246d1f019 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +lt1=500; +lt2=50; +disp("Part a"); +m=(lt1-lt2)/4; +disp("the mutual inductance (in mH) is"); disp(m); +disp("Part b"); +l=(lt1-2*m)/2; +disp("the self-inductance (in mH) of each coil is"); disp(l); +disp("Part c"); +k=m/sqrt(l^2); +disp("the coefficient of coupling is");disp(k); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.txt b/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bebabd475 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH17/EX17.8/example17_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.sce b/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c9303b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +n1=50; +n2=300; +v1=120; +disp("Part a"); +r=n1/n2; +disp("the transformation ratio is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v2=v1*n2/n1; +disp("the secondary voltage (in V) is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part c"); +disp("since the transformation ratio is lesser than unity , this is a atep-up transformer"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.txt b/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90bcfb92e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH18/EX18.1/example18_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.sce b/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3d033d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +v1=120; +v2=12.6; +r=10; +disp("Part a"); +n=v1/v2; +disp("the turns ratio is"); disp(n); +disp("Part b"); +i2=v2/r; +disp("the secondary current (in A) is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part c"); +i1=v1/r; +disp("the primary current (in A) is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.txt b/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..662fbd1f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH18/EX18.2/example18_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.sce b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c33d7c2a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +v1=4160; +v2=230; +r=4; +disp("Part a"); +i2=v2/r; +i1=v2*i2/i1; +disp("the primary current (in A) is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part b"); +pout=v2^2/r; +eff=0.98; +pin=pout/eff; +i1=pin/v1; +disp("the primary current (in A) with 98% efficiency is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part c"); +loss=pin-pout; +disp("The losses (in W) is"); disp(loss); +disp("Part d"); +p=v2*i2; +disp("The rating of the transformer (in kVA) is"); disp(p/1000); + diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.txt b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..763b02cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Part a + + the primary current (in A) is + + 1102.0833 + + Part b + + the primary current (in A) with 98% efficiency is + + 3.2439659 + + Part c + + The losses (in W) is + + 269.89796 + + Part d + + The rating of the transformer (in kVA) is + + 13.225 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.xcos b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3a8b9639 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.3/example18_3.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.sce b/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f11f4931 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +v=20; +r1=125; +r2=4; +disp("Part a"); +n=sqrt(r1/r2); +disp("the required turns ratio is"); disp(n); +disp("Part b"); +v1=v/2; +i1=v1/r1; +disp("the primary input voltage (in V) is"); disp(v1); +disp("the primary current (in mA) is"); disp(i1*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +v2=v1/n; +i2=n*i1; +disp("the secondary output voltage (in V) is"); disp(v2); +disp("the secondary current (in mA) is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part d"); +p=i2^2*r2; +disp("the output power transferred (in W) is"); disp(p); +disp("Part e"); +i=v/(r1+r2); +p1=i^2*r2; +disp("the power transferred (in W) to the loudspeaker is"); disp(p1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.txt b/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f09b32e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH18/EX18.4/example18_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.sce b/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4095f70a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +i=4; +v=115; +n1=75/5; +n2=20; +il=i*n1; +v1=v*n2; +p=350; +p1=p*n1*n2; +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(i1); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v1); +disp("the load power (in kW) is"); disp(p1*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.txt b/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda24df5e --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH18/EX18.5/example18_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + the load current (in A) is + + 0.08 + + the load voltage (in V) is + + 2300. + + the load power (in kW) is + + 105. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05c1a5235 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +r=1000; +l=1; +t=l/r; +disp("the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is"); disp(t*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a49d16e86 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.1/example19_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is + + 1. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08c8850b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +v=12; +r=500; +l=200*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +t1=0.1*10^(-3); +t0=l/r; +i=v*exp(-t1/t0)/r; +disp("the current (in mA) 0.1 ms after the switch has been moved to position B is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +t2=20*10^(-6); +v1=v*exp(-t2/t0); +disp("the voltage (in V) across the inductor 20 μs after the switch has arrived at position B is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part c"); +t3=0.2*10^(-3); +i1=v*exp(-t3/t0)/r; +disp("the circuit current (in mA) is"); disp(i1*10^3); +v2=-v*exp(-t3/t0); +disp("the inductor voltage (in V) is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60f6698e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH19/EX19.10/example19_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7857cfbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +r1=50; +r2=10; +vp=10; +p=0.63; +s=0.8; +t=0.5*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +t0=s*t; +disp("the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is"); disp(t0*10^3); +l=t0*(r1+r2); +disp("the inductance (in mH) of the coil is"); disp(l*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b47d0f47 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.11/example19_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + Part a + + the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is + + 0.4 + + the inductance (in mH) of the coil is + + 24. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d72aa330 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +r=10^3/2; +l=2*1; +t=l/r; +disp("the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is"); disp(t*10^3); diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa50cf4aa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.2/example19_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is + + 4. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3521be9d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +l=8; +r=400; +v=20; +disp("Part a"); +t=l/r; +disp("the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is"); disp(t*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/r; +disp("final value of the current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +rate=v/l; +disp("the initial rate of rise of current (in A/s) is"); disp(rate); +disp("Part d"); +t1=i/rate; +disp("time taken (in ms) to reach the final value of current is"); disp(t1*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e457f6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.3/example19_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + Part a + + the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is + + 20. + + Part b + + final value of the current (in mA) is + + 50. + + Part c + + the initial rate of rise of current (in A/s) is + + 2.5 + + Part d + + time taken (in ms) to reach the final value of current is + + 20. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cd900f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +l=8; +r=400; +v=20; +t=20*10^(-3); +i=50*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +t1=46*10^(-3); +t0=t1/t; +i1=0.9*i;........//from the curve +disp("The current (in mA) 46 ms after closing the switch is"); disp(i1*10^(3)); +disp("Part b"); +i2=27.5*10^(-3); +i0=i2/i; +t2=0.8*t; +disp("The time taken (in ms) to reach 27.5 mA is"); disp(t2*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2bb96128 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.4/example19_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Part a + + The current (in mA) 46 ms after closing the switch is + + 45. + + Part b + + The time taken (in ms) to reach 27.5 mA is + + 16. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ea1f0c8f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +l=30*10^(-3); +r=2*10^3; +v=50; +disp("Part a"); +t=l/r; +disp("the time constant (in μs) of the circuit is"); disp(t*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the initial voltage (in V) across the coil is"); disp(v); +disp("Part c"); +t1=7.5*10^(-6); +t0=t1/t; +v1=0.6*v;..........//from the curve +disp("the steady state voltage (in V) across the coil is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part d"); +i=v/r; +disp("the steady state current (in mA) in the circuit is");disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part e"); +t2=45*10^(-6); +t01=t2/t; +i1=0.95*i;...........//from the curve +disp("the current (in mA) 45 μs after closing the switch is");disp(i1*10^3); +disp("Part f"); +v2=37.5; +v0=v2/v; +t3=1.4*t;............//from the curve +disp("the time taken (in μs) to reach 37.5 V is"); disp(t3*10^6); +disp("Part g"); +t4=5*t; +disp("the time taken (in μs) for voltage across coil to drop to zero is"); disp(t4*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05e51a558 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH19/EX19.5/example19_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82e39c0a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +v=20; +l=8; +r=400; +disp("Part a"); +t0=l/r; +t1=46*10^(-3); +i=v*(1-exp(-t1/t0))/r; +disp("the current (in mA) 46 ms after closing the switch is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +i1=27.5*10^(-3); +t2=-log(1-i2/i)*t0; +disp("the time taken (in ms) to reach 27.5 mA is"); disp(t2*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e7b79688 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.6/example19_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Part a + + the current (in mA) 46 ms after closing the switch is + + 44.987058 + + Part b + + the time taken (in ms) to reach 27.5 mA is + + 18.898276 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e04fb6bd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +l=30*10^(-3); +r=2000; +v=50; +disp("Part a"); +t0=l/r; +t1=0; +v1=v*exp(-t1/t0); +disp("the initial voltage (in V) across the coil is"); disp(v1); +t2=7.5*10^(-6); +v2=v*exp(-t2/t0); +disp("the voltage (in V) across the coil 7.5 μs after closing th sitch is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part c"); +t3=45*10^(-6); +i=v*(1-exp(-t2/t0))/r; +disp("the current (in mA) 45 μs after closing the switch is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part d"); +v3=37.5; +t4=-log(1-v3/v)*t0; +disp("the time taken (in μs) for voltage across resistor to reach 37.5 V is"); disp(t4*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b81cb6c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH19/EX19.7/example19_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77a07148c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +l=1; +r=1000; +v=10; +i=v/r; +w=0.5*l*i^2; +disp("energy stored (in μJ) in the coil is"); disp(w*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9790da1 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH19/EX19.8/example19_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.sce b/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca7336d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +vp=12; +f=2.5*10^3; +l=20*10^(-3); +r=500; +disp("Part a"); +t1=0.1*10^(-3); +i=vp/r; +t0=l/r; +i1=0.008*i;..........//from the curve +disp("the current (in mA) 0.1ms after the input voltage goes to zero is"); disp(i1*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +t2=20*10^(-6); +v1=0.6*vp; +disp("the voltage (in V) across the coil after the input voltage goes to zero is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part c"); +disp("Both i and vl are approximately zero after 0.2 ms"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.txt b/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8642211e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH19/EX19.9/example19_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f2e5277b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Part a"); +q1=0.25*10^(-6); +q2=q1; +k=9*10^9; +r=3*10^(-2); +f=k*q1*q2/r^2; +disp("the force of repulsion (in N) is "); disp(f); +disp("Part b"); +f1=f/4.45; +disp("the force of repulsion (in lb) is"); disp(f1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..213de7d2e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35c7ffdc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +q1=-1.6*10^(-19); +q2=29*1.6*10^(-19); +r=10^(-10); +k=9*10^9; +f=k*q1*q2/r^2; +disp("the force of attraction (in N) is"); disp(f); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bc5596a8 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee28e3062 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +w=24; +q=0.2; +v=w/q; +disp("the potential difference (in V) is "); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d102afd71 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the potential difference (in V) is + + 120. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ae7dbbcd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +v=12; +q=20; +w=v*q; +disp("the work done (in J) is"); disp(w); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7da08ed Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16aabe2cd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("Part a"); +q=60; +t=4*60; +i=q/t; +disp("the current flowing in the circuit (in A) is");disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +t1=10*60; +q1=i*t1; +disp("the charge transferred (in C) is"); disp(q1); diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06ac48ecd Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.5/example2_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec091a45c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("the given current (in mA) is 75"); +disp("the given current (in μA) is 350"); +disp("the given current (in A) is 2.3"); +disp("the given current (in μA) is 10^5"); +disp("the given current (in mA) is 0.04"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcedf7929 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.6/example2_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b91f4a49 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Part a"); +d=0.064*2.54/100; +a=%pi*(d^2)/4; +i=15; +q=1.6*10^(-19); +n=8.85*10^28; +v=i/(a*q*n); +disp("the drift velocity of an individual electron (in m/s) is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +t=60; +d=v*t*100/2.54; +disp("the distance an electron moves (in inches) is"); disp(d); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..add44ac58 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.7/example2_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce b/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4792483f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r=20; +g=1/r; +disp("the conductance (in S) is"); disp(g); +disp("Part b"); +g1=10^(-6); +r1=1/g1; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.txt b/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..406e71802 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH2/EX2.8/example2_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72a0de0f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +vp=28.28; +i=10*10^(-3); +v=vp/(2*sqrt(2)); +x_l=v/i; +disp("the opposition to current (in kΩ) is"); disp(x_l*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daca05a73 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.1/example20_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31a6bf671 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +l1=8; +l2=4; +v=120; +f=60; +x_l1=2*%pi*f*l1; +x_l2=2*%pi*f*l2; +x_l=1/(1/x_l1+1/x_l2); +i=v/x_l; +disp("the total current (in mA) drawn from the supply is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6280abcf --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.10/example20_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the total current (in mA) drawn from the supply is + + 119.36621 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8bc297b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +l=200*10^(-6); +f=1.5*10^6; +r=100; +q=2*%pi*f*l/r; +disp("the quality of the coil is"); disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..476b353d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.11/example20_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the quality of the coil is + + 18.849556 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cddb1bd45 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +l=0.5; +f=60; +i=0.25; +p=5; +disp("Part a"); +r=p/i^2; +disp("the ac resistance (in Ω) of the coil is"); disp(r); +disp("part b"); +q=2*%pi*f*l/r; +disp("the Q of the coil is"); disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e7b9a0a6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.12/example20_12.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bff68f582 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +x_l=500; +v=120; +i=v/x_l; +disp("the current (in A) that will flow through the coil is");disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b54cc7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.2/example20_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the current (in A) that will flow through the coil is + + 0.24 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a997568 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +x_l=1.5; +i=70; +v=i*x_l; +disp("the voltage drop (in V) acoss the coil is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e74e8e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.3/example20_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + the voltage drop (in V) acoss the coil is + + 105. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c36ba1161 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +v=120; +f=60; +l=5; +disp("Part a"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +i=v/x_l; +disp("the current (in mA) flowing is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +im=i*sqrt(2); +disp("the equation for current is i = 0.091*sin(377t) A"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87c243a11 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.4/example20_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Part a + + the current (in mA) flowing is + + 63.661977 + + Part b + + the equation for current is i = 0.091*sin(377t) A \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7002a0ad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +f=10^3; +v=10; +i=50*10^(-3); +x_l=v/i; +l=x_l/(2*%pi*f); +disp("the inductance of the coil (in mH) is"); disp(l*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17c23c265 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.5/example20_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the inductance of the coil (in mH) is + + 31.830989 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c60597ff --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +v=10; +l=10; +r=100; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +disp("the dc output voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +vo=v*r/x_l; +disp("the ac output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vo); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ad9fe9ca Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.6/example20_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a68acd8c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +p1=60; +t=8; +p2=9; +amt=20; +cost=0.08; +disp("Part a"); +total=365*t*p1*cost/1000; +disp("Cost (in $) to operate the incandescent lamp for a year is"); disp(total); +disp("Part b"); +total2=365*t*p2*cost/1000; +disp("Cost (in $ )to operate the fluorescent lamp for a year is"); disp(total2); +disp("Part c"); +sav=total-total2; +mon=amt*12/sav; +t1=10000; +t2=t1-365*t*mon/12; +disp("the time (in hours) necessary for the energy savings is");disp(t2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74c7b713b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.7/example20_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0792239d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +l1=4; +l2=8; +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +x_l1=2*%pi*f*l1; +x_l2=2*%pi*f*l2; +x_l=x_l1+x_l2; +disp("he total inductive inductance (in kΩ) is"); disp(x_l*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/x_l; +disp("the reading of ammeter (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +v1=i*x_l1; +v2=i*x_l2; +disp("the voltage drop (in V) across 4 H coil is"); disp(v1); +disp("the voltage drop (in V) across 8 H coil is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c41cc815 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.8/example20_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.sce b/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28d4d2901 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +l1=4; +l2=8; +k=0.6; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +m=k*sqrt(l1*l2); +x_m=2*%pi*f*m; +x_l1=2*%pi*f*l1; +x_l2=2*%pi*f*l2; +x_l=x_l1+x_l2+x_m; +disp("the total inductive reactance (in kΩ) is");disp(x_l*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +v=120; +i=v/x_l; +disp("the current (in mA) throught the coil is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +v1=i*(x_l1+x_m); +disp("voltage (in V) across 4 H coil is"); disp(v1); +v2=i*(x_l2+x_m); +disp("voltage (in V) across 8 H coil is");disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.txt b/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d59d7e8fc Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH20/EX20.9/example20_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55cc6a7e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +q=50; +v=2; +disp("Part a"); +c=q/v; +disp("the capacitance (in μF) of the capacitor is"); disp(c); +disp("Part b"); +v1=10; +q1=v1*c; +disp("the charge required (in μC) to raise the voltage is"); disp(q1); +disp("Part c"); +q2=10; +v2=q2/c; +disp("voltage (in V) across the capacitor is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7a042037 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.1/example21_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a380a2906 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +a=5*6*10^(-4); +d=0.5*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +k=1; +e0=8.85*10^(-12); +c=k*e0*a/d; +disp("the capacitance (in pF) is"); disp(c*10^12); +disp("Part b"); +k1=5; +c1=k1*c; +disp("the capacitance (in pF) is"); disp(c1*10^12); +disp("Part c"); +k2=7500; +c2=k2*c; +disp("the capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c2*10^6); +disp("Part d"); +d1=d/2; +c3=2*c2; +disp("the capacitance (in μF) is");disp(c3*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f7db70f7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.2/example21_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab1cbcf69 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +v=20; +disp("Part a"); +d=0.5*10^(-3); +e=v/d; +disp("the electric field intensity (in kV/m) is"); disp(e*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +d1=0.25*10^(-3); +e1=v/d1; +disp("the electric field intensity (in kV/m) is"); disp(e1*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45ff9d856 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.3/example21_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Part a + + the electric field intensity (in kV/m) is + + 40. + + Part b + + the electric field intensity (in kV/m) is + + 80. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.4/example21_4.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.4/example21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09e1e6a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.4/example21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +p=600; +c=0.1*10^(-6); +e=20*10^3; +disp("Part a"); +f=1.5; +d=f*p/e; +disp("the minimum separation (in mm) of the plates is"); disp(d); +disp("Part b"); +e0=8.85*10^(-12); +k=3; +a=c*d/(k*e0*10^3); +disp("the area (in m²) of one of the metal foil plates is"); disp(a); +disp("Part c"); +w=0.04; +l=a/w; +disp("the lenght (in m) of the metal foil is"); disp(l); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.4/example22_4.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.4/example22_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a275c8f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.4/example22_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..625a94ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +c1=5; +v1=25; +c2=10; +v2=20; +c3=1; +v3=50; +disp("Part a"); +c=c1+c2+c3; +disp("the total capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the maximum working voltage (in V) s"); disp(v2); +disp("Part c"); +q=v2*c; +disp("the maximim charge (in μC) that can be stored is");disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbb32851c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.5/example21_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04e0a32fa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +c1=5; +v1=20; +c2=10; +v2=20; +v=30; +disp("Part a"); +c=c1*c2/(c1+c2); +disp("the total capacitance (in μF) is "); disp(c); +disp("Part b"); +q=v*c; +disp("the charge on each capacitor (in μC) is"); disp(q); +disp("Part c"); +v1=q/c1; +disp("voltage (in V) across 5 μF capacitor is"); disp(v1); +v2=q/c2; +disp("voltage (in V) across 10 μF capacitor is");disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fe078ad0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.6/example21_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5afc0e07f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +c1=50; +v1=16; +c2=40; +v2=10; +disp("Part a"); +v=v2*(c1+c2)/c1; +disp("the maximum working voltage (in V) is");disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +v1=v*c2/(c1+c2); +v2=v*c1/(c1+c2); +disp("the voltage (in V) across 50 μF capacitor is"); disp(v1); +disp("the voltage (in V) across 40 μF capacitor is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part c"); +c=c1*c2/(c1+c2); +disp("the total capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..628d1932f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.7/example21_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.sce b/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d23f351bf --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +c1=40*10^(-6); +v1=450; +c2=20*10^(-6); +v2=500; +v=400; +disp("Part a"); +w1=0.5*c1*v^2; +disp("energy stored (in J) in 40 μF capacitor is"); disp(w1); +w2=0.5*c2*v^2; +disp("energy stored (in J) in 20 μF capacitor is"); disp(w2); +disp("Part b"); +w=w1+w2; +disp("total energy stored (in J) is"); disp(w); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.txt b/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2dcd0b04 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH21/EX21.8/example21_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.sce b/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e0995037 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +c=4*10^(-6); +v1=16; +v2=24; +t=2*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +rate=(v2-v1)/t; +disp("the average rate of change of voltage (in V/s) is"); disp(rate); +disp("Part b"); +i=c*rate; +disp("the average current (in mA) into the capacitor is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +q=c*(v2-v1); +disp("the increase in charge (in μC) on the capacitor is"); disp(q*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.txt b/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b28e739b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH22/EX22.1/example22_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.sce b/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bebed9c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +r=10^3; +c=10^(-6); +v=10; +disp("Part a"); +rate=v/(r*c); +disp("the initial rate of rise of capacitor voltage (in V/s) is");disp(rate); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/r; +disp("initial charging current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +disp("final voltage (in V) is");disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.txt b/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16d122f61 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH22/EX22.3/example22_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.sce b/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..182a79010 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +c=5*10^(-6); +r=10*10^3; +v=12; +disp("Part a"); +t=r*c; +disp("the time constant (in ms) of the circuit is"); disp(t*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +rate=v/t; +disp("initial rate of rise of capacitor voltage (in V/s) is"); disp(rate); +disp("Part c"); +v1=0.63*v; +disp("the capacitor voltage (in V) after one time constant is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part d"); +t1=5*t; +disp("time taken (in ms) to reach 12 V is"); disp(t1*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.txt b/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7a275c8f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH22/EX22.4/example22_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.sce b/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd7f52d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +c=10*10^(-6); +r=5*10^3; +v=24; +disp("Part a"); +t=r*c; +disp("the time constan (in ms) of the circuit i; disp(t*10^3)"); +disp("Part b"); +rate=v/t; +disp("the initial rate of rise of capacitor voltage (in V/s) is"); disp(rate); +disp("Part c"); +t1=5*t; +disp("time taken (in ms) to reach 24 V is"); disp(t1*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.txt b/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3d1170f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.5/example22_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ + + Part a + + the time constan (in ms) of the circuit i; disp(t*10^3) + + Part b + + the initial rate of rise of capacitor voltage (in V/s) is + + 480. + + Part c + + time taken (in ms) to reach 24 V is + + 250. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.sce b/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aedb74797 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +v=300; +c=500*10^(-6); +r1=4*10^3; +r2=10; +disp("Part a"); +t1=5*r1*c; +disp("time taken (in s) to fully charge is"); disp(t1); +disp("Part b"); +i1=v/r1; +disp("the peak charging current (in mA) is"); disp(i1*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +t2=5*r2*c; +disp("time taken (n ms) to fully discharge is"); disp(t2*10^3); +disp("Part d"); +i2=v/r2; +disp("peak discharging current (in A) is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part e"); +w=0.5*c*v^2; +disp("energy stored (in J) is"); disp(w); +disp("Part f"); +p=w/t2; +disp("average power produced (in W) by the lamp is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.txt b/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec0d54052 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH22/EX22.6/example22_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b2c9a344 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +vp=100; +i=50*10^(-3); +x_c=vp/(i*2*sqrt(2)); +disp("The opposition to current (in Ω) caused by the capacitor is"); disp(x_c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015fb1ac0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH23/EX23.1/example23_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62f1d0e0b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +v=120; +f=60; +x_c=200; +i=v/x_c; +disp("the capacitor current (in A) is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee46d1a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.2/example23_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the capacitor current (in A) is + + 0.6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38b06c719 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +x_c=2; +i=25; +v=i*x_c; +vm=sqrt(2)*v; +disp("the peak voltage (in V) is"); disp(vm); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32a84183a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.3/example23_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +the peak voltage (in V) is + + 70.710678 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d59fb7f9b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +c=0.5*10^(-6); +disp("Part a"); +f1=60; +x_c1=1/(2*%pi*f1*c); +disp("the capacitive reactance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_c1); +disp("Part b"); +f2=1000; +x_c2=1/(2*%pi*f2*c); +disp("the capacitive reactance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_c2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d98ed95e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH23/EX23.4/example23_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3368c6135 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +i=1.5; +v=120; +f=60; +x_c=v/i; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae1164677 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH23/EX23.5/example23_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b16ddf0a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +c1=8*10^(-6); +c2=4*10^(-6); +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +x_c1=1/(2*%pi*f*c1); +x_c2=1/(2*%pi*f*c2); +x_c=x_c1+x_c2; +disp("the total capacitive reactance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_c); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/x_c; +disp("the current drawn (in A) by the capacitors is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +v1=i*x_c1; +v2=i*x_c2; +disp("voltage (in V) across 4 μF capacitor is"); disp(v2); +disp("voltage (in V) across 8 μF capacitor is"); disp(v1); diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9341f4431 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH23/EX23.6/example23_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.sce b/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fbdae4de --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +c1=8*10^(-6); +c2=4*10^(-6); +v=120; +f=60; +x_c1=1/(2*%pi*f*c1); +x_c2=1/(2*%pi*f*c2); +x_c=x_c1*x_c2/(x_c1+x_c2); +disp("the total capacitive reactance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_c); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/x_c; +disp("the total current drawn (in A) from the supply is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.txt b/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fb835fe7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH23/EX23.7/example23_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1aeb85d63 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +r=100; +f=60; +v=120; +vr=60; +disp("Part a"); +vl=sqrt(v^2-vr^2); +disp("the reading of voltmeter (in V) connected across the coil is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part b"); +deg=atan(vl/vr)*180/%pi; +disp("th phase angle (in deg) between the applied voltage and the current is"); disp(deg); +disp("Part c"); +i=vr/r; +disp("the current (in A) in the circuit is"); disp(i); +disp("Part d"); +x_l=vl/i; +l=x_l/(2*%pi*f); +disp("the inductance (in H) of the coil is"); disp(l); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a62cb028f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.1/example24_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + Part a + + the reading of voltmeter (in V) connected across the coil is + + 40. + + Part b + + th phase angle (in deg) between the applied voltage and the current is + + 60. + + Part c + + the current (in A) in the circuit is + + 0.6 + + Part d + + the inductance (in H) of the coil is + + 0.4594407 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a211fd1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +r=200; +x_l=400; +v=40; +disp("Part a"); +ir=v/r; +il=v/x_l; +i=ir+il; +disp("the total circuit current (in A) is");disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +z=v/i; +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is");disp(z); +disp("Part c"); +deg=-atan(il/ir)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle(in deg) between circuit current and applied voltage is");disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd0da039d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.10/example24_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf04b1129 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +r=200; +x_c=100; +v=40; +disp("Part a"); +ir=v/r; +ic=v/x_c; +i=sqrt(ir^2+ic^2); +disp("the total circuit current (in A) is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +z=v/i; +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(z); +disp("Part c"); +deg=atan(ic/ir)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between the circuit current and applied voltage is"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01d468898 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.11/example24_11.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f8336d8e --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +r=200; +x_l=400; +x_c=100; +v=40; +disp("Part a"); +ir=v/r; +il=v/x_l; +ic=v/x_c; +i=sqrt(ir^2+(ic-il)^2); +disp("the total circuit current (in A) is");disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +z=v/i; +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(z); +disp("Part c"); +deg=atan((ic-il)/ir)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between circuit current and applied voltage sis"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d3313e1 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.12/example24_12.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8810f1997 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +l=30*10^(-3); +r=200; +v=10; +f=1000; +disp("Part a"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +z=sqrt(r^2+x_l^2); +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(z); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/z; +disp("the current (in A) in the circuit is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +deg=atan(x_l/r)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between applied voltage and current is"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87f3093e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.2/example24_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff4d1d8d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +r=10; +f=60; +v1=18; +v2=0.12; +d1=0.05; +d2=0.01; +disp("Part a"); +i=v2/r; +z=v1/i; +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(z); +disp("Part b"); +deg=360*d2/d1; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between applied voltage and current is"); disp(deg); +disp("Part c"); +rac=z*cos(deg*%pi/180); +disp("the ac resistance (in Ω) of the coil is"); disp(rac); +disp("Part d"); +x_l=z*sin(deg*%pi/180); +disp("the inductive reactance (in Ω) of the coil is"); disp(x_l); +disp("Part e"); +q=x_l/rac; +disp("the Q of the coil is"); disp(q); +disp("Part f"); +l=x_l/(2*%pi*f); +disp("the inductance (in H) of the coil is"); disp(l); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3720606d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.3/example24_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b163b0cd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +r=2200; +f=60; +i=0.015; +vp=60; +disp("Part a"); +vr=i*r; +disp("the reading of voltmeter (in V) across the resistor is"); disp(vr); +disp("Part b"); +vc=vp/(2*sqrt(2)); +disp("the r.m.s. voltage (in V) across the capacitor is"); disp(vc); +disp("Part c"); +v=sqrt(vr^2+vc^2); +disp("the applied voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); +disp("Part d"); +deg=-atan(vc/vr)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between current and applied voltage is"); disp(deg); +disp("Part f"); +x_c=vc/i; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47636b4e5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.4/example24_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2663ac02a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Part a"); +c=0.1*10^(-6); +i=5*10^(-3); +v=10; +f=1000; +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +z=v/i; +r=sqrt(z^2-x_c^2); +disp("the resistance (in kΩ) required is"); disp(r*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +deg=-atan(x_c/r)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between applied voltage and current is"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc135fa47 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.5/example24_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77555cdf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +l=30*10^(-3); +c=0.005*10^(-6); +r=1000; +v=2; +f=10*10^3; +disp("Part a"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +z=sqrt(r^2+(x_l-x_c)^2); +disp("the circuit impedance (in Ω)"); disp(z); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/z; +disp("the circuit current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +vr=i*r; +disp("voltage (in V) across resistor is"); disp(vr); +vl=i*x_l; +disp("voltage (in V) across inductor is"); disp(vl); +vc=i*x_c; +disp("voltage (in V) across capacitor is"); disp(vc); +disp("Part d"); +deg=atan((x_l-x_c)/r); +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between current and applied voltage is"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34665bc77 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.7/example24_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.sce b/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c380f382b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +i=0.2; +v1=120; +f=60; +v2=95; +disp("Part a"); +z1=v1/i; +x_l=sqrt(z1^2-r^2); +z2=v2/i; +x_c=x_l-sqrt(z2^2-r^2); +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the size of capacitance (in μF) needed is"); disp(c*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +vc=i*x_c; +disp("voltage (in V) across capacitor is");disp(vc); +disp("Part c"); +v=i*z1; +disp("voltage (in V) across solenoid is"); disp(v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.txt b/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..158aaf5b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH24/EX24.8/example24_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311980c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +vr=30; +vl=40; +v=sqrt((vr^2)+(vl^2)); +theta=atan(vl/vr); +disp("the polar form of the total voltage has a magnitude (in V) of") ; disp(v); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(theta*180/%pi); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47676b5df --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.1/example25_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +the polar form of the total voltage has a magnitude (in V) of + + 50. + + with a phase angle (in degrees) of + + 53.130102 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f26f8cf45 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +a=5+%i*8; +b=7-%i*4; +disp("Part a"); +disp("A X B ="); disp(a*b); +disp("Part b"); +disp("A ÷ B ="); disp(a/b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7485c5020 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.10/example25_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d1482e2f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +z1=5+%i*8; +z2=4+%i*6; +z=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +disp("the total impedance (in Ω) is"); disp(z); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeebb4352 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.11/example25_11.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33abe224d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +z1=4+%i*2; +z2=-%i*3; +z=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +disp("the total impedance (in Ω) is"); disp(z); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45c8b2c94 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.12/example25_12.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1508bef28 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +z1=20+%i*50; +z2=10+%i*(-20); +a1=real(z1); +b1=imag(z1); +a2=real(z2); +b2=imag(z2); +c1=real(z1+z2); +c2=imag(z1+z2); +m1=sqrt(a1^2+b1^2); +m2=sqrt(a2^2+b2^2); +deg1=atan(b1/a1)*180/%pi; +deg2=atan(b2/a2)*180/%pi; +m_1=m1*m2; +deg_1=deg1+deg2; +m_2=sqrt(c1^2+c2^2); +deg_2=atan(c2/c1)*180/%pi; +m=m_1/m_2; +deg=deg_1-deg_2; +disp("the total impedance (in Ω) has a magnitude of"); disp(m); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e56a504d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.14/example25_14.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e49a9557 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +m_v1=50; +m_v2=30; +m_v3=75; +deg_v1=20*%pi/180; +deg_v2=50*%pi/180; +deg_v3=-80*%pi/180; +v1=m_v1*(cos(deg_v1)+%i*sin(deg_v1)); +v2=m_v2*(cos(deg_v2)+%i*sin(deg_v2)); +v3=m_v3*(cos(deg_v3)+%i*sin(deg_v3)); +v=v1+v2+v3; +a=real(v); +b=imag(v); +m_v=sqrt(a^2+b^2); +deg_v=atan(b/a)*180/%pi; +disp("the the supply voltage (in V) has a magnitude of"); disp(m_v); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_v); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab3839b6c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.16/example25_16.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4d93cadc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +m_i=58; +deg_i=35*%pi/180; +i=m_i*(cos(deg_i)+%i*sin(deg_i)); +m_i1=35; +deg_i1=-20*%pi/180; +i1=m_i1*(cos(deg_i1)+%i*sin(deg_i1)); +m_v=120; +deg_v=0; +disp("Part a"); +i2=i-i1; +a=real(i2); +b=imag(i2); +m_i2=sqrt(a^2+b^2); +deg_i2=atan(b/a)*180/%pi; +disp("the current (in mA) in the other branch has a magnitude of"); disp(m_i2); +disp("with a phase angle(in degrees) of"); disp(deg_i2); +disp("Part b"); +m_z=m_v/m_i; +deg_z=deg_v-deg_i; +disp("the total impedance (in kΩ) of the circuit has a magnitude of"); disp(m_z); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_z); +disp("Part c"); +z=m_z*(cos(deg_z)+%i*sin(deg_z)); +p=(m_i*10^(-3))^2*real(z)*10^3; +disp("the total true power dissipated (in W)"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1e45a4db Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.17/example25_17.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2602afd62 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +r1=100; +r2=220; +r3=150; +l1=50*10^(-3); +l2=100*10^(-3); +c=2*10^(-6); +f=400; +v=24; +disp("Part a"); +x_l1=2*%pi*f*l1; +x_l2=2*%pi*f*l2; +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +z1=r1+%i*x_l1; +z2=r2+%i*x_l2; +z3=r3-%i*x_c; +z=z1+z2*z3/(z2+z3); +m_z=sqrt(real(z)^2+imag(z)^2); +deg_z=atan(imag(z)/real(z))*180/%pi; +disp("the total impedance (in Ω) of the circuit has a magnitude of"); disp(m_z); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(deg_z); +disp("Part b"); +m_i=v/m_z; +deg_i=-deg_z; +disp("the total supply current (in mA) has a magnitude of"); disp(m_i*10^3); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(deg_i); +disp("Part c"); +m_v1=m_i*sqrt(real(z1)^2+imag(z1)^2); +deg_v1=deg_i+atan(imag(z1)/real(z1))*180/%pi; +disp("the reading of voltmeter (in V) has a magnitude of"); disp(m_v1); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(deg_v1); +disp("Part d"); +m_ic=m_i*sqrt(real(z2)^2+imag(z2)^2)/sqrt(real(z2+z3)^2+imag(z2+z3)^2); +deg_ic=deg_i+(atan(imag(z2)/real(z2))-atan(imag(z2+z3)/real(z2+z3)))*180/%pi; +disp("the current (in mA) through the capacitor has a magnitude of"); disp(m_ic*10^3); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(deg_ic); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2fefad44 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.19/example25_19.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82a129523 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +r1=3; +r2=4; +r=sqrt(r1^2+r2^2); +theta=atan(r1/r2)*180/%pi; +disp("in polar form the circuit impedance has a magnitude (in Ω) of"); disp(r); +disp("with a phase angle (in derees) of"); disp(theta); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08677adbf Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.2/example25_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fda807e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +r1=20; +r2=25; +r3=40; +x_l1=50; +x_l2=40; +x_c=40; +z1=r1+%i*x_l1; +z2=r2+%i*x_l2; +z3=r3-%i*x_c; +y1=1/z1; +y2=1/z2; +y3=1/z3; +disp("Part a"); +y=y1+y2+y3; +r=1/real(y); +x_l=-1/imag(y); +disp("for an equivalent series circuit the value of resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("and the value of reactance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_l); +disp("Part b"); +z=1/y; +r0=real(z); +x_l0=imag(z); +disp("for an equivalent series circuit the value of resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r0); +disp("and the value of impedance (in Ω) is"); disp(x_l0); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14ffde24a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.20/example25_20.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba1397939 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=0.6; +x_c=1; +r2=2; +x_l=1.5; +v=10; +rl=1; +vth=v*%i*x_l/(r1-%i*x_c+%i*x_l); +m_vth=v*x_l/sqrt(real(r1-x_c+x_l)^2+imag(r1-x_c+x_l)^2); +deg_vth=90-atan(imag(r1-x_c+x_l)/real(r1-x_c+x_l))*180/%pi; +zth=2+%i*x_l*(r1-%i*x_c)/(r1+%i*x_l-%i*x_c); +i=vth/(zth+rl); +disp("the current (in mA) through the resistor has a magnitude of");disp((sqrt((real(i))^2+(imag(i))^2))); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(atan(imag(i)/real(i))*180/%pi); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbdd5ec44 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.21/example25_21.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e6fcb5b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +r1=100; +x_l1=125.7; +r2=220; +x_l2=251.4; +r3=150; +x_c=198.9; +v=24; +f=400; +z1=r1+%i*x_l1; +z2=r2+%i*x_l2; +z3=r3-%i*x_c; +vth=v*z2/(z1+z2); +zth=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +i=vth/(zth+z3); +disp("the current (in mA) through the capacitor has a mgnitude of"); disp(sqrt((real(i))^2+(imag(i))^2)*10^3); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of");disp((atan(imag(i)/real(i))*180/%pi)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c02e32dee --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.22/example25_22.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + the current (in mA) through the capacitor has a mgnitude of + + 65.573204 + + with a phase angle (in deg) of + + 26.857457 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b0cbc60 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +z1=4+%i*2; +z2=6-%i*4; +v1=24; +v2=36*(cos(40*%pi/180)+%i*sin(40*%pi/180)); +z=z1+z2; +i=(v2-v1)/z; +v=i*z1; +vth=v+v1; +zth=z1*z2/z; +disp("the required load impedance (in Ω) is"); disp(zth); +i1=v/zth; +p=(real(i1)^2+imag(i1)^2)*real(zth); +disp("the maximum power (in W) is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f75b7af Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.23/example25_23.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b96342d16 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +z1=4+%i*2; +z2=6-%i*4; +zl=3.2-%i*0.2; +v1=24; +v2=36*(cos(40*%pi/180)+%i*sin(40*%pi/180)); +in=v1/z1+v2/z2; +zn=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +il=in*zn/(zn+zl); +disp("the load current (in A) has a magnitude of"); disp(sqrt(real(il)^2+imag(il)^2)); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp((atan(imag(il)/real(il)))*180/%pi); +p=(real(il)^2+imag(il)^2)*real(zl); +disp("load power (in W) is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2417230e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.24/example25_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + the load current (in A) has a magnitude of + + 3.3081778 + + with a phase angle (in deg) of + + 24.993309 + + load power (in W) is + + 35.020929 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fc57c686 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +a=7.5; +deg_a=53; +b=3; +deg_b=12; +c=5; +deg_c=-60; +disp("Part a"); +disp("in polar form A X B has a magnitude of "); disp(a*b); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_a+deg_b); +disp("Part b"); +disp("in polar form A ÷ B has a magnitude of"); disp(a/b); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_a-deg_b); +disp("Part c"); +disp("in polar form A X C has a magnitude of"); disp(a*c); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_a+deg_c); +disp("Part d"); +disp("in polar form A ÷ C has a magnitude of"); disp(a/c); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_a-deg_c); +disp("Part e"); +disp("in polar form C ÷ B has a magnitude of"); disp(c/b); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_c-deg_b); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5d0b5f0f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.3/example25_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6704dbb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +z1=4+%i*2; +z2=6-%i*4; +zl=3.2+%i*0.2; +v1=24; +v2=36*(cos(40*%pi/180)+%i*sin(40*%pi/180)); +in=v1/z1+v2/z2; +zn=z1*z2/(z1+z2); +il=in*zn/(zn+zl); +disp("the load current (in A) has a magnitude of"); disp(sqrt(real(il)^2)+imag(il)^2); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp((atan(imag(il)/real(il)))*180/%pi); +p=(real(il)^2+imag(il)^2)*real(zl); +disp("the load power (in W) is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc64c08f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.4/example25_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + in polar form the current (in A) has a magnitude of + + 0.9230769 + + with a phase angle (in degrees) of + + 67.380135 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2beb657e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +r1=50; +r2=120; +deg_r1=0; +deg_r2=-90; +r=sqrt(r1^2+r2^2); +deg_r=-atan(r2/r1)*180/%pi; +v=120; +deg_v=0; +i=v/r; +deg_i=deg_v-deg_r; +disp("Part a"); +v1=i*r1; +deg_v1=deg_i+deg_r1; +disp("in polar form the voltage across the resistor (in V) has a magnitude of"); disp(v1); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_v1); +v2=i*r2; +deg_v2=deg_i+deg_r2; +disp("in polar form the volatge across the capacitor (in V) has a magnitude of"); disp(v2); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..286f13042 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.5/example25_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba95e5d5b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("since the current lags the voltage the circuit must be inductive"); +v=48; +disp("Part b"); +deg_v=0; +i=6.4; +deg_i=-40; +z=v/i; +deg_z=deg_v-deg_i; +disp("in polar form the impedance (in Ω) has a magnitude of"); disp(z); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_z); +disp("Part c"); +r=z*cos(deg_z*%pi/180); +disp("the resistance of the circuit (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +x_l=z*sin(deg_z*%pi/180); +disp("the reactance of the circuit (in Ω) is"); disp(x_l); +disp("Part d"); +vr=i*r; +deg_r=0; +deg_vr=deg_i+deg_r; +disp("in polar form the voltage across resistor (in V) has as magnitude of"); disp(vr); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_vr); +vxl=i*x_l; +deg_xl=90; +deg_vxl=deg_i+deg_xl; +disp("in polar form the voltage across the inductor (in V) has a magnitude of"); disp(vxl); +disp("with a phase angle (in degrees) of"); disp(deg_vxl); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fedbf5e0f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.6/example25_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca468062d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +a=3+%i*7; +b=4-%i*5; +c=-6+%i*8; +disp("Part a"); +disp("A + B ="); disp(a+b); +disp("Part b"); +disp("A - B ="); disp(a-b); +disp("Part c"); +disp("B + C =") ; disp(b+c); +disp("Part d"); +disp("B - C ="); disp(b-c); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95d5b510d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.7/example25_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bac57af30 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +z1=20+%i*50; +z2=15+%i*35; +z3=-%i*10; +z=z1+z2+z3; +disp("total series impedance (in Ω) is"); disp(z); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6d53c6f9 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH25/EX25.8/example25_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.sce b/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62489fb8c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +v=120; +v1=40+%i*30; +v2=25-%i*90; +v3=v-v1-v2; +disp("voltage (in V) across the third load is"); disp(v3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.txt b/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad37cd835 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH25/EX25.9/example25_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + voltage (in V) across the third load is + + 55. + 60.i \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac540e17 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +p=50; +i=1.5; +r=p/i^2; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of the AC circuit is"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55468841b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.1/example26_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc679e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +v=12; +f=60; +i=0.05; +p=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +v1=24; +z=v/i; +rl=p/i^2; +x_l=sqrt(z^2-rl^2); +z1=v1/i; +r=sqrt(z1^2-x_l^2)-rl; +pr=i^2*r; +disp("the series resistor has a value (in Ω) of"); disp(r); +disp("power dissipation (in W) is");disp(pr); +disp("Part b"); +x_c=sqrt(z1^2-rl^2)+x_l; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the size of series cpacitor (in μF) is");disp(c*10^6); +disp("Part c"); +v2=120; +z2=v2/i; +x_c2=sqrt(z2^2-rl^2)+x_l; +c2=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c2); +disp("the size of the series capacitor (in μF) is"); disp(c2*10^6); +vc=i*x_c2; +disp("voltage (in V) across the capacitor is"); disp(vc); +disp("Part d"); +r2=sqrt(z2^2-x_l^2)-rl; +disp("the size of the series resistor (in Ω) is"); disp(r2); +p2=i^2*r2; +disp("power dissipation (in W) is"); disp(p2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..190923ec0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.10/example26_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973a18980 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +p=1000; +v=250; +i=5; +s=v*i; +pf=p/s; +disp("power factor is"); disp(pf); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb3f4b720 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.11/example26_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + power factor is + + 0.8 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1c2ced25 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +deg=41*%pi/180; +v=240; +i=6; +p_out=746; +disp("Part a"); +pf=cos(deg); +disp("power factor of the motor is"); disp(pf); +disp("Part b"); +s=v*i; +disp("apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(s); +disp("Part c"); +p=v*i*pf; +disp("true power (in W) is");disp(p); +disp("Part d"); +q=v*i*sin(deg); +disp("reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); +disp("Part d"); +eff=p_out*100/p; +disp("the effieciency (in %) of the motor is"); disp(eff); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a0aa3202 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.12/example26_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Part a + + power factor of the motor is + + 0.7547096 + + Part b + + apparent power (in VA) is + + 1440. + + Part c + + true power (in W) is + + 1086.7818 + + Part d + + reactive power (in VAr) is + + 944.725 + + Part d + + the effieciency (in %) of the motor is + + 68.643034 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d16d7208 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +p=300; +q=115; +s=321; +disp("Part a"); +pf=p/s; +disp("power factor of the combination is"); disp(pf);disp("lagging"); +disp("Part b"); +deg=acos(pf)*180/%pi; +disp("the phase angle (in deg) between the applied voltage and current is"); disp(deg); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c382ce644 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.13/example26_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Part a + + power factor of the combination is + + 0.9345794 + + lagging + + Part b + + the phase angle (in deg) between the applied voltage and current is + + 20.839694 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f046eded --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +p=15; +rl=200; +rb=80; +l=0.9; +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +r=rb+rl; +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +z=sqrt(x_l^2+r^2); +i=v/z; +disp("current drawn (in A) by the lamp is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +s=v*i; +disp("apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(s); +disp("Part c"); +pl=i^2*rl; +disp("power (in W) in the fluorescent lamp is"); disp(pl); +disp("Part d"); +pb=i^2*rb; +disp("power (in W) in the ballast is");disp(pb); +disp("Part e"); +pf=p/s; +disp("overall power factor is"); disp(pf); +disp("Part f"); +deg=acos(pf); +q=v*i*sin(deg); +disp("the reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); +disp("Part g"); +x_c=v^2/q; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the size of the capacitor (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); +disp("Part h"); +p1=pl+pb; +i1=p1/v; +disp("current drawn (in A) after power factor correction is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e49a2ecb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.14/example26_14.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3b8dc23b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +p1=432; +p2=1092; +i=2.5; +v=440; +p=p1+p2; +pf=p/(sqrt(3)*v*i); +disp("power factor of the motor is"); disp(pf); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4329fe074 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.15/example26_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + power factor of the motor is + + 0.7998926 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5807f9af1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +v=10; +f=60; +r=10; +l1=0.01; +l2=0.05; +disp("Part a"); +disp("resistance (in Ω) of the coil for maximum power transfer is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +l=l1+l2; +x_c=2*%pi*f*l; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the size of the capacitor (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); +disp("Part c"); +z1=2*r; +i=v/z1; +p=i^2*r; +disp("power delivered (in W) to the coil is"); disp(p); +disp("Part d"); +z=sqrt(z1^2+x_c^2); +i1=v/z; +pr=i1^2*r; +disp("Power dlivered (in W) to the col without the capacitor is"); disp(pr); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a654bef3 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.16/example26_16.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca978bc07 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +m_v=100; +deg_v=10; +z=5+%i*8.66; +disp("Part a"); +m_z=sqrt(real(z)^2+imag(z)^2); +deg_z=atan(imag(z)/real(z))*180/%pi; +m_i=m_v/m_z; +deg_i=-(deg_v-deg_z); +m_p=m_v*m_i; +deg_p=deg_i+deg_v; +disp("the complex power (in VA) has a magnitude of") ; disp(m_p); +disp("with a phase angle (in deg) of"); disp(deg_p); +disp("apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(m_p); +disp("power factor is");disp(cos(deg_p*%pi/180)); +disp("Part b"); +p=m_p*cos(deg_p*%pi/180); +q=m_p*sin(deg_p*%pi/180); +disp("true power (in W) is"); disp(p); +disp("reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad2a578a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.17/example26_17.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..560cbfee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +m_v=230; +f=60; +p_out=1.5*746; +pf=0.8; +eff=0.75; +disp("Part a"); +p_in=p_out/eff; +m_i1=p_in/(m_v*pf); +deg_i1=acos(pf); +m_p1=m_v*m_i1; +deg_v=0; +deg_p1=deg_v+deg_i1*180/%pi; +p1=m_p1*(cos(deg_p1*%pi/180)+%i*sin(deg_p1*%pi/180)); +p=real(p1); +p2=p-p1; +qc=-imag(p2); +x_c=m_v^2/qc; +c=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c); +disp("the size of the capacitor (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); +i2=p/m_v; +disp("the new in-line current (in A) is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part b"); +pf0=0.95; +m_i20=p/(m_v*pf0); +disp("the new in-line current (in A) is"); disp(m_i20); +deg_i20=acos(0.95); +m_p0=m_v*m_i20; +deg_p0=deg_v+deg_i20; +p0=m_p0*(cos(deg_p0)+%i*sin(deg_p0)); +p20=p0-p1; +q0=-imag(p20); +x_c0=m_v^2/q0; +c0=1/(2*%pi*f*x_c0); +disp("size of the capacitor (in μ) is"); disp(c0*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1561f791a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.18/example26_18.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..380ffb6c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +l=4; +i=1.4; +f=60; +p=i^2*2*%pi*f*l; +disp("reactive power (in kVAr) of the circuit is"); disp(p*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc2472aa2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.2/example26_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1298e660 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +p=100; +c=10*10^(-6); +i=0.87; +x_c=p/i^2; +f=1/(2*%pi*x_c*c); +disp("the frequency (in Hz) is"); disp(f); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12a3c7be0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH26/EX26.3/example26_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce7c3264f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +i=2.6; +r=300; +x_l=400; +z=sqrt(r^2+x_l^2); +p=i^2*z; +disp("the apparent power drawn (in kVA) by the circuit is"); disp(p*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..805b9bd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.4/example26_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the apparent power drawn (in kVA) by the circuit is + + 3.38 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b023cde32 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +v=120; +f=60; +i=5; +p=525; +z=v/i; +r=p/i^2; +x_l=sqrt(z^2-r^2); +l=x_l/(2*%pi*f); +disp("the inductance (in mH) of the coil is"); disp(l*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc2b303ae --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.5/example26_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the inductance (in mH) of the coil is + + 30.820222 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7e0ba859 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +r=300; +x_l=400; +i=2.6; +disp("Part a"); +p=i^2*r; +disp("the true power (in W) is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +q=i^2*x_l; +disp("the inductive reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); +disp("Part c"); +s=sqrt(p^2+q^2); +disp("the apparent power (in kVA) is"); disp(s*10^(-3)); diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44908fe33 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.6/example26_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + Part a + + the true power (in W) is + + 2028. + + Part b + + the inductive reactive power (in VAr) is + + 2704. + + Part c + + the apparent power (in kVA) is + + 3.38 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31454cd1c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +v=120; +f=60; +i=5; +p=525; +disp("Part a"); +s=i*v; +disp("the apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(s); +disp("Part b"); +q=sqrt(s^2-p^2); +disp("the reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2b126acb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.7/example26_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + Part a + + the apparent power (in VA) is + + 600. + + Part b + + the reactive power (in VAr) is + + 290.47375 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43ed4c2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +r=300; +x_l=400; +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +p=v^2/r; +disp("the true power (in W) is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +q=v^2/x_l; +disp("the reactive power (in VAr) is"); disp(q); +disp("Part c"); +s=sqrt(p^2+q^2); +disp("the apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(s); +i=s/v; +disp("the current drawn (in A) from the supply is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0454bcaaa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.8/example26_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Part a + + the true power (in W) is + + 48. + + Part b + + the reactive power (in VAr) is + + 36. + + Part c + + the apparent power (in VA) is + + 60. + + the current drawn (in A) from the supply is + + 0.5 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.sce b/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a469c4cc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +c=12*10^(-6); +v=240; +f=60; +l=0.25; +r=75; +disp("Part a"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +z=sqrt(r^2+x_l^2); +i=v/z; +p=i^2*r; +disp("the true power (in W)is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +q_c=v^2/x_c; +q_l=i^2*x_l; +q=q_l-q_c; +disp("the reactive power (in VAr) is");disp(q); +disp("Part c"); +s=sqrt(p^2+q^2); +disp("the apparent power (in VA) is"); disp(s); +i1=s/v; +disp("the total line current (in A) is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.txt b/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de79ec16 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH26/EX26.9/example26_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +Part a + + the true power (in W)is + + 297.77406 + + Part b + + the reactive power (in VAr) is + + 113.61765 + + Part c + + the apparent power (in VA) is + + 318.7136 + + the total line current (in A) is + + 1.3279733 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc2bed687 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +l=100*10^(-6); +c=50*10^(-12); +r=100*10^3; +v=50*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +f=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +disp("the resonant frequency (in MHz) is"); disp(f*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +ir=v/r; +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +il=v/x_l; +ic=v/x_c; +disp("current through the resistor (in μA) is"); disp(ir*10^6); +disp("current throught the inductor (in μA) is");disp(il*10^6); +disp("current through the capacitor (in μA) is"); disp(ic*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c5381b06 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.10/example27_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6aaf446 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +l=100*10^(-6); +c=50*10^(-12); +r=100*10^3; +v=50*10^(-3); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +x_c=1/(2*%pi*f*c); +disp("Part a"); +q=r/x_l; +disp("the value of Q is"); disp(q); +disp("Part b"); +i=q*v/r; +disp("the inductor and capacitor currents (in μA) each are "); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +z=q*x_l; +disp("the impedance (in kΩ) at resonance is"); disp(z*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b04c4936c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.11/example27_11.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..becdbcf83 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +l=100*10^(-6); +c=50*10^(-12); +r=100*10^3; +v=50*10^(-3); +fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +x_l=2*%pi*fr*l; +q=r/x_l; +f=fr/q; +disp("the bandwidth (in kHz) is"); disp(f*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61b2cf6be Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.12/example27_12.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adfc5559c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +rp=100*10^3; +v=10*10^(-6); +r=50*10^3; +disp("Part a"); +vout=v*rp/(rp+r); +disp("the output voltage (in μV) across the tank circuit is"); disp(vout*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +z=10*10^3; +vout1=v*z/(z+r); +disp("the output voltage (in μV) is"); disp(vout1*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..689b867bf Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.13/example27_13.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80f51330d --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +l=10*10^(-6); +r=5; +c=0.01*10^(-6); +disp("Part a"); +fr=sqrt(1-c*r^2/l)/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +disp("the resonant frequency (in kHz) is"); disp(fr*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +x_l=2*%pi*fr*l; +q=x_l/r; +disp("the Q value of the circuit is"); disp(q); +disp("Part c"); +f=fr/q; +disp("the bandwidth (in kHz) of the circuit is"); disp(f*10^(-3)); +disp("Part d"); +z=(r^2+x_l^2)/r; +disp("the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(z); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99f1d6121 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.14/example27_14.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f3ba062 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +l=10*10^(-6); +rs=5; +c=0.01*10^(-6); +fr0=sqrt(1-c*rs^2/l)/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +x_l=2*%pi*fr0*l; +disp("Part a"); +r=sqrt(l/c); +rmin=r-rs; +disp("the minimum resistance (in Ω) to be added is"); disp(rmin); +disp("Part b"); +f=100*10^3; +fr=sqrt(1-c*rs^2/l)/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +q=fr/f; +fr1=sqrt(q^2/(1+q^2))/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +x_l1=2*%pi*fr1*l; +q1=fr1/f; +rs1=x_l1/q1; +rmin1=r1-rs; +disp("the resiatance (in Ω) to be added in seriesis"); disp(rmin1); +disp("Part c"); +rp=(rs1^2+x_l^2)/rs1; +z=(rs^2+x_l^2)/rs; +r2=1/(1/rp-1/z); +disp("the shunting resistance (in Ω) to be connected is"); disp(r2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17dfc45ae Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.15/example27_15.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..355759b35 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +r=10; +l=200*10^(-6); +c=50*10^(-12); +f=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +disp("the resonant frequency (in MHz) is"); disp(f*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66cd297b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.2/example27_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the resonant frequency (in MHz) is + + 1.592D+12 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1265db73 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +f=1000; +l=30*10^(-3); +c=1/(4*%pi^2*f^2*l); +disp("the value of capacitance (in μF) required is"); disp(c*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..260b807f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.3/example27_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b32f0aed --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +fr=400; +f=12; +f1=fr-f/2; +f2=fr+f/2; +disp("the edge frequencies (in kHz) are"); disp(f1); disp("and"); disp(f2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64982011c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.4/example27_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec56f0c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +f_am=10; +fr_am=455; +fr_fm=10.7; +f_fm=0.2; +q_am=fr_am/f_am; +q_fm=fr_fm/f_fm; +disp("for AM the necessary Q value is"); disp(q_am); +disp("for FM the necessary Q value is"); disp(q_fm); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d196fd375 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.5/example27_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d815f8110 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +l=200*10^(-6); +r=10; +c=50*10^(-12); +fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(l*c)); +x_l=2*%pi*fr*l; +q=x_l/r; +f=fr/q; +disp("the bandwidth of the circuit (in kHz) is");disp(f*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1308cbcea Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.6/example27_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3929c9ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +r=10; +l=200*10^(-6); +c=50*10^(-12); +q=sqrt(l/c)/r; +disp("the value of Q is"); disp(q); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..baa59084d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.7/example27_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50cff6de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +l=8; +r=400; +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +x_l=2*%pi*f*l; +q=x_l/r; +vc=q*v; +disp("the capacitor voltage (in V) is"); disp(vc); +disp("Part b"); +c=1/(4*%pi^2*f^2*l) +disp("the necessary capacitance (in μF) is"); disp(c*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c5307d8e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.8/example27_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.sce b/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a1494a55 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +l=200*10^(-6);; +f1=535*10^3; +f2=1605*10^3; +c1=1/(4*%pi^2*f1^2*l); +c2=1/(4*%pi^2*f2^2*l); +disp("the range of capacitor values (in pF) s from "); disp(c2*10^12); +disp("to"); disp(c1*10^12); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.txt b/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04d277293 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH27/EX27.9/example27_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6daaddedb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +v=6.3; +r=220; +disp("Part a"); +vm=v*sqrt(2); +vdc=vm/%pi; +disp("The dc voltage (in V) across the load is"); disp(vdc); +disp("Part b"); +im=vm/r; +disp("the peak current (in mA) through the load is"); disp(im*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +idc=im/%pi; +disp("the reading of dc ammeter (in mA) is"); disp("idc*10^3"); +disp("Part d"); +pdc=vdc*idc; +disp("the dc power (in mW) delivered to the load is"); disp(pdc*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b5712b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH28/EX28.1/example28_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9b07d9a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +p=60; +v=120; +f=60; +disp("Part a"); +r=v^2/p; +disp("the normal hot resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +vrms=v/sqrt(2); +disp("the r.m.s. voltage (in V) is"); disp(vrms); +disp("Part c"); +v1=85; +r1=r*v1/v; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of the lamp is"); disp(r1); +disp("Part d"); +prms=vrms^2/r1; +disp("the r.m.s. power delivered to the lamp (in W) is"); disp(prms); +disp("Part e"); +piv=v*sqrt(2); +disp("the peak inverse voltage (in V) is"); disp(piv); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ab59583d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH28/EX28.2/example28_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65ba5e749 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +v=120; +v1=12.6/2; +r=220; +disp("Part a"); +vm=v1*sqrt(2); +vdc=2*vm/%pi; +disp("the average dc voltage (in V) is"); disp(vdc); +disp("Part b"); +im=vm/r; +disp("the peak current (in mA) though the load is"); disp(im*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +idc=2*im/%pi; +disp("the reading of the dc ammeter (in mA) n series with the load is"); disp(idc*10^3); +pdc=vdc*idc; +disp("power delivered (in W) to the load is"); disp(pdc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f781191f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH28/EX28.3/example28_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d205338d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +v1=120; +v2=6.3; +r=220; +disp("Part a"); +vm=v2*sqrt(2); +vdc=2*vm/%pi; +disp("the dc voltage (in V) across the load is"); disp(vdc); +disp("Part b"); +idc=vdc/r; +disp("the dc current (in mA) throught the load is");disp(idc *10^3); +disp("Part c"); +pdc=vdc*idc; +disp("the dc power delivered (in W) to the load is"); disp(pdc); +disp("Part d"); +disp("the P.I.V. of each diode is"); disp(vm); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21b631be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.4/example28_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + Part a + + the dc voltage (in V) across the load is + + 5.6719928 + + Part b + + the dc current (in mA) throught the load is + + 25.781785 + + Part c + + the dc power delivered (in W) to the load is + + 0.1462341 + + Part d + + the P.I.V. of each diode is + + 8.9095454 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..468183e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +vdc=14.5; +disp("Part a"); +vm=%pi*vdc/3; +disp("the necessary r.m.s. output voltage (in V) from the alternator is"); disp(vm); +disp("Part b"); +idc=30; +im=%pi*idc/3; +disp("the peak current (in A) throught the diodes is"); disp(im); +disp("Part c"); +disp("the P.I.V. (in V) of the diodes is"); disp(vm); diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11daf3f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.5/example28_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + Part a + + the necessary r.m.s. output voltage (in V) from the alternator is + + 15.184364 + + Part b + + the peak current (in A) throught the diodes is + + 31.415927 + + Part c + + the P.I.V. (in V) of the diodes is + + 15.184364 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f58960358 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r=100; +c=1000*10^(-6); +vm=9; +vr=0.8; +disp("Part a"); +vrms=vr/(2*sqrt(3)); +disp("the r.m.s. value of the ripple voltage (in V) is"); disp(vrms); +disp("Part b"); +vdc=vm-vr/2; +disp("the dc output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vdc); +disp("Part c"); +rip=vrms/vdc; +disp("the ripple factor is"); disp(rip); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..39a82f362 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.6/example28_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + + Part a + + the r.m.s. value of the ripple voltage (in V) is + + 0.2309401 + + Part b + + the dc output voltage (in V) is + + 8.6 + + Part c + + the ripple factor is + + 0.0268535 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6c3a1118 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +rl=100; +c=1000; +r=2410/(c*rl); +disp("the theoretical ripple factor when compared with measured value is"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddd74e976 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.7/example28_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the theoretical ripple factor when compared with measured value is + + 0.0241 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b949c2cf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +rl=100; +l=6; +disp("Part a"); +r=rl/(1600*l); +disp("the theoretical ripple factor is");disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +vm=9; +vdc=2*vm/%pi; +disp("the dc output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vdc); +disp("Part c"); +r1=25; +vdc1=vdc*rl/(rl+r1); +disp("the dc output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vdc1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51be2014a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.8/example28_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + Part a + + the theoretical ripple factor is + + 0.0104167 + + Part b + + the dc output voltage (in V) is + + 5.729578 + + Part c + + the dc output voltage (in V) is + + 4.5836624 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.sce b/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f9fffe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +l=6; +c=1000; +rl=100; +disp("Part a"); +r=0.83/(l*c); +disp("the theoretical ripple factor is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +vm=9; +vdc=2*vm/%pi; +disp("the dc output voltage (in V) is"); disp(vdc); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.txt b/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f598c284 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH28/EX28.9/example28_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + Part a + + the theoretical ripple factor is + + 0.0001383 + + Part b + + the dc output voltage (in V) is + + 5.729578 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbd8577c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +i=10^(-6); +beta=200; +disp("Part a"); +ib1=0; +ic1=beta*ib1+i; +disp("collector current (in μA) when base current is 0 is"); disp(ic1*10^6); +disp("Part b"); +ib2=50*10^(-6); +ic2=beta*ib2+i; +disp("collector current (in mA) when base current is 50 μA is"); disp(ic2*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +ib3=100*10^(-6); +ic3=beta*ib3+i; +disp("collector current (in mA) when base current is 100 μA is");disp(ic3*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032bb6121 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH29/EX29.1/example29_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..362c99d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +ie=6; +ib=120*10^(-3); +ic=ie-ib; +alpha=ic/ie; +disp("the alpha of the transistor is"); disp(alpha); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5a72dba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.2/example29_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +the alpha of the transistor is + + 0.98 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efae685e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +ie=6; +ib=0.12; +ic=ie-ib; +disp("Part a"); +beta=ic/ib; +disp("the beta of the transistor is"); disp(beta); +disp("Part b"); +alpha=beta/(1+beta); +disp("the alpha of the transistor is"); disp(alpha); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3676aa817 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.3/example29_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + + Part a + + the beta of the transistor is + + 49. + + Part b + + the alpha of the transistor is + + 0.98 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e3998a8f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +ic=5/1000; +is=0.1/1000; +disp("Part a"); +ai=ic/is; +disp("current gain is"); disp(ai); +disp("Part b"); +vo=5; +vi=0.04; +av=vo/vi; +disp("voltage gain is"); disp(av); +disp("Part c"); +ri=vi/is; +disp("input resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(ri); +disp("Part d"); +ap=av*ai; +disp("power gain is"); disp(ap); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b0d4809 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH29/EX29.4/example29_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e254d6cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +av=-40; +k1=0.1; +k2=0.2; +k3=-0.01; +disp("Part a"); +a1=av/(1-k1*av); +disp("the overall voltage gain with 10 % negative feedback is"); disp(a1); +disp("Part b"); +a2=av/(1-k2*av); +disp("the overall voltage gain with 20 % negative feedback is"); disp(a2); +disp("Part c"); +a3=av/(1-k3*av); +disp("the overall voltage gain with 1 % positive feedback is"); disp(a3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce920fdd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.5/example29_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + Part a + + the overall voltage gain with 10 % negative feedback is + + - 8. + + Part b + + the overall voltage gain with 20 % negative feedback is + + - 4.4444444 + + Part c + + the overall voltage gain with 1 % positive feedback is + + - 66.666667 diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba6666400 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +vo=-6; +vi=0.1; +ri=2; +f=10; +p=6; +k=0.15; +disp("Part a"); +av=vo/vi; +disp(av); +a1=av/(1-(k*av)); +disp("the voltage gain is"); disp(a1); +disp("Part b"); +r=ri*(1-k*av); +disp("the input resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part c"); +f1=f*(1-k*av); +disp("the bandwidth (in kHz) is"); disp(f1); +disp("Part d"); +p1=p/(1-k*av); +disp("the distortion (in %) is"); disp(p1); +disp("Part e"); +gbwp=a1*f1; +disp("the gain-bandwidth product is"); disp(gbwp); +disp("the gain-bandwith prodeuct is same as before feedback"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8db20ae2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH29/EX29.6/example29_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bfc7f419 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +r1=1500; +r2=1200; +b=100; +disp("Part a"); +av=-b*r1/r; +disp("the voltage gain of the amplifier without feedback is"); disp(av); +disp("Part b"); +r3=82; +k=r3/r1; +a1=av/(1-k*av); +disp("the voltage gain of the amplifier when the feedback capacitor is not connected is"); disp(a1); +disp("Part c"); +r4=1000; +ro=r1*r4/(r1+r4); +av1=-b*ro/r2; +k=r3/ro; +a2=av1/(1-k*av1); +disp("the new voltage gain with feedback is"); disp(a2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fde845fcf --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.7/example29_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + Part a + + the voltage gain of the amplifier without feedback is + + - 15. + + Part b + + the voltage gain of the amplifier when the feedback capacitor is not connected is + + - 8.2417582 + + Part c + + the new voltage gain with feedback is + + - 6.3829787 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9e506a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +k1=.01; +k2=0.02; +k3=0.025; +av=40; +disp("Part a"); +a1=av/(1-k1*av); +disp("the voltage gain is"); disp(a1); +disp("Part b"); +a2=av/(1-k2*av); +disp("the voltage gain is"); disp(a2); +//a3=av/(1-k3*av); diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cdc026244 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.8/example29_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + Part a + + the voltage gain is + + 66.666667 + + Part b + + the voltage gain is + + 200. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.sce b/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..078b4eeb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +r=10*10^3; +c=200*10^(-12); +f=1/(2*%pi*r*c); +disp("the frequency of oscillation (in kHz) is"); disp(f*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.txt b/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbe605d48 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH29/EX29.9/example29_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + the frequency of oscillation (in kHz) is + + 79.577472 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aea319eb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v1=10; +i1=1; +r1=v1/i1; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); +disp("Part b"); +v2=20; +i2=2; +r2=v2/i2; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) is"); disp(r2); +disp("Part c"); +v3=30; +i3=3; +r3=v3/i3; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) is"); disp(r3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..efbb6e8c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81a9a2aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v=120; +i=.5; +p=v*i; +disp("the power (in W) used by the lamp is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the rate (in J/s) at which heat is converted to light is"); disp(p); +disp("Part c"); +t=60; +e=p*t; +disp("the amount of energy (in J) used by the lamp is"); disp(e); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a47c4ba49 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2666f687b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v=120; +i=20; +p=v*i; +disp("the maximum power (in W) that can be delivered is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +p1=3.3*10^3; +i1=15; +v1=p1/i1; +disp("the voltage applied (in V) must be"); disp(v1); +disp("Part c"); +p2=40; +v2=120; +i2=p2/v2; +disp("The current (in A) drawn is"); disp(i2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51caf0c7c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..523b2cf08 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +p1=50; +p2=30; +n=p2/p1*100; +disp("the efficeiency (in %) of the power supply is"); disp(n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8a9d5ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + the efficeiency (in %) of the power supply is + + 60. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b2c8df00 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +v=120; +n=75/100; +p=1.5*746; +i=p/(n*v); +disp("the current (in A) that must be supplied is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19564c721 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +the current (in A) that must be supplied is + + 12.433333 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4dd5c2f54 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r=10; +i=12; +p=(i^2)*r; +disp("power dissipated in the element (in kW) is"); disp(p/1000); +disp("Part b"); +r1=10*10^3; +v1=12; +p1=(v1^2)/r1; +disp("power dissipated in resistor (in mW) is"); disp(p1*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9c6681e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.14/example3_14.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1c33cfa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r=100; +p=2; +i=sqrt(p/r); +disp("the maximum current (in mA) that the resistor can handle is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +p1=50*10^(-3); +v=40; +r1=(v^2)/p1; +disp("the resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r1*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6357e5c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.15/example3_15.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fdf1359a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +p=250; +t=4*30; +disp("Part a"); +e=p*t; +disp("the amount of energ (in kWh) used by the lamp is"); disp(e*10^(-3)); +disp("Part b"); +rs=5; +cost=rs*e; +disp("the cost (in $) of the energy is"); disp(cost/100); +disp("Part c"); +rs1=10; +cost1=rs1*e; +disp("the cost (in $) of the energy is"); disp(cost1/100); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60d38ed20 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.16/example3_16.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9b107e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +v=120; +n=75/100; +p=1.5*746/(1000*n); +t=30; +rs=5; +cost=p*t*rs/100; +disp("the cost (in $) to run the motor is "); disp(cost); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55267b1b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.17/example3_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + the cost (in $) to run the motor is + + 2.238 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f1646ca0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("the resistance value is 158 Ω with an tolerance of 1%"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the resistance value is 2.15 kΩ with a tolerance of 2%"); +disp("Part c"); +disp("the resistance value is 7.32 MΩ with a tolerance of 1%"); +disp("Part d"); +disp("the resistance value is 6.49 Ω with a tolerance of 2%"); +disp("Part e"); +disp("the resistance value is 820 kΩ with a tolerance of 1%"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6db7fed6c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.18/example3_18.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9e93c08f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v=120; +i=8; +r=v/i; +disp("The resistance of the element (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +v1=240; +r1=v1/i; +disp("The resistance of the element (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..988a90ff5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..613bc2edb --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +i=5*10^(-3); +v=12; +r=v/i; +disp("the resistance value (in kΩ) is"); disp(r*10^(-3)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90e02baaf Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e05aeeeee --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +i=4*10^(-6); +v=40*10^(-3); +r=v/i; +disp("Th resistance value (in kΩ) is"); disp(r*10^(-3)); diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dac67b4a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5be59d2dc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +v1=60; +i1=0.6; +r1=v1/i1; +disp("At point 1 the resistance of the lamp filament (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); +v2=120; +i2=0.8; +r2=v2/i2; +disp("At point 2 the resistance of the lamp filament (in Ω) is"); disp(r2); +disp("The curve does not obey Ohms law since a doubling of voltage from 60 V to 120 V does not result in a corresponding doubling of current. That is, the resistance is not constant-it increases at higher currents due to a heating effect"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..633aade16 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4c4d5060 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +v=120; +r=150; +disp("Part a"); +i=v/r; +disp("current flowing through the resistor (in A) is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +r1=50; +v1=i*r1; +disp("The new emf required (in V) is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part c"); +i2=50*10^(-3); +v2=60; +r2=v2/i2; +disp("the resistance must be increased to a value (in Ω) of"); disp(r2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e067dcbb Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eede41d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +r=2.2*10^6; +i=6*10^(-6); +disp("Part a"); +v=i*r; +disp("the potential difference (in V) across the resistor is"); disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +g=10^(-6); +v1=12; +r1=1/g; +i1=v1/r1; +disp("the new current (in μA) is"); disp(i1*10^6); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3ff38a29 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d81bc462 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +v=120; +i=3; +t=12; +e=v*i*t; +disp("energy supplied by the source (in J) is"); disp(e); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe1536626 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce b/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e44bc311c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +wt=160; +h=20; +t=8; +e1=3200; +e2=4340; +disp("Part a"); +p1=e2/t; +disp("the power developed (in W) is"); disp(p1); +disp("Part b"); +p2=e2/(t*550); +disp("the power developed (in hp) is"); disp(p2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.txt b/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..810e161e7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aad6ae195 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("Part a"); +l=100; +d=2*10^(-3); +ro=1.72*10^(-8); +a=%pi*(d^2)/4; +r=ro*l/a; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of copper wire is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +ro1=2.63*10^(-8); +r1=r*ro1/ro; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of aluminium wire is"); disp(r1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c1f4dd3c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.1/example4_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52592300b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +r=10; +ro=5.5*10^(-8); +l=3*10^(-2); +a=ro*l/r; +d=sqrt(4*a/%pi); +disp("the diameter (in mm) is"); disp(d*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..051cc5439 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38763fb6c --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Part a"); +d=64.1; +a=d^2; +disp("the circular mil area is"); disp(a); +disp("Part b"); +l=150; +r1=2.52/1000; +r=r1*l; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part c"); +r2=r/4; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of no.8 gauge wire is"); disp(r2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4f13374d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc6455ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +disp("Part a"); +th=0.01*10^(-2); +bdv=20/10^(-3); +v=bdv*th; +disp("the following potential differnce (in V) will puncture the sheet of paper"); +disp(v); +disp("Part b"); +v1=600; +bdv1=16*10^3; +th1=v1/bdv1; +disp("the minimum thickness (in mm) is"); disp(th1); +disp("Part c"); +th2=5; +f=2 +v2=250; +bdv2=f*v2/th2; +disp("the minimum breakdown voltage (in kV/mm) required is"); disp(bdv2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..690290bab Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc0fa542 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=0.511; +l=10; +r=r1*l; +T_C1=20; +disp("the resistance (in Ω) at 20 °C is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +T_F2=100; +T_C2=(T_F2-32)*5/9; +a_1=0.00393; +r2=r*(1+a_1*(T_C2-T_C1)); +disp("the resistance (in Ω) at 100 °F is"); disp(r2); +disp("Part c"); +T_F3=-40; +T_C3=(T_F3-32)*5/9; +r3=r*(1+a_1*(T_C3-T_C1)); +disp("the resistance (in Ω) at -40 °F is"); disp(r3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..880647b5c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce5c6f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +r1=10; +r2=144; +a_1=0.0045; +T1=20; +T2=(r2/r1-1)/a_1+T1; +disp("the temperature (in °C) of the hot filament is"); disp(T2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7504d4fa6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce b/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bb652975 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v=120; +p=60; +r=18; +i=v/r; +disp("the initial inrush of current (in A) is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +i1=p/v; +disp("the steady operating current (in A) is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part c"); +r1=v/i1; +disp("the hot resistance (in Ω) of the lamp is"); disp(r1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.txt b/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66afdfd6 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43a8acd3a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=3.3; +r2=1; +r3=4.7; +r=r1+r2+r3; +disp("the total resistance (n kΩ) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v=18; +i=v/r; +disp("the current (in mA) in the circuit is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +v1=i*r1; +disp("the voltage drop (in V) across the 3.3 kΩ resistor is"); disp(v1); +v2=i*r2; +disp("the volatge drop (in V) across the 1 kΩ resistor is"); disp(v2); +v3=i*r3; +disp("the voltage drop (in V) across the 4.7 kΩ resistor is"); disp(v3); +disp("Part d"); +V=v-v1-v2; +disp("the voltmeter reading (in V) is"); disp(V); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7658ef96 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce5139c32 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v1=25; +v2=10; +v=v1-v2; +r1=470; +r2=220; +r=r1+r2; +i=v/r; +disp("the current (in mA) is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +vb=v2+i*r2; +disp("the voltage (in V) at A w.r.t. B is"); disp(vb); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb194d094 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.10/example5_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea71faf21 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=3.3; +r2=1; +r3=4.7; +r=r1+r2+r3; +v=18; +i=v/r; +v1=i*r1; +v2=i*r2; +v3=i*r3; +p1=v1*i; +disp("power delivered (in mW) in the 3.3 kΩ resistor is"); disp(p1); +p2=v2*i; +disp("power delivered (in mW) in the 1 kΩ resistor is "); disp(p2); +p3=v3*i; +disp("power delivered (in mW) in the 4.7 kΩ resistor is"); disp(p3); +disp("Part b"); +p=p1+p2+p3; +disp("the total power delivered (in mW) is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec51fc51e Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..994dd2739 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v1=9; +v2=2*1.5; +i=75*10^(-3); +v=v1-v2; +r=v/i; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) required is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +p=v*i*10^3; +disp("the power rating (in mW) of the transistor is"); disp(p); +disp("Part c"); +p1=v2*i*10^3; +disp("the power used (in mW) by the radio is"); disp(p1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17398a98a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5cab9c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +disp("Part a"); +disp("if the pilot is not lit, no emf will be generated and all voltages will be zero"); +disp("Part b"); +disp("If the thermocouple is defective, all voltages will be zero (no emf generated)"); +disp("Part c"); +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across A and B is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across B and C is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across C and D is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across D and E is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across E and F is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across F and A is is 0 V") +disp("Part d"); +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across A and B is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across B and C is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across C and D is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across D and E is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across E and F is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across F and A is 0 V") +disp("Part e"); +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across A and B is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across B and C is 750 mV ") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across C and D is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across D and E is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across E and F is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across F and A is 0 V") +disp("Part f"); +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across A and B is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across B and C is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across C and D is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across D and E is 750 mV") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across E and F is 0 V") +disp("voltmeter readings when connected across F and A is 0 V") diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9d43e3a7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6eb550cab --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r=82; +v1=9; +v2=3; +v=v1-v2; +i=v/r; +disp("the normal current (in mA) flowing in the circuit is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +r1=v2/i; +i1=v1/r1; +disp("the current (in mA) flowing through the resistor is"); disp(i1*10^3); +disp("Part c"); +disp("select the nearest standard fuse above the normal operating current : 0.1 A"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a860c7f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99bf3869b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +r1=22; +r2=100; +r3=56; +v=12; +r=r1+r2+r3; +v3=v*r3/r; +disp("the voltage (in V) across the 56 kΩ resistor is"); disp(v3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42f4756dd Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a573e4019 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +p1=200; +v=240; +v0=120; +p2=100; +disp("Part a"); +r1=(v0^2)/p1; +r2=(v0^2)/p2; +r=r1+r2; +v1=v*r1/r; +v2=v*r2/r; +disp("the voltage (in V) across the 200 W , 120 V bulb is"); disp(v1); +disp("the voltage (in V) across the 100 W , 120 V bulb is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part b"); +p_1=(v1^2)/r1; +p_2=(v2^2)/r2; +disp("the power dissipated (in W) by the 200 W , 120 V bulb is"); disp(p_1); +disp("the power dissipated (in W) by the 100 W , 120 V bulb is"); disp(p_2); +disp("Part c"); +disp("the 200 W bulb will be approximately half as bright as normal , the 10 W bulb would be much brighter (almost twice as bright) than normal and would probably burn out in few minutes"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c062dded1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ + + Part a + + the voltage (in V) across the 200 W , 120 V bulb is + + 80. + + the voltage (in V) across the 100 W , 120 V bulb is + + 160. + + Part b + + the power dissipated (in W) by the 200 W , 120 V bulb is + + 88.888889 + + the power dissipated (in W) by the 100 W , 120 V bulb is + + 177.77778 + + Part c + + the 200 W bulb will be approximately half as bright as normal , the 10 W bulb would be much brighter (almost twice as bright) than normal and would probably burn o + ut in few minutes \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3db5e9f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +r=5*10^3; +v=6; +disp("Part a"); +disp("the minimum voltage is 0 V and the maximum output voltage is 6 V"); +disp("Part b"); +v1=0.25*v; +v2=0.75*v; +disp("the two possible output voltages (in V) are"); disp(v1); disp(v2); +disp("Part c"); +i=v/r; +disp("the current (in mA) throught the potentiometer in this position is"); disp(i*10^3); +disp("Part d"); +p=r*i^2; +disp("he potentiometer power rating (in mW) is"); disp(p*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..875eb7654 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce b/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab3512bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +r1=1; +r2=1.2; +r=r1+r2; +v=10; +disp("Part a"); +v1=v*r2/r; +disp("the maximum voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); +disp("the minimum voltage (in V) is"); disp(v1); +disp("Part b"); +v2=v*(r1/2+r2)/r; +disp("the volatge (in V) is"); disp(v2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.txt b/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14306564c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dda7f0b28 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +i1=10; +i2=0.5; +i3=1.5; +v=120; +disp("Part a"); +i=i1+i2+i3; +disp("the total current (in A) supplied by the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +disp("voltage (in V) across the lamp is"); disp(v); +disp("Part c"); +r=v/i; +disp("the combined resistance (in Ω) is");disp(r); +disp("Part d"); +i4=15; +r4=v/(i4-i); +disp("the resistance (in Ω) of the fourth load is"); disp(r4); +disp("Part e"); +r5=v/i4; +disp("the combined resistance (in Ω) of the four loads is"); disp(r5); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da652807c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..050bf715f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +r1=2; +r2=5; +r3=10; +v=25; +disp("Part a"); +r=1/(1/r1+1/r2+1/r3); +disp("the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current drawn (in A) from the source is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5ac430a2 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8eb2e747 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +r1=400; +r2=2*10^3; +g3=10^(-3); +v=10; +disp("Part a"); +g=1/r1+1/r2+g3; +disp("the total conductance (in mS) is"); disp(g*10^3); +disp("Part b"); +r=1/g; +disp("the combined resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part c"); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current drawn (in mA) from the source is"); disp(i*10^3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0878e7b76 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ba8663ca --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +v=120; +p1=10^3; +p2=500; +p3=150; +disp("Part a"); +p=p1+p2+p3; +disp("the total power demanded (in W) from the outlet is"); disp(p); +disp("Part b"); +i=p/v; +disp("the total current drawn (in A) from the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +r=v/i; +disp("the equivalent resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..093f4468f Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e087a3db3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +v=24; +r1=2.2; +r2=1; +r3=4.7; +disp("Part a"); +i1=v/r1; +disp("the current drawn (in mA) by R1 is"); disp(i1); +i2=v/r2; +disp("the current drawn (in mA) by R2 is"); disp(i2); +i3=v/r3; +disp("the current drawn (in mA) by R3 is"); disp(i3); +disp("Part b"); +i=i1+i2+i3; +disp("the total current drawn (in mA) from the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +r=v/i; +disp("the combined resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part d"); +r=1/(1/r1+1/r2+1/r3); +disp("the combined resistance (in Ω) using Eq. 6.4 is"); disp(r); +disp("Part e"); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current drawn (in mA) using the combine resistance is"); disp(i); +disp("Part f"); +disp("the reading of the ammeter (in mA) between R1 and R2 is"); disp(i2+i3); +disp("Part g"); +p1=(v^2)/r1; +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) by R1 is"); disp(p1); +p2=(v^2)/r2; +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) by R2 is"); disp(p2); +p3=(v^2)/r3; +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) by R3 is"); disp(p3); +disp("Part h"); +p=p1+p2+p3; +disp("the total power dissipated (in mW) by the source is"); disp(p); +disp("Part i"); +disp("the voltage across R3 will remain 24 V"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48e595e8d Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.5/example6_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8689943d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +r1=2.2; +r2=4.7; +r=r1*r2/(r1+r2); +disp("the equivalent resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5bc07043 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63add7793 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +r1=600; +v=60; +disp("Part a"); +r=r1/3; +disp("the total circuit resistance is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current drawn (in A) from the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +i1=i/3; +disp("the current drawn (in A) by each resistor is"); disp(i1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73773cbea Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce b/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d378f96a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +r1=1; +r2=3.3; +i=16; +r=r1+r2; +i1=i*r2/r; +disp("the current (in mA) through R1 is"); disp(i1); +i2=i*r1/r; +disp("the current (in mA) through R2 is"); disp(i2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.txt b/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6125096ac Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7666294e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=40; +r2=60; +r3=24; +r=r1*r2/(r1+r2)+r3; +disp("the total resistance (in Ω) of the circuit is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v=48; +i=v/r; +disp("the current drawn (in A) from the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +i1=i*r1/(r1+r2); +disp("the current drawn (in A) through the 60 Ω resistor is"); disp(i1); +disp("Part d"); +v3=i*r3; +disp("the volatge (in V) across the 24 Ω resistor is"); disp(v3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3711c2738 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02b407339 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +r2=1.5; +r3=4; +r4=3; +v=9; +disp("Part a"); +r1_1=2.2; +v3_1=v*r3/(r3+r1_1); +v4=v*r4/(r4+r2); +v01=v4-v3_1; +disp("the value of V0 (in V) is"); disp(v01); +disp("Part b"); +r1_2=2; +v3_2=v*r3/(r3+r1_2); +v4=v*r4/(r4+r2); +v02=v4-v3_2; +disp("the value of V0 (in V) is"); disp(v02); +disp("Part c"); +r1_3=1.8; +v3_3=v*r3/(r3+r1_3); +v4=v*r4/(r4+r2); +v03=v4-v3_3; +disp("the value of V0 (in V) is"); disp(v03); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e5b6b99a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.10/example7_10.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99de7070f --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +disp("Part a"); +r1=8; +r2=12; +r3=6; +r4=12; +r=r1+r4+r2*r3/(r2+r3); +disp("the total resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v=72; +i=v/r; +disp("the current (in A) delivered by the battery is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +v1=i*r1; +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R1 is"); disp(v1); +v2=i*r2*r3/(r2+r3); +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R and R3 is"); disp(v2); +v4=i*r4; +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R4 is"); disp(v4); +disp("Part d"); +i2=v2/r2; +disp("the current (in A) through R2 is"); disp(i2); +i3=v2/r3; +disp("the current (in A) through R3 is"); disp(i3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..287732c24 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba9126d3b --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +r1=1; +r2=2; +r3=4; +r4=3; +r5=5; +v=40; +disp("Part a"); +r_1=r2+r3; +r_2=r_1*r4/(r4+r_1); +r_3=r1+r_2; +r=r5*r_3/(r5+r_3); +disp("the total resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +i=v/r; +disp("the current drawn (in mA) from the source is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +p=v*i; +disp("the total power delivered (in mW) by the source is"); disp(p); +disp("Part d"); +i1=v/r_3; +i4=i*r_1/(r_1+r4); +p4=i4^2*r4 +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) is"); disp(p4); +disp("Part e"); +v1=i1*r1; +disp("Voltage drop (n V) across R1 is"); disp(v1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3c792b91 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..124a3fcc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +v_1=10; +v_2=30; +r1=1; +r2=2.2; +r3=3.3; +r4=4.7; +r5=5.1; +r6=6.8; +disp("Part a"); +r_1=r1*r2/(r1+r2); +r_2=1/(1/r4+1/r5+1/r6); +r=r_1+r_2+r3; +disp("the total circuit resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +v=v_2-v_1; +i=v/r; +disp("the total supply current (in mA) is"); disp(i); +disp("Part c"); +i1=i*r2/(r1+r2); +disp("current (in mA) through R1 is"); disp(i1); +i2=i*r1/(r1+r2); +disp("current (in mA) through R2 is"); disp(i2); +disp("Part d"); +v2=i2*r2; +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R2 is"); disp(v2); +disp("Part e"); +v3=i*r3; +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R3 is"); disp(v3); +disp("Part f"); +v5=i*r_2; +disp("voltage drop (in V) across R5 is"); disp(v5); +disp("Part g"); +i4=v5/r4; +disp("current (in mA) through R4 is"); disp(i4); +i5=v5/r5; +disp("current (in mA) through R5 is"); disp(i5); +i6=v5/r6; +disp("current (in mA) through R6 is"); disp(i6); +disp("Part h"); +vba=v_2-v2; +disp("Voltage (in V) of A w.r.t. B is"); disp(vba); +disp("Part i"); +p2=v_2*i; +disp("Power delivered (in mW) by V2 is"); disp(p2); +disp("Part j"); +p=i^2*r; +disp("Power dissipated (in mW) by all resistors is"); disp(p); +disp("Part k"); +p1=v_1*i; +disp("power delivered (in mW) in recharging V1 is"); disp(p1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68a977fbe Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c15b683ce --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +r1=1; +r2=3; +r3=3; +r4=2.5; +r5=6; +r6=6; +r7=6; +r8=3; +r9=2.5; +v=24; +r_1=r2*r3/(r2+r3); +r_2=r5/3; +r_3=r1+r4+r_1; +r_4=r_2+r8; +r=1/(1/r_3+1/r_4+1/r9); +disp("the total resistance (in kΩ) is"); disp(r); +i=v/r; +disp("the total current supplied (in mA) by the source is"); disp(i); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51e02f020 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffe80c236 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +V=220; +i1=16; +r2=20; +l=200; +disp("Part a"); +v=V-V/10; +i2=v/r2; +i=i1+i2; +r=V/(10*i); +r_line=r/2; +r0=1.72*10^(-8); +a=r0*l/r_line; +d=sqrt(4*a/%pi); +disp("the minimum diameter of the wire (in mm) is");disp(d*10^3); +disp("Hence the minimum AWG size of wire is gauge number 8"); +disp("Part b"); +p=i^2*r; +disp("Power dissipated (in W) to the line is"); disp(p); +disp("Part c"); +pl=v*i; +disp("Power delivered (in W) to the load is"); disp(pl); +ps=p+pl; +disp("Power supplied (in W) by source is"); disp(ps); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a5967406 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc47f1cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +v1=9; +v2=12; +i=100*10^(-3); +v=v2-v1; +r=v/i; +disp("the value of the resistor (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +p=v*i; +disp("power rating (in W) of the required resistor is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f2b7b86c Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.7/example7_7.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b2346b78 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +v1=9; +v2=12; +i=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +i1=0.03; +is1=i1+i; +v=v2-v1; +rs1=v/is1; +disp("the value of resistance (in Ω) of the series-dropping resistor is"); disp(rs1); +ps1=v*is1; +disp("Power rating (in W) of the series-dropping resistor is"); disp(ps1); +rb1=v1/i1; +disp("the value of resistance (in Ω) of the bleeder resistor is"); disp(rb1); +pb1=v1*i1; +disp("Power rating (in W) of the bleeder resistor is"); disp(pb1); +v01=v2*rb1/(rb1+rs1); +disp("the no load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v01); +disp("Part b"); +i2=0.1 +is2=i2+i; +v=v2-v1; +rs2=v/is2; +disp("the value of resistance (in Ω) of the series-dropping resistor is"); disp(rs2); +ps2=v*is2; +disp("Power rating (in W) of the series-dropping resistor is"); disp(ps2); +rb2=v1/i2; +disp("the value of resistance (in Ω) of the bleeder resistor is"); disp(rb2); +pb2=v1*i2; +disp("Power rating (in W) of the bleeder resistor is"); disp(pb2); +v02=v2*rb2/(rb2+rs2); +disp("the no load voltage (in V) is"); disp(v02); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dc30bed7 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.8/example7_8.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.sce b/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfea81ff --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +i=0.1; +ia=0.01; +ib=0.05; +ic=0.02; +va=-25; +vb=-15; +vc=15; +ir1=i-ia; +ir2=ir1-ib; +ir3=i-ic; +vr1=-va+vb; +r1=vr1/ir1; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) of R1 is"); disp(r1); +p1=vr1*ir1; +disp("power rating (in W) of R1 is"); disp(p1); +vr2=-vb; +r2=vr2/ir2; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) of R2 is"); disp(r2); +p2=vr2*ir2; +disp("power rating (in W) of R2 is"); disp(p2); +vr3=vc; +r3=vr3/ir3; +disp("the resistance value (in Ω) of R3 is"); disp(r3); +p3=vr3*ir3; +disp("power rating (in W) of R3 is"); disp(p3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.txt b/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8eb3680a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH7/EX7.9/example7_9.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.sce b/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11e1d89bd --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +a=3; +p1=0.84; +p2=0.96; +disp("Part a"); +c1=a*p1; +disp("Capacity retention (in Ah) after 20 months at 20 °C is"); disp(c1); +disp("Part b"); +c2=a*p2; +disp("Capacity retention (in Ah) after 20 months at 45 °C is"); disp(c2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.txt b/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..997553c9b Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH8/EX8.1/example8_1.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.sce b/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..710e5d7dc --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +a=3; +p1=0.84; +p2=0.96; +i=50*10^(-3); +disp("Part a"); +c1=a*p1; +t1=c1/i; +disp("the length of time (in h) for which the cell can deliver current is"); disp(t1); +disp("Part b"); +c2=a*p2; +t2=c2/i; +disp("the length of time (in h) for which the cell can deliver current is"); disp(t2); diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.txt b/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fc8db001 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH8/EX8.2/example8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + + Part a + + the length of time (in h) for which the cell can deliver current is + + 50.4 + + Part b + + the length of time (in h) for which the cell can deliver current is + + 57.6 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.sce b/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5aa67d68 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("Part a"); +p=0.2; +v_1=1.5; +v1_1=p*v_1; +v2_1=v_1-v1_1; +disp("the time taken to reduce the terminal voltage by 20 % is 5 h"); +disp("Part b"); +v_2=1.2; +v1_2=p*v_2; +v2_2=v_2-v1_2; +disp("the time taken to reduce the terminal voltage by 20 % is 10 h"); +disp("Part c"); +v_3=1.4; +v1_3=p*v_3; +v2_3=v_3-v1_3; +disp("the time taken to reduce the terminal voltage by 20 % is 75 h") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.txt b/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..320b8fde0 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH8/EX8.3/example8_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce b/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3128a33a --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +disp("maximum charge current is 2 A and maximum charge time at this rate is 30 min");.................//capacity is 2Ah and a charge rate of 2 C is required to fully charge in 27 min +disp("trickle charge rate is 0.25 A"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.txt b/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..863638d29 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf5ea2625 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +v=6.5; +r=2.5; +rl=10; +disp("Part a"); +i=v/(r+rl); +disp("the current (in A) through the load is"); disp(i); +disp("Part b"); +vr=i*r; +disp("the internal voltage drop (in V) is"); disp(vr); +disp("Part c"); +vt=v-vr; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) of the battery under load is"); disp(vt); +disp("Part d"); +r1=5; +i1=v/(r1+rl); +vt1=v-i1*r1; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) of the battery is"); disp(vt1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f58693ea --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + Part a + + the current (in A) through the load is + + 0.52 + + Part b + + the internal voltage drop (in V) is + + 1.3 + + Part c + + the terminal voltage (in V) of the battery under load is + + 5.2 + + Part d + + the terminal voltage (in V) of the battery is + + 4.3333333 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec53ca836 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +v=1.2; +vt=1.1; +i=0.15; +disp("Part a"); +r=(v-vt)/i; +disp("the internal resistance of the cell (in Ω) is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +disp("when the terminal voltage equals one-half the open circuit voltage , the load resistance must be equal to the internal resistance (in Ω) of"); disp(r); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc8e2d10a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7eb0fbefa --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +vnl=1.2; +vfl=1.1; +disp("Part a"); +p_v=(vnl-vfl)*100/vfl; +disp("the percentage voltage regulation of the cell (in %) is"); disp(p_v); +disp("Part b"); +p_v1=40; +vnl1=21; +vfl1=vnl1/(1+p_v1/100); +disp("the full-load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vfl1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9a4abbf Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e746edea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +v=12; +c=1.5; +t=10.5; +i=10; +disp("Part a"); +r=(v-vt)/i; +disp("the internal resistance (in Ω) of the battery is"); disp(r); +disp("Part b"); +p_v=(v-vt)*100/vt; +disp("the voltage regulation (in V) is"); disp(p_v); +disp("Part c"); +rl=2; +il=v/(r+rl); +disp("the current (in A) is"); disp(il); +vl=v-il*r; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) of the battery is"); disp(vl); +disp("Part d"); +disp("When the terminal voltage is one-half he no-load voltage , the load resistance equals the internal resistance (in Ω) of"); disp(r); +disp("Part e"); +i1=5; +vg=v+i1*r; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) of the generator is"); disp(vg); +disp("Part f"); +t=20; +i2=c/t; +disp("the mount of current (in A) he fully charged cell can deliver is"); disp(i2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f76b9cec Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaac106b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +disp("Part a"); +v=1.5;; +r=0.1; +rl=1.2; +il=3*v/(rl+3*r); +disp("the load current (in A) is"); disp(il); +vl=il*rl; +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl); +disp("Part b"); +r1=1.5; +il1=4*v/(rl+r1+3*r); +disp("the load curent (in A) is "); disp(il1); +vl1=il1*rl; +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl1); +vab=v-il1*r1; +disp("terminal volatge (in V) across the fourth cell is"); disp(vab); +p=il1^2*r1; +disp("internal power dissipation (in W) is"); disp(p); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42116dc7a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0b550d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +c=2; +v=1.5; +r=0.1; +i=0.1; +disp("Part a"); +vt1=6*v; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) is"); disp(vt1); +disp("the current capabilty (in A) is"); disp(i); +r1=6*r; +disp("the internal resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r1); +disp("the ampere-hour capacity is"); disp(c); +disp("Part b"); +disp("the termnal voltage (in V) is"); disp(v); +i2=6*i; +disp("the current capability (in A) is"); disp(i2); +r2=r/6; +disp("the internal resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r2); +c2=6*c; +disp("the ampere-hour capacity is"); disp(c2); +disp("Part c"); +vt3=3*v; +disp("the terminal voltage (in V) is"); disp(vt3); +i3=2*i; +disp("the current capability (in A) is"); disp(i3); +r3=3*r/2; +disp("the internal resistance (in Ω) is"); disp(r3); +c3=i*20*c;...............//each parallel can deliver 0.1 A for 20 h +disp("the ampere-hour capacity is"); disp(c3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d3dccfd9 Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.txt differ diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce b/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60f492150 --- /dev/null +++ b/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +rl1=4; +rl2=8; +rl3=16; +rl4=100; +v=40; +r=8; +disp("when load is 4 Ω"); +vl1=v*rl1/(rl1+r); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl1); +pl1=vl1^2/rl1; +p1=v^2/(rl1+r); +n1=pl1*100/p1; +disp("the efficiency (in %) is"); disp(n1); +disp("when load is 8 Ω"); +vl2=v*rl2/(rl2+r); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl2); +pl2=(vl2^2)/rl2; +p2=(v^2)/(rl2+r); +n2=pl2*100/p2; +disp("the efficiency (in %) is"); disp(n2); + +disp("when load is 16 Ω"); +vl3=v*rl3/(rl3+r); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl3); +pl3=vl3^2/rl3; +p3=v^2/(rl3+r); +n3=pl3*100/p3; +disp("the efficiency (in %) is"); disp(n3); +disp("when load is 100 Ω"); +vl4=v*rl4/(rl4+r); +disp("the load voltage (in V) is"); disp(vl4); +pl4=vl4^2/rl4; +p4=v^2/(rl4+r); +n4=pl4*100/p4; +disp("the efficiency (in %) is"); disp(n4); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.txt b/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3440ff2a Binary files /dev/null and b/620/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.txt differ diff --git a/629/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.txt b/629/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a1f7dbd --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH1/EX1.4/ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +(a)The thrust force in newtons = 270 N + +(b)The thrust force in units of pounds-force = 60.5 lbf. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce b/629/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69fa3d928 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 1.4 GRID METHOD APPLIED TO A ROCKET +//Part(a) +m=9; //mass flow rate[Kg/s] +V=30; //velocity[m/s] +//Thrust force +T=m*V //[N] +printf("\n(a)The thrust force in newtons = %.f N\n",T) +//Part(b) +m=19.8; //[lbm/s] +V=98.4; //[ft/s] +//1lbf.s^2=32.2(lbm.ft) +T=m*V/32.2 //[lbf] +printf("\n(b)The thrust force in units of pounds-force = %.1f lbf.\n",T) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d754d835f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.1/ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +(a)Since Re= 3352 > 3000, the flow is turbulent. + +The entrance length for air = 0.25 m. + +(b)Since, Re= 1787 < 2000, the flow is laminar. + +The entrance length for water = 0.447 m. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ad20a100 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.1/example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.1 CLASSIFYING FLOW IN CONDUITS +D=0.005; //[m] +//For Air +Va=12; //velocity[m/s] +va=1.79*10^-5; //viscosity[m^2/s] +//Reynolds number +Re_a=Va*D/va +printf("\n(a)Since Re= %.f > 3000, the flow is turbulent.\n",Re_a) +//Entrance length +Le_a=50*D //[m] +printf("\nThe entrance length for air = %.2f m.\n",Le_a) + +//For Water +m=0.008; //mass flow rate[kg/s] +mu=1.14*10^-3; //[N.s/m^2] +Re_w=4*m/(%pi*D*mu) +printf("\n(b)Since, Re= %.f < 2000, the flow is laminar.\n",Re_w) +Le_w=0.05*Re_w*D //[m] +printf("\nThe entrance length for water = %.3f m.\n",Le_w) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..190dfc8f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.2/ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The head loss per 100m length of the pipe = 9.84 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b824367f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.2/example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.2 HEAD LOSS FOR LAMINAR FLOW +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +L=100; //[m] +D=0.15; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +Q=0.02 ;//[m^3/s] +v=6*10^-4; //[m^2/s] +V=Q/A //[m/s] +//Reynolds number +Re=V*D/v +//Re<2000, the flow is laminar. +//Head loss(laminar flow) +hf=32*v*L*V/(g*D^2) //[m] +printf("\nThe head loss per 100m length of the pipe = %.2f m.\n",hf) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..263bb6186 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.3/ex10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The head loss per kilometer length of the pipe = 12.3 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca97b526f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.3/example10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.3 HEAD LOSS IN A PIPE (CASE 1) +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +L=1000; //[m] +D=0.20; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +Q=0.05 ;//[m^3/s] +v=10^-6; //[m^2/s] +V=Q/A //[m/s] +//Reynolds number +Re=V*D/v +ks=0.12*10^-3; //[m] +//Relative roughness +Rr=ks/D +//From Moody diagram for Re and Rr, +f=0.019; +//Darcy-Weisbach equation +hf=f*(L/D)*(V^2/(2*g)) //[m] +printf("\nThe head loss per kilometer length of the pipe = %.1f m.\n",hf) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e3a5eb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.4/ex10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The flow rate of water through the pipe = 0.05 m^3/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8c2217d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.4/example10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.4 FLOW RATE IN A PIPE (CASE 2) +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +L=1000; //[m] +D=0.20; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +v=10^-6; //viscosity[m^2/s] +hf=12.2; //[m] +P=D^(3/2)*sqrt(2*g*hf/L)/v +ks=0.12; //[mm] +//Relative roughness +Rr=ks/D +//From Moody diagram for P and Rr +f=0.019; //friction factor +//Darcy-Weisbach equation +V=sqrt(hf*2*g*(D/L)/f) //[m/s] +//Discharge +Q=V*A //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe flow rate of water through the pipe = %.2f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e18b6b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.7/ex10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir = 136 m. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3a64612b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.7/example10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.7 PIPE SYSTEM WITH COMBINED HEAD LOSS +//From energy equation, z1=z2+hL +z2=130; //[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +L=197; //[m] +D=0.15; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4; //area[m^2] +Q=0.028; //[m^3/s] +V=Q/A //[m/s] +v=4*10^-5; //[m^2/s] +//Reynolds number +Re=V*D/v +//Re>3000, flow is turbulent +//Minor head coefficients +Ke=0.5; //entrance +Kb=0.19; //bend +KE=1.0; //outlet +//Swamee-Jain equation, ks/D is neglected +f=0.25/(log10(5.74/Re^0.9))^2 +//head loss +hL=(V^2/(2*g))*(f*L/D+2*Kb+Ke+KE) +z1=z2+hL //[m] +printf("\nThe elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir = %.f m.\n",z1) diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.txt b/629/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95b2dabbc --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.8/ex10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The pressure drop in inches of water per 50 m of duct = 0.869 inch H2O. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH10/EX10.8/example10_8.sce b/629/CH10/EX10.8/example10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a055baa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH10/EX10.8/example10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 10.8 PRESSURE DROP IN AN HVAC DUCT +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +rho=1.2; //[kg/m^3] +L=50; //[m] +b=0.6; //[m] +h=0.3; //[m] +A=b*h //area of cross section [m^2] +Q=2.5; //[m^3/s] +V=Q/A //[m/s] +v=15.1*10^-6; //[m^2/s] +//Hydraulic perimeter +Dh=4*A/(2*(b+h)) //[m] +//Reynolds number +Re=V*Dh/v +//Thus, flow is turbulent +ks=0.000046; +//Relative roughness +Rr=ks/Dh +//From Moody diagram for Re and Rr, +f=0.015; +//Darcy-Weisbach equation +hf=f*(L/Dh)*(V^2/(2*g)) //[m] +//1 inch H20=249.7 Pa +delp=rho*g*hf/249.7 //pressure drop in inch H2O +printf("\nThe pressure drop in inches of water per 50 m of duct = %.3f inch H2O.\n",delp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e81c0d9dc --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.1/ex11_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +The drag force acting on the cylinder = 1323 N. + +The bending moment at the base of the cylinder = 19845 N.m \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f03cac6b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.1/example11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.1 DRAG FORCE ON A CYLINDER +Vo=35; //speed of air [m/s] +d=0.3; //[m] +L=30; //[m] +Ap=d*L //area[m^2] +rho=1.2; //density[Kg/m^3] +mu=1.81*10^-5; //[N.s/m^2] +Re=Vo*d*rho/mu //Reynolds number +//From fig. 11.4 +Cd=0.2; //coefficient of drag +//Drag force +Fd=(Cd*Ap*rho*Vo^2)/2 //[N] +printf("\nThe drag force acting on the cylinder = %.f N.\n",Fd) +//Moment at the base +M=Fd*(L/2) //[N.m] +printf("\nThe bending moment at the base of the cylinder = %.f N.m\n",M) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e3b7e9b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.2/ex11_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The drag of a 12 mm sphere = 0.00163 N. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..096067235 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.2/example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.2 DRAG ON A SPHERE +V=0.08; //speed[m/s] +d=0.012; //[m] +Ap=%pi*d^2/4 //area[m^2] +rho=850; //density[Kg/m^3] +mu=10^-1; //[N.s/m^2] +Re=V*d*rho/mu //Reynolds number +//From fig. 11.4 +Cd=5.3; //coefficient of drag +//Drag force +Fd=(Cd*Ap*rho*V^2)/2 //[N] +printf("\nThe drag of a 12 mm sphere = %.5f N.\n",Fd) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08447e511 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.3/ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The speed of the cyclist, Vc = 9.12 m/s(= 20.4 mph). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53b7cb536 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.3/example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.3 SPEED OF A BICYCLE RIDER +m=70; //mass[Kg] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +Cr=0.007; //coefficient of rolling resistance +//Rolling resistance +Fr=Cr*m*g //[N] +Cd=0.88; +A=0.362; //[m^2] +rho=1.2; //density [Kg/m^3] +P=300; //power supply [W] +//Drag force, Fd=Cd*A*rho*Vo^2/2, Vo=Vc+3 +//P=(Fd+Fr)*Vc +q=[Cd*A*rho/2 3*Cd*A*rho (9*Cd*A*rho/2)+Fr -P]; //cubic polynomial in Vc +R=roots(q); //roots of poly.q +//R(3), real root of q +Vc=R(3) //speed of cyclist [m/s] +//1m/s=3600/(1.61*1000)mph +printf("\nThe speed of the cyclist, Vc = %.2f m/s(= %.1f mph).\n",Vc,Vc*2.236) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..377ac0d81 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.4/ex11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The terminal velocity Vo = 0.436 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1a09a482 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.4/example11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.4 TERMINAL VELOCITY OF A SPHERE IN WATER +//To find Approx Value +function [A]= approx (V,n) + A= round(V*10^n)/10^n; //V-Value, n-to what place + funcprot (0) +endfunction +d=0.02; //diameter [m] +A=%pi*(d^2)/4 //area [m^2] +Vol=%pi*(d^3)/6 //volume [m^3] +v=10^-6; //viscosity [m^2/s] +//Specific weights +g_sphere=12.7*10^3; //[N/m^3] +g_water=9.79*10^3; //[N/m^3] +rho=998; //density [kg/m^3] +//Force equilibrium, F_drag+F_buoyancy=W +//F_drag=CD*A*rho*Vo^2/2 +W=g_sphere*Vol //weight [N] +F_b=g_water*Vol //buoyant force [N] +V(1)=0; +//Assume initial value of Vo=1 +V(2)=1; +//Iterate until Vo reaches a constant value +for i=2:1:7 //say 6 iterations +if(V(i)~=V(i-1)) + Re=V(i)*d/v; + CD=24*(1+0.15*(Re^0.687))/Re +0.42/(1+4.25*10^4*Re^(-1.16)); + V(i+1)=approx((2*(W-F_b)/(CD*rho*A))^0.5,3); +else + Vo=V(i) + break; +end +end +printf("\nThe terminal velocity Vo = %.3f m/s.\n",Vo) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0b8b76cb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.5/ex11_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The ratio of drag forces for streamlined shape to cylinder shape = 0.17. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf12077b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.5/example11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.5 COMPARING DRAG ON BLUFF AND STREAMLINED SHAPES +Re=7*10^5; //Reynolds number +Cdc=0.2; //Cd for cylinder, from Ex.11.1 +//Interpolating Re for streamlined shape +Cds=0.034; +//Drag force ratio, from Eq.11.4 +Dfr=Cds/Cdc //(Fds/Fdc) +printf("\nThe ratio of drag forces for streamlined shape to cylinder shape = %.2f.\n",Dfr) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.6/ex11_6.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.6/ex11_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9c72be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.6/ex11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The lift force on the ball = 0.011 N and the direction of lift is downward. + +The drag force on the ball = 0.0271 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..260346ef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.6/example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.6 LIFT ON A ROTATING SPHERE +rho=1.2; //density[Kg/m^3] +d=0.03; //diameter [m] +r=d/2; //radius [m] +A=%pi*d^2/4 //area[m^2] +Vo=10; //velocity [m/s] +w=100*2*%pi //angular speed [rad/s] +p=w*r/Vo //rotational parameter +//From fig.11.17 +CL=0.26; //lift coefficient +CD=0.64; //drag coefficient +//Lift force +FL=(rho*Vo^2*CL*A)/2 //[N] +printf("\nThe lift force on the ball = %.3f N and the direction of lift is downward.\n",FL) +//Drag force +FD=(rho*Vo^2*CD*A)/2 //[N] +printf("\nThe drag force on the ball = %.4f N.\n",FD) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2146dbad --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.7/ex11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The wing area = 394 ft^2 and the minimum induced drag = 86.1 lbf. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..781e79bdf --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.7/example11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.7 WING AREA FOR AN AIRPLANE +T=-67+460; //temperature [°R] +R=1716; //[ft.lbf/slug.°R] +//1ft^2=144in^2 +p=3.3*144; //pressure[lbf/ft^2] +rho=p/(R*T) //[slug/ft^3] +CL=0.2; +Vo=600; //[ft/s] +W=10000; //weight [lbf] +//for steady flight, +FL=W +//Wing area +S=2*W/(rho*Vo^2*CL) //[ft^2] +b=54; //span of wing [ft] +CDi=CL^2/(%pi*(b^2/S)) //min.induced drag coefficient +//Induced drag +Di=(rho*Vo^2*CDi*S)/2 //[lbf] +printf("\nThe wing area = %.f ft^2 and the minimum induced drag = %.1f lbf.\n",S,Di) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.8/ex11_8.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.8/ex11_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38104743b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.8/ex11_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The angle of attack for a take the given take off speed = 7 degrees. + +The stall speed is 119 km/h. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.8/example11_8.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.8/example11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1675d17a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.8/example11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.8 TAKEOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AIRPLANE +Vo=140000/3600; //velocity [m/s] +rho=1.2; //density [Kg/m^3] +b=10; //wing span[m] +c=1.5; //chord length[m] +S=b*c //area [m^2] +FL=11600; //lift force[N] +CL=FL/(S*rho*Vo^2/2) //lift coefficient +A=b/c //aspect ratio +//Interpolating for A from fig.11.23, +alpha=7; //angle of attack in degrees +printf("\nThe angle of attack for a take the given take off speed = %.f degrees.\n",alpha) +//stall occurs at CL=1.18, from fig.11.23 +Cl=1.18; +Vstall=sqrt(2*FL/(Cl*S*rho))*(3600/1000) //stall speed [Km/hr] +printf("\nThe stall speed is %.f km/h.\n",Vstall) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.9/ex11_9.txt b/629/CH11/EX11.9/ex11_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7df69f9cc --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.9/ex11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +The downward thrust from the vane = 1148 N. + +The drag from the vane = 86.4 N. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH11/EX11.9/example11_9.sce b/629/CH11/EX11.9/example11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec3e7fdcd --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH11/EX11.9/example11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 11.9 NEGATIVE LIFT ON A RACE CAR +l=1.5; //[m] +c=0.25; //[m] +A=l/c //aspect ratio +//Interpolating for A, from fig 11.23 +CL=0.93; //lift coefficient +CD=0.07; //drag coefficient +S=l*c //area [m^2] +Vo=75; //velocity [m/s] +rho=1.17; //[Kg/m^3] +//Lift force +FL=CL*S*rho*Vo^2/2 //[N] +printf("\nThe downward thrust from the vane = %.f N.\n",FL) +//Drag force +FD=CD*S*rho*Vo^2/2 +printf("\nThe drag from the vane = %.1f N.\n",FD) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50cf5ff23 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.1/ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The speed of sound in air at 15°C, c = 340 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80ad3445a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.1/example12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.1 SPEED OF SOUND CALCULATION +R=287; //gas constant [J/Kg.K] +k=1.4; +T=15+273; //temperature [K] +//Speed of sound +c=sqrt(k*R*T) //[m/s] +printf("\n The speed of sound in air at 15°C, c = %.f m/s.\n",c) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b661e3a0f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.10/ex12_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Because (pe=38.7) < (pb=100), the nozzle is overexpanded. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.10/example12_10.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.10/example12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77d9d7ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.10/example12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.10 NOZZLE EXIT CONDITION +k=1.4; +//From table A.1, interpolating for A/Ao=4, +M=2.94; //Mach number +pb=100; //back pressure[kPa] +pt=1300; //total pressure[kPa] +pe=pt/((1+[(k-1)/2]*M^2)^(k/(k-1))) //[kPa] +printf("\n Because (pe=%.1f) < (pb=%.f), the nozzle is overexpanded.\n",pe,pb) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8530424f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.11/ex12_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The static pressure at the exit = 603 kPa. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.11/example12_11.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.11/example12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fff6f466 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.11/example12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.11 SHOCK WAVE IN LAVAL NOZZLE +k=1.4; +AoA=1/2 ;//AoA=(Ao/A) +AeAo=4; //AeAo=(Ae/Ao) +//From table A.1, interpolation for A/Ao=2, +//for supersonic flow +M1=2.2; +//for normal shock +M2=0.547; +pt21=0.6281; //pt21=(pt2/pt1) +pt1=1000; //[kPa] +pt2=pt21*pt1 //[kPa] +//for subsonic part at M=M2, +AAv=1.26; //AAv=(A/Av) +//Exit area ratio +//Ae/Av=(Ae/Ao)*(Ao/A)*(A/Av) +AeAv=AeAo*AoA*AAv //AeAv=(Ae/Av) +//for subsonic flow at A/Ao=(Ae/Av) +M=0.24; +//Exit pressure +pe=pt2/((1+(k-1)*M^2/2)^(k/(k-1))) //[kPa] +printf("\n The static pressure at the exit = %.f kPa.\n",pe) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad41c1119 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.12/ex12_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The mass flow rate = 0.238 kg/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.12/example12_12.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.12/example12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df847404a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.12/example12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.12 MASS FLOW IN TRUNCATED NOZZLE +k=1.4; +d=0.03; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*d^2/4 //area[m^2] +pt=160; //[kPa] +pb=100; //[kPa] +Tt=273+80; //total temp.[K] +//Mach number at exit +Me=sqrt((2/(k-1))*[(pt/pb)^((k-1)/k)-1]) +//Static temperature at exit +Te=Tt/(1+((k-1)/2)*Me^2) //[K] +R=287; //[J/kg.K] +//Static density at exit +rho=pb*10^3/(R*Te) //[kg/m^3] +c=sqrt(k*R*Te) //speed of sound[m/s] +//Mass flow rate +m=rho*A*Me*c //[kg/s] +printf("\n The mass flow rate = %.3f kg/s.\n",m) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc9b178d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.2/ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The Mach number of the aircraft, M = 1.58. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d693c926e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.2/example12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.2 MACH-NUMBER CALCULATION +z=13; //[km] +alpha=5.87; //[K/km] +To=296; //[K] +//Temperature at z +T=To-alpha*z //[K] +R=287; //[J/Kg.K] +k=1.4; +//Speed of sound +c=sqrt(k*R*T) //[m/s] +V=470; //speed of fighter[m/s] +//Mach number +M=V/c +printf("\n The Mach number of the aircraft, M = %.2f.\n",M) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9f026826 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.3/ex12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The surface temperature of the aircraft = 337 K. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9e9cb90b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.3/example12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.3 TOTAL TEMPERATURE CALCULATION +T=273+(-50) //static temperature [K] +k=1.4; +M=1.6; //Mach number +//Total temperature +Tt=T*(1+(k-1)*M^2/2) //[K] +printf("\n The surface temperature of the aircraft = %.f K.\n",Tt) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c7ae6ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.4/ex12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The drag force on the sphere = 2.58 N. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cf8712ef --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.4/example12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.4 DRAG FORCE ON A SPHERE +k=1.4; +p=101; //pressure[kPa] +M=0.7; //Mach number +q=k*p*M^2/2 //kinetic pressure[kPa] +CD=0.95; +D=0.01; //[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +//Drag force +FD=CD*q*A*10^3 //[N] +printf("\n The drag force on the sphere = %.2f N.\n",FD) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd0cafe91 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.5/ex12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +The Mach number for downstream of the shock wave, M = 0.668. + + +The pressure for downstream of the shock wave, P = 282 kPa, absolute. + + +The temperature for downstream of the shock wave, T = 400 K or 127°C. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1848c77e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.5/example12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.5 PROPERTY CHANGES ACROSS NORMAL SHOCK WAVE +k=1.4; +M1=1.6; //Upstream Mach number +p1=100; //pressure[kPa] +T1=15+273; //[K] +//Downstream Mach number +M2=sqrt(((k-1)*M1^2+2)/(2*k*M1^2-(k-1))) +printf("\nThe Mach number for downstream of the shock wave, M = %.3f.\n\n",M2) +//Downstream pressure +p2=p1*[(1+k*M1^2)/(1+k*M2^2)] //[kPa] +printf("\nThe pressure for downstream of the shock wave, P = %.f kPa, absolute.\n\n",p2) +//Downstream temperature +T2=T1*{(1+[(k-1)/2]*M1^2)/(1+[(k-1)/2]*M2^2)} //[K] +printf("\nThe temperature for downstream of the shock wave, T = %.f K or %.f°C.\n",T2,T2-273) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51179500f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.6/ex12_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The change in entropy across the wave = 20.5 J/kg.K. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f50a6ce45 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.6/example12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.6 ENTROPY INCREASE ACROSS SHOCK WAVE +//To find Approx Value +function [A]= approx (V,n) + A= round(V*10^n)/10^n; //V-Value, n-to what place + funcprot (0) +endfunction +k=1.4; +M1=1.5; +//Downstream Mach number +M2=approx(sqrt(((k-1)*M1^2+2)/(2*k*M1^2-(k-1))),3) +//Pressure ratio, (p21=p2/p1) +p21=approx([(1+k*M1^2)/(1+k*M2^2)],2) +//Temperature ratio, (T21=T2/T1) +T21=approx((1+[(k-1)/2]*M1^2)/(1+[(k-1)/2]*M2^2),2) +R=287; //[J/kg.K] +//Entropy change +del_s=R*log((T21^(k/(k-1))/p21)) //[J/kg.K] +printf("\n The change in entropy across the wave = %.1f J/kg.K.\n",del_s) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2721bfa5a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.7/ex12_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The cross-sectional area of the test section, A = 42.3 cm^2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c0f8a7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.7/example12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.7 TEST SECTION SIZE IN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL +k=1.4; +M=3; //Mach number +Ao=10; //area[cm^2] +//Cross-sectional area +A=Ao*(1/M)*{(1+[(k-1)/2]*M^2)/((k+1)/2)}^((k+1)/(2*(k-1))) //[cm^2] +printf("\n The cross-sectional area of the test section, A = %.1f cm^2.\n",A) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2264ac13 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.8/ex12_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + The Mach number at the test section, M = 3.91. + + + At the test section, pressure p = 29.7 kPa and temperature T = 86 K. + + + The velocity at test section, V = 727 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa95625a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.8/example12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.8 FLOW PROPERTIES IN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL +k=1.4; +R=287; //[J/kg.K] +//From table A.1, interpolating for A/Ao=10, +M=3.91; //Mach number +printf("\n The Mach number at the test section, M = %.2f.\n\n",M) +pt=4000; //pressure[kPa] +Tt=350; //temp.[K] +//In test section +p=0.00743*pt //[kPa] +T=0.246*Tt //[K] +printf("\n At the test section, pressure p = %.1f kPa and temperature T = %.f K.\n\n",p,T) +//Speed of sound +c=sqrt(k*R*T) //[m/s] +//Velocity +V=M*c //[m/s] +printf("\n The velocity at test section, V = %.f m/s.\n",V) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.txt b/629/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6259f24c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.9/ex12_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The mass flow rate = 14.8 kg/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce b/629/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d9e299b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH12/EX12.9/example12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 12.9 MASS FLOW RATE IN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL +k=1.4; +R=287; //[J/kg.K] +M=3; //Mach number +A=225*10^-4; //[m^2] +//Throat area +Ao=A/((1/M)*{(1+[(k-1)/2]*M^2)/((k+1)/2)}^((k+1)/(2*(k-1)))) //[m^2] +//Static T,p +T=273+(-20) //[K] +p=50; //[kPa] +//Total temperature +Tt=T*(1+(k-1)*M^2/2) //[K] +//Total pressure +pt=p*(1+(k-1)*M^2/2)^(k/(k-1)) //[kPa] +//Mass flow rate +m=k^(1/2)*[(2/(k+1))^((k+1)/(2*(k-1)))]*pt*10^3*Ao/((R*Tt)^(1/2)) //[kg] +printf("\n The mass flow rate = %.1f kg/s.\n",m) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98ed2bc53 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.1/ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The volume rate of flow = 29.7 m^3/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b23f5d559 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.1/example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.1 DISCHARGE FROM VELOCITY DATA +r=[0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 47.5 50]; //[cm] +V=[50 49.5 49 48 46.5 45 43 40.5 37.5 34 25 0]; //velocity[m/s] + +//dA=2*pi*r*dr, Q=V*dA +del_A(1)=0; //dA +q(1)=0; +for i=2:1:11 + del_r(i)=(r(i+1)-r(i-1))/2;//dr + del_A(i)=2*%pi*r(i)*del_r(i)*10^-4; //[m^2] + q(i)=V(i)*del_A(i); //[m^3/s] +end +//for i=12, + del_r(12)=(r(12)-r(11)/2); + del_A(12)=2*%pi*r(12)*del_r(12)*10^-4; //[m^2] + q(12)=V(12)*del_A(12); //[m^3/s] + +//Discharge +Q=sum(q) //m^3/s +printf("\nThe volume rate of flow = %.1f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.10/ex13_10.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.10/ex13_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..360821622 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.10/ex13_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The uncertainty of the calculated discharge = 0.0046 m^3/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71455724e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.10/example13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.10 UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATE FOR AN ORIFICE METER +K=0.66; +d=0.15; //[m] +A=%pi*d^2/4 //area[m^2] +D=0.24; //[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +h=0.25; //[m] +S=13.6; //specific gravity of Hg +del_h=h*(S-1) //piezometric head[m] +Q=K*A*sqrt(2*g*del_h) +//From equation of uncertainty, (UQ/Q)^2=(UK/K)^2+(2Ud/d)^2+(Uh/2h)^2 +//from example 13.2 +UK=0.03; +Ud=0.00015;//[m] +Uh=0.01;//[m] +//Uncertainty in Q +UQ=Q*sqrt((UK/K)^2+(2*Ud/d)^2+(Uh/(2*h))^2) +printf("\nThe uncertainty of the calculated discharge = %.4f m^3/s.\n",UQ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a23e8846 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.3/example13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.3 ANALYSIS OF AN ORIFICE METER +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +l=0.25; //deflection[m] +S=13.6; //specific gravity of Hg +h=l*(S-1) //piezometric head[m] +d=0.15; //[m] +D=0.24; //[m] +Ao=%pi*d^2/4 //[m^2] +A1=%pi*D^2/4 //[m^2] +v=10^-6; //[m^2/s] +//Flow coefficient +ReK=(d/v)*sqrt(2*g*h) //ReK=Re/K +//From fig.13.14, for Re/K, d/D=0.625 +K=0.66; +Q=K*Ao*sqrt(2*g*h) //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge in the system = %.3f m^3/s.\n",Q) +Cv=0.98; +//K=Cv*Cc/(1-(Cc*Ao/A1)^2) +P=[K*(Ao/A1)^2 Cv -K] //polynomial in Cc +q=roots(P) //roots of P +Cc=q(2) //positive root +V1=Q/A1 //[m/s] +V2=Q/(Cc*Ao) //[m/s] +//Head loss +hL=(V2-V1)^2/(2*g) //[m] +printf("\nThe head loss produced by the orifice = %.2f m.\n",hL) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8568fc440 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.4/ex13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The deflection on the manometer = 1.1 ft. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61ee6759b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.4/example13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.4 MANOMETER DEFLECTION FOR AN ORIFICE METER +d=8/12; //[ft] +Ao=%pi*d^2/4 //area [ft^2] +v=1.22*10^-5; //[ft^2/s] +Q=2; //flow rate [ft^3/s] +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +Re=4*Q/(%pi*d*v) //Reynolds number +//interpolate for d/D=8/12 from fig. 13.14 +K=0.68 +del_h=Q^2/(2*g*K^2*Ao^2) //change in piezometric head [ft] +//del_h=del_l(g_w-g_air)/g_w +//g_w>>g_a +del_l=del_h //manometer deflection [ft] +printf("\nThe deflection on the manometer = %.1f ft.\n",del_l) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..732f57a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.5/ex13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The mass flow rate of natural gas = 0.302 kg/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59606cf2c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.5/example13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.5 MASS FLOW RATE OF NATURAL GAS +d0=0.07; //[m] +d1=0.1; //[m] +A0=%pi*d0^2/4 //area[m^2] +A1=%pi*d1^2/4 //area[m^2] +rho=0.678; //density of methane[kg/m^3] +k=1.31; +v=1.59*10^-5; //[m^2/s] +p1=101000; //pressure[Pa] +delp=10000; //difference in pressure[Pa] +p2=p1-delp //[Pa] +ReK=(d0/v)*sqrt(2*delp/rho) //ReK=Re/K +//From fig 13.14, +K=0.7; //flow coefficient +Y=1-((1/k)*(1-p2/p1)*(0.41+0.35*(A0/A1)^2)) //Compressibility factor +m=Y*A0*K*sqrt(2*rho*(p1-p2)) //mass flow rate[kg/s] +printf("\nThe mass flow rate of natural gas = %.3f kg/s.\n",m) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..747059965 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.6/ex13_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The discharge of water at 10°C is 0.268 m^3/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa5acb49b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.6/example13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.6 FLOW RATE USING A VENTURI METER +del_p=35000; //pressure difference [Pa] +Gamma=9810; //specific weight[N/m^3] +del_h=del_p/Gamma //change in piezometric head [m] +d=0.2; //[m] +v=1.31*10^-6; //[m^2/s] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +ReK=(d/v)*sqrt(2*g*del_h) //(ReK=Re/K) +//Interpolating from fig.13.14 +K=1.02; //flow coefficient +A=%pi*d^2/4 //area [m^2] +//Discharge +Q=1.02*A*sqrt(2*g*del_h) //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge of water at 10°C is %.3f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e8e9b96 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.7/ex13_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The discharge of water over the weir = 0.23 m^3/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d600774b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.7/example13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.7 FLOW RATE FOR A RECTANGULAR WEIR +H=0.21; //head on weir[m] +P=0.6; //height of weir[m] +L=1.3; //width[m] +g=9.81; //acceleration due to gravity[m/s^2] +//Flow coefficient +K=0.4+0.05*(H/P) +//Discharge +Q=K*L*sqrt(2*g*H^3) //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge of water over the weir = %.2f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a0a2fe2e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.8/ex13_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The flow of water over the weir = 0.096 m^3/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86af6e81b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.8/example13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.8 FLOW RATE FOR A TRIANGULAR WEIR +H=0.43; //head on weir[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +//Discharge +Q=0.179*sqrt(2*g*(H^5)) //[m^3/s] +printf("\n The flow of water over the weir = %.3f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.txt b/629/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5d3e2441 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.9/ex13_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The mass flow rate of air flowing through a venturi meter = 0.0264 kg/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce b/629/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d169454c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH13/EX13.9/example13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 13.9 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW +k=1.4; +p1=150000; //upstream pressure[Pa] +p2=100000; //throat pressure[Pa] +T1=300; //temperature[K] +R=287; //[J/Kg.K] +//Ideal gas law +rho1=p1/(R*T1) //[Kg/m^3] +D1=0.03; //[m] +D2=0.01; //[m] +A2=%pi*D2^2/4 //area[m^2] +Cd=1; +//Mass flow rate +m=Cd*A2*((p2/p1)^(1/k))*{([2*k/(k-1)]*p1*rho1*[1-(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k)])/(1-(p2/p1)^(2/k)*(D2/D1)^4)}^(1/2) //[Kg/s] +printf("\nThe mass flow rate of air flowing through a venturi meter = %.4f kg/s.\n",m) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2140c89a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.10/ex14_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + +The power developed by the turbine = 14236 kW. + +Angular speed of wheel for maximum efficiency = 349 rpm. + +The torque on the turbine shaft = 390 kN.m + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.10/example14_10.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.10/example14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..448ee4aee --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.10/example14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.10 IMPULSE TURBINE +z1=1670; //[m] +z2=1000; //[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +L=6000; //length[m] +f=0.015; +Dj=0.18; //diameter [m] +Aj=%pi*Dj^2/4 //area[m^2] +Dp=1; //diameter of penstock[m] +Ap=%pi*Dp^2/4 //area[m^2 +//Energy equation, (p1/gamma)+(V1^2/2g)+z1=(p2/gamma)+(Vj^2/2g)+z2+hL +//p1=0,p2=0 ,Vp=Vj*(Aj/Ap), hL=f*L*Vp^2/(D*2*g) +Vj=sqrt(2*g*(z1-z2)/(1+f*L*(Aj/Ap)^2/Dp)) //jet velocity[m/s] +Gamma=9810; +Q=Aj*Vj //[m^3/s]) +P=Q*Gamma*Vj^2/(2*g*10^3) //gross power[kW] +eta=0.85; //efficiency +Pd=P*eta //power developed [kW] +printf("\nThe power developed by the turbine = %.f kW.\n",Pd) + +//Angular speed of wheel +r=1.5; //radius[m] +Vb=Vj/2 //[m/s] +w=Vb/r //[rad/s] +//Wheel speed +N=w*60/(2*%pi) //in rpm +printf("\nAngular speed of wheel for maximum efficiency = %.f rpm.\n",N) + +//Torque +T=Pd/w //[kN.m] +printf("\nThe torque on the turbine shaft = %.f kN.m\n",T) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.11/ex14_11.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.11/ex14_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04c62f864 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.11/ex14_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The guide vane angle for non seperating flow condition at runner entrance = 17.4°. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.11/example14_11.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.11/example14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2b714b4a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.11/example14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.11 FRANCIS TURBINE +r1=0.6; //[m] +beta1=110; //degrees +w=600*(2*%pi)/60 //angular speed[rad/s] +Q=4; //discharge[m^3/s] +B=0.1; //blade height[m] +//Radial velocity at inlet +Vr1=Q/(2*%pi*r1*B) //[m/s] +//Inlet guide vane angle +alpha1=acotd((r1*w/Vr1)+cotd(beta1)) +printf("\nThe guide vane angle for non seperating flow condition at runner entrance = %.1f°.\n",alpha1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.12/ex14_12.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.12/ex14_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63fc78f65 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.12/ex14_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The minimum capture area of wind turbine = 8.20 m^2. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.12/example14_12.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.12/example14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd42e36fc --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.12/example14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.12 CAPTURE AREA OF WIND TURBINE +Pmax=5*100; //power produced by turbine[W] +V=20*(1000/3600) //wind velocity [m/s] +rho=1.2; //density [Kg/m^3] +//Minimum capture area +Amin=Pmax*(54/16)/(rho*V^3) //[m^2] +printf("\nThe minimum capture area of wind turbine = %.2f m^2.\n",Amin) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fc466b9d --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.2/ex14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The discharge of water, Q = 0.180 m^3/s. + +The power required for these conditions, P = 4.12 kW. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afe0f131a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.2/example14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.2 DISCHARGE AND POWER FOR AXIAL-FLOW PUMP +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +D=0.356; //[m] +n=600/60 //speed[rps] +rho=10^3; //density[Kg/m^3] +H=2; //[m] +CH=H/(D*n*g) +//From fig.14.6 +CQ=0.4; +CP=0.72; +//Discharge +Q=CQ*n*D^3 //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge of water, Q = %.3f m^3/s.\n",Q) +//Power +P=CP*rho*D^5*n^3/10^3 //[kW] +printf("\nThe power required for these conditions, P = %.2f kW.\n",P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72ba6c79a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.3/ex14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The head developed is H = 2.76 m. + +The power required for the operation = 4.57 kW. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.3/example14_3.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.3/example14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52fea8cf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.3/example14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.3 HEAD AND POWER FOR AXIAL FLOW PUMP +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +Q=0.127; //[m^3/s] +n=13.3; //[rps] +D=0.3; //[m] +rho=10^3; //density[Kg/m^3] +//Discharge coefficient +CQ=Q/(n*D^3) +//From fig.14.6 +CH=1.7; +CP=0.8; +//Head produced +H=CH*D^2*n^2/g //[m] +printf("\nThe head developed is H = %.2f m.\n",H) +//Power produced +P=CP*rho*D^5*n^3/10^3 //[kW] +printf("\nThe power required for the operation = %.2f kW.\n",P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9109e21 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.4/ex14_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The speed at which the pump should be operated = 1961 rpm. + +The discharge for the given conditions = 0.234 m^3/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa5223e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.4/example14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.4 SPEED AND DISCHARGE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP +N1=2133.5; //speed[rpm] +H1=90; //[m] +H2=76; //[m] +//(g.H/n.D^2)_N1=(g.H/n.D^2)_N2 +N2=N1*(H2/H1)^(1/2) //[rpm] +printf("\nThe speed at which the pump should be operated = %.f rpm.\n",N2) +//(Q/n.D^3)_N1=(Q/n.D^3)_N2 +Q1=0.255; //discharge[m^3/s] +Q2=Q1*N2/N1 //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge for the given conditions = %.3f m^3/s.\n",Q2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ea85768d --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.5/ex14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + At maximum efficiency, the expected values of + Head = 92.4 m + Discharge = 6.21 m^3/s + Power = 6222 kW + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f27a3e4e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.5/example14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.5 HEAD, DISCHARGE, AND POWER OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP +g=9.81; //[ft/s^2] +n=400/60 //speed[rps] +D=1.98//diameter[m] +//From fig.14.10 +CQ=0.12; +CH=5.2; +CP=0.69; +H=CH*D^2*n^2/g //head[ft] +Q=CQ*n*D^3 //discharge[m^3/s] +rho=10^3; //density[Kg/m^3] +P=CP*rho*D^5*n^3/10^3 //power[kW] +printf("\n At maximum efficiency, the expected values of\n Head = %.1f m\n Discharge = %.2f m^3/s\n Power = %.f kW\n",H,Q,P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f07f37894 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.6/ex14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +For specific speed, ns= 0.035, radial flow pump is best choice. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95b44ff58 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.6/example14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.6 PUMP SELECTION USING SPECIFIC SPEED +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +n=1100/60; //in rps +h=600; //[ft] +Q=10; //[cfs] +//Specific speed +ns=n*Q^(1/2)/(g*h)^(3/4) +//From fig 14.12, +printf("\nFor specific speed, ns= %.3f, radial flow pump is best choice.\n",ns) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..064e963a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.7/ex14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The net positive suction head = 26.1 ft. + +The traditional suction specific speed, Nss = 4538. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..566e74ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.7/example14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.7 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD +//To find Approx Value +function [A]= approx (V,n) + A= round(V*10^n)/10^n; //V-Value, n-to what place + funcprot (0) +endfunction +g=32.2;//[ft/s^2] +Gamma=62.2; //[lbf/ft^3] +d=8/12; //diameter[ft] +A=%pi*d^2/4 //area[ft^2] +Q=2; //discharge[cfs] +V2=approx(Q/A,2) //[ft/s] +p1=14.7; //[lbf/in^2] +//Pressure head at reservoir,hr +hr=approx(p1*144/Gamma,0) //[ft] +//Energy equation, (p1/gamma)+(V1^2/2g)+z1=(p2/gamma)+(V2^2/2g)+z2+hL +//V1=0,z1=0 +z2=6; //[m] +Ce=0.1; //entrance loss coefficient +Cb=0.2; //bend loss coefficient +hL=(Ce+Cb)*V2^2/(2*g) +//Head at pump entrance, he=p2/Gamma +he=approx(hr-z2-V2^2/(2*g)-hL,1) //[ft] +pvap=0.506; //vapor pressure[psi] +hp=pvap*144/Gamma //[ft] +//Net positive suction head +NPSH=he-hp //[ft] +printf("\nThe net positive suction head = %.1f ft.\n",NPSH) +//Traditional suction specific speed +N=1750; //in rpm +//1cfs=449 gpm +Nss=N*(Q*449)^(1/2)/NPSH^(3/4) +printf("\nThe traditional suction specific speed, Nss = %.f.\n",Nss) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ab622b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.8/ex14_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The efficiency of an impeller of diameter 1.80 m = 0.89. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b95e410 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.8/example14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.8 VISCOUS EFFECTS ON PUMP EFFICIENCY +D1=0.45; //diameter[m] +D=1.8; //[m] +eta1=0.85; +//Efficiency +eta=1-(1-eta1)/(D/D1)^(1/5) +printf("\nThe efficiency of an impeller of diameter 1.80 m = %.2f.\n",eta) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.txt b/629/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9201e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.9/ex14_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The shaft power required to operate the compressor = 118 kW. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce b/629/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5be518eb --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH14/EX14.9/example14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 14.9 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR +p1=100; //pressure [kPa] +p2=200; //[kPa] +k=1.4; +Q1=1;//discharge [m^3/s] +eta=0.65; //efficiency +//Theoretical power +Ptheo=(k/(k-1))*Q1*p1*[(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k)-1] //[kW] +//Shaft power +Pshaft=Ptheo/eta //[kW] +printf("\nThe shaft power required to operate the compressor = %.f kW.\n",Pshaft) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.txt b/629/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c13fb31c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.1/ex15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The maximum depth assured of having laminar flow = 0.062 ft. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce b/629/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e82e1160 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.1/example15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 15.1 CONDITIONS FOR LAMINAR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW +V=0.1; //velocity [ft/s] +B=10; //width[ft] +y=6; //depth[ft] +Rh=B*y/(B+2*y) //[ft] +v=1.22*10^-5; //[ft^2] +Re=V*Rh/v //Reynolds number +//Re>500, flow is turbulent +//Depth, ymax for Re=500 +Re1=500; +Rh1=Re1*v/V //[ft] +ymax=B*Rh1/(B-2*Rh1) //[ft] +printf("\nThe maximum depth assured of having laminar flow = %.3f ft.\n",ymax) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.txt b/629/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5941e9b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.2/ex15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The discharge of water is 503 cfs. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce b/629/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..28ca05182 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.2/example15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 15.2 ESTIMATING Q FOR UNIFORM FLOW USING DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +l=10; //width[ft] +y=6; //depth [ft] +A=l*y //area[ft^2] +So=0.0016; //slope of the channel +v=1.2*10^-5; //[ft^2/s] +Rh=l*y/(l+2*y); //[ft] +ks=0.005; //[ft](Assume) +Rr=ks/(4*Rh) //relative roughness +//Estimating f from Rr, using Moody diagram +f=0.016; +//first iteration for V +V=sqrt(8*g*Rh*So/f) //[ft/s] +//Recalculate Re +Re=V*4*Rh/v +//Using Rr,new Re, read +f1=0.016; +//f1=f,meets reasonable convergence criterion for V +Q=V*A //discharge [cfs] +printf("\nThe discharge of water is %.f cfs.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.txt b/629/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ab75c576 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.3/ex15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The value of resistance coefficient = 0.130 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce b/629/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957d7c74c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.3/example15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 15.3 RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT FOR BOULDERS +l=100; //width[ft] +y=4.3; //depth[ft] +d84=0.72; //[ft] +//for wide channel, take Rh=b +Rh=y +//Resistance coefficient +f=(1.2+(2.03*(log10(Rh/d84))))^-2 +printf("\nThe value of resistance coefficient = %.3f\n",f) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.txt b/629/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7aed98d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.4/ex15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +The discharge in the channel, Q = 2176 cfs. + +The numerical value of Mannings n for this channel = 0.0426 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce b/629/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a7096919 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.4/example15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 15.4 CALCULATING DISCHARGE AND MANNING’S n USING CHEZY EQUATION +//To find Approx Value +function [A]= approx (V,n) + A= round(V*10^n)/10^n; //V-Value, n-to what place + funcprot (0) +endfunction +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +l=100; //width[ft] +y=4.3; //depth[ft] +A=l*y //area[ft^2] +//Estimate Rh to be y +Rh=y +f=0.13; //friction factor +So=0.003; //slope +V=approx(sqrt(8*g*Rh*So/f),2) //velocity[ft/s] +Q=approx(V*A,0) //discharge[cfs] +printf("\nThe discharge in the channel, Q = %.f cfs.\n",Q) +//Manning's n +n=1.49*A*Rh^(2/3)*So^(1/2)/Q +printf("\nThe numerical value of Mannings n for this channel = %.4f\n",n) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.txt b/629/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f304f358 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.5/ex15_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The discharge in the concrete channel = 465 cfs. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce b/629/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9add62ed --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH15/EX15.5/example15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 15.5 DISCHARGE USING CHEZY EQUATION +n=0.015; +l=10; //width[ft] +y=6; //depth[ft] +Rh=l*y/(l+2*y) +So=0.0016; //channel slope +A=l*y //area[ft^2] +//Discharge +Q=1.49*A*Rh^(2/3)*So^(1/2)/n //[cfs] +printf("\nThe discharge in the concrete channel = %.f cfs.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.txt b/629/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e057e8c02 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + The density of the air = 1.27 kg/m^3. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce b/629/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..321808ce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 2.1 DENSITY OF AIR +T=4+273; //[K] +p=101*10^3; //[N/m^2] +R=287; //[J/kg.K] +//Density +rho=p/(R*T) //[kg/m^3] +printf("\n The density of the air = %.2f kg/m^3.\n",rho) diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.txt b/629/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92efee69a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The viscosity of water at 30°C = 8.02*10^(-4) N.s/m^2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce b/629/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..961a4bf37 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.2/example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 2.2 CALCULATING VISCOSITY OF LIQUID AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE +T1=20+273; //[K] +T2=40+273; //[K] +mu1=10^-3; //[N.s/m^2] +mu2=6.53*10^-4; //[N.s/m^2] + +//ln(mu)=ln(C)+b/T +A=[1 1/T1;1 1/T2] +B=[log(mu1);log(mu2)] +//Az=B, z=[log(C);b] +z=inv(A)*B +C=exp(z(1)) +b=z(2) //[K] + +//At T=30°C, +T=30+273; //[K] +//Viscosity +mu=C*exp(b/T)*10^4 //in 10^-4 N.s/m^2 +printf("\n The viscosity of water at 30°C = %.2f*10^(-4) N.s/m^2. \n",mu) diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.txt b/629/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0762f3d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The space between board and the tramp = 0.117 mm. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce b/629/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14d04964a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.3/example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 2.3 MODELING A BOARD SLIDING ON A LIQUID LAYER +mu=0.05; //[N.s/m^2] +l=1; //[m] +A=l^2 //area[m^2] +delV=0.02; //ΔV[m] +W=25; //[N] +//Frebody analysis +Ft=W*sind(20) //tangential force[N] +Fs=Ft //shear force[N] +dely=mu*delV*A*10^3/Fs //Δy[mm] +printf("\n The space between board and the tramp = %.3f mm.\n",dely) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.txt b/629/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87a897a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The height above the reservoir level, the water rises in a glass tube = 18.6 mm. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce b/629/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a035738 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH2/EX2.4/example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 2.4 CAPILLARY RISE IN A TUBE +d=1.6*10^-3; //[m] +A=%pi*d^2/4; //area[m^2] +Gamma=9790; //[N/m^3] +sigma=0.073; //[N/m] +//Force balance, Ft-W=0, W=Gamma*Δh*A, theta=0°(assume) +theta=0; +Ft=sigma*%pi*d*cosd(theta) //surface tension force [N] +delh=Ft*10^3/(Gamma*A) //Δh[mm] +printf("\n The height above the reservoir level, the water rises in a glass tube = %.1f mm.\n",delh) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c3e5ed58 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The load that the jack can support = 12.2 kN. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f9d1bb63 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.1/example3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.1 LOAD LIFTED BY A HYDRAULIC JACK +//Moment equilibrium at C, (F*l)-(F1*l1)=0 +l=0.33; //[m] +F=100; //[N] +l1=0.03; //[m] +F1=l*F/l1 //[N] + +//Force equilibrium (small piston), (p1*A1)-F1=0 +d1=1.5*10^-2; //[m] +A1=%pi*d1^2/4; //[m^2] +p1=F1/A1 //[N/m^2] + +//Force equilibrium (lifter), F2-(p2*A2)=0 +d2=5*10^-2; //[m] +A2=%pi*d2^2/4 //[m^2] +p2=p1 //[N/m^2](as both are at same elevation) +F2=p2*A2/10^3 //[kN] +printf("\nThe load that the jack can support = %.1f kN.\n",F2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.10/ex3_10.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.10/ex3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5a5f05ea --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.10/ex3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The normal force F required to open the gate = 809 kN. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..854d46fde --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.10/example3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.10 FORCE TO OPEN AN ELLIPTICAL GATE +g_water=9810; //specific weight of water[N/m^3] +z_cen=10; //[m] +p=(g_water*z_cen)/10^3 //pressure at the centroid level[kPa] +a=2.5; //[m] +b=2; //[m] +A=%pi*a*b //area[m^2] +Fp=p*A/10^3//resultant force[MN] +I=%pi*a^3*b/4 //moment of inertia[m^4] +y=12.5; //slant distance from the water surface to centroid[m] +del_y=I/(y*A)//distance from center to center of pressure[m] +//Moment equilibrium about the hinge +F=Fp*10^3*(a+del_y)/(2*a) //force[kN] +printf("\nThe normal force F required to open the gate = %.f kN.\n",F) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.11/ex3_11.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.11/ex3_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..331d992df --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.11/ex3_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + + The line of action for vertical force, xcp = 0.957m + and for horizontal force, ycp = 5.067m + + + Hydrostatic force on curved surface AB = 146.9 kN at 48 degrees to the horizontal. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd4d790df --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.11/example3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.11 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON A CURVED SURFACE +//Equilibrium in horizontal direction +g_w=9.81; //specific weight of water[kN/m^3] +r=2; //[m] +w=1; //[m] +A=r*w //area[m^2] +l=5; //[m] +p=g_w*l //pressure[kN/m^3] +Fx=p*A //horizontal force on side AC[kN] + +//Equilibrium in vertical direction +h=4; //height[m] +p0=g_w*h //[kN/m^2] +Fv=p0*A //vertical force on side CB[kN] +W=g_w*(%pi*r^2/4)*w //weight of water in ABC[kN] +Fy=W+Fv //[kN] + +//Line of action (horizontal force) +y=5; //[m] +ycp=y+(w*r^3/12)/(y*A) //[m] + +//For line of action for vertical forces, sum moments about point C +xW=4*r/(3*%pi) //distance of centroid from C[m] +xcp=(Fv*r/2+W*xW)/Fy //[m] +printf("\n The line of action for vertical force, xcp = %.3fm\n and for horizontal force, ycp = %.3fm\n\n",xcp,ycp) + +//tan(theta)=Fy/Fx +theta=atand(Fy/Fx) //angle with the horizontal(degrees) +F=sqrt(Fx^2+Fy^2) //resultant force[kN] +printf("\n Hydrostatic force on curved surface AB = %.1f kN at %.f degrees to the horizontal.\n",F,theta) + diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8aabf416 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.12/ex3_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + The tension in the cord = 0.110 N. + + The mass of metal part = 17.8 grams. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6649b7e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.12/example3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.12 BUOYANT FORCE ON A METAL PART +//dimensions of wooden block +l=50; //[mm] +b=50; //[mm] +h=10; //[mm] +y=7.5; //submerged height[mm] +V=l*b*y //volume of block submerged[mm^3] +g_w=9800; //specific weight of water[N/m^3] +Fb1=g_w*V*10^(-9) //buoyant force[N], (factor 10^(-9)m^3/mm^3) +S1=0.3; +V1=l*b*h //volume of block[mm^3] +W1=g_w*S1*V1*10^(-9) //weight of block[N] +T=Fb1-W1 //tension in cord[N] +printf("\n The tension in the cord = %.3f N.\n",T) + +V2=6600; //volume of metal[mm^3] +Fb2=g_w*V2*10^(-9) //buoyant force[N] +//Equilibrium equation, W2-T-Fb2=0 +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +W2=T+Fb2 //weight of metal[N] +m2=W2*10^3/g //mass of metal[gm](factor 10^3g/1kg) +printf("\n The mass of metal part = %.1f grams.\n",m2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.13/ex3_13.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.13/ex3_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef3405d34 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.13/ex3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Since the metacentric height is positive, the block will be stable in this slightly disturbed position. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f962ef19 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.13/example3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.13 STABILITY OF A FLOATING BLOCK +//Dimensions of the block +l=0.6; //[m] +b=0.3; //[m] +h=0.3; //[m] +Vb=l*b*h //volume[m^3] +W=318; //weight[N] +g_w=9810; //[N/m^3] +//For equilibrium(vertical direction), -weight+buoyant force=0 +d=W/(g_w*l*b) //[m] +//Stability (longitudinal axis) +Io1=((l*b^3)/12)//[m^4] +CG1=0.06; //[m] +V=d*l*b //[m^3] +GM1=Io1/V-CG1 //metacentric height[m] +//The metacentric height is negative hence the block is not stable about the longitudinal axis + +//For the block slightly disturbed +VD=W/g_w //displaced volume[m^3] +//(Displaced volume)=(Block volume)-(Volume above the waterline) +//VD=Vb-(w^2*l/4) +w=sqrt((Vb-VD)*4/l) //[m] + +//Moment of inertia of waterline +Io2=(l*w^3)/12 //[m^4] +CG2=0.0573; //[m] +GM2=Io2/VD-CG2 //[m] +printf("\n Since the metacentric height is positive, the block will be stable in this slightly disturbed position.\n") + diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5dcfac5a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The water pressure at the depth of 35ft in the tank = 15.2 psig. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a84ab7fbf --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.2/example3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.2 WATER PRESSURE IN A TANK +//Hydrostatic equation, p1/Gamma +z1=p2/Gamma +z2 +p1=0; //[psig] +z1=250; //[ft] +z2=215; //[ft] +Gamma=62.4; //specific weight of water[lbf/ft^3] +//1psig=144psfg +p2=p1+(z1-z2)*Gamma/144 //[psig] +printf("\nThe water pressure at the depth of 35ft in the tank = %.1f psig.\n",p2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..621dfd197 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The gage pressure at the bottom of the tank = 27.7 kPa gage. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e1d146f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.3/example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.3 PRESSURE IN TANK WITH TWO FLUIDS +//Hydrostatic equation(oil), p1/g_oil +z1=p2/g_oil +z2 +p1=0; //[Pa] +z1=3; //[m] +z2=2.1; //[m] +g_oil=0.8*9810; //specific weight of oil[N/m^3] +p2=(p1+(z1-z2)*g_oil)/10^3//[kPa] (factor 1kPa/10^3Pa) + +//At oil-water interface, p2_oil=p2_water +//Hydrostatic equation(water), p2/g_water +z2=p3/g_water +z3 +z3=0; //[m] +g_water=9810; //specific weight of water[N/m^3] +p3=p2+(z2-z3)*g_water/10^3 //[kPa] +printf("\nThe gage pressure at the bottom of the tank = %.1f kPa gage.\n",p3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90496176e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The pressure at an elevation of 2000m = 80.0 kPa absolute. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e93b313 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.4/example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.4 PRESSURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE +p0=101.3; //absolute pressure[kPa] +T0=23+273; //absolute temp.[K] +alpha=5.87*10^-3; //[K/m] +delz=2000; //[m](delz=z-z0) +k=5.823; //(k=g/alpha*R) + +//Pressure equation in troposphere +p=p0*((T0-alpha*delz)/T0)^k //[kPa] +printf("\nThe pressure at an elevation of 2000m = %.1f kPa absolute.\n",p) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a72701e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.5/ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The pressure at an elevation of 55,000 ft, p = 1.43 psia (= 9.82 kPa absolute). + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0981b373e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.5/example3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.5 PRESSURE IN THE LOWER STRATOSPHERE +T=-71.5+460; //temperature[°R] +z0=45000; //[ft] +z=55000; //[ft] +p0=2.31; //pressure at z0[psia] +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +R=1716; //[ft^2/R.s^2] +p=p0*exp(-(z-z0)*(g/(R*T))) //pressure at z[psia] +p1=p*(101.3/14.7); //in SI units[kPa] +printf("\nThe pressure at an elevation of 55,000 ft, p = %.2f psia (= %.2f kPa absolute).\n",p,p1) diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42bf141db --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.6/ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The gage pressure at the center of the pipe = 62.1 kPa gage. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f5fe4c9d --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.6/example3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.6 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT (U-TUBE MANOMETER) +p1=0; //[Pa] +h12=0.6; //deflection[m] +g_m=133000; //specific weight of mercury[N/m^3] +p2=p1+g_m*h12 //[Pa] +//From hydrostatic equation,as z3=z2 +p3=p2; //[Pa] + +//Pressure at the interface is constant, p3_mercury=p3_water=p3 +l=1.8; //[m] +g_w=9810; //specific weight of water[N/m^3] +p4=(p3-g_w*l)/10^3 //[kPa](factor 1kPa/10^3Pa) +printf("\nThe gage pressure at the center of the pipe = %.1f kPa gage.\n",p4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae1eb6e6f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.7/ex3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The pressure of the air in the tank = 110 kPa gage. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38f4cc6d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.7/example3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.7 MANOMETER ANALYSIS +l1=0.4; //[m] +l2=1.0; //[m] +l3=0.8; //[m] +S_oil=0.8; +//Specific weights +g_water=9810; //[N/m^3] +g_oil=S_oil*g_water //[N/m^3] +g_air=0; //[N/m^3] +g_mercury=133000; //[N/m^3] +p1=0; //pressure[Pa] +//From Manometer equation +p2=(p1+g_mercury*l3-g_air*l2+g_oil*l1)/10^3 //[kPa],(factor 1kPa/10^3Pa) +printf("\nThe pressure of the air in the tank = %.f kPa gage.\n",p2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ddbbc80e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.8/ex3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +Between the points 1 and 2, +the change in piezometric pressure = 65.4 psf +and piezometric head = 1.05 ft. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13fa5e921 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.8/example3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.8 CHANGE IN PIEZOMETRIC HEAD FOR PIPE FLOW +del_h=1/12; //deflection[ft] +//Specific weights +g_Hg=847; //[lbf/ft^3] +g_water=62.4; //[lbf/ft^3] +h=(del_h*((g_Hg/g_water)-1)) //[ft] +//Piezometric pressure +pz=h*g_water //[psf] +printf("\nBetween the points 1 and 2,\nthe change in piezometric pressure = %.1f psf \nand piezometric head = %.2f ft.\n",pz,h) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.txt b/629/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd9f45811 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.9/ex3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The force acting on one side of a concrete = 85.7 kN. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce b/629/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc474c6d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH3/EX3.9/example3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 3.9 HYDROSTATIC FORCE DUE TO CONCRETE +z=2.44; //height[m] +w=1.22; //width[m] +A=z*w //area of panel[m^2] +g_concrete=23.6; //specific weight of concrete[kN/m^3] +z_cen=z/2 //depth of centroid[m] +p=g_concrete*z_cen //pressure at the centroid level[kPa] +F=p*A //force[kN] +printf("\nThe force acting on one side of a concrete = %.1f kN.\n",F) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b067ae916 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +The velocity at 10km from the center = 16 m/s. + +The pressure difference between two locations = 806 Pa. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.12/example4_12.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.12/example4_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7639c1e58 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.12/example4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.12 VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A FREE VORTEX +rho=1.2; //density[kg/m^3] +r1=4; //[km] +r2=10; //[km] +V1=40; //velocity[m/s] +//Velocity distribution, V=C/r +C=r1*V1 +V2=C/r2 //[m/s] +printf("\nThe velocity at 10km from the center = %.f m/s.\n",V2) +//Bernoulli equation, for horizontal plane +delp=rho*(V1^2-V2^2)/2 //delp=p2-p1,[Pa] +printf("\nThe pressure difference between two locations = %.f Pa.\n",delp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59d095eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The pressure difference between center and outer edge of mercury = -1.59 in Hg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.13/example4_13.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.13/example4_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41b34a273 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.13/example4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.13 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE IN TORNADO +//1mi=5280ft, 1hr=3600s +V=150*5280/3600 //[ft/s] +//1slug=32.2lbm +rho=0.075/32.2 //density[slug/ft^3] +//Pressure difference, p1-p0=-rho*V^2 +//29.92 in Hg=2116 psf +delp=-rho*V^2*(29.92/2116) //inches of Hg +printf("\nThe pressure difference between center and outer edge of mercury = %.2f in Hg.\n",delp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f82815e54 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The gage pressure on the piston, p = 11.0 kPa, gage. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d53b32650 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.2/example4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.2 APPLICATION OF EULER’S EQUATION TO ACCELERATION OF A FLUID +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +az=100; //acceleration in z direction [m/s^2] +rho=10^3; //[kg/m^3] +//Integrating, d(p+g*rho*z)/dz=-rho*az +//(p2+rho*g*z2)-(p1+rho*g*z1)=-rho*az*(z2-z1) +delz=0.1; //delz=z2-z1,[m] +p2=0; +p1=(p2+rho*(g+az)*delz)/10^3 //[kPa] +printf("\nThe gage pressure on the piston, p = %.1f kPa, gage.\n",p1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e3d17ada --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +(a)The pressure at the top front, p = 261 psfg (= 12.5 kPa,gage). + +(b)The maximum pressure in the tank, pmax = 513 psfg (= 24.6 kPa,gage) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..783c2a930 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.3/example4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.3 PRESSURE IN A DECELERATING TANK OF LIQUID +p1=0; +Gamma=42; //[lbf/ft^3] +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +al=-10; //[ft/s^2] +l=20; //[ft] +//Euler's equation along the top of tank, dp/dl=-Gamma*l/g +p2=p1-Gamma*al*l/g //[psfg] +//1kPa=20.88psfg +printf("\n(a)The pressure at the top front, p = %.f psfg (= %.1f kPa,gage).\n",p2,p2/20.88) +//Eulers equation in vertical direction, +//d(p+Gamma*z)/dz=-rho*az, az=0 +delz=6; //delz=z2-z3,[ft] +p3=p2+Gamma*delz //[psfg] +printf("\n(b)The maximum pressure in the tank, pmax = %.f psfg (= %.1f kPa,gage).\n",p3,p3/20.88) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b63c1ade1 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The elevation difference between the liquid at the center and the wall, during rotation = 0.051 m. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2feeece3d --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.4/example4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.4 SURFACE PROFILE OF ROTATING LIQUID +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +d=0.5; //[m] +w=4; //(rad/s) +//(p1/gamma)+z1-(w^2*r1^2/(2*g))=(p2/gamma)+z2-(w^2*r2^2/(2*g)) +//p1=p2 +r1=0; //[m] +r2=d/2; //[m] +delz=(w^2*(r2^2-r1^2)/(2*g)) //delz=(z2-z1),[m] +printf("\nThe elevation difference between the liquid at the center and the wall, during rotation = %.3f m.\n",delz) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45d806291 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The new levels of water in the tube are z1 = 0.021 m, z2 = 0.339 m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dabd3d8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.5/example4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.5 ROTATING MANOMETER TUBE +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +r1=0.18; //[m] +r2=0.36; //[m] +//Initial water levels +h1=0.18; //[m] +h2=0.18; //[m] +w=8; //angular speed[rad/s] +//-z1+z2=w^2*(r2^2-r1^2)/(2*g) +//z1+z2=h1+h2 +A=[-1 1;1 1]; +B=[w^2*(r2^2-r1^2)/(2*g); h1+h2] +//Az=B, z=(A^-1)*B, z=[z1;z2] +z=inv(A)*B +z1=z(1) //[m] +z2=z(2) //[m] +printf("\nThe new levels of water in the tube are z1 = %.3f m, z2 = %.3f m.\n",z1,z2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..829524b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The velocity in the throat section = 3.62 m/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c542a50c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.6/example4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.6 VELOCITY IN A VENTURI SECTION +h1=1; //[m] +h2=0.5; //[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +//h1-h2=(V2^2-V1^2)/(2*g), V2=2*V1 +V1=sqrt(2*g*(h1-h2)/3) //[m/s] +V2=2*V1 //[m/s] +printf("\nThe velocity in the throat section = %.2f m/s.\n",V2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74c3803cd --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The velocity of the liquid in the drain port = 14 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..348b16f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.7/example4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.7 OUTLET VELOCITY FROM DRAINING TANK +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +delz=10; //delz=(z1-z2),[m] +//(p1/gamma)+z1-(V1^2/(2*g))=(p2/gamma)+z2-(V2^2/(2*g)), p1=p2 +V1=0;//[m] +V2=sqrt(V1^2+2*g*delz) //[m/s] +printf("\nThe velocity of the liquid in the drain port = %.f m/s.\n",V2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77f02612c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The kerosene velocity in the pipe = 24.3 ft/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.8/example4_8.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.8/example4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e7fd3ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.8/example4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.8 APPLICATION OF PITOT EQUATION WITH MANOMETER +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +y=7/12; //[ft] +//Specific gravities +S_kero=0.81; +S_Hg=13.55; +//Specific weights +g_water=62.4; //[lbf/ft^3] +g_Hg=S_Hg*g_water //[lbf/ft^3] +g_kero=S_kero*g_water //[lbf/ft^3] +rho_kero=g_kero/g //density[lbm/ft^3] +//Manometer equation, pz1-pz2=y*(gamma_Hg-gamma_kero) +//Pitot-static tube equation, V=[2*(pz1-pz2)/rho]^(1/2) +V=(2*y*(g_Hg-g_kero)/rho_kero)^(1/2) //[ft/s] +printf("\n The kerosene velocity in the pipe = %.1f ft/s.\n",V) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.txt b/629/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96318a86d --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The velocity of air in the tunnel = 35.4 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH4/EX4.9/example4_9.sce b/629/CH4/EX4.9/example4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf0c9d0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH4/EX4.9/example4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 4.9 PITOT TUBE APPLICATION WITH PRESSURE GAGE +p=98*10^3; //pressure[N/m^3] +R=287; //gas constant[J/kg.K] +T=20+273; //temperature[K] +rho=p/(R*T) //density[kg/m^3] +del_p=730; //[N/m^2] +//Pitot-static tube equation, +V=sqrt(2*del_p/rho) //velocity[m/s] +printf("\nThe velocity of air in the tunnel = %.1f m/s.\n",V) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4c47e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + +The disharge in the pipe in both units is 2.42 m^3/s and 85.4 cfs. + + +The mean velocity in the pipe in both units is 34.2 m/s and 112 ft/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e67160c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.1/example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.1 VOLUME FLOW RATE AND MEAN VELOCITY +m=3; //mass flow rate[kg/s] +rho=1.24; //density[kg/m^3] +Q=m/rho //discharge[m^3/s] +//1m^3=35.31ft^3 +printf("\nThe disharge in the pipe in both units is %.2f m^3/s and %.1f cfs.\n\n",Q,Q*35.31) + +d=0.3; //diameter[m] +A=(%pi*d^2)/4 //area[m^2] +V=Q/A //mean velocity[m/s] +//1ft=0.3048 m +printf("\nThe mean velocity in the pipe in both units is %.1f m/s and %.f ft/s.\n",V,V/0.3048) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..676a44d19 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The discharge per meter width of the channel = 6.24 m^3/s per meter. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..686cc137b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.2/example5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.2 FLOW IN SLOPING CHANNEL +A=0.6; //depth[m] +theta=30; //slope(degrees) +V=12; //velocity[m/s] +Q=V*cosd(theta)*A //discharge per meter[m^2/s] +printf("\nThe discharge per meter width of the channel = %.2f m^3/s per meter.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db6fab098 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The discharge in the channel = 20 m^3/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..885166ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.3/example5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.3 DISCHARGE IN CHANNEL WITH NON-UNIFORM VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION +d=2; //depth[m] +w=5; //width[m] +umax=3; //max velocity[m/s] +//Discharge equation Q=integrate('u','A',0,d) +//dA=w*dy +Q=integrate('w*umax*sqrt(y/d)','y',0,2) //[m^3/s] +printf("\nThe discharge in the channel = %.f m^3/s.\n",Q) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97260e151 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The rate of water accumulating in the tank = 14.5 kg/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..263b0d244 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.4/example5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.4 MASS ACCUMULATION IN A TANK +A=0.0025; //area[m^2] +V=7; //velocity[m/s] +rho=1000; //density[kg/m^3] +mi=rho*V*A //inlet mass flow rate[kg/s] +Q=0.003; //[m^3/s] +mo=rho*Q //outlet mass flow rate[kg/s] +//Continuity equation, mcv+mo-mi=0 +mcv=mi-mo //accumulation rate[kg/s] +printf("\nThe rate of water accumulating in the tank = %.1f kg/s.\n",mcv) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..729ac1660 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The rate of rise of water in the reservoir is 0.484 ft/hr \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea79e81fb --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.5/example5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.5 RATE OF WATER RISE IN RESERVOIR +A=40; //area[mi^2] +Q1=400000; //discharge rate into the reservoir[ft^3/s] +Q2=250000; //outflow rate[cfs] +//mcv=mi-mo +//(rho*Q2)+(rho*Qrise)=rho*Q1 +Qrise=Q1-Q2 //[cfs] +//1mi=5280ft, 1hr=3600sec +Vrise=Qrise*3600/(A*(5280)^2) //rise rate[ft/hr] +printf("\nThe rate of rise of water in the reservoir is %.3f ft/hr.\n",Vrise) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..222418eef --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The time elapsed for that drop in water tank = 31.9 s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6abde25b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.6/example5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.6 WATER LEVEL DROP RATE IN DRAINING TANK +D1=0.1; //diameter of outlet[m] +DT=1; //diameter of tank[m] +A1=(%pi*D1^2)/4 //[m^2] +AT=(%pi*DT^2)/4 //[m^2] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +ho=2; //[m] +hf=0.5; //[m] +//mi=0,mo=rho*A1*V1=rho*sqrt(2gh)*A1, mcv=mi-mo +//continuity equation, mi=d(rho*AT*h)/dt +t=integrate('(-AT)*(A1*(sqrt(2*g*h)))^(-1)','h',ho,hf) +printf("\nThe time elapsed for that drop in water tank = %.1f s.\n",t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87133a618 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.7/ex5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The time elapsed for the absolute pressure drop = 85766 s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f0afbc59 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.7/example5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.7 DEPRESSURIZATION OF GAS IN TANK +V=10; //volume[m^3] +po=500; //initial pressure[kPa] +pf=400; //final pressure[kPa] +R=518; //gas constant[J/kg.K] +T=300; //[K] +A=10^-7; //area[m^2] +//mi=0,mo=0.66*p*A/sqrt(R*T), mcv=mi-mo +//continuity equation, mi=V*d(rho)/dt +t=integrate('-V*(0.66*A*p*sqrt(R*T))^(-1)','p',po,pf) +printf("\nThe time elapsed for the absolute pressure drop = %.f s.\n",t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79990b816 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.8/ex5_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The water speed in the 60cm pipe = 8 m/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e539dcdf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.8/example5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.8 VELOCITY IN A VARIABLE-AREA PIPE +A1=120^2; //[cm^2] +A2=60^2; //[cm^2] +V1=2; //speed in 120cm pipe[m/s] +//flow rates Q1=Q2 +V2=V1*(A1/A2) //speed in 60 cm pipe[m/s] +printf("\nThe water speed in the 60cm pipe = %.f m/s.\n",V2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.9/ex5_9.txt b/629/CH5/EX5.9/ex5_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05b3c9617 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.9/ex5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The pressure difference recorded by the pressure gage = 150 kPa. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce b/629/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af6ea6273 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH5/EX5.9/example5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 5.9 WATER FLOW THROUGH A VENTURIMETER +//Bernoulli equation, p1+(g*z1)+(rho*V1^2)/2=p2+(g*z2)+(rho*V2^2)/2 +rho=1000; //density[kg/m^3] +V1=10; //velocity[m/s] +A21=0.5; //(A21=A2/A1) +V12=A21 //(V12=V1/V2) +del_pz=(rho*V1^2/2)*((1/V12)^2-1)/10^3 //change in piezometric pressure[kPa] +del_pg=del_pz //pressure change in gage[kPa] +printf("\nThe pressure difference recorded by the pressure gage = %.f kPa.\n",del_pg) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5f532c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The force acting on the beam that supports the rocket, Fb = 7.56 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3cadf3587 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.1/example6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.1 THRUST OF ROCKET +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +m=0.04; //mass[kg] +D=0.01; //[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +rho=0.5; //density[kg/m^3] +v=450; //[m/s] +//Sum of forces, Fz=-Fb-m.g +Mo=-rho*A*v^2 //momentum outflow[N] +Fz=Mo //[N] +Fb=-Fz-m*g //Force on beam[N] +printf("\n The force acting on the beam that supports the rocket, Fb = %.2f N.\n",Fb) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84df14937 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The frictional force acting on the block = 313 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9a468f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.10/example6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.10 JET IMPINGING ON MOVING BLOCK +A=5*10^-4; //area[m^2] +rho=1000; //density[kg/m^3] +vj=50; //[m/s] +vb=25; //[m/s] +//Force on cart +F=rho*A*(vj-vb)^2 //[N] +printf("\n The frictional force acting on the block = %.f N.\n",F) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a24bc3c63 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The ratio of propellant mass to initial mass to achieve orbital velocity = 0.907. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21df5043f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.11/example6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.11 PROPELLANT MASS RATIO FOR ACHIEVING ORBITAL VELOCITY +Vbo=7600; //orbital velocity[m/s] +Isp=3200; //specific impulse[m/s] +//Vbo=Isp*log(mi/mf) +mif=exp(Vbo/Isp) //mif=mi/mf +//mp=mi-mf +mpi=1-1/mif //mpi=mp/mi +printf("\n The ratio of propellant mass to initial mass to achieve orbital velocity = %.3f.\n",mpi) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592bbab54 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The maximum pressure that develops at the downstream end = 303 psig. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c8c05bc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.12/example6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.12 PRESSURE RISE DUE TO WATER HAMMER EFFECT +rho=1.94; //[slugs/ft^3] +Ev=3.2*10^5; //[lbf/in^2] +V=4; //[ft/s] +//Sound speed +c=sqrt(Ev*144/rho) //[ft/s] +L=3000; //[ft] +tc=2*L/c //[s] +//Closure time of 1sec is less than tc +//Pressure rise +delp=rho*V*c/144 //[psi] +pi=40; //initial pressure[psi] +pmax=pi+delp //[psi] +printf("\n The maximum pressure that develops at the downstream end = %.f psig.\n",pmax) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95196410e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The moment that the support system must resist, M = 3.61 kN.m. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0eee6d1c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.13/example6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.13 RESISTING MOMENT ON REDUCING BEND +r1=0.15; //[m] +r2=0.475; //[m] +d1=0.3; //[m] +d2=0.15; //[m] +A1=%pi*d1^2/4 //[m^2] +A2=%pi*d2^2/4 //[m^2] +p1=150*10^3; //[Pa] +p2=59.3*10^3; //[Pa] +//Torque due to pressure +Mp=(r1*p1*A1)+(r2*p2*A2) //[N.m] + +rho=998; //density[kg/m^3] +Q=0.25; //discharge[m^3/s] +m=rho*Q //mass flow rate[kg/s] +v1=Q/A1 //[m/s] +v2=Q/A2 //[m/s] +Mi=-m*r1*v1 //moment due to inflow +Mo=m*r2*v2 //moment due to outflow +//Moment of momentum flow +Mm=Mo-Mi + +d=0.2; //[m] +W=1420; //weight[N] +//Moment due to weight +Mw=d*W + +//Moment exerted by support +M=(-Mp-Mm+Mw)*10^-3 //[kN.m] +printf("\n The moment that the support system must resist, M = %.2f kN.m.\n",-M) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8977ab4ce --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.14/ex6_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The power produced by the turbine = 343 kW. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7746258 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.14/example6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.14 POWER DELIVERED BY A FRANCIS TURBINE +D=1; //[m] +l=0.04; //[m] +Q=0.5; //discharge[m^3/s] +rho=1000; //[kg/m^3] +m=rho*Q //mass flow rate[kg/s] +//Radial velocity +Vr=Q/(%pi*D*l) //[m/s] +theta=70; //degrees +//Tangential velocity +Vt=Vr*tand(theta) //[m/s] +T=m*(D/2)*Vt //Torque[N.m] +w=1200*2*%pi/60 //angular speed (rad/s) +P=T*w/10^3 //Power[kW] +printf("\n The power produced by the turbine = %.f kW.\n",P) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e21759e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + The tension in the cable = 233 lbf. + + + The weight recorded by the scale = 1203 lbf. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c82f8cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.2/example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.2 CONCRETE FLOWING INTO CART +A=1; //[ft^2] +rho=150; //density[lbm/ft^3] +v=10; //speed[ft/s] +theta=60; //degrees +//Momentum accumulation=0, outflow=0 +//Momentum inflow +mi_x=rho*A*v^2*cosd(theta) //x-direction +mi_z=rho*A*v^2*sind(theta) //z-direction +//1slug=32.2 lbm +//Tension in cable +T=mi_x/32.2 //[lbf] +printf("\n The tension in the cable = %.f lbf.\n\n",T) +W=800; //weight[lbf] +N=W+(mi_z/32.2) //[lbf] +printf("\n The weight recorded by the scale = %.f lbf.\n",N) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..520c8f094 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + The air speed at the exit of the nozzle = 77.9 m/s. + + + The force on the flange = 9.90 N. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d9d2d663 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.3/example6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.3 FORCE ON A NOZZLE +d1=0.06; //[m] +A1=%pi*d1^2/4 //area[m^2] +d2=0.01; //[m] +rho=1.22; //density[kg/m^3] +p1=3.7*1000; //[Pa] +//Bernoulli equation, p1+rho*v1^2/2=rho*v2^2/2 +v2=sqrt(2*p1/(rho*(1-(d2/d1)^4))) //Exit velocity[m/s] +printf("\n The air speed at the exit of the nozzle = %.1f m/s.\n\n",v2) +v1=v2*(d2/d1)^2 //Inlet velocity[m/s] +m=rho*A1*v1 //mass flow rate[kg/s] +//Force on flange +F=m*(v2-v1)-p1*A1 //[N] +printf("\n The force on the flange = %.2f N.\n",-F) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8604e0d25 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The force exerted by the jet on the vane, F = (53.0 lbf)i+(91.8 lbf)j. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89516873a --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.4/example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.4 WATER DEFLECTED BY A VANE +r=0.0417; //[ft] +A=%pi*r^2 //area[ft^2] +v=100; //velocty[ft/s] +rho=1.94; //[slugs/ft^3] +m=rho*A*v; //mass flow rate[slugs/s] +theta=60;//degrees +//Momentum outflow vector, mo=[mo_x mo_y] +mo=[m*v*cosd(theta) -m*v*sind(theta)] +//Momentum inflow vector, mi=[mi_x mi_y] +mi=[m*v 0] +//Force vector, F=[Fx Fy] +F=mi-mo //[lbf] +printf("\n The force exerted by the jet on the vane, F = (%.1f lbf)i+(%.1f lbf)j.\n",F(1),F(2)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b58651f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The net force required to hold the bend in place, F =(-8.53 kN)i+(-31.8 kN)j+(15.1 kN)k. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9d6a092 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.6/example6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.6 FORCES ACTING ON A PIPE BEND +p=75*10^3 //[Pa] +r=0.5; //[m] +A=%pi*r^2 //area[m^2] +S=0.94; +rho=S*1000 //drnsity[kg/m^3] +Gamma=S*9.81 //specific weight of oil[kN/m^3] +V=1.2; //volume of oil[m^3] +Q=2; //[m^3/s] +m=rho*Q //mass flow rate[kg/s] +v=2.55; //[m/s] +theta=30; //degrees +//Reaction force +//Rx+p*A-p*A*cos(theta)=m*v*cos(theta)-m*v +Rx=-(p*A+m*v)*(1-cosd(theta))/10^3 //[kN] +//Ry+p*A*sin(theta)=-m*v*sin(theta) +Ry=-(p*A+m*v)*sind(theta)/10^3 //[kN] +We=4; //empty weight of bend[kN] +Rz=(Gamma*V)+We //[kN] +//Reaction force vector +R=[Rx Ry Rz] //[kN] +printf("\n The net force required to hold the bend in place, F =(%.2f kN)i+(%.1f kN)j+(%.1f kN)k.\n",R(1),R(2),R(3)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..295731dbc --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The components of force, F required to hold the bend in place are Fx = -16.1 kN, Fz = 1.48 kN. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67d05ba75 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.7/example6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.7 WATER FLOW THROUGH REDUCING BEND +d1=0.3; //[m] +d2=0.15; //[m] +A1=%pi*d1^2/4 //[m^2] +A2=%pi*d2^2/4 //[m^2] +rho=1000; //[kg/m^3] +Q=0.25; //[m^3/s] +v1=Q/A1 //inlet speed[m/s] +v2=Q/A2 //outlet speed[m/s] +p1=150; //[kPa] +g_w=9810; //specific weight of water +del_z=0.325; //(del_z=z1-z2)[m] +//Bernoulli equation, p1+(rho*v1^2/2)+(g_w*z1)=p2+(rho*v2^2/2)+(g_w*z2) +p2=p1+(rho*(v1^2-v2^2)/2+g_w*del_z)*10^-3 //[kPa] +//Pressure forces +Fp=(p1*A1)+(p2*A2) //[kN] +//Momentum flux +Fm=rho*Q*(v1+v2)*10^-3 //[kN] +Wb=500; //weight of metal in the bend[N] +V=0.1; //bend volume[m^3] +Wf=g_w*V //weight of water[N] +//Reaction force components +Rx=-Fp-Fm //[kN] +Rz=(Wb+Wf)*10^-3 //[kN] +printf("\n The components of force, F required to hold the bend in place are Fx = %.1f kN, Fz = %.2f kN.\n",Rx,Rz) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9985969f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The drag force on the device and support panes = 304 N. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..591d0f328 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.8/example6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.8 DRAG FORCE ON WIND-TUNNEL MODEL +ro=0.5; //radius of tunnel[m] +A1=%pi*ro^2 //[m^2] +p1=1.5*10^3; //[Pa] +p2=10^3; //[Pa] +v1=30; //velocity at inlet[m/s] +rho=1; //[kg/m^3] +//velocity profile, v=v1*K(r/ro) +//Q1=Q, A1*v1=A*v +K=A1*v1*(integrate('v1*(r/ro)*2*%pi*r','r',0,ro))^-1 +F1=rho*A1*v1^2 //momentum at cross-section-1 +F2=integrate('rho*(v1*K*(r/ro))^2*2*%pi*r','r',0,ro) //at cross-section-2 +Fx=F2-F1 +//From momentum equation in x-direction, Fx=p1*A-p2*A-Fd +Fd=(p1-p2)*A1-Fx //Drag force[N] +printf("\n The drag force on the device and support panes = %.f N.\n",Fd) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.txt b/629/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e4e7387 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.9/ex6_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + The flow rate under the sluice gate = 2008 ft^3/s. + + The force on the sluice gate = 66.6 tons. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce b/629/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c70d35a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH6/EX6.9/example6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 6.9 FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +d1=20; //[ft] +d2=3; //[ft] +w=20; //gate width[ft] +v2=sqrt((2*g*(d1-d2))/(1-(d2/d1)^2)) //[ft/s] +v1=d2*v2/d1 //[ft/s] +rho=1.94; //[slugs/ft^3] +Q=v2*d2*w //discharge[ft^3/s] +printf("\n The flow rate under the sluice gate = %.f ft^3/s.\n",Q) +m=rho*Q //mass flow rate[slugs/s] +Gamma=62.4; //[lbf/ft^3] +F1=Gamma*w*(d1^2)/2 +F2=Gamma*w*(d2^2)/2 +//momentum inflow +mi=m*v1 //[lbf] +//momentum outflow +mo=m*v2 //[lbf] +Fx=mo-mi //[lbf] +//Sum of forces in x-direction, Fx=F1-F2-Fg +//1ton=2000 lbf +Fg=(F1-F2-Fx)/2000 //tons +printf("\n The force on the sluice gate = %.1f tons.\n",Fg) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48208fce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +The kinetic-energy correction factor is 2. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe37a4056 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.1/example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.1 KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION FACTOR FOR LAMINAR FLOW +Vmax=1; //max velocity[m/s](say) +ro=1; //radius of pipe[m](say) +A=%pi*ro^2 //area[m^2] +//Given, V=Vmax(1-(r/ro)^2) +//dA=2*pi*r*dr +Vbar=(1/A)*integrate('Vmax*(1-(r/ro)^2)*2*%pi*r','r',0,ro) //mean velocity[m/s] +alpha=(1/A)*integrate('((Vmax*(1-(r/ro)^2))/Vbar)^3*2*%pi*r','r',0,ro) //kinetic-energy correction factor +printf("\nThe kinetic-energy correction factor is %.f.\n",alpha) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da3ebc2c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +The pressure in the pipe at L=2000m is = 418 kPa. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2594101 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.2/example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.2 PRESSURE IN A PIPE +//Energy equation, (p1/gamma)+(alpha1*V1^2/2g)+hp=(p2/gamma)+(alpha2*V2^2/2g)+ht+hL +p1=0; //pressure at top of reservoir is p_atm=0 +ht=0; +hp=0; +V1=0; +Gamma=9810; //specific weight[N/m^3] +alpha2=1; +z1=100; //[m] +z2=20; //[m] +L=2000; //[m] +D=0.2; //diameter[m] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[m^2] +Q=0.06; //rate of flow[m^3/s] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +V2=Q/A //[m/s] +hL=(0.02*(L/D)*V2^2)/(2*g) //head loss[m] +p2=p1+Gamma*((z1-z2)+hp-ht-hL-(alpha2*V2^2)/(2*g))/10^3 //pressure at L[kPa] +printf("\nThe pressure in the pipe at L=2000m is = %.f kPa.\n",p2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ccc901a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +Power that must be supplied to the flow by the pump + in kilowatts = 204 kW + in horsepower = 273 hp. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f64a938a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.3/example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.3 POWER NEEDED BY A PUMP +//Energy equation, V1=V2,(p1/gamma)+hp=(p2/gamma)+ht+hL +ht=0; +hL=3; //[m] +p1=70000; //[N/m^2] +p2=350000; //[N/m^2] +z1=30; //[m] +z2=40; //[m] +Gamma=9810; //specific weight[N/m^3] +hp=(p2-p1)/Gamma+(z2-z1)+hL //pump head[m] +Q=0.5; //rate of flow[m^3/s] +P=Gamma*Q*hp/10^3 //power[kW] +//1hp=0.746 kW +printf("\nPower that must be supplied to the flow by the pump \n in kilowatts = %.f kW \n in horsepower = %.f hp.\n",P,P/0.746) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2787da343 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The rate of power generation is 7.16 MW. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4cf0221d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.4/example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.4 POWER PRODUCED BY A TURBINE +//Energy equation, V1=V2=0,(p1/gamma)+hp=(p2/gamma)+ht+hL +hp=0; +hL=1.5; //head loss[m] +p1=0; +p2=0; +z1=61; //[m] +z2=0; //[m] +Gamma=9810; //specific weight[N/m^3] +ht=(p1-p2)/Gamma+(z1-z2)-hL //turbine head[m] +Q=14.1; //rate of flow[m^3/s] +Pi=Gamma*Q*ht/10^6 //power input[MW] +eta=0.87; //efficiency +Po=eta*Pi //power output[MW] +printf("\nThe rate of power generation is %.2f MW.\n",Po) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecc3f45fb --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The horizontal force required to hold the transition in place = 8.16 kN,in -ve x direction. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b7f2344f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.5/example7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.5 FORCE ON A CONTRACTION IN A PIPE +D1=0.3; //[m] +D2=0.2; //[m] +A1=%pi*D1^2/4 //area[m^2] +A2=%pi*D2^2/4 //area[m^2] +Q=0.707; //rate of flow[m^3/s] +V1=Q/A1; //velocity[m/s] +V2=Q/A2; //velocity[m/s] +ht=0; +hp=0; +hL=2.58; //[m] +alpha1=1; +alpha2=1; +rho=1000; //density[kg/m^3] +Gamma=9810; //specific weight[N/m^3] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +p1=250000; //pressure[Pa] +p2=p1+Gamma*(hp-ht-hL-(alpha2*V2^2-alpha1*V1^2)/(2*g)) //pressure at L[Pa] +//Momentum equation +//p1*A1-p2*A2+Fx=m*V2-m*V1, m=rho*Q +Fx=(rho*Q*(V2-V1)+p2*A2-p1*A1)/10^3 //force[kN] +printf("\nThe horizontal force required to hold the transition in place = %.2f kN,in -ve x direction.\n",-Fx) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.txt b/629/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b39b43a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + +The head supplied by the pump = 178 ft. + +The power supplied to the flow = 159 hp. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce b/629/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85205f957 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH7/EX7.6/example7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 7.6 EGL AND HGL FOR A SYSTEM +//Energy equation, (p1/gamma)+(alpha1*V1^2/2g)+hp=(p2/gamma)+(alpha2*V2^2/2g)+ht+hL ,V1=V2=0 +p1=0; +p2=0; +ht=0; +Gamma=62.4; //specific weight[lbf/ft^3] +z1=520; //[ft] +z2=620; //[ft] +L=5000; //[ft] +D=1; //diameter[ft] +A=%pi*D^2/4 //area[ft^2] +Q=7.85; //rate of flow[ft^3/s] +V=Q/A //[ft/s] +g=32.2; //[ft/s^2] +hL=(0.01*(L/D)*V^2)/(2*g) //head loss[ft] +hp=round((p2-p1)/Gamma+(z2-z1)+hL) //pump head[ft] +printf("\nThe head supplied by the pump = %.f ft.\n",hp) +//1hp.s= 550ft.lbf +Wp=round(Gamma*Q*hp/550)///power in hp +printf("\nThe power supplied to the flow = %.f hp.\n",Wp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7270b143c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.10/ex8_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + The velocity in the prototype = 8.4 m/s. + + The water flow rate in the model = 0.89 m^3/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.10/example8_10.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.10/example8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9179eecd --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.10/example8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.10 MODELING FLOOD DISCHARGE OVER A SPILLWAY +Lmp=1/49; //Lmp=(Lm/Lp) +//Froude-number similitude +//Vm/(g*Lm)=Vp/(g*Lp) +Vm=1.2; //[m/s] +Vp=Vm/(Lmp^(1/2)) +printf("\n The velocity in the prototype = %.1f m/s.\n",Vp) +Amp=(Lmp)^2 //Ratio of areas, Amp=(Am/Ap) +Qp=15000; //[m^3/s] +Qm=Qp*Amp*Vm/Vp //[m^3/s] +printf("\n The water flow rate in the model = %.2f m^3/s.\n",Qm) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7619c99e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The air speed in the wind tunnel for scaled model and dynamically similar conditions, V = 100 m/s. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8b6306a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.4/example8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.4 REYNOLDS-NUMBER SIMILITUDE +//p-prototype, m-model +Vp=10; //speed[m/s] +//Reynolds-number similitude, Rem=Rep +//Vm*Lm/vm=Vp*Lp/vp +//vm=vp +vmp=1; //vmp=vm/vp +Lmp=1/10; //Lmp=Lm/Lp +Vm=Vp*vmp/Lmp //speed[m/s] +printf("\n The air speed in the wind tunnel for scaled model and dynamically similar conditions, V = %.f m/s.\n",Vm) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53b76e949 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The flow rate required for the model, Q = 117 cfs. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.5/example8_5.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.5/example8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b3ce150b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.5/example8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.5 REYNOLDS-NUMBER SIMILITUDE OF A VALVE +//p-prototype, m-model +Lmp=1/6; //Lmp=(Lm/Lp) +//Vm*Lm/vm=Vp*Lp/vp, vm=vp +Vmp=1/Lmp //Vmp=(Vm/Vp) +Qp=700; //[cfs] +Amp=(Lmp)^2 //Ratio of areas, Amp=(Am/Ap) +//Discharge +Qm=Qp*Vmp*Amp //[cfs] +printf("\n The flow rate required for the model, Q = %.f cfs.\n",Qm) diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02572fa11 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.6/ex8_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The pressure difference between two points on the prototype = 178 Pa. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.6/example8_6.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.6/example8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32d9dfb9c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.6/example8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.6 APPLICATION OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENT +//p-prototype, m-model +Lmp=1/10; //Lmp=(Lm/Lp) +//Vm*Lm/vm=Vp*Lp/vp, vm=vp +Vpm=Lmp //Vpm=(Vp/Vm) +Pm=17.8; //[kPa] +//Pressure difference +//Pm/(rho_m*Vm^2/2)=Pp/(rho_p*Vp^2/2) +Pp=Pm*10^3*Vpm^2 //[Pa] +printf("\n The pressure difference between two points on the prototype = %.f Pa.\n",Pp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c04479df --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.7/ex8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The expected drag force on the prototype = 1530 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.7/example8_7.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.7/example8_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7755fca6f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.7/example8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.7 DRAG FORCE FROM WIND TUNNEL TESTING +//p-prototype, m-model +Lmp=1/10; //Lmp=(Lm/Lp) +//Vm*Lm/vm=Vp*Lp/vp, vm=vp +Vpm=Lmp //Vpm=(Vp/Vm) +//Fm/(rho_m*Lm^2*Vm^2/2)=Fp/(rho_p*Lp^2*Vp^2/2) +Fm=1530; //force[N] +Fp=Fm*Vpm^2/Lmp^2 //[N] +printf("\n The expected drag force on the prototype = %.f N.\n",Fp) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4679a232c --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.8/ex8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The pressure drop in the actual nozzle = 0.0625 psid. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.8/example8_8.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.8/example8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65566fd13 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.8/example8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.8 MEASURING HEAD LOSS IN NOZZLE IN REVERSE FLOW +//p-prototype, m-model +Vm=20; //[ft/s] +Dm=3/12; //[ft] +vm=1.22*10^-5; //[ft^2/s] +Vp=5; //[ft/s] +Dp=3; //[ft] +vp=1.41*10^-5; //[ft^2/s] +//Reynolds numbers +Rem=Vm*Dm/vm +Rep=Vp*Dp/vp +rho=1.94; //[slugs/ft^3] +Pm=1; //pressure [lbf/in^2] +//Pressure coefficient +CPm=Pm*144/(rho*Vm^2/2) +//Both Rep, Rem >10^3, therefore +CPp=CPm +Pp=(CPp*rho*Vp^2/2)/144 //[lbf/in^2] +printf("\n The pressure drop in the actual nozzle = %.4f psid.\n",Pp)// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.txt b/629/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99b8de7d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.9/ex8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + The minimum required wind tunnel speed = 3.8 m/s. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH8/EX8.9/example8_9.sce b/629/CH8/EX8.9/example8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d98e2c7b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH8/EX8.9/example8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 8.9 MODEL TESTS FOR DRAG FORCE ON AN AUTOMOBILE +c=1235; //[km/hr] +//Vm*Lm/vm=Vp*Lp/vp, vm=vp +Lp=0.4; //[m] +Lm=0.4; //[m] +Vp=100; //[km/hr] +Vm=Vp*Lp/Lm //[km/hr] +//Mach number +Mm=Vm/c +//Mm is too high for test models and results in unwanted compressibility effects. +mu=1.51*10^-5; //[m^2/s] +Rep=Vp*0.278*Lp/mu +//CFm=CFp, if Rem>=10^5 +Rem=10^5; +//Wind tunnel speed +Vm=Rem*mu/Lm //[m/s] +printf("\n The minimum required wind tunnel speed = %.1f m/s.\n",Vm) diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b61066503 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.1/ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + +The shear stress on the plates = 333 N/m^2. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5ae501e --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.1/example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.1 SHEAR STRESS IN COUETTE FLOW +U=1; //speed of upper plate [m/s] +L=3*10^-4; //distance between the plates [m] +mu=1*10^-1; //[N.s/m^2] +tau=mu*U/L //shear stress [N/m^2] +printf("\nThe shear stress on the plates = %.f N/m^2.\n",tau) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae264b44f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.2/ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The pressure gradient, (dp/ds) = 5448 N/m^2 per meter. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a28332092 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.2/example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.2 PRESSURE GRADIENT FOR FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES +q=0.01; //discharge per meter [m^2/s] +rho=800; //density [kg/m^3] +mu=2*10^-2; //[N.s/m^2] +Re=q*rho/mu +//Re<1000. Hence, flow is luminar and equations apply. + +v=mu/rho //viscosity [m^2/s] +B=0.01; //[m] +g=9.81; //[m/s^2] +Gamma=0.8*9810; //specific weight [N/m^3] +dhds=-12*v*q/(g*B^3) //Piezometric head gradient (dh/ds) +dzds=-1; //(dz/ds) +//(dh/ds)=(d(p/gamma)/ds)+(dz/ds) +dpds=Gamma*(dhds-dzds) //pressure gradient (dp/ds), [N/m^3] +printf("\nThe pressure gradient, (dp/ds) = %.f N/m^2 per meter.\n",dpds) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.JPG b/629/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.JPG new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba784d1d6 Binary files /dev/null and b/629/CH9/EX9.3/ex9_3.JPG differ diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3b4bbc88 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.3/example9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.3 LAMINAR BOUNDARY-LAYER THICKNESS AND SHEAR STRESS +Uo=1; //[ft/s] +v=10^-4; //[ft^2/s] +S=0.86; //specific gravity +rho=1.94*S //density [slugs/ft^3] +mu=rho*v //[lbf.s/ft^2] +//Graph plots +x=linspace(0.1,7,15); //distance[ft] +delta=5*(sqrt(v*x/Uo))*12; //boundary layer thickness [inch] +To=0.332*mu*Uo*sqrt(Uo*(v*x)^-1)*10^2; //sheer stress in 100 [psf] +plot(x,delta,"+-") +plot(x,To,"o-") +xtitle("delta,To vs x","Distance,ft ","delta (inches), Tox100 (psf)"); +legend("Boundary layer thickness (delta)","Surface sheer stress (To)"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd965be6b --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.4/ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +The shear resistance on one side of the plate = 0.108 lbf. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f484bd771 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.4/example9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.4 RESISTANCE CALCULATION FOR LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE +//To find Approx Value +function [A]= approx (V,n) + A= round(V*10^n)/10^n; //V-Value, n-to what place + funcprot (0) +endfunction +L=6; //[ft] +v=10^-4; //viscosity [ft^2/s] +Uo=1; //[ft/s] +Re=Uo*L/v //Reynolds number +Cf=approx(1.33/Re^(1/2),4) +B=4; //[ft] +S=0.86; +rho=S*1.94 //[slugs/ft^3] +Fs=approx((Cf*B*L*rho*Uo^2)/2,3) //shear force [lbf] +printf("\nThe shear resistance on one side of the plate = %.3f lbf.\n",Fs) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f8494bd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.5/ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + +The velocity of water as determined by +(a)Logarithmic velocity distribution = 14.1 ft. +(b)Velocity defect law = 14.4 ft. +(c)Power-law formula = 14.39 ft. + + +The nominal thickness of the viscous sublayer = 2.55*10^(-3) inches. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..752d1a219 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.5/example9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.5 TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER PROPERTIES +to=0.896; //[lbf/ft^3] +rho=1.94; //[slugs/ft^3] +uo=sqrt(to/rho) //shear velocity [ft/s] + +//Logarithmic velocity distribution +y=0.0088; //[ft] +v=1.22*10^-5; //[ft^2/s] +uL=uo*(2.44*log(y*uo/v)+5.56) //velocity of water [ft/s] + +delta=0.088; //[ft] +yn=y/delta //non-dimensional distance + +//velocity defect law +//(Uo-u)/uo=8.2, from fig 9.11 +Uo=20; //[ft/s] +ud=Uo-8.2*uo //velocity [ft/s] + +//Power-law formula +up=Uo*yn^(1/7) //velocity [ft/s] +printf("\nThe velocity of water as determined by\n(a)Logarithmic velocity distribution = %.1f ft.\n(b)Velocity defect law = %.1f ft.\n(c)Power-law formula = %.2f ft.\n\n",uL,ud,up) + +deltaN=(11.84*v/uo)*12*10^3 //nominal thickness in 10^-3 inches +printf("\nThe nominal thickness of the viscous sublayer = %.2f*10^(-3) inches.\n",deltaN) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69493ca2f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.6/ex9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + +Average shear-stress coefficient, Cf, for the plate = 0.00294. + + +Total shear force on one side of plate = 4.77 N. + + +Shear force due to laminar part = 0.256 N. + + +Shear force due to turbulent part = 4.51 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3d30928f --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.6/example9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.6 LAMINAR/TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON FLAT PLATE +Uo=30; //[m/s] +L=3; //[m] +v=1.51*10^-5; //viscosity [m^2/s] +Re=Uo*L/v //Reynolds number + +//Average shear-stress coefficient +Cf=(0.523/(log(0.06*Re))^2)-(1520/Re) +printf("\nAverage shear-stress coefficient, Cf, for the plate = %.5f.\n\n",Cf) + +//Total shear force +B=1; //[m] +rho=1.2; //[kg/m^3] +Fs=Cf*B*L*rho*(Uo^2/2) //[N] +printf("\nTotal shear force on one side of plate = %.2f N.\n\n",Fs) + +Re_tr=5*10^5; +xtr=Re_tr*v/Uo //transition point [m] +//Laminar average shear-stress coefficient +Cfl=1.33/Re_tr^(1/2) + +//Laminar shear force +Fsl=(Cfl*B*xtr*rho*Uo^2)/2 //[N] +printf("\nShear force due to laminar part = %.3f N.\n\n",Fsl) + +//Turbulent shear force +Fst=Fs-Fsl //[N] +printf("\nShear force due to turbulent part = %.2f N.\n",Fst) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.txt b/629/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbc17dc96 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.7/ex9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + +Total shear resistance on both sides of plate = 28.6 N. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/629/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce b/629/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..492de2129 --- /dev/null +++ b/629/CH9/EX9.7/example9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clear +clc +//Example 9.7 RESISTANCE FORCE WITH TRIPPED BOUNDARY LAYER +L=6; //[m] +B=3; //[m] +mu=1.81*10^-5; //[N.s/m^2] +rho=1.2; //[Kg/m^3] +Uo=20; //[m/s] +ReL=rho*Uo*L/mu //Reynold's number +//Average shear-stress coefficient +Cf=0.032/ReL^(1/7) +A=L*B //area [m^2] +//Resistance force +Fs=2*Cf*A*rho*(Uo^2)/2 //[N] +printf("\nTotal shear resistance on both sides of plate = %.1f N.\n",Fs) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/644/CH1/EX1.1/p1.sce b/644/CH1/EX1.1/p1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b13997dc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/644/CH1/EX1.1/p1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 1.1 A conductor material has a free- electron density of 10^24 electrons per metre^3.When a voltage is applied, a constant drift velocity of 1.5x10^-2 metre/second is attained by the electrons. If the cross- sectional area of the material is 1 cm^2, calculate the magnitude of the current. Electronic charge is 1.6x10^-19. +// 1 metre = 100 centimetre +n = 10^24;// charge density (e/m^3) +Vd = 1.5*10^-2; //drift velocity attained by electrons(m/s) +A = 10^-4; // crossectional area of the material (m^2) +e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of an electron (coulombs) +// let i be the magnitude of the current +// FORMULA : i = nAeVd +i = prod([n,A,e,Vd]) // calculation +disp(i,"magnitude of the current(in ampere)= ") + diff --git a/644/CH1/EX1.2/p2.sce b/644/CH1/EX1.2/p2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fab4cf33 --- /dev/null +++ b/644/CH1/EX1.2/p2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 1.2 Find the velocity of charge leading to 1 A current which flows in a copper conductor of cross-section 1 cm^2 and length 10 Km. Free electron density of copper = 8.5X10^28 per m^3. How long will it take the electric charge to travel from one end of the conductor to the other. +// 1 metre = 100 centimetre +// 1 kilometre = 1000 metre +i =1; // value of current (A) +A = 10^-4;// crossectional area of the conductor (m^2) +L = 10*10^3;// length of the conductor (m) +n =8.5*10^28;// charge density (e/m^3) +// Let V be the velocity of charge (m/S) and t (s) be the time taken by the charge to travel from one end of the conductor to the other +// FORMULAE: V= i/nAe, where is charge of an electron and t =L/V +V = i/prod([n,A,e]);// calculation of drift velocity +t = L/V;//calculation of the time +disp(V," velocity of the charge (in m/S)=" ) +disp(t,"time taken by the charge to travel conductor of length 10 Km(second)=") diff --git a/644/CH1/EX1.3/p3.sce b/644/CH1/EX1.3/p3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8309331f --- /dev/null +++ b/644/CH1/EX1.3/p3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example1.3. A coil consists of 2000 turns of copper wire having a cross sectional area of 0.8 mm^2. The mean length per turn is 80 cm and resistivity of copper is 0.02 micro-ohm- metre. Find the resistance of the coil and power absorbed by the coil when connected across 110 V d.c. supply. +//1 millimetre = 10^-3 metre +// 1 micro-ohm = 10^-6 ohms +N = 2000; // number of turns +A = 0.8*10^-6;// crossectional area (m^2) +l = 80*10^-2;// mean length(m) +p = 0.02*10^-6;// resistivity (ohm-m) +V = 110; // supply voltage(V) +// Let R ohms be the resistance of the coil and P watts be the power absorbed +// FORMULAE: R=p*L/A , where L is the length of the coil ; P= V^2/R +L= prod([l,N]);// length of the coil(m) +R =prod([p,L])/A;// calculation of resisrance (ohms) +P = (V^2)/R;// power absorbed by the coil (Watts) +disp(R,"resistance of the coil (in ohms)= ") +disp(P,"power absorbed by the coil(in watts)=") diff --git a/644/CH1/EX1.4/p4.sce b/644/CH1/EX1.4/p4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d63e962de --- /dev/null +++ b/644/CH1/EX1.4/p4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example1.4 An aluminium wire 7.5 m long is connected in a parallel with a copper wire 6 m long. When a current of 5A is passed through the combination, it is found that the current in the aluminium wire is 3 A. The diameter of the aluminium wire is 1 mm. Determine the diameter of the copper wire. Resistivity of copper is 0.017 micro-ohm-metre; that of the aluminium is 0.028 micro-ohm- metre. +// 1 mm =10^-3m +// 1 micro-ohm = 10^-6 ohm +// let the numeral 1 represent aluminium and 2 represent copper. +//Formulae: R=pl/a ; a=%pi*d^2/4 +l1 = 7.5; //length of aluminium wire (m) +l2 = 6; // length of copper wire (m) +i = 5; // total current(amps) +i1= 3;// current through aluminium wire(amps) +d1 = 10^-3;// dia. of aluminium wire (m) +p1 = 0.028*10^-6;// resistivity of aluminium wire(ohm-m) +p2 = 0.017*10^-6;// resistivity of copper wire(ohm-m) +// let d2 be the diameter of the copper wire in meters +i2 = i -i1;// current through copper wire (amps) +// R1=P1l1/a1 and R2= p2l2/a2, on dividing R2/R1= (p2*l2*a1)/(p1*l1*a2)thus a2= a1*(R1/R2)*(p2/p1)*(l2/l1)----- (equ1) +// in parallel combination voltage remain same , therefore V= i1R1= i2R2 +//let R2/R1 =m +m=i2/i1; +a1= prod([%pi,d1^2])/4;// crossectional area of alluminium wire (m^2) +a2= prod([a1,m,(p2/p1),(l2/l1)]);// using equ1 +d2=sqrt(prod([4,a2])/%pi); // cal of diameter of copper wire (m) +ans= prod([d2,10^3]) +disp(ans,"diameter of copper wire(in mm)=") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/644/CH1/EX1.5/p5.sce b/644/CH1/EX1.5/p5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80fd8ea89 --- /dev/null +++ b/644/CH1/EX1.5/p5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 1.5 (a) A rectangular carbon block has dimensions 1.0cmx1.0cmx50cm.(i)What is the resistance measured between the two square ends? (ii)between two opposing rectangular faces/ resistivity of carbon at 20 degree centigrate is 3.5x10^-5 ohm-m. (b)A current of 5 A exists in a 10 ohm resistance for 4 minutes (i)how many coulombs and (ii)how many electrons pass through any section of the resistor in this time? charge on electron = 1.6X10^-19 C. +//(a) +p = 3.5*10^-5; // resistivity (ohm-m) +// (i), R=pl/A +A= 10^-4; //area (m^2) +l= 50*10^-2;// length (m) +R= prod([p,(l/A)]) +disp(R,"resistance measured between two square ends (in ohms)=") + +//(ii),R=pl/A +a = 50*10^-4;// area(m^2) +L = 10^-2;// length(m) +r = prod([p,(L/a)]) +disp(r,"resistance measured between two rectangular faces(in ohms)=") + +//(b) +clear +i= 5; // current (amps) +R = 10;// resistance (ohms) +t = 4*60;// time (s) +e = 1.6*10^-19;// charge on electron (C) +//(i), Q =it +Q = prod([i,t]) +disp(Q,"charge through 10 ohm resistor in 4 minutes(in coulombs)=") + +//(ii), Q = ne +n = Q/e +disp(n," number of electrons through 10 ohm resistor in 4 minutrs") + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..495ef36de Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f92b8fdf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.1/example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// e be the electron charge in coulombs (c) +e=-1.6*10^-19; + +// n be the no. of electrons + +n=4600; + +//total charge q in coulombs (c) + +q=n*e; + + +disp("q=") +disp(q) +units='coulombs C'; +q1=[string(q) units]; +disp(q1) +// In coulombs + + +// the total charge is -7.36*10^-16 coulombs + + + + + + + + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..013c5dfa6 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3e7a7aa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.2/example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// let q be the function of t q=f(t) + +deff('q=f(t)','q=5*t*sin(4*%pi*t)'); + +//i is the current at t=0.5seconds in Amperes + +derivative(f,0.5); + + i=ans; + +disp("i=") +disp(i) +units='Amperes A' +i=[string(i) units]; +disp(i) +// in amperes A + + +// the current i is 31.415 Amperes + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e49851643 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec65f6b32 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.3/example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// q be the charge in coulombs and i be the current in Ampere + +// i is given by i=(3*t^2-t) + +//charge is to be found between t=1s and t=2s + +integrate('3*t^2-t','t',1,2); + +// the charge between 1s and 2s is 5.5 coulombs + +q=ans; + +disp("q=") +disp(q) +units='Coulombs C' +q=[string(q) units]; +disp(q) +// in coulombs + + +// the charge is 5.5 coulombs diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11095af33 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e5b321c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.4/example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// i be the current in amperes i=2A + +// it flows for time t=10s + +// q be the total charge given by q=i*t + +i=2; + +t=10; + +q=i*t; + +// total charge is 20 coulombs + +// energy is 2.3KJ ( kilo joules) + +w=2.3*10^3; + +// voltage drop v in volts given by= v=w/q + +v=w/q; + +disp("v=") +disp(v) +units='Volts V' +v=[string(v) units]; +disp(v) +// in volts V + + + +// voltage drop is 115v + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92adb9bee Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15db24387 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.6/example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +p=100; + +t=2*3600; + +disp("t=") +disp(t) +// in seconds +disp("sec") + + +e=p*t; + +disp("e=") +disp(e) +units='Joules J' +e1=[string(e) units]; +disp(e1) +// in joules + + +// energy is 720000joules + + + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4475ecff4 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc378d99a --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.7/example1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//For p1, the 5-A current is out of the positive terminal (or into the negative terminal hence, + +// power(p) in watts is given by p=V*I + +// v voltage in volts and i current in Amperes + +p1=20*-5; + +disp("p1=") +disp(p1) +units='Watts W' +p1=[string(p1) units]; +disp(p1) + +// in watts + + +// power in p1 is -100w ie. the supplied power + +//For p2 and p3, the current flows into the positive terminal of the element in each case. hence, + +p2=12*5; + +disp("p2=") +disp(p2) +units='Watts W' +p2=[string(p2) units]; +disp(p2) + +// in watts + + +// p2 is 60w absorbed power + +p3=8*6; + +disp("p3=") +disp(p3) +units='Watts W' +p3=[string(p3) units]; +disp(p3) + +// in watts + + +// p3 is absorbed power + +//For p4,we should note that the voltage is 8V(positive at the top), the same as the voltage for p3, since both the passive element and the dependent source are connected to the same terminals. + +// i current is 5A + +p4=8*(-0.2*5); + +disp("p4=") +disp(p4) +units='Watts W' +p4=[string(p4) units]; +disp(p4) + +// in watts + + +// p4 is -8w supplied power + +// now... +p1=-100; +p2=60; +p3=48; +p4=-8; + +p0=p1+p2+p3+p4; +disp(p0) + +disp("W") +// in watts W + +// this shows that total power supplied equals total power absorbed. + + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb1a3daae Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92e2c4be5 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.8/example1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +// e be the charge of an electron e=-1.6*10^-19c + +// q be the charge, q=n*e where n is the no. of electrons + +// t is the time in seconds + +//i=q/t + +//i=(n*e)/t + +e=-1.6*10^-19; + +disp("e=") +disp(e) +// in coulombs C +disp("C") + +n=10^15; + +disp(n) + + +t=1; + +disp("t=") +disp(t) +// in seconds +disp("sec") + +i=(n*e)/t; + +disp("i=") +disp(i) +// in amperes A +disp("A") + + + +// i current is -0.00016A + +// power in watts P=V*I + +p=4; + +disp("p=") +disp(p) +// in watts W +disp("W") + + + +v=p/i; + +disp("v=") +disp(v) +// in Volts V +disp("V") + + +// voltage needed to accelerate electron beam to 4w is 25000V + +V/1000; + +disp("V=") +disp(V/1000) +disp("KV") + + +// V is 25Kv + diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.pdf b/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f827db450 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce b/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c775aed3a --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH1/EX1.9/example1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// total power P consumed is 3300Kwh + +// base monthly charge BMH is 12$ + +//First 100 kWh @ $0.16/kWh = $16.00 ; Next 200 kWh @ $0.10/kWh = $20.00; Remaining 100 kWh @ $0.06/kWh = $6.00 + +charge=16+12+20+6; + +disp(charge) +units='Coulombs C' +Q=[string(charge) units]; +disp(Q) +// in coulombs C + + +// total charge is 54$ + +// avg cost AC is + +AC=charge/(100+200+100); + +disp(AC) +units='Cents/KWH' +AC=[string(AC) units]; +disp(AC) + + +//13.5 cents/KWH + + diff --git a/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.pdf b/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebbcb0be3 Binary files /dev/null and b/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.pdf differ diff --git a/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce b/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2a363f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/656/CH2/EX2.1/example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// current is 2A +//120V +i=2; +v=120; +// v=I*R where R is the resistance in Ohms +r=v/i; +disp("r=") +disp(r) +units='Ohms' +r=[string(r) units]; +disp(r) diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.1/1.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d78f684 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.1 Induced Drag + +// Initialisation of variables +S = 39; +C = 6; +Cl = 0.8; + +// Calculations +AR = S/C; +alpha_i = 18.24*Cl/AR; +Cd_i = Cl^2/(%pi*AR); + +//Results +disp(Cd_i,"Induced drag coefficient :", alpha_i, "Induced angle of attack (degree) :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.10/10.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.10/10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19bfc2bda --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.10/10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.10 Ground Effect + +// Initialisation of variables +alp = 10; //True angle of attack +c = 6; +b = 36; +V = 100; // Free stream velocity +rho = 0.002387; +Cl = 1.07; //From fig 8.8 +Cd = 0.077; //From fig 8.8 +z = 4; // Height above ground +gap = 2*z; + +// Calculations +S = c*b; +L = Cl*(rho/2)*S*V^2; +D = Cd*(rho/2)*S*V^2; +gapBYspan = gap/S; +sigma = 0.46; // From fig 8.10 +EMAR = (b^2/S)/(1-sigma); +alpG = alp - (-5); //Effective geometric angle of attack for clark Y after sutracting zero lift angle. +a = alpG - 18.25*(1/c -1/EMAR) //Angle of attack measured from angle of zero lift for Cl = 1.07. +m = Cl/a; // Slope of lift curve +Cl_g = alpG*m // Lift Coefficient taking ground under consideration +L_g = Cl_g*(rho/2)*S*V^2 ; //Lift taking ground under consideration +Cd = 0.090; //From figure 8.8 for Cl = 1.19 +Cd_g = Cd - (Cl^2/%pi)*(1/c -1/EMAR); // Lift Coefficient taking ground under consideration +D_g = Cd_g*(rho/2)*S*V^2 ; //Drag taking ground under consideration + +//Results +disp(D,"Drag when ground is neglected (lb) :", L,"Lift when ground is neglected (lb) :" ); +disp(D_g,"Drag when ground is considered (lb) :", L_g,"Lift when ground is considered (lb) :" ); diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.2/2.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0963a4df7 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.2 Horse Power Required for Induce Drag + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 2000; +b = 38; +alt = 10000; +V = 80*1.467; + +// Calculations +Di = (363*(W/b)^2)/V^2 +HP_Di = Di*V/550; + +//Results +disp(HP_Di,"Horse power required to overcome induced drag (HP) :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.3/3.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eff54bf58 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.3 Correction for aspect ratio of monoplane + +// Initialisation of variables +AR6 = 6; +alp6 = 3; +Cl = 0.381; +Cd6 = 0.0170; +AR4 = 4; + +// Calculations +alp4 = alp6 - 18.24*Cl*(1/AR6 - 1/AR4); +Cd4 = Cd6 - Cl^2*(1/%pi)*(1/AR6 - 1/AR4); + +//Results +disp(Cd4,"Drag Coefficient at aspect ratio 4 :", alp4,"Angle of attack for aspect ration 4 :" ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.4/4.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b0e9e14a --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.4 Coefficient for infinite aspect ratio + +// Initialisation of variables +Cl0 = 1.03; +alp0 = 9; +Cd0 = 0.067; +Cl8 = 1.03; +AR8 = 8; + +// Calculations +alpi = 18.24*Cl0/AR8 +Cdi = Cl0^2/(%pi*AR8) +alp = alp0 +alpi; +Cd =Cd0 +Cdi; + +//Results +disp(Cd,"Drag Coefficient at aspect ratio 8 :", alp,"Angle of attack for aspect ratio 8 (Degree):" ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.5/5.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e57ece06 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.5 Coefficient for infinite aspect ratio + +// Initialisation of variables +slope = 0.09; +alp = 9; +AR = 6; + +// Calculations +Cl = alp*slope/(1 + 18.24*slope/AR); + +//Results +disp(Cl,"Lift Coefficient for AR = 6 and alpha = 9 :" ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.6/6.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb4f07173 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.6 Induced drag of tappered wings + +// Initialisation of variables +b = 46; +w = 4; +c = 8; +r = 2; +//data from figure 10.9 +CO = sqrt(6^2+19^2); +CH = sqrt(19.93^2 - 2^2); +EOH = atand(6/19); +COH = acosd(2/19.93); +GOH = 270 - EOH - COH; +Area_ABCD = 2*c; +Area_BGOC = 19*(2+8)*0.5; +Area_COH = 0.5*r*CH; +Area_GOH = GOH/360*(%pi*r^2); + +// Calculations +Area_half_wing = Area_ABCD + Area_BGOC + Area_COH + Area_GOH; +S = 2*Area_half_wing; +AR = b^2/S; + +//Results +disp(AR,"Required aspect ratio :" ); diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.7/7.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9a57d3ff --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.7 Equivalent monoplane aspect ratio + +// Initialisation of variables +b1 = 40; +C1 = 4+10/12; +b2 = 32; +C2 = 3+9/12; +gap = 4.5; + +// Calculations +mu = b2/b1; +Ratio_Gap_to_mean_span = 2*gap/(b1+b2); +sigma = 0.56; //From figure 10.10 +A1 = b1*C1; +A2 = b2*C2; +S = A1+A2; +r = A2/A1; +EMAR = (b1^2/S)*(mu*(1+r))^2/(mu^2 + 2*sigma*mu*r + r^2) ; + +//Results +disp(EMAR,"Effective monoplane aspect ratio :" ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.8/8.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f278ab2d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.8 Best lift distribution in biplane + +// Initialisation of variables +b1 = 30; +b2 = 27; +gap = 4.5; +S = 400; + +// Calculations +mu = b2/b1; +gapBYmeanspan = 2*gap/(b1+b2); +sigma = 0.538; //From fig 10.10 +r = (mu^2-sigma*mu)/(1-sigma*mu); +S1 = r*S; +S2 = S - S1; +C1 = S1/b1; +C2 = S2/b2; +EMAR = (b1^2/S)*(1 - 2*sigma*mu + mu^2)/(1-sigma^2) ; + +//Results +disp(EMAR,"EMAR when total area is 400 sq-ft :",r, "Ratio of areas of lower to upper wing " ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX10.9/9.sce b/689/CH10/EX10.9/9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5cba1c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX10.9/9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 10.9 Equivalent monoplane span + +// Initialisation of variables +b1 = 32; +b2 = 29; +gap = 4.63; +S1 = 152; +S2 = 120; + +// Calculations +mu = b2/b1; +gapBYmeanspan = 2*gap/(b1+b2); +sigma = 0.54; // from fig 10.10 +r = S2/S1; +k = sqrt(mu^2*(1+r)^2)/sqrt(mu^2 + 2*sigma*r*mu + r^2); +kb1 = k*b1; + +//Results +disp(kb1,"Equivalent monoplane span (ft):" ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH10/EX11.2/2.sce b/689/CH10/EX11.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3366f3ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH10/EX11.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 11.2 Critical Pressure + +// Initialisation of variables +V0 = 1.689*500; //Velocity in ft/sec +rho = 0.001267; //From table 4.1 +P = (848.7/12)*13.75; // Pressure at 20,000 ft +gma = 1.4; +g = 32.174; +R = 53.351; +T = 459.4+25; //Temperature in Rankine + +// Calculations +a0 = sqrt(gma*g*R*T); +M0 = V0/a0; +Pcr = (2/gma/M0^2)*((2/(gma + 1)+ (gma-1)*M0^2/(gma+1))^(gma/(gma-1))-1); + + + +//Results +disp(Pcr,"Critical Pressure Coefficient: ") ; diff --git a/689/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce b/689/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..414dbfbfb --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH11/EX11.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 11.1 Critical Velocity + +// Initialisation of variables +V0 = 1.47*480; //Velocity in ft/sec +rho = 0.001267; //From table 4.1 +P = (848.7/12)*13.75; // Pressure at 20,000 ft +gma = 1.4; + +// Calculations +a0 = sqrt(gma*P/rho); +M0 = V0/a0; +Vcr = a0*sqrt(((gma - 1)*M0^2 + 2)/(gma+1)); + +//Results +disp(Vcr/1.467,"Critical velocity(mph): ") ; diff --git a/689/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce b/689/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef0b6a7e --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH11/EX11.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 11.3 Lift at subsonic speed + +// Initialisation of variables +alp_z = -4; //Angle of attack at zero lift +M16 = 0.16; +Cl = 0.3; +alp = 1.5; +M0 = 0; +M65 = 0.65; +alp25 = 2.5; + +// Calculations +//At M = 1.6 +DCl_by_Dalp16 = Cl/(alp-alp_z); + +//At M = 0 +DCl_by_Dalp0 = DCl_by_Dalp16*sqrt(1-M16^2); + +////At M = 0.65 +DCl_by_Dalp65 = DCl_by_Dalp0/sqrt(1-M65^2); + +Cl25 = (alp25 - alp_z)*DCl_by_Dalp65; + +//Results +disp(Cl25,"Lift Coefficient at alpha = 2.5 degree: ") ; diff --git a/689/CH13/EX13.1/1.sce b/689/CH13/EX13.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6524c220 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH13/EX13.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 13.1 Struts + +// Initialisation of variables +V = 100; +l = 6; +n = 4; +D_rnd = 3/4; +D_stln = 5/8; + +// Calculations +Drag_rnd = 0.00026*D_rnd*V^2*l*n; +Drag_stln = 0.0000175*D_stln*V^2*l*n; + +//Results +disp(Drag_stln,"Drag due to streamlined struts(lb) :", Drag_rnd, "Drag due to round struts(lb) :"); diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.1/1.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd43d9e3f --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.1 Thrust and power coefficients + +// Initialisation of variables +P = 500*550; // Power in ft-lb/sec +V = 180*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 1900/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 9; // Diameter in ft +rho = 0.001756; + + +// Calculations +Cp = P/(rho*n^3*D^5); +V_By_nD = V/(n*D); +Ct = 0.074; // For corrosponding Cp and V/nD from figure 15.3.3 +T = Ct*rho*n^2*D^4; +Eff = Ct*V_By_nD/Cp; + +//Results +disp(Eff*100,"Propeller Efficiency (%) : ",T,"Thrust (lb) :") ; diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.2/2.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e673dd59 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.2 Thrust of a fixed pitch propeller +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 2200/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 6; // Diameter in ft +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +VnD0 = V/(n*D); +Ct0 = 0.075; +Cp0 = 0.076; +T0 = Ct0*rho*n^2*D^4; + +V = [VnD0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0]; +Ct = [Ct0 0.120 0.132 0.144 0.160 0.173 0.186 0.198]; +Cp = [Cp0 0.103 0.108 0.112 0.118 0.122 0.124 0.127]; +CtByCp = diag(Ct)/diag(Cp); +T = T0*(Cp0/Ct0)*CtByCp; +Eff = diag(V)*diag(CtByCp); +Result = zeros(8,6); +Result(:,1) = V'; +Result(:,2) = Ct'; +Result(:,3) = Cp'; +Result(:,4) = diag(CtByCp); +Result(:,5) = diag(T); +Result(:,6) = Eff; + +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD Ct Cp Ct/Cp T Efficiency !!") ; diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.3/3.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69d98486 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.3 Power of a fixed pitch propeller +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 2200/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 6; // Diameter in ft +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +VnD0 = V/(n*D); +Ct0 = 0.075; +Cp0 = 0.076; +T0 = Ct0*rho*n^2*D^4; + +V = [VnD0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 ]; +Ct = [Ct0 0.082 0.100 0.120 0.132 0.144 ]; +Cp = [Cp0 0.080 0.093 0.103 0.108 0.112 ]; +CtByCp = diag(Ct)/diag(Cp); +T = T0*(Cp0/Ct0)*CtByCp; +Eff = diag(V)*diag(CtByCp); +Eff0 = Eff(1); +Cp0 = linspace(Cp0,Cp0, 6); +Cp0ByCp = diag(diag(Cp0)/diag(Cp)) + +Eff/Eff0; +Eff/Eff0*(n*60); +bhp = [125 123 117 112 110 109]; // From manufactures chart +thp = diag(bhp)*diag(Eff); + +Result = zeros(6,11); +Result(:,1) = V'; +Result(:,2) = Ct'; +Result(:,3) = Cp'; +Result(:,4) = Cp0ByCp; +Result(:,5) = Eff/Eff0; +Result(:,6) = Result(:,5)*2200; +Result(:,7) = bhp'; +Result(:,8) = diag(CtByCp); +Result(:,9) = Eff; +Result(:,10) = diag(thp); +Result(:,11) = diag(diag(Result(:,1))*diag(Result(:,6))*(D/88)); + +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD Ct Cp CP0/Cp n/n0 rpm bhp Ct/Cp Efficiency thp V !!") ; +disp("There is a calculation mistake in calculating n/no hence the dependent answer varies"); diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.4/4.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5361d7386 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.4 Thrust Horse Power for a fixed pitch propeller +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 2200/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 6; // Diameter in ft +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +VnD0 = V/(n*D); +Ct0 = 0.075; +Cp0 = 0.076; +T0 = Ct0*rho*n^2*D^4; + +V = [VnD0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 ]; +Ct = [Ct0 0.082 0.100 0.120 0.132 0.144 ]; +Cp = [Cp0 0.080 0.093 0.103 0.108 0.112 ]; +CtByCp = diag(Ct)/diag(Cp); +T = T0*(Cp0/Ct0)*CtByCp; +Eff = diag(V)*diag(CtByCp); +Eff0 = Eff(1); +RPM = Eff/Eff0*2200; +Cp0 = linspace(Cp0,Cp0, 6); +Cp0ByCp = diag(diag(Cp0)/diag(Cp)) + +Eff/Eff0; +Eff/Eff0*(n*60); +bhp = [125 123 117 112 110 109]; // From manufactures chart +thp = diag(bhp)*diag(Eff); +sigma = 0.7384; // From table 4.1; +Bhp10KBySL = 0.673; // Ratios of BHP from fig 14.3 +RPMfactor = Bhp10KBySL/sigma; +BHPfactor = RPMfactor*Bhp10KBySL; + +Result = zeros(6,9); +Result(:,1) = V'; +Result(:,2) = RPM; +Result(:,3) = bhp'; +Result(:,4) = diag(diag(Result(:,1))*diag(Result(:,2))*(D/88)); +Result(:,5) = Eff; +Result(:,6) = RPM*RPMfactor; +Result(:,7) = bhp'*BHPfactor; +Result(:,8) = Result(:,4)*RPMfactor; +Result(:,9) = diag(diag(Result(:,7))*diag(Result(:,5))); +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD rpm_SL bhp_SL V_SL Eff_SL rpm_10K bhp_10K V_10K thp_10K !!") ; +disp("There is a calculation mistake in calculating n/no hence the dependent answer varies"); diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.5/5.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c7ad9a4b --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.5 Thrust of a constant speed propeller +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 1800/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 9.5; // Diameter in ft +P = 600*550; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +Cp = P/(rho*n^3*D^5); +ThrustCoeff = rho*n^2*D^4; +VeloCoeff = n*60*D/88; +5 +VBynD = linspace(0.5,0,6); +Ct = [0.09 0.101 0.112 0.122 0.132 0.142]; // From figure 15.4 for corrospondiong values of V/nD at Cp = 0.066 +T = Ct*ThrustCoeff; +V = VBynD*VeloCoeff; + +Result = zeros(6,4); +Result(:,1) = VBynD'; +Result(:,2) = Ct'; +Result(:,3) = T'; +Result(:,4) = V'; +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD Ct T V(mph) !!") ; diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.6/6.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7362b8662 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.6 Thrust Horsepower of a constant speed propeller at Sea level +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 1800/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 9.5; // Diameter in ft +P = 600*550; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +Cp = P/(rho*n^3*D^5); +ThrustCoeff = rho*n^2*D^4; +VeloCoeff = n*60*D/88; + +VBynD = [1.03 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6]; +Ct = [0.055 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.076 0.086]; // From figure 15.4 for corrospondiong values of V/nD at Cp = 0.066 +T = Ct*ThrustCoeff; +V = VBynD*VeloCoeff; + +Result = zeros(6,6); +Result(:,1) = VBynD'; +Result(:,2) = Ct'; +Result(:,3) = Result(:,2)/Cp; +Result(:,4) = diag(diag(Result(:,3))*diag(Result(:,1))); // Using equation 15.5.5 +Result(:,5) = Result(:,4)*P/550; +Result(:,6) = V'; +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD Ct Ct/Cp Efficiency thp V(mph) !!") ; diff --git a/689/CH15/EX15.7/7.sce b/689/CH15/EX15.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc23480d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH15/EX15.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 15.7 Thrust Horsepower of a constant speed propeller at an altitude +// Initialisation of variables +V = 125*1.467; // Velocity in ft/sec +n = 1800/60; // Rotaion per second +D = 9.5; // Diameter in ft +P = 600*550; +rho = 0.001756; + +// Calculations +//For Beta = 23 degree +Cp = P/(rho*n^3*D^5); +ThrustCoeff = rho*n^2*D^4; +VeloCoeff = n*60*D/88; + +VBynD = [1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6]; +Ct = [0.073 0.081 0.087 0.096 0.108]; // From figure 15.4 for corrospondiong values of V/nD at Cp = 0.066 +T = Ct*ThrustCoeff; +V = VBynD*VeloCoeff; + +Result = zeros(5,6); +Result(:,1) = VBynD'; +Result(:,2) = Ct'; +Result(:,3) = Result(:,2)/Cp; +Result(:,4) = diag(diag(Result(:,3))*diag(Result(:,1))); // Using equation 15.5.5 +Result(:,5) = Result(:,4)*P/550; +Result(:,6) = V'; +//Results + +disp(Result,"!! V/nD Ct Ct/Cp Efficiency thp V(mph) !!") ; diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.pdf b/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25d86c55f Binary files /dev/null and b/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.pdf differ diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.sce b/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4aaee889 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH16/EX16.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 16.1 Horsepower required at sea level +// Initialisation of variables +W = 2000; +b = 36; +c = 6; +Dp = 3.8; // Parasite drag equivalent + +// Calculations +S = b*c; +WingLoading = W/S; +VeloCoeff = sqrt(WingLoading/0.00256) +Hp_WingCoeff = 0.00256*S/375; +Hp_parCoeff = 0.00327*Dp/375; + +alp = [-4 -3 -2 -1 0 4 8 12 16 18 19 20]; +Cl = [0.07 0.14 0.215 0.285 0.36 0.6455 0.93 1.19 1.435 1.545 1.560 1.540]; // Values from fig 8.8 +Cd = [0.010 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.033 0.060 0.095 0.139 0.164 0.180 0.206]; // Values from fig 8.8 + + +Result = zeros(12,7); +Result(:,1) = alp'; +Result(:,2) = Cl'; +Result(:,3) = Cd'; +Result(:,4) = 60.0*diag(inv(diag(sqrt(Cl)'))); // Using equation 15.5.5 +Result(:,5) = diag(diag(Result(:,3))*diag(Result(:,4)^3))*Hp_WingCoeff; +Result(:,6) = Result(:,4)^3*Hp_parCoeff; +Result(:,7) = Result(:,5) + Result(:,6); + +//Results +disp(Result,"!! alpha Cl Cd V HP wing HP Par HP Total !!") ; +clf(); +plot2d(Result(:,4),[Result(:,5) Result(:,6) Result(:,7)]); +legend(['HP Req Wing'; 'HP Req Par'; 'HP Req Total'],2); +xlabel("Miles Per Hour"); +ylabel("HorsePower"); +title("Horsepower required for various airspeeds "); +set(gca(),"grid",[1 1]) + diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.pdf b/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fce023575 Binary files /dev/null and b/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.pdf differ diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.sce b/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a80b8792 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH16/EX16.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 16.2 Horsepower required at sea level +// Initialisation of variables +W = 4225; +b1 = 38; +b2 = 35; +Gap = 5.35; +S1 = 214; +S2 = 150; +Dp = 9.4; // Parasite drag equivalent + +// Calculations +mu =b2/b1; +Gab_MeanSpan = 2*Gap/(b1+b2); +S = S1 + S2; +sigma = 0.56; //From fig 10.10 +r = S2/S1; +K = mu*(1+r)/sqrt(mu^2 + 2*sigma*r*mu + r^2); +EMAR = K^2*b1^2/S; +Coeff_Cdi = 1/(%pi*EMAR); +Cdp = 1.28*Dp/S; +Coeff_Cl = W/(0.00256*S) +Coeff_HPTot = 0.00256*S/375; + +V = [54 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150]; +Cl = Coeff_Cl*diag(inv(diag(V^2))); +Cd0 = [0.043 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009] +Cdi = Cl^2*Coeff_Cdi; +Cd = Cd0+Cdi'+Cdp; +Hp = Coeff_HPTot*diag(diag(V^3)*diag(Cd)); +Result = zeros(11,6); +Result(:,1) = V'; +Result(:,2) = Cl; +Result(:,3) = Cd0'; +Result(:,4) = Cdi; +Result(:,5) = Cd'; +Result(:,6) = Hp; + +disp(Result,"!! V Cl Cd0 Cdi Cd HP Req !!") ; +clf(); +plot2d(Result(:,1),Result(:,6)); +xlabel("Miles Per Hour"); +ylabel("HorsePower"); +title("Horsepower required for various airspeeds "); +set(gca(),"grid",[1 1]) + diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.pdf b/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf04ba2c Binary files /dev/null and b/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.pdf differ diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.sce b/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3bd7dbe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH16/EX16.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 16.3 Horsepower required at sea level +// Initialisation of variables +W = 11200; +S = 365; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +Cl = poly(0,'Cl'); +Cd = 0.023 + 0.0445*Cl^2; +Coeff_Velo = 19.77*sqrt(W/S); //Using equtaion 8.5.2 +Coeff_HP = W^1.5/(550*sqrt(rho*S/2)); //Using equation 8.16.1 +Cl = [0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4]'; + + +Result = zeros(8,8); +Result(:,1) = Cl; +Result(:,2) = Cl^2; +Result(:,3) = sqrt(Cl); +Result(:,4) = Cl^1.5; +Result(:,5) = horner(Cd,Cl); +Result(:,6) = diag(diag(Result(:,5))*inv(diag(Result(:,4)))); +Result(:,7) = Coeff_HP*Result(:,6); +Result(:,8) = Coeff_Velo*diag(inv(diag(Result(:,3)))); + +disp(Result,"!!Cl Cl^2 Cl^0.5 Cl^1.5 Cd Cd/Cl^1.5 Hp req V(mph) !!") ; +clf(); +plot2d(Result(:,8),Result(:,7)); +xlabel("Miles Per Hour"); +ylabel("HorsePower"); +title("Power Curves "); +set(gca(),"grid",[1 1]) + diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.pdf b/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa6429c0b Binary files /dev/null and b/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.pdf differ diff --git a/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.sce b/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99ea92016 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH16/EX16.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 16.4 Power required at level flight at altitude +a10K = 1.16; +a15K = 1.26; +alp = [-4 -3 -2 -1 0 4 8 12 16 18 19]'; //From table 16.1 +V = [ 228 161 130 112 100 74.9 62.3 55.2 50.2 48.1 48.1]'; //From table 16.1 +HPreq = [566 199 111 76 60 34 29 29 30 31 33]'; //From table 16.1 + +Result = zeros(11,7); +Result(:,1) = alp; +Result(:,2) = V; +Result(:,3) = HPreq; +Result(:,4) = a10K*V; +Result(:,5) = a10K*HPreq; +Result(:,6) = a15K*V; +Result(:,7) = a15K*HPreq; + +disp(Result,"!!AlphaSL V_SL HPreq_SL V_10K HPreq_10K V_15K HPreq_15K !!") ; +clf(); +plot2d([Result(:,2),Result(:,4),Result(:,6)],[Result(:,3),Result(:,5),Result(:,7)],rect = [0 ,0,180,180]); +legend(['Sealevel';'10,000 altitude'; '15,000 altitude'],2); +xlabel("Miles Per Hour"); +ylabel("HorsePower"); +title("Power Curves "); +set(gca(),"grid",[1 1]) + diff --git a/689/CH17/EX17.1/1.sce b/689/CH17/EX17.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3a0bd1c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH17/EX17.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 17.1 Absolute and service ceilings +//Variable Initialisation +W = 4000; +DelHp0 = 60; +DelHp10K = 17; + +//Calculation +RC0 = DelHp0*33000/W; +RC10K = DelHp10K*33000/W; +H = 10000/(1 - (RC10K/RC0)); +Hs = H*(RC0-100)/RC0; + +//Results +disp(Hs,"Service Ceiling (ft) : "); diff --git a/689/CH17/EX17.2/2.sce b/689/CH17/EX17.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea0ebc51e --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH17/EX17.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 17.2 Time to Climb Altitude +//Variable Initialisation +RC0 = 1000; //Rate of climb at sea level +H = 15000; //Absolute Ceiling +h = 7000; // Height to climb + +//Calculation +t = H*log(H/(H-h))/RC0; +//Results +disp(t,"Time to climb (min) : "); diff --git a/689/CH17/EX17.3/3.sce b/689/CH17/EX17.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40e274eec --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH17/EX17.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 17.2 Time to Climb Formula +//Variable Initialisation +h1 = 8000; +h2 = 13600; + +//Calculation +H = h1^2/(2*h1-h2); + +//Results +disp(H,"Ceiling (ft) : "); diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.1/1.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..432479918 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.1 On Law Of Continuity + +// Initialisation of variables +dA_by_dS = -0.1; +A = 4; +V = 90; + +// Calculations +dV_by_dS = -1*V*dA_by_dS/A; +if(dV_by_dS > 0 ) then + flag = "Increasing"; +else flag = "Decreasing"; +end + +//Results +disp(dV_by_dS,flag, "The Velocity (ft/sec)is :"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.2/2.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da671cc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 2.2 On Bernoulli's Equation + +// Initialisation of variables +D1 = 8; +P1 = 20*144; //Gage Pressure in lb per square feet +q = 1000; //Rate of flow in gallon per minute. +D2 = 4; +Patm = 2116.2; +rho = 62.4; + +// Calculations +q = q*231/(1728*60); //Rate of flow in ft^3/sec +A1 = %pi*(D1/12/2)^2; // Area in ft^2 +A2 = %pi*(D2/12/2)^2; +V1 = q/A1; +V2 = q/A2; +P1_abs = P1 + Patm; +P2_abs = P1_abs + (1/2)*rho*(V1^2 - V2^2)/32.2; // Bernoulli's Equation +P2 = (P2_abs - Patm)/144; + +//Results +disp(P2, "The gage pressure in pipe at D = 4 inch (lb per sq in) :"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.3/3.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cad8802a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.3 On Venturi Tube + +// Initialisation of variables +Da = 12 / 12; +Db = 6 / 12; +DP = 5*70.73; //Pressure difference in lb per sq feet +rho = 62.4; + +// Calculations +Ab = %pi*(Db/2)^2; +Ab_Aa = (Db/Da)^2; +Denominator = (rho/2)*(1 - Ab_Aa^2)/32.2; +Q = Ab*sqrt(DP/Denominator); //Formula for venturi tube + +//Results +disp(Q, "Flow rate (cu ft per sec) :"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.4/4.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6780f099b --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.4 On Stagnation Point + +// Initialisation of variables +h = 50; +v = 12*5280/3600; //Speed in feet/sec +w = 62.4; + +// Calculations +Po = w*h; +Ps = Po + (1/2)*w*v^2/32.2; + +//Results +disp(Ps/144, "Impact Pressure on nose (lb/sq-in):"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.5/5.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cbd5cf84 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.5 On Stagnation Point + +// Initialisation of variables +h = 50; +v = 100*5280/3600; //Speed in feet/sec +rho_0 = 0.002378; +rho_10000 = 0.001756; + +// Calculations +Po = w*h; +Ps_Po1 = (1/2)*rho_0*v^2; +Ps_Po2 = (1/2)*rho_10000*v^2; +V = 0.682*sqrt(Ps_Po2/(rho_0/2)); + +//Results +disp(V, "Part(c) Reading of airspeed indicator (mph):", Ps_Po2,"Part (b) difference between impact and static pressure at altitude 10000 ft(lb/sq-ft):", Ps_Po1,"Part (a) difference between impact and static pressure at sea level (lb/sq-ft):"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.6/6.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8c19f359 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.6 On Velocity and Stream Function + +// Initialisation of variables +function[z] = shi(x,y) + z = x^2 - y^2; +endfunction + +// Calculations +h = 0.00001; +u = (shi(3,2+h)-shi(3,2))/h; // Partial derivative wrt y +v = -(shi(3+h,2)-shi(3,2))/h; +Velo = sqrt(u^2+v^2); +theta = atand(v/u); + +//Results +disp(theta,"Anticlockwise angle at P(3,2) (Degree)", Velo, "Magnitude of velocity at P(3,2) (ft/sec)"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.7/7.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f2bbe803 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 2.7 Uniform Flow Plus a Source + +// Initialisation of variables +U = 100; +m = 600; +P0 = 2116.2; +rho = 0.002378; +function[z] = shi(x,y) + z = -U*y + (m/(2*%pi)*atan(y/x)); +endfunction + +// Calculations +h = 0.000001; +u = (shi(h,1.5+h)-shi(h,1.5))/h ; // Partial derivative is ts taken in just the neighbourhood of 0 as if we take absolute zero then there will be a divide by zero error. +v = -(shi(2*h,1.5)-shi(h,1.5))/h ; +Velo = sqrt(u^2+v^2); +P = P0 - (rho/2)*(Velo^2-U^2); + +//Results +disp(P,"Pressure at P(0, 1.5) (lb/sq-ft)"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.8/8.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..706c61575 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Example 2.8 Source Plus Sink Plus Uniform Flow + +// Initialisation of variables + +U = -100; +m = 314.2; +P0 = 2116.2; +rho = 0.002378; +c = 1; +x = 1.05; +y = 0.6; +P0 = 2116.2; +function[z] = shi(x,y) + z = -U*y + (m/(2*%pi)*atan(2*c*y/(x^2-y^2-c^2))); +endfunction + +// Calculations +h = 0.00001; +u = (shi(x,y+h)-shi(x,y))/h ; +v = -(shi(x+h,y)-shi(x,y))/h ; +Velo = sqrt(u^2+v^2); +P = P0 - (rho/2)*(Velo^2-U^2); + +//Results +disp(P,"Pressure at P(1.05, 0.6) (lb/sq-ft)"); + diff --git a/689/CH2/EX2.9/9.sce b/689/CH2/EX2.9/9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2eaa7755d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH2/EX2.9/9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.9 Flow around a circular cylinder + +// Initialisation of variables +P0 = 2116.2; +U = 100; +rho = 0.002378; +theta = 15; + +// Calculations +P = P0 + rho*U^2*(1 - 4*sind(theta)^2)/2; + +//Results +disp(P,"Pressure at a point on the surface of cylinder (lb/sq-ft)"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..331eb6908 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.1 Equation of states + +// Initialisation of variables +T = 45+459.4; +P = 25.93; +P0 = 29.92; +T0 = 518.4; +rho_0 = 0.002378 + +// Calculations +rho = P*rho_0*T0/(P0*T); + +//Results +disp(rho , "Density of dry air when pressure is 25.93 inch (pound/inch3):"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ca4c518e --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.2 Equation of states + +// Initialisation of variables +T = -10+459.4; +P = 16.38; +P0 = 29.92; +T0 = 518.4; +rho_0 = 0.002378 +g = 32.1740; + +// Calculations +rho = P*rho_0*T0/(P0*T); +W = rho*g; + +//Results +disp(W , "Spwcific gravity of dry air (lb/ft3):"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..593cdd39d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.3 On Adiabatic Process + +// Initialisation of variables +gma = 1.4; +rho_0 = 0.002378; +P1 = 2*2116.2; // Pressure ion lb per sq ft +P0 = 1*2116.2; // Pressure ion lb per sq ft +T0 = 59+459.4; + +// Calculations +rho1 = rho_0*(P1/P0)^(1/gma); +T1 =T0*(rho_0/rho1)*(P1/P0); + +//Results + +disp(T1-459.4 , "(b)Temperature if air is compressed adiabatically to 2 atm (degree farenheit):",rho1, "(a)Density if air is compressed adiabatically to 2 atm (Slug per cu ft):"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f110b6f19 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.4 On Speed of sound + +// Initialisation of variables +gma = 1.4; +g = 32.174; +R = 53.351; +T = 59+459.4; + +// Calculations +a = sqrt(gma*g*R*T); +//Results +disp(a , "Speed of sound in standard temperature 59 degree farenheit (ft/sec):"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95c64eeb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.5 Speed of sound + +// Initialisation of variables +gma = 1.4; +P = 2116.2; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +a = sqrt(gma*P/rho); +//Results +disp(a , "Speed of sound in standard pressure 2116.2 lbper sq ft, and standard density 0.002378slug per cu ft. (in ft/sec):"); + diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..477408485 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.6 Bernoulli Equation for compressible flow + +// Initialisation of variables +gma = 1.4; +P0 = 14.7; +rho = 0.002378; +V0= 500; +P1 = 13.5; + +// Calculations +a0 = sqrt(gma*P/rho); +V1 =sqrt(V0^2 + 2*a0^2*(1-(P1/P0)^(1-1/gma))/(gma-1)); + +//Results +disp(V1 , "Speed of sound when pressure is 13.5 lb per sq in (in ft/sec):"); diff --git a/689/CH3/EX3.7/7.sce b/689/CH3/EX3.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f48b741c --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH3/EX3.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 3.7 Similar Flows + +// Initialisation of variables +c = 3/12; //chord length in feet +V = 100*1.467; // velocity in ft/sec +R = 0.002378; +mu = 0.000000373; + +// Calculations +RN = rho*V*c/mu; +//Results +disp(RN , "Reynolds no:"); + diff --git a/689/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce b/689/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daa2a3ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH4/EX4.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 4.1 Standard Pressure at Altitude Below 35332 Feet + +// Initialisation of variables +Z = 18000; +a = 0.003566; +P0 = 29.92; +T0 = 518.4; +R = 53.33; +rho_0 = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +T = T0 - a*Z; +P = P0*(T/T0)^(1/a/R); +rho = rho_0*P*T0/(P0*T); + +//Results +disp(rho,"Density (slug per cu ft):",P,"Pressure (inch Hg):", T-459.4, "Temperature (Degree Farenheit):", "!---At an altitude of 18000 ft in standard altitude ---! "); + diff --git a/689/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce b/689/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef265620c --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH4/EX4.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 4.2 Standard Pressure at Altitude After 35332 Feet + +// Initialisation of variables +P0 = 6.925; +Z = 40000; +R = 53.33; +Z0 = 35332; +T = 392.4; +rho_0 = 0.002378; +P0_SL = 29.92; // Pressure at sea level + +// Calculations +P = P0*%e^((-Z+Z0)/(R*T)); +rho = rho_0 *P*T0/(P0_SL*T); + +//Results +disp(rho,"Density (slug per cu ft):",P,"Pressure (inch Hg):", "!---At an altitude of 40000 ft in standard altitude ---! "); + diff --git a/689/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce b/689/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31751d1b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH4/EX4.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 4.3 Effect of Humidity + +// Initialisation of variables +Dry_Bulb = 80; +Wet_Bulb = 76; +Factor = 1.68; +P = 29.92; +T = 459.4+80; +P = 29.30; +Var3_by_8e = 0.30; // From Graph + +// Calculations +Dew_Point = Dry_Bulb - (Dry_Bulb-Wet_Bulb)*Factor; +rho = 0.04120*(P - Var3_by_8e)/T; +//Results +disp(rho,"Density of the air when the temperature is 80 degree celcius(slug per cu ft):",Dew_Point,"Dew_Point :"); + diff --git a/689/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce b/689/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae484aa13 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH5/EX5.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 5.1 Flat Plates Nornmal to Direction to Flow + +// Initialisation of variables +l = 10; +h = 8; +V = 40; + +// Calculations +A = l*h; +F = 0.00327*A*V^2; + +//Results +disp(F,"Force in plate (lb) :"); + diff --git a/689/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce b/689/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d8ccaf0f --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH5/EX5.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 5.2 Flat Plates Nornmal to Direction to Flow + +// Initialisation of variables +V1 = 1; +F1 = 0.012; +V2 = 35; + +// Calculations +A = F1/(0.00327*V1^2) +F2 = 0.00327*A*V2^2; + +//Results +disp(F2,"Force on windshield when wind velocity is 35 mph (lb) :"); + diff --git a/689/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce b/689/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b32d1f1fc --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH5/EX5.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 5.3 Curved Deflecting Surface + +// Initialisation of variables +eps = 4; +rho = 0.002378; +w = 50; +h = 10; +V = 88; // Velocity in ft per seconds + +// Calculations +A = w*h; +F = rho*A*V^2*sqrt(2*(1-cosd(eps))); +Fh = rho*A*V^2*(1-cosd(eps)); +Fv = rho*A*V^2*sind(eps); + +//Results +disp(Fv,"Vertical component of Force(lb) :",Fh,"Horizontal component of Force(lb:)", F,"Net Force(lb) :", "!----Magnitude of force required deflect 4 degree ddownward without loss in speed ----!"); + diff --git a/689/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce b/689/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a17dceaa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH5/EX5.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 5.4 Inclined Flat Plates + +// Initialisation of variables +Cl = 0.73; // From Figure +Cd = 0.164; // From Figure +l = 12; +w = 2; +alpha = 12; +V = 50; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +A = l*w; +L = (Cl*rho*A*V^2)/2; +D = (Cd*rho*A*V^2)/2; +R = sqrt(L^2+D^2); + +//Results +disp(R,"Total Force (lb) :", D ,"Force Parallel to Airstream (lb):",L,"Force Parallel to Airstream (lb):"); + diff --git a/689/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce b/689/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c175ba051 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH7/EX7.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 7.1 Pressure distribution in real fluid + +// Initialisation of variables +ky_U = [-1.56 -4.00 -1.58 -2.71 -3.01 -7.36 -2.88 -4.40 -1.58 -2.20 -0.64 -0.60 -0.04]; +ky_L = [-0.91 0.93 0.49 0.89 1.22 2.52 1.10 1.92 .86 1.56 0.70 1.16 0.23]; +x = 0.1; +alpha = 16; + +i = 1;L = 0; U = 0; +while(i < = length(ky_L)), + L = L + ky_L(i); + U = U + ky_U(i); + i = i + 1 ; +end + +// Calculations +Cn = x*(abs(L) + abs(U))/3; +Cc = -0.34; +Cl = Cn*cosd(alpha)-Cc*sind(alpha); + +//Results +disp(Cl,"Lift Coefficient :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.1/1.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db929df26 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.1 Lift Equation + +// Initialisation of variables +V = 100*1.467; // Velocity in ft/s +alpha =4; +S = 250; //Wing Area. +rho = 0.00237; + +// Calculations +Cl = 0.649; // From figure 8.8 +W = Cl*rho/2*S*V^2; + +//Results +disp(W,"Weight with which an airplane can fly with Clark Y wing (lb) :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.10/10.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.10/10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f358741d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.10/10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.10 Polar Curves + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 2000; +S = 180; +V = 120*1.467; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +Cl = 2*(W/S)/(rho*V^2); +Cd = 0.019 ; //From fig 8.19 +LbyD = Cl/Cd; +L = W; // for level flight lift = weight +D = L/LbyD; +HP = D*V/550; + +//Results +disp(HP,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.11/11.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.11/11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..772b0ce81 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.11/11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.11 Absolute Coefficients with metric units + +// Initialisation of variables +S = 35; +V = 40; +alpha = 4; +rho = 0.125; + +// Calculations +Cl = 0.76; // Value of Cl from fig 8.10 +L = Cl*(rho/2)*S*V^2; +//Results +disp(L,"Required Lift (Kg):"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.12/12.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.12/12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c4aad08e --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.12/12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.12 Absolute Coefficients with metric units + +// Initialisation of variables +WbyS = 30; //Wing loading(kg/m^2) +V = 40; +alpha = 2; +rho = 0.125; + +// Calculations +Cl = 0.585; // Value of Cl from fig 8.10 +V = sqrt(2*WbyS/(rho*Cl)); +//Results +disp(V,"Required speed (m/s):"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.13/13.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.13/13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09cbe797b --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.13/13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.13 Power in terms of Cd/Cl^3/2 + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 4000; +S = 300; +Cl = 1.2; +Cd = 0.1; +rho = 0.002378; +// Calculations +HP = (W/550)*(Cd/Cl^1.5)*sqrt(W/S)/sqrt(rho/2); + +//Results +disp(HP,"Required Horse Power(hp):"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.14/14.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.14/14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2f85347f --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.14/14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.14 Moment Coefficient and center of pressure + +// Initialisation of variables +alpha = 2; +V = 120; +b = 42; +c = 7; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +S = b*c; +Cl = 0.295; //From fig 8.13 +Cd = 0.0156; //From fig 8.13 +CP = .36; //From fig 8.13 +CMo = -CP*(Cl*cosd(alpha)+Cd*sind(alpha)); +Mo = CMo*C*S*V^2*(rho/2); + +//Results +disp(Mo,"Moment about leading edge (ft-lb):"); diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.15/15.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.15/15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49dab16ab --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.15/15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.15 Center of Pressure + +// Initialisation of variables +WbyS = 8; //Wing Loading +V = 100*1.467; +CMo = -0.067; + +// Calculations +Cl = (2*WbyS/(rho*V^2)) +CM_qtrChrd = CMo; +CP = 0.25 - CM_qtrChrd/Cl; + +//Results +disp(CP*100,"Center of Pressure in % of chord length:"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.16/16.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.16/16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74fa68127 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.16/16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.16 Center of Pressure + +// Initialisation of variables +CMo = -0.27; +alpha = 6; +Cl = 0.84; +Cd = 0.06; + +// Calculations +CP_approx = -CMo/Cl; +CP_exact = -CMo/(Cl*cosd(alpha)+Cd*sind(alpha)); + +//Results +disp(CP_exact*100,"Exact CP (%chord length) :",CP_approx*100,"Approximate CP (%chord length)"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.2/2.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef80c4492 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.2 Lift Equation + +// Initialisation of variables +V = 90*1.467; // Velocity in ft/s +S = 300; //Wing Area. +rho = 0.00237; +W = 3000; + +// Calculations +Cl = W*2/(rho*S*V^2); // From figure 8.8 + +//Results +disp("Corrosponding value of alpha for the above Lift Coefficient is 1.7 degree (from fig 8.8).",Cl,"Lift Coefficient for the above data is :"); diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.3/3.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aadfeb0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.3 Lift Equation + +// Initialisation of variables +W_by_S = 9; +rho = 0.002378; +alpha = 6 ; +Cl = 0.791; // Value of Cl from fig 8.8 + +// Calculations +V = sqrt(W_by_S*2/(rho*Cl)); + +//Results +disp(V,"Velocity in ft/sec :"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.4/4.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.4/4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd1f4d42a --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.4/4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.4 Power Required by Wing + +// Initialisation of variables +S = 350; +V = 80; +alpha = 6; +Cd = 0.0452; // Value of Cd from fig 8.8 +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +D = Cd*rho/2*S*V^2; +HP = D*V/550; + +//Results +disp(HP,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :",D,"Drag (lb):"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.5/5.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.5/5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..284e76c7d --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.5/5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.5 Flying Level at Altitude + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 2000; +S = 350; +V = 100*1.467; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +Cl = 2*(W/S)/(rho*V^2); +alpha = -1.75; // From fig 8.15 +Cd = 0.014; // From fig 8.15 +D = Cd*(rho/2)*S*V^2; +HP = D*V/550; + +// At 10000 ft altitude density is lower as compared to the density at sea level. +rhoX = 0.001756; +Cl = 2*(W/S)/(rhoX*V^2); +alpha = -0.75; // From fig 8.15 +Cd = 0.016; // From fig 8.15 +D1 = Cd*(rhoX/2)*S*V^2; +HP1 = D1*V/550; + +//Results +disp(HP1,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :",D1,"Drag (lb):","!------Part (b)------!",HP,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :",D,"Drag (lb):","!------Part (a)------!"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.6/6.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.6/6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a5bd7261 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.6/6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.5 Flying Level at Altitude + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 4000; +S = 350; +V = 100*1.467; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +Cl = 2*(W/S)/(rho*V^2); +alpha = 1.5; // From fig 8.15 +Cd = 0.0217; // From fig 8.15 +D = Cd*(rho/2)*S*V^2; +HP = D*V/550; + +// At 10000 ft altitude density is lower as compared to the density at sea level. +rhoX = 0.001756; +Cl = 2*(W/S)/(rhoX*V^2); +alpha = 3.5; // From fig 8.15 +Cd = 0.0308; // From fig 8.15 +D1 = Cd*(rhoX/2)*S*V^2; +HP1 = D1*V/550; + +//Results +disp(HP1,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :",D1,"Drag (lb):","!------Part (b)------!",HP,"Horse power required to move the wing forward(hp) :",D,"Drag (lb):","!------Part (a)------!"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.7/7.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.7/7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f303cadd --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.7/7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.7 Lift Drag Ratio + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 5000; +LD_Max = 21.5; + +// Calculations +D = W/LD_Max; + +//Results +disp(D,"Minimum drag on clark Y wing (lb)"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.8/8.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.8/8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17f632111 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.8/8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.8 Polar Curves + +// Initialisation of variables +W = 3000; +S = 350; +V = 90; +rho = 0.002378; + +// Calculations +Cl = 2*W/(S*V^2); +Cd = 0.0561; //From figure 8.18 +HP = Cd*rho*S*V^3/(2*550); + +//Results +disp(HP,"Horse power required by wing (hp) : "); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/689/CH8/EX8.9/9.sce b/689/CH8/EX8.9/9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e1681a69 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH8/EX8.9/9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 8.9 Polar Curve + +// Initialisation of variables +Cl_clark = 0.43; //Values from fig 8.18 +Cd_clark = 0.020; //Values from fig 8.18 +Cl_USA = 0.55; //Values from fig 8.19 +Cd_USA = 0.03; //Values from fig 8.19 +// Calculations +LbyD_clark = Cl_clark/Cd_clark; +LbyD_USA = Cl_USA/Cd_USA; + +//Results +disp(LbyD_clark,"Maximum L/D for clark Y :",LbyD_USA,"Maximum L/D for USA-35 :"); diff --git a/689/CH9/EX8.3/3.sce b/689/CH9/EX8.3/3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a67630ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH9/EX8.3/3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 9.3 Horseshoe Vortex + +// Initialisation of variables +T = 250; + +// Calculations +function[y] =Velocity(R, theta1, theta2) + y = (T/(4*%pi*R))*(cos(theta1)-cos(theta2)) +endfunction +//Considering Leg AB + theta1 = 0; //From figure + theta2 = %pi - atan(4/5); //From figure + R = 4; //From figure + Vt1 = Velocity(R, theta1, theta2); + +//Considering Leg BC + theta1 = atan(5/4); //From figure + theta2 = %pi - atan(5/6); //From figure + R = 5; //From figure + Vt2 = Velocity(R, theta1, theta2); + +//Considering Leg CD + theta1 = atan(5/6); //From figure + theta2 = %pi; //From figure + R = 6; //From figure + Vt3 = Velocity(R, theta1, theta2); + +Vt = Vt1 + Vt2 + Vt3; + +//Results +disp(Vt,"Velocity at point P (ft/sec):",Vt3,"Velocity due to leg CD (ft/sec):",Vt2,"Velocity due to leg BC (ft/sec):",Vt1,"Velocity due to leg AB (ft/sec):"); diff --git a/689/CH9/EX9.1/1.sce b/689/CH9/EX9.1/1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f764a5de --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH9/EX9.1/1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 9.1 Lift due to Circulation + +// Initialisation of variables +D = 4; +L = 12; +V = 40*1.467; +rho = 0.002378; +W = 100/60; // Revolution per second + +// Calculations +R =D/2; +Vt = 2*%pi*R*W; +T = 2*%pi*R*Vt; +Lift = rho*T*V; +L_total = Lift*L + +//Results +disp(L_total,"Total lifting force (lb):"); diff --git a/689/CH9/EX9.2/2.sce b/689/CH9/EX9.2/2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aea7f8a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/689/CH9/EX9.2/2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; funcprot(0); +//Example 9.2 Biot Savart's Law + +// Initialisation of variables +T = 500; +PB = 2; +BA1 = 3; + +// Calculations +theta1 = atan(PB/BA1); +theta2 = %pi/2; +R = PB; +Vt = (T/(4*%pi*R))*(cos(theta1)-cos(theta2)); + +//Results +disp(Vt,"Velocity at point P (ft/sec):"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.1/1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.1/1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..36af99bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.1/1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +Consider a differential area dA=2*pi*r dr. +The differential normal force=dN=p dA=p(2*pi*r dR), +The differential force dQ=f dN=f(p(2*pi*r dR)). +The differential frictional torque=dT=r dQ=r(f*p(2*pi*r dR)); + +Intergrating with respect to r, with p and f as constants, over r=Ri to r=Ro, +we get the total torque as + T=2*pi*f*p[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3] + +The axial force + F=p*pi*((Ro^2)-(Ri^2)) +from which the average pressure, + p=F/[pi*((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))] + +Substituting this value of p into + T=2*pi*f*p[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3] +We obtain + + T=F*f*[(2/3)*((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))] = F*f*Rf \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.1/P1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.1/P1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..601fff9be --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.1/P1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +//Example 14.1 +//Derivation of torque capacity + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//This example is derivation based, hence the code will comprise only of statements printed to text file +//Printing result file to .txt +res1=mopen(TMPDIR+'1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res1,"Consider a differential area dA=2*pi*r dr.\nThe differential normal force=dN=p dA=p(2*pi*r dR),\n") +mfprintf(res1,"The differential force dQ=f dN=f(p(2*pi*r dR)).\nThe differential frictional torque=dT=r dQ=r(f*p(2*pi*r dR));\n\n") +mfprintf(res1,"Intergrating with respect to r, with p and f as constants, over r=Ri to r=Ro,\nwe get the total torque as\n") +mfprintf(res1,"\t\tT=2*pi*f*p[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3]\n\n") +mfprintf(res1,"The axial force\n") +mfprintf(res1,"\t\tF=p*pi*((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))\n") +mfprintf(res1,"from which the average pressure,\n") +mfprintf(res1,"\t\tp=F/[pi*((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))]\n\n") +mfprintf(res1,"Substituting this value of p into\n") +mfprintf(res1,"\t\tT=2*pi*f*p[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3]\n") +mfprintf(res1,"We obtain\n\n") +mfprintf(res1,"\t\tT=F*f*[(2/3)*((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))] = F*f*Rf") +mclose(res1) +editor(TMPDIR+'1_derivation_of_torque_uniform_pressure.txt') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.10/10_determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.10/10_determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2963865a --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.10/10_determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +(a)Axial thrust required to transmit the power is 848.83 N +(b)The pressure equation is: + p=F/(2*pi*(Ro-Ri)*r) + +(c) Maximum contact pressure occurs at inner radius, and is equal to 0.108 MPa + Minimum contact pressure occurs at outer radius, and is equal to 0.072 MPa + Average contact pressure is 0.086 MPa diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.10/P10_Determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.10/P10_Determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed55773e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.10/P10_Determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +//Example 14.10 +//Determination of axial thrust and pressure intensity + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: +//Power to be transmitted +P=10000 //Watt +//Speed +N=1000 //rpm +//Outer and Inner diameters +Do=0.15 //m +Di=0.1 //m +Ro=0.15/2 //m +Ri=0.1/2 //m +// number of surfaces +n=6 +//coefficient of friction +f=0.3 +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +// Using uniform wear theory +// Mean radius +Rm=(Ro+Ri)/2 + +// Torque(T)=power/angular velocity +T=(P*60)/(2*%pi*N) + +// T=F*f*Rm*n +// Axial thrust F +F=T/(f*Rm*n) + +//contact pressure at radius r: +//p=F/(2*%pi*(Ro-Ri)*r) +//maximum contact pressure(pmax) is at inner radius +pmax=F/(2*%pi*(Ro-Ri)*Ri) +//minimum contact pressure(pmin) is at outer radius +pmin=F/(2*%pi*(Ro-Ri)*Ro) +// average contact pressure +pavg=F/(2*%pi*(Ro-Ri)*Rm) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Printing result file to .txt +res10=mopen(TMPDIR+'10_determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res10,"(a)Axial thrust required to transmit the power is %0.2f N\n",F) +mfprintf(res10,"(b)The pressure equation is:\n\tp=F/(2*pi*(Ro-Ri)*r)\n\n") +mfprintf(res10,"(c)\tMaximum contact pressure occurs at inner radius, and is equal to %0.3f MPa\n",pmax*(10^-6)) +mfprintf(res10," \tMinimum contact pressure occurs at outer radius, and is equal to %0.3f MPa\n",pmin*(10^-6)) +mfprintf(res10," \tAverage contact pressure is %0.3f MPa\n",pavg*(10^-6)) +mclose(res10) +if (isdef('editor') | (funptr('editor')<>0)) then + editor(TMPDIR+'10_determination_of_axial_thrust_and_pressure_intensity.txt') +end +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//---------------------------------End of program------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.11/11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.11/11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9dab3a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.11/11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Necessary outer diameter of disks is 70.00 mm +Necessary axial force is 666.00 N +Actual contact pressure is 353.32 kN/m^2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.11/P11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.11/P11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..359e3c208 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.11/P11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc +//Example 14.11 +//Outer diameter of clutch + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: +// number of plates +n1=5 +n2=4 +// if n is total number of surfces +n=n1+n2-1 + +//Total torqe transmitting capacity +Tt=16// Nm +//Permissible inner diameter +Di=0.05// m +//coefficient of friction +f=0.1 +//average pressure +p=350000 //N/(m^2) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Torque per pair of surfaces +T=Tt/n + +//T=F*f*((Do+Di)/4) +//T=((%pi/4)*((Do^2)-(Di^2))*p)*f*((Do+Di)/4) +//To solve above equation for Do, it has to brought to a polynomial equation form in Do +//((%pi*p*f)*(Do^3))+((%pi*p*f*Di)*(Do^2))-((%pi*p*f*(Di^2))*Do)-((%pi*p*f*(Di^3))+(16*T))=0 +x=poly([-((%pi*p*f*(Di^3))+(16*T)) -(%pi*p*f*(Di^2)) (%pi*p*f*Di) (%pi*p*f)],'Do','c') +y=roots(x) +//y will contain all roots of the polynomial, the first of which is the acceptable one +Do=y(1) + +//Axial force F +F=T/(f*((Do+Di)/4)) + +Do=round(Do*(10^3)) +F=round(F) +//Actual pressure +p=F/((%pi/4)*(((Do*(10^-3))^2)-(Di^2))) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Printing result file to .txt +res11=mopen(TMPDIR+'11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res11,"Necessary outer diameter of disks is %0.2f mm\n",Do) +mfprintf(res11,"Necessary axial force is %0.2f N\n",F) +mfprintf(res11,"Actual contact pressure is %0.2f kN/m^2",p*(10^-3)) +mclose(res11) +editor(TMPDIR+'11_outer_diameter_of_clutch.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.12/12_conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.12/12_conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd80f2ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.12/12_conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Uniform pressure assumption is more appropriate where the plates are +flexible to permit deflection when wear occurs. diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.12/P12_Conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.12/P12_Conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc6092a0f --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.12/P12_Conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//Example 14.12 +//Conditions preferring uniform pressure + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//This example is derivation based, hence the code will comprise only of statements printed to text file +//Printing result file to .txt +res12=mopen(TMPDIR+'12_conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res12,"Uniform pressure assumption is more appropriate where the plates are\nflexible to permit deflection when wear occurs.\n") +mclose(res12) +editor(TMPDIR+'12_conditions_appropriate_for_uniform_pressure.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-------------------------------End of program--------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.14/14_derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.14/14_derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cdfdfaa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.14/14_derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Consider a differential element bounded by circles of radii r and (r+dr). +The area of the differential frustrum of a cone is + dA=2*pi*r[dr/sin (alpha)] + +Integrating the differential torque with respect to r over r=Ri to r=Ro, +we get + T=[(2*pi*p*f)/sin (alpha)]*[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3] + +Define the force Fn as that due to the pressure applied +to the area as if it were stretched out into a plane: + F=p(2*pi*Rm*b) + +To relate Fn to the axial force F,consider a differential element +with central angle d(phi). +The differential area is + dA=2*pi*Rm*b*(d(phi)/(2*pi)) + =Rm*b*d(phi) +The differential normal force is + dN=p*Rm*b*d(phi)*sin(alpha) +The horizontal component of the differential force is dF; then +Integrating with respect to (phi) over (phi)=0 to (phi)=2*pi +we get + F=2*pi*p*Rm*b*sin(alpha) + =Fn*sin(alpha) + +Substituting equation of p in equation of T, we get + T=[(Fn*f)/(Rm*b*sin (alpha))]*[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3] + + =(Fn*f)*[(2/3){((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))}] + + =[(F*f)/sin (alpha)]*[(2/3){((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))}] + +since +Rm=(Ro+Ri)/2 +(b*sin (alpha))=Ro-Ri +and Fn=F/sin (alpha) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.14/P14_Derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.14/P14_Derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db96f9f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.14/P14_Derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +//Example 14.14 +//Derivation of torque capacity of a cone clutch + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//This example is derivation based, hence the code will comprise only of statements printed to text file +//Printing result file to .txt +res14=mopen(TMPDIR+'14_derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res14,"Consider a differential element bounded by circles of radii r and (r+dr).\nThe area of the differential frustrum of a cone is\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tdA=2*pi*r[dr/sin (alpha)]\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"Integrating the differential torque with respect to r over r=Ri to r=Ro,\nwe get\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tT=[(2*pi*p*f)/sin (alpha)]*[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3]\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"Define the force Fn as that due to the pressure applied\nto the area as if it were stretched out into a plane:\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tF=p(2*pi*Rm*b)\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"To relate Fn to the axial force F,consider a differential element\nwith central angle d(phi).\nThe differential area is\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tdA=2*pi*Rm*b*(d(phi)/(2*pi))\n\t\t =Rm*b*d(phi)\n") +mfprintf(res14,"The differential normal force is\n\tdN=p*Rm*b*d(phi)*sin(alpha)\nThe horizontal component of the differential force is dF; then\n") +mfprintf(res14,"Integrating with respect to (phi) over (phi)=0 to (phi)=2*pi\nwe get\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tF=2*pi*p*Rm*b*sin(alpha)\n\t\t =Fn*sin(alpha)\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"Substituting equation of p in equation of T, we get\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\tT=[(Fn*f)/(Rm*b*sin (alpha))]*[((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/3]\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\t =(Fn*f)*[(2/3){((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))}]\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"\t\t =[(F*f)/sin (alpha)]*[(2/3){((Ro^3)-(Ri^3))/((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))}]\n\n") +mfprintf(res14,"since\nRm=(Ro+Ri)/2\n(b*sin (alpha))=Ro-Ri\nand Fn=F/sin (alpha)") +mclose(res14) +editor(TMPDIR+'14_derivation_of_torque_cone_clutch.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-------------------------------End of program--------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.16/16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.16/16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36487c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.16/16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +(a)Axial force F required to transmit the torque is 636.6 N +(b)Axial force required to engage the clutch, enagagement taking place when clutch is not rotating, is 1799.3 N +(c)Average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted is 74.1 kN/m^2 +(d)Maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear is 75.8 kN/m^2 diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.16/P16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.16/P16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe18dab4 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.16/P16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +clc +//Example 14.16 +//Parameterts of cone clutch +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Torque +T=200//Nm +//Speed +N=1250//rev/min +//Large diameter +Do=0.35//m +Ro=Do/2 +//Face width +b=0.065//m +//coefficient of friction +f=0.2 +//cone pitch angle +alpha=6.25//degrees +//converting alpha in degrees to radians +alpha=(alpha*%pi)/180 + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//mean radius +Rm=Ro-((1/2)*b*sin (alpha)) +Rm=floor(Rm*(10^3)) +Rm=Rm*(10^-3) +//Rm=(Ro+Ri)/2 +//smaller radius +Ri=(2*Rm)-Ro +Ri=floor(Ri*(10^3)) +Ri=Ri*(10^-3) + +//T=(F*f*Rm)/(sin alpha) +//Axial force F required to transmit the torque +F=(T*sin (alpha))/(f*Rm) + +//Axial force required to engage the clutch when clutch is not rotating +//Fe=Fn((sin alpha)+(f*cos alpha)) +Fe=(T/(f*Rm))*((sin (alpha))+(f*cos (alpha))) + +//average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted +p=F/(%pi*((Ro^2)-(Ri^2))) + +//maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear +Pmax=F/(2*%pi*(Ro-Ri)*Ri) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Printing result file to .txt +res16=mopen(TMPDIR+"16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.txt",'wt') +mfprintf(res16,"(a)Axial force F required to transmit the torque is %0.1f N\n",F) +mfprintf(res16,"(b)Axial force required to engage the clutch, enagagement taking place when clutch is not rotating, is %0.1f N\n",Fe) +mfprintf(res16,"(c)Average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted is %0.1f kN/m^2\n",p*(10^-3)) +mfprintf(res16,"(d)Maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear is %0.1f kN/m^2\n",Pmax*(10^-3)) +mclose(res16) +editor(TMPDIR+"16_parametrs_of_cone_clutch.txt") +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//---------------------------------End of program------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.17/17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.17/17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f534b086d --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.17/17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a)Axial force F required to transmit the torque is 563.04 N +(b)Axial force required to engage the clutch, enagagement taking place when clutch is not rotating, is 1591.26 N +(c)Average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted is 74.06 kN/m^2 diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.17/P17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.17/P17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eff120d63 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.17/P17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clc +//Exercise 14.17 +//same clutch as previous problem, assuming uniform pressure theory + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: +//Torque +T=200//Nm +//Speed +N=1250//rev/min +//Large diameter +Do=0.35//m +Ro=Do/2 +//Face width +b=0.065//m +//coefficient of friction +f=0.2 +//cone pitch angle +alpha=6.25//degrees +//converting alpha in degrees to radians +alpha=(alpha*%pi)/180 + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//mean radius +Rm=Ro-((1/2)*b*sin (alpha)) +Rm=floor(Rm*(10^3)) +Rm=Rm*(10^-3) +//Rm=(Ro+Ri)/2 +//smaller radius +Ri=(2*Rm)-Ro +Ri=floor(Ri*(10^3)) +Ri=Ri*(10^-3) + +//Axial force reqiured to transmit the torque +//t=F*f*((Ro^3-Ri^3)/(3*Rm*b*(sin (alpha))^2)) +F=T/(f*((Ro^3-Ri^3)/(3*Rm*b*(sin (alpha))^2))) + +//Axial force required to engage the clutch when clutch is not rotating +//Fe=Fn((sin alpha)+(f*cos alpha)) +Fn=F/sin(alpha) +Fe=Fn*((sin (alpha))+(f*cos (alpha))) + +//average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted +//Fn=p*2*%pi*Rm*b +p=Fn/(2*%pi*Rm*b) + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Printing file to .txt +res17=mopen(TMPDIR+'17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res17,"(a)Axial force F required to transmit the torque is %0.2f N\n",F) +mfprintf(res17,"(b)Axial force required to engage the clutch, enagagement taking place when clutch is not rotating, is %0.2f N\n",Fe) +mfprintf(res17,"(c)Average normal pressure when maximum torque is being transmitted is %0.2f kN/m^2\n",p*(10^-3)) +mclose(res17) +editor(TMPDIR+'17_cone_clutch_under_uniform_pressure.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//------------------------------End of program---------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.18/18_design_of_cone_clutch.txt b/698/CH14/EX14.18/18_design_of_cone_clutch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22bbfe99f --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.18/18_design_of_cone_clutch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +(a)Torque transmitting capacity of clutch is 119.366 Nm + +(b)To find axial thrust and dimensions, we need to solve the following equations: + F=pmax*2*pi*(Ri^2)*(r-1)---Eq 1 + (F*Ri)=(2*T*sin(alpha))/(f*(1+r))---Eq 2 + +(c)Width of face is half of mean radius: + b=(1/2)*Rm + Ro=r*Ri + where r=(4+sin (alpha))/(4-sin (alpha)) + +(d)Solving the above equations, we get + MAIN DIMENSIONS: +Inner radius of clutch is 125.00 mm +Outer radius of clutch is 140.00 mm +face width of clutch is 66.25 mm + +Axial force required to engage the clutch is 971.930 N diff --git a/698/CH14/EX14.18/P18_Design_of_cone_clutch.sce b/698/CH14/EX14.18/P18_Design_of_cone_clutch.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1f678805 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH14/EX14.18/P18_Design_of_cone_clutch.sce @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +clc +//Exercise 14.18 +//Design of cone clutch + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: +//Power to be transmitted +P=10000 //Watt +//Speed +N=800 //rpm +//Limiting normal pressure +pmax=0.09*(10^6) //Pa +//coefficient of friction +f=0.2 +//cone pitch angle +alpha=24/2 //degrees + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Function to standardize the dimensions +std=[1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 18 20 24 26 30:5:500]//array of standard dimensions +n=length(std) + +funcprot(0) +function y=stddim(x) + x=x*(10^3) + for i=1:n + if (x=a/f + =1.2 m + +(e) Hg = 11.8 kW + diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.1/P1_parameters_of_brake_drum.sce b/698/CH15/EX15.1/P1_parameters_of_brake_drum.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37a0b6b33 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.1/P1_parameters_of_brake_drum.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +//Example 15.1 +// Parameters of Brake Drum + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +T=225 +N=500 +f=0.3 +r=0.36 +c=0.04 +b=0.9 +a=0.36 +V=(2*%pi*N*r)/60 + +res1= mopen(TMPDIR+'1_parameters_of_brake_drum.txt','wt') + +N=T/(f*r) +mfprintf(res1,'(a) N = %d N\n\n',N) + +F= (-(c*f*N) + (r*N))/b +mfprintf(res1,'(b) For clockwise rotation, F = %d N\n\n',F) + +F= ((c*f*N) + (r*N))/b +mfprintf(res1,'(c) For clockwise rotation, F = %d N\n\n',F) + +c_new=a/f +mfprintf(res1,'(d) For self locking, c>=a/f\n\t=%0.1f m\n\n',c_new) + +Hg=f*N*V +mfprintf(res1,'(e) Hg = %0.1f kW\n\n',Hg* 1e-3) + +mclose(res1); +editor(TMPDIR+'1_parameters_of_brake_drum.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.11/11_heat_from_brake_drive.txt b/698/CH15/EX15.11/11_heat_from_brake_drive.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c269122 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.11/11_heat_from_brake_drive.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Hd=C*(T_surf-T-atm)*Ar +Hd = 52.8 kW \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.11/P11_heat_from_brake_drive.sce b/698/CH15/EX15.11/P11_heat_from_brake_drive.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40cb9357c --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.11/P11_heat_from_brake_drive.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc +//Example 15.11 +// Heat from brake drive + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +T_atm=28 +T_surf=228 +Ar=6 +C=44 + +res11= mopen(TMPDIR+'11_heat_from_brake_drive.txt','wt') + +Hd=C*(T_surf-T_atm)*Ar +mfprintf(res11,'Hd=C*(T_surf-T-atm)*Ar\n') +mfprintf(res11,'Hd = %0.1f kW',Hd * 1e-3) + +mclose(res11); +editor(TMPDIR+'11_heat_from_brake_drive.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.12/1_parameters_of_brake_drum.txt b/698/CH15/EX15.12/1_parameters_of_brake_drum.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e12c5b3fd --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.12/1_parameters_of_brake_drum.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +(a) N = 2083 N + +(b) For clockwise rotation, F = 805 N + +(c) For clockwise rotation, F = 861 N + +(d) For self locking, c>=a/f + =1.2 m + +(e) Hg = 11.8 kW + diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.12/P12_overheating_of_brake.sce b/698/CH15/EX15.12/P12_overheating_of_brake.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad4b8dd9b --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.12/P12_overheating_of_brake.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc +//Example 15.12 +// Overheating of brake + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +C=39 +delta_T=165 +Hd=70e3 +d=0.45 +b=0.1 + +res12= mopen(TMPDIR+'12_overheating_of_brake.txt','wt') + +Ar= Hd/(C*delta_T) +mfprintf(res12,'Area (required) = %0.2f m^2\n',Ar) + +A=0.5*%pi*d*b +mfprintf(res12,'Area (available) = %0.2f m^2\n',A) + +mfprintf(res12,'Area (required) < Area (available)\n\tThe drum will overheat') + +mclose(res12); +editor(TMPDIR+'12_overheating_of_brake.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.2/2_force_of_block_brake.txt b/698/CH15/EX15.2/2_force_of_block_brake.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..380132333 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.2/2_force_of_block_brake.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a) N = 6666.67 N + +(b) For clockwise rotation, F = 1592.59 N + +(c) For clockwise rotation, F = 1370.370 N + +(d) For self locking, a=0.67 m + diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.2/P2_force_of_block_brake.sce b/698/CH15/EX15.2/P2_force_of_block_brake.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc87f110c --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.2/P2_force_of_block_brake.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc +//Example 15.2 +// Force of Block Brake + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +T=400 +f=0.3 +r=0.2 +c=0.05 +b=0.9 +a=0.2 + + +res2= mopen(TMPDIR+'2_force_of_block_brake.txt','wt') + +N=T/(f*r) +mfprintf(res2,'(a) N = %0.2f N\n\n',N) + +F= ((c*f*N) + (r*N))/b +mfprintf(res2,'(b) For clockwise rotation, F = %0.2f N\n\n',F) + +F= (-(c*f*N) + (r*N))/b +mfprintf(res2,'(c) For clockwise rotation, F = %0.3f N\n\n',F) + +a_new=r/f +mfprintf(res2,'(d) For self locking, a=%0.2f m\n\n',a_new) + +mclose(res2); +editor(TMPDIR+'2_force_of_block_brake.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.9/9_eccentricity_of_pivot.txt b/698/CH15/EX15.9/9_eccentricity_of_pivot.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cac82e25a --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.9/9_eccentricity_of_pivot.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +h=(4*R* sin(0.5*theta))/(sin(theta) + theta) +h = 275 mm \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH15/EX15.9/P9_eccentricity_of_pivot.sce b/698/CH15/EX15.9/P9_eccentricity_of_pivot.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce4a68894 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH15/EX15.9/P9_eccentricity_of_pivot.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +//Example 15.9 +// Eccentricity of pivot + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +theta=%pi/2 +R=0.5/2 + +res9= mopen(TMPDIR+'9_eccentricity_of_pivot.txt','wt') + +h=(4*R* sin(0.5*theta))/(sin(theta) + theta) +mfprintf(res9,'h=(4*R* sin(0.5*theta))/(sin(theta) + theta)\n') +mfprintf(res9,'h = %d mm',h* 1e3) + +mclose(res9); +editor(TMPDIR+'9_eccentricity_of_pivot.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.2/2_Determination_of_leaf_thickness.txt b/698/CH16/EX16.2/2_Determination_of_leaf_thickness.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9463cd72 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.2/2_Determination_of_leaf_thickness.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +y=(12*F*(L^3))/(b*(t^3)*((2*ng)+(3*ne))*E) +thickness t=12.323 mm + +With extra full length leaf pre-stressed, +s = (6*F*L)/(n*b*(t^2)) + =195 MN/m^2 + +With no pre-stresses, +se=(18*F*L)/(b*(t^2)*((2*ng)+(3*ne))) + 277 MN/m2 + diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.2/P2_determination_of_leaf_thickness.sce b/698/CH16/EX16.2/P2_determination_of_leaf_thickness.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70572e38f --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.2/P2_determination_of_leaf_thickness.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +//Example 16.2 +// Determination of pressure intensity + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: +L=1 +ne=1 +ng=8 +b=0.045 +F=2000 +E=200*(10^9) +y=0.075 +// With initial prestress, + +// y= (12*F*(L^3))/(b*(t^3)*((2*ng)+(3*ne))*E) +t=((12*F*(L^3))/(y*b*((2*ng)+(3*ne))*E))^(1/3) + +n=ng+1 +s=(6*F*L)/(n*b*(t^2)) +//with no prestress, + +se=(18*F*L)/(b*(t^2)*((2*ng)+(3*ne))) + +//Printing result file to .txt +res2= mopen(TMPDIR+'2_Determination_of_leaf_thickness.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res2,'y=(12*F*(L^3))/(b*(t^3)*((2*ng)+(3*ne))*E)\n') +mfprintf(res2,'thickness t=%0.3f mm\n\n',t* 10^3) +mfprintf(res2,'With extra full length leaf pre-stressed,\n') +mfprintf(res2,'s = (6*F*L)/(n*b*(t^2))\n\t=%d MN/m^2\n\n',(s*(10^-6))) +mfprintf(res2,'With no pre-stresses,\n') +mfprintf(res2,'se=(18*F*L)/(b*(t^2)*((2*ng)+(3*ne)))\n\t %d MN/m2\n\n",(se*(10^-6))) +mclose(res2); +editor(TMPDIR+'2_Determination_of_leaf_thickness.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.3/3_design_of_leaf_spring.txt b/698/CH16/EX16.3/3_design_of_leaf_spring.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1cb2f1af --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.3/3_design_of_leaf_spring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +(a) Bending stress s=(6*F*L)/(n*b*(t^2)) +deflection y= (12*F*(L^3))/(b*(t^3)*n*E) + +(b) From above, + s/y = Et/L^2 +t=19.125 mm + +(c) Strain energy of cantilever leaf spring + =s^2/ 6E * Volume of spring +The width is 19.30f mm +The thickness can be taken as 20.00 mm +The width can be taken as 20.00 mm diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.3/P3_design_of_leaf_spring.sce b/698/CH16/EX16.3/P3_design_of_leaf_spring.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd4f3407 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.3/P3_design_of_leaf_spring.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc +//Example 16.3 +// Design of leaf spring + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +s=850*(10^6) +y=0.125 +E=200*(10^9) +L=0.75 + +res3= mopen(TMPDIR+'3_design_of_leaf_spring.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res3,'(a) Bending stress s=(6*F*L)/(n*b*(t^2))\n') +mfprintf(res3,'deflection y= (12*F*(L^3))/(b*(t^3)*n*E)\n\n') + +t=(s*(L^2))/(y*E) +mfprintf(res3,'(b) From above,\n\ts/y = Et/L^2\n') +mfprintf(res3,'t=%0.3f mm\n\n',t*(10^3)) + +mfprintf(res3,'(c) Strain energy of cantilever leaf spring\n') +mfprintf(res3,'\t=s^2/ 6E * Volume of spring\n') +Se=500 +n=6 +b=(Se*6*E*2)/((s^2)*n*t*L) +mfprintf(res3,'The width is %0.2ff mm\n',b*(10^3)) + +mfprintf(res3,"The thickness can be taken as %0.2f mm\n",ceil(t* 10^3)) +mfprintf(res3,"The width can be taken as %0.2f mm\n",ceil(b* 10^3)) + +mclose(res3); +editor(TMPDIR+'3_design_of_leaf_spring.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.5/5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.txt b/698/CH16/EX16.5/5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa93113b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.5/5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +C= D/d +D=9.6 mm + +Wahl factor +K= ((4*C -1)/(4*C -1)) + (0.615/C) + =1.10 + +F/y = dG/8*n*C^3 +n=41.15 turns + +F= 52.43 N + +The deflection should be limited to 29.13 mm diff --git a/698/CH16/EX16.5/P5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.sce b/698/CH16/EX16.5/P5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61370003d --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH16/EX16.5/P5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc +//Example 16.5 +// Number of coils in helical spring + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//Given Data: + +d=1.6e-3 +C=6 +Ss=345e6 +k=1800 +G=80e9 + +res5= mopen(TMPDIR+'5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.txt','wt') + +mfprintf(res5,'C= D/d\n') +D= C*d +mfprintf(res5,'D=%0.1f mm\n\n',D* 10^3) + +K= ((4*C -1)/(4*C -1)) + (0.615/C) +mfprintf(res5,'Wahl factor\n') +mfprintf(res5,'K= ((4*C -1)/(4*C -1)) + (0.615/C)\n\t=%0.2f\n\n',K) + +n=(d*G)/(k*8* C^3) +mfprintf(res5,'F/y = dG/8*n*C^3\n') +mfprintf(res5,'n=%0.2f turns\n\n',n) + +F= (Ss*%pi* d^3)/(K*8*D) +mfprintf(res5,'F= %0.2f N\n\n',F) + +mfprintf(res5,"The deflection should be limited to %0.2f mm\n",F/k * 10^3) + +mclose(res5); +editor(TMPDIR+'5_number_of_coils_helical_spring.txt') + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//--------------------------------End of program-------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.1/1_tangential_and_separating_force.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.1/1_tangential_and_separating_force.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af2558646 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.1/1_tangential_and_separating_force.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Tangential force Ft=Mt/rp + Ft=4000 N + +Separating force Fr=Ft*tan(phi) + Fr=1455 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.1/P1_tangential_and_separating_force.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.1/P1_tangential_and_separating_force.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f489c7f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.1/P1_tangential_and_separating_force.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc +//Example 17.1 +//Tangential and separating force + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//Torque +Mt=200 //Nm +//Dimensions of gears +dp=0.1 //m (pinion) +rp=dp/2 +dg=0.25 //m (gear) +rg=dg/2 +//Pressure angle +phi=20 //degrees + +res1=mopen(TMPDIR+'1_tangential_and_separating_force.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res1,'Tangential force Ft=Mt/rp\n') +Ft=Mt/rp +mfprintf(res1,'\tFt=%d N\n\n',Ft) + +Fr=Ft* tand(phi) +mfprintf(res1,'Separating force Fr=Ft*tan(phi)\n\tFr=%d N\n\n',Fr) + +mclose(res1) +editor(TMPDIR+'1_tangential_and_separating_force.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.10/10_centrifugal_pump.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.10/10_centrifugal_pump.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87ca171ac --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.10/10_centrifugal_pump.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +(a)First finding various dimensions: + Torque Mt=88 Nm + diameter of pinion=138.46 mm + Slant height of pitch cone=121.63 mm + Mean radius of pinion=57.85 mm + +(b) Finding various forces: +Tangential force at mean radius=1523.81 N + +Pinion thrust force=224.32 N + +Gear thrust force=324.01 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.10/P10_centrifugal_pump.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.10/P10_centrifugal_pump.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb62e7e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.10/P10_centrifugal_pump.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +//Example 17.10 +//Centrifugal pump + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//power +P=12000 //W +//speed +n=900 //rpm +nm=1300 //rpm +//module +m=5e-3 //m +//diameter of gear +Dg=0.2 //m +rg=Dg/2 +//pressure angle +phi=14.5 //degrees +//face width +b=0.04 //m + +res10=mopen(TMPDIR+'10_centrifugal_pump.txt','wt') + +mfprintf(res10,'(a)First finding various dimensions:\n') +//torque +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*nm) +mfprintf(res10,'\tTorque Mt=%d Nm\n',Mt) +//diameter of pinion +Dp=(n/nm)*Dg +rp=Dp/2 +mfprintf(res10,'\tdiameter of pinion=%0.2f mm\n',Dp* 10^3) +//slant height +L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2) +mfprintf(res10,'\tSlant height of pitch cone=%0.2f mm\n',L*10e2) +beta=asind(rp/L) +rm=rp-(b*sind(beta)*0.5) +mfprintf(res10,'\tMean radius of pinion=%0.2f mm\n\n',rm*10e2) + +//Finding various forces +mfprintf(res10,'(b) Finding various forces:\n') +//Tangential force at mean radius +Ft=Mt/rm +mfprintf(res10,'Tangential force at mean radius=%0.2f N\n\n',Ft) +//Pinion thrust force +Fp=Ft*tand(phi)*sind(beta) +mfprintf(res10,'Pinion thrust force=%0.2f N\n\n',Fp) +//Gearthrust force +Fg=Ft*tand(phi)*cosd(beta) +mfprintf(res10,'Gear thrust force=%0.2f N\n\n',Fg) + +mclose(res10) +editor(TMPDIR+'10_centrifugal_pump.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.11/11_forces_on_worm.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.11/11_forces_on_worm.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7fe016612 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.11/11_forces_on_worm.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +(a)Torque on the worm + Mt=47.7 Nm + +(b)Tangential force on worm + Ft_worm=Mt/r =1340 N + +(c)Tangential force on gear + Ft_gear=Ft_worm* (1- (f*tand(alpha))/cosd(phi_n))/(tand(alpha) + f/cosd(phi_n)) =3476 N + +(d)Separating force + Fr=Ft_gear* sind(phi_n)/(cosd(phi_n)*cosd(alpha) + f*sind(alpha)) =1273 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.11/P11_forces_on_worm.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.11/P11_forces_on_worm.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f3c1d03ca --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.11/P11_forces_on_worm.sce @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +clc +//Example 17.11 +//Forces on worm + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//power +P=6000 //W +//speeds +nw=1200 //rpm +ng=60 //rpm +//diameter of worm +Dw=71.26e-3 //m +r=Dw/2 +//module +m=20e-3 //m +//number of teeth +Ng=60 +//pressure angle +phi_n=20 //degrees +//coefficient of friction +f=0.1 +//number of starts +n=3 +//lead +l=n*m + +res11=mopen(TMPDIR+'11_forces_on_worm.txt','wt') + +//torque on worm +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*nw) +mfprintf(res11,'(a)Torque on the worm\n\tMt=%0.1f Nm\n\n',Mt) + +//Tangential force on worm +Ft_worm=Mt/r +mfprintf(res11,'(b)Tangential force on worm\n\tFt_worm=Mt/r =%d N\n\n',Ft_worm) + +//Tangential force on gear +alpha=atand(l/(%pi*Dw)) +Ft_gear=Ft_worm*((1- ((f*tand(alpha))/cosd(phi_n)))/(tand(alpha) + f/cosd(phi_n))) +mfprintf(res11,'(c)Tangential force on gear\n\tFt_gear=Ft_worm* (1- (f*tand(alpha))/cosd(phi_n))/(tand(alpha) + f/cosd(phi_n)) =%d N\n\n',Ft_gear) + +//Separating force +Fr=(Ft_gear*sind(phi_n))/(cosd(phi_n)*cosd(alpha) + f*sind(alpha)) +mfprintf(res11,'(d)Separating force\n\tFr=Ft_gear* sind(phi_n)/(cosd(phi_n)*cosd(alpha) + f*sind(alpha)) =%d N\n\n',Fr) + +mclose(res11) +editor(TMPDIR+'11_forces_on_worm.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.2/2_spur_gear_reducer.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.2/2_spur_gear_reducer.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f63402ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.2/2_spur_gear_reducer.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a) Torque=P*60/ 2*pi*N + Mt=33.157 Nm + +(b)Tangential Force on Gears Ft=Mt/rp + Ft=663.1 N + +Radial force Fr=Ft*tan(phi) + Fr=241.37 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.2/P2_spur_gear_reducer.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.2/P2_spur_gear_reducer.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1754f24c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.2/P2_spur_gear_reducer.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc +//Example 17.2 +//Spur gear reducer + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//Power transmitted +P=5000 //W +//Speed +N=1440 //rpm +w=(2*%pi*N)/60 +//Gear ratio +G=3 +//Teeth on pinion +Np=20 +//Pressure angle +phi=20 //degrees +//module +m=5 //mm + +res2=mopen(TMPDIR+'2_spur_gear_reducer.txt','wt') + +//Torque +Mt=P/w +mfprintf(res2,'(a) Torque=P*60/ 2*pi*N\n\tMt=%0.3f Nm\n\n',Mt) + +//radius of pinion +rp=m*Np* 10^-3 /2 +//Tangential force +Ft=Mt/rp +mfprintf(res2,'(b)Tangential Force on Gears Ft=Mt/rp\n\tFt=%0.1f N\n\n',Ft) + +//Radial Force on gears +Fr=Ft*tand(phi) +mfprintf(res1,'Radial force Fr=Ft*tan(phi)\n\tFr=%0.2f N',Fr) + +mclose(res2) +editor(TMPDIR+'2_spur_gear_reducer.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.3/3_gear_train.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.3/3_gear_train.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8609f4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.3/3_gear_train.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +(a)Gear diameters: + Da=210 mm + Db=390 mm + Dc=270 mm + +(b)Torque on shafts: + Mta=47.75 Nm + Mtb=0 Nm + Mtc=61.4 Nm + +(c)Tangential force on gear A: Ft=454 N + Separating force Fr=165 N + +(d)The same tangential and separating force occurs between gears +A and B and between gears B and C. + +(e) The tooth load for which each gear must be designed is 454 N + +(f)The force applied to idler shaft of gear B is the vector sum +of the forces applied to gear B by A and C +Fb=sqrt(2*(Ft^2 + Fr^2))=684 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.3/P3_gear_train.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.3/P3_gear_train.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a8b82d38e --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.3/P3_gear_train.sce @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +clc +//Example 17.3 +//Gear train + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//Number of teeth +Na=35 +Nb=65 +Nc=45 +//Speeds +n=600 //rpm +w=(2*%pi*n)/60 +//Power +P=3000 //W +//pressure angle +phi=20 +//module +m=6 //m + +res3=mopen(TMPDIR+'3_gear_train.txt','wt') + +//Gear diameters +Da=Na*m +Db=Nb*m +Dc=Nc*m +mfprintf(res3,'(a)Gear diameters:\n\tDa=%d mm\n\tDb=%d mm\n\tDc=%d mm\n\n',Da,Db,Dc) + +//Torque +Mta=P/w +Mtb=0 +Mtc=Mta* (Nc/Na) +mfprintf(res3,'(b)Torque on shafts:\n\tMta=%0.2f Nm\n\tMtb=%d Nm\n\tMtc=%0.1f Nm\n\n',Mta,Mtb,Mtc) + +//Forces on gear A +Ft=Mta/((Da/2)*10^-3) +Fr=Ft*tand(phi) +mfprintf(res3,'(c)Tangential force on gear A: Ft=%d N\n Separating force Fr=%d N\n\n',Ft,Fr) +mfprintf(res3,'(d)The same tangential and separating force occurs between gears\nA and B and between gears B and C.\n\n') + +max_force=max(Ft,Fr) +mfprintf(res3,'(e) The tooth load for which each gear must be designed is %d N\n\n',max_force) + +//Force applied to idler shaft +Fb=sqrt(2*(Ft^2 + Fr^2)) +mfprintf(res3,'(f)The force applied to idler shaft of gear B is the vector sum\nof the forces applied to gear B by A and C\n') +mfprintf(res3,'Fb=sqrt(2*(Ft^2 + Fr^2))=%d N',Fb) + +mclose(res3) +editor(TMPDIR+'3_gear_train.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.4/4_compound_gear_train.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.4/4_compound_gear_train.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f4df1820 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.4/4_compound_gear_train.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +(a)Torque on motor shaft + Mt=60*P/ 2*pi*N=66.31 Nm + +(b)Various radii of gears: + Ra=62.5 mm + Rb=250 mm + Rc=97.5 mm + Rd=487.5 mm + +(c)Force on gears A and B: + Fta=Ftb=Mta/Ra=1061.03 N + Fra=Frb=Fta*tan(phi)=386.18 N + +(d)Torque at transmission shaft containing B and C: +Speed of c=speed of B=360 RPM +Torque at C=265.3 Nm + +(e)Force on gears C and D: + Ftc=Ftd=Mtc/Rc=2720.60 N + Frc=Frd=Ftc*tan(phi)=990.22 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.4/P4_compound_gear_train.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.4/P4_compound_gear_train.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..783f42fde --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.4/P4_compound_gear_train.sce @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +clc +//Example 17.4 +//Compound gear train + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//power +P=10000 //W +//speed +n=1440 //rpm +w=(2*%pi*n)/60 //rad/s +//Number of teeth +Na=25 +Nb=100 +Nc=30 +Nd=150 +//modules +ma=5 //mm +mb=ma +mc=6.5 //mm +md=mc +//pressure angle +phi=20 //degrees + +res4=mopen(TMPDIR+'4_compound_gear_train.txt','wt') +//Torque on motor shaft +Mt=P/w + +mfprintf(res4,'(a)Torque on motor shaft \n\tMt=60*P/ 2*pi*N=%0.2f Nm\n\n',Mt) + +//Radii of gears +Ra=ma*Na /2 +Rb=mb*Nb /2 +Rc=mc*Nc /2 +Rd=md*Nd /2 +mfprintf(res4,'(b)Various radii of gears:\n\tRa=%0.1f mm\n\tRb=%d mm\n\tRc=%0.1f mm\n\tRd=%0.1f mm\n\n',Ra,Rb,Rc,Rd) + +//Force on gears +Fta=Mt/(Ra*10^-3) +Ftb=Fta +Fra=Fta*tand(phi) +Frb=Fra +mfprintf(res4,'(c)Force on gears A and B:\n\tFta=Ftb=Mta/Ra=%0.2f N\n\tFra=Frb=Fta*tan(phi)=%0.2f N\n\n',Fta,Fra) + +//Torque at transmission shaft containing B and C +mfprintf(res4,'(d)Torque at transmission shaft containing B and C:\n') +nb=n/(Nb/Na) +nc=nb +mfprintf(res4,'Speed of c=speed of B=%d RPM\n',nb) +Mtc=P*60 /(2*%pi*nc) +mfprintf(res4,'Torque at C=%0.1f Nm\n\n',Mtc) + +//Forces on gears C and D +Ftc=Mtc/(Rc*10^-3) +Frc=Ftc*tand(phi) +mfprintf(res4,'(e)Force on gears C and D:\n\tFtc=Ftd=Mtc/Rc=%0.2f N\n\tFrc=Frd=Ftc*tan(phi)=%0.2f N\n\n',Ftc,Frc) + +mclose(res4) +editor(TMPDIR+'4_compound_gear_train.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.5/5_forces_on_helical_gear.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.5/5_forces_on_helical_gear.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e398dd7e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.5/5_forces_on_helical_gear.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a)Ft=Mt/r + =1600 N + +(b)Fr=Ft*tan(phi_t) + =582 N + +(c)Fa=Ft*tan(alpha) + =923 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.5/P5_forces_on_helical_gear.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.5/P5_forces_on_helical_gear.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0401173d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.5/P5_forces_on_helical_gear.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +//Example 17.5 +//Forces on Helical gear + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//diameter of gear +d=0.25 //m +r=d/2 +//torque +Mt=200 //Nm +//number of teeth +Ng=45 +//angles +phi_t=20 //degrees +alpha=30 //degrees + +res5=mopen(TMPDIR+'5_forces_on_helical_gear.txt','wt') + +//tangential force +Ft=Mt/r +mfprintf(res5,'(a)Ft=Mt/r\n\t=%d N\n\n',Ft) + +//Separating force +Fr=Ft*tand(phi_t) +mfprintf(res5,'(b)Fr=Ft*tan(phi_t)\n\t=%d N\n\n',Fr) + +//Axial thrust force +Fa=Ft*tand(alpha) +mfprintf(res5,'(c)Fa=Ft*tan(alpha)\n\t=%d N',Fa) + +mclose(res5) +editor(TMPDIR+'5_forces_on_helical_gear.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.6/6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.6/6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eaf449a89 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.6/6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a)Ft=Mt/r + =1600 N + +(b)Fr=Ft*tan(phi_n)/cos(alpha) + =672 N + +(c)Fa=Ft*tan(alpha) + =923 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.6/P6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.6/P6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f50a64b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.6/P6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc +//Example 17.5 +//Previous problem with different angles + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//diameter of gear +d=0.25 //m +r=d/2 +//torque +Mt=200 //Nm +//number of teeth +Ng=45 +//angles +phi_n=20 //degrees +alpha=30 //degrees + +res6=mopen(TMPDIR+'6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.txt','wt') + +//tangential force +Ft=Mt/r +mfprintf(res6,'(a)Ft=Mt/r\n\t=%d N\n\n',Ft) + +//Separating force +Fr=Ft*(tand(phi_n)/cosd(alpha)) +mfprintf(res6,'(b)Fr=Ft*tan(phi_n)/cos(alpha)\n\t=%d N\n\n',Fr) + +//Axial thrust force +Fa=Ft*tand(alpha) +mfprintf(res6,'(c)Fa=Ft*tan(alpha)\n\t=%d N',Fa) + +mclose(res6) +editor(TMPDIR+'6_prev_prob_with_different_angles.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.7/7_forces_on_bevel_gear.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.7/7_forces_on_bevel_gear.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2561df38 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.7/7_forces_on_bevel_gear.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +(a)Diameter of Gear=200 mm + +(b)Slant height of pitch cone: + L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2)=125 mm + +(c)Mean radius of pinion: + rm=rp-(b*sin(beta)*0.5)=60 mm + +(d)Pinion torque Mt=238 Nm + +(e)Tangential force at mean radius: + Ft=Mt/rm=3978 N + +(f)Pinion thrust force: + Fp=Ft*tan(phi)*sin(beta)=617 N + +(f)Gear thrust force: + Fg=Ft*tan(phi)*cos(beta)=823 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.7/P7_forces_on_bevel_gear.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.7/P7_forces_on_bevel_gear.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b875c9da --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.7/P7_forces_on_bevel_gear.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +clc +//Example 17.7 +//Forces on Bevel gear + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//Gear ratio +G=4/3 +//dimensions of pinion +dp=0.15 //m +rp=dp/2 +b=0.05 //m +//speed +np=240 //rpm +//module +m=5*10e-3 //m +//pressure angle +phi=14.5 //degrees +//power +P=6000 //W + +res7=mopen(TMPDIR+'7_forces_on_bevel_gear.txt','wt') + +//diameter of gear +dg=dp*G +rg=dg/2 +mfprintf(res7,'(a)Diameter of Gear=%d mm\n\n',ceil(dg*10e2)) + +//Slant height of pitch cone +L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2) +mfprintf(res7,'(b)Slant height of pitch cone:\n\tL=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2)=%d mm\n\n',ceil(L*10e2)) + +//Mean radius of pinion +beta=asind(rp/L) +rm=rp-(b*sind(beta)*0.5) +mfprintf(res7,'(c)Mean radius of pinion:\n\trm=rp-(b*sin(beta)*0.5)=%d mm\n\n',rm*10e2) + +//Pinion torque +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*np) +mfprintf(res7,'(d)Pinion torque Mt=%d Nm\n\n',Mt) + +//Tangential force at mean radius +Ft=Mt/rm +mfprintf(res7,'(e)Tangential force at mean radius:\n\tFt=Mt/rm=%d N\n\n',Ft) + +//Pinion thrust force +Fp=Ft*tand(phi)*sind(beta) +mfprintf(res7,'(f)Pinion thrust force:\n\tFp=Ft*tan(phi)*sin(beta)=%d N\n\n',Fp) + +//Gearthrust force +Fg=Ft*tand(phi)*cosd(beta) +mfprintf(res7,'(f)Gear thrust force:\n\tFg=Ft*tan(phi)*cos(beta)=%d N\n\n',Fg) + +mclose(res7) +editor(TMPDIR+'7_forces_on_bevel_gear.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.8/8_spiral_bevel_gear.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.8/8_spiral_bevel_gear.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27e284670 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.8/8_spiral_bevel_gear.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +(a)Since values are same, unknown parameters will be same as those in problem 17.7 + Diameter of Gear=200 mm Slant height of pitch cone: + L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2)=125 mm + Mean radius of pinion: + rm=rp-(b*sin(beta)*0.5)=60 mm + Pinion torque Mt=238 Nm + Tangential force at mean radius: + Ft=Mt/rm=3978 N + +(b)Pinion thrust force: + Fp=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*sind(beta))/cosd(gamma) - (tand(gamma)*cosd(beta)))=-1124 N + +(c)Gear thrust force: + Fg=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*cosd(beta))/cosd(gamma) - (tand(gamma)*sind(beta)))=2328 N \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.8/P8_spiral_bevel_gear.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.8/P8_spiral_bevel_gear.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6e246a06 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.8/P8_spiral_bevel_gear.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +clc +//Example 17.8 +//Spiral bevel gear + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//Gear ratio +G=4/3 +//dimensions of pinion +dp=0.15 //m +rp=dp/2 +b=0.05 //m +//speed +np=240 //rpm +//module +m=5*10e-3 //m +//pressure angle +phi_n=14.5 //degrees +//spiral angle +gamma=30 //degrees +//power +P=6000 //W + +res8=mopen(TMPDIR+'8_spiral_bevel_gear.txt','wt') + +mfprintf(res8,'(a)Since values are same, unknown parameters will be same as those in problem 17.7\n') +dg=dp*G +rg=dg/2 +mfprintf(res8,'\tDiameter of Gear=%d mm',ceil(dg*10e2)) +L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2) +mfprintf(res8,'\tSlant height of pitch cone:\n\tL=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2)=%d mm\n',ceil(L*10e2)) +beta=asind(rp/L) +rm=rp-(b*sind(beta)*0.5) +mfprintf(res8,'\tMean radius of pinion:\n\trm=rp-(b*sin(beta)*0.5)=%d mm\n',rm*10e2) +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*np) +mfprintf(res8,'\tPinion torque Mt=%d Nm\n',Mt) +Ft=Mt/rm +mfprintf(res8,'\tTangential force at mean radius:\n\tFt=Mt/rm=%d N\n\n',Ft) + +//Pinion thrust force +Fp=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*sind(beta))/cosd(gamma) - (tand(gamma)*cosd(beta))) +mfprintf(res8,'(b)Pinion thrust force:\n\tFp=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*sind(beta))/cosd(gamma) - (tand(gamma)*cosd(beta)))=%d N\n\n',Fp) + +//Gear thrust force +Fg=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*cosd(beta))/cosd(gamma) + (tand(gamma)*sind(beta))) +mfprintf(res8,'(c)Gear thrust force:\n\tFg=Ft*((tand(phi_n)*cosd(beta))/cosd(gamma) - (tand(gamma)*sind(beta)))=%d N\n\n',Fg) + +mclose(res8) +editor(TMPDIR+'8_spiral_bevel_gear.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.9/9_bevel_gear_pair.txt b/698/CH17/EX17.9/9_bevel_gear_pair.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa16efc7b --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.9/9_bevel_gear_pair.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +(a)First finding various dimensions: + Torque Mt=190 Nm + diameter of pinion=200 mm + diameter of gear=600 mm + Slant height of pitch cone=316.23 mm + Mean radius of pinion=89.41 mm + +(b) Finding various forces: +Tangential force at mean radius=2136.16 N + +Pinion thrust force=245.87 N + +Gear thrust force=737.60 N + diff --git a/698/CH17/EX17.9/P9_bevel_gear_pair.sce b/698/CH17/EX17.9/P9_bevel_gear_pair.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f5b769bc --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH17/EX17.9/P9_bevel_gear_pair.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +clc +//Example 17.9 +//Bevel gear pair + +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +//Given data +//power +P=10000 //W +//speed +n=500 //rpm +//module +m=5e-3 //m +//number of teeth on pinion +Np=40 +//pressure angle +phi=20 //degrees +//gear ratio +G=3 +//face width +b=67e-3 //mm + +res9=mopen(TMPDIR+'9_bevel_gear_pair.txt','wt') +mfprintf(res9,'(a)First finding various dimensions:\n') +//torque +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*n) +mfprintf(res9,'\tTorque Mt=%d Nm\n',Mt) +//diameter of pinion +Dp=m*Np +rp=Dp/2 +//diameter of gear +Dg=Dp*G +rg=Dg/2 +mfprintf(res9,'\tdiameter of pinion=%d mm\n\tdiameter of gear=%d mm\n',Dp* 10^3,Dg* 10^3) +//slant height +L=sqrt(rp^2 + rg^2) +mfprintf(res9,'\tSlant height of pitch cone=%0.2f mm\n',L*10e2) +beta=asind(rp/L) +rm=rp-(b*sind(beta)*0.5) +mfprintf(res9,'\tMean radius of pinion=%0.2f mm\n\n',rm*10e2) + +//Finding various forces +mfprintf(res9,'(b) Finding various forces:\n') +//Tangential force at mean radius +Ft=Mt/rm +mfprintf(res9,'Tangential force at mean radius=%0.2f N\n\n',Ft) +//Pinion thrust force +Fp=Ft*tand(phi)*sind(beta) +mfprintf(res9,'Pinion thrust force=%0.2f N\n\n',Fp) +//Gearthrust force +Fg=Ft*tand(phi)*cosd(beta) +mfprintf(res9,'Gear thrust force=%0.2f N\n\n',Fg) + +mclose(res9) +editor(TMPDIR+'9_bevel_gear_pair.txt') +//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +//-----------------------------End of program----------------------------------- diff --git a/698/CH18/EX18.1/P1_parameters_of_spur_gear.sce b/698/CH18/EX18.1/P1_parameters_of_spur_gear.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92d0ecc25 --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH18/EX18.1/P1_parameters_of_spur_gear.sce @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +clc +//Example 18.1 +//Parameters of spur gear + +phi=14.5 +m=10 +Dp=160 +G=3/2 + +Dg=Dp*G + +Np=Dp/m +Ng=Dg/m +printf('Number of teeth on pinion is %d and number of teeth on gear is %d\n\n',Np,Ng) + +printf('Addendum is %d mm\n\n',m) + +printf('Whole depth is %0.3f mm\n\n',2.157*m) + +printf('Clearance is %0.3f mm\n\n',0.157*m) + +out_dia_p= Dp + (2*m) +printf('Outside diameter of pinion is %0.3f mm\n',out_dia_p) +out_dia_g= Dg + (2*m) +printf('Outside diameter of gear is %0.3f mm\n\n',out_dia_g) + +root_dia_p=out_dia_p - (2*2.157*m) +printf('Root diameter of pinion is %0.3f mm\n',root_dia_p) +root_dia_g=out_dia_g - (2*2.157*m) +printf('Root diameter of gear is %0.3f mm\n\n',root_dia_g) + +printf('Dedendum is %0.3f mm\n\n',1.157*m) + +rad_base_cir_p=(Dp/2) * cosd(phi) +printf('Radius of base circle of pinion is %0.2f mm and diameter is %0.2f mm\n',rad_base_cir_p,2*rad_base_cir_p) +rad_base_cir_g=(Dg/2) * cosd(phi) +printf('Radius of base circle of gear is %0.2f mm and diameter is %0.2f mm\n\n',rad_base_cir_g,2*rad_base_cir_g) + +centre_dist=(Dp+Dg)/2 +interference = sqrt((rad_base_cir_g^2)+((centre_dist*sind(phi))^2)) +addendum_rad_g=out_dia_g/2 +if addendum_rad_g <= interference + then + printf('There is no interference') +else + printf('Interference will exist') +end + +//End of programme \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH18/EX18.2/P2_power_transmission.sce b/698/CH18/EX18.2/P2_power_transmission.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e199bc2d --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH18/EX18.2/P2_power_transmission.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc +//Example 18.2 +//Power transmission by spur gear + +phi=20 +m=8 +b=90 +N=600 + +Np=16 +So_p=83e6 +y_p=0.094 +G=4 +strength_p=So_p*y_p + +Ng=Np*G +So_g=103e6 +y_g=0.135 +strength_g=So_g*y_g + +if strength_p < strength_g + printf('Pinion is weaker\n\n') +else + printf('Gear is weaker\n\n') +end + +V=((2*%pi*N)/60)*((Np*m)/(2*1000)) +printf('Pitch line velocity is %0.3f m/s\n\n',V) + +S_allowable = So_p* (3/(3+V)) +printf('Allowable stress is %0.2f MN/m^2\n\n',S_allowable*1e-6) + +F=(S_allowable*b*1e-3*y_p*m*%pi)/1e6 +printf('Force that can be transmitted is %0.3f kN\n\n',F) + +P=F*V +printf('Power that can be transmitted is %0.3f kW\n\n',P) + +//End of programme \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH18/EX18.3/P3_strength_of_gear_pair.sce b/698/CH18/EX18.3/P3_strength_of_gear_pair.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca93a04d --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH18/EX18.3/P3_strength_of_gear_pair.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc +//Example 18.3 +//Strength of gear pair + +P=12e3 +N=1000 +phi=14.5 +m=6 +b=60 + +Np=30 +Ng=75 +yp=0.101 + +S_bend_perm=100e6 +surface_endurance=600e6 +E=100e9 + +printf('Beam Strength:\n\tBoth gears are made of same material, hence the pinion is weaker\n') + +Mt = (P*60)/(2*%pi*N) +Rp=(m*Np)/2 +F=Mt/Rp +printf('F = s b Pc y = %0.3f N\n',F) +s=F/(b*1e-3*%pi*0.006*yp) +printf('Induced stress s=%0.3f MPa\n',s*1e-3) +printf('Induced stress < Permissible stress\n\tHence it is safe in bending\n\n') + +printf('Wear Strength:\n') +printf('Fw=Dp b K Q\n') +Dp=2*Rp +K=(surface_endurance^2 * sind(phi) * ((1/E)+(1/E)))/1.4 +Q=(2*Ng)/(Ng+Np) +Fw=Dp*1e-3*b*1e-3*K*Q +printf('\t=%0.3f N\n',Fw) +printf('The pair is strong in wear as well.') + +//End of programme \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/698/CH18/EX18.5/P5_lewis_equation.sce b/698/CH18/EX18.5/P5_lewis_equation.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3378f6cff --- /dev/null +++ b/698/CH18/EX18.5/P5_lewis_equation.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +clc +//Example 18.5 +//Design using lewis equation + +P=5e3 +N=900 +phi=20 +G=3 +//Assuming a standard module of 1 mm +m=1 + +Dp=80 +Np=Dp/m +Sp=200e6 + +Ng=G*Np +Dg=m*Ng +Sg=150e6 + +printf('A standard module of 1 mm has been assumed.\n') +printf('Based on the number of teeth of gear and pinion, and the corresponding form factors, gear is weaker.\n') +printf('\typ=0.139 \t Syp=200*0.139 =27.8 \n\tyg=0.148 \t Syg=150*0.148 =22.2 \n\n') + +Mt=(P*60)/(2*%pi*N) +F=(2*Mt)/(Dp*1e-3) +yg=0.148 +k=4 + +//Putting the value of yg in Lewis Equation +m_new=sqrt(F/(Sg*k*(%pi^2)*yg)) +printf('The revised module is %0.3f mm\n',m_new*1e3) +printf('Taking a standard module of 1.25 mm,\n') +m_new=1.25 + +Np=Dp/m_new +Ng=Dg/m_new + +printf('New number of teeth:\n\tNp=%d\typ=0.135 and\n\tNg=%d\tyg=0.147\n\n',Np,Ng) +printf('Using the new module in lewis equation to check for safety:\n') +//Using the m_new in the lewis equation to check for safety, +aa=1/((m_new^2)*0.147) +bb=(Sg*k*(%pi^2))/F + +if aa= 0 +//and is sampled at the rate of 8,000 Hz. +//a. Sketch the spectrum for the original signal. +//b. Sketch the spectrum for the sampled signal from 0 to 20 kHz. + +clc; +clear; +close; +fs = 8000;//Hz +t = 1:(1/fs):10; +x = 5*cos(2*%pi*1000*t); + +//c1 and f1 are derived using the euler's identity which gives +// 5cos(2pi*1000t) = 2.5 * %e^(%i*2*%pi*1000t)+ 2.5 * %e^(-%i*2*%pi*1000t) +c1 = [2.5 2.5]; +f1 = [-1 1];//kHz + +ax=gda(); +ax.thickness = 2; +ax.y_location = "origin"; +ax.x_location = "origin"; + +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3(f1,c1) +xtitle('Spectrum of the analog signal in Example 2.1(a)','f(kHz)','X(f)'); + +//c2 = [2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5] +//f2 = [-17 -15 -9 -7 -1 1 7 9 15 17] +c2 = repmat([2.5],1,10);//amplitude is same for each +f2 = [f1-16 f1-8 f1 f1+8 f1+16];//after sampling, spectrum is replicated cyclically with centered at +-n8000Hz +subplot(2,1,2); +plot2d3(f2,c2) +xtitle('Spectrum of the sampled signal in Example 2.1(b)','f(kHz)','Xs(f)'); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38bfd3493 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.10/Example2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.10 page 42 +//Using Example 2.9, determine the quantization error when the analog +//input is 3.2 volts. + + +clc,clear,close; +xmin = 0, xmax = 5;//volts +m = 3;//bits + +L = 2^m; + +delta = (xmax-xmin)/L; + +x = 3.2; + +xq = xmin+5*delta; + +eq = xq-x; +disp("eq = "+string(eq)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_02.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_02.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1aeef260d --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_02.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Example 2.2 page 23 +// +//Assuming that an analog signal is given by +//x(t) = 5 cos (2*%pi*2000*t) + 3*cos(2*%pi*3000*t),for t>=0 +//and it is sampled at the rate of 8,000 Hz, +//a. Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal up to 20 kHz. +//b. Sketch the recovered analog signal spectrum if an ideal lowpass filter with +//a cutoff frequency of 4 kHz is used to filter the sampled signal +//(y(n) = x(n)in this case) to recover the original signal. + +clc; +clear; +close; +fs = 8000;//Hz +t = 1:(1/fs):10; +x = 5*cos(2*%pi*2000*t)+ 3*cos(2*%pi*3000*t); +//before sampling + +//c1 and f1 are derived using the euler's identity which gives +// x(t) = 1.5 * %e^(-%i*2*%pi*3000t)+ 2.5 * %e^(-%i*2*%pi*2000t)+ 2.5 * %e^(%i*2*%pi*2000t) + 1.5 * %e^(%i*2*%pi*3000t) + +c1 = [1.5 2.5 2.5 1.5]; +f1 = [-3 -2 2 3];//kHz + +//after sampling +c2 = repmat(c1,1,5); +f2 = [f1-16 f1-8 f1 f1+8 f1+16]; +ax=gda(); +ax.thickness = 2; +ax.y_location = "origin"; +ax.x_location = "origin"; + +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3(f2,c2) +xtitle('Spectrum of the sampled signal in Example 2.2(a)','f(kHz)','X(f)'); +//Since Sampling theorem is satisfied, we can recover the original spectrum using reconstruction low pass filter. +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3(f1,c1) +xtitle('Spectrum of the recovered signal in Example 2.2(b)','f(kHz)','X(f)'); diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_03.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_03.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71f04770e --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_03.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 2.3 page 24 +//Given an analog signal +//x(t) = 5 cos (2 pi 2000t)+ 1 cos( 2pi 5000t), for t>=0 +//which is sampled at a rate of 8,000 Hz, +//a. Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal up to 20 kHz. +//b. Sketch the recovered analog signal spectrum if an ideal lowpass filter with +//a cutoff frequency of 4 kHz is used to recover the original signal +//(y(n)= x(n) this case). + +clc,clear,close; + +c1 = [0.5 2.5 2.5 0.5]; +//sampling theorem is violated +f1 = [-3 -2 2 3];//kHz + +//after sampling +c2 = repmat(c1,1,5); +f2 = [f1-16 f1-8 f1 f1+8 f1+16]; +ax=gda(); +ax.thickness = 2; +ax.y_location = "origin"; +ax.x_location = "origin"; + +subplot(2,1,1) +plot2d3(f2,c2) +xtitle('Spectrum of the sampled signal in Example 2.3(a)','f(kHz)','X(f)'); +//Since Sampling theorem is not satisfied, we can not recover the original spectrum using reconstruction low pass filter. +subplot(2,1,2) +plot2d3(f1,c1) +xtitle('Spectrum of the recovered signal in Example 2.3(b)','f(kHz)','X(f)'); diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_04.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_04.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbf4ee3a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_04.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.4 page 27 +//Given the DSP system shown in Figures 2.16 to 2.18, where a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz is used and the anti-aliasing filter is a second-order Butterworth lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 3.4 kHz, +//a. Determine the percentage of aliasing level at the cutoff frequency. +//b. Determine the percentage of aliasing level at the frequency of 1,000 Hz. + +clc,clear,close; +fs=8000,fc = 3400;//Hz +n =2; + +//part a +fa = 3400;//Hz, aliasing frequency +aliasing_noise = (1+(fa/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) / (1+((fs-fa)/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) * 100; +disp("(a) Aliasing Noise Level = "+string(aliasing_noise)+"%" ) + +//part b +fa = 1000;//Hz, aliasing frequency +aliasing_noise = (1+(fa/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) / (1+((fa-fs)/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) * 100; +disp("(b) Aliasing Noise Level = "+string(aliasing_noise)+"%" ) + diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_05.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_05.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5230aa258 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_05.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.5 page 28 +//Given the DSP system shown in Figures 2.16 to 2.18, where a sampling +//rate of 16,000 Hz is used and the anti-aliasing filter is a second-order +//Butterworth lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 3.4 kHz, determine +//the percentage of aliasing level at the cutoff frequency. +clc,clear,close; +fs=16000,fc = 3400;//Hz +n =2; + +fa = 3400;//Hz, aliasing frequency +aliasing_noise = (1+(fa/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) / (1+((fs-fa)/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) * 100; +disp("Aliasing Noise Level = "+string(aliasing_noise)+"%" ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_06.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_06.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c0298d92 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.6/Example2_06.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.6 page 29 +//Given the DSP system shown in Figure 2.16, where a sampling rate of +//40,000 Hz is used, the anti-aliasing filter is a Butterworth lowpass filter +//with a cutoff frequency of 8 kHz, and the percentage of aliasing level at the +//cutoff frequency is required to be less than 1%, determine the order of +//the anti-aliasing lowpass filter. + +clc,clear,close; +fs=40000,fc = 8000,fa=8000;//Hz +aliasing_noise = 100; +n = 0; +while(aliasing_noise > 1) + n = n+1; + aliasing_noise = (1+(fa/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) / (1+((fs-fa)/fc)^(2*n))^(.5) * 100; + disp("n = "+string(n)+", Aliasing Noise Level = "+string(aliasing_noise)+"%" ) +end + +disp("To satisfy 1% aliasing noise level, we choose n = " +string(n)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_07.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_07.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384f58fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.7/Example2_07.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 2.7 page 31 +//Given a DSP system with a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz and a hold circuit used +//after DAC, +//a. Determine the percentage of distortion at the frequency of 3,400 Hz. +//b. Determine the percentage of distortion at the frequency of 1,000 Hz. +clc,clear,close; +fs = 8000; +T = 1/fs; +//part a +fa = 3400; +x = fa*T; +distortion = (1 - sin(x*%pi)/(x*%pi)) * 100; +disp("(a) distortion % = " + string(distortion) + "%"); + +//part b +fb = 1000; +x = fb*T; +distortion = (1 - sin(x*%pi)/(x*%pi)) * 100; +disp("(b) distortion % = " + string(distortion) + "%"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_08.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_08.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93cc41aad --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.8/Example2_08.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Example 2.8 page 33 +//Determine the cutoff frequency and the order for the anti-image filter +//given a DSP system with a sampling rate of 16,000 Hz and specifications +//for the anti-image filter as shown in Figure 2.24. +// +//Design requirements: +//& Maximum allowable gain variation from 0 to 3,000 Hz ¼ 2dB +//& 33 dB rejection at the frequency of 13,000 Hz +//& Butterworth filter assumed for the anti-image filter +clc,clear,close; + +fs = 16000; +T = 1/fs; +f1 = 3000,f2 = 13000;//Hz +x1 = f1*T; +gain1 = sin(x1*%pi)/(x1*%pi); +gaindb1 = 10*log(gain1); +disp("For f = 3000Hz, gain = "+string(gain1)+" = "+string(gaindb1)); + +x2 = f2*T; +gain2 = sin(x2*%pi)/(x2*%pi); +gaindb2 = 10*log(gain2); +disp("For f = 13000Hz, gain = "+string(gain2)+" = "+string(gaindb2)); + +n = .5*log((10^2-1)/(10^0.154 - 1))/log(f2/f1) +disp("n = "+string(n)); +n = round(n); + +fc2 = f2/(10^2-1)^(1/(2*n)); +fc1 = f1/(10^0.154-1)^(1/2/n); + +disp("fc1 = "+string(fc1)+" fc2 = "+string(fc2)); +disp("we choose the smaller one, that is " + string(min(fc1,fc2))); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/737/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_09.sce b/737/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_09.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..41ebc3c03 --- /dev/null +++ b/737/CH2/EX2.9/Example2_09.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Example 2.9 Page 39 +//Assuming that a 3-bit ADC channel accepts analog input ranging from 0 to 5 +//volts, determine the following: +//a. number of quantization levels +//b. step size of the quantizer or resolution +//c. quantization level when the analog voltage is 3.2 volts + +clc,clear,close; +xmin = 0, xmax = 5;//volts +m = 3;//bits + +L = 2^m; +disp("L = "+string(L)+" bits"); + +delta = (xmax-xmin)/L; +disp("delta = "+string(delta)+" volts"); + +x = 3.2*delta/6.25 +i = round((x-xmin)/delta); +disp("i= "+string(i)+" volts"); + +xq = xmin+5*delta; +disp("xq= "+string(xq)+" volts"); diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.2e/1_02_example.sci b/797/CH1/EX1.2e/1_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e086186d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.2e/1_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 1-02 Electric Power Generation by a Wind Turbine +unit_cost = 0.09 // unit cost of electric power [$/kWh] +turbine_power = 30 // rating of turbing [kW] +t=2200 // turbine operation time per year [hr] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.2s/1_02_solution.sce b/797/CH1/EX1.2s/1_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4efd0f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.2s/1_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Solution 1-01 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('1_02_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'1_02_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +totE = turbine_power * t; //total energy generated by turbine in one yeear [kWh] +money_saved = totE * unit_cost; //money saved per year [$] +printf("The amount of electric power generated by wind turbine is %1.2f kW", totE) +printf("\nMoney saved by turbine per year: \$%1.2f", money_saved); diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.3e/1_03_example.sci b/797/CH1/EX1.3e/1_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd899e573 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.3e/1_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 1-03 Obtaining Formulas from Unit Considerations +rho = 850 //density of oil [kg/m^3] +V = 2 //volume of oil [m^3] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.3s/1_03_solution.sce b/797/CH1/EX1.3s/1_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a93b3fe5 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.3s/1_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Solution 1-03 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('1_03_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'1_03_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +m = rho * V; //mass volume relation +printf("\n Mass of oil: %1.2f kg", m); diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.4e/1_04_example.sci b/797/CH1/EX1.4e/1_04_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8181c64e --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.4e/1_04_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 1-04 The Weight of One Pound-Mass +m = 1.00 //mass [lbm] +g = 32.174 //gravitational acceleration [ft/s^2] +lbf = 32.174 //as 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm.ft / s^2 diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.4s/1_04_solution.sce b/797/CH1/EX1.4s/1_04_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015704c9c --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.4s/1_04_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Solution 1-04 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('1_04_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'1_04_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +W = m * g; //Newton's second law +W = W / lbf; //application of conversion factor +//result +printf("Weight of one pond mass = %1.2f lbf", W); diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.5e/1_05_example.sci b/797/CH1/EX1.5e/1_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b8bce8cb --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.5e/1_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 1-5 Solving a System of Equations +difference = 4 //sum of two numbers +sum_squares_minus_sum = 20 //sum of squares minus sum \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.5s/1_05_solution.sce b/797/CH1/EX1.5s/1_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7952338e --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.5s/1_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solution 1-5 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('1_05_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'1_05_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +function [Z] =equations(X) + x = X(1); + y = X(2); + Z(1) = x - y - difference; + Z(2) = x**2 + y**2 - x -y - sum_squares_minus_sum; +endfunction + +[X, v, info] = fsolve([1,1], equations); +printf("x = %f\n", X(1)); +printf("y = %f\n", X(2)); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.6e/1_06_example.sci b/797/CH1/EX1.6e/1_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1fb383e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.6e/1_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 1-06 Significant Digits and Volume Flow Rate +V = 1.1 //volume of water collected [gal] +deltat = 45.62 //time interval [s] +gal_cubicm = 3.785 * 10**-3 //conversion factor [gal] to [m^3] diff --git a/797/CH1/EX1.6s/1_06_solution.sce b/797/CH1/EX1.6s/1_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61bb3db58 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH1/EX1.6s/1_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Solution 1-06 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('1_06_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'1_06_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +Vdot = V / deltat; //volume flow rate [gal/s] +Vdot = Vdot * gal_cubicm * 60; //volume flow rate [m^3/min] +//result +printf("Volume flow rate of water = %1.1e m\^3/min", Vdot); diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.1e/11_01_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.1e/11_01_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..198dcdeb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.1e/11_01_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 11-1 Measuring the Drag Coefficient of a Car +P = 1 //pressure of air [atm] +T = 20 //temperature of air [C] +V = 95 //relative velocity of car with respect to air [km/h] +A = 2.07 //frontal area of car [m^2] +F_D = 300 //force acting of the car in the flow direction [N] +R = 287 //gas constant for air [J/kg.K] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.1s/11_01_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.1s/11_01_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3be682b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.1s/11_01_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solution 11-1 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_01_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_01_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +V = V * 1000 / 3600; //from [km/h] to [m/s] +P = P * 1.01325 * 10**5; //from [atm] to [Pa] +T = T + 273; //from [C] to [K] +rho_air = P / ( R * T); +C_D = 2 * F_D / (rho_air * A * V**2); +printf("Drag coefficient is %1.2f", C_D); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.2e/11_02_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.2e/11_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f3ccc80a --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.2e/11_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 11-2 Effect of Frontal Area on Fuel Efficiency of a Car +W = 1.85 //width of the car [m] +H = 1.70 //height of the car [m] +C_D = 0.30 //drag coefficient +H_new = 1.55 //changed height of the car [m] +L = 18000 //running of vehicle per year [km] +V = 95 //average speed of car [km/h] +rho = 0.74 //density of gasoline [kg/L] +price = 0.95 //price of gasoline [$/L] +rho_air = 1.2 //density of air [kg/m^3] +HV = 44000 //heating value of gasoline [kJ/kg] +eta = 30 //overall-efficiency of car's drive train [%] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.2s/11_02_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.2s/11_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e53e338ce --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.2s/11_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Solution 11-2 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_02_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_02_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +L = L * 10**3; //from [km] to [m] +V = V * 1000/3600; //from [km/h] to [m/s] +HV = HV * 1000; //from [kJ/kg] to [J/kg] +eta = eta / 100; //from [%] to fraction +A = W * H; //frontal area of car [m^2] +F_D = C_D * A * rho_air * V**2 / 2; //drag force +W_drag = F_D * L; //work done to overcome drag +E_in = W_drag / eta; //required energy to do work +amt_fuel = (E_in / HV) / rho; //amount of fuel that supplied E_in energy +cost = amt_fuel * price; //cost of fuel per year in $ +A_new = W * H_new; //new frontal area of car +red_ratio = (A - A_new) / A; //as % reduction directly proportional to A +fuel_saved = red_ratio * amt_fuel; //amount of fuel saved +cost_saved = red_ratio * cost; //amount of money saved +printf("By reducing height from %1.2f m to %1.2f m\n", H, H_new); +printf("\t The amount of fuel saved is %1.f L/year\n", fuel_saved); +printf("\t The amount of money saved is $%1.f/year\n", cost_saved); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.3e/11_03_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.3e/11_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bf1d6f6a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.3e/11_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 11-3 Flow of Hot Oil over a Flat Plate +T = 40 //temperature of hot oil [C] +L = 5 //length of flat plate [m] +V = 2 //free stream velocity of oil [m/s] +rho = 876 //density of oil at 40 C [kg/m^3] +nu = 2.485 * 10**-4 //kinematic viscosity of oil at 40 C [m^2/s] +Re_cr = 5 * 10**5 //critical Reynold's number diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.3s/11_03_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.3s/11_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..199f632c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.3s/11_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solution 11-3 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_03_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_03_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +Re_L = V * L / nu; //Reynolds number at the end of the plate +//determination of average friction coefficient +if Re_L < Re_cr then + C_f = 1.328 * Re_L**-0.5; //for laminar flow at the end of the plate +else + C_f = 0.074/ Re_L**0.2 - 1742/ Re_L; //for turbuent flow the end of the plate +end +F_D = C_f * L * rho * V**2 / 2; //drag force per unit width +printf("The drag force acting on the top side of plate per unit width is %1.0f N.", F_D); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.4e/11_04_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.4e/11_04_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..69518b832 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.4e/11_04_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 11-4 Drag Force Acting on a Pipe in a River +D = 2.2 //outer-diameter of pipe [cm] +L = 30 //width of section of the river [m] +V = 4 //average velocity of water [m/s] +T = 15 //temperature of water [C] +//properties of water at 15 C +rho = 999.1 //density [kg/m^3] +mu = 1.138 * 10**-3 //dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s] diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.4s/11_04_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.4s/11_04_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d47d2a981 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.4s/11_04_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solution 11-4 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_04_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_04_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +D = D / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +Re = rho * V * D / mu; //Reynolds number +A = L * D; //average frontal area +C_D = 1; +F_D = C_D * A * rho * V**2 / 2; //drag force acting +printf("Hence the drag force acting on the pipe is %1.0f N", F_D); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.5e/11_05_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.5e/11_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d0294d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.5e/11_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 11-5 Lift and Drag of commercial Airplane +m = 70000 //mass of commercial airplane [kg] +A = 150 //wing planeform area [m^2] +V = 558 //crusing speed of the plane [km/hr] +rho_altitude = 0.312 //density of air at altitude of 12000m [kg/m^3] +rho_ground = 1.2 //density of air on ground [kg/m^3] +C_Lmax_flap = 3.48 //maximum lift coefficient with flaps +C_Lmax = 1.52 //maximum lift coefficient without flaps +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.5s/11_05_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.5s/11_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b00d31a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.5s/11_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Solution 11-5 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_05_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_05_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +V = V / 3.6; //from [km/h] to [m/s] +//(a) +W = m * g; //weight of aircraft [N] +//from total weight = lift force minimum velocity is given by +V_min1 = sqrt(2 * W /(rho_ground * C_Lmax * A)); +V_min2 = sqrt(2 * W /(rho_ground * C_Lmax_flap *A)); +V_min1_safe = 1.2 * V_min1; //safe velocity without flaps +V_min2_safe = 1.2 * V_min2; //safe velocity with flaps +V_min1_safe = V_min1_safe * 3.6; //from [m/s] to [km/h] +V_min2_safe = V_min2_safe * 3.6; //from [m/s] to [km/h] +printf("a) The minimum safe speed for landing and takeoff are\n"); +printf ("\t %1.0f km/h without flaps\n", V_min1_safe); +printf("\t %1.0f km/h with flaps\n", V_min2_safe); +//(b) +C_L = W / (0.5 * rho_altitude * V**2 * A); +//from figure 11-45 the angle of attack corresponding to above C_L value is +alpha = 10; +printf("b) The angle of attack to cruise steadily at crusing altitude is %1.0f degrees.\n", alpha); +//(c) +//from figure 11-45 drag coefficient corresponding to C_L is +C_D = 0.03; +F_D = C_D * A * rho_altitude * V**2 / 2; //thrust force = drag force +P = F_D * V; //power required to provide thrust +printf("c) The power that needs to be supplied to provide enough thrust is %1.0f kW.", P / 1000); diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.6e/11_06_example.sci b/797/CH11/EX11.6e/11_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3242527fd --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.6e/11_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 11-6 Effect of Spin on Tennis Ball +m = 0.057 //mass of the tennis ball [kg] +D = 6.37 //diameter of the ball [cm] +V = 72 //speed of ball [km/h] +N = 4800 //backspin given to ball [rpm] +P = 1 //air pressure [atm] +T = 25 //temperature of air [C] +nu = 1.562 * 10**-5 //kinematic viscosity of air at 25 C [m^2/s] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +R = 287 //gas constant for air [J/kg.K] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH11/EX11.6s/11_06_solution.sce b/797/CH11/EX11.6s/11_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5641cda1f --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH11/EX11.6s/11_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Solution 11-5 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('11_06_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'11_06_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +D = D / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +V = V / 3.6 //from [km/h] to [m/s] +P = P * 1.01325 * 10**5; //from [atm] to [Pa] +T = T + 273; //from [C] to [K] +rho_air = P / (R * T); //from ideal gas equation +A = %pi / 4 * D**2; //frontal area of ball +omega = 2 * %pi * N / 60; //angular velocity of ball [rad/s] +nd_rotation = omega * D /(2 * V); //non dimensional rate of rotation +//from figure 11-53 lift coefficient coefficient corresponding to nd_rotation is +C_L = 0.21; +F_L = C_L * A * rho_air * V**2 / 2; //drag force +W = m * g; +if W > F_L then + printf("Ball will drop under the combined effect of gravity and lift due to spinning with net force of %1.3f - %1.3f = %1.3f N", W, F_L, W - F_L); +else + printf("Ball will rise under under the combined effect of gravity and lift due to spinning with net force of %1.3f - %1.3f = %1.3f N", F_L, W, F_L - W); +end diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.1.e/2_01_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.1.e/2_01_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71cd13018 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.1.e/2_01_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2-1 Density, Specific Gravity and Mass of Air in a Room +l = 4 //length [m] +b = 5 //breadth [m] +w = 6 //width [m] +P = 100 //Pressure [kPa] +T = 25 //Temperature [degree celcius] +R = 0.287 //Ideal gas(here air) constant [kJ/kg.K] +rho_water = 1000 //Density of water [kg/m^3] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.1.s/2_01_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.1.s/2_01_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba6af5b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.1.s/2_01_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Solution 2-1 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_01_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_01_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +rho = P / (R * (T + 273)) //ideal gas relation +SG=rho / rho_water //definition specific gravity +V = l * b * w //Volume in m^3 +m = rho * V //Mass in kg +//Result +printf("Density of air is %1.2f kg/m^3",rho) +printf("\nSpecific gravity of air is %1.5f",SG) +printf("\nVolume of air is %1.2f m^3",V) +printf("\nMass of air is %1.0f kg",m) diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.2.e/2_02_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.2.e/2_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe7dc8866 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.2.e/2_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 2-2 Minimum Pressure to Avoid Cavitation +T = 30 //temperature of water [degree celcius] +P = 4.25 //vapour pressure of water at 30 degree celcius [kPa] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.2.s/2_02_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.2.s/2_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93cb6d6c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.2.s/2_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Solution 2-2 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_02_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_02_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +printf("Minimum pressure allowed in the system to avoid cavitation is %1.2f kPa", P) diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.3.e/2_03_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.3.e/2_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d37f45d44 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.3.e/2_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2-3 Variation of Density with Temperature and Pressure +T_i = 20 //initial temperature of water [degree C] +P_i = 1 //initial pressure of water [atm] +T_f = 50 //final temperature of water [degree C] +P_f = 100 //final pressure of water [atm] +alpha = 4.8 * 10**-5 //isothermal compressiblity of water [atm^-1] +rho = 998 //density of water at 20 degree celcius and 1 atm pressure [kg / m^3] +beta_ = 0.337 * 10**-3 //coefficient of colume expansion at average temperature 35 degree [1 / K] diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.3.s/2_03_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.3.s/2_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1744c6732 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.3.s/2_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Solution 2-3 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_03_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_03_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +//(a) +deltarho = - beta_ * rho * (T_f - T_i); //def of coefficient of volume expansion +rho_2 = rho + deltarho; //actual density at 50 C and 1 atm pressure +//result +printf("Final density of water \n1.At 50C and constant pressure of 1 atm = %1.1f kg / m^3",rho_2); +//(b) +deltarho = alpha * rho * (P_f - P_i); //def of coefficient of compressiblity +rho_2 = rho + deltarho; //actual density at 20C and 100atm pressure +//result +printf("\n2.At 20C and 100 atm pressure = %1.1f kg / m^3",rho_2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.4.e/2_04_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.4.e/2_04_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfcc826eb --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.4.e/2_04_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 2-4 Mach Number of Air Entering the Diffuser +V = 200 //speed of air entering diffuser [m /s] +T =30 //temperature of air at the inlet of diffuser [degree C] +R = 287 //gas constant of air [J / Kg.K] +k = 1.4 //specific heat ratio for air at 30C [] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.4.s/2_04_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.4.s/2_04_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32ac174bd --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.4.s/2_04_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solution 2-4 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_04_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_04_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +//conversion +T = T + 273; //[degree C] to [K] +//(a) +c = sqrt(k * R * T); +printf("Speed of sound in air at 30C is %1.0f m / s", c); +//(b) +Ma = V / c; +printf("\nMach number at diffuser inlet is %1.3f", Ma); +if Ma < 1 then + printf("\nHence flow is subsonic"); +elseif Ma == 1 + printf("\nHence flow is sonic"); +else + printf("\nHence flow is supersonic"); +end diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.5.e/2_05_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.5.e/2_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7db8f1896 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.5.e/2_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 2-5 Determining the Viscosity of Fluid +L = 40 //length of viscometer [cm] +l = 0.15 //gap between two cylinders [cm] +d_o = 12 //outer diameter of inner cylinder [cm] +ndot = 300 //rotational speed of inner cylinder [rpm] +T = 1.8 //torque required to move cylinder [N.m] + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.5.s/2_05_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.5.s/2_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a52701952 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.5.s/2_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Solution 2-5 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_05_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_05_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +//conversion +l = l / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +L = L / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +R = d_o / (2 * 100); +mu = T * l / (4 * %pi**2 * R**3 * ndot / 60 * L); +printf("Viscocity of fluid is measured to be %1.3f N.s/m^2", mu); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.6.e/2_06_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.6.e/2_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b22e19d35 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.6.e/2_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 2-6 The Capillary Rise of Water in Tube +D = 0.6 //diameter of glass tube [mm] +T = 20 //temperature of water [degree C] +sigma_s = 0.073 //surface tension of water at 20C [N/m] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +phi = 0 //contact angle for water and glass [degree] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.6.s/2_06_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.6.s/2_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50bbda490 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.6.s/2_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Solution 2-6 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_06_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_06_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +//conversion +D = D / 1000; //from [mm] to [m] +phi = phi * %pi /180; //from [degree] to [radians] + +R = D / 2; +h = 2 * sigma_s * cos(phi) / (rho * g * R); //from capilary rise equation +h = h * 100; //conversion from [m] to [cm] +printf("Water rises in the tube %1.0f cm above the liquid level in the cup", h); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.7.e/2_07_example.sci b/797/CH2/EX2.7.e/2_07_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac015937c --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.7.e/2_07_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 2-7 Using Capillary Rise to Generate Power in a Hydraulic Turbine +h = 5 //rise of water column due to capillary effect [cm] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH2/EX2.7.s/2_07_solution.sce b/797/CH2/EX2.7.s/2_07_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5c72b3c86 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH2/EX2.7.s/2_07_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Solution 2-6 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('2_07_solution.sce') +datafile=WD+filesep()+'2_07_example.sci' +clc; +exec(datafile) +//conversion +h = h /100; //from [cm] to [m] + +deltaP = rho * g * h +deltaP = deltaP / 10**5; //conversion from [N/m^2] to [atm] +printf("The pressure at top of water column is less than atm pressure by %1.3f atm", deltaP); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.1.e/3_01_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.1.e/3_01_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afc8905df --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.1.e/3_01_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 3-1 Absolute Pressure of Vacuum Chamber +P_atm = 100 //Atmospheric pressure [kPa] +P_vac = 40 //Vacuum Gauge pressure [kPa] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.1.s/3_01_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.1.s/3_01_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06d546448 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.1.s/3_01_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Soultion 3-01 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_01_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_01_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +P_abs = P_atm - P_vac; //Pressure relationship +printf("Absolute pressure of Vacuum chamber is %1.2f kPa", P_abs); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.10.e/3_10_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.10.e/3_10_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c394d6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.10.e/3_10_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 3-10 Measuring specific gravity by hydrometer +D = 1 //diameter of hydrometer [cm] +h = 10 //height of water surface from the bottom of hydrometer [cm] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.10.s/3_10_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.10.s/3_10_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..996f78e9f --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.10.s/3_10_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Solution 3-10 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_10_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_10_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +R = D / 2 / 100; //radius of cylinder [m] +h = h / 100; +m = rho * (%pi * R**2 * h); +printf("The mass of lead required for hydrostat to attain depth of 10cm is %1.5f kg", m); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.11.e/3_11_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.11.e/3_11_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9735f893 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.11.e/3_11_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3-11 Weight loss of an Object in Seawater +rho_seawater = 1025 //density of seawater [kg/m^3] +V = 0.4 * 0.4 * 3 //volume of block [m^3] +rho_block = 2300 //density of block [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.11.s/3_11_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.11.s/3_11_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1eff4477 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.11.s/3_11_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solution 3-11 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_11_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_11_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//(a) +F_Tair = rho_block * V * g; +printf("Tension in the rope of crane \n1.block suspended in air= %1.2f N", F_Tair/1000); +//(b) +F_B = rho_seawater * g * V; //bouyancy force +F_Twater = F_Tair - F_B; //net force in downward diretion +printf("\n2.block suspended in seawater= %1.2f kN", F_Twater / 1000); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.12.e/3_12_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.12.e/3_12_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1168af4cf --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.12.e/3_12_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3-12 Overflow From Water Tank During Acceleration +h = 80 //height of fish tank [cm] +b_1 = 2 //one of the cross-sectional dimension of fish tank [m] +b_2 = 0.6 //other cross-sectional dimension of fish tank [m] +V_0 = 0 //initial velocity of truck [km/h] +V_1 = 90 //velocity of truck after 10 s [km/h] +t = 10 //duration of acceleration of truck [s] +g = 9.81 //gravitaional acceleration [m/s^2] +a_z = 0 //other acceleration in Z direction [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.12.s/3_12_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.12.s/3_12_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1b1745b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.12.s/3_12_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solution 3-12 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_12_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_12_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +a_x = (V_1 - V_0) / t; //acceleration = rate of change of velocity (horizontal) +a_x = a_x / 3.6 //converting acceleration to [m/s^2] +theta = atan(a_x / (g + a_z)) //angle made by free surface of water with horizontal [radians] +printf("Vertical rise at the back of the tank relative to the midplande is") +//Case 1: +deltaz_1 = b_1 / 2 * tan(theta); +printf("\n1.For long side parallel to direction of motion =%1.2f cm", deltaz_1 * 100); +//Case 2: +deltaz_2 = b_2 / 2 * tan(theta); +printf("\n2.For short side parallel to direction of motion =%1.2f cm", deltaz_2 * 100); +if(deltaz_2 < deltaz_1) + printf("\n Hence short side must be parallel to the direction of motion."); +else + printf("\n Hence long side must be parallel to the direction of motion "); +end diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.13.e/3_13_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.13.e/3_13_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5598e99a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.13.e/3_13_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3-13 Rising of Liquid During Rotation +D = 20 //diameter of cylinder [cm] +H = 60 //height of cylinder [cm] +h_0 = 50 //height of liquid in the container [cm] +rho = 850 //density of liquid in the container [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitaional acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.13.s/3_13_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.13.s/3_13_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca2840a60 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.13.s/3_13_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Solution 3-13 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_13_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_13_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +H = H / 100; //converting height from [cm] to [m] +R = D / 2 / 100; //radius of cylinder [m] +h_0 = h_0 / 100; +omega = sqrt(4 * g * (H - h_0) / R**2); //from equation for the free surface of liquid +ndot = omega / (2 * %pi) * 60; //rotational speed [rpm] +printf("Rotational speed of the container must be restricted to %1.2f rpm to avoid any spill of liquid as a result of centrifugal effect", ndot); +z_0 = h_0 - omega^2 * R^2 / (4 * g); //height of liquid at the center [m] +printf("\nHeight of liquid at the center is %1.2f m>0 hence our assumption is valid", z_0); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.2.e/3_02_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.2.e/3_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55a7b2dca --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.2.e/3_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 3-02 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure with Barometer +h = 740 //height of mercury column [m] +g = 9.805 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] +rho = 13570 //density of mercury [kg/m^3] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.2.s/3_02_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.2.s/3_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c487614c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.2.s/3_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Soultion 3-02 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_02_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_02_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +h = h / 1000; //converting height of Hg column from [mm] to [m] +P = rho * g * h; //Basic pressure eqaution [Pa] +P = P / 1000; +//result +printf("Atmospheric pressure is %1.1f kPa", P); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.3.e/3_03_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.3.e/3_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e33077f2d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.3.e/3_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3-03 Gravity Driven flow in IV bottle +rho = 1020 //density of IV fluid [kg/m^3] +h_bottle1 = 1.2 //height of bottle for blood pressure balance +P_gauge2 = 20 //gauge pressure required for sufficient flow rate +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.3.s/3_03_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.3.s/3_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e76c0cdb --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.3.s/3_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Soultion 3-03 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_03_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_03_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//(a) +P_gauge1 = rho * g * h_bottle1; //Basic Pressure formula +P_gauge1 = P_gauge1 / 1000; //conversion from [Pa] to [kPa] +printf("Gauge pressure of blood is %1.2f kPa", P_gauge1); +//(b) +P_gauge2 = P_gauge2 * 1000; +h_bottle2 = P_gauge2 / (rho * g); +printf("\nHeight required for maintaining 20kPa pressure is %1.2f m", h_bottle2); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.4.e/3_04_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.4.e/3_04_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915ea4c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.4.e/3_04_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3-04 Hydrostatic pressure in solar pond with variable density +rho_0 = 1040 //density on water surface [kg/m^3] +H = 4 //thickness of the gradient zone [m] +h_1 = 0.8 //thickness of surface zone [m] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.4.s/3_04_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.4.s/3_04_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3aefd7c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.4.s/3_04_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Soultion 3-04 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_04_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_04_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +P_1 = rho_0 * g * h_1; //Gauge pressure at the bottom of surface zone [Pa] +P_2 = P_1 + rho_0 * g * 4 *H / %pi * asinh(tan( %pi * H / (4 * H))); //After integrating w.r.t depth s +P_2 = P_2 / 1000; //conversion from [Pa] to [kPa] +//result +printf("Pressure at the bottom of Gradient layer is %1.1f kPa",P_2); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.5.e/3_05_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.5.e/3_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..379012a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.5.e/3_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3-5 Measuring Pressure with Manometer +SG = 0.85 //specific gravity of manometric fluid +h = 55 //manometer column height [cm] +P_atm = 96 //Local atmospheric pressure [kPa] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] +rho_water = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.5.s/3_05_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.5.s/3_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9e05db619 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.5.s/3_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Soultion 3-05 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_05_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_05_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +rho = SG * rho_water; //definition of specific gravity +P_atm = P_atm * 1000; //converting from [kPa] to [Pa] +h = h / 100; //converting from [cm] to [m] +P = P_atm + rho * g * h; //Pressure in manometer +P = P / 1000; //converting from [Pa] to [kPa] +//result +printf("Absolute pressure in the tank is %1.1f kPa", P); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.6.e/3_06_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.6.e/3_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb9bb86e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.6.e/3_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3-06 Measuring Fluid with Multifluid Manometer +P_atm = 85.6 //Atmospheric pressure at 1400m altitude [kPa] +h_1 = 0.1 //differnce of water and oil level in manometer [m] +h_2 = 0.2 //difference between water and mercury level in manometer [m] +h_3 = 0.35 //difference between oil and mercury level in manometer [m] +rho_water = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +rho_oil = 850 //density of oil [kg/m^3] +rho_mercury = 13600 //density of mercury [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.6.s/3_06_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.6.s/3_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9869f186e --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.6.s/3_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Soultion 3-06 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_06_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_06_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +P_atm = P_atm * 1000; +P_1 = P_atm - rho_water * g * h_1 - rho_oil * g * h_2 + rho_mercury * g * h_3; //pressure equilibrium +P_1 = P_1 / 1000; //converting from [Pa] to [kPa] +//result +printf("Air pressure in the tank is %1.0f kPa", P_1); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.7.e/3_07_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.7.e/3_07_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1c7254a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.7.e/3_07_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 3-07 Analyzing Multifluid manometer +P_atm = 85.6 //Atmospheric pressure at 1400m altitude [kPa] +P_1 = 130 // Air pressure in tank [kPa] +h_1 = 0.1 //differnce of water and oil level in manometer [m] +h_2 = 0.2 //difference between water and mercury level in manometer [m] +rho_water = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +rho_oil = 850 //density of oil [kg/m^3] +rho_seawater = 1030//density of seawater [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.7.s/3_07_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.7.s/3_07_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d4a26d12 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.7.s/3_07_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Soultion 3-07 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_07_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_07_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//converting pressures into [Pa] +P_atm = P_atm * 1000; +P_1 = P_1 * 1000; +h_3 = (P_1 - P_atm + rho_water * g *h_1 + rho_oil * g * h_2) / (rho_seawater * g); //pressure eqquilibrium +printf("If mercury is changed to seawater the height of seawater will be %1.2f m", h_3); diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.8.e/3_08_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.8.e/3_08_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e8a6a146 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.8.e/3_08_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 3-08 Hydrostatic Force Acting on the Door of Submerged car +s = 8 //depth of car door top from the water surface [m] +b = 1.2 //height of car door [m] +h = 1 //breath of car door [m] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.8.s/3_08_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.8.s/3_08_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77c073a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.8.s/3_08_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Soultion 3-08 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_08_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_08_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +A = b * h; //area of door +P_avg = rho * g * (s + b / 2); //hydrostatic pressure formula +F_g = P_avg * A; +F_g= F_g / 1000; //conversion from [N] to [kN] +printf("Hydrostatic force on the door is %1.2f kN", F_g); +y_p = s + b / 2 + b**2 / (12 * (s + b / 2)) //formula for centre of pressure for P_o=0 +printf("\nThe center of pressure is %1.2f m", y_p) diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.9.e/3_09_example.sci b/797/CH3/EX3.9.e/3_09_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab4501b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.9.e/3_09_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 3-09 A Gravity Controlled Cylinderical Gate +R = 0.8 //radius of cylinder [m] +h_bottom = 5 //maximum level of water in tank [m] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] diff --git a/797/CH3/EX3.9.s/3_09_solution.sce b/797/CH3/EX3.9.s/3_09_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..256158edd --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH3/EX3.9.s/3_09_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solution 3-09 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('3_09_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'3_09_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//(a) +s = h_bottom - R; //distance of cylinder top from water surface +F_h = rho * g * (s + R / 2) * R; //horizontal force acting on vericle surface of cylinder +F_y= rho * g * h_bottom * R; //vericle for acting on cylinder +W = rho * g * R**2 * (1 - %pi / 4); //weight of fluid block per m width +F_v = F_y - W; //net upward force +F_R = sqrt(F_v**2 + F_h**2); //magnitude of resultant force +theta = atan(F_v / F_h) * 180 / %pi; //angle made by resultant with horizontal +printf("Resultant hydrostatic force acting on cylinder is %1.2f kN", F_R/1000); +printf("\nAngle made by hydrostatic force with horizontal is %1.2f degrees", theta); +//(b) +W_cyl = F_R * sin(theta * %pi / 180); //equating moment at hinge to zero +printf("\nWeight of cylinder per m length is %1.2f kN", W_cyl/1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.1.e/5_01_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.1.e/5_01_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3fbbcc7b --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.1.e/5_01_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 5-1 Water Flow through a Garden Hose Nozzle +V = 10 //volume of bucket [gal] +d_hose = 2 //inner diameter of hose [cm] +d_e = 0.8 //diameter of nozzle at exit [cm] +dt = 50 //time required to fill the bucket [s] +rho = 1 //density of water in [kg/L] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.1.s/5_01_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.1.s/5_01_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86c0665c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.1.s/5_01_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solution 5-01 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_01_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_01_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +d_e = d_e / 100; //conversion from [cm] to [m] +d_hose = d_hose / 100; +rho = rho * 1000; //conversion from [kg/L] to [kg/m^3] +//(a) +Vdot = V / dt * 3.7854; //volume flow rate [L/s] +printf("\nVolume flow rate is %1.4f L/s", Vdot); +Vdot = Vdot / 1000; //conversion from [L/s] to [m^3/s] +mdot = rho * Vdot; +printf("\nMass flow rate is %1.4f kg/s", mdot); +//(b) +A_e = %pi * (d_e / 2)^2; //cross-sectional area of nozzle at exit +V_e = Vdot / A_e; //from continuity equation +printf("\nAverage velocity of water in nozzle is %1.2f m/s", V_e); +A_hose = %pi * (d_hose / 2)^2; //cross-sectional area of hose +V_hose = Vdot / A_hose; +printf("\nAverage velocity of water in hose is %1.2f m/s", V_hose); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.12.e/5_12_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.12.e/5_12_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bcb65a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.12.e/5_12_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5-12 Pumping Power and Frictional Heating in a Pump +Wdot_electric = 15 //power rating of motor [kW] +eta_motor = 90 //efficiency of motor [%] +Vdot = 50 //water flow rate through pump [L/s] +P_1 = 100 //pressure at inlet of pump [kPa] +P_2 = 300 //pressure at outlet of pump [kPa] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +c = 4.18 //Specific heat of water [kJ/kg.K] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.12.s/5_12_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.12.s/5_12_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87dcba25a --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.12.s/5_12_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solution 5-12 +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('5_12_solution.sce'); +filename=pathname+filesep()+'5_12_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(filename) +P_1 = P_1 * 1000; //pressure conversion from [kPa] to [Pa] +P_2 = P_2 * 1000; +Vdot = Vdot / 1000; //conversion from [L/s] to [m^3/s] +eta_motor = eta_motor / 100; +Wdot_electric = Wdot_electric * 1000; //conversion from [kW] to [W] +c = c * 1000; +//(a) +mdot = rho * Vdot; //mass flow rate of water +Wdot_pumpshaft = eta_motor * Wdot_electric; //efficiency relation between motor and pump +deltaEdot_mechfluid = mdot * (P_2 - P_1)/rho; +eta_pump = deltaEdot_mechfluid / Wdot_pumpshaft * 100; //from efficiency relation +printf("Efficiency of pump is %1.4f percent", eta_pump); +//(b) +Edot_mechloss = Wdot_pumpshaft - deltaEdot_mechfluid; //energy lost +deltaT = Edot_mechloss / (mdot * c); +printf("\nTemperature rise of water as it flows through the pump is %1.3f degree C", deltaT); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.13.e/5_13_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.13.e/5_13_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b878b102d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.13.e/5_13_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5-13 Hydroelectric Power Generation from a Dam +Vdot = 100 //flow rate of water to a turbine [m^3/s] +z_1 = 120 //total available head [m of water] +h_L = 35 //head loss [m] +eta_turbinegen = 80 //overall efficiency of unit [%] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.13.s/5_13_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.13.s/5_13_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c83e2d17a --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.13.s/5_13_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solution 5-13 +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('5_13_solution.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'5_13_example.sci' +clc; +exec(filename) +eta_turbinegen = eta_turbinegen / 100; //conversion from [%] to fraction +mdot = rho * Vdot; //mass flow rate of water to turbine +h_turbine = z_1 - h_L; //from Bernoulli equation application between 1 and 2 +Wdot_turbine = mdot * g * h_turbine; //work done by water on turbine [W] +Wdot_electric = eta_turbinegen * Wdot_turbine; //from overall efficiency relation +Wdot_electric = Wdot_electric / 10^6; //conversion from [W] to [MW] +printf("Electric power generated by actual unit is %1.4f MW", Wdot_electric); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.14.e/5_14_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.14.e/5_14_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fec0d68c --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.14.e/5_14_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5-14 Fan Selection for Air Cooling of Computer +V = 12*40*40 //volume of computer case [cm^3] +D = 5 //diameter of hole [cm] +deltat = 1 //time required to replace air in computer case completely [s] +eta_fan = 30 //efficiency of fan [%] +rho_air = 1.2 //density of air [kg/m^3] +alpha_2 = 1.10 //kinetic energy correction factor diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.14.s/5_14_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.14.s/5_14_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb4e8e8fb --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.14.s/5_14_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Solution 5-14 +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('5_14_solution.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'5_14_example.sci' +clc; +exec(filename) +eta_fan = eta_fan / 100; +D = D / 100; +//(a) +V = 0.5 * V / 10^6; //volume of air [m^3] +Vdot = V / deltat; //volume flow rate of air +mdot = rho_air * Vdot; //mass flow rate of air +A = %pi * D^2 / 4; //cross-sectional area of the opening in case +V_2 = Vdot / A; +Wdot_fan = mdot * alpha_2 * V_2^2 / 2 //application of Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2 +Wdot_elect = Wdot_fan / eta_fan; +printf("The wattage of the fan motor unit to be purchased is %1.4f W", Wdot_elect); +//(b) +dP = rho_air * Wdot_fan / mdot; //from energy equation between 3 and 4 +printf("\nPressure defference across the fan is %1.2f Pa", dP); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.15.e/5_15_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.15.e/5_15_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ea7bc437 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.15.e/5_15_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5-15 Pumping water from Lake to a Reservoir +Wdot_shaft = 5 //shaft power of pump [kW] +eta_pump = 72 //efficiency of pump [%] +z_2 = 25 //elevation of free surface of reservoir from lake free surface [m] +h_L = 4 //irreversible head loss in piping system [m] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.15.s/5_15_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.15.s/5_15_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5a86bef1 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.15.s/5_15_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Solution 5-15 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_15_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_15_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +Wdot_shaft = Wdot_shaft * 1000; +Wdot_pump = eta_pump * Wdot_shaft / 100; +mdot = Wdot_pump / (g * (z_2 + h_L)); //energy equation +Vdot = mdot / rho; +printf("Discharge rate of water is %1.4e m^3/s i.e %1.4f L/s", Vdot, Vdot * 1000); +deltaP = Wdot_pump / Vdot; +printf("\nPressure difference across the pump is %1.2f kPa", deltaP / 1000); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.2.e/5_02_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.2.e/5_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..176ae8c65 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.2.e/5_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 5-2 Discharge of Water from a Tank +h_0 = 1.2 //initial height of water level in tank [m] +D_tank = 0.9 //diameter of tank [m] +D_jet = 13 //diameter of tank [mm] +h_2 = 0.6 //final height of water level in tank [m] +g = 9.807 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.2.s/5_02_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.2.s/5_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48f6699d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.2.s/5_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Solution 5-02 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_02_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_02_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +D_jet = D_jet * 10^(-3); //converting jet dia from [mm] to [m] +t = (sqrt(h_0)-sqrt(h_2)) / sqrt(g / 2) * (D_tank / D_jet)^2; +t = t / 60; //converitng time from [s] to [min] +printf("Time required for water level to drop from %1.2f m to %1.2f m is %1.1f min", h_0, h_2, t); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.3.e/5_03_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.3.e/5_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95a55d9de --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.3.e/5_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 5-3 Performance of Hydraulic Turbine-Generator +h = 50 //depth of water [m] +mdot = 5000 //water mass flow rate [kg/s] +Wdot_elect = 1862 //electricity generated [kW] +eta_generator = 95 //generator efficiency [%] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.3.s/5_03_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.3.s/5_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0a4d572e --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.3.s/5_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Solution 5-03 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_03_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_03_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +Wdot_elect = Wdot_elect * 10^3; //conversion into [W] +eta_generator = eta_generator / 100; //cenversion from [%] to fraction +//(a) +deltae_mech = g * h; //change in mechanical energy per unit mass [J/kg] +deltaE_mech = mdot * deltae_mech; //Total change in mechanical energy [W] +printf("Rate of mechanical energy supply to turbine is %1.2f kW", deltaE_mech / 1000); +eta_overall = Wdot_elect / deltaE_mech; //efficiency=output/input +printf("\nOverall efficiency is %1.4f", eta_overall); +//(b) +eta_turbine = eta_overall / eta_generator; //efficiency relations +printf("\nTurbine efficiency is %1.4f", eta_turbine); +Wdot_shaft = eta_turbine * deltaE_mech; //work=efficiency*energy supplied +printf("\nShaft power output from turbine is %1.2f kW", Wdot_shaft / 1000); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.5.e/5_05_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.5.e/5_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51aeeca91 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.5.e/5_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +//Example 5-5 Spraying Water into the Air +P_gauge = 400 //Gauge pressure of water flowing through hose [kPa] +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.5.s/5_05_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.5.s/5_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa21fbfa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.5.s/5_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Solution 5-05 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_05_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_05_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +P_gauge = P_gauge * 1000; //conversion from [kPa] to [Pa] +z_2 = P_gauge / (rho * g); //from Bernoulli equation +printf("The water jet can rise as high as %1.4f m into the sky", z_2); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.6.e/5_06_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.6.e/5_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e5660285 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.6.e/5_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +//Example 5-6 Water Discharge from a Large Tank +z_1 = 5 //water height in tank [m] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.6.s/5_06_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.6.s/5_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f71e09fec --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.6.s/5_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Solution 5-06 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_06_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_06_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +V_2 = sqrt(2 * g * z_1); //Toricelli equation +printf("Water leaves the tank with initial velocity of %1.2f m/s", V_2); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.7.e/5_07_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.7.e/5_07_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4b1aff6c --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.7.e/5_07_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5-7 Siphoning Out Gasoline from a Fuel Tank +P_atm = 101.3 //Atmospheric pressure [kPa] +z_1 = 0.75 //height of gasoline free surface from datum [m] +D = 5 //diameter of siphon [mm] +z_3 = 2 + 0.75 //height of point 2 from datum [m] +V = 4 //volume of gasoline required to be drawn in tank [litres] +rho = 750 //density of gasoline [kg/m^3] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.7.s/5_07_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.7.s/5_07_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..758558a74 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.7.s/5_07_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Solution 5-07 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_07_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_07_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +P_atm = P_atm * 1000; //conversion from [kPa] to [Pa] +D = D / 1000; //conversion from [mm] to [m] +V = V / 1000; //conversion from [litres] to [m^3] +//(a) +V_2 = sqrt(2 * g * z_1); //Toricelli equation +A = %pi * D^2 / 4; +Vdot = V_2 * A; //continuity equation +dt = V / Vdot; +printf("\nVelocity of water entering the gas can is %1.2f m/s", V_2); +printf("\nArea of cross section of siphon is %1.2e m^2", A); +printf("\nVolume flow rate of gasoline is %f L", Vdot * 1000); +printf("\nTime needed to siphon 4L of gasoline is %1.2f s", dt); +//(b) +P_3 = P_atm - rho * g * z_3; //application of Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3 +P_3 = P_3 / 1000; //conversion from [Pa] to [kPa] +printf("\nPressure at point 3 in siphon is %1.2f kPa", P_3); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.8.e/5_08_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.8.e/5_08_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79879c52d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.8.e/5_08_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 5-8 Velocity Measurement by a Pitot Tube +h_1 = 3 //depth of pitot tube [cm] +h_2 = 7 //height of water indicating static pressure [cm] +h_3 = 12 //height of water column indicating dynamic pressure [cm] +g = 9.81 //gravitational accleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.8.s/5_08_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.8.s/5_08_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1b946944 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.8.s/5_08_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Solution 5-08 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_08_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_08_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +h_3 = h_3 / 100; //conversion from [cm] to [m] +V_1 = sqrt(2 * g * h_3); //application of Bernoulli equation +printf("Velocity of water in pipe is %1.2f m/s", V_1); diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.9.e/5_09_example.sci b/797/CH5/EX5.9.e/5_09_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc6840fcd --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.9.e/5_09_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5-9 The rise of the Ocean Due to Hurricane +P_atmair = 76.2 //pressure at point 1 [cm of Hg] +P_air = 56 //pressure at the eye of the storm [cm of Hg] +V_A = 250 //wind velocity at point 2 [kmph] +rho_sw = 1025 //density of sea water [kg/m^3] +rho_Hg = 13584 //density of mercury [kg/m^3] +rho_atmair = 1.182 //density of air at atmospheric temperature [kg/m^3] +g = 9.807 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] diff --git a/797/CH5/EX5.9.s/5_09_solution.sce b/797/CH5/EX5.9.s/5_09_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6432c6b74 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH5/EX5.9.s/5_09_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solution 5-09 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('5_09_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'5_09_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +V_A = V_A * 1000 / 3600; //conversion from [kmph] to [m/s] +P_atmair = P_atmair / 100; //conversion from [cm of Hg] to [m og Hg] +P_air = P_air / 100; //conversion from [cm of Hg] to [m of Hg] +//(a) +h_1 = rho_Hg / rho_sw * (P_atmair - P_air); //from pressure realtion P=rho*g*h +printf("Ocean swell at point 3 is %1.2f m", h_1); +//(b) +h_air = (V_A)^2 / (2 * g); //Bernoulli equation application between A and B +rho_air = P_air / P_atmair * rho_atmair //from ideal gas equation +h_dynamic = rho_air / rho_sw * h_air; //surge of point 2 from point 3 +h_2 = h_1 + h_dynamic; //total surge at point 2 +printf("\nOcean swell at point 2 is %1.2f m", h_2); diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.10.e/8_10_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.10.e/8_10_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..231e8e02d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.10.e/8_10_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 8-10 Measuring Flow rate with an Orifice Meter +rho_met = 788.4 //density of methanol at 20C [kg/m^3] +rho_Hg = 13600 //density of mercury [kg/m^3] +mu = 5.875 * 10**-4//dynamic viscosity of methanol [kg/m.s] +D = 4 //diameter of pipe [cm] +d = 3 //diameter of orifice [cm] +h = 11 //differenctial height [cm] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.10.s/8_10_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.10.s/8_10_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caefd729d --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.10.s/8_10_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Solution 8-10 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_10_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_10_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +D = D / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +d = d / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +h = h / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +beta1 = d / D; //diameter ratio +A_0 = %pi / 4 * d**2; //area of orifice +deltaP = (rho_Hg - rho_met) * g * h; +C_d = 0.5; //guess value for discharge coefficient of orifice +C_dold =1.0; +//iterative scheme to find correct value of coefficient of discharge +while abs(C_dold - C_d) > 0.0001 + C_dold = C_d; + Vdot = A_0 * C_dold * sqrt(2 * deltaP / rho_met / (1 - beta1**4)); + V_avg = Vdot / (%pi / 4 * D**2); + Re = rho_met * V_avg * D / mu; + C_d = 0.5959 + 0.0312*beta1**2.1 - 0.184*beta1**8 + 91.71 * beta1**2.5 / Re**0.75; +end +printf("Flow rate of methanol is %1.2f L/s", Vdot * 10**3); +printf("\nAverage velocity of methanol is %1.2f m/s", V_avg); +printf("\nReynolds number of flow is %1.2e", Re); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.2.e/8_02_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.2.e/8_02_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f981193f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.2.e/8_02_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8-2 Pressure Drop and Head Loss in a Pipe +clc; +//Properties of water at 40F +rho=1000 //density [kg/m^3] +mu=1.519 * 10^-3 //dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s] +g=9.81 //acceleration due to gravity [m/s^2] +D=0.3 //diameter of pipe [cm] +L=9 //length of pipe [m] +V_avg=0.9 //average velocity [m/s] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.2.s/8_02_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.2.s/8_02_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..986e29355 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.2.s/8_02_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Solution 8-2 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_02_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_02_example.sci'; +exec(datafile); +//unit conversions +D = D / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +//(a)Head loss +Re = rho * V_avg * D / mu; +if Re < 2300 then + f = 64 / Re; +end +h_L = f * L * V_avg**2 / (2 * g * D); +printf("Head loss in pipe is %1.2f m", h_L); +//(b) +deltaP = f * L * rho * V_avg**2 / (2 * D); +printf("\nPressure drop in pipe is %1.2f kPa", deltaP / 1000); +//(c) +Vdot = V_avg * %pi * D**2 / 4; +Wdot_pump = deltaP * Vdot; +printf("\nPumping power required to overcome pressure drop is %1.2f W", Wdot_pump); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.3.e/8_03_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.3.e/8_03_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7c78cba60 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.3.e/8_03_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//Example 8-03 Determining the Head Loss in Water pipe +rho = 999 //density of water [kg/m^3] +mu = 1.138 * 10**-3 //dynamic viscosity of water [kg/m.s] +D = 5 //diameter of pipe [cm] +Vdot = 0.006 //flow rate of water through pipe [m^3/s] +L = 60 //length of pipe for which head loss is to be determined[m] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.3.s/8_03_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.3.s/8_03_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21f9b3267 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.3.s/8_03_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Solution 8-03 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_03_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_03_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +function [f] = colebrook(epsilon, D, Re) + f = 1; + //Haaland equation + fnew = (-1.8 * log10(6.9/Re + (epsilon/D/3.7)**1.11))**(-2); + err = 0.0001; //maximum allowable error + //using fixed point iteration + while abs(fnew - f) > err + f = fnew; + fnew = (-2.0 * log10(epsilon/ D/3.7 + 2.51 / Re/sqrt(f)))**(-2); + end + f = fnew; + return f; +endfunction +//unit conversions +D = D / 100; //[cm] to [m] +A_c = %pi / 4 * D**2; //cross sectional area of pipe +V = Vdot / A_c; //average velocity in pipe +Re = rho * V * D / mu; //Reynold's number +if Re > 4000 then + epsilon = 0.002; //roughness for steel pipe [mm] +end +epsilon = epsilon / 1000; //unit conversion from [mm] to [m] +f = colebrook(epsilon, D, Re); +deltaP = f * L * rho * V**2 / (2 * D); +h_L = deltaP / rho / g; +Wdot_pump = Vdot * deltaP; +printf("Pressure drop in pipe is %1.2f kPa", deltaP / 1000); +printf("\nHead loss in pipe is %1.2f m", h_L); +printf("\nPumping power required is %1.0f W", Wdot_pump); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.4.e/8_04_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.4.e/8_04_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c410abf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.4.e/8_04_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 8-4 Determining the Diameter of an Air Duct +L = 150 //length of pipe[m] +Vdot = 0.35 //air flow rate[m^3 / s] +h_L = 20 //maximum head loss in pipe [m] +//Properties of air at 35C +rho = 1.145 //density [kg / m^3] +mu = 1.895 * 10**-5 //dynamic viscosity [kg / m.s] +nu = 1.655 * 10**-5 //kinematic viscosity [m^2 / s] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m / s^2] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.4.s/8_04_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.4.s/8_04_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..235d9e436 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.4.s/8_04_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Solution 8-04 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_04_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_04_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//simultaneous equations method +function [Z] = equation(X) + V = X(1); + Re = X(2); + f = X(3); + D = X(4); + Z(1) = V - Vdot / (%pi / 4 * D**2); + Z(2) = Re - V * D / nu; + Z(3) = 1 / sqrt(f) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon / D /3.7 + 2.51 / Re / sqrt(f)); + Z(4) = h_L - f * L * V**2 / (2 * g * D); +endfunction +epsilon = 0.0; +[X, v, info] = fsolve([1;1e5;0.02;0.1], equation); +D = X(4); +f = X(3); +V = X(1); +Re = X(2); +printf("Diameter of the duct should not exceed %1.3f m", D); +//Swamee-Jain formula +epsilon =0.0 +D = 0.66* ( epsilon^1.25 * (L * Vdot**2 / g / h_L)**4.75 + nu * Vdot**9.4 * (L / g / h_L)**5.2)**0.04 +printf("\nBy Swamee-Jain method\nDiameter of the pipe should be %1.3f m", D) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.5.e/8_05_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.5.e/8_05_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da18ef5d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.5.e/8_05_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8-05 Determining the Flow Rate of Air in a Duct +L = 300 //length of pipe[m] +D = 0.267 //diameter of pipe[m] +h_L = 20 //maximum head loss in pipe [m] +//Properties of air at 35C +rho = 1.145 //density [kg / m^3] +mu = 1.895 * 10**-5 //dynamic viscosity [kg / m.s] +nu = 1.655 * 10**-5 //kinematic viscosity [m^2 / s] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m / s^2] +Vdot_old = 0.35 //older flow rate of water [m^3/s] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.5.s/8_05_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.5.s/8_05_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e5b7741e --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.5.s/8_05_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Solution 8-05 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_05_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_05_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//simultaneous equations method +function [Z] = equation(X) + V = X(1); + Re = X(2); + f = X(3); + Vdot = X(4); + Z(1) = V - Vdot / (%pi / 4 * D**2); + Z(2) = Re - V * D / nu; + Z(3) = 1 / sqrt(f) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon / D /3.7 + 2.51 / Re / sqrt(f)); + Z(4) = h_L - f * L * V**2 / (2 * g * D); +endfunction +epsilon = 0.0; +funcprot(0); +[X, v, info] = fsolve([1;1e5;0.02;0.1], equation); +Vdot = X(4); +Vdot_drop = Vdot_old - Vdot +printf("Drop in flow rate through duct is %1.2f m^3/s",Vdot_drop); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.6.e/8_06_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.6.e/8_06_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43a6882bf --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.6.e/8_06_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 8-6 Head Loss and Pressure Rise during Gradual Expansion +D_1 = 6 //initial diameter of pipe [cm] +D_2 = 9 //increased diameter of pipe [cm] +V_1 = 7 //velocity of water before expansion section [m/s] +P_1 = 150 //pressure of water before expansion section [kPa] +theta = 10 //expansion section angle [degrees] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +alpha_1 = 1.06 //kinetic energy correction factor +alpha_2 = 1.06 +rho = 1000 //density of water [kg/m^3] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.6.s/8_06_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.6.s/8_06_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9cef3469 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.6.s/8_06_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Solution 8-06 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_06_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_06_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +P_1 = P_1 * 1000 //from [kPa] to [Pa] +D_1 = D_1 / 100 //from [cm] to [m] +D_2 = D_2 / 100 //from [cm] to [m] +//calculation of loss coefficient for included angle of 20 and d/D = 6/9 +K_L = 0.15 + (0.1 - 0.15) / 0.2 * (D_1/D_2 - 0.6) //interpolation from Table 8-4 +V_2 = (D_1/D_2)**2 * V_1 //conservation of mass +h_L = K_L * (V_1)**2 /(2 * g) +printf("Head loss in the expansion section is %1.3f m", h_L) +P_2 = P_1 + rho * ((alpha_1 * V_1**2 - alpha_2 * V_2**2)/2 - g * h_L) +P_2 = P_2 / 1000 +printf("\nPressure in the larger-diameter pipe is %1.0f kPa",P_2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.7.e/8_07_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.7.e/8_07_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa0be39a --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.7.e/8_07_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 8-07 Pumping Water through Two Parallel Pipes +rho = 998 //density of water [kg/m^3] +mu = 1.002 * 10**-3 //dynamic viscosity of water [kg/m.s] +epsilon = 0.000045 //roughness for steel pipe[m] +Wdot_elect = 8000 //electricity consumed by pump [W] +eta = 70 //efficiency of motor-pump combination [%] +z_A = 5 //elevation of input reservoir [m] +z_B = 13 //elevation of output reservoir [m] +D_1 = 4 //diameter of pipe 1 [cm] +D_2 = 8 //diameter of pipe 2 [cm] +L_1 = 36 //length of pipe 1 [m] +L_2 = 36 //length of pipe 2 [m] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m^2/s] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.7.s/8_07_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.7.s/8_07_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc7b8226b --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.7.s/8_07_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Solution 8-07 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_07_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_07_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +function [Z] = equations(X) + Vdot = X(1); + Vdot_1 = X(2); + Vdot_2 = X(3); + V_1 = X(4); + V_2 = X(5); + h_L = X(6); + h_L1 = X(7); + h_L2 = X(8); + h_pump = X(9); + Re_1 = X(10); + Re_2 = X(11); + f_1 = X(12); + f_2 = X(13); + Z(1) = Wdot_elect - rho * Vdot * g * h_pump / (eta / 100); + Z(2) = h_pump - (z_B - z_A) - h_L; + Z(3) = h_L - h_L1; + Z(4) = h_L1 - h_L2; + Z(5) = V_1 - Vdot_1 / (%pi / 4 * D_1**2); + Z(6) = V_2 - Vdot_2 / (%pi / 4 * D_2**2); + Z(7) = Re_1 - rho * V_1 * D_1 / mu; + Z(8) = Re_2 - rho * V_2 * D_2 / mu; + Z(9) = 1 / sqrt(f_1) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon / D_1 / 3.7 + 2.51 / Re_1 / sqrt(f_1)); + Z(10) = 1 / sqrt(f_2) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon / D_2 / 3.7 + 2.51 / Re_2 / sqrt(f_2)); + Z(11) = h_L1 - f_1 * L_1 * V_1**2 / (2 * g * D_1); + Z(12) = h_L2 - f_2 * L_2 * V_2**2 / (2 * g * D_2); + Z(13) = Vdot - (Vdot_1 + Vdot_2); +endfunction +//unit conversions +D_1 = D_1 / 100; //[cm] to [m] +D_2 = D_2 / 100; //[cm] to [m] +[X, v, info] = fsolve([1e-2;1e-2;1e-2;1;1;10;10;10;20;1e5;1e5;0.02;0.02], equations); +Vdot = X(1); +Vdot_1 = X(2); +Vdot_2 = X(3); +printf("Flow rate between the reservoirs is %1.4f m^3/s", Vdot); +printf("\nFlow rate in pipe 1 is %1.5f m^3/s", Vdot_1); +printf("\nFlow rate in pipe 2 is %1.4f m^3/s", Vdot_2); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.8.e/8_08_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.8.e/8_08_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..298499649 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.8.e/8_08_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 8-8 Gravity-Driven Water Flow in a Pipe +T = 10 //temperature of water [degree C] +D = 5 //diameter of pipe [cm] +rho = 999.7 //density of water at 10 C [kg/m^3] +mu = 1.307 * 10**-3 //dynamic viscosity of water at 10C [kg/m.s] +epsilon = 0.00026 //roughness of cast iron pipe [m] +Vdot = 6 //flow rate required [L/s] +L = 89 //amount of piping [m] +K_Lentrance = 0.5 //loss coefficient for sharp edged entrance +K_Lelbow = 0.3 //loss coefficients for standard flanged elbows +K_Lvalve = 0.2 //loss coefficient for gate valve +K_Lexit = 1.06 //loss coefficient at submerged exit +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +z2 = 4 //elevation of waterlel in tank 2 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.8.s/8_08_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.8.s/8_08_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f600b8ce0 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.8.s/8_08_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Solution 8-08 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_08_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_08_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//function to evaluate friction factor using Colebrook's equation +function [f] = colebrook(epsilon, D, Re) + f = 1; + fnew = (-1.8 * log10(6.9/Re + (epsilon/D/3.7)**1.11))**(-2); //Haaland equation + err = 0.0001; //maximum allowable error + //using fixed point iteration + while abs(fnew - f) > err + f = fnew; + fnew = (-2.0 * log10(epsilon/ D/3.7 + 2.51 / Re/sqrt(f)))**(-2); + end + return f; +endfunction +//unit conversion +D = D / 100; //from [cm] to [m] +Vdot = Vdot * 10**-3; //from [L/s] to [m^3/s] +A_c = %pi / 4 * D**2; // +V = Vdot / A_c; +Re = rho * V * D / mu; //Reynold's number +if Re < 4000 then + printf("As Re < 4000 flow is turbulent"); +end +funcprot(0); +f = colebrook(epsilon, D, Re); //friction factor +sumK_L = K_Lentrance + 2 * K_Lelbow + K_Lvalve + K_Lexit; +h_minor = sumK_L * V**2 / (2 * g); +h_major = f* L/D * V**2 / (2 * g); +h_L = h_minor + h_major; +z1 = z2 + h_L; //from energy equation between 1 and 2 +printf("Free surface of first reservoir must be %1.2f m above the ground level to ensure water flow between two reservoirs at 6 L/s", z1); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.9.e/8_09_example.sci b/797/CH8/EX8.9.e/8_09_example.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd1488df --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.9.e/8_09_example.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 8-09 Effect of Flushing on Flow a Rate from a Shower +D = 1.5 //diameter of copper pipe in building [cm] +P_1 = 200 //Gauge pressure at the inlet of system [kPa] +g = 9.81 //gravitational acceleration [m/s^2] +rho = 998 //density of wter at 20C [kg/m^3] +mu = 1.002 * 10**-3 //dynamic viscosity of water [kg/m.s] +epsilon = 1.5 * 10**-6 //roughness of copper pipes +L = 11 //length of pipe in shower line [m] +K_Ltee = 0.9 //loss coefficient for tee +K_Lelbow = 0.9 //loss coefficient for each elbow +K_Lglobe = 10 //loss coefficient for globe valve +K_Lshower = 12 //loss coefficient for shower head +K_Lvalve_toilet = 2 +K_Lelbow_toilet = 14 +K_Lfloat = 10 +z = 2 //elevation of shower head from pipe [m] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/797/CH8/EX8.9.s/8_09_solution.sce b/797/CH8/EX8.9.s/8_09_solution.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a49189e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/797/CH8/EX8.9.s/8_09_solution.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +//Solution 8-09 +WD=get_absolute_file_path('8_09_solution.sce'); +datafile=WD+filesep()+'8_09_example.sci'; +clc; +exec(datafile) +//unit conversions +D = D / 100 //from [cm] to [m] +P_1 = P_1 * 10**3 //from [kPa] to [Pa] +//(a) +sumK_L = K_Ltee + 2 * K_Lelbow + K_Lglobe + K_Lshower; +h_L = P_1 / (rho * g) - z; +nu = mu / rho; //kinematic viscosity definition +//function for solving non linear equations +function [Z] = equations1(X) + Vdot = X(1); + f = X(2); + V = X(3); + Re = X(4); + Z(1) = f * L/D * V**2 / (2 * g) + sumK_L * V**2 / (2 * g) - h_L; + Z(2) = Vdot * 4 / (%pi * D**2) - V; + Z(3) = V * D / (nu) - Re; + Z(4) = 2.0 * log10(epsilon/D / 3.7 + 2.51 / (Re * sqrt(f))) + 1/sqrt(f); +endfunction +[X, v, info] = fsolve([1e-4;0.02;1;1e5], equations1); +Vdot = X(1); f = X(2); V = X(3); Re = X(4); +printf("Flow rate of water through shower is %1.2f L/s", Vdot * 1000); +//(b) +h_L3 = P_1 / (rho * g) - 1; //from energy equation between toilet flush and inlet +K_L3 = K_Ltee + K_Lelbow_toilet + K_Lvalve_toilet + K_Lfloat; +//function for solving 12 equations simultaneously +function [Z] = equations2(X) + f1 = X(1); + f2 = X(2); + f3 = X(3); + V1 = X(4); + V2 = X(5); + V3 = X(6); + Vdot1 = X(7); + Vdot2 = X(8); + Vdot3 = X(9); + Re1 = X(10); + Re2 = X(11); + Re3 = X(12); + Z(1) = f1 * 5 / D * V1**2 /(2 * g) + (f2 * 6 / D + sumK_L)* V2**2 /(2 * g) - h_L; + Z(2) = f1 * 5 / D * V1**2 / (2 * g) + (f3 * 1/ D + K_L3) * V3**2 / (2 * g) - h_L3; + Z(3) = Vdot1 * 4/(%pi * D**2) - V1; + Z(4) = Vdot2 * 4/(%pi * D**2) - V2; + Z(5) = Vdot3 * 4/(%pi * D**2) - V3; + Z(6) = V1 * D / nu - Re1; + Z(7) = V2 * D / nu - Re2; + Z(8) = V3 * D / nu - Re3; + Z(9) = 1/ sqrt(f1) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon/D/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re1 * sqrt(f1))); + Z(10) = 1/ sqrt(f2) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon/D/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re2 * sqrt(f2))); + Z(11) = 1/ sqrt(f3) + 2.0 * log10(epsilon/D/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re3 * sqrt(f3))); + Z(12) = Vdot2 + Vdot3 - Vdot1; +endfunction +[X,v, info] = fsolve([0.02,0.02,0.02,1,1,1,1e-4,1e-4,1e-4,1e5,1e5,1e5], equations2); +Vdot1 = X(7); +Vdot2 = X(8); +Vdot3 = X(9); +printf("\nFlushing of toilet reduces flow rate of cold water through shower from %1.2f L/s to %1.2f L/s", Vdot * 10**3, Vdot2 * 10**3); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH1/EX1.3/ex1_3.sce b/803/CH1/EX1.3/ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff62b3596 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH1/EX1.3/ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +fk=2.5; //Desired resolution between frequencies +fd=1.75*10^3;//maximum frequency +dmin=1/fk;//minimum record length +tmax=1/(2*fd);//maximum time between sampling +N=1/(tmax*fk);//minimum number of sampling points +disp("Seconds",dmin,"Minimum record length"); +disp("Seconds",tmax,"Maximum time betweeen sampling points"); +disp(N/2,"Minimum number of sampling points"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce b/803/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a462c73d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +inputl=-16; +spuresp=70;..//spurious response +A0=-22;..//input level +N=4;..//fouth order +IP4=inputl+(spuresp/(N-1)); +DelS=(IP4-A0)*(N-1);..//distortion product +disp("dB",DelS,"Distortion Product"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce b/803/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2895ec30f --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +SNRdB=6;..//signal to noise ratio +SNR=10^(SNRdB/10); +Rg=50;..//resistance +Ft=14.87;..//noise factor +Bn=12000;..//bandwidth +k=1.38*10^-23;..//boltzmann constant +T=290;..//room temperature +C=18.2; +ev=sqrt(k*Ft*Bn*SNR*Rg*T); +T1=(Ft-1)*T+(C+273); +ev1=sqrt(k*Ft*Bn*SNR*Rg*T1); +disp("Volts",ev,"Sensitivity at room temperature"); +disp("Volts",ev1,"Sensitivity at an average value of 18.2 deg C"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce b/803/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f53801de --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +vr=20*1.852*(1000/3600);..//target radial speed +f=10^9;..//base frequency +c=3*(10^8); +lamda=(c/f); +fd=2*(vr/lamda);..//doppler speed +disp("Hz",fd,"Doppler Shift is") diff --git a/803/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce b/803/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fd9d4093 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Ts=10^(-6);..//pulse width +lamda=0.1;..//transmitter's duty cycle +DH=3;..//horizontal dimension +DV=0.5;..//vertical dimension +DelRrmin=lamda/(2*Ts);..//resolution in range rate +DelRamin=lamda/(Ts^2);..//resolution in acceleration range +DelFIH=(lamda/DH)*(180/%pi);..//azimuth beamwidth +DelFIV=(lamda/DV)*(180/%pi);..//elevation beamwidth +disp("m/s",DelRrmin,"The nominal resolution in range rate is"); +disp("m/s^2",DelRamin,"The nominal resolution in acceleration range is"); +disp("Degree",DelFIH,"The azimuth beamwidth of the antenna is"); +disp("Degree",DelFIV,"The elevation beamwidth of the antenna is"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce b/803/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b675a415 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +Va=500;..//radar carrying platform velocity +lambda=0.3; +dutcyc=10^(-6); +PRF=10000; +kp=1.25;..//radar platform dependent factor +Vcomp=kp*Va;..//compression velocity +DR=360*dutcyc*(Vcomp/lambda);..//derotation rate +Vt=(lambda/2)*PRF;..//target velocity +disp("m/s",Vcomp,"The compensation velocity is"); +disp("degree/range-cell",DR,"The derotation rate is"); +disp("m/s",Vt,"The maximum unambiguous target velocity is"); diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd98e888a --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.1/ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +Pr=10^-14;..//receiver sensitivity +R=2.5*10^5; +sigma=15; +lambda=0.12; +Gr=2000;..//receiver gain +Gt=2000;..//transmitter gain +pi=3.14; +Ppeak=2.985*(Pr*(4*%pi)^3*R^4/Gt*Gr*sigma*lambda^2); +disp("W",Ppeak,"Minimum peak transmitter power"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1bb77279c --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.2/ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +thetaH=17.3;..//beamwidth in E plane +thetaE=17.3;..//beamwidth in H plane +eta=0.5;..//antenna's efficiency +c=3*10^8; +f=4.5*10^9; +lambda=c/f; +A=(78*lambda/thetaH);..//aperture dimension in H plane +B=(54*lambda/thetaE);..//aperture dimension in E plane +G=10*log10(eta*4*%pi*A*B/lambda^2); +disp("m",A,"Aperture dimension in H plane"); +disp("m",B,"Aperture dimension in E plane"); +disp("dB",G,"Gain"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89f3b90f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.3/ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +Ltot=123.03; +Fn=3.16;..//noise factor +Gt=10;..//transmitter gain +Pt=1500;..//transmitter peak power +To=296.7; +R=10^5; +k=1.38*10^-23;..//boltzmann constant +sigma=1.5; +Ae=8; +Bn=10^3;..//bandwidth +pi=3.14; +F=1; +w=1.67; +angle=(4*%pi/Gt)*180/%pi; +Beamwidth=sqrt(angle);..//elevation beamwidth +SNR=log10(Pt*Gt*Ae*sigma*F^4/(4*%pi)^2*k*To*Bn*Fn*R^4*Ltot);..//signal to noise ratio +T=2*%pi/w;..//time frame +disp("dB",SNR,"Signal received"); +disp("s",T,"Time frame"); +disp("degree",Beamwidth,"Elevation Beamwidth"); + diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9ec4d371 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.4/ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +Ts=1; +n=3; +Pd=0.9;..//detection probability +Gt=10^5;..//transmitter gain +k=1.38*10^-23;..//boltzmann constant +tau=10^-6; +To=305.8; +Ae=8; +Pfa=10^-6;..//probability of false alarm +Pt=10^5;..//transmitter power +F=1;..//noise factor +sigma=3.2; +Bn=1/tau;..//bandwidth +pi=3.14; +Fn=3.162; +e=2.72; +Ltot=67.608; +alpha=0.75*(1+0.667*e^(-n/3)); +SNR=(alpha*log10(log(2)/Pfa)/n^(0.667)*(log10(1/Pd))^0.667); +R=(tau*Pt*Gt*Ae*sigma*F^4/(4*%pi)^2*k*To*Bn*Fn*SNR*Ltot)^0.25; +disp("m",R,"Maximum Range"); diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9134c6b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.5/ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +Bn=10^9;..//bandwidth +T=300;..//room temperature +k=1.38*10^-23;..//boltzmann constant +h=6.6256*10^-34; +f=10^9;..//frequency +Nthermal=(10*log10(k*T*Bn));..//thermal noise power +Ni=(10*log10(h*f*Bn));..//quantum noise power +disp("dB",Nthermal,"Thermal noise power"); +disp("dB",Ni,"Quantum noise power"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce b/803/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8e0f4399f --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH5/EX5.6/ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +Pt=100;..//transmitter power +Gt=1000;..//transmitter gain +f=3*10^9;..//frequency +R=10^5;..//resistance +pi=3.14; +Smin=(Pt*(0.3*Gt/(4*%pi*f*R))^2);..//Received power +disp("W",Smin,"Received power"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce b/803/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e250b662 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc +f=1.2*(10^6);...............................//Assigning values to parameters +Yn=56; +deltalat=37.45; +x=23.44*sind(0.9856*(Yn-80.7)); +deltah=acosd(tand(x)/tand(deltalat)); +y=acosd((sind(deltalat)*sind(x))+(cosd(deltalat)*cosd(x)*cosd(deltah))); +disp("degree",x,"Solar declination"); +disp("degree",deltah,"hour angle of the sun"); +disp("degree",y,"Solar zenith angle"); +m=4.8*(10^(-26));................//mean molecular mass of air +k=1.38*(10^(-23));...............//Boltzmann constant +g=9.8;...........................//gravitational constant +e=1.6*(10^(-19));....//electron charge +me=9.11*(10^(-31)); +epsilon=8.85*(10^(-12)); +hmax=[100 200 300 120 250]; +T=[341 1360 1710 341 1540]; +f=1.2*(10^6); +Nm=[1.5*10^11 3*10^11 12.5*10^11 0.8*1010 4*1011]; +h=[122 256 335 132 276]; +for i=1:5 + H(i)=(g * m * [h(i)-hmax(i)])/ (k * T(i)); + No(i)=(Nm(i)*(secd(x)^0.5)); + Ne(i)=((No(i))*exp(0.5*(1-(H(i)-secd(x)*exp(-H(i)))))); + fc(i)=(1/(2*3.14))*(sqrt(((e^2)*(Ne(i)))/(epsilon*me))); + n(i)=sqrt(1-((fc(i)^2)/(f^2))); + disp(Ne(i),"Electron density of each layer:"); + disp(fc(i),"Critical frequency of each layer:"); + disp(n(i),"Refractive index of each layer:"); +end + diff --git a/803/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce b/803/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8c19a90 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +deltalat=-5;..//geographic latitude +ag=9;..//apparent elevation angle +pi=3.14; +x=6378.4*(10^3);..//equatorial radius of earth +f=15*(10^6); +r=[6493 6593 6693 6793]; +fc=[3.04*(10^6) 4.38*(10^6) 5.86*(10^6)]; +for i=1:4 + j=1:3 + n(j)=sqrt(1-((fc(j)^2)/f^2));..//refractive index + a(i)=acosd((x*cosd(ag))/r(i));..//apparent elevation angles + phi(i)=sind((r(i)*cosd(a(i)))/(r(i+1))); + theta(i)=(%pi/2)-a(i)-phi(i); + R012=sqrt((r(1)^2)+(r(4)^2)-(2*r(1)*r(4)*cosd(sum(theta(i))))); + R(i)=[r(i+1)*sind(theta(i))/cosd(a(i))]; + dela=a(i)-acosd((r(4)/R012)*sind(sum(theta(i)))); + delR=sum(R(i)/n(j))-R012; + disp(n(j),"Refractive index of each layer"); + disp("degree",dela,"The refraction angle error"); + disp("km",delR,"The range error"); +end; \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce b/803/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80b2582f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +f=12*(10^6);..........................//Assigning values to parameters +c=3*(10^8); +Vt=85*(10^3); +alphag=7.6; +fc=5.6*(10^6); +y=6377; +ro=6527*(10^3); +x=15;................................//orientation of target velocity +ho=150; +n=sqrt(1-((fc^2)/f^2)); +b=acosd(y*cosd(alphag)/(n*(ro+ho))); +delf=((-2*f*Vt*sind(x)*b)/c) +disp(n,"Refractive index"); +disp(b,"a"); +disp("Hz",delf,"The doppler frequency error is"); diff --git a/803/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce b/803/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f78705e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +T=[341 1360 1710 341 1540]; +N=[57.6*10^5 81.5*10^5 166.5*10^5 423 947]; +for i=1:5 + lambda=69*sqrt(T(i)/N(i)); + disp("mm",lambda,"The debye length is"); +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce b/803/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ad0e68be --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +D1=127;................................//Array aperture +D2=67; +D3=335; +f1=3*(10^6);..//frequency at 3MHz +f2=30*(10^6);..//frequency at 30MHz +c=3*(10^8); +lambda1=c/f1; +lambda2=c/f2; +R1=2*(D1^3) ./lambda1; +R2=2*(D2^3) ./lambda1; +R3=2*(D3^3) ./lambda1; +R4=2*(D1^3) ./lambda2; +R5=2*(D2^3) ./lambda2; +R6=2*(D3^3) ./lambda2; +disp("m",R1,"Range at 3MHz"); +disp("m",R2,"Range at 3MHz"); +disp("m",R3,"Range at 3MHz"); +disp("m",R4,"Range at 30MHz"); +disp("m",R5,"Range at 30MHz"); +disp("m",R6,"Range at 30MHz"); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/803/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce b/803/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d801be41 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +N=8;................................//order of 8 +P1=0.95; +P2=0.05; +P8=((1-P2)^8)*100; +disp("%",P8,"Probability of finding 8kHz channel is"); diff --git a/803/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce b/803/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9724692fc --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH8/EX8.2/ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +R=[1/2 2/5 2/3];.........................//probability of drawing a red ball +a=1/3;..//probability of drawing any container +Den=sum(R)*a; +b=R(1)*a; +c=R(2)*a; +d=R(3)*a; +disp(b/Den,"ans1"); +disp(c/Den,"ans2"); +disp(d/Den,"ans3"); diff --git a/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.png b/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..888d60b31 Binary files /dev/null and b/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.png differ diff --git a/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce b/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274ea86a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH8/EX8.4/ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +b=[0 1 2 3 4 5 6];..........................//breakdown/day +f=[340 121 53 30 12 4 0];...................//frequency +Den=sum(f); +ans=0; +for i=1:7 + ans=ans+[f(i) * b(i)]; +end +Mean=ans/Den;...............................//calculation of expectance +disp(Mean,"mean"); + +k=0:1:6; +y=(exp(-Mean)*(Mean^k)). /factorial(k); +disp(y); +plot2d(k,y);......................//Poisson distribution +title("Poisson Distribution",k,y); +xlabel("Breakdown/day"); +ylabel("Probability"); diff --git a/803/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce b/803/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5bd3544c --- /dev/null +++ b/803/CH8/EX8.5/ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc +n=10;...................................//total pulses selected +p=0.8;..................................//probability of pulses hitting the dish +q=0.2;..................................//probability of miss +add=0; +for k=2; + x(k)=((factorial(n)*(p^k)*((1-p)^(n-k)))/(factorial(k)*factorial(n-k))); + disp(x(k),"Exactly two pulses missing the target"); +end; +for k=0:1 + x(k)=((factorial(n)*(p^k)*((1-p)^(n-k)))/(factorial(k)*factorial(n-k))); + add=add+x(k); +end; + y(k)=1-add; + disp(y(k),"Two or more pulses missing the target"); +for k=6:10 + x(k)=((factorial(n)*(p^k)*((1-p)^(n-k)))/(factorial(k)*factorial(n-(k))); + y(k)=sum(x(k)); + disp(y(k),"More than 5 pulses missing the target"); + +end; diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.sce b/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00e0f8766 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('11.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'11.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\11.txt') +disp("a liquid has a viscosity of 0.005kg/m.s and density of 850kg/cm^3,calculate the kinematic viscosity in (a)SI units (b)USC units and (c)viscosity in USC units") +disp("Solution:") +v=u/p//kinematic viscosity +V=v*(1/.3048)^2//kinematic viscosity in USC units +U=u/47.9//viscosity in USC units +disp("m^2/s",v,"Kinematic viscosity in SI units=") +disp("ft^2/s",V,"Kinematic viscosity in USC units=") +disp("slug/ft.s",U,"viscosity in USC units") +diary(0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.txt b/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..978fca8ef --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.1/11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + a liquid has a viscosity of 0.005kg/m.s and density of 850kg/cm^3,calculate the kinematic viscosity in (a)SI units (b)USC units and (c)viscosity in USC units + + Solution: + + Kinematic viscosity in SI units= + + 0.0000059 + + m^2/s + + Kinematic viscosity in USC units= + + 0.0000633 + + ft^2/s + + viscosity in USC units + + 0.0001044 + + slug/ft.s diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.sce b/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..310088f85 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('12.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'12.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\12.txt') +disp("A lubricated shaft rotates inside a concentric sleeve bearing at 1200rpm,the clearance is smaal with respect to the radius and hence a linear distribution velocity distribution may be assumed.What are the power requirements to rotate the shaft?R=2cm , L=6cm , dy=0.1mm , and u=0.2N.s/m^2.") +disp("Solution:") +t=u*du/dy*2*%pi/60*R*1000/100//shear stress in N/m^2 +T=t*2*%pi*R*L*R/1000000//torque in Nm +P=T*du*2*%pi/60//Power in Watts +disp("W",P,"Power required to rotate the shaft =") +diary(0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.txt b/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0ff5871 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.2/12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + A lubricated shaft rotates inside a concentric sleeve bearing at 1200rpm,the clearance is smaal with respect to the radius and hence a linear distribution velocity + distribution may be assumed.What are the power requirements to rotate the shaft?R=2cm , L=6cm , dy=0.1mm , and u=0.2N.s/m^2. + + Solution: + + Power required to rotate the shaft = + + 95.251282 + + W diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.sce b/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aab6d30bc --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('13.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'13.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\13.txt') +disp("a gas with molecular weight of 44 is at a pressure of 0.9MPa and a temperature of 20 degree celsius.Calculate its density") +R=8312/M//gas constant(in m.N/kg.K) +p=P/R/(273+T)*10^6//density in kg/m^3 +disp("kg/m^3",p,"Density p=") +diary(0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.txt b/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a2280ad0 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.3/13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + + a gas with molecular weight of 44 is at a pressure of 0.9MPa and a temperature of 20 degree celsius.Calculate its density + + Density p= + + 16.260056 + + kg/m^3 diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.sce b/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..791f2a478 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('14.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'14.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\14.txt') +disp("A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000 cm^3 at 1 MN/m^2 and volume of 995 cm^3 at 2MN/m^2.What is its bulk modulus of elasticity?") +disp("Solution:") +K=-(P2-P1)/(V2-V1)*V1//Modulus of elasticity +disp("MPa",K,"Modulus of elasticity=") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.txt b/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..856fdbd79 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.4/14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ + + A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a + volume of 1000 cm^3 at 1 MN/m^2 a + nd volume of 995 cm^3 at 2MN/m^2.W + hat is its bulk modulus of elastic + ity? + + Solution: + + Modulus of elasticity= + + 200. + + MPa diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.sce b/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d11cd408d --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('15.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'15.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\15.txt') +disp("With regard to Example 1.4 suppose the cylinder is a water quality sample bottle used to collect water samples at a predetermined depths.At deep Depths the sample Bottle has a smaller volume to collect 995 cm^3 due to compression.Suppose that analysis reveals that 15 mg of sediment are collected.What would be the difference in concerntration data measured shipboard where the pressure is atmospheric versus the in situ depths where the sample was collected?") +disp("Solution:") +C1=M/V1//Concerntration of shipboard +C2=M/V2//concerntration of in situ depth +disp("mg/cm^3",C1,"Concerntration of shipboard") +disp("mg/cm^3",C2,"Concerntration of in situ depth") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.txt b/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2d88f30b --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH1/EX1.5/15.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + With regard to Example 1.4 suppose the + cylinder is a water quality sample + bottle used to collect water samp + les at a predetermined depths.At d + eep Depths the sample Bottle has a + smaller volume to collect 995 cm^ + 3 due to compression.Suppose that + analysis reveals that 15 mg of sed + iment are collected.What would be + the difference in concerntration d + ata measured shipboard where the p + ressure is atmospheric versus the + in situ depths where the sample wa + s collected? + + Solution: + + Concerntration of shipboard + + 0.015 + + mg/cm^3 + + Concerntration of in situ depth + + 0.0150754 + + mg/cm^3 diff --git a/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.sce b/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a47b495c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('101.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'101.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\101.txt') +disp("A 75 mm diameter orific under a head of 4.88 m discharges 8900 N waterin 32.6 s.The trajectory was determined by measuring x=4.76 m for a drop of 1.22.determine the head loss per unit weight,the power loss,Cc,Cv,Cd") +disp("Solution:") +Vt=sqrt(2*g*H)//theoretical velocity +t=sqrt(2*y/g)//actual time +Va=x/t//actual velocity +Cv=Va/Vt//coefficient of velocity +Qa=F/p/T//actual discharge +Cd=Qa/(%pi*d^2*Vt)*4//coefficient of discharge +Cc=Cd/Cv//coefficient of contraction +HL=H*(1-Cv^2)//Head loss +PL=Qa*p*HL//power loss +disp(Cd,"Cd=") +disp(Cv,"Cv=") +disp(Cc,"Cc=") +disp("m.N/N",HL,"Head loss=") +disp("W",PL,"Power loss=") +diary(0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.txt b/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8bb70b76 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH10/EX10.1/101.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + A 75 mm diameter orific under a head of 4.88 m discharges 8900 N waterin 32.6 s.The trajectory was determined by measuring x=4.76 m for a drop of 1.22.determine t + he head loss per unit weight,the power loss,Cc,Cv,Cd + + Solution: + + Cd= + + 0.6437713 + + Cv= + + 0.9754098 + + Cc= + + 0.6600008 + + Head loss= + + 0.2370492 + + m.N/N + + Power loss= + + 64.715881 + + W + + 0.9754098 diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.sce b/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e76367382 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('45.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'45.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\45.txt') +disp("Water is flowing through an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3m/s.it then flows through a contracting chute into another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10m/s.assuming frictionless flow,determine the difference in the elevation of the channel floors.") +disp("Solution:") +disp("The points 1 and 2 can be selected on the free surface and therefore p1=p2=0") +disp("Therefore by bernoullis equation the difference in the elevation of the channel is y=") +y=(v2^2)/(2*p)+h2-h1-(v1^2)/(2*p) +disp("m",y) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.txt b/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9717574b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.5/45.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + + Water is flowing through an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3m/s.it then flows through a contracting chute into another channel where the depth i + s 1 m and the velocity is 10m/s.assuming frictionless flow,determine the difference in the elevation of the channel floors. + + Solution: + + The points 1 and 2 can be selected on the free surface and therefore p1=p2=0 + + Therefore by bernoullis equation the difference in the elevation of the channel is y= + + 3.6381244 + + m + +-->exec('SCI/etc/scilab.quit','errcatch',-1);quit; diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.sce b/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc58bb642 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('46.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'46.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\46.txt') +disp("A venturimeter,consisting of a converging portion followed by a throat of constant diameter and then gradually diverging portion,is used to detremine the flow of the pipe.The diameter at section 1 is 6 in. and that of section 2 is 4 in.,Find the discharge through the pipe when p1-p2=3psi and oil of sp grvty 0.9 is flowing") +disp("Solution:") +disp("From the continuity equation Q=A1v1=A2v2") +disp("Therefore,v1=Q*16/pi , v2=Q*36/pi") +disp("And moreover Z1=Z2") +disp("Therefore discharge Q =") +a1=%pi/16//sq.ft +a2=%pi/36//sq.ft +q=sqrt(a*144*(%pi^2)*2*32.185/((s*62.4)*(36^2-16^2))) +disp("cfs",q) +diary(0) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.txt b/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1933f4658 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.6/46.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ + + A venturimeter,consisting of a converging portion followed by a throat of constant diameter and then gradually diverging portion,is used to detremine the flow of + the pipe.The diameter at section 1 is 6 in. and that of section 2 is 4 in.,Find the discharge through the pipe when p1-p2=3psi and oil of sp grvty 0.9 is flo + wing + + Solution: + + From the continuity equation Q=A1v1=A2v2 + + Therefore,v1=Q*16/pi , v2=Q*36/pi + + And moreover Z1=Z2 + + Therefore discharge Q = + + 2.1677205 + + cfs diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.sce b/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a665e9b42 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('47.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'47.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\47.txt') +disp("The water supply reservoir as shown in given figure has an average depth of 20m, a surface area of 20km^2, ans an outlet whose centerline is 15m below the water surface.If the otflow diameter is 1 m, what is the outflow and its associated velocity?What would be the drwa down during one week and one day periods?") +disp("Solution:") +V2=sqrt(2*g*z1)//Velocity of liquid from the pipe +Q=V2*%pi*d2^2/4//Discharge per sec +disp("m^3/s",Q,"Discharge") +v1=Q*24*3600//Discharge per day +v2=Q*7*24*3600//Dicharge per week +v=A*H//Original volume of liquid +disp("Hence drop down in level for one day and one week are:") +h1=v1/v*H//draw down of one day +h2=v2/v*H//draw down of one week +disp("m",h1,"draw down of one day") +disp("m",h2,"draw down of one week") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.txt b/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a8221360 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH4/EX4.7/47.txt @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ + + The water supply reservoir as shown in + given figure has an average depth + of 20m, a surface area of 20km^2, + ans an outlet whose centerline is + 15m below the water surface.If the + otflow diameter is 1 m, what is t + he outflow and its associated velo + city?What would be the drwa down d + uring one week and one day periods + ? + + Solution: + + Discharge + + 13.473642 + + m^3/s + + Hence drop down in level for one day an + d one week are: + + draw down of one day + + 0.0582061 + + m + + draw down of one week + + 0.4074429 + + m diff --git a/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.sce b/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ffc8a9a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('71.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'71.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\71.txt') +disp("A smooth flat plate 3 m wide and 30 m long is towed through still water at 20 degree celsius with a speed of 6m/s.Determine the drag on one side of the plate and the drag on the first 3 m of plate") +disp("Solution:") +R=U*l/v//Reynolds number +Cd=0.455/(log10(R))^2.58//Constant +D1=Cd*w*l*p*(U^2)/2//Drag force on whole plate +D2=Cd*w*l1*p*U^2/2//Drag force on first 3 m +disp("N",D1,"Drag force on whole plate") +disp("N",D2,"Drag force on first 3m") + +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.txt b/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55756a872 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH7/EX7.1/71.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + A smooth flat plate 3 m wide and 30 m l + ong is towed through still water a + t 20 degree celsius with a speed o + f 6m/s.Determine the drag on one s + ide of the plate and the drag on t + he first 3 m of plate + + Solution: + + Drag force on whole plate + + 3176.7877 + + N + + Drag force on first 3m + + 317.67877 + + N diff --git a/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.sce b/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2989457bb --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('72.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'72.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\72.txt') +disp("Dredging operations in a river yield large volumes of sediments whose smallest particle is measured to be coarse sand with a diameter of 4 microns and whose largest particle is coarse sand with a diameter of 1000 microns or 1mm.determine the settling velocity for each size class.Gw=9764 N/m^3;Ssand=2.65;Sclay=1.6;and the viscosity at 30 degree celsius is 0.8*10D-3 N.s/m^2") +disp("Solution:") +disp("(i)For clay particles:") +disp("Assuming reynolds number less than 1") +w1=d1^2*(S1-1)*p/(18*v)//Settling velocity of clay particles +R1=d1*w1/v//reynolds number +disp(R1,"R1=") +disp("Since reynolds number is less than 1,hence") +disp("m/s",w1,"Settling velocity for clay particles") +disp("(ii)For sand particles:") +disp("Assuming reynolds number greater than 1 and equal to 220 Cd=0.7") +w2=sqrt(1.333*d2*p*(S2-1)/(Cd*r))//Settling velocity of clay particles +R2=d2*w2*1e3/v//reynolds number +disp(R2,"R2") +disp("Since the reynolds number is greater than 1") +disp("m/s",w2,"Hence the settling velovity =") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.txt b/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29bb09e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH7/EX7.2/72.txt @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + + Dredging operations in a river yield la + rge volumes of sediments whose sma + llest particle is measured to be c + oarse sand with a diameter of 4 mi + crons and whose largest particle i + s coarse sand with a diameter of 1 + 000 microns or 1mm.determine the s + ettling velocity for each size cla + ss.Gw=9764 N/m^3;Ssand=2.65;Sclay= + 1.6;and the viscosity at 30 degree + celsius is 0.8*10D-3 N.s/m^2 + + Solution: + + (i)For clay particles: + + Assuming reynolds number less than 1 + + R1= + + 3.255D-08 + + Since reynolds number is less than 1,he + nce + + Settling velocity for clay particles + + 0.0000065 + + m/s + + (ii)For sand particles: + + Assuming reynolds number greater than 1 + and equal to 220 Cd=0.7 + + R2 + + 219.41569 + + Since the reynolds number is greater th + an 1 + + Hence the settling velovity = + + 0.1755325 + + m/s diff --git a/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.sce b/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b4886aa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('82.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'82.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\82.txt') +disp("A submarine moves through water at 30 ft/s.At a point A on the submarine 5 ft above the nose,the velocity of the submarine relative to the water is 50 ft/s.Determine the dynamic-pressure difference between this point and the nose,and determine the difference in total pressure between the two points.") +disp("If the submarine is sationary and the water is movinf past it,The velocity at the nose is zero and the velocity at A is 50ft/s.By selecting the dynamic pressure at infinity as zero") +E=q^2/2+g*hn +p1=p*E//Pressure at nose +p2=p*(E-q1^2/2)//Pressure at point A +P1=p2-p1//Pressure difference at point A and nose +P2=p*(g*hn-g*ha+(qn^2-q1^2)/2) +disp("lb/ft^2",P1,"Hence dynamic pressure difference between point A and nose is=") +disp("lb/ft^2",P2,"Hence total pressure difference between point A and nose is=") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.txt b/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4947d3bd --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH8/EX8.2/82.txt @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + + A submarine moves through water at 30 f + t/s.At a point A on the submarine + 5 ft above the nose,the velocity o + f the submarine relative to the wa + ter is 50 ft/s.Determine the dynam + ic-pressure difference between thi + s point and the nose,and determine + the difference in total pressure + between the two points. + + If the submarine is sationary and the w + ater is movinf past it,The velocit + y at the nose is zero and the velo + city at A is 50ft/s.By selecting t + he dynamic pressure at infinity as + zero + + Hence dynamic pressure difference betwe + en point A and nose is= + + - 2418.75 + + lb/ft^2 + + Hence total pressure difference between + point A and nose is= + + - 2730.0334 + + lb/ft^2 diff --git a/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.sce b/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..90666a4f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +pathname=get_absolute_file_path('83.sce') +filename=pathname+filesep()+'83.sci' +exec(filename) +diary('C:\users\Bhavesh\desktop\scilab\83.txt') +disp("A source with strength 0.2m^3/s and a vortex with strength 1 m^2/s are located at the origin.Determine the equations for velocity potential and stream function.What are the velocity components at x=1 m,y=0.5 m?") +disp("Solution:") +r=sqrt(x^2+y^2) +Vr=1/(10*%pi*r) +Vt=1/(2*%pi*r) +disp("m/s",Vr,"Vr=") +disp("m/s",Vt,"Vt=") +diary(0) diff --git a/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.txt b/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44a79db57 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/CH8/EX8.3/83.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + A source with strength 0.2m^3/s and a v + ortex with strength 1 m^2/s are lo + cated at the origin.Determine the + equations for velocity potential a + nd stream function.What are the ve + locity components at x=1 m,y=0.5 m + ? + + Solution: + + Vr= + + 0.0284705 + + m/s + + Vt= + + 0.1423525 + + m/s diff --git a/806/DEPENDENCIES/101.sci b/806/DEPENDENCIES/101.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b45cd5d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/DEPENDENCIES/101.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +x=4.76//m +y=1.22//m +d=0.075//m(Diameter of orifice) +H=4.88//m(Head) +F=8900//N +p=9810//N/m^3(Weight density of water) +T=32.6//s \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/DEPENDENCIES/1025.sci b/806/DEPENDENCIES/1025.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c1e24f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/DEPENDENCIES/1025.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Cd=0.74//coefficient of discharge +h1=2//m +p=15//kPa(Air pressure) +S=0.92//Specific gravity of oil +d=0.07//m(Diameter of opening) +g=9.81//m/s^2(Acceleration due to gravity) +P=9.810//N/m^3(Weight density of water) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/806/DEPENDENCIES/1026.sci b/806/DEPENDENCIES/1026.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51531ef72 --- /dev/null +++ b/806/DEPENDENCIES/1026.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Cd=0.74//coefficient of discharge +h1=2//m +p=15//kPa(Air pressure) +S=0.92//Specific gravity of oil +d=0.07//m(Diameter of opening) +g=9.81//m/s^2(Acceleration due to gravity) +P=9.810//N/m^3(Weight density of water) +Cv=0.96//coefficient of velocity \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/827/CH2/EX2.1a/2_1a.sce b/827/CH2/EX2.1a/2_1a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a75e48a10 --- /dev/null +++ b/827/CH2/EX2.1a/2_1a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clear +clc +// CHEMISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION + +disp(' Chapter 2: Basic Concepts from General Chemistry') + +disp('example 2.1a') + +// To calculate the equivalent weight +disp("What is the equivalent weight of a calcium ion") +// Let the equivalent weight be denoted by EW, formula waight be denoted by FW, and Z be denoted by the absolute value of ion charge +disp("Z=2 for calcium ion") +disp("The formula weight of calcium ion is 40 g/mol") +FW=40 +Z=2 +EW=FW/Z +printf("The equivalent weight of calcium ion is %.f g per equivalent",EW); +//end diff --git a/827/CH9/EX9.1.a/9_1a.sce b/827/CH9/EX9.1.a/9_1a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b610ff8b --- /dev/null +++ b/827/CH9/EX9.1.a/9_1a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// CHEMISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION +disp(' Chapter 9: Introduction to Water and Wastewater analysis') + +//To calcluate the TCE concentration + +disp('What is the TCE concentration in g/m^3 for each of the following') + +disp('example 9.1 a') + + +disp( 'A soil having a density of of 2 g/cm^3 with TCE concentration of 4 ppm') + + + +// Since density is given in cm^3 it has to be converted into m^3 + +density=2*1000 + +//Since 1ppm= 1/10^6 g, we get + +ppm = 4/10^6 + +disp(' TCE concentration in g/cm^3 is') + +TCE= ppm*density + +disp(TCE) + diff --git a/827/CH9/EX9.1.b/9_1b.sce b/827/CH9/EX9.1.b/9_1b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd9031c1e --- /dev/null +++ b/827/CH9/EX9.1.b/9_1b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// CHEMISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE FIFTH EDITION +disp(' Chapter 9: Introduction to Water and Wastewater analysis') + +//To calcluate the TCE concentration + +disp('What is the TCE concentration in g/m^3 for each of the following') + +disp('example 9.1 b') + +disp(' An air sample at 20 degree celsius and 1 atm pressure with TCE concentration of 4 ppm') + + +// Since in air 4ppm equals 4mL gaseous TCE/10^6 mL air + +TCE = 4/10^6 +Giventemp= 20 + +// here the given temperature is in degree celsius and has to be converted into kelvin in standard terms + + Actualtemp= 273+ Giventemp + +// Since at standard temperature and pressure the volume is 22.4L + +disp('The answer is') + +ans = (TCE*273*131.5*10^3)/( Actualtemp*22.4) + +disp(ans) + +//We see that the concentrations in g/m^3 are quite different for the soil and air samples, even thought the concentrations when expressed in ppm are the same.This illustrates that we must understand well the general basis for mass expressions in different media + diff --git a/830/CH3/EX3.1.0/3_1_0.sce b/830/CH3/EX3.1.0/3_1_0.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f4a51314 --- /dev/null +++ b/830/CH3/EX3.1.0/3_1_0.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Graphical// +function [Ztransfer]=ztransfer_new(sequence,n) +z = poly(0, 'z', 'r') +Ztransfer=sequence*(1/z)^n' +endfunction diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915d232c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Find (a)Pulse amplitude (b)PRF (c)PW (d)Duty cycle and (e)M/S ratio +//Exa:1.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +v=1//Vertical scale(Volt per division) +h=0.1//Horizontal scale(Milli sec per division) +pv=3.5//Amplitude of pulse in divisions +t=6//Time in divisions +pw=2.5//Width of pulse +P=pv*v +disp(P,'(a)Pulse Amplitude (in volts)=') +T=t*h +prf=(1/T)*1000 +disp(prf,'(b)PRF(in pps)=') +p=pw*h +disp(p,'(c)PW (in ms)=') +sw=pv*h +d=(p/T)*100 +disp(d,'(d)Duty cycle(in %)=') +m=p/sw +disp(m,'(e)M/S ratio=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..915d232c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Find (a)Pulse amplitude (b)PRF (c)PW (d)Duty cycle and (e)M/S ratio +//Exa:1.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +v=1//Vertical scale(Volt per division) +h=0.1//Horizontal scale(Milli sec per division) +pv=3.5//Amplitude of pulse in divisions +t=6//Time in divisions +pw=2.5//Width of pulse +P=pv*v +disp(P,'(a)Pulse Amplitude (in volts)=') +T=t*h +prf=(1/T)*1000 +disp(prf,'(b)PRF(in pps)=') +p=pw*h +disp(p,'(c)PW (in ms)=') +sw=pv*h +d=(p/T)*100 +disp(d,'(d)Duty cycle(in %)=') +m=p/sw +disp(m,'(e)M/S ratio=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..705e7006e --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.1/Result1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +(a)Pulse Amplitude (in volts)= + + 3.5 + + (b)PRF(in pps)= + + 1666.6667 + + (c)PW (in ms)= + + 0.25 + + (d)Duty cycle(in %)= + + 41.666667 + + (e)M/S ratio= + + 0.7142857 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63aade3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Pulse amplitude,tilt,rise time,fall time,PW,PRF,mark to space ratio,and duty cycle (b)tilt +//Ex1.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=100//Vertical scale(in mv/divisions) +hs=100//Horizontal scale(in micro sec/division) +e1=380//first peak of waveform(in mv) +e2=350//second peak of waveform(in mv) +E=(e1+e2)/2 +t=(e1-e2)*100/E +tr=0.3*hs +tf=0.4*hs +T=5*hs +prf=10^6/T +pw=2.2*hs +sw=2.8*hs +ms=pw/sw +dc=(pw*100)/T +disp(dc,ms,pw,prf,tf,tr,t,E,'(a)Pulse Amplitude(in mv),tilt(in %),rise time(in micro sec),fall time(in micro sec),PW(in micro sec),PRF(in pps),M/s ratio,Duty cycle(in %)=') +eb=0.5*vs +ee=2.25*vs +tb=eb*100/ee +disp(tb,'(b)Tilt(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63aade3d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Pulse amplitude,tilt,rise time,fall time,PW,PRF,mark to space ratio,and duty cycle (b)tilt +//Ex1.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=100//Vertical scale(in mv/divisions) +hs=100//Horizontal scale(in micro sec/division) +e1=380//first peak of waveform(in mv) +e2=350//second peak of waveform(in mv) +E=(e1+e2)/2 +t=(e1-e2)*100/E +tr=0.3*hs +tf=0.4*hs +T=5*hs +prf=10^6/T +pw=2.2*hs +sw=2.8*hs +ms=pw/sw +dc=(pw*100)/T +disp(dc,ms,pw,prf,tf,tr,t,E,'(a)Pulse Amplitude(in mv),tilt(in %),rise time(in micro sec),fall time(in micro sec),PW(in micro sec),PRF(in pps),M/s ratio,Duty cycle(in %)=') +eb=0.5*vs +ee=2.25*vs +tb=eb*100/ee +disp(tb,'(b)Tilt(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45e7ba59f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.2/Result1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +(a)Pulse Amplitude(in mv),tilt(in %),rise time(in micro sec),fall time(in micro sec),PW(in micro sec),PRF(in pps),M/s ratio,Duty cycle(in %)= + + 365. + + 8.2191781 + + 30. + + 40. + + 2000. + + 220. + + 0.7857143 + + 44. + + (b)Tilt(in %)= + + 22.222222 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52d243be6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Determine average voltage level +//Ex1.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=2//Vertical scale(V/div) +hs=1//Horizontal scale(ms/div) +v1=8//Amplitude of signal in (+)ve direction (in volts) +v2=-1//Amplitude of signal in (-)ve direction (in volts) +t1=0.8//Horizontal divisions for v1 +t2=2.2//Horizontal divisions for v2 +T=3*hs +T1=t1*hs +T2=t2*hs +Va=((T1*v1)+(T2*v2))/T +disp(Va,'Average voltage (in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52d243be6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Determine average voltage level +//Ex1.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=2//Vertical scale(V/div) +hs=1//Horizontal scale(ms/div) +v1=8//Amplitude of signal in (+)ve direction (in volts) +v2=-1//Amplitude of signal in (-)ve direction (in volts) +t1=0.8//Horizontal divisions for v1 +t2=2.2//Horizontal divisions for v2 +T=3*hs +T1=t1*hs +T2=t2*hs +Va=((T1*v1)+(T2*v2))/T +disp(Va,'Average voltage (in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9511cbc23 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.3/Result1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Average voltage (in volts)= + + 1.4 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..615145513 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Caption:Determine the upper 3db frequency of the amplifier +//Ex1.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=1//Rise time(in micro sec) +fu=0.35*10^6/tr +disp(fu,'The upper 3db frequency of the amplifier(in hertz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..615145513 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Caption:Determine the upper 3db frequency of the amplifier +//Ex1.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=1//Rise time(in micro sec) +fu=0.35*10^6/tr +disp(fu,'The upper 3db frequency of the amplifier(in hertz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f34de8a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.4/Result1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +The upper 3db frequency of the amplifier(in hertz)= + + 350000. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4269d0841 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Minimum upper cut frequency (b)Minimum pulse width and duty cycle +//Ex1.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +prf=1.5//in Khz +dc=3//Duty cycle(in %) +pa=1.5//Amplitude of pulse(in Khz) +fu=1//High frequency limit(in Mhz) +tr=10//Rise time(in %) +pw=(dc/100)*10^3/pa +Tr=(tr/100)*pw +fh=0.35*10^6/Tr +disp(fh,'(a)Minimum upper cut frequency(in hertz)=') +Tr2=0.35*10^(-6)/fu +Pw=10*Tr2 +dc=Pw*100*(pa*1000) +disp(dc,Pw,'(b)Pulse width(in sec) and Duty cycle(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4269d0841 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Minimum upper cut frequency (b)Minimum pulse width and duty cycle +//Ex1.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +prf=1.5//in Khz +dc=3//Duty cycle(in %) +pa=1.5//Amplitude of pulse(in Khz) +fu=1//High frequency limit(in Mhz) +tr=10//Rise time(in %) +pw=(dc/100)*10^3/pa +Tr=(tr/100)*pw +fh=0.35*10^6/Tr +disp(fh,'(a)Minimum upper cut frequency(in hertz)=') +Tr2=0.35*10^(-6)/fu +Pw=10*Tr2 +dc=Pw*100*(pa*1000) +disp(dc,Pw,'(b)Pulse width(in sec) and Duty cycle(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1ba3a610 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.5/Result1_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +(a)Minimum upper cut frequency(in hertz)= + + 175000. + + (b)Pulse width(in sec) and Duty cycle(in %)= + + 0.0000035 + + 0.525 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab3d6c629 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate (a)Rise time in output waveform (b)Minimum upper cut off frequency and displayed rise time +//Ex1.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=10//Rise time of input waveform(in micro sec) +fu=350//Upper cut off frequency(in KHz) +ti=100//Input rise time(in ns) +trc=0.35*(10^(-3))/350 +tro=sqrt(((tr)*(10^(-6)))^2+(trc^2))*10^6 +disp(tro,'(a)Rise Time(in Micro sec)=') +tc=ti*(10^(-9))/3 +fh=0.35*10^(-6)/tc +Tro=sqrt((ti*(10^(-9)))^2+(tc^2))*10^9 +disp(Tro,fh,'(b)Minimum upper cut off frequency(in Mhz) and rise time(in ns)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab3d6c629 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate (a)Rise time in output waveform (b)Minimum upper cut off frequency and displayed rise time +//Ex1.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=10//Rise time of input waveform(in micro sec) +fu=350//Upper cut off frequency(in KHz) +ti=100//Input rise time(in ns) +trc=0.35*(10^(-3))/350 +tro=sqrt(((tr)*(10^(-6)))^2+(trc^2))*10^6 +disp(tro,'(a)Rise Time(in Micro sec)=') +tc=ti*(10^(-9))/3 +fh=0.35*10^(-6)/tc +Tro=sqrt((ti*(10^(-9)))^2+(tc^2))*10^9 +disp(Tro,fh,'(b)Minimum upper cut off frequency(in Mhz) and rise time(in ns)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..366d65ae8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.6/Result1_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +(a)Rise Time(in Micro sec)= + + 10.049876 + + (b)Minimum upper cut off frequency(in Mhz) and rise time(in ns)= + + 10.5 + + 105.40926 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..418ae6520 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Caption:Calculate lowest input frequency +//Exa:1.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +fl=10//Lower cutoff frequency(in hertz) +t=0.02//Tilt on output waveform +f=%pi*fl/(t*1000) +disp(f,'Lowest input frequency(in Khz)=') diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..418ae6520 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Caption:Calculate lowest input frequency +//Exa:1.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +fl=10//Lower cutoff frequency(in hertz) +t=0.02//Tilt on output waveform +f=%pi*fl/(t*1000) +disp(f,'Lowest input frequency(in Khz)=') diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9b7236f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.7/Result1_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Lowest input frequency(in Khz)= + + 1.5707963 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99022d16b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)upper cutoff frequency (b)lower cutoff frequency +//Ex:1.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//frequency of square wave(in khz) +tr=200//rise time of output(in ns) +t=0.03//fractional tilt +fh=0.35*10^3/tr +disp(fh,'(a)upper cutoff frequency(in mhz)=') +fl=f*t*1000/%pi +disp(fl,'(b)Lower cutoff frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99022d16b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)upper cutoff frequency (b)lower cutoff frequency +//Ex:1.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//frequency of square wave(in khz) +tr=200//rise time of output(in ns) +t=0.03//fractional tilt +fh=0.35*10^3/tr +disp(fh,'(a)upper cutoff frequency(in mhz)=') +fl=f*t*1000/%pi +disp(fl,'(b)Lower cutoff frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.8/Result1_8.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Result1_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38c3ec1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.8/Result1_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a)upper cutoff frequency(in mhz)= + + 1.75 + + (b)Lower cutoff frequency(in hz)= + + 9.5492966 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6211fc5a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine upper and lower Frequencies +//Ex:1.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=30//Rise time(in micro sec) +PRF=2000//Pulse repetition Frequency(in pps) +t=0.082//Tilt(in %) +Pw=220//Pulse width(in micro sec) +fh=0.35*10^(6)/tr +fl=t*10^6/(2*%pi*Pw) +disp(fl,fh,'Upper and lower frequencies(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6211fc5a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine upper and lower Frequencies +//Ex:1.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +tr=30//Rise time(in micro sec) +PRF=2000//Pulse repetition Frequency(in pps) +t=0.082//Tilt(in %) +Pw=220//Pulse width(in micro sec) +fh=0.35*10^(6)/tr +fl=t*10^6/(2*%pi*Pw) +disp(fl,fh,'Upper and lower frequencies(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0c4ca2208 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH1/EX1.9/Result1_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Upper and lower frequencies(in hz)= + + 11666.667 + + 59.321388 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2a1dbbc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine low and high voltage outputs and resistance for desinging the gate circuit +//Ex10.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +I=0.5//Collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +R=(Vcc-Vf-Vce)/I +Vl=Vce+Vf +Vh=Vcc +disp(R,Vh,Vl,'Low and high voltage outputs(in volts) and Required resistance(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d2a1dbbc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine low and high voltage outputs and resistance for desinging the gate circuit +//Ex10.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +I=0.5//Collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +R=(Vcc-Vf-Vce)/I +Vl=Vce+Vf +Vh=Vcc +disp(R,Vh,Vl,'Low and high voltage outputs(in volts) and Required resistance(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.1/Result10_1.txt b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Result10_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c04a60a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.1/Result10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Low and high voltage outputs(in volts) and Required resistance(in kilo ohm)= + + 0.9 + + 5. + + 8.2 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995afbf79 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Find minimum value of the resistance to design OR Gate +//Ex10.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Rc=3.3//Collector resistance(in kilo ohm) +V=3.5//Gate output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +I=(Vcc-Vf-V)/Rc +R=V/I +disp(R,'Minimum value of resistance to design the circuit is(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..995afbf79 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Find minimum value of the resistance to design OR Gate +//Ex10.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Rc=3.3//Collector resistance(in kilo ohm) +V=3.5//Gate output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +I=(Vcc-Vf-V)/Rc +R=V/I +disp(R,'Minimum value of resistance to design the circuit is(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e87ad4915 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH10/EX10.2/Result10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Minimum value of resistance to design the circuit is(in kilo ohm)= + + 14.4375 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53cd5c6f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine output for given logic circuit +//Ex11.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +A=1 +B=0 +C=1 +D=1 +c=A-1 +n=c//Output of NOT gate +a=B*C*D//Output of AND gate +o=c+(B*C*D)//Output of OR gate +disp(o,'Output for given logic circuit is=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53cd5c6f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine output for given logic circuit +//Ex11.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +A=1 +B=0 +C=1 +D=1 +c=A-1 +n=c//Output of NOT gate +a=B*C*D//Output of AND gate +o=c+(B*C*D)//Output of OR gate +disp(o,'Output for given logic circuit is=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH11/EX11.3/Result11_3.txt b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Result11_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7aff76c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH11/EX11.3/Result11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Output for given logic circuit is= + + 0. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62ee0a86b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Caption: Determine fan out for DTL NAND gate +//Ex12.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +hfe=20 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +R3=6//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R2=5//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +R1=2//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vf4=0.7//Diode forward voltage +Vf5=Vf4 +Vf6=Vf4 +I2=Vbe/R2 +Va=Vf4+Vf5+Vbe +I1=(Vcc-Va)/R1 +Ib=I1-I2 +Ic1=hfe*Ib +I3=(Vcc-Vce)/R3 +Iol=Ic1-I3 +R4=R1 +Iil=(Vcc-Vf6)/R4 +fo=Iol/Iil +disp(fo,'Fan out=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62ee0a86b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Caption: Determine fan out for DTL NAND gate +//Ex12.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +hfe=20 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +R3=6//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R2=5//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +R1=2//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vf4=0.7//Diode forward voltage +Vf5=Vf4 +Vf6=Vf4 +I2=Vbe/R2 +Va=Vf4+Vf5+Vbe +I1=(Vcc-Va)/R1 +Ib=I1-I2 +Ic1=hfe*Ib +I3=(Vcc-Vce)/R3 +Iol=Ic1-I3 +R4=R1 +Iil=(Vcc-Vf6)/R4 +fo=Iol/Iil +disp(fo,'Fan out=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.1/Result12_1.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Result12_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01f7ed725 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.1/Result12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Fan out= + + 11.813953 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0da61e97 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine Resistance to drive inputs of 5 TTL gates +//Ex12.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Ii=1.6//Maximum input current(in mA) +Io=16//Maximum output current(in mA) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vo=0.4//Maximum output voltage(in volts) +Il=5*Ii +Irc=Io-Il +Vrc=(Vcc-Vo) +Rc=Vrc*1000/Irc +disp(Rc,'Required resistance(in ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0da61e97 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine Resistance to drive inputs of 5 TTL gates +//Ex12.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Ii=1.6//Maximum input current(in mA) +Io=16//Maximum output current(in mA) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vo=0.4//Maximum output voltage(in volts) +Il=5*Ii +Irc=Io-Il +Vrc=(Vcc-Vo) +Rc=Vrc*1000/Irc +disp(Rc,'Required resistance(in ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.2/Result12_2.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Result12_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bac343e9c --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.2/Result12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Required resistance(in ohm)= + + 575. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5351ec93b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a interface circuit for CMOS +//Ex12.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vdd=15//Drain voltage(in volts) +Rd=1//Drain resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ih=40//Current(in micro ampere) +hfe=20 +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +vih=2//High input voltage(in volts) +il=1.6//Low input current +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-vih)*1000/(2*Ih) +Ic=((Vcc-Vce)/Rc)+(2*il) +Ib=Ic/hfe +R=(Vdd-Vbe)/Ib +Rb=R-Rd +disp(Rc,Rb,'Components required to design circuit are resistors Rb and Rc(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5351ec93b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a interface circuit for CMOS +//Ex12.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vdd=15//Drain voltage(in volts) +Rd=1//Drain resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ih=40//Current(in micro ampere) +hfe=20 +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +vih=2//High input voltage(in volts) +il=1.6//Low input current +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-vih)*1000/(2*Ih) +Ic=((Vcc-Vce)/Rc)+(2*il) +Ib=Ic/hfe +R=(Vdd-Vbe)/Ib +Rb=R-Rd +disp(Rc,Rb,'Components required to design circuit are resistors Rb and Rc(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH12/EX12.4/Result12_4.txt b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Result12_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb5f31e1b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH12/EX12.4/Result12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Components required to design circuit are resistors Rb and Rc(in kilo ohm)= + + 84.9375 + + 37.5 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef010ef46 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a collector coupled bistable multivibrator +//Ex13.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ic=2//Saturated collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Vbb=-5//Base voltage(in volts) +Rc=(V-Vce)/Ic +Ib=Ic/hfe +Vb1=Vbe-Vbb +I2=Ic/10 +R2=Vb1/I2 +I2=Vb1/R2 +R=(V-Vbe)/(I2+Ib) +R1=R-Rc +disp(Rc,R1,R2,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef010ef46 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a collector coupled bistable multivibrator +//Ex13.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ic=2//Saturated collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Vbb=-5//Base voltage(in volts) +Rc=(V-Vce)/Ic +Ib=Ic/hfe +Vb1=Vbe-Vbb +I2=Ic/10 +R2=Vb1/I2 +I2=Vb1/R2 +R=(V-Vbe)/(I2+Ib) +R1=R-Rc +disp(Rc,R1,R2,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceb609583 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.1/Result13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Components required to design the circuit are resistors(in kilo ohm)= + + 28.5 + + 16.4125 + + 2.4 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d5deb00 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine the capacitance for flip flop design and triggering frequency +//Ex13.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +R1=15//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +R2=27//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +t=250//time(in ns) +R=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +C=t/(0.1*R) +f=10^6/(2.3*C*R) +disp(f,C,'Capacitance(in pF) and Frequency(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d5deb00 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine the capacitance for flip flop design and triggering frequency +//Ex13.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +R1=15//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +R2=27//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +t=250//time(in ns) +R=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +C=t/(0.1*R) +f=10^6/(2.3*C*R) +disp(f,C,'Capacitance(in pF) and Frequency(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH13/EX13.4/Result13_4.txt b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Result13_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e0de28b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH13/EX13.4/Result13_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Capacitance(in pF) and Frequency(in Khz)= + + 259.25926 + + 173.91304 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daadc4311 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Determine Resistors Rc and Rb +//Ex14.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=5//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vi=5//Input voltage(in volts) +Vf=1.2//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +I=20//Diode minimum forward current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter saturated voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vf-Vce)*1000/I +Ib=I*1000/hfe +Rb=(Vi-Vbe)*1000/Ib +disp(Rb,Rc,'Resistors are Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..daadc4311 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Determine Resistors Rc and Rb +//Ex14.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=5//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vi=5//Input voltage(in volts) +Vf=1.2//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +I=20//Diode minimum forward current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Collector emitter saturated voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vf-Vce)*1000/I +Ib=I*1000/hfe +Rb=(Vi-Vbe)*1000/Ib +disp(Rb,Rc,'Resistors are Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.1/Result14_1.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Result14_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2a99e6d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.1/Result14_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Resistors are Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)= + + 180. + + 21.5 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71e828717 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine meter indication when time base uses (a)6 decade counter (b)4 decade counter +//Ex14.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=3500//Applied frequency(in hz) +F=10^6//Clock generator frequency(in hz) +f1=F/(10^6) +t1=1/f1 +c1=f*t1 +disp(c1,'Cycles of input counted during t1=') +f2=F/(10^4) +t2=1/f2 +c2=f*t2 +disp(c2,'Cycles of input counted during t2=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71e828717 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine meter indication when time base uses (a)6 decade counter (b)4 decade counter +//Ex14.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=3500//Applied frequency(in hz) +F=10^6//Clock generator frequency(in hz) +f1=F/(10^6) +t1=1/f1 +c1=f*t1 +disp(c1,'Cycles of input counted during t1=') +f2=F/(10^4) +t2=1/f2 +c2=f*t2 +disp(c2,'Cycles of input counted during t2=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1d0cb223 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.5/Result14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Cycles of input counted during t1= + + 3500. + + Cycles of input counted during t2= + + 35. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42952c43d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine required current +//Ex14.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +c=1280//Input wave clock cycles +f=200//Output frequency(in khz) +p=1000//Pulses during t2 +V=1//Input voltage(in volts) +R=10//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +C=0.1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +I=V*1000/R +T=1000/f +t1=T*c +vo=(I*t1)/(C*1000) +t2=T*p +Ir=C*vo*1000/t2 +disp(Ir,'Required current(in micro ampere)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42952c43d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine required current +//Ex14.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +c=1280//Input wave clock cycles +f=200//Output frequency(in khz) +p=1000//Pulses during t2 +V=1//Input voltage(in volts) +R=10//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +C=0.1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +I=V*1000/R +T=1000/f +t1=T*c +vo=(I*t1)/(C*1000) +t2=T*p +Ir=C*vo*1000/t2 +disp(Ir,'Required current(in micro ampere)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..834e60172 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH14/EX14.6/Result14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Required current(in micro ampere)= + + 128. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..810482b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine the errors due to Rs and Rd +//Ex15.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vs=1//Source voltage(in volts) +Rs=100//Source resistance(in ohm) +Rl=10//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rd=30//Drain resistance(in ohm) +Vgs=10//Gate source voltage(in volts) +V1=-(Vs+Vgs+1) +Id=Vs/(Rs+Rd+Rl) +e1=(Id*Rs)*100/(Vs) +e2=(Id*Rd)*100/(Vs) +disp(e2,e1,'Errors due to Rs(in %) and due to Rd(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..810482b77 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine the errors due to Rs and Rd +//Ex15.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vs=1//Source voltage(in volts) +Rs=100//Source resistance(in ohm) +Rl=10//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rd=30//Drain resistance(in ohm) +Vgs=10//Gate source voltage(in volts) +V1=-(Vs+Vgs+1) +Id=Vs/(Rs+Rd+Rl) +e1=(Id*Rs)*100/(Vs) +e2=(Id*Rd)*100/(Vs) +disp(e2,e1,'Errors due to Rs(in %) and due to Rd(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.1/Result15_1.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Result15_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..87a9da681 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.1/Result15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Errors due to Rs(in %) and due to Rd(in %)= + + 71.428571 + + 21.428571 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02d1bfae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine capacitance and minimum acquisition time +//Ex15.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vs=1//Supply voltage(in volts) +a=0.25//Accuracy(in %) +t=500//Holding time(in micro sec) +Ib=500//Maximum base current(in nA) +Rd=30//Drain Resistance(in ohm) +v=Vs*0.1/100 +C=Ib*t*10^(-9)/v +T=7*C*Rd +disp(T,C,'Required capacitance(in micro farad) and acquisition time(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02d1bfae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine capacitance and minimum acquisition time +//Ex15.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vs=1//Supply voltage(in volts) +a=0.25//Accuracy(in %) +t=500//Holding time(in micro sec) +Ib=500//Maximum base current(in nA) +Rd=30//Drain Resistance(in ohm) +v=Vs*0.1/100 +C=Ib*t*10^(-9)/v +T=7*C*Rd +disp(T,C,'Required capacitance(in micro farad) and acquisition time(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.2/Result15_2.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Result15_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b9ffa8e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.2/Result15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Required capacitance(in micro farad) and acquisition time(in micro sec)= + + 0.25 + + 52.5 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa0484d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine the error due to capacitance +//Ex15.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vgs=10//Gate source voltage(in volts) +C=10.5//Capacitance(in pF) +Vs=1//Supply voltage(in volts) +C1=0.25//Capacitance(in micro farad) +V1=-(Vs+Vgs+1) +Vgsm=Vs-(V1) +Q=C*Vgsm +Vo=Q/C1 +e=Vo*10^(-6)*100/Vs +disp(e,'Error due to capacitance(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..caa0484d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine the error due to capacitance +//Ex15.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vgs=10//Gate source voltage(in volts) +C=10.5//Capacitance(in pF) +Vs=1//Supply voltage(in volts) +C1=0.25//Capacitance(in micro farad) +V1=-(Vs+Vgs+1) +Vgsm=Vs-(V1) +Q=C*Vgsm +Vo=Q/C1 +e=Vo*10^(-6)*100/Vs +disp(e,'Error due to capacitance(in %)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.3/Result15_3.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Result15_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..384eda130 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.3/Result15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Error due to capacitance(in %)= + + 0.0546 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73954288b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//caption:Calculate the output voltage +//Ex15.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vie=1//Input voltage for resistor Re(in volts) +Vid=0//Input voltage for resistor Rd(in volts) +Vic=1//Input voltage for resistor Rc(in volts) +Vib=1//Input voltag for resistor Rb(in volts) +Via=0//Input voltage for resistor Ra(in volts) +R=16//Input Resistor(in kilo ohm) +re=1//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rd=2//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rc=4//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rb=8//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +ra=16//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +Vo=R*((Vie/re)+(Vid/rd)+(Vic/rc)+(Vib/rb)+(Via/ra)) +disp(Vo,'Output voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73954288b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//caption:Calculate the output voltage +//Ex15.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vie=1//Input voltage for resistor Re(in volts) +Vid=0//Input voltage for resistor Rd(in volts) +Vic=1//Input voltage for resistor Rc(in volts) +Vib=1//Input voltag for resistor Rb(in volts) +Via=0//Input voltage for resistor Ra(in volts) +R=16//Input Resistor(in kilo ohm) +re=1//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rd=2//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rc=4//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +rb=8//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +ra=16//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +Vo=R*((Vie/re)+(Vid/rd)+(Vic/rc)+(Vib/rb)+(Via/ra)) +disp(Vo,'Output voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH15/EX15.4/Result15_4.txt b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Result15_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7238c197 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH15/EX15.4/Result15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Output voltage(in volts)= + + 22. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5e485bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output voltage for (a)10V and 1ms Pw (b)10V and 2ms PW (c)20V and 1ms PW +//Ex2.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +e1=10//Voltage applied(in volts) +e0=0//Voltage at t=0sec(in volts) +t1=1//PW(in ms) +t2=2//PW(in ms) +e2=20//Input voltage(in volts) +r=10//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=20//Capacitance(in micro farad) +eo1=(e1-((e1-e0)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))))*1000 +eo2=(e1-((e1-e0)*(2.718)^(-t2/(r*c))))*1000 +eo3=(e2-((e2-e0)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))))*1000 +disp(eo3,eo2,eo1,'Output voltage for(a)(in mv),(b)(in mv),(c)(in mv)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5e485bd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output voltage for (a)10V and 1ms Pw (b)10V and 2ms PW (c)20V and 1ms PW +//Ex2.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +e1=10//Voltage applied(in volts) +e0=0//Voltage at t=0sec(in volts) +t1=1//PW(in ms) +t2=2//PW(in ms) +e2=20//Input voltage(in volts) +r=10//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=20//Capacitance(in micro farad) +eo1=(e1-((e1-e0)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))))*1000 +eo2=(e1-((e1-e0)*(2.718)^(-t2/(r*c))))*1000 +eo3=(e2-((e2-e0)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))))*1000 +disp(eo3,eo2,eo1,'Output voltage for(a)(in mv),(b)(in mv),(c)(in mv)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7108796ca --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.10/Result2_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Output voltage for(a)(in mv),(b)(in mv),(c)(in mv)= + + 49.87005 + + 99.491397 + + 99.740099 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7818798be --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output voltage for (a)10V and (b)20V +//Ex2.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +E1=10//Input voltage(in volts) +E2=20//Input voltage(in volts) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +r=1//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +t=100//Pulse width(in ms) +i1=(c*E1*10^(-6))/(t*10^(-3)) +eo1=i1*r*1000 +disp(eo1,'Output voltage for (a)(in volts)=') +i2=(c*E2*10^(-6)/(t*10^(-3))) +eo2=i2*r*1000 +disp(eo2,'Output voltage for (b)(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7818798be --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output voltage for (a)10V and (b)20V +//Ex2.11 +clc; +clear; +close; +E1=10//Input voltage(in volts) +E2=20//Input voltage(in volts) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +r=1//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +t=100//Pulse width(in ms) +i1=(c*E1*10^(-6))/(t*10^(-3)) +eo1=i1*r*1000 +disp(eo1,'Output voltage for (a)(in volts)=') +i2=(c*E2*10^(-6)/(t*10^(-3))) +eo2=i2*r*1000 +disp(eo2,'Output voltage for (b)(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcd5b862e --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.11/Result2_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Output voltage for (a)(in volts)= + + 0.1 + + Output voltage for (b)(in volts)= + + 0.2 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1150f0aae --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate amplitude of output waveform for (a)Rise time (b)Fall time +//Ex2.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=1//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=100//Capacitance(in pf) +tr=1//Rise time(in micro sec) +tf=3//Fall time(in micro sec) +e1=8//Change in voltage for rise time(in volts) +e2=-8//Change in voltage for fall time(in volts) +eo1=r*c*0.001*e1/tr +disp(eo1,'Amplitude of output waveform for (a)Rise time(in volts)=') +eo2=r*c*0.001*e2/tf +disp(eo2,'Amplitude of output waveform for (b)Fall time(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1150f0aae --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate amplitude of output waveform for (a)Rise time (b)Fall time +//Ex2.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=1//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=100//Capacitance(in pf) +tr=1//Rise time(in micro sec) +tf=3//Fall time(in micro sec) +e1=8//Change in voltage for rise time(in volts) +e2=-8//Change in voltage for fall time(in volts) +eo1=r*c*0.001*e1/tr +disp(eo1,'Amplitude of output waveform for (a)Rise time(in volts)=') +eo2=r*c*0.001*e2/tf +disp(eo2,'Amplitude of output waveform for (b)Fall time(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71233fcd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.12/Result2_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + Amplitude of output waveform for (a)Rise time(in volts)= + + 0.8 + + Amplitude of output waveform for (b)Fall time(in volts)= + + - 0.2666667 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea9072ce --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate voltage after 8ms +//Ex:2.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +c=1//Capacitance of capacitor(in micro farad) +vs=6//Source voltage(in volts) +r=10//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +vi=-3//Initial voltage(in volts) +t=8//Time (in milli sec) +e=vs-((vs-vi)*2.718^(-t/(r*c))) +disp(e,'Voltage after 8ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea9072ce --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate voltage after 8ms +//Ex:2.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +c=1//Capacitance of capacitor(in micro farad) +vs=6//Source voltage(in volts) +r=10//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +vi=-3//Initial voltage(in volts) +t=8//Time (in milli sec) +e=vs-((vs-vi)*2.718^(-t/(r*c))) +disp(e,'Voltage after 8ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ff6e1017 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.3/Result2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Voltage after 8ms(in volts)= + + 1.9557039 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4129dae63 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Ec at 1.5ms (b)Ec at 6ms +//Ex2.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +r1=1//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c1=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +e1=10//Voltage(in volts) +r2=20//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c2=0.1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +e2=12//Voltage(in volts) +t1=r1*c1*0.78 +e=e1*1 +ec1=e*t1 +t2=r2*c2*0.025 +E=e2*1 +ec2=E*t2 +disp(ec2,ec1,'(a)Ec at 1.5ms(in volts) and (b)Ec at 6ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4129dae63 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Ec at 1.5ms (b)Ec at 6ms +//Ex2.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +r1=1//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c1=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +e1=10//Voltage(in volts) +r2=20//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c2=0.1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +e2=12//Voltage(in volts) +t1=r1*c1*0.78 +e=e1*1 +ec1=e*t1 +t2=r2*c2*0.025 +E=e2*1 +ec2=E*t2 +disp(ec2,ec1,'(a)Ec at 1.5ms(in volts) and (b)Ec at 6ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b592ee3 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.4/Result2_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + (a)Ec at 1.5ms(in volts) and (b)Ec at 6ms(in volts)= + + 7.8 + + 0.6 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..521d918e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rise time,time for capacitor to charge to required amount and time required for complete charging +//Ex2.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Voltage source(in volts) +r=39//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c=500//Capacitance of capacitor(in pf) +tr=2.2*r*c*10^(-3) +t=r*c*10^(-3) +tc=5*r*c*10^(-3) +disp(tc,t,tr,'Rise time,time for 63.2% charging and time required for complete charging(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..521d918e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rise time,time for capacitor to charge to required amount and time required for complete charging +//Ex2.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Voltage source(in volts) +r=39//Resistor(in kilo ohm) +c=500//Capacitance of capacitor(in pf) +tr=2.2*r*c*10^(-3) +t=r*c*10^(-3) +tc=5*r*c*10^(-3) +disp(tc,t,tr,'Rise time,time for 63.2% charging and time required for complete charging(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.5/Result2_5.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Result2_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..398cf308d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.5/Result2_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Rise time,time for 63.2% charging and time required for complete charging(in micro sec)= + + 42.9 + + 19.5 + + 97.5 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5895eb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Caption:Calculate minimum square wave frequency +//Ex2.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +C=1//Coupling capacitor(in micro farad) +R=1//Input resistance(in Mega ohm) +t=0.01//Tilt +PW=t*R*C +f=1/(2*PW) +disp(f,'Frequency required(in hertz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5895eb04 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Caption:Calculate minimum square wave frequency +//Ex2.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +C=1//Coupling capacitor(in micro farad) +R=1//Input resistance(in Mega ohm) +t=0.01//Tilt +PW=t*R*C +f=1/(2*PW) +disp(f,'Frequency required(in hertz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d69045770 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.6/Result2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Frequency required(in hertz)= + + 50. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d9635246 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Caption:Determine fastest rise time +//Ex2.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=600//Output resistance(in ohms) +c=30//Input capacitance(in pf) +tr=2.2*r*c*10^(-3) +disp(tr,'Fastest rise time(in ns)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d9635246 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Caption:Determine fastest rise time +//Ex2.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +r=600//Output resistance(in ohms) +c=30//Input capacitance(in pf) +tr=2.2*r*c*10^(-3) +disp(tr,'Fastest rise time(in ns)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc4ec653f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.7/Result2_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Fastest rise time(in ns)= + + 39.6 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04f545276 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate voltage at 14 ms +//Ex2.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +Eo=0//Voltage at t=0sec(in volt) +E=20//Peak voltage(in volts) +r=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +t1=4//Time(in ms) +t2=2//Time(in ms) +e1=E-((E-Eo)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e2=Eo-((Eo-e1)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e3=E-((E-e2)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e3=Eo-((Eo-e3)*(2.718)^(-t2/(r*c))) +disp(e3,'Voltage at 14ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04f545276 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Caption:Calculate voltage at 14 ms +//Ex2.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +Eo=0//Voltage at t=0sec(in volt) +E=20//Peak voltage(in volts) +r=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +t1=4//Time(in ms) +t2=2//Time(in ms) +e1=E-((E-Eo)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e2=Eo-((Eo-e1)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e3=E-((E-e2)*(2.718)^(-t1/(r*c))) +e3=Eo-((Eo-e3)*(2.718)^(-t2/(r*c))) +disp(e3,'Voltage at 14ms(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3612d0387 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.8/Result2_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Voltage at 14ms(in volts)= + + 8.3423155 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44d5c973b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine max and min voltage at which capacitor voltage will settle +//Ex2.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=20//Peak voltage(in volts) +t=4//Time interval(in ms) +r=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohms) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Emax=E/(1+(2.718^(-t/(r*c)))) +Emin=E-Emax +disp(Emin,Emax,'Maximum and minimum voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44d5c973b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Determine max and min voltage at which capacitor voltage will settle +//Ex2.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=20//Peak voltage(in volts) +t=4//Time interval(in ms) +r=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohms) +c=1//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Emax=E/(1+(2.718^(-t/(r*c)))) +Emin=E-Emax +disp(Emin,Emax,'Maximum and minimum voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a24c66419 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH2/EX2.9/Result2_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Maximum and minimum voltage(in volts)= + + 15.413037 + + 4.5869631 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7566a481 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Calculate (a)Resistance (b)Forward Current (c)Power dissipation (d)Peak Reverse Voltage +//Ex:3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +e=50//Input voltage(in volts) +i=20//Output Current(in mA) +v=0.5//Output voltage(in volts) +is=5//Reverse Leakage Current(in micro ampere) +vf=0.7//Forward voltage of diode(in volts) +R=v*1000/is +disp(R,'(a)Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') +I=(e-vf)/R +P=(e^2)/R +if=i+I +disp(if,'(b)Forward Current(in mA)=') +p=vf*if +disp(p,'(c)Power Dissipation(in mW)=') +ep=-e +disp(ep,'(d)Peak Reverse Voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7566a481 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Calculate (a)Resistance (b)Forward Current (c)Power dissipation (d)Peak Reverse Voltage +//Ex:3.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +e=50//Input voltage(in volts) +i=20//Output Current(in mA) +v=0.5//Output voltage(in volts) +is=5//Reverse Leakage Current(in micro ampere) +vf=0.7//Forward voltage of diode(in volts) +R=v*1000/is +disp(R,'(a)Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') +I=(e-vf)/R +P=(e^2)/R +if=i+I +disp(if,'(b)Forward Current(in mA)=') +p=vf*if +disp(p,'(c)Power Dissipation(in mW)=') +ep=-e +disp(ep,'(d)Peak Reverse Voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.1/Result3_1.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Result3_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e6b89a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.1/Result3_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +(a)Resistance(in Kilo ohm)= + + 100. + + (b)Forward Current(in mA)= + + 20.493 + + (c)Power Dissipation(in mW)= + + 14.3451 + + (d)Peak Reverse Voltage(in volts)= + + - 50. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660531281 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance C1and C2,Diode reverse recovery time and input voltage +//Ex3.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=12//Output voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +R=1.2//Load resistance(in Kilo ohm) +f=1//Frequency(in KHz) +r=10//Ripple in output voltage(in %) +Il=V/R +t=1000/(2*f) +C2=(Il*t)*10^(-3)/((r/(2*100))*V) +C1=(2*Il*t)*10^(-3)/((r/(2*100))*V) +trr=t/10 +Vpp=V+((r/100)*V)+(2*Vd) +Vp=Vpp/2 +disp(C1,C2,trr,Vp,'Input voltage(in volts),Diode reverse recovery time(in micro sec),C2 and C1(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660531281 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance C1and C2,Diode reverse recovery time and input voltage +//Ex3.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=12//Output voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +R=1.2//Load resistance(in Kilo ohm) +f=1//Frequency(in KHz) +r=10//Ripple in output voltage(in %) +Il=V/R +t=1000/(2*f) +C2=(Il*t)*10^(-3)/((r/(2*100))*V) +C1=(2*Il*t)*10^(-3)/((r/(2*100))*V) +trr=t/10 +Vpp=V+((r/100)*V)+(2*Vd) +Vp=Vpp/2 +disp(C1,C2,trr,Vp,'Input voltage(in volts),Diode reverse recovery time(in micro sec),C2 and C1(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.10/Result3_10.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Result3_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4572ac53 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.10/Result3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Input voltage(in volts),Diode reverse recovery time(in micro sec),C2 and C1(in micro farad)= + + 7.3 + + 50. + + 8.3333333 + + 16.666667 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25901fdb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate resistance and amplitude of output signal +//Ex3.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=2//Input voltage(in volts) +v=0.5//Input noise voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +if=1//Forward current of diode(in mA) +V=E-Vf +R=V/if +disp(V,R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Output signal amplitude(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25901fdb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate resistance and amplitude of output signal +//Ex3.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=2//Input voltage(in volts) +v=0.5//Input noise voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +if=1//Forward current of diode(in mA) +V=E-Vf +R=V/if +disp(V,R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Output signal amplitude(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f63ad10c --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.3/Result3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Output signal amplitude(in volts)= + + 1.3 + + 1.3 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..477d368c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Resistance and diode forward current +//Ex3.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +v=9//Output voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +R=E-v/i +if=E-vf/R +disp(if,R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Diode forward current(in mA)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..477d368c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Resistance and diode forward current +//Ex3.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +v=9//Output voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +R=E-v/i +if=E-vf/R +disp(if,R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Diode forward current(in mA)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5e8aa790 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.4/Result3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Resistance(in kilo ohm) and Diode forward current(in mA)= + + 1. + + 9.3 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b531736 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Resistance +//Ex3.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=2.7//Output voltage(in volts) +E=8//Input voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +if=1//Diode forward current(in mA) +vb=V-vf +R=(E-vb-vf)/(i+if) +disp(R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08b531736 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Resistance +//Ex3.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=2.7//Output voltage(in volts) +E=8//Input voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +if=1//Diode forward current(in mA) +vb=V-vf +R=(E-vb-vf)/(i+if) +disp(R,'Resistance(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32ec1da54 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.5/Result3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Resistance(in kilo ohm)= + + 2.65 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61c862577 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Find Zener voltage and Resistance +//Ex3.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=25//Input voltage(in volts) +V=11//Output voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +v=9.1//Voltage for 1N757 diode +I=20//Current across 1N757 diode(in mA) +Vz=V-Vf +Vr=E-(Vf+v) +Iz=0.25*I +Ir=Iz+i +R=Vr/Ir +disp(R,Vz,'Zener voltage(in volts) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61c862577 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Find Zener voltage and Resistance +//Ex3.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=25//Input voltage(in volts) +V=11//Output voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +i=1//Output current(in mA) +v=9.1//Voltage for 1N757 diode +I=20//Current across 1N757 diode(in mA) +Vz=V-Vf +Vr=E-(Vf+v) +Iz=0.25*I +Ir=Iz+i +R=Vr/Ir +disp(R,Vz,'Zener voltage(in volts) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..082e5c037 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.6/Result3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Zener voltage(in volts) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)= + + 10.3 + + 2.5333333 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58a0eeb60 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance and Resistance +//Ex3.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +f=1//Frequency(in Khz) +Rs=500//Source resistance(in ohms) +t=0.01//Tilt +T=1/(f) +pw=T*1000/2 +C=pw/Rs +R=pw/(t*C*1000) +disp(R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58a0eeb60 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance and Resistance +//Ex3.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +f=1//Frequency(in Khz) +Rs=500//Source resistance(in ohms) +t=0.01//Tilt +T=1/(f) +pw=T*1000/2 +C=pw/Rs +R=pw/(t*C*1000) +disp(R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..486724e3d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.7/Result3_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in Kilo ohm)= + + 1. + + 50. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7817bea26 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Find Capacitance and Resistance required to design the circuit +//Ex3.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=20//Input waveform amplitude(in volts) +f=2//Frequency(in Khz) +t=0.02//Tilt +R=600//Resistance(in ohm) +T=1/f +pw=T*1000/2 +C=pw/R +R=pw/(t*C) +disp(R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7817bea26 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Find Capacitance and Resistance required to design the circuit +//Ex3.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=20//Input waveform amplitude(in volts) +f=2//Frequency(in Khz) +t=0.02//Tilt +R=600//Resistance(in ohm) +T=1/f +pw=T*1000/2 +C=pw/R +R=pw/(t*C) +disp(R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..095cb7488 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.8/Result3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistance(in ohm)= + + 0.4166667 + + 30000. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b117e3d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance,Resistance and Zener Voltage +//Ex3.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=15//Amplitude of input waveform(in volts) +Rs=1//Source Resistance(in Kilo ohm) +V=9//Output Voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +f=500//Frequency(in hertz) +t=0.01//Tilt +T=1000/f +pw=T/2 +C=pw/Rs +R=pw/(t*C) +Vz=V-Vf +disp(Vz,R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistance(in Kilo ohm) and Zener Voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b117e3d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Capacitance,Resistance and Zener Voltage +//Ex3.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=15//Amplitude of input waveform(in volts) +Rs=1//Source Resistance(in Kilo ohm) +V=9//Output Voltage(in volts) +Vf=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +f=500//Frequency(in hertz) +t=0.01//Tilt +T=1000/f +pw=T/2 +C=pw/Rs +R=pw/(t*C) +Vz=V-Vf +disp(Vz,R,C,'Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistance(in Kilo ohm) and Zener Voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56f8ac9dc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH3/EX3.9/Result3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistance(in Kilo ohm) and Zener Voltage(in volts)= + + 1. + + 100. + + 8.3 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e3d5b79b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)hfe (b)hfe for changed resistor +//Ex4.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Ib=0.2//Base current(in mA) +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Rc1=1//Collector resistor(in kilo ohm) +Rc2=220//Changed collector resistor(in ohm) +Ic1=Vcc/Rc1 +h1=Ic1/Ib +disp(h1,'(a)hfe=') +Ic2=Vcc*1000/Rc2 +h2=Ic2/Ib +disp(h2,'(b)hfe for changed resistor=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4e3d5b79b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)hfe (b)hfe for changed resistor +//Ex4.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Ib=0.2//Base current(in mA) +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Rc1=1//Collector resistor(in kilo ohm) +Rc2=220//Changed collector resistor(in ohm) +Ic1=Vcc/Rc1 +h1=Ic1/Ib +disp(h1,'(a)hfe=') +Ic2=Vcc*1000/Rc2 +h2=Ic2/Ib +disp(h2,'(b)hfe for changed resistor=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.1/Result4_1.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Result4_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f286c481 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.1/Result4_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +(a)hfe= + + 50. + + (b)hfe for changed resistor= + + 227.27273 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..539cc9119 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine output voltage when (a)Device is cutoff (b)Device is switched on +//Ex4.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +Idf=0.25//Drain current at cutoff(in ns) +rd=40//Drain resistance at switched on(in ohm) +Vdd=15//Drain voltage(in volts) +Rd=6.8//Drain resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vo=Vdd-(Idf*Rd*10^(-6)) +disp(Vo,'Output voltage when device is cutoff(in volts)=') +Id=Vdd/Rd +Vo2=Id*rd +disp(Vo2,'Output voltage when device is switched on(in milli volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..539cc9119 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine output voltage when (a)Device is cutoff (b)Device is switched on +//Ex4.10 +clc; +clear; +close; +Idf=0.25//Drain current at cutoff(in ns) +rd=40//Drain resistance at switched on(in ohm) +Vdd=15//Drain voltage(in volts) +Rd=6.8//Drain resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vo=Vdd-(Idf*Rd*10^(-6)) +disp(Vo,'Output voltage when device is cutoff(in volts)=') +Id=Vdd/Rd +Vo2=Id*rd +disp(Vo2,'Output voltage when device is switched on(in milli volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffb951eb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.10/Result4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Output voltage when device is cutoff(in volts)= + + 14.999998 + + Output voltage when device is switched on(in milli volts)= + + 88.235294 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e56cb765 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate the transistor power dissipation at (a)Cutoff (b)Saturation (c)When Vce is 2V +//Ex4.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Ic=50//Collector current(in nA) +Rc=1//Collector resistor(in kilo ohm) +Vs=0.2//Voltage of collector emitter junction at saturation(in volts) +Vce=2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +P1=Ic*Vcc/1000 +disp(P1,'(a)Power dissipation at cutoff(in micro watt)=') +P2=(Vcc/Rc)*Vs +disp(P2,'(b)Power dissipation at saturation(in mW)=') +I=(Vcc-Vce)/Rc +P3=I*Vce +disp(P3,'(c)Power dissipation at given Vce(in mW)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e56cb765 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate the transistor power dissipation at (a)Cutoff (b)Saturation (c)When Vce is 2V +//Ex4.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Ic=50//Collector current(in nA) +Rc=1//Collector resistor(in kilo ohm) +Vs=0.2//Voltage of collector emitter junction at saturation(in volts) +Vce=2//Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +P1=Ic*Vcc/1000 +disp(P1,'(a)Power dissipation at cutoff(in micro watt)=') +P2=(Vcc/Rc)*Vs +disp(P2,'(b)Power dissipation at saturation(in mW)=') +I=(Vcc-Vce)/Rc +P3=I*Vce +disp(P3,'(c)Power dissipation at given Vce(in mW)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.2/Result4_2.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Result4_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0121f30f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.2/Result4_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ + (a)Power dissipation at cutoff(in micro watt)= + + 0.5 + + (b)Power dissipation at saturation(in mW)= + + 2. + + (c)Power dissipation at given Vce(in mW)= + + 16. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6af0b9ff --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Vce (a)Before input pulse is applied (b)at end of delay time (c)at end of turn on time (d)Total time +//Ex4.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +Rc=3.3//Collector resistor(in Kilo ohm) +pw=5//Pulse width of input voltage(in micro sec) +Ix=50//Collector cutoff current(in nA) +t=250//Switch off time(nA) +Vce=Vcc-(Ix*Rc*10^(-6)) +disp(Vce,'(a)Collector emitter voltage before input pulse is applied(in volts)=') +Vce2=Vcc-(0.1*Vcc) +disp(Vce2,'(b)Collector emittter voltage at end of delay time(in volts)=') +Vce3=Vcc-(0.9*Vcc) +disp(Vce3,'(c)Collector emitter voltage at end of turn on time(in volts)=') +T=(t*10^(-3))+pw +disp(T,'(d)Total time from commencement of input to transistor switch off(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6af0b9ff --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Vce (a)Before input pulse is applied (b)at end of delay time (c)at end of turn on time (d)Total time +//Ex4.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +Rc=3.3//Collector resistor(in Kilo ohm) +pw=5//Pulse width of input voltage(in micro sec) +Ix=50//Collector cutoff current(in nA) +t=250//Switch off time(nA) +Vce=Vcc-(Ix*Rc*10^(-6)) +disp(Vce,'(a)Collector emitter voltage before input pulse is applied(in volts)=') +Vce2=Vcc-(0.1*Vcc) +disp(Vce2,'(b)Collector emittter voltage at end of delay time(in volts)=') +Vce3=Vcc-(0.9*Vcc) +disp(Vce3,'(c)Collector emitter voltage at end of turn on time(in volts)=') +T=(t*10^(-3))+pw +disp(T,'(d)Total time from commencement of input to transistor switch off(in micro sec)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.3/Result4_3.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Result4_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b102cfcd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.3/Result4_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +(a)Collector emitter voltage before input pulse is applied(in volts)= + + 11.999835 + + (b)Collector emittter voltage at end of delay time(in volts)= + + 10.8 + + (c)Collector emitter voltage at end of turn on time(in volts)= + + 1.2 + + (d)Total time from commencement of input to transistor switch off(in micro sec)= + + 5.25 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f24441f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Capacitance that can give max turn on time (b)Max frequency +//Ex4.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Rs=600//Source resistor(in ohm) +Rb=5.6//Base resistor(in kilo ohm) +t=70//Turn on time(in ns) +C=t*1000/(0.1*Rs) +disp(C,'(a)Required capacitance(in pF)=') +tre=2.3*Rb*C*10^(-3) +f=1000/(2*tre) +disp(f,'(b)Max Frequency(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f24441f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine (a)Capacitance that can give max turn on time (b)Max frequency +//Ex4.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Rs=600//Source resistor(in ohm) +Rb=5.6//Base resistor(in kilo ohm) +t=70//Turn on time(in ns) +C=t*1000/(0.1*Rs) +disp(C,'(a)Required capacitance(in pF)=') +tre=2.3*Rb*C*10^(-3) +f=1000/(2*tre) +disp(f,'(b)Max Frequency(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.4/Result4_4.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Result4_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7d01d3af --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.4/Result4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ + + (a)Required capacitance(in pF)= + + 1166.6667 + + (b)Max Frequency(in Khz)= + + 33.274179 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96dfa4dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rc and Rb +//Ex4.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +V=3//Input voltage(in volts) +Ic=1//collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vce)/Ic +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(V-Vbe)*1000/Ib +disp(Rb,Rc,'Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96dfa4dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rc and Rb +//Ex4.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +V=3//Input voltage(in volts) +Ic=1//collector current(in mA) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vce)/Ic +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(V-Vbe)*1000/Ib +disp(Rb,Rc,'Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.5/Result4_5.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Result4_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da547ed1a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.5/Result4_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Rc and Rb(in kilo ohm)= + + 11.8 + + 161. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a2f3a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Caption:Determine maximum value of capacitor +//Ex4.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=45//Frequency(in khz) +Rb=150//Base Resistor(in ohms) +t=1000/(2*f) +C=t*1000/(2.3*Rb) +disp(C,'Maxixmumvalue of capacitor(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..46a2f3a2d --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Caption:Determine maximum value of capacitor +//Ex4.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=45//Frequency(in khz) +Rb=150//Base Resistor(in ohms) +t=1000/(2*f) +C=t*1000/(2.3*Rb) +disp(C,'Maxixmumvalue of capacitor(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21475dd0b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.6/Result4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Maxixmumvalue of capacitor(in pF)= + + 32.206119 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de515299 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a transistor by determining Rc,Rb and amplitude of output waveform +//Ex4.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +R=100//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Saturted collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +hfe=35 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=R/10 +Ic=(Vcc-Vce-Vd)/Rc +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(E-Vbe-Vd)/Ib +Vmin=Vd+Vce +Vmax=(Vcc*R)/(R+Rc) +Vo=Vmax-Vmin +disp(Vo,Rb,Rc,'Rc,Rb(in kilo ohm),and amplitude of output waveform(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3de515299 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Caption:Design a transistor by determining Rc,Rb and amplitude of output waveform +//Ex4.7 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=10//Input voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +R=100//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Saturted collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +hfe=35 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=R/10 +Ic=(Vcc-Vce-Vd)/Rc +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(E-Vbe-Vd)/Ib +Vmin=Vd+Vce +Vmax=(Vcc*R)/(R+Rc) +Vo=Vmax-Vmin +disp(Vo,Rb,Rc,'Rc,Rb(in kilo ohm),and amplitude of output waveform(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.7/Result4_7.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Result4_7.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d383a9ea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.7/Result4_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Rc,Rb(in kilo ohm),and amplitude of output waveform(in volts)= + + 10. + + 213.47518 + + 12.736364 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a122d419a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rc,Rb,and Cc +//Ex4.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Ic=10//Collector current(in mA) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +Pw=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Vi=4//Input voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vce)*1000/Ic +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(Vcc-Vbe)*1000/Ib +Vb=Vi-Vbe-0.5 +I=(Vcc+Vi)/Rb +Cc=I*Pw/Vb +disp(Cc,Rb,Rc,'Rc(in ohm),Rb(in kilo ohm),Cc(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a122d419a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Caption:Calculate Rc,Rb,and Cc +//Ex4.8 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Ic=10//Collector current(in mA) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +Pw=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Vi=4//Input voltage(in volts) +Rc=(Vcc-Vce)*1000/Ic +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(Vcc-Vbe)*1000/Ib +Vb=Vi-Vbe-0.5 +I=(Vcc+Vi)/Rb +Cc=I*Pw/Vb +disp(Cc,Rb,Rc,'Rc(in ohm),Rb(in kilo ohm),Cc(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.8/Result4_8.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Result4_8.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef046f89f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.8/Result4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + Rc(in ohm),Rb(in kilo ohm),Cc(in micro farad)= + + 980. + + 93. + + 0.0537634 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4125b5f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Determine required capacitance +//Ex4.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=4//Input voltage(in volts) +Pw=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Rs=1//Source resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Saturated Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=1//Collector resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rb=10//Base resistance(in kilo ohm) +Ic=(Vcc-Vce)/Rc +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Irb=Vbe*1000/Rb +ic=Ib+Irb +I=(E-Vbe)/Rs +C=Pw/(Rs*(log(I*1000/ic))) +disp(C,'Required capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4125b5f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Determine required capacitance +//Ex4.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +E=4//Input voltage(in volts) +Pw=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Rs=1//Source resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vce=0.2//Saturated Collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=1//Collector resistance(in kilo ohm) +Vcc=10//Collector voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rb=10//Base resistance(in kilo ohm) +Ic=(Vcc-Vce)/Rc +Ib=Ic*1000/hfe +Irb=Vbe*1000/Rb +ic=Ib+Irb +I=(E-Vbe)/Rs +C=Pw/(Rs*(log(I*1000/ic))) +disp(C,'Required capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH4/EX4.9/Result4_9.txt b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Result4_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2b534d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH4/EX4.9/Result4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Required capacitance(in micro farad)= + + 0.3358281 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5560b350 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Design a non inverting amplifier by determining Required resistances and output voltage +//Ex5.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Av=28//Voltage gain +E=50//Input voltage(in mV) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +i=100*Ib*0.001 +R3=E/i +Vo=Av*E*0.001 +r=Vo*1000/i +R2=r-R3 +R1=(R2*R3)/(R2+R3) +disp(R1,R2,R3,Vo,'Output voltage(in volts),Required resistances R3,R2 and R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d5560b350 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Design a non inverting amplifier by determining Required resistances and output voltage +//Ex5.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +Av=28//Voltage gain +E=50//Input voltage(in mV) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +i=100*Ib*0.001 +R3=E/i +Vo=Av*E*0.001 +r=Vo*1000/i +R2=r-R3 +R1=(R2*R3)/(R2+R3) +disp(R1,R2,R3,Vo,'Output voltage(in volts),Required resistances R3,R2 and R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8637d0d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.1/Result5_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Output voltage(in volts),Required resistances R3,R2 and R1(in kilo ohm)= + + 1.4 + + 1. + + 27. + + 0.9642857 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b11db44da --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Caption:Design an inverter by determining input resistance,current and capacitance +//Ex5.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vo=11//Output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vi=6//Input voltage(in volts) +f=1//Frequency(in Khz) +Vb=0.5//Base voltage(in volts) +Vee=-12//Emitter voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vc=2//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vr2=Vb-Vee +I2=100*Ib*0.001 +R2=Vr2/I2 +i=Vr2/R2 +R1=(Vcc-Vb)/i +Ri=(R1*R2)*1000/(R1+R2) +Ii=Vi*1000/Ri +pw=1000/(2*f) +C=(Ii*pw)*10^(-6)/Vc +disp(C,Ii,Ri,'Input resistance(in kilo ohm),Input current(in micro ampere) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b11db44da --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//Caption:Design an inverter by determining input resistance,current and capacitance +//Ex5.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vo=11//Output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vi=6//Input voltage(in volts) +f=1//Frequency(in Khz) +Vb=0.5//Base voltage(in volts) +Vee=-12//Emitter voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vc=2//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vr2=Vb-Vee +I2=100*Ib*0.001 +R2=Vr2/I2 +i=Vr2/R2 +R1=(Vcc-Vb)/i +Ri=(R1*R2)*1000/(R1+R2) +Ii=Vi*1000/Ri +pw=1000/(2*f) +C=(Ii*pw)*10^(-6)/Vc +disp(C,Ii,Ri,'Input resistance(in kilo ohm),Input current(in micro ampere) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.3/Result5_3.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Result5_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa576fb6f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.3/Result5_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Input resistance(in kilo ohm),Input current(in micro ampere) and Capacitance(in micro farad)= + + 119.79167 + + 50.086957 + + 0.0125217 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..412537512 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Design a differentiating circuit by determining required resistances and capacitance +//Ex5.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vo=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vi=1//Change in input voltage(in volts) +t=100//Time period(in micro sec) +I=1//Circuit current(in mA) +R2=Vo/I +R1=R2*1000/20 +R3=R2 +C=Vo*t/(R2*Vi*1000) +disp(R3,R2,R1,C,'Required components for circuit are Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistances R1(in ohm),R2(in kilo ohm),R3(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..412537512 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Design a differentiating circuit by determining required resistances and capacitance +//Ex5.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vo=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vi=1//Change in input voltage(in volts) +t=100//Time period(in micro sec) +I=1//Circuit current(in mA) +R2=Vo/I +R1=R2*1000/20 +R3=R2 +C=Vo*t/(R2*Vi*1000) +disp(R3,R2,R1,C,'Required components for circuit are Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistances R1(in ohm),R2(in kilo ohm),R3(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.4/Result5_4.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Result5_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2b643c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.4/Result5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Required components for circuit are Capacitance(in micro farad),Resistances R1(in ohm),R2(in kilo ohm),R3(in kilo ohm)= + + 0.1 + + 250. + + 5. + + 5. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1454ccb2a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate lowest operating frequency for circuit +//Ex5.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=4//Peak to peak amplitude of output waveform(in volts) +Vi=10//Input voltage(in volts) +Vs=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Maximum Base current(in nA) +f=250//Frequency of input waveform(in hz) +I=1//Circuit current(in mA) +R1=Vi/I +R3=20*R1 +R2=(R3*R1)/(R1+R3) +t=1000/(2*f) +C=(I*t)/V +F=20*1000/(2*%pi*C*R3) +disp(F,'Required frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1454ccb2a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Calculate lowest operating frequency for circuit +//Ex5.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=4//Peak to peak amplitude of output waveform(in volts) +Vi=10//Input voltage(in volts) +Vs=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Maximum Base current(in nA) +f=250//Frequency of input waveform(in hz) +I=1//Circuit current(in mA) +R1=Vi/I +R3=20*R1 +R2=(R3*R1)/(R1+R3) +t=1000/(2*f) +C=(I*t)/V +F=20*1000/(2*%pi*C*R3) +disp(F,'Required frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH5/EX5.5/Result5_5.txt b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Result5_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..248d43ec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH5/EX5.5/Result5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Required frequency(in hz)= + + 31.830989 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..617d04681 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Determine schmitt trigger circuit components for designing it +//Ex6.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=5//Upper trigger point voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +I=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=100 +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volt) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Ve=u-Vbe +Re=Ve/I +Rc=(Vcc-Ve-Vce)/I +i=I/10 +R2=u/i +Ib2=I/hfe +I2=u/i +It=Ib2+i +r=(Vcc-u)/It +R1=r-Rc +disp(R1,R2,Rc,Re,'Circuit components Re,Rc,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..617d04681 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Determine schmitt trigger circuit components for designing it +//Ex6.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=5//Upper trigger point voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +I=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=100 +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volt) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Ve=u-Vbe +Re=Ve/I +Rc=(Vcc-Ve-Vce)/I +i=I/10 +R2=u/i +Ib2=I/hfe +I2=u/i +It=Ib2+i +r=(Vcc-u)/It +R1=r-Rc +disp(R1,R2,Rc,Re,'Circuit components Re,Rc,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.1/Result6_1.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Result6_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fd73a883 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.1/Result6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + Circuit components Re,Rc,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)= + + 2.15 + + 3.75 + + 25. + + 28.068182 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd32f25cc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Caption:Find circuit components for designing a schmitt trigger circuit +//Ex6.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=5//Upper trigger point voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +I=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=100 +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volt) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +l=3//Lower trigger point voltage(in volts) +Ve=u-Vbe +Re=Ve/I +Rc=(Vcc-Ve-Vce)/I +i=I/10 +R2=u/i +Ib2=I/hfe +I2=u/i +It=Ib2+i +r=(Vcc-u)/It +I1=l/R2 +Ie=(l-Vbe)/Re +Rc1=Vcc-(I1*(r+R2))/Ie +R1=r-Rc1 +disp(R1,R2,Rc1,Re,'Circuit components are Re,Rc1,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd32f25cc --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Caption:Find circuit components for designing a schmitt trigger circuit +//Ex6.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=5//Upper trigger point voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +I=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=100 +Vcc=12//Collector voltage(in volt) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +l=3//Lower trigger point voltage(in volts) +Ve=u-Vbe +Re=Ve/I +Rc=(Vcc-Ve-Vce)/I +i=I/10 +R2=u/i +Ib2=I/hfe +I2=u/i +It=Ib2+i +r=(Vcc-u)/It +I1=l/R2 +Ie=(l-Vbe)/Re +Rc1=Vcc-(I1*(r+R2))/Ie +R1=r-Rc1 +disp(R1,R2,Rc1,Re,'Circuit components are Re,Rc1,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.2/Result6_2.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Result6_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81f41d00f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.2/Result6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Circuit components are Re,Rc1,R2,R1(in kilo ohm)= + + 2.15 + + 5.6264822 + + 25. + + 26.1917 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b2c433b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine Largest speed up capacitance +//Ex6.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//Frequency(in Mhz) +R1=22//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R2=22//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rc1=4.7//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R=R1*(Rc1+R2)/(R1+Rc1+R2) +t=1/f +C=t*1000/(2.3*R) +disp(C,'Required Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b2c433b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine Largest speed up capacitance +//Ex6.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//Frequency(in Mhz) +R1=22//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R2=22//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rc1=4.7//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +R=R1*(Rc1+R2)/(R1+Rc1+R2) +t=1/f +C=t*1000/(2.3*R) +disp(C,'Required Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.3/Result6_3.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Result6_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..affdd976c --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.3/Result6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Required Capacitance(in pF)= + + 36.046839 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a71f84331 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate R1,R2 and Actual UTP and LTP +//Ex6.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=3//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +i=Ib*0.1 +R2=u*1000/i +I=u/R2 +Vo=Vcc-1 +Vr1=Vo-u +R1=Vr1/I +utp=Vo*R2/(R1+R2) +ltp=-utp +disp(ltp,utp,R2,R1,'Circuit components R1,R2(in kilo ohm) and actual UTP and LTP(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a71f84331 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Calculate R1,R2 and Actual UTP and LTP +//Ex6.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=3//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +i=Ib*0.1 +R2=u*1000/i +I=u/R2 +Vo=Vcc-1 +Vr1=Vo-u +R1=Vr1/I +utp=Vo*R2/(R1+R2) +ltp=-utp +disp(ltp,utp,R2,R1,'Circuit components R1,R2(in kilo ohm) and actual UTP and LTP(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.4/Result6_4.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Result6_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..437d10be3 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.4/Result6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Circuit components R1,R2(in kilo ohm) and actual UTP and LTP(in volts)= + + 220. + + 60. + + 3. + + - 3. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcf401517 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Caption:Design Schmitt circuit components R1,R2,R3,R4 and R5 +//Ex6.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=3//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +Vk1=-2//Voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vk2=-Vk1 +i=Ib*0.1 +R2=u*1000/i +I=u/R2 +Vo=Vcc-1 +Vr1=Vo-u +R1=Vr1/I +I4=100*i +Va1=Vk1+Vf +Vee=-Vcc +V4=Va1-Vee +R4=V4*1000/I4 +Va2=Vk2+Vf +V5=Va2-Va1 +R5=V5*1000/I4 +R3=(Vcc-Va2)*1000/I4 +disp(R5,R4,R3,R2,R1,'R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcf401517 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Caption:Design Schmitt circuit components R1,R2,R3,R4 and R5 +//Ex6.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +u=3//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Ib=500//Max base current(in nA) +Vf=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +Vk1=-2//Voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vk2=-Vk1 +i=Ib*0.1 +R2=u*1000/i +I=u/R2 +Vo=Vcc-1 +Vr1=Vo-u +R1=Vr1/I +I4=100*i +Va1=Vk1+Vf +Vee=-Vcc +V4=Va1-Vee +R4=V4*1000/I4 +Va2=Vk2+Vf +V5=Va2-Va1 +R5=V5*1000/I4 +R3=(Vcc-Va2)*1000/I4 +disp(R5,R4,R3,R2,R1,'R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.5/Result6_5.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Result6_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d3e035481 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.5/Result6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm)= + + 220. + + 60. + + 2.46 + + 2.74 + + 0.8 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3afaca29 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Design a non inverting schmitt trigger circuit +//Ex6.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +u=2//Upper trigger point(in volts) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +I2=Ib*0.1 +Vo=Vcc-1 +R2=Vo*1000/I2 +i=Vo*1000/R2 +R1=u*1000/i +disp(R2,R1,'Circuit components R1 and R2(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3afaca29 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Design a non inverting schmitt trigger circuit +//Ex6.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +u=2//Upper trigger point(in volts) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +I2=Ib*0.1 +Vo=Vcc-1 +R2=Vo*1000/I2 +i=Vo*1000/R2 +R1=u*1000/i +disp(R2,R1,'Circuit components R1 and R2(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH6/EX6.6/Result6_6.txt b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Result6_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a79bd6a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH6/EX6.6/Result6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Circuit components R1 and R2(in kilo ohm)= + + 40. + + 280. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f94d474e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Caption:Design a collector coupled monostable multivibrator by determining rc,rb,r2,r1 and vb1 +//Ex7.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=9//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ic=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=50 +vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vbb=-9//Base voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(vs-vd-vce)/Ic +Ib2=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(vs-Vbe-vd)*1000/Ib2 +I2=Ic*1000/10 +Vr2=Vbe-Vbb +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +i=Ib2+I2 +r=(vs-Vbe)*1000/i +R1=r-Rc +Vc2=vd+vce +Vr1=R1*(vs-Vbb)/(R1+R2) +Vb1=Vc2-Vr1 +disp(Vb1,R1,R2,Rb,Rc,'Required components for circuit design are Rc,Rb,R2,R1(in kilo ohm) and Vb1(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f94d474e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Caption:Design a collector coupled monostable multivibrator by determining rc,rb,r2,r1 and vb1 +//Ex7.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +vs=9//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ic=2//Collector current(in mA) +hfe=50 +vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +Vbb=-9//Base voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Rc=(vs-vd-vce)/Ic +Ib2=Ic*1000/hfe +Rb=(vs-Vbe-vd)*1000/Ib2 +I2=Ic*1000/10 +Vr2=Vbe-Vbb +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +i=Ib2+I2 +r=(vs-Vbe)*1000/i +R1=r-Rc +Vc2=vd+vce +Vr1=R1*(vs-Vbb)/(R1+R2) +Vb1=Vc2-Vr1 +disp(Vb1,R1,R2,Rb,Rc,'Required components for circuit design are Rc,Rb,R2,R1(in kilo ohm) and Vb1(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9bb497a22 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.1/Result7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +Required components for circuit design are Rc,Rb,R2,R1(in kilo ohm) and Vb1(in volts)= + + 4.05 + + 190. + + 48.5 + + 30.533333 + + - 6.0540278 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b933534c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Find capacitance +//Ex7.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +t=250//Pulse width(in micro sec) +E=9//Input voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +Rb=180//Base resistor(in kilo ohm) +Eo=-(E-Vbe-Vd) +C=t*1000/(Rb*log((E-Eo)/E)) +disp(C,'Required capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b933534c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Find capacitance +//Ex7.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +t=250//Pulse width(in micro sec) +E=9//Input voltage(in volts) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Diode forward voltage(in volts) +Rb=180//Base resistor(in kilo ohm) +Eo=-(E-Vbe-Vd) +C=t*1000/(Rb*log((E-Eo)/E)) +disp(C,'Required capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.2/Result7_2.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Result7_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f93ae2d63 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.2/Result7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Required capacitance(in pF)= + + 2268.766 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fcc662f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Design a monostable multivibrator using op amp 741 +//Ex7.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vt=1.5//Trigger voltage(in volts) +t=200//Output pulse width(in micro sec) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +Vr2=1//R2 Resistor voltage(in volts) +I2=0.1*Ib +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +i2=Vr2*1000/R2 +Vr1=Vcc-Vr2 +R1=Vr1*1000/i2 +R3=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) +E=Vr2-(Vcc-1) +ec=Vcc-1 +Ec=Vr2+(Vcc-1) +Rc=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +C=t*1000/(Rc*log((Vcc-E)/(Vcc-ec))) +disp(C,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components are resistances R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fcc662f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Caption:Design a monostable multivibrator using op amp 741 +//Ex7.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vcc=15//Collector voltage(in volts) +Vt=1.5//Trigger voltage(in volts) +t=200//Output pulse width(in micro sec) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +Vr2=1//R2 Resistor voltage(in volts) +I2=0.1*Ib +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +i2=Vr2*1000/R2 +Vr1=Vcc-Vr2 +R1=Vr1*1000/i2 +R3=(R1*R2)/(R1+R2) +E=Vr2-(Vcc-1) +ec=Vcc-1 +Ec=Vr2+(Vcc-1) +Rc=R1*R2/(R1+R2) +C=t*1000/(Rc*log((Vcc-E)/(Vcc-ec))) +disp(C,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components are resistances R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..53b042536 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.3/Result7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Circuit components are resistances R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)= + + 280. + + 20. + + 18.666667 + + 3215.3746 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26119b24f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator +//Ex7.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//Frequency of output waveform(in Khz) +Vs=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Il=20//Output load current(in micro Ampere) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Ic=Il*100/1000 +Rc=Vs/Ic +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(Vs-Vbe)/Ib +pw=1/(2*f) +C=pw*10^(6)/(0.69*Rb) +disp(C,Rb,Rc,'Components required to design a astable multivibrator are resistances Rb,Rc(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pf)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26119b24f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator +//Ex7.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=1//Frequency of output waveform(in Khz) +Vs=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +Il=20//Output load current(in micro Ampere) +hfe=70 +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +Ic=Il*100/1000 +Rc=Vs/Ic +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(Vs-Vbe)/Ib +pw=1/(2*f) +C=pw*10^(6)/(0.69*Rb) +disp(C,Rb,Rc,'Components required to design a astable multivibrator are resistances Rb,Rc(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pf)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.4/Result7_4.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Result7_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0fe40407 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.4/Result7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Components required to design a astable multivibrator are resistances Rb,Rc(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pf)= + + 2.5 + + 150.5 + + 4814.8683 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..328d7c219 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator using 741 op amp +//Ex7.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=300//Output frequency(in hertz) +Vo=11//Output Amplitude(in volts) +utp=0.5//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Vr3=0.5//Votage across R3 resistor(in volts) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +Vcc=Vo+1 +I2=100*Ib/1000 +R3=Vr3*1000/I2 +Vr2=Vo-Vr3 +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +Ir1=100*Ib/1000 +Vr1=Vo-Vr3 +R1=Vr1*1000/Ir1 +t=1000/f +tc1=0.5*t +ltp=-utp +v=utp-ltp +C=Ir1*tc1*10^(-3)/v +disp(C,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components for designing astable multivibrator are R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..328d7c219 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator using 741 op amp +//Ex7.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +f=300//Output frequency(in hertz) +Vo=11//Output Amplitude(in volts) +utp=0.5//Upper trigger voltage(in volts) +Vr3=0.5//Votage across R3 resistor(in volts) +Ib=500//Base current(in nA) +Vcc=Vo+1 +I2=100*Ib/1000 +R3=Vr3*1000/I2 +Vr2=Vo-Vr3 +R2=Vr2*1000/I2 +Ir1=100*Ib/1000 +Vr1=Vo-Vr3 +R1=Vr1*1000/Ir1 +t=1000/f +tc1=0.5*t +ltp=-utp +v=utp-ltp +C=Ir1*tc1*10^(-3)/v +disp(C,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components for designing astable multivibrator are R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.5/Result7_5.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Result7_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..104163519 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.5/Result7_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Circuit components for designing astable multivibrator are R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)= + + 210. + + 210. + + 10. + + 0.0833333 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a960fa55 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator using 311 comparator +//Ex7.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=12//Supply voltage(in volts) +f=3//Frequency(in Khz) +Ib=250//Base current(in nA) +R2=1//Selected resistor(in kilo ohm) +I4=100*Ib/1000 +Vr4=V/3 +R4=Vr4*1000/I4 +R3=R4 +R5=R4 +Ir2=V/R2 +Ir1=100*Ib/1000 +Vr1=Vr4 +R1=Vr1*1000/Ir1 +t=1000/(2*f) +C=t*1000/(R1*(log (2))) +disp(C,R5,R4,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components required to design the circuit are R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a960fa55 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Design a astable multivibrator using 311 comparator +//Ex7.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=12//Supply voltage(in volts) +f=3//Frequency(in Khz) +Ib=250//Base current(in nA) +R2=1//Selected resistor(in kilo ohm) +I4=100*Ib/1000 +Vr4=V/3 +R4=Vr4*1000/I4 +R3=R4 +R5=R4 +Ir2=V/R2 +Ir1=100*Ib/1000 +Vr1=Vr4 +R1=Vr1*1000/Ir1 +t=1000/(2*f) +C=t*1000/(R1*(log (2))) +disp(C,R5,R4,R3,R2,R1,'Circuit components required to design the circuit are R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH7/EX7.6/Result7_6.txt b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Result7_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cb4f1900 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH7/EX7.6/Result7_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Circuit components required to design the circuit are R1,R2,R3,R4,R5(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in pF)= + + 160. + + 1. + + 160. + + 160. + + 160. + + 1502.8073 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43bf65488 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Design a 555 monostable circuit +//Ex8.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +t=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Vcc=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ith=0.25//Threshold current(in micro Ampere) +Ic=100*Ith +R=Vcc*1000/(3*Ic) +C=t*10^6/(1.1*R) +disp(C,R,'Components required for designing 555 monostable circuit are R(in kilo ohm) and C(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43bf65488 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Caption:Design a 555 monostable circuit +//Ex8.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +t=1//Pulse width(in ms) +Vcc=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Ith=0.25//Threshold current(in micro Ampere) +Ic=100*Ith +R=Vcc*1000/(3*Ic) +C=t*10^6/(1.1*R) +disp(C,R,'Components required for designing 555 monostable circuit are R(in kilo ohm) and C(in pF)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b065bd9a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.1/Result8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +Components required for designing 555 monostable circuit are R(in kilo ohm) and C(in pF)= + + 200. + + 4545.4545 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8fde7b659 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Design a 555 astable multivibrator +//Ex8.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +p=2//Pulse repetition frequency(in Khz) +d=0.66//Duty cycle +Ic=1//Minimum collector voltage selected(in mA) +Vcc=18//Supply voltage(in volts) +t=1000/p +t1=d*t +t2=t-t1 +R=Vcc/(3*Ic) +C=t1*0.001/(0.693*R) +Rb=t2*0.001/(0.693*C) +Ra=R-Rb +disp(C,Rb,Ra,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7005b1b04 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +///Caption:Design a 555 astable multivibrator +//Ex8.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +p=2//Pulse repetition frequency(in Khz) +d=0.66//Duty cycle +Ic=1//Minimum collector voltage selected(in mA) +Vcc=18//Supply voltage(in volts) +t=1000/p +t1=d*t +t2=t-t1 +R=Vcc/(3*Ic) +C=t1*0.001/(0.693*R) +Rb=t2*0.001/(0.693*C) +Ra=R-Rb +disp(C,Rb,Ra,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eca6e2005 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.2/Result8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + Components required to design the circuit are resistors Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)= + + 2.9090909 + + 3.0909091 + + 0.0793651 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a61df931 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine actual PRF and duty cycle +//Ex8.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +C=0.082//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Ra=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rb=2.7//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +t1=0.693*C*(Ra+Rb)*1000 +t2=0.693*C*Rb*1000 +T=t1+t2 +P=1000/T +d=t1*100/T +disp(P,d,'Duty cycle(in %) and PRF(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a61df931 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Determine actual PRF and duty cycle +//Ex8.3 +clc; +clear; +close; +C=0.082//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Ra=3.3//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +Rb=2.7//Resistance(in kilo ohm) +t1=0.693*C*(Ra+Rb)*1000 +t2=0.693*C*Rb*1000 +T=t1+t2 +P=1000/T +d=t1*100/T +disp(P,d,'Duty cycle(in %) and PRF(in Khz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.3/Result8_3.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Result8_3.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d046a43a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.3/Result8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Duty cycle(in %) and PRF(in Khz)= + + 68.965517 + + 2.0227102 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660b51b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Design a square wave generator using 7555 CMOS +//Ex8.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +f1=1//Frequency(in khz) +f2=3//Frequency(in khz) +C=0.01//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Ra=47//Choosed resistor(in kilo ohm) +t1=1/(2*f1) +t2=1/(2*f2) +R=t1/(0.693*C) +Rb=R-Ra +disp(C,Rb,Ra,'Components required to design the circuit are Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..660b51b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Design a square wave generator using 7555 CMOS +//Ex8.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Supply voltage(in volts) +f1=1//Frequency(in khz) +f2=3//Frequency(in khz) +C=0.01//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Ra=47//Choosed resistor(in kilo ohm) +t1=1/(2*f1) +t2=1/(2*f2) +R=t1/(0.693*C) +Rb=R-Ra +disp(C,Rb,Ra,'Components required to design the circuit are Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3da87bf99 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH8/EX8.4/Result8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Components required to design the circuit are Ra,Rb(in kilo ohm) and Capacitance(in micro farad)= + + 47. + + 25.150072 + + 0.01 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66cdf1406 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Caption:Design RC ramp generator +//Ex9.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vs=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +R=100//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +v=3//Amplitude of triggering pulse(in volts) +vb=0.5//Bse voltage(in volts) +p=1//Pulse width(in ms) +t=0.1//Time interval(in ms) +vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +E=0.2//Initial voltage(in volts) +e=5//Final voltage(in volts) +hfe=50 +Il=V/R +I1=100*Il/1000 +R1=(Vs-V)/(I1*1000) +C1=p/(R1*log((Vs-E)/(Vs-e))) +Ic=10*I1 +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(Vs-vbe)/(Ib*1000) +Vbb=v-vbe-vb +I=(Vs+v)/Rb +C2=I*p/Vbb +disp(C2,C1,R1,Rb,'Components required to design circuit are resistances Rb,R1(in kilo ohm) and Capacitors C1,C2(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66cdf1406 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Caption:Design RC ramp generator +//Ex9.1 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vs=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +R=100//Load resistance(in kilo ohm) +v=3//Amplitude of triggering pulse(in volts) +vb=0.5//Bse voltage(in volts) +p=1//Pulse width(in ms) +t=0.1//Time interval(in ms) +vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +E=0.2//Initial voltage(in volts) +e=5//Final voltage(in volts) +hfe=50 +Il=V/R +I1=100*Il/1000 +R1=(Vs-V)/(I1*1000) +C1=p/(R1*log((Vs-E)/(Vs-e))) +Ic=10*I1 +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(Vs-vbe)/(Ib*1000) +Vbb=v-vbe-vb +I=(Vs+v)/Rb +C2=I*p/Vbb +disp(C2,C1,R1,Rb,'Components required to design circuit are resistances Rb,R1(in kilo ohm) and Capacitors C1,C2(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.1/Result9_1.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Result9_1.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e235c8e9b --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.1/Result9_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Components required to design circuit are resistances Rb,R1(in kilo ohm) and Capacitors C1,C2(in micro farad)= + + 14.3 + + 2. + + 1.2753733 + + 0.6993007 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e48f95a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Design a pulse generator using 8038 IC +//Ex9.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +p=200//Pulse width(in micro sec) +f=1//Pulse repetition frequency(in khz) +V=10//Output voltage(in volts) +I=1//Maximum current(in mA) +T=1000/f +t2=T-p +Ib=I*p/t2 +Ra=V/(5*I) +C=0.6*p/(Ra*1000) +Rb=2*V/(5*(I+Ib)) +Rl=V/I +disp(Ra,Rb,Rl,C,'Circuit components are Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistances Rl,Rb,Ra(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e48f95a95 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Caption:Design a pulse generator using 8038 IC +//Ex9.12 +clc; +clear; +close; +p=200//Pulse width(in micro sec) +f=1//Pulse repetition frequency(in khz) +V=10//Output voltage(in volts) +I=1//Maximum current(in mA) +T=1000/f +t2=T-p +Ib=I*p/t2 +Ra=V/(5*I) +C=0.6*p/(Ra*1000) +Rb=2*V/(5*(I+Ib)) +Rl=V/I +disp(Ra,Rb,Rl,C,'Circuit components are Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistances Rl,Rb,Ra(in kilo ohm)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.12/Result9_12.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Result9_12.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d526095f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.12/Result9_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + Circuit components are Capacitance(in micro farad) and Resistances Rl,Rb,Ra(in kilo ohm)= + + 0.06 + + 10. + + 3.2 + + 2. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e170df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output maximum and minimum frequencies +//Ex9.13 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Imin=10//Minimum current(in micro ampere) +Imax=1//Maximum current(in mA) +C=3600//Capacitor(in pF) +Rmax=V/(10*Imin) +Rmin=V/(10*Imax) +fmin=0.15*10^6/(C*Rmax) +fmax=0.15*10^6/(C*Rmin) +disp(fmin,fmax,'Maximum frequency(in khz) and minimum frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62e170df6 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Caption:Calculate output maximum and minimum frequencies +//Ex9.13 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Imin=10//Minimum current(in micro ampere) +Imax=1//Maximum current(in mA) +C=3600//Capacitor(in pF) +Rmax=V/(10*Imin) +Rmin=V/(10*Imax) +fmin=0.15*10^6/(C*Rmax) +fmax=0.15*10^6/(C*Rmin) +disp(fmin,fmax,'Maximum frequency(in khz) and minimum frequency(in hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64aa51200 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.13/Result9_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + Maximum frequency(in khz) and minimum frequency(in hz)= + + 27.777778 + + 277.77778 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..016fe73a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Design a linear ramp generator +//Ex9.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vce2=3//Voltage(in volts) +C1=1//Capacitance(in micro fard) +t=1//pulse width(in ms) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +V3=Vcc-Vce2-5 +Ic=C1*V/t +R3=V3/Ic +Vb=V3+Vbe +I1=Ic/10 +R1=Vb/I1 +i1=Vb/R1 +V2=Vcc-Vb +R2=V2/I1 +disp(C1,R3,R2,R1,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and capacitance C1(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..016fe73a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Caption:Design a linear ramp generator +//Ex9.2 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output voltage(in volts) +Vcc=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +Vce2=3//Voltage(in volts) +C1=1//Capacitance(in micro fard) +t=1//pulse width(in ms) +Vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +V3=Vcc-Vce2-5 +Ic=C1*V/t +R3=V3/Ic +Vb=V3+Vbe +I1=Ic/10 +R1=Vb/I1 +i1=Vb/R1 +V2=Vcc-Vb +R2=V2/I1 +disp(C1,R3,R2,R1,'Components required to design the circuit are resistors R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and capacitance C1(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.2/Result9_2.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Result9_2.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24ef5de46 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.2/Result9_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Components required to design the circuit are resistors R1,R2,R3(in kilo ohm) and capacitance C1(in micro farad)= + + 15.4 + + 14.6 + + 1.4 + + 1. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30d69eacf --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine Rsmax,Rsmin,and minimum drain source voltage +//Ex9.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +I=2//Drain Current(in mA) +Vgsm=3//Maximum gate source voltage(in volts) +Vgsn=0.5//Minimum gate source voltage(in volts) +V=6//Peak voltage(in volts) +Rs1=Vgsm/I +Rs2=Vgsn*1000/I +Vds=V-Vgsm+1 +disp(Vds,Rs2,Rs1,'Required resistances Rsmax(in kilo ohm),Rsmin(in ohm) and drain source voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30d69eacf --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Caption:Determine Rsmax,Rsmin,and minimum drain source voltage +//Ex9.4 +clc; +clear; +close; +I=2//Drain Current(in mA) +Vgsm=3//Maximum gate source voltage(in volts) +Vgsn=0.5//Minimum gate source voltage(in volts) +V=6//Peak voltage(in volts) +Rs1=Vgsm/I +Rs2=Vgsn*1000/I +Vds=V-Vgsm+1 +disp(Vds,Rs2,Rs1,'Required resistances Rsmax(in kilo ohm),Rsmin(in ohm) and drain source voltage(in volts)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c2b351975 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.4/Result9_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Required resistances Rsmax(in kilo ohm),Rsmin(in ohm) and drain source voltage(in volts)= + + 1.5 + + 250. + + 4. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce6ce80e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Design a UJT relaxation oscillator and find peak to peak output amplitude +//Ex9.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vbb=20//Supply voltage(in volts) +f=5//Frequency(in khz) +Veb=3//Fringe Voltage(in volts) +Ip=2//Fringe current(in micro ampere) +Iv=1//Emitter current(in mA) +n=0.75 +Vp=0.7+(n*Vbb) +R1x=(Vbb-Vp)/Ip +R1n=(Vbb-Veb)/Iv +t=1000/f +C1=t*1000/(R1n*(log((Vbb-Veb)/(Vbb-Vp)))) +E=Vp-Veb +disp(C1,R1n,E,'Peak to peak voltage(in volts) and Components for circuit are resistor(in kilo ohm) and capacitance(in pf)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ce6ce80e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Caption:Design a UJT relaxation oscillator and find peak to peak output amplitude +//Ex9.5 +clc; +clear; +close; +Vbb=20//Supply voltage(in volts) +f=5//Frequency(in khz) +Veb=3//Fringe Voltage(in volts) +Ip=2//Fringe current(in micro ampere) +Iv=1//Emitter current(in mA) +n=0.75 +Vp=0.7+(n*Vbb) +R1x=(Vbb-Vp)/Ip +R1n=(Vbb-Veb)/Iv +t=1000/f +C1=t*1000/(R1n*(log((Vbb-Veb)/(Vbb-Vp)))) +E=Vp-Veb +disp(C1,R1n,E,'Peak to peak voltage(in volts) and Components for circuit are resistor(in kilo ohm) and capacitance(in pf)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.5/Result9_5.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Result9_5.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbed93ba2 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.5/Result9_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Peak to peak voltage(in volts) and Components for circuit are resistor(in kilo ohm) and capacitance(in pf)= + + 12.7 + + 17. + + 8558.65 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7a60b93 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Caption:Design a transistor bootstrap ramp generator +//Ex9.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=8//Amplitude of output voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +t=1//Interval between pulses(in ms) +Vt=3//Triggering voltage(in volts) +E=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +vb=0.5//Bse voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +R=1//Load resistor(in kilo ohm) +Ie1=E/R +Ie2=(V-(-E))/R +Ib1=Ie1/hfe +Ib2=Ie2/hfe +Ibc=Ib2-Ib1 +I1=100*Ibc/1000 +C1=I1*t*1000/V +Vr1=E-Vd-Vce +R1=Vr1/I1 +Vc3=E/100 +C3=I1*t*1000/Vc3 +Il=V/R +I1=100*Il/1000 +Ic=10*I1 +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(E-vbe)/(Ib*1000) +Vbb=V-vbe-vb +I=(E+Vt)/Rb +C2=I*t/Vbb +disp(C3,C2,C1,Rb,'Circuit components are resistor Rb(in kilo ohm) and capacitances C1,C2,C3(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7a60b93 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Caption:Design a transistor bootstrap ramp generator +//Ex9.6 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=8//Amplitude of output voltage(in volts) +Vd=0.7//Forward diode voltage(in volts) +Vce=0.2//Saturated collector emitter voltage(in volts) +t=1//Interval between pulses(in ms) +Vt=3//Triggering voltage(in volts) +E=15//Supply voltage(in volts) +vbe=0.7//Base emitter voltage(in volts) +vb=0.5//Bse voltage(in volts) +hfe=100 +R=1//Load resistor(in kilo ohm) +Ie1=E/R +Ie2=(V-(-E))/R +Ib1=Ie1/hfe +Ib2=Ie2/hfe +Ibc=Ib2-Ib1 +I1=100*Ibc/1000 +C1=I1*t*1000/V +Vr1=E-Vd-Vce +R1=Vr1/I1 +Vc3=E/100 +C3=I1*t*1000/Vc3 +Il=V/R +I1=100*Il/1000 +Ic=10*I1 +Ib=Ic/hfe +Rb=(E-vbe)/(Ib*1000) +Vbb=V-vbe-vb +I=(E+Vt)/Rb +C2=I*t/Vbb +disp(C3,C2,C1,Rb,'Circuit components are resistor Rb(in kilo ohm) and capacitances C1,C2,C3(in micro farad)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0de811753 --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.6/Result9_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Circuit components are resistor Rb(in kilo ohm) and capacitances C1,C2,C3(in micro farad)= + + 0.17875 + + 1. + + 14.808721 + + 53.333333 + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc2b5b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate drain current +//Ex9.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output peak voltage(in volts) +p=1//Pulse width(in ms) +s=50//Space width(in micro sec) +C=0.03//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Vp=6//Gate source voltage(in volts) +I1=C*V*1000/p +Vi=Vp+1 +R1=Vi/I1 +Id=I1*p/s +disp(Id,'Drain current(in mA)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0bc2b5b0f --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Caption:Calculate drain current +//Ex9.9 +clc; +clear; +close; +V=5//Output peak voltage(in volts) +p=1//Pulse width(in ms) +s=50//Space width(in micro sec) +C=0.03//Capacitance(in micro farad) +Vp=6//Gate source voltage(in volts) +I1=C*V*1000/p +Vi=Vp+1 +R1=Vi/I1 +Id=I1*p/s +disp(Id,'Drain current(in mA)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/863/CH9/EX9.9/Result9_9.txt b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Result9_9.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8af2a472a --- /dev/null +++ b/863/CH9/EX9.9/Result9_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Drain current(in mA)= + + 3. + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f68317b02 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb6b1c771 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.1.a/ex_1_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 1.1// +//radix of a proposed no// +clc +clear +disp('the radix of the proposed number system is 3') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9fcd6aff Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f444623b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.1.b/ex_1_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 1.1(b)// +//first 10 numbers in this number system// +clc +clear +disp('the first 10 numbers in this number system would be 0,1,X,10,11,1X,X0,X1,XX and 100') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ea17032 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0071f7f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.10.a/ex_1_10_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example 1.10(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears already existing variables// +a=5264; +//given 7's compliment// +b=7777-5264; +//no in octal form// +d=oct2dec('2513'); +//decimal conversion// +disp('binary conversion of given 7''s compliment is :') +e=dec2bin(d) +disp(e) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..558e03e96 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f60b44e75 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.10.b/ex_1_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example 1.10(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears already existing variables// +a=5264; +//given 7's compliment// +b=7777-5264; +//no in octal form// +d=oct2dec('2513'); +//decimal conversion// +disp('hexadecimal conversion of given 7''s compliment is:') +e=dec2hex(d); +disp(e); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..929df0aa3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba7a5a7a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.11/ex_1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//example 1.11// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=-142; +//given number// +b=a*-1; +c=dec2bin(b); +//converting it to binary number// +c1=10001110; +d=c1/(10000000); +m=(d-1)*(10^23); +//mantissa// +e=dec2bin(7,8) +//exponent// +f=bin2dec('01111111') +g=7+f; +be=dec2bin(g) +//biased exponent// +be2=10000110 +be1=be2*(10^23); +s=1*(10^31); +n=s+be1+m; +//result// +disp('Thus -142 = ') +disp(n); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19a72e1b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..14241fe34 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.13.a/ex_1_13_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 1.13.a// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +t=9999+1; +//total numbers// +x=log2(t); +//taking out power// +y=round(x)+1; +//no of bits required for straight binary encoding// +disp(y,'no of bits required for straight binary encoding = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c944d28f6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dae548319 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.13.b/ex_1_13_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 1.13.b// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +t=9999+1; +//total numbers// +x=log2(t); +//taking out power// +y=round(x)+3; +//no of bits required for BCD encoding// +disp(y,'no of bits required for BCD encoding = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecd1237c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f11f53436 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.13.c/ex_1_13_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.13.c// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=dec2bin(2,12) +b=dec2bin(7,4) +d=100000+0111 +disp(d,'BCD equivalent of 27 =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec726bd13 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ce00abcd --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.14.a/ex_1_14_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 1.14.a// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=237.75 +//for integral part// +//put binary equivalents of 5(2+3), 6(3+3) and 10(7+3)// +i=010101101010 +//for fractional part// +//put binary equivalents of 10(7+3) and 8(5+3)// +f=10101000 +disp('010101101010.10101000','excess 3 equivalent of 237 =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5742c8fcc Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2b472b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.14.b/ex_1_14_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//example 1.14.b// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=110010100011.01110101 +//for integral part// +//put decimal equivalents of 1100(12), 1010(10) and 0011(3)// +//subtract 3 for excess 3 so, 9(12-3), 7(10-3) and 0(3-3)// +i=970 +//for fractional part// +//put decimal equivalents of 0111(7) and 0101(5)// +//subtract 3 for excess 3 so, 4(7-3), 2(5-3)// +f=42 +disp('970.42','decimal equivalent of excess 3 number 110010100011.01110101 =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecdc90383 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.15.a// +//decimal to gray numbers// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=dec2bin(13) +//for binary to gray, first no (MSB) remains the same, second number is addition of first and second of binary ignoring the carry and so on.// +disp('gray equivalent of decimal no 13 =1011') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adc4541fb Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.15.a/ex_1_15_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f57a33fa2 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f44db8df --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.15.b/ex_1_15_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.15.b// +//sequence of gray numbers// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=1111; +//for gray to binary, first no (MSB) remains the same, second number is addition of first and second of binary ignoring the carry and so on.// +disp('gray to binary of 1111 =1011') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b884ff74 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a8d556ef --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.16/ex_1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.16// +//sequence of gray numbers// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +f=0101; +disp(f,'The first no of the gray sequence is ') +disp('Numbers following it are 0100, 1100 and 1101.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c162bdda Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fd4408e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.2/ex_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 1.2 // +// decimal to binary conversion // +clc +clear +disp('decimal equivalent of 00001110 is') +ans = bin2dec ('00001110') +// decimal equivalent of binary number // +disp (ans) +// answer in decimal form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb41a497a Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7915f24b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.3/ex_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// example 1.3// +clc +//clears the command window// +clear +//clears all the variables// +q =0; +b =0; +s =0; +// a=input (Enter the decimal no to be converted to its binary equivalent :) ; +//accepting the decimal input from user// +a =13.375; +d =modulo (a ,1) ; +//separating the decimal part and the integer part// +a = floor(a); +//removing the decimal part // +while (a>0) +//taking integer part into a matrix and convert to equivalent binary// +x=modulo (a ,2) ; +b=b +(10^q)*x ; +a = a/2; +a = floor(a) ; +q = q+1; +end +for i =1:10 +// For values after decimal point converting to binary // +d = d *2; +q = floor ( d ) ; +s = s + q /(10^ i ) ; +if d >=1 then +d =d -1; +end +end +k=b+s; +disp('The binary equivalent of the give decimal number is'); +disp (k); +//displaying the final result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98d94c4ad Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bcec0e92 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.4/ex_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 1.4// +//decimal to octal// +clc +//clears the command window// +clear +// clears the variables// +q =0; +b =0; +a= 73.75 +// Enter the decimal number// +format ( 'v' ,18) +//increasing the precision to 18 +a= floor (a); +h= dec2oct (a); +printf ("The hexadecimal equivalent is = %s" ,h) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5290b2a0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c86b4a42f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.5/ex_1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// example 1.5/ / +// decimal to hexadecimal conversion// +clc +// clears the screen // +clear +//clears already existing variables // +q =0; +b =0; +a= 82.25 +// Enter the decimal number// +format ( 'v' ,18) +//increasing the precision to 18 +a= floor (a); +h= dec2hex (a); +// decimal to hexadecimal conversion // +disp ('conversion of decimal given no to its hexadecimal form is :' ) +disp (h) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5ab7a7b1 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8bf0d8234 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.6.a/ex_1_6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// example 1.6 (a) / / +//conversion of octal to binary// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=374.26; +b=floor(a); +t=oct2dec('374'); +z = dec2bin (t); +disp ('binary conversion of given no is : ' ) +// conversion of octal number to binary // +disp (z) +// answer in binary form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55d8c47f0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8ad68285 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.6.b/ex_1_6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// example 1.6(b) / / +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +//clears already existing variables // +// binary to octal conversion // +y= bin2dec ('1110100') +//binary to decimal conversion// +a= dec2oct (y) +//decimal to octal conversion // +disp ('octal representation of given no is : ' ) +disp (a) +// answer in octal form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..124d4c71e Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c105ea4f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.7.a/ex_1_7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// example 1.7(a) / / +// hexadecimal to binary conversion // +clc +// clears the screen // +clear +// clears already existing variables // +x= hex2dec ('17E') +//hexadecimal to decimal conversion // +a= dec2bin (x) +//decimal to binary conversion // +disp ('conversion of hexadecimal given no to its binary form is : ') +disp (a) +// answer in binary form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b566f569f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30eaf0661 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.7.b/ex_1_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// example 1.7(b) // +//conversion of binary to hexadecimal // +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +//clears already existing variables // +x= bin2dec ('1011001110' ) +// binary to decimal conversion // +a= dec2hex (x) +//decimal to hexadecimal conversion // +disp ('conversion of given binary number to its hexadecimal form is : ') +disp (a) +// answer in hexadecimal form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42926b243 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4418bc2b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.8.a/ex_1_8_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// example 1.8(a)// +//conversion hexadecimal number to octal number // +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +// clears already existing variables // +x= hex2dec ('2F') +//hexadecimal to decimal conversion // +a= dec2oct (x) +//decimal to octal conversion // +disp ('conversion of given hexadecimal no to its octal form results in :' ) +disp (a) +//answer in octal form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.pdf b/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..636881008 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.sce b/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..562d090cf --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH1/EX1.8.b/ex_1_8_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// example 1.8(b)// +//conversion octal number to hexadecimal number // +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +// clears already existing variables // +x= oct2dec ('762') +//octal to decimal conversion // +a= dec2hex (x) +//decimal to hexadecimal conversion // +disp ('conversion of given octal no to its hexadecimal form results in :' ) +disp (a) +//answer in hexadecimal form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d16f2dde0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e867e9871 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.1.A/ex_10_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 10.1(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +g=2^8; +//for easier calculation// +V=20*(10^-3)*g; +//voltage corresponding to logic 1// +fs=(g-1)/g*V; +//full scale output formula// +disp(fs,'Full scale output (in V) =') +//in volts// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..511242ad0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abcadbfb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.1.b/ex_10_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 10.1(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +g=2^8; +pr=1/(g-1)*100; +//percentage resolution// +disp(pr,'Percentage resolution = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00933cb59 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0883567f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.10.a/ex_10_10_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//exmaple 10.10(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +ctp=1/(10*10^6); +//clock time period in seconds// +act=(2^8-1)/2*ctp*10^6; +//Average conversion time in case of counter type A/D converter// +disp(act, 'Average conversion time in case of counter type A/D converter (in micro sec) =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01e56f0ea Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..279a920d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.10.b/ex_10_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//exmaple 10.10(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +ctp=1/(10*10^6); +//clock time period in seconds// +ct=8*ctp*10^6; +//conversion time// +disp(ct, 'conversion time in micro seconds = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..062d568c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5c258dab --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.2/ex_10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//example 10.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +a=6.25 +//LSD A(0) in mV// +b=a*2; +//LSD B(0) in mV// +c=a*4; +//LSD C(0) in mV// +d=a*8; +//LSD D(0) in mV// +a1=a*10; +b1=a1*2; +c1=a1*4; +d1=a1*8; +a2=a*100; +//MSD A(2) in mV// +b2=a2*2; +//MSD B(2) in mV// +c2=a2*4; +//MSD C(2) in mV// +d2=a2*8; +//MSD D(2) in mV// +fs=(a+d+a1+d1+a2+d2)/1000; +//Full scale analog output in volts// +disp(fs,'Full scale analog output in volts = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..217791700 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7283ae102 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.3/ex_10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//example 10.3// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +f=5/1000; +//full scale output in Amperes// +g=2^8; +//random value for use// +s=f/(g-1); +//step size = full scale output/ number of steps// +d=bin2dec('10000010') +//binary to decimal conversion// +ao=d*s; +//analog output of system// +e=.25*f/100; +//error =+-e// +r0=(ao-e)*1000; +//lower range of analog output// +r1=(ao+e)*1000; +//upper range of analog output// +disp(r0, 'lower range of analog output (in mA) is ='); +disp(r1, 'upper range of analog output (in mA) is = '); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df6a7c4c7 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48a782b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.4/ex_10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 10.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('The correct staircase waveform would be generated at the output of the D/A converter if the counter outputs Q0 (LSB), Q1, Q2, and Q3 (MSB) are connected to the corresponding inputs of the D/A converter in the same order. If we carefully examine the given staircase waveform and recall the sequence in which the counter will advance, it can be visualised that the given staircase waveform would result if the interconnections of LSB and the next adjacent higher bit of the counter output and the corresponding inputs of the D/A converter were interchanged. While in one complete cycle the counter counts as 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111. The corresponding analogue, the D/A converter, owing to interchanged connections gets input as 0000, 0010, 0001, 0011, 0100, 0110, 0101, 0111, 1000, 1010, 1001, 1011, 1100, 1110, 1101, and 1111. the corresponding analouge outputs are 0,2,1,3,4,6,5,7,8,10,9,11,12,14,13 and 15 v, as shown.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a913f7803 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6c24722d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.5/ex_10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 10.5// +//resolution// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +a=2^12; +resolution=5000/(a-1); +disp(resolution, 'Resolution of 12 bit A/D converter (in mV)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7a620df6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a0951b35 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.6.b/ex_10_6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//example 10.6(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +fs=0.02*5000/100; +//full scale error// +disp(fs, 'full scale error (in mV) = ') +e=19.607+fs; +//total possible error// +disp(e, 'total possible error (in mV) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eee683b19 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c61234b4f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.6/ex_10_6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 10.6(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +q=5000/(2^8-1); +//quantiztion error// +disp(q,'quantization error (mV) =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..637ff1ec9 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fb81c608 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.7/ex_10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example 10.7// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +t=2^12-1; +//cycles of clock input// +ctp=1; +//conversion time period (in micro sec)// +mct=t*ctp/1000; +//maximum conversion time// +act=mct/2; +//average conversion time// +disp(act, ' average conversion time (in ms) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df9e56d42 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa176e875 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.8/ex_10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//example 10.8// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +vt=.001; +//voltage threshold in V// +aiv=4.012; +//analog input voltage in V// +qe=10/2/1000; +//quantization error = 1/2LSB in (V)// +aiv2=aiv+vt; +//analog input voltage at other input// +o=aiv2-qe; +//D/A converter voltage// +n=o/(10*10^-3); +//number of steps// +n1=round(n); +//rounding off for number of steps// +dob=dec2bin(n1); +//digital output in binary equivalent// +disp(dob,'Digital output in digital form =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.pdf b/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31ce78c77 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.sce b/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0db252ad --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH10/EX10.9/ex_10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//example 10.9// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +aiv=4.365; +//analog input voltage in V// +r=10*10^-3; +//resolution// +s=aiv/r; +//no of steps// +sr=round(s); +//rounding off// +fi=sr-1; +//in case of successive approximation type A/D converter, the final analouge output of its D/A converter portion always settles at a value below the analogue input voltage to be digitized within the resolution of the converter// +d=dec2bin(fi) +disp(d,'Digital output for an analog input = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.pdf b/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbfe2b3b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.sce b/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8c7e960e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH11/EX11.1.a/ex_11_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 11.1(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=2*4; +//given no of inputs// +s=2^8*8; +//size of prom// +disp(s,'size of PROM =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.pdf b/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5163e4732 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.sce b/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d56f98abb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH11/EX11.1.b/ex_11_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 11.1(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=8+8+3; +//given no of inputs// +o=2; +//given no of outputs// +s=2^a*o; +//size of prom// +disp(s,'size of PROM =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.pdf b/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea9a84102 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.sce b/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f9c45556 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH11/EX11.1.c/ex_11_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 11.1(c)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=4+4+1+1; +//given no of inputs// +o=4+1; +//given no of outputs// +s=2^a*o; +//size of prom// +disp(s,'size of PROM =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.pdf b/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aac29a506 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.sce b/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2879fe18 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH11/EX11.4/ex_11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//example 11.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('From the given function table, we can write the boolean expressions for the four output as follows:') +disp('P=A''BC''D+A''BCD''+A''BCD+AB''C''D''+AB''C''D') +disp('Q=A''BC''D''+A''BC''D') +disp('R=A''B''CD''+A''B''CD+A''BC''D''+A''BC''D+A''BCD''+A''BCD') +disp('S=A''B''C''D+A''B''CD''+A''BCD+AB''C''D''') +disp(' minimizing them we get, P= BD + BD + A, Q= BC'', R= B+C AND S= A''B''C''D + BCD + AD''+ B''CD''') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.pdf b/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f699c83f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce b/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e73b909b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH13/EX13.1/ex_13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//exmaple 13.1// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=31; +//rising edge// +b=241; +//falling edge// +c=8; +//in MHz// +t=1/c; +pw=(b-a)*t; +//pulse width// +disp(pw,'pulse width measured by microcontroller(in microsec) is :') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.pdf b/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa26ddb76 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce b/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fcc7bedc --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH13/EX13.2/ex_13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//example 13.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +mi=125; +//minimum time period in ns// +ma=100 +//maximum time period in ms// +f=1000/mi; +//frequency in MHz// +disp(f,'frequency of microcontroller (in MHz) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd5228d7b Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0184a12a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.1.a/ex_14_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 14.1.a// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +r=16*1024; +//given rom capacity// +row=sqrt(r) +disp(row,' no of registers in each row = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cd9d3dfa Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21ab9602b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.1.b/ex_14_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 14.1.b// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +r=16*1024; +//given rom capacity// +column=sqrt(r) +disp(column,' no of registers in each column = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f065479b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f14a24620 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.1.c/ex_14_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 14.1.c// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +r=16*1024; +//given rom capacity// +c=log2(r) +disp(c,' total number of address inputs = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4eb546ba5 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8fd508a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.1.d/ex_14_1_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.1.d// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('type of row decoder is 1 to 7 decoder') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63bbed144 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26acf8f6a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.1.e/ex_14_1_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.1.e// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('type of column decoder is 1 to 7 decoder') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa60dceb3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab344326b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.2/ex_14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('We know that MSB of straight binary number is same as MSB of the Gray code equivalent. This can be passed on as such to the output. In that case, each memory location of the ROM needs to store only a three bit data as the fourth bit is available as such from the input. The required size of ROM is therefore 16*3. The three bit data to be programmed into 16 different memory locations of the ROM corresponding to address inputs of 0000 to 1111 in the same order would be 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101, 100, 101, 111, 110, 010, 011, 001, and 000.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f19ca51a1 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a96b0177 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.3/ex_14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.3// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('Since the overall RAM capacity is 32 MB, it will have 25 address inputs(AB0-AB24) as 32M=2^25. For address inputs hex (0000000) to (0FFFFFF), which account for 16M=(2^24) memory locations, RAM-1 is enabled and 16 M locations of RAM 1 are available. RAM-2 is deselected for these address inputs. For address inputs (1000000)hex to (1FFFFFF)hex, the total no of addresses in this group again being equal to 16M, RAM-2 is selected and RAM-1 is deselected. 16M locations of RAM-2 are available. Thus out of 32 MB, 16 MB is stored in RAM-1 and 16 MB is stored in RAM-2.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e40d9e00c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71938ee4a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.4/ex_14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The address bit AB10 is low for the first 1024 address inputs (from 00000000000 to 01111111111) and ROM - 1 is selected. For the remaining 1024 address inputs (from 10000000000 to 11111111111), AB10 bit is HIGH thus enabling ROM-2.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.pdf b/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..100450bf0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.sce b/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..169f83101 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH14/EX14.5/ex_14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 14.5// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('For address inputs (00000000)2 to (00001111)2, RAM-1 and RAM-2 are selected. RAM-1 stores higher four bits and RAM-2 stores lower 4 bits of data words corresponding to 16 address inputs mentioned above. This gives us a capacity of 16*8. Now for address inputs (00010000) to (00011111), RAM# and RAM4 are selected. Similarily, RAM3 and RAM 4, respectively store upper and lower four bits of data words corresponding to these address inputs. This again gives a capacity of 16*8. Thus overall capacity is 32*8. The word size is 8. For an address input of 00001101, RAM-1 and RAM-2 will be selected. The address input range for which RAM-1 and RAM-2 are active is (00000000) to (00001111)') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6fe5f60f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dbb21dd4e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.1.a/ex_2_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 2.1(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=275.75; +//numbers in decimal form// +b=37.875; +c=a+b; +disp(c,'Addition of given two numbers = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f3408864 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50c9b0187 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.1.b/ex_2_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 2.1(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=hex2dec('AF1') +b=hex2dec('FFF') +c=a+b; +d=dec2bin(c); +e=dec2hex(c); +disp(c, ' addition of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d, ' addition of given numbers in binary form = ') +disp(e, ' addition of given numbers in hexadecimal form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d81f66400 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f667a06f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.10/ex_2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// example 2.10// +//division in hexadecimal// +clc +//clears the window// +clear +//clears already existing variables // +x=hex2dec('AF') +// x i s the first number // +// hexadecimal to decimal conversion // +y=hex2dec('09') +//y is the second number w/c is to be divided// +s=x/y; +//division// +disp (s,'the division of given numbers results in decimal form : ') +a=round(s) +a1=dec2hex(a) +// decimal to hexadecimal conversion// +disp (a1,'the division of given numbers results in hexadecimal form : ' ) +// answer in binary form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82771f89d Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f07c9fa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.12.a/ex_2_12_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 2.12(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=39; +//numbers in decimal form// +b=19; +c=a+b; +disp(c,'Addition of given two numbers = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9849a3ec7 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..89d3b95e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.12.b/ex_2_12_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 2.1(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=hex2dec('1E') +b=hex2dec('F3') +c=a+b; +d=dec2bin(c); +e=dec2hex(c); +disp(c, ' addition of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d, ' addition of given numbers in binary form = ') +disp(e, ' addition of given numbers in hexadecimal form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a2a2b6c45 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..494084fa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.13/ex_2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// example 2.13// +//octal subtracttion// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=oct2dec('17'); +//given numbers// +b=oct2dec('21'); +c=b-a; +d=dec2bin(c,8) +e=dec2oct(c) +disp(c,'subtraction of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d,'subtraction of given numbers in binary form = ') +disp(e,'subtraction of given numbers in octal form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7b0d8af5 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7702ca919 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.14/ex_2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//example 2.14// +//multiplication in binary form// +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +//clears all the existing variables // +x=37 +//first number to be multiplied is x // +//binary to decima l conversion // +y= 10 +//second number to be multiplied is y // +z=x*y +//multiplication// +a= dec2bin (z) +//decimal to binary conversion // +disp (a,'the multiplication of given numbers results in binary form = : ' ) +disp (z, 'the multiplication of given numbers results in decimal form =: ' ) +// answer in binary number // \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2f900fe2 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb5c00581 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.15/ex_2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// example 2.15// +//division in hexadecimal// +clc +//clears the window// +clear +//clears already existing variables // +x=hex2dec('E3B') +// x i s the first number // +// hexadecimal to decimal conversion // +y=hex2dec('1A') +//y is the second number w/c is to be divided// +s=x/y; +//division// +disp (s,'the division of given numbers results in decimal form : ') +a=round(s) +a1=dec2hex(a) +// decimal to hexadecimal conversion// +disp (a1,'the division of given numbers results in hexadecimal form : ' ) +// answer in binary form// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9c69a68c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2016599fe --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.2/ex_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example 2.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=14276; +b=18490; +c=a+b; +if c<32767 then + disp('Yes 16 bit arithmetic operation can be used to add given numbers') + else + disp('NO 16 bit arithmetic operation can be used to add given numbers') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a16623d3d Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3_a.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75544c240 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.3/ex_2_3_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +// example 2.3.a// +clc +clear +format('v',18); +//bb=input ('enter the first number (in decimal):')// +// aaa=input('enter the second number (negative):') ; +aaa =-118 +bb =32; +aa = -1* aaa ; +a =0; +q =0; +while (aa >0) + //finding the binary equivalents// +x= modulo (aa ,2) ; +a= a + (10^ q)*x; +aa=aa /2; +aa= floor (aa); +q=q+1; +end +r =0; +b =0; +while (bb >0) +x= modulo (bb ,2) ; +b= b + (10^ r)*x; +bb=bb /2; +bb= floor (bb); +r=r+1; +end +m=b +for i =1:16 +a1(i)= modulo (a ,10) ; +a=a /10; +a= round (a); +p1(i) =0; +b1(i)= modulo (b ,10) ; +b=b /10; +b= round (b); +end +p1 (1) =1; +for i =1:16 + //finding the 2's compliment of second number// +a1(i)= bitcmp (a1(i) ,1); +end +car (1) =0; +for i =1:16 +c1(i)= car (i)+a1(i)+ p1(i); +if c1(i)== 2 then +car (i +1) = 1; +c1(i) =0; +elseif c1(i)==3 then +car (i +1)= 1; +c1(i) =1; +else +car (i +1) =0; +end ; +end ; +re =0; +for i =1:16 +re=re +( c1(i) *(10^(i -1) )) +end ; +printf ( ' The binary representation of first number is ' ); +disp (m); +printf ('The 2''s compliment of second number is ' ); +disp (re); +a1=c1; +ar (1) =0; +for i =1:8 +c1(i)=ar(i)+a1(i)+ b1(i); +// addin both the nmbers ( binary addition ) +if c1(i)== 2 then + // lower byte +ar(i+1)= 1; +c1(i) =0; +elseif c1(i)==3 then +ar(i+1)= 1; +c1(i) =1; +else +ar(i+1) =0; +end +end +c1 (9)=ar (9) +re =0; +format('v',18); +for i =1:8 +re=re +( c1(i) *(10^(i -1) )) +end +printf ( ' The sum of lower bytes of two binary numbers is %d' ,re ); +printf ( ' with a carry is %d' ,ar (9)); +for i =9:16 +c1(i)=ar(i)+a1(i)+ b1(i); +// upper byte// +if c1(i)== 2 then +ar(i+1)= 1; +c1(i) =0; +elseif c1(i)==3 then +ar(i+1)= 1; +c1(i) =1; +else +ar(i+1) =0; +end +end +c1 (17) =ar (17) ; +format ('v',25); +ree =0; +for i =9:16 +ree = ree +( c1(i) *(10^(i -9) )); +end +for i =9:16 +re=re +( c1(i) *(10^(i -1) )) +end +printf ( ' The sum of upper bytes of the given numbers is %d' ,ree); +printf ( ' with a carry is %d ' ,ar (17) ); +//displaying results// +printf (' The total sum is ' ); +disp (re); +printf ( ' with a carry %d ' ,ar (17) ); +disp('when we were using 8 bit we were getting error as number crosses its limit. While in 16 bit we get our result in 2''s complement form which comes out to be -150') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..264ca0db5 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f43f3eef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.4/ex_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// example 2.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=bin2dec('1110'); +//given numbers// +b=bin2dec('11011'); +c=b-a; +d=dec2bin(c,8) +disp(c,'subtraction of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d,'subtraction of given numbers in binary form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d7a15908 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1e567f70d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.5.a/ex_2_5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// example 2.5.a// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=-64; +//given numbers// +b=32; +c=b-a; +d=dec2bin(c,8) +disp(c,'subtraction of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d,'subtraction of given numbers in binary form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b50176925 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96dbff5bb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.5.b/ex_2_5_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// example 2.5.b// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=hex2dec('29'); +//given numbers// +b=hex2dec('4F'); +c=b-a; +d=dec2bin(c,8) +e=dec2hex(c) +disp(c,'subtraction of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d,'subtraction of given numbers in binary form = ') +disp(e,'subtraction of given numbers in hexadecimal form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..37cc08214 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fbbbbc8f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.7/ex_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// example 2.7// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=8; +//given numbers// +b=185; +c=b-a; +d=dec2bin(c,12) +disp(c,'subtraction of given numbers in decimal form = ') +disp(d,'subtraction of given numbers in binary form = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a0c69c97 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..40353579d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.8.a/ex_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//example 2.8// +//multiplication in binary form// +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +//clears all the existing variables // +x=bin2dec('100') +//first number to be multiplied is x // +//binary to decima l conversion // +y= bin2dec ('10' ) +//second number to be multiplied is y // +z=x*y +//multiplication// +a= dec2bin (z) +//decimal to binary conversion // +disp (a,'the multiplication of given numbers results in binary form = : ' ) +disp (z, 'the multiplication of given numbers results in decimal form =: ' ) +// answer in binary number // \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1138f998 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9b29fadd --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.8.b/ex_2_8_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//example 2.8// +//multiplication in hexadecimal form// +clc +//clears the screen // +clear +//clears all the existing variables // +x=hex2dec('2B') +//first number to be multiplied is x // +//hexadecimal to decima l conversion // +y=hex2dec ('3' ) +//second number to be multiplied is y // +z=x*y +//multiplication// +a= dec2hex(z) +//decimal to hexadecimal conversion // +disp (a,'the multiplication of given numbers results in hexadecimal form = : ' ) +disp (z, 'the multiplication of given numbers results in decimal form =: ' ) +// answer in binary number // \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.pdf b/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8eee41d56 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce b/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6aaba6ea --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH2/EX2.9/ex_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//example 2.9// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=bin2dec('110101') +//binary to decimal conversion// +b=bin2dec('1011') +c=a/b; +//division// +disp(c,'division of given numbers =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.1/ex_3_1.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.1/ex_3_1.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dabba3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.1/ex_3_1.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..015e8cc09 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc3f60ae --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 3.10// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('The ouput will always be at logic 1 level as two of the inputs of the logic gate, which is a NAND are permanently tied to logic 0.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68ac60d72 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.10/ex_3_10.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.11.a/ex_3_11_a.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.11.a/ex_3_11_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d986ee06 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.11.a/ex_3_11_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.11.b/ex_3_11_b.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.11.b/ex_3_11_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f4cd78c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.11.b/ex_3_11_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee8854cb6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..885332378 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.13/ex_3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 3.13// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The NAND gates are used in the circuit are open collector gates. Paralleling of the two NAND gates at the input leads to a WIRE AND connection. Therefore the logic expression at the point where the two outputs combine is given by the equation (AB)''.(CD)''. Using Demorgan''s theorem (AB)''.(CD)''=(AB+CD)''. The third NAND is wired as an inverter. Therefore the final output can be written as : Y = AB + CD') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75ceba590 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ceec47a7b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.14.a/ex_3_14_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//example 3.14// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +moh=10^-3; +//maximum output HIGH state current// +mol=20*10^-3; +//maximum output LOW state current// +mih=50*10^-6; +//maximum input HIGH state current// +mil=2*10^-3; +//maximum input LOW state current// +h=moh/mih; +disp(h,'the HIGH state fan out =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..139cf98d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757eee948 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.14.b/ex_3_14_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//example 3.14// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +moh=10^-3; +//maximum output HIGH state current// +mol=20*10^-3; +//maximum output LOW state current// +mih=50*10^-6; +//maximum input HIGH state current// +mil=2*10^-3; +//maximum input LOW state current// +h=mol/mil; +disp(h,'the LOW state fan out =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e332a9b0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3134651f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.14.c/ex_3_14_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//example 3.14// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +moh=10^-3; +//maximum output HIGH state current// +mol=20*10^-3; +//maximum output LOW state current// +mih=50*10^-6; +//maximum input HIGH state current// +mil=2*10^-3; +//maximum input LOW state current// +a=mol/mil; +b=moh/mih; +h=min(a,b) +disp(h,'Maximum number of flip flops =') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6b9962ef Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93b09102a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 3.3// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure output of first gate is AB and output of second gate is CD output from the third gate is multiplication of output of earlier two gates which come out to be ABCD where A B C and D are inputs to the system') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e87aa63e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.3/ex_3_3.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b0250d32 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2190d0659 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 3.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('In case of OR gate. Y=A + A'', this will always result in output as 1.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc8ce996f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.4.a/ex_3_4_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc28f0db7 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b24ee95b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 3.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('In case of AND gate. Y=A*A'', this will always result in output as 0.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..511e02131 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.4.b/ex_3_4_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b81870d8f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71c7b69eb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.5(a)// +//3 input to exor// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure output of first gate is exor of A and B. output of second gate is exor output of earlier two gates where A B C are inputs to the system') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64cebcbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.5.a/ex_3_5_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.5.b/ex_3_5_b.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.5.b/ex_3_5_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f2860153 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.5.b/ex_3_5_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7133144c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c824f79 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.6/ex_3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 3.6// +//how to convert exor gate to not// +clc +//clears all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('here if we look at truth table of ex-or gate we notice that if one of its input is tied to logic 1 then the reult is that of a not gate') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00c8c521d Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0fdf603f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.7// +//4 input nand gate using and and not// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure output of first gate is given to input of second gate with the other input C. output of second gate is input to the third gate and finally a not gate is applied to third output.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16ab3ca0a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.a/ex_3_7_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cb0ba075 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9dfd74e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.7// +//4 input nand gate using and and not// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure output of first gate is given to input of second gate on both input. output of second gate is input to the third gate. and the output is (ABC)''') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ccd2120c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.b/ex_3_7_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b081ce43 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5c1fbd0c --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.7// +//not using nand// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure same input is given to NAND gate on both ends.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86e49d747 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.c/ex_3_7_c.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c7b155f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..729c68e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.7// +//not using nor// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure same input is given to NOR gate on both ends.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0e811afde --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.d/ex_3_7_d.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..224077d63 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8d091539 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.7// +//not using nor 2 different input// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('in the figure one input is permanently 0 is given to NOR gate.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237fd49d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.7.e/ex_3_7_e.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e9bdc027 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b27f13cb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 3.8// +//not using nor 2 different input// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('The first two EX-NOR gates implement a two input EX-OR gate using two input EX-NOR gates. The second EX-NOR gate here has been wired as a NOT circuit. The output of the second gate and the third input are fed to the two inputs of the third EX-NOR gates.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15109dc01 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.8/ex_3_8.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.pdf b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5f2eb49c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.sce b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84a252f6f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 3.9// +clc +//refreshes all variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +disp('Since all the other inputs are permanently tied to logic 1 level, a logic 0 at the inhibit input would produce a logic 1 at the output and a logic 1 at the inhibit input would produce a logic 0 at the output.') +//result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.xcos b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5d1f90893 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH3/EX3.9/ex_3_9.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..00c517c51 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c17cba077 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.1.a/ex_4_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//example 4.1(a)// +//the average power dissipation of a single NAND gate// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +//given// +a=0.4 +//I(oh)max in mA// +b=2.7 +//V(oh) min in V// +c=2 +//V(ih) min in V// +d=.8 +//V(il)max in V// +e=.4 +//V(ol) max in V// +f=8 +//I(ol)max in mA// +g=.4 +//I(il)max in mA// +h=20 +//I(ih) max in micro amp// +i=1.6 +//I(cch)max in mA// +j=4.4 +//I(ccl)max in mA// +t=15 +//t(pLH)=t(pHL) in mA// +disp('average supply current = ') +s=(i+j)/2; +u=5*s/4; +disp('mA',s) +disp('average power dissipation for one gate (in mW) is: ') +disp(u) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0a28f954 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a5e95714 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.1.b/ex_4_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//example 4.1(b)// +//the maximum average propagation delay of a single gate// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +//given// +a=0.4 +//I(oh)max in mA// +b=2.7 +//V(oh) min in V// +c=2 +//V(ih) min in V// +d=.8 +//V(il)max in V// +e=.4 +//V(ol) max in V// +f=8 +//I(ol)max in mA// +g=.4 +//I(il)max in mA// +h=20 +//I(ih) max in micro amp// +i=1.6 +//I(cch)max in mA// +j=4.4 +//I(ccl)max in mA// +t=15 +//t(pLH)=t(pHL) in ns// +disp('the maximum average propagation delay of a single gate') +disp('ns',t) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16e537594 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65f769e83 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.1.c/ex_4_1_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//example 4.1(c)// +//The HIGH-state noise margin// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +//given// +a=0.4 +//I(oh)max in mA// +b=2.7 +//V(oh) min in V// +c=2 +//V(ih) min in V// +d=.8 +//V(il)max in V// +e=.4 +//V(ol) max in V// +f=8 +//I(ol)max in mA// +g=.4 +//I(il)max in mA// +h=20 +//I(ih) max in micro amp// +i=1.6 +//I(cch)max in mA// +j=4.4 +//I(ccl)max in mA// +t=15 +//t(pLH)=t(pHL) in ns// +disp('The HIGH-state noise margin = ') +s=b-c; +disp('V',s) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6480e35d7 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..668b85948 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.1.d/ex_4_1_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//example 4.1(d)// +//The LOW-state noise margin// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +//given// +a=0.4 +//I(oh)max in mA// +b=2.7 +//V(oh) min in V// +c=2 +//V(ih) min in V// +d=.8 +//V(il)max in V// +e=.4 +//V(ol) max in V// +f=8 +//I(ol)max in mA// +g=.4 +//I(il)max in mA// +h=20 +//I(ih) max in micro amp// +i=1.6 +//I(cch)max in mA// +j=4.4 +//I(ccl)max in mA// +t=15 +//t(pLH)=t(pHL) in ns// +disp('The LOW-state noise margin = ') +s=d-e; +disp('V',s) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c5b58f47 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76ba5754a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.2/ex_4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//example 4.2// +//How many NAND gate inputs can be driven from the output of a NAND gate of this type// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +//given// +a=0.4 +//I(oh)max in mA// +b=2.7 +//V(oh) min in V// +c=2 +//V(ih) min in V// +d=.8 +//V(il)max in V// +e=.4 +//V(ol) max in V// +f=8 +//I(ol)max in mA// +g=.4 +//I(il)max in mA// +h=20 +//I(ih) max in micro amp// +i=1.6 +//I(cch)max in mA// +j=4.4 +//I(ccl)max in mA// +t=15 +//t(pLH)=t(pHL) in ns// +disp('This figure is given by the worst-case fan-out specification of the device') +s=a*1000/h; +disp(s,'the HIGH-state fan-out=') +u=f/g; +disp(u,'LOW-state fan-out=') +z=min(s,u); +disp('Therefore, the number of inputs that can be driven from a single output =') +disp('V',z) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..feaf8af4b Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73dd8a86e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.3/ex_4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//example 4.3// +//Determine the fan-out of IC 74LS04// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +a=.5; +//input loading factor(high state) in UL// +b=.25; +//input loading factor(low state) in UL// +c=10; +//output loading factor(high state) in UL// +d=5; +//output loading factor(low state) in UL// +disp('The HIGH-state fan-out can be computed from: fan-out=output loading factor (HIGH)/input loading factor (HIGH)') +s=c/a; +disp(s,'=') +disp('The LOW-state fan-out can be computed from: fan-out = output loading factor (LOW)/input loading factor (LOW)') +u=d/b; +disp(u,'=') +z=min(s,u) +disp(z,'fan-out') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34b9eaf7c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4ac15a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.4.a/ex_4_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//example 4.4(a)// +//The input loading factor (HIGH state) in TTL// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +a=20 +//I(ih) in micro A// +b=.1 +//I(il) in mA// +c=.4 +//I(oh) in mA// +d=4 +//I(OL) in mA// +e=1.6 +//UL (low state) in mA// +f=40 +//UL (high state) in micro Amp// +s=a/f; +disp(s,'The input loading factor (HIGH state) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3958bf691 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c127c0a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.4.b/ex_4_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//example 4.4(b)// +//The input loading factor (LOW state) in TTL// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +a=20 +//I(ih) in micro A// +b=.1 +//I(il) in mA// +c=.4 +//I(oh) in mA// +d=4 +//I(OL) in mA// +e=1.6 +//UL (low state) in mA// +f=40 +//UL (high state) in micro Amp// +s=b/e; +disp(s,'The input loading factor (LOW state) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..021982487 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1f4fb166 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.4.c/ex_4_4_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//example 4.4(c)// +//The output loading factor (HIGH state) in TTL// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +a=20 +//I(ih) in micro A// +b=.1 +//I(il) in mA// +c=.4 +//I(oh) in mA// +d=4 +//I(OL) in mA// +e=1.6 +//UL (low state) in mA// +f=40 +//UL (high state) in micro Amp// +s=c*1000/f; +disp(s,'The output loading factor (HIGH state) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a9c15e1e Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b61d13c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.4.d/ex_4_4_d.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//example 4.4(d)// +//The output loading factor (LOW state) in TTL// +clc +//clears the variables// +clear +//clears the screen// +a=20 +//I(ih) in micro A// +b=.1 +//I(il) in mA// +c=.4 +//I(oh) in mA// +d=4 +//I(OL) in mA// +e=1.6 +//UL (low state) in mA// +f=40 +//UL (high state) in micro Amp// +s=d/e; +disp(s,'The output loading factor (LOW state) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ed5f76ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 4.5// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=40; +//when output is HIGH, inputs of all gates draw current individually// +i=7*a; +//input loading factor// +disp(i,'current being sourced when output is high (in microA) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5_a.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4363be64 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.5.a/ex_4_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5.pdf b/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dace59db0 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5_b.sce b/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..418b38906 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH4/EX4.5.b/ex_4_5_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//example 4.5// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=1.6; +//when output is LOW, inputs of all gates draw current individually// +i=5*a; +//input loading factor// +disp(i,'current being sourced when output is high (in mA) = ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6cb7f464c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dfbbbb1c --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.1.a/ex_5_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.1// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can DUAL the given equation as : "); +disp('X= AB''+BC''+CD''' ); +disp(' Therefore, SO X'' = (A+B'')(B+C'')(C+D'')' ); +disp('this says that output Y=X''=(A+B'')(B+C'')(C+D'')' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1446f8462 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82615ef93 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.1.b/ex_5_1_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.1.B// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can DUAL the given equation as : "); +disp('X= [(A.B''+C'').D+E''].F' ); +disp(' Therefore, SO X'' = [(A''B).C+D''].E+F''' ); +disp('this says that output Y=[(A''B).C+D''].E+F'')' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b90756b00 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a1.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d15c48ac0 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.11.a/ex_5_11_a1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// example 5.11(a)// +clc +clear ; +disp ('Given the truthtable has high output for following conditons : ' ); +a =[1 0 0 0; 1 1 0 1 ;1 1 0 0 ; 1 0 0 0 ] +//given input conditions for which output is high// +disp (a) +for (i =1:4) +if a(i ,1) ==1 then +b(i ,1)= 'A' +else +b(i ,1)= 'A^ ' +end +if a(i ,2) ==1 then +b(i ,2)= 'B ' +else +b(i ,2)= 'B^ ' +end +if a(i ,3) ==1 then +b(i ,3)= 'C ' +else +b(i ,3)= 'C^ ' +end +end +disp ( 'When you OR these products you get : ' ) +//displaying sum of products +x= strcat ([b(1 ,1) '+' b(3 ,3) ]); +disp (x) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f845b4550 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb7cfaebe --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.11.b/ex_5_11_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//example 5.11(b)// +clc ; +clear ; +disp ( ' Given the truthtable has high output for following conditons : ' ); +a =[1 0 0 0; 1 1 0 1 ;1 1 0 0 ; 1 0 0 0 ] +// given truthtable// +disp (a) +for (i =1:3) + //finding the terms i n pos +if a(i ,1) ==0 then +b(i ,1)= 'A' +else +b(i ,1)= 'A^ ' +end +if a(i ,2) ==0 then +b(i ,2)= 'B ' +else +b(i ,2)= 'B^ ' +end +if a(i ,3) ==0 then +b(i ,3)= 'C ' +else +b(i ,3)= 'C^ ' +end +end +disp (b) +disp ( 'The product of sums equation is : ' ) +//displaying the POS// +x= strcat ([ " ( " b(1 ,1) " + " b(1 ,3) " ) " ]); +disp (x) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d44ce460c --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +//3 vARIABLE KMAP// + clc + clear + function bi = kmap3abx (k) + n =4; + m=2 + + // k=[0 0 0 1 ; 0 1 1 1 ] ; + k(: ,: ,2)= zeros (m,n); + var =['x' 'A' 'B ' ]; + // var =[ 'w' ' x ' ' y ' ' z ' ] ; + p1 =[ ' x ' ' ' ' x ' ]; + p2 =[ 'A''B ''' ; 'A''B' ; 'AB' ; 'AB''' ]; + cmn4 =4; + cmn2 =2; + temp =1; + // p r i n t f ( ' The minimal eXpression of the given Kmap ' ) ; + disp (k(: ,: ,1)); + // disp (" i s : " ) ; + //printf( ' f ' ) ; + //printf("=") ; + bi = ' ' ; + // 8 c e l l s + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + if(k(i,j) ~=1 & k(i,j) ~=2) + temp =0; + break ; + end + end + end + if( temp ==1) + bi = strcat ([ bi " 1 " ]); + return ; + end + // 4 c e l l s + z1= ones (1 ,4); + z2= ones (4 ,1); + z3= ones (2 ,2); + temp1 =[ ' 0 ' ' 1 ' ]; + temp2 =[ ' 00 ' ; ' 01 ' ; ' 11 ' ; ' 10 ' ]; + for t =1: m + z=k(t ,: ,1); + no= noof (k(t ,: ,2)); + if( noof0 (z) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof (z) >0) + k(t ,: ,2)=z1; + a= strsplit ( temp1 (1,t)); + for in =1: max ( size (a)) + if(a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (in) ' ' ' ']); + end + if(a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (in)]); + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + for i =1:m -1 + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) + t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end + z4 =[k(i,j ,1) k(i,t2 ,1);k(t1 ,j ,1) k(t1 ,t2,1) ]; + z5 =[k(i,j ,2) k(i,t2 ,2);k(t1 ,j ,2) k(t1 ,t2,2) ]; + no= noof (z5); + if( noof0 (z4)==0 & no < cmn4 & noof (z4) >0) + k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(i,t2 ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,j ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,t2 ,2) =1; + a= strsplit ( temp2 (j ,1) ); + b= strsplit ( temp2 (t2 ,1) ); + c= strcmp (a,b); + for in =1: max ( size (c)) + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in) ' '' ' ]); + end + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in)]); + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end +// 2 c e l l s +z6 =[1 1]; + z7=z6'; + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) + t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end + z8 =[k(i,j ,1) k(i,t2 ,1) ]; + z9 =[k(i,j ,2) k(i,t2 ,2) ]; + no1 = noof (z9); + if( noof0 (z8)==0 & no1 < cmn2 & noof (z8) >0) + k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(i,t2 ,2) =1; + bi = strcat ([ bi p1(1,i)]); + a= strsplit ( temp2 (j ,1) ); + b= strsplit ( temp2 (t2 ,1) ); + c= strcmp (a,b); + for in =1: max ( size (c)) + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in) ' '' ' ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in)]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + end + end + for i =1:m -1 + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) +t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end +z10 =[k(i,j ,1) ;k(t1 ,j ,1) ]; + z11 =[k(i,j ,2) ;k(t1 ,j ,2) ]; + no2 = noof ( z11 ); +if( noof0 ( z10 )==0 & no2 < cmn2 & noof ( z10 )>0) k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,j ,2) =1; + bi = strcat ([ bi p2(j ,1) ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + //single cell// + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + if(k(i,j ,2) ==0 & k(i,j ,1) ==1) + bi = strcat ([ bi p1(1,i)]); + bi = strcat ([ bi p2(j ,1) ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " 0 " ]); + //disp(" ") +endfunction +disp('Y1=B''C''+A''C''+ABC') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12_a.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a299f98d Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.12.a/ex_5_12_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_B.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_B.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..befad1852 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_B.sce @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +//3 vARIABLE KMAP// + clc + clear + function bi = kmap3abx (k) + n =4; + m=2 + + // k=[0 0 0 1 ; 0 1 1 1 ] ; + k(: ,: ,2)= zeros (m,n); + var =['x' 'A' 'B ' ]; + // var =[ 'w' ' x ' ' y ' ' z ' ] ; + p1 =[ ' x ' ' ' ' x ' ]; + p2 =[ 'A''B ''' ; 'A''B' ; 'AB' ; 'AB''' ]; + cmn4 =4; + cmn2 =2; + temp =1; + // p r i n t f ( ' The minimal eXpression of the given Kmap ' ) ; + disp (k(: ,: ,1)); + // disp (" i s : " ) ; + //printf( ' f ' ) ; + //printf("=") ; + bi = ' ' ; + // 8 c e l l s + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + if(k(i,j) ~=1 & k(i,j) ~=2) + temp =0; + break ; + end + end + end + if( temp ==1) + bi = strcat ([ bi " 1 " ]); + return ; + end + // 4 c e l l s + z1= ones (1 ,4); + z2= ones (4 ,1); + z3= ones (2 ,2); + temp1 =[ ' 0 ' ' 1 ' ]; + temp2 =[ ' 00 ' ; ' 01 ' ; ' 11 ' ; ' 10 ' ]; + for t =1: m + z=k(t ,: ,1); + no= noof (k(t ,: ,2)); + if( noof0 (z) ==0 & no < cmn4 & noof (z) >0) + k(t ,: ,2)=z1; + a= strsplit ( temp1 (1,t)); + for in =1: max ( size (a)) + if(a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (in) ' ' ' ']); + end + if(a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (in)]); + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + for i =1:m -1 + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) + t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end + z4 =[k(i,j ,1) k(i,t2 ,1);k(t1 ,j ,1) k(t1 ,t2,1) ]; + z5 =[k(i,j ,2) k(i,t2 ,2);k(t1 ,j ,2) k(t1 ,t2,2) ]; + no= noof (z5); + if( noof0 (z4)==0 & no < cmn4 & noof (z4) >0) + k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(i,t2 ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,j ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,t2 ,2) =1; + a= strsplit ( temp2 (j ,1) ); + b= strsplit ( temp2 (t2 ,1) ); + c= strcmp (a,b); + for in =1: max ( size (c)) + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in) ' '' ' ]); + end + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in)]); + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end +// 2 c e l l s +z6 =[1 1]; + z7=z6'; + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) + t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end + z8 =[k(i,j ,1) k(i,t2 ,1) ]; + z9 =[k(i,j ,2) k(i,t2 ,2) ]; + no1 = noof (z9); + if( noof0 (z8)==0 & no1 < cmn2 & noof (z8) >0) + k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(i,t2 ,2) =1; + bi = strcat ([ bi p1(1,i)]); + a= strsplit ( temp2 (j ,1) ); + b= strsplit ( temp2 (t2 ,1) ); + c= strcmp (a,b); + for in =1: max ( size (c)) + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 0 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in) ' '' ' ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + if(c(in) ==0 & a(in)== ' 1 ' ) + bi = strcat ([ bi var (1+ in)]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + end + end + for i =1:m -1 + for j=1: n + t1=i+1; + if(j==n) +t2 =1; + else + t2=j+1; + end +z10 =[k(i,j ,1) ;k(t1 ,j ,1) ]; + z11 =[k(i,j ,2) ;k(t1 ,j ,2) ]; + no2 = noof ( z11 ); +if( noof0 ( z10 )==0 & no2 < cmn2 & noof ( z10 )>0) k(i,j ,2) =1; + k(t1 ,j ,2) =1; + bi = strcat ([ bi p2(j ,1) ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + //single cell// + for i =1: m + for j=1: n + if(k(i,j ,2) ==0 & k(i,j ,1) ==1) + bi = strcat ([ bi p1(1,i)]); + bi = strcat ([ bi p2(j ,1) ]); + bi = strcat ([ bi " + " ]); + end + end + end + bi = strcat ([ bi " 0 " ]); + //disp(" ") +endfunction +disp('Y1=AB+A''B''C''+B''C') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_b.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb78df81a Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.12.b/ex_5_12_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2fe5a9f43 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86720ee37 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.2/ex_5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('LET X= (A.B+C.D) and Y = (A.B +C.D).[(A''+B'')+(C''+ D'')]' ); +disp(' Therefore, Y = X.X'' = 0' ); +disp('this says that output Y equals to 0' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..730c28e5f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a4315ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.3/ex_5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.3// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('LET X= [1+L.M+L.M''][(L+M'')(L''.M)+L''.M''.(L+M)]' ); +disp(' Therefore, Y = 0' ); +disp('this says that output Y equals to 0' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b89a24acf Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c21e3e5f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.4/ex_5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// example 5.4// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('LET X= ABCD+ ABC''D''+ABCD''+ABC''D+ABCDE+ABC''D''E''+ABC''DE' ); +disp('It can further be simplified to: X= ABCD+ ABC''D''+ABCD''+ABC''D') +disp(' Therefore, Y = AB' ) +disp('this says that output Y equals to AB' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5b9b12952 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17f427a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.5.a/ex_5_5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.5// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('LET X= L(M+N'')+L''P''Q = (L+P''Q).(L''+M+N'')' ); +disp('LHS can further be simplified using AB+A''C=(A+C)(A''+B)') +disp(' Therefore, PROVED ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b57d8bd4e Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a59b2a6b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// example 5.6// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('A+B=(A''''+B'''')[INVOLUTION LAW]' ); +disp(' =(A''.B'')''' ) +disp('[(AA)''.(BB)'']''') +disp('this says that output Y equals to A+B' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.xcos b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e791e827 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.6/ex_5_6.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.pdf b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..72c9546b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.sce b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ceea274e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// example 5.7// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp("we can SIMPLIFY the given equation as : "); +disp('A''B+AB''=((A''B)''''+(AB'')'''')[INVOLUTION LAW]' ); +disp(' ={(A''B)''.(AB'')''}''[DEMORGAN'' LAW]') +disp('[{B(AB)''}''{A(AB)''}'']''') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.xcos b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da8a81a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH5/EX5.7/ex_5_7.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.2.a/ex_6_2_a.xcos b/911/CH6/EX6.2.a/ex_6_2_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77df5b196 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.2.a/ex_6_2_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.2.b/ex_6_2_b.xcos b/911/CH6/EX6.2.b/ex_6_2_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d27c5b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.2.b/ex_6_2_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.pdf b/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9413d4480 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.sce b/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66e636952 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.3/ex_6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 6.3// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('Difference output = X''Y+XY''') +disp('Borrow output = X''Y') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.pdf b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e40edc800 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.sce b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4532c15b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 6.5// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('X=A''B+AB''') +disp('Y = AB') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.xcos b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2cc005ad6 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.5/ex_6_5.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.pdf b/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..370d0f10e Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.sce b/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4461304df --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH6/EX6.6/ex_6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 6.6// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The desired BCD adder is a cascaded arrangement of two stages of the type of BCD adder discussed in the previous pages. It follows the generalised cascaded arrangement for three digit BCD adder. The BCD adder can be used to add four bit BCD equivalents of two single digit decimal numbers. A cascaded arrangement of two such stages where the output C is fed to the CARRY-IN of the second stage. In terms of IC type numbersm IC 7483 can be used for four bit binary adders as shown, IC 7408 can be used for implementing the required four two input AND gates (IC 7408 is a quad two input AND), and IC 7432 can be used to implement the required two three input OR gates. IC 7432 is a quad two-input OR. Two input OR gates can be connected in cascade to get a three-input OR gate.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.1/EX_7_1.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.1/EX_7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5735c12b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.1/EX_7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 7.1// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +close +//closes all other window// +disp('Given products can be identified by the MUX diagram given. Variable A and B are chosen as selection line. C is given as one of the inputs.') +disp('Q = A''B''C'' + A''BC + AB''C'' + ABC'' + ABC') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbd31e3b3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.xcos b/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee7d1558b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.1/ex_7_1.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fad030125 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8101d4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 7.10// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('When the external control input is in the logic LOW state, ABCD=1001. This means output 9 is activated. When the external logic input is in logic HIGH state, ABCD=1111, this means output line 15 is activated.') +disp('rest is in diagram') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.xcos b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5194cde2e --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.10/ex_7_10.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78942bd0c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f752cb3fb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.3/ex_7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//example 7. 3// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +m (1) =16; +//taking the given values// +m (2) = log2 (m (1) ) +//making necessary calculations +m (3) =m(2) -1; +m (4) =m(1) /2; +printf ('A %d-to-1 multiplexer requires ' ,m(1)); +printf( '%d select lines , The lower ',m(2)); +printf ( ' %d select lines choose ',m(3)); +printf ( ' %d-to-1multiplexer outputs. The 2 to 1 multiplexers chooses one of the output of two ' ,m(4)); +printf ( '%d-to-1 multiplexers depending on what appears in the ' ,m(4)); +printf ( ' %dth select line.', m (2) ); +//displaying the result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a75032ac Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fb691921 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.4.a/ex_7_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 7.4(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('Since all inputs are in logic 0 state, it implies that all inputs are active. Since D7 has the highest priority and all inputs and outputs are active when LOW, the output bits are A=0, B=0 and C=0') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4347663c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23d4a5ad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.4.b/ex_7_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 7.4(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('Inputs D5 to D7 are the ones that are active; among these, D7 has the highest priority. Therefore, the output bits are A=0, B=0 and C=0') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ca1c8ba1 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..032334dff --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.4.c/ex_7_4_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 7.4(c)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('D7 is active. Since D7 has the highest priority, it will be encoded irrespective of the logic status of other inputs. Therefore, the output bits are A=0, B=0 and C=0') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b6f86f8a Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..35e57a68d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.6/ex_7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// example 7.6// +clc +clear +n=input('Enter the no. of terms in your expression : ' ); +//accepting input from user// +for i =1: n +a(1,i)= input('Enter the term (0-9): ' ); +end +disp ('Since at the decoder output we get all the minterms we use them to get the required boolean functions by giving the output lines numbered'); +disp(a); +//displaying the result// +disp('to a multi-input OR gate.' ); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f84a7362 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31ea71912 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.9.a/ex_7_9_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// example 7.9(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('here ABCD = 1011 and G1''=0 and G2''=0') +r= input('Enter the value of G1'' (0 or 1) : ' ); +//accepting the inputs from the user// +t=input('Enter the value of G2'' (0 or 1): ' ); +sel = input ('Enter the values of ABCD : ' ); +strb = bitcmp(bitand (r,t),1); +if strb ==0 then + //checking whether strobe is high or low// +if sel ==1100 then +y= 'The two pulses are steered to the Y12 output ' ; +else +y= 'The output Y12 remains in the High state '; +end +else +y='The output Y12 remains in the High state ' ; +end +disp (y) +//displaying result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12b799722 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..223249024 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.9.b/ex_7_9_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// example 7.9(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('here ABCD = 1011 and G1''=1 and G2''=1') +r= input('Enter the value of G1'' (0 or 1) : ' ); +//accepting the inputs from the user// +t=input('Enter the value of G2'' (0 or 1): ' ); +sel = input ('Enter the values of ABCD : ' ); +strb = bitcmp(bitand (r,t),1); +if strb ==0 then + //checking whether strobe is high or low// +if sel ==1100 then +y= 'The two pulses are steered to the Y12 output ' ; +else +y= 'The output Y12 remains in the High state '; +end +else +y='The output Y12 remains in the High state ' ; +end +disp (y) +//displaying result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.pdf b/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d8ddb5b8 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.sce b/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78b45050f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH7/EX7.9.c/ex_7_9_c.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// example 7.9(c)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +disp('here ABCD = 0001 and G1''=1 and G2''=1') +r= input('Enter the value of G1'' (0 or 1) : ' ); +//accepting the inputs from the user// +t=input('Enter the value of G2'' (0 or 1): ' ); +sel = input ('Enter the values of ABCD : ' ); +strb = bitcmp(bitand (r,t),1); +if strb ==0 then + //checking whether strobe is high or low// +if sel ==1100 then +y= 'The two pulses are steered to the Y12 output ' ; +else +y= 'The output Y12 remains in the High state '; +end +else +y='The output Y12 remains in the High state ' ; +end +disp (y) +//displaying result// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa542995f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e0eecdad9 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.1.a/ex_8_1_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//example 8.1 (a)// +clear +//clears the screen// +clc +//clears the variable// +close +//R =input('Enter the value of the resistance R in Kohms : ')// +//C =input('Enter the value of the Capacitance C in micro farads : ' ) ; +sp =input ('Enter the spacing between two input pulses in microseconds: ' ); +R =14.5; +//taking give values// +C =0.01; +t= 693* R*C; +//calculting time constant// +tt=t*10; +p =1; +len =sp*60 -1; +q =1; +for j=1: len +//plotin the graphs// +lo = sp *10; +f= modulo (j,lo); +if f ==0 then +inpu (j)=1; +else +inpu (j)=0; +end +inpu (1) =1; +o(j)=2; +end +while q \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f1c5069c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bb5b9150 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 8.4(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears the variables// +disp('Refer to figure. Q is initially 0, this makes J and K inputs to be initially 1 and 0 respectively. With the first trailing edge of clock input, Q goes 1 state. Thus J and K acquire logic status of 0 and 1 respectively. With the next trailing edge of clock input, Q goes to logic 0. This process continues and Q alternatively becmos 1 and 0.') +disp('The frequency of the Q output waveform in the two cases is equal to half the frequency of the clock input for obvious reasons and is therefore 50kHz') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b535fbce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.4.a/ex_8_4_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a7f6eebc Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18c9d8600 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 8.4(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears the variables// +disp('In this case of flip flop, J and K are initially 0 & 1 respectively. Thus J is active. With the first leading edge of clock input, Q and therefore J goes to logic 1 state. The second leading edge edge forces Q to go to logic 0 state as now it is K input that is in logic 0 state and active. This circuit also behaves in the same way as the earlier one. The output goes alternatively to logic 0 and 1 state. However the transitions occur on the leading edge of clock input.') +disp('The frequency of the Q output waveform in the two cases is equal to half the frequency of the clock input for obvious reasons and is therefore 50kHz') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5796b95c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.4.b/ex_8_4_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57bb853c3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0d20eb34 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.5/ex_8_5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//example 8.5(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears the variables// +close +//closes all existing files other than this// +disp('As there are two flip flops so, for first output frequency will be half of the original one while for second flip flop output frequency will be half of the first flip flop, so overall it will be one-fourth of the input frequency') +T=10*(10^-6) +//time period in seconds// +fi=1/T; +//input frequency// +f=fi/4; +//output frequency// +disp(f,'output frequency(in Hz)=') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5080be7c6 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09cbd817 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 8.6(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +close +//closes all existing files// +disp('When the ENABLE input is LOW, the upper AND gate is disabled(with its output going to logic 0) and the lower AND gate is enabled(with its output becoming the same as the Q output owing to the feedback). The NOR gate output in this case is Q'', which means that the Q output holds its state as long as the ENABLE input is LOW') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..528cd874b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.6.b/ex_8_6_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d728f85d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b05f6349b --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//example 8.6(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +close +//closes all existing files// +disp('When the ENABLE input is HIGH, the upper AND gate is enabled while the lower AND gate is disabled. The outputs of upper and lower AND gates are D and logic 0 respectively. They constitute inputs of the NOR gate whose output is D''. The Q output is therefore D') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74103ce3d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.6/ex_8_6_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f3b389bd Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4f2dd75a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 8.7(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +close +//closes all existing files// +disp('A positive edge triggered D flip flop, as shown in figure can be used for the purpose. Waveform A is applied to the D input and waveform B is applied to the clock input. If we examine the two waveforms, we will find that, on every occurence of leading edge of waveform B, waveform A is in logic 1 state. Thus, the Q output in this case will always be in a logic 1 state') +disp('the rest is shown in diagram') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..55dae4efb --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.7.a/ex_8_7_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.pdf b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fce8bb9c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.sce b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd0a7eac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 8.7(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all variables// +close +//closes all existing files// +disp('By interchanging the connections of waveforms A and B with respect to earlier one. Q output will be at logic 0 state as long as waveform A leads waveform B in phase. In this case, on every occurence of the leading edge of waveform A(clock input), waveform B(D input) is in a logic 0 state.') +disp('the rest is shown in diagram') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.xcos b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c2129e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH8/EX8.7.b/ex_8_7_b.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d735f3c3d Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b77ad62d --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.1/ex_9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//exmaple 9.1// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=bin2dec('0000') +//given initial state// +c=bin2dec('0011') +//given final state// +n=input('Enter the loop no = ') +d=(16*(n-1))+c-a; +disp(d,'No of negative clock cycles occured till now= ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e896e48c8 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..148b3cbd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.10.a/ex_9_10_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.10(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('At the end of eigth LOW to HIGH clock transition, the data bits loaded into the register will be 10110010, with ''0'' on the extreme right appearing at the Q7 output. The ninth clock transition will shift this 0 out of the register and the next adjacent bit (i.e.''1'') will take its place on Q7 output. Each subsequent clock pulse will shift the bits one step towards right with the result that at the end of 11th clock transition, the Q7 output will be logic ''0''. ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dedf81e41 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8531eebb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.10.b/ex_9_10_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.10(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('It will be logic ''1'' only. The Q3 output will be shifted two positions to right by two clock transitions.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9426f595b Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aad6e13be --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.11.a/ex_9_11_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.11.a// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The modulus of a ring counter is same as the number of bits (or flip flops). Therefore, the number of flip flops required is 10. The count sequence is 1000000000, 0100000000, 0010000000, 0001000000, 0000100000, 0000010000, 0000001000, 0000000100, 0000000010, 0000000001, and back to 1000000000') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f44ecb31b Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12f71dd60 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.11.b/ex_9_11_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.11.b// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The modulus of a Johnson counter is twice as the number of bits (or flip flops). Therefore, the number of flip flops required is 5. The count sequence is 00000, 10000, 11000, ,11100, 11110, 11111, 01111, 00111, 00011, 00001 and back to 00000') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6caac2d63 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..226efe4a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.12/ex_9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.12// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The LSB of the five-bit ring counter feeds the clock input of the JK flip flop that has been wired as a toggle flip-flop. The ring counter has a modulus of five and the JK flip-flop works like a divide by two circuit. The modulus of the counter circuit obtained by the cascade arrangement of the two is therefore 10. It is very simple to write the count sequence. First, we write the first ten states of the ring counter output(designated by A, B, C, D and E). The logic status of F can be written by examining logic status of E. F toggles whenever E undergoes 1-to-0 transition') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c5994360 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..70be49040 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.13/ex_9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.13// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('Initially all the outputs are in logic 0 state. Since A=B=1, the serial input to the shift register is logic 1. The (MR)'' input is initially inactive. For the first three clock pulses, the output status is 10000000, 11000000 and 11100000. With the fourth clock pulse, the output tends to go to 11110000 but it can not be stable state as the NAND output goes from 1 to 0. This resets the register to 00000000. Thus, the register transits from 11100000 to 00000000. With the fifth, sixth, and seventh clock pulse, the circuit goes through 10000000, 11000000 and 11100000. The eighth clock pulse regenerates to 00000000') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cce64995 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d76906d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.2/ex_9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example 9.2// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +close +//closes all other files// +a=log(6000) +//from the data// +b=log(2) +c=a/b; +N=round(c) +disp('Minimum number of flip flops=') +disp(N) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a038ffc93 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//example 9.3(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +// ff = input ( ' Enter the no of flip-flops ' ) ; +ff =4; +//given input// +k=2^ff; +if(k ==2) then // output d i s p l a y +printf ( 'With given flipflop we can only count 2 ,we can have a modulus 2 counter' ); +else +printf ( 'With given number of flip-flops the counter will have a natural count of %d ' ,k); +printf ( 'We can thus construct any counter that has a modulus between 2 and %d' ,k ) +disp('in our given question we are given count till 1011 so, it will be mod 12 counter') +end \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3_a.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cc4fc4ee Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.3.a/ex_9_3_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef7086cf3 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629d00045 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.3.b/ex_9_3_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 9.3(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +f=1.2*1000000/12 +//from part a// +disp(f, 'frequency of given system (in Hz)=') +//in Hz// \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc04a2717 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08d528d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//example 9.5(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +close +//closes all open files// +disp('here we have 4 flip flops, in which initial input is 0000') +disp('Count sequence is given as 0000, 1111, 1110, 1101, 1100, 1011, 1010, 1001, 1000, 0111, 0110, 0101, 0100, 0011, 0010, 0001. ') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.xcos b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8e5d56dc --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.5.a/ex_9_5_a.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4677030dd Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dc346d5a --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.5.b/ex_9_5_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +//example 9.5(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +close +c = [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ]; +//taking the values for a mod - counter +q = [0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ]; +a = [0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ]; +b = [0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]; +y1=q; +y2=a; +y3=b; +y11p =1; +y22p =1; +y33p =1; +y44p =1; +cp =1; +yf1p =1; +for i =1:17 + // making arrays to draw the output +if y1(i)==1 then +for o =1:100 +y11 ( y11p )=1; +y11p = y11p +1; +end +else +for o =1:100 +y11 ( y11p )=0; +y11p = y11p +1; +end +end +if y2(i)==1 then +for o =1:100 +y21 ( y22p )=1; +y22p = y22p +1; +end +else +for o =1:100 +y21 ( y22p )=0; +y22p = y22p +1; +end +end +if y3(i)==1 then +for o =1:100 +y31 ( y33p )=1; +y33p = y33p +1; +end +else +for o =1:100 +y31 ( y33p )=0; +y33p = y33p +1; +end +end +if c(i)==1 then +for o =1:100 +c1(cp) =1; +cp=cp +1; +end +else +for o =1:100 +c1(cp) =0; +cp=cp +1; +end +end +end +z =[2 2]; +subplot (4 ,1 ,1); +//ploting the output +title ( ' Timing Diagram ' ); +plot (c1); +plot (z); +ylabel ( 'C ' ); +subplot (4 ,1 ,2); +plot (y11); +ylabel ( 'Q' ); +plot (z); +subplot (4 ,1 ,3); +plot (y21); +ylabel ( 'A' ); +plot (z); +subplot (4 ,1 ,4); +plot (z); +ylabel ( 'B ' ); +plot (y31); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f580c301f Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0aeac7db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.6/ex_9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//example 9.6// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('output after 34th clock pulse of A B C D E F G H are 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 respectively.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7798056c Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15b3f5fbe --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.7.b/ex_9_7_b.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +//example 9.7(b)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +disp('The presettable counter has been set as DOWN counter. After 6th pulse it will be set to 0000 state.') +disp('Immediately after eigth state it will be set to 0100 state.') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.pdf b/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.pdf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3def5c2c5 Binary files /dev/null and b/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.pdf differ diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.sce b/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99e9d3386 --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.7/ex_9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//exmaple 9.7(a)// +clc +//clears the screen// +clear +//clears all existing variables// +a=bin2dec('0110') +//given initial state// +disp(a,'Modulus of presettable counter in given condition is:') \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/911/CH9/EX9.8/ex_9_8.xcos b/911/CH9/EX9.8/ex_9_8.xcos new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7d31960f --- /dev/null +++ b/911/CH9/EX9.8/ex_9_8.xcos @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47c5fb729 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.1/Chapter2_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 1, Page 30 +//Title: Calculating volume of gas at standard conditions from given weight +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +w = 25; //Weight of liquid chlorine in lb +mw = 70.92; //molecular weight of chlorine gas in lb/lb mol + +//CALCULATION +n = w/mw; //To find no of moles of chlorine gas in lb mol +v = n*359; //To compute volume of chlorine gas in cu ft at standard conditions + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The volume of chlorine gas that will be occupied at standard conditions = %4.1f cu ft',v); + +//======================END OF PROGRAM========================================= diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..12db85149 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.2/Chapter2_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 2, Page 31 +//Title: Calculating mass from given volume at standard conditions +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +v = 500; //Volume of gaseous propane in liters +mw = 44.06; //Molecular weight of propane in g/g mole + +//CAlCULATION +n = v/22.4; //To find the no of moles of propane in g mole +m = n*mw; //To calculate the weight of propane in grams + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Weight of liquid propane formed after liquification = %3.0f grams',m); + +//==============================END OF PROGRAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1232a7a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.3/Chapter2_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 3, Page 31 +//Title: Calculation of weight and volume from reaction stoichiometry +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +w1 = 100; //Weight of hydrogen in lb(Basis of calculation) +MW = [55.84,18.02,231.5,2.016]; //Atomic weight of iron, Steam, ferric oxide, hydrogen in lb/lb-mole +//From the reaction stoichiometry +stoic = [3,4,1,4]; //Stoichiometric coefficient of Fe, H2O, Fe3O4, H2 + +//CALCULATION +//part(a) +n1 = w1/MW(4); //Moles of hydrogen produced in lb mole +n2 = n1*stoic(1)/stoic(4); //Atoms of iron required in lb atom +w2 = n2*MW(1); //Weight of iron required in lb +n3 = n1*stoic(2)/stoic(4); //Moles of Steam required in lb mole +w3 = n3*MW(2); //Weight of steam required in lb +n4 = n1*stoic(3)/stoic(4); //Moles of ferric oxide required in lb mole +w4 = n4*MW(3); //Weight of ferric oxide required in lb +M1 = w2+w3; //Total input in lb +M2 = w1+w4; //Total output in lb +//part(b) +v = n1*359; //volume of hydrogen at standard conditions in cu ft + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n (a) To produce %3.0f lb of hydrogen, the weight of iron and steam required is %4.0f lb and %3.0f lb respectively',w1,w2,w3); +mprintf('\n The weight of ferric oxide formed = %4.0f lb',w4); +mprintf('\n (b) Volume occupied by hydrogen at standard conditions = %5.0f cu ft',v); + +//============================END OF PROGRAM=================================== diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..db1bb49a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.4/Chapter2_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, illustration 4, Page 36 +//Title: Expressing weight percent into mole percent +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W = 100; //Weight of solution in grams(Basis of calculation) +w1 = 40; //Weight of sodium carbonate present in solution in grams +MW = [106,18.02]; //Molecular weight of sodium carbonate and water respectively in g/g-mole + +//CALCULATION +n1 = w1/MW(1); //To find the no of moles of sodium carbonate in g mole +n2 = (W-w1)/MW(2); //To find the no of moles of water in g mole +N = n1+n2; //Calculation of total no of moles in g mole +x1 = n1*100/N; //Mole % of sodium carbonate +x2 = n2*100/N; //Mole % of water + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n mole percent of Na2CO3 = %4.2f',x1); +mprintf('\n mole percent of H2O = %3.1f',x2); + +//================================END OF PROGRAM=============================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fa61b39bf --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.5/Chapter2_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 5, Page 37 +//Title: Expressing mole percent into weight percent +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +N = 100; //Total no of moles of solution in g mole(Basis of calculation) +n1 = 25; //No of moles of napthalene present in solution in g mole +MW = [128.1,78.1]; //Molecular weight of napthalene and benzene in g/g mole + +//CALCULATION +w1 = n1*MW(1); //Weight of napthalene present in the solution in grams +w2 = (N-n1)*MW(2); //Weight of benzene present in the solution in grams +W = w1+w2; //Total weight of solution in grams +m1 = w1*100/W; //Weight % of napthalene in solution +m2 = w2*100/W; //Weight % of benzene in solution + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Weight percent of napthalene = %3.1f',m1); +mprintf('\n Weight percent of benzene = %3.1f',m2); + +//===========================END OF PROGRAM==================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f549541f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.6/Chapter2_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 6, Page 37 +//Title: Calculation of composition, average molecular weight and density +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +N = 100; //Total no of moles of natural gas in lb mole(Basis of calculation) +v = [83.5,12.5,4]; //Volumetric percent of methane, ethane and nitrogen respectively +MW = [16.03,30.05,28.02]; //Molecular weight of methane, ethane and nitrogen respectively + +//CALCULATION +//part(a) +x = v; //mol percent of methane, ethane and nitrogen respectively +//part(b) +w1 = v(1)*MW(1); //Weight of methane in lb +w2 = v(2)*MW(2); //Weight of ethane in lb +w3 = v(3)*MW(3); //Weight of nitrogen in lb +W = w1+w2+w3; //Total weight of the mixture in lb +m1 = w1*100/W; //weight percent of methane +m2 = w2*100/W; //weight percent of ethane +m3 = w3*100/W; //weight percent of nitrogen +//part(c) +AVG_MW = W/100; //Average molecular weight in lb/lb mole +//part(d) +v = N*359; //Volume of natural gas at standard conditions in cu ft +rho = W/v; //Density of natural gas at standard conditions in lb/cu ft + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n(a) The mole percent of methane, ethane and nitrogen are %3.1f, %3.1f and %2.0f respectively',x(1),x(2),x(3)); +mprintf('\n(b) The weight percent of methane ethane and nitrogen are %3.1f, %3.1f and %2.1f respectively',m1,m2,m3); +mprintf('\n(c) The average molecular weight of natural gas is %4.2f lb/lb mole',AVG_MW); +mprintf('\n(d) The density at standard conditions is %5.4f lb/cu ft',rho); + +//=============================END OF PROGRAM================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce b/926/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f9179c2f --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH2/EX2.7/Chapter2_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-2, Illustration 7, Page 39 +//Title: Calculation of composition and molality +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +V = 1000; //Total volume of solution in cc +rho = 1.148; //Density of solution in g/cc +w1 = 230; //Weight of NaCl in solution in g +MW = [58.5,18.020]; //Molecular weight of NaCl and water respectively in g/g mole +rho_water = .998; //Density of water at given temperature in g/cc + +//CALCULATIONS +W = V*rho; //Total weight of solution in g +w2 = W-w1; //Weight of water in solution in g +n1 = w1/MW(1); //To calculate no of moles of NaCl in g mole +n2 = w2/MW(2); //To calculate no of moles of water in g mole +N= n1+n2; //Total no of moles in g mole +//Part(a) +m1 = w1*100/W; //To compute weight percent of NaCl +m2 = w2*100/W; //To compute weight percent of Water +//part(b) +v1 = w2/rho_water; //Volume of pure water in cc +V1 = v1*100/V; //To compute volume percent of water +//part(c) +x1 = n1*100/N; //To calculate mole % of NaCl +x2 = n2*100/N; //To calculate mole % of water +//part(d) +a1 = n1; //To calculate no of atoms of sodium in g atom +a2 = n1; //To calculate no of atoms of chlorine in g atom +a3 = 2*n2; //To calculate no of atoms of hydrogen in g atom +a4 = n2; //To calculate no of atoms of oxygen in g atom +A = a1+a2+a3+a4; //To calculate total no of atoms +A1 = a1*100/A; //To calculate atomic percent of sodium +A2 = a2*100/A; //To calculate atomic percent of chlorine +A3 = a3*100/A; //To calculate atomic percent of hydrogen +A4 = a4*100/A; //To calculate atomic percent of oxygen +//part(e) +m = n1*V/w2; //Molality of solution in lb mole NaCl/1000 lb H2O +//part(f) +M = w1/w2; //lb of NaCl per lb H20 + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n(a) Weight percent of NaCl and water are %3.0f and %3.0f respectively',m1,m2); +mprintf('\n(b) Volumetric percent of water is %3.0f',V1); +mprintf('\n(c) Mole percent of NaCl and water are %3.2f and %3.1f respectively',x1,x2); +mprintf('\n(d) Atomic percent of sodium,chlorine,hydrogen and oxygen are %3.2f, %3.2f, %4.1f and %3.1f respectively',A1,A2,A3,A4); +mprintf('\n(e) Molality of the solution is %3.2f lb mole of NaCl/1000 lb H2O',m); +mprintf('\n(f) lb of NaCl per lb of water is %4.3f',M); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Example1.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e4356ef --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.1/Chapter3_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 1, Page 54 +//Title: Calculation of volume +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W1 = 30; //Weight of chlorine in lb +MW = 71; //Molecular weight of chlorine in lb/lb mole +P1 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +T1 = 492; //Temperature at standard conditions in degree R +P2 = 743; //Given pressure in mm Hg +T = 70; //Given temperature in degree F + +//CALCULATIONS +n = W1/MW; //No of moles of chlorine in lb mole +V1= n*359; //Volume of chlorine at standard conditions in cu ft +T2 = 530; //Given temperature in degree R + +V2 = V1*(P1/P2)*(T2/T1); //Volume of chlorine at given conditions in cu ft + +//OUTPUT +mprintf(' \n Volume occupied by %2.0f lb of chlorine at given temperature and pressure is %3.0f cu ft',W1,V2); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Example10.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Example10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e1e4e0bae --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.10/Chapter3_Example10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 10, Page 62 +//Title: Calculation of volume change with change in composition +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +v = 100; //Volume of gas entering in cu ft +v1 = 75; //Volume of air before absorption in cu ft +v2 = 25; //Volume of HCl before absorption in cu ft +a = 98; //Percent of HCl removed by absorption +P = [743,738]; //Pressure of gas before and after entering the system in mm Hg +T = [120,80]; //Temperature of gas before and after entering the system in degree F +T3 = 492; //Temperature at standard condition in degree R +P3 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +MW = 36.5; //Molecular weight of HCl in lb/lb mole + +//CALCULATIONS +v3 = v2*(a/100); //Pure component volume of HCl absorbed in cu ft +v4 =v2-v3; //Volume of HCl remaining in cu ft +v5 = v1+v4; //Vulome of gas remaining in cu ft +T1 = T(1)+460; //Temperature of gas entering in degree R +T2 = T(2)+460; //Temperature of gas leaving in degree R +v6 = v5*(P(1)/P(2))*(T2/T1); //Volume of gas leaving in cu ft +x = v4*100/v5; //Percentage composition by volume of HCl +y = 100-x; //Percentage composition by volume of air +v7 = v3*(P(1)/P3)*(T3/T1); //Volume at standard condition of HCl absorbed in cu ft +n = v7/359; //No of moles of HCl absorbed in lb mole +w = n*MW; //Weight of HCl absorbed in lb + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n (a) Percentage composition by volume of gases leaving the absorption apparatus are %3.2f percent HCl and %4.2f percent air \n (b) Weight of HCl removed per %3.0f cu ft of gas is %3.2f lb',x,y,v,w); + +//==============================END OF PROGRAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Example11.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38f96d9c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.11/Chapter3_Example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 11, Page 63 +//Title: Calculation of volume change with change in composition +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +v = 100; //Volume of gas entering in cu ft +p = [59,0.5]; //Partial pressures of chlorine before entering and after leaving the absorption apparatus in mm Hg +P = [740,743]; //Pressure of entering and leaving the apparatus in mm Hg +T = [75,80]; //Temperature of the gas entering and leaving the apparatus in degree F +T3 = 492; //Temperature at standard conditions in degree R +P3 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in degree R +MW = 71; //Molecular weight of chlorine in lb/lb mole + +//CALCULATIONS +p1 = P(1)-p(1); //Partial pressure of inert gas entering in mm Hg +p2 = P(2)-p(2); //Partial pressure of inert gas leaving in mm Hg +T1 = T(1)+460; //Temperature of gas entering in degree R +T2 = T(2)+460; //Temperature of gas leaving the apparatus in degree R +v1 = v*(p1/p2)*(T2/T1); //Volume of inert gas leaving in cu ft +v2 = v*(p(1)/P3)*(T3/T1); //Volume at standard conditions of chlorine entering in cu ft +v3 = v*(p(2)/P3)*(T3/T2); //Volume at standard conditions of chlorine leaving in cu ft +V = v2-v3; //Volume at standard conditions of chlorine absorbed in cu ft +n = V/359; //No of moles of chlorine absorbed in lb mole +W = n*MW; //Weight of chlorine absorbed in lb + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n (a) Volume of gases leaving the apparatus per %3.0f cu ft entering is %3.1f cu ft \n (b) Weight of chlorine absorbed per %3.0f cu ft of gas entering is %3.2f lb',v,v1,v,W); + +//========================END OF PROGRAM======================================= diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.12/Chapter3_Example12.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.12/Chapter3_Example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeae855a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.12/Chapter3_Example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 12, Page 65 +//Title: Calculation of percentage composition by volume +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +n = 1; //Total no moles of NH3 in lb mole +v = 100; //Volume of NH3 entering in cu ft +a = [1,2,1,1]; //Stoichiometric coefficients of NH3, O2, HNO3 and H2O in overall reaction +b = [4,5,6,4];//Stoichiometric coefficients of NH3, O2, HNO3 and H2O in reaction 1 +a1 = .21; //lb moles of O2 in 1 lb mole of air +b1 = .79; //lb moles of N2 in 1 lb mole of air +a2 = .2; //Amount of excess O2 +T = [20,700]; //Temperature at which gases enters the process and leave the catalyzer in degree C +P = [755,743]; //Pressure at which gases enters the process and leaves the catalyzer in mm Hg +T2 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K +P2 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +V = 359; //Volume at standard conditons in cu ft +N = .85; //lb moles of NH3 oxidised in catalyzer +c = .9; //Nitric oxide entering the tower oxidised to Nitric acid +MW = 63; //Molecular weight of HNO3 in lb/lb mole + +//CALCULATIONS +//part(a) +T1 = T(1)+273; +T3 = T(2)+273; +n1 = a(2)*n; //O2 required in lb moles +n2 = n1*(n+a2); //O2 supplied in lb moles +n3 = n2/a1; //Air supplied in lb moles +v1 = V*(T1/T2)*(P2/P(1)); //Volume of NH3 in cu ft +v2 = n3*v1; //Volume of air supplied +v3 = v2*v/v1; //Volume of air per 100 ft of NH3 in cu ft +//part(b) +n4 = b1*n3; //N2 present in air in lb moles +n5 = n3+n; //Total lb moles of gas entering the catalyzer +x1 = n*100/n5; //Composition of NH3 by volume % +x2 = n2*100/n5; //Composition of O2 by volume % +x3 = n4*100/n5; //Composition of N2 by volume % +//Part(c) +n6 = n - N; //lb moles of NH3 leaving catalyzer +n7 = b(2)*N/b(1); //lb moles of O2 consumed in catalyzer +n8 = n2 - n7; //lb moles of O2 leaving catalyzer +n9 = b(4)*N/b(1); //lb moles of NO formed in catalyzer +n10 = b(3)*n9/b(4); //lb moles of H2O formed in catalyzer +N1 = n4+n6+n8+n9+n10; //lb moles of total quantity of gas leaving catalyzer +y1 = n9*100/N1; //Composition of NO by volume % +y2 = n10*100/N1; //Composition of H2O by volume % +y3 = n6*100/N1; //Composition of NH3 by volume % +y4 = n8*100/N1; //Composition of O2 by volume % +y5 = n4*100/N1; //Composition of N2 by volume % +//part(d) +N2 = n*v/v1; //lb moles of NH3 per 100 cu ft +N3 = N1*N2; //lb moles of gas leaving catalyzer +v4 = N3*V; //Volume at standard conditions of gas leaving catalyzer in cu ft +v5 = v4*(P2/P(2))*(T3/T2); //Volume of gas laeving catalyzer per 100 cu ft NH3 entering in cu ft +//part(e) +N4 = N2*n9; //lb moles of NO produced in catalyzer +N5 = N4*c; //lb moles of NO oxidised in tower +W = N5*MW; //Weight of HNO3 formed in lb + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n (a) Volume of air per %3.0f cu ft NH3 entering is %4.0f cu ft',v,v3); +mprintf('\n (b) Percentage composition by volume of gases entering catalyzer:- \n NH3 = %2.1f \n O2 = %3.1f \n N2 = %3.1f',x1,x2,x3); +mprintf('\n (c) Percentage composition by volume of gases leaving catalyzer:- \n NO = %2.1f \n H2O = %3.1f \n NH3 = %2.1f \n O2 = %3.1f \n N2 = %3.1f',y1,y2,y3,y4,y5); +mprintf('\n (d) Volume of gases leaving catalyzer per %3.0f cu ft of NH3 entering is %4.0f cu ft',v,v5); +mprintf('\n (e) Weight of HNO3 produced per %3.0f cu ft of NH3 entering is %3.1f lb',v,W); + +//========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Example2.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee3759acb --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.2/Chapter3_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 2, Page 54 +//Title: Calculation of weight +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +V2 = 100; //Volume of water vapor in cu ft +MW = 18; //Molecular weight of water vapor in lb/lb mole +P1 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +T1 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K +P2 = 15.5; //Given pressure in mm Hg +T = 23; //Given temperature in degree C + +//CALCULATIONS +T2 = T+273; //Given temperature in K +V1 = V2*(P2/P1)*(T1/T2); //Volume of water vapor at standard conditions in Cu ft +n = V1/359; //Moles of water vapor in lb mole +W = n*MW; //Weight of water vapor in lb + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Weight of %3.0f cu ft of water vapor at given conditions is %5.4f lb',V2,W); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Example3.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fea140094 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.3/Chapter3_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 3, Page 54 +//Title: Calculation of pressure +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W = 10; //Weight of CO2 in lb +MW = 44; //Molecular weight of CO2 in lb/lb mole +P1 = 14.7; //Pressure at standard condition in psi +T1 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K +V2 = 20; //Volume of CO2 after compressing in cu ft +T = 30; //Given temperature in degree C + +//CALCULATIONS +n = W/MW; //No of noles of CO2 in lb mole +V1 = n*359; //Volume of CO2 at standard conditions in cu ft +T2 = T+273; //Given temperature in K +P2 = P1*(V1/V2)*(T2/T1); //Pressure at given conditions in psi + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Pressure required to compress %2.0f lb of CO2 to a volume of %2.0f cu ft at given conditions is %3.1f psi',W,V2,P2); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Example4.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..426502ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.4/Chapter3_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 4, Page 55 +//Title: Calculation of temperature +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W = 10; //Weight of nitrogen in lb +MW = 28; //Molecular weight of nitrogen in lb/lb mole +P1 = 14.7; //Pressure at standard conditions in psi +T1 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K +P2 = 150; //Maximum pressure in psi +V2 = 30; //Given volume of nitrogen in cu ft + +//CALCULATIONS +n = W/MW; //No of moles of Nitrogen at standard conditions in lb mole +V1 = n*359; //Volume of nitrogen at standard conditions in cu ft +T2 = T1*(P2/P1)*(V2/V1); //Temperature at given conditions in K +T = T2-273; //Temperature at given conditions in degree C + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The maximum temperature to which %2.0f lb of nitrogen can be heated is %4.0f K or %4.0f degree C',W,T2,T); + +//========================= END OF PROGRAM ==================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Example5.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cda2af729 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.5/Chapter3_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 5, Page 55 +//Title: Calculation of percentage dissociation of gas +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W = 17.2; //Weight of N2O4 in grams +V1 = 11450; //Volume occupied by N2O4 in cc +P1 = 720; //Given pressure in mm hg +T = 100; //Given temperature in degree C +MW = 92; //Molecular weight of N2O4 in g/g mole +V2 = 22400; //Volume at standard conditions in cc +P2 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +T2 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K + +//CALCULATIONS +T1 = T+273; //Given temperature in K +n1 = W/MW; //No of moles of N2O4 initially present in g mole +n2 = (V1/V2)*(T2/T1)*(P1/P2); //Total g moles present after dissociation +x = n2-n1; //g moles of N2O4 dissociated +X = x*100/n1; //Percentage dissociation + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Percentage dissociation of N2O4 to NO2 is %2.0f percent',X); + +//=========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Example6.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a079b3f4b --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.6/Chapter3_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 6, Page 59 +//Title: Calculation of Average molecular weight +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +N = 1; //Total no moles of mixture +V = [13.1,7.7,79.2]; //Composition of Carbon dioxide, Oxygen and nitrogen respectively by volume % +MW = [44,32,28]; //Molecular weight of CO2, O2 and N2 respectively in g/g mole + +//CALCULATION +n = V/100; // No of moles of CO2, O2, n2 in g mole +W1 = n(1)*MW(1); //Weight of CO2 in grams +W2 = n(2)*MW(2); //Weight of O2 in grams +W3 = n(3)*MW(3); //Weight of N2 in grams +W = W1+W2+W3; //Total weight of flue gas in grams +AV_MW = W/N; //Average molecular weight of flue gas in g/g mole + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The average molecular weight of flue gas is %4.2f g/g mole',AV_MW); + +//========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Example7.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..80562526a --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.7/Chapter3_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 7, Page 59 +//Title: Calculation of density +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +W = 1; //Total weight of mixture in lb +w = [.111,.889]; //Weight of hydrogen and oxygen respectively in lb +MW = [2,32]; //Molecular weight of hydrogen and oxygen respectively in lb/lb mole +T = 30; //Given temperature in degree C +T2 = 273; //Temperature at standard conditions in K +P1 = 29; //Given prssure in in. Hg +P2 = 29.92; //Pressure at standard conditions in in. Hg + +//CALCULATIONS +n1 = w(1)/MW(1); //No of moles of H2 in lb mole +n2 = w(2)/MW(2); //No of moles of O2 in lb mole +N = n1+n2; //Total molal quantity in lb mole +T1 = T+273; //given temperature in K +V2 = N*359; //Volume at standard condition in cu ft +V1= V2*(P2/P1)*(T1/T2); //Volume of the mixture at given conditions in cu ft +rho = W/V1; //Density of the mixture at given conditions in lb per cu ft + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The density of the mixture at %2.0f in. Hg and %2.0f degree C is %5.4f lb per cu ft',P1,T,rho); + +//====================END OF PROGRAM=========================================== diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Example8.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..110a96fb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.8/Chapter3_Example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 8, Page 61 +//Title: Calculation of density of air +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +N = 1; //Total no moles of air in g mole +n = [.21,.79]; //No of moles of O2 and N2 respectively in g mole +MW = [32,28]; //Moleculaw weight of O2 and N2 respectively in g/g mole +T = 70; //Given temperature in dergee F +P1 = 741; //Given pressure in mm Hg +T2 = 492; //Temperature at standard conditions in degree R +P2 = 760; //Pressure at standard conditions in mm Hg +V2 = 22.41; //Volume at standard conditions in liters + +//CAlCULATIONS +w1 = n(1)*MW(1); //Weight of O2 in grams +w2 = n(2)*MW(2); //Weight of N2 in grams +W = w1+w2; //Total weight of air in grams +T1 = T+460; //Given temperature in dergree R +V1 = V2*(P2/P1)*(T1/T2); //Volume of air at given conditions in liters +rho = W/V1; //Dendity of air at given conditions in grams per liter + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n The density of air at %3.0f mm Hg and %2.0f degree F is %4.3f grams per liter', P1,T,rho); + +//==========================END OF PROGRAM===================================== diff --git a/926/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Example9.sce b/926/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..216f6ce27 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH3/EX3.9/Chapter3_Example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-3, Illustration 9, Page 61 +//Title: Calculation of volume change with change in composition +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +Nt = 1; //Total no of moles of combustion gas in g mole +N = [.792,.072,.136]; //No of moles of N2, O2 and CO2 respectively before evaporation in g mole +T1 = 200; //Temperature of gases passed into evaporator in degree C +P1 = 743; //Pressure of gases passed into evaporator in mm Hg +n = [.483,.044,.083,.39]; //No of moles of N2, O2, CO2 and water respectively after evaporation in g mole +T2 = 85; //Temperature of gases after evaporation in degree C +P2 = 740; //Pressure of gases after evaporation in mm Hg +MW = [28,32,44,18]; //Molecular weight of N2, O2, CO2 and water respectively in g/ g mole +R = 82.1; //Ideal gas constant in cc-atm per K +v = 100; //Volume of gas entering in cu ft + +//CALCULATIONS +P = P1/760; //Pressure of gases passed to evaporator in atm +T3 = T1+273; //Temperature of gases passed to evaporator in K +v1 = (N(1)+N(2)+N(3))*R*T3/P; //Total volume of gases passed into evaporator in cc +v2 = v1*3.2808^3*(10^-6); //Total volume of gases passed into evaporator in cu ft +n1 = Nt/(n(1)+n(2)+n(3)); //No of moles of gases leaving evaporator in g mole +n2 = n1 -Nt; //No of moles of water leaving the evaporator in g mole +p = P2/760; //Pressure of gases leaving evaporator in atm +T4 = T2+273; //Temperature of gases laving evaporator in K +V1 = (N(1)+N(2)+N(3)+n2)*R*T4/p; //Volume of gases leaving in cc +V2 = V1*3.2808^3*10^-6; //Volume of gases leaving evaporator in cu ft +V = (V2/v2)*v; //Volume of gas leaving in cu ft per 100 cu ft entering +w = n2*MW(4)*2.2046*10^-3; //weight of water leaving evaporator in lb +W = w*(v/v2); //Weight of water evaporated in lb per 100 ft of gas entering + +//OUTPUT +mprintf('\n Weight of water evaporated per %3.0f cu ft of gas entering is %3.2f lb',v,W); + +//===========================END OF PROGRAM==================================== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d2ca16bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 1, Page 111 +//Title: Calculation of composition of a saturated mixture +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = [442,745 760]; //Vapor pressure of ethyl ether, working pressure and standard pressure in mm Hg +T1 = [20 0]; //Temperature of system and standard temperature in degree C +V = 1; //cu ft of mixture(Basis of calculation for part(a) ) +MW = [74 28]; //Molecular weight of ethyl ether and nitrogen in lb/lb-mole + +//CALCULATIONS +//Part(a) +V1 = V*(P(1)/P(2)); //Pure component volume of vapor in cu ft +v1 = V1*100; //Composition by volume of Ether vapor +v2 = (1-V1)*100; //Composition by volume of Nitrogen +//Part(b) +W1 = V1*MW(1); //lb of ether vapor present +W2 = (1-V1)*MW(2); //lb of Nitrogen present +W = W1+W2; //Total weight of mixture in lb +w1 = W1*100/W; //Composition by weight of Ether vapor +w2 = W2*100/W; //Composition by weight of Nitrogen +//Part(c) +T = T1+273; //Converting temperature in K +V2 = 359*(P(3)/P(2))*(T(1)/T(2)); //cu ft of mixture +w3 = W1/V2; //lb of vapor per cu ft of mixture +//Part(d) +w4 = W1/W2; //lb of vapor per lb lb of nitrogen +//Part(e) +v3 = V1/(1-V1); //lb mole of vapor per lb moles of Nitrogen + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n (a) Composition by Volume \n Ether Vapor %3.1f %% \n Nitrogen %3.1f %% ',v1,v2); +mprintf('\n (b) Composition by Weight \n Ether Vapor %3.1f %% \n Nitrogen %3.1f %% ',w1,w2); +mprintf('\n (c) Weight of ether per cu ft of mixture is %4.3f lb ',w3); +mprintf('\n (d) Weight of vapor per lb Nitrogen is %3.2f lb ',w4); +mprintf('\n (e) Moles of vapor per mole of nitrogen is %4.3f',v3); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example1_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (a) Composition by Volume \n Ether Vapor %3.1f %% \n Nitrogen %3.1f %%',v1,v2); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (b) Composition by Weight \n Ether Vapor %3.1f %% \n Nitrogen %3.1f %%',w1,w2); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (c) Weight of ether per cu ft of mixture is %4.3f lb ',w3); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (d) Weight of vapor per lb Nitrogen is %3.2f lb ',w4); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (e) Moles of vapor per mole of nitrogen is %4.3f',v3); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRAM================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..685f90ae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.1/Chapter5_Example1_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + (a) Composition by Volume + Ether Vapor 59.3 % + Nitrogen 40.7 % + (b) Composition by Weight + Ether Vapor 79.4 % + Nitrogen 20.6 % + (c) Weight of ether per cu ft of mixture is 0.112 lb + (d) Weight of vapor per lb Nitrogen is 3.86 lb + (e) Moles of vapor per mole of nitrogen is 1.459 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c2a839d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 11, Page 127 +//Title: Calculation of dry bulb and wet bulb temperature +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +T = [190 90]; //Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of air entering dryer in degree F +n = 0.028; //lb-mole of water evaporated per lb mole of dry air entering + +//DATA FROM GRAPH +mH = 0.011; //Molal humidity corresponding to DBT of 190 degree F and WBT of 90 degree F from Fig 19, Pg 120 +DBT = 116; //Dry bulb temperature in degree F corresponding to molal humidity of 0.039 from Fig 19, Pg 120 +PS = 35; //Percentage saturation corresponding to molal humidity of 0.039 and DBT of 116 degree F from Fig 19, Pg 120 + +//CALCULATIONS +mH1 = n+mH; //Molal humidity of leaving air +WBT = T(2); //Wet bulb temperature of leaving air in degree F + +//OUTPPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = %3.0f degree F',WBT); +mprintf('\n wet bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = %2.0f degree F',WBT); +mprintf('\n Percentage saturation of air leaving the drier is %2.0f percent',PS); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example11_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = %3.0f degree F',WBT); +mfprintf(fd,'\n wet bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = %2.0f degree F',WBT); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Percentage saturation of air leaving the drier is %2.0f percent',PS); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRAM================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8866d0175 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.11/Chapter5_Example11_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + + Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = 90 degree F + wet bulb temperature of air leaving the drier = 90 degree F + Percentage saturation of air leaving the drier is 35 percent \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..669dd7fa4 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 12, Page 127 +//Title: Calculation of molal humidity +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = 1; //Pressure of entering gas in atm +DBT = 120; //Temperature of entering gas in degree F + +//DATA FROM GRAPH +WBT = 71; //Wet bulb temperature in degree F corresponding to DBT of 120 degree F from Fig 20 Page 122 +mH = 0.027; //Molal humidity corresponding to DBT of 120 degree F from Fig 20 Page 122 + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n The temperature and molal humidity of saturated carbon dioxide leaving the chamber is %2.0f degree F and %4.3f respectively',WBT,mH); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example12_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n The temperature and molal humidity of saturated carbon dioxide leaving the chamber is %2.0f degree F and %4.3f respectively',WBT,mH); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ead55fe14 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.12/Chapter5_Example12_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + The temperature and molal humidity of saturated carbon dioxide leaving the chamber is 71 degree F and 0.027 respectively \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..426e5302a --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 2, Page 113 +//Title: Calculation of relative saturation and percentage saturation +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = [745 184.8] //Working pressure and vapor pressure of acetone at 20 degree C in mm Hg +v = 14.8 //Composition by volume of acetone + +//CALCULATIONS +P1 = P(1)*v/100; //Partial pressure of acetone in mm Hg +RS = P1*100/P(2); //Relative saturation of mixture +n1 = v/100; //lb mole of acetone +n2 = 1-n1; //lb mole of nitrogen +n3 = n1/n2; //lb moles of acetone per lb moles of nitrogen +V1 = P(2)*100/P(1); //Percentage by volume of acetone +n4 = V1/100; //lb moles of acetone +n5 = 1-n4; //lb moles of nitrogen +n6 = n4/n5; //Moles of acetone per moles of nitrogen +PS = n3*100/n6; //Percentage saturation + +//OUTPUT +//Console output +mprintf('\n Relative saturation of the mixture at given conditions = %3.1f %% \n Percentage saturation = %3.1f %%',RS,PS); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example2_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Relative saturation of the mixture at given conditions = %3.1f %% \n Percentage saturation = %3.1f %%',RS,PS); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRAM================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8cabf5efd --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.2/Chapter5_Example2_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + Relative saturation of the mixture at given conditions = 59.7 % + Percentage saturation = 52.7 % \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67097606e --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 4, Page 114 +//Title: Calculation of dew point +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +v1 = 10.1; //Composition by volume of benzene +P = [750 750 700]; //Various pressurea in mm Hg at which dew point is to be computed + +//CALCULATIONS +P1 = P(1)*v1/100; //Partial pressure of benzene in mm Hg at 25 degree C and 750 mm Hg +T1 = 20; //Temperature in degree C corresponding to pressure P1 obtained from vapor-pressure data of Benzene Fig. 15 Page 84 +P2 = P(2)*v1/100; //Partial pressure of benzene in mm Hg at 30 degree C and 750 mm Hg +T2 = 20; //Temperature in degree C corresponding to pressure P2 obtained from vapor-pressure data of Benzene Fig. 15 Page 84 +P3 = P(3)*v1/100; //Partial pressure of benzene in mm Hg at 30 degree C and 700 mm Hg +T3 = 18.7; //Temperature in degree C corresponding to pressure P3 obtained from vapor-pressure data of Benzene Fig. 15 Page 84 + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n Dew point of benzene vapor and air mixture at \n (a) 25 degree C and 750 mm Hg = %2.0f degee C ',T1); +mprintf('\n (b) 30 degree C and 750 mm Hg = %2.0f degree C ',T3); +mprintf('\n (c) 30 degree C and 700 mm Hg = %3.1f degree C',T3); +mprintf('\n Above results shows that the dew point does not depend on temperature but vary with the total pressure'); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example4_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Dew point of benzene vapor and air mixture at \n (a) 25 degree C and 750 mm Hg = %2.0f degee C ',T1); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (b) 30 degree C and 750 mm Hg = %2.0f degree C ',T3); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (c) 30 degree C and 700 mm Hg = %3.1f degree C',T3); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Above results shows that the dew point does not depend on temperature but vary with the total pressure'); +mclose(fd); + +//=========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a57b61d69 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.4/Chapter5_Example4_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + Dew point of benzene vapor and air mixture at + (a) 25 degree C and 750 mm Hg = 20 degee C + (b) 30 degree C and 750 mm Hg = 19 degree C + (c) 30 degree C and 700 mm Hg = 18.7 degree C + Above results shows that the dew point does not depend on temperature but vary with the total pressure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..29cb289c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 5, Page 116 +//Title: Calculation of different concentrations in vaporization process +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = [750 760]; //Barometric pressure and standard pressure in mm Hg +PS = [116 185]; //Vapor pressure of acetone at 10 degree C and 20 degree C in mm Hg +T = [30 25 0]; //Temperature of nitrogen entering evaporator and standard temperature in degree C +n = 1; //lb mole of nitrogen (Basis of calculation in part(c),part(d) and part(e)) +MW = 58; //Molecualar weight of acetone in lb/lb mole + +//CALCULATIONS +//Part(a) +//Entering gases +PP1 = PS(1); //Partial pressure of acetone in mm Hg +PP2 = P(1)-PP1; //Partial pressure of nitrogen in mm Hg +n1 = PP1/PP2; //Moles of acetone per mole of nitrogen +//leaving gases +PP3 = PS(2); //Partial pressure of acetone in mm Hg +PP4 = P(1)-PS(2); //Partial pressure of nitrogen in mm Hg +n2 = PP3/PP4; //Moles of acetone per mole of nitrogen +//Part(b) +n3 = n2-n1; //lb mole of acetone evaporated +//Part(c) +Tkelvin = T+273; //Converting temperature fron degree C to kelvin +n4 = n+n1; //lb mole of total gas entering the process +v1 = n4*359*(P(2)/P(1))*(Tkelvin(1)/Tkelvin(3)); //Volume of gas entering in cu ft +m1 = MW*n3; //Weight of acetone evaporated +m2 = m1*1000/v1; //lb of acetone evaporated per 1000 cu ft of gas entering +//Part(d) +n5 = n+n2; //lb mole of total gas leaving the process +v2 = n5*359*(P(2)/P(1))*(Tkelvin(2)/Tkelvin(3)); //Volume of gas leaving in cu ft +v3 = v2*1000/v1; //cu ft of gas leaving per 1000 cu ft of gas entering the process + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n (a) Vapor concentration of gases entering and leaving = %4.3f and %4.3f respectively',n1,n2); +mprintf('\n (b) Moles of acetone evaporated = %4.3f lb moles',n3); +mprintf('\n (c) Weight of acetone evaporated per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = %3.1f lb',m2); +mprintf('\n (d) Volume of gas leaving per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = %4.0f cu ft',v3); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example5_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (a) Vapor concentration of gases entering and leaving = %4.3f and %4.3f respectively',n1,n2); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (b) Moles of acetone evaporated = %4.3f lb moles',n3); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (c) Weight of acetone evaporated per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = %3.1f lb',m2); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (d) Volume of gas leaving per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = %4.0f cu ft',v3); +mclose(fd); + +//===========================END OF PROGRAM==================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1b23ddc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.5/Chapter5_Example5_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + (a) Vapor concentration of gases entering and leaving = 0.183 and 0.327 respectively + (b) Moles of acetone evaporated = 0.144 lb moles + (c) Weight of acetone evaporated per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = 17.5 lb + (d) Volume of gas leaving per 1000 cu ft of gas entering = 1104 cu ft \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e32eab562 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 6, Page 118 +//Title: Calculation of different concentrations in vaporization process +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = [750 760]; //Given pressure and standard pressure in mm Hg +RH = 0.8; //Relative humidity +PS = [17.5 9.2]; //Vapor pressure of water in mm Hg at 20 degree C and 10 degree C +P_new = 35; //Increased pressure by condensing out some water in psi +V = 1000; //Volume of original wet water in cu ft (basis for calculation in part (c)) +T = [20 0]; //Given temperature and standard temperature in degree C +T_new = 10; //Reduced temperature by condensing out some water in degree C +MW = 18; //Molecular weight of water in lb/lb-mole + +//CALCULATIONS +//Part(a) +PP1 = RH*PS(1); //initial partial pressure of water in mm Hg +MH1 = PP1/(P(1)-PP1); //Initial molal humidity +//Part(b) +PP2 = PS(2); //Final partial pressure of water in mm Hg +P_new1 = 35*(P(2)/14.7); //Final total pressure in mm Hg +MH2 = PP2/(P_new1-PP2); //Final molal humidity +//Part(c) +T1 = T+273; //Given temperature and standard temperature in K +PP3 = P(1)-PP1; //Partial pressure of dry air in mm Hg +PV = V*(PP3/P(2))*(T1(2)/T1(1)); //partial volume of dry air at standard condition in cu ft +n1 = PV/359; //Moles of dry air in lb-moles +n2 = n1*MH1; //lb-mole of water originally present +n3 = n1*MH2; //lb-mole of water finally present +n4 = n2-n3; //lb-mole of water condensed +w1 = n4*MW; //lb of water condensed +//Part(d) +T_new1 = T_new+273; //Final temperature in K +n5 = n1+n3; //Total wet air finally present in lb-moles +v1 = n5*359*(P(2)/P_new1)*(T_new1/T1(2)); //Final volume of wet air in cu ft + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n (a) Initial molal humidity of air = %5.4f',MH1); +mprintf('\n (b) Final molal humidity of air = %5.4f',MH2); +mprintf('\n (c) Amount of water condensed = %4.3f lb',w1); +mprintf('\n (d) Final volume of wet air = %3.0f cu ft',v1); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example6_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (a) Initial molal humidity of air = %5.4f',MH1); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (b) Final molal humidity of air = %5.4f',MH2); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (c) Amount of water condensed = %4.3f lb',w1); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (d) Final volume of wet air = %3.0f cu ft',v1); +mclose(fd); + +//===============================END OF PROGRAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10f9c5210 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.6/Chapter5_Example6_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + (a) Initial molal humidity of air = 0.0190 + (b) Final molal humidity of air = 0.0051 + (c) Amount of water condensed = 0.629 lb + (d) Final volume of wet air = 395 cu ft \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc8a2c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 7, Page 119 +//Title: Calculation of condensation pressure +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +VP = [229.2 89.1]; //Vapour pressure of acetone at 25 degree C and 5 degree C +P = 750; //Pressure of given mixture in mm Hg +w = 90; //Amount of acetone to be condensed; + + +//CALCULATION +n1 = VP(1)/P; //lb moles of acetone present +n2 = 1-n1; //lb moles of flue gases present +n3 = (1-(w/100))*n1; //lb moles of acetone in final mixture +n4 = n2+n3; //lb moles of final mixture of gas +PP = VP(2); //Partial pressure of acetone in final mixture +m = n3*100/n4; //Mole percent of acetone in final mixture +Pf = PP/(m/100); //Final pressure in mm Hg + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n Final pressure after condensation = %.0f mm Hg',Pf); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example7_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Final pressure after condensation = %.0f mm Hg',Pf); +mclose(fd); + +//=========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== + +// Remark: Difference between the nswer given in the textbook (2110 mm Hg) and that computed using scilab code (2114 mm Hg) is due to round off error diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5389ba5df --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.7/Chapter5_Example7_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Final pressure after condensation = 2114 mm Hg \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36a859ad --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 8, Page 123 +//Title: Estimation of humidity and saturation +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +T = [100 85]; //Initial and wet bulb temperature of entering air in degree F +P = 1; //Pressure of entering air in atm +n = 1; //lb-moles of moisture free air +T1 = 492; //Temperature corresponsing to STP in Rankine +T2 = [120 115.3]; //Initial and wet bulb temperature of air in degree F in part(b) +MW = 18; //Molecular weight of water + +//DATA FROM GRAPH +PS = [52 84]; //Percentage saturation at WBT of 85 and 115.3 degree C respectively obtained from Fig 20 Page 122 +MH = [0.037 0.11 ]; //Molal humidity at WBT of 85 and 115.3 degree C respectively obtained from Fig 20 Page 122 +DP = 80.5; //Dew point corresponding to WBT of 85 degree F obtained from Fig 20 Page 122 + + +//CALCULATION +//Part(b) +n1 = n+MH(1); //lb-moles of wet air entering +T3 = T+460; //initial temperature of entering air in Rankine +v = n1*359*(T3(1)/T1); //Volume of wet air entering in cu ft +n2 = MH(2)-MH(1); //lb-moles of water evaporated +w1 = n2*MW; //lb of water evaporated +w2 = w1*1000/v; //lb of water evaporated per 1000 cu ft of entering wet air + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n (a) Molal humidity of the air = %4.3f \n Percentage saturation = %2.0f %%\n Dew point = %3.2f degree F',MH(1),PS(1),DP); +mprintf('\n (b) Percentage saturation of the air leaving the evaporator = %2.0f %% \n weight of the water evaporated = %2.1f lb',PS(2),w2); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example8_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (a) Molal humidity of the air = %4.3f \n Percentage saturation = %2.0f %%\n Dew point = %3.2f degree F',MH(1),PS(1),DP); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (b) Percentage saturation of the air leaving the evaporator = %2.0f %% \n weight of the water evaporated = %2.1f lb',PS(2),w2); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..02693e6fb --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.8/Chapter5_Example8_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + + (a) Molal humidity of the air = 0.037 + Percentage saturation = 52 % + Dew point = 80.50 degree F + (b) Percentage saturation of the air leaving the evaporator = 84 % + weight of the water evaporated = 3.1 lb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9.sce b/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6ddb4c9d --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-5, Illustration 9, Page 124 +//Title: Estimation of dry bulb and wet bulb temperature +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +m = [12.1 0.1 7.6 80.2]; //Composition of CO2, CO, O2, N2 in percentage + +//DATA FROM GRAPH +//Part(a) +T1 = 87; //Wet bulb temperature obtained from Fig 19, Page 120 & Fig 20, 122 +//Part(b) +T2 = 140; //Dry bulb temperature obtained from Fig 19, Page 120 & Fig 20, 122 + +//OUTPUT +// Console output +mprintf('\n (a) Wet bulb temperature = %2.0f degree F \n (b) Dry bulb temperature = %3.0f degree F',T1,T2); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter5_Example9_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n (a) Wet bulb temperature = %2.0f degree F \n (b) Dry bulb temperature = %3.0f degree F',T1,T2); +mclose(fd); + +//=========================END OF PROGRAM====================================== diff --git a/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9_Output.txt b/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b72f90091 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH5/EX5.9/Chapter5_Example9_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + + (a) Wet bulb temperature = 87 degree F + (b) Dry bulb temperature = 140 degree F \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d62429dc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 2, Page 275 +//Title: Calculation of molal heat of vapourization +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +P = [1 8]; //Given pressure in atm +Tb = [56.5 133.1]; //Boiling point of acetone at 1 atm and 8 atm pressure in degree C +TC = 508.7; //Critical temperature of acetone in K +PC = 46.6; //Critical pressure of acetone in atm +Com_fac = [.966 .822]; //(ZG - ZL) value of acetone at 1 and 8 atm respectively from Table 26A, Page 275 +A = 3.0644; //Vapor pressure constant of acetone from Table 8, Page 95 +b = .180; //Vapor pressure constant of acetone from Table 8, Page 95 +R = 1.987; //gas constant in + +//CALCULATION +TB = Tb+273.15; //Boiling point of acetone at 1 atm and 8 atm pressure in K +TR = TB/TC; //reduced temperature of acetone at 1 and 8 atm pressure respectively in degree C +lamda = 2.303*Com_fac*R*TC*A; +lamda1 = 2.303*Com_fac(1)*R*TC*(A+(40*TR(1)^2*(TR(1)-b)*exp(-20*(TR(1)-b)^2))); +lamda2 = 2.303*Com_fac(2)*R*TC*(A+(40*TR(2)^2*(TR(2)-b)*exp(-20*(TR(2)-b)^2))); + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Molal heat of vaporization of acetone at \n 1 atm pressure 8 atm pressure: \n %4.0f cal/g-mole %4.0f cal/g-mole -------from equation (32), Page 275 \n %4.0f cal/g-mole %4.0f cal/g-mole -------from equation (33), page 275',lamda1,lamda2,lamda(1),lamda(2)); + +// File output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example2_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Molal heat of vaporization of acetone at \n 1 atm pressure 8 atm pressure: \n %4.0f cal/g-mole %4.0f cal/g-mole -------from equation (32), Page 275 \n %4.0f cal/g-mole %4.0f cal/g-mole -------from equation (33), Page 275',lamda1,lamda2,lamda(1),lamda(2)); +mclose(fd); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== + +//Remarks +//Difference between the solution computed by scilab and that given in book is due to round off error. The solution computed by scilab matches when the same is computed manually. diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f82819c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.2/Chapter8_Example2_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + + Molal heat of vaporization of acetone at + 1 atm pressure 8 atm pressure: + 7112 cal/g-mole 5878 cal/g-mole -------from equation (32), Page 275 + 6891 cal/g-mole 5864 cal/g-mole -------from equation (33), Page 275 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..888c33113 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 3, Page 278 +//Title: Calculation of heat of vaporization +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +T = 200; //Given temperature in degree F +TC = 232.5; //Critical temperature of Freon 12 in degree F +SRTR = .516; //Heat of vaporization factor of Freon 12 from Table 27, Page 278 + +//CALCULATION +TR = (T+460)/(TC+460); //Reduced temperature of freon 12 at 200 degree F +Lamda_1 = 7707; //Molal heat of vaporization of water at TR=0.951 in BTU per lb-mole obtained from Table page 279 +Lamda_2 = Lamda_1*SRTR; //Heat of vaporization of freon 12 at 200 degree F + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Heat of vaporization of freon 12 at 200 degree F = %4.0f BTU per lb-mole',Lamda_2); + +// File Output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example3_Output.txt','w'); // PRN: File name and path changed NAR +mfprintf(fd,'\n Heat of vaporization of freon 12 at 200 degree F = %4.0f BTU per lb-mole',Lamda_2); +mclose(fd); + +//=================================END OF PROGRAM============================== diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38070c3ae --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.3/Chapter8_Example3_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Heat of vaporization of freon 12 at 200 degree F = 3977 BTU per lb-mole \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..787479ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 4, Page 281 +//Title: Calculation of heat of vaporization +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +Tb = 78; //Normal boiling point of ethyl alcohol in degree C +Tc = 243; //Critical temperature of ethyl alcohol in degree C +T = 180; //Given temperature of ethyl alcohol in degree C +Lamda_1 = 204; //latent heat of vaporisation of ethyl alcohol at normal boiling point in cal per gram + +//CALCULATION +TB = 273.15+Tb; //Normal boiling point of ethyl alcohol in K +TC = 273.15+Tc; //Critical temperature of ethyl alcohol in K +T1 = 273.15+T; //Given temperature of ethyl alcohol in K + +Tr1 = TB/TC; //Reduced temperature with reference to boiling point +Tr2 = T1/TC; //Reduced temperature with reference to temperature at which heat of vaporization is to be estimated +Lamda_2 = Lamda_1*((1-Tr2)/(1-Tr1))^0.38; //Heat of vaporization at given temperature in cal per gram + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Heat of vaporization at a temperature of %3.0f degree C = %3.0f cal per gram',Tb,Lamda_2); + +// File Output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example4_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Heat of vaporization at a temperature of %3.0f degree C = %3.0f cal per gram',Tb,Lamda_2); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30bf68959 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.4/Chapter8_Example4_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Heat of vaporization at a temperature of 180 degree C = 141 cal per gram \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a105fc42 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 5, Page 281 +//Title: Calculation of enthalpy of steam +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +T = [350 32]; //Given and liquid state temperature of steam in degree F +P = 50; //Given pressure in psi +TS = 281; //Saturation temperature of steam at 50 psi in degree F obtained from Table 5 Page 83 +CP1 = 1.006; //Mean specific heat of water between 32-281 degree F in BTU per lb degree F +CP2 = 9.2; //Mean heat capacity of water vapor between 32-281 degree F in BTU per lb-mole degree F +lamda1 = 924; //Latent heat of vaporization of water at 281 degree F in BTU per lb +MW = 18; //Molecular weight of water in lb/lb-mole + +//CALCULATION +lamda2 = (TS-T(2))*CP1; //Enthalpy of liquid water at 281 degree F in BTU per lb +lamda3 = (T(1)-TS)*CP2/MW; //Superheat of vapor in BTU per lb +lamda = lamda1+lamda2+lamda3; //Total enyhalpy in BTU per lb + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Total enthalpy of 1 lb steam = %5.1f BTU per lb',lamda); + +// File Output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example5_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Total enthalpy of 1 lb steam = %5.1f BTU per lb',lamda); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= + +// Remark +// Difference between the solution computed by scilab and that given in book is due to round off error. For instance, enthalpy computed by (281-32)*1.006 should be 250.494 and not 2501. as printed in the textbook. diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bc70dc7f --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.5/Chapter8_Example5_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Total enthalpy of 1 lb steam = 1209.8 BTU per lb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e344102c --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 6, Page 282 +//Title: Calculation of total enthalpy +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +AW = 65.4; //Atomic weight of zinc +T = [1000 0 419 907]; //Given temperature, solid state temperature, melting point and boiling point of zinc in degree C +CP = [0.105 0.109]; //Mean specific heat of solid from 0-419 degree C and liquid from 419-907 degree C in cal per gram degree C obtained from Fig 63, Page 260 +lamda1 = 1660; //Heat of fusion in cal per g-atom obtained from Table 24, Page 272 +CP1 = 4.97; //Molal heat capacity of zinc vapor at constant preesure in cal per g-mole + +//CALCULATION +T1 = T+273; //Given temperature, solid state temperature, melting point and boiling point of zinc in K +lamda2 = T1(4)*(8.75+4.571*log10(T1(4))); //Heat of vaporization at normal boiling point in cal per g-mole +Lamda1 = CP(1)*(T(3)-T(2)); //Heat absorbed by solid in cal per gram +Lamda2 = lamda1/AW; //Heat of fusion in cal per gram +Lamda3 = CP(2)*(T(4)-T(3)); //Heat absorbed by liquid in cal per gram +Lamda4 = lamda2/AW; //Heat of vaporization in cal per gram +Lamda5 = CP1*(T(1)-T(4))/AW; //Heat absorbed by vapor in cal per gram +Lamda = Lamda1+Lamda2+Lamda3+Lamda4+Lamda5; //Total enthalpy in cal per gram + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Total enthalpy of zinc vapor at 1000 degree C = %3.0f cal per gram',Lamda); + +// File Output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example6_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Total enthalpy of zinc vapor at 1000 degree C = %3.0f cal per gram',Lamda); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..395b32efe --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.6/Chapter8_Example6_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Total enthalpy of zinc vapor at 1000 degree C = 541 cal per gram \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7.sce b/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98f908a51 --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//Hougen O.A., Watson K.M., Ragatz R.A., 2004. Chemical process principles Part-1: Material and Energy Balances(II Edition). CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, pp 504 + +//Chapter-8, Illustration 7, Page 283 +//Title: Calculation of total enthalpy +//============================================================================= +clear +clc + +//INPUT +T = [100 32]; //Given temperature and standard temperature of dry air in degree F +MW = [18 29]; //Molecular weight of water and air respectively + +//DATA FROM GRAPH +H = 0.0215; //humidity in terms of lb of water per lb of dry air at given conditions obtained from Fig 20, Page 122 +DP = 79; //Dew point corresponding to above humidity in degree F obtained from Fig 20, Page 122 +CP = [8.02 6.95]; //Molal heat capacities of water vapor between 79-100 degree F and 32-100 degree F in BTU per lb-mole degree F obtained from Fig 62, Page 259 +lamda = 1046; //Heat of vaporization at 79 degree F in BTU per lb obtained from Fig 19, Page 120 + +//CALCULATION +Lamda1 = (T(1)-T(2))*CP(2)/MW(2); //Sensible enthalpy of air in BTU per lb +Lamda2 = (DP-T(2))*H; //Sensible enthalpy of liquid water in BTU per lb +Lamda3 = lamda*H; //Latent heat of water in BTU per lb +Lamda4 = (T(1)-DP)*H*CP(1)/MW(1); //Superheat of water vapor in BTU per lb +Lamda = Lamda1+Lamda2+Lamda3+Lamda4; //Total enthalpy in BTU per lb of dry air + +//OUTPUT +// Console Output +mprintf('\n Total enthalpy of dry air is %2.0f BTU per lb',Lamda); + +// File Output +fd= mopen('.\Chapter8_Example7_Output.txt','w'); +mfprintf(fd,'\n Total enthalpy of dry air is %2.0f BTU per lb',Lamda); +mclose(fd); + +//=============================END OF PROGRMAM================================= diff --git a/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7_Output.txt b/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7_Output.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b8465afba --- /dev/null +++ b/926/CH8/EX8.7/Chapter8_Example7_Output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + + Total enthalpy of dry air is 40 BTU per lb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/965/CH11/EX11.1/1.sci b/965/CH11/EX11.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6ad157f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH11/EX11.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("rate of energy emmission") +A=0.12;//m^2 +T=527+273;// K +sigma=5.67*10^(-8); +Eb=sigma*A*T^4;//W +disp("W",Eb,"The total rate of energy emmision, Eb =") +Ibn=sigma*(T/100)^4/10^(-8);// W/m^2 sr +disp("W/m^2 .sr",Ibn,"Intensity of normal radiation , Ibn =") +lmax=2898/T;//mu.m +disp("mu m",lmax, "Wavelength of maximum monochromatic emmissive power = ") diff --git a/965/CH11/EX11.2/2.sci b/965/CH11/EX11.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d1aac88b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH11/EX11.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("surface temperature of sun") +lmax=0.49;//mu m +T=2898/lmax;//mu.m +disp("K",T, "surface temperature of sun = ") + +sigma=5.67*10^(-8); +Eb=sigma*T^4;//W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",Eb,"The total rate of energy emmision, Eb =") diff --git a/965/CH11/EX11.3/3.sci b/965/CH11/EX11.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b1ef396d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH11/EX11.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("monochromatic emmisive power") +T=2500+273;//K +l=1.2*10^(-6);// m +e=0.9; +sigma=5.67*10^(-8); +C1=3.742*10^(-15);// W m^4/m2 +C2=1.4388*10^(-2);// mK +Elb=(C1*l^(-5))/(exp(C2/(l*T))-1);// W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",Elb,"monochromatic emmisive power at l= 1.2 mu m = ") +lmax=2898/T; +disp("mu m",lmax,"wavelength at which the emission is maximum is") +Elbmax = (1.285*10^(-5))*T^5;// W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2 per meter length",Elbmax,"Maximum emissive power =") +Eb=sigma*T^4;//W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",Eb,"total emissive power =") +Eeb= e*Eb;//W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",Eeb,"Total emissive power with emissivity =") diff --git a/965/CH11/EX11.4/4.sci b/965/CH11/EX11.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63a049e0d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH11/EX11.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Energy emitted by sun") +T=5750;//K +ds=1.4*10^9;//m diameter of sun +de=12.8*10^6;//m diameter of earth +d=15*10^10;//m distance between earth and sun + +rs=ds/2; +re=de/2; +sigma=5.67*10^(-8); +As=4*%pi*rs^2;//m^2 surface area of sun +Eb=sigma*As*T^4;//W +disp("W",Eb,"total energy emitted by sun =") +Eo= Eb/(4*%pi*d^2); +disp("W/m^2",Eo, "Energy received outside earth''s atmosphere =") +Ee=Eo*%pi*re^2; +disp("W/m^2",Ee, "Energy received by earth =") +x=(1-0.42)*Eo// direct energy reaching the earth +y=0.22*x// diffusion rate +z=x+y// total radiation reaching the collector +ap=1.6*1.6*cos(%pi*40/180)// projected area +Es=ap*z; +disp("W",Es,"The energy received by the solar collector =") diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.1/1.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6bf289f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("fracion and pressure") + +Ma=24; +Mb=48; +M=30; +rho=1.2;// kg/m^3 +T=290;// K +C=rho/M;// mole concentration of the mixture +//Ca=C-Cb +//rhoA+rhoB=rho; +//rhoA=Ma*Ca +//rhoB=Mb*Cb +//24*(C-Cb)+48*Cb=rho +Cb=(rho-24*C)/24;//kg mole/m^3 +Ca=C-Cb;//kg mole/m^3 +rhoA=Ma*Ca;// kg/m^3 +rhoB=Mb*Cb;// kg/m^3 +xA=Ca/C; +disp(xA,"mole fraction of A, xA =") +xB=Cb/C; +disp(xB,"mole fraction of B, xB =") +mA=rhoA/rho; +disp(mA,"mole fraction of A, mA =") +mB=rhoB/rho; +disp(mB,"mole fraction of B, mB =") +G=8.314;// kJ/(kgmole*K) +p=rho*G*T/M; +disp("kPa",p,"Total pressure p =") + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.10/10.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.10/10.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..24a1b424e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.10/10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Mass transfer coefficient") +U=6.2;// m/s +d=35/1000;// m +v=15.5*10^(-6);//m^2/s +D=0.82*10^(-5);//m^2/s +Sc=v/D;// Schmidt No. +Re=U*d/v;// Reynolds No. +Sh=0.023*((Re)^0.83)*(Sc)^0.44; +hm=Sh*D/d;// m/s +disp("m/s",hm,"mass transfer coefficient = ") diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.11/11.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.11/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6cc4549b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.11/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("evaporation rate calculation") +U=2.8;// m/s +L=300/1000;//m +rho=1.205;//kg/m^3 +v=15.06*10^(-6);//m^2/s +D=4.166*10^(-5);//m^2/s + +Re=U*L/v;// Reynolds No. +Re +if Re<5*10^5 +disp("flow is laminar") +end +Sc=v/D;// Schmidt No. +Sc +Sh=0.664*((Re)^0.5)*(Sc)^(0.33); +Sh +L=320/1000;//m +hm=Sh*D/L;// m/s +disp("m/s",hm,"mass transfer coefficient = ") +disp("mass transfer based on pressure difference ") +T=15+273;//K +R=287; +hmp=hm/(R*T);// m/s +A=0.32*0.42;//m^2 +pw1=0.017*10^(5); +pw2=0.0068*10^(5); +mw=hmp*A*(pw1-pw2)*3600; +disp("kg/h",mw,"mass diffusion of water =") diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.12/12.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.12/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f7e6175c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.12/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("molar diffusion flux") +D=5.2*10^(-6);// m^2/s +mbl=0.2;//mole of benzene in liquid phase +mbv=0.55;//mole of benzene in vapor phase +pv=0.72;//bar vapor pressure of toulene +p=1;// bar atmospheric pressure +pt1=(1-mbl)*pv;// bar +pt2=(1-mbv)*p;// bar +L=0.35/1000;//m +G=8314;// gas constant +T=105+273;// K +Nt=D*(pt1-pt2)*10^5/(G*L*T);//kg mole/(m^2*s) +disp("kg mole/(m^2*s)",Nt,"molar diffusion flux of toulene Nt =") + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.13/13.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.13/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..686c7ea07 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.13/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("diffusion flux rate") +p=2.5*10^5;// N/m^2 +r1=12/1000;//m +r2=24/1000;//m +T=25+273;//K +R=4160;//J/(kg.K) +D=2.1*10^(-8);// m^2/s +S=0.055*2.5;//m^3/m^3 rubber tubing +V=S; +Ch1=p*V/(R*T);// kg/m^3 of rubber tuning +disp("kg/m^3",Ch1,"at inner surface of pipe Ch1 =") +Ch2=0; +L=1;//m +x=r2-r1;//m +Am=2*3.1416*L*(r2-r1)/log(r2/r1);//m^2 +disp("m^2",Am,"Am =") +m=D*(Ch1-Ch2)*Am/x; +m +disp("kg/s.m",m,"diffusion flux through the cylinder = ") + + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.14/14.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.14/14.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7aae69917 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.14/14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("diffusivity of air") +A=0.5;//m^2 +pi=2.2;// bar +pf=2.18;// bar +T=300;// K +S=0.072;//m^2 +V=0.028;//m^3 +L=10/1000;//m +R=287;// gas constant + +mi=pi*10^5*V/(R*T);//kg +mi +mf=pf*10^5*V/(R*T);//kg +mf +ma=mi-mf;//kg +ma +Na=ma/(6*24*3600)*A;// kg/(s.m^2) +Na +pm=(pi+pf)/2; +S=0.072*pm;//m^3//m^3 of rubber +S +p1=2.19*10^(5); +p2=1*10^(5); +V1=0.1577; +V2=0.072; +Ca1=p1*V1/(R*T);// kg/m^3 +Ca1 +Ca2=p2*V2/(R*T);// kg/m^3 +Ca2 +//Na=D*(Ca1-Ca2)/L; +D=Na*L/(Ca1-Ca2); + +disp("m^2/s",D,"diffusivity = ") + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.15/15.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.15/15.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3aaaefe3e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.15/15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("rate of diffusion") +T=273;// K +D=0.17;// cm^2/s +Ra=82.06;// cm^2atm/(g mole K) +A=1;//m^2 +pA1=90/760;// atm +pA2=20/760;// atm +pB1=1-pA1; +pB2=1-pA2; +pBlm=(pB2-pB1)/log(pB2/pB1); +G=82.06; +L=3.5*10^(-3); +p=1; +Na=(D*A*p/(Ra*T*L))*(pA1-pA2)/pBlm; +disp("gm moles/s",Na,"rate of diffusion =") + + + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.16/16.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.16/16.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca8e3587f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.16/16.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Nitrogen diffusion rate ") +A=1; +T=25+273; +L=12/1000;//m +G=8314;// gas constant +xB=0.2; +Dab=16*10^(-6); +xC=0.1; +Dac=14*10^(-6); +xD=0.7; +Dad=9*10^(-6); +D=1/(xB/Dab+xC/Dac+xD/Dad);//m^2/s +p=1.013; +pN1=0.15;//bar +pN2=0.08;//bar +pM1=p-pN1; +pM2=p-pN2; +Mn=28; +mn=(D*A*Mn*p*10^5/(G*T*L))*log(pM2/pM1) +disp("kg/m^2",mn,"diffusion rate of gaseous mixture =") + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.17/17.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.17/17.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9f1b200c --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.17/17.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time for evaporation") +A=1; +T=25+273; +L=6/1000;//m +G=8314;// gas constant +p=1;// bar +D=0.25*10^(-4);//m^2/s +Mw=18; +W=1.8*10^(-3); +pw1=0.03169;// bar + +//W=0.622*pw2/(p-pw2); +pw2=p/(0.622/W+1) + +mw=(D*A*Mw*p*10^5/(G*T*L))*log((p-pw2)/(p-pw1)); +disp("kg/m^2",mw,"diffusion rate of gaseous mixture =") +d=1.2/1000;//m +M=A*d*1000;//kg +t=M/mw; +disp("h",t/3600,"time required =") + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.2/2.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad749e77e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("composition determination") +T=273+15;// K +G=8314;// kJ/(kgmole*K) +p=1.1*10^(5);// N/m^2 +pO2=0.21*p; +pN2=0.79*p; + +CO2=pO2/(G*T);// kg mole/m^3 +disp("kg mole/m^3",CO2,"molar concentration of O2, CO2 =") +CN2=pN2/(G*T);// kg mole/m^3 +disp("kg mole/m^3",CN2,"molar concentration of N2, CN2 =") + +MO2=32; +MN2=28; + +rhoO2=MO2*CO2;//kg/m^3 +rhoN2=MN2*CN2;//kg/m^3 +disp("kg/m^3",rhoO2,"molar density of O2 rhoO2 =") +disp("kg/m^3",rhoN2,"molar density of N2, rhoN2 =") + +rho=rhoO2+rhoN2; +xO2=rhoO2/rho; +disp(xO2,"mass fraction of O2 xO2 =") +xN2=rhoN2/rho; +disp(xN2,"mass fraction of N2, xN2 =") + +C=CO2+CN2 +mO2=CO2/C; +disp(xO2,"mole fraction of O2, mO2 =") +mN2=CN2/C; +disp(xN2,"mole fraction of N2, mN2 =") + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.3/3.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57df0c2fe --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Diffusion coefficient determination") +MA=17; +MB=29; +Va=26.43;// cm^3/gm mole +Vb=30.6;// cm^3/gm mole + +T=273+27;// K +p=1;// atm + +DAB=0.0043*(T^1.5)*(1/MA+1/MB)^0.5/(p*(Va^(1/3)+Vb^(1/3))^2); +disp("cm^2/s",DAB,"Diffusion coefficient DAB =") + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.4/4.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e087b6eb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Diffusion coefficient determination") +T=273+27;//K +sigA=3.996 ;//Angstrom +eAK=190;//K +MA=44; + +sigB=3.167;//Angstrom +eBK=97;//K +MB=29; + +sigAB=(sigA+sigB)/2;// Angstrom +sigAB +eABK=(eAK*eBK)^0.5; +eABKT=eABK/T; +Kt=1/eABKT; + +Kt=[2 2.1 2.2 2.3] +rho=[1.075 1.057 1.041 1.026] +// By interpolation +rho=1.057-(1.057-1.041)*(2.195-2.1)/(2.2-2.1) +p=1;//atm + +DAB=0.001858*(T^1.5)*(1/MA+1/MB)^0.5/(p*rho*(sigAB)^2); +disp("cm^2/s",DAB,"Diffusion coefficient DAB =") + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.5/5.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ddd3ffc26 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("molar diffusion flux") +L=16/1000;//m +CA1=1.2;// kg mole/m^3 +CA2=0;// kg mole/m^3 +Da=0.248*10^(-12);//m^2/s + +Na= Da*(CA1-CA2)/L;// kg mole /(m^2*s) +disp("kg mole /(m^2*s)",Na,"molar diffusion flux rate, Na =") + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.6/6.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..937ee4c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("molar concentration & flux") +S=0.00145;// kg mole/m^3-bar +p1=2.4;//bar +p2=1;//bar +L=0.3/1000;//m +D=8.6*10^(-8);// m^2/s +Ch1=S*p1;// kg mole/m^3 +Ch2=S*p2;// kg mole/m^3 +disp("kg mole/m^3", Ch1,"Molar concentration of hydrogen Ch1 =") +disp("kg mole/m^3", Ch2,"Molar concentration of hydrogen Ch2 =") +Nh=D*(Ch1-Ch2)/L; +disp("kg mole/m^2*s", Nh,"Molar diffusion flux of hydrogen Nh = *") + + + + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.7/7.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e685c0629 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Mass transfer rate") +L=25;//m +r=3.5/2000;//m +pA1=1.01325*10^5;//atm +pA2=0;//atm +D=0.3*10^(-4);// m^2/s +D=D*3600;// m^2/h +T=27+273;//K +G=8314; +A=3.1416*r*r;//m^2 + +Na=(D*A)/(G*T)*(pA1-pA2)/L; +disp("kg mole/h",Na,"Rate of diffusion Na =") + +MNH3=17; +Mair=29; +NNH3=Na*MNH3; +disp("kg/h",NNH3," mass flow rate of NH3 =") + +Nair=Na*Mair; +disp("kg/h",Nair," mass flow rate of air =") diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.8/8.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95cc9cb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time required for evaporation") +L=15/1000;// m +T=40+273;// K +D=0.25*10^(-4);// m^2/s +pw1=0.07384;// bar +pw2=0; +Mw=18; +A=1; +G=8314; +p=1.0132;// N/m^2 + +mw=(D*A*Mw*p*10^5/(G*T*L))*log((p-pw2)/(p-pw1));//kg/(m^2*s) +disp("kg/(m^2*s)",mw,"mw = ") +M=0.015*1*1000;//kg/m^2 +t=M/(mw*3600); //h +disp("h",t,"time required t = ") diff --git a/965/CH13/EX13.9/9.sci b/965/CH13/EX13.9/9.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..84d292672 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH13/EX13.9/9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time for evaporation") +L=2.8/1000;// m +T=20+273;// K +D=8.3*10^(-6);// m^2/s +A=3.1416*(5.5/2)^2;//m^2 +pb1=0.13;// bar +pb2=0; +Mb=78; +p=1.013;//bar +pa1=p-pb1;//bar +pa2=p-pb2;//bar +G=8314; +rho=880;//kg/m^2 +h=1/1000;//m +mb=(D*A*Mb*p*10^5/(G*T*L))*log((pa2)/(pa1));//kg/s +disp("kg/s",mb,"diffusion rate of benzene mb = ") +M=A*h*rho +t=M/(mb*60); //h +disp("min",t,"time required t = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.10/10.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.10/10.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..813c68a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.10/10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss rate") +L=0.2;//m +t1=300;// degree C +t2=30;// degree C +a=0.3; +b=5*10^(-6); +q= (a+(b/3)*(t1*t1+t1*t2+t2*t2))*(t1-t2)/L;// W/m^2 rate of heat transfer +disp ("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.11/11.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.11/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc5ad899b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.11/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Steady state conduction") +disp("thickness of wall : L") +disp("temperature of surfaces : t1, t2") +disp("relation of variation of thermal conductivity : k= k0*t^2") +disp("i) Expression for heat conduction through wall") +disp("Heat conduction through plane wall is given by Q = -k*A*dt/dx") +disp("Heat conduction through plane wall is given by Q = -k0*t^2*A*dt/dx") +disp("By rearranging and integrating within limits t1 to t2, we get :") +disp("Required expression, Q =k0*A(t1^3-t2^3)/(3*L)") + +disp("ii) Temperature at which mean thermal conductivity be evaluated in order to get the same heat flow by its substitution in simplified Fourier''s equation") +disp("from above equation k0*A(t1^3-t2^3)/(3*L) = km*A(t1-t2)/L") +disp("from above equation k0*A(t1^3-t2^3)/(3*L) = k0*tm^2*A(t1-t2)/L") +disp("thus required temperature is , tm =(((t1^2+t2^2+t1*t2)/3)^0.5") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.12/12.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.12/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da627203f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.12/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("1-D heat flow") +disp("Fourier''s equation: q = -k*dt/dx") +disp("k=k0*(1+at+bt^2)") +disp("q = k0*(1+at+bt^2)*dt/dx") +disp("q.dx = k0*(1+at+bt^2)*dt") +disp("integrating above equation within limits t1 to t2") +disp("the required expression is, q = -k*(t2-t1)*(1+a*(t1+t2)/2+b*(t1^2+t2^2+t1*t2)/3)/L") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.13/13.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.13/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5cc2a4ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.13/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("pipe location distance") +L=1.2;//m thickness of wall +// temperature of wall surfaces +t1= 200;// degree C +t2=60;// degree C +t= 120;// degree C +//k= 0.28*(1+0.036*t);// thermal conductivity relation +// rate of heat transfer Q= km*(A/L)*(t1-t2) +// 0.28*(1+(0.036/2)*(200+60))*(A/1.2)*(200-60)=0.28*(1+(0.036/2)*(200+120))*(A/x)*(200-120) +x=151.42/185.54;//m +disp("m",x,"the distance at which the pipe should be imbedded from hot surface = ") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.14/14.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.14/14.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..05bc8ccae --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.14/14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("steady state flux") +t1=600;// degree C +t3=300;// degree C +La=0.05;//m +Lb=0.1;//m +//kmA=0.05*(1+0.0065*(t1+t2)/2) +//kmB=0.04*(1+0.0075*(t3+t2)/2) +// q= Q/A=(t1-t2)/(La/kmA)=(t2-t3)/(Lb/kmB) +// (600-t2)/(0.05/(0.05*(1+0.0065*(600+t2)/2)))=(t2-300)/(0.1/(0.04*(1+0.0075*(300+t2)/2))) +//t2^2+294.7*t2-426315=0 +t2=(-294.7+(294.7^2+4*426316)^(0.5))/2 +kmA=0.05*(1+0.0065*(t1+t2)/2);// W/(m*C) +disp (kmA,"thermal conductivity of A = ") + q=(t1-t2)/(La/kmA); + disp ("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer = "); + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.15/15.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.15/15.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e326f59fe --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.15/15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature at interface") +La=0.12;//m +Lb=0.6;//m +//kA=0.25*(1+0.0009*t) +kB=0.8;// W/(m*C) +t1=1250;// degree C +tair=40;// degree C +delT=(t1-tair); +//kAm=0.25*(1+0.0009*(t2+1250)/2) +A=1;// area +//RthA= La/(kAm*A); thermal resistivity of fire clay +RthB= Lb/(kB*A); //thermal resistivity of re4d brick +//heat loss for 1 m^2 furnace wall = Q = delT/(RthA+RthB)=(t2-40)/0.8 +//1210/(1/(2.083+0.000937*(1250+t2))+0.75)=(t2-40)/0.8 +//0.000703*(t2^2)+2.505*t2-3287.47 +t2=(-2.505+(2.505^2+4*0.000703*3287.47)^0.5)/(2*0.000703); +disp ("degree C", t2, "temperature t2 = ") +Q=(t2-40)/RthB; +disp ("W",Q,"heat loss = ") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.16/16.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.16/16.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6054d7ded --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.16/16.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat flow rate") +La=0.03;//m +Aa=0.1*0.1;//m^2 +kA= 150;//W/(m*C) +RthA=La/(kA*Aa); +Lb=0.08;//m +Ab=0.1*0.03;//m^2 +kB= 30;//W/(m*C) +RthB=Lb/(kB*Ab); +Lc=0.08;//m +Ac=0.1*0.07;//m^2 +kC= 65;//W/(m*C) +RthC=Lc/(kC*Ac); +Ld=0.05;//m +Ad=0.1*0.1;//m^2 +kD= 50;//W/(m*C) +RthD=Ld/(kD*Ad); +Req=RthB*RthC/(RthB+RthC); +Rtotal=RthA+Req+RthD +t1=400;// degree C +t2=60;// degree C +Q=(t1-t2)/Rtotal; +disp ("W",Q,"heat transfer = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.17/17.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.17/17.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f156db400 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.17/17.sci @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp ("(i)When the layers are glued") +A=1 +kA=0.12;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.02;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.12;//c +La=0.02;//m +RthA=La/(kA*A); +Lb=0.1;//m +RthB=Lb/(kB*A); +Lc=0.02;//m +RthC=Lc/(kC*A); +t1=35;// degree C +t4=20;// degree C +Rtotal=RthA+RthB+RthC; +q=(t1-t4)/Rtotal;//W/m^2 +disp ("W/m^2",q,"heat flow per m^2 area = ") +disp ("(ii)When the layers are joined by steel bolts") +n=4;// number of bolts +dB=0.01 ;//m diameter of bolt +A=3.14*(dB^2)/4;// m^2 +kD=40;//W/(m*C) +RthD=(La+Lb+Lc)/(kD*A);// C/W +Rtotal=(RthA+RthB+RthC)*RthD/(4*(RthA+RthB+RthC)+RthD); +q=(t1-t4)/Rtotal;//W/m^2 +disp ("W/m^2",q,"heat flow per m^2 area = ") + + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.18/18.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.18/18.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a1b3a8eb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.18/18.sci @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("composite wall system") +La=0.12;//m +Aa=1;//m^2 +kA= 14.5;//W/(m*C) +RthA=La/(kA*Aa); + +La1=0.000025;//m +Aa1=0.15;//m^2 +kA1= 14.5;//W/(m*C) +RthA1=La1/(kA1*Aa1); + +Lb=0.12;//m +Ab=1;//m^2 +kB= 210;//W/(m*C) +RthB=Lb/(kB*Ab); + +Lb1=0.000025;//m +Ab1=0.15;//m^2 +kB1= 210;//W/(m*C) +RthB1=Lb1/(kB1*Ab1); + +Lc=0.000025;//m +Ac=0.7;//m^2 +kC=0.032;//W/(m*C) +RthC=Lc/(kC*Ac); + +Req=RthA1*RthB1*RthC/(RthA1*RthC+RthB1*RthA1+RthB1*RthC); + +Rtotal=RthA+Req+RthB +t1=220;// degree C +t2=30;// degree C +Q=(t1-t2)/Rtotal; +disp ("W",Q,"heat transfer = ") +delT=Q*Req; +disp("degree C",delT,"temperature drop in contact") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.19/19.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.19/19.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c8fbba31 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.19/19.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss rate") +L=0.012;// m +Thf=95;// degree C +Tcf=15;// degree C +k=50;// W/(m*C) +hhf=2850;// W/(m^2*C) +hcf=10;// W/(m^2*C) +U=1/(1/hhf+1/hcf+L/k); +q=U*(Thf-Tcf); +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat loss per m^2 of the tank surface area = ") +//q=hcf*(t2-tcf) +t2=q/hcf+Tcf; +disp("degree C",t2,"temperature of the outside surface of the tank = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.2/2.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..60890c9f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer rate") +t1=60;// degree C temperature of inner surface of the wall +t2=35;// degree C temperature of outer surface of the wall +L=0.22;// m thickness of the wall +k=0.51;// W/m*C thermal conductivity of the brick +q = k*(t1-t2)/L ;// = Q/A W/m^2 rate of heat transfer +disp ("W/m^2",q,"the heat transfer rate is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.20/20.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.20/20.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63fb7772a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.20/20.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +Theater=350;// degree C +Tsolution=95;// degree C +xCI=0.025;///m +xenamel=0.8*10^(-3);//m +hsol=5.5*10^(3);//W/(m^2*K) +kCI=50;//W/(m*K) +kenamel=1.05;//W/(m*K) +U=1/(xCI/kCI+xenamel/kenamel+1/hsol); +disp("W/(m*K)",U,"overall heat transfer coefficient U= ") +Q=U*(Theater-Tsolution); +disp("kW/m^2",Q/1000,"rate of heat transfer per unit area = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.21/21.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.21/21.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9ba45054 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.21/21.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("thickness of insulation") +ti=310;// degree C +t0=45;// degree C +//tair=12 to 32 degree C +k=0.036;//W/(m*C) +h0=12;//W/(m^2*C) +//q=Q/A=(ti-tair)/(L/k+1/h0); +//(ti-tair)/(L/k+1/h0)=(t0-tair)/(1/h0); +//L=(k/h0)*(ti-t0)t/(t0-tair) +disp ("thickness of insulation will be large for tair = 32 degree C") +tair=32;// degree C +L=(k/h0)*(ti-t0)/(t0-tair); +disp("mm",L*1000,"thickness of insulation = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.22/22.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.22/22.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e33ce024e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.22/22.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("upper surface temperature") +thf=1020;// temperature of hot gases +L=1.2*10^(-3);// thickness of blade +k=12;//W/(m*C) +A=1;// area +hhf=2750;//W/(m^2*C) heat transfer coefficients +hcf=1400;//W/(m^2*C) heat transfer coefficients +t1=900;// temperature of the upper surface +Q=hhf*A*(thf-t1);//W/m^2 rate of heat transfer per unit area +disp ("W/m^2",Q,"rate of heat transfer per unit area = ") +//Q=k*A*(t1-t2)/L; +t2=t1-(Q*L/(k*A)); +disp("degree C",t2,"t2 is =") +//Q=hcf*A*(t2-tcf) +tcf=t2-(Q/(hcf*A)); +disp("degree C",tcf,"tcf is =") + + + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.23/23.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.23/23.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c15db4cce --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.23/23.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +A=1; +thf=100;// temperature of hot fluid +tcf=25;// temperature of cold fluid +L=4*10^(-3);// thickness of blade +k=95.5;//W/(m*C) +hhf=14500;//W/(m^2*C) heat transfer coefficients +hcf=2250;//W/(m^2*C) heat transfer coefficients +Rthhf=(1/hhf); +Rthcf=(1/hcf); +Rth12=L/k; +Rtotal=Rthhf+Rthcf+Rth12; +q=(thf-tcf)/Rtotal;//W/m^2 rate of heat transfer per unit area +disp ("W/m^2",q,"i)rate of heat transfer per unit area = ") +//Q=U*A*(thf-tcf)/L; +U=q/(A*(thf-tcf)); +disp("W/(m^2*C)",U,"ii)overall heat transfer coefficient =") +//q=delT/Rhfthhf +delThf=q*Rthhf; +disp("degree C",delThf,"temperature drop in vapour film =") +//q=delT12/Rth12 +delT12=q*Rth12; +disp("degree C",delT12,"temperature drop in metal =") +//q=delTcf/Rthcf +delTcf=q*Rthcf; +disp("degree C",delTcf,"temperature drop in water film =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.24/24.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.24/24.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f0678f5ca --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.24/24.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("rate of heat removal") +La=0.003;//m +Lb=0.05;//m +Lc=0.003;//m +kA=46.5;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.046;//W/(m*C) +kC=46.5;//W/(m*C) +h0=11.6;//W/(m^2*C) +hi=14.5;//W/(m^2*C) +t0=25;// degree C temperature +ti=6;// degree C temperature +A=0.5*0.5*2+0.5*1*4; +Q=A*(t0-ti)/(1/h0+La/kA+Lb/kB+Lc/kC+1/hi); +disp("W",Q,"rate of heat removal = ") +//Q=h0*A*(25-t1) +t1=25-Q/(h0*A);// degree C temperature of outer surface +disp ("degree C",t1,"temperature of outer surface of metal sheet= ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.25/25.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.25/25.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e23da513 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.25/25.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat flux calculation") +La=0.2;//m thickness of chrome bricks +Lb=0.1;//m thickness of kaolin bricks +Lc=0.1;//m thickness of masonary bricks +kA=1.25;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.074;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.555;//W/(m*C) +hhf=74;//W/(m^2*C) +thf=1670;// degree C temperature of hot fluid +t4=70;// temperature of outer surafce +q= (thf-t4)/(1/hhf+La/kA+Lb/kB+Lc/kC); +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat flow per m^2 = ") +//q=(thf-t1)/(1/hhf)=(t1-t2)/(La/kA)=(t2-t3)/(Lb/kB) +t1=thf-q/hhf; +disp ("degree C",t1,"temperature t1 = ") +t2=t1-q*La/kA; +disp ("degree C",t2,"temperature t2 = ") +t3=t2-q*Lb/kB; +disp ("degree C",t3,"temperature t3 = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.26/26.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.26/26.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e38dfef --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.26/26.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat removal by refrigeration") +La=0.22;//m thickness of brick wall +Lb=0.09;//m thickness of plastic foam +Lc=0.016;//m thickness of wood +thf=25;// degree C temperature of hot fluid +tcf=-3;// degree C temperature of cold fluid +kA=0.99;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.022;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.17;//W/(m*C) +A=85;//m^2 +hhf=11;//W/(m^2*C) hot fluid +hcf=30;//W/(m^2*C) cold fluid +U=1/(1/hhf+La/kA+Lb/kB+Lc/kC+1/hcf) +Q= U*A*(thf-tcf); +disp("W/m^2",Q,"rate of heat flow per m^2 = ") +//Q=U*A*(thf-t2) +U=1/(1/hhf+La/kA); +t2=thf-Q/(U*A); +disp ("degree C",t2,"temperature of inside surface of brick t2 = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.27/27.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.27/27.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d986c639 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.27/27.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("thickness of layer") +L=0.55;//m +kA=2.3;//W/(m*K) +kB=0.2;//W/(m*K) +thf=900;// degree C +t2=520;// degree C +hhf=230;//W/(m^2*C) +hcf=46;//W/(m^2*C) +tcf=30;// degree C +//q=(thf-t2)/(1/hhf+La/kA)=(t2-tcf)/(1/hcf+(0.55-La)/kB) +La=1051.13/2113;//m +Lb=L-La;//m +disp ("mm",La*10^3,"La=") +disp ("mm",Lb*10^3,"Lb=") +q=(thf-t2)/(1/hhf+La/kA); +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.28/28.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.28/28.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e6100f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.28/28.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer flux") +L=0.2;//m +t1=1350;// degree C +tcf=40;// degree C +k=1.35;// W/(m*C) +//q=(t1-t2)/(L/k)=(t2-tcf)/(1/h) +//(1350-t2)/(0.2/1.35)=(t2-40)*(7.85+0.08*(t2-40)) +//t2^2+102.5*t2-116231=0 +t2=(-102.5+(102.5^2+4*116231)^0.5)/2; +q=(t1-t2)/(L/k); +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.29/29.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.29/29.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3959570a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.29/29.sci @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("interface temperature") +La=0.12;//m +Lb=0.12;//m +Lc=0.012;//m + +hcf=18;//W/(m^2*C) + +kA=1.6;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.3;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.14;//W/(m*C) + +Rair=0.16;//K/W + +thf=1090;// degree C temperature +tcf=20;// degree C temperature + +Rtotal =(La/kA)+Rair+(Lb/kB)+(Lc/kC)+1/hcf + +q=(thf-tcf)/Rtotal; + +disp("W",q,"rate of heat flow per m^2 surface area = ") + + +//q=(thf-t2)/(La/kA) +t2=thf-q*(La/kA); +disp ("degree C",t2,"t2 = ") + +//q=(t2-t3)/(Rair) +t3=t2-q*(Rair); +disp ("degree C",t3,"t3 = ") + +//q=(t3-t4)/(Lb/B) +t4=t3-q*(Lb/kB); +disp ("degree C",t4,"t4= ") + + +//q=(t4-t5)/(Lc/kC) +t5=t4-q*(Lc/kC); +disp ("degree C",t5,"t5 = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.3/3.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1690409e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Net heat flux") +t1=100;// degree C temperature of one surface of the slab +t2=0;// degree C temperature of another surface of the slab +L=0.25;// m thickness of the wall +k=387.6;// W/(m*K) thermal conductivity of the brick +q = k*(t1-t2)/L ;// = Q/A W/m^2 rate of heat transfer +disp ("W/m^2",q,"the heat transfer rate is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.30/30.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.30/30.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f950e74b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.30/30.sci @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("unknown thermal conductivity") +La=250/1000;//m +Lb=100/1000;//m +Lc=150/1000;//m + +hhf=25;//W/(m^2*C) +hcf=12;//W/(m^2*C) + +kA=1.65;//W/(m*C) +kC=9.2;//W/(m*C) + + +thf=1250;// degree C temperature +t1=1100;// degree C temperature + +q=(thf-t1)*hhf;//W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer = ") +//q=(delT)/Rtotal; + +//Rtotal =(La/kA)+1/hhf+(Lb/kB)+(Lc/kC)+1/hcf; +//3750(0.289+0.1/kB)=1225; +kB=0.1/0.0355; +disp("W/(m*C)",kB,"thermal conductivity = ") + +Rtotal =(La/kA)+1/hhf+(Lb/kB)+(Lc/kC)+1/hcf; +U=1/(Rtotal); +disp("W/(m^2*C)",U,"overall heat transfer coefficient = ") + +//q=(tcf-t2)/(La/kA) +t2=t1-q*(La/kA); +disp ("degree C",t2,"t2 = ") + +//q=(t2-t3)/(Lb/kB) +t3=t2-q*(Lb/kB); +disp ("degree C",t3,"t3 = ") + +//q=(t3-t4)/(Lc/kC) +t4=t3-q*(Lc/kC); +disp ("degree C",t4,"t4 = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.31/31.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.31/31.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95e5e0992 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.31/31.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Maximum system temperature") +La=0.02;//m +Lb=0.01;//m +kA=50;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.2;//W/(m*C) +h1=200;//W/(m^2*C) +h2=50;//W/(m^2*C) +A=0.15*0.15;//m^2 +A +Q=1000;//W rating of heater +Q +ta=25;// degree C +//Q=A*(Tmax-ta)*(1/(La/kA+1/h1)+1/(Lb/kB+1/h2)) +Tmax=Q/(A*(1/(La/kA+1/h1)+1/(Lb/kB+1/h2)))+ta; +disp("degree C",Tmax,"Tmax =") + +disp("To find outer surface temperature of two slabs") +//QA=kA*A*(tmax-t1)/La=h1*A*(t1-ta) +t1=249.8/1.08; +disp("degree C",t1,"temperature t1 =") +//QB=kB*A*(tmax-t2)/La=h2*A*(t2-ta) +t2=310.3/3.5; +disp("degree C",t2,"temperature t2 =") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.32/32.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.32/32.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..150420d62 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.32/32.sci @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("thickness of layer") +La=0.25;//m +//kA=0.28*(1+0.000833*t);//W/(m*C) +//kB=0.113*(1+0.000206*t);//W/(m*C) +hhf=30;//W/(m^2*C) +hcf=10;//W/(m^2*C) +thf=1300;// degree C +tcf=30;// degree C +q=750;// W/m^2 loss of heat to the surroundings + +//q=(thf-t1)/(1/hhf)=(t3-tcf)/(1/hcf)=(t1-t2)/(La/kmA)=(t2-t3)/(Lb/kmB) +//kmA=0.28*(1+0.000833*(t1+t2)/2);//W/(m*C) +//kmB=0.113*(1+0.000206*(t2+t3)/2);//W/(m*C) + +t1=thf-q*(1/hhf);// degree C +disp("degree C",t1,"t1=") + +t3=tcf+q*(1/hcf);// degree C +disp("degree C",t3,"t3=") + +//(t3-tcf)*hcf=kmA*(t1-t2)/La +//(t3-tcf)*hcf=0.28*(1+0.000833*(t1+t2)/2)*(t1-t2)/La +//-0.0004165*(t2^2)+t2-1282.5=0 +X=4*0.0004165*1282.5; +Y=(1+X)^0.5; +Z=(-1+Y)/(2*0.0004165); +t2=Z; +//t2=(-1+(1+4*0.0004165*1282.5)*0.5)/(2*0.0004165); +disp("degree C",Z,"t2 =") + +t=(t1+t2)/2 +kmA=0.28*(1+0.000833*(t1+t2)/2);//W/(m*C) +disp("W/(m*C)",kmA,"kmA =") +kmB=0.113*(1+(0.000206/2)*(t2+t3));//W/(m*C) +disp("W/(m*C)",kmB,"kmB =") + +//kmA*(t1-t2)/La=kmB*(t2-t3)/Lb +Lb=(kmB/kmA)*La*(t2-t3)/(t1-t2); +disp("mm",Lb*1000,"Lb = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.33/33.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.33/33.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dfc0162f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.33/33.sci @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature profile in furnace") +thf=810;// degree C +t1=808;// degree C +t2=777;// degree C +t3=78.5;// degree C +t4=78.4;// degree C +tcf=26;// degree C +La=6.5/100;//m +Lb=12/100;//m +Lc=0.65/100;//m +kA=1.13;// W/(m*C) +efb=0.82; +sigma=5.67*10^(-8);// W/(m^2*K^4) +disp("i)rate of heat transfer per unit area of furnace wall") +//q=qhf=qA=qB=qC=qcf +q=(t1-t2)/(La/kA);// W/(m^2) +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer per unit area of furnace wall, q = ") +qA=q;// W/(m^2) + +disp("ii)Thermal conductivities of block insulation kB and kC") +kB=q*Lb/(t2-t3);// W/(m*C) +disp("W/(m*C)",kB,"Thermal conductivity of block insulation, kB =") + +kC=q*Lc/(t3-t4);// W/(m*C) +disp("W/(m*C)",kC,"Thermal conductivity of block insulation, kC =") + +ho=q/(t4-tcf); +disp("W/(m^2*C)",ho,"Combined convective and radiative heat transfer coefficient on the outside surface =") +qrad=efb*sigma*((thf+273)^4-(t1+273)^4); +disp("W/m^2",qrad,"Heat exchange by radiation = ") +//q=qrad+qconv +qconv=q-qrad +disp("W/(m^2*C)") +hi=qconv/(thf-t1); +disp("W/(m^2*C)",hi,"convectiv heat transfer coefficient for the inside surface of furnace wall hconv =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.34/34.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.34/34.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6dd6c1fa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.34/34.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +La=0.22;//m +Lb=0.22;//m +kA=3.5;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.65;// W/(m*C) +thf=1300;// degree C +tcf=40;// degree C +hconvi=16.4;//W/(m^2*C) +hconvo=11.5;//W/(m^2*C) +hradi=17.5;//W/(m^2*C) +hrado=7.2;//W/(m^2*C) +//q= qconvi+qradi=qA+qB=qconvo+qrado +//q=delT/Rtotal=(thf-tcf)/Rtotal +hi=hconvi+hradi; +ho=hconvo+hrado; +Rtotal=1/hi+1/ho+La/kA+Lb/kB; +q=(thf-tcf)/Rtotal;// W +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat transfer through wall are unit area =") +//q=hi*(thf-t1)=(t1-t2)/(La/kA) +t1=thf-q/hi;// degree C +t2=t1-q*(La/kA);// degree C +disp ("degree C",t2,"maximum temperature to which common brick is subjected t2 =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.35/35.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.35/35.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3980db2aa --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.35/35.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss per length") +r1=10*10^(-3);//m +r2=20*10^(-3);//m +r3=(20+30)*10^(-3);//m +t1=600;// degree C +t3=1000;// degree C +kB=0.2;// W/(m*C) +Ql=2*3.1416*(t1-t3)/((log (r3/r2))/kB); +disp("W/m",Ql,"heat transfer per unit length = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.36/36.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.36/36.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5254b8d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.36/36.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("interface temperature calculation") +r1=25;//mm +r2=r1+6.4;//mm +r3=r2+25;//mm +t1=393;// degree K +t3=311;// degree K +kA=0.166;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.0485;// W/(m*C) +Ql=2*3.1416*(t1-t3)/((log (r3/r2))/kB+(log (r2/r1))/kA); +disp("W/m",Ql,"heat transfer per unit length = ") +//Ql=2*3.1416*(t1-t2)/((ln (r2/r1))/kA; +t2=t1-Ql*((log (r2/r1))/kA)/(2*3.146); +disp("degree C",t2-273,"interface temperature between asbestos and fibre glass =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.37/37.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.37/37.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..828d84214 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.37/37.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("thermal conductivity of gas") + rt=10^(-3);//m inside radius of tube + L=0.25;//m length of tube + rw=0.025*10^(-3);// m radius of electric wire + tt=150;// degree C inside tube temperature + tw=175;// degree C wire temperature + I=0.5;// A current through element + V=4;// V voltage across element + Q=V*I;// W + disp("W",Q,"heat transfer rate =") + //Q=2*3.1416*L*k*(tw-tt)/log(rt/rw) + X=(2*3.1416*L*(tw-tt)/log(rt/rw)) + k=Q/X;// thermal conductivity of the gas + disp("W/(m*C)",k,"thermal conductivity of the gas =") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.38/38.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.38/38.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15dea1f31 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.38/38.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("minimum thickness of insulation") +r1=25*10^(-3);//m +r2=(55/2)*10^(-3);//m +t2=300;// degree C +t3=100;// degree C +kA=20;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.02;// W/(m*C) +Ql=600;// W/m +//Ql=2*3.1416*(t2-t3)/((log (r3/r2))/kB); +X=2*3.1416*(t2-t3)*kB; +Y=X/Ql; +r3=r2*exp(Y); +//r3=r2*exp((Ql/kB)/(2*3.14*(t2-t3))); +r3 = 0.1*ceil(r3*10000) +disp("mm",r3,"radius =") +t = r3-r2*1000 +r1 = r1*1000; +r2 = r2*1000; +disp("mm",t,"minimum thickness of insulation required t =") +//Ql=2*3.1416*(t1-t2)/((log (r2/r1))/kA); +t1=Ql*(log (r2/r1)/kA)/(2*3.1416)+t2; +disp("degree C",t1,"temperature of inside surface of pipe =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.39/39.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.39/39.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11dad8cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.39/39.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss in pipe") +ri=0.04;//m inner radius of pipe +ro=0.05;//m outer radius of pipe +ti=160;// degree C temperature of hot gases +to=25;// degree C temperature of space in which the pipe is located +k=180;// W/(m*C) +L=1;//m + +Q=(ti-to)/(log(ro/ri)/(2*3.1416*k*L)) +disp("W/m",Q,"the heat loss through pipe per unit length =") + +r=(ri+ro)/2;//m midway between inner and outer surfaces +r +disp("m") +R=(log(r/ri))/(2*3.1416*k) +t=ti-Q*R; +disp("degree C",t,"temperature at a point halfway inner radius of pipe =") + +Am=2*3.1416*L*(ro-ri)/log(ro/ri);//m^2 +disp("m^2",Am,"equivalent log-mean area =") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.4/4.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5125628de --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thickness of brick") +t1=1325;// degree C +t2=1200;// degree C +t3=25 ;// degree C +L=0.32;// m +kA=0.84 ;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.16 ;// W/(m*C) +// q = (t1-t3)/(La/kA +Lb/kB) = (t1-t2)/(La/kA)=(t2-t3)/(Lb/kB) +//(1325-25)/(La/0.84+Lb/0.16)=(1325-1200)/(La/0.84) +//(1325-25)/(La/0.84+(L-La)/0.16)=(1325-1200)/(La/0.84) +//1300/(1.19La+2-6.25La)=105/La +La=210/(1300+531.3);//m +Lb=L-La;//m +disp("mm",Lb*1000,"thickness of insulation is = ") +q=(t1-t2)/(La/kA);// W/m*m +disp("W/m^2",q,"heat loss per unit area is = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.40/40.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.40/40.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e499875ed --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.40/40.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss per hour") +r1=120;//mm +r2=r1+50;//mm +r3=r2+40;//mm +kA=0.092;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.062;//W/(m*C) +t1=390;// degree C +t3=40;// degree C +L=210;//m +Q1=2*3.1416*L*(t1-t3)/((log(r2/r1))/kA+(log (r3/r2))/kB); +Q=(3600/1000)*2*3.1416*L*(t1-t3)/((log(r2/r1))/kA+(log (r3/r2))/kB); +disp("kJ/hr",Q,"total heat loss per hour =") +X=2*3.1416*r1*L +qp=Q*1000/X; +disp("kJ/(m^2*hr)",qp,"total heat loss per m^2 of pipe surface =") + +qo=Q*1000/(2*3.1416*r3*L); +disp("kJ/(m^2*hr)",qo,"total heat loss per m^2 of outer surface =") + +//Q=2*3.1416*L(t1-t2)/(log(r2/r1)/kA) +t2=t1-Q1/(2*3.1416*L/(log(r2/r1)/kA)); +disp ("degree C",t2,"temperature between two layers =") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.41/41.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.41/41.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..66b08869b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.41/41.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss per hour") +r1=120/2;// mm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+45;//mm radius of layer 1 +r3=r2+30;//mm radius of layer 2 +kA=0.08;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.12;// W/(m*C) +t3=25;// degree C +L=30;//m length of pipe +tsat=212.4;// degree c saturation temperature at pressure of 20 bar(from steam tables) +t1=tsat+50;// temperature of steam + +Q1=2*3.146*L*(t1-t3)/((log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB); +Q=Q1*3600/1000; +disp("W/m",Q,"heat transfer per hour = ") + +//Q1=2*3.14*L*(t1-t2)/((ln (r2/r1))/kA +X=Q1*((log (r2/r1))/kA)/(2*3.146*L); +t2=t1-X; +disp ("degree C",t2,"interface temperature of lagging =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.42/42.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.42/42.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5908c9eb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.42/42.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("minimum thickness") +r1=80/2;//mm +k=0.2;// W/(m*C) +L=25;//m +t2=25;// degree C +tsat=217.2;// degree C corresponding to 22 bar pressure +t1=tsat; +hfg=1868.1;// kJ/kg from steam tables +dfi=0.99;// dryness factor of entering steam +dfo=0.97;// dryness factor of outgoing steam + +Q=(dfi-dfo)*hfg;// heat loss per kg of steam passing through the pipe +Qloss=Q*800/3600;//total heat loss through the pipe per second +disp("W",Qloss*1000,"total heat loss through the pipe per second") + +//Qloss=2*3.1416*L*k*(t1-t2)/1og (r2/r1); +X=2*3.1416*L*(t1-t2)*k +r2=r1*exp(X/(Qloss*1000)) +t=r2-r1; +disp("mm",t,"mimimum thickness of insulation =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.43/43.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.43/43.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d255f7175 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.43/43.sci @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss per meter") +r1=150/2;//mm inner radius of a steam pipe +r2=160/2;//mm layer 1 radius of a steam pipe +r3=r2+30;// mm layer 2 radius of steam pipe +r4=r3+50;// mm outer radius of pipe +t1=320;// degree C +t4=40;// degree C +kA=58;//W/(m*C) +kB=0.18;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.09;//W/(m*C) + +Q=2*3.1416*(t1-t4)/(log (r2/r1)/kA+log (r3/r2)/kB+log (r4/r3)/kC); +disp("W",Q,"heat lost per meter =") + +//Q=2*3.1416*(t1-t2)/(log (r2/r1)/kA); +X=2*3.1416/(log (r2/r1)/kA); +t2=t1-Q/X; +disp("degree C",t2,"temperature t2 =") + +//Q=2*3.1416*(t2-t3)/(log (r3/r2)/kB); +X=2*3.1416/(log (r3/r2)/kB); +t3=t2-Q/X; +disp("degree C",t3,"temperature t3 =") + +hsteam=2703;//kJ/kg total heat pf steam when it is saturated at 320 degree C +m=0.32;//kg/min +Qsteam=m*hsteam-Q*60/1000;// kJ/min +disp("kJ/min",Qsteam,"steam carried by steam per minute after losing heat in the pipe = ") + +//Qsteam=m*(hf+x*hfg) +hf=1463;//kJ/kg +hfg=1240;//kJ/kg +x=((Qsteam/m)-hf)/hfg; +disp(x,"amount of steam coming out of one meter pipe =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.44/44.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.44/44.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..476173e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.44/44.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat flow per meter") +disp("k = a+b*T+c*T^2") +disp("consider Hollow ring with radius r and thickness dr of a hollow cylinder.") +disp(" heat flow across the ring per unit length is Q = -k*Ar*dT/dr = -k*2*%pi*r*dT/dr") +disp("Q*dr/r = -2*%pi*(a+b*T+c*T^2)*dT") +disp("integrating from inner to outer radiu2*s we get") +disp("Q = 2*%pi*(T1-T2)*(a+b(T1+T2)/2+c*(T1^2+T1*T2+T2^2)/3)/(log(r2/r1)") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.45/45.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.45/45.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e3ecb5a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.45/45.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat storage rate") +r1=0.3;//m inner radius of cylinder +r2=0.5;//m outer radius of cylinder +k=58;// W/(m*C) +a=0.004;//m^2/h +//T=800+1000*r-5000*r*r +//gradT=1000-10000*r +//Q=-k*A1*gradT; +A1=2*3.1416*r1; +gradT1=1000-10000*r1 +Q1=-k*A1*gradT1;//rate of heat flow at inside surface per unit length +disp("W/m",Q1,"rate of heat transfer (in outward direction) =") + +A2=2*3.1416*r2; +gradT2=1000-10000*r2 +Q2=-k*A2*gradT2;//rate of heat flow at outer surface per unit length +disp("W/m",Q2,"rate of heat transfer (in outward direction) =") + +Q=Q1-Q2 +disp("W/m",Q,"rate of heat storage per unit length") + +//gradTtau=a*(1000/r-20000); +gradTtau1=a*(1000/r1-20000);// rate of change of temperature at the inner surface +gradTtau2=a*(1000/r2-20000);// rate of change of temperature at the outer surface + +disp("degree C/h",gradTtau1,"rate of change of temperature at the inner surface") +disp("degree C/h",gradTtau2,"rate of change of temperature at the outer surface") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.46/46.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.46/46.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68e0ec7f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.46/46.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat flow per length") +r1=110;//mm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+50;//mm outer radius of insulation +//k=0.06(1+0.0018*t);// W/(m*C) +ti=280;// degree C +to=50;// degree C + +km=0.06*(1+(0.0018/2)*(ti+to)); +km +Q=2*3.1416*km*(ti-to)/(log (r2/r1)); +disp("W/m",Q,"heat transfer per unit length = ") + +// to calcuate the temperature at the mid thickness +//Q=2*3.1416*k*(ti-tmt)/((ln (rmt/r1)); +rmt=(r1+r2)/2; +//k=0.06(1+0.0018*(t1+tmt)/2) +//Q=2*3.1416*0.06(1+0.0018*(t1+tmt)/2)*(ti-tmt)/((ln (rmt/r1)) +//0.0009*tmt^2+tmt-187.56 +tmt=(-1+(1+4*0.0009*187.56)^0.5)/(2*0.0009); +disp("degree C",tmt,"The temperature at the mid thickness =") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.47/47.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.47/47.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3af270325 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.47/47.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("i) When better insulation inside") +r1=30/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+20;//mm outer radius of insulation1 +r3=r2+20;//mm outer radius of insulation2 +//kB=5*kA// W/(m*C) +//t1 degree C +//t3 degree C + +//Q1=2*3.1416*L*(t1-t3)/((log (r2/r1))/kA+(log (r3/r2))/(5*kA)); +//Q1=1.0662*2*3.1416*L*kA*(t1-t3) +disp("heat transfer rate Q1=1.0662*2*3.1416*L*kA*(t1-t3) W ") + +disp("ii) When better insulation outside") + +//Q2=2*3.1416*L*(t1-t3)/((log (r2/r1))/(5*kA)+(log (r3/r2))/kA) +//Q2=1.609*2*3.1416*L*kA*(t1-t3) +//Q2/Q1=(1.609*2*3.1416*L*kA*(t1-t3))/(1.0662*2*3.1416*L*kA*(t1-t3))=1.509 +disp("Q2>Q1 hence putting better insulation next to the pipe decreases heat flow") +//percent decrease in heat transfer=(Q2-Q1)/Q1=Q2/Q1-1 +A=1.509;//Q2/Q1 +disp("%",(A-1)*100,"percent decrease in heat transfer = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.48/48.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.48/48.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5bfe72381 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.48/48.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; + +disp("rate of heat loss") + +r1=60;//mm radius of pipe +r2=r1+60;//mm radius of insulation1 +r3=r2+40;//mm radius of insulation2 +kA=0.24;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.4;// W/(m*C) +thf=65;// degree C +tcf=20;// degree C +hhf=60;// W/(m^2*C) +hcf=12;// W/(m^2*C) +L=60;// + +Q=2*3.1416*L*(thf-tcf)/(1/(hhf*r1*10^(-3))+(log (r2/r1))/kA+(log (r3/r2))/kB+1/(hcf*r3*10^(-3))); + +disp("W",Q,"rate of heat loss Q = ") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.49/49.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.49/49.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08c3b72ed --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.49/49.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; + +disp("to find rate of heat loss per unit length") + +r1=1;//cm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+0.2;//mm outer radius of insulation1 +r3=r2+2;//mm outer radius of insulation2 +kA=46;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.05;// W/(m*C) +thf=200;// degree C +tcf=30;// degree C +hhf=10;// W/(m^2*C) +hcf=5;// W/(m^2*C) +disp ("Q=Ai*Ui*delT") +//Ai=2*3.1416*r1*L +Ai=2*3.1416*r1;//m area per unit length +delT=(thf-tcf); +Ui=1/(1/hhf+(r1*10^(-2)*(log (r2/r1))/kA)+(r1*10^(-2)*(log (r3/r2))/kB)+(r1/r3)/hcf); +disp("W/(m^2*C)",Ui,"over all heat transfer coefficient Ui = ") +Ql=Ai*delT*Ui*10^(-2); +disp("W",Ql,"rate of heat loss per unit length Ql = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.5/5.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67ee2306b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss rate") +La=0.12;//m +Lb=0.24;//m +kA=1.7;// W/(m*C) +kB=5.8;// W/(m*C) +Rcont=0.0035;// C/W +t1= 725;// degree C +t4=110;// degree C +RthA=La/kA;// C/W +RthB=Lb/kB;// C/W +Rth= RthA+Rcont+RthB;// C/W +q= (t1-t4)/Rth;// W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",q,"rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall is =") +// q= (t1-t2)/RthA= (t3-t4)/RthB +t2=t1-q*RthA;// degree C +t3=q*RthB+t4;// degree C +disp ("degree C",t2-t3,"the temperature drop is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.50/50.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.50/50.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ea452543 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.50/50.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("case 1:to find rate of heat transfer per unit length") +r1=100/2;//mm inner radius of pipe +r2=120/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +kA=185;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +thf=110;// degree C +tcf=30;// degree C +hcf=15;// W/(m^2*C) + +Ql=2*3.1416*(thf-tcf)/((log(r2/r1))/kA+1000/(hcf*r2)); + +disp("W",Ql,"rate of heat transfer per unit length Ql = ") + +disp("case 2:to find rate of heat transfer per unit length") + +r3=r2+50;//mm insulation radius +kA=185;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +kB=0.2;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of insulation material +thf=110;// degree C +tcf=30;// degree C + +hcf=15;// W/(m^2*C) + +Ql=2*3.1416*(thf-tcf)/((log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB+1000/(hcf*r3)); + +disp("W",Ql,"rate of heat transfer per unit length of pipe Ql = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.51/51.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.51/51.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffc5e83b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.51/51.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("case 1:to find out thickness of insulation") +r1=120/2;//mm inner radius of pipe +r2=160/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +kA=42;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +kB=0.8;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of insulation material +thf=150;// degree C +tcf=20;// degree C +hcf=100;// W/(m^2*C) +hcf=30;// W/(m^2*C) +r=150/2;//mm mean radius +//A=2*3.1416*r*L area for heat transfer +//Q=2.1*2*3.1416*r*L +//Q=2*3.1416*L*(thf-tcf)/(1000/(hhf*r1)+(log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB+1000/(hcf*r3)); +//2.1*2*3.1416*r*L = 2*3.1416*L*(thf-tcf)/(1000/(hhf*r1)+(log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB+1000/(hcf*r3)) +//2.1*r = (thf-tcf)/(1000/(hhf*r1)+(log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB+1000/(hcf*r3)) +//(log(r3/r2))/kB+1/(30*r3)=0.6524 +//1.25*log(r3/r2)+1/(30*r3)=0.6524 +// By trial and error r3=0.105m= 105mm +disp(" By trial and error, r3=0.105m= 105mm ") +r3=105;//mm +t=r3-r2; + +disp("m",t,"Thickness of insulation t =") + + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.52/52.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.52/52.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d1c40e33a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.52/52.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("case 1:Without extra layer of lagging") +r1=160/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+40;//mm outer radius of layer 1 +kA=0.8;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +ho=10;// W/(m^2*C) +//ts= temperature of steam +//ta=temperature of air +L=1;//m length of pipe + +//Q1=2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/(1000/(ho*r2)+(log(r2/r1))/kA)); +//Q1=2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/1.34; +disp("Without extra layer of lagging Q1 = 2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/1.34") + +disp("case 1:With extra layer of lagging") +r3=r2+40;//mm outer radius of layer 2 +kB=1.2;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of insulation material +ho=10;// W/(m^2*C) + +//Q2=2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/(1000/(ho*r3)+(log(r2/r1))/kA)+(log(r3/r2))/kB)); +//Q2=2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/1.343; +disp("With extra layer of lagging Q2 = 2*3.1416*(ts-ta)/1.343") +//(Q2-Q1)/Q1=0.00223 +t=0.00223*100; +disp("%",t,"percentage decrease in heat flow due to extra addition of insulation =" ) + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.53/53.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.53/53.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc8f12ec9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.53/53.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("case 1:Without extra layer of lagging") +r1=70/2;//mm inner radius of pipe +r2=85/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +r3=r2+35;//mm radius of insulation layer 1 +r4=r3+25;//mm radius of insulation layer 2 +L=50;//m +kA=45;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +kB=0.15;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of layer 1 +kC=0.075;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of layer 2 +hhf=220;// W/(m^2*C) +hcf=6.5;// W/(m^2*C) +ts= 350;// degree Ctemperature of steam +ta=30;// ambient temperature + +Q=2*3.1416*L*(ts-ta)/(1000/(hhf*r1)+(log(r2/r1))/kA+(log(r3/r2))/kB+(log(r4/r3))/kC+1000/(hcf*r4)); +disp("W",Q,"Loss of heat") + +disp("To find overall heat transfer coefficients Ui,Uo") +//Q=Uo*Ao*delT=Ui*Ai*delT +delT=ts-ta; +Ao=2*3.1416*r4*10^(-3)*L;//m^2 +Ai=2*3.1416*r1*10^(-3)*L;//m^2 +Ui=Q/(Ai*delT);//W/(m^2*C) +Uo=Q/(Ao*delT);//W/(m^2*C) +disp("W/(m^2*C)",Uo,"overall heat transfer coefficient Uo = ") +disp("W/(m^2*C)",Ui,"overall heat transfer coefficient Ui = ") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.54/54.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.54/54.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e91304f7a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.54/54.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; + +disp("case 1:single layer of insulation") + +r1=90/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +r2=r1+45;//mm outer radius of insulation 1 +kA=0.05;// W/(m*C) +ho=8.4;// W/(m^2*C) +RthA=(log(r2/r1))/(kA*2*3.1416); +Rthconv=1000/(ho*r2*2*3.1416); +Rth=RthA+Rthconv; +disp("C/W per meter length",Rth,"total thermal resistance per meter length =") + +disp("case 1:Two layers of insulation") + +kB=0.07;// W/(m*C) +//Rthconv=1000/(ho*r3*2*3.1416); +//RthB=log(r3/r2))/(kB*2*3.1416) +//Rth=RthA+Rthconv+RthB +//Rth=2.206+2.274*(log(r3/0.09))+0.019/r3; +//2.206+2.274*(log(r3/0.09))+0.019/r3=2*RthA +disp("By trial and error,r3 =275 mm") +r3=275;//mm +t=r3-r2; +disp("mm",t,"Thickness of insulation t =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.55/55.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.55/55.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a577e9e36 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.55/55.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("To find area of superheater") +r1=35/2;//mm inner radius of pipe +r2=45/2;//mm outer radius of pipe +kA=38.5;// W/(m*C) thermal conductivity of pipe material +ho=82;// W/(m^2*C) +hi=1120;// W/(m^2*C) +to= 920;// degree C +Cps=192;//kJ/(kg*C) +ms=55;//kg +tsup=480;// degree C +tsat=324.6;// degree C +ti=(tsup+tsat)/2; +Q=ms*Cps*(tsup-tsat);//kJ/s +//Q=2*3.1416*L*(to-ti)/(1000/(ho*r2)+(log(r2/r1))/k+1000/(hi*r1)); +L=(16410.24*10^(3))/5425.8 +disp("m") +A=2*3.1416*r2*L/1000; +disp("m^2",A,"Outer surface area of superheater = ") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.56/56.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.56/56.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8edbdbb5b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.56/56.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss rate") +r1=0.250/2;// mm +r2=0.500/2;// mm +e=0.06;//m +L=10;//m +k=0.48;// W/(m*C) +t1=280;// degree C +t2=50;// degree C +rp=((r1+r2)^2-e*e)^0.5; +rm=((r2-r1)^2-e*e)^0.5; +Rth=(1/(2*3.1416*k*L))*log((rp+rm)/(rp-rm)) +Q=(t1-t2)/Rth; +disp("W",Q," Heat loss Q =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.57/57.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.57/57.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a35109dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.57/57.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("maximum temperature calculation") +r1=25/2;//mm +r2=17;//mm +kA=0.058;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.42;// W/(m*C) +ho=20.5;//W/(m^2*C) +tsurr=15;// degree C +r3=1000*kB/ho; +disp("mm",(r3-r2)," thickness of plastic insulation =") + +I=950;//A current flow +R=22*10^(-6);// ohm/m +L=1;//m +Q=(I^2)*R; +Rth= (log(r2/r1))/(2*3.1416*kA*L)+(log(r3/r2))/(2*3.1416*kB*L)+1000/(2*3.1416*r3*L*ho);// C/W +//(t1-tsurr)/Rth=Q +t1=Q*Rth+tsurr; +disp("degree C",t1,"Temperature of copper rod t1 = ") +RthA=(log(r2/r1))/(2*3.1416*kA*L); +t2=t1-Q*RthA;// degree C +disp("degree C",t2," Maximum temperature in plastic layer t2 = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.58/58.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.58/58.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..612dd38d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.58/58.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("To find heat flow rate") +x1=50/1000;//m +x2=250/1000;//m +t1=400;// degree C +t2=200;// degree C +c=0.22; +k=3.6 ;// W/(m*C) +Q=3.1416*c*c*k*(t1-t2)/(4*(1/x1-1/x2)); +disp("W",Q," Heat flow rate = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.59/59.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.59/59.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e64628d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.59/59.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Midpoint temperature calculation") +r1=50/(2*1000);//m +r2=25/(2*1000);//m +t1=227;// degree C +t2=27;// degree C +k=40;// W/(m*C) +L=0.2;//m +Q=k*3.1416*r1*r2*(t1-t2)/L; +disp("W",Q," Heat flow rate = ") +disp("Temperature at the midpoint of the rod") +//Q=3.1416*(r1+r2)*r2*k*(t-t2)/L +t=t2+Q*L/(3.1416*(r1+r2)*r2*k); +disp("degree C",t,"Temperature at the midpoint of the rod t =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.6/6.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17b978d1a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thickness of insulation") +La=1;//m +Lb=0.04;//m +kA=0.7;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.48;//W/(m*C) +kC=0.065;//W/(m*C) +//Q1 = A(delT)/(La/kA+Lb/kB+)=A(delT)/(0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48) +//Q2 = A(delT)/(La/kA+Lb/kB+Lc/kC)=A(delT)/(0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48+x/0.065) +//Q2=(1-0.8)Q1 +//A(delT)/(0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48+x/0.065)=0.2*A(delT)/(0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48) +//0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48+x/0.065 =(0.1/0.7+0.04/0.48)/0.2 +x=(0.2261/0.2-0.2261)/15.385;//m +disp ("mm",x*1000,"thickness of the rock wool insulation should be = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.61/61.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.61/61.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e12264ede --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.61/61.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat leakage rate") +r2=1.4/2;//m +r1=r2-90/1000;//m +delT=220;//degree C +k=0.083;// W/(m*C) +Q=4*3.1416*k*r1*r2*delT/(r2-r1); +disp("W",Q,"Rate of heat leakage Q =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.62/62.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.62/62.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..244c95c07 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.62/62.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Rate of boiling") +r1=.5/2;//m +r2=r1+25/1000;//m +t1=-196;//degree C +t2=27;//degree C +k=0.0017;// W/(m*C) +ho=20;// W/(m^2*C) +Q=4*3.1416*(t1-t2)/((r2-r1)/(k*r1*r2)+1/(ho*r2*r2)); +disp("W",-1*Q,"Rate of heat in Q =") +hfg=2*10^5; +mN2=(-1*Q*3600)/hfg; +disp("kg/h",mN2,"Rate of N2 boil off mN2 =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.63/63.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.63/63.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44cf1a723 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.63/63.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer rate") +r1=2/2;//m +r2=r1+2/100;//m +r3=r2+5/1000;//m +t1=300;//degree C +t2=50;//degree C +kA=58;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.116;// W/(m*C) +Rfilm=0.0023;// K/W +RthA=(r2-r1)/(4*3.1416*kA*r1*r2) +RthB=(r3-r2)/(4*3.1416*kB*r3*r2) +Q=(t1-t2)/(RthA+RthB+Rfilm); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"Rate of heat in Q =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.64/64.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.64/64.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44cf1a723 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.64/64.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer rate") +r1=2/2;//m +r2=r1+2/100;//m +r3=r2+5/1000;//m +t1=300;//degree C +t2=50;//degree C +kA=58;// W/(m*C) +kB=0.116;// W/(m*C) +Rfilm=0.0023;// K/W +RthA=(r2-r1)/(4*3.1416*kA*r1*r2) +RthB=(r3-r2)/(4*3.1416*kB*r3*r2) +Q=(t1-t2)/(RthA+RthB+Rfilm); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"Rate of heat in Q =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.65/65.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.65/65.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1245f5c42 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.65/65.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("expression for rate") +disp("k = k0*(1+a*t+b*t^2)") +disp("considering steady state equation through hollow sphere r= r and thickness dr/dt, ") +disp("Q = -k*A*dt/dr = -k*4*%pi*r^2*dt/dr =-k0*(1+a*t+b*t^2)*4*%pi*r^2*dt/dr") +disp("thus, Q/4%pi * dr/r^2=-k0*(1+a*t+b*t^2)*dt ") +disp("integrating the above equation in range r1 to r2 and t1 to t2 respectively, we get") +disp("Q = (4*pi*r1*r2/(r1-r2))*k0*(t1-t2)*(1+a(t1+t2)/2)+b*(t1^2+t2^2+t2*t2)/3)") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.66/66.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.66/66.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e49770c17 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.66/66.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer rate") +disp("k=k1+(k2-k1)*(t-t1)/(t2-t1)") +disp("A=4*%pi*r^2") +disp("Q=-k*4*%pi*r^2*dt/dr") +disp("Q=-(k1+(k2-k1)*(t-t1)/(t2-t1))*4*%pi*r^2*dt/dr") +disp("Q*dr/r^2 =-(k1+(k2-k1)*(t-t1)/(t2-t1))*4*%pi*dt ") +disp("By integrating both sides in the limits r1 to r2 and t1 to t2, we get,") +disp("Q = 4*%pi*r1*r2*(k1+k2)*(t1-t2)/(2*(r2-r1))") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.67/67.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.67/67.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1fe6024f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.67/67.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("/minimum nusselt number") +disp("Heat flow byconduction through sphere is given by Q = (t1-t2)/((R1-R2)/4*%pi*k*R1*R2)= (t1-t2)/Rth cond") +disp("Heat flow by convection at R2 to air is given by (t1-t2)/(1/4*%pi*h*R2^2)= (t1-t2)/Rth conv") +disp("Rth cond = 1/(4*%pi*k)*(1/R1-1/R2)") +disp("on neglecting motion of fluid, heat transfer will be conduction through small sphere and resistance of this shell to heat flow will be ") +disp("Rthcond = 1/(4*%pi*r*k") +disp("Q = (t2-ta)/(1/(4*%pi*r*k) - (1)") +disp("Heat flow can also be given by introducing h as") +disp("Q = (t2-ta)/(1/4*%pi*h*r^2 - (2)") +disp("Equating (1) and (2) we get") +disp("(t2-ta)/(1/(4*%pi*r*k)=(t2-ta)/(1/4*%pi*h*r^2") +disp("Thus, h = k/r = 2*k/d") +disp("Hence hd/k =2") +disp("Thus Nu = 2") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.69/69.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.69/69.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03fbe5f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.69/69.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thermal conductivity of insulation") +r1=1.5/2;//m +r2=r1+0.1;//m +Lcyl=8-1.5;//m +m=10.8;//kg/h +hv=214;//kJ/kg +Qboil=m*hv;//kJ/h +Qcyl=Qboil/(1+(2*r1*r2*log(r2/r1))/(Lcyl*(r2-r1))); +disp("kJ/h",Qcyl,"Rate of heat in Q =") +Qcyl=Qcyl/3.6; +disp("J/s",Qcyl,"Rate of heat in Q =") +ti=-183;//degree C +to=27;//degree C +delT=to-ti; +k=Qcyl*(log(r2/r1))/(delT*2*3.1416*Lcyl);// W/(m*C) +disp("W/(m*K)",k,"Thermal conductivity of insulation =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.7/7.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9347bc9a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thickness of insulation") +delT=1150-40;// degree C +kA=1.52 ;//W/(m*C) +kB= 0.138;//W/(m*C) +kC=45;// W/(m*C) +kD= 0.138;//W/(m*C) +q= 400;//W/m^2 +// q = Q/A = delT/(La/kA+Lb/kB+Lc/kC+Ld/kD) +//400 = 1110/(0.2/1.52+x/0.138+0.006/45+0.1/0.138) +//0.8563+7.2*x = 1110/400=2.775 +x=(2.775-0.8563)/7.2 +disp ("mm",x*1000,"thickness of insulation brick is= ") +//q=400=(tSO-40)/(Ld/kD) +//400=(tSO-40)/(0.1/0.138) +tSO=400/1.38+40;// degree C +disp ("degree C",tSO,"temperature of outer surface of steel plate is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.70/70.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.70/70.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..703d35167 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.70/70.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Radius of insulation") +k=0.172;// W/(m*C) +t1=475;//degree C +t2=300;//degree C +r1=60/2;//mm +ho=2.8;// W/(m^2*K) +rc=1000*k/ho;//mm +Rthcd=(log(rc/r1))/k; +Rthcv=1000/(ho*rc); +disp("mm",rc,"critical radius of insulation =") +Qwi=2*3.1416*(t1-t2)/(Rthcd+Rthcv); +disp("W/m",Qwi,"with insulation Qwi =") + +Qwoi=2*3.1416*r1*ho*(t1-t2)/1000; +disp("W/m",Qwoi,"with insulation Qwoi =") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.71/71.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.71/71.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..846fe0ce6 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.71/71.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Critical radius of insulation") +k=0.155;// W/(m*C) +t1=65;//degree C +tair=20;//degree C +r1=10/2;//mm +ho=8.5;// W/(m^2*K) +rc=1000*k/ho;//mm +t=rc-r1; +disp("mm",rc,"critical radius of insulation =") +disp("mm",t,"thickness upto which rubber insulation is effective in heat dissipation t =") +Rthcd=(log(rc/r1))/k +Rthcv=1000/(ho*rc) +Ql=2*3.1416*(t1-tair)/(Rthcd+Rthcv); +disp("W/m",Ql,"with insulation Ql=") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.72/72.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.72/72.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07e63fedb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.72/72.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat flow through wire") +k=0.12;// W/(m*C) +r1=2/2;//mm +r2=r1+0.8;//mm +ho=35;// W/(m^2*K) +rc=1000*k/ho;//mm +disp("mm",rc,"critical radius of insulation =") + +disp("i) heat flow through an insulated wire") +Rthcd=(log(r2/r1))/k; +Rthcv=1000/(ho*r2); +Rth12=Rthcd+Rthcv; +//Q12=2*pi*L*(t1-tair)/Rth12; + +Rthcd=(log(rc/r1))/k; +Rthcv=1000/(ho*rc); +Rth1c=Rthcd+Rthcv; +//Q1c=2*pi*L*(t1-tair)/Rth1c; +//(Q1c-Q12)/Q12*100 +change=(1/Rth1c-1/Rth12)*100/(1/Rth12) +disp("%") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.73/73.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.73/73.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..38f1d621d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.73/73.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("increase in heat dissipation") +k=0.174;// W/(m*C) +r1=6.5/2;//mm +ho=8.722;// W/(m^2*K) +rc=1000*k/ho;//mm +L=1;//m +t1=60;// degree C +tair=20;// degree C +disp("mm",rc,"critical radius of insulation =") +t=rc-r1; +disp("mm",t,"minimum insulation of thickness t = ") + +disp("i) without insulation ") +Rthcv=1000/(ho*r1); +Q1=2*3.1416*L*(t1-tair)/Rthcv; +disp("W/m",Q1," heat flow without insulation Q1 =") +Rthcd=(log(rc/r1))/k; +Rthcv=1000/(ho*rc); +Rth2=Rthcd+Rthcv; +Q2=2*3.1416*L*(t1-tair)/Rth2; +disp("W/m",Q2," heat flow with insulation Q2 =") +change=(Q2-Q1)*100/Q1; +disp("%",change,"Percent increase in heat dissipation =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.74/74.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.74/74.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..152142e9e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.74/74.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("critical radius of insulation") +kins=0.3;// W/(m*C) +kcork=0.038;// W/(m*C) + +ro=30/2;//mm +ho=12;// W/(m^2*K) +rc=1000*kins/ho;//mm +disp("mm",rc,"critical radius of insulation =") +kins=ro*ho; +disp("W/(m*C)",kins,"for insulation to be effective kins <=") + +L=1;//m + +//(log(rci/ro))/0.038+1/(12*rci)=25.25 +rci=36;//mm +disp("By trial and error rci = 36 mm") +disp("mm",rci-ro,"Thickness of cork insulation =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.75/75.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.75/75.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..928d67ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.75/75.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thickness of insulation") +r1=8/2;//mm +k=0.18;// W/(m*C) +ho=12.5;// W/(m^2*C) +rc=1000*k/ho;//mm +r2=rc;//mm +t=r2-r1;//mm +L=1;//m +disp("mm",t,"Thickness of insulation = ") + +t1=45;// degree C +t2=20;// degree C +delT=t1-t2; +A=2*3.1416*L*r1/1000; +Q1=ho*A*delT; +disp("W/m",Q1,"heat flow per unit length (without insulation) = ") + +//Q2=2*3.1416*L*(delT)/(1/(ho*r2)+(log(r2/r1))/k); +//Q2=0.495*(t2-20) +Q2=Q1; +t2=Q2/.495+20; +disp("degree C",t2," surface temperature of insulated cable t2 = ") + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.76/76.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.76/76.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82838e44d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.76/76.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature at interfaces") +L=0.16;//m thickness of slab +qg=1.2*10^(6);// W/m^3 +k=180;// W/(m*C) +t1=120;// degree C +t2=t1; +tw=t1; +A=1;//m^2 + +x=L/2; +tmp=(qg/(2*k))*(L-x)*x+tw; +Qmp=qg*A*x; +gradTmp=-Qmp/(A*k); +disp("degree C",tmp,"temperature at mid plane tmp = ") +disp("W/m^2",Qmp,"heat flow rate mid plane Qmp = ") +disp("C/m",gradTmp,"temperature gradient at the mid plane = ") + +x=L/4; +t14=qg*(L-x)*x/(2*k)+tw; +Q14=qg*A*x; +gradT14=-Q14/(A*k); +disp("degree C",t14,"temperature at x=L/4 = ") +disp("W/m^2",Q14,"heat flow rate at x=L/4 Qmp = ") +disp("C/m",gradT14,"temperature gradient at x=L/4 = ") + +x=3*L/4; +t34=qg*(L-x)*x/(2*k)+tw; +disp("degree C",t34,"temperature at x=3L/4 = ") + + diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.77/77.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.77/77.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c04f8eed9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.77/77.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Microwave heating capacity") +L=25/1000;//m thickness of slab +k=1;// W/(m*C) +tmax=100;// degree C +ta=30; +h=20;//W/(m^2*C) + +//tmax=qg*(L/(2*h)+L*L/(8*k))+ta +qg=(tmax-ta)/(L/(2*h)+L*L/(8*k));// W/m^3 +disp("kW/m^3",qg/1000,"Microwave heating capacity = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.78/78.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.78/78.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47dae472c --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.78/78.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer coefficient") +L=2/100;//m thickness of slab +qg=7*10^(6);// W/m^3 +k=26;// W/(m*C) +tmax=180;// degree C +ta=30;//degree C + +//tmax=qg*(L/(2*h)+L*L/(8*k))+ta +delT=tmax-ta; +X=delT/qg; +Y=X-L*L/(8*k); +Z=L/(2*Y); +h=Z; +disp("W/(m^2*C)",h,"heat transfer coefficient h = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.79/79.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.79/79.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..420c2fb3e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.79/79.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat flow rate") +L=25/1000;//m +qg=30*10^(6);// W/m^3 +k=48;// W/(m*C) +tw1=180;// degree C +tw2=120;//degree C + +//t=180+5412.5*x-312500*x*x +// gradT=5412.5-2*312500*x +x=5412.5/(2*312500); +Tmax=180+5412.5*x-312500*x*x;// degree C +disp ("degree C",Tmax,"Tmax=","mm",x*1000,"x =","value and position of maximum temperature are ") +x=0;// at the left face +gradT=5412.5-2*312500*x; +Q=-k*A*gradT; +disp("W/(m^2)",Q,"heat flow at the left face Q = ") +x=L;// at the right face +gradT=5412.5-2*312500*x; +Q=k*A*gradT; +disp("W/(m^2)",Q,"heat flow at the right face Q = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.8/8.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..77ba284bc --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature between layers") +La=0.22;//m +Lb=0.15;//m +Lc=0.05;//m +Ld=0.003;//m +kA=4;// kJ/(mh*C) +kB=2.8;// kJ/(mh*C) +kC=0.24;// kJ/(mh*C) +kD=240;// kJ/(mh*C) +t1= 1500;// degree C +t5=90;// degree C +RthA=La/kA;//(m^2)*h*C/kJ +RthB=Lb/kB;// (m^2)*h*C/kJ +RthC=Lc/kC;// (m^2)*h*C/kJ +RthD=Ld/kD;// (m^2)*h*C/kJ +Rtotal= RthA+RthB+RthC+RthD;// (m^2)*h*C/kJ +disp ("(m^2)*h*C/kJ",Rtotal,"total thermal resistance is = ") +q= (t1-t5)/Rtotal;// kJ/(h*m^2) +disp("kJ/(h*m^2)",q,"rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall is =") +// q= (t1-t2)/RthA= (t3-t4)/RthB +t4=t5+q*RthD;// degree C +disp ("degree C",t4,"the temperature t4 is = ") +t3=t4+q*RthC;// degree C +disp ("degree C",t3,"the temperature t3 is = ") +t2=t3+q*RthB;// degree C +disp ("degree C",t2,"the temperature t2 is = ") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.80/80.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.80/80.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc7bb8688 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.80/80.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Maximum temperature") +L=1;//m thickness of slab +qg=500;// W/m^3 +k=25;// W/(m*C) +t1=350;// degree C +// Maximum temperature at x =0 +x=0; +Tmax=qg*L*L(1-(0.5*x)^2)/(2*k)+t1;// degree C +disp("degree C",Tmax,"Maximum temperature at x = 0, Tmax =") diff --git a/965/CH2/EX2.9/9.sci b/965/CH2/EX2.9/9.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2796e77ee --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH2/EX2.9/9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer rate") +L=0.6;//m +r=.12;//m +theta=3.14/3;// adian=(60)degree +t1=125;// degree C +t2=25;// degree C +k0=115;// W/(m*C) +B=10^(-4); +tm=(t1+t2)/2; +km=k0*(1-B*tm); +A=(r^2)*theta/2; +Q=(-1)*km*A*(t2-t1)/L; +disp ("W",Q,"rate of heat transfer is = ") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.1/1.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5518f928a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("steady state temperature distribution") +disp("Let th = t-ta") +disp("the controllign differential equation for the given problem is given by") +disp("d2th/dx2+d2th/dy2 =0------(1)") +disp("the boundary conditions are :") +disp("i) at x = infinity, th =0") +disp("ii) at x = 0, th =th0") +disp("iii) at y =L, th =0") +disp("iv) at y = 0, th =0") +disp("The solution of eq. 1 is th = X(x)Y(y) ------ (2)") +disp("substituting the solution in controlling equation, we get ") +disp("1/X*d2X/dx2 =-1/Y*d2Y/dy2 = + or - lambda^2") +disp("The required equations are :") +disp("d2X^2/dx2-lambda^2*X =0 ------(iii)") +disp("d2Y^2/dy2+lambda^2*Y =0 ------(iv)") +disp("the solutions of eqns are :") +disp("X = A*exp(lambda*x)+B*exp(-lambda*x)") +disp("Y = C*cos(lambda*y)+D*sin(lambda*y)") +disp("th = (A*exp(lambda*x)+B*exp(-lambda*x))*(C*cos(lambda*y)+D*sin(lambda*y))") +disp(" from boundary condition i), we have ") +disp("0 = (A*exp(lambda*x)+B*exp(-lambda*x))*(C*cos(lambda*y)+D*sin(lambda*y)") +disp("A = 0 and th =B*(C*cos(lambda*y)+D*sin(lambda*y)") +disp("from boundary condition iv), we have") +disp("0 = C*B*exp(-lambda*x)") +disp("hence C = 0 and equation reduces to th = B*D*sin(lambda*y)*exp(-lambda*x)") +disp("from boundary condition iii) we get, 0 = E*exp(-lambda*x)*sin(lambda*L), where E = B*D") +disp("since E is not 0, sin (lambda*L)=0") +disp("lambda = 0, %pi/L,2*%pi/L.....") +disp("lambdan = n*%pi/L, where n = 0,1,2....") +disp("hence , th = E*exp(-lambdan*x)*sin(lambdan*y)") +disp("from boundary eqn ii) we have ") +disp("th = sum(En*sin(lambdan*y), 1, infinity)") +disp("This is an expression of th0 in terms of Fourier series, where En are Fourier coefficients.") +disp("by integrating we get") +disp("th = 2*th0/L*(sum(((1-(-1)^n)/lambdan *exp(-lambdan*x)*sin(lambdan*y))") + +, + diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.3/3.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5ec0484a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss calculation") +r=0.6/2;//m +L=1;//m +H=1.8;//m +k=0.51;// W/(m*C) +tp=95;// degree C +te=25;// degree C +Sfc=2*3.1416*L/(log(2*H/r)); +Q=k*Sfc*(tp-te); +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from the pipe meter length, Q =") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.4/4.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..545ca9a36 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Sphere Surface temperature") +r=1.6/2;//m + +H=5.5;//m +k=0.51;// W/(m*C) +Qg=580;// W + +te=6;// degree C +Sfc=4*3.1416*r/(1-r/(2*H)); +//Qg=k*Sfc*(t-te); +t=Qg/(k*Sfc)+te; +disp("degree C",t,"surface temperature of sphere, t =") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.5/5.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52758e6cf --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss/length") +a=0.6;// m +b=0.45;//m +H=1.5;//m +k=0.51;// W/(m*C) +tp=105;// degree C +ts=5;// degree C + +x=log(1+H/a); +y=H/b; + +Sfc=2.756*((x^(-.59))*(y^(-.078))); + +Q=k*Sfc*(tp-ts); + +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss per meter length, Q =") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.6/6.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b95cbc9e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate, temperature") +r1=0.600/2;// m +r2=0.18/2;//m +D=1.8;//m +L=90;//m +tp1=180;// degree C +tp2=12;// degree C +k=0.45;// W/(m*C) + +Sfc=2*3.1416*L/(acosh((D^2-r1^2-r2^2)/(2*r1*r2))); +Sfc +Q=k*Sfc*(tp1-tp2); + +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss per meter length, Q =") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.7/7.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2332ec997 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss calculations") +k=1.05;// W/(m*C) +ti=600;//degree C +to=70;// degree C +L=0.12;//m +A=0.6*0.6;//m^2 +Sfcwall=A/L; + +D=0.6;//m +Sfcedge=0.54*D; + +Sfccorner=0.15*L; +Sfct=6*Sfcwall+12*Sfcedge+8*Sfccorner; + +Q=k*Sfct*(ti-to); + +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss through walls, Q =") diff --git a/965/CH3/EX3.8/8.sci b/965/CH3/EX3.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..839c75bee --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH3/EX3.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss rate") +ti=350;// degree C +to=50;// degree C +k=1.5;// W/(m*C) +x=0.3;// m +l=4.5;//m +b=3.75;//m +h=3;//m +Ai=2*(l*b+l*h+b*h);//m^2 +y=4*(l+b+h);// length of edges +Sfce=y; +Sfcc=0.15*x; + +Am=Ai+Sfce*.54*x+8*Sfcc*x; +Am +disp("m^2") +Q=k*Am*(ti-to)/x; +disp("W",Q,"rate of heat loss Q =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.1/1.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..962b43411 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required time calculation") +As=2*0.5*0.5;// m^2 surface area of plate +V=0.5*0.5*0.00625;// m^3 volume of plate +Lc=V/As;// m characteristic length of plate +h=90; //W/m^2/C +k=370;//W/m.C +rho=9000;// kg/m^3 +C=380;//J/kg.C +t=108;// degree C +ta= 36;// degree C +ti=300;// degree C +Bi=h*Lc/k;// biot number +if (Bi< 0.1) +disp("Bi is less than 0.1 hence lumped heat capacity method can be applied") +disp("Temperature distribution is given by : (t-ta)/(ti-ta) = exp((-h*As*tau)/rho*V*C)") +m=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +x=-h*As/(V*rho*C); +disp("sunstituting the values we get,") +tau = (log(m))/x; +disp("sec",tau,"time required to attend the temperature is ") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.10/10.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.10/10.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee6e65c77 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.10/10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature and time") +R=40/2000;//m +ti=20;// degree C +tau=4*60;//s +ta=100;// degree C +k=10;// W/m.C +rho=1200;// kg/m^3 +c=2000;// J/kg.C +h=100;//W/m^2.C +Lc=R/3;// for sphere +Bi=h*Lc/k + +t=ta+(ti-ta)*exp(-h*3*tau/(R*rho*c)) +disp("degree C") +ti=5;// degree C +X=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +Y=-h*3/(R*rho*c) +tau=(log (X))/Y;// sec +disp("min",tau/60,"time taken tau =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.11/11.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.11/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..decc11189 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.11/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("ingot time required") +R=50/2000;//m +L=200/1000;//m +k=60;// W/m.C +c=200;// J/kg.C +rho=800;// kg/m^3 +hw=200;//W/m^2.C +ha=20;//W/m^2.C +ta=30;// degree C +ti=800;// degree C + +Lc=R/2; +Bi=hw*Lc/k; +disp(Bi,"Bi =") +t=500;// degree C +As=2*3.1416*R*L;//m^2 +V=3.1416*R*R*L;//m^3 +X=hw*As/(rho*V*c) +tau1=(-1/X)*log((t-ta)/(ti-ta)); +disp(tau1,"tau1 =") + +t=100;// degree C +ti=500// degree C +X=ha*As/(rho*V*c); +tau2=(-1/X)*log((t-ta)/(ti-ta)); +disp(tau2,"tau2 =") + +tau=tau1+tau2; +disp("min",tau/60,"total time, tau =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.12/12.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.12/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e946c3a3e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.12/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("spherical thermocouple junction") +h=400;//W/m^2.C +k=20;// W/m.C +c=400;// J/kg.C +rho=8500;// kg/m^3 +tau=1;//second + + +R=tau*h*3/(rho*c) +disp("mm",2*R*1000,"Diameter =") + +Lc=R/3; +Bi=h*Lc/k; +disp(Bi,"Bi =") + +ti=25;//degree C +t=198;//degree C +ta=200;// degree C + +As=4*3.1416*R*R;//m^2 +V=4*3.1416*(R^3)/3;//m^3 + +X=h*As/(rho*V*c); +tau=(-1/X)*log((t-ta)/(ti-ta)); +disp("s",tau,"tau =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.13/13.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.13/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..71609efaa --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.13/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("spherical thermocouple junction") +R=8/2000;//m +hg=40;//W/m^2.C +ha=10;//W/m^2.C +k=40;// W/m.C +c=420;// J/kg.C +rho=8000;// kg/m^3 + +As=4*3.1416*R*R;//m^2 +V=4*3.1416*(R^3)/3;//m^3 + + +tau1=rho*V*c/(hg*As); +disp("s",tau1,"tau* =") + +ta=300;// degree C +ti=40;//degree C +tau2=10;//s +X=-1*tau2/tau1; +t=ta+(ti-ta)*exp(X); +disp("degree C",t,"temperature during heating t =") + +tau3=20;//s +tau4=rho*R*c/(3*ha);//s +disp("s",tau4,"tau* =") +ti=t;// degree C +X=-1*tau3/tau4; +ta=30;//degree C +t=ta+(ti-ta)*exp(X);//degree C +disp("degree C",t,"temperature during cooling t =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.14/14.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.14/14.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b2ea5ee --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.14/14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("cylindrical thermometer ") +R=3/2000;//m +h=55;//W/m^2.C +k=8.8;// W/m.C +a=0.0166;// m^2/h +c=420;// J/kg.C +L=1;//m + +As=2*3.1416*R*L;//m^2 +V=3.1416*(R^2);//m^3 + + +tau1=k*V*3600/(h*a*As); +disp("s",tau1,"tau* =") +disp("for temperature to reach half its final") +//theta/thetai=0.5=exp(-tau/tau1) +tau= -tau1*log(0.5); +disp("s",tau,"time required to temperature to half its final value t =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.15/15.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.15/15.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82ac133fc --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.15/15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("copper-constantan thermometer") +R=2.5/2000;//m +ti=25;//degree C +ta=215;// degree C +t=165;// degree C +rho=8750;// kg/m^3 +c=380;// J/kg.C +h=145;//W/m^2.C +kth=28;// W/m.C + +As=4*3.1416*R*R;//m^2 +V=4*3.1416*(R^3)/3;//m^3 +Lc=V/As; +a=k/(rho*c); +//Fo=a*tau/Lc^2; +Bi=h*Lc/k; +th=t-ta; +tha=ti-ta; +thm=th/tha; + +Fo=(-1/Bi)*log(thm); +tau=(Fo*Lc^2)/a; +disp("s",tau,"tau =") + +Fo=1/Bi; +tau=(Fo*Lc^2)/a; +disp("s",tau,"tau* =") +thm=exp(-1); +th=thm*tha; +t=th+ta; + +disp("degree C",t,"temperature t =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.16/16.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.16/16.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0440c8aac --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.16/16.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperation variation") +L=60/2000;//m +k=42.6;// W/(m.C) +a=0.043;// m^2/h +ti=440;// degree C +h=235;// W/(m^ 2.C) +ta=50;// degree C +tau=4.3*60;//seconds +Lc=L;// characteristic length +Fo=a*tau/Lc^2; +Bi=h*Lc/k; +if Bi>1 +disp("Internal temperature gradients are not small and can not be neglected") +end +Bii=1/Bi; +x=0;// midplane +//(to-ta)/(ti-ta)=0.6 +to=0.6*(ti-ta)+ta; +disp("Degree C",to,"Temperature at midplane Tm =") + x=0.015/L; + Bii=6.06; + ti=to; + //(to-ta)/(ti-ta)=0.97 + to=0.97*(ti-ta)+ta; + disp("Degree C",to,"Temperature inside the plate 15mm from the midplane To =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.17/17.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.17/17.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..918f54b29 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.17/17.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time and temperature ") +L=6/2000;//m +rho=7800;// kg/m^3 +c=460;// J/(kg.C) +k=55;// W/(kgm.C) +ti=30;// degree C +ta=2150;// degree C +t=1100;// degree C + +Lc=L;// characteristic length +Bi=h*Lc/k; +if Bi>1 +disp("Internal temperature gradients are not small and can not be neglected") +end +Fo=a*tau/Lc^2; +T1=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +//T2=(to-ta)/(ti-ta); +//T3=(t-ta)/(to-ta); +T3=0.93; +T2=T1/T3; +Bii=1/Bi; +Fo=4.4; +//a*tau/Lc^2 +a=k/(rho*c); +tau=Fo*Lc*Lc/a; +disp("sec",tau,"Tau =") + to=0.495*(ti-ta)+ta; + disp("Degree C",to,"Temperature inside To =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.18/18.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.18/18.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b1dbd809 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.18/18.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time and temperature") +R=80/1000;//m +k=17.4;// W/(m.C) +ti=830;// degree C +ta=40;// degree C +t=120;// degree C +a=0.019;// m^2/h +h=180;// W/(m^2.C) + +Lc=3.1416*R*R*L/(2*3.1416*R*L);// characteristic length +Bi=h*Lc/k; +if Bi>1 +disp("Internal temperature gradients are not small and can not be neglected") +end +Bii=1/Bi; +Fo=3.2; +tau=3600*Fo*Lc^2/a; +disp("sec",tau,"Tau =") +r=R; +Bii=1/Bi; +T1=0.83; +t1=T1*(t-ta)+ta; +ts=t1; +disp("degree C",ts,"Temperature at the surface Ts =") +gradt=h*(ts-ta)/k; +disp("C/m",gradt,"Temperature gradient =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.19/19.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.19/19.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b778dcd8e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.19/19.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature at centre") +R=60/1000;//m +rho=990;// kg/m^3 +c=4170;//J/(kg.C) +k=0.58;// W/(m.C) +ti=25;// degree C +ta=6;// degree C +tau=2*3600;// seconds +h=5.8;// W/(m^2.C) + +Lc=(4/3)*3.1416*R*R*R/(4*3.1416*R*R);// characteristic length +Bi=h*Lc/k; +if Bi>1 +disp("Internal temperature gradients are not small and can not be neglected") +end +Bii=1/Bi; +Fo=k*tau/(rho*c*R^2); +r=0;// midplane of the apple +Bii=1/Bi; + +T1=0.75; +t1=T1*(ti-ta)+ta; +disp("degree C",t1,"Temperature Tm =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.2/2.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b55742fda --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required time calculation") +As=2*0.4*0.4;// m^2 surface area of plate +V=0.4*0.4*4/1000;// m^3 volume of plate +Lc=V/As;// m characteristic length of plate +h=20000;//kJ/m^2.h.C +k=370;//W/m.C +rho=3000;// kg/m^3 +C=0.8;//kJ/kg.C +t=-70;// degree C +ta=-183;// degree C +ti=200;// degree C +Bi=h*Lc/k;// biot number +if (Bi< 0.1) +disp("Bi is less than 0.1 hence lumped heat capacity method can be applied") +end +disp("Temperature distribution is given by : (t-ta)/(ti-ta) = exp((-h*As*tau)/rho*V*C)") +m= (t-ta)/(ti-ta); +x=-h/(Lc*rho*C); +tau=3600*(log(m))/x; +disp("sec",tau,"time required to attend the temperature is ") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.20/20.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.20/20.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b94fe4f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.20/20.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time required") +x=12/1000;//m +a=1.2*10^(-5);//m^2/s +ti=745;// degree C +ta=20;// degree C +t=595;// degree C + + +T1=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +erfM=T1; +M=0.9;// from tables +tau=((x/M)^2)/(4*a); +disp("seconds",tau,"Tau =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.21/21.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.21/21.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b231d397 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.21/21.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("to find Depth") +a=2.75*10^(-3);//m^2/h +ti=5.4;// degree C +ta=-6;// degree C +t=0;// degree C +tau=9.5;// hours + + +T1=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +erfM=T1; +M=0.5;// from tables +x=2*M*(a*tau)^0.5; +disp("m",x,"x =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.22/22.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.22/22.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e69e9fb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.22/22.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Time and Temperature") +L=60/1000;// m +a=1.22*10^(-5);//m^2/s +ti=30;// degree C +ta=110;// degree C +tau=1.5*60;// seconds + +taumax=L^2/(4*a*0.25); +disp("s",taumax,"maximum time that the slab be treated asa semi infinite body taumax=") +x=L/2; +M=x/(2*(a*tau)^0.5); +//erfM=0.47=T1; +T1=0.47; +t=ta+T1*(ti-ta); +disp("degree C",t,"temperature at the centre of slab T =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.23/23.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.23/23.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad029ad64 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.23/23.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Temperature & heat rate") +x=80/1000;// m +a=1.6*10^(-3);//m^2/h +ti=25;// degree C +ta=340;// degree C +k=0.94;// W/(m.C) +tau=8;//hours + +M=x/(2*(a*tau)^0.5); +M +//erfM=0.37=T1; +T1=0.37; + +t=ta+T1*(ti-ta); +disp("degree C",t,"temperature at the centre of slab T =") + +Q=k*(ti-ta)*(exp(-M*M))/(3.1416*a*tau)^0.5; +disp("W/m^2",Q,"instantaneous heat flow rate Q =") + Qs=k*(ti-ta)/(3.1416*a*tau)^0.5; +disp("W/m^2",Qs,"heat flow rate at the surface Qs =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.24/24.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.24/24.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06b67e43d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.24/24.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Time Required") +x=0;// m +gradT=400;// C/m +a=0.42;//m^2/h +ti=120;// degree C +ta=6;// degree C +k=0.94;// W/(m.C) +tau=8;//hours + +//Qs=k*gradT=k*(ti-ta)/(3.1416*a*tau)^0.5; +//gradT=(ti-ta)/(3.1416*a*tau)^0.5 +tau=(((ti-ta)/gradT)^2)/(3.1416*a); +disp("seconds",tau*3600,"time required Tau =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.25/25.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.25/25.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0fef49ef0 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.25/25.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; + +disp("Maximum temperature rise") +a=1.25*10^(-5);//m^2/s +k=54;// W/(m.C) +A=4*360*10^(-4);//m^2 +m=1600;//kg +v=90;// km/h +tau=9;//seconds + +KE=0.5*m*v*v*(1000/3600)^2; +Q=KE/tau; +Qs=Q; +disp("W",Q,"heat flow rate at surface Qs =") +//Qs=-k*(ti-ta)/(3.1416*a*tau)^0.5; +delT=Qs*((3.1416*a*tau)^0.5)/(k*A); + +disp("degree C",delT,"temperature rise ta-ti =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.26/26.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.26/26.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..67e503075 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.26/26.sci @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Time and Temperature") +R=300/1000;//m +a=1.12*10^(-4);//m^2/s +ti=20;//degree C +ta=480;// degree C +t=350;// degree C +tau=3*60;//seconds + +M=a*tau/R^2; +erfM=0.32; +T1=erfM; + +t=ta+T1*(ti-ta); +disp("degree C",t,"temperature at the centre of surface T=") +t=350;// +T1=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +M=0.23; +tau=M*(R^2)/a; + +disp("sec",tau,"time required Tau =") + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.27/27.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.27/27.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f599e5dde --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.27/27.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("The Time lag") +x=300/1000;//m +rho=1600;// kg/m^3 +k=0.65;//W/(m.C) +c=440;// J/(kg.C) +n=1/24;// h^-1 +n +a=k*3600/(rho*c); +a +deltau = (x/2)*(1/(3.1416*a*n)^(0.5)); + +disp("h",deltau,"time lag =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.28/28.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.28/28.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3a448aef --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.28/28.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Depth and Temperature") +a=0.044;//m^2/h +n=1400*60;// h^-1 +theta=2/100; + +x=-((a/(3.1416*n))^0.5)*log (theta); +disp("mm",x*1000,"depth x =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.29/29.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.29/29.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8404ab54 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.29/29.sci @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat rate & energy") +A=5;//m^2 +k=1.2;// W/(m.C) +a=1.77*10^(-3);//m^2/h +//t =(120-100*x+24*x^2+40*x^3-30*x^4 +//gradT=-100+48*x+120*x*x-120*x^3; +//d2T=48+240*x-360*x*x + +x=0; +t=120-100*x+24*x^2+40*x^3-30*x^4; +gradT=-100+48*x+120*x*x-120*x^3; +Qin=-k*A*gradT; +disp("W",Qin," heat entering the slab Qin =") +x=0.5; +gradT=-100+48*x+120*x*x-120*x^3; +Qout=-k*A*gradT; +disp("W",Qout," heat leaving the slab Qout =") + +Qs=Qin-Qout; +disp("W",Qs," heat stored in the unit time Qs =") + +x=0; +d2T=48+240*x-360*x*x; +Tt=a*d2T; +disp("C/h",Tt,"rate of temperature change at inlet =") + +x=0.5; +d2T=48+240*x-360*x*x; +Tt=a*d2T; +disp("C/h",Tt,"rate of temperature change at outlet =") +//d3T =240-720x =0 +x=240/720;//m +disp("m",x,"point where rate of heating/cooling is maximum x =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.3/3.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..280eb7335 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required temperature calculation") +D=0.1;//m dimeter +R=D/2;//m radius +As=4*%pi*(R^2);// m^2 surface area of sphere +V=4*%pi*(R^3)/3;// m^3 volume of sphere +Lc=V/As;// m characteristic length of sphere +h=200; //W/m^2/C +k=386;//W/m.C +rho=8954;// kg/m^3 +C=383;//J/kg.C +ta=50;// degree C +ti=250;// degree C +tau = 5*60;//sec +Bi=h*Lc/k;// biot number +if (Bi< 0.1) +disp("Bi is less than 0.1 hence lumped heat capacity method can be applied") +disp("Temperature distribution is given by : (t-ta)/(ti-ta) = exp((-h*As*tau)/(rho*V*C))") +t = ta+(ti-ta)*exp((-h*As*tau)/(rho*V*C)); +disp("degree C",t,"the temperature attained is ") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.30/30.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.30/30.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0e36eda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.30/30.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Temperautre and rate") +R=50/1000;//m +ti=900;// degree C +ta=30;//degree C +h=20;// W/(m^2.C) +rhos=7800;//kg/m^3 +cs=460;// J/kg.C +tau=30;//s +k=40;//W/(m.C) + + +Lc=R/3;//m +Bi=h*Lc/k; +As=4*3.1416*R^2; +V=4/3*3.1416*R^3; +X=h*As*tau/(rhos*V*cs); +M=exp(-X); +t=ta+(ti-ta)*M; +disp("degree C",t," temperature of ball after 30 sec, t =") + +gradT=(ti-ta)*M*(-X/tau); +disp("C/min",gradT*60," rate of cooling after 30 seconds =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.31/31.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.31/31.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5fbbc1621 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.31/31.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Time for cooling") +L=20/1000;//m +ti=150;// degree C +ta=30;//degree C +hw=100;// W/(m^2.C) +ha=20;// W/(m^2.C) +t=90;// degree C +rho=8800;//kg/m^3 +c=400;// J/kg.C +k=360;//W/(m.C) + +As=4*3.1416*R^2; +Lc=L/2;//m +Bi=h*Lc/k; + +C=120; +tau=-rho*L*c*log((t-ta)/(ti-ta))/C +disp("minutes",tau/60," time, Tau =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.32/32.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.32/32.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ce6fe94a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.32/32.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("contact surface temperature") +disp("The rate of heat flow at a surface x =0 is given by") +disp(" Q = -k*A*delT/(%pi*a*tau)^0.5") +disp("Heat received by each unit area of contact surface from the body at a temperature t1 is") +disp("Q = -k1*A*(t1-ts)/(%pi*a1*tau)^0.5") +disp("Heat received by each unit area of contact surface from the body at a temperature t2 is") +disp("Q = -k2*A*(ts-t2)/(%pi*a2*tau)^0.5") +disp(" The contact surface will remain at a constant temperature if ") +disp("-k1*A*(t1-ts)/(%pi*a1*tau)^0.5 = -k2*A*(ts-t2)/(%pi*a2*tau)^0.5") +disp("-k1*A*(t1-ts)/(tau)^0.5 = -k2*A*(ts-t2)/(tau)^0.5") +disp("ts(k1*a2^0.5+k2*a1^0.5)= k1*t1*a2^0.5+k2*t2*a1^0.5") +disp("ts =(k1*t1*a2^0.5+k2*t2*a1^0.5)/(k1*a2^0.5+k2*a1^0.5)") +disp("dividing numerator and denomenator by (a1*a2)^0.5,") +disp("ts =(k1*t1/a1^0.5+k2*t2/a2^0.5)/(k1/a1^0.5+k2/a2^0.5)") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.4/4.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1af28d192 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +L=0.04;//m length of plate +Lc=L/2;// m characteristic length of plate +k=386;//W/m.C +rho=9000;// kg/m^3 +C=380;//J/kg.C +t=165;//degree C +ta=90;// degree C +ti=200;// degree C +tau = 4.5*60;//sec +disp("Temperature distribution is given by : (t-ta)/(ti-ta) = exp((-h*As*tau)/(rho*V*C))") +m = (t-ta)/(ti-ta); +x=(-tau)/(rho*Lc*C); +h=(log(m))/x; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"the heat transfer coefficient is ") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.5/5.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ebaaba41f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +R=12.5/2000;//m radius of sphere +Lc=R/3;// m characteristic length of sphere +k=386;//W/m.C +rho=8850;// kg/m^3 +C=400;//J/kg.C +t=54;//degree C +ta=28;// degree C +ti=65;// degree C +tau = 1.15*60;//sec +disp("Temperature distribution is given by : (t-ta)/(ti-ta) = exp((-h*As*tau)/(rho*V*C))") +m = (t-ta)/(ti-ta); +x=(-tau)/(rho*Lc*C); +h=(log(m))/x; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"the heat transfer coefficient is ") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.6/6.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6bc58b726 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Initial cooling rate ") +R=25/1000;//m radius of steel ball +rho=7800;//kg/m^3 +c=2;//kJ/kg.K +ti=900;// degree C +ta=30;// degree C +tau=1*60;//seconds +h=30;// W/m^2.C + +//(t-ta)/(ti-ta)=exp(-h*As*tau/(rho*V*cp)) +t=ta+(ti-ta)*exp(-h*3*tau/(rho*R*c*1000)); +disp("degree C", t,"temperature t =") +R=ti-t; +disp("C/min",ceil(R),"Rate of cooling =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.7/7.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42f361787 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Ingot velocity ") +D=10/100;//m Diameter of cylindrical ingot +L=30/100;//m +ti=1250;// degree C +t=800;// degree C +ta=90;// degree C +k=40;// W/m.C +h=100;// W/m^2.C +a=1.16*10^(-5);//m^2/s +Lc=D*L/(4*L+2*D);//m +Lc +Bi=h*Lc/k; +disp(Bi,"Bi =") +//(t-ta)/(ti-ta)=exp(-a*h*As*tau/(k*V)) +//h*As/rho*V*c =-a*h*As/(k*V)=-a*h*tau/(k*Lc) +X=-a*h/(k*Lc); +////(t-ta)/(ti-ta)=exp(X*tau) +tau=(1/X)*log((t-ta)/(ti-ta)); +disp("S", tau,"time required tau =") +Lf=6;//m furnace length +vel=Lf/tau; +disp("m/s",vel,"velocity of ingot passing through furnace =") + diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.8/8.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..569b25de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("sphere exposed to airflow ") +R=15/2000;//m radius of steel sphere +ti=550;// degree C +t=90;// degree C +ta=20;// degree C +k=42;// W/m.C +h=120;// W/m^2.C +a=0.045;//m^2/h +Lc=R/3;//m +rho=7850;// kg/m^3 +c=475;// J/kg.C +As=4*3.1416*R^2; +V=4*3.1416*(R^3)/3; +Bi=h*Lc/k; +disp(Bi,"Bi =") +//Fo=a*tau/Lc^2; +//(t-ta)/(ti-ta)=exp(Bi*Fo)) +X=-log((t-ta)/(ti-ta)) +Fo=X/Bi; +disp(Fo,"Fo =") +tau=Fo*Lc*Lc/(a/3600); +disp("s",tau,"time required tau =") +Fo=7200*0.0333; +Qi=-h*As*(ti-ta)*(exp(-1*Bi*Fo)); +disp("W",Qi,"Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 minutes after the start of cooling Qi =") +Q = rho*V*c*(ti-ta)*((exp(-Bi*Fo))-1); +disp("W",Q,"Total heat energy transfer from sphere during firsh 2 minutes Q =") diff --git a/965/CH4/EX4.9/9.sci b/965/CH4/EX4.9/9.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c177318d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH4/EX4.9/9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("time for cooling") +D=10/1000;//m Diameter of plastic sphere +ti=75;// degree C +t=35;// degree C +ta=23;// degree C +V=10;// m/s +//for copper +kcu=400;// W/m.K +rhocu=8933;// kg/m^3 +ccu=380;// J/kg.C +//for air at 23 degree C +mu=18.16*10^(-6);// N.s/m^2 +v=15.36*10^(-6);//m^2/s +ka=0.0258;// W/m.K +Pr=0.709 +mus=19.78*10^(-6);// N.s/m^2 at 35 degree C + +Re=V*D/v +l=Re^0.5; +m=Re^(2/3); +n=Pr^0.4; +p=(mu/mus)^0.25; +Nu=2+(0.4*l+0.06*m)*n*p +h=ka*Nu/D; +X=(t-ta)/(ti-ta); +Y=-h*6/(rhocu*ccu*D); +tau=(log (X))/Y;// sec +disp("s",tau,"time taken to cool tau =") + diff --git a/965/CH6/EX6.6/6.sci b/965/CH6/EX6.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ca14b0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH6/EX6.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer coefficient") +V =[2 5 10 20] +h =[39.5 71.2 106.5 165.3] +Dp=50/1000;//m +Dm=50/(5*1000);//m +Vp=4;//m/s +t1=140;// degree C +t2=20;// degree C +//(VD/v)m=(VD/v)p +//vm=vp +Vm=Vp*Dp/Dm; + +plot2d(V,h) +xtitle("V vs h","V(m/s)","h(W/(m^2*C))") +V=Vm; +h=165.3; +disp("W/(m^2*C)",h,"heat transfer ocefficient h =") +A=3.1416*Dp*1; +Q=A*h*(t1-t2); +disp("W",Q,"rate of heat transfer per meter length of actual cylinder Q =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.1/1.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11c8becc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("displacement thickness") +disp("velocity distribution = u/U=y/d") +disp("i) the displacement thickness, d*:") +disp("d*=intergrate((1-u/U,U,0,d)") +disp("d*=d/2") +disp("ii) the momentum thickness, th") +disp("th = integrate(u(1-u/U)/U,u,0,d)") +disp("th=d/6") +disp("iii) The energy thickness de") +disp("de=integrate (u/U*(1-(u/U)^2),U,0,d") +disp("de=d/4") +disp("iv) The value of d*/th") +disp("d*/th =3") + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.10/10.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.10/10.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a0ad2a18 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.10/10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Laminar flow over plate") + +x=0.28;//m +U=3;//m/s velocity of air +rho=1.1374;//kg/m^3 density of air +k=0.02732;// W/(m.C) +cp=1005;// kJ/kg.K +v=1.6768*10^(-5);//mm^2/s kinematic viscosity of air +Pr=0.7;// Prandlt number +Ts=56;// degree C +Ta=20;// degree C +A=0.28*0.28;//m^2 +Rex=U*x/v;// Reynold's number +Rex +delta=5*x*1000/(Rex)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"Boundary layer thickness =") +Cfx=0.664/(Rex)^0.5; +disp(Cfx,"local friction coefficient =") +Cf=1.328/(Rex)^0.5; +disp(Cf,"Average friction coefficient =") +tau=Cfx*0.5*rho*U^2;// shear stress +disp("N/m^2",tau,"Shear stress , =") +deltath=delta/(Pr)^(1/3); +disp("mm",deltath,"Thickness of thermal boundary level =") +hx=0.332*(k/x)*Rex^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +disp("W/(m^2.C)",hx,"Local convective heat transfer coefficient, hx =") +h=0.664*(k/x)*Rex^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +disp("W/(m^2.C)",h,"average convective heat transfer coefficient, h =") +Qconv=h*A*(Ts-Ta); +disp("W",Qconv,"Rate of heat transfer by convection, Qconv =") +tau=0.01519; +Fd=tau*A; +disp("N",Fd,"drag force on one the plate, =") +m=5*rho*U*0.00626/8; +disp("kg/s",m,"Total mass flow rate through the boundary =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.11/11.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.11/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68d38f47d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.11/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Local HT coefficient") + +U=5;//m/s velocity of air +rho=0.815;//kg/m^3 density of air +k=0.0364;// W/(m.C) +mu=24.5*10^(-6);//Ns/m^2 viscosity of air +Pr=0.7;// Prandlt number +Ts=200;// degree C +Ta=120;// degree C +x=0.5;//m width of plate +v=mu/rho; +Rex=U*x/v;// Reynold's number +Rex +delta=5*x*1000/(Rex)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"Boundary layer thickness =") +deltath=delta/(Pr)^(1/3); +disp("mm",deltath,"Thickness of thermal boundary level =") +hx=0.332*(k/x)*(Rex)^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +disp("W/(m^2.C)",hx,"Local convective heat transfer coefficient, hx =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.12/12.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.12/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85aff7a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.12/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Laminar air flow") + +L=2;//m length of plate +U=5;//m/s velocity of air +rho=0.815;//kg/m^3 density of air +k=0.03025;// W/(m.C) +Pr=0.6965;// Prandlt number +Ts=120;// degree C +Ta=40;// degree C +v=2.107*10^(-5);//m^2/s kinematic viscosity + +Re=U*L/v;// Reynold's number + +Nu=0.664*(Re^0.5)*Pr^(1/3); +Nu +h=k*Nu/L; +disp("W/(m^2.C)",h," convective heat transfer coefficient, h =") +Q=h*(L*1)*(Ts-Ta); +disp("W",Q,"Rate of heat transfer =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.13/13.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.13/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e08461655 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.13/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("booundary layer thickness") +T=27+273;// degree K +U=2;//m/s velocity of air +L=0.4;//m length +mu=19.8*10^(-6);//kg/m.s +Tp=60+273;// degree K temperature of plate +R=287;// N.m/ kg.m gas constant +P=10^(5);//N/m^2 +v=17.36*10^(-6);// m^2/s +k=0.02749;//W/m.C +Cp=1006;//J/kg.K +Pr=0.7;// prandlt number +rho=P/(R*T);//kg/m^3 +Re=rho*L*U/mu; +delta=4.64*L/(Re)^0.5; +disp("mm",delta*1000,"Boundary layer thickness =") +mx=5*rho*U*delta/8; +disp("kg/s",mx,"Mass flow rate per meter width =") +Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +h=k*Nu/L; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*(L*1)*(Tp-T); +disp("W",Q*3.6,"Heat transfered per hour =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.14/14.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.14/14.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e921559db --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.14/14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("booundary layer thickness") + +T=30+273;// degree C +U=1.2;//m/s velocity of air +L1=0.25;//m length +mu=0.06717;//kg/hm +R=287;// N.m/ kg.m gas constant +L2=0.5;//m + +rho=P/(R*T);//kg/m^3 +rho +Re1=rho*L1*U*3600/mu; +Re1 +delta1=4.64*L1/(Re1)^0.5; +disp("mm",delta1*1000,"Boundary layer thickness 1=") +Re2=rho*L2*U*3600/mu; +Re2 +delta2=4.64*L2/(Re2)^0.5; +disp("mm",delta2*1000,"Boundary layer thickness 1=") +mx=5*rho*U*(delta2-delta1)/8; +disp("kg/h",mx*3600,"Mass entrainment = ") + + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.15/15.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.15/15.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9a2708f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.15/15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("booundary layer thickness") + +T=20;// degree C +Tp=100;// degree C +U=2;//m/s velocity of air +v=18.97*10^(-6);// kinematic viscosity +L=0.5;//m length +w=0.2;//m width +k=0.025;//W/m.C +Pr=0.7; +disp("When flow is parallel to 500 mm side") +Re=U*L/v; +Re +Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L; +disp("W/m^2.c",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*(L*w)*(Tp-T); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate =") + +disp("When flow is parallel to 200 mm side") +Re=U*w/v; +Re +Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/w; +disp("W/m^2.c",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*(L*w)*(Tp-T); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.16/16.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.16/16.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7b95a2fb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.16/16.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Rate of cooling") + +A=1;//m^2 +T=20;// degree C +Ts=90;// degree C +U=2;//m/s velocity of air +rhog=2500;// kg/m^3 density of glass +mu=19.8*10^(-6);// N.s/m^2 viscosity +L=1;//m length +k=0.0286;//W/m.C +cpa=1008;//J/kg.K +rhoa=1.076;// kg/m^3 density of air + +Re=rhoa*U*L/mu; +Pr=mu*cpa/k; + +Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=2*h*A*(Ts-T); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate =") +t=3/1000;// thickness +m=rhog*A*t;// mass of glass +cp=670;//J/kg.K +delT=Q/(m*cp); +disp("degree C/s",delT,"Initial heating rate =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.17/17.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.17/17.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4b32eed35 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.17/17.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("To find velocity") +w=1;//m width +L=1.5;//m length +Tp=90;// degree C +Ta=10;// degree C +Q=3.75*1000;// W rate of energy dissipation +rho=1.09;// kg/m^3 +k=0.028;// W/m.C +cp=10007;// J/kg.C +mu=2.03*10^(-5);//kg/m-s viscosity +Pr=0.7; +A=L*w;//m^2 +h=Q/(A*(Tp-Ta)); +h +Nu=h*L/k; +Nu +//Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3) +Re=(Nu/(.664*Pr^(1/3)))^2; + +U=Re*mu/(rho*L); +disp("m/s",U,"Velocity = ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.18/18.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.18/18.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6085eed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.18/18.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat transfer coefficient") +Ta=20;// degree C +Ts=100;// degree C +U=1.8;//m/s +L=2.2;//m +B=1;//m +//Properties of air +rho=1.06;// kg/m^3 +cp=1005;//J/kg.C +k=0.02894;// W/m.C +Pr=0.696; +v=18.97*10^(-6);//m^2/s + +Re=U*L/v; +disp("Using exact solution: ") +Nu=0.664*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +disp(Nu,"Nu =") + +h=Nu*k/L; +disp(" W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*L*B*(Ts-Ta); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer from plate =") +disp("Using approximate solution: ") +Nu=0.646*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +disp(Nu,"Nu =") +h=Nu*k/L; +disp(" W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*L*B*(Ts-Ta); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer from plate =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.19/19.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.19/19.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2e0289e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.19/19.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("skin friction coefficient") +Ta=30;// degree C +U=1.8;//m/s +L=0.75;//m +rho=1.165;// kg/m^3 +v=16*10^(-6);//m^2/s +mu=6.717*10^(-6);//kg/hm +Re=U*L/v; +Cf=1.328/Re^0.5; +disp(Cf,"Average skin friction Cf =") +tau=0.5*rho*U^2*Cf; +disp("N/m^2",tau,"Average shear stress Tau =") + +Cfx=0.664/Re^0.5; +disp(Cfx," skin friction coefficient at the trailing edge, Cf =") +taux=0.5*rho*U^2*Cfx; +R=tau/taux; + +disp(R,"Ratio of average shear stress to the shear stress at the trailing edge R =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.2/2.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa1a790fa --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("i) displacement thickness to boundary thickness ratio") +disp("velocity distribution: u/U=3y/(2*d)-y^2/(2*d^2)") +disp("d* = integrate (1-3y/(2*d)-y^2/(2*d^2),y,0,d)") +disp("d*/d = 5/12") +disp("displacement thickness to bloundary thickness ratio : d*/d =5/12") +disp("ii) momentum thickness to boundary layer thickness ratio") +disp("th = integrate(u/U*(1-u/U),y,0,d)") +disp("th = integrate(((1-3y/(2*d)-y^2/(2*d^2))*(1-((1-3y/(2*d)-y^2/(2*d^2))),y,0,d)") +disp("thus, th/d = 19/120") +disp(" momentum thickness to boundary layer thickness ratio = 19/120") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.20/20.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.20/20.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a42330bb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.20/20.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss calculation") +ta=30;//degree C +ts=90;// degree C +U=2.8;// m/s +v=18.97*10^(-6);// m^2/s +kp=25;// W/m.C +L=1;//m +ka=0.02894;// W/m.C +rho=1.06;//kg/m^3 +Cp=1005;//J/kg.K +L=1;//m +B=600/1000;// m +Pr=0.696; +delta = 25/1000;//m +disp("i)Heat lost by the plate :") +Re = U*L/v;// Reynold's number at trailing edge +Nu=0.664*(Re^0.5)*(Pr^(1/3)); +h=Nu*ka/L;// W/m^2.C +As=1*0.6;//m^2;// W +Q=h*As*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss by the plate is ") +disp("ii) Bottom temperature of plate, tb :") +tb = -1*Q*delta/(kp*As)+ts;// degree C +disp("degree C",tb,"Bottom temperature of the plate is ") + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.21/21.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.21/21.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a4c7db719 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.21/21.sci @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +ta=30;//degree C +U=2.2;//m/s +v=18.97*10^(-6);// m^2/s +ts=90;// degree C +L=900/1000;//m +B=0.45;//m +Pr=0.696; +k=0.02894;//W/m.C +rho=1.06;//kg/m^3 +mu=7.211;//kg/hm +disp("i) Heat transfer rate from first half of the plate") +// for first half of the plate, +x=L/2; +Rex=U*x/v; +if(Rex<5*10^5) +disp("Flow is laminar") +end +Nux=0.332*(Rex^0.5)*Pr^(1/3); +hx=Nux*k/x; +ha=2*hx;// average heat transfer rate +Qx=ha*x*B*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",Qx,"Heat transfer rate from first half of the plate, Qx =") +disp("ii) heat transfer from full plate") +// for full plate +x=L; +ReL=U*x/v; +NuL=0.664*ReL^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +h=NuL*k/x; +QL=h*L*B*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",QL,"Heat transfer rate from entire plate QL =") +disp("iii) heat transfer rate from next half of the plate") +Q=QL-Qx; +disp("W",Q,"heat transfer rate from next half of the plate Q =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.22/22.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.22/22.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4a5347e2a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.22/22.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") +ta=25;// degree C +U=0.1;//m/s +v=0.65*10^(-4);// m^2/s +ts=95;// degree C +L=4.5;//m +k=0.213;//W/m.C +rho=956.8;//kg/m^3 +a=7.2*10^(-8);//m^2/s +disp("i) The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness, del, delth") +ReL=U*L/v;// Reynolds number at the end of the plate +del=5*L/ReL^0.5;// hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness +disp("mm",del*1000,"hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, del =") +Pr=v/a; +delth=del/Pr^(1/3);//Thermal boundary layer thickness according to Pohlhausen +disp("mm",delth*1000,"Thermal boundary layer thickness, del =") +disp("ii) the total drag force per unit width on one side of plate. Fd :") +Cf=1.328/ReL^0.5; +Fd=Cf*(0.5*rho*U^2)*(L*1);// N/m width The drag force +disp("N/m width",Fd,"The drag force, Fd = ") +disp("iii) The total heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge, hx (x =L)") +Nux=0.332*ReL^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +hx=Nux*k/L; +disp("W/m^2.C",hx, "The total heat transfer coefficient, hx =") +disp("iv) The heat transfer rate") +ha=2*hx; +As=L*1; +Q=ha*As*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.23/23.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.23/23.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa75c266a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.23/23.sci @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("boundary layer thickness") +ta=20;//degree C +U=4.5;//m/s +v=16.96*10^(-6);// m^2/s +ts=60;// degree +Pr=0.699 +k=0.02755;//W/m.C +rho=1.128;//kg/m^3 +Re=5*10^5; +xc=Re*v/U;//m distance from the leading edge at which the flow in boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent +del=4.64*xc/Re^0.5;//m +disp("mm",del*1000,"Thickness of hydrodynamic layer =") +delth=del/Pr^(1/3); +disp("mm",delth*1000,"Thermal boundary layer =") +Nuc=0.332*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +hc=Nuc*k/xc; +disp("W/m^2.C",hc,"local heat transfer coefficient =") +h=2*hc;//Average heat transfer coefficient +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"average heat transfer coefficient =") +As=1.88*1; +Q=h*2*As*(ts-ta);// W +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate from both sides for, unit width of the plate, Q =") +del1=0;//m +del2=del;//m +m=5/8*rho*U*(del2-del1);// kg/s +mh=m*3600;//kg/hr +disp("kg/hr",mh, "Mass entrainment in boundary layer =") +Cfx=0.646/Re^0.5;//skin friction coefficient +disp(Cfx, "Skin friction coefficient =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.24/24.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.24/24.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98973af3c --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.24/24.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") +ta=20;//degree C +U=1.8;//m/s +L=0.6;//m +rho=1.205;//kg/m^3 +mu=0.06533/3600;//kg/ms +disp("boundary layer thickness by exact solution : del=5*(v*x/U)^0.5") +disp("at the midpoint of the boundary layer y= del/2 occurs at ") +disp("nu = y*(U/v*x)=2.5") +disp("thus we get u/U =0.736") +disp("m/s",U*0.736,"u =") +ReL=rho*U*L/mu; +delL=5*L/ReL^0.5; +disp("m",delL,"The maximum boundary layer thickness, delL =") +disp("The maximum value of normal component of velocity occurs at the outer edge of the boundary layer where u =U") +//u/U*ReL^0.5=0.86; +u=0.86*U/ReL^0.5; +disp("m/s",u,"the maximum value of normal component of velocity at the trailing edge is ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.25/25.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.25/25.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc2b06a97 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.25/25.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Average velocity") +R=0.12;// radius of circular tube +ts=90;//degree C +disp("u = 2.7*r-3.2*r^2") +u=(2/R^2)*integrate('2.7*r-3.2*r^2','r',0,R); +disp("m/s",u,"Average velocity =") +disp("t=85*(1-2.2*r)") +m=integrate('(2.7*r-3.2*r^2)*(85*(1-2.2*r)*r)','r',0,R); +n=integrate('(2.7*r-3.2*r^2)*r','r',0,R); +tb=m/n; +disp("degree C",tb,"mean bulk temperature tb =") +Q=1000;//kJ/h +Q=Q*1000/3600;//J/s +A=2*%pi*R*1; +h=Q/(A*(ts-tb)); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient, h =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.26/26.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.26/26.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..529d73c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.26/26.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required tube length") +ti=60;// degree C +d=1/100;//m diameter of tube +ta=40;//degree C +t=45;//degree C +rho=865;//kg/m^3 +k=0.14;// W/m.K +cp=1780;//J/kg.C +U=3;//m/s +Nu=3.657 +Af=%pi*d^2/4;// m^2 flow area +m=rho*Af*U; +Q=m*cp*(ti-t); +h=Nu*k/d;// W/m^2.K +t1=ti-ta; +t2=t-ta; +tm=(t1-t2)/log(t1/t2);// degree C +//A=%pi*d*L +L=Q/(h*%pi*d*tm); +disp("m",L,"Required tube length is L =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.27/27.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.27/27.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2cafbfb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.27/27.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required tube legth") +m=0.5;//mg/min +D=0.02;//m +v=0.478*10^(-6);//m^2/s +cp=4.178*10^3;//J/kg.K +Nu=3.65; +rho=983.2;//k/m^3 +k=0.659;//W/m.C +ti=20;// degree C +to=50;// degree C +ta=85;//degree C +A=%pi*D^2/4;//m^2 +m=m/60;//kg/sec +u=m/(rho*A);//m/s +Re=D*u/v; +h=Nu*k/D +tb=(ti+to)/2;//degree C +Q=m*cp*(to-ti) +L=Q/(%pi*D*h*(ta-tb));//m +disp("m",L,"length of tube required for fully developed flow, L =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.28/28.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.28/28.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b9d86395 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.28/28.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("drag force value") +L=5;//m +W=0.75;//m +U=5;//m/s +v=0.011*10^(-4);//m^2/s/m^3 +rho=1000;//kg +ReL=U*L/v;// reynolds number at the end of plate +A=L*W; +Cf=0.455/(log10(ReL))^2.58; +Fd=2*Cf*(0.5*rho*A*U^2); +disp("N",Fd,"Drag force =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.29/29.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.29/29.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f314f6030 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.29/29.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Total power required") +L=50;//m +D=5;//m +U=8;//m/s +ta=20;// degree C +rho=1030;//kg/m^3 +v=10^(-6);//m^2/s +ReL=U*L/v; +Rex=5*10^5; +x=Rex*v/U; +Cf=0.455/(log10(ReL))^2.58; +A=%pi*D*L;//m^2 +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +P=Fd*U/1000;//kW +disp("kW",P,"Power required =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.3/3.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e5d1ff7ff --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("velocity distribution") +disp("velocity distribution : u =a+b*y+c*y^2") +disp("the following boundary conditions must be satisfied:") +disp("at y = 0, u= 0") +disp("0 =a+0+0") +disp("hence a =0") +disp("at y =d, du/dy = 0") +disp("b+2*c*d =0") +disp("b=-2*c*d") +disp(" at y = d, u = U") +disp("U=b*d+c*d^2") +disp("U = -2*c*d*d+c*d*d") +disp("c =-U/d^2") +disp("b = 2*U/d") +disp("u =2*U/d*y-U*y^2/d^2") +disp("u/U = 2(y/d)-(y/d)^2") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.30/30.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.30/30.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..430bdeab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.30/30.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("turbulent boundary layer") +disp("Cf=0.072/ReL^0.2") +disp("For entire plate, ReL=U*L/v") +disp("For first half of the plate, Rex= U*L/(2*v)") +disp("Drag force per unit width for entire plate is, Fd=Cf*rho*U^2/2*Area per unit width") +disp("Drag force per unit width for entire plate is, Fd=Cf*rho*U^2/2*L") +disp("similarly the drag force per unit width for the front half portion of the plate is") +disp("Fd1 = (0.072/ReL^0.2)*rho*U^2/2*L/2") +disp("Fd2=Fd-Fd1 = (0.072/ReL^0.2)*rho*U^2/2*L/2(1-0.5*2^0.2)") +disp(" Fd1/Fd2 = (0.5*2^(1/5))/(1-0.5*2^(1/5))") +disp("Fd1/Fd2 =1.347") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.31/31.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.31/31.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f175e6af7 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.31/31.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("surface drag of train") +L=200;//m +p=9;//m perimeter above wheels +v=1.5*10^(-5);//m^2/s +rho=1.24;//kg/m^3 +u=90;//km/h +U=u*5/18;//m/s +A=L*p; +ReL=U*L/v; +Cf=0.455/(log10(ReL))^2.58-1670/ReL; +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +disp("N",Fd,"Drag force =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.32/32.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.32/32.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..204d819f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.32/32.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Total drag force") +L=30;//m +A=30*10;//m^2 +U=0.6;//m/s +ReL=5*10^5; +rho=998;//kg/m^3 +v=10^(-6);//m^2/s +xc=ReL*v/U;//m +del=5*xc/ReL^0.5;//m +disp("mm",del*1000,"Maximum boundary layer thickness =") +ReL=U*L/v; +Cf=0.455/(log10(ReL))^2.58-1670/ReL; +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2;//N +disp("N",Fd,"The total drag force =") +P=Fd*U;//W +disp("W",P,"Power required =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.33/33.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.33/33.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82924fa1d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.33/33.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("percentage error calculation") +ta=20;// degree C +U=10;//m/s +L=5;//m +B=3;//m +ts=40;//degree C +Recr=5*10^5; +k=0.0263;//W/m.C +v=15.89*10^(-6);//m^2/s +Pr=0.707; +ReL=U*L/v; +Nu=0.0375*(ReL^0.8-23200)*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L; +A=L*B; +Q1=ceil(h*A*(ts-ta))// combination of laminar and turbulent + +Nu=0.0375*(ReL^0.8)*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L; +Q2=ceil(h*A*(ts-ta))// if entire boundary layer is assumed as turbulent +e=(Q2/Q1-1)*100; +disp("%",e,"Percentage error =") + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.34/34.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.34/34.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa1704eff --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.34/34.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("local HT coefficient") +U=50;//m/s +Cfx=0.004; +k=0.035;//W/m.C +cp=1001;//J/kg.K +rho=0.88;//kg/m^3 +mu=2.286*10^(-5);//kg.m/s +Pr=mu*cp/k +m=rho*cp*U +//St=hx/m +//St*Pr^(2/3)=Cfx/2 +St=Cfx/(2*Pr^(2/3)) +hx=St*m; +disp("W/m^2.K",hx,"local HT coefficient, hx = ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.35/35.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.35/35.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc55712c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.35/35.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Hear loss from crank") +A=80*20*10^(-4);//m^2 +ta=15;//degree C +U=25;//m/s +ts=85;// degree C +L=0.8;//m +B=0.2;//m +Pr=0.698 +k=0.02824;//W/m.C +v=17.95*10^(-6);// m^2/s +ReL=U*L/v; +Nu=0.036*(ReL^0.8)*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L; +Q=h*A*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from crank is Q=") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.36/36.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.36/36.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1b7177d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.36/36.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer from plate") +ta=20;//degree C +U=40;//m/s +ts=60;// degree C +L=1;//m +B=1;//m +Pr=0.699; +k=0.0275;//W/m.C +v=16.96*10^(-6);// m^2/s +rho=1.128;//kg/m^3 +cp=1005;//J/kg.K +ReL=U*L/v;; +Nu=(0.037*(ReL^0.8)-850)*Pr^(1/3) +h=Nu*k/L; +Q=h*L*B*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from plate is Q=") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.37/37.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.37/37.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f96a1ad5e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.37/37.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss from gases") +U=70;//m/s +L=1.2;//m +B=0.8;//m +ts=950;//degree C +ta=280;//degree C +ReL=5*10^5; +Pr=0.625; +k=0.075;//W/m.C +v=95*10^(-6);// m^2/s +ReL=U*L/v; +Nu=(0.036*(ReL^0.8)-836)*Pr^(1/3) +h=Nu*k/L; +Q=h*L*B*(ts-ta);//W +disp("kW",Q/1000,"Heat loss from crank is Q=") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.38/38.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.38/38.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a325f4356 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.38/38.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer from surface") +ta=20;//degree C +U=35;//m/s +ts=60;// degree C +L=0.75;//m +B=1;//m +mu=1.906*10^(-5);//kg.m/s +cp=1007;//J/kg.K +k=0.0272;//W/m.C +P=1.0132*10^5;//Pa +R=287; +Pr=mu*cp/k +rho=P/(R*(ta+273))//kg/m^3 +ReL=rho*U*L/mu +Nu=(0.037*(ReL^0.8)-850)*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/L +Q=h*L*B*(ts-ta);//W +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from surface is Q=") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.39/39.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.39/39.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92a569717 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.39/39.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("velocity of air") +ta=10;//degree C +ts=90;// degree C +L=1.5;//m +B=1;//m +mu=2.209*10^(-5);//kg.m/s +cp=1007.3;//J/kg.C +k=0.02813;//W/m.C +rho=1.0877;//kg/m^3 +Pr=0.703; +Q=3.75*1000;//W +As=L*B; +h=Q/(As*(ts-ta)); +Nu=h*L/k; +ReL=((Nu/Pr^(1/3)+836)/0.036)^(1/0.8) +U=ReL*mu/(rho*L); +disp("m/s",U,"Velocity of air is") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.4/4.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee2d07b93 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") +//uU=X +//y/delta=Y +//X=2*Y-Y^2; +L=1.5;//m length of plate +w=1;// m width of plate +v=0.12;// m/s velocity of water +mu=10^(-3);// N-s/m^2 +U=0.12;//m/s free stream velocity +rho=1000;//kg/m^3 density of water +ReL=rho*U*L/mu; +delta=5.48*L*1000/(ReL)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"thickness of boundary layer =") +Cf=1.46/((ReL)^0.5);// coefficent of drag +disp(Cf,"Coefficient of drag =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.40/40.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.40/40.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a450ff495 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.40/40.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Heat loss from wing") +U=450*1000/3600//m/s +L=6;//m +B=1.2;//m +p=1.013*65/76*10^5;//Pa +R=287; +k=0.2511;//W/m.C +v=14.16*10^(-6);//m^2/s +Pr=0.705; +ta=10;//degree C +rho=p/(R*(ta+273));//kg/m^3 +ReL=U*B/v; +Rec=5*10^5; +xc=Rec*v/U;//m +Nu=(0.036*ReL^0.8-836)*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/B; +A=L*B; +delT=19-1;//degree C +Q=h*A*delT;//W +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from wing =") +Cf=(0.072/ReL^0.2-1670/ReL); +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +disp("N",Fd,"Drag force on the wing =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.41/41.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.41/41.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ed59b317 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.41/41.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +Fd=10.5;//N +ts=95;//degree C +ta=25;//degree C +U=30;//m/s +rho=1.06;//kg/m^3 +cp=1005;//J/kg.K +v=18.97*10^(-6);// m^2/s +Pr=0.696; +//ReL=U*L/v +//Cf=0.072/ReL^0.2 +//A=L^2; +//F=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +//10.5=2.05*L^0.8 +L=(10.5/2.05)^(1/1.8) +ReL=U*L/v; +Cf=0.072/ReL^0.2; +h=rho*cp*U*Cf/(2*Pr^(2/3)); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*L^2*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Q,"Heat lpss from plate surface = ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.42/42.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.42/42.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..909012ba9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.42/42.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer from plate") +L=0.8;//m +U=45;//m/s +ts=300;//degree C +ta=20;// degree C +Re=5*10^5; +k=0.03638;// W/m.C +v=30.08*10^(-6);//m^2/s +Pr=0.682; +xc=Re*v/U; +h=0.664*(k/xc)*Re^0.5*Pr^(1/3); +A=xc*1; +Qlam=h*A*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Qlam,"Heat transfer from laminar portion =") +ReL=U*L/v; +h=0.036*k/(L-xc)*(ReL^0.8-Re^0.8)*Pr^(1/3) +Qturb=h*(0.8-A)*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Qturb,"Heat transfer from turbulent portion =") +Qtotal=Qlam+Qturb; +disp("W",Qtotal,"Heat transfer from both portions =") +h=0.036*k/L*(ReL^0.8)*Pr^(1/3); +Qt=h*L*(ts-ta); +e=(Qt/Qtotal-1)*100; +disp("%",e,"Percentage error =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.43/43.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.43/43.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b878312a --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.43/43.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("average HT coefficient") +D=2/100;//m diameter of tube +tf=30;//degree C +m=2940;//kg/h +ts=100;// degree C +L=5;//m +k=0.12;//W/m.C +cp=2000;//J/kg.K +v=5.14*10^(-6);// m^2/s +rho=850;//kg/m^3 +m1=m/3600;//kg/s +As=%pi*D^2/4; +U=m1/(As*rho)//m/s +Pr=v*rho*cp/k +ReL=10^3*ceil(U*D/v/10^3) +Nu=0.023*(ReL^0.8)*Pr^(1/3) +h=Nu*k/D; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Average heat transfer coefficiet h =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.44/44.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.44/44.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..56a0cb13f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.44/44.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("HT coefficient from tube") +D=0.06;//m diameter of tube +U=12;//m/s +ti=15;//degree C +to=45;//degree C +ts=70;// degree C +k=61.714/100;//W/m.C +cp=4174;//J/kg.K +v=0.805*10^(-6);// m^2/s +rho=995.7;//kg/m^3 +Pr=5.42; +ReL=U*D/v +Nu=0.023*(ReL^0.8)*Pr^(1/3) +h=Nu*k/D; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficiet from tube surface h =") +m=rho*%pi/4*D^2*U;// kg/s +Q=m*cp*(to-ti);//W +tb=(ti+to)/2; +disp("W",Q,"The heat transferred Q =") +L=Q/(h*%pi*D*(ts-tb)); +disp("m",L,"The length of tube is L =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.45/45.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.45/45.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ba0b751e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.45/45.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Required tube length") +m=50/60;//kg/sec +di=2.5/100;//m inner diameter +ts=100;// degree C +ti=25;// degree C +to=55;// degree C +cp=4187;//J/kg.C +t1=100-25; +t2=100-55; +tm=(t1-t2)/log(t1/t2); +Q=m*cp*(to-ti);//W +As=%pi/4*di^2; +;tw=(ts+(ti+to)/2)/2;// degree C temperature at which the properties of water should be taken +mu=405*10^(-6);// kg.m/s +rho=977.8;//kg/m^3 +k=66.72/100;//W/m.C +U=m/(As*rho);//m/s +Re=rho*U*di/mu; +Pr=mu*cp/k; +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.4; +h=Nu*k/di;// W/m^2.C +L=Q/(h*%pi*di*tm);//m +disp("m",L,"Required tube length =") + + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.46/46.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.46/46.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ebd3615f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.46/46.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +tw=25;//degree C +D=1.5/100;//m outer diameter of copper tube +U=2;//m/s +t=75;//degree C +rho=988;//kg/m^3 +k=0.648;//W/m.K +mu=549.2*10^(-6);// kg.m/s +cp=4174;//J/kg.K +Re=rho*U*D/mu; +Pr=mu*cp/k; +Nu=0.3+0.62*(Re^0.5)*(Pr^(1/3))*(1+(Re/282000)^0.5)/(1+(0.4/Pr)^(2/3))^0.25; +h=Nu*k/D; +Ql=h*%pi*D*(t-tw); +disp("W/m",Ql,"heat transfer rate per unit length is Q/L =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.47/47.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.47/47.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88e206dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.47/47.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("incerease in bulk temperature") +tb1=200;//degree C +d=25.4/1000;//m diameter of tube +U=10;//m/s +tw=20;// degree C +L=3;//m length of tube +rho=1.493;//kg/m^3 +mu=2.57*10^(-5);//Ns/m^2 +k=0.0386;//W/m.C +cp=1025;// J/kg.C +Re=rho*U*d/mu +Pr=mu*cp/k +Nu=0.0023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.4 +h=Nu*k/d +Q=h*%pi*d*(tb1-tw) +m=rho*%pi*d^2*U; +delT=Q/(m*cp); +disp("degree C",delT,"Increase in bulk temperature is = ") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.48/48.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.48/48.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27cbb7cb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.48/48.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +d=300/1000;//m diameter +L=3.5;//m +delT=40;//degree C =ts-ti +f=0.022;// friction factor +St=f/2; +disp("The energy balance yields Q=h*A*(ts-ta)=m*cp*(to-ti)") +disp("h*(%pi*D*L)*(ts-(to+ti)/2)=rho*(%pi*D^2*U/4)*cp(to-ti)") +disp("(h/(rho*U*cp))*L*(ts-to+ts-ti)/2=D/4*(to-ti)") +disp("St*L/2*(ts-to+ts-ti)=D/4*((ts-ti)-(ts-to))") +disp("f/8*L/2*(ts-to+ts-ti)=D/4*((ts-ti)-(ts-to))") +disp("thus by putting the values, ") + +t1=(d/4-f/8*L/2)*delT/(f/8*L/2+d/4)// ts-to +t=delT-t1; +disp("degree C",t,"Rise in the temperature of fluid at the end =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.49/49.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.49/49.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b72315478 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.49/49.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("bulk temperature increase") +p=2*10^5;// Pa pressure of air +d=30/1000;//m tube diameter +U=10;//m/s +tw=100;//degree C wall temperature +mu=20.6*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +Pr=0.694; +cp=1009;// J/kg.C +k=0.0297;// kg/m.C +ti=40;//degree C air temperature +rho=p/(287*(ti+273));// kg/m^3 +Re=rho*U*d/mu; +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.4; +h=Nu*k/d +disp("Q=h*A*(AMTD)=m*cp*(to-ti)") +disp("where AMTD = (tw-(ti+to)/2)") +A=%pi*d*1;// m^2 +m=%pi*d^2*U*rho/4// kg/s +to=(h*A*(tw-ti/2)+m*cp*ti)/(m*cp+h*A/2); +disp("degree C",to,"Thus rise in bulk temperature of air =") +Q=m*cp*(to-ti); +disp("W/m",Q,"heat transefer rate =") + + + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.5/5.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e92e37ee --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") +//uU=X +//y/delta=Y +//X=2*Y-Y^2; +L=1.1;//m length of plate +w=0.9;// m width of plate +Re=2*10^5;// Reynold's number +v=0.15*10^(-4);//m^2/s stokes kinematic viscocity +U=12;//m/s velocity ofair +x=Re*v/U; +disp("m",x,"Maximum distance from the leading edge upto which laminar boundary layer exists, x =") + +delta=5.48*x*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"Maximum thickness of boundary layer =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.50/50.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.50/50.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..964f2eeba --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.50/50.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transferred per meter") +ta=15+273;//K air temperature +ts=605+273;//K plate temperature +U=6.5;// m/s velocity of air +x=0.35;//m distance +tf=(ts+ta)/2;// mean film temperature +rho=0.614;//kg/m^3 +cp=1046;//J/kg.K +k=0.04593;// W/m.C +mu=29.7*10^(-6);//kg/m.s +Pr=0.675;, +Re=rho*U*x/mu; +Nux=0.332*Pr^(1/3)*Re^0.5*(ts/ta)^0.117; +hx=Nux*k/x; +h=2*hx; +Q=2*h*x*1*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Q,"heat transfer from both sides of the plate, per meter width =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.51/51.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.51/51.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..47a3a03e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.51/51.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("average heat transfer coefficient") +d=22.5/1000;// m diameter of tubes +L=5;//m length of each tube +ti=21;//degree C +to=29;// degree C +tb=(ti+to)/2;// bulk temperature +rho=996.65;// kg/m^3 +mu=0.862*10^(-3);// kg/m.s +k=0.6079;// W/m.C +cp=4178;// J/kg.K +Pr=mu*cp/k; +n=200;// number of tubes +m=160/n;// kg/s mass flow rate per tube +Re=4*m/(%pi*d*mu); +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.4;// mcAdams correlation +h=Nu*k/d; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Average heat transfer coefficient =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.52/52.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.52/52.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11e0d8ee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.52/52.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required tube length") +ti=20;//degree C temperature of water +m= 0.015;//kg/s water flow rate +t=90;//degree C temperature of tube +d=2.5/100;// m ID of tube +to=70;// degree C +tb=(ti+to)/2;// bulk temperature +Nu=3.657; +rho=992.3;// kg/m^3 +cp=4180;// J/kg.K +k=0.638;// W/m.C +v=0.613*10^(-6);// m^2/s +h=Nu*k/d;//W/m^2.C +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=m*cp*(to-ti);// W +th1=t-ti; +th2=t-to; +thm=(th1-th2)/log(th1/th2); +A=Q/(h*thm); +L=A/(%pi*d); +disp("m",L,"Required tube legth is ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.53/53.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.53/53.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96a593cf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.53/53.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature of mixed sand") +m=0.08/3600;// m^3/s sand feeding rate +d=30/1000;// pipe diameter +L=6;//m legth of pipe +ts=100;// degree C inside temperature of pipe +rho=1500;// kg/m^3 +k=0.3;// W/m.C +cp=840;// J/kg.K +ta=20;//degree C temperature of sand entering +disp("Q=h*A*(ts-(ti+to)/2)=m*cp*(to-ti)") +disp("h*A/2*((ts-ti)+(ts-to))= m*cp*((ts-ti)-(ts-to))") +m=m*rho//kg/sec +Nu=5.78; +h=Nu*k/d; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Heat transfer coefficient =") +A=%pi*d*L;// m^2 +t=(m*cp-h*A/2)*(ts-ti)/(h*A/2+m*cp); +to=ts-t; +disp("degree C",to," temperature of mixed sand =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.54/54.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.54/54.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6193bf40 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.54/54.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss from duct") +m=0.06;//kg/s +d=180/1000;// m diameter +ts=110;// degree C temperature of air entering +L=4.5;//m length +t=70;// degree C temperature of cooled air +ta=5;// degree C ambient temperature +ho=6.5;// W/m^2.C +tb=(ts+t)/2;// bulk temperature +rho=0.972;// kg/m^3 +cp=1009;// J/kg.C +k=0.03127;// W/m.C +v=22.1*10^(-6);// m^2/s +mu=22.14*10^(-6);// kg/m.s +Pr=0.69; +Re=4*m/(%pi*d*mu); +Q=m*cp*(ts-t); +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from duct over its 4.5 m length =") +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^(1/3); +hi=k*Nu/d; +Rth=1/hi+1/ho;// thermal resistance +Qa=(t-ta)/Rth;// heat flux +disp("W/m^2",Qa,"Heat flux Q/A =") +tl=t-Qa/hi; +disp("degree C",tl,"Surface temperature at a length of 4.5 m =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.55/55.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.55/55.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0943b645f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.55/55.sci @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("number of tubes") +ts=80;//degree C saturated steam temperature +kb=110;// W/m.C thermal conductivity of brass +do=1.59/100;// m OD of tubes +ro=do/2; +di=1.34/100;// m ID of tubes +ri=di/2; +tc1=20;//degree C +tc2=40;//degree C +mw=55000/3600;//kg/s +U=1.4;//m/s +kw=0.659;// W/m.C thermal conductivity of water +rho=979.8;//kg/m^3 +cp=4180;// J/kg.K +mu=0.4044*10^(-3);//Pa.s +ho=10760;// W/m^2.C +Q=mw*cp*(tc2-tc1); +Af=mw/(rho*U); +N=ceil(4*Af/(%pi*di^2)); +disp(N,"numebr of tubes =") +Re=rho*U*di/mu; +Pr=mu*cp/kw; +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.4; +hi=kw*Nu/di; +Uo=1/(1/ho+ro*(log(ro/ri))/(2*kb)+ro/(ri*hi)); + +th1=ts-tc1; +th2=ts-tc2; +thm=(th1-th2)/log(th1/th2); +//Ao=%pi*do*L +Ao=Q/(Uo*thm); +L=Ao/(%pi*do*N); +disp("m",L,"length of each tube =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.56/56.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.56/56.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ce044ede --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.56/56.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required tube length") +m=1.6;//m/s +d=20/1000;//m diameter of tube +tc1=15;// degree C temperature of enterting mercury +tc2=35;// degree C temperature of leaving mercury +ts=50;// degree C wall temperature +rho=13582;//kg/m^3 +k=8.69;// W/m.C +cp=140;// J/kg.K +v=1.5*10^(-7);// m^2/s +Pr=0.0248; +Re=4*m/(%pi*d*rho*v) +Nu=7+0.025*(Pr*Re)^0.8 +h=k*Nu/d// W/m^2.C +tc=(tc1+tc2)/2; +Q=m*cp*(tc2-tc1) +As=Q/(h*(ts-tc)); +L=As/(%pi*d); +disp("m",L,"Required tube length = ") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.57/57.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.57/57.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2089cb64d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.57/57.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +s=20/1000;//m side of channel +L=2.5;//m length of channel +U=4.5;//m/s +tb=30;// degree C +ts=70;// degree C +rho=995.7;// kg/m^3 +k=0.6175;// W/m.C +v=0.805*10^(-6);// m^2/s +Pr=5.42; +Prs=2.55;// Pr at 70 degree C +Deq=4*s*s/(4*s)//m +Re=U*Deq/v +Nu=0.021*Re^0.8*Pr^0.43*(Pr/Prs)^0.25 +h=Nu*k/Deq; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.58/58.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.58/58.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7269ed3f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.58/58.sci @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("required tube length") + +U=1.2;//m/s +ti=40;//degree C +ts=85;// degree C +to=75;// degree C +x=3.5/100;//m +y=1.5/100;//m +//As=2*(x+y)*L +rho=985.5;//kg/m^3 +k=0.653;//W/m.C +v=0.517*10^(-6);// m^2/s +cp=4190;//J/kg.K +m=x*y*rho*U; +Q=m*cp*(to-ti);// W +th1=ts-ti; +th2=ts-to; +thm=(th1-th2)/log(th1/th2);// degree C +Lc=2*x*y/(x+y); +Re=Lc*U/v; +Pr=rho*v*cp/k; +Nu=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^(1/3); +h=Nu*k/Lc; +As=Q/(h*thm); +L=As/(2*x+2*y); +disp("m",L,"Required tube length for raise in temperature is =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.6/6.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..04eaafcb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") + +L=0.750;//m length of plate +w=0.250;//m width of plate +Re=2*10^5;// Reynold's number +v=1*10^(-4);//m^2/s stokes kinematic viscocity +sg=0.8;// specific gravity of oil +U=5;//m/s velocity of oil +x=L/2; +Re=U*x/v; +delta=5.*x*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"Maximum thickness of boundary layer =") +rho=1000;//kg/m^3 +Cfx=0.664/(Re)^0.5; +disp(Cfx,"drag coefficient =") +tauo=Cfx*0.5*rho*sg*U^2; +disp("N/m^2",tauo,"Shear stress at the middle of plate =") +ReL=U*L/v; +Cf=1.328/(ReL)^0.5; +A=L*w;// area of the plate +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*sg*U^2*A; +disp("N",Fd,"Friction drag on the plate, Fd =") + + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.60/60.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.60/60.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd9570aa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.60/60.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("average heat transfer coefficient") +tb=27;// degree C +d=19/1000;//m diameter of tube +U=0.061;//m/s +L=1.5;//m length of tube +ts=38;//degree C +mus=5.233*10^(-4);// Pa s +mub=5.892*10^(-4);// Pa s +kb=0.1591;// W/m.K +rhob=876.6;// kg/m^3 +cpb=1757;// j/kg.K +Prb=6.5; +Reb=rhob*U*d/mub; +Nu=1.86*(Reb*Prb/(L/d))^0.33*(mub/mus)^0.14; +h=k*Nu/d; +xv=0.05*Reb*d;// velocity depth +xt=xv*Prb;// temperature depth +disp("m",xv,"velocity depth =") +disp("m",xt,"temperature depth =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.62/62.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.62/62.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..27fe986ee --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.62/62.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat lost by man") +d=0.35;// m +h=1.65;//m +ts=28;// degree C +ta=12;// degree C +U=30*1000/3600;// m/s +tf=(ts+ta)/2; // film temperature +k=2.59*10^(-2);// W/m.C +v=15*10^(-6);// m^2/s +Pr=0.707; +Re=U*d/v; +disp("Nu=C*Re^n*Pr^(1/3)") +C=0.027; +n=0.805; +Nu=C*Re^n*Pr^(1/3); +hs=Nu*k/d +Q=hs*%pi*d*h*(ts-ta); +disp("w",Q,"heat lost by man =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.63/63.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.63/63.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3ab5689d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.63/63.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +d=0.025;//m +ta=30;// degree C +U=2.5;// m/s +ts=85;// degree C +rhoc=0.0175*10^(-6);// ohm.m^3/m +k=0.02673;// W/m.C +v=16*10^(-6);// m^2/s +Re=U*d/v; +Nu=0.22*Re^0.6; +h=Nu*k/d; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"The heat transfer coefficient from the surface to the air =") +Q=h*%pi*d*1*(ts-ta); +R=rhoc*1/(%pi*d^2/4); +I=(Q/R)^0.5; +disp("amps",I,"permissible current intensity for the bus bar, I =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.64/64.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.64/64.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b70a84dc --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.64/64.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +ta=24;//degree C +ts=130;// degree C +U=0.4;// m/s +Ql=100;// W +d=0.065;//m +tb=(ta+ts)/2; +k=0.03;// W/m.C +v=2.08*10^(-5);// m^2/s +Pr=0.697; +Re=U*d/v; +Nu=0.37*Re^0.6; +h=Nu*k/d; +Q=h*%pi*d^2*(ts-ta); +disp("W",Q,"Heat transfer rate =") +e=Q/Ql; +disp("%",e*100,"the percentage of power lost due to convetion =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.65/65.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.65/65.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8338de675 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.65/65.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Compare HT coefficients") +disp("In case of turbulent tube flow, the average heat transfer coefficient is given by ") +disp("Nu=h*d/k=0.023 *Re^0.8*Pr^0.333") +disp("or, h = k*0.023 *Re^0.8*Pr^0.333/d") +disp("where Re= u*d/v ") +disp("thus h = 0.023*k/v^0.28*Pr^0.333*U^0.8/d^0.2") +disp("i) when the flow velocity and the fluid properties remain unchanged") +disp("h2/h1 =(d1/d2)^0.2=(1/2)^0.2 = 0.87") +disp("this shows that heat transfer coefficient decreases to 0.87 when there is two-flod increase in the diameter of tube") +disp("ii) when the tube diameter and fluid properties remain same") +disp("h2/h1 =(u2/u1)^0.8 =2^0.8 =1.74 ") +disp("this shows that the heat transfer is increases to 1.74 times when there is a two-fold increase in flow velocity") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.66/66.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.66/66.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..13f948b91 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.66/66.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat loss from four surfaces") +U=90*1000/3600;// m/s +ta=50;// degree C +l=10;//m +w=4;//m +h=3;//m +ts=10;// degree C +rho=1.165;// kg/m^3 +cp=1005;// J/kg.K +k=.02676;// W/m.C +v=16*10^(-6);// m^2/s +Pr=0.701; +Rel=U*l/v; +Nu=0.036*Rel^0.8*Pr^0.333; +hs=k*Nu/l; +A=2*(w+h)*l; +Ql=hs*A*(ta-ts);//W +Q=Ql/1000;// kQ +disp("W",Q,"Heat loss from surfaces =") +cc=Q*3600/14000; +disp("TR",cc,"Cooling capacity required =") +Cf=0.072/(Rel)^0.2; +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +P=Fd*U/1000; +disp("kW",P,"Power required to overcome the resistance =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.67/67.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.67/67.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f18799919 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.67/67.sci @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature of cheese leaving") +m=800;//kg/h +D=100/1000;//m +L=1.75;//m + +ts=95;//degree C +t1=15;//degree C +rho=1150;//kg/m^3 +cp=2750;//J/kg.C +mu=22.5;//kg/m.s +k=0.421;//W/(m.C) + +A=3.1416*(D^2)/4; +U=(m/3600)/(rho*A);// m/s +Re=(m/3600)*D/(A*mu); +Pr=mu*cp/k; +X=(D/L)*Re*Pr; +X + +Nu=3.65+0.067*X/(1+0.04*X^(1/3)) +h=k*Nu/D; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient h =") + +//tb=(t1+t2)/2; +//t2=t1+h*A*(ts-tb)/(m*cp); +//611.11*(t2-15)=62.4*(175-t2) +//t2*(611.11+62.4)=175*62.4+15*611.11 +t2=(175*62.4+15*611.11)/(611.11+62.4) +disp("degree C",t2,"temperature of cheese leaving heated section t =") + +Q=m*cp*(t2-t1)/3600; + +disp ("W",Q,"Rate of heat transfer from tube to cheese =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.68/68.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.68/68.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2dd8f70b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.68/68.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +to=25;//degree C +ti=130;//degree C +U=16.5;// m/s +v=15.53*10^(-6);//m^2/s +Q=100;//W +D=20/1000;//m +L=120/1000;//m +dis=0.12;// power loss +As=3.1416*D*L; +h=Q*(1-dis)/(As*(ti-to)); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient h =") +Re=U*D/v; +Pr=0.702; +Prs=0.685; +Nu=0.26*(Re^0.6)*(Pr^0.36)*(Pr/Prs)^0.25; +disp (Nu,"Nusselt number Nu =") +h=Nu*k/D; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"heat transfer coefficient ") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.7/7.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2e980919f --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Boundary layer thickness") + +x=1.2;//m distance from the leading edge of plate +v=15.4*10^(-6);//m^2/s kinematic viscocity +U=2.8;//m/s velocity of air + + +Re=U*x/v;// Reynold's number +disp("Blasius solution") +delta1=5*x*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta1,"Maximum thickness of boundary layer =") + +Cfx1=0.664/(Re)^0.5; +disp(Cfx1,"drag coefficient =") + +disp("Approximate solution") +delta2=4.64*x*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta2,"Maximum thickness of boundary layer =") +Cfx2=0.646/(Re)^0.5; +disp(Cfx2,"drag coefficient =") + +e1=(1-delta2/delta1)*100; +disp("%",e1,"Deviation for delta =") + +e2=(1-Cfx2/Cfx1)*100; +disp("%",e2,"Deviation for Drag coefficient =") diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.8/8.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9ae514d95 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Laminar flow over plate") + +L=5;//m plate length +w=2.5;//m plate width + +x=1.2;//m distance from the leading edge of plate +v=15.4*10^(-6);//m^2/s kinematic viscocity +U=4;//m/s velocity of air +rho=1.208;//kg/m^3 density of air +v=1.47*10^(-5);//m^2/s kinematic viscosity of air + +Re=5*10^5;// Reynold's number +x=Re*v/U;// length of plste over which boundary layer is laminar +disp("m",x,"length of plste over which boundary layer is laminar =") +delta=5*x*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"thickness of boundary layer =") +Cfx=0.664/(Re)^0.5; +disp(Cfx,"drag coefficient =") +tau=Cfx*0.5*rho*U^2;// shear stress +disp("N/m^2",tau,"Shear stress =") +Cf=1.328/(Re)^0.5; +A=x*w;//m^2 area of plate +Fd=2*Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +disp("N",Fd,"Total drag force on both sides of plate, =") + diff --git a/965/CH7/EX7.9/9.sci b/965/CH7/EX7.9/9.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0803b6a6d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH7/EX7.9/9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Laminar flow over plate") + +L=0.5;//m plate length +w=0.6;//m plate width +U=4;//m/s velocity of air +rho=1.24;//kg/m^3 density of air +v=1.5*10^(-5);//m^2/s kinematic viscosity of air + +ReL=U*L/v;// Reynold's number +delta=4.795*L*1000/(Re)^0.5;//mm +disp("mm",delta,"Boundary layer thickness =") +x=0.25; +Re=U*x/v;// Reynold's number +Cfx=0.654/(Re)^0.5; +disp(Cfx,"drag coefficient =") +tau=Cfx*0.5*rho*U^2;// shear stress +disp("N/m^2",tau,"Shear stress at 250 mm from leading edge, =") +Cf=1.31/(ReL)^0.5; +A=L*w;//m^2 area of plate +Fd=Cf*0.5*rho*A*U^2; +disp("N",Fd,"drag force on one side of plate, =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.1/1.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.1/1.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0081c4219 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.1/1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("The heat flux") +d=1.2/1000;//m diameter of wire +L=0.2;//m length of wire +p=7;// bar +I=135;// Amp +V=2.18;//V +ts=200;// degree C +A=%pi*d*L;//m^2 +tsat=164.97;// degree C corresponding to 7 bar +Q=V*I;//W +flux=Q/A;// W/m^2 heat flux +disp("W/m^2",flux,"the heat flux =") +h=flux/(ts-tsat); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"boiling heat transfer coefficient =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.10/10.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.10/10.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d27c82347 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.10/10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Thickness of film") +L=0.4;//m +tsat=100;// degree C +hfg=2257*1000;// J/kg +ts=90;// degree C +rhol=965.3;// kg/m^3 +k=0.68;// W/m.C +mu=3.153*10^(-4);// Ns/m^2 +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +del=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*hfg*rhol^2))^0.25;// m +disp("mm",del*1000,"Thickness of film at bottom edge of the fin ") +h=4*k/(3*del); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Overall heat transfer coefficient ") +Q=1.2*h*(tsat-ts)*L; +disp("W",Q,"heat transfer rate wuth McAdams correction =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.11/11.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.11/11.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8de29035c --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.11/11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +L=0.5;//m +b=1;//m +ts=30;// degree C +rho=980.3;//kg/m^3 +k=66.4*10^(-2);//W/m.C +mu=434*10^(-6);// kg/ms +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;// m/s +tsat=100;// degree C +ts=30;// degree C +h=0.943*(rho^2*k^3*g*hfg/(mu*L*(tsat-ts)))^0.25; +Q=h*L*b*(tsat-ts)*3600/1000; +disp("kJ/h",Q,"rate of heat transfer per metre width, Q =") +m=Q*1000/hfg; +disp("kg/h",m,"The condensate rate per metre width =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.12/12.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.12/12.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c47264bcb --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.12/12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("film thickness at bottom") +L=0.35;//m +b=.42;//m +ts=40;// degree C +rho=977.8;//kg/m^3 +k=0.667;//W/m.C +mu=400*10^(-6);// kg/ms +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;// m/s +tsat=100;// degree C +del=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*rho^2*hfg))^0.25; +disp("mm",del*1000,"The film thickness at the bottom of plate =") +u=rho*g*del^2/(2*mu); +disp("m/s",u,"Maximum velocity at the bottom of plate =") +h=0.943*(rho^2*k^3*g*hfg/(mu*L*(tsat-ts)))^0.25; +Q=h*L*b*(tsat-ts); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"rate of heat transfer per metre width, Q =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.13/13.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.13/13.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..21c28b680 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.13/13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("film thickness at bottom") +L=0.6;//m +b=1;//m +ts=60;// degree C +rhol=971.8;//kg/m^3 +k=67.413*10^(-2);//W/m.C +mu=355.3*10^(-6);// kg/ms +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +rhov=0.596;//kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s +tsat=100;// degree C +del=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25; +disp("mm",del*1000,"The film thickness at the bottom of plate =") +h=4*k/(3*del); +h=1.2*h; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"The overall heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*L*b*(tsat-ts); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"rate of heat transfer per metre width, Q =") +m=Q/hfg;//kg/hr +disp("kg/hr",m*3600,"Condensate flow rate =") +Re=4*m/(mu*b); +disp(Re,"Re =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.14/14.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.14/14.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..487b4324e --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.14/14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +d=0.06;//m diameter +L=1.2;//m +ts=50;// degree C +tsat=100;//degree C +rhol=975;//kg/m^3 +mu=375*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +k=0.67;// W/m.C +rhov=0.596;// kg/m^3 +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;//m/s +h=1.13*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*hfg/(mu*L*(tsat-ts)))^0.25; +Q=h*(%pi*d*L)*(tsat-ts); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"The rate of heat transfer =") +m=Q/hfg;//kg/s +disp("kg/h",m*3600,"rate of condensation of steam =") +Re=4*m/(%pi*d*mu); +disp(Re,"Re =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.15/15.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.15/15.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a91e32d7d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.15/15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("rate of condensate formation") +d=0.02;//m diameter +ts=84;// degree C +tsat=100;//degree C +rhol=963.4;//kg/m^3 +mu=306*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +k=0.677;// W/m.C +rhov=0.596;// kg/m^3 +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;//m/s +h=0.725*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*hfg/(mu*d*(tsat-ts)))^0.25; +Ql=h*(%pi*d)*(tsat-ts); +disp("W/m",Ql,"The rate of heat transfer =") +ml=Ql/hfg;//kg/s +disp("kg/h",ml*3600,"rate of condensation of steam =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.16/16.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.16/16.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c680f5f01 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.16/16.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +n=625;// number of tubes +N=n^0.5; +d=0.006;//m diameter +ts=25;// degree C +tsat=54;//degree C +rhol=992;//kg/m^3 +mu=663*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +k=0.631;// W/m.C +rhov=0.098;// kg/m^3 +hfg=2373*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;//m/s +h=0.725*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*hfg/(N*mu*d*(tsat-ts)))^0.25; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"The heat transfer coefficient =") +ml=h*%pi*d*(tsat-ts)/hfg;//kg/s +m=n*ml; +disp("kg/s.m",m,"rate of condensation of steam for complete array =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.17/17.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.17/17.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6112b5a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.17/17.sci @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("square plate") +x=0.4;//m +L=0.75;//mm +ts=28;// degree C +rhol=993.95;//kg/m^3 +k=62.53*10^(-2);//W/m.C +mu=728.15*10^(-6);// kg/ms +hfg=2402*10^3;// J/kg +rhov=0.561;//kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s +tsat=42;// degree C +delx=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*x/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25; +disp("mm",delx*1000,"The film thickness at the bottom of plate =") +hx=k/delx; +disp("W/m^2.C",hx,"heat transfer coefficient =") +delL=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25; +disp("mm",delL*1000,"The film thickness at the bottom of plate =") +hL=4*k/(3*delL); +disp("W/m^2.C",hL,"heat transfer coefficient =") +h=1.2*hL; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"The overall heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=h*L*L*(tsat-ts); +disp("kW",Q/1000,"rate of heat transfer per metre width, Q =") +m=Q/hfg;//kg/hr +disp("kg/hr",m*3600,"Condensate flow rate =") +hinc=h*(sin(%pi*25/180))^0.25; +disp("W/m^2.C",hinc,"heat transfer coefficient when the plate is inclined 25 degree with the horizontal") +Re=4*m/(mu*L); +disp(Re,"Re =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.18/18.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.18/18.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a9409f45 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.18/18.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer rate") +L=3.2;//m +d=0.006;//m diameter +ts=54;// degree C +tsat=100;//degree C +rhol=973.7;//kg/m^3 +mu=365*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +k=0.668;// W/m.C +rhov=0.596;// kg/m^3 +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +g=9.81;//m/s +disp("h=0.0077*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^2*g/(mu^2))^0.333*Re^0.4") +disp("Eliminating h from euqation we get the condition that the flow will be turbulent if ") +disp("0.00296*((rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*(tsat-ts)^3*L^3/(mu^5*hfg^3))^(5/9)>1800") +x=0.00296*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*(tsat-ts)^3*L^3/(mu^5*hfg^3))^(5/9); +if(x>1800) +Re=x +h=0.0077*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^2*g/(mu^2))^0.333*Re^0.4 +Q=h*L*1*(tsat-ts); +disp("kW/m",Q/1000,"hear transfer rate per unit width =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.19/19.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.19/19.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ac2a64b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.19/19.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("heat transfer coefficient") +m=1800/3600;// kg/s +d=8/1000;//m +ts=24;// degree C +tsat=45.8;// degree C +rhov=0.0676;// kg/m^3 +hf=2393*10^(3);// J/kg +rhol=993.95;// kg/m^3 +k=62.53*10^(-2);// W/m.C +mu=728.15*10^(-6);// kg/m.s +n=400; +N=n^0.5; +h=0.725*(rhol*(rhol-rhov)*k^3*g*hfg/(N*mul*(tsat-ts)*d)); +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Average heat transfer coefficient =") +Q=m*hfg; +L=Q/(%pi*d*h*(tsat-ts)); +disp("m",L,"Length of each tube, assuming single pass =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.2/2.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.2/2.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd02d43dc --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.2/2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("the heat flux") +d=1.25/1000;// m diameter of wire +L=0.25;//m length of wire +V=18;// V +I=45;// amp +Q=V*I;// W +A=%pi*d*L;//m^2 +q=Q/A;// W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",q,"the heat flux =") +delTe=((1.58*q^0.75)/5.62)^(1/3);// degree C +disp("degree C",delTe,"The excess temperature") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.20/20.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.20/20.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba6b28a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.20/20.sci @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("cylindrical drum") +d=0.35;// m diameter +ts=80;// degree C +rhol=956.4;//kg/m^3 +k=68.23*10^(-2);//W/m.C +mu=283*10^(-6);// kg/ms +hfg=2201.6*10^3;// J/kg +vg=0.885;// m^3/kg +rhov=1/vg;//kg/m^3 +g=9.81;// m/s +m=70/3600;// kg/s +tsat=120.2;// degree C +disp("delL=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25") +a=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25 +disp("delL=a*L^0.25") +disp("hL=4*k/(3*delL)") +b=1.2*4*k/(3*a)//hl=b*L^(-0.25) +//Q=h*%pi*d*L*(tsat-ts) +Q=m*hfg; +L=(Q/(b*%pi*d*(tsat-ts)))^(4/3); +disp("mm",L*1000,"length of drum =") +delL=(4*k*mu*(tsat-ts)*L/(g*rhol*(rhol-rhov)*hfg))^0.25; +disp("mm",delL,"Thickness of condensate layer =") +Re=4*m/(mu*d); +disp(Re,"Re =") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.3/3.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.3/3.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2168fe212 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.3/3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Volatge at burnout point") +d=0.001;//m diameter of wire +I=190;//amp +L=0.4;//m length of wire +rhol=958.4;//kg/m^3 +rhov=0.5955;//kg/m^3 +hfg=2257*10^3;//J/kg +s=58.9*10^(-3);// N/m +g=9.81;//m/s^2 +qsc=0.18*rhov^0.5*hfg*(g*s*(rhol-rhov))^0.25;// at burnout i.e. points of critical flux +A=%pi*d*L; +Q=A*qsc; +Vb=Q/I;// V +disp("V",Vb,"Voltage at burnout point =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.4/4.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.4/4.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..95c81a377 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.4/4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("temperature at the bottom") +m=25/3600;//kg/s +d=0.28;// m diameter of copper pan +tsat=100;// degree C +rhol=958.4;// kg/m^3 +rhov=0.5955;// kg/m^3 +cpl=4220;//J/kg.K +mul=279*10^(-6);//Pa.s +Prl=1.75; +hfg=2257*1000;// J/kg +s=58.9*10^(-3);// N/m +n=1;// for water +A=%pi*d^2/4;// m^2 +qs=m*hfg/A;// W/m^2 +csl=0.013; +te=(qs/(mul*hfg)*(s/(g*(rhol-rhov)))^0.5)^0.333*(csl*hfg*Prl/cpl); +ts=tsat+te; +disp("degree C",ts,"The temperature of the bottom surface of the plan") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.5/5.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.5/5.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8f934ce98 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.5/5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("Power of burner") +d=0.35;// diameter of pan +ts=115;// degree C +rhol=958.4;// kg/m^3 +rhov=0.5955;// kg/m^3 +cpl=4220;// J/kg.K +mul=279*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +Prl=1.75; +hfg=2257*10^3;// J/kg +s=58.9*10^(-3);// N/m +te=15;// degree C excess temperature +g=9.81;//m/s^2 +n=1; +csl=0.013; +qs=mul*hfg*(g*(rhol-rhov)/s)^0.5*(cpl*te/(csl*hfg*Prl^n))^3// W/m^2 +Q=qs*%pi*d^2/4;// +disp("W",Q,"Power of burner to maintain boiling =") +mw=Q/hfg*3600;// kg/hr +disp("kg/hr",mw,"Rate of evaporation =") +qsc=0.18*(rhov)^0.5*hfg*(g*s*(rhol-rhov))^0.25;// W/m^2 +disp("W/m^2",qsc,"Critical heat flux =") + + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.6/6.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.6/6.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bfd1f4b3d --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.6/6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("power dissipation/length") +d=0.01;//m +e=0.92; +ts=260;// degree C +rhol=958.4;// kg/m^3 +hfg=2257*10^3;//J/kg +rhov=4.807;// k/m^3 +cpv=2.56*10^3;// J/kg.K +k=0.0331;// W/m.K +muv=14.85*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 +mug=muv;; +g=9.81;//m/s +ta=100;// degree C +te=ts-ta;// excess temperature +hconv=0.65*(k^3*rhov*(rhol-rhov)*g*(hfg+0.4*cpv*te)/(muv*d*te))^0.25; +hrad=5.67*10^(-8)*e*(ts^4-ta^4)/(ts-ta); +h=hconv+3*hrad/4; +Q=h*%pi*d*(ts-ta);// +disp("W",Q,"power dissipation per unit length for the heater =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.7/7.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.7/7.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a6fc3bc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.7/7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc; +clear all; +disp("different types of processes for condensation of capours on a solid surface") +disp("there are two types of methods for condensation") +disp("filmwise - in which condensation wets the surface forming a continuous film whic corners the entire surface") +disp("dropwise - in which vapour condenses into small droplets of various sizes which fall down the surface in a random fashion") +disp("filmwise - generally occurs on clean uncontaminated surfaces.") +disp("in this type of condensation the film covering the entire surface grows in thickness as it moves down the surface by gravity.") +disp("There exists a thermal gradient in the film and so it acts as a resistance to heat transfer") +disp("Although a dropwise condensation would be preferred to filmwise condensation yet it is extremely difficult to achieve and maintain") +disp("This is because most surface become wetted after being exposed to condensing vapours over a period of time. ") +disp("Dropwise condensation can be obtained under controlled conditions with the help of certain additives to the condensate and various surface coatings,") +disp("But its commercial viability has not yet been proved") +disp("For this reason the condensaing equipments in use are designed on the basis of filmwise condensation.") + diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.8/8.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.8/8.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffc5e3204 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.8/8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +clear all; +disp("local transfer coefficient") +tsat=90;// degree C +ta=70;// degree C +L=1.5;//m +d=2.5;//m outer diameter;// +rhol=974;//kg/m^3 +k=0.668;// W/m.K +mul=0.335*10^(-3);//kg/m.s +hfg=2309*1000;//J/kg +g=9.81;// m/s^2 +hL=((rhol^2)*(k^3)*g*hfg/(4*mul*L*(tsat-ta)))^0.25; +disp("W/m^2.C",hL,"Local heat transfer coefficient =") +h=4*hL/3;// +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"average heat transfer coefficient =") diff --git a/965/CH9/EX9.9/9.sci b/965/CH9/EX9.9/9.sci new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc3954ca6 --- /dev/null +++ b/965/CH9/EX9.9/9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc +clear all; +disp("average heat transfer coefficient") +ts=120;// degree C +d=2/100;//m +L=0.2;//m +ta=119;// degree C +psat=1.985;// bar +rhow=943;//kg/m^3 +hfg=2202.2*1000;//J/kg +kw=0.686;// W/m.K +mu=273.3*10^(-6);// Ns/m^2 + +g=9.81;//m/s^2 +del=(4*kw*mu*(ts-ta)*L/(rhol^2*g*hfg))^0.25;// +hL=k/del; +disp("mm",del*1000,"Thickness of condensate film =") +h=4*hL/3; +disp("W/m^2.C",h,"Average heat transfer coefficient =") + -- cgit